,libr>ies47 ,,vivisection ,,by ,,alb]t ,,leff+well1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,w4 ,,lovell ,,company1 #ad ,,& #af ,,vesey ,,/reet4 ,,to ,a ,memory ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,,preface4 ,to ! ,,c5tury ,,company ( ,new ,york1 9 ! pages ( ^: magaz9e1 !n kn[n z ,scribn]'s ,mon?ly1 ! fir/ ( ! foll[+ essays orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,july1 #ahhj1 ! ?anks ( ! writ] are due = p]mission to re-publi% 9 ! pres5t =m4 ,= a l c\rtesy on ! "p ( ! proprietors ( ,,lipp9cott',s ,,magaz9e1 9 :i* ! second pap] 0 fir/ publi%$ ,aug41 #ahhd1 ! writ] desires to make due ackn[l$gm5t4 ,,introduction4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,essays foll[+ appe>$ 9 ,,scribn]',s ,,mon?ly1 9 ,july1 #ahhj2 & imm$iately became honor$ by ! att5tion ( ! ,m$ical ,press ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! aggressive title ( ! pap]1 ju/ifi$1 9 great measure1 p]haps1 ! vigor ( ! criticism be/[$4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! po9t 0 rais$ by review]s t ! problem pres5t$ by ! title1 0 n solv$ or answ]$ by ! article itself4 ,at ?is day1 x p]haps may be m5tion$ t ! "q--,does ,vivisection ,pay8 0 nev] rais$ by ! writ]1 :o select$ z 8 title ! s+le ^w ,vivisection4 ,! m tak+ headl9e 0 affix$ by ! editor ( ! magaz9e z m apt to arre/ att5tion & ar\se pr(essional pugnacity4 ,t 9 ?is latt] respect x 0 em95tly successful1 ! au?or _h ! be/ reason to rememb]4 ,) ?is explanation--:i* is made simply to prev5t future criticism on ! same po9t--! old title is reta9$4 ,if ! pres5t read] cont9ues ! inquiry "h pres5t$1 he w le>n :]e9 ! writ] believes 9 ! utility ( vivisection1 & on ! o!r h&1 9 :at respects & "u :at conditions he v s]i\sly que/ions :e!r any ga9s c possibly comp5sate ! inf9itely great co/4 ,:at d y hope = or expect z ! result ( agitation 9 reg>d to vivisection8 rec5tly inquir$ a fri5d2 its legal abolition8 ,c]ta9ly n1 0 ! reply4 ,w\ld y !n expect its re/riction dur+ ! pres5t c5tury8 ,h>dly ev5 s soon z t4 ,x w take long] ?an a doz5 ye>s to awak5 recognition ( any evil :i* t\*es nei!r ! purse nor p]sonal com=t ( an ,am]ican citiz54 ,all t c be hop$ 9 ! imm$iate future is education4 ,action w p]haps foll[ :5 its necessity is recogniz$ g5]ally2 b n be=e4 ,= myself1 ,i believe no p]man5t or effective re=m ( pres5t practices is probable until ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession g5]ally conc$e z dang]\s & unnecess>y t fre$om ( unlimit$ exp]im5tation 9 pa91 :i* is claim$ & practic$ to-day4 ,t legislative re=m is o!rwise unatta9able1 "o w\ld hesitate to affirm2 b x assur$ly w\ld be va/ly less effective4 ,y mu/ conv9ce m5 ( ! ju/ice & reasonabl5ess ( a law be=e y c secure a will+ ob$i5ce4 ,yield+ to none 9 loyalty to ! sci5ce1 & en?usiasm = ! ,art ( ,heal+1 :at /&po9t may be tak5 by ^? ( ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession :o desire to re=m evils :i* confess$ly exi/8 ,i4 ,we ne$ n seek ! total abolition ( all exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals4 ,i d n =get t j su* abolition is en]getically dem&$ by a l>ge numb] ( e>ne/ m5 & wom51 :o h lo/ all fai? 9 ! possibility ( re/rict+ an abuse1 if x be favor$ by sci5tific en?usiasm4 ,let u take1 !y say1 ! upright & consci5ti\s gr\nd ( refus+ all compromise ) s9 & evil1 & ma9ta9+ our position unfl9*+ly1 leave ! re/ to ,god4,a ,?is is almo/ precisely ! gr\nd tak5 by ! ,prohibitioni/s 9 national politics2 x is ! only gr\nd "o c occupy1 provid$ ! tak+ ( a glass ( w9e1 or ! p]=mance ( any exp]im5t1--pa9less or o!rwise1--is ( itself an evil & a s94 ,!re are ^?1 h[ev]1 :o believe x possible to oppose & re/ra9 intemp]ance by o!r me?ods ?an legislative prohibition4 ,s ) ! prohibition ( vivisection4 ,admitt+ ! abuses ( ! practice1 ,i _c yet see t !y are s intr9sic & ess5tial z to make necess>y ! entire abolition ( all physiological exp]im5ts :atsoev]4 ,a ,report ( ,am]ican ,anti-,vivisection ,society1 ,jan'y #cj1 #ahhh4 ,,ii4 ,we may advocate 7& ,i believe we %\ld advocate7--! total abolition1 by law1 ( all mutilat+ or de/ructive exp]im5ts ^u l[] animals1 involv+ pa91 :5 su* exp]im5ts are made = ! purpose ( public or private demon/ration ( already kn[n & accept$ physiological facts4 ,?is is ! gr\nd ( compromise--unacceptable1 z yet1 to ei!r p>ty4 ,nev]!less x is ask+ simply = ^? limitations & re/rictions :i* h always be5 conc$$ z prud5t & fair by ! m$ical pr(ession ( ,great ,brita94 ,speak+ ( a c]ta9 exp]im5t ^u ! sp9al n]ves1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,fo/]1 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 "o ( ! lead+ physiological tea*]s ( ,engl&1 says3 ,i h n p]=m$ x & h nev] se5 x done1 p>tly because ( horror at ! pa9 necess>y4 ,& yet ?is exp]im5t has be5 p]=m$ be=e classes ( "y m5 & "y wom5 9 ! ,m$ical ,s*ools ( ?is c\ntry6 ,absolutely no legal re/riction "h exi/s to ! repetition1 ov] & ov] aga91 ( ! mo/ atroci\s tortures ( ,mantegazza1 ,b]t & ,s*iff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is ! vivisection :i* does n pay1--ev5 if we dismiss altoge!r f our calculation ! int]e/s ( ! animals sacrific$ to ! dem& = mnemonic aid4 ,= ! great & p]il\s outcome ( su* me?ods w be--f9ally--an atrophy ( ! s5se ( sympa?y = human suff]+4 ,x is se5 to-day 9 c]ta9 hospitals 9 ,europe4 ,c o!r result be expect$ to foll[ ! delib]ate infliction ( prolong$ pa9 )\t o!r object ?an to see or demon/rate :at w happ5 !refrom8 ,w any assi/ance to memory1 c\nt]weigh ! annihilation or b5umb+ ( ! in/9ct ( pity8 ,^u ?is subject ( utility ( pa9ful exp]im5ts 9 class demon/rations or private /udy1 ,i w\ld l to appeal = judgm5t to ! physician ( ! future1 :o !n %all review ! exp]i5ce ( ! m$ical /ud5t ( to-day4 ,9 8 c\rse ( physiological tra9+1 he or %e may be invit$ to see liv+ animals cut & mutilat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 evisc]at$1 poison$1 froz51 />v$1 & by +5i\s devices ( sci5ce subject$ to ! exhibition ( pa94 ,on ! fir/ occasion su* a sc5e g5]ally induces 9 ! "y man or "y woman a significant subjective ph5om5on ( physiological int]e/2 an involunt>y1 creep+1 tremul\s s5se ( horror em]ges into consci\sness1--& is spe$ily repress$4 ,?is feel+1 he :isp]s to himself1 is altoge!r unwor?y ! sci5tific _s 9 :i* ,i am n[ to be educat$2 x ne$s to be subdu$4 ,! sight ( ?is in>ticulate agony1 ?is prolong$ angui% is n pres5t$ to me = amusem5t4 ,i mu/ /eel myself to witness x1 to assi/ 9 x1 = ! sake ( ! good ,i %all be help$ !reby to accompli%1 "s day1 = suff]+ humanity4 ,praisewor?y s5tim5ts1 ^! are1 inde$4 ,are !y f\nd$ 9 reality8 ,no4 ,! /ud5t :o ?us conqu]s squeami%ness w n see "o fact ?us demon/rat$ at ! co/ ( pa9 :i* 0 unkn[n to sci5ce be=e2 n "o fact :i* he might n h be5 made to rememb] )\t ?is demon/rative illu/ration2 n "o fact--sadde/ tru? ( all--t is likely to be ( ! slighte/ practical s]vice to him or to h] 9 ! multipli$ & v>i\s duties ( future pr(essional life4 ,:y1 !n1 are !y %[n8 ,to help him to rememb] 8 lesson6 ,admit ! value to ! /ud5t1 b :at ( ! co/8 ,9 "o ( ! great cities ( ,*9a1 ,i 0 %[n1 lean+ aga9/ ! high wall ( ! execution gr\nd1 a rude1 wood5 frame-"w or cross1 old1 hack$1 & sme>$ ) rec5t blood-/a9s4 ,x 0 us$1 ,i 0 told1 9 ! puni%m5t ( extreme (f5ses2 ! crim9al be+ b\nd !reto1 & flay$ & cut 9 e way human +5uity c\ld devise = inflict+ torture be=e giv+ an imm$iately mortal w\nd4 ,only ! week be=e1 su* an execution _h tak5 place2 ! victim be+ a woman :o _h poison$ h] husb&4 ,a "y & en?usia/ic physician :om ,i met1 told me he _h secur$ ! privilege ( be+ an eye witness to ! awful trag$y1 t he might v]ify a !ory he _h =m$ on ! influ5ce ( pa92 a !ory p]haps l t :i* l$ to ,mantegazza's crucifixion ( pregnant rabbits ) dolori atrocissimi4,a ,sci5ce "h caught h] pr(it f ! puni%m5t ( crime1 b ! ga9 w\ld h be5 ! same _h h] int]e/ alone be5 ! object4 ,!re is always ga91 always "s aid to memory2--b :at ( ! co/8 ,a ,see ,app5dix1 page #hc4 ,x _c be expect$ t any ,m$ical ,college1 ( its own accord & )\t outside pressure1 w re/rict or hamp] its fre$om ( action4 ,z a condition ( prosp]ity & success x _c %[ less ?an is exhibit$ by o!r m$ical s*ools2 x mu/ keep abrea/ ( advanc$ ?\ght1 & d & demon/rate 9 e way :at its rivals demon/rate & d4 ,!re c be no "q b t !re is to-day a /rong public dem& = cont95tal me?ods ( physiological in/ruction4 ,:o make ?is dem&8 ,y1 g5tlem51 /ud5ts ( m$ic9e1 & !y :o foll[ 9 y\r pa?way4 ,?is ye> x is y :o sil5tly reque/ ?is aid to y\r memory ( ! physiological /atem5ts ( y\r text books2 ano!r ye>1 ano!r class ( "y m5 & "y wom51 occupy+ ! same b5*es1 or fill+ ! same laboratory1 repeats ! dem& = ! same s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,y1 p]haps1 w h gone =w>d to take y\r places 9 active life1 to assume ! real burd5s ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,to ^? succe$+ ye>s ( ?\ght1 reflection & usefulness1 let me appeal1 respect+ ! absolute necessity ( all class demon/rations & laboratory "w involv+ pa94 ,po/pone if y please1 ! ready decision :i*1 fre% f y\r class-room1 y are p]haps only too will+ to give me to-day2 ,i d n wi% x4 ,b "s "t 9 ! future1 aft] ye>s h gone by1 rememb]+ all y h se5 & aid$ 9 ! do+1 tell u if y c1 exactly :]e9 y receiv$1 9 add$ pot5cy = help+ human suff]+ & = ! treatm5t ( human ills1 ! equival5t ( t awful exp5diture ( pa9 :i* y are n[ dem&+1 & :i* by unprote/+ acquiesc5ce1 y are to-day help+ to inflict4 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass41 ,m>*1 #ahhi4 ,f ,,scribn]',s ,,mon?ly1 ,july1 #ahhj4 ,,does ,,vivisection ,,pay8 ,! "q ( vivisection is aga9 pu%+ itself to ! front4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican physiologi/ has lately come =w>d 9 def5se ( ! ,fr5* exp]im5t]1 ,mag5die1 &1 p>5!tically1 ( 8 me?ods ( inve/igation 9 ! /udy ( vital ph5om5a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals made an unsuccessful attempt1 9 ! ,new ,york ,legislature la/ w9t]1 to secure ! passage ( a law :i* w\ld entirely aboli% ! practice z n[ 9 vogue 9 our m$ical s*ools1 or cause x to be secretly c>ri$ on1 9 defiance ( legal enactm5ts4 ,9 support ( ?is bill x 0 claim$ t physiologi/s1 = ! sake ( demon/rat+ to m$ical /ud5ts c]ta9 physiological ph5om5a connect$ ) ! functions ( life1 are con/antly & habitually 9 ! practice ( cutt+ up alive1 tortur+ & torm5t+ div]s ( ! un(f5d+ brute creation to illu/rate _! !ories & lectures1 b )\t any practical or b5eficial result ei!r to !mselves or to ! /ud5ts1 :i* practice is demoraliz+ to bo? & eng5d]s 9 ! future m$ical practition]s a want ( humanity & sympa?y = physical pa9 & suff]+4 ,h[ f> ^! /atem5ts are true w be h]eaft] discuss$2 b "o ass]tion is s evid5tly errone\s t x may be at once indicat$4 ,no exp]im5t1 h[ev] atroci\s1 cruel &1 !re=e1 on ! :ole1 unju/ifiable1 if p]=m$ to illu/rate "s sci5tific po9t1 0 ev] )\t any b5eficial result4 ,! b5efit may h be5 inf9itesimal1 b e sci5tific fact is ( "s value4 ,to ass]t ! contr>y is to weak5 "o's case by ov]/atem5t4 ,leav+ out ! brute creation1 !re are ?ree p>ties int]e/$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are ! pr(essors & tea*]s ( physiology 9 ! m$ical colleges4 ,naturally1 ^! desire no int]f]5ce ) ei!r _! "w or _! me?ods4 ,!y claim t 7 ! k acquir$ by exp]im5ts ^u liv+ organisms swept out ( exi/5ce1 9 _m respects ! sci5ce ( physiology w\ld be little m ?an guesswork to-day4 ,! subject ( vivisection1 !y decl>e1 is "o :i* does n conc]n ! g5]al public1 b belongs exclusively to sci5ti/s & especially to physiologi/s4 ,t ! pres5t c5tury %\ld p]mit s5tim5tali/s to int]f]e ) sci5tific inve/igations is prepo/]\s4 ,beh9d ^! /& ! majority ( m5 belong+ to ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,hold+1 z !y d1 ! mo/ important & intimate relations to society1 x is manife/ly desirable t !y %\ld enjoy ! be/ facilities = ! acquirem5t ( k necess>y to _! art4 ,to mo/1 ! "q is m]ely "o ( pr(essional privilege aga9/ s5tim5t1 & !y _c hesitate :i* side to pref]4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r pr(essions or trades1 ! feel+ ( esprit de corps is exce$+ly /rong2 & no class ( m5 likes int]f]5ce on ! "p ( outsid]s4 ,to mo/ physicians x is :olly a sci5tific "q4 ,x is a matt]1 !y ?9k1 ) :i* ! public has no conc]n2 if society c tru/ to ! pr(ession its sick & dy+1 !y surely c leave to its feel+ ( humanity a few wor?less brutes4 ,! op9ion ( ! g5]al public is !re=e1 divid$ & confus$4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is pr(\ndly desir\s to make sy/ematic & ne$less cruelty impossible2 yet1 on ! o!r1 x _c b hesitate to take any /ep :i* %all h9d] m$ical education1 imp$e sci5tific discov]y1 or re/rict se>* = new me?ods ( treat+ disease4 ,:at are ! suff]+s ( an animal1 h[ev] acute or prolong$1 comp>$ ) ! ga9 to humanity :i* w\ld result f ! k !reby acquir$ ( a s+le curative ag5t8 ,public op9ion hesitates4 ,a lead+ newspap]1 comm5t+ on ! introduction ( ! ,b]gh bill1 d\btless express$ ! s5tim5t ( mo/ p :5 x deprecat$ prev5tion ( exp]im5ts by :i* orig9al inve/igators seek to e/abli% or v]ify conclusions :i* may be ( priceless value to ! pres]vation ( life & heal? among human be+s4 ,! "q nev]!less confronts society1--& 9 su* %ape1 too1 t society _c escape1 ev5 if x w\ld1 ! responsibility ( a decision4 ,ei!r by action or inaction ! ,/ate mu/ decide :e!r ! practice ( vivisection %all be :olly aboli%$1 z desir$ by "s2 :e!r x %all be re/rict$ by law )9 c]ta9 limits & = c]ta9 def9ite objects1 z 9 ,great ,brita92 or :e!r we are to cont9ue 9 ?is c\ntry to foll[ ! example ( ,france & ,g]many1 9 p]mitt+ ! practice ( physiological exp]im5tation to any ext5t devis$ or desir$ by ! exp]im5tali/ himself4 ,any in=mation t5d+ to indicate :i* ( ^! c\rses is be/ _c be inopportune4 ,hav+ witness$ exp]im5ts by "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,european physiologi/s1 su* z ,claude ,b]n>d 7! successor ( ,mag5die71 ,milne-,edw>ds & ,br[n-,sequ>d2 &1 /ill bett] 7or worse1 z ! read] may ?9k71 hav+ p]=m$ "s exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction = purposes ( inve/igation & = ! in/ruction ( o!rs1 ! pres5t writ] believes himself ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ & /at+ a pron\nc$ op9ion on ?is subject1 ev5 if x be to "s ext5t1 oppos$ to ! "o prevail+ 9 ! pr(ession4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 we review briefly ! argum5ts to be adduc$ bo? 9 favor ( ! practice & aga9/ x4 ,two pr9cipal argum5ts may be advanc$ 9 its favor4 ,i4 ,x is und5iable t to ! practice ( vivisection we are indebt$ = v mu* ( our pres5t k ( physiology4 ,?is is ! =tress ( ! advocates ( vivisection1 & a c]ta9 refuge :5 o!r argum5ts are ( no avail4 ,,ii4 ,z a means ( tea*+ physiological facts1 vivisection is unsurpass$4 ,no tea*] ( sci5ce ne$s to be told ! va/ sup]iority ( demon/ration ov] affirmation4 ,take = in/ance1 ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! /ud5t :o displays b a languid int]e/ 9 /atem5ts ( fact1 or ev5 9 ! be/ del9eations & *>ts obta9able1 w be ?or\ghly ar\s$ by see+ ! process actually be=e 8 eyes4 ,a week's /udy ^u ! book w less c]ta9ly be reta9$ 9 8 memory ?an a s+le view ( ! op5$ ?orax ( a frog or dog4 ,!re be=e him is ! ?robb+ he>t2 he sees its relations to adjo9+ /ructures1 & m>ks1 ) a wond] he nev] be=e knew1 t my/]y ( life by :i* ! he>t1 ev5 ?\gh excis$ f ! body1 does n cease = a "t its rhy?mic beat4 ,to imag9e1 !n1 t tea*]s ( physiology f9d m]e amusem5t 9 ^! op]ations is ! greate/ ( ignorant mi/akes4 ,!y deem x desirable t c]ta9 facts be accurately fix$ 9 memory1 & !y "k t no sy/em ( mnemonics equals = su* purpose ! demon/ration ( ! function itself4 ,j "h1 h[ev]1 arises a v important "q4 ,admitt+ ! b5efit ( ! demon/ration ( sci5tific facts1 h[ f> may "o ju/ifiably subject an animal to pa9 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ a po9t already kn[n8 ,x is m]ely a "q ( co/4 ,= in/ance1 x is an undisput$ /atem5t 9 physical sci5ce t ! diamond is no?+ m ?an a =m ( cry/alliz$ c>bon1 &1 l o!r =ms ( c>bon1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 may be made to burn4 ,n[ mo/ ( u are entirely will+ to accept ?is1 z we d ! majority ( tru?s1 ^u ! te/imony ( sci5tific m51 )\t mak+ demon/ration a requisite ( ass5t4 ,9 a c]ta9 private s*ool1 h[ev]1 x has long be5 ! cu/om once a ye>1 to burn 9 oxyg5 a small diamond1 wor? p]haps #cj1 s z actually to prove to ! pupils ! ass]tion ( _! text-books4 ,! exp]im5t is a brilliant "o2 no "o c d\bt its entire success4 ,nev]!less1 we d n furni% diamonds to our public s*ools = ?is purpose4 ,exactly simil> to ?is is "o aspect ( vivisection--x is a "q ( co/4 ,grant+ all ! advantages :i* foll[ demon/ration ( c]ta9 physiological facts1 ! co/ is pa9--pa9 sometimes am\nt+ to prolong$ & excruciat+ torture4 ,is ! ga9 wor? ?is8 ,let me m5tion an in/ance4 ,n long ago1 9 a c]ta9 m$ical college 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ,i saw :at ,doctor ,%>pey1 = ?irty ye>s ! pr(essor ( physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,college1 ,london1 once *>act]iz$ by anti!sis z ,mag5die's infam\s exp]im5t1 x hav+ be5 fir/ p]=m$ by t em95t physiologi/4 ,x 0 design$ to prove t ! /oma*1 al?\gh suppli$ ) muscul> coats1 is dur+ ! act ( vomit+ = ! mo/ "p passive2 & t expulsion ( its cont5ts is due to ! action ( ! diaphragm & ! l>g] abdom9al muscles4 ,! pr(essor to :om ,i ref] did n propose to h ev5 ,mag5die's ^w accept$ z an au?ority on ! subject3 ! fact %\ld be demon/rat$ aga94 ,s an incision 9 ! abdom5 ( a dog 0 made2 its /oma* 0 cut out2 a pig's bladd] conta9+ color$ wat] 0 ins]t$ 9 its place1 an emetic 0 inject$ into ! ve9s1--& vomit+ ensu$4 ,long be=e ! conclusion ( ! exp]im5t ! animal became consci\s1 & its cries ( suff]+ 7 exce$+ly pa9ful to he>4 ,n[1 grant+ t ?is exp]im5t impress$ an ab/ract sci5tific fact ^u ! memories ( all :o saw x1 nev]!less x rema9s significantly true t ! fact ?us demon/rat$ _h no conceivable relation to ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,x is n to-day reg>d$ z conclusive ( ! !ory :i*1 aft] ne>ly two hundr$ repetitions ( 8 exp]im5t1 0 d\btless consid]$ by ,mag5die z e/abli%$ beyond "q4 ,doctor ,%>pey1 a /rong advocate ( vivisection1 by ! way1 condemn$ x z a p]fectly unju/ifiable exp]im5t1 s9ce besides its atrocity1 x 0 really purposeless4 ,0 ?is repetition ( ! exp]im5t :i* ,i h describ$ wor? its co/8 ,0 ! ga9 wor? ! pa98 ,let me in/ance ano!r & m rec5t case4 ,be+ 9 ,p>is a ye> ago1 ,i w5t "o morn+ to ! ,college de ,france1 to he> ,br[n-,sequ>d1 ! mo/ em95t exp]im5t] 9 vivisection n[ liv+--"o :o1 ,doctor ,c>p5t] tells u1 has probably inflict$ m animal suff]+ ?an any o!r man 9 8 "t4 ,! lectur] /at$ t injury to c]ta9 n]v\s c5t]s ne> ! base ( ! bra9 w\ld produce peculi> & curi\s ph5om5a 9 ! animal op]at$ ^u1 caus+ x1 = example1 to keep turn+ to "o side 9 a circul> mann]1 in/ead ( walk+ 9 a /raight=w>d direction4 ,a ,gu9ea-pig 0 produc$--a little creature1 ab\t ! size ( a half-gr[n kitt5--& ! op]ation 0 effect$1 accompani$ by a s]ies ( pi]c+ little squeaks4 ,z =etold1 ! creature ?us injur$ did imm$iately p]=m a circul> movem5t4 ,a rabbit 0 !n op]at$ ^u ) simil> results4 ,la/ly1 an un=tunate poodle 0 introduc$1 its muzzle ti$ ) /\t :ip-cord1 w\nd r\nd & r\nd s tightly t x mu/ necess>ily h caus$ sev]e pa94 ,x 0 =c$ to walk back & =? on ! long table1 dur+ :i* x ca/ looks on e side1 z ?\gh seek+ a possible av5ue ( escape4 ,be+ fa/5$ 9 ! op]at+ tr\gh1 an incision 0 made to ! bone1 flaps turn$ back1 an op5+ made 9 ! skull1 & enl>g$ by break+ away "s portions ) =ceps4 ,dur+ ^! v>i\s processes no attempt :atev] 0 made to cause unconsci\sness by means ( an/hetics1 & ! half-articulate1 half-smo!r$ cries ( ! creature 9 its agony 7 t]rible to he>1 ev5 to "o n unaccu/om$ to vivisections4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a success2 ! animal aft] its mutilation did describe c]ta9 circul> movem5ts4 ,b ,i _c help que/ion+ 9 reg>d to ^! demon/rations1 did !y pay8 ,?is exp]im5t _h n ! slighte/ relation :atev] to ! cure ( disease4 ,m ?an ?is3 x tea*es u little or no?+ 9 physiology4 ,! mo/ em95t physiologi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,doctor ,au/9 ,fl9t1 ,jr41 admits t exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d d n seem to h advanc$ our positive k ( ! functions ( ! n]ve c5t]s1 & t simil> exp]im5ts h be5 v indef9ite 9 _! results4 ,on ?is occasion1 !re=e1 ?ree animals 7 subject$ to torture to demon/rate an ab/ract fact1 :i* probably n a s+le "o ( ! two doz5 spectators w\ld h hesitat$ to take = grant$ on ! ^w ( s great a pa?ologi/ z ,doctor ,br[n-,sequ>d4 ,0 ! ga9 wor? ! co/8 ,?is1 !n1 is ! great "q t mu/ ev5tually be decid$ by ! public4 ,d humanity & sci5ce "h indicate div]g+ roads8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i believe x to be an und5iable fact t ! highe/ sci5tific & m$ical op9ion is aga9/ ! repetition ( pa9ful exp]im5ts = class tea*+4 ,9 #ahge1 a ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 to inve/igate ! subject ( vivisection1 ) a view to subsequ5t legislation4 ,! int]e/s ( sci5ce 7 repres5t$ by ! appo9tm5t ( ,pr(essor ,huxley z a memb] ( ?is commission4 ,its meet+s cont9u$ ov] sev]al mon?s1 & ! report con/itutes a l>ge volume ( valuable te/imony4 ,! op9ions ( _m ( ^! witnesses are wor?y ( special att5tion1 f ! em95t position to ! m5 :o hold !m4 ,! physician to ! ,que51 ,sir ,?omas ,watson1 ) ^: ,lectures on ,physic e m$ical practition] 9 ?is c\ntry is famili>1 says3 ,i hold t no tea*] or man ( sci5ce :o by 8 own previ\s exp]im5ts1 99 99 99 has ?or\ghly satisfi$ himself ( ! solution ( any physiological problem1 is ju/ifi$ 9 repeat+ ! exp]im5ts1 h[ev] m]cifully1 to appease ! natural curiosity ( a class ( /ud5ts or ( sci5tific fri5ds4 ,sir ,george ,burr\ghs1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 says3 ,i d n ?9k t an exp]im5t %\ld be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 our m$ical s*ools to illu/rate :at is already e/abli%$4,a ,sir ,james ,paget1 ,surgeon ,extraord9>y to ! ,que51 said be=e ! commission t exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( repeat+ any?+ already asc]ta9$ ought nev] to be %[n to classes4 #cfc4 ,sir ,william ,f]gusson1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 also ,surgeon to h] ,maje/y1 ass]t$ t suff]+s incid5tal to su* op]ations are protract$ 9 a v %ock+ mann]2 t ( su* exp]im5ts !re is useless repetition1 & t :5 once a fact :i* involves cruelty to animals has be5 fairly recogniz$ & accept$1 !re is no necessity = a cont9u$ repetition4 #ajai4 ,ev5 physiologi/s--"s ( !m practical exp]im5t]s 9 vivisection--jo9 9 condemn+ ^! class demon/rations4 ,dr4 ,william ,%>pey1 be=e ref]r$ to z a tea*] ( physiology = ov] ?irty ye>s 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 says3 ,once su* facts fully e/abli%$1 ,i d n ?9k x ju/ifiable to repeat exp]im5ts caus+ pa9 to animals4 #dje4 ,dr4 ,rolle/on1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology at ,ox=d1 said t = class demon/rations limitations %\ld und\bt$ly be impos$1 & ^? limitations %\ld r5d] illegal pa9ful exp]im5ts be=e classes4 #abia4 ,*>les ,d>w91 ! greate/ ( liv+ naturali/s1 /at$ t he _h nev] ei!r directly or indirectly exp]im5t$ on animals1 & t he reg>d$ a pa9ful exp]im5t )\t an/hetics :i* might be made ) an/hetics z des]v+ dete/ation & abhorr5ce4 #dfgb4 ,& f9ally ! report ( ?is commission1 to :i* is atta*$ ! "n ( ,pr(essor ,huxley1 says3 ,) respect to m$ical s*ools1 we accept ! resolution ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahga1 t exp]im5tation )\t ! use ( an/hetics is n a fitt+ exhibition = tea*+ purposes4 ,a ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,practice ( ,subject+ ,live ,animals to ,exp]im5ts = ,sci5tific ,purposes4 ,"q ,no1 #age4 ,ref]5ce to ?is volume w h]eaft] be made 9 ?is article by ins]t+ 9 brackets1 imm$iately aft] ! au?ority quot$1 ! numb] ( ! "q 9 ?is report f :i* ! extract is made4 ,x mu/ be not$ t h>dly any ( ^! op9ions t\* ! "q ( vivisection s f> z x is done )\t ! infliction ( pa91 nor object to x z a me?od ( orig9al rese>*2 !y relate simply to ! practice ( repeat+ pa9ful exp]im5ts = purposes ( physiological tea*+4 ,we _c dismiss !m z s5tim5tal or unimportant4 ,if pa9ful exp]im5ts are necess>y = ! education ( ! "y physician1 h[ happ5s x t ,watson & ,burr\ghs are ignorant ( ! fact8 ,if indisp5sable to ! prop] tra9+ ( ! surgeon1 :y are !y condemn$ by ,f]gusson & ,paget8 ,if requisite ev5 to physiology1 :y d5\nc$ by ! physiologi/s ( ,ox=d & ,london8 ,if necess>y to sci5ce1 :y view$ ) abhorr5ce by ! greate/ ( mod]n sci5ti/s8 ,ano!r objection to vivisection1 :5 practic$ z at pres5t )\t sup]vision or control1 is ! und5iable fact t habitual famili>ity ) ! infliction ( pa9 ^u animals has a decid$ t5d5cy to eng5d] a sort ( c>eless indiff]5ce reg>d+ suff]+4 ,vivisection1 says ,pr(essor ,rolle/on ( ,ox=d1 is v liable to abuse4 99 99 99 ,x is specially liable to tempt a man into c]ta9 c>elessness2 ! passive impressions produc$ by ! sight ( suff]+ gr[+ weak]1 :ile ! habit & pleasure ( exp]im5t+ gr[s /rong] by repetition4 #abhg4 ,says ,doctor ,elliotson3 ,i _c refra9 f express+ my horror at ! am\nt ( torture :i* ,doctor ,bra*et inflict$4 ,i h>dly ?9k k is wor? hav+ at su* a pur*ase4,a ,a v /rik+ example ( ?is t5d5cy 0 br\ght out 9 ! te/imony ( a witness be=e ! ,royal ,commission1--,doctor ,kle91 a practical physiologi/4 ,he admitt$ frankly t z an inve/igator he held z entirely indiff]5t ! suff]+s ( animals subject$ to 8 exp]im5ts1 t1 except = tea*+ purposes1 he nev] us$ an/hetics unless necess>y = 8 own conv5i5ce4 ,"s memb]s ( ! ,commission c\ld h>dly realize ! possibility ( su* a confession4 ,a ,human ,physiology1 by ,john ,elliotson1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 7page #ddh74 ,d y mean y h no reg>d at all to ! suff]+s ( ! l[] animals8 ,no reg>d at all1 0 ! /range reply2 &1 aft] a little fur!r que/ion+1 ! witness expla9$3 ,i ?9k t1 ) reg>d to an exp]im5t]--a man :o conducts special rese>* & p]=ms an exp]im5t--he has no "t1 s to speak1 = ?9k+ :at ! animal w feel or suff]6 ,( ,mag5die's cruel disposition !re seems only too abundant evid5ce4 ,says ,doctor ,elliotson3 ,dr4 ,mag5die1 9 "o ( 8 b>b>\s exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i am a%am$ to say ,i witness$1 began by coolly cutt+ out a l>ge r\nd piece f ! back ( a beautiful little puppy1 z he w\ld f an apple dumpl+6 ,x is n to be d\bt$ t inhumanity may be f\nd 9 p]sons ( v high position z physiologi/s4 ,we h se5 t x 0 s 9 ,mag5die4 ,?is is ! language ( ! report on vivisection1 to :i* is atta*$ ! "n ( ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,b ! fact :i*1 9 my own m9d1 con/itutes by f> ! /ronge/ objection to unre/ra9$ exp]im5ts 9 pa91 is _! que/ionable utility z reg>ds !rapeutics4 ,probably mo/ read]s are aw>e t physiology is t sci5ce :i* treats ( ! v>i\s functions ( life1 su* z dige/ion1 respiration & ! circulation ( ! blood1 :ile !rapeutics is t dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e :i* relates to ! discov]y & application ( rem$ies = disease4 ,n[ ,i v5ture to ass]t t1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 infliction ( int5se torture ^u unkn[n myriads ( s5ti5t1 liv+ creatures1 has n result$ 9 ! discov]y ( a s+le rem$y ( ackn[l$g$ & g5]ally accept$ value 9 ! cure ( disease4 ,?is is n kn[n to ! g5]al public1 b x is a fact ess5tial to any j decision reg>d+ ! exp$i5cy ( unre/ra9$ lib]ty ( vivisection4 ,x is by no means int5d$ to d5y ! value to !rapeutics ( well-kn[n physiological facts acquir$ ?us 9 ! pa/--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! m complete k we possess reg>d+ ! circulation ( ! blood1 or ! di/9ction betwe5 motor & s5sory n]ves1 nor c orig9al inve/igation be pron\nc$ absolutely valueless z respects remote possibility ( future ga94 ,:at ! public has a "r to ask ( ^? :o w\ld indef9itely prolong ^! exp]im5ts )\t ,/ate sup]vision or control is1 ,:at good h y\r pa9ful exp]im5ts accompli%$ dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s--n 9 asc]ta9+ facts 9 physiology or causes ( r>e or incurable compla9ts1 b 9 ! discov]y ( improv$ me?ods = ameliorat+ human suff]+1 & = ! cure ( disease8 ,if pa9 c\ld be e/imat$ 9 money1 no corporation ev] exi/$ :i* w\ld be satisfi$ ) su* wa/e ( capital 9 exp]im5ts s futile2 no m9+ company w\ld p]mit a qu>t]-c5tury ( prospect+ 9 su* b>r5 regions4 ,! usual answ] to ?is inquiry is to br+ =w>d facts 9 physiology ?us acquir$ 9 ! pa/1 9 place ( facts 9 !rapeutics4 ,?us1 9 a rec5t article on ,mag5die to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 we are furni%$ ) a long li/ ( su* additions to our k4 ,x may be que/ion$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! writ] is q sci5tifically accurate 9 ass]t+ t1 7 our pa/ exp]i5ce 9 vivisection aboli%$1 x w\ld blot out all t we "k to-day 9 reg>d to ! circulation ( ! blood1 99 99 ! gr[? & reg5]ation ( bone1 99 99 99 ! orig9 ( _m p>asitic diseases1 99 99 99 ! communicability ( c]ta9 contagi\s & infecti\s diseases1 &1 to make ! li/ complete1 x w\ld be requisite 99 99 to take a wide range 9 addition ?r\gh ! doma9s ( pa?ology & !rapeutics4 ,surely some:at ab\t ^! subjects has be5 acquir$ o!rwise ?an by exp]im5ts ^u animals8 ,= example1 an inquir+ critic might wi% to "k a few ( ! _m p>asitic diseases ?us discov]$2 or :at contagi\s & infecti\s diseases1 ^: communicability 0 previ\sly unkn[n1 h _h ?is quality demon/rat$ solely by exp]im5ts on animals8 ,& :at1 too1 prev5t$ t wide range into !rapeutics necess>y to make complete ! li/ ( b5efits due to vivisection8 ,9 urg+ ! utility ( a practice s fraught ) dang]1 ! utmo/ precaution aga9/ ! slighte/ error ( ov]/atem5t becomes an imp]ative duty4 ,ev5 s di/+ui%$ a sci5ti/ z ,sir ,john ,lubbock once ra%ly ass]t$ 9 ,p>liam5t t1 )\t exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 we %\ld nev] h _h ! use ( e!r6 ,ne>ly e ,am]ican s*ool-boy kn[s t ! contr>y is true--t ! use ( e!r z an an/hetic--! gr&e/ discov]y ( mod]n times--_h no orig9 9 ! torture ( animals4 ,i confess t1 until v rec5tly1 ,i %>$ ! common impression reg>d+ ! utility ( vivisection 9 !rapeutics4 ,x is a belief /ill widely preval5t 9 ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,nev]!less1 is x n a mi/ake8 ,! !rapeutical results ( ne>ly half a c5tury ( pa9ful exp]im5ts--we seek !m 9 va94 ,d we ask surg]y8 ,sir ,william ,f]guson1 surgeon to ! ,que51 tells u3 ,9 surg]y ,i am n aw>e ( any ( ^! exp]im5ts on ! l[] animals hav+ l$ to ! mitigation ( pa9 or to improvem5t z reg>ds surgical details4 #ajdi4 ,h antidotes to poisons be5 discov]$ !reby8 ,says ,doctor ,taylor1 lectur] on ,toxicology = ne>ly half a c5tury 9 ! *ief ,london ,m$ical ,s*ool 7a writ] ^: "w on ,poisons is a recogniz$ au?ority73 ,i d n "k t we h z yet le>n$ any?+1 s f> z treatm5t is conc]n$1 f our exp]im5ts ) !m 7i4e4 poisons7 on animals4 #abjd4 ,doctor ,an?ony1 speak+ ( ,mag5die's exp]im5ts1 says3 ,i nev] ga9$ "o s+le fact by see+ ^! cruel exp]im5ts 9 ,p>is4 ,i "k no?+ m f !m ?an ,i c\ld h read4 #bdej4 ,ev5 physiologi/s admit ! paucity ( !rapeutic results4 ,doctor ,%>pey says3 ,i %\ld lay less /ress on ! direct application ( ! results ( vivisection to improvem5t 9 ! art ( heal+1 ?an ^u ! value ( ^! exp]im5ts 9 ! promotion ( physiology4 #cid4 ,! ,ox=d pr(essor ( ,physiology admitt$ t ,etiology1 ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! causes ( disease1 _h1 by ^! exp]im5ts1 be5 ! ga9]1 r ?an !rapeutics4 #acjb4 ,exp]im5ts on animals1 says ,doctor ,?or[good1 already ext5sive & num]\s1 _c be said to h advanc$ !rapeutics mu*4,a ,sir ,william ,gull1 ,m4 ,d41 0 que/ion$ be=e ! commission :e!r he c\ld enum]ate any !rapeutic rem$ies :i* h be5 discov]$ by vivisection1 & he repli$ ) f]vor3 ,! cases bri/le ar\nd u ev]y:]e6 ,yet1 except+ ,hall's exp]im5ts on ! n]v\s sy/em1 he c\ld enum]ate only v>i\s =ms ( disease1 our k ( :i* is due to ,h>vey's discov]y1 two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago6 ,! "q 0 pu%$ clos]1 & s br\ght to ! necessity ( a def9ite reply1 he answ]$3 ,i d n say at pres5t our !rapeutics are mu*1 b !re are l9es ( exp]im5t :i* seem to promise great help 9 !rapeutics4 #eebi4 ,! results ( two c5turies ( exp]im5ts1 s f> z !rapeutics are conc]n$1 r$uc$ to a seem+ promise6 ,a ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,octob] #e1 #ahgb4 ,on two po9ts1 !n1 ! evid5ce ( ! highe/ sci5tific au?orities 9 ,great ,brita9 seems conclusive--fir/1 t exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals conduce *iefly to ! b5efit ( ! sci5ce ( physiology1 & little1 if at all1 at ! pres5t day1 to ! treatm5t ( disease or ! amelioration ( human suff]+2 &1 secondly1 t repetition ( pa9ful exp]im5ts = class-tea*+ 9 m$ical s*ools is bo? unnecess>y & unju/ifiable4 ,d ^! conclusions affect ! practice ( vivisection 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,is x true t exp]im5ts are habitually p]=m$ 9 "s ( our m$ical s*ools1 (t5 caus+ extreme pa91 to illu/rate well-kn[n & accept$ facts--exp]im5ts :i* ,engli% physiologi/s pron\nce infam\s & atroci\s1 :i* ,engli% physicians & surgeons /igmatize z purposeless cruelty & unju/ifiable--:i* ev5 ,huxley reg>ds z unfitt+ = tea*+ purposes1 & ,d>w9 d5\nces z wor?y ( dete/ation & abhorr5ce8 ,i confess ,i see no occasion = any ov]-delicate retic5ce 9 ?is matt]4 ,sci5ce ne$s no secrecy ei!r = h] me?ods or results2 h] function is to reveal1 n to hide1 facts4 ,! reply to ^! que/ions mu/ be 9 ! affirmative4 ,9 ?is c\ntry our physiologi/s are r foll[]s ( ,mag5die & ,b]n>d1 aft] ! me?ods 9 vogue at ,p>is & ,leipsic1 ?an gov]n$ by ! cauti\s & s5sitive cons]vatism 9 ?is respect :i* g5]ally *>act]izes ! physiological tea*+ ( ,london & ,ox=d4 ,9 mak+ ?is /atem5t1 no criticism is int5d$ on ! motives ( ^? responsible = +raft+ cont95tal me?ods ^u our m$ical s*ools4 ,if any opprobrium %all be inf]r$ = ! pa/ p]=mance ( exp]im5ts h]e9 condemn$1 ! pres5t writ] asks a %>e 9 x4 ,x is ! future t we hope to *ange4 ,n[1 :at are ! facts8 ,a rec5t contributor to ! ,int]national ,review1 ref]r+ to ,mr4 ,b]gh1 says t he assails physiological exp]im5ts ) ! same bl9d extravagance ( d5unciation z if !y 7 /ill p]=m$ )\t an/hetics1 z 9 ! "t ( ,mag5die4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( sci5tific accuracy "o w\ld wi% m c>e _h be5 giv5 to ! con/ruction ( ?is s5t5ce1 = x implies t exp]im5ts are n n[ p]=m$ except ) an/hetics--a mean+ its au?or nev] c\ld h int5d$ to convey4 ,e m$ical /ud5t 9 ,new ,york kn[s t exp]im5ts involv+ pa9 are repeat$ly p]=m$ to illu/rate tea*+4 ,x is no secret2 "o ne$ n g beyond ! frank admissions ( our lat] text-books on physiology = abundant pro(1 n only ( ?is1 b ( ! ext5t to :i* exp]im5tation is n[ c>ri$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h long be5 9 ! habit1 9 class demon/rations1 ( remov+ ! optic lobe on "o side f a pigeon1 says ,pr(essor ,fl9t1 ( ,bellevue ,hospital ,m$ical ,college1 9 8 excell5t "w on ,physiology4,a ,! exp]im5t ( divid+ ! sympa!tic 9 ! neck1 especially 9 rabbits1 is s easily p]=m$ t ! ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,b]n>d & ,br[n-,sequ>d h be5 repeat$ly v]ifi$4 ,we h (t5 done ?is 9 class demon/rations4,b ,! c]ebral lobes 7 remov$ f a "y pigeon 9 ! usual way1 an op]ation 99 99 :i* we practice ye>ly z a class demon/ration4,c ,ref]r+ to ! removal ( ! c]ebellum1 ! same au?ority /ates3 ,our own exp]im5ts1 :i* h be5 v num]\s dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 are simply repetitions ( ^? ( ,fl\r5s1 & ! results h be5 ! same )\t exception4,d ,we h frequ5tly remov$ bo? kidneys f dogs1 & :5 ! op]ation is c>efully p]=m$ ! animals live = f ?ree to five days4 99 99 ,dea? always takes place ) symptoms ( blood poison+4,e ,9 ! same "w we are giv5 precise details = mak+ a pancreatic fi/ula1 aft] ! me?od ( ,claude ,b]n>d--"o we h repeat$ly employ$ ) success4 ,9 p]=m+ ! above exp]im5t x is g5]ally bett] n to employ an an/hetic1,f b e!r is sometimes us$4 ,9 ! same "w is giv5 a picture ( a dog1 muzzl$ & ) a bili>y fi/ula1 z x appe>$ ! f\rte5? day aft] ! op]ation1 :i*1 ) details ( ! exp]im5t1 is q sugge/ive4,g ,b]n>d 0 ! fir/ to succe$ 9 foll[+ ! sp9al accessory n]ve back to ! jugul> =am51 seiz+ x "h ) a /rong pair ( =ceps & draw+ x out by ! roots4 ,?is exp]im5t is practic$ 9 our own c\ntry4 ,we h f\nd ?is result 7loss ( voice7 to foll[ 9 ! cat aft] ! sp9al accessory n]ves h be5 torn out by ! roots1 says ,pr(essor ,john ,c4 ,dalton1 9 8 ,treatise on ,human ,physiology4,h ,?is op]ation is difficult1 writes ,pr(essor ,fl9t1 b we h sev]al times p]=m$ x ) entire success2 & 8 assi/ant at ,bellevue ,m$ical ,college has succe$$ 9 extirpat+ ^! n]ves = class demon/rations4,i ,9 )drawal ( blood f ! hepatic ve9s ( a dog1 avoid+ ! adm9i/ration ( an an/hetic is "o ( ! /eps recomm5d$4,j ,! curi\s exp]im5t ( ,b]n>d1 9 :i* artificial diabetes is produc$ by irritat+ ! floor ( ! f\r? v5tricle ( ! bra91 is c>efully describ$1 & illu/rations af=d$ bo? ( ! in/rum5t & ! animal und]go+ ! op]ation4 ,! inexp]i5c$ exp]im5t] is "h taught to hold ! head ( ! rabbit firmly 9 ! left h&1 & to bore ?r\gh its skull by a few lat]al movem5ts ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is n a difficult op]ation2 x is "o :i* ! au?or has (t5 repeat$4 ,he tell u x is n desirable to adm9i/] an an/hetic1 z x w\ld prev5t success2 & a little fur!r we are told t we %\ld avoid ! adm9i/ration ( an/hetics 9 all accurate exp]im5ts on ! glycog5ic function4,k ,x is true ! pleas+ assurance is giv5 t ?is exp]im5t is almo/ pa9less2 b on ?is po9t1 c\ld ! rabbit speak dur+ ! op]ation1 its op9ion might n accord ) t ( ! physiologi/4 ,a ,a ,text-book ( ,human ,physiology1 design$ = ! use ( ,practition]s & ,/ud5ts ( ,m$ic9e1 by ,au/9 ,fl9t1 ,jr41 ,m4 ,d4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,new ,york3 #ahgf 7page #gbb74 ,b ,page #gch4 ,c ,page #ehe4 ,d ,page #gaj4 ,e ,page #djc4 ,f ,pages #bfi-gj4 ,g ,page #bhb4 ,h ,page #dhi4 ,i ,page #fbi4 ,j ,page #dfc4 ,k ,pages #dgj-ga4 ,!re is "o exp]im5t 9 reg>d to :i* ! sev]e *>act]ization ( ,engli% sci5ti/s is especially applicable1 f ! pa9 necess>ily att5d+ x4 ,num]\s inve/igators h long e/abli%$ ! fact t ! great s5sory n]ve ( ! head & face is end[$ ) an exquisite degree ( s5sibility4 ,m ?an half a c5tury ago1 bo? ,mag5die & ,sir ,*>les ,bell po9t$ out t m]ely expos+ & t\*+ ?is fif? n]ve gave signs ( mo/ acute pa94 ,all :o h divid$ ?is root 9 liv+ animals mu/ h recogniz$1 n only t x is s5sitive1 b t its s5sibility is f> m acute ?an t ( any o!r n]v\s trunk 9 ! body4,a ,! fif? pair1 says ,pr(essor ,john ,c4 ,dalton1 is ! mo/ acutely s5sitive n]ve 9 ! :ole body4 ,its irritation by me*anical means always causes int5se pa91 & ev5 ?\gh ! animal be ne>ly unconsci\s f ! influ5ce ( e!r1 any sev]e injury to its l>ge root is almo/ inv>iably foll[$ by cries4,b ,te/imony on ?is po9t is uni=m & abundant4 ,if sci5ce speaks any:]e ) assurance1 x is 9 reg>d to ! prop]ties ( ?is n]ve4 ,yet e ye> ! exp]im5t is repeat$ be=e m$ical classes1 simply to demon/rate accept$ facts4 ,?is is an op]ation1 says ,pr(essor ,fl9t1 ref]r+ to ! division ( ?is n]ve1 t we h frequ5tly p]=m$ ) success4 ,he adds t x is difficult f ! fact t "o is work+ 9 ! d>k1 & x requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( dext]ity1 to be acquir$ only by practice4 ,m9ute directions are !re=e laid d[n = ! op]ative proc$ure1 & illu/rations giv5 bo? ( ! in/rum5t to be us$1 & ( ! head ( a rabbit ) ! blade ( ! in/rum5t 9 its cranial cavity4,c ,hold+ ! head ( our rabbit firmly 9 ! left h&1 we are direct$ to p5etrate ! cranium 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,soon ! op]ator feels at a c]ta9 dep? t ! bony resi/ance ceases2 he is !n on ! fif? pair1 & ! cries ( ! animal give evid5ce t ! n]ve is press$ ^u4 ,?is is "o ( ,mag5die's celebrat$ exp]im5ts2 p]haps ! read] fancies t 9 its mod]n repetitions ! animal suff]s no?+1 be+ r5d]$ ins5sible by an/hetics8 ,x is mu* m satisfactory to divide ! n]ve )\t e!riz+ ! animal1 z ! evid5ce ( pa9 is an important guide 9 ?is delicate op]ation4 ,an/hetics1 h[ev]1 are sometimes us$1 b n s z :olly to ov]come ! pa94 ,a ,fl9t3 ,text ,book on ,human ,physiology 7page #fda74 ,b ,dalton's ,human ,physiology 7page #dff74 ,c ,fl9t 7pages #fci-dj74 ,te/imony ( individuals1 indicat+ ! ext5t to :i* vivisection is at pres5t practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry might be giv52 b x seems bett] to submit pro( )9 ! rea* ( e read]1 & ! accuracy ( :i* is beyond cavil4 ,no legal re/rictions :atev] exi/1 prev5t+ ! p]=mance ( any exp]im5t desir$4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k x may safely be ass]t$ t1 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 9 a s+le m$ical s*ool1 m pa9 is inflict$ ^u liv+ animals z a means ( tea*+ well-kn[n facts1 ?an is p]mitt$ to be done = ! same purpose 9 all ! m$ical s*ools ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,& cui bono8 ,i c truly say1 writes a physician :o has se5 all ^! exp]im5ts1 t n only h ,i nev] se5 any results at all comm5surate ) ! suff]+ inflict$1 b ,i _c recall a s+le exp]im5t :i*1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 has increas$ my ability to relieve pa91 or 9 any way fitt$ me to cope bett] ) disease4 ,9 respect to ?is practice1 !re=e1 evid5ce ab\nds indicat+ ! necessity = t ,/ate sup]vision :i* obta9s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,we _c aboli% x any m ?an we c repress dissection2 to attempt x w\ld be equally unwise4 ,)9 c]ta9 limitations1 dictat$ bo? by a reg>d = ! int]e/ ( sci5ce & by t sympa?y = ev]y?+ t lives & suff]s :i* is ! highe/ attribute ( humanity1 x seems to me t ! practice ( vivisection %\ld be all[$4 ,:at are ^! re/rictions8 ,! foll[+ conclusions are sugge/$ z a basis = future legislation3 ,i4 ,any exp]im5t or op]ation :atev] ^u a liv+ animal1 dur+ :i* by recogniz$ an/hetics x is made completely ins5sible to pa91 %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,?is does n necess>ily imply ! tak+ ( life4 ,%\ld a surgeon1 = example1 desire to cause a fracture or tie an art]y1 & !n p]mit ! animal to recov] s z to note subsequ5t effects1 !re is no reason :y ! privilege %\ld be refus$4 ,! discom=t foll[+ su* an op]ation w\ld be inconsid]able4 ,?is p]mission %\ld n ext5d to exp]im5ts purely physiological & hav+ no def9ite relation to surg]y2 nor to mutilation f :i* recov]y is impossible1 & prolong$ pa9 c]ta9 z a sequ5ce4 ,,ii4 ,any exp]im5t p]=m$ ?us1 "u complete an/hesia1 ?\gh involv+ any degree ( mutilation1 if conclud$ by ! ext9ction ( life be=e consci\sness is rega9$ %\ld also be p]mitt$4 ,to object to kill+ animals = sci5tific purposes :ile we cont9ue to dem& _! sacrifice = food1 is to seek = ! appetite a privilege we refuse ! m9d4 ,x is equally absurd to object to vivisection because x dissects1 or cuts up4 ,if no pa9 be felt1 :y is x worse to cut up a dog1 ?an a %eep or an ox8 ,su* exp]im5ts z ! =ego+ might be p]mitt$ to any ext5t desir$ 9 our m$ical s*ools4 ,f> m difficult is ! "q ( pa9ful exp]im5tation4 ,un=tunately1 x s happ5s t ! mo/ attractive orig9al inve/igations are l>gely ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 involv+ ! consci\sness ( pa9 z a requisite to success4 ,t[>d ?is class ( exp]im5ts ! ,/ate %\ld act ) caution & firmness4 ,x seems to me t ! foll[+ re/rictions are only j4 ,,iii4 ,9 view ( ! great co/ 9 suff]+1 z comp>$ ) ! slight pr(it ga9$ by ! /ud5t1 ! repetition1 = purposes ( class in/ruction ( any exp]im5t involv+ pa9 to a v]tebrate animal %\ld be =bidd5 by law4 ,,iv4 ,9 view ( ! slight ga9 to practical m$ic9e result+ f innum]able pa/ exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 a pa9ful exp]im5t ^u a liv+ v]tebrate animal %\ld be p]mitt$ solely = purposes ( orig9al inve/igation1 & !n only "u ! mo/ rigid surveillance1 & prec$$ by ! /ricte/ precautions4 ,= e exp]im5t ( ?is k9d ! physiologi/ %\ld be requir$ to obta9 special p]mission f a ,/ate bo>d1 specify+ on application 7#a7 ! object ( ! propos$ inve/igation1 7#b7 ! nature & me?od ( ! op]ation1 7#c7 ! species ( animal to be sacrific$1 & 7#d7 ! %orte/ p]iod dur+ :i* pa9 w probably be felt4 ,an (fic] ( ! ,/ate %\ld be giv5 an opportunity to be pres5t2 & a report made1 bo? ( ! l5g? ( "t occupi$1 & ! k1 if any1 ga9$ !reby4 ,if ^! re/rictions are made obligatory by /atute1 & _! violation made puni%able by a heavy f9e1 su* exp]im5ts w be g5]ally p]=m$ only :5 absolutely necess>y = purposes ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,9 few matt]s is !re great] necessity = c>eful discrim9ation ?an 9 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ?is subject4 ,! attempt has be5 made 9 ?is pap] to indicate h[ f> ! ,/ate--lean+ to m]cy's side--may sanction a practice (t5 s necess>y & useful1 always s dang]\s 9 its t5d5cies4 ,t is a wor?y ideal ( conduct :i* seeks ,nev] to bl5d our pleasure or our pride ,) sorr[ ( ! meane/ ?+ t feels4 ,is n ?is a s5tim5t 9 :i* ev5 sci5ce may fitly %>e8 ,are we ju/ifi$ 9 neglect+ ! evid5ce %e (f]s1 pur*as$ 9 ! pa/ at su* immeasurable agonies1 & 9 dem&+ t ye> aft] ye> new victims %all be subject$ to torture1 only to demon/rate :at none ( u d\bt8 ,t is ! *ief "q4 ,=1 if all compromise be p]si/5tly reject$ by physiologi/s1 !re is dang] t "s day1 impell$ by ! advanc+ gr[? ( humane s5tim5t1 society may conf\nd 9 "o common condemnation all exp]im5ts ( ?is nature1 & make ! :ole practice impossible1 except 9 secret & z a crime4 ,f ,,lipp9cott',s ,,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #ahhd4 ,,vivisection4 ,omitt+ entirely any consid]ation ( ! e?ics ( vivisection1 ! only po9ts to :i* 9 ! pres5t article ! att5tion ( ! read] is invit$ are ^? 9 :i* sci5tific inquir]s may be suppos$ to h a common int]e/4 ,i4 ,"o dang] to :i* sci5tific tru? seems to be expos$ is a peculi> t5d5cy to und]e/imate ! numb]less unc]ta9ties & contradictions creat$ by exp]im5tation ^u liv+ be+s4 ,judg+ f ! en?usiasm ( its advocates1 "o w\ld ?9k t by ?is me?od ( int]rogat+ nature all fallacies c be detect$1 all d\bts det]m9$4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ! result ( exp]im5tation1 9 _m directions1 is to plunge ! obs]v] into ! abyss ( unc]ta9ty4 ,take1 = example1 "o ( ! simple/ & yet mo/ important que/ions possible1--! degree ( s5sibility 9 ! l[] animals4 ,has an inf9ite numb] ( exp]im5ts enabl$ physiologi/s to det]m9e = u ! m]e "q ( pa98 ,suppose an amateur exp]im5t] 9 ,london1 desir\s ( p]=m+ "s sev]e op]ations ^u frogs1 to hesitate because ( ! extreme pa9fulness ( 8 me?ods1 :at replies w\ld he be likely to obta9 f ! highe/ sci5tific au?orities ( ,engl& z to ! s5sibility ( ^! creatures8 ,we may fairly judge _! probable answ]s to su* inquiries f _! evid5ce already giv5 be=e a royal commission4,a ,a ,! contradictory op9ions ascrib$ to mo/ ( ! au?orities quot$ 9 ?is article are tak5 directly f ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,practice ( ,subject+ ,live ,animals to ,exp]im5ts = ,sci5tific ,purposes1--a ,blue-,book ,p>liam5t>y ,report4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] w\ld d\btless repeat 8 op9ion t frogs h extremely little p]ception ( pa92 & 9 ! evid5ce ( t exp]i5c$ physiologi/ ,george ,h5ry ,lewes1 he w\ld f9d ! *e]ful assurance1 ,i d n believe t frogs suff] pa9 at all4 ,our fri5d applies1 let u suppose1 to ,dr4 ,kle91 ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 :o despises ! s5tim5tality :i* reg>ds animal suff]+ z ( ! lea/ consequ5ce2 & ?is en?usia/ic vivisector in=ms him t1 9 8 ,engli% exp]i5ce1 ! exp]im5t :i* caus$ ! greate/ pa9 )\t an/hetics 0 ! caut]ization ( ! cornea ( a frog4 ,some:at confus$ at f9d+ t a mo/ pa9ful exp]im5t c be p]=m$ ^u an animal t does n suff] he relates ?is to ,dr4 ,swa9e ,taylor1 ( ,guy's ,hospital1 :o does n ?9k t ,kle9's exp]im5t w\ld cause sev]e suff]+2 b ( ano!r--plac+ a frog 9 cold wat] & rais+ ! temp]ature to ab\t #ajj--t1 says ,doctor ,taylor1 w\ld be a cruel exp]im5t3 ,i _c see :at purpose x c answ]4 ,be=e leav+ ,guy's ,hospital1 our inquir+ fri5d meets ,dr4 ,pavy1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ physiologi/s 9 ,engl&1 :o tells him t 9 ?is exp]im5t1 /igmatiz$ by 8 colleague z cruel1 ! frog w\ld 9 reality suff] v little2 t if we ourselves 7 treat$ to a ba? gradually rais$ f a m$ium temp]ature to ! boil+ po9t1 ,i ?9k we %\ld n feel any pa92 t 7 we plung$ at once into boil+ wat]1 ev5 !n1 says ! en?usia/ic & sci5tific ,dr4 ,pavy1 ,i d n ?9k pa9 w\ld be exp]i5c$6 ,our fri5d goes !n to ,dr4 ,sibson1 ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital1 :o z a physiologi/ ( _m ye>s' /&+1 sees no objection to freez+1 />v+1 or bak+ animals alive2 b he decl>es ( boil+ a frog1 ,t is a horrible idea1 & ,i c]ta9ly am n go+ to def5d x4 ,p]plex$ m ?an ev]1 he goes to ,dr4 ,li/]1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 & is a/oni%$ ^u be+ told t ! m]e hold+ ( a frog 9 y\r w>m h& is ab\t z pa9ful z any exp]im5t probably t y w\ld p]=m4 ,f9ally1 "o ( ! /ronge/ advocates ( vivisections1 ,dr4 ,an?ony1 pupil ( ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 w\ld exclaim1 if a m]e exposition ( ! lungs ( ! frog 7 ref]r$ to1 ,fond z ,i am ( physiology1 ,i w\ld n d t = ! _w6 ,n[1 :at has our inquir] le>n$ by 8 appeal to sci5ce8 ,has he ga9$ any cle> & absolute k8 ,h>dly two ( ! exp]im5t]s nam$ agree ^u "o simple yet mo/ important prelim9>y ( rese>*--! s5sibility to pa9 ( a s+le species ( animals4 ,let u int]rogate sci5tific op9ion a little fur!r on ?is "q ( s5sibility4 ,is !re any diff]5ce 9 animals z reg>ds susceptibility to pa98 ,dr4 ,an?ony says t we may take ! am\nt ( intellig5ce 9 animals z a fair measure ( _! s5sibility--t ! pa9 "o w\ld suff] w\ld be 9 proportion to its intellig5ce4 ,dr4 ,ru!r=d1 ,ed9burgh1 nev] p]=ms an exp]im5t ^u a cat or a spaniel if he c help x1 because !y are s exce$+ly s5sitive2 & ,dr4 ,horatio ,wood1 ( ,philadelphia1 tells u t ! n]v\s sy/em ( a cat is f> m s5sitive ?an t ( ! rabbit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,li/]1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 is n aw>e ( any su* diff]5ce 9 s5sibility 9 animals1 & ,dr4 ,brunton1 ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's1 f9ds cats su* v good animals to op]ate ) t he on "o occasion us$ n9ety 9 mak+ a s+le exp]im5t4 ,sir ,william ,gull ?9ks !re are b few exp]im5ts p]=m$ on liv+ creatures :]e s5sation is n remov$1 yet ,dr4 ,ru!r=d admits ab\t half 8 exp]im5ts to h be5 made ^u animals s5sitive to pa94 ,pr(essor ,rolle/on1 ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 tells u ! :ole "q ( an/hetiz+ animals has an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty2 & ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d decl>es x impossible to say :e!r ev5 artificial respiration is pa9ful or n1 unless ! animal c speak4 ,dr4 ,brunton1 ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's1 says ( t mo/ pa9ful exp]im5t1 poison+ by /ry*n9e1 t x _c be effici5tly %[n if ! animal be "u *lor(orm4 ,dr4 ,davy1 ( ,guy's1 on ! contr>y1 always gives *lor(orm1 & f9ds x no imp$im5t to successful demon/ration1 ,is opium an an/hetic8 ,claude ,b]n>d decl>es t s5sibility exi/s ev5 ?\gh ! animal be motionless3 ,il s5t la d\leur1 mais il a1 p\r a9si dire1 p]du l'idee de la def5se4,a ,b ,dr4 ,brunton1 ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's hospital1 ,london1 has no hesitation :atev] 9 contradict+ ?is /atem5t emphatically1 h[ev] high an au?ority x may be4 ,cur>e1 a poison inv5t$ by ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians = _! arr[s1 is mu* us$ 9 physiological laboratories to p>alyze ! motor n]ves1 r5d]+ an animal absolutely incapable ( ! slighte/ di/urb+ movem5t4 ,does x at ! same "t de/roy s5sation1 or is ! creature consci\s ( e pang8 ,claude ,b]n>d1 ( ,p>is1 ,%>pey1 ( ,london1 & ,fl9t1 ( ,new ,york,b all agree t s5sation is n aboli%$2 on ! o!r h&1 ,ru!r=d reg>ds cur>e z a p>tial an/hetic1 & ,huxley /rongly intimates t ,b]n>d 9 ?us decid+ f exp]im5ts t x does n affect ! c]ebral hemisph]es or consci\sness1 jump$ at a conclusion = :i* nei!r he nor anybody else _h any sci5tific ju/ification4 ,?is is extraord9>y language = "o exp]im5tali/ to use reg>d+ o!rs6 ,if x is possible t su* m5 z ,claude ,b]n>d & ,pr(essor ,fl9t h jump$ at "o utt]ly unsci5tific conclusion1 not)/&+ ! mo/ pa9/ak+ ( vivisections1 :at security h we t o!r ( our !ories 9 physiology n[ reg>d$ z absolutely e/abli%$ may n be "o day z sev]ely ridicul$ by succe$+ inve/igators8 ,is x1 aft] all1 true1 t ! absolute c]ta9ty ( our mo/ important d$uctions mu/ rema9 =ev] hidd5 unless ! animal c speak8 ,a ,he feels ! pa91 b has lo/1 s to speak1 ! idea ( self def5se4 ,leons de ,physiologie opratoire1 #ahgi1 p4 #aae4 ,b ,text-,book ( ,human ,physiology1 p4 #eie4 ,,ii4 ,betwe5 advocat+ ,/ate sup]vision ( pa9ful vivisection1 & propos+ ) ,mr4 ,b]gh ! total suppression ( all exp]im5ts1 pa9ful or o!rwise1 !re is manife/ly a v wide di/9ction4 ,un=tunately1 ! sugge/ion ( any int]f]5ce :atev] inv>iably r\ses ! ang] ( ^? mo/ int]e/$--an indignation z unreasonable1 to say ! lea/1 z t ( ! m]*ant :o refuses a receipt = money j paid to him1 on ! gr\nd t a reque/ = a writt5 ackn[l$gem5t is a reflection ^u 8 hone/y4 ,i _c see h[ o!rwise ?an by ,/ate sup]vision we are to rea* abuses :i* confess$ly exi/4 ,c we tru/ ! s5sitiv5ess & consci5ce ( e exp]im5t]8 ,nobody claims ?is4 ,"o ( ! lead+ physiologi/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,dalton1 admits t vivisection may be1 & has be51 abus$ by reckless1 unfeel+1 or unskillful p]sons2 t he himself has witness$ abroad1 9 a vet]9>y in/itution1 op]ations ?an :i* no?+ c\ld be m %ock+4 ,& yet ! unspeakable atrocities at ,al=t1 to :i*1 app>5tly1 ,dr4 ,dalton alludes1 7 def5d$ ^u ! v gr\nd he occupies to-day 9 advocat+ exp]im5ts ( ! mod]n laboratory & classroom2 = ! ,academie des ,sci5ces decid$ t !re 0 no occasion to take any notice ( compla9ts2 t 9 ! future1 z 9 ! pa/1 vivisectional exp]im5ts mu/ be left entirely to ! judgm5t ( sci5tific m54 ,:at seem$ atroci\s to ! m t5d]-he>t$ ,anglo-,saxon 0 pron\nc$ entirely ju/ifiable by ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,a curi\s "q sugge/s itself 9 connection ) ?is po9t4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t ! s5tim5t ( compassion & ( sympa?y ) suff]+ is m g5]ally diffus$ among all classes ( ,great ,brita9 ?an else:]e 9 ,europe2 & "o _c help wond]+ :at our place might be1 7 x possible to in/itute any reliable comp>ison ( national humanity4 ,%\ld we be f\nd 9 all respects z s5sitive z ! ,engli% p8 ,w\ld indignation & prote/ be z quickly & spontane\sly evok$ among u by a cruel act8 ,! "q may appe> an ungraci\s "o1 yet x seems to me !re exi/s "s reason :y x %\ld be pla9ly ask$4 ,!re is a c]ta9 exp]im5t--"o ( ! mo/ excruciat+ t c be p]=m$--:i* consi/s 9 expos+ ! sp9al cord ( ! dog = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! functions ( ! sp9al n]ves4 ,x is "o1 by ! way1 :i* ,dr4 ,wild] =got to enum]ate 9 8 summ>y ( ! f\r k9ds ( exp]im5ts1 s9ce x is n ! cutt+ op]ation :i* =ms its *ief peculi>ity or to :i* special objection w\ld be made4 ,at pres5t all ?is prelim9>y process is g5]ally p]=m$ "u an/hetics3 x is an h\r or two lat]1 :5 ! animal has p>tly recov]$ f ! sev]e %ock ( ! op]ation1 t ! w\nd is reop5$ & ! exp]im5t beg9s4 ,x 0 dur+ a class demon/ration ( ?is k9d by ,mag5die1 be=e ! introduction ( e!r1 t ! circum/ance occurr$ :i* "o hesitates to ?9k possible 9 a p]son reta9+ a s+le sp>k ( humanity or pity4 ,i recall to m9d1 says ,dr4 ,lat\r1 :o 0 pres5t at ! "t1 a poor dog1 ! roots ( ^: v]tebral n]ves ,mag5die desir$ to lay b>e to demon/rate ,bell's !ory1 :i* he claim$ z 8 own4 ,! dog1 mutilat$ & ble$+ twice escap$ f "u ! implacable knife1 & ?rew its front paws ar\nd ,mag5die's neck1 lick+1 z if to s(t5 8 murd]] & ask = m]cy6 ,i confess ,i 0 unable to endure t he>tr5d+ spectacle4 ,x 0 probably 9 ref]5ce to ?is exp]im5t t ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 ! greate/ ,engli% physiologi/ ( our c5tury1 writ+ to 8 bro!r 9 #ahbb1 in=ms him t he hesitates to g on ) 8 inve/igations4 ,y may ?9k me silly1 he adds1 b ,i _c p]fectly conv9ce myself t ,i am au?oriz$ 9 nature or religion to d ^! cruelties4 ,n[1 :at d ,engli% physiologi/s & vivisectors ( ! pres5t day ?9k ( ! repetition ( ?is exp]im5t solely z a class demon/ration8 ,!y h c&idly express$ _! op9ions be=e a royal commission4 ,dr4 ,david ,f]ri]1 ( ,k+'s college1 not$ = 8 exp]im5ts ^u ! bra9 ( monkeys1 affirms 8 belief t /ud5ts w\ld rebel at ! sight ( a pa9ful exp]im5t4 ,dr4 ,ru!r=d1 :o c]ta9ly d>$ d all t may become a physiologi/1 confesses m\rnfully1 ,i d>e n %[ an exp]im5t ^u a dog or rabbit be=e /ud5ts1 :5 ! animal is n an/hetiz$4 ,dr4 ,pavy1 ( ,guy's ,hospital1 ass]ts t a pa9ful exp]im5t introduc$ be=e a class w\ld n be tol]at$ = a mom5t4 ,sir ,william ,gull1 ,m4 ,d41 believes t ! repetition ( an op]ation l ?is ^u ! sp9al n]ves w\ld excite ! reprobation alike ( tea*]1 pupils1 & ! public at l>ge4 ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 :o m9utely describes all ! details ( ! exp]im5t on recurr5t s5sibility 9 ! ,h&book = ! ,physiological ,laboratory1 nev]!less tells u1 ,i h n p]=m$ x1 & h nev] se5 x done1 p>tly1 z he confesses1 f horror at ! pa94 ,& f9ally ,dr4 ,burdon-,s&]son1 physiologi/ at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 /ates ) ! utmo/ emphasis1 9 reg>d to ! p]=mance ( ?is demon/ration on ! sp9al cord1 ,i am p]fectly c]ta9 t no physiologi/--none ( ! lead+ m5 9 ,g]many1 = example--w\ld exhibit an exp]im5t ( t k9d4 ,n[ m>k ! contra/4 ,?is exp]im5t--:i* we are told passes ev5 ! call\sness ( ,g]many to repeat2 :i* e lead+ *ampion ( vivisection 9 ,great ,brita9 reprobates = m$ical tea*+2 :i* "s ( !m %r9k ev5 f see+1 !mselves1 f horror at ! tortures necess>ily inflict$2 :i* ! mo/ ru?less among !m d>e n exhibit to ! "y m5 ( ,engl&1--?is exp]im5t has be5 p]=m$ publicly aga9 & aga9 9 ,am]ican m$ical colleges1 )\t excit+1 s f> z we "k1 ev5 a :isp] ( prote/ or ! fa9te/ murmur ( remon/rance6 ,! pro( is to be f\nd 9 ! publi%$ /atem5ts ( ! exp]im5t] himself4 ,9 8 ,text-,book ( ,physiology1 ,pr(essor ,fl9t says1 ,mag5die %[$ v satisfactorily t ! po/]ior roots 7( ! sp9al cord7 7 exclusively s5sory1 & ?is fact has be5 confirm$ by m rec5t obs]vations ^u ! high] classes ( animals4 ,we h ourselves frequ5tly expos$ & irritat$ ! roots ( ! n]ves 9 dogs1 9 public demon/rations 9 exp]im5ts on ! recurr5t s5sibility1 444 & 9 ano!r s]ies ( obs]vations4,a ,a ,a ,text-,book ( ,human ,physiology4 ,by ,au/9 ,fl9t1 ,jr4 ,m4 ,d4 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 ,page #ehi2 see also page #fgd4 ,?is is ! exp]i5ce ( a s+le pr(essional tea*]2 b x is improbable t ?is exp]im5t has be5 %[n only to ! /ud5ts ( a s+le m$ical college 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 x has d\btless be5 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 diff]5t colleges ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,if ,engli%m5 are1 !n1 s extremely s5sitive z ,f]ri]1 ,gull1 & ,burdon-,s&]son w\ld h u believe1 we mu/ necess>ily conclude t ! s5tim5t ( compassion is f> great] 9 ,brita9 ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,h we drift$ backw>d 9 humanity8 ,h ,am]ican /ud5ts le>n$ to witness1 )\t prote/1 tortures at ! sight ( :i* ,engli% /ud5ts w\ld rebel8 ,we are told t !re is no ne$ ( any public s5sitiv5ess on ?is subject4 ,we %\ld tru/ entirely1 z !y d 9 ,france1--at ,al=t1 = example1--to ! judgm5t ( ! inve/igator4 ,!re mu/ be no lift+ ( ! veil to ! outside multitude2 = ! prie/s ( ?is unpity+ sci5ce !re mu/ be z absolute immunity f criticism or inquiry z 0 ev] dem&$ be=e ! %r9e ( ,delphi or ! alt>s ( ,baal4 ,let !m ex]cise _! solemn (fice1 dem&s ,dr4 ,wild]1 n only unre/ra9$ by law1 b upheld by public s5tim5t4 ,= myself1 ,i _c believe ?is position is t5able4 ,no?+ seems to me m c]ta9 ?an ! results t mu/ foll[ if popul> s5tim5t 9 ?is c\ntry %all kn[+ly su/a9 ! public demon/ration ( an exp]im5ts 9 pa91 :i* c f9d no def5d] among ! physiologi/s ( ,great ,brita94 ,x has be5 my =tune to "k some?+ ( ! l>ge hospitals ( ,europe2 & ,i confess ,i d n "k a s+le "o 9 c\ntries :]e pa9ful vivisection fl\ri%es1 un*eck$ by law1 :]e9 ! poor & ne$y sick are treat$ ) ! sympa?y1 ! delicacy1 or ev5 ! dec5cy1 :i* s univ]sally *>act]ize ! hospitals ( ,engl&4 ,:5 ,mag5die1 op]at+ = cat>act1 plung$ 8 ne$le to ! bottom ( 8 pati5t's eye1 t he might note ^u a human be+ ! effect produc$ by me*anical irritation ( ! ret9a1 he demon/rat$ h[ greatly ! zeal ( ! en?usia/ may impair ! responsibility ( ! physician & ! sympa?y ( man = man4 ,,iii4 ,! utility ( vivisection 9 advanc+ !rapeutics1 despite mu* argum5t1 /ill rema9s an op5 "q4 ,no "o is s fooli% z to d5y ! possibility ( future usefulness to any discov]y :atev]2 b !re is a di/9ction1 v easily slurr$ ov] 9 ! eag]ness ( debate1 betwe5 pres5t applicability & remotely pot5tial s]vice4 ,if ! pa9s inflict$ on animals are absolutely necess>y to ! protection ( human life & ! advancem5t ( practical skill 9 m$ic9e1 %\ld s5tim5t be p]mitt$ to *eck inve/igation8 ,an ,engli% prelate1 ! ,bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh1 speak+ 9 ,p>liam5t on ?is subject1 once told ! ,h\se ( ,lords t x 0 v difficult to decide :at 0 unnecess>y pa91 & z an example ( ! p]plexities :i* arose 9 8 own m9d he m5tion$ ! case ( ! wret*$ man :o 0 convict$ ( sk9n+ cats alive1 because _! sk9s 7 m valuable :5 tak5 f ! liv+ animal ?an f ! dead "o4 ,! extra money1 add$ ! ,bi%op1 got ! man a d9n]6,a ,:e!r 9 ?is p>ticul> case ! excuse 0 well receiv$ by ! judge1 ! rev]5d prelate neglect$ to in=m u2 b x is c]ta9 t ! plea = pa9ful exp]im5tation re/s sub/antially on ! same basis4 ,out ( ! agonies ( s5ti5t brutes we are to pluck ! secret ( long] liv+ & ! art ( sur] triumph ov] intractable disease4 ,a ,see ,hans>d's ,p>liam5t>y ,debates1 ,june #bj1 #ahgf4 ,b has ?is hope be5 fulfill$8 ,pa/eur1 we are told1 has claim$ ! discov]y ( a cure = hydrophobia ?r\gh exp]im5ts on animals4 ,x may be well wor? its co/ if only true2 b we _c =get t its practical value is by no means yet demon/rat$4 ,aside f ?is1 has physiological exp]im5tation dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury contribut$ su* m>k$ improvem5ts 9 !rapeutic me?ods t we f9d c]ta9 & tangible evid5ce !re( 9 ! dim9i%+ fatality ( any disease8 ,c "o m5tion a s+le malady :i* ?irty ye>s ago resi/$ e rem$ial ef=t1 to :i* ! m enlight5$ sci5ce ( to-day c (f] hopes ( recov]y8 ,^! seem to me p]fectly legitimate & fair que/ions1 &1 =tunately1 9 "o respect1 capable ( a sci5tific reply4 ,i suppose ! op9ion ( ! late ,claude ,b]n>d1 ( ,p>is1 w\ld be g5]ally accept$ z t ( ! highe/ sci5tific au?ority on ! utility ( vivisection 9 practical m$ic9e2 b he tells u t x is h>dly wor? :ile to make ! inquiry4 ,)\t d\bt1 he confess$1 our h&s are empty to-day1 al?\gh our m\?s are full ( legitimate promises = ! future4 ,0 ,claude ,b]n>d correct 9 ?is op9ion z to ! empty h&s8 ,if sci5tific evid5ce is wor? any?+1 x po9ts to ! appall+ conclusion t1 not)/&+ all ! rese>*es ( physiology1 ! *ief =ms ( *ronic disease exhibit to-day 9 ,engl& a great] fatality ?an ?irty ye>s ago4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ,i h indicat$ ! av]age annual mortality1 p] million inhabitants1 ( c]ta9 diseases1 fir/1 = ! p]iod ( five ye>s f #ahej to #ahed1 & secondly1 = ! p]iod tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 f #ahge to #ahgi4 ,! au?ority is beyond "q2 ! facts are collect$ f ! report to ,p>liam5t ( ! ,regi/r>-g5]al ( ,engl&3 ,av]age ,annual ,rate ( ,mortality 9 ,engl&1 f ,causes ( ,dea?1 p] ,"o ,million ,inhabitants4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,dur+ ,dur+ ,,"n ,,( ,,disease4 ,five ,ye>s1 ,five ,ye>s1 #ahej-ed4 #ahge-gi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,g\t1 #ab #be ,aneurism1 #af #cb ,diabetes1 #bc #da ,insanity1 #bi #eg ,syphilis1 #cg #hf ,epilepsy1 #aje #aai ,bright's disease1 #cb #ahb ,kidney disease1 #id #aad ,bra9 disease1 #aib #bha ,liv] disease1 #bae #bia ,he>t disease1 #fea #a1cce ,canc]1 #cjb #dib ,p>alysis1 #ddj #eja ,apoplexy1 #ded #eeb ,tub]cul> diseases & diseases ( ! ,respiratory ,organs1 #f1dbd #f1hhf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mortality f above diseases3 #i1jbf #aj1iid ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,?is is c]ta9ly a mo/ />tl+ exhibit1 :5 we rememb] t f only ^! few causes ab\t half ( all ! dea?s 9 ,engl& annually occur1 & t f !m result ! dea?s ( two-?irds ( ! p]sons1 ( bo? sexes1 :o rea* ! age ( tw5ty ye>s4,a ,:at are ! effects "h disc]nible ( ,b]n>d's exp]im5ts ^u diabetes8 ( ,br[n-,sequ>d's ^u epilepsy & p>alysis8 ( ,fl9t's & ,pavy's on diseases ( ! liv]8 ( ,f]ri]'s rese>*es ^u ! functions ( ! bra98 ,let u appeal f ! heat$ en?usiasm ( ! exp]im5t] to ! /]n facts ( ! /ati/ician4 ,:y1 s f> f hav+ obta9$ ! lea/ ma/]y ov] ^? malignant =ces :i* seem =ev] to elude & baffle our art1 !y are actually ga9+ ^u u2 e "o ( ^! =ms ( disease is m fatal to-day 9 ,engl& ?an ?irty ye>s ago2 dur+ #ahgi ov] sixty ?\s& m dea?s result$ f ^! maladies alone ?an w\ld h occurr$ _h ! rate ( mortality f !m be5 simply t :i* prevail$ dur+ ! b5ight$ p]iod ( #ahej to #ahed6 ,true1 dur+ lat] ye>s !re has be5 a dim9i%$ mortality 9 ,engl&1 b x is f ! less] preval5ce ( zymotic diseases1 :i* no "o to-day pret5ds to cure2 :ile ! organic diseases %[ a con/ant t5d5cy to increase4 ,"p ( ?is may be due to m accurate diagnosis & cle>] def9ition ( mortality causes3 b ?is w n expla9 a ph5om5on :i* is too evid5t to be ov]look$4 ,a ,9 #ahgi ! total mortality 9 ,engl&1 above ! age ( tw5ty1 f all causes :atsoev]1 0 #bhg1jic4 ,( ^! dea?s1 ! numb] occasion$ by ! sixte5 causes above nam$1 0 #aia1gjf1 or almo/ exactly two-?irds4 ,x is a fact1 says ! ,regi/r>-g5]al1 9 8 report = #ahgi1 t :ile mortality 9 e>ly life has be5 v notably dim9i%$1 ! mortality ( p]sons 9 middle or advanc$ life has be5 /eadily ris+ = a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,x is probable t ! same /ory w\ld be told by ! records ( ,france1 ,g]many1 & o!r ,european c\ntries2 x is useless1 ( c\rse1 to ref] to ,am]ica1 s9ce 9 reg>d to /ati/ical in=mation we /ill lag beh9d e c\ntry :i* pret5ds to be civiliz$4,a ,und\bt$ly x w\ld be a false assumption :i* f ^! facts %\ld d$uce retrogression 9 m$ical art or d5y advance & improvem5t2 b !y c]ta9ly indicate t ! boa/$ sup]iority ( mod]n m$ic9e ov] ! skill ( our fa!rs1 due to physiological rese>*es1 is n su/a9$ by ! only imp>tial au?ority to :i* sci5ce c appeal = evid5ce ( results4 ,a ,ev5 ,japan1 a c\ntry we are apt to consid] z some:at b5ight$1 has f> bett] /ati/ical in=mation at h& ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at !n is ! sub/ance ( ! :ole matt]8 ,x seems to me ! foll[+ conclusions are ju/ifi$ by ! facts pres5t$4 ,i4 ,all exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals may be divid$ into two g5]al classes2 #a/ ^? :i* produce pa91--slight1 brief1 sev]e or atroci\sly acute & prolong$2 & #bnd1 ^? exp]im5ts :i* are p]=m$ "u complete an/hesia f :i* ei!r dea? ensues dur+ unconsci\sness1 or entire recov]y may foll[4 ,,ii4 ,! majority ( vivisections requisite = purposes ( tea*+ physiological facts may be s c>ri$ on z to take life ) less pa9 or inconv5i5ce to ! animal ?an is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to furni% meat = our tables4 ,^? :o w\ld make x a p5al (f5se to submit to a class ( college /ud5ts ! unconsci\s & pa9less demon/ration ( functional activity ( ! he>t1 = example1 & yet dem& = ! gratification ( appetite ! daily slaught] ( ox5 & %eep )\t an/hetics1 & )\t any attempt to m9imize ! agony ( t]ror1 fe> & pa9--may n be inconsi/5t4 ,b x is a view ! writ] _c %>e4 ,,iii4 ,prohibition ( all exp]im5ts may be fairly dem&$ by ^? :o believe t ! en?usia/ic ardor ( ! sci5tific exp]im5t] or lectur]1 w outweigh all consid]ations ( good fai?1 provid$ success or failure ( 8 exp]im5t dep5d on ! consci\sness ( pa94 ,9 o!r words1 t ! exp]im5t] himself1 z a rule1 _c be tru/$ to obey ! law1 %\ld ! law re/rict4 ,?is also is an extreme position4 ,,iv4 ,absolute lib]ty 9 ! matt] ( pa9ful exp]im5ts has produc$ admitt$ abuses by physiologi/s ( ,g]many1 ,france & ,italy4 ,9 ,am]ica x has l$ to ! repetition be=e classes ( /ud5ts ( ,mag5die's extreme cruelties1--demon/rations :i* h be5 condemn$ by e lead+ ,engli% physiologi/4 ,v4 ,9 view ( ! dang]\s impulses n unfrequ5tly awak5$ by ! sight ( pa9 int5tionally inflict$1 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d %\ld be by legal enactm5t absolutely =bidd5 be=e classes ( /ud5ts1 especially 9 our ,public ,s*ools4 ,,vi4 ,x is n 9 accord ) sci5tific accuracy to cont5d = unlimit$ fre$om ( pa9ful exp]im5tation1 on ! gr\nd ( its va/ utility to humanity 9 ! discov]y ( new me?ods = ! cure ( disease4 ,on ! contr>y1 s f> z c be discov]$ by a c>eful /udy ( ,engli% mortality /ati/ics1 physiological exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals = fifty ye>s back h 9 no s+le in/ance less5$ ! fatality ( any disease bel[ its av]age ( ?irty-five ye>s ago4 ,,vii4 ,vivisection1 involv+ ! infliction ( pa9 is1 ev5 9 its be/ possible aspect1 a necess>y evil1 & ought at once to be re/rict$ )9 ! n>r[e/ limits1 & plac$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate4 ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,= reasons suffici5tly /at$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 ! writ] does n advocate ! total abolition ( all exp]im5tation4 ,x is only fair to ackn[l$ge1 h[ev]1 t v /rong & weighty argum5ts 9 favor ( legal repression h be5 advanc$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 "s ( :i* are h]e) pres5t$1 z ! o!r side ( ! "q4 ,! cause ( abolition has no m e>ne/ & eloqu5t advocate ?an ,miss ,frances ,p[] ,cobbe ( ,engl&4 ,?r\gh innum]able controv]sies ) sci5tific m5 9 ! public j\rnals1 magaz9es & reviews1 %e has pres5t$ 9 awful array1 ! abuses ( unlimit$ & uncontroll$ exp]im5tation on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & ! argum5ts 9 favor ( total repression4 ,! foll[+ lett]s1 extracts f h] public correspond5ce1 w indicate h] position4 ,,t5d] ,,vivisection4 7,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,scotsman47 #a1 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,london1 ,s4 ,w41 ,janu>y #aj1 #ahha4 ,,sir4--,an ,italian pamphlet1 ,dell',azione del ,dolore sulla ,respirazione 7,! ,action ( ,pa9 on ,respiration71 has j rea*$ my h&s1 & z x is1 ,i ?9k1 q unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i w beg y to grant me space = a few extracts f its pages4 ,! pamphlet is by ! em95t physiologi/1 ,mantegazza1 & 0 publi%$ by ,*iusi1 ( ,milan4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! object ( 8 inve/igations to be ! effects ( pa9 on ! respiratory organs1 ! ,pr(essor describes 7p4 #bj7 ! me?ods he devis$ = ! production ( su* pa94 ,he f\nd ! be/ to consi/ 9 plant+ nails1 %>p & num]\s1 ?r\gh ! feet ( ! animal 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] ! creature almo/ motionless1 because 9 e movem5t x w\ld h felt its torm5t m acutely 7piant&o *iodi acuti e num]osi attrav]so le piante dei pi$i 9 modo da r5d]e immobile o quasi l'animale1 p]* ad ogni movim5to avrebbe s5tito molto piu acuto il suo torm5to74 ,fur!r on he m5tions t1 to produce /ill m int5se pa9 7dolore int5so7 he 0 oblig$ to employ lesions1 foll[$ by inflammation4 ,an +5i\s ma*9e1 con/ruct$ by our ,tecnomasio1 ( ,milan1 enabl$ him likewise to grip any "p ( an animal ) p9c]s ) iron tee?1 & to cru%1 or te>1 or lift up ! victim1 s z to produce pa9 9 e possible way4 ,a draw+ ( ?is in/rum5t is app5d$4 ,! fir/ s]ies ( 8 exp]im5ts1 ,signor ,mantegazza in=ms u1 7 tri$ on twelve animals1 *iefly rabbits & gu9ea pigs1 ( :i* sev]al 7 pregnant4 ,"o poor little creature1 f> advanc$ 9 pregnancy1 0 made to endure dolori atrocissimi1 s t x 0 impossible to make any obs]vations 9 consequ5ce ( its convulsions4 ,9 ! second s]ies ( exp]im5ts tw5ty-eight animals 7 sacrific$1 "s ( !m tak5 f nurs+ _! "y1 expos$ to torture = an h\r or two1 !n all[$ to re/ an h\r1 & usually replac$ 9 ! ma*9e to be cru%$ or torn by ! ,pr(essor = p]iods ( f two to six h\rs m4 ,9 ! table :]e9 ^! exp]im5ts are summ$ up1 ! t]ms molto dolore & crudeli dolori are delicately di/+ui%$1 ! latt] be+ app>5tly res]v$ = ! cases :5 ! victims 71 z ! ,pr(essor expresses x1 l>dellati di *iodi--7l>d$ ) nails74 ,9 conclusion1 ! au?or in=ms u 7p4 #be7 t ^! exp]im5ts 7 all conduct$ con molto amore e pazi5za6--) mu* zeal & pati5ce4 ,i am1 etc41 ,,frances ,,p[] ,,cobbe4 ,9 a controv]sy ) ,dr4 ,pye-,smi?1 :o _h read a pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ,miss ,cobbe writes z foll[s to "o ( ! public j\rnals3 ,dr4 ,pye-,smi? is report$ to h said3 ',happily1 ! neccess>y exp]im5ts 7 comp>atively few4' ,few6 ,:at are a few exp]im5ts8 ,pr(essor ,s*iff 9 t5 ye>s exp]im5t$ on #ad1jjj dogs1 giv5 ov] to him by ! ,municipality ( ,flor5ce1 & return$ _! c>cases s mangl$ t ! man :o _h contract$ = _! sk9s f\nd !m useless4 ,he also exp]im5t$ on pigeons1 cats1 & rabbits to ! numb]1 x is calculat$1 ( #gj1jjj creatures2 & he n[ asks = t5 dogs a week 9 ,g5eva4 ,all ov] ,g]many & ,france !re are laboratories us+ 7z ! horrible phrase is7 numb]less animals1 inasmu* z ,i h j receiv$ a lett] /at+ t dogs are actually becom+ sc>ce 9 ,lyons1 & x is propos$ to bre$ !m = ! purpose ( ,vivisection4 ,be ?is true or n1 ,i invite any ( y\r read]s to visit ! (fice ( ! ,victoria ,/reet ,society1 & exam9e ! volumes ( spl5did plates ( vivisect+ in/rum5ts1 :i* w !re be %[n !m1 & !n judge = !mselves :e!r x be = a few exp]im5ts t ^? elaborate & co/ly inv5tions h become a regul> bran* ( manufacture4 ,let !m exam9e ! volume ( ! ,engli% h&book ( ! physiological laboratory1 ! volume ( ,cyon's magnific5t atlas1 ) its #ed plates1 ! ,ar*ives de ,physiologie1 ) its #aia plates1 ! ,physiologis*e ,me?odik1 or ,claude ,b]n>d's ,leons sur la ,*aleur ,animale1 ) its pictures ( ! /oves :]e9 he bak$ dogs & rabbits alive2 & aft] ^! sights ( disgu/ & horror !y w "k h[ to und]/& ! ^w few 9 ! vocabul>y ( a physiologi/4 ,i am glad to he> t a ,g]man oppon5t ( ,vivisection rec5tly ent]+ a %op devot$ to ! sale ( ^! tools ( torture1 0 greet$ by ! proprietor ) a volley ( abuse3 ',x is y & y\r fri5ds1' he said1 ':o are de/roy+ my trade4 ,i us$ to sell a hundr$ ( ,cz]mak's tables & o!r in/rum5ts = "o ,i sell n[4' ,dr4 ,pye-,smi? said3 ',_m ( ! exp]im5ts inflict$ no pa9 or injury :atev]1 & ! great majority ( ! re/ 7 r5d]$ pa9less by ! use ( ^? b5eficial ag5ts :i* aboli%$ pa9 & _h !mselves be5 discov]$ by exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals4' ,z to ! use ( an/hetics 9 annull+ ! agonies ( mutilat$ animals1 ! audi5ce ought to h ask$ ,dr4 ,pye-,smi? to expla9 :e!r he int5d$ to ref] to *lor(orm1 or ! n>cotic morphia1 or1 la/ly1 to ! drug cur>e4 ,if he ref]r$ to *lor(orm1 ,dr4 ,hoggan tells f 8 own exp]i5ce 7,an/hetics1 p4 #a71 t 'no?+ c be m unc]ta9 ?an its influ5ce on ! l[] animals2 _m ( !m die be=e !y become ins5sible4 ,complete & consci5ti\s an/hesia is seldom ev5 attempt$1 ! animal gett+ at mo/ a slight :iff ( *lor(orm by way ( satisfy+ ! consci5ce ( ! op]ator1 or enabl+ him to make /atem5ts ( a humane "*4' ,ev5 if x 7 consci5ti\sly adm9i/]$ at ! beg9n+ ( an exp]im5t1 h[ little w\ld *lor(orm dim9i% ! mis]y ( ,ru!r=d's dogs or ,brunton's n9ety cats1 ^: long-drawn agonies ext5d$ ov] _m days8 ,h[ little c\ld x affect 9 any way ! cases ( />v+1 poison+1 bak+1 /ew+ to dea?1 or burn+1--l ! tw5ty-five dogs ov] :i* ,pr(essor ,w]!im p\r$ turp5t9e & !n set !m on fire1 leav+ !m aft]w>ds sl[ly to p]i%8 ,if ,dr4 ,pye-,smi? 0 ?9k+ ( morphia1 ! read] may ref] to ,claude ,b]n>d's ,leons de ,physiologie ,op]atoire1 :]e he w f9d t great physiologi/s recomm5ds its use2 b at ! same "t m5tions 7z ( no p>ticul> consequ5ce7 t ! animal subject$ to its influ5ce /ill 'suff]s pa94' ,i c h>dly suppose1 la/ly1 t ,dr4 ,pye-,smi? 0 secretly ?9k+ ( cur>e1 & t he is "o ( ^? :om ,t5nyson says w\ld ,mangle ! liv+ dog :i* lov$ him & fawn$ at 8 knee1 ,dr5*$ ) ! helli% oorali4 ,x is bad en\gh to mangle a lov+ & intellig5t creature )\t add+ to its agonies ! p>alysis ( ! p[]s ( motion1 & ! increas$ s5sibility to pa9 occasion$ by ?is horrible drug1 :i* nev]!less ,b]n>d1 9 ! "w above quot$1 says is 9 su* common use among physiologi/s1 t :5 an exp]im5t is n o!rwise describ$1 x may always be tak5 = grant$ x has be5 p]=m$ on a cur>iz$ dog4 ,f9ally1 ,dr4 ,pye-,smi? says1 ,x 0 rem>kable t ! small residue ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* "s am\nt ( pa9 0 necess>y 7 *iefly ^? 9 :i* ! direct & imm$iate b5efit to mank9d 0 m obvi\s4 ,he ref]r$ to ! try+ ( drugs on animals1 to discov]+ antidotes to poisons1 etc4 ,! bribe "h (f]$ to human selfi%ness is an +5i\s "o4 ,let u1 ! physiologi/s say1 reta9 ! "r to put animals to torture1 = x is v 'rem>kable' t :5 we d s x is always 9 y\r int]e/6 ,unluckily = ?is appeal to ! mean] feel+s ( human nature1 :i* ^! mod]n in/ructors ( our "y m5 are n a%am$ to put =w>d1 x is difficult = !m to hit on any "o in/ance :]e9 out ( _! few 7million7 exp]im5ts any good to mank9d has be51 ev5 app>5tly1 a*iev$4 ,z ,claude ,b]n>d hone/ly said1 at lea/ z reg>ds any b5efit = suff]+ humanity1 ,nos ma9s sont vides4 ,z to ! try+ ( drugs on animals1 ,dr4 ,prit*>d1 :o is1 ,i believe1 ! be/ liv+ au?ority on ! subject1 told ! ,royal ,commission 7,m9utes1 #ijh71 ,i d n ?9k t ! use ( drugs on animals c be tak5 z a guide to ! doses or to ! action ( ! same drugs on ! human subjects4 ,z to ! discov]y ( antidotes to poison1 ! only man :o seems on ! v]ge ( any success is ! brave & noble fell[ :o has be5 try+ su* exp]im5ts n on animals b on himself4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i mu/ add "o ^w on ,dr4 ,pye-,smi?'s la/ s5t5ce1 namely1 t legislation aga9/ vivisection is injuri\s to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! community4 ,sir1 ,i "k n :at vivisectors deem to be ! be/ int]e/s ( ! community4 ,= my "p ,i d n reckon !m to be ! influ5ce ( drugs1 nor yet susceptible ( be+ c>v$ out ) surgical in/rum5ts4 ,i d n ?9k t !y consi/ 9 escape f physical pa91 nor ev5 9 ! prolongation = a few ye>s ( our little e>?ly life4 ,i hold t ! be/ int]e/s ( ! community are ! moral & immortal int]e/s ( e s\l 9 su* community1 namely1 ! conque/ ( selfi%ness1 c[>dice1 & cruelty1 & ! developm5t ( ! god-l s5se ( ju/ice & love--! gr[? ( ! div9e/ ?+ 9 human nature1 ! faculty ( sympa?iz+ ) ! joys & sorr[s ( all ,god's creatures4 ,believ+ ^! to be ! be/ int]e/s ( ! community1 ,i ask1 )\t hesitation1 = ! suppression ( ?is abom9able trade1 :i* c be/ be describ$ z ,pitilessness practis$ z a pr(ession4 ,if vivisection be inde$ ! true me?od ( /udy+ physiology1 if physiology _c be advanc$ except by vivisection1 if *emical obs]vation & microscopic rese>* be useless = ! purpose1 & no?+ b ! torture ( animals & ! demoralization ( m5 w suffice = its progress--!n1 9 ,god's "n1 ,i say1 let physiology /op at ! po9t x has rea*$1 ev5 till ! day ( doom4--,i am1 ,sir1 ) apologies = ! l5g? ( ?is lett]1 y\rs1 etc4 ,,frances ,,p[] ,,cobbe 99 99 99 99 99 ,c]ta9ly1 z reg>ds ! e?ics ( vivisection1 no?+ m eloqu5t has ev] be5 writt5 ?an ?is clos+ p>agraph4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,london ,,times 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhd1 ,miss ,cobbe writes z foll[s3 ,,to ,,! ,,editor4 ,,sir1--,9 y\r article on ?is subject on ,saturday la/ y call$ ^u ! oppon5ts ( vivisection to answ] c]ta9 que/ions4 ,z ,i h be5 intru/$ = _m ye>s ) ! hon4 secret>y%ip ( ! lead+ anti-vivisectioni/ society1 ,i beg to (f] y ! foll[+ replies to ^? que/ions3-- ,y ask fir/1 ,d we d5y t vivisection is capable ( yield+ k ( s]vice to man8 ,we are n s ra% z to d5y t any practice1 ev5 ! mo/ immoral conceivable1 might possibly yield k ( s]vice to man2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 we d n d5y t ! vivisection ( human be+s by ! surgeons ( classic times1 & aga9 by ! great anatomi/s ( ,italy 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 may v possibly h yield$ k to man1 & be capable1 if reviv$1 ( yield+ /ill m4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 = a long "t back call$ on ! advocates ( ! vivisection ( dogs1 monkeys1 c41 to furni% evid5ce ( ! b5eficial results ( _! "w1 n z sett+ at re/ ! "q ( its morality1 b z an indisp5sable prelim9>y to ju/ify !m 9 com+ into ! c\rt ( public op9ion z def5dants ( a practice obvi\sly 7z ! ,royal ,commission]s report$7 liable f its v nature to great abuse4 ,we mu/ be excus$ if we n[ hold x to be demon/rat$ t1 :e!r vivisection be or be n capable ( yield+ useful k1 x c]ta9ly yields only a scanty crop ( x4 ,7 !re any?+ l an abundant h>ve/1 su* a sample z ?is w\ld n h be5 produc$ ) s mu* pomp = public scrut9y4 ,9 %ort1 we ?9k ) ,dr4 ,leff+well t1 if pa9 c\ld be measur$ by money1 !re is no m9+ company 9 ! _w :i* w\ld sanction prospect+ 9 su* b>r5 regions4 ,y ask u1 ,sir1 secondly1 ,d we affirm t ! b5efit ( mank9d is n an adequate or suffici5t ju/ification = ! infliction ( pa9 on animals8 ,we h two answ]s to ?is "q4 ,assum+ t by vivisection b5efits might be obta9$ = human bodies1 we hold t ! evil results ( ! practice on human m9ds w\ld m ?an c\nt]balance any su* b5efits4 ,! c[>dice & pitilessness involv$ 9 ty+ d[n a dog on a table & sl[ly mangl+ its bra91 its eyes1 its entrails2 ! s9 committ$ aga9/ love & fidelity !mselves :5 a creature capable ( dy+ ( grief on 8 ma/]'s grave is dealt ) z a m]e p>cel ( mat]ial tissues1 valuable = purposes ( rese>*--^! are bas5esses = :i* no physical advantages w\ld comp5sate1 & ! preval5ce ( su* a he>t-h>d5+ process among our "y m5 w\ld1 we are conv9c$1 detract m f ! moral int]e/s ( our nation ?an a ?\s& cases ( recov]y f disease w\ld s]ve ^? ( a l[] k9d4 ,ev5 life itself ought n to be sav$ by su* me?ods1 any m ?an by ! cannibalism ( ! m5 ( ! ,mignonette4 ,our second answ] is yet m brief4 ,we d n d5y t ! b5efit ( man is a suffici5t ju/ification = inflict+ pa9 ^u animals1 provid$ t pa9 is kept )9 mod]ate b\nds1 nor yet to tak+ life f !m 9 a quick & c>eful mann]4 ,b we d d5y ! "r ( man to inflict torture ^u brutes1 & ?us conv]t _! lives f a bless+ into a curse4 ,su* torture has be5 inflict$ ^u t5s ( ?\s&s ( animals by vivisection2 & no legislation t +5uity c devise w1 we believe1 suffice to gu>d aga9/ ! repetition ( x s long z x is sanction$ 9 any way z a me?od ( rese>*4 ,! use ( vivisection--if x h any use--is practically insep>able f abuse4 ,we !re=e call ^u our c\ntrym5 to =ego ! poor bribes ( possible use :i* are (f]$ to !m1 & ( :i* we h n[ se5 a unique & impressive example1 & g5]\sly & manfully to say ( vivisection z !y once said ( slav]y ,we w h none ( x4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\rs1 etc41 ,,frances ,,p[] ,,cobbe4 ,h5gwrt1 ,dolgelly1 ,dec4 #bh1 #ahhd4 ,,ii4 ,report ( ,am]ican ,anti-vivisection ,society1 ,jan4 #ahhh4 ,!re rema9 two gr\nds to adopt3 "o ! total abolition ( all exp]im5ts2 ! o!r ! total abolition ( all pa9ful exp]im5ts4 ,?is latt] position1 :i* is ! "o t ,dr4 ,bigel[ ( ,bo/on & ,dr4 ,leff+well h assum$1 has engag$ our att5tion = a long "t2 b1 aft] be/[+ ^u x c>eful consid]ation1 we feel t we mu/ give x up z impracticable4 ,to secure immunity f pa9 !re mu/ be absolutely p]fect an/hesia4 ,?is c be only obta9$ 9 two ways3 "o is by tru/+ to ! exp]im5t] himself to give suffici5t ( ! an/hetic2 ! o!r to insi/ t an assi/ant %all be pres5t = ! express purpose ( keep+ ! animal "u p]fect an/hesia4 ,n[ is x anyway likely t ei!r ( ^! conditions w\ld be obs]v$8 ,,iii4 ,f ! ,!rapeutic ,gazette1 ,detroit1 ,aug41 #ahhj4 ,vivisection is grossly abus$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 99 ,we w\ld add our condemnation ( ! ru?less b>b>ity :i* is e w9t] p]petrat$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,s*ools ( ?is c\ntry4 ,hi/ory records "s frightful atrocities p]petrat$ 9 ! "n ( ,religion2 b x has rema9$ = ! enlight5m5t & human5ess ( ?is c5tury to /ultify !mselves by tol]at+ ! abuses ( ! av]age physiological laboratory--all conduct$ 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce4 ,!re is only "o way to progress 9 ,!rapeutics2 & t is by cl9ical obs]vation2 ! not+ ( ! action ( individual drugs "u p>ticul> diseas$ conditions4 ,he :o has ! l>ge/ practice & is ! ke5e/ obs]v]1 & ! mo/ sy/ematic record] ( :at he sees1 does ! mo/ to advance ,m$ic9e4 ,,iv4 ,f editorial 9 ,! ,spectator1 ,london1 ,july #ag1 #ahhj4 ,a memorial = ! absolute abolition ( vivisection has be5 pres5t$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one ) a great _m mo/ influ5tial signatures atta*$4 ,= our own "p1 7 ! exp]im5ts on ! inoculation ( animal diseases except$1--exp]im5ts :i*1 we v5ture to say1 h sometimes prov$ ( ! greate/ value to animals !mselves1--we %\ld1 on ! :ole1 be cont5t to g ) ! abolitioni/s1 n because we ?9k all exp]im5ts1 especially :5 conduct$ "u /rict an/hetics1 wrong1 b because :5 !y are p]mitt$ at all x is s extremely difficult to en=ce prop]ly & fully humane conditions4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,leff+well has suffici5tly %[n 9 ! able pap] 9 ! ,july ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 h[ extremely few rem$ies ( value h result$ f ?is awfully co/ly exp5diture ( angui%4 ',if pa9 c\ld be e/imat$ 9 money' he ju/ly says1 'no corporation w\ld be satisfi$ ) su* a wa/e ( capital4' ,take1 z ! s+le illu/ration ( ?is mo/ weighty s5t5ce1 ,dr4 ,leff+well's /atem5t t :at ! late ,dr4 ,%>pey call$ ',mag5die's infam\s exp]im5t' on ! /oma* ( ! dog1 has be5 repeat$ #bjj times )\t e/abli%+ to ! satisfaction ( sci5tific physiologi/s ! !ory = :i* t act ( wick$ness 0 fir/ committ$4 ,no wond] ! society = ! ,protection ( ,animals f ,vivisection goes to extremes4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,passages 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 #b4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ f ! middle ( a p>agraph to ! close/ p>agraph break4 #c4 ,"s obvi\s punctuation errors 9 ! text h be5 sil5tly correct$1 = example1 miss+ p]iod at a p>agraph end1 etc4 #d4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3 suf]+ correct$ to suff]+ 7page #ad7 an!tics correct$ to an/hetics 7page #dh7 #e4 ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4