,?is is ! ,,ascii or rock-bottom v]sion ( ! text = p ^: text read]s _c h&le ! real 7,unicode1 ,,utf-#h7 or ev5 ! simplifi$ ,lat9-#a v]sion4 ,diff]5ces include3 --! oe & ae ligatures are ea* two lett]s --all fractions are writt5 out z #a_/b1 #a_/d444 --! ^w ,pise is miss+ its acc5t --a few symbols su* z ! ,section & ,p\nd 7curr5cy7 signs h _h to be %[n 9 an alt]native =m ,9 illu/ration captions1 small capitals are %[n z text2 9 ! adv]tis+1 ! same symbols repres5t boldface4 ,head]s ( odd-numb]$ pages *ang$ f page to page4 ,^! h be5 m>k$ z ,headnote & are add$ to ! ,table ( ,cont5ts 9 brackets to aid 9 text se>*+4 ,9 ! body text1 s4 & d4 7%ill+s & p5ce7 7 always italiciz$2 9 ! adv]tis+1 all prices 7 pr9t$ 9 boldface4 ,bo? h be5 left unm>k$ to r$uce visual clutt]4 ,errors & o!r problems are li/$ at ! end ( ! e-text4 ,,cottage ,,build+ ,,9 ,,cob1 ,,pise1 ,,*alk ,,clay ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s ,device ,,c\ntry ,,life ,fir/ ,edition1 ,septemb] #aiai ,second ,edition 7,revis$ & ,enl>g$71 ,july #aibj ,illu/ration3 ,cob ,h\se built by ,mr4 ,erne/ ,gimson1 ne> ,budleigh ,salt]ton1 ,devon4 ,frontispiece ,,cottage ,,build+ 9 ,,cob1 ,,pise1 ,,*alk ,,clay ,a ,r5aissance ,by ,,cl\gh ,,williams-,,ellis ,) ,an ,introduction ,by ,j4 ,/4 ,,loe ,,/ra*ey ,second ,edition ,revis$ ,& ,enl>g$ ,london ,publi%$ at ! ,(fices ( ,c\ntry ,life1 #bj1 ,tavi/ock ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,w4,c4#b1 & by ,george ,newnes1 ,ltd41 #h-aa1 ,s\?ampton ,/reet1 ,/r&1 ,w4,c4#b4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons ,,mcmxx ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,! exhau/ion ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is book1 )9 s %ort a "t ( its publication1 makes x difficult to add mu* new matt] = ! reissue n[ call$ =1 or1 9 ! light ( subsequ5t rese>* & exp]i5ce1 to revise :at _h already be5 writt54 ,any book t seem$ to %[ a way ( meet+ ! pres5t build+ difficulties1 h[ev] p>tially1 0 fairly assur$ ( a welcome1 b ! some:at un=ese5 dem& = my small contribution to ! great volume ( lit]ature on cottage-build+ is1 ,i ?9k1 to be attribut$ *iefly to its description ( ,pise-build+4 ,( ! v l>ge numb] ( lett]s t rea* me f read]s ( ! book1 q n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ are conc]n$ ) ,pise4 ,! o!r me?ods ( build+ h _! advocates & expon5ts1 b x is cle>ly ,pise t has caught ! att5tion ( ! public z well z ( ! ,press bo? at home & abroad1 & x is to ?is me?od ( con/ruction t ,i h *iefly devot$ my att5tion s9ce ! writ+ ( ! book z x fir/ appe>$4 ,9 our ,engli% climate ,pise-build+ is a summ] craft1 & ! small-scale exp]im5ts ( "o p]son ?r\gh a s+le summ] _c 9 ! nature ( ?+s add v greatly to ! sum ( our k ( :at is possible ) ,pise & ( :at is n4 ,mo/ ( ! new data h come ?r\gh ! build+ ( ,mr4 ,/ra*ey's demon/ration h\se1 an acc\nt ( :i* is includ$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,at ! "t ( writ+1 v>i\s te/s are be+ c>ri$ out ) ! help ( ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory2 b ! results1 ?\gh exce$+ly enc\rag+1 are n yet ready = publication4#a ,! fact t ,pise-build+ is ess5tially a ,dry-e>? me?od makes necess>y ! creation ( artificial summ] conditions "u :i* ! exp]im5ts may be conduct$ dur+ ! pa/ w9t]4 ,z a result ( ^! rese>*es1 a consid]able mass ( useful data has become available = ! op5+ ( ! pres5t build+ season4#b ,mu* helpful in=mation is also likely to come to u f ! ,colonies1 p>ticul>ly f ,rhodesia & ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 :]e !re is great activity 9 ,pise-build+1 & :]e !re is no close season su* z our w9t] imposes ^u u "h4 ,x is in/ructive also to note t great int]e/ 9 ,pise-build+ has be5 ar\s$ 9 ,canada & 9 ,sc&9avia1 ! two c\ntries t we 7 wont to associate p>ticul>ly ) timb]-build+4 ,f bo? ,i h receiv$ a numb] ( lett]s compla9+ ( ! lumb] %ortage1 & discuss+ ! advantages ( ,pise z comp>$ ) _! traditional wood-con/ruction4 ,if ^! great timb] c\ntries are !mselves feel+ ! p9*1 ! advocates ( wood5 h\ses = ,engl& may f9d t !y are n m]ely b>k+ up ! wrong tree1 b up a tree t is n ev5 !re4 ,! timb] fam9e is1 9 any case1 a calamity to anyone dep5d5t on build+1 t is to ev]yone1 = ev5 a ,pise h\se mu/ /ill h a ro( & floors & jo9]y4 ,b to invoke ! timb] h\se z our salvation "u exi/+ conditions seems to be s+ul>ly p]v]se & unhelpful4 ,pise1 at all ev5ts1 seems to (f] u a m promis+ field = exploration ?an mo/ ( ! o!r het]odox me?ods ( con/ruction t h be5 sugge/$1 too (t5 ^u cr$5tials t w n be> any b ! mo/ cursory scrut9y4 ,pise1 ev5 n[1 is /ill 9 its exp]im5tal infancy4 ,x has yet to prove itself 9 ! fields ( ,national ,h\s+ & ( competitive comm]cial build+ s*emes on a l>ge scale4 ,la/ly1 ,pise does n claim to solve ! h\s+ problem4 ,!re is no solution unless1 by "s miracle1 ! pres5t pur*as+ p[] ( ! sov]eign appreciates by #bjj p] c5t4 ,,cl\gh ,,williams-,,ellis4 #bb1 ,s\? ,eaton ,place1 ,london1 ,s4,w4#a4 ,may #aibj4 ,footnote #a3 ,c]ta9 ( ^! h s9ce be5 issu$ & w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,,iv4 at ! end ( ! book4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,,cont5ts ,text %[n 9 brackets 0 tak5 f headnotes & add$ "h by ! transcrib]4 ,page ,,introduction #aa ,! ,se>* = ,*eap ,mat]ial -- ,exp]im5ts ) ,pise -- ,ramm$ ,*alk1 ,pise de ,craie -- ,pise 9 ,m\lds -- ,cob & ,*alk -- ,pise--a ,s\? ,african ,lead -- ,! ,discov]y ( ! ,old ,,g5]al ,,survey #bf ,! ,h\se ,fam9e -- ,local ,mat]ials ,i4 ,,cob #cc ,! ,beauty ( ,cob -- ,me?od ( ,build+ -- ,implem5ts -- ,walls & ,ro(s -- ,protection -- ,raleigh's ,h\se -- ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld -- ,old ,cob ,lore -- ,mr4 ,ful=d's ,evid5ce -- ,a ,*ampion ( ,cob ,,ii4 ,,pise ,,de ,,t]re #eg ,me?od ( ,build+ -- ,! ,ramm+ -- ,suitable ,soils -- ,exp]im5ts -- ,prep>ation ( ! ,e>? -- ,! ,/r5g? ( ,pise -- ,a ,pise ,*ur* -- ,indian & ,colonial ,practice -- ,pla/]+ -- ,! ,"r ,quantity ( ,wat] -- ,pise ,build+s at ,emp&5i -- ,pise ,build+s = ,settl]s -- ,build]s' ,av]sions -- ,numb] ( ,m5 ,requir$ -- ,pise 9 ,new ,zeal& -- ,pise ,%utt]+ -- ,if ,reason ,rule -- ,! ,newl&s ,specification -- ,a ,sw$i% ,contribution -- ,a ,pise-,build]'s ,s*ool -- ,alt]native ,%utt]+s -- ,s\? ,africa -- ,soils ,,iii4 ,,*alk #ajg ,w9t] ,"w ,b>r$ -- ,g>d5 ,walls -- ,co/ ( ,?ree ,cottages -- ,exp5sive ,scaffold+ ,avoid$ -- ,block ,*alk ,,iv4 ,,unburn$ ,,clay ,,& ,,e>? ,,bricks #aba ,use = ,unskill$ ,lab\r -- ,sub/antial & ,cool ,,app5dix #abg ,di/emp]s & ,limewa%es -- ,local ,mat]ials -- ,co/ p] ,foot ,cube -- ,pise ,te/s ,,index #aci ,,illu/rations ,,cob ,,h\se ,,built ,,by ,,mr4 ,,erne/ ,,gimson1 ,,ne> ,,budleigh ,,salt]ton1 ,,devon ,frontispiece ,fac+ ,page ,,pise ,,waggon-,,h\se ,,at ,,newl&s ,,corn] #ah ,,! ,,newl&s ,,waggon-,,h\se 7,,int]ior7 #ah ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,a ,,pise ,,fruit-,,h\se #ai ,,! ,,fruit-,,h\se ,,complet$ ,,) ,,ro( ,,( ,,peat ,,blocks ,,on ,,r\gh ,,bo>d+ #ai ,,model ,,( ,a ,,pise ,,de ,,t]re ,,h\se ,,to ,,be ,,built ,,9 ,,?ree ,,successive ,,/ages #bb ,,wayside ,,/ation ,,( ,,pise ,,at ,,simondium1 ,,s\? ,,africa1 ,,design$ ,,by ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,bak] #bc ,,front ,,& ,,back ,,elevations ,,( ,,cottage ,,design$ ,,by ,,sir ,,edw9 ,,luty5s ,,& ,,mr4 ,,alban ,,scott #bh ,,plan ,,( ,,cottage ,,design$ ,,by ,,sir ,,edw9 ,,luty5s ,,& ,,mr4 ,,alban ,,scott #bi ,,ano!r ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,cob ,,h\se ,,built ,,by ,,mr4 ,,erne/ ,,gimson1 ,,ne> ,,budleigh ,,salt]ton1 ,,devon #cd ,a ,,f9e ,,specim5 ,,( ,a ,,devon%ire ,,cob ,,h\se #ce ,a ,,devon%ire ,,cob ,,f>mh\se1 ,,probably ,,betwe5 #bjj ,,& #cjj ,,ye>s ,,old #cf ,a ,,cob-,,built ,,village #cg ,a ,,devon%ire ,,f>m1 ,,local ,,mat]ial 7,,cob7 #db ,,devon ,,c\ntry ,,h\se1 ,,built ,,( ,,devon ,,cob #dc ,,cob ,,h\se ,,temp4 ,,elizabe?1 ,,lewi%ill #dd ,,ano!r ,,devon%ire 7,,cob7 ,,f>mh\se1 ,,weeke ,,b>ton #de ,,ceil+s ,,( ,,modell$ ,,pla/] ,,f ,,old ,,cob ,,h\ses ,,9 ,,devon #df ,a ,,cob ,,g>d5-,,wall ,,) ,,?at*$ ,,cop+ #dg ,,pise ,,plant ,,& ,,implem5ts #eh ,,diagram ,,( ,,m>k ,v ,,pise ,,%utt]+ #hh ,,m>k ,v ,,%utt]+ #hi ,a ,,simple ,,m\ld ,,= ,,pise ,,blocks #ij ,,block-,,m\lds1 ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small #ij ,,sket* ,,( ,a ,,pise ,,h\se ,,9 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,erection #ia ,,! ,,newl&s ,,corn] ,,build+ #ib ,,! ,,cottage ,,f ,,! ,,s\?-,,ea/ #ic ,,! ,,g>d5 ,,c\rt #ic ,,! ,,backy>d #id ,,fram+ ,,! ,,ro( #ie ,,an ,,int]ior1 ,,%[+ ,,fire-,,brick ,,he>? ,,fire #ie ,,details ,,( ,,*alk ,,con/ruction ,,at ,,amesbury #aaj ,,cottages ,,at ,,coldh>b\r1 ,,amesbury #aaa ,,?ree ,,*alk ,,cottages ,,at ,,hursley ,,p>k #aad ,,m>% ,,c\rt1 ,,hamp%ire #aaf ,,brick-,,&-,,*alk ,,vault+ ,,at ,,! ,,dean]y ,,g>d51 ,,sonn+ #aag ,,once ,,corn ,,hall1 ,,n[ ,,c\ncil ,,s*ool #abb ,a ,,r[ ,,( ,,clay-,,lump ,,cottages #abb ,,eng9e]+ ,,work%ops #abc ,,consid]ations ,,if ,,all ,,available ,,brickworks ,,7 ,,to ,,produce ,,at ,,_! ,,highe/ ,,limit ,,( ,,output ,,& ,,) ,,all ,,! ,,lab\r ,,!y ,,want$ ,,at ,,_! ,,disposal ,,!y ,,c\ld ,,only ,,turn ,,out #d1jjj1jjj1jjj ,,bricks ,,9 ,a ,,ye> ,,z ,,aga9/ ,a ,,pre-,,w> ,,av]age ,,( #b1hjj1jjj1jjj4--7,see ,report by ,committee appo9t$ by ,m9i/ry ( ,recon/ruction to consid] ! po/-w> position ( build+47 ,! fir/ ye>'s programme ( work+-class h\s+ alone calls = at lea/ #f1jjj1jjj1jjj bricks4 ,t is to say1 unless wall mat]ials o!r ?an brick are freely us$1 we %all fall al>m+ly %ort ( :at ! population ( ,great ,brita9 ne$s 9 b>e accommodation1 & all build+ & eng9e]+ projects :atsoev] o!r ?an h\s+ mu/ be po/pon$ indef9itely4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,di/ricts ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,are ,,unsurpass$ ,,= ,,v>iety ,,& ,,beauty ,,( ,,"*1 ,,& ,,x ,,w\ld ,,be ,,no?+ ,,less ,,?an ,a ,,national ,,mis=tune ,,if ,,! ,,increas$ ,,developm5t ,,( ,,small ,,hold+s ,,7 ,,to ,,result ,,9 ,,! ,,erection ,,( ,,build+s ,,unsuit$ ,,to ,,_! ,,environm5t ,,& ,,ugly ,,9 ,,appe>ance4--7,extract f ! report submitt$ by ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee appo9t$ to inquire z to ,build+s = ,small ,hold+s1 #aiac47 ,,introduction ,i ,! c\ntry is fac$ by a dilemma probably great] & m poignant ?an any ) :i* x has hi!rto _h to deal4 ,x ne$s1 & ne$s at once1 a million new h\ses1 & x has n only utt]ly inadequate /ores ( mat]ial ) :i* to build !m1 b has n ev5 ! plant by :i* t mat]ial c be rapidly creat$4 ,!re is n m]ely a %ortage1 b an actual fam9e ev]y:]e z reg>ds ! ?+s out ( :i* h\ses are made4 ,bricks are want$ by ! t5 ?\s& million1 b !re are practically no bricks 9 sight4 ,all t ! bricky>ds ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom c d1 work+ all day & e day1 is to turn out some?+ l f\r ?\s& million a ye>4 ,b to ^? :o want h\ses at once1 :at is ! use ( a promise ( bricks 9 five ye>s' "t8 ,to tell !m to turn to ! /one qu>ries is a m]e d]ision4 ,let alone ! co/ ( "w & ( transport1 x is only 9 a few fav\r$ places t ! rocks w give u :at we want4 ,ne$less to say we are %ort1 too1 ( lime & cem5t1 & probably %all be %ort]4 ,no coal1 no quicklime1 & ,no coal1 no cem5t1 & z ?+s look n[1 x is go+ to be a case1 if n ( no coal1 at any rate ( mu* less coal4 ,ev5 worse is ! %ortage 9 timb]--! mat]ial hi!rto deem$ ess5tial = ! mak+ ( ro(s1 doors1 w9d[s & floors4 ,raw timb] is h>dly obta9able1 & season$ timb] does n exi/4 ,! same /ory has to be told ab\t tiles1 slates1 corrugat$ iron1 & e o!r =m ( legitimate ro(+ sub/ance4 ,!re are none to be _h4 ,9 ?is dread pr$icam5t :at are we to d z a nation8 ,:at we mu/ n d is at any rate q cle>4 ,we mu/ n lie d[n 9 ! high road ( civilisation & cry out t we are ru9$ or betray$1 or t ! _w is too h>d = u1 & t we mu/ give up ! task ( liv+ 9 h\ses4 ,:e!r we l x or n we h got to d some?+ ab\t ! h\s+ "q1 & we h got to d x at once1 & !re is an end4 ,translat$ into t]ms ( action1 ?is means t z we h n got en\gh ( ! old =ms ( mat]ial we mu/ turn to o!rs & le>n h[ to h\se ourselves ) mat]ials su* z we h n us$ be=e4 ,once aga9 necessity mu/ be ! "m ( inv5tion1 or r1 ( inv5tion & revival1 = 9 any?+ s old & univ]sal z ! h\s+ problem x is too late to be ambiti\s4 ,"h we always f9d t !re has be5 an anci5t ,assyrian or ,egyptian or a primitive man 9 front ( u4 ,x is ! object ( ! pres5t book to attack "p ( ! problem ( h[ to build )\t bricks1 & inde$ )\t mort>1 & equally important1 z f> z possible )\t ! va/ co/ ( transport+ ! heavy mat]ial ( ! h\se f "o qu>t] ( ,engl& to ano!r4 ,t is my apology = introduc+ to ! public a "w deal+ ) :at ,i c he> old-fa%ion$ ma/]-build]s describ+ z ! ba/>d =ms ( con/ruction4 ,"o ( ^! is ,pise de t]re1 ! old sy/em ( build+ ) walls =m$ ( ramm$ or compress$ e>?3 a sy/em :i* 0 once kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe & ( :i* ! primitive tribesm5 ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico knew ! secret4 ,d[n to our own day x has be5 practis$ ) wond]ful success 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,!n come our own cob1 once ! cottage mat]ial p> excell5ce ( ,devon%ire & ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 our sy/em ( build+ ) pla9 clay blocks1 a plan indig5\s 9 ! ,ea/]n c\nties1 & aga9 ! use ( *alk & *alk pise4 ,headnote3 ,! ,se>* = ,*eap ,mat]ial ,,pise ,,de ,,t]re ,= me ,pise de t]re1 ev] s9ce ,i he>d ( x1 has (f]$ special attractions4 ,x1 & x alone provides1 or if "o mu/ be cauti\s1 appe>s to provide ! way to turn an old dream ( m9e & ( _m o!r p into a reality4 ,my connection ) ! problem ( h\s+1 & especially ( rural h\s+1 i4e4 cottage h\s+1 n[ ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury old1 has be5 on ! side ( *eap mat]ial4 ,rightly or wrongly 7,i "k t _m great exp]ts 9 build+ matt]s ?9k q wrongly71 ,i h _h ! simplicity to believe t if y are to get *eap h\s+ y mu/ get x by ! use ( *eap mat]ial4 ,x has always seem$ to me t !re is no o!r way4 ,:at m natural ?an fir/ to ask :y build+ mat]ial 0 s de>1 & !n :at 0 ! cause ( its de>ness8 ,i f\nd x 9 ! fact t bricks are v exp5sive ?+s to make1 t /ones are v exp5sive ?+s to qu>ry1 t cem5ts are v exp5sive ?+s to manufacture1 & wor/ ( all1 t all ^! ?+s are v heavy & v exp5sive to drag ab\t ! c\ntry1 & to dump on ! site 9 "s lonely situation :]e cottages or a small-hold]'s h\se & outbuild+s are1 to use ! conv5tional phrase1 urg5tly dem&$4 ,!re=e1 to ! unfeign$ amusem5t1 nay1 contempt ( all my ar*itectural fri5ds1 ,i sp5t a great deal ( my leisure 9 ! ye>s be=e ! w> 9 rack+ my bra9s 9 ! se>* = *eap mat]ial4 ,my deep desire 0 to f9d some?+ 9 ! e>? out ( :i* walls c\ld be made4 ,my ideal 0 a man or gr\p ( m5 ) spades & pickaxes com+ ^u ! l& & creat+ ! walls ( a h\se out ( :at !y f\nd !re4 ,i want$ my h\se1 my cottage 9 ,cl\d-,cuckoo ,l&1 to rise l ! l>k f ! furr[s4 ,b ,i 0 at once dissuad$ f my purpose by cauti\s & sci5tific p]sons4 ,! *emi/s1 if !y did n sc(f l ! ar*itects1 7 visibly p]turb$4 ,y\r dream is impossible1 !y said4 ,nature abhors x z mu* z %e us$ to be suppos$ to abhor a vacuum4 ,if y\r soil is clay1 & y c af=d ! "t & co/ ( erect+ kilns1 & br++ coal to ! spot to make ! bricks1 y c no d\bt turn ! e>? on ! spot into a h\se1 b ev5 !n y _h f> bett] buy !m ( ^? t sell4 ,y\r dream ( hav+ "s *emical :i* w mix ) ! e>? & turn x into a k9d ( /one1 is ! m]e/ delusion4 ,x is ! nature ( ! e>? to kill any?+ 9 ! way ( cem5t t is mix$ ) x4 ,= example1 ev5 a little e>? w kill concrete or mort>4 ,unless y wa% y\r s& mo/ c>efully1 & free x f all e>? /a91 y w ru9 y\r concrete blocks4 ,i appe>$ to be lit]ally up aga9/ a brick wall4 ,x 0 t or no?+4 ,& !n1 & :5 ?+s seem$ at _! v wor/1 a k9d correspond5t ( ,! ,spectator %[$ me a way ( escape4 ,i felt l a man lo/ 9 und]gr\nd passages :o sudd5ly sees a t9y squ>e ( light & kn[s t x means ! way out4 ,somebody wrote1 f ,s\? ,africa ,i ?9k1 ask+ :y ,i didn't f9d ! ?+ ,i want$ 9 ,pise de t]re1 mu* us$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & occasionally 9 ,cape ,colony4 ,!n came a ru% ( enlight5m5t4 ,p :o _h se5 & ev5 liv$ 9 su* h\ses wrote to ,! ,spectator1 & ! _w inde$ = ! mom5t seem$ alive ) ,pise de t]re4 ,i 0 ev5 l5t ! ,f>m]'s ,h&book ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 :i* ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5t provides settl]s ) an elaborate description ( h[ to build 9 ,pise1 & h[ to make ! necess>y %utt]+ = do+ s4 ,x 0 !n1 too1 t ,i began to he> ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5?-c5tury build+s ( ,pise 9 ! ,rhone ,valley4 ,9 fact1 ev]ybody b ,i seem$ to "k all !re 0 to be kn[n ab\t ,pise de t]re4 ,= ! mom5t inde$1 ! situation seem$ l t describ$ 9 ,pun*'s fam\s picture ( ! "y lady & ! ,g]man pr(essor4 ,:at is ,volapuk8 asks ! "y lady4 ,ze univ]sal language1 says ! pr(essor4 ,:]e is x spok58 ,no vairs4 ,pise de t]re appe>$ to be ! univ]sal sy/em ( build+1 b z f> z ,i c\ld make out1 x 0 practis$ no vairs1 or at any rate n 9 ,europe4 ,headnote3 ,exp]im5ts ) ,pise ,,ii ,i _h got z f> z ! position describ$ above1 :5 d[n swept ! w> ^u ,europe1 & ev]y?+ _h to be po/pon$ 9 fav\r ( ! imm$iate ne$ ( fill+ ! ranks ( ! nation's army & tea*+ ! m5 h[ to fight our enemies4 ,z ! w> w5t on1 h[ev]1 ! dem& = rapid1 *eap1 & tempor>y build+ became v great1 & ,i felt ,i %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 try+ "s exp]im5ts ) ,pise de t]re1 ev5 9 spite ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ lab\r4 ,i ?9k ,i c be/ illu/rate ! nature ( ,pise & :at x c d1 & ,i believe w d1 if ,i %ortly rec\nt 9 *ronological ord] ^! humble pione] ef=ts4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiae ,i f\nd t x 0 necess>y 9 ! int]e/s ( ! hospital e/abli%$ 9 my h\se to f9d a place 9 :i* to /ore apples1 = ! m5 9 blue consum$ !m 9 incr$ible quantities4 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld try ,pise4 ,accord+ly1 ,i _h "s %utt]+ made on ! ,au/ralian model--n spl5did sci5tific %utt]+ su* z is describ$ 9 ! body ( ?is "w1 b /ill %utt]+ q suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,) great rapidity a little fruit-h\se 0 put up1 ro($ ) bo>ds1 & cov]$ ) blocks ( compress$ peat 9 ord] to make a ro( :i* w\ld be bo? v]m9-pro( & also keep out ! heat & ! fro/4 ,9 my ignorance & my hurry1 ,i n[ f9d t ,i violat$ e s\nd rule ( ,pise con/ruction4 ,i built ! walls dur+ a week ( ra91 :5 ! e>? 0 wet1 :i* 0 a great mi/ake2 & ,i did n cle> out ! /ones1 :i* 0 ano!r error t prev5t$ ! walls f be+ homog5e\s4 ,wor/ ( all1 z soon z ! walls 7 built 7& v pretty walls !y 71 look+ some?+ l s(t br[n m>ble71 ,i pa9t$ !m ov] ) t>1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld n ent] ! wet wall1 b only made a sk91 :i* 9 a few mon?s peel$ (f exactly l ! b>k (f a plane tree4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is ignorant mi%&l+ ( my mat]ial1 ! little fruit-h\se is /ill /&+ & %elt]$ till ,janu>y ! few apples ,nature all[$ u to ga!r la/ autumn4 ,x looks disreputable1 b !re has be5 no /ructural collapse1 nor w !re be4 ,headnote3 ,ramm$ ,*alk1 ,pise de ,craie ,no soon] 0 ! fruit-h\se f9i%$ ?an ,i 0 met by ! dem& ( my wife1 ! comm&ant ( ! hospital1 to add to my h\se a pati5ts' d9+-room1 :i* w\ld be bright1 dry1 airy1 w>m1 & com=table1 & be l>ge en\gh = =ty m5 to h _! meals 91 & to use z a sitt+-room dur+ ! re/ ( ! day4 ,! local build] said t x 0 impossible to make a wood5 addition1 = !re 0 no wood to be procur$1 or to build 9 bricks1 s9ce my h\se /&s #fjj ft4 above ! sea on an isolat$ *alk d[n4 ,croesus w\ld h f\nd x difficult at t "t to build on my site1 & = ! ord9>y economic man--,l'homme a qu>antes ecus--x 0 q impossible4 ,b ! room _h got to be built1 = ! m5 7 !re1 & built at once1 s9ce ! out-(-door life ( ,july & ,augu/ c\ld n cont9ue4 ,!re 0 no?+ to d b to fall back ^u ,pise4 ,i decid$ to be ambiti\s & to exp]im5t1 n m]ely 9 ,pise de t]re1 b 9 :at ,i !n ?\ght--& p]haps rightly--0 a new =m ( ,pise1 i4e4 ,pise de craie or compress$ *alk4 ,my %utt]+ !re=e 0 put up4 ,a hole n v f> (f 0 dug 9 ! e>?1 ! *alk :i* 0 almo/ at ! surface 0 qu>ri$ out1 & we began to build ! wall1 c&id & contemptu\s fri5ds tell+ u ( c\rse t ! *alk wall w\ld nev] /& ! fro/s 9 s expos$ a position1 & t ! wall1 if made1 w\ld c]ta9ly explode6 ,ev]yone work$ at t wall2 ! nurs+ /aff1 ! coa*man1 an occasional visitor1 a s*oolboy1 a c\ple ( boy sc\ts1 memb]s ( ! ,national ,res]ve :o 7 gu>d+ a vuln]able po9t close by1 & ev5 "s ( ! pati5ts4 ,pati5ts z a rule w endure any toil ) ! utmo/ good temp] if x is = ! purposes ( sport4 ,if ! task is useful x does n int]e/ !m4 ,/ill1 a wall :i* might explode (f]$ a c]ta9 attraction4 ,we work$ ) m zeal ?an discretion1 b happily ,i _h x 9 my m9d t homog5eity 0 ! ess5tial1 & !re=e ! h>d nuggets ( *alk z !y 7 ?r[n into ! %utt]+ to be compress$ by ! ramm]s 7 fir/ *opp$ up ) spades1 mu* z "o m9ces meat4 ,! wall _h no f\ndations4 ,9 ,pise y c make y\r f\ndations1 s to speak1 z y g1 ?r\gh ! simple process ( ramm+4 ,anyway1 & to cut a long /ory %ort1 ! wall 0 made1 0 able to receive ! ro(1 = :i* happily ! local build] f\nd "s mat]ial1 & n only did ! wall /&1 b %[$ a v cr$itable ext]ior4 ,its weight 0 ( c\rse enorm\s1 = !re 7 "s tw5ty tons ( *alk put into x4 ,9 spite ( ! irregul>ity ( ! lab\r x did n take m ?an t5 or twelve days to build4 ,to prev5t ! wet & fro/ gett+ into x1 ,i pa9t$ ! ma9 front ) a pat5t liquid mat]ial = r5d]+ walls damp-pro(4 ,! ,*alk ,pise wall n only s]v$ its purpose1 b s]v$ x v well4 ,! room prov$ extraord9>ily w>m & com=table1 l>gely ow+ no d\bt to ! fact ( a solid1 v dry1 #ah-;94 wall on ! nor?-ea/ side4 ,,iii ,my next v5ture 0 9 response to an urg5t appeal f a f>m t5ant to build him a waggon h\se4 ,! result is se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,?is build+1 ab\t #dj ft4 by #cj ft41 0 made purely ( e>?1 b "s exp]im5ts 7 tri$ 9 ! way ( introduc+ hurdles into ! %utt]+ 9 ord] to af=d a surface to :i* pla/] c\ld easily cl+4 ,suffice x to say t ! pla9 e>?1 )\t pla/] or any cov]+1 m ?an ju/ifi$ itself4 ,"o "p ( ! wall is v mu* expos$ to ! wea!r1 b x has /ood ! ra9s & ! fro/s ( ?ree v bad w9t]s )\t turn+ a hair4 ,lov]s ( ! picturesque may l to "k t x pres5ts a pleasant face ( light o*re1 ^u :i* a pale gre5 effloresc5ce ( li*5 has appe>$ ( late4 ,anyway1 ! fro/ has n t\*$ x4 ,,iv ,next ,i made "s exp]im5ts 9 *alk f>my>d walls4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 "o ( ^!1 :i* 0 n made homog5e\s by *alk m9c+1 i4e4 9 :i* ! nuggets ( *alk 7 n prop]ly brok5 up1 got ! wet into x1 & true to ! c&id fri5d's prophecy did lit]ally explode 9 ! big fro/ ( #aiag-ah4 ,ano!r v pretty *alk wall is1 h[ev]1 /&+ to ?is day4 ,b ?\gh ,*alk ,pise w1 ,i ?9k1 d well if prop]ly made & prop]ly protect$1 x is some:at ( a d\btful mat]ial = any?+ except a build+ ) a good ov]lay ( ro(4 ,ano!r /ructure put up by me 0 a l>gi% g>d5]'s pott+ %$4 ,?is 0 built purely ( e>?1 & 9 dry wea!r4 ,:5 ! walls 7 p]fectly dry1 ! local road au?orities k9dly came ) _! t> spray & spray$ x ) hot t>1 ) mo/ excell5t results4 ,! hot t> really ent]$ in/ead ( m]ely mak+ a sk91 ) ! result t ! ext]nal walls ?us treat$ resembl$ a section ( t>r$ road /ood up on end4 ,illu/ration3 ,pise ,waggon-h\se at ,newl&s ,corn]4 ,an exp]im5t 9 r5d]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,newl&s ,waggon-h\se4 ,int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,beg9n+ ( a ,pise ,fruit-h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fruit-h\se ,complet$ ,) ,ro( ( ,peat ,blocks on ,r\gh ,bo>d+4 ,i may add t ,i l5t my ,pise %utt]+ to a ,guild=d ,volunte] ,battalion1 :o 9 a t5-h\r day1 or r1 two days ( five h\rs ea*1 built an excell5t hut ab\t #bj ft4 squ>e & #aj ft4 high1 & ?us %[$ t a platoon might h\se !mselves ) ,pise 9 a day1 provid$ !y _h ro(+ mat]ial ready4 ,?is build+ _h subsequ5tly to be de/roy$1 because ! gr\nd on :i* x /ood 0 want$ = ano!r purpose4 ,:5 x 0 knock$ d[n ! h\se-break]s 7 a/oni%$ at ! /r5g? & t5acity ( ! walls4 ,yet ! e>? out ( :i* !y 7 made 0 p>ticul>ly bad--z "o ( ! volunte]s express$ x1 n e>?1 b m]ely leaf-m\ld & horse-manure4 ,! site _h1 z a matt] ( fact1 be5 a suburban g>d5 = at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,v ,be=e ,i leave ! record ( ^! t]re/rial adv5tures ,i may note t 9 ! e>ly /ages ,i receiv$ a great deal ( help & enc\ragem5t f ,g5]al ,sir ,rob]t ,scott-,moncrieff4 ,he 0 inde$ s mu* /ruck by !m t he drew up a s]ies ( in/ructions = walls ( ,pise "w :i* 7 issu$ to all eng9e] companies at ! front 9 case !y might h opportunities = exp]im5t+4 ,^! in/ructions 7 bas$ ^u ! ,au/ralian book & embodi$ ! v simple =m ( %utt]+ !re recomm5d$4 ,! diagram t accompani$ !m is reproduc$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ! pres5t volume4 ,headnote3 ,pise 9 ,m\lds ,,vi ,,pise ,,9 ,,m\lds ,!re is "o ?+ m to be said ab\t ,pise4 ,i believe t a useful developm5t ( ! sy/em may be f\nd 9 ! plan ( ramm+ e>? into m\lds & mak+ e>? blocks1 some?+ l concrete blocks4 ,m\lds ( ?is k9d are easy to make & are specially suitable :5 ! soil is some:at clayey 9 its nature4 ,!y h ! advantage ( be+ mu* *eap] ?an %utt]+1 & ( be+ capable ( be+ h&l$ by "o man )\t assi/ance4 ,) a /rong wood5 m\ld & a good ramm] a small-hold] may easily build 8 own pig/y1 8 own *ick5 h\se1 & all ! small outbuild+s he requires1 if n inde$ add an extra room to 8 h\se4 ,i am at pres5t exp]im5t+ ) ^! blocks & only ye/]day _h ! pleasure ( see+ a s]geant 7,r4,a4,m4,c71 dis*>g$ ?r\gh ill-heal? & n[ try+ to turn himself into a small-hold]1 build+ a pig/y ) ! help ( "o ( my m\lds4 ,,vii ,apropos ( ! elusive univ]sality & yet non-exi/5ce ( ,pise "w1 ! foll[+ p]sonal anecdote or footnote to compress$ e>? may amuse my read]s4 ,happ5+ to be sleep+ 9 a b$room at ,brooks's ,club 9 #aiaf1 ,i notic$ a *>m+ ,reg5cy bookcase full ( old books4 ,among !m 0 a copy ( a ,cyclopa$ia ( #ahai4 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be amus+ to see :e!r !re 0 any m5tion ( ,pise de t]re4 ,:at 0 my a/oni%m5t to f9d t :at ,i ?\ght 0 my own special & peculi> hobby & discov]y 0 treat$ !re9 at v great l5g? & ) v great ability1 b treat$ n 9 ! lea/ z any?+ new or wond]ful1 b in/ead z ?is well-kn[n & greatly appreciat$ sy/em ( build+1 etc41 etc4 ,to complete ! irony ( ! situation ! fact 0 m5tion$ t a ,mr4 ,holl& _h lately s5t to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture a memor&um z to h[ to put up h\ses & f>m-build+s 9 ?is =m ( con/ruction4 ,my hair rose on my head1 = ,i _h j committ$ a simil> (ficial indiscretion myself1 & _h be5 bomb>d+ appropriate au?orities ) :at ,i ?\ght mu/ be a complete novelty4 ,truly "o c nev] be fir/ or d any?+ new4 ,x is always 9 ! ,files1 z ,mr4 ,kipl+ says4 ,ev5 9 our mo/ orig9al mom5ts we only keep on feebly imitat+ somebody else4 ,! claim to orig9ality is no?+ b a muddy mixture ( pride & ignorance4 ,:at did1 h[ev]1 some:at amaze me 0 ! calm /atem5t ( ! ,cyclopa$ia t ?is sy/em ( build+ 0 n[ well kn[n 9 ! c\nties (--& !n came ! names ( practically all ! c\nties ( ,s\!rn ,engl&4 ,& yet ,i _h be5 ke5ly on ! look-out = su* build+s = sev]al ye>s4 ,! cynic w say t !y _h all fall5 d[n4 ,t only %[s ! weakness ( ! cynic's po9t ( view4 ,! tru? is !y are (t5 conceal$ "u v>i\s disguises ( pla/]1 pa9t1 & wea!r tiles4 ,few p "k :at _! own walls are really made ( till !y try to cut a new op5+ = a door or a w9d[ 9 !m4 ,headnote3 ,cob & ,*alk ,,viii ,,cob ,,& ,,*alk ,( ,cob ,i "k little by actual exp]im5t4 ,x is fully dealt ) 9 ! body ( ?is "w1 & read]s w f9d t x is a k9d ( mud or clay concrete re9=c$ ) /raw4 ,x is !re=e totally & absolutely diff]5t f ,pise4 ,"o is wet1 ! o!r dry4 ,all t ne$ be said ab\t *alk is said by ! au?or ( ! pres5t book4 ,,ix ,a ,,po/script ,9 ! body ( ?is "w m5tion is made ( a v successful exp]im5t 9 ,pise de t]re made by ! (ficials ( a ,rhodesian m9+ company2 ! outcome1 ,i am pr\d to ?9k1 ( my pre-w> advocacy ( ,pise 9 ,! ,spectator4 ,no soon] _h my introduction be5 f9i%$ ?an !re came by way ( po/script an exce$+ly int]e/+ s]ies ( photographs1 s5t to me by ,mr4 ,pick/one1 a g5tleman v well kn[n 9 ,s\? ,africa = 8 fruit g>d5s1 8 pea*es1 & 8 apricots4 ,on ! /r5g? ( :at he _h read 9 ,! ,spectator1 ,mr4 ,pick/one lately und]took to build a /ation build+ & /ation-ma/]'s h\se = ! railway /ation at ,simondium 9 ! ,drak5/e9 ,valley1 a place :i* dur+ ! summ] is not$ = its great heat4 ,9 ! ,janu>y numb] ( ! ,s\? ,african ,railways & ,h>b\rs ,magaz9e1 ,mr4 ,pick/one gives a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 bold & successful exp]im5t & illu/rates x by a reproduction ( "s ( 8 photographs4 ,"h is 8 own acc\nt ( :at he did4 99 99 99 ,headnote3 ,pise--a ,s\? ,african ,lead ,x mu/ h be5 ab\t eighte5 mon?s ago t ! railway adm9i/ration decid$ to promote ,simondium ,sid+ to ! dignity ( a /ation4 ,z a sid+1 x _h always be5 a busy place 9 ! fruit season1 dur+ :i* "t a p]man5t *eck] _h = "s ye>s be5 kept q busy1 8 accommodation be+ a c\ple ( small t9 %anties1 & he _h be5 accu/om$ to bo>d out :]e he c\ld4 ,n[ we 7 to h a 'pukka' /ation-ma/] &1 presumably1 suitable premises4 ,! dep>tm5t quickly got to "w & ! /ation-ma/]'s h\se arriv$4 ,x 0 :at "o might call a second-h&1 or ev5 a ?ird- or f\r?-h& "o1 consi/+ ( ! inevitable %eets ( galvanis$ iron & ! ev]-ess5tial ,oregon & ,sw$i% timb]4 ,our new /ation-ma/] also %ortly aft]w>ds arriv$1 & turn$ out to be a m>ri$ man ) a wife & f\r *ildr54 ,! /ation-ma/] 0 n a gr\s]1 b dur+ ! hot summ]--& x is t]ribly hot 9 ! ,drak5/e9 ,valley dur+ t "t ( ! ye>--he compla9$ to me t x 0 almo/ impossible to hold on1 ow+ to ! conditions "u :i* he & 8 family _h to live4 ,x 0 j ab\t ?is "t t ,i saw 9 ,! ,spectator a s]ies ( articles /rongly advocat+ ',pise de t]re' con/ruction = build+s ( all k9ds2 especially 0 x recomm5d$ z a w>-"t exp$i5t = rapid & economical con/ruction = b>racks & hospitals1 &1 inde$1 x 0 /rongly recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,/4 ,loe ,/ra*ey1 ! editor1 = all sorts ( g5]al build+ & milit>y purposes4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 :i* _m read]s c\ld v]ify1 t frequ5tly "o lives "o's life "u c]ta9 conditions1 & 9 reality rema9s absolutely bl9d to _! pres5ce & pot5tialities4 ,"h 0 ,i1 liv+ 9 a c\ntry :]e "s ( ! mo/ beautiful old home/eads are on ! pr9ciple ( ! ',pise de t]re' con/ruction1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! old] f>m build+s 9 ?is di/rict also built ( simil> mat]ial1 ) ! additional pleas+ accompanim5t ( beautiful beams1 ceil+s & floors made ( colonial p9e--"o may advis$ly add1 ! despis$ colonial p9e4 ,"s ( ^! build+s h /ood ! we> & use ( close on a c5tury1 & are /ill an object ( joy to ^? privileg$ to h an eye to see4 ,"h liv$ ,i1 z ,i say1 bl9d to its pot5tialities = to-day1 al?\gh x _h be5 cle>ly appreciat$ & c>ri$ out ) ! mo/ *>m+ & solid results by our great-gr&fa!rs 9 ! old slave-lab\r days4 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,model ( a ,pise de ,t]re ,h\se to be built 9 ,?ree ,successive ,/ages4 ,! "r w+ is plann$ to be built fir/ z a complete small cottage1 ev5tually becom+ s]vice & s]vants' qu>t]s4 ,cl\gh ,williams-,ellis1 ,ar*itect4 ,illu/ration3 ,wayside ,/ation ( ,pise at ,simondium1 ,s\? ,africa1 design$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,bak]4 ,! sup]vis+ ar*itect1 ,mr4 ,k5dall1 :o 0 responsible = c>ry+ out ! "w to ! admirable design ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,bak]1 gives ! foll[+ description ( ! way ! "w 0 actually execut$1 :i* conta9s sev]al v useful h9ts3 99 99 99 ,! con/ruction ( walls det]m9$ ^u 0 t kn[n z ',pise de t]re1' consi/+ ( e>? walls "s #ah 94 to #bd 94 ?ick1 :i* owe _! solidity to a simple process ( ramm+ betwe5 wood5 cas+s previ\sly plac$ 9 position on bo? sides4 ,^! walls are built 9 /ages ( "s #c ft4 9 height1 ! wood cas+ be+ rais$ at int]vals z requir$4 ,! frames = doors & w9d[s are plac$ 9 position at ! "r "t1 & an*or$ into ! walls by means ( long hoop iron ties4 ,^! walls1 :5 complet$1 give a surface almo/ z h>d z burnt brick1 b ! ext]nal angles pres5t a slight po9t ( weakness1 z f _! exposure !y w\ld be naturally incl9$ to *ip away 9 cases ( r\gh usage4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ?is x 0 arrang$ t irregul> brick quo9s %\ld be emb$d$ 9 ! angles all ! way up z ! "w proce$$4 ,! walls1 :5 complet$1 7 !n pla/]$ & :itewa%$1 & pres5t z good an appe>ance z m exp5sively pla/]$ brickwork4 ,z additional security ! wea!r sides 7 giv51 prior to :itewa%+1 a coat ( hot gas t> direct on ! pla/]1 :i* 9 all ext]ior "w 0 lime plus #aj p] c5t4 cem5t4 ,! ro(s are ( ?at* ) a fairly good ov]hang at ! eaves 9 ord] to =m a protection = ! walls4 99 99 99 ,on "o po9t1 h[ev]1 we may reassure ,mr4 ,k5dall4 ,i d n ?9k he ne$ be afraid ( 8 walls be+ de/roy$ by ! wea!r ev5 if he has no ov]hang4 ,"p ( a ,pise wall 9 my c>t-%$1 built 9 a v expos$ situation1 has no ov]hang4 ,fur!r1 ! wall is n cov]$ by cem5t or any o!r protective cov]+4 ,! compress$ e>? 0 left q b>e1 & yet ! ?ree wor/ w9t]s ( alt]nat+ wet & fro/ kn[n = _m ye>s h made no impression ^u ! wall4 ,x seems to be bo? ra9-pro( & fro/-pro(4 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,pick/one in=ms me 9 a lett] dat$ ,febru>y #ai? t ! ,pise walls h prov$ an enorm\s success f ! po9t ( view ( protection f ! heat4 ,:]eas 9 an iron build+ l9$ ) wood ! temp]ature 9 ! hot wea!r w5t up to #ajd degrees ,fahr5heit1 9 ! /ation-ma/]'s ,pise de t]re d9+-room ! !rmomet] regi/]$ only #hf degrees4 ,^? :o h ev] liv$ :]e su* temp]atures prevail w note ! imm5se advantage ga9$ by ! ,pise walls4 ,su* temp]atures try /rong m5 & wom51 & = *ildr5 !y are positively dea?-deal+4 ,) s successful an exp]im5t z t at ,simondium be=e my eyes1 ,i am beg9n+ to feel t ,i may live to correct my view t ?is univ]sal sy/em ( build+ is practis$ no vairs4 ,headnote3 ,! ,discov]y ( ! ,old ,x ,,pl9y ,,on ,,pise ,,de ,,t]re ,n[ = some?+ :i* ,i h kept z ! bonne b\*e ( my e>?y /ory4 ,at ! end ( my rese>*es & exp]im5ts ,i f\nd t ,pl9y has got x all 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory 9 six l9es6 ,!re is no ne$ = m words4 ,h we n 9 ,africa & 9 ,spa9 walls ( e>?1 kn[n z '=mocean' walls8 ,f ! fact t !y are m\ld$1 r ?an built1 by enclos+ e>? )9 a frame ( bo>ds1 con/ruct$ on ei!r side4 ,^! walls w la/ = c5turies1 are pro( aga9/ ra91 w9d1 & fire1 & are sup]ior 9 solidity to any cem5t4 ,ev5 at ?is day ,spa9 /ill holds wat*-t[]s t 7 erect$ by ,hannibal4 --,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,bk4 ,,xxxv1 *apt] xlviii4 ,j4 ,,/4 ,,loe ,,/ra*ey4 ,newl&s ,corn]1 ,surrey4 ,,g5]al ,,survey ,always necessity has be5 ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,! w> has prov$ h] prolific inde$1 & h] teem+ (fspr+ are se5 9 ! multiplicity ( w> contrivances & ! bewild]+ array ( sub/itutes = ! once common ?+s ( our daily life4 ,:]e necessity has be5 mo/ dire1 !re inv5tion has unfail+ly come to ! rescue ) ! mo/ amaz+ ,ersatz products to replace ! vani%$ orig9als4 ,at any rate x pleases u to attribute ! truly a/oni%+ feats ( ! ,g]mans 9 ?is direction to _! great] ne$ r ?an to any sup]ior +5uity or ent]prise on _! "p4 ,t _! success 0 (t5 no m ?an mod]ate w be readily admitt$ by anyone :o1 = in/ance1 has made trial ( _! ,ersatz cig>s or ration c(fee4 ,/ill1 ne$ did at lea/ awak5 prodigi\s ef=t1 +5uity1 & ent]prise--all co-ord9at$ & conc5trat$ on ! bus9ess ( mak+ good a hundr$ p>alys+ defici5cies4 ,headnote3 ,! ,h\se ,fam9e ,9 ?is pres5t matt] ( ,national ,h\s+ ! %ortage ( all ! g5]ally recognis$ build+ mat]ials z well z ( actual h\ses is extreme & grave4 ,ef=t1 +5uity1 & ent]prise 9 ov]com+ ^! insuffici5cies are z urg5tly & vitally necess>y to ,engl& 9 ,peace z ev] !y 7 to ,g]many 9 w>4 ,little w be said "h ( ! direct & intimate connection betwe5 good h\ses & good citiz5s4 ,x is assum$ t ^? :o g to ! pa9s ( read+ ?is book h at lea/ glanc$ at ! ,h\s+ ,reports1 & drawn c]ta9 disquiet+ conclusions f ! crim9al & vital /ati/ics ) :i* ! case = re=m is re9=c$4 ,9 a rec5t spee* ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al said3 ,w> does n only fill ! graves1 x also empties ! cradles4 ,?is is no less true ( bad & inadequate h\s+4 ,only ! mo/ reckless & ?ick-sk9n$ ( ! poor] population w adv5ture on m>riage & ! br++ up ( a family :il/ ! odds aga9/ dec5t & reasonable h\s+ p]si/ z at pres5t4 ,true1 ,h\s+ is v prop]ly be+ giv5 consid]able prom95ce 9 ! press1 & sc>cely a day passes b !re appe>s an article or lett] deal+ ) ?is "q4 ,usually we are left b little wis] ?an we 71 :il/ if we *ance to "k some?+ ab\t ! subject1 ! g5]al tone ( vague *e]fulness t p]vades !m all fills u ) misgiv+4 ,no?+ is easi] or pleasant] or m popul> ?an to make airy promises or pr$ictions ab\t ! ,homes = ,happy ,human ,be+s t1 someh[1 are to be prep>$ = our return$ soldi]s1 & = all ^? o!rs :o are h\s$ mis]ably or n at all4 ,x is v easy to pr$ict & promise1 b )\t adequate mat]ials p]=mance is n m]ely difficult1 x is impossible4 ,!re is a _w-%ortage ( almo/ e manufactur$ or cultivat$ product2 !re is also a lab\r fam9e1 a money fam9e1 & a transport fam9e4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 closely connect$ ) ^! defici5cies & loom+ om9\sly ov] !m all1 is1 z we h said1 our h\se-fam9e4 ,to relieve ! la/ 9 face ( ! o!rs1 & )\t fur!r aggravat+ !m1 is "o ( ! mo/ grave & press+ ( ! _m problems t confront u4 ,briefly ! problem is ?is3 ,to provide a maximum ( new h\s+ ) a m9imum exp5diture ( lab\r1 money1 transport1 & manufactur$ mat]ials4 ,broadly speak+1 s f> z rural h\s+ is conc]n$1 ! solution mu/ be s\ght ?r\gh ! use ( natural mat]ials already exi/+ on ! site1 mat]ials t c be work$ /raight into ! fabric ( ! build+1 )\t any elaborate or co/ly conv]sion1 & t by local lab\r4 ,pise de ,t]re1 ,*alk ,compo/1 & ,cob are ?ree alt]native =ms ( con/ruction1 "o ( :i* w usually fulfil ! above conditions 9 any giv5 situation4 ,despite ! some:at outl&i% & high-s\nd+ "n ( ! fir/1 x is no?+ m ?an a v old & v simple me?od ( build+1 rec5tly reviv$ ?r\gh /ress ( circum/ances4 ,! rude te*nique has happily be5 kept alive & pres]v$ = u 9 out-(-!-way corn]s ( ! ,cont95t & 9 our ,colonies4 ,:]ev] !re is a suffici5cy ( sun%9e to effect ! necess>y dry+1 !re h e>? build+s aris5 & prosp]$4 ,cob build+ ne$s less introduction1 z x is /ill well und]/ood & a liv+ craft 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 notably 9 ,devon%ire & ,s\? ,wales1 :]e its m]its & advantages h be5 recognis$ app>5tly f ! e>lie/ times4 ,all ^? inde$ :o are famili> ) ?is me?od ( con/ruction are fully alive to its virtues1 & ! same is true ( ,pise-build+1 bo? 9 *alk & e>?1 & also ( clay-lump4 ,?is book1 h[ev]1 is address$ to ^? :o h 9 ! pa/ built only ) /one1 brick1 concrete1 timb] & pla/]1 etc41 & :o are only n[ consid]+ a rev]sion to ! m primitive con/ruction "h describ$1 ?r\gh ! %ortage or absolute lack ( _! =m] mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,front & ,back ,elevations ( ,cottage design$ by ,sir ,edw9 ,luty5s & ,mr4 ,alban ,scott4 ,?is ,cottage c be built 9 ,cob1 ,pise1 ,concrete1 ,/one1 or ,brick4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,cottage design$ by ,sir ,edw9 ,luty5s & ,mr4 ,alban ,scott4 ,x is n s mu* a "q z to :e!r a ,cob or ,pise h\se is pref]able to "o ( brick or /one or concrete--?\gh !re are _m :o pr(ess a lively pref]5ce = ! =m]--b z to :e!r y w boldly rev]t to ^! old & well-tri$ me?ods ( build+1 or1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ord9>y mat]ials1 feebly sit d[n & build no?+ at all4 ,= t w1 inevitably1 be ! alt]native = a great _m private p]sons4 ,national & ,public-,utility ,h\s+ ,s*emes & public & indu/rial works ( all sorts w naturally & prop]ly claim priority 9 ! matt] ( all build+ mat]ials--& ! private individual1 s f> z he c secure su* mat]ials at all1 w only d s at a price t is ! logical outcome ( an unprec$5t$ dem& & an om9\sly inadequate supply4 ,headnote3 ,local ,mat]ials ,timb]1 tiles1 slates1 pla/]1 & ironmong]y he mu/ /ill pur*ase & transport z be/ he may--b ! %ell ( 8 h\se1 its out] walls at lea/1 c\ld & %\ld be rais$ f ! soil ( ! site itself by ! employm5t ( ! simple/ ge> & a small am\nt ( unskill$ local lab\r4 ,s acute inde$ is ! transport problem1 & s small is ! hope ( any sub/antial improvem5t 9 ! ne> future1 t any exp$i5t t5d+ to ease matt]s 9 ?is respect is wor?y ( ! mo/ s]i\s att5tion4 ,! re/rictions impos$ by high freights w ( !mselves t5d to *eck ! (t5 s5seless & unnecess>y importation ( mat]ials =eign to a di/rict1 :i* 9 ! pa/ 0 ! despair ( ar*itects ( ! traditional s*ool4 ,x 0 a wa/eful practice t _h gone f> to oblit]ate all b ! mo/ robu/ traits 9 ! old & v div]se local build+ conv5tions ( rural ,engl&4 ,=m]ly1 he :o wilfully c>ri$ bricks into ,m]ione? or ! ,cotswolds1 or slates into ,k5t or rag/one-rubble into ,middlesex1 0 guilty ( no m ?an fooli%ness & an ae/hetic solecism4 ,"u pres5t conditions su* action %\ld r5d] him liable to prosecution & conviction on "s su* c\nt z ,wa/+ ! %runk5 res\rces ( 8 c\ntry 9 a "t ( great sc>city1 4 4 4 9 t he did wantonly transport mat]ial = build+ ! walls ( a h\se by rail & road f ,a to ,b :5 suitable & suffici5t mat]ial ( ano!r sort & at no high] co/ exi/$1 & 0 readily accessible h>d by ! site at ,b4 ,t inde$ is our "o *ance ( salvation1 ! exi/5ce & use ( ! mat]ials ( ano!r sort h>d by ! site4 ,^! natural mat]ials & _! appropriate use 9 build+ w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 99 99 99 ,! ,luty5s-,scott cottage1 ( :i* illu/rations are giv51 is design$ ) a special view to ! use ( su* local mat]ials z cob1 *alk1 & ,pise1 ?\gh x c\ld also be con/ruct$ )\t appreciable modification 9 /one or brick4 ,x is ?us a model ( unusually univ]sal application1 provid+1 too1 accommodation su* z is c]ta9 to be dem&$ by ! new & m educat$ g5]ation t x is ! aim ( ! c\ntry to produce4 ,i ,,cob ,sec4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,if ev] ! c\nties ( ,engl& recov] _! bygone loyalty to _! own mat]ials & _! old traditions1 !n cob-build+ w return to ,devon & ! ,we/4 ,*eap bricks1 *eap transport1 & ! ignoble rage = fa%ions f ! t[n w5t f> to ou/ prov9cial cob f ! affections ( ^? :om1 ) _! =be>s1 x _h h\s$ s well = sev]al c5turies4 ,:e!r ! new loyalty be f )91 or be impos$ f )\t by =ce ( circum/ances1 matt]s little4 ,:at does matt] is ! fact ( its revival4 ,= ) x w come aga9 ! build+ ( cottages t are knit intimately to _! sites & surr\nd+s z ( old1 cottages consangu9e\s ) ! gr\nd !y /& on1 be x brick-e>?1 rock1 or common soil4 ,! soil ( ,devon%ire & ( _m p>ts ( ,wessex & ( ,wales s]ves excell5tly well = build+ 9 cob or clom4#c ,footnote #c3 ,probably1 inde$1 !re is no c\nty 9 ! k+dom t has n consid]able areas :]e ! soil w\ld1 if tri$1 prove well adapt$ = cob-build+4 ,! soil itself sugge/$ ! con/ruction1 & ! m5 ( ,wessex 7 quick to take ! h9t & to act on x4 ,! yeom5 & small-hold]s ( e>li] days 7 commonly build]s too1 & (t5 built _! own homes 9 _! own way1 yet by ! guid+ light ( local tradition4 ,?us ! old ,devonian c\ntryman 9 ne$ ( a h\se w\ld set to & build x himself--( /one if t 7 h&y & easily work$1 ( cob if x 7 n4 ,no d\bt ! doors & w9d[s w\ld be made & fitt$ by ! village :eelwright2 b ! cottag] himself w\ld ?at* or slate ! ro( z naturally & successfully z he built4 ,! skill & c>e ) :i* ^! v]satile amateurs built _! h\ses 0 n always ( ! highe/1 & c>eless con/ruction1 l o!r s9s1 is visit$ on ! *ildr5--! worse ! soon]4 ,?us x is t !re are to-day pl5ty ( old cob cottages t are bo? damp & insecure1 b to condemn cob build+ 9 g5]al because c]ta9 old build]s 7 c>eless1 ignorant1 or incompet5t is to condemn all mat]ials f wattle & daub to f]ro-concrete 9 ! same brea?4 ,cob1 be+ a humble1 am5able1 & ?or\ghly accommodat+ sub/ance1 has reap$ ! inevitable rew>d ( good nature 9 be+ put ^u & 9 be+ ask$ to /& :at is q beyond its p[]s ( endurance1 & yet ,devon cob h\ses ( ,elizabe?an date are n uncommon4 ,x is v reasonable 9 its dem&s1 b two ?+s x does require--dry f\ndations & a good protect+ ro(4 ,to quote an old ,devon%ire saw on cob--,giv'un a gude hat & pair ( butes an' 'er'l la/ = ev]4 ,9 _m in/ances ! ,devon%ire leasehold]1 usually only a life-lease hold]1 built badly & on indiff]5t f\ndations4 ,he neglect$ to repair 8 ?at*1 ) ! consequ5ce t ru9 foll[$ soon] or lat]4 ,he did n always use r\gh-ca/1 s t x (t5 happ5$ t by ! "t ! lease expir$ ! un=tunate l&[n] f\nd t ! cottage fell 9--9 ! lit]al z well z 9 ! legal s5se4 ,! l[] portions ( ! walls 7 honey-comb$ ) rat-holes1 ! walls bulg$ out or fissures result$ f subsid5ce1 & ! dwell+ pres5t$ t appe>ance ( squalor & meanness t has l$ s _m to decry ! mud build+s ( ,devon z relics ( bygone b>b>ism4 ,b if adequate c>e is be/[$ on ! con/ruction1 !re is no reason :y cob cottages %\ld n prove at "o & ! same "t com=table to ! inmates & pleasant to ! eye1 & endure = _m g5]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,ano!r view ( ! ,cob ,h\se built by ,mr4 ,erne/ ,gimson1 ne> ,budleigh ,salt]ton1 ,devon4 ,see ,frontispiece ,illu/ration3 ,a f9e ,specim5 ( a ,devon%ire ,cob ,h\se4 ,headnote3 ,! ,beauty ( ,cob ,z to _! comel9ess & longevity1 a day's walk 9 ,devon1 or1 fail+ t1 a glance at ! pr9t$ pictures w tell all t ne$ be told4 ,t ! beauty ( cob build+s is n due m]ely to ! irregul>ities & wea!r+ produc$ by ! passage ( "t is suffici5tly prov$ by ! photographs ( ,mr4 ,gimson's *>m+ cob cottage1 tak5 soon aft] he _h f9i%$ x4 ,! "w 0 done a ye> or two be=e ! w>2 ?is is ,mr4 ,gimson's own description ( ! mann] ( its build+3 99 99 99 ,! cob 0 made ( ! /iff s& f\nd on ! site2 ?is 0 mix$ ) wat] & a great quantity ( long :eat /raw trodd5 into x4 ,! walls 7 built #c ft4 ?ick1 p>$ d[n to #b ft4 #f 941 & 7 plac$ on a pl9? /&+ #ah 94 above ! gr\nd floor1 & built ( cobble /ones f\nd among ! s&4 ,! walls 7 giv5 a coat ( pla/] & a coat ( r\gh-ca/1 :i* 0 g5tly tr[ell$ ov] to smoo? ! surface slightly4 ,i believe eight m5 7 engag$ on ! cobwork1 "s prep>+ ! mat]ial1 & o!rs tread+ 9 on to ! top ( ! walls4 ,x took !m ab\t ?ree mon?s to rea* ! wall plate2 ! co/ 0 #fs4 a cubic y>d1 exclusive ( ! pla/]+4 ,no c5tr+ 0 us$4 ,! joi/s re/$ on plates1 & above !m ! walls 7 r$uc$ to #b ft4 #b 94 9 ?ickness to leave ! ends ( ! joi/s free4 ,! beams also re/$ on wide plates & ! ends 7 built r\nd ) /one1 leav+ space = v5tilation4 ,tile or slate l9tels 7 us$ ov] all op5+s4 ,! co/ ( ! :ole h\se 0 #f-a_/b;d4 a cubic foot4 ,build+ ) cob is soon le>nt--( ! eight m51 only "o ( !m _h _h any previ\s exp]i5ce1 &1 ,i believe1 he _h n built ) x = ?irty ye>s4 ,?is is ! only h\se ,i h built ( cob4 99 99 99 ,:at is mo/ int]e/+ 9 ?is n>rative is ! workm5's lack ( exp]i5ce1 :i* seems to h be5 no h9drance4 ,anyone :o proposes to revive ! use ( cob may take c\rage f ,mr4 ,gimson's evid5ce4 ,! "t sp5t 9 build+ ! walls 0 reasonable & ! co/ l[4 ,x may be guess$ t ! po/-w> rise 9 co/ w be no great] 9 proportion1 if z great1 :5 comp>$ ) brickwork4 ,! natural *>m ( ! wall surface is enhanc$ by ! cr[n ( ?at*$ ro(1 modell$ ) a skill :i* few c br+ s c]ta9ly to _! task z ,mr4 ,gimson4 ,headnote3 ,me?od ( ,build+ ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,build+ ,composition4--,cob is a mixture ( %ale & clay1 /raw & wat]4 ,%ale is a common & widely di/ribut$ /ratifi$ =mation ( a slaty nature1 & !re are few types ( clay soil t w\ld n s]ve = cob-mak+4 ,! precise relative proportion ( ! fir/ two +r$i5ts v>ies1 dep5d+ on _! individual peculi>ities4 ,local cu/om z to ! composition & prep>ation ( ! mixture w g5]ally be f\nd to h adju/$ itself to ! peculi>ities ( ! soil4 ,! foll[+ extract is f an analy/'s report on a sample ( typical old cob wall+3 99 99 99 ,! mat]ial :5 plac$ 9 wat] fell to pieces4 ,on analysis1 x 0 f\nd to consi/ (3 ,p] c5t4 ,/ones 7residue on #g by #g me% sieve7 #bd4dj ,s&1 co>se 7residue on #ej by #ej me% sieve7 #ai4gj ,f9e s& 7?r\gh #ej by #ej me% sieve7 #cb4ej ,clay #bj4fj ,/raw #a4be ,wat]1 etc4 #a4ee ------ #ajj4jj ------ ,! mat]ial is a conglom]ate ( slaty gravel ) a v s&y clay1 to :i* mixture a small proportion ( /raw has be5 add$4 ,! clay acts z an agglut9ant1 & ! /raw z a re9=cem5t4 ,effici5t protection f fro/ & ra9 w\ld be necess>y be=e su* mat]ial c\ld be consid]$ wea!rpro(4 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,devon%ire ,cob ,f>mh\se1 probably betwe5 #bjj & #cjj ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,cob-built ,village4 7,n4,b4--,lime is occasionally add$ to ! clay-%ale1 b ?is is n usual47 ,mix+4--,! old me?od ( mix+ by h& is z foll[s3 ,a b$ ( clay-%ale is =m$ close to ! wall :]e x is to be us$1 suffici5t to d "o p]*4 ,a p]* is sup]ficial measurem5t describ$ z #af-a_/b ft4 long1 #a ft4 high1 & ! am\nt ( mat]ial w v>y accord+ to ! ?ickness ( wall requir$4 ,f\r m5 usually "w toge!r4 ,! big /ones are pick$ out4 ,! mat]ial is arrang$ 9 a circul> heap ab\t #e or #f ft4 9 diamet]4 ,/>t+ at ! edge ! m5 turn ov] ! mat]ial ) cob picks1 /&+ & tread+ on ! mat]ial all ! "t4 ,"o man spr9kles on wat]1 & ano!r spr9kles on b>ley /raw f a wisp held "u 8 left arm4 ,! heap is !n turn$ ov] aga9 9 ! o!r direction1 tread+ cont9u+ all ! "t4 ,twice turn+ is usually consid]$ suffici5t4 ,/raw b&s may be wrapp$ puttee-wise ar\nd ! legs ( ! m5 to keep !m clean1 & ^! are remov$ at ! end ( ! day4 ,m r>ely ! mix+ is done 9 a r\gh tr\gh1 :il/ a p[]-driv5 pan-mill has also be5 tri$ ) success2 ?\gh "o w\ld ?9k t ! use ( su* a ma*9e might t5d to dim9i% ! b9d+ /r5g? ( ! /raw submitt$ to its gr9d+4 ,headnote3 ,implem5ts ,illu/ration3 ,,cob ,,pick 7,measur$ f example at ,great ,ful=d74 ,build+4--,9 build+ a man /&s on ! l[ base-wall1 & lays ! mat]ial h&$ up to him on ! cob picks1 tread+ x into position4 ,?or\gh tread+ is important1 & ! heels %\ld be well us$4 ,! mat]ial is all[$ to project ea* side an in* or s beyond ! /one base to all[ = p>+ d[n aft]w>ds4 ,! c\rses are usually ab\t #b ft4 high4 ,! cob %\ld be laid & trodd5 9 diagonal lay]s1 z %[n 9 ! diagram3 ?is is to secure prop] bond+4 ,x takes f two to ?ree weeks = a c\rse to dry1 accord+ to ! wea!r1 & five or six m5 w\ld be requir$ to build ! walls ( an ord9>y cottage4 ,?is w\ld n keep !m cont9u\sly employ$1 h[ev]1 & !y w\ld require to h sev]al build+s 9 h& at ! same "t1 s z to be able to turn f "o to ! o!r :ile ! c\rses 7 dry+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cob ,,c\rse1 ,,or ,,sc>1 ,,%[+ ,,diagonal ,,lay]s4 ,at ! completion ( a c\rse ! corn]s are plumb$ up f ! /one base bel[1 a l9e is /ret*$ ?r\gh & ! wall is !n p>$ d[n plumb ) ! p>+ iron by ! man /&+ on ! wall4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! p>+ d[n is left until ! wall is f9i%$ & dry4 ,f\r m5 w d ab\t f\r p]*es p] day ( a wall #b ft4 ?ick1 prep>+ & lay+ mat]ial4 ,! mat]ial is r>ely laid betwe5 timb] %utt]+ z 9 ,pise "w1 z ! reta9+ bo>ds t5d s]i\sly to ret>d ! dry+ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>+ ,,iron 7,measur$ f example at ,great ,ful=d7 ,dry+4--,if a c\rse takes f two to ?ree weeks to dry1 x naturally takes a long "t = a :ole cottage to completely dry out4 ,! walls c be built f ab\t ,m>* to ,septemb]4 ,! int]nal fitt+1 pla/]+1 etc41 c be done 9 ! w9t]1 b ! ext]nal r5d]+ mu/ n be done = at lea/ a ye>1 p]haps two ye>s1 to all[ ! walls to become p]fectly dry4 ,z unprotect$ cob is s5sitive to fro/1 especially if n ?or\ghly dri$ out1 x %\ld be giv5 a good ext]nal r5d]+ z soon z x is really dry1 & %\ld 9 ! meantime be protect$ f fro/ by "s tempor>y cov]+1 /raw-matt+ or :at n4 ,also all cob-"w mu/ be protect$ f ! ra9 bo? :il/ build+ & :5 built4 ,no artificial me?ods ( dry+ are at pres5t usual1 beyond good fires inside dur+ ! w9t]1 ?\gh1 z "u su* conditions a cob cottage is n usually consid]$ fit to live 9 = sev]al mon?s aft] completion1 "s artificial means ( dry+ might be wor? consid]+4 ,f\ndations & ,base4--,! dep? ( ! excavations requir$ = ! f\ndations naturally dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! site & soil1 z also does ! spread ( ! foot+s1 if any4 ,! base-c\rse wall ( brick1 /one1 or concrete %\ld be c>ri$ up "s #b ft4 or s above gr\nd level4 ,9 old days ?is wall+ 0 n infrequ5tly built dry--b good lias lime or cem5t %\ld be us$ 9 all new "w4 ,! damp-c\rse too 0 an unkn[n ref9em5t to ! by-gone build]s1 & ! introduction ( ?is "o improvem5t alone makes ! new cob cottage a v diff]5t dwell+ f ! old4 ,! usual =ms ( damp-c\rse s]ve well = cob walls1 ?\gh slates laid butt & brok5 jo9t 9 cem5t are probably ! be/4 ,headnote3 ,walls & ,ro(s ,?ickness ( ,walls4--,! ?ickness ( walls may be any?+ y please f #ah 94 upw>ds4 ,!re are old examples a full #c ft4 across1 b = an ord9>y two-/ori$ cottage a ?ickness ( ab\t #b ft4 is g5]al4 ,eighte5 in*es is c]ta9ly ! m9imum ?ickness1 & w\ld n ord9>ily be adopt$ = any b "o-/ori$ build+s4 ,! fir/-floor walls are made ! same ?ickness z ^? bel[1 = if !y 7 r$uc$ 9 wid?1 z is usual 9 a /one build+1 ! extra weight ?us ?r[n on to "o side ( ! gr\nd floor walls w\ld t5d to make !m bulge1 unless q dry & ?or\ghly set4 ,!re are old cob walls 9 exi/5ce fully #cj ft4 9 height1 & !re is no app>5t limit 9 ?is direction provid$ !y are ?ick en\gh4 ,! upp] lay]s compress ! l[] ones1 & automatically r5d] !m m d5se & /one-l & fit to be> ! load impos$ above4 ,hipp$ ,ro(s4--,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd exp$i5t to hip back ! ro( r ?an c>ry x up 9 a tall gable1 p>tly because cob-build+ at a great height above ! gr\nd 9 %ort & dim9i%+ lay]s is a some:at t$i\s process1 p>tly because a hipp$ ro( ) good eaves is v welcome = ! protection t its projection af=ds ! wall+4 ,masonry & ,c>p5try4--,! bond+ ( cob to /one & brick is sometimes liable to leave an op5 jo9t t w require fill+ :5 ! cob dries & %r9ks4 ,_m ( ! *imneys 9 old cob h\ses are ( brick or /one1 & brick & /one jambs are sometimes to be se5 9 cob walls1 b !y are probably by way ( repairs to damag$ corn]s4 ,x is consid]$ bett] to h cob all r\nd1 s ensur+ ! uni=m settlem5t ( ! build+4 ,! timb] built into old cob does n seem to decay4 ,! walls are usually s dry1 especially :5 pla/]$1 t ! wood is well pres]v$4 ,! /raw 9 ! int]ior ( old cob walls is (t5 z bright z :5 put 94 ,! /raw 9 cob p]=ms a simil> function to hair 9 pla/]4 ,hea!r has sometimes be5 us$ in/ead ( /raw ) good results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wall ,,cop+s4 ,! old practice 0 = beams1 wall plates1 joi/s1 etc41 to be j b$d$ on ! cob1 & = ! cob to be fill$ 9 betwe5 ! joi/s4 ,9 new "w1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! use ( imp]fectly season$ timb] is unavoidable1 x w\ld be wise to take ! usual precautions z to ! prop] v5tilation ( all built 9 woodwork--especially ! ends ( joi/s & s =?4 ,ro(s mu/ ( c\rse be ti$ & ex]cise no ?ru/ on walls4 ,! ro( plates are sometimes ti$ d[n by galvanis$ iron wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9tel-,,be>+ ,,cross-,,piece ,door & w9d[-frames are also fix$ to wood blocks built into ! jambs & to ! wood l9tels above4 ,! frames are sometimes ne> ! out] face ( wall1 sometimes ne> ! inn]-face4 ,:]e ! door-frames are on ! int]ior face ( a #b ft4 ?ick wall1 a conv5i5t por* results4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,devon%ire ,f>m1 ,local ,mat]ial 7,cob74 ,illu/ration3 ,devon ,c\ntry ,h\se1 built ( ,devon ,cob4 ,o!r jo9]y is fix$ to wood p9s driv5 into ! cob :]e requir$4 ,corn]s are usually ( cob1 ?\gh /one quo9s are occasionally met )4 ,l9tels are usually ( wood well tail$ into ! wall & re/+ on a wood pad plac$ crosswise4 ,headnote3 ,protection ,protection4--,old build+s t h be5 neglect$ are (t5 f\nd to be some:at erod$ t[>ds ! bottom ( _! walls ?r\gh ! action ( ra9 & fro/4 ,protection is less "h ?an high] up "u ! project+ eaves1 & ! ,a*illes' heel ( ! cob wall is und\bt$ly its base4 ,?is vuln]able "p1 expos$ z x is to driv5 ra91 back-spla%1 & ! casual kicks1 %\ld be giv5 special protection4 ,:]e ! base is ( cob & n ( masonry1 ! traditional me?od is to provide a good deep skirt+ ( pit* or t>1 or a mixture ( bo?1 appli$ hot to ! face ( ! r5d]+ t %\ld completely cov] ! ext]ior ( all cob "w4 ,?is r5d]+ is usually compos$ ( lime & hair mort>1 ?\gh ,portl& cem5t has come into use to "s ext5t rec5tly4 ,cem5t1 h[ev]1 is apt to be r too %ort & brittle1 & x does n always hold to ! cob wall+ v securely4 ,a r5d]+ consi/+ ( an equal mixture ( cem5t & lime ) ?ree p>ts ( s& adh]es well to cob1 h[ev]1 & is probably ! be/ coat+ t c be giv5 to x4 ,?is coat+ c be col\r-wa%$ or lime-:it$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! granul> surface ( r\gh r5d]+ or ( slap-da% on ! slightly wavy surface ( cob wall+ p]haps gives to :itewa% its v highe/ opportunity & *>m4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! old cob cottages ( ,devon ) ! pe>ly gleam ( _! :ite walls1 _! heav+ bulk ( ?at* & _! trim black skirt+s1 are z graci\s & z pleasant to ! eye z any 9 all ! l5g? & bread? ( ,engl&4 ,)91 lime-&-hair mort> pla/]$ /raight on to ! cob makes an excell5t l9+4 ,*imneys4--,n[adays1 *imneys are commonly built up 9 brick or /one1 b num]\s good examples survive ( flues & /acks con/ruct$ 9 cob4 ,! insides ( ^! are p>get$ ) lime & c[-dung 9 ! usual way1 brickwork be+ only introduc$ imm$iately ar\nd ! fireplaces4 ,rats4--,:]e ! surface r5d]+ ( cob-walls has be5 omitt$ or has be5 all[$ to fall away1 an ent]pris+ rat w sometimes d consid]able damage by 8 tunnell+4 ,a little p[d]$ glass mix$ ) ! l[] /rata ( a wall w disc\rage any su* burr[+1 b ! be/ pres]vative = any cob build+ is a ?or\ghly good sk9 ( r5d]+1 especially if ?is be re9=c$ by f9e-me% wire-nett+ secur$ to ! wall4 ,/r5g?4--,! /r5g? ( cob walls is surpris+ly great s long z !y are v]tical1 & are n subject$ to undue lat]al ?ru/ or t5sion4 ,beams z l>ge z #ab 94 by #ab 94 may be se5 support$ by old cob walls1 & !re is no?+ likely to be ask$ ( ! mat]ial 9 ! way ( /r5g? to :i* x _c easily respond4 ,design4--,cob1 l e o!r mat]ial1 %\ld h a c]ta9 say 9 ! design ( any build+ 9 :i* its use is int5d$4 ,! *ief desid]ata are a pla9 /raight=w>d plan & broadly treat$ elevations :]e voids & solids are c>efully dispos$ ) an eye to gett+ z l>ge unbrok5 blocks ( cob z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,cob ,h\se temp4 ,elizabe?1 ,lewi%ill4 ,walls f #c ft4 to #d ft4 ?ick4 ,a w+ 0 add$ 9 #afah4 ,?is f>m has be5 occupi$ by ! family ( ! pres5t hold] betwe5 #cjj & #djj ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,ano!r ,devon%ire 7,cob7 ,f>mh\se1 ,weeke ,b>ton4 ,! cracks t are sometimes f\nd 9 old cob build+s are almo/ entirely attributable to unsuitable design 9 su* respects1 or to bad f\ndations4 ,cob walls built up 9 ! ord9>y way are n v suitable = int]nal p>titions on acc\nt ( _! consid]able wid? & ! consequ5t wa/e ( space1 ?\gh 9 old "w cob 0 sometimes us$ z a fill+ = /ud & la? p>titions :i* 7 f9ally pla/]$ ov] 9 ! usual way4 ,! sun-dri$ clay-lumps s mu* us$ = wall+ 9 ,suffolk w\ld seem to be admirable = =m+ ! p>titions 9 a h\se ( cob4 ,cob "w is usually repair$ ) rubble1 /one1 or brick4 ,new op5+s are easily cut ?r\gh cob walls1 & ?is fact has occasionally l$ to ! collapse ( an old build+ ?r\gh ! zeal = light & air ( "s new occupi] exce$+ 8 caution1 & caus+ him to cut away ! sub/ance ( 8 walls 9 *e]ful disreg>d ( ! laws ( gravity4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,,conclusion ,,au?orities--,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,n by any means 0 cob exclusively ! poor man's mat]ial1 & sev]al old homes ( ?is sort /ill survive t are ( "s consid]ation4 ,headnote3 ,raleigh's ,h\se ,among/ !m is ,hayes ,b>ton1 ! bir?place ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh4 ,writ+ ( ,raleigh & 8 home1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,b]n>d says3 99 99 99 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's ,h\se4--,he _h great affection = 8 boyhood's home--! old manor-h\se at ,hayes ,b>ton :]e he 0 born1 & did 8 be/ to secure x f its !n own]4 ',i w1' he wrote1 'mo/ will+ly give y :atsoev] 9 y\r consci5ce y %all deme x wor? 4 4 4 = ye naturall disposition ,i h to t place1 be+ borne 9 t h\se1 ,i _h r see myself !re ?an any:]e else4' ,b alas6 x 0 n to be1 & ! snug & fri5dly ,tudor home/ead pass$ into o!r h&s4 ,! h\se at ,hayes ,b>ton 0 probably n newly built :5 ,raleigh's p>5ts liv$ !re1 & x says mu* = ! "* ( cob t ! h\se is z good to-day z ev] x 02 ?\gh = all t x has1 to use ,mr4 ,ed5 ,phillpotts' words1 'be5 pat*$ & t9k]$ ?r\gh ! c5turies1' x '/ill endures1 complete & /urdy1 9 h>mony ( old design1 ) unspoil$ dignity f a f> pa/4' ,lady ,rosal9d ,nor?cote gives ! foll[+ description ( ! h\se 9 h] ,devon4 ,%e writes3 ,9 front ( ! g>d51 a swirl+ /ream crosses a /rip ( gre52 & 9 ! g>d51 at ! "r "t1 "o may see ! bees busy among gold5-p[d]$ clu/]s ( c&ytuft1 & d>k r$ gillyfl[]s1 & a few flame rose-col\r$ tulips1 pr\d & erect4 ,! h\se is v picturesque2 x has cob walls & a ?at*$ ro(1 & is built 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,e2 a w+ projects at ei!r end1 & 9 ! middle ! por* juts out slightly4 ,! two w+s are gabl$2 !re is a small gable ov] ! por* & two dorm] ones ov] ! w9d[s at ea* side ( x1 ! w9d[s hav+ lattice lights & n>r[ mullions4 ,d>k c>v$ beams above !m %[ up well aga9/ ! cream-col\r$ walls4 ,! heavy door is closely /udd$ ) nails1 & ov] x fall ! delicate sprays & lilac butt]fly blossoms ( wi/>ia4' ,illu/ration3 ,ceil+s ( ,modell$ ,pla/] f old ,cob ,h\ses 9 ,devon4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,cob ,g>d5-wall ) ,?at*$ ,cop+4 ,re$ ,?at*4--,9 rec5t ye>s slates or tiles h replac$ ?at* = ! ro(+ ( cob build+s & walls1 ow+ to ! co/ ( re$ 7! local "n = ! /raw f :i* ! gra9 has be5 h&-?re%$ by flail to prev5t ! /raw be+ brok571 & ! difficulty ( gett+ good ?at*]s4 ,! op9ion is held by _m t ! la/+ quality ( ?at* has det]iorat$ s9ce ! practice ( lim+ ! cornl& has un=tunately be5 giv5 up4 ,primitive ,me?ods4--,=m]ly ! gr\nd floors ( cob cottages 7 all cobbl$1 b ^! h1 g5]ally speak+1 be5 replac$ by lime1 a%1 or cem5t floors4 ,! cob build]s ( pa/ g5]ations app>5tly made no use ( ! squ>e1 plumb-l9e1 or level4 ,no la?s 7 us$ = ! walls1 :i* 7 pla/]$ )92 outside1 r\gh-ca/ or slap-da% 0 laid on4 ,headnote3 ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld's ,te/imony4--,mr4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 9 8 ,book ( ! ,we/1 writ+ on ! subject says3 ,no h\se c be consid]$ m w>m & cosy ?an t built ( cob1 especially :5 ?at*$4 ,x is w>m 9 w9t] & cool 9 summ]1 & ,i h kn[n lab\r]s bitt]ly bewail _! fate 9 be+ transf]r$ f an old fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury cob cottage into a newly-built /one edifice ( ! mo/ approv$ /yle1 z !y said x 0 l go+ out ( w>m life into a cold grave4 ,,devon ,,cob ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 tak5 f ,c4 ,b4 ,all5's ,cottage-,build+1 is ( int]e/3 ,! cob walls ( ,devon%ire h be5 kn[n to la/ above a c5tury )\t requir+ ! slighte/ repair1 & ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,elicombe1 :o has himself built sev]al h\ses ( two /ories ) cob walls1 says t he 0 born 9 a cob-wall p>sonage built 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 or some:at e>li]1 & t x _h to be tak5 d[n to be rebuilt only 9 ! ye> #ahca4 ,fruit ,walls4--,aga9 quot+ ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld3 ,cob walls = g>d5 fruit are incomp>able4 ,!y reta9 ! w>m? ( ! sun & give x out ?r\gh ! night1 & :5 protect$ on top by slates1 tiles1 or ?at*1 w la/ = c5turies4 ,x w be se5 t ! disadvantages ( cob build+s are solely due to faults ( con/ruction1 & n to any inh]5t defect 9 prop]ly made cob z a mat]ial1 & t ! con/ruction ( cottages1 f>m build+s1 & g>d5 walls is well )9 ! compass ( an av]agely intellig5t workman4 ,x is n int5d$ to argue t ! cob cottage c\ld be advantage\sly built 9 e c\nty1 b only t :]e x has be5 us$ & lik$ = c5turies1 a wise build+ policy w\ld enc\rage its cont9uance4 ,! mat]ials are at h&1 & ! population ready to welcome ?is =m ( dwell+-place4 ,headnote3 ,old ,cob ,lore ,an ,old ,au?ority4--,an old writ] treat+ ( cottage-build+ ?us deliv]s himself3 99 99 99 ,a ,bill = inclos+ ! wa/e l&s ( ! k+dom hav+ be5 introduc$ into ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & z s b5eficial a ,bill _c fail1 soon] or lat]1 to pass into a law1 & z 9 consequ5ce !re(1 _m small h\ses mu/ necess>ily be built1 suit$ to small e/ates issu+ out ( allotm5ts ( su* wa/es1 we h be5 induc$ to submit to ! consid]ation ( ! ,bo>d ?ree plans ( su* small h\ses to be built ( diff]5t species ( mat]ials4 ,! fir/ is ) mud walls1 compos$ ( s(t mire & /raw1 well trodd5 toge!r1 & :i*1 by degrees1 is laid on1 /ratum-sup]-/ratum1 to ! height requir$2 a species ( build+ n uncommon = cottages1 & ev5 = bett] h\ses1 b>ns1 etc41 9 ! we/]n & "s o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,x is ! *eape/ habitation t we c con/ruct & is also v dry & com=table4 99 99 99 ,& aga93 99 99 99 ,walls ( mud1 or ( compress$ e>?1 are /ill m economical ?an ^? ( timb]1 & if !y 7 rais$ on brick or /one f\ndations1 ! height ( a foot or #ah 94 above ! gr\nd1 or above ! highe/ po9t at :i* dung or moi/ /raw 0 ev] likely to be plac$ aga9/ !m1 _! durability w\ld be equal to t ( m>ble1 if prop]ly con/ruct$ & kept p]fectly dry4 ,! cob walls ( ,devon%ire1 :i* are =m$ ( clay & /raw trodd5 toge!r by ox51 h be5 kn[n to la/ above a c5tury )\t requir+ ! slighte/ repair2 & we ?9k t !re are _m f>m]s1 especially 9 ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 :o if !y knew h[ easily walls ( ?is description c\ld be built1 w\ld (t5 avail !mselves ( !m = v>i\s agricultural purposes4 ,! solidity ( cob walls dep5ds mu* ^u _! n be+ hurri$ 9 ! process ( mak+ !m1 = if hurri$1 ! walls w surely be crippl$1 t is1 !y w swag or sw]ve f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,x is usual to p>e d[n ! sides ( ea* successive rise be=e ano!r is add$ to x4 ,! in/rum5t us$ = ?is purpose is l a bak]'s peel 7a k9d ( wood5 %ovel = tak+ ! bread out ( ! ov571 b ! cob-p>] is made ( iron4 ,! l9tels ( ! doors & w9d[s & ( ! cupbo>ds & o!r recesses are put 9 z ! "w advances 7all[ance be+ made = _! settl+71 b$d+ !m on cross pieces1 & ! walls be+ c>ri$ up solid4 ,! respective op5+s are cut out aft] ! "w is well settl$4 ,9 ,devon%ire ! build]s ( cob-wall h\ses l to beg9 _! "w :5 ! birds beg9 to build _! ne/s1 9 ord] t !re may be "t to cov] 9 ! %ell ( ! build+ be=e w9t]4 ,! out] walls are pla/]$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,%\ld ! "w be ov]tak5 by w9t] be=e ! ro( is on1 x is usual to put a tempor>y cov]+ ( ?at* ^u ! walls1 to protect !m f ! fro/4 99 99 99 ,headnote3 ,mr4 ,ful=d's ,evid5ce ,mr4 ,ful=d's ,evid5ce4--,mr4 ,ful=d1 ( ,great ,ful=d1 ne> ,exet]1 ^: own village & e/ate c %[ z _m good examples ( old cob "w z any place 9 ,devon1 writes z foll[s3 99 99 99 ,co/4--,x is n possible to give a close e/imate ( :at w\ld n[ be ! comp>ative co/ ( a build+ 9 cob1 /one1 or brick1 z ?is mu/ dep5d ^u ! exact locality ( ! site4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be ( assi/ance if ,i quote p>ticul>s ( ! relative co/ ( cob & /one build+ 9 ,devon 9 ! ye> #ahjh :5 cob 0 9 common use4 ,! /onework ref]r$ to 0 r\gh rubble1 & n ) squ>e or dress$ blocks4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t up to t date practically all mat]ial1 /one1 lime1 etc41 0 c>ri$ on horses' backs4 ,:eel$ c>ts :i* began to creep 9 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( #ahjj1 7 n 9 g5]al use until tw5ty or ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,z a boy ,i knew a f>m] :o rememb]$ ! fir/ :eel$ c>t com+ to ,duns=d4 ,9 #ahch ! ,rector ( ,brid=d 7! ',*ri/[ell' ( ,blackmore's novel7 record$ ! fact t 9 #ahah !re 0 only "o c>t 9 ! p>i% & x 0 sc>cely us$ twice a ye>4 ,9 #ahjh ! price ( build+ v>i$ accord+ to ! di/rict4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\nty ! common price ( /onework1 includ+ ! value ( ?ree qu>ts ( cid] or be] daily1 0 f #bb;d4 to #bd;d4 ! p]* 7#af-a_/b ft471 #bb 94 9 wid? & #a ft4 9 height4 ,includ+ all exp5ses ( qu>ry+ & c>riage ( mat]ials1 /onework work$ out at f #es4 to #fs4 p] p]* runn+ measure1 & cob e/imat$ 9 l mann] at ab\t #cs4 #f;d4 ,masons :5 n employ$ by ! piece receiv$ #bs4 p] day1 & all[ance ( be] or cid]4 ,9 ! ,dun/one di/rict 7! clay %ales f :i* make ! be/ cob7 masonwork 0 #ah;d4 p] rope ( #bj ft4 9 l5g?1 #ah 94 ?ick1 & #a ft4 high1 /one & all mat]ials f\nd & plac$ on ! spot2 cob "w ( ! same measure 0 #ad;d4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,hams di/rict masonwork co/ #bs4 #f;d41 & cob #bs4 p] p]* ( #ah ft4 9 l5g?1 #b ft4 ?ick1 & #a ft4 high4 ,use ( ,%utt]+4--,9 ^? p>ts ( ! r$ l& :]e ,dun/one %illot or clay %ale is n available1 ! r$ clay 0 mix$ ) small /ones or gravel1 & frequ5tly ! cob 0 laid & trodd5 d[n betwe5 side bo>ds z us$ 9 build+ concrete walls4 ,?ree c>tloads ( clay built a p]* & a half ( wall #bj 94 wide & #a ft4 deep4 ,eight bundles ( b>ley /raw1 equal to "o pack-horse load1 7 mix$ & temp]$ ) n9e c>tloads ( clay4 ,ro(+4--,?at*+ 9 #ahjh co/ #hs4 p] squ>e ( #aj ft42 #ajj %eaves ( :eat-/raw re$1 weigh+ #be lb4 ea*1 7 suffici5t = "o squ>e4 ,?at*+1 h[ev]1 is n1 z _m suppose1 indisp5sable z a ro(+ = cob build+s2 slate f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,devon 0 frequ5tly us$1 & ( late ye>s ,wel% & ,delabole slates1 tiles1 & un=tunately1 f ! picturesque po9t ( view1 corrugat$ iron1 h to a l>ge ext5t supplant$ ?at*4 ,a ,protective ,wa%4--,vanc\v]1 9 8 report on ! ,survey ( ,devon = ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 9 #ahjh1 gave ! foll[+ recipe1 :i* he describ$ z a pres]v+ & highly ornam5tal wa% = r\gh-ca/ t 0 !n gett+ into common use3 ',f\r p>ts ( p\nd$ lime1 ?ree ( s&1 two ( p\nd$ wood a%es1 & "o ( scoria ( iron1 mix$ well toge!r & made suffici5tly fluid to be appli$ ) a bru%4 ,:5 dry x gives ! appe>ance ( new ,portl& /one1 & af=ds an excell5t protection aga9/ ! p5etrat+ =ce ( ! s\?-we/]ly /orms4 ,r5d]+4--,= ! r\gh-wea!r sides ( cob build+s ,i h f\nd cem5t & s&1 f9i%$ ) a r\gh surface1 satisfactory1 & f> m durable ?an ord9>y lime & gravel r\gh ca/4 ,= int]ior cob walls1 la?s are n necess>y4 ,! old pla/]+ 0 frequ5tly laid on too ?ick4 ,( late ye>s ,i h us$ ) excell5t results granite silicon pla/] = ceil+s & walls4 ,?is requires no hair1 & is easily appli$4 ,! ,cob ,tradition4--,cob-mak+ 01 l _m o!r local trades1 c>ri$ on 9 "s families f g5]ation to g5]ation & develop$ by !m into an art1 b ap>t f ^! speciali/s1 practically e village mason & 8 lab\r]s built z mu* ) cob z !y did ) /one4 ,!re are m5 /ill left 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\nty :o h made cob1 & x w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be ( advantage if demon/rations c\ld be giv5 by !m to dis*>g$ sailors & soldi]s :o are anxi\s to take up "w on ! l&4 ,tra9+ ( ex-,soldi]s4--,9 cob-build+1 z 9 _m o!r arts & crafts1 a little %[+ is ( f> great] help to ! novice ?an any am\nt ( text-book in/ruction4 ,! k & exp]i5ce t ^! m5 w\ld ga9 f be+ %[n1 & bett] /ill1 assi/+ an exp]t 9 mak+ cob1 w\ld be ( mat]ial advantage 9 ! developm5t ( ! c\nty s*eme promot$ by ! ,c5tral ,l& ,association = ! e/abli%m5t ( ex-,s]vice m5 on ! l&4 ,!y c\ld try _! 'pr5tice h&s on walls1 tool-%$s1 c>t l9hays1 etc41 = _! own use1 & "s no d\bt w\ld develop into exp]t build]s capable ( con/ruct+ walls = dwell+-h\ses f approv$ plans4 #ahai ,conditions ,return$4--,! depletion ( our home-gr[n timb] supply & ! prohibitive co/ ( practically all build+ mat]ial has 9 effect br\ght ab\t ! conditions t l$ our =efa!rs to utilise suitable mat]ial t lay ne>e/ to h&1 & unless "s endeav\r is made to foll[ _! me?ods & pr(it by _! example1 x w be impossible to provide suffici5t build+s = ! necess>y equipm5t ( ! allotm5ts & small hold+s1 let alone h\s+ accommodation = ! work]s on ! l&4 99 99 99 ,headnote3 ,a ,*ampion ( ,cob ,!re is probably no "o :o kn[s m ab\t cob ?an does ,mr4 ,ful=d--c]ta9ly no "o :o has done m to promote ! revival ( cob-build+ bo? by precept & example4 ,cob is ! traditional mat]ial ( 8 native place1 he has1 z x 71 be5 br\ght up on cob--he is famili> ) bo? ! anci5t hi/ory & ! mod]n practice ( cob-build+1 & 9 %ort1 he kn[s4 ,:5 a revivali/ has k z well z en?usiasm1 ! gr\nds ( 8 fai? are usually wor? s]i\s att5tion4 ,,ii ,,pise ,,de ,,t]re ,sec4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,:at x is4--,pise de t]re is m]ely ! ,fr5* = ramm$ e>?1 & ramm$ e>? is an exce$+ly good mat]ial = ! build+ ( walls4 ,! odd ?+ is t its v obvi\s m]its %\ld h secur$ x su* small att5tion4 ,x is no new-fangl$ w>-"t inv5tion br\ght =? by our pres5t necessity1 b a v anci5t sy/em well prov$ by c5turies ( trial4 ,hi/ory4--,pl9y gives an excell5t acc\nt ( ,pise-build+ 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ,monsieur ,gorffon1 :o publi%$ a treatise on ?is me?od ( con/ruction 9 #aggb1 /ates t x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,france by ! ,romans4 ,! foll[+ extracts f an old book bas$ on a ,fr5* orig9al w s]ve well z an introduction to ! /udy ( ,pise-build+3 99 99 99 ,capabilities4--,an acc\nt ( a me?od ( build+ /rong & durable h\ses1 ) no o!r mat]ials ?an e>?2 :i* has be5 practis$ = ages 9 ! prov9ce ( ,lyons1 ?\gh little kn[n 9 ! re/ ( ,france1 or 9 any o!r "p ( ,europe4 ,x appe>$ to be att5d$ ) s _m advantages1 t _m g5tlem5 9 ?is c\ntry :o employ _! leisure 9 ! /udy ( rural economy 7 induc$ to make a trial ( its effici5cy2 & ! result ( _! exp]im5ts has be5 ( su* a nature z to make !m desire1 by all possible means1 to ext5d ! k & practice ( s b5eficial an art4 ,! possibility ( rais+ ! walls ( h\ses two or ev5 ?ree /ories high1 ) e>? only1 :i* w su/a9 floors load$ ) ! heavie/ weights1 & ( build+ ! l>ge/ manufactories 9 ?is mann]1 may a/oni% e "o :o has n be5 an eye-witness ( su* ?+s4 ,( ,pise & its ,orig94--,pise is a v simple manual op]ation2 x is m]ely by compress+ e>? 9 m\lds or cases1 t we may arrive at build+ h\ses ( any size or height4 ,locale4--,?is art1 ?\gh at pres5t conf9$ to ! s+le prov9ce ( ! ,lyonese 9 ,france1 0 kn[n & practis$ at a v e>ly p]iod ( antiquity4 ,! ,abbe ,rozi]1 9 8 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 says t he has discov]$ "s traces ( x 7,pise7 9 ,catalonia2 s t ,spa91 l ,france1 has a s+le prov9ce 9 :i* ?is anci5t mann] ( build+ has be5 pres]v$4 ,! art1 h[ev]1 well des]ves to be introduc$ into m g5]al use4 ,! *eapness ( ! mat]ials :i* x requires1 & ! great sav+ ( "t & lab\r :i* x admits (1 mu/ recomm5d x 9 all places & on all occasions1 b ! ,fr5* au?or says t x w be f\nd p>ticul>ly useful 9 hilly c\ntries1 :]e c>riage is difficult1 & sometimes impracticable2 & = f>m build+s1 :i*1 z !y mu/ be made ( consid]able ext5t1 are usually v exp5sive1 )\t yield+ any return4 ,headnote3 ,me?od ( ,build+ ,sec4 ,,ii4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,build+ ,!re is an exhau/ive article on ,pise 9 ,vol4 ,,xxvii ( ,! ,cyclopa$ia or ,univ]sal ,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,sci5ces1 & ,lit]ature1 publi%$ 9 #ahai4 ,! writ]1 ,abraham ,rees1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 draws *iefly on ,fr5* au?orities & 8 directions are mo/ detail$ & precise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pise4 ,implem5ts = ,pise or ,ramm$ ,e>? ,build+s ,pise ,plant & ,implem5ts4 7,reproduc$ f an old ,encyclopa$ia47 ,def9ition4--,he introduces 8 subject ?us3 ,pise-build+1 9 ,rural ,economy1 ! "n ( a me?od ( build+ ) loamy or o!r e>?y matt]s1 :i* has long be5 practis$ ) great success1 & 9 a v *eap mann]1 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( ,france1 & :i* is n[ _h rec\rse to ) simil> advantage 9 "s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x has be5 describ$1 del9eat$1 & recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,holl& 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,communications to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & is to be manag$ some:at 9 ! mann] direct$ bel[4 99 99 99 ,at great l5g? & ) imm5se detail1 ! plant1 ! prelim9>ies1 & ! process are ea* sev]ally describ$4 ,! pi? ( ! matt] is suffici5tly giv5 by ! foll[+ extracts3 ,%utt]+4--,= ! con/ruction ( ! m\ld1 take sev]al planks1 ea* #aj ft4 long1 ( light wood1 9 ord] t ! m\ld may be easy to h&le2 deal is ! be/ z be+ lea/ liable to w>p4 ,to prev5t :i* ! bo>ds %\ld be /raight1 s\nd1 well season$1 & ) z few knots z possible4 ,let !m be pl\gh$ & tongu$1 & plan$ on bo? sides4 ,( ^! planks1 fa/5$ toge!r ) f\r /rong l$ges on ea* side1 ! m\ld mu/ be made1 #b ft4 #i 94 9 height2 & two h&les %\ld be fix$ to ea* side4 ,all ! bo>ds & l$ges "h m5tion$ mu/ be1 aft] !y are plan$1 some?+ m ?an #a 94 ?ick4 ,ramm]4--,! in/rum5t ) :i* ! e>? is ramm$ into ! m\ld is a tool ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 on :i* ! firmness & durability1 9 %ort ! p]fection1 ( ! "w dep5ds4 ,x is call$ a pisoir1 or ramm]2 & ?\gh x may appe> v easy to make x1 m difficulty w be f\nd 9 ! execution ?an is at fir/ appreh5d$4 ,a bett] idea ( its con/ruction may be =m$ by exam9+ ! ,plate1 9 :i* x is del9eat$1 ?an any words c convey4 ,x %\ld be made ( h>d wood1 ei!r a%1 oak1 bee*1 walnut1 etc41 or :at is pref]able1 ! roots ( ei!r ( !m4 ,me?od ( ,work+4--,pise conta9s all ! be/ pr9ciples ( masonry1 toge!r ) "s rules peculi> to itself1 :i* are n[ to be expla9$4 ,to beg9 ) ! f\ndation2 ?is may be made ( any k9d ( masonry t is durable1 & %\ld be rais$ to ! height ( #b ft4 above ! gr\nd2 :i* is necess>y to secure ! walls f ! moi/ure ( ! e>?1 & ! spla%+ ( ! ra91 :i* w drop f ! eaves ( ! ro(4#d ,:5 ^! f\ndation walls are made level1 & #ah 94 ?ick1 m>k ^u !m ! di/ance at :i* ! joi/s are to be set1 = receiv+ ! m\lds2 ^? di/ances %\ld be #c ft4 ea* f c5tre to c5tre4 ,ea* side ( ! m\ld be+ #aj ft4 long1 w divide into ?ree l5g?s ( #c ft4 ea*1 & leave #f 94 at ea* end1 :i* s]ve to l5g!n ! m\ld at ! angles ( ! h\se & are useful = _m o!r purposes4 ,aft] hav+ set ! joi/s 9 _! places1 ! masonry mu/ be rais$ betwe5 !m #f 94 high]1 t is1 to a level ) ! joi/s2 !re w1 !re=e1 altoge!r be a base ( #b-a_/b ft41 :i* 9 mo/ cases w be f\nd m ?an suffici5t to prev5t ! ra91 fro/1 sn[1 or damp f injur+ ! walls4 ,raise ! m\ld imm$iately on ?is new masonry1 plac+ x ov] "o ( ! angles ( ! wall4 ,footnote #d3 ,! introduction ( a damp-c\rse & ! provision ( gutt]s at ! eaves greatly r$uce ! function ( ! masonry base 9 mod]n "w4 ,headnote3 ,! ,ramm+ ,a workman %\ld be plac$ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree divisions ( ! m\ld1 ! be/ workman be+ plac$ at ! angle4 ,he is to direct ! "w ( ! o!r two1 & by occasionally apply+ a plumb-rule1 to take c>e t ! m\ld does n sw]ve f its upright position4 ,! lab\r]s :o dig & prep>e ! e>? mu/ give x 9 small quantities to ! workm5 9 ! m\ld1 :o1 aft] hav+ spread x ) _! feet1 beg9 to compress x ) ! ramm]4 ,!y mu/ only receive at a "t s mu* z w cov] ! bottom ( ! m\ld to ! ?ickness ( #c or #d 94 ,! fir/ /rokes ( ! ramm] %\ld be giv5 close to ! sides ( ! m\ld1 b !y mu/ be aft]w>ds appli$ to e o!r "p ( ! surface2 ! m5 %\ld !n cross _! /rokes1 s t ! e>? may be compress$ 9 e direction4 ,^? :o /& next to "o ano!r 9 ! m\ld %\ld regulate _! /rokes s z to beat at ! same "t "u ! cord1 because t "p _c be got at )\t difficulty1 & mu/ be /ruck obliquely2 ) ?is precaution1 ! :ole w be equally compress$4 ,! man at ! angle ( ! wall %\ld beat c>efully aga9/ ! head ( ! m\ld4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t no fre% e>? is receiv$ into ! m\ld till ! fir/ lay] is well beat51 :i* may be asc]ta9$ by /rik+ x ) a ramm]2 ! /roke %\ld leave h>dly any pr9t on ! place4 ,!y mu/ proce$ 9 ?is mann] to ram 9 lay] aft] lay]1 till ! :ole m\ld is full4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! ma*9e may be tak5 to pieces1 & ! e>? :i* is conta9$ w rema9 firm & upright1 ab\t #i ft4 9 l5g? & #b-a_/b ft4 9 height4 ,! m\ld may !n be replac$ = ano!r l5g?1 includ+ #a 94 ( t :i* has fir/ be5 complet$4 ,! fir/ c\rse be+ ?us complet$1 we proce$ to ! second2 & "h x mu/ be obs]v$ t 9 ea* successive c\rse we mu/ proce$ 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! prec$+4 ,x may easily be conceiv$1 t ) ?is precaution ! jo9ts ( ! sev]al l5g?s w be incl9$ 9 opposite directions1 :i* w contribute v mu* to ! firmness ( ! "w4 ,!re is no reason to fe> ov]*>g+ ! fir/ c\rse ) ! second1 ?\gh b j laid2 = ?ree c\rses may be laid )\t dang] 9 "o day4 ,?is description ( ! fir/ two c\rses is equally applicable to all ! o!rs1 & w enable any p]son to build a h\se1 ) no o!r mat]ials ?an e>?1 ( :atev] height & ext5t he pleases4 ,) respect to ! gables1 !y may be made )\t any difficulty1 by m]ely mak+ _! incl9ation 9 ! m\ld & work+ ! e>? accord+ly4 ,sec4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,pise ,! ,value ( ,ramm+4--,beat+1 or compression1 is us$ 9 _m diff]5t sorts ( "w2 ! anci5ts employ$ x 9 mak+ _! r\gh walls2 ! ,italians employ x = ! t]races :i* adorn _! h\ses2 ! ,moors = all _! walls2 ! ,spani>ds1 ! ,fr5*1 & o!rs = "s ( ! floors ( _! ap>tm5ts4 ,! int5t ( ! anci5t ar*itects1 :5 !y recomm5d$ ! beat+ ( cem5t & o!r compositions us$ 9 build+1 0 to prev5t !m f %r9k+ & crack+2 & x is employ$ = ! same purpose 9 walls :i* are made ( e>?4 ,! beat]1 by repeat$ /rokes1 =ces out f ! e>? ! sup]flu\s wat] :i* is conta9$ & closely unites all ! p>ticles toge!r1 by :i* means ! natural attraction ( ^! p>ticles is made p[]ful to op]ate1 z x is by o!r natural causes 9 ! =mation ( /ones4 ,h5ce arises ! increas+ /r5g? & a/oni%+ durability :i* h\ses ( ?is k9d are f\nd to possess4 ,an ,exp]im5t4--,^u beat+ a small portion ( e>?1 & weigh+ x imm$iately aft]w>ds1 x 0 f\nd to weigh #ci-a_/b lb4 ,fifte5 days aft]1 x _h lo/ #d-a_/d lb4 ,9 ! space ( ano!r fifte5 days x lo/ b #a lb42 & 9 fifte5 days aft] t its weight dim9i%$ only #a_/b lb4 ,9 ! space ( ab\t =ty-five days ! moi/ure 0 completely evaporat$1 & its weight 0 dim9i%$ ab\t "o-eigh?2 consequ5tly only "o-eigh? ( ! :ole mass 0 occupi$ by moi/ure1 & ?is small proportion _c at all affect ! solidity & consi/5cy ( ! e>? s treat$4 ,?is exp]im5t is also suffici5t to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is k9d ( build+ & t vulg> k9d call$ 9 ,engl& 'mud-wall+4' ,rate ( ,"w4--,9 "o s+le day ?ree c\rses ( ab\t #c ft4 ea* may be laid "o ov] ! o!r2 s t a wall ( e>? ( ab\t #h or #i ft41 or "o /ory high1 may be safely rais$ 9 "o day4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t z soon z ! build]s h rais$ _! walls to a prop] height = floor+1 ! heavie/ beams & raft]s may )\t dang] be plac$ on ! walls ?us newly made2 & t ! ?icke/ timb] ( a ro( may be laid on ! gables ( pise ! v in/ant !y are complet$4 ,headnote3 ,suitable ,soils ,,on ,,e>? ,,prop] ,,= ,,build+ ,suitable ,soils4--#a/4 ,all e>?s 9 g5]al are fit = t use1 :5 !y h n ! lightness ( poor l&s nor ! /iffness ( clay4 #bndly4 ,all e>?s fit = vegetation4 #crdly4 ,brick-e>?s2 b ^!1 if !y are us$ alone1 are apt to crack1 ow+ to ! quantity ( moi/ure :i* !y conta94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n h9d] p]sons :o und]/& ! bus9ess f us+ !m to a good purpose4 #d?ly4 ,/rong e>?s1 ) a mixture ( small gravel1 :i* = t reason _c s]ve = mak+ ei!r bricks1 tiles1 or pott]y4 ,^! gravelly e>?s are v useful1 & ! be/ pise is made ( !m4 ,soil ,te/s4--,! foll[+ appe>ances indicate t ! e>? 9 :i* !y are f\nd is fit = build+3 :5 a pickaxe1 spade1 or pl\gh br+s up l>ge lumps ( e>? at a "t2 :5 arable l&s lies 9 clods or lumps2 :5 field-mice h made !mselves subt]rane\s passages 9 ! e>?2 all ^! are fav\rable signs4 ,:5 ! roads ( a village1 hav+ be5 worn away by ! wat] cont9ually runn+ ?r\gh !m1 are l[] ?an ! o!r l&s1 & ! sides ( ^? roads support !mselves almo/ upright1 x is a sure m>k t pise may be execut$ 9 t village4 ,"o may also discov] ! fitness ( ! soil by try+ to break ) "o's f+]s ! little clods ( e>? 9 ! roads1 & f9d+ a difficulty 9 do+ x2 or by obs]v+ ! ruts ( ! road1 9 :i* ! c>t-:eels make a sort ( pise by _! pressure2 :5ev] !re are deep ruts on a road1 "o may be sure ( f9d+ abundance ( prop] e>?4 ,prop] e>? is f\nd at ! bottom ( ! slopes ( l[ l&s t are cultivat$1 because e ye> ! ra9 br+s d[n ! fat or good e>?4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd on ! banks ( ! riv]1 b above all1 x is f\nd at ! foot ( hills1 & on all cultivat$ l&s :i* h mu* slope4 ,9 digg+ tr5*es & cell>s = build+1 x g5]ally happ5s t :at comes out ( !m is fit = ! purpose4 ,,on ,,! ,,mixture ,,( ,,e>?s ,soil ,bl5d+4--,z x may sometimes happ5 t e>? ( a prop] quality is n to be f\nd on ! spot :]e x is int5d$ to build1 x becomes ( importance to att5d to ! me?od ( mix+ e>?s2 = ?\gh ! e>? :i* is ne> at h& may n ( itself be prop]1 x is v probable t x may be r5d]$ s by ! mixture ( a small quantity ( ano!r e>? fet*$ f a di/ance4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* a mixture mu/ be made is v simple2 /rong e>?s mu/ be temp]$ ) light2 ^? 9 :i* clay pr$om9ates1 ) o!rs t are compos$ m ( *alk & s&2 & ^? ( a ri*1 glut9\s sub/ance1 ) o!rs ( a poor & b>r5 nature4 ,! degree 9 :i* ^! qualities ( ! e>?s prevail mu/ det]m9e ! proportions ( ! mixture2 :i* x is impossible "h to po9t out = e p>ticul> case1 b :i* may be le>nt by a little practice4 ,"s easy me?ods w be describ$1 by :i* any "o may make a trial ( ! qualities ( 8 e>?4 ,x w n be amiss to mix ) ! e>? "s small pebbles1 gravel1 rubbi% ( mort>1 or 9 %ort any small m9]al sub/ances2 b none ( ! animal or vegetable k9d mu/ be admitt$4#e ,su* h>d sub/ances b9d ! e>? firmly betwe5 !m1 & be+ press$ & press+ 9 all directions1 contribute v mu* to ! solidity ( ! :ole2 s t well-work$ e>?1 9 :i* !re is a mixture ( gravel1 becomes s h>d at ! end ( two ye>s t a *isel mu/ be us$ to break x1 z if x 0 free/one4 ,footnote #e3 ,! pise does n admit any vegetable or animal sub/ances4 ,9 mud walls !y put /raw1 *opp$ hay1 hair1 flocks1 wool1 etc41 to make ! mud adh]e to ! wood1 or la?s2 :]eas ! workm5 :o build 9 pise are c>eful to pick out ! lea/ /raw or ! smalle/ bit ( root :i* rema9s 9 ! e>?3 9 %ort1 ! pise is a m9]al sub/ance imitat+ /one1 consequ5tly any?+ t c slake or rot mu/ be exclud$4 ,headnote3 ,exp]im5ts ,,exp]im5ts ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,any ,,e>? ,trial by ,exp]im5t4--,take a small wood5 tub or pail1 )\t a bottom1 dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd ( a c\rt or g>d51 & at ! bottom ( t hole fix a piece ( /one1 flat & level2 place y\r tub ^u ! /one1 fill ar\nd x ! e>? t has be5 dug out to make ! hole1 & ram x well1 t ! tub may be enclos$1 to prev5t its bur/+4 ,!n ram into ! tub ! e>? y mean to try2 putt+ 91 at ea* "t1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( ?ree or f\r f+]s' bread?s3 :5 ?is is well ramm$1 add z mu* m1 & ram x 9 ! same mann]1 & s ! ?ird & f\r?1 etc41 till ! e>? is rais$ above ! brim4 ,?is sup]flu\s e>? mu/ be scrap$ (f extremely smoo?1 & r5d]$ z ev5 z ! "u-"p w be1 :i* lies on ! /one4 ,loos5 ) a spade ! e>? ar\nd ! tub1 & y w !n be able to take x out1 & ) x ! compress$ e>? t x conta9s2 !n turn ! tub upside d[n1 & if x is wid] at ! top ?an at ! bottom1 z su* vessels usually are1 ! pise w easily come out1 b if x %\ld happ5 to /ick1 let x dry 9 ! air ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & y w !n f9d t ! e>? is loose en\gh to fall out ( itself4 ,y mu/ be c>eful to cov] ?is lump ( pise ) a little bo>d2 = ?\gh a %[] ( ra91 fall+ 9 an oblique direction1 w n injure x1 yet x may be a little damag$ if ! ra9 falls p]p5dicul>ly1 & especially if x rema9s ^u x4 ,leave ! lump expos$ to ! air1 only cov]$ ) a bo>d or flat /one1 & if x cont9ues )\t crack+ or crumbl+1 & increases daily 9 d5sity & compactness z its natural moi/ure decreases1 y may be sure t ! e>? is fit = build+4 ,b y mu/ rememb] t x is necess>y t ! e>? employ$ %\ld be tak5 f a little bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 9 ord] t x may be nei!r too dry nor too wet2 x mu/ be obs]v$ also t if ! e>? is n well press$ ar\nd ! outside ( ! tub be=e x is fill$1 ?\gh ! hoops 7 ( iron1 !y w\ld bur/1 s great is ! pressure ( ! beat5 e>? aga9/ ! m\ld1 ( :atev] size x may be4 ,! ,e>?-ball ,te/--,an ,exp]im5t :i* may be made at any "t4--,e p]son 9 walk+ on 8 gr\nd may make little balls ( e>? & press !m z tight z he c betwe5 8 h&s4 ,if he br+s !m home & puts m>ks on !m1 he w by t means "k ! quality ( e piece ( l&1 & also be a judge ( ! mixture x w be necess>y to make4 ,headnote3 ,prep>ation ( ! ,e>? ,,on ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,= ,,build+ ,soil ,prep>ation4--,all ! op]ations ( ?is art are v simple & easy2 !re is no?+ to be done b to dig up ! e>? ) a pickaxe1 break ! clods ) a %ovel1 s z to divide x well1 & !n lay x 9 a heap1 :i* is v necess>y1 because z ! lab\r]s ?r[ x on t heap1 ! lumps ( e>? & l>ge /ones roll to ! bottom1 :]e ano!r man may break !m or draw !m away ) a rake4 ,i mu/ obs]ve t !re %\ld be an int]val ( ab\t an in* & a qu>t] betwe5 ! tee? ( ! rake1 t ! /ones & pebbles ( ! size ( a walnut1 or some?+ m1 may escape1 & t x may draw (f only ! l>ge/4 ,if ! e>? t has be5 dug has n ! prop] quality1 :i* is seldom ! case1 & x is necess>y to fet* "s bett] f a di/ance1 !n ! mixture mu/ be made 9 ?is mann]3 "o man mu/ ?r[ "o %ovelful ( ! be/ sort1 :ile ! o!rs ?r[ five or six ( ! inf]ior sort on ! heap1 & s m or less accord+ to ! proportions :i* h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$4 ,ra94--,no m e>? %\ld be prep>$ ?an ! m5 c "w 9 "o day1 or a little m1 t !y may n be 9 want2 b if ra9 is expect$1 y mu/ h at h& ei!r planks1 mats1 or old clo?s to lay ov] ! heap ( e>?1 s t ! ra9 may n wet x2 & !n z soon z ! ra9 is ov]1 ! m5 may resume _! "w1 :i*1 )\t ?is precaution1 mu/ be delay$2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! e>? _c be us$ :5 x is ei!r too dry or too wet1 & !re=e if ! ra9 %\ld wet x aft] x has be5 prep>$1 ! m5 w be oblig$ to wait till x has recov]$ its prop] consi/5cy--a delay :i* w\ld be equally disadvantage\s to !m & _! employ]4 ,:5 ! e>? has be5 soak$ by ra91 in/ead ( suff]+ compression1 x becomes mud 9 ! m\ld2 ev5 ?\gh x be b a little too moi/1 x _c be work$2 x swells "u ! bl[s ( ! ramm]1 & a /roke 9 "o place makes x rise 9 ano!r4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 x is bett] to /op ! "w1 = ! m5 f9d s mu* difficulty t x is n wor? :ile to proce$4 ,b !re is n ! same necessity ( discont9u+ ! "w :5 ! e>? is too dry1 = x is easy to give x ! necess>y degree ( moi/ure2 9 su* a case x %\ld be spr9kl$ ) a wat]+-pot1 & aft]w>ds well mix$ up toge!r2 x w !n be fit = use4 ,organic ,matt]4--,x has already be5 obs]v$ t no vegetable sub/ances %\ld be left 9 ! e>?2 !re=e 9 digg+1 z well z 9 lay+ ! e>? 9 a heap1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to pick out e bit ( root1 great & small1 all sprigs & h]bs1 all bits ( hay & /raw1 *ips or %av+s ( woods1 & 9 g5]al ev]y?+ t c rot or suff] a *ange 9 ! e>?4 ,,on ,,! ,,bond ,,timb] ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,9 ,,build+s ,,( ,,pise ,corn]s4--,to make good walls1 x is n suffici5t t ! e>? be well beat51 we mu/ also le>n to unite !m well toge!r4 ,"h ! b9d]s co/ v little2 !y consi/ only ( ?9 pieces ( wood1 a few cramps & nails1 & ^! are suffici5t to give ! greate/ /ability to build+s ( pise4 ,hav+ gone on to expla9 t ! angles ( ! build+ are =m$ by ! successive c\rses alt]nately cross+ "o ano!r on ! corn] l ! alt]nat+ long & %ort quo9s 9 a /one build+1 our au?ority proce$s to describe h[ r\gh bo>ds are laid betwe5 ! c\rses ( pise s z to cross at ! corn] & s1 entirely encas$ 9 tightly compress$ e>?1 !y =m effective ties4 ,?is bo>d mu/ be r\gh1 z ! sawy]s h left x1 #e or #f ft4 long1 some?+ less ?an #a 94 ?ick1 & 9 bread? ab\t #h1 #i or #aj 941 s t !re may rema9 on ea* side #d or #e 94 ( e>?1 if ! wall is #ah 94 ?ick2 by ?is means ! bo>d w be entirely conceal$ 9 ! body ( ! wall4 ,:5 ?us plac$ nei!r ! air nor damp c rea* x1 & ( c\rse !re is no dang] ( its rott+4 ,?is has be5 (t5 prov$ by exp]i5ce1 z 9 tak+ d[n old h\ses ( pise su* bo>ds h always be5 f\nd p]fectly s\nd1 & _m t _h n ev5 lo/ ! col\r ( new wood4 ,x is easy to conceive h[ mu* ?is bo>d1 f ! pressure ( ! "w rais$ above x1 w help to b9d toge!r ! two l5g?s ( wall & to /r5g!n ! angle4 ,bond]s4--,x is useful 7p>ticul>ly :5 ! e>? is n ( a v good quality7 to put ends ( planks into ! pise aft] x has be5 ramm$ ab\t half ! height ( ! m\ld4 ,^! ends ( planks %\ld only be #aj or #aa 94 long1 to leave z be=e a few in*es ( e>? on ea* side ( ! wall1 if x is #ah 94 ?ick2 !y %\ld be laid crosswise 7z ! plank be=e m5tion$ is laid l5g?wise7 ov] ! :ole c\rse1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t #b ft4 f "o ano!r1 & w s]ve to equalise ! pressure ( ! upp] p>ts ( ! works on ! l[] c\rse ( ! pise4 ,! bo>ds above m5tion$ ne$ only be plac$ at ! angles ( ! ext]ior wall1 & 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! c\rses ( ! p>tition walls jo9 to ^? ( ! ext]ior wall1 ! same directions t h "h be5 giv5 = ! second c\rse mu/ be obs]v$ at ea* succe$+ c\rse1 up to ! ro(4 ,by ^! means ! read] w p]ceive t an innum]able quantity ( hold]s or bond+s w be =m$1 :i* sometimes draw to ! "r1 sometimes to ! left ( ! angles1 & :i* p[]fully unite ! front walls ) ^? ( ! p>titions2 ! sev]al p>ts d]iv+ mutual support f "o ano!r1 & ! :ole be+ r5d]$ compact & solid4 ,headnote3 ,! ,/r5g? ( ,pise ,/r5g?4--,h5ce ^! h\ses1 made ( e>? alone1 are able to resi/ ! viol5ce ( ! highe/ w9ds1 /orms & tempe/s4 ,! height t is int5d$ to be giv5 to ea* /ory be+ kn[n1 bo>ds ( #c or #d ft4 9 l5g? %\ld be plac$ be=eh& 9 ! pise1 9 ^? places :]e ! beams are to be fix$1 & z soon z ! m\ld no long] occupies t place1 ! beams may be laid on1 ?\gh ! pise be fre% made2 little slips ( wood1 or bo>ds1 may be introduc$ "u !m1 9 ord] to fix !m level4 ,! beams ?us fix$ = ea* /ory1 ! pise may be cont9u$ z high z ! place on :i* y int5d to erect ! ro(4 ,,on ,,! ,,"t ,,& ,,lab\r ,,necess>y ,,9 ,,build+ ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,quantity ,,( ,,pise ,spe$ ( ,build+4--,besides ! advantages ( /r5g? & *eapness1 ?is me?od ( build+ possesses t ( spe$ 9 ! execution4 ,t ! read] may "k ! "t t is requir$ = build+ a h\se1 or an enclosure1 he ne$ only be told t a mason us$ to ! "w c1 ) ! help ( 8 lab\r]1 :5 ! e>? lies ne>1 build 9 "o day #f ft4 squ>e ( ! pise4 ,r5d]+4--,to prep>e ! walls = pla/]+1 ind5t !m ) ! po9t ( ! hamm]1 or hat*et1 )\t be+ afraid ( spoil+ ! surface left by ! m\ld2 all ^? little d5ts mu/ be made z close z possible to ea* o!r1 & cut 9 f top to bottom1 s t e hole may h a little re/ 9 ! inf]ior "p1 :i* w s]ve to reta9 & support ! pla/]4 ,if y happ5 to lay ! pla/] ov] !m be=e ! dampness is entirely gone1 y mu/ expect t ! sweat ( ! walls w ca/ (f ! pla/]4 ,! wall surface hav+ be5 duly hamm]-*ipp$1 ! "w mu/ be sc\r$ ) a /iff bru% to remove all loose e>? & du/1 & to f9ally prep>e x = r\gh-ca/+4 ,r\gh-ca/ consi/s ( a small quantity ( mort>1 dilut$ ) wat] 9 a tub1 to :i* a tr[el ( pure lime is add$1 s z to make x ab\t ! ?ickness ( cream4 ,"o workman & 8 lab\r]s are suffici5t2 ! workman on ! scaffold spr9kles ) a bru% ! wall he has ind5t$1 swept1 & prep>$2 aft] t he dips ano!r bru%1 made ( bits ( re$1 box1 etc41 into ! tub :i* conta9s ! r\gh-ca/1 & ?r[s ) ?is bru% ! r\gh-ca/ aga9/ ! wall4 ,r\gh-ca/1 :i* is att5d$ ) s little tr\ble & exp5se1 is not)/&+ ! be/ cov] t c be made = pise walls1 & = all o!r con/ructions2 x contributes to pres]ve ! build+s4 ,x is ! peculi> advantage ( ^! build+s t all ! mat]ials !y require are *eap1 & all ! workman%ip simple & easy4 ,local ,te/imony4--,at ! end ( ! article j summ>is$1 an in/ructive lett] f a =m] rector ( ,/4 ,john's1 ,la ,ro*elle1 is quot$3 ,,sir1-- ,my hav+ be5 an inhabitant = "s "t ( ! t[n ( ,montbrison1 capital ( ! ,=ets1 enables me to give y "s in=mation conc]n+ ! mode ( build+ h\ses ) e>?1 etc4 ,headnote3 ,a ,pise ,*ur* ,a ,pise ,*ur*4--,! *ur* 0 ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ?is /yle ( build+2 x is ab\t #hj ft4 long1 #dj ft4 broad1 & #ej ft4 high2 ! walls built 9 pise1 #ah 94 ?ick1 & crepe1 or r\gh-ca/ on ! outside1 ) lime & s&4 ,soon aft] my arrival1 ! *ur*1 by "s accid5t1 0 de/roy$ by fire1 & rema9$ unro($ = ab\t a twelvemon?1 expos$ to ra9s & fro/4 ,z x 0 suspect$ t ! walls _h su/a9$ mu* damage1 ei!r by fire or ! inclem5cy ( ! season1 & might fall d[n1 x 0 det]m9$ to ?r[ !m d[n p>tially1 & leave only ! l[] p>ts /&+2 b ev5 ?is 0 n done )\t mu* difficulty1 su* 0 ! firmness & h>dness ^! walls _h acquir$1 ! *ur* hav+ /ood above eighty ye>s2 & all ! repairs requir$ 7 only to give x on ! outside1 e twelve or fifte5 ye>s1 a new coat+ ( r\gh-ca/4 ,a h\se = a s+le family is g5]ally f9i%$ 9 ab\t a =tnight4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ,i h se5 !m practise4 ,build+ ,proc$ure4--,! e>? is p\nd$ z mu* z possible1 9 ord] to crumble any /ones !re92 clay is add$ !reto 9 a small quantity1 ab\t "o-eigh? "p4 ,x is all beat5 & mix$ up toge!r by repeat$ bl[s ) a mallet ab\t #aj 94 broad1 & #aj or #ae 94 long1 & #b 94 ?ick4 ,! e>? be+ ?us prep>$1 & slightly wett$1 ! f\ndation ( ! h\se is dug =2 ?is is laid ) /one1 & :5 x is ab\t #a ft4 high above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 planks are arrang$ on ea* side1 :i* are fill$ ) e>? int5d$ = ! wall2 ?is is call$ ,pise 9 ! dialect ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is /rongly beat52 & ?is me?od is cont9u$ successively all r\nd ! build+4 ,! walls h m or less ?ickness accord+ to ! fancy ( ! own]2 ,i h se5 !m #f 94 & #ah 94 ?ick4 ,if sev]al /ories are int5d$ 9 su* erections1 !y d n fail to place beams to support ! floors be=e !y build high]4 ,( su* build+s ,i nev] saw any consi/+ ( m ?an ?ree floors at mo/2 g5]ally !y h b two4 ,:5 ! build+ is ?us f9i%$1 x is left = "s mon?s to dry2 !n su* z wi% to make ! build+ m solid & durable1 give x a r\gh-ca/ coat+ on ! outside ) lime & s&4 ,?is is :at ,i h obs]v$ dur+ a resid5ce ( ?ree ye>s 9 ! t[n ( ,montbrison4 ,i %\ld be happy if ?is detail %\ld af=d ! slighte/ in=mation to ! g5]\s nation :i* has receiv$ u ) s mu* goodness4 ,i am1 etc41 ,,jauc\r4 ,! ,virtues ( ,pise4--,su* is ! me?od ( build+ :i* has be5 practis$ 9 ! ,lyonnese = _m c5turies4 ,h\ses s built are /rong1 heal?y1 & v *eap1 !y w la/ a great l5g? ( "t1 = ! ,fr5* au?or says he _h pull$ d[n "s ( !m :i*1 f ! title-de$s 9 ! possession ( ! proprietors1 appe>$ to be #afe ye>s old1 ?\gh !y _h be5 ill kept 9 repair4 ,! ri* trad]s ( ,lyons h no o!r way ( build+ _! c\ntry-h\ses4 ,an outside cov]+ ( pa9t+ 9 fresco1 :i* is att5d$ ) v little exp5se1 conceals f ! eye ( ! spectator ! nature ( ! build+1 & is a h&some ornam5t to ! h\se4 ,t me?od ( pa9t+ has m fre%ness & brilliancy ?an any o!r1 because wat] does n impair ! col\rs4 ,no size1 oil1 or exp5se is requir$1 manual lab\r is almo/ all x co/s1 ei!r to ! ri* or poor4 ,any p]son may make 8 h\se look z spl5did z he pleases1 = a few p5ce laid out 9 r$ or yell[ o*re1 or 9 o!r m9]al col\rs4 ,/rang]s :o h sail$ ^u ! ,rhone probably nev] suspect$ t ^? beautiful h\ses1 :i* !y saw ris+ on ! hills ar\nd !m1 7 built ( no?+ b e>?1 nay1 _m p]sons h dwelt = a consid]able "t 9 su* h\ses )\t ev] be+ aw>e ( _! s+ul> con/ruction4 ,f>m]s 9 t c\ntry g5]ally h !m simply :ite-wa%$1 b o!rs1 :o h a great] ta/e = ornam5t1 add pila/]s1 w9d[-cases1 panels1 & decorations ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,!re is e reason = introduc+ ?is me?od ( build+ into all p>ts ( ! k+dom2 :e!r we consid] ! hon\r ( ! nation z conc]n$ 9 ! neatness ( its villages1 ! great sav+ ( wood :i* x w occasion1 & ! consequ5t security f fire1 or ! heal? ( ! inhabitants1 to :i* x w greatly contribute1 z su* h\ses are nev] liable to ! extremes ( heat or cold4 ,x is att5d$ ) _m o!r circum/ances t are advantage\s to ! ,/ate z well z to individuals4 ,x saves bo? "t & lab\r 9 build+1 & ! h\ses may be inhabit$ almo/ imm$iately aft] !y are f9i%$2 = :i* latt] purpose1 ! holes made = ! joi/s %\ld n be clos$ up directly1 z ! air1 if suff]$ to circulate ?r\gh !m1 w dry ! walls m spe$ily4 ,headnote3 ,indian & ,colonial ,practice ,sec4 ,,iv4 ,,indian ,,& ,,colonial ,,practice ,a ,manual on ,e>?work1 edit$ by ,colonel ,maclagan1 ,r4,e41 gives mu* int]e/+ in=mation z to ,pise-build+ & a numb] ( valuable h9ts3 ,%utt]-ties4--,cross pieces1 z ! "w proce$s1 become s firmly emb$d$ 9 ! wall1 t !re is great difficulty 9 extract+ !m1 to rem$y :i* iron b>s h be5 sub/itut$4 ,ev5 ^! ?9 iron b>s become s tightly jamm$ :5 surr\nd$ by ! compact pise e>?1 t mu* lab\r & risk ( injury to ! "w is incurr$ 9 extricat+ !m1 & ! exp$i5t ( sett+ !m 9 a b$ ( s& has be5 successfully resort$ to4 ,!y are !n drawn out ) c>e1 ! s& also is remov$1 & ! holes :i* !y leave are subsequ5tly fill$ ) ! same e>? ( :i* ! wall is made1 & ramm$ h>d4 ,! heads ( ! opposite uprights are held toge!r by ropes1 b 9 practice 9 ?is c\ntry#f x has be5 f\nd t1 "u ! imm5se pressure ex]t$ ^u ! plank sides by ! e>? firmly ramm$ 9 ! int]ior1 ! ropes are s liable to /ret*1 & to break1 t x is advisable to use iron rods or b>s 9 ?is position also4 ,:5 ropes are us$1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! side planks is measur$ by gauge rods1 & ! ropes tight5$ :5 requisite to pres]ve ! prop] bread? ( wall4 ,! use ( iron connect+ rods r5d]s ?is unnecess>y4 ,footnote #f3 ,india4 ,soil4--,soil ( a m$ium quality1 t is nei!r v /iff nor v s&y1 is consid]$ be/ adapt$ = pise4 ,x may be said t t :i* w\ld make good bricks w answ] well = ?is description ( "w4 ,:5 ! e>? is v dry1 a spr9kl+ ( wat] w be necess>y4 ,f\ndations4--,x is usual to beg9 ! "w ^u a f\ndation ( brick or masonry2 b !re seems to be no reason :y ! pise might n be us$ f ! comm5cem5t1 ev5 = f\ndations "u gr\nd2 be+ c>efully gu>d$ f all *ance ( injury by runn+ wat]4 ,! ,build+4--,! cas+ be+ prep>$ & erect$1 & ! upp] surface ( ! old "w1 :5 above ! fir/ /age1 be+ spr9kl$ ) wat]1 ! e>?1 well mix$ & slightly moi/5$1 is ?r[n 91 & spread 9 ?9 lay]s ( #d or #e 94 ,^! %\ld1 :5 ramm$1 be r$uc$ to "o-half _! orig9al ?ickness4 ,! ramm]s %\ld be ( h>d wood & v smoo?4 ,! successive lay]s are simil>ly treat$1 & ?us ! "w proce$s until ! top ( ! cas+ is rea*$4 ,! ends ( ea* portion %\ld be f9i%$ ) a slope1 to :i* w be jo9$ ! portion next to be add$ longitud9ally4 ,^! jo9+s %\ld n1 9 ! successive c\rses1 be above ^? ( ! l[] /age1 b z 9 masonry & brickwork1 %\ld 'break jo9t4' ,! seams are all di/9ctly p]ceptible :5 ! "w is complete4 ,headnote3 ,pla/]+ ,pla/]+4--,! wall may h a coat+ ( pla/]1 or ! surface may be simply smoo!d & dress$ ) a %ovel1 or simil> implem5t4 ,:5 x is to be pla/]$1 x is necess>y t ! wall %\ld fir/ be ?or\ghly dry4 ,if dry only ext]nally :il/ damp )91 x has be5 f\nd t ! moi/ure is apt subsequ5tly to attack ! pla/] & cause x to fall (f 9 flakes4 ,)\t pla/]1 good ,pise "w is f\nd successfully to )/& exposure to ! wea!r1 & aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s to be s compact & h>d z to be pick$ d[n ) difficulty4 ,protection4--,:]e ! wall is n t ( a ro($ build+1 x %\ld be provid$ ) a cop+1 hav+ a good projection to protect x f ra94 ,rods v]sus ,b>s4--,! sub/itution ( iron connect+ b>s = ! wood5 ones has be5 m5tion$ above4 ,! evils ( ! wood5 arrangem5t 7 f\nd to be3 ! />t+ ( ! w$ges1 ! fracture ( ! t5ons1 ! tight jamm+ ( ! b>s 9 ! wall1 & ! injury to ! walls & to ! b>s !mselves f ! =ce requisite to be appli$ = extract+ !m4 ,! l[] iron connect+ b>s are made #c-a_/b 94 by #a_/b 942 ! upp]1 #a 94 by #a_/c or #a_/d 94 ea*1 hav+ holes #a_/b 94 by #a_/d 941 ) correspond+ p9s4 ,! mode ( sett+ ! b>s & arrang+ ! "w on ea* successive elevation ( ! cas+ is to cut on ! surface ( ! complet$ "p ( ! wall a groove #a 94 wid] ?an ! b>1 fill+ x 91 aft] plac+ ! b>1 ) s&1 to ! level ( ! wall's surface4 ,! side bo>d+ be+ set up1 ! vacant space left along ! bevell$ edge ( ! previ\s c\rse is fill$ up ) moi/ clay to reta9 ! fir/ lay] ( ! new c\rse4 ,! end pieces are secur$ by iron b>s or rods1 ) screws & nuts4#g ,footnote #g3 ,a conv5i5t arrangem5t might be3 to make ! l[] & upp] connect+ b>s alike1 to raise ! side bo>d+ a few in*es above ! upp] b>s1 :i*1 :5 emb$d$1 might be all[$ to rema9 & become ! l[] ones ( ! next c\rse2 ! ext]nal app>atus be+ %ift$ by tak+ out ! p9s & slipp+ (f ! /an*ions & planks to be reappli$ to ! upp] b>s already 9 position to receive !m4 ,ramm+4--,g5tle & quick ramm+ has be5 f\nd mo/ effectual4 ,report on ! ,pise-"w execut$ at ! ,etah ,jail dur+ #ahfg-h4 ,by ,mr4 ,h4 ,spr5g]1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e] ,! boxes 9 :i* ! pise-"w at ! ,etah ,jail is be+ execut$ consi/ ( two wood5 frames #aj ft4 long & #b-a_/b ft4 broad1 made ( planks1 :i* are nail$ on to /\t batt5s4 ,!y are held toge!r by f\r pairs ( po/s #c 94 by #c 941 :i* are connect$ above & bel[ ) tie-b>s ( flat iron #a-a_/b 94 by #a_/d 94 ,! tie-b>s h at ea* end a c]ta9 numb] ( #a_/b 94 holes pun*$ 9 !m to receive p9s = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! po/s f slipp+ (f4 ,by *ang+ ! p9s1 walls ( any giv5 dim5sion c be obta9$1 w$ges ( h>d wood1 ) longitud9al slots1 are introduc$ betwe5 ! po/s & ! p9s1 to adju/ ! bread? ( ! boxes to a /&>d gauge4 ,aft] ! boxes are fix$ & adju/$1 !y are secur$ 9 _! position by ropes pass+ ov] !m1 & ti$ to /akes on ea* side4 ,any deflection f ! v]tical %\ld be correct$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 z x is impossible to alt] ! position ( a box aft] x is half full4 ,any e>? :i* is suitable = brick-mak+ w d = pise-"w4 ,on be+ dug out x is pass$ ?r\gh a scre5 ) #a_/b-;94 me%es1 & ?r[n into ! boxes 9 ev5 lay]s ( #f 94 9 dep?4 ,headnote3 ,! ,"r ,quantity ( ,wat] ,g5]ally fre% e>? conta9s suffici5t moi/ure to ensure good consolidation2 b if x is f\nd t x jumps up "u ! ramm]s1 x %\ld1 on be+ ?r[n into ! boxes1 be spr9kl$ ) a little wat] out ( a t9 c ) a rose4 ,! wat]+ %\ld be z uni=m z possible1 z if x is appli$ unequally x w liquefy ! e>?1 :i* w comm5ce ooz+ out "u ! ramm]s4 ,pise-"w execut$ ) too mu* wat] is worse ?an if done ) dry e>?1 z1 on acc\nt ( ! ela/icity ( ! wet e>?1 ! effect ( ! ramm+ is dead5$1 & ! e>? rema9s unconsolidat$4 ,! m5 %\ld be prohibit$ to keep "t 9 ramm+1 z x causes vibration1 :i* is injuri\s to ! /ability ( ! wall4 ,on work+ ov] a l[] c\rse1 x is z well to let ! l[] tie-b>s ab\t #d 94 into ! same to give ! boxes a firm hold on ! old "w1 !reby ! jo9ts become imp]ceptible1 & ! upp] edge ( ! l[] c\rse is prev5t$ f *ipp+ (f4 ,! implem5ts us$ are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( ramm]s4 ,! e>? is fir/ beat5 d[n ) a ,v-%ap$ ramm]1 & !n surfac$ ) "o ) a flat bottom4 ,! sides ( ! boxes are consolidat$ ) a spade-%ap$ ramm]4 ,:5 comm5c+ ! pise-"w at ,etah1 consid]able difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 extricat+ ! l[] tie-b>s4 ,^! 71 !re=e1 suppli$ ) holes #c 94 ap>t ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,a p9 0 ins]t$1 aga9/ :i* a cr[-b> ) a long slot & well b5t at ! end 0 made to "w4 ,an equal pressure c\ld !reby be ex]t$ aga9/ ! tie-b>s2 !y 7 ?us extract$ ) great facility )\t injur+ !m or ! face ( ! wall1 :i* 0 n ! case =m]ly4 ,supplem5t>y ,note by ,mr4 ,e4 ,battie1 ,executive ,eng9e]1 #e? ,division1 ,gr& ,trunk ,road ,! "w at ,etah has g5]ally be5 conclud$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,9 ! morn+ ! boxes 7 tak5 d[n1 & aga9 put up & fill$ dur+ ! day2 !y 7 left dur+ ! night1 s t ! e>? might deta* itself f ! sides4 ,x is n advisable to all[ a c\rse to dry ?or\ghly1 z ! upp] "o w n b9d well into x1 b probably %[ a crack4 ,if ! e>? is well ramm$1 & only ! prop] quantity ( moi/ure admitt$1 a second c\rse c be comm5c$ imm$iately4 99 99 99 ,! ,report ( ! ,rhodesia ,munitions & ,res\rces ,committee issu$ 9 #aiah conta9s an int]e/+ pap] by ,mr4 ,john ,hynd on ,pise-build+1 f :i* ! foll[+ is extract$3 ,headnote3 ,pise ,build+s at ,emp&5i ,pise de ,t]re ,build+s ,! ,spectator took ?is matt] up "s two ye>s ago & wrote z foll[s3 ',v>i\s s*emes ( l& settlem5t are 9 ! air4 4 4 4 ,all ( !m mu/1 h[ev]1 be conc]n$ ) *eap build+s4 ,t is a s9e qua non4' 4 4 4 ,! mat]ial us$ = ! walls at ,emp&5i is "o-?ird s&1 "o-?ird ant-heap1 & "o-?ird soil1 all pulv]is$ & put ?r\gh a sieve4 ,wat] is !n add$4 ,! mixture mu/ be nei!r too wet nor too dry1 j suffici5tly damp to b9d2 a good indication ( ! correct consi/5cy be+ t :5 squeez$ h>d by ! h& x %[s a t5d5cy to b9d4 ,suffici5t ( ! loose mixture is ?r[n into ! =m to fill x to a dep? ( ab\t #c 941 & ?is is ?or\ghly ramm$ be=e ! next lay] is put 94 ,mo/ ?or\gh ramm+ is ess5tial4 ,:5 ! frame is ramm$ full1 x is tak5 ap>t & %ift$ along to make ano!r section & s on until ! fir/ lay] is complete4 ,! fir/ lay] is1 z a rule1 suffici5tly dry to p]mit ! />t+ ( ! next ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] lay+4 ,door & w9d[ frames are put 9 z ! "w proce$s1 & mu/ be well brac$ :ile ramm+4 ,9 ! top lay] hoop iron or f5c+ wire is let 9 = fa/5+ d[n ! wall plates4 ,ars5ite ( soda or ,atlas ,comp\nd is us$ 9 ! fir/ lay] or two to keep out :ite ants4 ,! floor c be made ( timb]1 cem5t concrete1 or ramm$ e>?1 & ! ro( ?at*$ or cov]$ ) corrugat$ iron z is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! foll[+ ,pise de t]re build+s h be5 erect$ at ,emp&5i3 ,a l>ge s*oolroom #ge ft4 by #bh ft4 by #ab ft4 high1 walls #ad 94 ?ick2 sev5 boys' dormitories1 ea* #cj ft4 by #bj ft4 by #ab ft42 twelve s+le-room h\ses1 ea* #af ft4 by #ab ft42 six f[l h\ses1 ea* #bj ft4 by #aj ft42 a l>ge f[l h\se #bej ft4 long1 front walls #g ft4 & back walls #e ft4 high4 ,?is build+ is divid$ into fifte5 comp>tm5ts4 ,f ! =ego+ description x is q evid5t t *eap & effici5t build+s ( ?is nature c be erect$ at a v l[ co/4 ,on a f>m x is n necess>y to employ any skill$ lab\r1 z ! doors & w9d[s c be pur*as$ ready-made1 & ! frame-"w1 clamps1 etc41 put toge!r by ! f>m] himself4 ,= a ro( ( ?at* all ! necess>y mat]ial1 except iron ridg+1 if ?is is us$1 c z a rule be procur$ on ! f>m4 ,%\ld a cem5t concrete floor1 :i* is *eap] ?an a wood "o1 be desir$1 !re w\ld be an extra exp5diture = cem5t1 ! am\nt requir$ be+ ab\t two bags p] twelve squ>e y>ds4 ,su* a floor %\ld be laid be=e ! walls ( ! build+ are comm5c$1 & x is ess5tial t ! site is ?or\ghly well ramm$ & consolidat$1 p>ticul>ly bel[ :]e walls w come1 be=e lay+ ! concrete1 to prev5t cracks develop+ ?r\gh settlem5t4 ,! concrete raft %\ld be c>ri$ at lea/ #f 94 beyond ! outside walls ( ! build+1 & if ! "w is prop]ly done1 a special ant-c\rse w be unnecess>y4 ,! concrete c be left r\gh bel[ ! walls to give a bond1 & x might be advisable to lay "s pieces ( hoop iron 9 x :i* w\ld be left project+ to be b$d$ into ! walls4 ,ano!r good type ( floor w\ld probably be t sugge/$ 9 ,! ,spectator1 viz4 road mat]ial laid d[n & t>r$ 9 ! same mann] z roads are n[ made 9 _m places4 ,a numb] ( rooms & h\ses h be5 erect$ on ! ,globe & ,pho5ix ,m9e on mu* ! same pr9ciple z ,pise de t]re build+s1 b ! sy/em develop$ !re is diff]5t z reg>ds ! mixture1 :i* consi/s ( two p>ts ant-heap or ord9>y dagga :i* mu/ n be too s&y1 & ?ree p>ts a%es or cl9k] siev$ free f f9e du/4 ,a v full description ( ! me?od employ$ on ?is m9e 0 =w>d$ by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,manag] to ! ,committee1 & x is int]e/+ to note f ?is t ! walls are made wat]pro( by fir/ mak+ !m smoo? ) dagga pla/]1 !n1 :5 q dry1 giv+ "o good coat ( boil+ hot t>4 ,a coat ( limewa% is appli$ ?ree days lat]4 ,t ?is is effective is well evid5c$ by ! fact t ! build+s erect$ h successfully )/ood our la/ abnormally heavy ra9y season4 ,! ,globe & ,pho5ix sy/em is ! result ( a numb] ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out on t m9e4 ,_! mixture1 :i* is /at$ to be ant-pro(1 conta9s m moi/ure ?an ,pise de t]re1 & ea* c\rse is re9=c$ ) old wire rope1 or o!r suitable scrap4 ,! mat]ial is left 9 a heap = "o or two days be=e be+ us$4 ,circul> huts h be5 built on ! m9e ( ! same mat]ial1 ! =ms be+ made ( two r+s ( corrugat$ iron 9 ?ree or m sections jo9$ up ) cleats at ! end laps & held 9 position ) cross bolts & di/ance pieces4 ,! inn] r+ is #i 94 less radius ?an ! out] "o4 ,headnote3 ,pise ,build+s = ,settl]s ,extracts f a pap] on ,pise 9 ! ,f>m]s' ,h&book1 issu$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #aiaa ,pise is a mat]ial readily obta9able by ! settl]1 ( :i* *eap & durable build+s c be easily & sub/antially erect$4 ,= ! con/ruction ( pa/oral or agricultural build+s1 especially 9 di/ricts remote f railways1 or f t[ns 9 :i* o!r build+ mat]ials are *eap or easily procurable1 pise is p>ticul>ly well adapt$4 ,9 ! c\ntry e>? is pl5tiful & readily obta9able2 9 ! city or t[n su* is n ! case1 & ?is fact1 comb9$ ) ! v bulky nature ( ! mat]ial1 prohibits its use 9 su* c5tres ( population4 ,to ! selector or settl]1 :o1 l _m ( our successful pione]s1 is n burd5$ ) a sup]fluity ( h>d ca%1 b :o possesses an abundant capital ( en]gy1 comb9$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( h&9ess1 pise has an additional advantage 7:i* x %>es ) slabs1 wattle & daub1 etc47 ov] mo/ o!r build+ mat]ials1 9 t x af=ds him an opportunity ( erect+ 8 home/ead+ l>gely z ! result ( 8 own lab\r4 ,z a build+ mat]ial1 pise is inf9itely sup]ior & m durable ?an slabs1 galvanis$ iron1 or wea!r-bo>ds4 ,9 fact x is que/ionable :e!r x is n m suitable = our climate1 & !re=e to be pref]r$ to brickwork2 = pise build+s1 prop]ly protect$ & f9i%$1 are q z durable & mu* cool] ?an build+s con/ruct$ ) solid brick walls4 ,?is /atem5t may be que/ion$ by "s ^: k ( pise is limit$ to build+s s badly plann$ t ! v elem5t>y pr9ciples ( build+ con/ruction h be5 neglect$4 ,?is neglect1 :i* is all too common1 makes ?+s bad en\gh1 b :5 to x is add$1 z is sometimes ! case1 indiff]5t workman%ip1 comb9$ ) ! use ( unsuitable mat]ial1 ! result does n call = admiration1 & x is n surpris+ t a bad impression is creat$4 ,) no o!r k ( pise x is only natural to condemn x because ( su* specim5s1 b "u simil> circum/ances o!r bett]-kn[n build+ mat]ials ( prov$ excell5ce w\ld also be condemn$4 ,brickwork w\ld j z readily be condemn$ if its build+ qualities _h to be e/imat$ by ! appe>ance pres5t$ by a brick build+ :i* _h be5 con/ruct$ ( badly-burnt bricks laid by unskilful tradesm5 on an imp]fectly ?\ght-out plan4 ,j z ) o!r build+ mat]ials1 ! possibilities ( ?is mat]ial c only be judg$ by an exam9ation ( prop]ly plann$ & con/ruct$ examples ( ! pise-build]'s art4 ,su* are f\nd "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 pleas+ to look at1 af=d+ com=t & satisfaction to _! own]s4 ,a prop]ly con/ruct$ pise build+ c be f9i%$ to suit ! ta/e ( ! mo/ fa/idi\s4 ,ev5 )\t pla/] ! walls c be 'float$' d[n & a 'sk9' obta9$ on !m :i*1 :5 limewa%$1 resembles /onework4 ,:5 pla/]$ inside & out !y possess ! advantages ( a /one h\se1 & are erect$ at a fraction ( ! co/4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! durability ( pise by ! fact t !re is a /able built ( pise :i* has be5 9 con/ant use = ov] sixty ye>s1 & :i* at ! pres5t "t is 9 good ord]4 ,! good condition ( ?is /able is ! m surpris+ because ! ext]nal walls are unprotect$ f ! wea!r1 & x is g5]ally recognis$ t pise-"w1 especially if unpla/]$1 %\ld be protect$ f ! direct action ( ra94 ,pise build+s are said to h a life ( a c5tury & a half4 ,! /ability ( pise build+s is beyond "q1 z is prov$ by ! foll[+ in/ance3--,at ,lambrigg1 a second-/ory brick build+1 ) #ad-;94 walls1 & conta9+ t5 rooms1 is built ^u a l[] /ory ( pise4 ,! bricklay] :o _h ! contract = erect+ ! brick portion ( ! h\se refus$1 z x 0 built ^u pise1 to gu>antee 8 "w4 ,"s "t aft] ! completion ( ! h\se he visit$ x1 & aft] a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! build+1 decl>$ t x 0 ! mo/ sub/antial brick h\se 9 ! di/rict1 z x _h n a crack 9 x1 a feature :i* 0 some:at unusual 9 t locality4 ,ano!r case be>+ on ! same subject is t ( a resid5ce at ,temora4 ,:5 ?is build+ 0 be+ con/ruct$ ! workm5 omitt$ to leave holes = ! bolts :i* 7 to secure ! v]&ah plates to ! walls1 z x 0 ?\ght ^! c\ld readily be bor$ out aft]w>ds ) an aug]4 ,on attempt+ to bore out ^! holes on ! completion ( ! build+1 & :5 ! pise-"w _h become dri]1 ! op]ation ( bor+ prov$ s difficult z to be practically impossible1 & _h to be ab&on$4 ,headnote3 ,build]s' ,av]sions ,! m]its ( pise-"w h be5 recognis$ 9 ,france1 ,india1 ,mexico1 & ,cali=nia = ye>s pa/1 & see+ its equal suitability = our climate1 x is surpris+ t ^! m]its h n l$ to its be+ m ext5sively us$4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is seems to be because our build]s are av]se to und]tak+ ?is class ( "w1 & 9 consequ5ce ! bulk ( x is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( untra9$ m51 :o1 :il/ q fitt$ to c>ry out ! pise-"w1 are n compet5t to und]take ! o!r con/ructive "w ( a build+4 ,h[ev]1 !y d n hesitate to d ?is1 z well z to und]take ! m important "w 7?\gh unrecognis$ z be+ s7 ( plann+ out ! build+4 ,! result is 9 mo/ cases an improp]ly plann$ & defectively con/ruct$ build+1 :i* appeals to no "o1 b has a t5d5cy to br+ pise into disrepute4 ,! reason = a build]'s unwill+ness to und]take pise-"w is n f> to seek4 ,= ! successful c>ry+ out ( 8 "w a build] relies ^u skill$ tradesm52 our tradesm5 are tra9$ 9 cities & t[ns1 & z pise is n a suitable mat]ial = su* places1 tradesm5 d n become famili> ) x4 ,a good build] ) a reputation to lose %r9ks f plac+ t reputation at ! m]cy ( a pise-build]1 :o is n recognis$ z a tradesman1 & 9 :om1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 a build] is likely to h little or no confid5ce4 ,! actual erection ( pise-"w pres5ts s little difficulty t x c be done by any "o :o has suffici5t /r5g? to %ovel e>? & wield a ramm]1 provid$ he w ex]cise c>e to see t ! m\lds or boxes into :i* ! e>? is %ovell$ are kept plumb & 9 /raight l9es4 ,! av]age settl]1 ev5 ) no previ\s k ( pise-"w or build+ con/ruction1 ne$ h no hesitation 9 und]tak+ ! pise-"w ( 8 own build+s if he works to a well-?\ght-out plan drawn up by somebody compet5t to d s4 ,! necessity ( hav+ a plan prep>$ by "s "o :o und]/&s ! pr9ciples & requirem5ts ( simple build+ con/ruction1 be=e und]tak+ ! erection ( any build+1 _c be too /rongly emphasis$4 ,?is great ne$1 :i* is (t5 ov]look$ by ! settl]1 _c be economically disp5s$ )4 ,! secur+ ( a prop]ly prep>$ plan is ( ! greate/ value t[>ds obta9+ a build+ ( ! maximum /r5g? & durability1 comb9$ ) ! be/ appe>ance & greate/ conv5i5ce1 = ! lea/ co/4 ,ev5 :5 a settl] und]takes ! pise-"w ( 8 own build+1 x w only be 9 r>e in/ances t he w n h ! advantage ( tra9$ sup]vision dur+ its erection4 ,! s]vices ( a tradesman w inv>iably be f\nd necess>y to make doors & w9d[-frames1 con/ruct ! ro(1 etc4 ,?is workman c be engag$ :5 ! build+ is />t$1 & :il/ prep>+ ! timb]s ( ! ro(1 9 read9ess = ! "t :5 !y w be requir$ on ! completion ( ! pise-"w1 c sup]vise ! fix+ ( ! door & w9d[ frames1 & see !y are set correctly1 & 9 _! prop] places4 ,pise walls are con/ruct$ 9 sections1 ! ext5t ( :i* is regulat$ by ! supply ( cas+s available4 ,into ! m\lds =m$ by ! boxes ! e>? is %ovell$ 9 lay]s ( #d or #e 941 & !n ramm$ until ?or\ghly solid be=e ano!r lay] is put 94 ,on ! completion ( ! section1 i4e4 :5 ! m\ld is full & well ramm$1 ! keys or p9s are knock$ out ( ! 'bolts1' & ! 'boxes' tak5 ap>t & erect$ on ano!r portion ( ! build+4 ,! top ( t portion ( ! pise-"w on :i* x is propos$ to erect ano!r section %\ld be well moi/5$ & cov]$ ) wet bags "s h\rs be=e ! m\ld is =m$4 ,! bottom ( ! m\ld %\ld ov]lap ! top ( ! pise-"w by ab\t #f 94 ,aft] ! 'boxes' are put toge!r1 ! top lay] ( pise %\ld be loos5$ ) a pick s z to =m a bond ) ! section ab\t to be built1 & if ?is section adjo9s "o already built1 ! ends ( ! latt] %\ld be bevell$ (f s z n to =m a /raight jo9t4 ,mat]ial :i* is too s&y w fret away1 & "o conta9+ clay w crack :5 dry4 ,soils conta9+ ^! defects %\ld be avoid$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 su* a wide range ( soils :i* are suitable t a hold+ ( any size on :i* suitable soils _c be f\nd w be ! exception4 ,x is possible to rem$y ! defects f\nd 9 "o soil by mix+ x ) ano!r soil1 b v r>ely w su* a c\rse be necess>y4 ,headnote3 ,numb] ( ,m5 ,requir$ ,! plant requir$ w dep5d ^u ! numb] ( m5 to be employ$4 ,?ree is ! lea/ numb] t c be economically employ$--two att5d+ to ! boxes & ramm+1 & "o c>t+ e>? f its location to ! build+ & assi/+ g5]ally4 ,! plant requir$ = ?is numb] ( m5 is giv5 bel[4 ,if m are engag$1 additional plant ( ! same "* w be f\nd advantage\s4 ,! necess>y plant w consi/ (--#b wood5 ramm]s1 #a iron %od ramm]1 #b /raight boxes1 #b angle boxes1 #c cas+s = block+ up ! ends ( boxes1 bolts & keys = same1 #ab gauge rods1 wa%]s--a lib]al supply ( #c_/d-;94 wa%]s1 #b %ovels1 #a spade1 a horse & dray or o!r means = transport+ ! mat]ial to ! build+ 7if requir$74 ,! foll[+ detail$ in/ructions are tak5 f ! same au?ority3 ,headnote3 ,pise 9 ,new ,zeal& ,,specification ,,clauses ,,= ,a ,,pise ,,h\se 7,,new ,,zeal&7 ,excavator4--,remove ! turf to make foot+s1 b n deep] at any place ?an #c 94 ,/ep :]e requir$4 ,pise-,build] ,walls4--,erect ! walls z %[n on plan1 ext]nal walls #ah 941 int]nal walls #ae 941 c>ri$ up plumb & true1 ) all cross walls prop]ly bond$ by cont9u+ ! pise-boxes ar\nd all angles2 :5 necess>y1 ! mat]ial = ! walls is to be prop]ly temp]$ ) suffici5t wat]4 ,all /icks & vegetable matt] are to be remov$4 ,suitable mat]ial3 to be a pipeclay loam1 ) a trace ( small gravel ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh x4#h ,! boxes to be fill$ 9 ?9 lay]s ( #d 94 at a "t1 & well ramm$ until solid2 ! workm5 are n to use _! ramm]s 9 unison4 ,footnote #h3 ,?is 0 specifi$ because x 0 ! be/ mat]ial ne> ! site4 ,! :ole ( ! int]nal angles1 also door & w9d[ jambs1 to be neatly splay$4 ,float+4--,moi/5 well ! outside & inside walls be=e ! floors are laid1 & float same to ev5 smoo? surface ) wood5 h&-float1 us+ weak pla/]1 :]e requir$4 ,bolts4--,to hold d[n wall-plates1 provide & build 9 #a_/b 94 bolts1 n less ?an #ae 94 long1 & spac$ n m ?an #f ft4 ap>t4 ,damp-c\rse4--,bel[ all walls lay a ?ree-ply ,rub]oid damp-c\rse ! full wid? ( walls1 to lap at ends at lea/ #d 94 ,v5tilators4--,ins]t bel[ floors1 :]e direct$1 f\r #i 94 by #f 94 galvanis$ iron air grat+s1 9 wood5 frames #a-a_/b 94 ?ick by full wid? ( walls2 also ins]t at ab\t #ah 94 bel[ ceil+ simil> air grat+s & frames4 ,plugs4--,ins]t plugs #c ft4 ap>t = skirt+1 *air & picture-rail1 at ! heights direct$4 ,frames4--,set all frames plumb & true1 & secur$ 9 wall be=e remov+ head4 ,l9tels & heads mu/ be well & solidly b$d$ 9 mort>1 at prop] heights4 ,! :ole ( ! "w to be done 9 a prop] workmanlike mann]4 ,fillet4--,f9i% aga9/ int]section ( floor & wall ) neat #a-a_/b 94 qu>t]-r\nd fillet1 scrib$ to wall & floor & nail$ to floors4 ,! pise-build] w require to build into wall at all w9d[ & door op5+s #c 94 by #c 94 %ap$ plugs1 spac$ n m ?an #c ft4 ap>t to secure ar*itraves4 ,l9tels4--,= all door & w9d[ op5+s provide #f 94 by #d 94 well-season$ p9e l9tels1 to ext5d #ab 94 into pise-"w on ea* side ( op5+4 ,skirt+4--,provide & fix 9 all rooms1 to plugs ab\t #c ft4 ap>t1 #f-;94 skirt+1 neatly scrib$ to floors1 mitr$ at angles z requir$4 ,picture-rail4--,provide #c 94 by #a 94 picture-rail to all rooms4 ,plugs4--,prep>e & t> = pise-build] #c 94 by #a 94 well-season$ s(twood plugs1 #ae 94 long1 z p] detail1 = skirt+s1 picture- & *air-rail1 to be ins]t$ #c ft4 ap>t4 ,,/udd+1 ,,wire-,,nett+1 ,,& ,,pise ,?is is a modification ( ,pise1 :i* provides a settl] 9 a di/rict :]e poles & sapl+s are available ) a quick me?od ( provid+ himself ) a com=table tempor>y resid5ce )\t ! exp5diture ( mu* ca%4 ,to con/ruct build+s ( ?is "*1 a framework ( sapl+s or poles1 at int]vals ( #c ft4 #f 94 to #c ft4 ap>t1 is fir/ erect$2 ?is framework is cov]$ on bo? sides ) #a-a_/d 94 me% wire-nett+4 ,! two sections ( nett+ are held toge!r1 /r5g!n$1 & prev5t$ f /ret*+ & bulg+ betwe5 ! po/s by means ( wire hooks or loops1 :i* are z long z ! po/s are wide4 ,! spaces ?us enclos$ by ! nett+ & ! poles are !n fill$ ) e>?1 :i* is well ramm$1 ?us mak+ a solid wall #d 94 to #f 94 ?ick4 ,?is wall c be pla/]$1 ! pla/] =m+ a key ) ! wire-nett+1 :i* holds securely4 ,build+s ( ?is "* c be made to look r attractive1 &1 if neatly con/ruct$1 are v mu* sup]ior1 bo? 9 appe>ance & com=t1 to slabs or wattle & daub4 ,headnote3 ,pise ,%utt]+ ,,pise ,,%utt]+ ,i ,t ! plant n[ commonly 9 use = pise-build+ is b a slight improvem5t on ! anci5tly accept$ model1 may be se5 by a comp>ison ( mod]n examples ) old engrav+s & descriptions4 ,pise-build+ lay (f ! great ma9 /ream ( con/ructional activity1 & ! ent]prise & +5uity lavi%$ on ! p]fect+ ( o!r build+ mat]ials & me?ods pass$ ,pise by1 leav+ x undi/urb$ 9 its quiet backwat]1 a primitive sy/em /ill ) its primitive tackle4 ,yet !re 7 a numb] ( v obvi\s & unnecess>y %ortcom+s 9 ! accept$ %utt]+ t seem$ to clam\r = att5tion1 defects1 too1 t 7 9 no way inh]5t1 b m]ely traditional infelicities reproduc$ 9 succe$+ models t rema9$ rem>kably true to _! primitive ance/ral ar*itype--! ,pise plant describ$ by ,pl9y4 ,"h seem$ to be a v promis+ field = an +5i\s inv5tor1 a field t is /ill ,to ,let4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any su* inv5tive g5ius1 ! au?or has _h c]ta9 ideas ( 8 own embodi$ 9 ! ,m>k ,v type ( %utt]+--a type t fur!r exp]i5ce & exp]im5t w d\btless modify4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! build+-process rema9s unaffect$4 ,! improvem5ts1 su* z !y are1 are m]ely improvem5ts ( me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,m>k ,v ,,pise ,,%utt]+ ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ,v ,%utt]+4 ,%[+ top cross-braces ?r[n back & free leg dis5gag$4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ,v ,%utt]+4 ,%[+ screw-up secur+ tackle ( ext]ior corn]-piece & its r\nd$ int]ior4 ,also screw-cramp at int]ior angle ( %utt]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ,v ,%utt]+4 ,%utt]+ ab\t to be remov$ f a fir/ section ( ,pise wall+4 ,top cross-braces h be5 ?r[n back & clamps to legs releas$4 ,x is n[ only necess>y to deta* ! /ays & lift away ! %utt]s4 ,:]e1 z "h1 !re is no masonry pl9?1 ! be>+-p9s are only requir$ = ! succe$+ c\rses ( ,pise1 & ne$ n be ins]t$ = ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ,v ,%utt]+4 ,! angle-iron /ay ) cross-brace rais$1 & ! block+-box %[+ its int]nal clamp+-ge>4 ,sci5tific rese>* c\ld d\btless1 if x w\ld1 d mu* t[>ds p]fect+ ,pise-build+4 ,we "k v little ab\t ! behavi\r ( diff]5t e>?s "u compression1 or ( _! sev]al reactions to *emical treatm5t4 ,mean:ile1 a few trifl+ me*anical modifications are all t di/+ui% our mod]n plant f t devis$ by ! anci5ts4 ,t said1 a %ort description ( ! ,m>k ,v model may be ( "s int]e/1 p5d+ ! future developm5ts t may n[ be hop$ =4 ,,ii ,! *ief desid]ata 9 design+ a satisfactory ,pise plant appe> to be ^!3 ,all con/itu5t p>ts %\ld be reasonably light & easy to h&le4 ,! %utt]s %\ld be rigid & n liable to w>p1 )\t be+ exp5sively con/ruct$4 ,! %utt]s1 :5 clamp$ 9 position1 %\ld be firmly & positively support$1 )\t deviation f ! v]tical4 ,! fairway betwe5 ! %utt]s mu/ be z little ob/ruct$ by ! cross-braces z may be1 leav+ good room = ! m5 on ! wall to tread & ram4 ,! ?r\gh-p9s by :i* ! %utt]+ re/s ^u ! base wall or on a complet$ c\rse ( ,pise1 mu/ be easily )drawn )\t injury to ! wall4 ,! %utt]+ mu/ be easily dis5gag$ & remov$ f ! wall1 "o side at a "t4 ,! special corn]-piece mu/ h "s means ( rigid atta*m5t to ! ord9>y %utt]s on ! two meet+ walls4 ,!re mu/ be "s means ( block+ (f ! %utt]+ at any desir$ po9t1 = ! =m+ ( door or w9d[ op5+s at any level4 ,! :ole app>atus mu/ be z simple & z fool-pro( z possible1 & built to /& r\gh usage & exposure to ! wea!r4 ,,iii ,! au?or has attempt$ to con/ruct a plant embody+ ^! ess5tials1 & ! work+ draw+ & photographs %[n w give ! read] a tol]able idea ( 8 ,m>k ,v model4 ,! ?+ has1 at ! mom5t ( writ+1 only be5 exp]im5tally te/$ 9 "o ( ! ,london p>ks4 ,^! trials 71 h[ev]1 suffici5tly satisfactory to enc\rage a belief t ! new plant w prove a v consid]able improvem5t on ! old4 ,x has n[ be5 despat*$ to a site 9 ,surrey1 !re to und]go ! se>*+ & v practical te/ ( be+ us$ = ! build+ ( a small-hold]'s h\se & home/ead4 ,,iv ,to ! second edition ( ?is book a po/script mu/ be add$4 ,s9ce ! la/ p>agraph 0 writt51 ! small-hold]'s h\se has come into actual be+ at ,newl&s ,corn]1 ne> ,guild=d1 & has attract$ a good deal ( att5tion f ! ,press1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,x has be5 inspect$ by multitudes ( p1 includ+ a great numb] ( ,colonials & prospective ,coloni/s1 & by _m di/+ui%$ p]sons directly or indirectly conc]n$ ) ! problems ( h\s+4 ,t ,good w9e ne$s no bu% may be a true say+1 b a novel sy/em ( build+ assur$ly ne$s demon/ration1 h[ev] great its m]its4 ,! success ( ! exp]im5t at ,newl&s is admitt$ by all :o h made ! pilgrimage ?i!r4 ,(t5 w\ld critics come to sc(f & rema9 to pray4 ,specially priz$ among/ ! conv]ts is a =eman-bricklay] once op5ly scornful 9 8 unbelief4 ,( en?usiasm1 p]haps1 !re has be5 almo/ ov] mu*2 & x has be5 difficult to re/ra9 ! zeal ( w\ld-be pise-build]s until ! com+ ( spr+1 & ! return ( su* wea!r conditions z ! craft might reasonably dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,simple ,m\ld = ,pise ,blocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,block-,m\lds1 ,l>ge & ,small4 ,! ,latt] %[n op5$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( a ,pise ,h\se 9 ,c\rse ( ,erection4 ,) ackn[l$gem5ts to ,! ,sph]e4 ,= pise is a dry-e>? me?od ( build+1 &1 z at pres5t practis$1 t means x is a summ] job1 s f>1 at any rate1 z ,engl& is conc]n$4 ,! au?or is ! la/ p]son to claim t pise-build+ may be successfully & economically c>ri$ out 9 all places1 & at all seasons4 ,he m]ely sugge/s t 9 a great _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 pise (f]s possibilities ( *eap yet p]man5t build+ t are v well wor? exploitation4 ,a wide & ?or\gh trial ( ! me?od n[ seems assur$ "u a v>iety ( conditions 9 a suffici5t v>iety ( places4 ,pise is to be giv5 its *ance 9 ,h\s+ ,s*emes1 9 ,gov]nm5t build+ demon/rations1 on ,ducal e/ates1 & by ord9>y private citiz5s 9 ne$ ( h\ses--by ! ri* 7old & new71 & by ! poor4 ,headnote3 ,if ,reason ,rule ,if reason rule1 pise w make good & all w be well4 ,if pise-build+ is attempt$ :]e ! conditions are unsuitable & 9 defiance ( its physical limitations1 ! misguid$ en?usia/s responsible mu/ blame only !mselves4 ,b x is n self-reproa* alone t !y w h to suff]1 = ! au?or & all true fri5ds ( pise w view _! tr\bles ) z mu* ang] z sorr[4 ,no?+ c\ld be s well calculat$ to br+ discr$it on a new movem5t z ! failures ( a few en?usia/ic incompet5ts4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,demon/ration ,,pise ,,de ,,t]re ,,h\se ,,at ,,newl&s ,,corn]1 ,,ne> ,,guild=d ,) ackn[l$gm5ts to ! ,spectator ,description4--,! h\se has six rooms arrang$ on "o floor1 ( areas & cubical cont5ts z laid d[n 9 _! high] s*$ules ( accommodation by ! ,m9i/ry ( ,heal? & ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,! plan is an adaptation ( ! fir/ type illu/rat$ 9 ! ,bo>d's new manual design$ = ! guidance ( ,c\nty ,c\ncils & _! ar*itects 9 ! matt] ( build+s = small-hold+s4 ,! walls are ( #ah-;94 solid pise-"w1 ! ro( ( r$ ,bridgewat] tiles1 & ! *imney brea/s & /acks ( brickwork4 ,! floors are bo>d$ save = ! back kit*51 :i* is til$4 ,! inn] p>titions are ( #b-;94 breeze blocks1 ! ceil+s are pla/]$1 & ! casem5t w9d[s are ( /eel4 ,!re are two good l(ts = /orage1 "o ent]$ f ! b>n1 :i* is an ext5sion ( ! h\se prop]4 ,! pill>s ( ! b>n & ! p>tition wall betwe5 scull]y & v]&a are ( #ah 94 by #i 94 by #i 94 ramm$ e>? blocks2 ! angle pill> to ! v]&a is ( simil> blocks made f s(t *alk4 ,! re/ ( ! /ructure is ( monoli?ic pise1 built up 9 situ )\t jo9ts ( any k9d1 ei!r horizontally or v]tically4 ,co/4--,! total co/ ( ! :ole ( ! out] wall+ ( ! h\se 79 pise7 am\nt$ to less ?an ,l#bj4 ,_h ! walls be5 built 9 brickwork ! co/ w\ld1 accord+ to e/imate1 h be5 ab\t ,l#bjj4 ,headnote3 ,! ,newl&s ,specification ,specification4--,! foll[+ is an abridg$ extract f ! specification s f> z x affects ! pise-build]3 7#a7 ,excavate to a dep? ( #i 94 ov] ! site1 dump+ ! turf & surface humus :]e direct$4 ,?is soil is n to be us$ = build+4 7#b7 ,lay a #f-;94 b$ ( cem5t & fl9t concrete #c ft4 wide "u out] walls4 ,c5trally on ?is1 lay two c\rses ( brickwork 9 cem5t1 to a wid? ( #ah 941 or build up to ! same ext5t 9 concrete4 ,lay on ?is an approv$ damp-pro( c\rse2 if ( slates1 hav+ a fur!r c\rse ( brickwork or concrete above x to prev5t fracture :5 ramm+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,newl&s ,corn] ,pise ,demon/ration ,build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,newl&s4 ,! ,cottage f ! ,s\?-ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,newl&s4 ,! ,g>d5 ,c\rt4 7#c7 ,erect ! walls accord+ to ! plan on ! bases ?us =m$1 c>ry+ !m up plumb & true & prop]ly bond$ by work+ r\nd ! build+ c\rse by c\rse1 us+ ! special angle-pieces at ! corn]s to keep ! "w cont9u\s & homog5e\s4 7#d7 ,all /ones & fl9ts above a walnut size to be remov$ by riddl+ & res]v$ = concrete4 ,all /icks1 leaves1 roots1 & o!r vegetable matt] to be elim9at$4 7#e7 ,! soil imm$iately on ! site to be us$ )\t admixture ( any sort & to be ?r[n direct into ! %utt]+s4 ,no wat] to be add$ )\t ! express p]mission ( ! ar*itect4 7#f7 ,! boxes are to be fill$ 9 ?9 lay]s ( n m ?an #d 94 at a "t1 & well ramm$ until solid4 ,! workm5 are n to use _! ramm]s 9 unison4 7#g7 ,ramm$ e>? at box ends to be %av$ d[n to a #de degrees slope s z to splice 9 ) new span ( pise adjo9+ x4 ,:]e door & w9d[ op5+s occur1 ! special /ops to be adju/$ & firmly secur$ s z to )/& h>d ramm+4 ,two #d 94 by #b 94 by #i 94 plugs to be built 9 to ea* w9d[ jamb = ! secur+ ( ! frames & ?ree to ea* door jamb4 ,special c>e to be tak5 9 ! ?or\gh ramm+ at ! corn]s & along ! box edges4 7#h7 ,ins]t bel[ floor level1 :]e direct$1 #bd #c-;94 field dra9age pipes to act z v5tilators ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,ins]t wire me% /ops to exclude v]m94 7#i7 ,set all frames squ>e & plumb1 & :]e 9 out] walls1 flu% ) f9i%$ ext]ior pla/]-face1 ! jo9t be+ cov]$ by a #b-;94 by #c_/d-;94 fillet4 ,:]e l9tels occur1 !y are to be tail$ 9 at lea/ #i 94 on ea* side ! op5+4 ,provide pla9 picture-rail r\nd all rooms at w9d[-head level1 provid+ plugs = fix+ :]e necess>y4 ,secure to floor r\nd all bo>d$ rooms a #b-;94 by #a-a_/b-;94 angle fillet z skirt+4 7#aj7 ,! smoo? surface ( ! pise wall+ to be hamm]-*ipp$ to give good key to ! pla/]4 ,be=e r5d]+ or pla/]+ walls1 any loose e>? or du/ to be remov$ ) a /iff bru% & ! wall surface ev5ly wett$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,newl&s ,,corn] ,,pise ,,h\se4 ,,! ,,plan4 ,! r5d]+ to be c>ri$ ev5ly r\nd ! walls--! m9or squ>e angles be+ r\ghly *ipp$ d[n fir/ s z to obviate %>p corn]s4 ,! ma9 corn]s ( ! h\se are ready-r\nd$ (f to a #i-;94 radius by ! special corn] m\ld4 7#aa7 ,bond brick & slab "w to pise walls by driv+ iron spikes into ! latt] e few c\rses at jo9t level & b$d+ 94 7#ab7 ,col\r-wa% walls ) tall[ lime-:it+ t9t$ ) o*re4 ,provide #b ft4 skirt+ ( pit*1 appli$ hot1 to =m base-c\rse r\nd ext]ior ( build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,newl&s4 ,! ,backy>d1 %[+ ,b>n ) ,pise ,pill>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,newl&s4 ,fram+ ! ,ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,newl&s4 ,an ,int]ior1 %[+ ,fire-brick ,he>? ,fire4 ,n4,b4--,! ext]ior ( ! walls ( ! ,newl&s ,corn] h\se h be5 f9i%$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways ) a view to det]m9+ ! mo/ durable & economical =m ( epid]mis4 ,a trial pise-build+ adjo9+ has /ood = f\r ye>s )\t any ext]nal protection :atev]4 ,x has suff]$ no damage & gr[s cont9ually h>d]4 ,= ! sake ( appe>ances1 h[ev]1 & = ! bett] pres]vation ( ! wall f *ance injury :il/ /ill gre51 a coat+ ( "s sort may be deem$ necess>y4 ,headnote3 ,a ,sw$i% ,contribution ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,pise ,! ,sw$i% sci5ti/1 ,mr4 ,k>l ,ell+ton1 ( ,nossebro1 :o is bas+ a book on pise 79 8 own tongue7 ^u ! frail f\ndation ( ! pres5t volume1 has1 9 ! c\rse ( a lett] to ! au?or1 made "s exce$+ly sugge/ive guesses at ! tru?4 ,i am v int]e/$ to he> t y are propos+ to use an hydraulic ramm] = mak+ blocks4 ,i h ?\ght a good deal ab\t ?is pressure bus9ess4 ,i am try+ to scrut9ise ! ?+ f '! inside1' s to speak4 ,i am try+ to trace out h[ ,nature makes rock4 ,t helps u to und]/& pise4 ,nature made all ! /ratifi$ rocks out ( :at 0 once f9e loose e>? & mud4 ,riv]s c>ri$ ! mud out to sea4 ,waves p\nd$ & gnaw$ ! %ores & got d[n "s m /uff4 ,! tides w5t =? & back & %ovell$ & levell$ at ! sea-bottom4 ,"s m mud on top ( t1 & a few hundr$ or ?\s& feet ( ! heavy wat] on top ( t--& ,nature's pise 0 9 its mak+4 ,b :y d ^! mud p>ticles /ick toge!r = ev] ev5 aft] t /ratum is rais$ up high above ! sea & ! pressure is discont9u$8 ,t is ! c\nt]po9t ( ! :ole problem4 ,:at is gravitation8 ,is x "s =m ( magnetic or electric en]gy8 ,we don't "k4 ,d p>ticles ( mud grip & hold ea* o!r if !y are =c$ toge!r close en\gh to be unit$ by "s sort ( magnetic or electric en]gy8 ,or d ! p>ticles only get a 'me*anical' grip on ea* o!r8 ,h[ev] t may be1 we seem to "k n[ t we c make !m grip by br++ !m closely toge!r4 ,x w\ld seem important1 !n1 t we mu/ br+ z mu* ( p>ticle surfaces toge!r )9 any giv5 cubic space z we possibly c2 t is1 we mu/ h z little ( 'holes1' 'empty spaces1' pores & *annels z possible 9 ! mass1 9 ! press$ wall4 ,?is1 !n1 w\ld 9 turn make x important t pl5ty ( v f9e 7small7 p>ticles mu/ be pres5t 9 ! mass--& s well di/ribut$ among ! co>s] p>ticles z to be on h& close by :]ev] !re c be "o m *ance = a small p>ticle to fill a little *amb] t ! co>s] p>ticles w\ld l to bridge ov]4 ,we c ?9k ( h[ well ,nature 0 fitt$ = ?is "w ( %uffl+ ov] all ! p>ticles at ! sea-bottom & "u great wat] pressure till %e got e p>ticle into ! ni*e :]e x w\ld exactly fit4 ,%e us$ waves1 tides1 & gulf /reams z %ovels & mix]s & pack]s1 & ! wat] above z 'hydraulic ramm]4' ,look+ at ! pise matt] 9 ?is way1 x w\ld appe> t bo? ! mix+ & ! %uffl+ are ( vital importance4 ,& by '%uffl+' ,i mean 9 ?is connection only t ! small] & l>g] p>ticles get a *ance to %ift ov] a little dur+ ! process ( press+ ! e>? toge!r to h>dness1 s t ! pressure may n "w only & exclusively 9 a /raight d[nw>d direction1 b 9 a sort ( wavy zigzag direction z well--mu* z :5 a /reet-roll] is work+ ! macadam & gravel a little =? & back at ! same "t z d[nw>d4 ,i h a great respect = old tools :i* are ! outcome ( long-"t exp]i5ce & h&$-d[n wisdom4 ,i suspect ! pres5ce ( "s ( t sort ( exp]i5ce 9 ! ramm] describ$ 9 y\r book1 p4 #ei4 ,t tool w\ld d ! necess>y %ift+ :ile att5d+ to its ma9 int5tion3 hamm]+ ! mass solidly toge!r d[nw>ds4 ,n[ = y\r hydraulic ramm]--is x advisable to make x bl[ or press only 9 a /raight l9e d[nw>d8 ,maybe !re ought to be two or ?ree k9ds ( /rokes alt]nat+--"o /roke ) a rifl$ or wavy surface "u ! ramm]--& ! next /roke ) a plane surface4 4 4 4 ,:at sort ( wit*craft ent]s into ! effect ( high frequ5cy bl[s z comp>$ ) bl[s ) a little long] int]vals betwe58 ,d ! /rokes create also "s 'magnetic' effect 9 ! p\nd$ e>?-mass :i* helps to fa/5 ! p>ticles to ea* o!r8 ,& does ?is magnetic *>ge or friction heat1 or :atev] x is1 act m promptly if "o keeps on '/rik+ ! iron :ile hot1' in/ead ( lett+ ! *>ge 'evaporate' & sneak away betwe5 /rokes8 ,two or ?ree ( my hairs are turn+ grey ov] ^! que/ions alone4 ,y complim5t me by ins9uat+ t ,i might /umble across "s fruitful idea = ! =ms or boxes if ,i speculate a little m on ! key-problem4 ,well1 ! ?+ won't leave me alone1 s ,i h ?\ght out sev]al fooli% v>iations & reject$ !m too4 ,b ! la/ "o seems to h a little m vitality1 s if x w live till ,i write my next lett] ,i w tell y ab\t x4 ,"o is s apt to foll[ ! temptation ( 'p]fect+' an app>atus--at ! co/ ( gett+ away f keep+ x *eap1 simple--& 'fool-pro(4' ,by ?is "t ! idea has gr[n ripe 9 my m9d1 s t ,i ought to write out a little book on ! pise problem 9 ,sw$i% & h x pr9t$ be=e spr+time4 ,some?+ ought to be done4 4 4 4 ,i h to ask y k9dly to p]mit me to make use ( ! data conta9$ 9 y\r book4 ,to ?is ,i w h to add :at special precautions we mu/ obs]ve z to f\ndations 9 a climate l ours4 ,i int5d to treat only ! pise me?od4 ,cob & *alk me?ods are n applicable "h1 z we h su* mat]ials only 9 a few unimportant spots4 ,mr4 ,ell+ton has long be5 an admir] & a firm fri5d ( ,engl&1 & he is good en\gh to reg>d 8 c\ntry z indebt$ to ours = ! introduction ( pise-build+3 ,let me tell y t ! help y are giv+ me n[--n me1 b my nation--w "w z an additional bond t draws u m closely t[>ds ea* o!r4 4 4 4 ,"s ( our p "h h always look$ too mu* t[>ds ! ,s\? & too little t[>ds ! ,we/4 ,headnote3 ,a ,pise-,build]'s ,s*ool ,,pise1 ,,practice ,,& ,,plant ,n[ t s _m able ar*itects & ent]pris+ bodies are s]i\sly tak+ up pise-build+1 ! improvem5t 9 plant & te*nique %\ld be bo? rapid & consid]able4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,pise ,build+ e/abli%$ at ,horn*ur* 9 ,essex1 by ! ,imp]ial ,ex-s]vice ,association1 %\ld alone provide u ) mu* new & valuable k ( a highly practical k9d4 ,x is !re1 = in/ance1 t v>i\s types ( %utt]+ & ramm]s are be+ exp]im5tally te/$ side by side1 & _! relative effici5cy "u v>y+ conditions asc]ta9$4 ,"u "s conditions x is probable t ! floor & ro( timb]s 7de/9$ = use 9 ! h\se "u con/ruction7 w be f\nd ! mo/ economical & satisfactory =m ( tempor>y %utt]+ = ! mak+ ( ! e>? walls4 ,! pise ,te/-,h\se1 built by ,messrs4 ,alban ,ri*>ds at _! ,a%/ead works1 0 built 9 ?is way1 & prov$ highly satisfactory4 ,ano!r effective & m g5]ally applicable =m ( %utt]+ 7design$ & manufactur$ by ! same firm7 is illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram reproduc$ bel[4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t w$ges int]v5e betwe5 ! movable %utt]s & ! uprights4 ,! me?od ( employm5t ( ! ,m>k ,v %utt]+ is well illu/rat$ by ! bird's-eye view %[+ ! ,newl&s cottage "u con/ruction4 ,headnote3 ,alt]native ,%utt]+s ,9 ?is matt] ( %utt]+ !re is /ill1 h[ev]1 great scope = improvem5t1 & x may be hop$ t soon +5uity & exp]i5ce w jo9tly produce a complete pise plant p]fectly fulfill+ all ! _m conditions enum]at$ e>li] 9 ! book4 ,%utt]+ made by rivet+ pla9 galvanis$ %eet iron to "o side ( a corrugat$ %eet has ! qualities ( lightness1 smoo?ness1 *eapness1 & rigidity1 & ! claims ( ! inv5tor & pat5tee are n[ be+ put to ! te/ 9 actual build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pat5t ,,%utt]+ ,,= ,,pise ,,de ,,t]re ,by ,w4 ,alban ,ri*>ds & ,co4 ,!re n[ seems little d\bt b t pise blocks w be l>gely us$ = p>titions & *imney /acks :]e ! soil is good en\gh1 & exp]im5ts are be+ made ) a view to discov]+ ! be/ & *eape/ way ( mak+ e>? slabs simil> to ^? ( coke-breeze & concrete4 ,! size aim$ at is #ah 94 by #ah 94 by #c 941 ! edges to be tongu$ & groov$4 ,c]ta9 concrete ma*9es seem to l5d !mselves to adaptation = ! mak+ ( e>? blocks1 b x is necess>y to rememb] t %>p bl[s are requir$ r ?an a /eady pressure1 & also t we are work+ ) a dry mat]ial4 ,! ord9>y primitive way ( mak+ pise blocks is indicat$ bel[4 ,! h&-ramm]s are und\bt$ly wor? /udy & c>eful design4 ,a set ( ?ree seems to meet all ord9>y requirem5ts1 & ^? %[n on p4 #aja may be tak5 z typical4 ,!y %\ld be ( h>d-wood1 smoo?ly f9i%$1 & provid$ ) long h&les4 ,!y %\ld be #i 94 to #ab 94 long1 & ab\t #e 94 by #d 94 at maximum cross section4 ,9 ! sket* !y are %[n n>r[-ways-on4 ,no4 #a is us$ = prelim9>y p\nd+ & f9al f9i%+1 ,no4 #b = g5]al consolidat+1 & ,no4 #c = work+ along ! edges1 aga9/ w9d[ /ops1 & "u cross-ties4 ,a ,s\? ,african correspond5t1 ,major ,baylay1 makes int]e/+ comm5t z reg>ds ramm]s & local pise practice3 ,headnote3 ,s\? ,africa ,my exp]i5ce ( all black lab\r is1 t !y won't put any 'guts' into x4 ,!y !re=e want fairly heavy ramm]s1 :i* !y c lift & drop1 say a foot1 & :i* w d ! re/ = !m4 ,! heat ( ! sun & extreme dryness ( atmosph]e out "h make x advisable to cov] up complet$ c\rses at once ) sack+1 moi/ = *oice1 o!rwise x is liable to dry out too quickly & crack4 ,x dries out uncov]$ at night v well1 :5 !re is no ra94 ,! r$ loams ( ,s\? ,africa1 :]e n too s&y1 make excell5t pise4 ,!y or _! equival5t are f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! dry /ate !y set s h>d t moi/ure add$ j be=e ramm+ is useless4 ,a l>ge heap mu/ be made1 well damp$ & cov]$ ov] ) moi/ sack+1 & left until ! moi/ure is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,:5 ab\t f\r or five days old1 9 ord9>y wea!r1 ! e>? is ready to use--viz41 j wet en\gh to b9d :5 gripp$ 9 ! h&4 ,x %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,i use a sort ( '*ick5 run1' #h ft4 long1 & ?r[ ! e>? on to x be=e us+4 ,six feet ( x is #a_/b-;94 me%1 & #b ft4 #a_/d-;94 me%2 ! reason = ?is is t1 if ! e>? is a little too dry1 x does n always b9d well ) ! previ\s lay]4 ,!re=e1 put a few petrol t9s ( ! f9e e>? into ! %utt]+ fir/ 9 ord] to ensure good bond1 & ?r[ ! co>s] /uff 9 aft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pise ,,h& ,,ramm]s ,second ,note by ,major ,baylay1 ,pet] ,m>itzburg1 ,natal1 ,s\? ,africa ,i h complet$ a small build+1 & ?\gh wea!r conditions h be5 z bad z possible1 x is s\nd & v satisfactory4 ,9 my op9ion1 pise-build+ %\ld n be attempt$ 9 ! ra9y season 9 ,africa4 ,e>? conta9s too mu* moi/ure1 & ! p[] ( ! sun dries x out too quickly & causes cracks4 ,re pla/]+4 ,i cov]$ ! outside & inside ) a mixture ( #f e>?1 #b s&1 #a blue 7,hyd47 lime1 ! e>? be+ ! r$1 r 'fat' e>? f\nd ev]y:]e1 & ! same /uff ! h\se is built (4 ,x is put on ?9 ) a tr[el1 aft] damp+ ! wall4 ,:5 x dries & cracks1 rub all ov] ) a sack+ pad cov]$ ) ! pla/] mixture1 b wett$ to a ?9 cream consi/5cy4 ,x may s\nd an odd me?od1 b ! natives d ?is "w well1 & ! result is z good z "o c wi% =4 ,y c put t> or any wa% 7,no4 #f7 on ?is4 ,headnote3 ,soils ,,soils ,7 x n = ! fact 7(t5 some:at emb>rass+7 t soil q incapable ( mak+ good pise w none ! less produce en?usia/ic pise-build]s1 a w>n+ z to ! vital importance ( ! e>? be+ really suitable might seem sup]flu\s4 ,! au?or has f\nd "s ( ! /aun*e/ *ampions ( pise-build+ liv+ on & valiantly /ruggl+ ) /iff glut9\s clay & almo/ pure s&4 ,ev5 ! mo/ vigor\s optimism c a*ieve little "u su* adv]se conditions unless soil-bl5d+ be resort$ to1 & ev5 s1 pise-build+ beg9s to lose po9ts 9 ! matt] ( economy directly complications ( ?is sort are introduc$4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,engl& is well (f 9 ! matt] ( pise soils1 ! r$ m>ls be+ among/ ! v be/4 ,a /udy ( ! c\ntry1 or1 fail+ t1 ( ! geological maps1 w reveal a great tract ( ?is e>? ext5d+ diagonally "r across ,engl&1 f ,york%ire d[n into ,devon%ire1 :]e x ends conspicu\sly 9 ! beautiful r$ cliffs ab\t ,torquay4 ,!re is a l>ge area ( ! /uff 9 ! ,midl&s1 notably 9 ,w>wick%ire1 ) less] pat*es "h & !re ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,second only to ! r$ m>ls come ! brick e>?s1 :i*1 =tunately1 are also widely di/ribut$4 ,brick e>? is m]ely clay t has be5 well wea!r$ & dis9tegrat$ "u ! action ( w9d1 ra91 fro/1 & organic ag5ts1 ! sulphides hav+ become oxides1 & :at 0 a cold intractable sli!ry mass hav+ become m]ely a /rong & b9d+ e>?4 ,x is probable t ev5 /iff clay1 if dug 9 ! summ] or autumn1 & left expos$ = a w9t]1 w\ld prove suffici5tly re=m$ to be q am5able = pise build+ 9 ! spr+4 ,aft] ! m>ls & ! brick e>?s !re is an endless v>iety ( soils t w s]ve well = pise-build+--"s1 ( c\rse1 bett] ?an o!rs1 b all1 save ! extremes 7! excessively light & ! excessively clayey71 capable ( giv+ good results "u prop] treatm5t4 ,be=e putt+ pise con/ruction actually 9 h&1 h[ev]1 ! int5d+ build] w d well to submit samples ( 8 e>? to "s compet5t au?ority1 t !y may receive 8 bless+4 ,a fi/ful tak5 f a dep? ( #i 941 & ano!r f say #b ft4 bel[ ! surface1 %\ld give suffici5t evid5ce z to ! soil's suitability or ! rev]se4 ,,iii ,,*alk ,sec4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,*alk1 z a s\rce ( lime1 has always be5 ( high importance to build]s1 &1 until improv$ transport br\ght ali5 mat]ials into its old pres]ves1 *alk 0 9 g5]al use = wall+ 9 ! =m ( r\ghly squ>$ blocks4 ,*alk aga9 =ms ! basis ( a compo/ t1 us$ 9 ! =m ( a /iff pa/e1 has be5 l>gely employ$ = build+ f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t4 ,pise de ,craie1 or *alk consolidat$ by ramm+ )9 a cas+1 is a =m ( build+ t has be5 long held 9 high repute 9 ,france & else:]e1 b :i* has only rec5tly be5 giv5 a s]i\s trial 9 ,engl&4 ,*alk 9 all ^! =ms1 if fairly dealt ) & reasonably protect$ f ! wea!r1 is a mo/ am5able & satisfactory mat]ial to build )4 ,! la/-nam$ me?od p>ticul>ly seems to promise results t %\ld satisfy ! mo/ exact+ critics ( ! unconv5tional1 z x assur$ly does ^? :o inhabit ! cottages s con/ruct$4 ,! sev]al sy/ems ( *alk con/ruction are fully dealt ) 9 ! pages t foll[4 ,*alk ,compo/3 ,hi/orical4--,at ! ,anci5t ,briti% village on ,we/ ,d[n1 ,*ilbolton1 "s five miles s\? ( ,&ov]1 delv+ ar*aeologi/s h br\ght to light und5iable fragm5ts ( *alk ,daub1 ) ! wattle m>ks /ill cle>ly %[+ ^u !m4 ,?is discov]y is *iefly ( academic int]e/1 ?\gh x is a pretty refutation to ^? :o reg>d any build+ mat]ial save brick & /one z new-fangl$1 & x %\ld also s]ve to he>t5 ! d\bt]s & ! timid among/ u :o seek hi/oric sanction = any dep>ture f curr5t build+ practice4 ,composition & ,uses4--,9 ! ,&ov] di/rict ,*alk ,compo/ or ,*alk ,mud1 z x is call$ locally1 is prep>$ & us$ z foll[s3 ,! *alk is dug out 9 ! autumn1 & ! fro/ all[$ to play on x dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+ build+ />ts1 & ! wea!r$ *alk is spread all ar\nd ! outside ( ! walls4 ,/raw is spr9kl$ on x & x is !n well trodd51 usually by ! work]s1 b sometimes by horses4 ,sometimes *opp$ /raw is add$1 sometimes un*opp$ /raw is spr9kl$ on4 ,! quality ( ! walls dep5ds v l>gely on ! prep>ation--t is1 9 gett+ ! mud to ! "r consi/5cy--& ! old h&s "k by exp]i5ce :5 x is ready4 ,! compo/ is lift$ on ! wall by a =k & ano!r man /&s on ! wall & treads x 94 ,x is !n *opp$ d[n /raight ) a spade4 ,"s ( ! nak$ walls at ,&ov] %[ traces ( ! c\rses1 :i* are usually some?+ "u #b ft4 9 height4 ,:]e a c\rse has to be left unf9i%$ x %\ld be end$ ) a diagonal ramp s z to splice 9 ) ! "w t foll[s4 ,"s ( ! old build]s seem to h be5 some:at ca?olic 9 _! conceptions z to :at con/itut$ *alk1 & vague pat*es ( e>?1 loose fl9ts & o!r /ray sub/ances n infrequ5tly m> _! "w & sometimes s]i\sly r$uce its /r5g?4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! f9] ! *alk ! /rong] & m durable is ! wall+4 ,:at is aim$ at is a conglom]ate ( small *alk knobs cem5t$ toge!r by a matrix ( pla/ic *alk & /raw1 ! :ole =m+ z d5se a mass z possible4 ,gr9d+ 9 a mort>-mill w\ld probably r$uce all ! *alk to an amorph\s p[d]1 :i* w\ld n be desirable1 & 9 any case su* me*anical mix+ is q unnecess>y4 ,build+ by ramm+ ! moi/ compo/ betwe5 timb] %utt]+s does n appe> to h be5 practis$ 9 ! pa/1 ?\gh !re is no?+ aga9/ ! me?od except its t5d5cy to delay ! dry+ out4 ,! dry+ ( ea* c\rse takes sev]al days1 dep5d+ on ! wea!r4 ,a c\rse is usually laid "r r\nd ! build+4 ,x mu/ be cov]$ up at night 9 case ( ra91 & :5 x is h>d ano!r c\rse is laid on1 & s on till completion4 ,! aim is to build dur+ ! summ] & autumn1 & :5 ! moi/ure has dri$ out1 to r5d] ! ext]ior4 ,:]e brickwork is us$ ) *alk compo/ x is g5]ally bond$ 9 9 ! ord9>y way1 b block-bond+ ! dep? ( a *alk c\rse is a bett] way ( do+ x4 ,! ext]ior corn]s ( *alk build+s are ! vuln]able po9ts1 & ^! %\ld !re=e be well r\nd$ (f4 ,timb]4--,9 ! old "w no?+ seems to h be5 done to prev5t woodwork built 9 to ! compo/ f decay+1 ?\gh 9 _m cases x has surviv$ surpris+ly4 ,9 any new "w1 h[ev]1 prop] v5tilat$ air-spaces %\ld be contriv$ or ! timb] ends treat$ ) "s pres]vative4 ,! door & w9d[ frames are fix$ to fairly l>ge pieces ( wood built 9 across ! ?ickness ( wall1 & o!r woodwork is fix$ to wood blocks built 9 9 a simil> way4 ,picture-rails %\ld be provid$ 9 all rooms1 z *alk walls are apt to flake & *ip if nails are driv5 into !m4 ,l9tels are usually ( wood1 & :5 pla/]+ is c>ri$ d[n ov] ^! "s =m ( key mu/ ( c\rse be provid$ to hold x4 ,headnote3 ,w9t] ,"w ,b>r$ ,fro/4--,new "w mu/ n be expos$ to fro/ or !re w be dang] ( collapse1 & w9t] "w is b>r$ out = ?is reason4 ,repairs4--,*alk compo/ walls are n easily repair$ 9 t mat]ial1 & bricks are g5]ally us$1 well bond$ 94 ,*imneys4--,*imneys1 too1 are usually ( brick1 ?\gh !re w\ld seem no reason aga9/ ! flues be+ c>ri$ up 9 *alk1 especially if clay pipe l9+s 7 us$4 ,! *imney-/acks above ! ro( might well be built 9 fl9t1 ! corn]s be+ r\nd$ (f 9 def]5ce to ! peculi>ities ( ! mat]ial4 ,ext]nal ,r5d]+4--,x is ( ! fir/ importance t a good wea!r-tight sk9 be ma9ta9$1 & _m old build+s h suff]$ ?r\gh neglect ( ?is precaution4 ,! r5d]+ 0 (t5 ( ! poore/ quality1 m mud ?an lime1 & ! con/ant repairs t ! indiff]5t mat]ials necessitat$ has result$ 9 _m ( ! old cottages becom+ pat*works ( v>iegat$ pla/] blot*es1 :5 n :itewa%$ ov]1 :i* give an impression ( dilapidation by no means w>rant$ by ! facts4 ,r5d]+4--,giv5 a good sk91 h[ev]1 ( cem5t or cem5t & lime1 a *alk conglom]ate wall w la/ indef9itely4 ,s vital is ! sk9 t x is z well to put x on 9 two good coats--r\nd+ (f all ! corn]s & f9i%+ x ei!r ) slap-da% or r\gh f ! wood5 float4 ,also1 to ensure its prop] adhesion ?r\gh\t1 wire-nett+ may be us$ z re9=cem5t--be+ secur$ to ! face ( ! *alk wall by means ( cross nett+ or wires laid on ! wall z ! build+ rises4 ,if ! nett+ be ( a f9e me% x also s]ves z an absolute b>ri] to v]m91 ?\gh p\nd$ glass incorporat$ 9 ! base ( ! wall is equally effective4 ,/r5g?4--,provid$ ! wall has dri$ out ?or\ghly1 any ( ! ord9>y loads occurr+ 9 a two-/ori$ h\se c be borne ) ease4 ,*alk conglom]ate wall+1 h[ev]1 has no great lat]al /r5g?1 & x %\ld n be ask$ to /& up to ?ru/s4 ,! ro(1 !re=e1 mu/ be well ti$1 & %\ld sit on ! build+ m]ely z a lid4 ,illu/ration3 ,details ( ,*alk ,con/ruction at ,amesbury4 7,f a sket* by ,w4 ,r4 ,jagg>d1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ! copyright ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5tific & ,indu/rial ,rese>*47 ,illu/ration3 ,*alk ,con/ruction at ,amesbury1 ,wilts4 7,f a sket* by ,w4 ,r4 ,jagg>d1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ! copyright ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5tific & ,indu/rial ,rese>*47 ,ro(4--,?\gh ?at* is ! traditional ro(+ mat]ial ( *alk cottages1 any o!r w s]ve t is p]man5t & good ( its k9d4 ,! only special dem& t *alk walls make is t ! eaves %all be g5]\sly ov]hung = _! bett] protection f ! wea!r4 ,:]e1 9 lat] ye>s1 ! boldly project+ ?at* has be5 ?\ghtlessly replac$ by a slate ro( ) meagre eaves1 or ) none at all1 ! walls h suff]$ accord+ly4 ,headnote3 ,g>d5 ,walls ,g>d5 ,walls4--,a *alk g>d5 wall mu/ be af=d$ j z mu* protection z ! wall ( a h\se & on bo? sides4 ,! hat ) :i* x is provid$ is ( ! highe/ importance to ! heal? & longevity ( ! wall+4 ,examples ( g>d5 wall cop+s are giv5 9 ! sket*es %[n bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wall ,,cop+s4 ,h\se ,walls4--,*alk conglom]ate walls r>ely exce$ #ah 94 9 ?ickness1 & are usually ! same up/airs z d[n4 ,a pl9? ( ! same ?ickness z ! *alk wall x supports is usually c>ri$ up #f 94 to #ah 94 above ! gr\nd level 9 rubble-"w1 fl9t1 or brick1 be+ kn[n z ! ,und]p9 ,c\rse4 ,any ( ! /ock damp-c\rses are suitable1 b !y mu/ be well & truly laid1 z damp feet are ne>ly z delet]i\s to a *alk wall z a leaky or inadequate hat4 ,no special tools are requir$ = ?is me?od ( build+1 an ord9>y f>m =k = lift+ & a spade = ! f9al *opp+ d[n ( ! wall faces be+ all t are necess>y4 ,a h\se built dur+ ! summ] is usually fit = occupation ! same autumn4 ,old ,examples4--,^? :o may wi% to see build+s 9 *alk conglom]ate1 bo? old & new1 w\ld d well to visit "s su* typical *alk di/rict z t ly+ ab\t ,&ov] 9 ,wilt%ire4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be con/antly borne 9 m9d t mo/ ( ! old cottages 7 some:at unsci5tifically erect$ by _! orig9al jack-(-all-trades occupi]s1 t damp-c\rses & ,portl& cem5t 7 unkn[n1 & t ! advantages ( prop] v5tilation & ! causes ( dry-rot 7 discov]ies yet to be made4 ,secondly1 a l>ge numb] ( ^! cottages h be5 sadly neglect$ ei!r rec5tly or 9 ! pa/1 & !y be> ! disfigur+ m>ks ( _! ill-treatm5t ^u !m n[4 ,b a *alk cottage t is well f\nd 9 ! beg9n+1 & t is reasonably well c>$ = subsequ5tly1 has no?+ to fe> f comp>ison ) cottages built 9 ! mo/ approv$ mann] ( ! m fa%ionable mat]ials4 ,mr4 ,james ,?orold gives ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( a block ( ?ree *alk cottages rec5tly built = ,sir ,george ,coop] on 8 e/ate at ,hursley1 ne> ,w9*e/]3 ,! *alk wall+ 0 done by ,messrs4 ,a4 ,annett & ,son1 ( ,w9t]sl[1 ne> ,salisbury1 :]e ?is me?od ( build+ has be5 kept alive f old5 days4 ,x consi/s ( work+ up ! s(t upp] /rata ( ! *alk by putt+ a b$ ( x #d ft4 #f 94 ?ick on ! gr\nd1 wat]+ & tread+ x to a /icky consi/5cy ) ! feet1 work+ 9 %orti% /raw at ! same "t4 ,:5 ?or\ghly mix$ by ! build]'s mate1 he lifts up a =kful to ! build] work+ on ! wall imm$iately above him1 ! latt] cat*es ! *alk1 dumps x d[n on ! top ( ! wall1 build+ an #ah 94 c\rse all r\nd4 ,z soon z ! wea!r has dri$ ?is suffici5tly he goes r\nd ) a %>p spade squ>+ up bo? sides ( ! wall4 ,z ?is "w is greatly dep5d5t on ! wea!r x is well if ! m5 h o!r "w to fall back on1 & t build+ op]ations %\ld be comm5c$ 9 ! spr+ or e>ly summ]4 ,! wall is built #ah 94 ?ick to ! fir/ floor joi/s & #ad 94 above4 ,*alk 9 itself be+ v absorb5t ( moi/ure1 ! usual plan is to r5d] ! outside ( ! wall ) a lime mort>1 :i*1 h[ev]1 requires r5ewal e few ye>s4 ,to obviate ?is we fix$ ) long /aples #a-a_/d 94 me% wire-nett+ ov] ! outside surface ( ! wall to give a re9=cem5t = a r5d]+ ( hair mort> & cem5t gaug$ 9 proportion ( #a to #b respectively1 & left r\gh f ! tr[el4 ,?is r5d]+ 0 done at a co/ ( #cs4 #c-a_/b;d4 p] squ>e y>d1 :i* is a sub/antial addition to ! co/ ( ! wall+1 b s f> !re is no sign ( a crack or holl[ place beh9d x1 & ! cottages h kept v dry4 ,! walls 7 f9i%$ (f ) a limewa% conta9+ ,russian tall[ & copp]as4#i ,footnote #i3 ,see recipes = ,:itewa% 9 ,app5dix 7,i74 ,headnote3 ,co/ ( ,?ree ,cottages ,z reg>ds ! co/ ( ?is block ( ?ree cottages1 ! result is obscur$ by ! fact t tall *imney-/acks ) ornam5tal bricks & appropriate f\ndations 7 built & re9=c$ lead$ lights 7 us$ 9 ! w9d[s to keep ! build+ 9 "* ) ! o!r cottages on ! e/ate1 b at ! "t we e/imat$ t ! *alk wall+ sav$ a sum ( ,l#ed z aga9/ ! am\nt we %\ld h _h to h sp5t 9 c>ry+ out ! build+ ) bricks made on ! e/ate1 & ?is _h to include lodg+ money & pr(it1 ! build]s be+ indep5d5t m54 ,! ornam5tal *imney-/acks 7 put 9 = ! sake ( appe>ance1 flues built up 9 ! *alk be+ entirely satisfactory & firepro(4 ,! f\ndations are ei!r fl9t or brick ) a slate damp-c\rse4 ,i consid] t = a *alk c\ntry ?is me?od ( build+ has _m advantages4 7#a7 ,x saves c>tage4 7#b7 ,x c be c>ri$ out by a skill$ lab\r] :o c be o!rwise employ$ dur+ unsuitable wea!r4 7#c7 ,no fuel is requir$ z 9 burn+ bricks4 7#d7 ,if a suitable r5d]+ is employ$ to keep x wea!rpro(1 & a good damp-c\rse on ! f\ndations1 ! cottages are nice & dry & keep an equable temp]ature1 *alk be+ a good non-conductor4 ,sir ,george wond]s if any me?od c\ld be devis$ by *emical means to h>d5 ! *alk & make x wea!rpro(2 if ?is c\ld be done x might save ! exp5se ( ! cem5t r5d]+4 ,,*alk ,,conglom]ate ,f ,c\ntry ,life1 ,febru>y #bcrd1 #aija3 ,s(t *alk is practically mud1 yet ,dr4 ,poore1 "o lead+ au?ority on rural hygi5e1 _h 8 model hygi5ic cottage built ) x at ,&ov]1 j outside ! b\nd>ies1 9 ord] to escape ! tyranny ( ! bye-laws4 ,9 sev]al o!r places ?is mat]ial has be5 us$ "t out ( m9d4 ,! :ite cottages on ! ,wilt%ire ,d[ns are z good z any 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree ,*alk ,cottages at ,hursley ,p>k ,,! ,,w9t]sl[ ,,cottages ,f ,c\ntry ,life1 ,april #f?1 #aija3 ,! :ite *alk cottages ( ! scatt]$ /raggl+ village are f\nd 9 e sort ( position4 ,!y mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! cottages ( rock *alk at ,m$m5ham4 ,y might almo/ call !m mud cottages4 ,! h\se is g5]ally bo? plann$ & con/ruct$ by ! own]4 4 4 4 ,! soil is only a few in*es deep1 s(t *alk lies close to ! surface & c be dug out ) a spade4 ,?is is a v suitable mat]ial 9 ! di/rict & co/s no?+ b ! lab\r ( digg+4 4 4 4 ,on ! d[ns !re is a con/ant lack ( wat]2 t :i* falls 9 ! %ape ( ra9 is !re=e v preci\s1 & 9 "s cases is inde$ ! only k9d available4 ,b a l>ge tank or artificial well is ne$$ to conta9 x1 & ! pit f :i* ! *alk is dug out c be made to s]ve ! purpose4 4 4 4 ,"o 0 made wat]tight by means ( a l9+ ( concrete1 & held en\gh wat] to keep ! family go+ ?r\gh all ! dry season4 ,9 ano!r h\se 4 4 4 ! *alk-pit _h be5 utilis$ to =m a l>ge & conv5i5t cell>4 4 4 4 ,mo/ ( !m 7! cottages7 4 4 4 are on two floors1 ) p>l\r1 kit*51 back kit*5 & s =? on "o1 & ! b$rooms on ! o!r4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! *alk1 ! me?od foll[$ is t ( tread+ x into a k9d ( rubble1 & add+ a proportion ( /raw & a small quantity ( lime4 ,headnote3 ,exp5sive ,scaffold+ ,avoid$ ,!re is a local build] :o w run up ! %ell ( a h\se = a matt] ( ,l#ajj1 m or less1 accord+ to its size4 4 4 4 ,mo/ ( ! cottages are lit]ally h&-made4 ,a skilful ar*itect :o visit$ ! ,w9t]sl[ cottages felt sure t bo>ds mu/ be us$ to keep ! walls /raight1 b he 0 wrong4 ,! *alk is %ovell$ up & ! walls are kept /raight )\t l9e or plummet4 ,no exp5sive scaffold+ or ma*9]y is employ$4 ,yet ! walls come out beautifully 9 ! end1 ! col\r be+ an exquisite s(t :ite4 ,!y are ab\t #ah 94 ?ick1 & ! sl[ness ( _! con/ruction has "o good effect1 x gives !m "t to dry4 ,no po9t is ( m importance ?an ?is4 ,x is advisable n to put on any r\gh-ca/1 pla/]1 or pap] = at lea/ twelve mon?s1 z do+ s w prev5t ! moi/ure f exud+4 ,"o or two ( ! little cottages 7 slightly damp1 b ! majority 7 z dry z t9d]4 ,! ?ickness ( ! walls helps to r5d] ! cottage m com=table1 to make x cool 9 summ] & dry 9 w9t]4 ,"o ^w %\ld be add$ 9 reg>d to s(t *alk z a build+ mat]ial4 ,:]e x c be obta9$ 9 ! g>d5 at a few in*es dep?1 & especially :]e ! cottag] is 8 own ar*itect & build]1 x c be mo/ he>tily recomm5d$1 b !re are obvi\s objections to its transportation to di/ricts :]e x is =eign4 ,! village itself is a v homely & irregul> "o )\t a s+le dwell+ ( any pret5ce4 ,! c\ntry ly+ adjac5t to ,salisbury ,pla9 consi/s ( brok51 sp>sely peopl$ d[nl&1 & v ornate or f9i%$ cottages w\ld be out ( keep+1 b !y w\ld n look s well copi$ 9 a v ri*1 heavily timb]$ c\ntry4 ,,rats ,,& ,,*alk ,note4--,conglom]ate *alk is1 l cob1 vuln]able to ! attacks ( a really det]m9$ rat4 ,! out] def5ces provid$ by ! ext]ior r5d]+ c be back$ up by ! mix+ 9 ( brok5 glass or %>p fl9ts ) ! sub/ance ( ! wall1 :]e su* attacks are likely4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>% ,c\rt1 ,hamp%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,brick-&-*alk ,vault+ at ! ,dean]y ,g>d51 ,sonn+ ,headnote3 ,block ,*alk ,,block ,,*alk ,*alk is a t]m some:at loosely us$ to d5ote ! s(t :ite lime/one--! ,creta ,scriptoria--t is c\s9 to ,m>l on "o side & to ,rag/one on ! o!r4 ,9 its pure/ =m *alk consi/s ( ov] #ie p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ! =m ( f9e granul> p>ticles held toge!r by a calc>e\s cem5t1 its organic orig9 be+ cle>ly trac$ 9 ! rema9s ( ! m9ute sea creatures ) :i* x ab\nds4 ,hewn blocks ( *alk h be5 us$ = wall+ & vault+ f immemorial times1 &1 :]e n expos$ to direct erosion by ! wea!r1 rema9 to ?is day z clean-cut z :5 !y 7 fir/ qu>ri$ & a v great deal h>d]4 ,! fill+ 9 ( ! great vaults at ,salisbury ,ca!dral & 9 ! ,bi%op's ,palace are ( *alk1 :il/ innum]able less] build+s ( m or less antiquity /ill rema9 to u z monum5ts to ! excell5ce & durability ( ?is /one4 ,*alk1 too1 0 (t5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) fl9t or brick to build ! engag+ *equ]-"w walls t embelli% s _m d[nl& villages4 ,at ,m$m5ham !re are cottages bo? old & new ( hewn rock *alk1 & bo? ! ,b]ks & ,bucks banks ( ! ,?ames h _m build+s to %[ ( ?is beautiful mat]ial4 ,among/ pres5t-day ar*itects ,sir ,edw9 ,luty5s 0 ! fir/ to give hewn *alk an opportunity ( %[+ its quality 9 s]i\s ar*itecture1 ,m>% ,c\rt 9 ,hamp%ire be+ an in/ance ( m ?an local celebrity4 ,9 ! great walls at ! ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]'s palace1 ,f>nham ,ca/le 9 ,surrey1 ! old build]s appe> to h us$ bricks1 lime/one & *alk prop]1 accord+ z ! sev]al mat]ials 7 deliv]$1 q indiff]5tly1 & ) results altoge!r delightful4 ,n all *alk is suitable = build+1 t ne> ! surface be+ (t5 f> gone 9 decay & mu* too friable = su* a purpose4 ,ev5 :5 app>5tly s\nd blocks h be5 gott5 !y are n infrequ5tly f\nd to be cross$ 9 all directions by planes ( weakness along :i* !y are apt to fall to pieces 9 ! h&l+4 ,f ?is cause ! wa/e is sometimes consid]able4 ,! well-kn[n build+ /ones f ! qu>ries ( ,be]1 ,sutton1 & ,tott5hoe 9 ,devon%ire are really *alk1 b 9 a =m n readily di/+ui%able f ord9>y free-/one4 ,! long] t *alk blocks are kept to dry be=e build+-9 ! bett]1 & ! sun & w9d ( at lea/ a ye> %\ld be all[$ free play ^u !m to dry out _! natural sap & r5d] !m fro/-pro(4 ,dur+ ! dry+-out process ! *alk %\ld1 if possible1 be protect$ f ! ra94 ,= ye>s aft] be+ built into ! walls ( a h\se1 *alk w cont9ue to dry & h>d54 ,b x is ess5tially a some:at por\s mat]ial1 & w quickly rev5ge itself on ^? neglect+ its j dem&s = a s\nd ro( & a prop] damp-c\rse4 ,9 expos$ situations new *alk wall+ is liable to all[ ! p5etration ( moi/ure "u ! pressure ( ! w9d unless a cavity is provid$ or unless ! surface is treat$ ) a silicate or o!r vitrify+ fluid4 ,*alk1 h[ev]1 has "o %9+ virtue 9 common ) its great anti!sis--x improves mightily ) keep+4 ,*alk walls sometimes h y\?ful vices 9 ! way ( porosity t entirely disappe> ) advanc+ ye>s ?r\gh ! clos+ up ( ! surface pores1 :i* ev5tually makes a cavity & inn] l9+ sup]flu\s4 ,,iv ,,unburn$ ,,clay ,,& ,,e>? ,,bricks ,,sun-,,dri$ ,,bricks ,! use ( sun-dri$ bricks 9 ?is c\ntry1 is1 = no v app>5t reason1 almo/ entirely re/rict$ to ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,!re x has be5 us$ = g5]ations ) entirely satisfactory results4 ,mr4 ,skipp] ( ,norwi* writes ( ! mat]ial z foll[s3 99 99 99 ,:o1 travell+ f ,norfolk to ,london1 :e!r by ! ,ipswi* or ,cambridge l9e1 has n notic$ ! num]\s col\r-wa%$ or black 7t>r$7 cottage1 f>mh\se & agricultural build+s scatt]$ practically all along ! c\ntryside8 ,"s ( ^! are ( /udwork & pla/]1 "s ( wattle & daub1 b _m are built ( clay made up into lumps1 sun-dri$1 & built into ! walls ) a s(t clay-mixture z mort>4 ,no lime ne$ be us$1 ?\gh sometimes x is mix$ ) ! clay mort>4 ,! prep>ation1 digg+1 exposure & mix+ ) %ort /raw are simil> to ! ,devon%ire 'cob' "w1 b 9 ^! p>ts ! work$ clay is ?r[n into m\lds1 & lumps are =m$ (1 say1 #ah 94 by #ab 94 by #f 941 or #ah 94 by #i 94 by #f 94 = l>ge sizes1 & = inside wall+ or back+ to brick-fac$ walls1 #ah 94 by #f 94 by #f 94 ,! walls1 naturally1 are r\gh 9 texture & ! jo9ts are g5]ally /opp$ up & besme>$ ) a ?9 coat+ or almo/ a wa% ( clay4 ,?is coat+ sometimes has lime mix$ ) x1 b x is n necess>y4 ,?is is all t is ne$$ to complete ! wall+1 & !re is a build+--a malt+1 t any "o c see at ,tivet%all ,/ation on ! ,ipswi* l9e1 ab\t #bjj ft4 long1 #de ft4 or #ej ft4 wide & ?ree floors high1 built ( lumps #ah 94 by #ab 94 by #f 94--t has /ood ! wea!r & weight ( its ro( = =ty ye>s built 9 ?is way2 #ab 94 is ! ?ickness ( its walls4 ,a fur!r /age 9 f9i% is to give ! walls two or ?ree coats ( coal t>1 b x is n ess5tial1 ?\gh desirable :]e /ock are kept1 z cattle are r fond ( lick+ ! clay1 & !y d n use _! horns mu* :5 walls are t>r$4 ,! highe/ f9i% 9 ?is "w is to ca/ s& on ! la/ coat+ ( t> be=e x is q dry1 & !n to col\r or :itewa% on ?is4 ,?is acc\nts = ! v>iety ( col\r+s se5 9 ^! build+s1 "s ev5 ( a k9d ( p9k or r$2 :ile "s yell[ or buff1 beside ! :ite & ! black or t>r$ build+s1 & all huddl$ toge!r or /&+ ap>t1 :e!r cov]$ ) ?at* or r$ pan or flat tiles1 look rem>kably 9 h>mony ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,^! lump walls are1 ( c\rse1 built on a base ( brickwork1 ab\t #ah 94 or #b ft4 high1 to keep !m free f damp4 ,?is k9d ( wall+ c be built = at lea/ #ae p] c5t4 or #bj p] c5t4 *eap] ?an ord9>y #i 94 brickwork4 ,?9 z ^! walls are comp>$ ) ^? ( 'cob' h\ses1 !y are not$ = be+ w>m 9 w9t] & cool 9 summ]4 ,:5 suitable clay is procurable a local build] almo/ inv>iably uses clay lumps :5 build+ a h\se = himself1 ?\gh to gratify a :im p]haps1 he w case ! outside walls--especially ! front next ! /reet or road--) brickwork4 ,b clay lumps he c>efully res]ves = inside walls & weight-c>ry+ l9+s to ! outside walls1 bond+ ! two toge!r v mu* 9 ! same way z two #d-a_/b 94 'cavity walls' are bond$4 ,i am n sugge/+ t ?is wall+ is z int]e/+ arti/ically z 'cob1' b ,i d sugge/ x is a practical1 s5sible & dry wall+1 & if prop]ly done x w 'la/ = ev]1' z a local build] repeat$ly said to me :5 speak+ ( x4 ,"o c easily see :y ! co/ is light--! sun & ! w9ds d ! dry+ 9 ! spr+ mon?s1 & no coals are requir$1 & also ! clay is (t5 f\nd on ! build+ site1 h5ce no c>tage4 ,actual build+ "w naturally goes quickly1 z ! lumps are l>ge4 ,!re is ano!r important po9t to notice4 ,"o may see a build+ complete ) its ro( on & occupi$ by its t5ant :ile /ill await+ an outside cas+ ( brickwork to be built r\nd x1 ei!r ) a view to great] protection or = ! m]e vanity ( ! own]1 = :ile ?us left unprotect$ ! lump walls take no h>m f ev5 w9t] exposure4 ,n[ to be q practical 9 ^! extremely practical days1 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! use ( clay lumps at lea/ = inside walls & l9+s ( outside walls w\ld be an imm5se boon to ! num]\s cottage-build+ s*emes n[ be+ project$4 ,we mu/ n =get t comp>atively few bricks w be available ?is ye>1 :ile ! cottages are want$ at once4 ,c ^! few bricks be bett] us$ ?an by =m+ f\ndations & *imneys = ! clay-lump walls ( ^! cottages8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! cottages c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be occupi$ 9 ! late summ] or autumn ( ?is ye>1 & next ye> :5 bricks w be m pl5tiful p]haps ! brick cas+s c\ld be add$1 if brickwork mu/ complete !m4 ,i make ?is /rictly utilit>ian sugge/ion solely to meet a v urg5t & deep national ne$4 ,p]sonally1 ,i pref] ! sight ( a cottage built & f9i%$ 9 ! old-e/abli%$ me?od ( ! locality4 ,unskill$ lab\r only is requir$1 work+ "u intellig5t sup]vision1 h5ce imm$iate employm5t = a great numb] ( m5 w\ld be provid$4 ,headnote3 ,use = ,unskill$ ,lab\r 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,once ,corn ,hall1 n[ ,c\ncil ,s*ool4 ,built ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,/ill 9 s\nd condition & q dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,r[ ( ,clay-lump ,cottages4 ,! front has be5 pla/]$ & panell$ out4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! /able build+1 se5 9 ! =egr\nd1 ! clay-lumps are %[n expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,eng9e]+ ,work%ops4 ,built tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! walls are ?or\ghly s\nd1 despite con/ant vibration1 & are p]fectly dry1 except ! brick face1 :i* 0 add$ = effect4 ,! use ( sun-dri$ bricks = ! int]ior p>titions ( cob & pise cottages is wor? consid]ation1 z ! nature ( ^! mat]ials dem&s a ?ickness ( wall :i* is too wa/eful ( space to be acceptable 9 m]e p>tition+4 ,( ! /r5g? ( clay-lump walls1 !re is no "q4 ,x 0 rec5tly necess>y to cut a new doorway 9 ! old clay-lump wall ( a l>ge traction-eng9e g>age1 & ! blocks remov$ 7 ?r[n into a heap ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! clay happ5$ to be ne$$ = o!r purposes1 = :i* x _h fir/ to be brok5 up4 ,ord9>y hamm]s prov$ entirely ineffective1 & x 0 n until heavy sl$ges 7 us$ t ! lumps c\ld be sma%$4 ,! tractor-h\se 9 "q is a l>ge build+ "s #be ft4 by #ajj ft41 c>ry+ a heavy ro( & con/antly subject$ to vibration by ! com+ & go+ ( ! tractors4 ,! walls are only #ab 94 ?ick1 )\t pi]s or re9=cem5ts ( any k9d1 & yet ! :ole build+1 :i* is #bf ft1 high at ! gables1 is z p]fect to-day z :5 fir/ erect$ "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,9 ! same t[n z ?is tractor-h\se1 ,ea/ ,h>l+ 9 ,norfolk1 is a c\ncil s*ool built ( clay lump 7conv]t$ f ! old ,corn ,hall71 app>5tly n a p9 ! worse = a c5tury ( h>d we>4 ,ne> by !re are a numb] ( private h\ses built ( ! same mat]ial1 "s ( !m reput$ to be upw>ds ( #bjj ye>s old & c]ta9 ( !m hav+ consid]able ar*itectural m]it4 ,headnote3 ,sub/antial & ,cool 7,extract f ,! ,f>m]s' ,h&book1 issu$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #aiaa7 ,adobe1 or ,sun-dri$ ,bricks ,z _! "n implies1 ^! build+s are con/ruct$ ( sun-dri$1 b unburnt bricks4 ,= build+s ( ?is "*1 mat]ial l clay1 :i* is unsuitable = pise-"w1 c be us$4 ,! bricks are made 9 a wood5 m\ld1 & are #af 94 long1 #h 94 wide1 & #f 94 ?ick4 ,a man c m\ld ab\t #ajj p] day4 ,!y are laid 9 a simil> mann] to o!r bricks1 ! mort> us$ be+ wet loam1 or ev5 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! bricks are made4 ,! co/ ( mak+ & lay+ is e/imat$ at ab\t #aes4 p] #ajj4 ,build+s con/ruct$ ( ^! bricks are sub/antial & cool1 & v simil> 9 "* to pise build+s4 ,a s*ool-h\se built ( ^! bricks eighte5 ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,nixon1 ( ,reefton1 is /ill 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation2 9 fact1 little1 if any1 ! worse = we>1 despite ! fact t walls are unprotect$ by v]&ahs or ov]hang+ eaves4 ,dur+ its exi/5ce x has _h1 fir/ "o coat ( oil-pa9t1 & lat] a coat ( col\r$ limewa%4 99 99 99 ,clay lump1 !n1 is "o ( ! _m good old build+ me?ods t ne$s no prov+1 b only revival & p]haps improvem5t4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,:itewa% ,:itewa%+ has be5 frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ pages z ! mo/ suitable treatm5t = ! ext]ior ( *alk & e>? build+s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 prejudice aga9/ lime-:it+ among/ bo? own]s & occupi]s1 ow+ to ! frequ5t r5ewal t its adoption usually implies4 ,) a view to remov+ ?is drawback f a treatm5t o!rwise s effective1 ! foll[+ recipes are sugge/$ z improvem5ts on ! usual practice4 ,ord9>y :itewa% is made by slak+ ab\t #aj lbs4 ( quicklime ) two gallons ( wat]4 ,! foll[+ recipes are tak5 f ,:ite ,pa9ts & ,pa9t+ 7,scott71 & are reliable3 7#a7 ,factory ,:itewa% 7int]iors71 = ,walls1 ,ceil+s1 ,po/s1 etc43 7a7 #fb lbs4 7#a bu%el7 quicklime1 slake ) #ae gallons wat]4 ,keep b>rel cov]$ till /eam ceases to arise4 ,/ir occasionally to prev5t scor*+4 7b7 #b-a_/b lbs4 rye-fl\r1 beat up 9 #a_/b gallon ( cold wat]1 !n add #b gallons boil+ wat]4 7c7 #b-a_/b lbs4 ( common rock-salt1 dissolve 9 #b-a_/b gallons ( hot wat]4 ,mix 7b7 & 7c71 !n p\r into 7a71 & /ir until all is well mix$4 ,?is is ! :itewa% us$ 9 ! l>ge implem5t factories1 & recomm5d$ by ! insurance companies4 ,! above =mula gives a product ( p]fect bru% consi/5cy4 7#b7 ,wea!rpro( ,:itewa% 7ext]iors71 = ,build+s1 ,f5ces1 etc43 7a7 #fb lbs4 7#a bu%el7 quicklime1 slake ) #ab gallons ( hot wat]4 7b7 #b lbs4 common table salt1 #a lb4 sulphate ( z9c1 dissolv$ 9 a gallon ( boil+ wat]4 7c7 #b gallons skimm$ milk4 ,p\r 7b7 into 7a71 !n add ! milk 7c71 & mix ?or\ghly4 7#c7 ,light ,h\se ,:itewa%3 7a7 #fb lbs4 7#a bu%el7 quicklime1 slake ) #ab gallons ( hot wat]4 7b7 #ab gallons rock-salt1 dissolve 9 #f gallons ( boil+ wat]4 7c7 #f lbs4 ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,p\r 7b7 into 7a71 & !n add 7c74 99 99 99 ,note4--,alum add$ to a lime :itewa% prev5ts x rubb+ (f4 ,an ounce to ! gallon is suffici5t4 ,fl\r pa/e answ]s ! same purpose1 b ne$s z9c sulphate z a pres]vative4 ,! foll[+ are f #a1jjj ,m ,pa9t ,que/ions ,answ]$3 7#d7 ,durable ,:itewa% = ,outside ,use4--,a :itewa% t w n rub (f or wa% (f 9 ra9y wea!r c be made by mix+ "o half-p9t ( fl\r to a batt] ) cold wat]1 !n /irr+ into ?is boil+ wat] until x becomes a ?ick pa/e4 ,:ile /ill hot x is p\r$ into a pailful ( ready-made lime :itewa% & well /irr$ 94 7#e7 ,ano!r simple me?od is to add to #b gallons ( ready-made lime :itewa% "o half-p9t ea* ( molasses & table salt4 ,mu/ be /irr$ frequ5tly :ile be+ us$4 ,:itewa% = ,ext]ior ,surfaces4--,a =mula = a durable :itewa% = out-build+s ( r\gh lumb]4 ,! foll[+ is repr9t$ f ,popul> ,me*anics3 7#f7 ,place #a bu%el good fre% lime 9 a b>rel ) #bj lbs4 beef tall[2 slake ) hot wat] & cov] ) sackclo? to keep 9 /eam4 ,:5 ! lime is slak$1 ! tall[ w h disappe>$1 hav+ =m$ a *emical comp\nd ) ! lime4 ,dry col\rs may be add$ to produce any t9t desir$4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,exp]im5ts & te/s c>ri$ out = ! au?or by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5tific & ,indu/rial ,rese>* place ?is receipt at ! head ( ! li/4 ,x is bett] to add col\r be=e slak+ ! lime1 b if ?is is n feasible mix ! col\r ) alcohol & add x to ! /ra9$ :itewa%4 ,?9 to easy fl[+ consi/5cy ) cle> wat]4 ,headnote3 ,di/emp]s & ,limewa%es ,cold ,wat] ,pa9t t w /& ! ,wea!r4--,a =mula = mak+ a :ite outside coat+ t w resi/ ! action ( ! wea!r & rema9 h>d ev5 "u ! influ5ce ( moi/ure & ra94 ,exp]im5ts ) diff]5t br&s ( cold wat] pa9ts h prov$ failures4 ,a really effective cold wat] pa9t1 9 ord] to resi/ ! elem5ts & rema9 :ite1 %\ld conta9 a :ite pigm5t ( good body & "s oil 9 addition to ! wat]1 & ) ?is purpose 9 view ! foll[+ is sugge/$3 7#g7 ,to make #ajj lbs4 ( su* pa9t1 mix #aj lbs4 :ite1 pure 9 oil1 ) #aj lbs4 bolt$ :it+1 #h lbs4 raw l9se$ oil1 #f lbs4 s(t soap 7made ) pota%71 & #bf lbs4 s(t wat]4 ,"o qu>t ( pale copal v>ni% w improve ! prep>ation4 ,! =mula giv5 is ( ! "r consi/5cy to apply on dress$ lumb] ) ! bru%4 ,= application on r\gh lumb] or ) ! spray+ ma*9e x requires m ?9n+ ) wat] & v>ni%4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f ,pe>ce's ,pa9t+ & ,decorat+3 7#h7 ,a ,london recipe = di/emp] has ! foll[+ proportions3 #d balls :it+1 #b lbs4 ,"y's pat5t size1 & suffici5t wat] to cov] ! :it+4 7#i7 ,a ,scot* di/emp] is describ$ z3 #ab lbs4 :it+1 size z giv5 previ\sly1 #b ozs4 alum1 #b ozs4 s(t soap4 ,x is v fa/1 = passages1 s*ools1 etc4 ,t9t+ col\rs = limewa% %\ld be re/rict$ to o*res1 umb]s1 lime blue1 lime gre5s1 *>coal or lamp black1 & e>?y r$s 7z ,v5etian74 7#aj7 ,ext]nal limewa% = f>m build+s1 etc41 may be made z foll[s3 ,lime1 #a_/b bu%el1 slak$ ) #a gallon ( milk & rema9d] ( wat]1 #a lb4 salt & #a_/b lb4 sulphate ( z9c to make x )/& ! wea!r4 ,exp]im5ts ) & practical te/s ( ^! & o!r k9ds ( :itewa% are be+ c>ri$ out1 & ! au?or hopes t he may f9d opportunity at "s lat] date ( ann\nc+ ! results obta9$4 ,headnote3 ,local ,mat]ials ,,ii ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,us+ ,,local ,,mat]ials 7,extract f ,c\ntry ,life1 ,novemb] #i?1 #aiah7 #cjj1jjj ,,cottages ,,w\ld ,,entail ,,! ,,transport ,,( #fj1jjj1jjj ,,tons ,,( ,,mat]ial ,9 c>ry+ out any consid]able s*eme ( h\se build+ two difficulties w h to be met4 ,! fir/ arises f ! sc>city ( build+ mat]ial2 ! o!r f ! co/ & difficulty ( transport4 ,^!1 to "s ext5t1 c be obviat$ by ! use ( local mat]ial1 :i* is to be comm5d$ on o!r gr\nds z well4 ,local mat]ial fits into ! "* ( ! neighb\rhood 9 :i* x is f\nd & ma9ta9s its traditions4 ,v few p realise ! bulk ( mat]ials1 & 9 ord] to help !m ! foll[+ /atem5t has be5 prep>$ to %[ ! mat]ials ne$$ = ea* cottage & ! total = #cjj1jjj cottages3 ,mat]ials4 ,weight4 ,p] ,"o ,cottage4 ,p] #cjj1jjj4 ,tons4 ,cwts4 ,qrs4 7,tons47 ,balla/1 s&1 gravel #gh #ag #j #bc1fee1jjj ,lime #e #ah #j #a1ggj1jjj ,cem5t #ab #h #j #c1gbj1jjj ,bricks #he #j #j #be1ejj1jjj ,slates = ,d4,p4,c #j #aj #b #aeg1ejj ,*imney-pots #j #j #c #aa1bej ,tiles #g #b #b #b1acg1ejj ,c>cass+ timb] #g #j #j #b1ajj1jjj ,complete jo9]y timb] #a #ab #j #dhj1jjj ,ca/-iron ra9-wat] goods & sundries #j #i #j #ace1jjj ,/oves1 copp]1 a%-b91 etc4 #j #e #b #hb1ejj ,nails1 screws1 etc4 #j #a #b #bb1ejj ,hair = pla/] #j #a #j #ae1jjj ,lead fla%+s1 etc4 #j #b #a #cc1gej ,s9k1 wa/e pipes1 dra9+ bo>ds1 etc4 #j #b #a #cc1gej ,sanit>y goods #j #a #j #ae1jjj ,:it5+1 di/emp] & pa9t #j #c #a #dh1gej --------- ---------- ,total #aii #ad #b #ei1iag1ejj --------- ---------- ,x w be se5 t to c>ry out ! s*eme = #cjj1jjj cottages a total ( close on #fj1jjj1jjj tons ( mat]ial w h to be %ift$4 ,9 addition to t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! co/ ( mat]ial is v small 9 comp>ison ) t ( build+4 ,?is w be app>5t f an analysis ( ! items employ$ = actual co/ & ! p]c5tage :i* t co/ be>s to ! total co/4 ,cottages erect$ #aiab 7semi-deta*$73 total int]ior area ( cottage1 #ggb ft4 sup]1 7p>l\r1 kit*51 scull]y & ?ree b$rooms1 coal & ,w4,c473 ,p] ,h\se4 ,no4 ,item4 ,actual ,co/4 ,p] c5t4 ( ,total ,co/4 #a4 ,sundries #h #b4ff #b4 ,f\ndations #af #e4bh #c4 ,ext]nal & p>ty walls 7a7 #gg #be4da ,w9d[s & doors 7b7 #bc #g4ei #d4 ,int]nal p>titions #cf #aa4hh #e4 ,gr\nd floor #ah #e4id #f4 ,upp] floor #bb #g4bf #g4 ,ro( & ra9-wat] goods #cd #a4bb #h4 ,*imney & fireplaces #cj #i4ij #i4 ,sanit>y fitt+s1 wat] supply & dra9age #ai #f4bg #aj4 ,/aircases #aa #c4fc #aa4 ,fitt+s #f #a4ih ---- ,total ,l#cjj ,^! facts help to cl>ify ! problem4 ,! weight ( ! build+ mat]ials requir$ = an ord9>y cottage ) liv+-room1 p>l\r1 scull]y1 ?ree b$rooms1 etc41 ! h\se conta9+ cubic cont5ts ( ab\t #aa1ejj ft41 w\ld come approximately to #bjj tons p] cottage2 & ev5 assum+ t !re is only an av]age transport ( fifty miles1 ?is w\ld give #aj1jjj ton-miles p] rural cottage1 :i* is tak+ x at a v l[ av]age4 ,9 ea* cottage ! weight ( ! brickwork repres5ts ab\t #db p] c5t4 ( ! total weight4 ,x is1 !re=e1 app>5t t e ef=t %\ld be made to less5 ! transit ( mat]ials requir$ = ! ext]nal wall+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 local mat]ials are employ$1 ?is c>riage w\ld be sav$ & a great economy effect$4 ,ev5 if ?is utilit>ian consid]ation 7 n s important z x is1 ! desirability ( mak+ all possible use ( local mat]ials is v great f o!r po9ts ( view4 ,x w\ld /imulate local int]e/ 9 build+ &1 9 addition to reta9+ ! traditions ( ! di/rict1 give great] hope ( reta9+ & ma9ta9+ ! prop] ar*itectural aspect ( our villages4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to summ>ise ! advantages t may fairly be expect$ to fl[ f ?is endeav\r to make a real />t at f9d+ a solution = ! h\s+ difficulty4 ,fir/ & =emo/ mu/ be plac$ ! sav+ 9 transport4 ,a casual read] may easily imag9e t ! difficulties ( c>riage w vani% ) ! end ( ! w>1 b t is n s 9 reality4 ,any "o :o has travell$ 9 ,france mu/ h notic$ eng9es be>+ su* names z ,liv]pool ,/reet1 ,k+'s ,cross1 ,eu/on1 ,birm+ham1 & s on4 ,! mean+ ( t is t a great deal ( our roll+ /ock 0 s5t ov] to ,france1 & at ! be/ w n be available "h = a long "t to come4 ,ev5 ! ord9>y "w ( upkeep & repair has necess>ily be5 neglect$ ow+ to ! sc>city ( m5 & o!r causes incid5tal to w>-"t4 ,transport difficulties are b\nd to la/ = a v consid]able p]iod aft] ! peace settlem5t1 & x w\ld n be at all advisable to delay ! con/ruction ( h\ses s long4 ,! return$ soldi]s w make u vividly consci\s ( ! %ortage4 ,no?+ c\ld be imag9$ m likely to make !m look = *ances ( go+ abroad ?an to le>n t !re is n suffici5t h\s+ accommodation = !m 9 ! village 9 :i* !y liv$ be=e ! w>1 & to :i* !y hop$ to return on its conclusion4 ,headnote3 ,co/ p] ,foot ,cube ,,iii ,,extract ,,f ,a ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,c\ntry ,,life1 ,,july #bg?1 #aiah ,%ortly be=e ! w> ,i _h occasion to demoli% "s v old cottages at ,clovelly = ! recon/ruction ( ! ,new ,inn4 ,i 0 s mu* /ruck ) ! /ability ( ^! 7al?\gh by no means fir/-class samples ( cob "w7 t ,i collect$ "s facts & notes on ! subject f diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\nty ( ,devon4 ,:]e bye-laws h be5 adopt$1 cob is no long] be+ us$4 ,x is difficult1 !re=e1 to give an accurate comp>ison ( co/s1 b aft] c>eful inve/igation ,i did arrive at ! foll[+ results = ,nor? ,devon & ,scotl&4 ,! prices 7 9 #aiac1 & 9 bo? cases = a five-room$ cottage 7assum+ f\r to be built at ! same "t1 includ+ int]nal wat] supply1 b omitt+ any special "w necess>y to procure supply1 & omitt+ f5c+74 ,co/ p] foot cube ,co/ p] foot cube cob at #b ft4 #f 94 #aa 94 holl[ brick4 ?ick4 ,nor? ,devon #f-a_/b;d4 #e-g_/h;d4 ,scotl& #f;d4 #f;d4 ,^! prices assum$ suitable mat]ial on or ne> site1 & all[$ some?+ = ! difficulty ( gett+ at lea/ "o exp]i5c$ cob-work] to in/ruct ! unskill$ m54 ,s9ce #aiac ! co/ ( brick has ris5 s mu* t cob w\ld n[ be mu* *eap]1 probably z mu* z #a;d4 or #a-a_/d;d4 foot cube 9 bo? cases1 & ?is is likely to be ! case = _m ye>s4 ,suitable mat]ial exi/s 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,if re$ /raw _c be _h1 o!r re9=cem5ts c be us$4 ,i h se5 v>i\s mat]ials 9 use1 ( :i* hea!r 0 p]haps ! be/ & mo/ easily procur$4 ,i c endorse f exp]i5ce ! com=t ( ^! old build+s1 & ! affection ( ,devon p = !m4 ,! ?ick walls give all t a h\se %\ld--protection f heat 9 summ] & cold 9 w9t]4 ,= ! contra/1 visit ! new ,g>d5 ,city at ,rosy?4 ,_m ( ! h\ses are attractive1 b _! ?9 brick walls1 tile & slate hang+ are n suitable to ! nor? & ea/ coa/s4 ,ask ! op9ion ( ! occupants ( ^! new h\ses4 ,_m ( !m are ,devon born & br$1 & import$ f ! docky>ds ( ! ?ree t[ns4 ,!y ne>ly all compla9 ( ! cold1 & _! views =m an int]e/+ comm5t on mod]n con/ruction4 ,,iv ,,pise ,,te/s 7,) ackn[l$gem5ts to ,! ,spectator7 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,alban ,ri*>ds ,co4 we are able to publi% ! results ( c]ta9 v in/ructive te/s t h be5 c>ri$ out on ,pise dur+ ! pa/ w9t]4 ,messrs4 ,ri*>d's exp]i5ce & ,report br+ out two po9ts ) especial cle>ness1 7#a7 ,t ,pise "w1 ?\gh n impossible "u w9t] conditions1 is n ord9>ily desirable unless "s means ( artificially dry+ ! e>? be resort$ to4 7#b7 ,t ! /r5g? ( ,pise increases ) surpris+ rapidity z ! "w dries out4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t none ( ! samples te/$ 7 made f really good ,pise soil1 su* = in/ance z ! r$ m>ls or brick e>?s4 ,) su* mat]ials or any?+ approa*+ !m1 ! results w\ld h be5 ev5 bett]1 z ! ,report po9ts out3-- ,9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,williams-,ellis1 we h made c]ta9 te/s ) a view to satisfy+ ourselves z to ! practicability ( pise de t]re = h\se con/ruction4 ,9 ord] to obta9 :at we might t]m ! m9imum or 'wor/' te/s1 we decid$ to erect walls = ?is purpose 9 ! w9t]4 ,?is we h done = ! la/ ?ree mon?s1 :i* has be5 a v wet p]iod1 & ! foll[+ is a %ort description ( ! te/s we h made3-- #a4 ,two walls 7 erect$ measur+ #ad ft4 long1 #i ft4 high & #ah 94 ?ick1 spac$ #bj ft4 ap>t1 ) %ort return ends to ea* wall4 ,wall plates 7 plac$ c5trally along ! top ( ea* wall1 on :i* 7 plac$ #i 94 by #c 94 wood joi/s1 at #af 94 c5tres1 across ! #bj ft span4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! m9imum results we all[$ ! %utt]s to rema9 until ! te/ 0 ready to be appli$1 s t walls did n h an opportunity ( dry+ or h>d5+4 ,?is condition 0 ?\ght necess>y1 z x is q reasonable to expect t if pise de t]re cottages are erect$1 consid]able weight might be plac$ on ! walls imm$iately ! %utt]+ is /ruck4 ,we !n proce$$ to te/ ! walls to de/ruction4 ,! floor space provid$ = by ! joi/s ref]r$ to above measure #bbj sup]4 feet1 ! load 0 !n appli$ gradually4 ,! load appli$ totall$ #af-a_/b tons1 :i* is equival5t ( #afh lbs4 p] sup]4 foot ( floor space1 "u :i* ! wall collaps$1 :i*1 9 our op9ion1 provides a factor ( safety ( ?ree to ! normal load :i* a cottage floor w\ld h to be>4 ,we are conv9c$ t v mu* bett] results c be obta9$ 9 ?is me?od ( con/ruction ) walls :i* 7 fir/ dri$ be=e ! load 0 appli$4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts are to be made to procure fur!r data on ?is subject4 ,9 addition to ! above te/s1 we h submitt$ to ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory1 blocks made ( pise de t]re1 f poor to m$ium soil1 = te/+ purposes1 & ! foll[+ are ! results :i* h be5 obta9$3-- ,! foll[+ ,report %[s results ( ,te/s made by ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory4 ,headnote3 ,pise ,te/s ,,report ,,on ,,te/s ,,( ,,build+ ,,blocks ,,( ,,pise ,,de ,,t]re ,,s5t ,,= ,,te/ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,w4 ,,alban ,,ri*>ds ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,te/s made on ,janu>y #ad1 #aibj4 ,fir/ set ( ?ree blocks s5t 9 ,novemb] #aiai4 ,^! blocks 7 compos$ ( a f9e gravel conta9+ v few & v small /ones4 ,! mat]ial 0 said to be simil> to t us$ at ,m]r[ ,d[n1 ne> ,guild=d1 ,surrey4 ,x appe>$ to be v simil> to ,f>nham gravel4 ,! blocks 7 te/$ 9 compression1 "o )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( arrival at ! laboratory1 & ! o!rs aft] dry+ = a "t 9 ! laboratory4 ,= results ( te/s see ,table ,i4 ,,table ,i ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,load4 ,age ,area,d5sity------------ 9 9 lbs4 9 tons ,dim5sions dayssq4 p] 9 p] ,no4 ,m>ks4 9 in*es4 99 ft4 c4 ft4 tons sq4 ft4 ,,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,ut#a #c #ix#ix#i #a 4#efb #aca #j4gj #a4ff ,crack$ #a4jd #b4dg ,collaps$ ,,ut#b #a #h4ix#h4ix#h4i #i 4#eej #abe #d4bg #aj4ej ,collaps$ ,,ut#c #b #h4iex#h4iex#h4ieaf 4#eef #aag #b4ca #e4eg ,small #d4bc #aj4bj cracks appe>$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 993 ,age aft] arrival at laboratory4 ,second set ( blocks s5t 9 ,decemb] #aiai4 ,?is set consi/$ ( six blocks 9 ?ree pairs1 ea* pair hav+ be5 ramm$ ) a diff]5t quantity ( wat]4 ,"o ( ea* pair 0 te/$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( arrival at ! laboratory1 & ! o!rs aft] dry+ 9 ! laboratory = tw5ty-six days4 ,! mat]ial us$ 0 n homog5e\s1 & ! mixture consi/$ ( a v clayey loam1 a fibr\s loam1 s& & l>ge /ones4 ,! clayey mat]ial gave rise to surface cracks z ! blocks dri$4 ,= results ( te/s see ,table ,,ii4 ,,table ,,ii ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,load4 ,age ,area,d5sity------------ 9 9 lbs4 9 tons ,dim5sions dayssq4 p] 9 p] ,no4 ,m>ks4 9 in*es4 99 ft4 c4 ft4 tons sq4 ft4 ,,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,vw#a #a #h4ix#ix#h4e #a 4#eee #ajf #j4de #j4ha ,crack$ at dry "o corn] #j4ea #j4ib ,collaps$ ,,vw#b #b #ix#ix#i #bf 4#efb #aje #b4ae #c4hd ,collaps$4 dry ,mat]ial q dry 9 int]ior ,,vw#c #c #i4ax#i4ax#h4i #a 4#egj #acd #j4ee #j4if ,collaps$ wet ,,vw#d #d #h4hx#h4hx#h4i #bf 4#edf #aaj #c4bj #e4hf ,collaps$4 wet ,mat]ial q dry 9 int]ior ,,vw#e #e #ix#h4ix#i #a 4#eeh #abf #j4fj #a4jh ,bulg$ & m$ium crack$ #j4fi #a4bd ,collaps$ ,,vw#f #f #h4hx#h4hx#g #bf 4#edf #aji #c4cc #f4aj ,collaps$4 m$ium ,mat]ial slightly damp 9 ! int]ior ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 993 ,age aft] arrival at laboratory4 ,seal ( ,,national ,,physical ,,laboratory ,signature ( ,director ,f ! second set ( blocks x w\ld appe> t x is bett] to ram ) too mu* moi/ure ?an ) too little4 ,x w be not$ t ! d5sity ( ! wet block 0 #cj p] c5t4 m ?an t ( ! dry block1 s t a wall c\ld be c>ri$ high] ) ! dry mat]ial ?an ) ! wet1 al?\gh su* a wall w\ld nev] ga9 ! /r5g? :i* a wet "o w\ld ^u dry+4 ,,conclusions ,we are ( op9ion1 hav+ reg>d to ! fact t ! h\se at ,newl&s ,corn] 7,guild=d f\r miles7 has wea!r$ ! w9t]1 )\t %[+ any signs ( dampness1 t pise de t]re w make a ?or\ghly dry h\se4 ,we consid] t ! te/s made are satisfactory1 & prove t ?is =m ( con/ruction is ( a suffici5tly s\nd nature to be employ$ 9 ! build+ ( h\ses4 ,) really suitable mat]ial1 su* z a light brick-e>? or m>l1 x is consid]$ t ! results already obta9$ might well be #ajj p] c5t4 bett]4 ,we are in=m$ t additional te/s are n[ proce$+ ) reg>d to ! wat]-pro( & wea!r-resi/+ qualities ( ,pise1 ! results ( :i* w be duly publi%$4 ,,index ,,introduction3 ,*alk walls1 #ah ,*eap mat]ials1 ! se>* =1 #ac ,pise de craie1 #af1 #ag1 #ajg ,pise1 exp]im5ts )1 #ae 9 m\lds1 #ai1 #bj 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #bb1 #bc ,pl9y on ,pise de t]re1 #be ,ramm$ *alk1 #af1 #ag1 #ajg ,,g5]al ,,survey3 ,build+ mat]ials1 %ortage (1 #bf ,ersatz products introduc$ dur+ ! ,w>1 #bf ,h\se fam9e1 !1 #bg ,local mat]ials1 use (1 to avoid transport1 #bi ,luty5s1 ,sir ,edw91 & ,mr4 ,alban ,scott1 cottage by1 #cj ,rural h\s+1 suitability ( cob & pise =1 #bh ,i--,,cob3 ,all51 ,mr4 ,c4 ,b41 8 ref]5ce to ,devon cob1 quot$1 #dg ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,rev4 ,s41 on cob1 quot$1 #dg ,beauty ( cob1 #ce ,b]n>d1 ,mr4 ,*>les1 8 acc\nt ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's cob h\se1 #de1 #df ,book ( ! ,we/1 ,!1 by ,rev4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ref]5ce to cob 91 quot$1 #dg ,build+1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci ,c>p5try & jo9]y1 #da1 #db ,*imneys1 #dd ,cob tradition1 #eb ,composition1 #cf ,co/1 #ce1 #ej ,cottage-,build+1 ref]5ce to cob 91 quot$1 #dg ,c\ntry ,life1 lett] to1 relat+ to cob "w1 quot$1 #aae1 #aaf ,design1 #dd1 #de ,devon cob1 #dg ,dry+1 #ci ,elizabe?an cob h\ses /ill exi/+1 #cd ,=m] conditions return$1 #eb ,f\ndations & base1 #dj2 result ( bad1 #cd ,fruit walls1 ( cob1 #dg1 #dh ,ful=d1 ,mr41 ( ,great ,ful=d1 on cob1 #ej-eb ,gimson1 ,mr41 8 description ( build+ cob1 quot$1 #ce ,hayes ,b>ton1 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's h\se at1 #de1 #df ,hipp$ ro(s1 #da ,jo9]y1 #da1 #db1 #dc ,masonry & c>p5try1 #da1 #db ,me?od ( build+1 #cf-de ,mix+1 #cg ,nor?cote1 ,lady ,rosal9d1 h] description ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's h\se1 #df ,primitive me?ods1 #dg ,protection1 #dc ,protective wa%1 #ea ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walt]1 8 cob h\se at ,hayes ,b>ton1 #de1 #df ,rats1 #dd ,re$ ?at*1 #df ,r5d]+1 #ea ,ro(+1 #ea ,%utt]+1 #ea ,/r5g?1 #dd ,?ickness ( walls1 #dj ,traditional build+ mat]ial 9 ,devon & ,wessex1 #cc ,tra9+ ( ex-soldi]s1 #eb ,,ii--,,pise3 ,bolts1 #hf ,bond]s1 #fi ,build+ proc$ure1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd1 #ge ,capabilities1 #eg1 #eh ,corn]s1 #fh ,cyclopa$ia1 or ,univ]sal ,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,sci5ces1 & ,lit]ature1 on pise1 quot$1 #ei-ga ,damp-c\rse1 #hf ,def9ition ( ,pise de t]re1 #eg1 #ei ,durability1 #hb ,e>?work1 ,a ,manual on1 quot$1 #gc-gf ,emp&5i1 pise "w execut$ at1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,excavation1 #hf ,etah ,jail1 pise "w execut$ at1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh ,fillet1 #hg ,float+1 #hf ,f\ndations1 #gd ,frames1 #hg ,france1 introduction ( pise into1 #eg ,gorffon1 ,monsieur1 ref]5ce to 8 treatise on pise1 #eg ,hi/ory1 #eg ,indian & ,colonial practice1 #gc-hh ,introduc$ into ,france by ! ,romans1 #eg ,j\rnal de ,physique1 by ! ,abbe ,rozi]1 quot$1 #eh ,l9tels1 #hg ,locale1 #eh ,me?od ( build+1 #eh-fb ,me?od ( work+1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb ,new ,s\? ,wales1 pise "w 91 #ha-hh ,orig91 #eh ,picture-rail1 #hg ,plant requir$1 #he1 #hi1 #ij ,pla/]+1 #ge ,pl9y1 ref]5ces to 8 acc\nt ( pise1 #be1 #eg ,plugs1 #hf1 #hg ,protection1 #ge ,ra91 #fg ,ramm]1 !1 #ei1 #fj ,ramm+1 #fb1 #gf ,rate ( "w1 #fc ,r5d]+1 #gj ,rods v]sus b>s1 #ge1 #gf ,rozi]1 ! ,abbe1 8 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 quot$1 #eh ,%utt]+1 #ei1 #hh1 #hi ,%utt] ties1 #gc ,skirt+1 #hg ,soil bl5d+1 #fd prep>ation (1 #ff1 #fg suitable1 #fc1 #gd1 #hf te/s1 #fc to asc]ta9 quality (1 #fe ,spe$ ( build+1 #gj ,/ability1 #hb ,/r5g?1 #fi ,/udd+1 #hg1 #hh ,!ory & sci5ce ( pise1 !1 #fb-gc ,v5tilators1 #hf ,virtues ( pise1 #gb ,wire nett+1 use (1 #hg1 #hh ,,iii--,,*alk3 ,block *alk1 #aag1 #aah ,*alk compo/1 hi/orical1 #ajg composition & uses1 #ajh1 #aji ,*alk conglom]ate1 #aad ,*imneys1 #aaj ,ext]nal r5d]+1 #aaj ,fro/1 #aji ,g>d5 walls1 #aaa ,h\se walls1 #aab ,old & mod]n examples1 #aab-aae ,rats & *alk1 #aaf ,r5d]+1 #aaj ,repairs1 #aaj ,ro(1 #aaa ,/r5g?1 #aaj ,timb]1 #aji ,w9t]sl[ cottages1 !1 #aae1 #aaf ,,iv--,,unburn$ ,,clay ,,& ,,e>? ,,bricks3 ,adobe1 use (1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #abd ,age ( clay-lump build+s1 #abd ,ea/ ,anglia1 use ( sun-dri$ bricks 91 #aba ,me?od ( mak+1 #aba ,new ,s\? ,wales1 use ( sun-dri$ bricks 91 #abd ,skipp]1 ,mr41 on sun-dri$ bricks1 quot$1 #aba ,/r5g? ( clay-lump walls1 #abd ,?ickness ( clay-lump walls1 #abb-abd ,,app5dix3 ,cold-wat] pa9t1 recipe =1 #abi ,co/1 an analysis ( build+1 #aca ,c\ntry ,life1 lett] to1 relat+ to cob "w1 quot$1 #acb1 #acc ,di/emp]s1 recipes =1 #abi ,local mat]ials1 importance ( us+1 #acj1 #aca ,weight ( build+ mat]ials1 table (1 #acj ,:itewa%1 recipes =1 #abg1 #abh ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson & ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,rec5t ,additions to ! ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,libr>y4 ,! ,c\ntry ,life ,book ( ,cottages4 ,by ,,lawr5ce ,,weav]4 ,ne>ly #cjj pages & ov] #cjj illu/rations4 #i_/f net2 by po/1 #aj_/-4 ,small ,c\ntry ,h\ses3 ,_! ,repair & ,enl>gem5t4 ,by ,,lawr5ce ,,weav]4 ,=ty examples *os5 f five c5turies4 #cjj illu/rations4 ,l>ge qu>to1 #ah_/i net2 by po/1 #ai_/f4 ,anyone :o wi%es to adapt an old h\se = mod]n use w f9d mu* to le>n f ,mr4 ,weav]'s pages4 --,scotsman4 ,small ,c\ntry ,h\ses ( ,to-day4 7,second ,s]ies47 ,by ,,lawr5ce ,,weav]4 ,ov] #cjj illu/rations & plans4 ,l>ge qu>to1 #be_/- net2 by po/1 #bf_/-4 ,! ,fir/ & ,*ief ,gr\ndes ( ,ar*itecture4 ,by ,,john ,,%ute1 #aefc1 ) a hi/orical & critical introduction by ,,lawr5ce ,,weav]4 ,facsimile edition ( ! fir/ book on ar*itecture publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,folio1 half-b\nd 9 %eepsk91 #ah_/i net2 by po/1 #ai_/f4 ,h\ses & ,g>d5s by ,e4 ,l4 ,luty5s4 ,describ$ & criticis$ by ,,lawr5ce ,,weav]4 #djj folio pages1 & #fjj magnific5t illu/rations4 #bnd ,edition1 qu>t] buckram1 #ca_/c net2 half morocco1 #dc_/i net2 po/age #aj;d4 extra4 ,x is only :5 we see su* a publication z ?is1 t we realise :at quality *>act]ises "s ( ! build+ ( to-day4 ,abundantly & spl5didly illu/rat$1 ?is book %[s ! "w ( a great ma/]4 --,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,gr9l+ ,gibbons & ! ,woodwork ( ,8 ,age 7#afdh-agbj74 ,by ,h4 ,,avray ,,tipp+1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,l>ge folio1 qu>t] buckram1 #ca_/c net2 half morocco1 #dc_/i net2 po/age #aj;d4 extra4 ,ne>ly #bej illu/rations4 ,! book is ri* 9 lessons = ar*itects & amateurs ( f9e woodwork4 --,! ,scotsman4 ,engli% ,homes4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,,avray ,,tipp+1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! int]nal "*1 furniture & decorations1 ( "s ( ! mo/ notable ,h\ses ( ,engl&4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,iii41 conta9+ #ejj mat*less illu/rations1 l>ge folio1 h&somely b\nd1 ea* #eb_/f net4 ,a v]itable revelation ( ! weal? 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"* ( ! possessors %\ld be reflect$ 9 bo?4 ,! acc\nts ( lovely g>d5 aft] lovely g>d5 are mo/ agreeable read+4 --,daily ,*ronicle4 ,tw5ty-,five ,great ,h\ses ( ,france4 ,by ,,sir ,,!odore ,,&rea ,,cook1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ) an ,introductory ,*apt]1 outl9+ ! ,developm5t ( ,fr5* ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,w>d1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 & illu/rations by ,,fr$]ick ,h4 ,,evans4 ,l>ge folio1 conta9+ ov] #djj sup]b illu/rations1 plans & diagrams4 ,half-b\nd 9 buckram1 #eb_/f net2 9 half morocco1 #fj_/f net2 po/age #a_/- extra4 ,! ,publi%]s ( ,,c\ntry ,,life h t\*$ few subjects t !y h n adorn$1 b "h !y h surpass$ !mselves4 ,x is seldom t we h se5 s ri* & communicative photographs ( great ar*itecture4 --,daily ,news4 ,a book :i* w prove a s\rce ( endless delight to lov]s ( ar*itecture4 --,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,g>d5 ,ornam5t4 ,by ,,g]trude ,,jekyll1 ) ov] #ejj wond]ful illu/rations4 ,l>ge folio1 gilt edges1 #fc_/- net2 po/age #a_/- extra4 ,miss ,jekyll's collection 9 ?is noble folio is a /oreh\se ( examples1 /yles & me?od 9 ! decoration ( g>d5s1 a comp5dium ( ! hi/ory & ta/e 9 ,engli% ,horticulture & a revelation ( ! treasures ( beauty :i* our c\ntry holds4 --,times4 ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,an ,ar*itectural ,hi/ory4 ,collect$ & writt5 by comm& ( ,_! ,maje/ies ,,que5 ,,victoria1 ,,k+ ,,edw>d ,,vii4 & ,k+ ,,george ,v4 ,by ,,sir ,,william ,h4 ,,/4 ,,john ,,hope1 ,litt4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,imp]ial qu>to1 9 ,two ,volumes1 & a ,portfolio4 ,b\nd 9 half %eepsk91 ,l#g #ags4 #f;d4 net2 :ole %eepsk91 ,l#aj #ajs4 net2 full morocco1 ,l#ac #bs4 #f;d4 ,c>riage extra4 ,illu/rat$ prospectuses ( ^! invaluable books & a complete catalogue w be s5t po/ free on application to ! ,manag]1 ,,c\ntry ,,life1 ,,ltd41 #bj1 ,tavi/ock ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,w4,c4#b4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,bk4 ,,xxxv1 *apt] xlviii1 quot$ at end ( ,introduction3 ,h we n 9 ,africa & 9 ,spa9 444 erect$ by ,hannibal4 ,! /&>d numb]+ ( ?is passage is ,,xxxv4lxi4 ,) punctuation & capitalization adju/$ by transcrib] to mat* translation3 ,quid non 9 ,africa ,hispaniaque e t]ra p>ietes1 quos appellant '=maceos'1 quoniam 9 =ma circumdatis ii utrimque tabulis inf]ciuntur v]ius quam /ruuntur8 ,aevis durant1 incorrupti imbribus1 v5tis1 ignibus omnique caem5to firmiores4 ,spectat etiam nunc speculas ,hannibalis ,hispania t]r5asque turres iugis montium inpositas4 ,illu/ration reproduc$ f #ahai ,encyclopa$ia3 ,imm$iately bel[ ! picture is ! almo/ illegible text3 ,j4 ,f4 del94 _/ ,l[ry _/ ,publi%$ z ! ,act directs #ahag by ,longman ,hur/ ,rees1 ,orme ,br[n ,pat]no/] ,r[4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors & ,inconsi/5cies 7not$ by transcrib]73 ,headnotes ,pise--a ,s\? ,african ,lead ,! ,discov]y ( ! ,old ^! two notes 7 transpos$ to fit ! text ,illu/ration3 _/ ,! ,newl&s ,waggon-h\se4 _/ ,int]ior4 f9al 4 miss+ =ce ( ! s\?-we/]ly /orms4 s+le = d\ble quote ,?is requires no hair1 & is easily appli$4 close quote miss+ h always be5 f\nd p]fectly s\nd prefectly ,/rang]s :o h sail$ ^u ! ,rhone op5 quote miss+ ,!re is e reason = introduc+ op5 quote miss+ ,pise is a mat]ial readily obta9able s+le = d\ble quote m]ely improvem5ts ( me*anism4 4 miss+ ! misguid$ en?usia/s responsible l9e-end hyph5 9 mis-_/guid$ invisible x is g5]ally bond$ 9 9 ! ord9>y way n an error ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,*alk _/ ,sec4 ,i4 ,,g5]al !re are no sections ,,ii1 ,,iii444 fix$ to wood blocks built 9 9 a simil> way n an error 993 ,age aft] arrival at laboratory4 duplicate footnote add$ by transcrib]3 tables 7 pr9t$ on a s+le page