,google ,books47 ,a ,,problem ,,9 ,,greek ,,e?ics ,,be+ ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,ph5om5on ,,( ,,sexual ,,inv]sion ,,address$ ,,especially ,,to ,,m$ical ,,psy*ologi/s ,,& ,,juri/s ,,by ,,john ,,add+ton ,,symonds ,,privately ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,! ,,areopagitiga ,,society ,,london #aijh ,privately ,pr9t$ 9 ,holl& = ! ,society4 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ treatise on ,greek ,love 0 writt5 9 ! ye> #ahgc1 :5 my m9d 0 occupi$ ) my ,/udies ( ,greek ,poets4 ,i pr9t$ t5 copies ( x privately 9 #ahhc4 ,x 0 only :5 ,i read ! ,t]m9al ,essay app5d$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton to 8 translation ( ! ,arabian ,nights 9 #ahhf1 t ,i became aw>e ( ,m4 ,h4 ,e4 ,mei]'s article on ,pd]a/ie 7,ers* & ,grub]'s ,encyclopdie1 ,leipzig1 ,brockhaus1 #ahcg74 ,my treatise1 !re=e1 is a :olly indep5d5t production4 ,?is makes ,mei]'s agreem5t 79 ,section #g ( 8 article7 ) ! !ory ,i h set =? 9 ,section ,x4 reg>d+ ! ,nor? ,hell5ic orig9 ( ,greek ,love1 & its ,dorian "*1 ! m rem>kable4 ,t two /ud5ts1 work+ sep>ately ^u ! same mass ( mat]ial1 %\ld h arriv$ at simil> conclusions ^u ?is po9t /rongly confirms ! probability ( ! hypo!sis4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,symonds4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,introduction3 ,me?od ( treat+ ! subject4 ,,ii4 ,hom] _h no k ( paid]a/ia--,a*illes--,treatm5t ( ,hom] by ! lat] ,greeks4 ,,iii4 ,! ,romance ( ,a*illes & ,patroclus4 ,,iv4 ,! h]oic ideal ( mascul9e love4 ,v4 ,vulg> paid]a/ia--,h[ introduc$ into ,hellas--,crete--,laius--,! my? ( ,ganym$e4 ,,vi4 ,discrim9ation ( two loves1 h]oic & vulg>4 ,! mix$ sort is ! paid]a/ia def9$ z ,greek love 9 ?is essay4 ,,vii4 ,! int5sity ( paid]a/ia z an emotion1 & its quality4 ,,viii4 ,my?s ( paid]a/ia4 ,,ix4 ,semi-leg5d>y tales ( love--,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton4 ,x4 ,dorian ,cu/oms--,sp>ta & ,crete--,conditions ( ,dorian life--,moral quality ( ,dorian love--,its f9al deg5]acy--,speculations on ! e>ly ,dorian ,e?os--,boeotians' cu/oms--,! sacr$ b&--,alex&] ! ,great--,cu/oms ( ,elis & ,meg>a--,hybris--,ionia4 ,,xi4 ,paid]a/ia 9 poetry ( ! lyric age4 ,!ognis & ,kurnus--,solon--,ibycus1 ! male ,sappho--,anacreon & ,sm]dies--,dr9k+ songs--,p9d> & ,!ox5os--,p9d>'s l(ty conception ( adolesc5t beauty4 ,,xii4 ,paid]a/ia ^u ! ,attic /age--,myrmidones ( s*ylus--,a*illes' lov]s1 & ,niobe ( ,sophocles--,! ,*rysippus ( ,euripides--,/ories ab\t ,sophocles--,illu/ri\s ,greek paid]a/s4 ,,xiii4 ,recapitulation ( po9ts--,quotation f ! spee* ( ,pausanias on love 9 ,plato's ,symposium--,obs]vations on ?is spee*4 ,position ( wom5 at ,a!ns--,attic notion ( m>riage z a duty--,! in/itution ( ,paidagogoi--,life ( a ,greek boy--,ari/ophanes' ,cl\ds--,lucian's ,amores--,! ,pal/ra--,! ,lysis--,! ,*>mides--,autolicus 9 ,x5ophon's ,symposium--,spee* ( ,critobulus on beauty & love--,importance ( gymnasia 9 relation to paid]a/ia--,/atues ( ,ers--,cic]o's op9ions--,laws conc]n+ ! gymnasia--,graffiti on walls--,love-poems & panegyrics--,pres5ts to boys--,%ops & mauvais lieux--,paid]a/ic ,hetaireia--,bro!ls--,phdon & ,aga?ocles4 ,/reet-brawls ab\t boys--,lysias 9 ,simonem4 ,,xiv4 ,di/9ctions drawn by ,attic law & cu/om--,*re/oi ,pornoi--,pres5ts & money--,atimia ( freem5 :o _h sold _! bodies--,! def9ition ( ,mi/hosis--,erom5os1 ,hetairekos1 ,peporneum5os1 di/+ui%$--s*9es aga9/ ,tim>*us--,g5]al ,conclusion z to ,attic feel+ ab\t hon\rable paid]a/ia4 ,,xv4 ,platonic doctr9e on ,greek love--,! asceticism ( ! ,laws--,socrates--,8 position def9$ by ,maximus ,tyrius--,8 sci5ce ( erotics--,! !ory ( ! ,phdrus3 erotic ,mania--,! my/icism ( ! ,symposium3 love ( beauty--,po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,platonic paid]a/ia & *ivalr\s love3 ,mania & ,joie3 ,dante's ,vita ,nuova--,platoni/ & ,petr>*i/--,gibbon on ! ?9 device ( ! ,a!nian philosoph]s--,te/imony ( ,lucian1 ,plut>*1 ,cic]o4 ,,xvi4 ,greek lib]ty & ,greek love ext+ui%$ at ,*ronea--,! ,idylli/s--,lucian's ,amores--,greek poets nev] really gross--,m\sa ,paidik--,philo/ratus' ,epi/olai ,erotikai--,greek ,fa!rs on paid]a/ia4 ,,xvii4 ,! deep root /ruck by paid]a/ia 9 ,greece--,climate--,gymna/ics--,syssitia --,milit>y life--,position ( ,wom53 inf]ior culture2 abs5ce f places ( resort--,greek leisure4 ,,xviii4 ,relation ( paid]a/ia to ! f9e arts--,greek sculpture :olly & heal?ily human--,ideals ( female deities--,paid]a/ia did n degrade ! imag9ation ( ! race--,psy*ological analysis und]ly+ ,greek my?ology--,! psy*ology ( love--,greek my?ology fix$ be=e ,hom]--,opportunities enjoy$ by arti/s = /udy+ wom5--,anecdotes ab\t arti/s--,! /hetic temp]am5t ( ! ,greeks1 unbias$ by morality & religion1 enc\rag$ paid]a/ia--,hora--,physical & moral qualities admir$ by a ,greek--,greek e?ics 7 /hetic--,sophrosyne--,greek religion 0 /hetic--,no notion ( ,jehovah--,zeus & ,ganym$e4 ,,xix4 ,homosexuality among ,greek wom5--,nev] atta9$ to ! same dignity z paid]a/ia4 ,,xx4 ,greek love did n exi/ at ,rome--,*ri/ianity--,*ivalry--,! modus viv5di ( ! mod]n _w4 ,a ,,problem ,,9 ,,greek ,,e?ics4 ,i4 ,= ! /ud5t ( sexual inv]sion1 anci5t ,greece (f]s a wide field = obs]vation & reflection4 ,its importance has hi!rto be5 und]rat$ by m$ical & legal writ]s on ! subject1 :o d n seem to be aw>e t "h alone 9 hi/ory h we ! example ( a great & highly-develop$ race n only tol]at+ homosexual passions1 b deem+ !m ( spiritual value1 & attempt+ to utilise !m = ! b5efit ( society4 ,"h1 also1 ?r\gh ! copi\s /ores ( lit]ature at our disposal1 we c arrive at some?+ def9ite reg>d+ ! v>i\s =ms assum$ by ^! passions1 :5 all[$ free scope = developm5t 9 ! mid/ ( ref9$ & intellectual civilisation4 ,:at ! ,greeks call$ paid]a/ia1 or boy-love1 0 a ph5om5on ( "o ( ! mo/ brilliant p]iods ( human culture1 9 "o ( ! mo/ highly organis$ & nobly active nations4 ,x is ! feature by :i* ,greek social life is mo/ %>ply di/+ui%$ f t ( any o!r p approa*+ ! ,hell5es 9 moral or m5tal di/9ction4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( s rem>kable a cu/om 9 _! sev]al communities1 & to asc]ta91 s f> z ?is is possible1 ! e?ical feel+ ( ! ,greeks ^u ?is subject1 mu/ be ( s]vice to ! sci5tific psy*ologi/4 ,x enables him to approa* ! subject f ano!r po9t ( view ?an t usually adopt$ by mod]n juri/s1 psy*iatri/s1 writ]s on =5sic m$ic9e4 ,,ii4 ,! fir/ fact :i* ! /ud5t has to notice is t 9 ! ,hom]ic poems a mod]n read] f9ds no trace ( ?is passion4 ,x is true t ,a*illes1 ! h]o ( ! ,iliad1 is di/+ui%$ by 8 fri5d%ip = ,patroclus no less emphatically ?an ,odysseus1 ! h]o ( ! ,odyssey1 by lifelong atta*m5t to ,p5elope1 & ,hector by love = ,&roma*e4 ,b 9 ! del9eation ( ! fri5d%ip ( ,a*illes & ,patroclus !re is no?+ :i* indicates ! passionate relation ( ! lov] & ! belov$1 z !y 7 aft]w>ds recognis$ 9 ,greek society4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable because ! love ( ,a*illes = ,patroclus add$1 9 a lat] age ( ,greek hi/ory1 an almo/ religi\s sanction ( ! m>tial =m ( paid]a/ia4 ,9 l mann] ! fri5d%ip ( ,idom5eus = ,m]iones1 & t ( ,a*illes1 aft] ! dea? ( ,patroclus1 = ,antilo*us1 7 treat$ by ! lat] ,greeks z paid]a/ic4 ,yet1 inasmu* z ,hom] gives no w>rant = ?is int]pretation ( ! tales 9 "q1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t homosexual relations 7 n prom95t 9 ! s-call$ h]oic age ( ,greece4 ,_h x =m$ a di/9ct feature ( ! society depict$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 !re is no reason to suppose t _! au?ors w\ld h ab/a9$ f del9eat+ x4 ,we %all see t ,p9d>1 s*ylus & ,sophocles1 ! poets ( an age :5 paid]a/ia 0 preval5t1 spoke unres]v$ly ^u ! subject4 ,imp>tial /udy ( ! ,iliad leads u to ! belief t ! ,greeks ( ! hi/oric p]iod int]pret$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,a*illes & ,patroclus 9 accordance ) subsequ5tly develop$ cu/oms4 ,! ,hom]ic poems 7 ! ,bible ( ! ,greeks1 & =m$ ! /aple ( _! education2 nor did !y scruple to wre/ ! s5se ( ! orig9al1 read+1 l mod]n ,bibliolat]s1 ! s5tim5ts & passions ( a lat] age into ! text4 ,( ?is process a good example is af=d$ by s*9es 9 ! oration aga9/ ,tim>*us4 ,:ile discuss+ ?is v "q ( ! love ( ,a*illes1 he says3 ,he1 inde$1 conceals _! love1 & does n give its prop] "n to ! affection betwe5 !m1 judg+ t ! extremity ( _! fondness w\ld be intelligible to in/ruct$ m5 among 8 audi5ce4 ,z an in/ance ! orator proce$s to quote ! passage 9 :i* ,a*illes lam5ts t he w n be able to fulfil 8 promise to ,m5oetius by br++ ,patroclus home to ,opus4 ,he is "h cle>ly introduc+ ! s5tim5ts ( an ,a!nian hoplite :o _h tak5 ! boy he lov$ to ,syracuse & se5 him sla9 !re4 ,hom] /ood 9 a d\ble relation to ! hi/orical ,greeks4 ,on ! "o h&1 he det]m9$ _! developm5t by ! influ5ce ( 8 ideal *>act]s4 ,on ! o!r1 he und]w5t f !m int]pretations :i* v>i$ ) ! _s ( ea* successive c5tury4 ,he creat$ ! national temp]am5t1 b receiv$ 9 turn ! influx ( new ?\ghts & emotions occurr+ 9 ! c\rse ( its expansion4 ,x is1 !re=e1 highly important1 on ! ?re%old ( ?is inquiry1 to det]m9e ! nature ( t ,a*illeian fri5d%ip to :i* ! panegyri/s & apologi/s ( ! cu/om make su* frequ5t ref]5ce4 ,,iii4 ,! ideal ( "* 9 ,hom] 0 :at ! ,greeks call$ h]oic2 :at we %\ld call *ivalr\s4 ,"y m5 /udi$ ! ,iliad z our ance/ors /udi$ ! ,ar?urian romances1 f9d+ !re a patt]n ( conduct rais$ almo/ too high above ! realities ( common life = imitation1 yet /imulative ( en?usiasm & excit+ to ! fancy4 ,=emo/ among ! p>agons ( h]oic virtue /ood ,a*illes1 ! spl5d\r ( ^: a*ievem5ts 9 ! ,trojan w> 0 only equall$ by ! pa?os ( 8 fri5d%ip4 ,! love = sla9 ,patroclus broke 8 mood ( sull5 ang]1 & conv]t$ 8 brood+ s5se ( wrong into a lively ?ir/ = v5geance4 ,hector1 ! slay] ( ,patroclus1 _h to be sla9 by ,a*illes1 ! comrade ( ,patroclus4 ,no "o c read ! ,iliad )\t obs]v+ t its action virtually turns ^u ! conque/ :i* ! passion ( fri5d%ip ga9s ov] ! passion ( res5tm5t 9 ! brea/ ( ! *ief actor4 ,?is ! ,greek /ud5ts ( ,hom] 7 n sl[ to see2 & !y n unnaturally select$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,a*illes = _! ideal ( manly love4 ,x 0 a p[]ful & mascul9e emotion1 9 :i* effem9acy _h no "p1 & :i* by no means exclud$ ! ord9>y sexual feel+s4 ,companion%ip 9 battle & ! *ase1 9 public & 9 private affairs ( life1 0 ! communion propos$ by ,a*illeian fri5ds--n luxury or ! delights :i* fem99e attractions (f]$4 ,! tie 0 bo? m spiritual & m en]getic ?an t :i* b\nd man to woman4 ,su* 0 ! type ( comrade%ip del9eat$ by ,hom]2 & su*1 9 spite ( ! modifications sugge/$ by lat] poets1 0 ! conception reta9$ by ! ,greeks ( ?is h]oic fri5d%ip4 ,ev5 s*9es1 9 ! place above quot$1 lays /ress ^u ! mutual loyalty ( ,a*illes & ,patroclus z ! /ronge/ bond ( _! affection3 reg>d+1 ,i suppose1 _! loyalty & mutual goodwill z ! mo/ t\*+ feature ( _! love4#a ,,iv4 ,?us ! tale ( ,a*illes & ,patroclus sanction$ among ! ,greeks a =m ( mascul9e love1 :i*1 ?\gh aft]w>ds connect$ ) paid]a/ia prop]ly s-call$1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 describ+ z h]oic1 & 9 reg>d+ z "o ( ! highe/ products ( _! emotional life4 ,x w be se51 :5 we come to deal ) ! hi/orical manife/ations ( ?is passion1 t ! h]oic love :i* took its "n f ,hom]'s ,a*illes exi/$ z an ideal r ?an an actual reality4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is equally ! case ) ,*ri/ianity & *ivalry4 ,! facts ( feudal hi/ory fall bel[ ! high conception :i* hov]$ l a dream above ! knights & ladies ( ! ,middle ,ages2 nor has ! _s ( ! ,gospel be5 realis$1 9 fact1 by ! mo/ ,*ri/ian nations4 ,/ill we are n on t acc\nt deb>r$ f speak+ ( bo? *ivalry & ,*ri/ianity z pot5t & effective =ces4 ,v4 ,hom]1 !n1 knew no?+ ( paid]a/ia1 ?\gh ! ,iliad conta9$ ! fir/ & noble/ leg5d ( h]oic fri5d%ip4 ,v e>ly1 h[ev]1 9 ,greek hi/ory boy-love1 z a =m ( s5sual passion1 became a national in/itution4 ,?is is prov$ abundantly by my?ological traditions ( great antiquity1 by leg5d>y tales connect$ ) ! f\nd+ ( ,greek cities1 & by ! primitive cu/oms ( ! ,dorian tribes4 ,! "q rema9s h[ paid]a/ia orig9at$ among ! ,greeks1 & :e!r x 0 introduc$ or indig5\s4 ,! ,greeks !mselves speculat$ on ?is subject1 b !y arriv$ at no "o def9ite conclusion4 ,h]odotus ass]ts t ! ,p]sians le>n$ ! habit1 9 its vici\s =m1 f ! ,greeks2#b b1 ev5 suppos+ ?is ass]tion to be correct1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ ! same ( all b>b>ians :o 7 neighb\rs ( ! ,greeks2 s9ce we "k f ! ,jewi% records & f ,assyrian inscriptions t ! ,ori5tal nations 7 addict$ to ?is z well z o!r species ( s5suality4 ,moreov]1 x might ) "s /ra9 on language be ma9ta9$ t ,h]odotus1 9 ! passage above ref]r$ to1 did n allude to boy-love 9 g5]al1 b to ! peculi>ly ,hell5ic =m ( x :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds attempt to *>act]ise4 ,a preval5t op9ion among ! ,greeks ascrib$ ! orig9 ( paid]a/ia to ,crete2 & x 0 "h t ! leg5d ( ,zeus & ,ganym$e 0 localis$4#c ,! ,cretans1 says ,plato1#d are always accus$ ( hav+ inv5t$ ! /ory ( ,ganym$e & ,zeus1 :i* is design$ to ju/ify !mselves 9 ! enjoym5t ( su* pleasures by ! practice ( ! god :om !y believe to h be5 _! lawgiv]4 ,9 ano!r passage1#e ,plato speaks ( ! cu/om t prevail$ be=e ! "t ( ,laius--9 t]ms :i* %[ 8 dete/ation ( a vice t _h gone f> t[>d corrupt+ ,greek society4 ,?is s5t5ce indicates ! second !ory ( ! lat] ,greeks ^u ?is topic4 ,!y ?\ght t ,laius1 ! fa!r ( ,o,edipus1 0 ! fir/ to practise ,hybris1 or lawless lu/1 9 ?is =m1 by ! rape committ$ on ,*rysippus1 ! son ( ,pelops4#f ,to ?is crime ( ,laius1 ! ,s*olia/ to ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes attributes all ! evils :i* aft]w>ds befell ! royal h\se ( ,!bes1 & ,euripides made x ! subject ( a trag$y4 ,9 ano!r b less preval5t ,saga ! introduction ( paid]a/ia is ascrib$ to ,orpheus4 ,x is cle> f ^! conflict+ !ories t ! ,greeks !mselves _h no tru/wor?y tradition on ! subject4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 b speculative conjecture is left = ! mod]n inve/igator4 ,if we ne$ 9 su* a matt] to seek fur!r ?an ! primal in/9cts ( human nature1 we may sugge/ t1 l ! orgia/ic rites ( ! lat] ,hell5ic cultus1 paid]a/ia 9 its crude/ =m 0 transmitt$ to ! ,greeks f ! ,ea/4 ,its preval5ce 9 ,crete1 :i*1 toge!r ) ,cyprus1 =m$ "o ( ! pr9cipal l9ks betwe5 ,pho5icia & ,hellas prop]1 fav\rs ?is view4 ,paid]a/ia w\ld1 on ?is hypo!sis1 l ! wor%ip ( ! ,paphian & ,cor9?ian ,aphrodite1 h to be reg>d$ z 9 "p an ,ori5tal importation4#g ,yet1 if we adopt any su* solution ( ! problem1 we mu/ n =get t 9 ?is1 z 9 all simil> cases1 :atev] ! ,greeks receiv$ f adjac5t nations1 !y di/+ui%$ ) ! qualities ( _! own p]sonality4 ,paid]a/ia 9 ,hellas assum$ ,hell5ic *>act]i/ics1 & _c be conf\nd$ ) any m]ely ,asiatic =m ( luxury4 ,9 ! t5? section ( ?is ,essay ,i %all return to ! problem1 & advance my own conjecture z to ! "p play$ by ! ,dorians 9 ! developm5t ( paid]a/ia into a cu/om4 ,x is en\gh = ! pres5t to rem>k t1 h[ev] introduc$1 ! vice ( boy-love1 z di/+ui%$ f h]oic fri5d%ip1 receiv$ religi\s sanction at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! leg5d ( ! rape ( ,ganym$e 0 inv5t$1 accord+ to ! passage rec5tly quot$ f ,plato1 by ! ,cretans ) ! express purpose ( inve/+ _! pleasures ) a %[ ( piety4 ,?is localisation ( ! religi\s sanction ( paid]a/ia 9 ,crete confirms ! hypo!sis ( ,ori5tal influ5ce2 = "o ( ! notable features ( ,grco ,asiatic wor%ip 0 ! consecration ( s5suality 9 ! ,phallus cult1 ! ,hi]o d\loi 7temple slaves1 or bayadres7 ( ,aphrodite1 & ! eunu*s ( ! ,phrygian "m4 ,hom] tells ! tale ( ,ganym$e ) ! utmo/ simplicity4 ,! boy 0 s beautiful t ,zeus suff]$ him n to dwell on e>?1 b translat$ him to heav5 & appo9t$ him ! cupbe>] ( ! immortals4 ,! s5sual desire :i* made ! k+ ( gods & m5 pref] ,ganym$e to ,l$a1 ,io1 ,dana1 & all ! maid5s :om he lov$ & left on e>?1 is an addition to ! ,hom]ic v]sion ( ! my?4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! tale ( ,ganym$e1 accord+ to ! ,cretan read+1 became ! nucleus ar\nd :i* ! paid]a/ic associations ( ! ,greek race ga!r$1 j z t ( ,a*illes =m$ ! ma9 po9t 9 _! tradition ( h]oic fri5d%ip4 ,to ! ,romans & ! mod]n nations ! "n ( ,ganym$e1 debas$ to ,catamitus1 suppli$ a t]m ( reproa*1 :i* suffici5tly indicates ! nature ( ! love ( :i* he became ev5tually ! eponym4 ,,vi4 ,resum+ ! results ( ! la/ f\r sections1 we f9d two sep>ate =ms ( mascul9e passion cle>ly m>k$ 9 e>ly ,hellas--a noble & a base1 a spiritual & a s5sual4 ,to ! di/9ction betwe5 !m ! ,greek consci5ce 0 acutely s5sitive2 & ?is di/9ction1 9 !ory at lea/1 subsi/$ ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ,ers1 z !y wor%ipp$ ,aphrodite1 "u ! tw(old titles ( ,ouranios 7cele/ial7 & ,p&emos 7vulg>1 or volvivaga72 &1 :ile !y reg>d$ ! "o love ) ! highe/ approval1 z ! s\rce ( c\rage & greatness ( s\l1 !y nev] publicly approv$ ! o!r4 ,x is true1 z w appe> 9 ! sequel ( ?is essay1 t boy-love 9 its grosse/ =m 0 tol]at$ 9 hi/oric ,hellas ) an indulg5ce :i* x nev] f\nd 9 any ,*ri/ian c\ntry1 :ile h]oic comrade%ip rema9$ an ideal h>d to realise1 & sc>cely possible beyond ! limits ( ! /ricte/ ,dorian sect4 ,yet ! language ( philosoph]s1 hi/orians1 poets & orators is unmi/akable4 ,all te/ify alike to ! discrim9ation betwe5 vulg> & h]oic love 9 ! ,greek m9d4 ,i purpose to devote a sep>ate section ( ?is inquiry to ! inve/igation ( ^! e?ical di/9ctions4 ,= ! pres5t1 a quotation f "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t ( ! lat] rhetoricians w suffici5tly set =? ! contra/1 :i* ! ,greek race nev] :olly =got3#h-- ,! "o love is mad = pleasure2 ! o!r loves beauty4 ,! "o is an involunt>y sickness2 ! o!r is a s\ght en?usiasm4 ,! "o t5ds to ! good ( ! belov$2 ! o!r to ! ru9 ( bo?4 ,! "o is virtu\s2 ! o!r incont95t 9 all its acts4 ,! "o has its end 9 fri5d%ip2 ! o!r 9 hate4 ,! "o is freely giv52 ! o!r is b\ght & sold4 ,! "o br+s praise2 ! o!r blame4 ,! "o is ,greek2 ! o!r is b>b>\s4 ,! "o is virile2 ! o!r effem9ate4 ,! "o is firm & con/ant2 ! o!r light & v>iable4 ,! man :o loves ! "o love is a fri5d ( ,god1 a fri5d ( law1 fulfill$ ( mode/y1 & free ( spee*4 ,he d>es to c\rt 8 fri5d 9 daylight1 & rejoices 9 8 love4 ,he wre/les ) him 9 ! playgr\nd & runs ) him 9 ! race1 goes afield ) him to ! hunt1 & 9 battle fights = glory at 8 side4 ,9 8 mis=tune he suff]s1 & at 8 dea? he dies ) him4 ,he ne$s no gloom ( night1 no des]t place1 = ?is society4 ,! o!r lov] is a foe to heav51 = he is out ( tune & crim9al2 a foe to law1 = he transgresses law4 ,c[>dly1 despair+1 %ameless1 haunt+ ! dusk1 lurk+ 9 des]t places & secret d5s1 he w\ld fa9 be nev] se5 consort+ ) 8 fri5d1 b %uns ! light ( day1 & foll[s aft] night & d>kness1 :i* ! %eph]d hates1 b ! ?ief loves4 ,& aga91 9 ! same diss]tation1 ,maximus ,tyrius speaks to l purpose1 clo?+ 8 precepts 9 imag]y3-- ,y see a fair body 9 bloom & full ( promise ( fruit4 ,spoil n1 defile n1 t\* n ! blossom4 ,praise x1 z "s wayf>] may praise a plant--ev5 s by ,phoebus' alt> h ,i se5 a "y palm %oot+ t[>d ! sun4 ,refra9 f ,zeus & ,phoebus' tree2 wait = ! fruit-season & ?\ %all love m righte\sly4 ,) ! bas] =m ( paid]a/ia ,i %all h little to d 9 ?is essay4 ,vice ( ?is k9d does n v>y to any great ext5t1 :e!r we obs]ve x 9 ,a!ns or 9 ,rome1 9 ,flor5ce ( ! sixte5? or 9 ,p>is ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2#i nor 9 ,hellas 0 x m noticeable ?an else:]e1 except = its comp>ative publicity4 ,! nobl] type ( mascul9e love develop$ by ! ,greeks is1 on ! contr>y1 almo/ unique 9#aj ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,x is t :i* m ?an any?+ else di/+ui%es ! ,greeks f ! b>b>ians ( _! own "t1 f ! ,romans & f mod]n m5 9 all t app]ta9s to ! emotions4 ,! imm$iate subject ( ! ensu+ inquiry w1 !re=e1 be t mix$ =m ( paid]a/ia ^u :i* ! ,greeks prid$ !mselves1 :i* _h = its h]oic ideal ! fri5d%ip ( ,a*illes & ,patroclus1 b :i* 9 hi/oric times exhibit$ a s5suality unkn[n to ,hom]4#aa ,9 treat+ ( ?is unique product ( _! civilisation ,i %all use ! t]ms ,greek ,love1 und]/&+ !reby a passionate & en?usia/ic atta*m5t subsi/+ betwe5 man & y\?1 recognis$ by society & protect$ by op9ion1 :i*1 ?\gh x 0 n free f s5suality1 did n deg5]ate into m]e lic5ti\sness4 ,,vii4 ,be=e review+ ! au?ors :o deal ) ?is subject 9 detail1 or discuss+ ! cu/oms ( ! sev]al ,greek /ates1 x w be well to illu/rate 9 g5]al ! nature ( ?is love1 & to collect ! pr9cipal leg5ds & hi/oric tales :i* set x =?4 ,greek love 01 9 its orig9 & ess5ce1 milit>y4 ,fire & val\r1 r ?an t5d]ness or te>s1 7 ! ext]nal outcome ( ?is passion2 nor _h ,mala*ia1 effem9acy1 a place 9 its vocabul>y4 ,at ! same "t x 0 exce$+ly absorb+4 ,half my life1 says ! lov]1 lives 9 ?9e image1 & ! re/ is lo/4 ,:5 ?\ art k9d1 ,i sp5d ! day l a god2 :5 ?y face is turn$ aside1 x is v d>k ) me4#ab ,plato1 9 8 celebrat$ description ( a lov]'s s\l1 writes3#ac-- ,:]ev] %e ?9ks t %e w behold ! beautiful "o1 ?i!r 9 h] desire %e runs4 ,& :5 %e has se5 him1 & ba!d h]self ) ! wat]s ( desire1 h] con/ra9t is loos5$ & %e is refre%$1 & has no m pangs & pa9s2 & ?is is ! sweete/ ( all pleasures at ! "t1 & is ! reason :y ! s\l ( ! lov] w nev] =sake 8 beautiful "o1 :om he e/eems above all2 he has =gott5 "m & bre?r5 & companions1 & he ?9ks no?+ ( ! neglect & loss ( 8 prop]ty4 ,! rules & proprieties ( life1 on :i* he =m]ly prid$ himself1 he n[ despises1 & is ready to sleep l a s]vant1 :]ev] he is all[$1 z ne> z he c to 8 beautiful "o1 :o is n only ! object ( 8 wor%ip1 b ! only physician :o c heal him 9 8 extreme agony4 ,^! passages %[ h[ real & vital 0 ! passion ( ,greek love4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d m int5se expressions ( affection 9 mod]n lit]ature4 ,! effect produc$ ^u ! lov] by ! pres5ce ( 8 belov$ 0 simil> to t inspiration :i* ! knight ( romance receiv$ f 8 lady4 ,i "k n1 says ,phdrus1 9 ! ,symposium ( ,plato1#ad any great] bless+ to a "y man beg9n+ life ?an a virtu\s lov]1 or to ! lov] ?an a belov$ y\?4 ,= ! pr9ciple :i* ought to be ! guide ( m5 :o w\ld nobly live--t pr9ciple1 ,i say1 nei!r k9dr$1 nor hon\r1 nor weal?1 nor any o!r motive is able to implant s well z love4 ,( :at am ,i speak+8 ,( ! s5se ( hon\r & di%on\r1 )\t :i* nei!r /ates nor individuals ev] d any good or great "w4 ,& ,i say t a lov] :o is detect$ 9 do+ any di%on\rable act1 or submitt+1 ?r\gh c[>dice1 :5 any di%on\r is done to him by ano!r1 w be m pa9$ at be+ detect$ by 8 belov$ ?an at be+ se5 by 8 fa!r1 or by 8 companions1 or by any "o else4 ,! belov$1 too1 :5 he is se5 9 any disgraceful situation1 has ! same feel+ ab\t 8 lov]4 ,& if !re 7 only "s way ( contriv+ t a /ate or an army %\ld be made up ( lov]s & _! loves1 !y w\ld be ! v be/ gov]nors ( _! own city1 ab/a9+ f all di%on\r2 & emulat+ "o ano!r 9 hon\r2 & :5 fight+ at "o ano!r's side1 al?\gh a m]e h&ful1 !y w\ld ov]come ! _w4 ,= :at lov] w\ld n *oose r to be se5 by all mank9d ?an by 8 belov$1 ei!r :5 ab&on+ 8 po/1 or ?r[+ away 8 arms8 ,he w\ld be ready to die a ?\s& dea?s r ?an endure ?is4 ,or :o w\ld des]t 8 belov$ or fail him 9 ! h\r ( dang]8 ,! v]ie/ c[>d w\ld become an inspir$ h]o1 equal to ! brave/1 at su* a "t2 love w\ld inspire him4 ,t c\rage :i*1 z ,hom] says1 ! god brea!s into ! s\l ( h]oes1 love ( 8 own nature inspires into ! lov]4 ,) ! :ole ( ?is quotation we might comp>e :at ,plut>* 9 ! ,life ( ,pelopidas relates ab\t ! composition ( a ,sacr$ ,b&2#ae :ile ! foll[+ anecdote f ! ,anabasis ( ,x5ophon may s]ve to illu/rate ! !ory t regim5ts %\ld consi/ ( lov]s4#af ,epi/h5es ( ,olyn?us1 "o ( ,x5ophon's hoplites1 sav$ a beautiful boy f ! slaught] comm&$ by ,seu!s 9 a ,?racian village4 ,! k+ c\ld n und]/& :y 8 ord]s _h n be5 obey$1 till ,x5ophon excus$ 8 hoplite by expla9+ t ,epi/h5es 0 a passionate boy-lov]1 & t he _h once =m$ a corps ( none b beautiful m54 ,!n ,seu!s ask$ ,epi/h5es if he 0 will+ to die in/ead ( ! boy1 & he answ]$1 /ret*+ out 8 neck1 ,/rike1 he says1 if ! boy says ',yes1'#ag & w be pleas$ ) x4 ,at ! end ( ! affair1 :i* is told by ,x5ophon ) a quiet hum\r t br+s a little sc5e ( ,greek milit>y life vividly be=e u1 ,seu!s gave ! boy 8 lib]ty1 & ! soldi] walk$ away ) him4 ,9 ord] fur!r to illu/rate ! h>dy nature ( ,greek love1 ,i may allude to ! spee* ( ,pausanias 9 ! ,symposium ( ,plato4#ah ,! fruits ( love1 he says1 are c\rage 9 ! face ( dang]1 intol]ance ( despotism1 ! virtues ( ! g5]\s & haughty s\l4 ,9 ,ionia1 he adds1 & o!r places1 & g5]ally 9 c\ntries :i* are subject to ! b>b>ians1 ! cu/om is held to be di%on\rable2 loves ( y\? %>e ! evil repute ( philosophy & gymna/ics because !y are inimical to tyranny1 = ! int]e/s ( rul]s require t _! subjects %\ld be poor 9 _s1 & t !re %\ld be no /rong bond ( fri5d%ip or society among !m1 :i* love1 above all o!r motives1 is likely to inspire1 z our ,a!nian tyrants le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,,viii4 ,among ! my?s to :i* ,greek lov]s ref]r$ ) pride1 besides t ( ,a*illes1 7 ! leg5ds ( ,!seus & ,peiri?\s1 ( ,ore/es & ,pylades1 ( ,talos & ,rhadaman?us1 ( ,damon & ,py?ias4 ,ne>ly all ! ,greek gods1 except1 ,i ?9k1 oddly en\gh1 ,ares1 7 fam\s = _! love4 ,poseidon1 accord+ to ,p9d>1 lov$ ,pelops2 ,zeus1 besides ,ganym$e1 0 said to h c>ri$ (f ,*rysippus4 ,apollo lov$ ,ayac9?1 & numb]$ among 8 fav\rites ,bran*os & ,cl>os4 ,pan lov$ ,cyp>issus1 & ! _s ( ! ev5+ /> lov$ ,hym5u4 ,hypnos1 ! god ( slumb]1 lov$ ,endymion1 & s5t him to sleep ) op5 eyes1 9 ord] t he might always gaze ^u _! beauty4 7,a?4 xiii4 #efd74 ,! my?s ( ,phoebus1 ,pan1 & ,hesp]us1 x may be said 9 pass+1 are paid]a/ic p>allels to ! tales ( ,adonis & ,daphne4 ,!y d n repres5t ! specific quality ( national ,greek love at all 9 ! same way z ! leg5ds ( ,a*illes1 ,!seus1 ,pylades1 & ,py?ias4 ,we f9d 9 !m m]ely a beautiful & romantic play ( ! my?opoeic fancy1 aft] paid]a/ia _h tak5 hold on ! imag9ation ( ! race4 ,! case is diff]5t ) ,h]akles1 ! patron1 eponym1 & ance/or ( ,dorian ,hellas4 ,he 0 a boy-lov] ( ! true h]oic type4 ,9 ! innum]able am\rs ascrib$ to him we always disc]n ! note ( m>tial comrade%ip4 ,8 passion = ,iolaus 0 s fam\s t lov]s swore _! oa?s ^u ! ,!ban's tomb2#ai :ile ! /ory ( 8 loss ( ,hylas suppli$ ,greek poets ) "o ( _! mo/ *>m+ subjects4 ,f ! idyll ( ,!ocritus call$ ,hylas we le>n "s details ab\t ! relation betwe5 lov] & belov$1 accord+ to ! h]oic ideal4 ,nay1 b ! son ( ,amphitryon1 t he>t ( bronze1 he t abode ! wild lion's onset1 lov$ a lad1 beautiful ,hylas--,hylas ( ! braid$ locks1 & he taught him all ?+s z a fa!r tea*es 8 *ild1 all :]eby himself became a mighty man & r5[n$ 9 m9/relsy4 ,nev] 0 he ap>t f ,hylas144444 & all ?is t ! lad might be fa%ion$ to 8 m9d1 & might drive a /raight furr[1 & come to ! true measure ( man4#bj ,,ix4 ,pass+ f my? to semi-leg5d>y hi/ory1 we f9d frequ5t m5tion made ( lov]s 9 connection ) ! great a*ievem5ts ( ! e>lie/ age ( ,hellas4 ,:at ,pausanias & ,phdrus are report$ to h said 9 ! ,symposium ( ,plato1 is fully borne out by ! records ( ! num]\s tyrannicides & self-devot$ patriots :o help$ to e/abli% ! lib]ties ( ! ,greek cities4 ,:5 ,epim5ides ( ,crete requir$ a human victim 9 8 purification ( ,a!ns f ! ,musos ( ! ,megacleid1 two lov]s1 ,crat9us & ,ari/odemus1 (f]$ !mselves z a volunt>y sacrifice = ! city4#ba ,! y\? di$ to propitiate ! gods2 ! lov] refus$ to live )\t him4 ,*>iton & ,melanippus1 :o attempt$ to assass9ate ,phal>is ( ,agrig5tum1 7 lov]s4#bb ,s 7 ,diocles & ,philolaus1 natives ( ,cor9?1 :o remov$ to ,!bes1 & aft] giv+ laws to _! adopt$ city1 di$ & 7 buri$ 9 "o grave4#bc ,n less celebrat$ 0 ano!r ,diocles1 ! ,a!nian exile1 :o fell ne> ,meg>a 9 battle1 fight+ = ! boy he lov$4#bd ,8 tomb 0 hon\r$ ) ! rites & sacrifices specially res]v$ = h]oes4 ,a simil> /ory is told ( ! ,!ssalian horseman ,cleoma*us4#be ,?is soldi] rode into a battle :i* 0 be+ f\ght betwe5 ! p ( ,eretria & ,*alkis1 inflam$ ) su* en?usiasm = ! y\? he belov$1 t he broke ! foem5's ranks & won ! victory = ! ,*alkidians4 ,aft] ! fight 0 ov] ,cleoma*us 0 f\nd among ! sla91 b 8 corpse 0 nobly buri$2 & f t "t =w>d love 0 hon\r$ by ! m5 ( ,*alkis4 ,^! /ories might be p>allel$ f actual ,greek hi/ory4 ,plut>*1 comm5t+ ^u ! c\rage ( ! sacr$ b& ( ,!bans1#bf tells ( a man :o1 :5 8 enemy 0 go+ to kill him1 e>ne/ly reque/$ him to run him ?r\gh ! brea/1 t 8 lov] might n blu% to see him w\nd$ 9 ! back4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! haughty temp] ( ,greek lov]s1 ! same au?or1 9 8 ,erotic ,dialogue1 records ! names ( ,antileon ( ,metapontum1 :o brav$ a tyrant 9 ! cause ( ! boy he lov$2#bg ( ,crateas1 :o puni%$ ,ar*elaus ) dea? = an insult (f]$ to him2 ( ,py?olaus1 :o treat$ ,alex&] ( ,ph] 9 l mann]2 & ( ano!r y\? :o kill$ ! ,ambracian tyrant ,p]i&] = a simil> affront4#bh ,to ^! tales we might add ano!r /ory by ,plut>* 9 8 ,life ( ,demetrius ,poliorketes4 ,?is man insult$ a boy call$ ,damocles1 :o1 f9d+ no o!r way to save 8 hon\r1 jump$ into a cauldron ( boil+ wat] & 0 kill$ ^u ! spot4#bi ,a curi\s leg5d1 belong+ to semi-my?ical romance relat$ by ,pausanias1#cj des]ves a place "h1 s9ce x proves to :at ext5t ! popul> imag9ation 0 impregnat$ by notions ( ,greek love4 ,! city ( ,!spia 0 at "o "t infe/$ by a dragon1 & "y m5 7 (f]$ to appease its fury e ye>4 ,!y all di$ unnam$ & unrememb]$ except "o1 ,cleo/ratus4 ,to clo! ?is y\?1 8 lov]1 ,m5e/ratus1 =g$ a braz5 coat ( mail1 ?ick set ) hooks turn$ upw>ds4 ,! dragon swall[$ ,cleo/ratus & kill$ him1 b di$ by reason ( ! hooks4 ,?us love 0 ! salvation ( ! city & ! s\rce ( immortality to ! two fri5ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld n be difficult to multiply romances ( ?is k9d2 ! rhetoricians & morali/s ( lat] ,greece ab\nd 9 !m4#ca ,b ! mo/ fam\s ( all rema9s to be record$4 ,?is is ! /ory ( ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 :o fre$ ,a!ns f ! tyrant ,hipp>*us4 ,!re is n a spee*1 a poem1 essay1 a panegyrical oration 9 praise ( ei!r ,a!nian lib]ty or ,greek love :i* does n tell ! tale ( ?is h]oic fri5d%ip4 ,h]odotus & ,?ucydides treat ! ev5t z matt] ( s]i\s hi/ory4 ,plato ref]s to x z ! beg9n+ ( fre$om = ! ,a!nians4 ,! dr9k+-song 9 hon\r ( ^! lov]s1 is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s fragm5ts ( popul> ,greek poetry :i* we possess4 ,z 9 ! cases ( ,lucretia & ,virg9ia1 s "h a tyrant's intemp]ance 0 ! occasion1 if n ! cause1 ( a great nation's ris+4 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton 7 rev]5c$ z m>tyrs & savi\rs ( _! c\ntry4 ,_! names gave consecration to ! love :i* made !m bold aga9/ ! despot1 & !y became at ,a!ns eponyms ( paid]a/ia4#cb ,x4 ,a consid]able majority ( ! leg5ds :i* h be5 relat$ 9 ! prec$+ section are ,dorian1 & ! ,dorians gave ! e>lie/ & mo/ m>k$ enc\ragem5t to ,greek love4 ,n[h]e else1 inde$1 except among ! ,dorians1 :o 7 an ess5tially milit>y race1 liv+ l an army ( occupation 9 ! c\ntries !y _h seiz$1 h]d+ toge!r 9 b>racks & at public messes1 & submitt+ to m>tial drill & discipl9e1 d we meet ) paid]a/ia develop$ z an in/itution4 ,9 ,crete & ,lac$mon x became a pot5t in/rum5t ( education4 ,:at ,i h to say1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ?is matt] is d]iv$ almo/ entirely f ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]s's ,dorians1#cc to :i* "w ,i ref] my read]s = ! au?orities cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ea* detail4 ,plato says t ! law ( ,lycurgus 9 respect to love 0 ,poikiles1#cd by :i* he means t x all[$ ! cu/om "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! lov] 0 call$ ,inspir]1 at ,sp>ta1 :ile ! y\? he lov$ 0 nam$ ,he>]4 ,^! local phrases suffici5tly indicate ! relation :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ! pair4 ,! lov] taught1 ! he>] le>n$2 & s f man to man 0 h&$ d[n ! tradition ( h]oism1 ! peculi> tone & temp] ( ! /ate to :i*1 9 p>ticul> among ! ,greeks1 ! ,dorians clung ) ob/9ate p]t9acity4 ,x5ophon di/9ctly /ates t love 0 ma9ta9$ among ! ,sp>tans ) a view to education2 & :5 we consid] ! cu/oms ( ! /ate1 by :i* boys 7 sep>at$ e>ly f _! homes & ! influ5ces ( ! family 7 almo/ :olly want+1 x is n difficult to und]/& ! importance ( ! paid]a/ic in/itution4 ,! ,lac$monian lov] might repres5t 8 fri5d 9 ! ,assembly4 ,he 0 answ]able = 8 good conduct1 & /ood be=e him z a patt]n ( manl9ess1 c\rage1 & prud5ce4 ,( ! nature ( 8 tea*+ we may =m "s notion f ! precepts address$ by ! ,meg>ian ,!ognis to ! y\? ,kurnus4 ,9 battle ! lov]s f\ght side by side2 & x is wor?y ( notice t be=e ent]+ into an engagem5t ! ,sp>tans sacrific$ to ,ers4 ,x 0 reckon$ a disgrace if a y\? f\nd no man to be 8 lov]4 ,consequ5tly we f9d t ! mo/ illu/ri\s ,sp>tans are m5tion$ by _! biograph]s 9 connection ) _! comrades4 ,agesilaus he>d ,lys&]2 ,ar*idamus1 8 son1 lov$ ,cleonymus2 ,cleom5es ,,iii1 0 ! he>] ( ,x5>es & ! inspir] ( ,panteus4 ,! affection ( ,pausanias1 on ! o!r h&1 = ! boy ,argilus1 :o betray$ him accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,?ucydides1#ce mu/ n be reckon$ among ^! nobl] loves4 ,9 ord] to regulate ! moral conduct ( bo? p>ties1 ,lycurgus made x felony1 puni%able ) dea? or exile1 = ! lov] to desire ! p]son ( a boy 9 lu/2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 acc\nt$ exce$+ly disgraceful = ! y\ng] to meet ! advances ( ! eld] ) a view to ga94 ,hone/ affection & manly self-respect 7 exact$ on bo? sides2 ! bond ( union impli$ no m ( s5suality ?an subsi/s betwe5 a fa!r & a son1 a bro!r & a bro!r4 ,at ! same "t great lic5se ( int]c\rse 0 p]mitt$4 ,cic]o1 writ+ long aft] ! great age ( ,greece1 b rely+ probably ^u s\rces to :i* we h no access1 ass]ts t1 ,lac$moni ipsi cum omnia conc$unt 9 amore juv5um prt] /uprum t5ui sane muro disspiunt id quod excipiunt3 complexus enim concubitusque p]mittunt4#cf ,! ,lac$monians1 :ile !y p]mit all ?+s except outrage 9 ! love ( y\?s1 c]ta9ly di/+ui% ! =bidd5 by a ?9 wall ( p>tition f ! sanction$1 = !y all[ embraces & a common c\* to lov]s4 ,9 ,crete ! paid]a/ic in/itutions 7 ev5 m elaborate ?an at ,sp>ta4 ,! lov] 0 call$ ,philetor1 & ! belov$ "o ,kle9os4 ,:5 a man wi%$ to atta* to himself a y\? 9 ! recognis$ bonds ( fri5d%ip1 he took him away f 8 home1 ) a pret5ce ( =ce1 b n )\t ! connivance1 9 mo/ cases1 ( 8 fri5ds4#cg ,= two mon?s ! pair liv$ toge!r among ! hills1 hunt+ & fi%+4 ,!n ! ,philetor gave gifts to ! y\?1 & suff]$ him to return to 8 relatives4 ,if ! ,kle9os 7illu/ri\s or laudable7 _h receiv$ insult or ill-treatm5t dur+ ! probation>y weeks1 he n[ c\ld get r$ress at law4 ,if he 0 satisfi$ ) ! conduct ( 8 w\ld-be comrade1 he *ang$ 8 title f ,kle9os to ,p>a/ates 7comrade & by/&] 9 ! ranks ( battle & life71 return$ to ! ,philetor1 & liv$ !nce=w>d 9 close bonds ( public intimacy ) him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! primitive simplicity & regul>ity ( ^! cu/oms make x appe> /range to mod]n m9ds2 nor is x easy to und]/& h[ !y %\ld ev] h be5 :olly free f blame4 ,yet we mu/ rememb] ! influ5ces :i* preval5t op9ion & anci5t tradition bo? contribute t[>d pres]v+ a delicate s5se ( hon\r "u circum/ances ( app>5t difficulty4 ,! c>eful read+ ( "o ,life by ,plut>*1 t1 = in/ance1 ( ,cleom5es or t ( ,agis1 w h m effect 9 pres5t+ ! realities ( ,dorian exi/5ce to our imag9ation ?an any am\nt ( speculative disquisition4 ,moreov]1 a ,dorian 0 expos$ to almo/ absolute publicity4 ,he _h no *ance ( hid+ f 8 fell[-citiz5s ! secrets ( 8 private life4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 till ! social & political complexion ( ! :ole nation became corrupt t ! in/itutions j describ$ enc\rag$ pr(ligacy4#ch ,t ! ,sp>tans & ! ,cretans deg5]at$ f _! primitive ideal is manife/ f ! sev]e critiques ( ! philosoph]s4 ,plato1 :ile pass+ a delib]ate c5sure on ! ,cretans = ! introduction ( paid]a/ia into ,greece1#ci rem>ks t syssitia1 or meals 9 common1 & gymnasia are fav\rable to ! p]v]sion ( ! passions4 ,ari/otle1 9 a simil> argum5t1#dj po9ts out t ! ,dorian habits _h a direct t5d5cy to *eck ! population by enc\rag+ ! love ( boys & by sep>at+ wom5 f ! society ( m54 ,an obscure passage quot$ f ,hagnon by ,a!nu might also be cit$ to prove t ! ,greeks at l>ge _h =m$ no high op9ion ( ,sp>tan mann]s4#da ,b ! mo/ conv9c+ te/imony is to be f\nd 9 ! ,greek language3 to d l ! ,laconians1 to h connection 9 ,laconian way1 to d l ! ,cretans1 tell _! own tale1 especially :5 we comp>e ^! phrases )1 to d l ! ,cor9?ians1 ! ,lesbians1 ! ,siphnians1 ! ,pho5icians1 & o!r v]bs =m$ to indicate ! vices localis$ 9 sep>ate di/ricts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,up to ?is po9t ,i h be5 cont5t to foll[ ! notices ( ,dorian in/itutions :i* are scatt]$ up & d[n ! lat] ,greek au?ors1 & :i* h be5 collect$ by ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]4 ,i h n attempt$ to draw def9ite conclusions1 or to speculate ^u ! influ5ce :i* ! ,dorian section ( ! ,hell5ic family may h ex]cis$ 9 develop+ paid]a/ia4 ,to d s n[ w be legitimate1 always rememb]+ t :at we actually "k ab\t ! ,dorians is conf9$ to ! hi/oric p]iod1 & t ! tradition respect+ _! e>ly cu/oms is d]iv$ f second-h& au?orities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has frequ5tly occurr$ to my m9d t ! mix$ type ( paid]a/ia :i* ,i h nam$ ,greek ,love took its orig9 9 ,doris4 ,hom]1 :o knew no?+ ab\t ! passion z x aft]w>ds exi/$1 drew a /rik+ picture ( mascul9e affection 9 ,a*illes4 ,& ,hom]1 ,i may add1 0 n a native ( nor!rn ,greece4 ,:oev] he 01 or :oev] !y 71 ! poet1 or ! poets1 we call ,hom]1 belong$ to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! gean4 ,hom]1 !n1 may h be5 ignorant ( paid]a/ia4 ,yet fri5d%ip occupies ! fir/ place 9 8 h]o's he>t1 :ile only ! second is res]v$ = sexual emotion4 ,n[ ,a*illes came f ,ph?ia1 itself a portion ( t m\nta9 region to :i* ,doris belong$4#db ,is x unnatural to conjecture t ! ,dorians 9 _! migration to ,lac$mon & ,crete1 ! recognis$ headqu>t]s ( ! cu/om1 c>ri$ a tradition ( h]oic paid]a/ia along ) !m8 ,is x unreasonable to surmise t "h1 if any:]e 9 ,hellas1 ! cu/om exi/$ f prehi/oric times8 ,if s1 ! circum/ances ( _! invasion w\ld h fo/]$ ! trans=mation ( ?is tradition into a tribal in/itution4 ,!y w5t =?1 a b& ( w>riors & pirates1 to cross ! sea 9 boats1 & to fight _! way along ! hills & pla9s ( ,s\!rn ,greece4 ,! dom9ions !y _h conqu]$ ) _! swords !y occupi$ l soldi]s4 ,! camp became _! c\ntry1 & = a long p]iod ( "t !y lit]ally liv$ ^u ! biv\ac4 ,in/ead ( a city-/ate1 ) is manifold complexities ( social life1 !y 7 r$uc$ to ! n>r[ limits & ! simple conditions ( a rov+ horde4 ,)\t suffici5cy ( wom51 )\t ! sanctities ( e/abli%$ dome/ic life1 inspir$ by ! memory ( ,a*illes1 & v5]at+ _! ance/or ,h]akles1 ! ,dorian w>riors _h special opportunity = elevat+ comrade%ip to ! rank ( an en?usiasm4 ,! incid5ts ( emigration into a di/ant c\ntry--p]ils ( ! sea1 passages ( riv]s & m\nta9s1 assaults ( =tresses & cities1 l&+s on a ho/ile %ore1 night-vigils by ! side ( blaz+ beacons1 =ag+s = food1 picquet s]vices 9 ! front ( wat*ful foes--involv$ adv5tures capable ( %$d+ ! lu/re ( romance on fri5d%ip4 ,^! circum/ances1 by br++ ! virtues ( sympa?y ) ! weak1 t5d]ness = ! beautiful1 protection = ! "y1 toge!r ) correspond+ qualities ( gratitude1 self-devotion & admir+ atta*m5t1 into play1 may h t5d$ to cem5t unions betwe5 man & man no less firm ?an t ( m>riage4 ,on su* connections a wise capta9 w\ld h reli$ = giv+ /r5g? to 8 battalion1 & = keep+ alive ! flame ( ent]prise & d>+4 ,fight+ & =ag+ 9 company1 %>+ ! same wayside bo>d & hea?-/rewn b$1 rally+ to ! comrade's voice 9 onset1 rely+ on ! comrade's %ield :5 fall51 ^! m5 le>n$ ! mean+s ( ! words ,philetor & ,p>a/ates4 ,to be lov$ 0 hon\rable1 = x impli$ be+ wor?y to be di$ =4 ,to love 0 glori\s1 s9ce x pl$g$ ! lov] to self-sacrifice 9 case ( ne$4 ,9 ^! conditions ! paid]a/ic passion may h well comb9$ manly virtue ) c>nal appetite1 add+ su* romantic s5tim5t z "s /]n m5 res]ve )9 _! he>ts = wom54#dc ,a motto might be *os5 = a lov] ( ?is e>ly ,dorian type f ! olic poem ascrib$ to ,!ocritus3 ,& made me t5d] f ! iron man ,i us$ to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! ,dorians _h settl$ d[n ^u _! conqu]$ t]ritories1 & :5 ! passions :i* _h %[n _! m h]oic aspect dur+ a p]iod ( w>f>e came1 9 a p]iod ( idl5ess1 to call = me?ods ( re/ra9t1 !n ! discrim9ation betwe5 hon\rable & base =ms ( love1 to :i* ,plato po9t$ z a feature ( ! ,dorian in/itutions1 took place4 ,x is also m ?an m]ely probable t 9 ,crete :]e ^! in/itutions 7 ! mo/ precisely regulat$1 ! ,dorian immigrants came into contact ) ,pho5ician vices1 ! repression ( :i* requir$ ! adoption ( a /rict code4#dd ,9 ?is way paid]a/ia1 consid]$ z a mix$ cu/om1 p>tly m>tial1 p>tly luxuri\s1 recognis$ by public op9ion & controll$ by law1 obta9$ among ! ,dorian ,tribes1 & spread f !m ?r\gh\t ! /ates ( ,hellas4 ,relics ( num]\s semi-savage habits--!fts ( food1 ravi%m5t z a prelude to m>riage1 & s =?--indicate 9 l mann] ! survival among ! ,dorians ( primitive tribal in/itutions4 ,x w be se5 t ! conclusion to :i* ,i h be5 drawn by ! =ego+ consid]ation is t ! mix$ =m ( paid]a/ia1 call$ by me 9 ?is essay ,greek love1 ow$ its peculi> quality1 :at ,plato call$ its intricacy ( laws & cu/oms1 to two div]se /ra9s ( circum/ances h>monis$ 9 ! ,greek temp]am5t4 ,its milit>y & en?usia/ic elem5ts 7 d]iv$ f ! primitive conditions ( ! ,dorians dur+ _! immigration into ,s\!rn ,greece4 ,its ref9em5ts ( s5suality & sanctifi$ impurity are ref]able to contact ) ,pho5ician civilisation4 ,! specific =m x assum$ among ! ,dorians ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 equally remov$ f milit>y fre$om & f ,ori5tal luxury1 c be ascrib$ to ! op]ation ( t organis+1 m\ld+ & assimilat+ _s :i* we recognise z ,hell5ic4 ,! position ?us /at$ is1 un=tunately1 speculative r ?an demon/rable2 & 9 ord] to e/abli% ! reasonabl5ess ( ! speculation1 x w\ld be natural at ?is po9t to introduce "s acc\nt ( paid]a/ia z x exi/s 9 v>i\s savage tribes1 if _! cu/oms c\ld be se5 to illu/rate ! ,doric phase ( ,greek love4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,/udy ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,tables1 & ( ,ba/ian's ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te 7vol4 iii4 pp4 #cjd-cbc71 toge!r ) ! facts collect$ by travell]s among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 & ! mass ( curi\s in=mation suppli$ by ,ros5baum 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,lu/seu*e im ,alt]?ume1 makes x cle> to my m9d t ! unisexual vices ( b>b>ians foll[1 n ! type ( ,greek paid]a/ia1 b t ( ! ,scy?ian disease ( effem9acy1 describ$ by ,h]odotus & ,hippocrates z some?+ ess5tially =eign & non-,hell5ic4 ,9 all ^! cases1 :e!r we reg>d ! ,scy?ian impot5t effem9ates1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,b>da%es1 ! ,tsecats ( ,madagasc>1 ! ,corda*es ( ! ,canadian ,indians & simil> classes among ,cali=nian ,indians1 natives ( ,v5ezuela1 & s =?--! *>act]i/ic po9t is t effem9ate males r5\nce _! sex1 assume female clo!s1 & live ei!r 9 promiscu\s concub9age ) ! m5 ( ! tribe or else 9 m>riage ) *os5 p]sons4 ,?is ab&onm5t ( ! mascul9e attributes & habits1 ?is assumption ( fem99e duties & co/ume1 w\ld h be5 abhorr5t to ! ,doric cu/om4 ,precisely simil> effem9acies 7 recognis$ z pa?ological by ,h]odotus1 to :om ,greek paid]a/ia 0 famili>4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ,dorian comrade%ip 0 t x rema9$ on bo? sides mascul9e1 tol]at+ no sort ( s(tness4 ,= simil> reasons1 :at we "k ab\t ! preval5ce ( sodomy among ! primitive peoples ( ,mexico1 ,p]u & ,yucatan1 & almo/ all half-savage nations1#de ?r[s little light ^u ! subject ( ! pres5t inquiry4 ,nor d we ga9 any?+ ( importance f ! semi-religi\s practices ( ,japanese ,bonzes or ,egyptian prie/s4 ,su* facts1 tak5 9 connection ) abundant mod]n exp]i5ce ( :at are call$ unnatural vices1 only prove ! univ]sality ( unisexual indulg5ce 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & "u all conditions ( society4 ,consid]able psy*ological int]e/ atta*es to ! /udy ( ^! sexual ab]rations4 ,x is also true t we detect 9 !m ! g]m or raw mat]ial ( a cu/om :i* ! ,dorians moralis$ or develop$ aft] a specific fa%ion2 b n[h]e d we f9d an analogue to _! peculi> in/itutions4 ,x 0 j t ef=t to moralise & adapt to social use a practice :i* has else:]e be5 exclud$ 9 ! c\rse ( civil gr[?1 or has be5 all[$ to l+] half-ackn[l$g$ z a remnant ( m primitive conditions1 or has re-appe>$ 9 ! corruption ( society2 x 0 j ?is ef=t to elevate paid]a/ia accord+ to ! /hetic /&>d ( ,greek e?ics :i* con/itut$ its di/9ctive quality 9 ,hellas4 ,we are oblig$1 9 fact1 to sep>ate ?is1 ! true ,hell5ic manife/ation ( ! paid]a/ic passion1 f ! effem9acies1 brutalities1 & gross s5sualities :i* c be notic$ alike 9 imp]fectly civilis$ & 9 luxuri\sly corrupt communities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i mu/ repeat t :at ,i h sugge/$ reg>d+ ! int]v5tion ( ! ,dorians 9 creat+ ! type ( ,greek love is a pure speculation4 ,if x has any value1 t is due to ! fix$ & regulat$ =ms :i* paid]a/ic in/itutions display$ at a v e>ly date 9 ,crete & ,sp>ta1 & also to ! remnants ( savage cu/oms emb$d$ 9 !m4 ,x dep5ds to a c]ta9 ext5t also ^u ! abs5ce ( paid]a/ia 9 ,hom]4 ,b on ?is po9t some?+ /ill rema9s to be said4 ,our ,attic au?orities c]ta9ly reg>d$ ! ,hom]ic poems z canonical books1 decisive = ! culture ( ! fir/ /age ( ,hell5ic hi/ory4 ,yet x is cle> t ,hom] ref9$ ,greek my?ology1 :ile _m ( ! crud] elem5ts ( t my?ology surviv$ f pre-,hom]ic times 9 local cults & popul> religi\s obs]vances4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t a body ( non-,hom]ic writ+s1 commonly call$ ! cyclic poems1 exi/$ by ! side ( ,hom]1 "s ( ! mat]ial ( :i* is pres]v$ to u by dramati/s1 lyri/s1 hi/orians1 antiqu>ies & anecdoti/s4 ,x is n impossible t ?is s-call$ cyclical lit]ature conta9$ paid]a/ic elem5ts1 :i* 7 elim9at$1 l ! gross] =ms ( my?1 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4#df ,if ?is be conc$$1 we might be l$ to conjecture t paid]a/ia 0 a remnant ( anci5t savage habits1 ignor$ by ,hom]1 b pres]v$ by tradition 9 ! race4 ,giv5 ! habit1 ! ,greeks 7 c]ta9ly capable ( c>ry+ x on )\t %ame4 ,we ought to resi/ ! temptation to seek a high & noble orig9 = all ,greek in/itutions4 ,b !re rema9s ! fact t1 h[ev] !y acquir$ ! habit1 :e!r f ,nor? ,dorian cu/oms antec$5t to ,hom]1 or f conditions ( exp]i5ce subsequ5t to ! ,hom]ic age1 ! ,greeks gave x a dignity & an emotional sup]iority :i* is abs5t 9 ! annals ( b>b>ian in/itutions4 ,in/ead ( ab&on+ x z "p ( ! obsolete lumb] ( _! prehi/oric orig9s1 !y *ose to elaborate x into ! region ( romance & ideality4 ,& ?is !y did 9 spite ( ,hom]'s ignorance ( ! passion or ( 8 delib]ate retic5ce4 ,:atev] view1 !re=e1 we may take ab\t ,hom]'s sil5ce1 & ab\t ! possibility ( paid]a/ia occurr+ 9 ! lo/ poems ( ! cyclic type1 or la/ly1 ab\t its probable survival 9 ! p f an age ( savag]y1 we are b\nd to reg>d its sy/ematical developm5t among ! ,dorians z a fact ( p>am\nt significance4 ,9 t passage ( ! ,symposium#dg :]e ,plato notices ! ,sp>tan law ( love z ,poikilos1 he speaks ) disapprobation ( ! ,boeotians1 :o 7 n re/ra9$ by cu/om & op9ion )9 ! same /rict limits4 ,yet x %\ld "h be not$ t ! milit>y aspect ( ,greek love 9 ! hi/oric p]iod 0 n[h]e m di/+ui%$ ?an at ,!bes4 ,epam9ondas 0 a notable boy-lov]2 & ! names ( 8 belov$ ,asopi*us & ,cephisodorus are m5tion$ by ,plut>*4#dh ,!y di$1 & 7 buri$ ) him at ,mant9ea4 ,! paid]a/ic leg5d ( ,h]akles & ,iolaus 0 localis$ 9 ,boeotia2 & ! lov]s1 ,diocles & ,philolaus1 :o gave laws to ,!bes1 directly enc\rag$ ^? mascul9e atta*m5ts1 :i* _h _! orig9 9 ! ,pal/ra4#di ,! practical outcome ( ^! national in/itutions 9 ! *ief t[n ( ,boeotia 0 ! =mation ( ! s-call$ ,sacr$ ,b&1 or ,b& ( ,lov]s1 ^u :om ,pelopidas reli$ 9 8 mo/ p]il\s op]ations4 ,plut>* relates t !y 7 enroll$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by ,gorgidas1 ! rank & file ( ! regim5t be+ compos$ ( "y m5 b\nd toge!r by affection4 ,report goes t !y 7 nev] beat5 till ! battle ( ,*ronea4 ,at ! end ( t day1 fatal to ! lib]ties ( ,hellas1 ,philip ( ,mac$on w5t =? to view ! sla92 & :5 he came to t place :]e ! ?ree hundr$ t f\ght 8 phalanx lay dead toge!r1 he wond]$1 & und]/&+ t x 0 ! b& ( lov]s1 he %$ te>s1 & said1 ',p]i% any man :o suspects t ^! m5 ei!r did or suff]$ any?+ t 0 base4'#ej ,z at all ! o!r turn+ po9ts ( ,greek hi/ory1 s at ?is1 too1 !re is some?+ dramatic & ev5tful4 ,!bes 0 ! la/ /rong-hold ( ,greek fre$om2 ! ,sacr$ ,b& conta9$ ! pi? & fl[] ( h] army2 ^! lov]s _h fall5 to a man1 l ! ,sp>tans ( ,leonidas at ,!rmopyl1 pi]c$ by ! lances ( ! ,mac$onian phalanx2 !n1 :5 ! day 0 ov] & ! dead 7 sil5t1 ,philip1 ! victor 9 t fight1 %$ te>s :5 he beheld _! s]ri$ ranks1 pron\nc+ himself !re) ! fitte/ epitaph :i* c\ld h be5 inscrib$ ^u _! /el by a ,hell5e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ,*ronea1 ,greek lib]ty1 ,greek h]oism1 & ,greek love1 prop]ly s-call$1 expir$4 ,x is n unwor?y ( notice t ! son ( ! conqu]or1 "y ,alex&]1 endeav\r$ to revive ! tradition ( ,a*illeian fri5d%ip4 ,?is lad1 born 9 ! decay ( ,greek lib]ty1 took consci\s pleasure 9 enact+ ! "p ( a ,hom]ic h]o1 on ! alt]$ /age ( ,hellas & ( ,asia1 ) some:at tawdry hi/rionic pomp4#ea ,hom] 0 8 inv>iable companion ^u 8 m>*es2 9 ! ,troad he paid special hon\r to ! tomb ( ,a*illes1 runn+ nak$ races r\nd ! b>r[ 9 hon\r ( ! h]o1 & express+ ! envy :i* he felt = "o :o _h s true a fri5d & s r5[n$ a poet to record 8 de$s4 ,! hi/orians ( 8 life relate t1 :ile he 0 indiff]5t to wom51#eb he 0 madly giv5 to ! love ( males4 ,?is ! /ory ( 8 sorr[ = ,hephai/ion suffici5tly confirms4 ,a k9d ( spiritual atavism mov$ ! ,mac$onian conqu]or to assume on ! va/ ,bactrian pla9 ! outw>d trapp+s ( ,a*illes ,agoni/es4#ec ,return+ f ?is digression ^u ,alex&]'s almo/ hy/]ical ar*aism1 x %\ld next be notic$ t ,plato includes ! p ( ,elis 9 ! c5sure :i* he passes ^u ! ,boeotians4 ,he accus$ ! ,eleans ( adopt+ cu/oms :i* p]mitt$ y\?s to gratify _! lov]s )\t fur!r di/9ction ( age1 or quality1 or opportunity4 ,9 l mann]1 ,maximus ,tyrius di/+ui%es betwe5 ! cu/oms ( ,crete & ,elis3 ,:ile ,i f9d ! laws ( ! ,cretans excell5t1 ,i mu/ condemn ^? ( ,elis = _! lic5se4#ed ,elis1#ee l ,meg>a1 in/itut$ a conte/ = beauty among y\?s2 & x is significant t ! ,meg>ians 7 n uncommonly accus$ ( ,hybris1 or wanton lu/1 by ,greek writ]s4 ,bo? ! ,eleans & ! ,meg>ians may !re=e reasonably be consid]$ to h exce$$ ! ,greek /&>d ( ta/e 9 ! am\nt ( s5sual indulg5ce :i* !y op5ly ackn[l$g$4 ,9 ,ionia1 & o!r regions ( ,hellas expos$ to ,ori5tal influ5ces1 ,plato says t paid]a/ia 0 acc\nt$ a disgrace4#ef ,at ! same "t he c\ples ) paid]a/ia1 9 ?is place1 bo? addiction to gymna/ic ex]cise & to philosophical /udies1 po9t+ out t despotism 0 always ho/ile to high ?\ghts & haughty cu/oms4 ,! mean+ ( ! passage1 !re=e1 seems to be t ! true type ( ,greek love _h no *ance ( unfold+ itself freely on ! %ores ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,( paid]a/ic ,malakia1 or effem9acy1 !re is "h no "q1 else ,plato w\ld probably h made ,pausanias use o!r language4 ,,xi4 ,be=e proce$+ to discuss ! conditions "u :i* paid]a/ia exi/$ 9 ,a!ns1 x may be well to pause & to consid] ! tone adopt$ ) reg>d to x by "s ( ! e>li] ,greek poets4 ,mu* t is int]e/+ on ! subject ( ! true ,hell5ic ,ers c be ga!r$ f ,!ognis1 ,solon1 ,p9d>1 s*ylus1 & ,sophocles2 :ile ! lyrics ( ,anacreon1 ,alcu1 ,ibycus1 & o!rs ( ! same p]iod illu/rate ! wanton & illib]al passion 7,hybris7 :i* t5d$ to corrode & und]m9e ! nobl] feel+4 ,x is well kn[n t ,!ognis & 8 fri5d ,kurnus 7 memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy ( ,meg>a4 ,aft] ,meg>a _h ?r[n (f ! yoke ( ,cor9? 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury1 ! city fir/ submitt$ to ! democratic despotism ( ,!ag5es1 & !n = _m ye>s engag$ 9 civil w>f>e4 ,! l>g] numb] ( ! elegies ( ,!ognis are specially int5d$ to in/ruct ,kurnus h[ he ought to act z an illu/ri\s p>ty-lead] ( ! nobles 7,e/hloi7 9 _! conte/ ) ! p 7,deiloi74 ,!y consi/1 !re=e1 ( political & social precepts1 & = our pres5t purpose are only important z illu/rat+ ! educational au?ority assum$ by a ,dorian ,philetor ov] 8 fri5d4 ,! p]sonal elegies int]m+l$ ) ^! poems on conduct reveal ! v he>t ( a ,greek lov] at 8 e>ly p]iod4 ,"h is "o on loyalty3-- ,love me n ) words alone1 :ile y\r m9d & ?\ghts are o!rwise1 if y really c>e = me & ! he>t )9 y is loyal4 ,b love me ) a pure & hone/ s\l1 or op5ly dis[n & hate me2 let ! brea* betwe5 u be av[$4 ,he :o ha? a s+le tongue & a d\ble m9d is a bad comrade1 ,kurnus1 bett] z a foe ?an a fri5d4#eg ,! bitt]-sweet ( love is well describ$ 9 ! foll[+ c\plets3-- ,h>% & sweet1 allur+ & repell5t1 until x be cr[n$ ) completion1 is love = "y m54 ,if "o br+s x to p]fection1 !n x is sweet2 b if a man pursues & does n love1 !n x is ( all ?+s ! mo/ pa9ful4#eh ,! same /ra9 is repeat$ 9 ! l9es :i* beg91 a boy's love is fair to keep1 fair to lay aside4#ei ,z "o "t ,!ognis tells 8 fri5d t he has ! *angeable temp] ( a hawk1 ! skitti%ness ( a pamp]$ colt4#fj ,at ano!r he rem>ks t boys are m con/ant ?an wom5 9 _! affection4#fa ,8 passion rises to its noble/ height 9 a poem :i* des]ves to rank ) "s ( ,%akespe>e's sonnets1 & :i*1 l !m1 has fulfill$ its own promise ( immortality4#fb ,9 ord] to appreciate ! value ( ! fame conf]r$ on ,kurnus by ,!ognis1 & celebrat$ 9 su* l(ty /ra9s1 we mu/ rememb] t ^! elegies 7 sung at banquets4 ,! fair "y m51 ( :om ! poet speaks1 boy-lov]s !mselves1 *aunt$ ! praise ( ,kurnus to ! s\nd ( flutes1 :ile ! cups w5t r\nd or ! lyre 0 pass$ f h& to h& ( m]ry-mak+ gue/s4 ,a subject to :i* ,!ognis m ?an once ref]s is calumny3-- ,(t5 w ! folk speak va9 ?+s aga9/ !e 9 my e>s1 & aga9/ me 9 ?9e4 ,pay ?\ no he$ to !m4#fc ,aga91 he frequ5tly rem9ds ! boy he loves1 :e!r x be ,kurnus or "s o!r1 t ! bloom ( y\? is pass+1 & t ?is is a reason = %[+ k9dness4#fd ,?is argum5t is urg$ ) :at appe>s l co>s5ess 9 ! foll[+ c\plet3-- ,o boy1 s long z ?y *9 rema9s smoo?1 nev] w ,i cease f fawn+1 no1 n if x is doom$ = me to die4#fe ,a c\plet1 :i* is also attribut$ to ,solon1 %[s t paid]a/ia at ?is "t 9 ,greece 0 associat$ ) manly sports & pleasures3-- ,ble/ is ! man :o loves brave /e$s ( w>1 ,fair boys1 & h\nds1 & /rang] gue/s f f>4#ff ,nor mu/ ! foll[+ be omitt$3-- ,ble/ is ! man :o loves1 & aft] play1 ,:]eby 8 limbs are supple made & /rong1 ,retir+ to 8 home1 'twixt sleep & song1 ,sports ) a fair boy on 8 brea/ all day4#fg ,! foll[+ c\plet is attribut$ to him by ,plut>*1#fh nor does !re seem any reason to d\bt its g5u95ess4 ,! text seems to be corrupt1 b ! mean+ is pretty cle>3-- ,9 ! *>m+ season ( ! fl[]-"t ( y\? ?\ %alt love boys1 ye>n+ = _! ?ighs & honey$ m\?4 ,solon1 x may be rememb]$1 ?\ght x wise to regulate ! conditions "u :i* ! love ( free y\?s might be tol]at$4 ,! g5]al impression produc$ by a c>eful read+ ( ,!ognis is t he ent]ta9$ a g5u9e passion = ,kurnus1 & t he 0 anxi\s to tra9 ! "y man's m9d 9 :at he judg$ ! noble/ pr9ciples4 ,love1 at ! same "t1 except 9 its m s5sual mom5ts1 he describes z bitt]-sweet & subject to anxiety4 ,t p]turbation ( ! emotions1 :i* is insep>able f any ( ! deep] =ms ( p]sonal atta*m5t1 & :i* ! necess>y conditions ( boy-love exasp]at$1 0 irksome to ! ,greek4 ,x is n a little curi\s to obs]ve h[ all ! poets ( ! despotic age res5t & fret aga9/ ! =ce ( _! own feel+1 diff]+ h]e9 f ! s+]s ( *ivalry1 :o idealis$ ! v pa9s ( passion4 ,( ,ibycus1 :o 0 celebrat$ among ! anci5ts z ! lyri/ ( paid]a/ia1#fi v little has be5 pres]v$ to u1 b t little is suffici5t to indicate ! f]vid & voluptu\s /yle ( 8 art4 ,8 imag]y resembles t ( ,anacreon4 ,! onset ( love1 = in/ance1 9 "o fragm5t is comp>$ to ! d[n-swoop+ ( a ,?racian :irlw9d2 9 ano!r ! poet trembles at ! approa* ( ,ers l an old racehorse :o is dragg$ =? to prove 8 spe$ once m4 ,( ! g5u9e ,anacreon we possess m num]\s & long] fragm5ts1 & ! names ( 8 fav\rites1 ,cleobulus1 ,sm]dies1 ,leucaspis1 are fam\s4 ,! g5]al tone ( 8 love-poems is relax$ & ,ori5tal1 & 8 language ab\nds 9 phrases indicative ( s5suality4 ,! foll[+ may be select$3-- ,cleobulus ,i love1 = ,cleobulus ,i am mad1 ,cleobulus ,i wat* & wor%ip ) my gaze4#gj ,aga93-- ,o boy1 ) ! maid5's eyes1 ,i seek & foll[ !e1 b ?\ he$e/ n1 nor kn[e/ t ?\ art my s\l's *>iote]4 ,9 ano!r place he speaks (#ga-- ,love1 ! virg9al1 gleam+ & radiant ) desire4 ,syneban 7to pass ! "t ( y\? ) fri5ds7 is a ^w :i* ,anacreon may be said to h made curr5t 9 ,greek4 ,x occurs twice 9 8 fragm5ts1#gb & exactly expresses ! luxuri\s enjoym5t ( y\?ful grace & beauty :i* appe> to h be5 8 ideal ( love4 ,we are v f> "h f ! ,a*illeian fri5d%ip ( ! ,iliad4 ,yet1 occasionally1 ,anacreon uses images ( great =ce to describe ! attack ( passion1 z :5 he says t love has smitt5 him ) a huge axe1 & plung$ him 9 a w9try torr5t4#gc ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t bo? ,anacreon & ,ibycus 7 c\rt poets1 s++ 9 ! palaces ( ,polycrates & ,hippias4 ,! y\?s !y celebrat$ 7 probably little bett] ?an ! exoleti ( a ,roman ,emp]or4#gd ,?is _c be said exactly ( ,alcu1 ^: love = black-ey$ ,lycus 0 rememb]$ by ,cic]o & ,horace4 ,s little1 h[ev]1 is left ( 8 erotic poems t no def9ite op9ion c be =m$ ab\t !m4 ,! au?ority ( lat] ,greek au?ors ju/ifies our plac+ him ^u ! li/ ( ^? :o help$ to s(t5 & emasculate ! "* ( ,greek love by _! poems4#ge ,two ,a!nian dr9k+-songs pres]v$ by ,a!nu1#gf :i* seem to be> ! /amp ( ! lyric age1 may "h be quot$4 ,!y s]ve to illu/rate ! k9d ( feel+ to :i* expression 0 giv5 9 public by fri5ds & boy-lov]s3-- ,w\ld ,i 7 a lovely heap ( ivory1 & t lovely boys c>ri$ me into ! ,dionysian *orus4#gg ,?is is m>k$ by a v delicate1 ?\gh naf1 fancy4 ,! next is no less em95t = its su/a9$1 impassion$1 simple1 rhy?mic feel+3-- ,dr9k ) me1 be "y ) me1 love ) me1 we> cr[ns ) me1 ) me :5 ,i am mad be mad1 ) me :5 ,i am temp]ate be sob]4 ,! greate/ poet ( ! lyric age1 ! lyri/ p> excell5ce ,p9d>1 adds mu* to our conception ( ,greek love at ?is p]iod4 ,n only is ! poem to ,!ox5os1 :om he lov$1 & 9 ^: arms he is said to h di$ 9 ! !atre at ,argos1 "o ( ! mo/ spl5did a*ievem5ts ( 8 art2#gh b its *oice ( phrase1 & ! curi\s p>allel :i* x draws betwe5 ! free love ( boys & ! s]vile love ( wom51 help u to compreh5d ! s]i\s int5sity ( ?is passion4 ,! fla%+ rays ( 8 =ehead1 & is /orm-toss$ ) desire1 & ! "y-limb$ bloom ( boys1 are phrases :i* x is impossible adequately to translate4 ,s1 too1 are ! images by :i* ! he>t ( him :o does n feel ! beauty ( ,!ox5os is said to h be5 =g$ ) cold fire out ( adamant1 :ile ! poet himself is comp>$ to wax wa/+ "u ! sun's rays4 ,9 ,p9d>1 pass+ f ,ibycus & ,anacreon1 we asc5d at once into a pur] & m heal?ful atmosph]e1 fraught1 inde$1 ) passion & pregnant ) /orm1 b no long] simply s5sual4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! ,odes ( ,p9d>1 compos$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! hon\r ( "y m5 & boys1 bo? beautiful & /rong1 are ! "w ( a great morali/ z well z a great arti/4 ,he nev] fails to tea* by precept & example2 he does n1 z ,ibycus is report$ to h done1 adorn 8 v]se ) leg5ds ( ,ganym$e & ,ti?onus1 = ! sake ( ins9uat+ complim5ts4 ,yet no "o %>$ 9 full] measure ! ,greek admiration = heal? & grace & vig\r ( limb4 ,?is is obvi\s 9 ! _m radiant pictures ( mascul9e p]fection he has drawn1 z well z 9 ! images by :i* he loves to br+ ! beauty-bloom ( y\? to m9d4 ,! true ,hell5ic _s may be bett] /udi$ 9 ,p9d> ?an 9 any o!r poet ( 8 age2 & aft] we h weigh$ 8 high morality1 s\nd c\nsel1 & rev]5ce = all ?+s good1 toge!r ) ! passion he av[s1 we %all h done some?+ t[>d compreh5d+ ! inn] nature ( ,greek love4 ,,xii4 ,! treatm5t ( paid]a/ia ^u ! ,attic /age requires sep>ate consid]ations4 ,no?+ proves ! popul> acceptance & national approval ( ,greek love m =cibly to mod]n m9ds ?an ! fact t ! trag$ians l s*ylus & ,sophocles made x ! subject ( _! dramas4 ,f a notice 9 ,a!nu x appe>s t ,/esi*orus1 :o fir/ gave dramatic =m to lyric poetry1 compos$ int]ludes ^u paid]a/ic subjects4#gi ,b ( ^! x is impossible to speak1 s9ce _! v titles h be5 lo/4 ,:at imm$iately foll[s1 9 ! n>rative ( ,a!nu1 w s]ve z text = :at ,i h to say ^u ?is topic4 ,& %ylus1 t mighty poet1 & ,sophocles1 br\ght mascul9e loves into ! !atre ?r\gh _! trag$ies4 ,:]e=e "s are wont to call trag$y a paid]a/2 & ! spectators welcome su*4 ,no?+1 un=tunately1 rema9s ( ! plays :i* ju/ifi$ ?is language b a few fragm5ts cit$ by ,ari/ophanes1 ,plut>*1 ,lucian1 & ,a!nu4 ,to exam9e ^! w be ! bus9ess ( ?is section4 ,! trag$y ( ! ,myrmidones1 :i* =m$ "p ( a trilogy by s*ylus ^u ! leg5d ( ,a*illes1 mu/ h be5 popul> at ,a!ns1 = ,ari/ophanes quotes x no less ?an f\r times--twice 9 ! ,frogs1 once 9 ! ,birds1 & once 9 ! ,ecclesiazus4 ,we c recon/ruct its g5]al plan f ! l9es :i* h come d[n to u on ! au?ority ( ! writ]s above m5tion$4#hj ,! play op5$ ) an anap/ic spee* ( ! *orus1 compos$ ( ! clansm5 ( ,a*illes1 :o upbraid$ him = /ay+ idle 9 8 t5t :ile ! ,a*aians suff]$ at ! h&s ( ,hector4 ,a*illes repli$ ) ! metaphor ( ! eagle /rick5 by an arr[ w+$ f "o ( 8 own fea!rs4 ,!n ! embassy ( ,pho5ix arriv$1 & ,patroclus 0 s5t =? to battle4 ,a*illes1 mean:ile1 engag$ 9 a game ( dice2 & :ile he 0 ?us employ$ ,antilo*us ent]$ ) ! news ( ! dea? ( ,patroclus4 ,! next fragm5t br+s ! :ole sc5e vividly be=e our eyes4 ,wail = me1 ,antilo*us1 r ?an = ! dead man--= me1 ,a*illes1 :o /ill live4 ,aft] ?is1 ! corpse ( ,patroclus 0 br\ght ^u ! /age1 & ! son ( ,peleus p\r$ =? a lam5tation ov] 8 fri5d4 ,! ,?r5os ( ,a*illes on ?is occasion 0 v celebrat$ among ! anci5ts4 ,"o passage ( unmeasur$ passion1 :i* describ$ ! love :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ! two h]oes1 has be5 quot$1 ) v>ieties ( read+1 by ,lucian1 ,plut>*1 & ,a!nu4#ha ,lucian says3 ,a*illes1 bewail+ ! dea? ( ,patroclus ) unhusb&$ passion1 broke =? into ! tru? 9 self-ab&onm5t to woe4 ,a!nu gives ! text z foll[s3-- ,had/ ?\ no rev]5ce = ! unsulli$ hol9ess ( ?ighs1 ,o ?\ ungrateful = ! %[]s ( kisses giv54 ,:at we h "h *iefly to notice is ! *ange :i* ! tale ( ,a*illes _h und]gone s9ce ,hom]4#hb ,hom] repres5t$ ,patroclus z old] 9 ye>s ?an ! son ( ,peleus1 b inf]ior to him 9 /ation2 nor did he h9t :i* ( ! fri5ds 0 ! ,era/es ( ! o!r4 ,t view ( _! comrade%ip _h n occurr$ to him4 s*ylus makes ,a*illes ! lov]2 & = ?is di/ortion ( ! ,hom]ic leg5d he 0 sev]ely criticis$ by ,plato4#hc ,at ! same "t1 z ! two l9es quot$ f ! ,?r5os prove1 he treat$ _! affection f ! po9t ( view ( po/-,hom]ic paid]a/ia4 ,sophocles also wrote a play ^u ! leg5d ( ,a*illes1 :i* be>s = its title ,a*illes' ,loves4 ,v little is left ( ?is drama2 b ,hesy*ius has pres]v$ "o phrase :i* illu/rates ! ,greek notion t love 0 an efflu5ce f ! belov$ p]son ?r\gh ! eyes into ! lov]'s s\l1#hd :ile ,/obu quotes ! beautiful simile by :i* love is comp>$ to a piece ( ice held 9 ! h& by *ildr54#he ,ano!r play ( ,sophocles1 ! ,niobe1 is allud$ to by ,plut>* & by ,a!nu = ! paid]a/ia :i* x conta9$4 ,plut>*'s words are ^!3#hf ,:5 ! *ildr5 ( ,niobe1 9 ,sophocles1 are be+ pi]c$ & dy+1 "o ( !m cries out1 appeal+ to no o!r rescu] or ally ?an 8 lov]3 ,ho6 comrade1 up & aid me6 ,f9ally1 ,a!nu quotes a s+le l9e f ! ,col*ian ,wom5 ( ,sophocles1 :i* alludes to ,ganym$e1 & runs z foll[s3#hg ,inflam+ ) 8 ?ighs ! royalty ( ,zeus4 ,:e!r ,euripides treat$ paid]a/ia directly 9 any ( 8 plays is n q c]ta91 ?\gh ! title ,*rysippus1 & "o fragm5t pres]v$ f t trag$y-- ,nature con/ra9s me ?\gh ,i h s\nd judgm5t-- ju/ify u 9 believ+ t he made ! crime ( ,laius 8 subject4 ,x may be add$ t a passage 9 ,cic]o confirms ?is belief4#hh ,! title ( ano!r trag$y1 ,peiri?\s1 seems 9 l mann] to po9t at fri5d%ip2 :ile a beautiful quotation f ! ,dictys suffici5tly indicates ! high moral tone assum$ by ,euripides 9 treat+ ( ,greek love4 ,x runs z foll[s3--,he 0 my fri5d2 & nev] may love lead me to folly1 nor to ,kupris4 ,!re is1 9 tru?1 ano!r k9d ( love--love = ! s\l1 righte\s1 temp]ate1 & good4 ,surely m5 ought to h made ?is law1 t only ! temp]ate & *a/e %\ld love & s5d ,kupris1 daught] ( ,zeus1 a-begg+4 ,! philosophic ideal ( comrade%ip is "h vitalis$ by ! dramatic vig\r ( ! poet2 nor has ! ,hell5ic conception ( pure affection = a s\l1 j1 upright1 temp]ate & good1 be5 else:]e m pi?ily express$4 ,! ,euripidean conception ( fri5d%ip1 x may fur!r be obs]v$1 is nobly p]sonifi$ 9 ,pylades1 :o plays a g5]\s & self-devot$ "p 9 ! ?ree trag$ies ( ,electra1 ,ore/es1 & ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris4 ,hav+ collect$ ^! notices ( trag$ies :i* dealt ) boy-love1 x may be well to add a ^w ^u com$ies 9 ! same relation4 ,we he> ( a ,paidika by ,sophron1 a ,mal?akoi by ! old] ,crat9us1 a ,baptoee by ,empolis1 9 :i* ,alcibiades & 8 society 7 satiris$4 ,paid]a/es is ! title ( plays by ,diphilis & ,antiphanes2 ,ganym$es ( plays ( ,alkaeus1 ,antiphanes & ,eubulus4 ,:at has be5 quot$ f s*ylus & ,sophocles suffici5tly e/abli%es ! fact t paid]a/ia 0 publicly receiv$ ) approbation on ! tragic /age4 ,?is %\ld make u cauti\s 9 reject+ ! /ories :i* are told ab\t ! love adv5tures ( ,sophocles4#hi ,a!nu calls him a lov] ( lads1 nor is x /range if1 9 ! age ( ,p]icles1 & :ile he 0 produc+ ! ,a*illes' ,loves1 he %\ld h %>$ ! ta/es ( :i* 8 race approv$4 ,at ?is po9t x may be z well to m5tion a few illu/ri\s names :i*1 to ! /ud5t ( ,greek art & lit]ature1 are indissolubly connect$ ) paid]a/ia4 ,p>m5ides1 ^: life1 l t ( ,py?agoras1 0 acc\nt$ peculi>ly holy1 lov$ 8 pupil ,z5o4#ij ,pheidias lov$ ,pant>kes1 a y\? ( ,elis1 & c>v$ 8 portrait 9 ! figure ( a victori\s a?lete at ! foot ( ! ,olympian ,zeus4#ia ,euripides is said to h lov$ ! adult ,aga?on ,lysias1 ,demo/h5es1 & s*9es1 orators ^: conduct 0 op5 to ! mo/ se>*+ c5sure ( malici\s criticism1 did n scruple to av[ _! love4 ,socrates describ$ 8 philosophy z ! sci5ce ( erotics4 ,plato def9$ ! highe/ =m ( human exi/5ce to be philosophy toge!r ) paid]a/ia1 & compos$ ! celebrat$ epigrams on ,a/] & on ,aga?on4 ,?is li/ might be indef9itely l5g!n$4 ,,xiii4 ,be=e proce$+ to collect "s notes ^u ! /ate ( paid]a/ia at ,a!ns1 ,i w recapitulate ! po9ts :i* ,i h already attempt$ to e/abli%4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 paid]a/ia 0 unkn[n to ,hom]4#ib ,secondly1 soon aft] ! h]oic age1 two =ms ( paid]a/ia appe>$ 9 ,greece--! "o *ivalr\s & m>tial1 :i* receiv$ a =mal organisation 9 ! ,dorian /ates2 ! o!r s5sual & lu/ful :i*1 ?\gh localis$ to "s ext5t at ,crete1 p]vad$ ! ,greek cities l a vice4 ,( ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two loves ! ,greek consci5ce 0 well aw>e1 ?\gh !y came 9 c\rse ( "t to be conf\nd$4 ,?irdly1 ,i trac$ ! "* ( ,greek love1 us+ t t]m to indicate mascul9e affection ( a p]man5t & en?usia/ic temp]1 )\t fur!r e?ical qualification1 9 e>ly ,greek hi/ory & 9 ! in/itutions ( ! ,dorians4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ,i %[$ :at k9d ( treatm5t x receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! elegiac1 lyric1 & tragic poets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x n[ rema9s to draw "s picture ( ! social life ( ! ,a!nians 9 s f> z paid]a/ia is conc]n$1 & to prove h[ ,plato 0 ju/ifi$ 9 describ+ ,attic cu/oms on ?is po9t z qualifi$ by important re/riction & di/9ction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i d n "k a bett] way ( op5+ ?is inquiry1 :i* mu/ by its nature be fragm5t>y & disconnect$1 ?an by transcrib+ :at ,plato puts into ! m\? ( ,pausanias 9 ! ,symposium4#ic ,aft] obs]v+ t ! paid]a/ic cu/oms ( ,elis & ,boeotia involv$ no p]plexity1 inasmu* z all concessions to ! god ( love 7 tol]at$1 & t su* cu/oms did n exi/ 9 any despotic /ates1 he proce$s to ,a!ns4 ,!re is yet a m excell5t way ( legislat+ ab\t !m1 :i* is our own way2 b ?is1 z ,i 0 say+1 is r p]plex+4 ,= obs]ve t op5 loves are held to be m hon\rable ?an secret ones1 & t ! love ( ! noble/ & highe/1 ev5 if _! p]sons are less beautiful ?an o!rs1 is especially hon\rable4 ,consid]1 too1 h[ great is ! enc\ragem5t :i* all ! _w gives to ! lov]2 nei!r is he suppos$ to be do+ any?+ di%on\rable2 b if he succe$s he is prais$1 & if he fail he is blam$4 ,& 9 ! pursuit ( 8 love1 ! cu/om ( mank9d all[s him to d _m /range ?+s1 :i* philosophy w\ld bitt]ly c5sure if !y 7 done f any motive ( int]e/ or wi% = (fice or p[]4 ,he may pray & entreat1 & supplicate & swe>1 & be a s]vant ( s]vants1 & lie on a mat at ! door2 9 any o!r case fri5ds & enemies w\ld be equally ready to prev5t him1 b n[ !re is no fri5d :o w be a%am$ ( him & admoni% him1 & no enemy w *>ge him ) meanness or flatt]y2 ! actions ( a lov] h a grace :i* ennobles !m1 & cu/om has decid$ t !y are highly comm5dable1 & t !re is no loss ( "* 9 !m2 & :at is /range/ ( all1 he only may swe> or =swe> himself 7?is is :at ! _w says71 & ! gods w =give 8 transgression1 = !re is no su* ?+ z a lov]'s oa?4 ,su* is ! entire lib]ty :i* gods & m5 h all[$ ! lov]1 accord+ to ! cu/om :i* prevails 9 our "p ( ! _w4 ,f ?is po9t ( view a man fairly argues t 9 ,a!ns to love & to be lov$ is held to be a v hon\rable ?+4 ,b :5 !re is ano!r regime1 & p>5ts =bid _! sons to talk ) _! lov]s1 & place !m "u a tutor's c>e1 & _! companions & equals ca/ 9 _! tee? any?+ ( ?is sort :i* !y may obs]ve1 & _! eld]s refuse to sil5ce ! reprov]s1 & d n rebuke !m2 any "o :o reflects on all ?is w1 on ! contr>y1 ?9k t we hold ^! practices to be mo/ disgraceful4 ,b ! tru?1 z ,i imag9e1 & z ,i said at fir/1 is1 t :e!r su* practices are hon\rable or :e!r !y are di%on\rable is n a simple "q2 !y are hon\rable to him :o foll[s !m hon\rably1 di%on\rable to him :o foll[s !m di%on\rably4 ,!re is di%on\r 9 yield+ to ! evil1 or 9 an evil mann]2 b !re is hon\r 9 yield+ to ! good1 or 9 an hon\rable mann]4 ,evil is ! vulg> lov] :o loves ! body r ?an ! s\l1 & :o is incon/ant because he is a lov] ( ! incon/ant1 &1 !re=e1 :5 ! bloom ( y\?1 :i* he 0 desir+1 is ov]1 takes w+ & flies away1 9 spite ( all 8 words & promises2 :]eas ! love ( ! noble m9d1 :i* is "o ) ! un*ang+1 is lifelong4 ,pausanias !n proce$s1 at consid]able l5g?1 to describe h[ ! cu/oms ( ,a!ns requir$ delib]ate *oice & trial ( "* z a condition ( hon\rable love2 h[ x repudiat$ ha/y & ephem]al atta*m5ts1 & engagem5ts =m$ ) ! object ( money-mak+ or political aggr&isem5t2 h[ love on bo? sides 0 b\nd to be dis9t]e/$1 & :at accession bo? ( dignity & beauty ! passion ( fri5ds obta9$ f ! pursuit ( philosophy1 & f ! r5d]+ ( mutual s]vices ^u ! pa? ( virtu\s conduct4 ,?is suffici5tly indicates1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! moral atmosph]e 9 :i* ,greek love fl\ri%$ at ,a!ns4 ,9 an e>li] "p ( 8 spee* ,pausanias1 aft] dwell+ ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two k9ds ( ,aphrodite1 heav5ly & vulg>1 describes ! latt] 9 a way :i* proves t ! love ( boys 0 held to be e?ically sup]ior to t ( wom54#id ,! ,love :o is ! (fspr+ ( ! common ,aphrodite is ess5tially common1 & has no discrim9ation1 be+ su* z ! mean] sort ( m5 feel1 & is apt to be ( wom5 z well z ( y\?s1 & is ( ! body r ?an ! s\l2 ! mo/ fooli% be+s are ! objects ( ?is love1 :i* desires only to ga9 an end1 b nev] ?9ks ( accompli%+ ! end nobly1 & !re=e does good & evil q indiscrim9ately4 ,! goddess :o is 8 "m is f> y\ng] ?an ! o!r1 & %e 0 born ( ! union ( ! male & female1 & p>takes ( bo?4 ,!n he turns to ! ,uranian love4 ,! (fspr+ ( ! heav5ly ,aphrodite is d]iv$ f a "m 9 ^: bir? ! female has no "p4 ,%e is f ! male only2 ?is is t love :i* is ( y\?s1 & ! goddess be+ old]1 has no?+ ( wantonness4 ,^? :o are inspir$ by ?is love turn to ! male1 & delight 9 him :o is ! mo/ valiant & intellig5t nature2 any "o may recognise ! pure en?usia/s 9 ! v "* ( _! atta*m5ts2 = !y love n boys1 b intellig5t be+s ^: reason is beg9n+ to be develop$1 mu* ab\t ! "t at :i* _! be>ds beg9 to gr[4 ,& 9 *oos+ !m z _! companions !y mean to be fai?ful to !m1 & pass _! :ole life 9 company ) !m1 n to take !m 9 _! inexp]i5ce1 & deceive !m1 & play ! fool ) !m1 or run away f "o to ano!r ( !m4 ,b ! love ( "y boys %\ld be =bidd5 by law1 because _! future is unc]ta92 !y may turn out good or bad1 ei!r 9 body or s\l1 & mu* noble en?usiasm may be ?r[n away ^u !m2 9 ?is matt] ! good are a law to !mselves1 & ! co>s] sort ( lov]s ought to be re/ra9$ by =ce1 z we re/ra9 or attempt to re/ra9 !m f fix+ _! affections on wom5 ( free bir?4 ,^! long quotations f a "w accessible to e read] may require apology4 ,my excuse = giv+ !m mu/ be t !y express 9 pure ,a!nian diction a true ,a!nian view ( ?is matt]4 ,! mo/ sali5t *>act]i/ics ( ! :ole spee* are1 fir/1 ! def9ition ( a code ( hon\r1 di/+ui%+ ! nobl] f ! bas] =ms ( paid]a/ia2 secondly1 ! decid$ pref]5ce ( male ov] female love2 ?irdly1 ! belief 9 ! possibility ( p]man5t affection betwe5 paid]a/ic fri5ds2 &1 f\r?ly1 ! pass+ allusion to rules ( dome/ic surveillance "u :i* ,a!nian boys 7 plac$4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! po9ts ,i %all h to return on ano!r occasion4 ,) reg>d to ! second1 x is suffici5t = ! pres5t purpose to rememb] t free ,a!nian wom5 7 comp>atively un$ucat$ & un9t]e/+1 & t ! hetairai _h prov]bially bad mann]s4 ,:ile m5 transact$ bus9ess & enjoy$ life 9 public1 _! wives & daught]s /ay$ 9 ! seclusion ( ! h\sehold1 conv]s+ to a great ext5t ) slaves1 & ignorant ( ne>ly all t happ5$ 9 ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,!y 7 treat$ ?r\gh\t _! lives z m9ors by ! law1 nor c\ld !y dispose by w ( m ?an ! wor? ( a bu%el ( b>ley4 ,x foll[$ t m>riages at ,a!ns 7 usually mat*es ( arrangem5t betwe5 ! fa!rs ( ! bride & ! bridegroom1 & t ! motives :i* induc$ a man to m>ry 7 less ! desire = companion%ip ?an ! natural wi% = *ildr5 & a s5se ( duty to ! c\ntry4#ie ,demo/h5es1 9 8 spee* aga9/ ,nera1 decl>es3#if ,we h c\rtesans = our pleasures1 concub9es = ! requirem5ts ( ! body1 & wives = ! procreation ( lawful issue4 ,if he _h be5 speak+ at a dr9k+-p>ty1 in/ead ( be=e a jury1 he might h add$1 & "y m5 = intellectual companions4 ,! f\r? po9t :i* ,i h not$ above requires m illu/ration1 s9ce its be>+ on ! g5]al condition ( ,a!nian society is important4 ,ow+ to ! preval5ce ( paid]a/ia1 a boy 0 expos$ 9 ,a!ns to dang]s :i* are comp>atively unkn[n 9 our great cities1 & :i* r5d]$ special sup]vision necess>y4 ,x 0 ! cu/om = fa!rs1 :5 !y did n !mselves accompany _! sons1#ig to commit !m to ! c>e ( slaves *os5 usually among ! olde/ & mo/ tru/wor?y4 ,! duty ( ! att5dant gu>dian 0 n to in/ruct ! boy1 b to pres]ve him f ! addresses ( importunate lov]s or f su* assaults z ,pei/hetrus 9 ! ,birds ( ,ari/ophanes describes4#ih ,he foll[$ 8 *>ge to ! s*ool & ! gymnasium1 & 0 responsible = br++ him home at ! "r h\r4 ,?us at ! end ( ! ,lysis we read3#ii-- ,sudd5ly we 7 int]rupt$ by ! tutors ( ,lysis & ,m5ex5us2 :o came ^u u l an evil app>ition ) _! bro!rs1 & bade !m g home1 z x 0 gett+ late4 ,at fir/1 we & ! by/&]s drove !m (f2 b aft]w>ds1 z !y w\ld n m9d1 & only w5t on %\t+ 9 _! b>b>\s dialect1 & got angry1 & kept call+ ! boys--!y appe>$ to u to h be5 dr9k+ r too mu* at ! ,h]ma1 :i* made !m difficult to manage--we fairly gave way & broke up ! company4 ,9 ?is way ! daily conduct ( ,a!nian boys ( bir? & good condition 0 subject$ to obs]vation2 & x is n improbable t ! *>m :i* inve/$ su* lads z ,plato portray$ 9 8 ,*>mides & ,lysis 0 p>tly due to ! self-respect & self-re/ra9t g5]at$ by ! peculi> conditions "u :i* !y pass$ _! life4 ,( ! way 9 :i* a ,greek boy sp5t 8 day1 we ga9 "s notion f two passages 9 ,ari/ophanes & ,lucian4 ,! ,dikaios ,logos#ajj tells t-- 9 8 days1 :5 ju/ice fl\ri%$ & self-control 0 held 9 hon\r1 a boy's voice 0 nev] he>d4 ,he walk$ 9 ord] ) 8 comrades ( ! same qu>t]1 lightly clad ev5 9 w9t]1 d[n to ! s*ool ( ! h>p-play]4 ,!re he le>n$ old-fa%ion$ hymns to ! gods1 & patriotic songs4 ,:ile he sat1 he took c>e to cov] 8 p]son dec5tly2 & :5 he rose1 he nev] =got to rub out ! m>ks :i* he might h left ^u ! du/ le/ any man %\ld view !m aft] he 0 gone4 ,at meals he ate :at 0 put be=e him1 & refra9$ f idle *att]+4 ,walk+ ?r\gh ! /reets1 he nev] tri$ to cat* a pass]'s eye or to attract a lov]4 ,he avoid$ ! %ops1 ! ba?s1#aja ! ,agora1 ! h\ses ( ,hetairai4#ajb ,he rev]5c$ old age & =m$ )9 8 s\l ! image ( mode/y4 ,9 ! gymnasium he indulg$ 9 fair & noble ex]cise1 or ran races ) 8 comrades among ! olive-trees ( ! ,academy4 ,! ,adikos ,logos replies by plead+ t ?is temp]ate sort ( life is q old-fa%ion$2 boys _h bett] le>n to use _! tongues & bully4 ,9 ! la/ resort he uses a cl9*+ argum5tum ad juv5em4#ajc ,7 x n = ! beautiful & highly-f9i%$ portraits 9 ,plato1 to :i* ,i h already allud$1 ! description ( ,ari/ophanes might be ?\ght a m]e ideal2 &1 inde$1 x is probable t ! actual life ( ! av]age ,a!nian boy lay mid-way betwe5 ! c\rses prescrib$ by ! ,dikaios & ! ,adikos ,logos4 ,mean:ile1 s9ce ,euripides1 toge!r ) ! :ole s*ool ( /udi\s & philosophic speculators1 are aim$ at 9 ! spee*es ( ! ,adikos ,logos1 x w be fair to adduce a companion picture ( ! "y ,greek educat$ on ! a?letic sy/em1 z ^! m5 _h le>n$ to "k him4 ,i quote f ! ,autolycus1 a satyric drama ( ,euripides3-- ,!re are a myriad bad ?+s 9 ,hellas1 b no?+ is worse ?an ! a?letes4 ,to beg9 )1 !y d n "k h[ to live l g5tlem51 nor c\ld !y if !y did2 = h[ c a man1 ! slave ( 8 jaws & 8 belly1 increase ! =tune left him by 8 fa!r8 ,pov]ty & ill-luck f9d !m equally incompet5t4 ,hav+ acquir$ no habits ( good liv+1 !y are badly (f :5 !y come to r\gh+ x4 ,9 y\? !y %9e l /atues /uck ab\t ! t[n1 & take _! walks abroad2 b :5 old age draws nigh1 y f9d !m z ?readb>e z an old coat4 ,suppose a man has wre/l$ well1 or runs fa/1 or has hurl$ a quoit1 or giv5 a black eye 9 f9e /yle1 has he done ! ,/ate a s]vice by ! cr[ns he won8 ,d soldi]s fight ) quoits 9 h&1 or )\t ! press ( %ields c kicks expel ! foeman f ! gate8 ,nobody is fool en\gh to d ^! ?+s ) /eel be=e 8 face4 ,keep1 !n1 y\r laurels = ! wise & good1 = him :o rules a city well1 ! j & temp]ate1 :o by 8 spee*es w>ds (f ill1 allay+ w>s & civil /rife4 ,^! are ! ?+s = cities1 yea1 & = all ,greece to boa/ (4 ,lucian repres5ts1 ( c\rse1 a late p]iod ( ,attic life4 ,b 8 picture ( ! p]fect boy completes1 & 9 "s po9ts supplem5ts1 t ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,callicratidas1 9 ! ,dialogue on ,love1 has j drawn an unpleas+ picture ( a woman1 surr\nd$ 9 a fu/y b\doir ) h] r\ge-pots & cosmetics1 p]fumes1 pa9ts1 combs1 look+-glasses1 hair-dyes1 & curl+ irons4 ,!n he turns to praise boys3#ajd ,h[ diff]5t is ! boy6 ,9 ! morn+1 he rises f 8 *a/e c\*1 wa%es ! sleep f 8 eyes ) cold wat]1 puts on 8 *lamys1#aje & takes 8 way to ! s*ool ( ! musician or ! gymna/4 ,8 tutors & gu>dians att5d him1 & 8 eyes are b5t ^u ! gr\nd4 ,he sp5ds ! morn+ 9 /udy+ ! poets & philosoph]s1 9 rid+1 or 9 milit>y drill4 ,!n he betakes himself to ! wre/l+-gr\nd1 & h>d5s 8 body ) noontide heat & sweat & du/4 ,! ba? foll[s & a mode/ meal4 ,aft] ?is he returns = a:ile to /udy ! lives ( h]oes & great m54 ,aft] a frugal supp] sleep at la/ is %$ ^u 8 eyelids4 ,su* is ,lucian's sket* ( ! day sp5t by a "y ,greek at ! fam\s ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns4 ,mu* is1 und\bt$ly1 omitt$2 b en\gh is said to indicate ! simple occupations to :i* an ,a!nian y\?1 capable ( inspir+ an en?usia/ic affection1 0 addict$4 ,!n foll[s a bur/ ( rhetoric1 :i* reveals1 :5 we comp>e x ) ! dislike express$ = wom51 ! deeply-seat$ virile nature ( ,greek love4 ,truly he is wor?y to be lov$4 ,:o w\ld n love ,h]mes 9 ! pal/ra1 or ,phoebus at ! lyre1 or ,ca/or on ! rac+-gr\nd8 ,:o w\ld n wi% to sit face to face ) su* a y\?1 to he> him talk1 to %>e 8 toils1 to walk ) him1 to nurse him 9 sickness1 to att5d him on ! sea1 to suff] *a9s & d>kness ) him if ne$ be8 ,he :o hat$ him %\ld be my foe1 & :o s lov$ him %\ld be lov$ by me4 ,at 8 dea? ,i w\ld die2 "o grave %\ld cov] u bo?2 "o cruel h& cut %ort our lives6 ,9 ! sequel ( ! dialogue ,lucian makes x cle> t he int5ds ^! raptures ( ,callicratidas to be tak5 9 great measure = romantic boa/+4 ,yet ! fact rema9s t1 till ! la/1 ,greek paid]a/ia among ! bett] sort ( m5 impli$ no effem9acy4 ,community ( int]e/ 9 sport1 9 ex]cise1 & 9 op5-air life r5d]$ x attractive4#ajf ,son ( ,eudiades1 ,euphorion1 ,aft] ! box+-mat*1 9 :i* he beat1 ,) wrea?s ,i cr[n$1 & set f9e silk ^u1 ,8 =ehead & s(t blossoms honey-sweet2 ,!n ?rice ,i kiss$ him all beblood$ !re2 ,8 m\? ,i kiss$1 8 eyes1 8 e bruise2 ,m fragrant f> ?an frank9c5se1 ,i swe>4 ,0 ! fi]ce *rism t f 8 br[s did ooze4 ,i d n c>e = curls or tresses ,display$ 9 wily wild]nesses2 ,i d n prize ! arts t dye ,a pa9t$ *eek ) hues t fly3 ,give me a boy ^: face & h& ,are r\gh ) du/ or circus-s&1 ,^: ruddy fle% exhales ! sc5t ,or heal? )\t embelli%m5t3 ,sweet to my s5se is su* a y\?1 ,^: *>ms h all ! *>m ( tru?3 ,leave pa9ts & p]fumes1 r\ge1 & curls1 ,to lazy1 lewd ,cor9?ian girls4 ,! pal/ra 0 ! place at ,a!ns :]e lov]s enjoy$ ! greate/ fre$om4 ,9 ! ,phdrus ,plato obs]ves t ! atta*m5t ( ! lov] = a boy grew by meet+s & p]sonal contact#ajg 9 ! gymnasiums & o!r social resorts1 & 9 ! ,symposium he m5tions gymna/ic ex]cises1 ) philosophy1 & paid]a/ia1 z ! ?ree pursuits ( freem5 mo/ obnoxi\s to despots4 s*9es1 aga9 describ+ ! mann]s ( boy-lov]s 9 language famili> to 8 audi5ce1 uses ^! phrases3 hav+ gr[n up 9 gymnasium & games1 & ! man hav+ be5 a noisy haunt] ( gymnasiums1 & hav+ be5 ! lov] ( multitudes4 ,ari/ophanes1 also1 9 ! ,wasps1#ajh employs simil> language3 & n seek+ to g revell+ ar\nd 9 ex]cis+ gr\nds4 ,i may comp>e ,lucian1 ,amores1 cap4 #b1 y c>e = gymnasiums & _! sleek oil$ combatants1 :i* is said to a notori\s boy-lov]4 ,boys & m5 met toge!r ) consid]able lib]ty 9 ! por*es1 p]i/yles & o!r adjuncts to an ,attic wre/l+-gr\nd2 & x 0 "h1 too1 t sophi/s & philosoph]s e/abli%$ !mselves1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( attract+ a l>ge & eag] audi5ce = _! discussions4 ,x is true t an anci5t law =bade ! pres5ce ( adults 9 ! wre/l+-gr\nds ( boys2 b ?is law appe>s to h become almo/ :olly obsolete 9 ! days ( ,plato4 ,socrates1 = example1 9 ! ,*>mides1 goes d[n imm$iately aft] 8 arrival f ! camp at ,potida into ! pal/ra ( ,taureas to he> ! news ( ! day1 & ! v fir/ "q :i* he asks 8 fri5ds is :e!r a new beauty has appe>$ among ! y\?s4#aji ,s aga9 9 ! ,lysis1 ,hippo?ales invites ,socrates to ent] ! private pal/ra ( ,miccus1 :]e boys & m5 7 ex]cis+ toge!r on ! fea/-day ( ,h]mes4#aaj ,! build+1 he rem>ks1 is a newly-erect$ pal/ra1 & ! ent]ta9m5t is g5]ally conv]sation1 to :i* y are welcome4 ,! sc5e :i* imm$iately foll[s is well kn[n to ,greek /ud5ts z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & vivid pictures ( ,a!nian life4 ,"o gr\p ( y\?s are sacrific+ to ,h]mes2 ano!r are ca/+ dice 9 a corn] ( ! dress+-room4 ,lysis himself is /&+ among ! o!r boys & y\?s1 hav+ a cr[n ^u 8 head1 l a fair vision1 & n less wor?y ( praise = 8 goodness ?an = 8 beauty4 ,! mode/y ( ,lysis is %[n by ! %yness :i* prev5ts him jo9+ ,socrates' p>ty until he has obta9$ ! company ( "s ( 8 "y fri5ds4 ,!n a circle ( boys & m5 is =m$ 9 a corn] ( ! c\rt1 & a conv]sation ^u fri5d%ip beg9s4 ,hippo?ales1 ! lov] ( ,lysis1 keeps at a decor\s di/ance 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,n less graceful z a picture is ! op5+ ( ! ,*>mides4 ,9 answ] to a "q ( ,socrates1 ! frequ5t]s ( ! pal/ra tell him to expect ! com+ ( "y ,*>mides4 ,he w !n see ! mo/ beautiful boy 9 ,a!ns at ! "t3 = ^? :o are j ent]+ are ! advanc$ gu>d ( ! great beauty ( ! day1 & he is likely to be n f> (f4 ,!re is a noise & a bu/le at ! door1 & :ile ! ,socratic p>ty cont9ues talk+ ,*>mides ent]s4 ,! effect produc$ is ov]p[]+3#aaa-- ,y "k1 my fri5d1 t ,i _c measure any?+1 & ( ! beautiful ,i am simply su* a measure z a :ite l9e is ( *alk2 = almo/ all "y p]sons appe> to be beautiful 9 my eyes4 ,b at t mom5t :5 ,i saw him com+ 91 ,i confess t ,i 0 q a/oni%$ at 8 beauty & 8 /ature2 all ! _w seem$ to be enam\r$ ( him2 amazem5t & confusion reign$ :5 he ent]$2 & a troop ( lov]s foll[$ him4 ,t gr[n-up m5 l ourselves %\ld h be5 affect$ 9 ?is way 0 n surpris+1 b ,i obs]v$ t !re 0 ! same feel+ among ! boys2 all ( !m1 d[n to ! v lea/ *ild1 turn$ & look$ at him1 z if he _h be5 a /atue4 ,*>mides1 l ,lysis1 is p]suad$ to sit d[n by ,socrates1 :o op5s a discussion ^u ! appropriate "q ( ,sophrosyne1 or mode/ temp]ance & self-re/ra9t4#aab ,he came z he 0 bidd51 & sat d[n betwe5 ,critias & me4 ,great amusem5t 0 occasion$ by ev]yone pu%+ ) might & ma9 at 8 neighb\r 9 ord] to make a place = him next to !m1 until at ! two ends ( ! r[ "o _h to get up1 & ! o!r 0 roll$ ov] sideways4 ,n[ ,i1 my fri5d1 0 beg9n+ to feel awkw>d2 my =m] bold belief 9 my p[]s ( conv]s+ ) him _h vani%$4 ,& :5 ,critias told him t ,i 0 ! p]son :o _h ! cure1 he look$ at me 9 su* an indescribable mann]1 & 0 go+ to ask a "q2 & !n all ! p 9 ! pal/ra cr[d$ ab\t u1 &1 ,o r>e6 ,i caught a sight ( ! inw>ds ( 8 g>m5t1 & took ! flame4 ,!n ,i c\ld no long] conta9 myself4 ,i ?\ght h[ well ,cydias und]/ood ! nature ( love :51 9 speak+ ( a fair y\?1 he w>ns someone1 'n to br+ ! fawn 9 ! sight ( ! lion to be dev\r$ by him1' = ,i felt t ,i _h be5 ov]come by a sort ( wild-bea/ appetite4 ,! :ole t5or ( ! dialogue makes x cle> t1 9 spite ( ! admiration he excit$1 ! hon\r paid him by a public "* l ,socrates & ! troops ( lov]s & ( fri5ds surr\nd+ him1 yet ,*>mides 0 unspoil$4 ,8 docility1 mode/y1 simplicity1 & heal?9ess ( s\l are at lea/ z rem>kable z ! beauty = :i* he 0 s fam\s4 ,a simil> impression is produc$ ^u our m9ds by ,autolycus 9 ! ,symposium ( ,x5ophon4#aac ,callias1 8 ackn[l$g$ lov]#aad _h invit$ him to a banquet aft] a victory :i* he _h ga9$ 9 ! pancration2 & _m o!r gue/s1 includ+ ! ,socratic p>ty1 7 ask$ to meet him4 ,autolycus came1 att5d$ by 8 fa!r2 & z soon z ! tables 7 cov]$ & ! seats _h be5 arrang$1 a k9d ( div9e awe fell ^u ! company4 ,! gr[n-up m5 7 dazzl$ by ! beauty & ! mode/ be>+ ( ! boy1 j z :5 a bright light is br\ght into a d>k5$ room4 ,ev]ybody gaz$ at him1 & all 7 sil5t1 sitt+ 9 uncom=table attitudes ( expectation & a/oni%m5t4 ,! d9n] p>ty w\ld h pass$ (f v tamely if ,phillipus1 a pr(essional d9]-out & je/]1 _h n opportunely made 8 appe>ance4 ,autolycus mean:ile nev] utt]$ a ^w1 b lay beside 8 fa!r l a brea?+ /atue4 ,lat] on 9 ! ev5+ he 0 oblig$ to answ] a "q4 ,he op5$ 8 lips ) blu%es1 & all he said 01#aae ,n ,i1 by gad4 ,/ill1 ev5 ?is creat$ a great s5sation 9 ! company4 ,ev]ybody1 says ,x5ophon1 0 *>m$ to he> 8 voice1 & turn$ _! eyes ^u him4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! conv]sation at ?is p>ty fell almo/ entirely ^u matt]s ( love4 ,critobulus1 = example1 :o 0 v beautiful & rejoic$ 9 hav+ _m lov]s1 gave a full acc\nt ( 8 own feel+s = ,cle9ias4#aaf ,y all tell me1 he argu$1 t ,i am beautiful1 & ,i _c b believe y2 b if ,i am1 & if y feel :at ,i feel :5 ,i look on ,cle9ias1 ,i ?9k t beauty is bett] wor? hav+ ?an all ,p]sia4 ,i w\ld *oose to be bl9d to ev]ybody else if ,i c\ld only see ,cle9ias1 & ,i hate ! night because x robs me ( 8 sight4 ,i w\ld r be ! slave ( ,cle9ias ?an live )\t him2 ,i w\ld r toil & suff] dang] = 8 sake ?an live alone at ease & 9 safety4 ,i w\ld g ?r\gh fire ) him1 z y w\ld ) me4 ,9 my s\l ,i c>ry an image ( him bett] made ?an any sculptor c\ld fa%ion4 ,:at makes ?is spee* ! m s+ul> is t ,critobulus 0 a newly-m>ri$ man4 ,b to return f ?is digression to ! pal/ra4 ,! ,greeks 7 consci\s t gymna/ic ex]cises t5d$ to enc\rage & confirm ! habit ( paid]a/ia4 ,! cities :i* h mo/ to d ) gymna/ics1 is ! phrase :i* ,plato uses to describe ! /ates :]e ,greek love fl\ri%$4#aag ,h]odotus says ! b>b>ians borr[$ gymna/ics toge!r ) paid]a/ia f ! ,hell5es2 & we he> t ,polycrates ( ,samos caus$ ! gymnasia to be de/roy$ :5 he wi%$ to disc\nt5ance ! love :i* l5t ! w>m? ( p]sonal en?usiasm to political associations4#aah ,x 0 common to erect /atues ( love 9 ! wre/l+-gr\nds2 & !re1 says ,plut>*1#aai ! god's w+s grew s wide t no man c\ld re/ra9 8 flight4 ,read]s ( ! idyllic poets w rememb] t x 0 a /atue ( ,love :i* fell f its p$e/al 9 ! swimm+-ba? ^u ! cruel boy :o _h insult$ ! body ( 8 self-sla9 fri5d4#abj ,*>mus1 ! lov] ( ,hippias1 erect$ an image ( ,ers 9 ! academy at ,a!ns :i* bore ?is epigram3-- ,love1 god ( _m evils & v>i\s devices1 ,*>mus set up ?is alt> to !e ^u ! %ady b\nd>ies ( ! gymnasium4#aba ,ers1 9 fact1 0 z mu* at home 9 ! gymnasia ( ,a!ns z ,aphrodite 9 ! temples ( ,cor9?2 he 0 ! patron ( paid]a/ia1 z %e ( female love4 ,?us ,meleag] writes3-- ,! ,cyprian que51 a woman1 hurls ! fire t madd5s m5 = females2 b ,ers himself sways ! love ( males = males4#abb ,plut>*1 aga91 9 ! ,erotic dialogue1 alludes to ,ers1 :]e ,aphrodite is n2 ,ers ap>t f ,aphrodite4 ,^! facts relat+ to ! gymnasia ju/ifi$ ,cic]o 9 say+1 ,mihi quidem hc 9 ,grcorum gymnasiis nata consuetudo videtur2 9 quibus i/i lib]i et concesi sunt amores4 ,he adds1 ) a true ,roman's antipa?y to ,greek /hetics & _! flimsy scre5 = s5suality1 ,b5e ergo ,ennius1 flagitii pr9cipium e/ nud>e int] cives corpora4#abc ,to me1 inde$1 x seems t ?is cu/om 0 g5]at$ 9 ! gymnasiums ( ! ,greeks1 = !re ^? loves are freely indulg$ & sanction$4 ,ennius !re=e v prop]ly obs]v$ t ! beg9n+ ( vice is ! habit ( /ripp+ ! body among citiz5s4 ,! ,attic gymnasia & s*ools 7 regulat$ by /rict laws4 ,we h already se5 t adults 7 n suppos$ to ent] ! pal/ra2 & ! p5alty = ! infr+em5t ( ?is rule by ! gymnasi>* 0 dea?4 ,9 ! same way1 s*ools _h to be %ut at sunset & n op5$ aga9 be=e daybreak2 nor 0 a gr[n-up man all[$ to frequ5t !m4 ,! public *orus tea*]s ( boys 7 oblig$ to be above ! age ( =ty4#abd ,slaves :o presum$ to make advances to a free boy 7 subject to ! sev]e/ p5alties2 9 l mann] !y 7 prohibit$ f gymna/ic ex]cises4 s*9es1 f :om we le>n ^! facts1 draws ! correct conclusion t gymna/ics & ,greek love 7 int5d$ to be ! special privilege ( freem54 ,/ill1 9 spite ( all re/rictions1 ! pal/ra 0 ! c5tre ( ,a!nian pr(ligacy1 ! place 9 :i* n only hon\rable atta*m5ts 7 =m$1 b disgraceful b>ga9s also 7 conclud$2#abe & x is n improbable t m5 l ,taureas & ,miccus1 :o op5$ su* places ( amusem5t z a private speculation1 may h play$ ! "p ( g-betwe5s & p&]s4 ,_! walls1 & ! plane-trees :i* grew along _! op5 c\rts1 7 inscrib$ by lov]s ) ! names ( boys :o _h attract$ !m4 ,to scrawl up1 ,fair is ,d9om5eus1 fair is ! boy1 0 a common cu/om1 z we le>n f ,ari/ophanes & f ?is anonym\s epigram 9 ! ,an?ology3#abf-- ,i said & once aga9 ,i said1 'fair1 fair'2 b /ill w ,i g on repeat+ h[ fasc9at+ ) 8 eyes is ,dosi!us4 ,n ^u an oak1 nor on a p9e-tree1 nor yet ^u a wall1 w ,i inscribe ?is ^w2 b love is sm\ld]+ 9 my he>t ( he>ts4 ,ano!r att5tion ( ! same k9d f a lov] to a boy 0 to h a vase or dr9k+-cup ( bak$ clay made1 ) a portrait ( ! y\? depict$ on its surface1 att5d$ by w+$ g5ii ( heal? & love4 ,! ^w ,fair 0 inscrib$ b5ea?1 & symbols ( games 7 add$--a hoop or a fight+-cock4#abg ,nor mu/ ,i "h omit ! cu/om :i* induc$ lov]s ( a lit]>y turn to praise _! fri5ds 9 prose or v]se4 ,hippo?ales1 9 ! ,lysis ( ,plato1 is ridicul$ by 8 fri5ds = record+ ! great de$s ( ! boy's ance/ors1 & deaf5+ 8 e>s ) odes & sonnets4 ,a diatribe on love1 writt5 by ,lysias ) a view to w9n+ ,phdrus1 =ms ! />t+-po9t ( ! dialogue betwe5 t y\? & ,socrates4#abh ,we h1 besides1 a curi\s panegyrical oration 7call$ ,eroticos ,logos71 falsely ascrib$ to ,demo/h5es1 9 hon\r ( a y\?1 ,epicrates1 f :i* "s in=mation may be ga!r$ conc]n+ ! topics usually develop$ 9 ^! compositions4 ,pres5ts 7 ( c\rse a common way ( try+ to w9 fav\r4 ,x 0 reckon$ %ameful = boys to take money f _! lov]s1 b fa%ion p]mitt$ !m to accept gifts ( quails & fight+ cocks1 pheasants1 horses1 dogs & clo!s4#abi ,!re exi/$1 !re=e1 at ,a!ns frequ5t temptations = boys ( wanton disposition1 or = ^? :o ne$$ money to indulge exp5sive ta/es4 ,! spee* ( s*9es1 f :i* ,i h already frequ5tly quot$1 af=ds a lively picture ( ! ,greek rake's progress1 9 :i* ,tim>*us is describ$ z hav+ sold 8 p]son 9 ord] to gratify 8 gluttony & lu/ & love ( gam+4 ,! :ole ( ?is passage1#acj x may be obs]v$ 9 pass+1 reads l a description ( ,flor5t9e mann]s 9 a s]mon ( ,savon>ola4 ,! %ops ( ! b>b]s1 surgeons1 p]fum]s1 & fl[]-sell]s _h an evil notoriety1 & lads :o frequ5t$ ^! resorts r5d]$ !mselves liable to suspicion4 ,?us s*9es accuses ,tim>*us ( hav+ expos$ himself = hire 9 a surgeon's %op at ! ,peiru2 :ile "o ( ,/raton's mo/ beautiful epigrams#aca describes an assignation :i* he made ) a boy :o _h attract$ 8 att5tion 9 a g>l&-weav]'s /all4 ,9 a fragm5t f ! ,pyraunos ( ,alexis1 a "y man decl>es t he f\nd ?irty pr(essors ( ! voluptu\s life ( pleasure1 9 ! ,c]ameicus dur+ a se>* ( ?ree days2 :ile ,crat9us & ,!opompus might be quot$ to prove ! ill fame ( ! monum5t to ,cimon & ! hill ( ,lycabettus4#acb ,! la/ /ep 9 ! d[nw>d desc5t 0 :5 a y\? ab&on$ ! ro( ( 8 p>5ts or gu>dians & accept$ ! hospitality ( a lov]4#acc ,if he did ?is1 he 0 lo/4 ,9 connection ) ?is portion ( ! subject1 x may be well to /ate t ! ,a!nian law recognis$ contracts made betwe5 a man & boy1 ev5 if ! latt] 7 ( free bir?1 :]eby ! "o agre$ to r5d] up 8 p]son = a c]ta9 p]iod & purpose1 & ! o!r to pay a fix$ sum ( money4#acd ,! phrase a boy :o has be5 a pro/itute1 occurs q naturally 9 ,ari/ophanes2#ace nor 0 x ?\ght disreputable = m5 to engage 9 ^! liaisons4 ,disgrace only atta*$ to ! free y\? :o ga9$ a liv+ by pro/itution2 & he 0 liable1 z we %all see1 at law to loss ( civil rights4 ,public bro!ls = males 7 kept 9 ,a!ns1 f :i* ! /ate d]iv$ a portion ( its rev5ues4 ,x 0 9 "o ( ^! bad places t ,socrates fir/ saw ,phd4#acf ,?is un=tunate y\? 0 a native ( ,elis4 ,tak5 prison] 9 w>1 he 0 sold 9 ! public m>ket to a slave-deal]1 :o !n acquir$ ! "r by ,attic law to pro/itute 8 p]son & engross 8 e>n+s = 8 own pocket4 ,a fri5d ( ,socrates1 p]haps ,cebes1 b\ght him f 8 ma/]1 & he became "o ( ! *ief memb]s ( ! ,socratic circle4 ,8 "n is giv5 to ! ,platonic dialogue on immortality1 & he liv$ to f\nd :at is call$ ! ,eleo-,socratic ,s*ool4 ,no read] ( ,plato =gets h[ ! sage1 on ! eve ( 8 dea?1 /rok$ ! beautiful long hair ( ,phd1#acg & prophesi$ t he w\ld soon h to cut x %ort 9 m\rn+ = 8 tea*]4 ,aga?ocles1 ! tyrant ( ,syracuse1 is said to h sp5t 8 y\? 9 bro!ls ( ?is sort--by incl9ation1 h[ev]1 if ! reports ( 8 biograph]s be n calumni\s4 ,f :at has be5 collect$ on ?is topic1 x w be und]/ood t boys 9 ,a!ns n unfrequ5tly caus$ qu>rels & /reet-brawls1 & t cases = recov]y ( damages or brea* ( contract 7 br\ght be=e ! ,attic law-c\rts4 ,! ,peiru 0 especially not$ = su* sc5es ( viol5ce4 ,! oration ( ,lysias aga9/ ,simon is a notable example ( ! plead+s 9 a cause ( ?is description4#ach ,simon1 ! def5dant1 & ,lysias1 ! pla9tiff 7or "s "o = :om ,lysias _h compos$ ! spee*7 7 bo? ( !m atta*$ to ,!odotus1 a boy f ,plata4 ,!odotus 0 liv+ ) ! pla9tiff2 b ! def5dant ass]t$ t ! boy _h sign$ an agreem5t to consort ) him = ! consid]ation ( ?ree hundr$ dra*m1 &1 rely+ on ?is contract1 he _h attempt$ m ?an once to c>ry (f ! boy by =ce4 ,viol5t alt]cations1 /one-?r[+s1 h\se-break+s1 & enc\nt]s ( v>i\s k9ds hav+ ensu$1 ! pla9tiff br\ght an action = assault & batt]y aga9/ ,simon4 ,a mod]n read] is /ruck ) ! fact t he is n at all a%am$ ( 8 own relation t[>ds ,!odotus4 ,x may be not$ t ! details ( ?is action ?r[ light ^u ! hi/oric brawl at ,cor9?1 9 :i* a boy 0 kill$1 & :i* l$ to ! f\ndation ( ,syracuse by ,ar*ias ! ,bac*iad4#aci ,,xiv4 ,we h se5 9 ! =ego+ section t paid]a/ia at ,a!ns 0 closely associat$ ) lib]ty1 manly sports1 sev]e /udies1 en?usiasm1 self-sacrifice1 self-control1 & de$s ( d>+1 by ^? :o c>$ = ^? ?+s4 ,x has also be5 made abundantly manife/ t no s]i\s moral %ame atta*$ to p]sons :o us$ boys l wom51 b t effem9ate y\?s ( free bir? 7 /igmatis$ = _! indec5t pr(ligacy4 ,x rema9s /ill to asc]ta9 ! m delicate di/9ctions :i* 7 drawn by ,attic law & cu/om 9 ?is matt]1 ?\gh :at has be5 already quot$ f ,pausanias1 9 ! ,symposium ( ,plato1 may be tak5 fairly to express ! code ( hon\r among g5tlem54 ,9 ! ,plutus1#adj ,ari/ophanes is c>eful to divide boys ) lov]s1 into ! good1 & ! /rumpets4 ,?is di/9ction w s]ve z basis = ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,a v def9ite l9e 0 drawn by ! ,a!nians betwe5 boys :o accept$ ! addresses ( _! lov]s because !y lik$ !m or because !y 7 ambiti\s ( comrade%ip ) m5 ( _s1 & ^? :o sold _! bodies = money4 ,m9ute inquiry 0 nev] in/itut$ into ! conduct ( ! =m] class2 else ,alcibiades c\ld n h made 8 fam\s decl>ation ab\t ,socrates1#ada nor w\ld ,plato 9 ! ,phdrus h reg>d$ an occasional brea* ( *a/ity1 "u ! compulsion ( viol5t passion1 z a v5ial error4#adb ,! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 besides be+ visit$ ) univ]sal c5sure1 7 disqualifi$ by law f ex]cis+ ! privileges ( ! fran*ise1 f und]tak+ embassies1 f frequ5t+ ! ,agora1 & f tak+ "p 9 public fe/ivals1 "u ! p5alty ( dea?4 s*9es1 f :om we le>n ! word+ ( ?is /atute1 adds3#adc ,?is law he pass$ ) reg>d to y\?s :o s9 ) facility & read9ess aga9/ _! own bodies4 ,he !n proce$s to def9e ! true nature ( pro/itution1 prohibit$ by law to ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns4 ,x is ?is3 ,any "o :o acts 9 ?is way t[>ds a s+le man1 provid$ he d x ) paym5t1 seems to me to be liable to ! reproa* 9 "q4#add ,! :ole discussion turns ^u ! ^w ,mi/hos4 ,! orator is cauti\s to meet ! argum5t t a writt5 contract 0 necess>y 9 ord] to con/ruct a case ( ,hetaireia at law4#ade ,9 ! /atute1 he obs]ves1 !re is no m5tion ( contract or de$ 9 writ+4 ,! (f5ce has be5 suffici5tly e/abli%$ :5 9 any way :atev] paym5t has be5 made4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! feel+ ( ! ,a!nians ) reg>d to mak+ pr(it out ( paid]a/ic relations1 ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to int]rupt ! analysis ( s*9es by ref]r+ to ,x5ophon's "* 7,anab4 si1 #f1 #ba7 ( ! ,/rategus ,m5on4 ,! :ole t5or ( 8 judgm5t is extremely unfav\rable t[>d ?is man1 :o inv>iable pursu$ selfi% & mean aims1 debas+ virtu\s qualities l ambition & indu/ry 9 ! m]e pursuit ( weal? & p[]4 ,he 01 9 fact1 devoid ( *ivalr\s feel+1 good ta/e1 & hon\r4 ,ab\t 8 behavi\r z a y\?1 ,x5ophon writes3 ,) ,ariu1 ! b>b>ian1 because ?is man 0 p>tial to h&some y\?s1 he became extremely intimate :ile he 0 /ill 9 ! prime ( adolesc5ce2 moreov]1 he _h ,?>ypas = 8 belov$1 he be+ be>dless & ,?>ypas a man ) a be>d4 ,8 crime seems to h be5 t he pro/itut$ himself to ! b>b>ian ,ariu 9 ord] to advance 8 int]e/1 &1 probably ) ! same view1 flatt]$ ! effem9ate vanity ( an eld] man by pret5d+ to love him out ( ! "r "t or season4 ,plut>* 7,pyrrhus7 m5tions ?is ,?>ypas z ! fir/ to introduce ,hell5ic mann]s among ! ,molossi4 ,:5 m ?an "o lov] 0 admitt$1 ! guilt 0 aggravat$4 ,x w !n be manife/ t he has n only act$ ! /rumpet1 b t he has be5 a common pro/itute4 ,= he :o does ?is indiff]5tly1 & ) money1 & = money1 seems to h incurr$ t designation4 ,?us ! "q f9ally put to ! ,areopagus1 9 :i* c\rt ! case aga9/ ,tim>*us 0 tri$1 ran z foll[s1 9 ! words ( s*9es3#adf ,to :i* ( ^! two classes w y reckon ,tim>*us--to ^? :o h _h a lov]1 or to ^? :o h be5 pro/itutes8 ,9 8 rhetorical exposition1 s*9es def9es ! true "* ( ! virtu\s ,erom5os4 ,frankly admitt+ 8 own p>tiality = beautiful "y m51 he argues aft] ?is fa%ion3#adg ,i d n atta* any blame to love4 ,i d n take away ! "* ( h&some lads4 ,i d n d5y t ,i h (t5 lov$1 & _h _m qu>rels & jeal\sies 9 ?is matt]4 ,b ,i e/abli% ?is z an irrefutable fact1 t1 :ile ! love ( beautiful & temp]ate y\?s does hon\r to humanity & indicates a g5]\s temp]1 ! buy+ ( ! p]son ( a free boy = debau*]y is a m>k ( insol5ce & ill-bre$+4 ,to be lov$ is an hon\r3 to sell y\rself is a disgrace4 ,he !n appeals to ! law :i* =bade slaves to love1 !reby imply+ t ?is 0 ! privilege & pride ( free m54 ,he alludes to ! h]oic de$ ( ,ari/ogeiton & to ! great example ( ,a*illes4 ,f9ally1 he draws up a li/ ( well-kn[n & respect$ citiz5s ^: loves 7 notori\s1 & comp>es !m ) a p>allel li/ ( p]sons infam\s = _! debau*]y4 ,:at rema9s 9 ! p]oration to ?is invective trav]ses ! same gr\nd4 ,"s phrases may be quot$ :i* illu/rate ! popul> feel+ ( ! ,a!nians4 ,tim>*us is /igmatis$#adh z1 ! man & male :o1 9 spite ( ?is1 has debau*$ 8 body by womanly acts ( lu/1 & aga9 z1 "o :o aga9/ ! law ( nature has giv5 himself to lewdness4 ,x is obvi\s "h t s*9es1 ! self-av[$ boy-lov]1 :ile seek+ to cru% 8 oppon5t by fl++ effem9acy & unnatural behavi\r 9 8 tee?1 assumes at ! same "t t hon\rable paid]a/ia implies no su* disgrace4 ,aga91 he obs]ves t x is z easy to recognise a pa?ic by 8 impud5t behavi\r z a gymna/ by 8 muscles4 ,la/ly1 he bids ! judges =ce intemp]ate lov]s to ab/a9 f free y\?s1 & satisfy _! lu/s ^u ! p]sons ( =eign]s & ali5s4#adi ,! :ole matt] at ?is di/ance ( "t is obscure1 nor c we hope to appreh5d ! full =ce ( di/9ctions drawn by a ,greek orator appeal+ to a ,greek audi5ce4 ,we may1 inde$1 fairly presume t1 z is always ! case ) popul> e?ics1 consid]able confusion exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,a!nians !mselves1 & t1 ev5 = !m1 to =mulate ! :ole ( _! social feel+s on ?is topic consi/5tly1 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! ma9 po9t1 h[ev]1 seems to be t at ,a!ns x 0 held hon\rable to love free boys ) dec5cy2 t ! conduct ( lov]s betwe5 !mselves1 )9 ! limits ( recognis$ fri5d%ip1 0 n *all5g$2 & t no p>ticul> %ame atta*$ to pr(ligate p]sons s long z !y refra9$ f tamp]+ ) ! sons ( citiz5s4#aej ,,xv4 ,! s\rces f :i* our in=mation has hi!rto be5 drawn--spee*es1 poems1 biographies1 & ! dramatic p>ts ( dialogues--yield m real k ab\t ! facts ( ,a!nian paid]a/ia ?an c be f\nd 9 ! speculations ( philosoph]s4 ,9 ,ari/otle1 = in/ance1 paid]a/ia is almo/ conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,x is true t he speculates ^u ! ,cretan cu/oms 9 ! ,politics1 m5tions ! preval5ce ( boy-love among ! ,kelts1 & incid5tally notices ! leg5ds ( ,diocles & ,cleoma*us2#aea b he nev] discusses ! matt] z fully z might h be5 expect$ f a philosoph] ^: speculations cov]$ ! :ole field ( ,greek exp]i5ce4 ,! *apt]s on ,philia1 9 ! ,e?ics1 might inde$ h be5 writt5 by a mod]n morali/ = mod]n read]s1 ?\gh x is possible t 9 8 treatm5t ( fri5d%ip ) pleasure = its object1 & fri5d%ip ) advantage = its object1 ,ari/otle is aim+ at ! vici\s sort ( paid]a/ia4 ,z reg>ds 8 sil5ce 9 ! ,politics1 x is wor? notic+ t ?is treatise breaks (f at ! v po9t :]e we %\ld naturally look = a sci5tific h&l+ ( ! education ( ! passions2 &1 !re=e1 x is possible t we may h lo/ ! weightie/ utt]ance ( ,greek philosophy ^u ! matt] ( our enquiry4 ,?\gh ,ari/otle conta9s b little to ! purpose1 ! case is diff]5t ) ,plato2 nor w\ld x be possible to omit a detail$ exam9ation ( ! ,platonic doctr9e on ! topic1 or to neglect ! attempt he made to analyse & purify a passion1 capable1 accord+ to 8 e>li] philosophical speculations1 ( supply+ ! />t+-po9t = spiritual progress4 ,! fir/ po9t to notice 9 ! ,platonic treatm5t ( paid]a/ia is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! e?ical op9ions express$ 9 ! ,phdrus1 ,symposium1 ,republic1 ,*>mides1 & ,lysis1 on ! "o h&1 & ^? exp\nd$ 9 ! ,laws ^u ! o!r4 ,! ,laws1 :i* are probably a g5u9e "w ( ,plato's old age1 condemn t passion :i*1 9 ! ,phdrus & ,symposium1 he exalt$ z ! greate/ boon ( human life & z ! gr\ndwork ( ! philosophical temp]am5t2 ! ord9>y social manife/ations ( :i* he describ$ ) sympa?y 9 ! ,lysis & ! ,*>mides2 & :i* he view$ ) m ?an tol]ation 9 ! ,republic4 ,x is n my bus9ess to (f] a solution ( ?is contradiction2 b ,i may obs]ve t ,socrates1 :o plays ! "p ( protagoni/ 9 ne>ly all ! o!r dialogues ( ,plato1 & :o1 z we %all see1 pr(ess$ a special cult ( love1 is conspicu\s by 8 abs5ce 9 ! ,laws4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n improbable t ! philosophical idealisation ( paid]a/ia1 to :i* ! "n ( ,platonic love is usually giv51 %\ld r be describ$ z ,socratic4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,i ?9k x w be well to deal fir/ ) ! doctr9e put into ! m\? ( ! ,a!nian /rang] 9 ! ,laws1 & !n to pass on to ! consid]ation ( :at ,socrates is made to say ^u ! subject ( ,greek love 9 ! e>li] dialogues4 ,! position assum$ by ,plato 9 ! ,laws 7p4 #fcf7 is ?is3 ,syssitia & gymnasia are excell5t in/itutions 9 _! way1 b !y h a t5d5cy to degrade natural love 9 man bel[ ! level ( ! bea/s4 ,pleasure is only natural :5 x arises out ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 m5 & wom51 b ! int]c\rse betwe5 m5 & m51 or wom5 & wom51 is contr>y to nature4#aeb ,! bold attempt at ov]leap+ ,nature's laws 0 due orig9ally to unbridl$ lu/4 ,?is position is develop$ 9 ! eigh? book 7p4 #hcf71 :]e ,plato directs 8 criticism1 n only aga9/ :at w\ld n[ be t]m$ ! crim9al int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons ( ! same sex1 b also aga9/ incont95ce 9 g5]al4 ,:ile fram+ a law ( almo/ mona/ic rig\r = ! regulation ( ! sexual appetite1 he rema9s an anci5t ,greek4 ,he does n rea* ! po9t ( view f :i* wom5 are reg>d$ z ! prop] objects ( bo? passion & fri5d%ip1 z ! fit companions ( m5 9 all relations ( life2 f> less does he rev]t to 8 e>li] speculations ^u ! en?usiasm g5]at$ by a noble passion4 ,! mod]n ideal ( m>riage & ! *ivalr\s conception ( womanhood z wor?y to be wor%ipp$ are l unkn[n to him4 ,ab/95ce f ! delights ( love1 cont95ce except = ! sole end ( procreation1 is ! rule :i* he proposes to ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct ?+s1 ,plato argues1 :i*1 ow+ to ! inadequacy ( language to repres5t /ates ( ?\ght1 h be5 conf\nd$4#aec ,^! are fri5d%ip1 desire1 & a ?ird mix$ species4 ,fri5d%ip is fur!r describ$ z ! virtu\s affection ( equals 9 ta/e1 age & /ation4 ,desire is always f\nd$ on a s5se ( contra/4 ,:ile fri5d%ip is g5tle & mutual ?r\gh life1 desire is fi]ce & wild4#aed ,! true fri5d seeks to live *a/ely ) ! *a/e object ( 8 atta*m5t1 ^: s\l he loves4 ,! lu/ful lov] longs to enjoy ! fl[] ( 8 y\? & c>es only = ! body4 ,! ?ird sort is mix$ ( ^!2 & a lov] ( ?is composite k9d is torn asund] by two impulses1 ! "o comm&+ him to enjoy ! y\?'s p]son1 ! o!r =bidd+ him to d s4#aee ,! description ( ! lov] ( ! ?ird species s exactly suits ! paid]a/ ( nobl] quality 9 ,greece1 z ,i conceive him to h actually exi/$1 t ,i %all give a full quotation ( ?is passage3#aef-- ,z to ! mix$ sort1 :i* is made up ( !m bo?1 !re is1 fir/ ( all1 a difficulty 9 det]m9+ :at he :o is possess$ by ?is ?ird love desires2 moreov]1 he is drawn diff]5t ways1 & is 9 d\bt betwe5 ! two pr9ciples1 ! "o exhort+ him to enjoy ! beauty ( ! y\?1 & ! o!r =bidd+ him2 = ! "o is a lov] ( ! body & hung]s aft] beauty l ripe fruit1 & w\ld fa9 satisfy himself )\t any reg>d to ! "* ( ! belov$2 ! o!r holds ! desire ( ! body to be a second>y matt]1 &1 look+ r ?an lov+ ) 8 s\l1 & desir+ ! s\l ( ! o!r 9 a becom+ mann]1 reg>ds ! satisfaction ( ! bodily love z wantonness2 he rev]5ces & respects temp]ance & c\rage & magnanimity & wisdom1 & wi%es to live *a/ely ) ! *a/e object ( 8 affection4 ,x is rem>kable t ,plato1 9 ?is analysis ( ! ?ree sorts ( love1 keeps /rictly )9 ! b\nds ( paid]a/ia4 ,he rejects desire & ! mix$ sort ( love1 res]v+ fri5d%ip 7,philia7 & orda9+ m>riage = ! satisfaction ( ! aphrodisiac in/9ct at a fitt+ age1 b m p>ticul>ly = ! procreation ( *ildr54 ,wantonness ( e description is to be made z mu* a s9 z ince/1 bo? by law & also by ! _w's op9ion4 ,if ,olympian victors1 ) an e>?ly cr[n 9 view1 le>n to live *a/ely = ! pres]vation ( _! /r5g? :ile tra9+1 %all n m51 ^: conte/ is = heav5ly prizes1 keep _! bodies undefil$1 _! spirits holy8 ,socrates1 ! my/agogue ( amor\s philosophy1 is abs5t1 z ,i h obs]v$1 f ?is discussion ( ! laws4 ,i turn n[ to ^? e>li] dialogues 9 :i* he exp\nds ! doctr9e ( ,platonic1 or1 z ,i %\ld pref] to call x1 ,socratic1 love4 ,we "k f ,x5ophon1 z well z ,plato1 t ,socrates nam$ 8 philosophy ! ,sci5ce ( ,love4 ,! "o ?+ on :i* ,i pride myself1 he says1 is k ( all matt]s t p]ta9 to love4 ,x fur!rmore appe>s t ,socrates ?\ght himself 9 a peculi> s5se pr$e/9$ to re=m & to ennoble paid]a/ia4 ,f9d+ ?is passion at its height ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,hellas1 b mo/ especially 9 ,a!ns1 & all places full ( evil lov]s & ( y\?s s$uc$1 he felt a pity = bo? p>ties4 ,n be+ a lawgiv] l ,solon1 he c\ld n /op ! cu/om by /atute1 nor correct x by =ce1 nor aga9 dissuade m5 f x by 8 eloqu5ce4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 on t acc\nt ab&on ! lov]s or ! boys to _! fate1 b tri$ to sugge/ a rem$y4 ,?is passage1 :i* ,i h p>aphras$ f ,maximus ,tyrius1#aeg suffici5tly expresses ! attitude assum$ by ,socrates 9 ! ,platonic dialogue4 ,he sympa?ises ) ,greek lov]s1 & av[s a f]v5t admiration = beauty 9 ! p]sons ( "y m54 ,at ! same "t1 he decl>es himself ^u ! side ( temp]ate & g5]\s affection & /rives to utilise ! erotic en?usiasm z a motive p[] 9 ! direction ( philosophy4 ,?is 0 really no?+ m or less ?an an attempt to educate ! ,a!nians by appeal+ to _! own high] in/9cts4 ,we h se5 t paid]a/ia 9 ! prime ( ,hell5ic culture1 :atev] s5sual admixture x might h conta9$1 0 a mascul9e passion4 ,x 0 closely connect$ ) ! love ( political indep5d5ce1 ) ! contempt = ,asiatic luxury1 ) ! gymna/ic sports1 & ) ! intellectual int]e/s :i* di/+ui%$ ,hell5es f b>b>ians4 ,p>tly ow+ to ! social habits ( _! cities1 & p>tly to ! peculi> notions :i* !y ent]ta9$ reg>d+ ! seclusion ( free wom5 9 ! home1 all ! high] elem5ts ( spiritual & m5tal activity1 & ! conditions "u :i* a g5]\s passion 0 conceivable1 _h become ! exclusive privileges ( m54 ,x 0 n t wom5 occupi$ a semi-s]vile /ation1 z "s /ud5ts h imag9$1 or t )9 ! sph]e ( ! h\sehold !y 7 n ! respect$ & tru/$ helpmates ( m54 ,b circum/ances r5d]$ x impossible = !m to excite romantic & en?usia/ic passion4 ,! exaltation ( ! emotions 0 res]v$ = ! male sex4 ,socrates1 !re=e1 s\ght to direct & moralise a =ce already exi/+4 ,9 ! ,phdrus he describes ! passion ( love betwe5 man & boy z a madness1 n diff]5t 9 quality f t :i* inspires poets2 &1 aft] pa9t+ t f]vid picture ( ! lov]1 he decl>es t ! true object ( a noble life c only be atta9$ by passionate fri5ds1 b\nd toge!r 9 ! *a9s ( close yet temp]ate comrade%ip1 seek+ always to advance 9 k1 self-re/ra9t1 & intellectual illum9ation4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,symposium is n diff]5t1 except t ,socrates "h takes a high] flight4 ,! same love is treat$ z ! me?od :]eby ! s\l may beg9 h] my/ic j\rney to ! region ( ess5tial beauty1 tru?1 & goodness4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 rem>k$ t ,plato's dialogues h to be read z poems1 ev5 m ?an z philosophical treatises2 & if ?is be true at all1 x is p>ticul>ly true ( bo? ! ,phdrus & ! ,symposium4 ,! lesson :i* bo? essays seem int5d$ to inculcate is ?is3 love1 l poetry & prophecy1 is a div9e gift1 :i* div]ts m5 f ! common curr5t ( _! lives2 b 9 ! "r use ( ?is gift lies ! secret ( all human excell5ce4 ,! passion :i* grovels 9 ! fil? ( s5sual grossness may be trans=m$ into a glori\s en?usiasm1 a w+$ spl5d\r1 capable ( so>+ to ! contemplation ( et]nal v]ities4 ,h[ /range w x be1 :5 once ^? heights ( intellectual intuition h be5 scal$1 to look d[n aga9 to e>? & view ! ,meirakidia 9 :om ! s\l fir/ recognis$ ! =m ( beauty6#aeh ,!re is a deeply-root$ my/icism1 an imp5etrable so(yism1 9 ! ,socratic doctr9e ( ,ers4 ,9 ! ,phdrus1 ! ,symposium1 ! ,*>mides1 ! ,lysis1 & ! ,republic1 ,plato dramatis$ ! real ,socrates1 :ile he gave lib]al scope to 8 own p]sonal sympa?y = paid]a/ia4#aei ,9 ! ,laws1 if we accept ?is treatise z ! "w ( 8 old age1 he disc>d$ ! ,socratic mask1 & wrote a k9d ( pal9ode1 :i* indicates m moral gr[? ?an pure disapprobation ( ! paid]a/ic passion4 ,i h already tri$ to %[ t ! po9t ( view 9 ! ,laws is /ill ,greek3 t _! au?or has n pass$ beyond ! sph]e ( ,hell5ic e?ics4 ,he has only become m ascetic 9 8 rule ( conduct z ! ye>s advanc$1 import+ ! rumores s5um sev]iorum into 8 disc\rse1 & recognis+ ! imp]fection ( t halt+-po9t betwe5 ! two logical extremes ( ,pagan lic5se & mona/ic asceticism :i* 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 gre5] age he advocat$4 ,z a "y man1 ,plato felt sympa?y = love s long z x 0 paid]a/ic & n sp5t on wom52 he ev5 condon$ a lapse ?r\gh w>m? ( feel+ into self-indulg5ce4 ,z an old man1 he d5\nc$ c>nal pleasure ( all k9ds1 & s\ght to limit ! amative in/9cts to ! "o sole end ( procreation4 ,x has s happ5$ t ,plato's "n is /ill connect$ ) ! ideal ( passion purg$ f s5suality4 ,mu* might be writt5 ab\t ! p>allel betwe5 ! mania ( ! ,phdrus & ! joy ( m$ival amori/s4 ,nor w\ld x be unpr(itable to trace ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! love describ$ by ,dante 9 ! ,vita ,nuova & ! paid]a/ia exalt$ to ! heav5s by ,plato4#afj ,! spiritual passion = ,beatrice1 :i* rais$ ! ,flor5t9e poet above vile ?+s1 & l$ him by ! philosophic pa?s ( ! ,convito to ! beatific vision ( ! ,p>adiso1 be>s no slight resemblance to ! ,ers ( ! ,symposium4 ,yet we "k t ,dante c\ld n h /udi$ ,plato's works2 & ! specific love :i* ,plato prais$ he /]nly /igmatis$4 ,! h>mony betwe5 ,greek & m$ival my/icism 9 ?is matt] ( ! emotions re/s on some?+ p]man5t 9 human nature1 common alike to paid]a/ia & to *ivalr\s en?usiasm = woman4 ,x w\ld be well wor? rais+ "h ! "q :e!r !re 0 n some?+ special bo? 9 ! ,greek consci\sness itself1 & also 9 ! conditions "u :i* x rea*$ maturity1 :i* ju/ifi$ ! ,socratic attempt to idealise paid]a/ia4 ,plac$ ^u ! bord]l& ( b>b>ism1 divid$ f ! ,asiatic races by an acute b n>r[ l9e ( dem>cation1 ! ,greeks _h arriv$ at ! fir/ free notion ( ! _s 9 its dis5tanglem5t f matt] & f symbolism4 ,b ?is notion ( ! _s 0 /ill /hetic1 r ?an /rictly e?ical or rigor\sly sci5tific4 ,9 ! ,greek gods1 intellig5ce is p]fect$ & "* is well def9$2 b ^! gods are always concrete p]sons1 ) corporeal =ms adapt$ to _! spiritual ess5ce4 ,! int]p5etration ( spiritual & corporeal elem5ts 9 a complete p]sonality1 ! transfusion ( intellectual & emotional faculties ?r\gh\t a physical organism exactly suit$ to _! adequate expression1 m>ks ,greek religion & ,greek art4 ,:at ! ,greeks wor%ipp$ 9 _! ritual1 :at !y repres5t$ 9 _! sculpture1 0 always p]sonality--! _s & ! fle% 9 amity & mutual correspond5ce2 ! _s burn+ ?r\gh ! fle% & m\ld+ x to individual =ms2 ! fle% provid+ a fit dwell+ = ! _s :i* controll$ & fa%ion$ x4 ,only philosoph]s1 among ! ,greeks1 attempt$ to ab/ract ! _s z a self-suffici5t1 indep5d5t1 consci\s entity2 & ^! philosoph]s 7 few1 & :at !y wrote or spoke _h little direct influ5ce ^u ! p4 ,?is be+ ! m5tal attitude ( ! ,greek race1 x foll[$ z a necessity t _! highe/ emotional aspirations1 _! pure/ p]sonal s]vice1 %\ld be devot$ to cle> & radiant inc>nations ( ! _s 9 a liv+ p]son4 ,!y _h nev] be5 taught to reg>d ! body ) a s5se ( %ame1 b r to admire x z ! temple ( ! _s1 & to accept its ne$s & in/9cts ) natural acquiesc5ce4 ,male beauty dis5gag$ = !m ! passion x inspir$ f s]vice ( dome/ic1 social1 civic duties4 ,! female =m ar\s$ desire1 b x also sugge/$ mat]nity & obligations ( ! h\sehold4 ,! male =m 0 ! mo/ p]fect image ( ! deity1 self-conta9$1 subject to no necessities ( impregnation1 det]m9$ 9 its action only by ! laws ( its own reason & its own volition4 ,q a diff]5t ord] ( ideas gov]n$ ! ideal adopt$ by m$ival *ivalry4 ,! _s 9 its self-suffic+ness1 deta*$ f ! body1 antagoni/ic to ! body1 _h be5 div9is$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,woman1 reg>d$ z a virg9 & at ! same "t a "m1 ! maid5-"m ( ,god made man1 _h be5 exalt$ to ! ?rone ( heav54 ,! wor%ip ( woman became1 by a natural & logical process1 ! correlative 9 actual human life = t wor%ip ( ! inc>nate ,deity :i* 0 ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,a rem>kable po9t 9 m$ival love is t ! s5sual appetites 71 !oretically at lea/1 exclud$ f ! homage paid to woman4 ,x 0 n ! wife or ! mi/ress1 b ! lady1 :o inspir$ ! knight4 ,dante _h *ildr5 by ,gemma1 ,petr>* _h *ildr5 by an unkn[n concub9e1 b x 0 ! sa9t$ ,beatrice1 x 0 ! unatta9able ,laura1 :o receiv$ ! homage ( ,dante & ( ,petr>*4 ,9 l mann]1 ! s5sual appetites 71 !oretically at lea/1 exclud$ f ,platonic paid]a/ia4 ,x 0 ! div9e 9 human fle%--! radiant sight ( ! belov$1 to quote f ,plato2 ! faire/ & mo/ intellectual ( e>?ly bodies1 to borr[ a phrase f ,maximus ,tyrius--x 0 ?is :i* /imulat$ ! ,greek lov]1 j z a simil> inc>nation ( div9ity inspir$ ! *ivalr\s lov]4 ,?us we might argue t ! ,platonic conception ( paid]a/ia furni%es a close analogue to ! *ivalr\s devotion to wom51 due reg>d be+ paid to ! diff]5ces :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! pla/ic ideal ( ,greek religion & ! romantic ideal ( m$ival ,*ri/ianity4 ,! "o veil$ sodomy1 ! o!r adult]y4 ,t 9 bo? cases ! conception 0 r>ely realis$ 9 actual life only completes ! p>allel4 ,to pursue ?is inquiry fur!r is1 h[ev]1 ali5 to my task4 ,x is en\gh to h indicat$ ! psy*ological agreem5t 9 respect ( purifi$ affection :i* und]lay two su* app>5tly antagoni/ic ideals ( passion4 ,few mod]n writ]s1 :5 !y speak ) admiration or contempt ( ,platonic love1 reflect t 9 its orig9 ?is phrase d5ot$ an absorb+ passion = "y m54 ,! ,platoni/1 z appe>s f num]\s passages 9 ! ,platonic writ+s1 w\ld h despis$ ! ,petr>*i/ z a vulg> woman-lov]4 ,! ,petr>*i/ w\ld h loa!d ! ,platoni/ z a moral ,p>iah4 ,yet ,platonic love1 9 bo? its ,attic & its m$ival manife/ations1 0 "o & ! same ?+4 ,! philosophical ideal ( paid]a/ia 9 ,greece1 :i* bore ! names ( ,socrates & ,plato1 met ) little b contempt4 ,cic]o1 9 a passage :i* has be5 e*o$ by ,gibbon1 rem>k$ ^u1 ! ?9 device ( virtue & fri5d%ip :i* amus$ ! philosoph]s ( ,a!ns4#afa ,epicurus criticis$ ! ,/oic doctr9e ( paid]a/ia by s5t5ti\sly obs]v+ t philosoph]s only diff]$ f ! common race ( m5 9 s f> z !y c\ld bett] cloak _! vice ) sophi/ries4 ,?is sev]e rem>k seems ju/ifi$ by ! op9ions ascrib$ to ,z5o by ,plut>*1 ,sextus ,empiricus1 & ,/obu4#afb ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! real drift ( ! ,/oic !ory ( love1 f\nd$ on ,adiaphopha1 0 und]/ood4 ,lucian1 9 ! ,amores1#afc makes ,*>icles1 ! advocate ( love = wom51 d]ide ! ,socratic ideal z va9 nons5se1 :ile ,!omne/us1 ! man ( pleasure1 to :om ! dispute is f9ally ref]r$1 decides t ! philosoph]s are ei!r fools or humbugs4#afd ,daphnu1 9 ! erotic dialogue ( ,plut>*1 arrives at a simil> conclusion2 &1 9 an essay on education1 ! same au?or cont5ds t no prud5t fa!r w\ld all[ ! sages to ent] into intimacy ) 8 sons4#afe ,! discr$it incurr$ by philosoph]s 9 ! lat] age ( ,greek culture is confirm$ by m ?an "o passage 9 ,petronius & ,juv5al1 :ile ,a!nu especially inveighs aga9/ philosophic lov]s z act+ aga9/ nature4#aff ,! attempt ( ! ,platonic ,socrates to elevate1 )\t alt]+1 ! morals ( 8 race may !re=e be said fairly to h fail$4 ,l 8 ,republic1 8 love exi/$ only 9 heav54 ,,xvi4 ,philip ( ,mac$on1 :5 he pron\nc$ ! panegyric ( ! ,sacr$ ,b& at ,*ronea1 utt]$ ! fun]al oration ( ,greek love 9 its nobl] =ms4 ,) ! decay ( milit>y _s & ! loss ( fre$om1 !re 0 no sph]e left = t type ( comrade%ip :i* ,i attempt$ to describe 9 ,section ,,iv4 ,! philosophical ideal1 to :i* "s cultivat$ ,attic ?9k]s _h aspir$1 rema9$ unrealis$1 except1 we may p]haps suppose1 9 isolat$ in/ances4 ,mean:ile1 paid]a/ia z a vice did n dim9i%4 ,x only grew m wanton & voluptu\s4 ,little1 !re=e1 c be ga9$ by trac+ its hi/orical developm5t fur!r1 al?\gh x is n )\t int]e/ to note ! mode ( feel+ & ! op9ion ( "s lat] poets & rhetoricians4 ,! ,idylli/s are ! only poets1 if we except a few epigrammati/s ( ! ,an?ology1 :o pres]ve a portion ( ! old h]oic s5tim5t4 ,no true /ud5t ( ,greek lit]ature w h felt t he c\ld /rictly c5sure ! paid]a/ic passages ( ! ,?alysia1 ,ates1 ,hylas1 ,paidika4 ,!y h ! r+ ( g5u9e & respectable emotion4 ,?is may also be said ab\t ! two fragm5ts ( ,bion :i* beg91 ,hesp]e tas eratas & ,olbioi oi phileontes4 ,! ,dus]s1 ascrib$ )\t due w>rant to ,!ocritus1 is 9 _m respects a beautiful composition1 b x lacks ! fre% & manly t\*es ( ! ma/]'s /yle1 & be>s ! /amp ( an un:olesome rhetoric4 ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld we pity ?is suicide1 & :y %\ld ! /atue ( ,love h fall5 on ! object ( 8 admiration8 ,maximus ,tyrius %[$ m s5se :5 he contemptu\sly wrote ab\t ^? m5 :o kill$ !mselves = love ( a beautiful lad 9 ,locri3#afg ,& 9 good soo? !y des]v$ to die4 ,! dialogue1 entitl$ ,erotes1 attribut$ to ,lucian1 des]ves a p>agraph4 ,m ?an any o!r composition ( ! rhetorical age ( ,greek lit]ature1 x attempts a compreh5sive treatm5t ( erotic passion1 & sums up ! tea*+ ( ! doctors & ! pr$ilections ( ! vulg> 9 "o treatise4#afh ,l _m ( ,lucian's compositions1 x has :at may be t]m$ a retrospective & resumptive value4 ,t is to say1 x repres5ts less ! actual feel+ ( ! au?or & 8 age ?an ! result ( 8 read+ & reflection br\ght into h>mony ) 8 exp]i5ce4 ,! sc5e is laid at ,cnidus1 9 ! groves ( ,aphrodite4 ,! temple & ! g>d5 & ! /atue ( ,praxiteles are describ$ ) a luxury ( language :i* /rikes ! keynote ( ! dialogue4 ,we h ex*ang$ ! company ( ,plato1 ,x5ophon1 or s*9es = t ( a ,juv5alian ,grculus1 a delicate /hetic voluptu>y4 ,e epi!t smells ( musk1 & e phrase is a provocative4 ,! int]locutors are ,callicratides1 ! ,a!nian1 & ,*>icles1 ! ,rhodian4 ,callicratides kept an e/abli%m5t ( exoleti2 :5 ! d[n ^u _! *9s _h gr[n beyond ! prop] po9t--:5 ! be>d is j spr\t+1 :5 y\? is 9 ! prime ( *>m1 !y 7 draft$ (f to f>ms & c\ntry villages4 ,*>icles ma9ta9$ a h>em ( danc+-girls & flute-play]s4 ,! "o 0 madly passionate = lads2 ! o!r no less mad = wom54 ,*>icles und]took ! cause ( wom51 ,callicratides t ( boys4 ,*>icles began4 ,! love ( wom5 is sanction$ by antiquity2 x is natural2 x endures ?r\gh life2 x alone provides pleasure = bo? sexes4 ,boys gr[ be>d$1 r\gh1 & pa/ _! prime4 ,wom5 always excite passion4 ,!n ,callicratides takes up 8 p>able4 ,mascul9e love comb9es virtue ) pleasure4 ,:ile ! love ( wom5 is a physical necessity1 ! love ( boys is a product ( high culture & an adjunct ( philosophy4 ,paid]a/ia may be ei!r vulg> or cele/ial2 ! second w be s\ght by m5 ( lib]al education & good mann]s4 ,!n foll[ contra/$ pictures ( ! lazy woman & ! manly y\?4 ,! "o provokes to s5suality1 ! o!r excites noble emulation 9 ! ways ( virile liv+4 ,lucian1 summ+ up ! argum5ts ( ! two plead]s1 decides t ,cor9? mu/ give way to ,a!ns1 add+3 ,m>riage is op5 to all m51 b ! love ( boys to philosoph]s only4 ,?is v]dict is ref]r$ to ,!omne/us1 a ,don ,juan ( bo? sexes4 ,he replies t bo? boys & wom5 are good = pleasure2 ! philosophical argum5ts ( ,callicratides are cant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is brief ab/ract ( ,lucian's dialogue on love indicates ! cynicism ) :i* its au?or view$ ! subject1 us+ ! :ole lit]ature & all ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,greeks to support a !sis ( pure h$onism4 ,! syb>ites ( ,cairo or ,con/ant9ople at ! pres5t mom5t might employ ! same argum5ts1 except t !y w\ld omit ! philosophic cant ( ,callicratides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is no?+ 9 extant ,greek lit]ature1 ( a date ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era1 :i* is f\l 9 ! same s5se z t 9 :i* ! works ( ,roman poets 7,catullus & ,m>tial71 ,italian poets 7,beccatelli & ,baffo71 & ,fr5* poets 7,sc>ron & ,voltaire7 are f\l4 ,only purbl9d /ud5ts w be unable to p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! obsc5ity ( ! ,lat9 races & t ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,! diff]5ce1 inde$1 is wide & radical1 & /rongly m>k$4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a race naturally gift$ ) a delicate1 /hetic s5se ( beauty1 & "o 9 :om t s5se 0 always subject to ! p]turbation1 ( gross in/9cts4 ,b ) ! fir/ c5tury ( ! new age a *ange came ov] ev5 ! imag9ation ( ! ,greeks4 ,?\gh !y nev] lo/ _! di/9ction ( /yle1 t preci\s gift ( lightness & good ta/e conf]r$ ^u !m ) _! language1 !y borr[$ some?+ ( _! conqu]ors' ve94 ,?is makes itself felt 9 ! ,an?ology4 ,/raton & ,ruf9us suff]$ ! contam9ation ( ! ,roman g5ius1 /rong] 9 political organisation ?an t ( ,hellas1 b co>s] & less spiritually temp]$ 9 morals & 9 art4 ,/raton 0 a native ( ,s>dis1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,he compil$ a book ( paid]a/ic poems1 consi/+ 9 a great measure ( 8 own & ,meleag]'s compositions1 :i* n[ =ms ! twelf? section ( ! ,palat9e ,an?ology4 ,?is book he d$icat$1 n to ! ,muse1 b to ,zeus2 = ,zeus 0 ! boy-lov] among deities2#afi he bade x c>ry =? 8 message ( fair y\?s ?r\gh\t ! _w2#agj & he claim$ a special inspiration f heav5 = s++ ( "o sole subject1 paid]a/ia4#aga ,x may be said ) tru? t ,/raton und]/ood ! b5t ( 8 own g5ius4 ,we trace a blunt e>ne/ness ( int5tion 9 8 epigrams1 a c]ta9ty ( feel+ & directness ( arti/ic treatm5t1 :i* %[ t he _h only "o object 9 view4 ,meleag] has f> high] qualities z a poet1 & 8 feel+1 z well z 8 /yle1 is m exquisite4 ,b he wav]$ betwe5 ! love ( boys & wom51 seek+ 9 bo? ! satisfaction ( emotional ye>n+s :i* 9 ! mod]n _w w\ld h m>k$ him z a s5tim5tali/4 ,! s-call$ ,m\sa ,paidik1 ,muse ( ,boyhood1 is a collection ( two hundr$ & fifty-eight %ort poems1 "s ( !m ( great arti/ic m]it1 9 praise ( boys & boy-love4 ,! common-places ( ^! epigrams are ,ganym$e & ,ers2#agb we he> b little ( ,aphrodite--h] doma9 is ! o!r section ( ! ,an?ology1 call$ ,erotika4 ,a v small p]c5tage ( ^! compositions c be describ$ z obsc5e2#agc none are na/y1 9 ! /yle ( ,m>tial or ,ausonius2 "s are exce$+ly picturesque2#agd a few are writt5 9 a /ra9 ( l(ty or ( lovely music2#age "o or two are delicate & subtle 9 _! hum\r4#agf ,! :ole collection supplies good means ( judg+ h[ ! ,greeks ( ! decad5ce felt ab\t ?is =m ( love4 ,malakia is ! real condemnation ( ?is poetry1 r ?an brutality or co>s5ess4 ,a fav\rite topic is ! sup]iority ( boys ov] girls4 ,?is sometimes takes a gross =m2#agg b once or twice ! treatm5t ( ! subject t\*es a real psy*ological di/9ction1 z 9 ! foll[+ epigram3#agh-- ,! love ( wom5 is n aft] my he>t's desire2 b ! fires ( male desire h plac$ me "u inext+ui%able coals ( burn+4 ,! heat !re is mighti]2 = ! m p[]ful is male ?an female1 ! ke5] is t desire4 ,^! f\r l9es give ! key to mu* ( ! ,greek pref]5ce = paid]a/ia4 ,! love ( ! male1 :5 x has be5 appreh5d$ & ent]ta9$1 is m excit+1 !y ?\ght1 m absorb5t ( ! :ole nature1 ?an ! love ( ! female4 ,x is1 to use ano!r k9d ( phraseology1 m ( a mania & m ( a disease4 ,) ! ,an?ology we might comp>e ! curi\s ,epi/olai ,erotikai ( ,philo/ratus4#agi ,!y 7 9 all probability rhetorical compositions1 n int5d$ = p>ticul> p]sons2 yet !y indicate ! k9d ( woo+ to :i* y\?s 7 subject$ 9 lat] ,hellas4#ahj ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! triviality ( _! subject-matt] & ! exquisit5ess ( _! diction is /rik+4 ,! second ( ^! qualities has made !m a m9e = poets4 ,b5 ,jonson1 = example1 borr[$ ! lovelie/ ( 8 lyrics f ! foll[+ concetto3--,i s5t !e a cr[n ( roses1 n s mu* hon\r+ !e1 ?\gh ?is1 too1 0 my mean+1 b wi%+ to d "s k9dness to ! roses t !y might n )]4 ,take1 aga91 ! phrase3 ,well1 & love himself is nak$1 & ! graces & ! />s2 or ?is1 ,o rose1 t has a voice to speak )6--or ?is metaphor = ! foot/eps ( ! belov$1 ,o rhy?ms ( mo/ belov$ feet1 ,o kisses press$ ^u ! gr\nd6 ,:ile ! paid]a/ia ( ! ,greeks 0 s9k+ into grossness1 effem9acy1 & /hetic prett9ess1 ! moral in/9cts ( humanity began to ass]t !mselves 9 e>ne/4 ,x became "p ( ! high] doctr9e ( ! ,roman ,/oics to suppress ?is =m ( passion4#aha ,! ,*ri/ians1 f ,/4 ,paul onw>ds1 in/itut$ an uncompromis+ crusade aga9/ x4 ,!irs 0 no m]e speculative w>f>e1 l t ( ! philosoph]s at ,a!ns4 ,!y f\ght ) all ! =ces ( _! manhood1 ) ! sword ( ! ,"l & ) ! excommunications ( ! ,*ur*1 to suppress :at seem$ to !m an unutt]able sc&al4 ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 & ,a?anasius1 are our be/ au?orities = ! vices :i* prevail$ 9 ,hellas dur+ ! ,empire2#ahb ! ,roman law1 moreov]1 proves t ! civil gov]nors aid$ ! ,*ur* 9 its attempt to moralise ! p on ?is po9t4 ,,xvii4 ,! transmutation ( ,hellas prop] into "p ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ! intrusion ( ,/oicism & ,*ri/ianity into ! sph]e ( ,hell5ic ?\ght & feel+1 m>k ! end ( ! ,greek age4 ,x /ill rema9s1 h[ev]1 to consid] ! relation ( ?is passion to ! "* ( ! race1 & to det]m9e its influ5ce4 ,9 ! fif? section ( ?is essay1 ,i ass]t$ t x is n[ impossible to asc]ta9 :e!r ! ,greeks d]iv$ paid]a/ia f any ( ! surr\nd+ nations1 & if s1 f :i*4 ,hom]'s sil5ce makes x probable t ! contact ( ,hell5ic ) ,pho5ician trad]s 9 ! po/-h]oic p]iod l$ to ! adoption by ! ,greek race ( a cu/om :i* !y spe$ily assimilat$ & /amp$ ) an ,hell5ic "*4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i sugge/$ 9 ! t5? section t paid]a/ia1 9 its m en?usia/ic & m>tial =m1 may h be5 develop$ )9 ! v sanctu>y ( ,greek national exi/5ce by ! ,dorians1 matur$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! migrations1 & sy/ematis$ aft] _! settlem5t 9 ,crete & ,sp>ta4 ,t ! ,greeks !mselves reg>d$ ,crete z ! classic gr\nd ( paid]a/ia fav\rs ei!r !ory1 & sugge/s a fusion ( !m bo?2 = ! geographical position ( ?is isl& made x ! meet+-place ( ,hell5es ) ! ,asiatic races1 :ile x 0 also "o ( ! e>lie/ ,dorian acquisitions4 ,:5 we come to ask :y ?is passion /ruck roots s deep into ! v he>t & bra9 ( ! ,greek nation1 we mu/ reject ! fav\rite hypo!sis ( climate4 ,climate is1 no d\bt1 p[]ful to a great ext5t 9 det]m9+ ! complexion ( sexual morality2 yet1 z reg>ds paid]a/ia1 we h abundant pro( t nations bo? ( ,nor? & ,s\? h1 accord+ to circum/ances q indep5d5t ( climatic conditions1 be5 bo? equally addict$ & equally av]se to ?is habit4 ,! ,etruscan1#ahc ! ,*9ese1 ! anci5t ,keltic tribes1 ! ,t>t> hordes ( ,tim\r ,khan1 ! ,p]sians "u ,moslem rule--races sunk 9 ! slo? ( popul\s cities1 z well z ! nomadic *ildr5 ( ! ,asian /eppes1 h all acquir$ a notoriety at lea/ equal to t ( ! ,greeks4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ^! p & ! ,greeks 9 respect to paid]a/ia is t ev]y?+ :i* ! ,greek g5ius t\*$ acquir$ a portion ( its di/9ction1 s t :at 9 semi-b>b>\s society may be ignor$ z vice1 9 ,greece dem&s att5tion z a phase ( ! spiritual life ( a _w-hi/oric nation4 ,l climate1 e?nology mu/ also be elim9at$4 ,x is only a sup]ficial philosophy ( hi/ory :i* is satisfi$ ) ! nom5clature ( ,semitic1 ,aryan1 & s =?2 :i* imag9es t some?+ is ga9$ = ! explanation ( a complex psy*ological problem :5 h]$it>y aff9ities h be5 demon/rat$4 ,! deeps ( national p]sonality are f> m abysmal ?an ?is4 ,grant+ t climate & desc5t are elem5ts ( great importance1 ! religi\s & moral pr9ciples1 ! /hetic appreh5sions1 & ! cu/oms :i* det]m9e ! "* ( a race1 leave always some?+ /ill to be analys$4 ,9 deal+ ) ,greek paid]a/ia1 we are f> m likely to rea* a probable solution if we conf9e our att5tion to ! specific social conditions :i* fo/]$ ! gr[? ( ?is passion 9 ,greece1 & to ! g5]al habit ( m9d :i* p]mitt$ its evolution out ( ! common /uff ( humanity1 ?an if we dilate at ease ^u ! climate ( ! gean1 or discuss ! e?nical complexion ( ! ,hell5ic /ock4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 ! ,pagan view ( human life & duty :i* gave scope to paid]a/ia1 :ile c]ta9 special ,greek cu/oms aid$ its developm5t4 ,! ,greeks !mselves1 quot$ m ?an once above1 h put u on ! "r track 9 ?is inquiry4 ,h[ev] paid]a/ia began 9 ,hellas1 x 0 enc\rag$ by gymna/ics & syssitia4 ,y\?s & boys engag$ toge!r 9 a?letic ex]cises1 tra9+ _! bodies to ! highe/ po9t ( physical atta9m5t1 gr[+ critical ab\t ! po9ts & proportions ( ! human =m1 liv$ ( necessity 9 an atmosph]e ( mutual att5tion4 ,"y m5 c\ld n be ins5sible to ! grace ( boys 9 :om ! bloom ( beauty 0 unfold+4 ,boys c\ld n fail to admire ! /r5g? & goodl9ess ( m5 display$ 9 ! comel9ess ( p]fect$ developm5t4 ,hav+ ex]cis$ toge!r 9 ! wre/l+-gr\nd1 ! same "y m5 & boys consort$ at ! common tables4 ,_! talk fell naturally ^u feats ( /r5g? & tra9+2 nor 0 x unnatural1 9 ! abs5ce ( a p[]ful religi\s prohibition1 t love %\ld spr+ f su* disc\rse & int]c\rse4 ,! nak$ness1 :i* ,greek cu/om p]mitt$ 9 gymna/ic games & "s religi\s rites1 no d\bt contribut$ to ! erotic =ce ( mascul9e passion2 & ! hi/ory ( _! feel+ ^u ?is po9t des]ves notice4 ,plato1 9 ! ,republic 7#deb71 obs]ves t n long ago ! ,greeks 7 ( ! op9ion1 :i* is /ill g5]ally receiv$ among ! b>b>ians1 t ! sight ( a nak$ man 0 ridicul\s & unseemly4 ,he goes on to m5tion ! ,cretans & ! ,lac$monians z ! in/itutors ( nak$ games4 ,to ^! conditions may be add$ dances 9 public1 ! ritual ( gods l ,ers1 c]emonial processions1 & conte/s = ! prize ( beauty4 ,! fam\s passage 9 ! fir/ book ( ,?ucydides 7cap4 vi47 illu/rates ! same po9t4 ,:ile describ+ ! primitive culture ( ! ,hell5es1 he ?9ks x wor? :ile to m5tion t ! ,sp>tans1 :o fir/ /ripp$ !mselves = runn+ & wre/l+1 ab&on$ ! girdle :i* x 0 usual to we> ar\nd ! lo9s4 ,he sees 9 ?is habit "o ( ! /ronge/ po9ts ( di/9ction betwe5 ! ,greeks & b>b>ians4 ,h]odotus insi/s ^u ! same po9t 7book i4 #aj71 :i* is fur!r confirm$ by ! v]se ( ,ennius3 ,flagitii1 c4 ,! nak$ness :i* ,hom] 7,iliad1 xxii4 #ff7 & ,tyrtu 7i4 #ba7 describes z %ameful & unseemly is t ( an old man4 ,bo? poets seem to imply t a "y man's nak$ body is beautiful ev5 9 dea?4 ,we h already se5 t paid]a/ia1 z x exi/$ 9 e>ly ,hellas1 0 a m>tial in/itution1 & t x nev] :olly lo/ its virile "*4 ,?is sugge/s ! consid]ation ( ano!r class ( circum/ances :i* 7 9 ! highe/ degree conducive to its free developm5t4 ,! ,dorians1 to beg9 )1 liv$ l regim5ts ( soldi]s 9 b>racks4 ,! duty ( tra9+ ! y\ng] m5 0 ?r[n ^u ! eld]2 s t ! close relations ?us e/abli%$ 9 a race :i* did n positively disc\nt5ance ! love ( male = male r t5d$ actively to enc\rage x4 ,nor is x difficult to und]/& :y ! romantic emotions 9 su* a society 7 m naturally ar\s$ by male companions ?an by wom54 ,matrimony 0 n a matt] ( elective aff9ity betwe5 two p]sons seek+ to sp5d _! lives agreeably & pr(itably 9 common1 s mu* z an in/itution us$ by ! ,/ate = rais+ vigor\s recruits = ! national army4 ,all t is kn[n ab\t ! ,sp>tan m>riage cu/oms1 tak5 toge!r ) ,plato's speculations ab\t a community ( wives1 proves ?is conclusively4 ,x foll[$ t ! relation ( ! sexes to ea* o!r 0 bo? m =mal & m simple ?an x is ) u2 ! natural & ! political purposes ( cohabitation 7 less veil$ by ^? p]sonal & emotional consid]ations :i* play s l>ge a "p 9 mod]n life4 ,!re 0 less scope = ! em]g5ce ( passionate en?usiasm betwe5 m5 & wom51 :ile ! full conditions ( a spiritual atta*m5t1 solely det]m9$ by reciprocal incl9ation1 7 only to be f\nd 9 comrade%ip4 ,9 ! wre/l+-gr\nd1 at ! common tables1 9 ! c]emonies ( religion1 at ! ,pan-hell5ic games1 9 ! camp1 9 ! hunt+-field1 on ! b5*es ( ! c\ncil *amb]1 & b5ea? ! por*es ( ! ,agora1 m5 7 all 9 all unto ea* o!r4 ,wom5 mean:ile kept ! h\se at home1 gave bir? to babies1 & re>$ *ildr5 till su* "t z ! ,/ate ?\ght fit to und]take _! tra9+4 ,x is1 moreov]1 well kn[n t ! age at :i* boys 7 sep>at$ f _! mo!rs 0 t5d]4 ,!nce=? !y liv$ ) p]sons ( _! own sex2 _! exp&+ feel+s 7 conf9$ )9 ! sph]e ( mascul9e exp]i5ce until ! age arriv$ :5 m>riage _h to be consid]$ 9 ! light ( a duty to ! commonweal?4 ,h[ f> ?is t5d$ to influ5ce ! gr[? ( s5tim5t1 & to det]m9e its quality1 may be imag9$4 ,9 ! =ego+ p>agraph ,i h re/rict$ my att5tion almo/ :olly to ! ,dorians3 b :at has j be5 said ab\t ! circum/ance ( _! social life sugge/s a fur!r consid]ation reg>d+ paid]a/ia at l>ge among ! ,greeks1 :i* takes rank ) ! weightie/ ( all4 ,! peculi> /atus ( ,greek wom5 is a subject surr\nd$ ) difficulty2 yet no man c help feel+ t ! idealisation ( mascul9e love1 :i* =m$ s prom95t a feature ( ,greek life 9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 0 intimately connect$ ) ! failure ( ! race to give _! prop] sph]e 9 society to wom54 ,! ,greeks !mselves 7 n directly consci\s ( ?is fact2 nor c ,i rememb] any passage 9 :i* a ,greek has sugge/$ t boy-love fl\ri%$ precisely ^u ! special gr\nd :i* _h be5 wre/l$ f ! "r doma9 ( file o!r sex4 ,f> 9 advance ( ! b>b>ian tribes ar\nd !m1 !y c\ld n well disc]n ! defects ( _! own civilisation2 nor 0 x to be expect$ t !y %\ld h anticipat$ t exaltation ( ! love ( wom5 into a semi-religi\s cult :i* 0 ! lat] product ( *ivalr\s ,*ri/ianity4 ,we1 f ! /&po9t ( a m fully organis$ society1 detect _! errors1 & pron\nce t paid]a/ia 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( _! unequal social culture2 nor d we fail to notice t1 j z paid]a/ia 0 a po/-,hom]ic intrusion into ,greek life1 s wom51 aft] ! age ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 suff]$ a correspond+ depression 9 ! social scale4 ,9 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 & 9 ! trag$ies :i* deal ) ! h]oic age1 !y play a "p ( importance = :i* ! actual conditions ( hi/oric ,hellas (f]$ no opportunities4 ,x 0 at ,a!ns t ! social disadvantages ( wom5 told ) greate/ =ce2 & ?is p]haps may help to expla9 ! philosophic idealisation ( boy-love among ! ,a!nians4 ,to talk famili>ly ) free wom5 on ! deepe/ subjects1 to treat !m z intellectual companions1 or to *oose !m z associates 9 und]tak+s ( political mom5t1 seems nev] to h ent]$ ! m9d ( an ,a!nian4 ,wom5 7 conspicu\s by _! abs5ce f all places ( resort--f ! pal/ra1 ! !atre1 ! ,agora1 ,pnyx1 ! law-c\rt1 ! symposium2 & x 0 "h1 & "h alone1 t ! spiritual en]gies ( ! m5 exp&$4 ,!re=e1 z ! milit>y ard\r ( ! ,dorians naturally associat$ itself ) paid]a/ia1 s ! *>act]i/ic passion ( ! ,a!nians = culture took ! same direction4 ,! result 9 ea* case 0 a highly wr\ght psy*ical condition1 :i*1 h[ev] ali5 to our in/9cts1 mu/ be reg>d$ z an exaltation ( ! race above its common human ne$s--z a manife/ation ( f]vid1 highly-pit*$ emotional en?usiasm4 ,x does n foll[ f ! facts :i* ,i h j discuss$ t1 ei!r at ,a!ns or at ,sp>ta1 wom5 7 exclud$ f an important position 9 ! home1 or t ! family 9 ,greece 0 n ! sph]e ( female influ5ce m active ?an ! extant fragm5ts ( ,greek lit]ature reveal to u4 ,! wom5 ( ,sophocles & ,euripides1 & ! noble ladies describ$ by ,plut>*1 w>n u to be cauti\s 9 our conclusions on ?is topic4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 rema9s t 9 ,greece1 z 9 m$ival ,europe1 ! home 0 n reg>d$ z ! prop] sph]e = en?usia/ic passion3 bo? paid]a/ia & *ivalry ignor$ ! family1 :ile ! latt] ev5 set ! matrimonial tie at n\ght4 ,x is !re=e precisely at ?is po9t ( ! family1 reg>d$ z a comp>atively undevelop$ factor 9 ! high] spiritual life ( ,greeks1 t ! two problems ( paid]a/ia & ! position ( wom5 9 ,greece int]sect4 ,9 review+ ! ext]nal circum/ances :i* fav\r$ paid]a/ia1 x may be add$1 z a m9or cause1 t ! leisure 9 :i* ! ,greeks liv$1 support$ by a cr[d ( slaves1 & att5d+ *iefly to _! physical & m5tal culture1 r5d]$ !m peculi>ly liable to pre-occupations ( passion & pleasure-seek+4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iods1 :5 w> 0 incessant1 ?is abundance ( sp>e "t bore less corrupt fruit ?an dur+ ! /agnation into :i* ! ,greeks1 enslav$ by ,mac$onia & ,rome1 decl9$4 ,s f>1 ,i h be5 occupi$ 9 ! pres5t section ) ! specific conditions ( ,greek society :i* may be reg>d$ z det]m9+ ! gr[? ( paid]a/ia4 ,) respect to ! g5]al habit ( m9d :i* caus$ ! ,greeks1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 to tol]ate ?is =m ( feel+1 x w be en\gh "h to rem>k t ,paganism c\ld h no?+ logically to say aga9/ x4 ,! fur!r consid]ation ( ?is matt] ,i %all res]ve = ! next division ( my essay1 cont5t+ myself = ! mom5t ) ! obs]vation t ,greek religion & ! in/9cts ( ! ,greek race (f]$ no direct ob/acle to ! expansion ( a habit :i* 0 /rongly enc\rag$ by ! circum/ances ,i h j enum]at$4 ,,xviii4 ,^u a topic ( great difficulty1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 insep>able f ! subject-matt] ( ?is inquiry1 ,i %all n attempt to d m ?an to (f] a few sugge/ions4 ,?is is ! relation ( paid]a/ia to ,greek art4 ,:oev] may h made a /udy ( antique sculpture w n h fail$ to recognise its heal?y human tone1 its e?ical rightness4 ,!re is no p>tiality = ! beauty ( ! male sex1 no endeav\r to res]ve = ! mascul9e deities ! nobl] attributes ( man's intellectual & moral nature1 no extravagant attempt to ref9e ^u mascul9e qualities by ! bl5d+ ( fem99e voluptu\sness4 ,aphrodite & ,artemis hold _! place beside ,ers & ,h]mes4 ,ares is less di/+ui%$ by ! g5ius lavi%$ on him ?an ,a!ne4 ,h]a takes rank ) ,zeus1 ! ,nymphs ) ! ,fauns1 ! ,muses ) ,apollo4 ,nor are ev5 ! m9or /atues1 :i* belong to decorative r ?an high art1 noticeable = ! attribution ( s5sual beauties to ! =m ( boys4 ,?is1 :i* is c]ta9ly true ( ! be/ age1 is1 ) r>e exceptions1 true ( all ! ages ( ,greek pla/ic art4 ,no pruri5t effem9acy degrad$1 de=m$1 or unduly conf\nd$1 ! types ( sex idealis$ 9 sculpture4 ,! fir/ reflection :i* mu/ occur to ev5 prejudic$ obs]v]s1 is t paid]a/ia did n corrupt ! ,greek imag9ation to any s]i\s ext5t4 ,! lic5se ( ,paganism f\nd appropriate expression 9 female =ms1 b h>dly t\*$ ! male2 nor w\ld x1 ,i ?9k1 be possible to demon/rate t obsc5e works ( pa9t+ or ( sculpture 7 provid$ = paid]a/ic s5suali/s simil> to ^? pornographic objects :i* fill ! res]v$ cab9et ( ! ,neapolitan ,museum4 ,?us1 ! te/imony ( ,greek art might be us$ to confirm ! assev]ation ( ,greek lit]ature1 t among free m51 at lea/1 & g5tle1 ?is passion t5d$ ev5 to purify feel+s :i*1 9 _! lu/ = wom51 v]g$ on pr(ligacy4 ,= "o &rogyn\s /atue ( ,h]maphroditus or ,dionysus !re are at lea/ a score ( luxuri\s ,aphrodites & voluptu\s ,bac*antes4 ,ers himself1 unless he is portray$ accord+ to ! ,roman type ( ,cupid1 z a mis*iev\s ur*91 is a y\? ^: mode/y is no less noticeable ?an 8 beauty4 ,8 features are n unfrequ5tly %ad[$ ) melan*oly1 z appe>s 9 ! s-call$ ,g5ius ( ! ,vatican1 & 9 _m /atues :i* might pass = g5ii ( sil5ce or ( sleep z well z love4 ,x w\ld be difficult to adduce a s+le wanton ,ers1 a s+le image ( ?is god provocative ( s5sual desires4 ,!re is n "o be=e :i* we c\ld say--,! sculptor ( t /atue _h sold 8 s\l to paid]a/ic lu/4 ,yet ,ers1 x may be rememb]$1 0 ! special patron ( paid]a/ia4 ,greek art1 l ,greek my?ology1 embodi$ a f9ely graduat$ half-unconsci\s analysis ( human nature4 ,! my/]y ( procreation 0 indicat$ by phalli on ! ,h]m4 ,unbridl$ appetite f\nd inc>nation 9 ,priapus1 :o1 moreov]1 0 nev] a ,greek god1 b a ,lampsac5e adopt$ f ! ,asian coa/ by ! ,romans4 ,! natural desires 7 symbolis$ 9 ,aphrodite ,praxis1 ,kallipugos1 or ,p&emos4 ,! high] sexual en?usiasm assum$ cele/ial =m 9 ,aphrodite ,ouranios4 ,love itself appe>$ p]sonifi$ 9 ! graceful ,ers ( ,praxiteles2 & h[ sublimely ,pheidias pres5t$ ?is god to ! eyes ( 8 wor%ipp]s c n[ only be guess$ at f a mutilat$ fragm5t among ! ,elg9 m>bles4 ,! wild & native in/9cts1 w&]+1 untutor$ & untam$1 :i* /ill connect man ) ! life ( woods & bea/s & ,april h\rs1 receiv$ half-human %ape 9 ,pan & ,sil5us1 ! ,satyrs & ! ,fauns4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( semi-be/ial in/9cts we f9d "o solit>y in/ance be>+ ^u paid]a/ia4 ,! gr\p ( a ,satyr tempt+ a y\? at ,naples /&s alone among num]\s simil> compositions :i* h female or h]maphroditic figures1 & :i* symbolise ! viol5t & compreh5sive lu/ ( brutal appetite4 ,fur!r di/9ctions betwe5 ! sev]al degrees ( love 7 drawn by ! ,greek arti/s4 ,him]os1 ! desire t /rikes ! _s ?r\gh ! eyes1 & ,po?os1 ! long+ ( s\ls 9 sep>ation f ! object ( _! passion1 7 c>v$ toge!r ) ,ers by ,scopas = ,aphrodite's temple at ,meg>a4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is s]ies !re is no =m set aside = paid]a/ia1 z might h be5 expect$ if ! fancy ( ! ,greeks _h idealis$ a s5sual ,asiatic passion4 ,/atues ( ,ganym$e c>ri$ to heav5 by ! eagle are1 inde$1 common en\gh 9 ,grco-,roman pla/ic art2 yet1 ev5 "h1 !re is no?+ :i* indicates ! pref]5ce = a specifically voluptu\s type ( male beauty4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! my?ology ( ! ,greeks 0 det]m9$ be=e paid]a/ia laid hold ^u ! race4 ,hom] & ,hesiod1 says ,h]odotus1 made ! ,hell5ic !ogony1 & ,hom] & ,hesiod knew only ( ! passions & emotions :i* are common to all heal?y semi-civilis$ humanity4 ,! arti/s1 !re=e1 f\nd 9 my?s & poems subject-matt] :i* imp]atively dem&$ a no less c>eful /udy ( ! female ?an ( ! male =m2 nor 7 beautiful wom5 want+4 ,great cities plac$ _! maid5s at ! disposition ( sculptors & pa9t]s = ! modell+ ( ,aphrodite4 ,! girls ( ,sp>ta 9 _! dances sugge/$ gr\ps ( ,artemis & ,oreads4 ,! ,hetairai ( ,cor9? pres5t$ e detail ( fem99e p]fection freely to ! gaze4 ,eyes accu/om$ to ! dazzl+ vision ( a nak$ a?lete 7 no less s5sitive to ! virg9al veil$ grace ( ! ,a!nian ,canephoroi4 ,! temples ( ! female deities _h _! /affs ( prie/esses1 & ! oracles _! inspir$ prophetesses4 ,rememb]+ ^! facts1 rememb]+ also :at we read ab\t olian ladies :o ga9$ fame by poetry1 !re is e reason to und]/& h[ sculptors f\nd x easy to idealise ! female =m4 ,nor ne$ we imag9e1 because ,greek lit]ature ab\nds 9 ref]5ces to paid]a/ia1 & because ?is passion play$ an important "p 9 ,greek hi/ory1 t !re=e ! majority ( ! race 7 n susceptible 9 a f> high] degree to female *>ms4 ,on ! contr>y1 our be/ au?orities speak ( boy-love z a *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%$ w>riors1 gymna/s1 poets1 & philosoph]s f ! common multitude4 ,z f> z reg>ds arti/s1 ! anecdotes :i* are pres]v$ ab\t !m turn *iefly ^u _! pref]5ce = wom54 ,= "o tale conc]n+ ! ,pant>kes ( ,pheidias1 we h a score relat+ to ! ,campaspe ( ,apelles & ! ,phryne ( ,praxiteles4 ,x may be judg$ sup]flu\s to h prov$ t ! female =m 0 idealis$ 9 sculpture by ! ,hell5es at lea/ z nobly z ! male2 nor ne$ we seek elaborate reasons :y paid]a/ia left no p]ceptible /a9 ^u ! art ( a race di/+ui%$ be=e all ?+s by ! res]ve ( good ta/e4 ,at ! same "t1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! arti/ic temp]am5t ( ! ,greeks _h some?+ to d ) its wide diffusion & _m sid$ developm5t4 ,s5sitive to e =m ( lovel9ess1 & unre/ra9$ by moral or religi\s prohibition1 !y c\ld n fail to be en?usia/ic = t corporeal beauty1 unlike all o!r beauties ( ! human =m1 :i* m>ks male adolesc5ce no less triumphantly ?an does ! male soprano voice ^u ! po9t ( break+4 ,! p[] ( ?is corporeal lovel9ess to sway _! imag9ation by its unique !tic *>m is abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! passages :i* ,i h quot$ above f ! ,*>mides ( ,plato & ,x5ophon's ,symposium4 ,an expressive ,greek phrase1 ,y\?s 9 _! prime ( adolesc5ce1 b n di/+ui%$ by a special beauty1 recognises ! p]suasive influ5ce1 sep>ate f t ( true beauty1 :i* belongs to a c]ta9 p]iod ( mascul9e gr[?4 ,! v evanesc5ce ( ?is bloom ( y\? made x 9 ,greek eyes desirable1 s9ce no?+ m cle>ly *>act]ises ! poetic my?s :i* adumbrate _! special s5sibility ?an ! pa?os ( a blossom t mu/ fade4 ,:5 di/9ction ( feature & symmetry ( =m 7 add$ to ?is *>m ( y\?fulness1 ! ,greeks admitt$1 z true arti/s are oblig$ to d1 t ! male body displays h>monies ( proportion & melodies ( outl9e m compreh5sive1 m indicative ( /r5g? express$ 9 t]ms ( grace1 ?an t ( wom54#ahd ,i gu>d myself aga9/ say+--m s$uctive to ! s5ses1 m s(t1 m delicate1 m undulat+4 ,! sup]iority ( male beauty does n consi/ 9 ^! attractions1 b 9 ! symmetrical developm5t ( all ! qualities ( ! human frame1 ! complete organisation ( ! body z ! supreme in/rum5t ( vital en]gy4 ,9 ! bloom ( adolesc5ce ! elem5ts ( fem99e grace1 sugge/$ r ?an express$1 are comb9$ ) virility to produce a p]fection :i* is lack+ to ! mature & adult excell5ce ( ei!r sex4 ,! ,greek lov]1 if ,i am "r 9 ! idea :i* ,i h =m$ ( him1 s\ght less to /imulate desire by ! contemplation ( s5sual *>ms ?an to attune 8 _s ) ! spectacle ( /r5g? at re/ 9 suavity4 ,he admir$ ! *a/5$ l9es1 ! figure slight b s9ewy1 ! limbs well-knit & flexible1 ! small head set ^u broad %\ld]s1 ! ke5 eyes1 ! au/]e re9s1 & ! ela/ic movem5t ( a y\? made vigor\s by ex]cise4 ,physical p]fection ( ?is k9d sugge/$ to 8 fancy all t he lov$ be/ 9 moral qualities4 ,h>dihood1 self-discipl9e1 al]tness ( intellig5ce1 heal?1 temp]ance1 indomitable _s1 en]gy1 ! joy ( active life1 pla9 liv+ & high ?9k+--^! qualities ! ,greeks idealis$1 & ( ^!1 ! lightn+ vision ( ! d>l+1 0 ! liv+ inc>nation4 ,!re is pl5ty 9 _! lit]ature to %[ t paid]a/ia obta9$ sanction f ! belief t a s\l ( ?is sort w\ld be f\nd )9 ! body ( a "y man r ?an a woman4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t none b a race ( arti/s c\ld be lov]s ( ?is sort1 j z none b a race ( poets 7 adequate to appreh5d ! *ivalr\s en?usiasm = woman z an object ( wor%ip4 ,! morality ( ! ,greeks1 z ,i h tri$ else:]e to prove1 0 /hetic4 ,!y reg>d$ humanity z a "p ( a good & beautiful univ]se1 nor did !y %r9k f any ( _! normal in/9cts4 ,to f9d ! law ( human en]gy1 ! measure ( man's natural desires1 ! "r mom5t = indulg5ce & = self-re/ra9t1 ! balance :i* results 9 heal?1 ! prop] limit = ea* sev]al function :i* secures ! h>mony ( all1 seem to !m ! aim ( e?ics4 ,_! p]sonal code ( conduct end$ 9 mode/ self-re/ra9t3 n ab/5tion1 b selection & subord9ation rul$ _! practice4 ,!y 7 satisfi$ ) controll+ mu* t m ascetic natures unconditionally suppress4 ,consequ5tly1 to ! ,greeks1 !re 0 no?+ at fir/ sight crim9al 9 paid]a/ia4 ,to =bid x z a hateful & unclean ?+ did n occur to !m4 ,f9d+ x )9 _! he>ts1 !y *ose to regulate x1 r ?an to root x out4 ,x 0 only aft] ! inconv5i5ces & sc&als to :i* paid]a/ia gave rise _h be5 =c$ ^u _! notice1 t !y felt ! visit+s ( consci5ce & wav]$ 9 _! fe>less attitude4 ,9 l mann]1 ! religion ( ! ,greeks 0 /hetic4 ,!y analys$ ! _w ( objects & ! s\l ( man1 unconsci\sly p]haps1 b effectively1 & call$ _! g5]alisations by ! names ( gods & goddesses4 ,t ^! 7 beautiful & fill$ ) human en]gy 0 en\gh to ar\se 9 !m ! s5tim5ts ( wor%ip4 ,! notion ( a s+le ,deity :o rul$ ! human race by puni%m5t & fav\r1 hat+ c]ta9 acts :ile he tol]at$ o!rs--9 o!r words1 a ,god :o idealis$ "o "p ( man's nature to ! exclusion ( ! re/--_h nev] pass$ into ! sph]e ( ,greek conceptions4 ,:51 !re=e1 paid]a/ia became a fact ( _! consci\sness1 !y reason$ ?us3 ,if man loves boys1 ,god loves boys also4 ,hom] & ,hesiod =got to tell u ab\t ,ganym$e & ,hyac9? & ,hylas4 ,let ^! lads be add$ to ! li/ ( ,dana & ,semele & ,io4 ,hom] told u t1 because ,ganym$e 0 beautiful1 ,zeus made him ! s]v+-boy ( ! immortals4 ,we und]/& ! mean+ ( t tale4 ,zeus lov$ him4 ,! reason :y he did n leave him "h on e>? l ,dana 0 t he c\ld n beget sons ^u 8 body & p ! e>? ) h]oes4 ,d n our wives /ay at home & bre$ our *ildr58 ,our fav\rite y\?s are always at our side4 ,,xix4 ,sexual inv]sion among ,greek wom5 (f]s m difficulties ?an we met ) 9 ! /udy ( paid]a/ia4 ,?is is due1 n to ! abs5ce ( ! ph5om5on1 b to ! fact t fem99e homosexual passions 7 nev] work$ into ! social sy/em1 nev] became educational & milit>y ag5ts4 ,! ,greeks accept$ ! fact t c]ta9 females are cong5itally indiff]5t to ! male sex1 & appetitive ( _! own sex4 ,?is appe>s f ! my? ( ,ari/ophanes 9 ,plato's ,symposium1 :i* expresses 9 comic =m _! !ory ( sexual diff]5tiation4 ,!re 7 orig9ally human be+s ( ?ree sexes3 m51 ! (fspr+ ( ! sun2 wom51 ! (fspr+ ( ! e>?2 h]maphrodites1 ! (fspr+ ( ! moon4 ,!y 7 r\nd ) two faces1 f\r h&s1 f\r feet1 & two sets ( reproductive organs apiece4 ,9 ! case ( ! ?ird 7h]maphroditic or lun>7 sex1 "o set ( reproductive organs 0 male1 ! o!r female4 ,zeus1 on acc\nt ( ! insol5ce & vig\r ( ^! primitive human creatures1 slic$ !m into halves4 ,s9ce t "t1 ! halves ( ea* sort h always /riv5 to unite ) _! correspond+ halves1 & h f\nd "s satisfaction 9 c>nal congress--males ) males1 females ) females1 & 79 ! case ( ! lun> or h]maphroditic creatures7 males & females ) "o ano!r4 ,philosophically1 !n1 ! homosexual passion ( female = female1 & ( male = male1 0 plac$ ^u exactly ! same foot+ z ! het]osexual passion ( ea* sex = its opposite4 ,greek logic admitt$ ! homosexual female to equal rights ) ! homosexual male1 & bo? to ! same natural fre$om z het]osexual individuals ( ei!r species4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 ! position assum$ by philosoph]s1 ,lesbian passion1 z ! ,greeks call$ x1 nev] obta9$ ! same social sanction z boy-love4 ,x is significant t ,greek my?ology (f]s no leg5ds ( ! goddesses p>allel to ^? :i* consecrat$ paid]a/ia among ! male deities4 ,aga91 we h no record$ example1 s f> z ,i c rememb]1 ( noble fri5d%ips betwe5 wom5 ris+ into political & hi/orical prom95ce4 ,!re are no female analogies to ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 ,crat9us & ,ari/odemus4 ,x is true t ,sappho & ! ,lesbian poetesses gave ?is female passion an em95t place 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,b ! olian wom5 did n f\nd a glori\s tradition correspond+ to t ( ! ,dorian m54 ,if homosexual love betwe5 females assum$ ! =m ( an in/itution at "o mom5t 9 olia1 ?is fail$ to /rike roots deep into ! subsoil ( ! nation4 ,lat] ,greeks1 :ile tol]at+1 reg>d$ x r z an ecc5tricity ( nature1 or a vice1 ?an z an hon\rable & socially useful emotion4 ,! condition ( wom5 9 anci5t ,hellas suffici5tly acc\nts = ! result4 ,!re 0 no opportunity 9 ! h>em or ! z5ana ( rais+ homosexual passion to ! same moral & spiritual effici5cy z x obta9$ 9 ! camp1 ! pal/ra1 & ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s4 ,consequ5tly1 :ile ! ,greeks utilis$ & ennobl$ boy-love1 !y left ,lesbian love to foll[ ! same c\rse ( deg5]acy z x pursues 9 mod]n times4 ,9 ord] to see h[ simil> ! type ( ,lesbian love 9 anci5t ,greece 0 to ! =m :i* x assum$ 9 mod]n ,europe1 we h only to comp>e ,lucian's ,dialogues ) ,p>isian tales by ,catulle ,m5ds or ,guy de ,maupassant4 ,! woman :o s$uces ! girl %e loves1 is1 9 ! girl's phrase1 ov]-mascul9e1 &rogyn\s4 ,! ,megilla ( ,lucian insi/s ^u be+ call$ ,megillos4 ,! girl is a weak] vessel1 pliant1 submissive to ! virago's sexual en]gy1 select$ f ! class ( m]etrici\s +nues4 ,!re is an important passage 9 ! ,amores ( ,lucian :i* proves t ! ,greeks felt an abhorr5ce ( sexual inv]sion among wom5 simil> to t :i* mod]ns feel = its manife/ation among m54 ,*>icles1 :o supports1 ! cause ( normal het]osexual passion1 argues aft] ?is wise3 ,if y conc$e homosexual love to males1 y mu/ 9 ju/ice grant ! same to females2 y w h to sanction c>nal int]c\rse betwe5 !m2 mon/r\s in/rum5ts ( lu/ w h to be p]mitt$1 9 ord] t _! sexual congress may be c>ri$ out2 t obsc5e vocable1 tribad1 :i* s r>ely (f5ds our e>s--,i blu% to utt] x--w become rampant1 & ,philnis w spread &rogyn\s orgies ?r\gh\t our h>ems4 ,:at ^! mon/r\s in/rum5ts ( lu/ 7 may be ga!r$ f ! six? mime ( ,h]odas1 :]e "o ( !m is describ$ 9 detail4 ,philnis may1 p]haps1 be ! poetess ( an obsc5e book on s5sual ref9em5ts1 to :i* ,a?anu alludes 7,deipnosophi/1 viii1 #cce74 ,x is also possible t ,philnis _h become ! common designation ( a ,lesbian lov]1 a tribad4 ,9 ! latt] p]iods ( ,greek lit]ature1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1 c]ta9 fix$ masks ( ,attic com$y 7correspond+ to ! masks ( ! ,italian ,comm$ia dell' ,arte7 creat$ types ( "* "u conv5tional names--s t1 = example1 ,c]do became a cobbl]1 ,myrtal a common :ore1 & possibly ,philnis a ,lesbian inv]t4 ,! up%ot ( ?is p>5!tical inve/igation is to demon/rate t1 :ile ! love ( males = males 9 ,greece obta9$ moralisation1 & rea*$ ! high position ( a recognis$ social function1 ! love ( female = female rema9$ undevelop$ & unhon\r$1 on ! same level z bo? =ms ( homosexual passion 9 ! mod]n ,european _w are4 ,,xx4 ,greece m]g$ into ,rome2 b1 ?\gh ! ,romans ap$ ! arts & mann]s ( ! ,greeks1 !y nev] truly caught ! ,hell5ic _s4 ,ev5 ,virgil only trod ! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles ( ,greek culture4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 possible t any social cu/om s peculi> z paid]a/ia %\ld fl\ri% on ,lat9 soil4 ,in/ead ( ,cleom5es & ,epame9ondas1 we f9d at ,rome1 ,n]o1 ! bride ( ,sporus1 & ,commodus ! public pro/itute4 ,alcibiades is replac$ by ! ,m>k ,antony ( ,cic]o's ,philippic4 ,corydon1 ) artificial notes1 takes up ! song ( ,ageanax4 ,! melodies ( ,meleag] are dr[n$ 9 ! h>% discords ( ,m>tial4 ,in/ead ( love1 lu/ 0 ! deity ( ! boy-lov] on ! %ores ( ,tib]4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,*ri/ianity began its "w ( re=mation4 ,:5 we e/imate ! effect ( ,*ri/ianity1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians f\nd ,paganism disorganis$ & humanity ru%+ to a precipice ( ru94 ,_! fir/ ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>d *eck+ ! s5suality ( ,cor9?1 ,a!ns1 ,rome1 ! capitals ( ,syria & ,egypt4 ,*ri/ian asceticism1 9 ! corruption ( ! ,pagan sy/ems1 l$ logically to ! cloi/] & ! h]mitage4 ,! compon5t elem5ts ( society _h be5 dis9tegrat$ by ! ,greeks 9 _! decad5ce1 & by ! ,romans 9 _! insol5ce ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,to ! impassion$ foll[]s ( ,*ri/1 no?+ 0 left b sep>ation f nature1 :i* _h become incurable 9 its mon/rosity ( vices4 ,b ! conv5t 0 a virtual ab&onm5t ( social problems4 ,f ?is policy ( despair1 ?is helplessness to cope ) evil1 & ?is hopelessness ( good on e>?1 em]g$ a new & nobl] syn!sis1 ! m]it ( :i* belongs 9 no small measure to ! ,teutonic conv]ts to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! ,middle ,ages proclaim$1 ?r\gh *ivalry1 ! tru?1 !n = ! fir/ "t fully appreh5d$1 t woman is ! m$iat+ & ennobl+ elem5t 9 human life4 ,n 9 escape into ! cloi/]1 n 9 ! self-ab&onm5t to vice1 b 9 ! fell[-s]vice ( free m5 & wom5 mu/ be f\nd ! solution ( social problems4 ,! my?ology ( ,m>y gave religi\s sanction to ! *ivalr\s en?usiasm2 & a cult ( woman sprang into be+1 to :i*1 al?\gh x 0 romantic & vision>y1 we owe ! spiritual basis ( our dome/ic & civil life4 ,! modus viv5di ( ! mod]n _w 0 f\nd4 ,,f9is4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,comp>e ! f9e rhetorical passage 9 ,max4 ,tyr41 ,diss]t41 xxiv4 #h1 ed4 ,didot1 #ahdb4 #b i4 #ace4 #c ,num]\s localities1 h[ev]1 claim$ ?is di/9ction4 ,see ,a?41 xiii4 #fja4 ,*alkis 9 ,euboea1 z well z ,crete1 c\ld %[ ! sacr$ spot :]e ! my/ical assumption ( ,ganym$e 0 report$ to h happ5$4 #d ,laws1 i4 #fcf4 ,cp4 ,timu1 quot$ by ,a?41 p4 #fjb4 ,s]vius1 ad ,a54 x1 #cbe1 says t boy-love spread f ,crete to ,sp>ta1 & !nce ?r\gh ,hellas1 & ,/rabo m5tions its preval5ce among ! ,cretans 7x4 #dhc74 ,plato 7,rep4 v4 #deb7 speaks ( ! ,cretans z introduc+ nak$ a?letic sports4 #e ,laws1 viii4 #hfc4 #f ,see ,a?41 xiii4 #fjb4 ,plut>*1 9 ! ,life ( ,pelopidas 7,cl\gh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bai71 argues aga9/ ?is view4 #g ,see ,ros5baum1 ,lu/seu*e im ,alt]?ume1 p4 #aah4 #h ,max4 ,tyr41 ,diss]t41 ix4 #i ,see ,sismondi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbd1 ,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,age ( ! ,despots1 p4 #dce2 ,t>dieu1 ,att5tats aux ,moeurs1 ,les ,ordures de ,p>is2 ,sir ,r4 ,burton's ,t]m9al ,essay to ! ,arabian ,nights2 ,c>li]1 ,les ,deux ,pro/itutions1 etc4 #aj ,i say almo/1 because some?+ ( ! same sort appe>$ 9 ,p]sia at ! "t ( ,saadi4 #aa ,plato1 9 ! ,phdrus1 ! ,symposium1 & ! ,laws1 is decisive on ! mix$ nature ( paid]a/ia4 #ab ,!ocr41 ,paidika1 probably an olic poem ( mu* old] date4 #ac ,phdrus1 p4 #beb1 ,j[ett's translation4 #ad ,page #agh1 ,j[ett4 #ae ,cl\gh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bah4 #af ,book vii4 #d1 #g4 #ag ,we may comp>e a passage f ! ,symposium ascrib$ to ,x5ophon1 viii4 #cb4 #ah ,page #ahb1 ,j[ett4 #ai ,plut>*1 ,eroticus1 cap4 xvii4 p4 #gia1 #dj1 ,reiske4 #bj ,lang's translation1 p4 #fc4 #ba ,see ,a!nu1 xiii4 #fjb1 = ! details4 #bb ,see ,a!nu1 xiii4 #fjb1 :o reports an oracle 9 praise ( ^! lov]s4 #bc ,ar41 ,pol41 ii4 #i4 #bd ,see ,!ocr4 ,ates & ! ,s*olia4 #be ,see ,plut>*'s ,eroticus1 #gfj1 #db1 :]e ! /ory is report$ on ! fai? ( ,ari/otle4 #bf ,pelopidas1 ,cl\gh's trans41 vol4 ii4 #bah4 #bg ,cap4 xvi4 p4 #gfj1 #ba4 #bh ,cap4 xxiii4 p4 #gfh1 #ec4 ,comp>e ,max4 ,tyr41 ,diss]t41 xxiv4 #a4 ,see too ! *apt] on ,tyrannicide 9 ,ar4 ,pol41 viii4 7v47 #aj4 #bi ,cl\gh's trans41 vol4 v4 p4 #aah4 #cj ,hell5ics1 bk4 ix4 cap4 xxvi4 #ca ,suidas1 "u ! head+ ,paidika1 tells ( two lov]s :o bo? di$ 9 battle1 fight+ ea* to save ! o!r4 #cb ,see1 = example1 s*9es aga9/ ,tim>*us1 #ei4 #cc ,trans4 by ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cji-cac4 #cd ,symp4 #ahb ,a4 #ce i4 #acb4 #cf ,de ,rep41 iv4 #d4 #cg ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out ! p>allel betwe5 ?is cu/om & ! m>riage cu/oms ( half-civilis$ communities4 #ch ,! g5]al op9ion ( ! ,greeks ) reg>d to ! be/ type ( ,dorian love is well express$ by ,maximus ,tyrius1 ,diss]t41 xxvi4 #h4 ,x is e/eem$ a disgrace to a ,cretan y\? to h no lov]4 ,x is a disgrace = a ,cretan y\? to tamp] ) ! boy he loves4 ,o cu/om1 beautifully bl5t ( self-re/ra9t & passion6 ,! man ( ,sp>ta loves ! lad ( ,lac$mon1 b loves him only z "o loves a fair /atue2 & _m love "o1 & "o loves _m4 #ci ,laws1 i4 #fcf4 #dj ,pol41 ii4 #g1 #d4 #da ,lib4 #ac1fjb1 ,e4 #db ,x is n unimportant to note 9 ?is connection t paid]a/ia ( no ignoble type /ill prevails among ! ,albanian m\nta9e]s4 #dc ,! =ego+ attempt to recon/ruct a possible environm5t = ! ,dorian =m ( paid]a/ia is1 ( c\rse1 :olly imag9ative4 ,yet x receives c]ta9 support f :at we "k ab\t ! mann]s ( ! ,albanian m\nta9e]s & ! nomadic ,t>t> tribes4 ,ari/otle rem>ks ^u ! paid]a/ic cu/oms ( ! ,kelts1 :o 9 8 times 7 immigrant4 #dd ,see above1 ,section ,v4 #de ,x appe>s f ! reports ( travell]s t ?is =m ( passion is n common among ^? ,african tribes :o h n be5 corrupt$ by ,musselmans or ,europeans4 #df ,x may be plausibly argu$ t s*ylus drew ! subject ( 8 ,myrmidones f "s su* non-,hom]ic epic4 ,see bel[1 ,section ,,xii4 #dg #ahb ,a4 ,cp4 ,laws1 i4 #fcf4 #dh ,eroticus1 xvii4 p4 #gfa1 #cd4 #di ,see ,plut>*1 ,pelopidas1 ,cl\gh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bai4 #ej ,cl\gh1 z quot$ above1 p4 #bai4 #ea ,! connection ( ! royal family ( ,mac$on by desc5t ) ! acid1 & ! e>ly settlem5t ( ! ,dorians 9 ,mac$onia1 are noticeable4 #eb ,cf4 ,a!nu1 x4 #dce4 #ec ,hadrian 9 ,rome1 at a lat] p]iod1 reviv$ ! ,greek tradition ) ev5 m ( c>icature4 ,8 milit>y ard\r1 patronage ( art1 & love = ,ant9\s seem to hang toge!r4 #ed ,diss]t41 xxvi4 #h4 #ee ,see ,a!n41 xiii41 #fji1 ,f4 ,! prize 0 arm\r & ! wrea? ( myrtle4 #ef ,symp4 #ahb1 ,b4 ,9 ! ,laws1 h[ev]1 he m5tions ! ,b>b>ians z corrupt+ ,greek morality 9 ?is respect4 ,we h "h a fur!r pro( t x 0 ! noble type ( love :i* ! ,b>b>ians disc\rag$4 ,= ,malakia !y _h no dislike4 #eg ,b]gk41 ,poet ,lyrica ,grci1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dij1 l9e #hg ( ,!ognis4 #eh ,ibid41 l9e #a1cec4 #ei ,ibid41 l9e #a1cfi4 #fj ,ibid41 l9es #a1bei-a1bgj4 #fa ,ibid41 l9e #a1bfg4 #fb ,ibid41 l9es #bcg-bed4 ,translat$ by me 9 ,vagabunduli ,libellus1 p4 #afg4 #fc ,b]gk41 ,poet ,lyrici ,grci1 vol4 ii4 l9e #a1bci4 #fd ,ibid41 l9e #a1cjd4 #fe ,ibid41 l9e #a1cbg4 #ff ,ibid41 l9e #a1bec4 #fg ,ibid41 l9e #a1cce4 #fh ,eroticus1 cap4 v4 p4 #gea1 #ba4 ,see ,b]gk41 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcj4 #fi ,see ,cic41 ,tusc41 iv4 #cc #gj ,b]gk41 vol4 iii4 p4 #a1jac4 #ga ,ibid41 p4 #a1jde4 #gb ,ibid41 pp4 #a1aji1 #a1jbc2 fr4 #bd1 #bf4 #gc ,ibid41 p4 #a1jbc2 fr4 #dh4 #gd ,maximus ,tyrius1 ,diss]t41 xxvi41 says t ,sm]dies 0 a ,?racian1 giv51 = 8 great beauty1 by 8 ,greek captors to ,polycrates4 #ge ,see :at ,aga?on says 9 ! ,!smophoriazuse ( ,ari/ophanes4 #gf xv4 #fie4 #gg ,b]gk41 vol4 iii4 p4 #a1bic4 #gh ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #cbg4 #gi ,a!n41 xiii4 #fja ,a4 #hj ,see ! fragm5ts ( ! ,myrmidones 9 ! ,poet ,sc5ici ,grci1 ,my int]pretation ( !m is1 ( c\rse1 conjectural4 #ha ,lucian1 ,amores2 ,plut>*1 ,eroticus2 ,a!nu1 xiii4 #fjb ,e4 #hb ,possibly s*ylus drew 8 fable f a non-,hom]ic s\rce1 b if s1 x is curi\s t ,plato %\ld only ref] to ,hom]4 #hc ,symph41 #ahj ,a4 ,x5ophon1 ,symph41 #h1 #ca1 po9ts out t 9 ,hom] ,a*illes av5g$ ! dea? ( ,patroclus1 n z 8 lov]1 b z 8 comrade 9 arms4 #hd ,cf4 ,eurid41 ,hippol41 l4 #ebe2 ,plato1 ,pho$r41 p4 #bee2 ,max4 ,tyr41 ,diss]t41 xxv4 #b4 #he ,see ,poet ,sc5ici1 ,fragm5ts ( ,sophocles4 #hf ,eroticus2 p4 #gij ,e4 #hg ,a?41 p4 #fjb ,e4 #hh ,tusc41 iv4 #cc4 #hi ,see ,a!nu1 xiii4 pp4 #fjd1 #fje1 = two v outspok5 /ories ab\t ,sophocles at ,*ios & app>5tly at ,a!ns4 ,9 #ehb1 e1 he m5tions "o ( ! boys belov$ by ,sophocles1 a c]ta9 ,demophon4 #ij ,plato1 ,p>m41 #abg ,a4 #ia ,pausanias1 v4 #aa1 & see ,mei]1 p4 #aei1 note #ic4 #ib ,?is1 by ! way1 is a /rong argum5t aga9/ ! !ory t ! ,iliad 0 a po/-,h]odotean poem4 ,a poem 9 ! age ( ,pisi/ratus or ,p]icles w\ld n h omitt$ paid]a/ia f 8 view ( life1 & c\ld n h told ! my? ( ,ganym$e z ,hom] tells x4 ,x is d\btful :e!r he c\ld h pres]v$ ! pure outl9es ( ! /ory ( ,patroclus4 #ic ,page #ahb1 ,j[ett's trans4 ,mr4 ,j[ett c5sures ?is spee* z sophi/ic & confus$ 9 view4 ,x is precisely on ?is acc\nt t x is valuable4 ,! confusion indicates ! obscure consci5ce ( ! ,a!nians4 ,! sophi/ry is ! result ( a half-ackn[l$g$ false position4 #id ,page #aha1 ,j[ett's trans4 #ie ,see ! curi\s passages 9 ,plato1 ,symp41 p4 #aib2 ,plut>*1 ,erot41 p4 #gea2 & ,lucian1 ,amores1 c4 #ch4 #if ,quot$ by ,a!n1 xiii4 #egc ,b4 #ig ,z ,lycon *ap]on$ ,autolycus at ! fea/ ( ,callias4--,x54 ,symp4 ,boys incurr$ imm$iate suspicion if !y w5t out alone to p>ties4 ,see a fragm5t f ! ,sappho ( ,ephippus 9 ,a!n41 xiii4 p4 #egb ,c4 #ih ,l9e #acg4 ,! joke "h is t ! fa!r 9 ,utopia sugge/s1 ( 8 own accord1 :at 9 ,a!ns he c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 #ii ,page #bbb1 ,j[ett's trans4 #ajj ,cl\ds1 #idh & on4 ,i h abridg$ ! orig9al1 do+ viol5ce to "o ( ! mo/ beautiful pieces ( ,greek poetry4 #aja ,ari/ophanes returns to ?is po9t bel[1 l9e #a1jcf1 :]e he says t y\?s *att] all day 9 ! hot ba?s & leave ! wre/l+-gr\nds empty4 #ajb ,!re 0 a good reason = %unn+ ea*4 ,! ,agora 0 ! meet+-place ( idle gossips1 ! c5tre ( *aff & sc&al4 ,! %ops 71 z we %all see1 ! resort ( bad *>act]s & p&]s4 #ajc ,l9e #a1jga1 et seq4 #ajd ,caps4 #dd1 #de1 #df4 ,! quotation is only an ab/ract ( ! orig9al4 #aje ,worn up to ! age ( ab\t eighte54 #ajf ,comp>e ) ! passages j quot$ two epigrams f ! ,m\sa ,paidik 7,greek ,an?ology1 sect4 #ab73 ,no4 #abc1 f a lov] to a lad :o has conqu]$ 9 a box+-mat*2 ,no4 #aib1 :]e ,/raton says he pref]s ! du/ & oil ( ! wre/l+-gr\nd to ! curls & p]fumes ( a woman's room4 #ajg ,page #bee ,b4 #ajh #a1jbe4 #aji ,*>mides1 p4 #aec4 #aaj ,lysis1 #bjf1 ,?is seems1 h[ev]1 to imply t on o!r occasions !y 7 sep>at$4 #aaa ,*>mides1 p4 #aed1 ,j[ett4 #aab ,page #aee1 ,j[ett4 #aac ,cap4 i4 #h4 #aad ,see cap4 viii4 #g4 ,?is is said be=e ! boy1 & 9 8 he>+4 #aae ,cap4 iii4 #ab4 #aaf ,cap4 iv4 #aj1 et seq4 ,! ,engli% is an abridgm5t4 #aag ,laws1 i4 #fcf ,c4 #aah ,a!n41 xiii4 #fjb ,d4 #aai ,eroticus4 #abj ,l9e #fj1 ascrib$ to ,!ocritus1 b n g5u9e4 #aba ,a!n41 xiii4 #fji ,d4 #abb ,m\sa ,paidik1 #hf4 #abc ,comp>e ! ,atys ( ,catullus3 ,ego muli]1 ego adolesc5s1 ego ephebus1 ego pu]1 ,ego gymnasi fui flos1 ego eram decus olei4 #abd ,see ! law on ^! po9ts 9 s*4 adv4 ,tim>*um4 #abe ,?us ,ari/ophanes1 quot$ above4 #abf ,ari/oph41 ,a*41 #add1 & ,m\sa ,paidik1 #acj4 #abg ,see ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,vases4 #abh ,lysias1 accord+ to ,suidas1 0 ! au?or ( five erotic epi/les adress$ to "y m54 #abi ,see ,ari/oph41 ,plutus1 #aec-aei2 ,birds1 #gjd-gjg4 ,cp4 ,m\sa ,paidik1 #dd1 #bci1 #bcg4 ,! boys made extraord9>y dem&s ^u _! lov]s' g5]osity4 ,! curi\s tale told ab\t ,alcibiades po9ts 9 ?is direction4 ,9 ,crete !y did ! l1 b also set _! lov]s to execute difficult tasks1 z ,eury/heus impos$ ! twelve lab\rs on ,h]akles4 #acj ,page #bi4 #aca ,m\sa ,paidik1 #h3 cp4 a fragm5t ( ,crates1 ,poet ,comici1 ,didot1 p4 #hc4 #acb ,comici ,grci1 ,didot1 pp4 #efb1 #ca1 #cjh4 #acc ,x is curi\s to comp>e ! passage 9 ! second ,philippic ab\t ! y\? ( ,m>k ,antony ) ! /ory told by ,plut>* ab\t ,alcibiades1 :o left ! cu/ody ( 8 gu>dians = ! h\se ( ,democrates4 #acd ,see bo? ,lysias aga9/ ,simon & s*9es aga9/ ,tim>*us4 #ace ,peace1 l9e #aa2 comp>e ! ^w ,pallakion 9 ,plato1 ,comici ,grci1 p4 #bfa4 #acf ,diog4 ,la]t41 ii4 #aje4 #acg ,plato's ,phd1 p4 #hi4 #ach ,orat4 ,attici1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbc4 #aci ,see ,h]odotus4 ,max4 ,tyr4 tells ! /ory 7,diss]t41 xxiv1 #a7 9 detail4 ,! boy's "n 0 ,acton1 :]e=e he may be comp>$1 he says1 to t o!r ,acton :o 0 torn to dea? by 8 own dogs4 #adj #aec4 #ada ,symp41 #bag4 #adb ,phdr41 #bef4 #adc ,page #ag4 ,my quotations are made f ,dobson's ,oratores ,attici1 vol4 xii41 & ! ref]5ces are to 8 pages4 #add ,page #cj4 #ade ,page #fg4 #adf ,page #fg4 #adg ,page #ei4 #adh ,page #ge4 #adi ,page #gh4 #aej *9es1 p4 #bg1 apologises to ,misgolas1 :o 0 a man1 he says1 ( good bre$+1 = be+ oblig$ to expose 8 e>ly connection ) ,tim>*us4 ,misgolas1 h[ev]1 is m ?an once m5tion$ by ! comic poets ) contempt z a notori\s rake4 #aea ,see ,pol41 ii4 #g1 #e2 ii4 #f1 #e2 ii4 #i1 #f4 #aeb ,! advocates ( paid]a/ia 9 ,greece tri$ to refute ! argum5t f animals 7,laws1 p4 #fcf ,b2 cp4 ,daphnis & ,*loe1 lib4 #d1 :at ,daphnis says to ,gna?on7 by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,man is n a lion or a be>4 ,social life among human be+s is highly artificial2 =ms ( intimacy unkn[n to ! natural /ate are !re=e to be reg>d$1 l clo?+1 cook+ ( food1 h\ses1 ma*9]y1 c41 z ! inv5tion & privilege ( rational be+s4 ,see ,lucian1 ,amores1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 = a full exposition ( ?is argum5t4 ,see also ,m\sa ,paidik1 #bde4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t _m animals are addict$ to all sorts ( s-call$ unnatural vices4 #aec ,maximus ,tyrius1 :o1 9 ! rhetorical analysis ( love allud$ to be=e 7p4 #agb71 has closely foll[$ ,plato1 insi/s ^u ! confusion introduc$ by language4 ,diss]t41 xxiv4 #c4 ,aga91 ,diss]t41 xxvi4 #d2 & comp>e ,diss]t41 xxv4 #d4 #aed ,?is is ! developm5t ( ! argum5t 9 ! ,phdrus1 :]e ,socrates1 improvis+ an improvem5t on ! spee* ( ,lysias1 comp>es lov]s to wolves & boys to lambs4 ,see ! passage 9 ,max4 ,tyr41 :]e ,socrates is comp>$ to a %eph]d1 ! ,a!nian lov]s to but*]s1 & ! boys to lambs ^u ! m\nta9s4 #aee ,?is aga9 is ! developm5t ( ! :ole eloqu5t analysis ( love1 z x attacks ! un9itiat$ & unphilosophic nature1 9 ! ,phdrus4 #aef ,j[ett's trans41 p4 #hcg4 #aeg ,diss]t41 xxv4 #a4 ,! same au?or p]t95tly rem>ks t1 ?\gh ! tea*+ ( ,socrates on love might well h be5 consid]$ p]il\s1 x1 =m$ no "p ( ! accusations ( ei!r ,anytus or ,ari/ophanes4 ,diss]t41 xxiv41 #e-g #aeh ,?is is a rem>k ( ,diotima's4 ,maximus ,tyrius 7,diss]t41 xxvi4 #h7 gives x a v rational int]pretation4 ,n[h]e else1 he says1 b 9 ! human =m1 does ! light ( ! div9e beauty %9e s cle>4 ,?is is ! ^w ( classic art1 ! ^w ( ! humanities1 to use a phrase ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x f9ds an e*o 9 _m beautiful sonnets ( ,mi*elangelo4 #aei ,see ,b]gk41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #faf-fbi1 = a critique ( ! canon ( ! highly paid]a/ic epigrams :i* be> ,plato's "n & = _! text4 #afj ,i select ! ,vita ,nuova z ! mo/ em95t example ( m$ival erotic my/icism4 #afa ,tusc41 iv4 #cc2 ,decl9e & ,fall1 cap4 xliv4 note #aib4 #afb ,see ,mei]1 cap4 #ae4 #afc ,cap4 #bc4 #afd ,cap4 #ed4 #afe ,page #d4 #aff ,x is noticeable t 9 all ages m5 ( le>n+ h be5 obnoxi\s to paid]a/ic passions4 ,dante says 7,inf]no1 xv4 #ajf73-- ,9 somma sappi1 *e tutti fur *]ci1 ,e lett]ati gr&i e di gran fama1 ,d'un m$esmo poccato al mondo l]ci4 ,comp>e ,ario/o1 ,satire1 vii4 #afg ,diss]t41 xxvi4 #i4 #afh ,i am aw>e t ! g5u95ess ( ! essay has be5 que/ion$4 #afi ,m\sa ,paidik1 i4 #agj ,ibid41 #bjh4 #aga ,ibid41 #beh1 #b4 #agb ,ibid41 #gj1 #fe1 #fi1 #aid1 #bbj1 #bba1 #fg1 #fh1 #gh1 & o!rs4 #agc ,p]haps t5 are ( ?is sort4 #agd #h1 #abe1 = example4 #age #acb1 #bef1 #bba4 #agf #bai4 #agg #g4 #agh #ag4 ,comp>e #hf4 #agi ,ed4 ,kays]1 pp4 #cdc-cff4 #ahj ,x is wor? comp>+ ! lett]s ( ,philo/ratus ) ^? ( ,alciphron1 a contempor>y ( ,lucian4 ,9 ! latt] !re is no h9t ( paid]a/ia4 ,! life ( p>asites1 grisettes1 lorettes1 & "y m5 ab\t t[n at ,a!ns is set =? 9 imitation probably ( ! lat] com$y4 ,a!ns is %[n to h be5 a ,p>is la ,murg]4 #aha ,see ! introduction by ,m>cus ,aurelius to 8 ,m$itations4 #ahb ,see quotations 9 ,ros5baum1 #aai-adj4 #ahc ,see ,a!n41 xii4 #eag1 = an acc\nt ( _! grotesque s5suality4 #ahd ,! foll[+ passage may be extract$ f a lett] ( ,w9ckelmann 7see ,pat]'s ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance1 p4 #afb73 ,z x is confess$ly ! beauty ( man :i* is to be conceiv$ "u "o g5]al idea1 s ,i h notic$ t ^? :o are obs]vant ( beauty only 9 wom51 & are mov$ little or n at all by ! beauty ( m51 seldom h an imp>tial1 vital1 inborn in/9ct = beauty 9 art4 ,to su* p]sons ! beauty ( ,greek art w ev] seem want+1 because its supreme beauty is r male ?an female4 ,to ?is ,i ?9k we ought to add t1 :ile x is true t ! supreme beauty ( ,greek art is r male ?an female1 ?is is due n s mu* to any passion ( ! ,greeks = male beauty z to ! fact t ! male body exhibits a high] organisation ( ! human =m ?an ! female4