,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3 ,,pap] #h ,,! ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,( ,,william ,,gilb]t ,,& ,,8 ,,pr$ecessors ,w4 ,james ,k+ ,by ,w4 ,james ,k+ ,,! ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,( ,,william ,,gilb]t ,,& ,,8 ,,pr$ecessors ,until sev]al decades ago1 ! physical sci5ces 7 consid]$ to h _h _! orig9s 9 ! #ag? c5tury--me*anics beg9n+ ) m5 l ,galileo ,galilei & magnetism ) m5 l ! ,elizabe?an physician & sci5ti/ ,william ,gilb]t4 ,hi/orians ( sci5ce1 h[ev]1 h trac$ _m ( ! #ag? c5tury's concepts ( me*anics back into ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"h1 ,gilb]t's explanation ( ! load/one & its p[]s is comp>$ ) explanations to be f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,ages & e>li]4 ,f ?is comp>ison x appe>s t ,gilb]t c be/ be und]/ood by consid]+ him n s mu* a h]ald ( ! new sci5ce z a modifi] ( ! old4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,w4 ,james ,k+ is curator ( electricity1 ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution's ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,! ye> #afjj saw ! publication by an ,engli% physician1 ,william ,gilb]t1 ( a book on ! load/one4 ,entitl$ ,de magnete1#a x has traditionally be5 cr$it$ ) lay+ a f\ndation = ! mod]n sci5ce ( electricity & magnetism4 ,! foll[+ essay is an attempt to exam9e ! basis = su* a tradition by det]m9+ :at ,gilb]t's orig9al contributions to ^! sci5ces 71 & to make explicit ! s5se 9 :i* he may be consid]$ z be+ dep5d5t ^u e>li] "w4 ,9 ?is mann] a m accurate e/imate ( 8 position 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce may be made4 #a ,william ,gilb]t1 ,de magnete1 magneticisque corporibus et de magno magnete tellure2 physiologia nova1 plurimis argum5tis1 exp]im5tis1 demon/rata1 ,london1 #afjj1 #bdj pp41 ) an introduction by ,edw>d ,wright4 ,all ref]5ces to ,gilb]t 9 ?is article1 unless o!rwise not$1 are to ! ,am]ican translation by ,p4 ,fleury ,mottelay1 #cfh pp41 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahic1 & are designat$ by ! lett] ,m4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,lat9 text ( ! #afjj edition has be5 quot$ :]ev] ,i h disagre$ ) ! ,mottelay translation4 ,a good s\rce ( in=mation on ,gilb]t is ,dr4 ,duane ,h4 ,d4 ,roll]'s doctoral !sis1 writt5 "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,i4 ,b4 ,coh5 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,dr4 ,roll]1 at pres5t ,curator ( ! ,de ,goly] ,collection at ! ,univ]sity ( ,oklahoma1 in=m$ me t an exp&$ v]sion ( 8 diss]tation w %ortly appe> 9 book =m4 ,un=tunately 8 rese>*es 7 n kn[n to me until aft] ?is article 0 complet$4 ,"o crit]ion z to ! book's significance 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce c be appli$ almo/ imm$iately4 ,a numb] ( hi/orians h po9t$ to ! introduction ( numb]s & geometry z m>k+ a wat]%$ betwe5 ! mod]n & ! m$ieval und]/&+ ( nature4 ,?us ,a4 ,koyr consid]s ! ,ar*im$eanization ( space z "o ( ! necess>y features ( ! developm5t ( mod]n a/ronomy & physics4#b ,a4 ,n4 ,:itehead & ,e4 ,cassir] h turn$ to measurem5t & ! quantification ( =ce z m>k+ ?is transition4#c ,h[ev]1 ! obvi\s abs5ce#d ( su* te*niques 9 ,de magnete makes x difficult to consid] ,gilb]t z a f\nd] ( mod]n electricity & magnetism 9 ?is s5se4 #b ,alex&re ,koyr1 tudes galilennes1 ,p>is1 #aici4 #c ,alfr$ ,n4 ,:itehead1 ,sci5ce & ! mod]n _w1 ,new ,york1 #aibe1 *4 #c2 ,ern/ ,cassir]1 ,das ,erk5ntnisproblem1 ed4 #c1 ,b]l91 #aibb1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cad-cah1 #ceb-cei4 #d ,h[ev]1 see ,m3 pp4 #afa1 #afb1 #afh1 #cce4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--,,william ,,gilb]t',s ,,book ,,on ,,! ,,load/one1 ,,title ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition1 ,,f ,a ,,copy ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,congress4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress47 ,!re is ano!r s5se 9 :i* x is possible to cont5d t ,gilb]t's treatise introduc$ mod]n /udies 9 ^! fields4 ,he has frequ5tly be5 cr$it$ ) ! introduction ( ! inductive me?od bas$ ^u /ubborn facts1 9 contra/ to ! me?ods & cont5t ( m$ieval ,ari/otelianism4#e ,no sci5ce c be bas$ ^u faulty obs]vations & c]ta9ly mu* ( ,de magnete 0 devot$ to ! de/ruction ( ! fanta/ic tales & occult sympa?ies ( ! ,romans1 ! m$ieval writ]s1 & ! ,r5aissance4 ,h[ev]1 let u also rememb] t ,gilb]t add$ few novel empirical facts ( a fundam5tal nature to previ\s obs]vations on ! load/one4 ,gilb]t's exp]im5tal "w 0 9 l>ge "p an expansion ( ,petrus ,p]egr9us' ,de magnete ( #abfi1f & a developm5t ( works l ,rob]t ,norman's ,! new attractive1#g 9 :i* ! au?or discuss$ h[ "o c\ld %[ exp]im5tally ! decl9ation & incl9ation ( a magnetiz$ ne$le1 & l ,william ,bor\gh's ,disc\rse on ! v>iation ( ! compass or magnetiz$ ne$le1#h 9 :i* ! au?or sugge/$ ! use ( magnetic decl9ation & incl9ation = navigational purposes b felt too little 0 kn[n ab\t x4 ,t o!r sea-go+ nations _h be5 consid]+ us+ ! prop]ties ( ! magnetic compass to solve _! problems ( navigation 9 ! same mann] c be se5 f ,simon ,/ev9's ,de hav5v9d+4#i #e ,= example1 ,william ,:ewell1 ,hi/ory ( ! inductive sci5ces1 ed4 #c1 ,new ,york1 #aheh1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #aib & #bag2 ,*>les ,s+]1 ,a %ort hi/ory ( sci5ce to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,ox=d1 #aidc1 pp4 #ahh & #cdc2 & ,a4 ,r4 ,hall1 ,! sci5tific revolution1 ,bo/on1 #aief1 p4 #ahe4 #f ,petri ,p]egr9i m>icurt5is1 de magnete1 seu rota p]petui motus1 libellus1 a repr9t ( ! #aeeh ,angsburg edition 9 ,j4 ,g4 ,g4 ,hellmann1 ,r>a magnetica1 ,b]l91 #ahih1 n pag9at$4 ,a numb] ( editions ( ,p]egr9us1 "w1 bo? ascrib$ to him & plagi>iz$ f him1 appe>$ 9 ! #af? c5tury 7see ,he9z ,balm]1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,erk5ntnis des ,erdmagnetismus1 ,a>au1 #aief1 pp4 #bdi-bee74 #g ,hellmann1 ibid41 ,rob]t ,norman1 ,! newe attractive1 conta9yng a %ort disc\rse ( ! magnes or lode/one1 & amonge/ o!r 8 v]tues1 ( a newe discov]$ secret & subtill prop]tie1 conc]nyng ! decl9yng ( ! ne$le1 t\*$ !re) "u ! pla9e ( ! horizon4 ,n[ fir/ f\nde out by ,rob]t ,norman ,hydrograph]4 ,london1 #aeha4 ,! possibility is pres5t t ,norman's "w 0 a direct /imulus to ,gilb]t1 = ,wright's introduction to ,de magnete /at$ t ,gilb]t />t$ 8 /udy ( magnetism ! ye> foll[+ ! publication ( ,norman's book4 #h ,hellman1 ibid41 ,william ,bor\gh1 ,a disc\rse ( ! v>iation ( ! compasse1 or magneticall ne$le4 ,:]e9 is ma!matically %ew$1 ! mann] ( ! obs]vation1 effects1 & application !re(1 made by ,w4 ,b4 ,& is to be annex$ to ! newe attractive ( ,r4 ,n4 ,london1 #aeif4 #i ,hellman1 ibid41 ,simon ,/ev91 ,de hav5v9d+1 ,leyd51 #aeii4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,wright translat$ ,/ev9's "w into ,engli%4 ,in/ead ( new exp]im5tal in=mation1 ,gilb]t's major contribution to natural philosophy 0 t reveal$ 9 ! title ( 8 book--a new philosophy ( nature1 or physiology1 z he call$ x1 aft] ! e>ly ,greeks4 ,gilb]t's attempt to organize ! mass ( empirical in=mation & speculation t came f s*ol>s & artisans1 f *>t & in/rum5t mak]s1 made him ! fa!r ( ! magnetic ,philosophy4#aj #aj ,z ,edw>d ,wright 0 to call him 9 8 introduction4 ,gilb]t's ,de magnete 0 n ! fir/ attempt to det]m9e ! nature ( ! load/one & to expla9 h[ x c\ld influ5ce o!r load/ones or iron4 ,x is typical ( ,greek philosophy t "o ( ! fir/ ref]5ces we h to ! load/one is n to its prop]ties b to ! problem ( h[ to expla9 ^! prop]ties4 ,ari/otle#aa pres]v$ ! solution ( ! fir/ ( ! ,ionian physiologi/s3 ,?ales too 444 seems to suppose t ! s\l is 9 a s5se ! cause ( movem5t1 s9ce he says t a /one has a s\l because x causes movem5t to iron4 ,plato turn$ to a simil> animi/ic explanation 9 8 dialogue1 ,ion4#ab ,su* an animi/ic solution p]vad$ _m ( ! lat] explanations4 #aa ,ari/otle1 ,on ! s\l1 translat$ by ,w4 ,s4 ,hett1 ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #aice1 #dje;a#bj 7see also #daa;a#h3 ,"s ?9k t ! s\l p]vades ! :ole univ]se1 :5ce p]haps came ,?ales' view t ev]y?+ is full ( gods74 #ab ,plato1 ,ion1 translat$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,m4 ,lamb1 ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #aibe1 #ecc 7see also #ecf74 ,t a me*anical explanation is also possible 0 %[n by ,plato 9 8 ,timaeus4#ac ,he argu$ t s9ce a vacuum does n exi/1 !re mu/ be a pl5um ?r\gh\t all space4 ,motion ( ?is pl5um c c>ry objects along ) x1 & "o c\ld 9 ?is mann] expla9 attractions l t due to amb] & ! load/one4 #ac ,plato1 ,timaeus1 translat$ by ,r4 ,g4 ,bury1 ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #aibi1 #hj4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e :i* explanation ,plato pref]r$1 = 9 bo? cases ! speak] may be only a foil = ,plato's op9ion r ?an an expression ( ^! op9ions4 ,ano!r me*anical explanation 0 bas$ ^u a po/ulat$ t5d5cy ( atoms to move into a vacuum r ?an ^u ! latt]'s non-exi/5ce4 ,lucretius re/at$ ?is ,epicurean explanation 9 8 ,de r]um natura4#ad ,atoms f ! load/one pu% away ! air & t5d to cause a vacuum to =m outside ! load/one4 ,! /ructure ( iron is su* t x1 unlike o!r mat]ials1 c be pu%$ into ?is empty space by ! ?rong+ atoms ( air beyond x4 #ad ,lucretius1 ,de r]um natura1 translat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se1 ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #aibd1 bk4 ,,vi1 l9es #iih-ajda4 ,gal5#ae return$ to a quasi-animi/ic solution 9 8 d5ial ( ,epicurus' argum5t1 :i* he /at$ some:at diff]5tly f ,lucretius4 ,"o c inf] t ,gal5 held t all ?+s h1 to a great] or less] degree1 a sympa!tic faculty ( attract+ its specific1 or prop]1 quality to itself4#af ,! load/one is only an inanimate example ( :at "o f9ds 9 nutritive organs 9 organic be+s4 #ae ,gal51 ,on ! natural faculties1 translat$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,brock1 ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #aiaf1 bk4 #a & bk4 #c4 ,a view simil> to ?is appe>$ 9 ,plato1 ,timaeus1 #ha 7see footnote #ac74 #af ,?is same concept 0 to reappe> 9 ! ,middle ,ages z ! incl9atio ad simile4 ,"o ( ! few writ]s ^: explanations ( ! load/one ,gilb]t m5tion$ ) approval is ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,al?\gh ! m$ieval s*ola/ic philosophy ( ,/4 ,?omas seems =eign to our way ( ?9k+1 x =m$ a backgr\nd to _m ( ,gilb]t's concepts1 z well z to ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & x w assi/ our discussion to consid] briefly ,?omi/ philosophy & to make its t]m9ology explicit at ?is po9t4#ag #ag ,! backgr\nd = mu* ( ! foll[+ 0 d]iv$ f ,annaliese ,mai]1 ,an d] ,gr5ze von ,s*ola/ik und ,naturwiss5*aft1 ed #b1 ,rome1 #aieb4 ,9 s*ola/ic philosophy1 all be+s & sub/ances are a coalesc5ce ( in*oate matt] & enact+ =m4 ,=m is t :i* gives be+ to matt] & :i* is responsible = ! virtus or p[] to cause *ange1 s9ce matt] 9 itself is in]t4 ,moreov]1 =ms c be grasp$ intellectually1 :5ce ! nature ( a be+ or a sub/ance c be kn[n4 ,any explanation ( ph5om5a has to be bas$ ^u ^! innate natures1 = only if ! nature ( a sub/ance is kn[n c its prop]ties be und]/ood4 ,inanimate natures are det]m9$ by obs]vation1 ab/raction1 & induction1 or by classification4#ah #ah ,/4 ,?omas' epi/emology = ! natural inanimate _w 0 bas$ ^u ,ari/otle's dictum3 t :i* is 9 ! m9d 0 9 ! s5ses fir/4 ,! nature ( a sub/ance is causally prior to its prop]ties2 :ile ! def9ition ( ! nature is logically prior to ^! prop]ties4 ,?us1 :at we call ! !ory ( a sub/ance is express$ 9 its def9ition1 & its prop]ties c be d$uc$ f ?is def9ition4 ,! _w ( ,/4 ,?omas is n a /atic "o1 b "o ( ! ,ari/otelian motions ( quantity 7*ange ( size71 ( quality 7alt]ation71 & ( place 7locomotion74 ,ano!r k9d ( *ange is t ( sub/ance1 call$ g5]ation & corruption1 b ?is is a mutation1 occurr+ in/antly1 r ?an a motion1 t requires "t4 ,9 mutation ! ess5tial nature is replac$ by a new sub/antial =m4 ,all ^! *anges are motivat$ by a causal hi]>*y t ext5ds f ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,dator ,=m>um1 or ,creator1 to sep>ate intellectual sub/ances t may be angels or demons1 to ! cele/ial bodies t are ! g5]antia ( ! sub/antial =ms ( ! elem5ts & f9ally to ! f\r prime qualities 7dry & wet1 hot & cold7 ( ! sub/antial =ms4 ,accid5tal =ms are motivat$ by ! sub/antial =ms ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! f\r prime qualities1 :i* c only act by mat]ial contact4 ,! only causal ag5ts 9 ?is hi]>*y t are le>n$ ?r\gh ! s5ses are ! tangible qualities4 ,usually ! prime qualities are n obs]v$ directly1 b only o!r qualities comp\nd$ ( !m4 ,"o ( ! problems ( s*ola/ic philosophy 0 ! incorporation1 into ?is sy/em ( effici5t ag5ts1 ( o!r qualities1 su* z ! qualities ( gravity & levity t are responsible = upw>d & d[nw>d motion4 ,besides ! causal hi]>*y ( =ms1 ! natural _w ( ,/4 ,?omas exi/$ 9 a sub/antial & spatial hi]>*y4 ,all sub/ances :e!r an elem5t or a mixture ( elem5ts h a place 9 ?is hi]>*y by virtue ( _! nature4 ,if ! mat]ial 7 remov$ f its prop] place1 x w\ld t5d to return4 ,9 ?is mann] is obta9$ ! natural d[nw>d motion ( e>? & ! natural upw>d motion ( fire4 ,local motion c also be caus$ by ! virtus coeli g5]at+ a new =m1 or ?r\gh ! qualitative *ange ( alt]ation4 ,s9ce ea* elem5t & mixture has its own natural place 9 ! hi]>*y ( mat]ial sub/ances1 & ?is place is det]m9$ by its nature1 *anges ( nature due to a *ange ( ! =m c produce local motion4 ,if be=e *ange ! sub/ance is 9 its natural place1 x ne$ n be aft]w>ds1 & if n1 w\ld !n t5d to move to its new natural place4 ,x w be not$ t ! s*ola/ic explanation ( inanimate motion involv$ ! action & passion ( an active ext]nal mov] & a passive capacity to be mov$4 ,:5ce ! def9ition ( motion t ,desc>tes#ai 0 lat] to d]ide1 motus e/ actus entis 9 pot5tia pr\t quod 9 pot5tia4 #ai ,r5 ,desc>tes1 ,oeuvres1 ,*>les ,adam & ,paul ,tann]y1 ,p>is1 #ahig-aiaj1 vol4 #b1 p4 #eig 7lett] to ,m]s5ne1 #af ,oct41 #afci71 & vol4 #aa 7,le ,monde71 p4 #ci4 ,! orig9al def9ition c be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle1 ,physics1 translat$ by ,p4 ,h4 ,wick/ead & ,f4 ,m4 ,corn=d1 ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #aicd1 #bja;a#aj4 ,aqu9as rephrases ! def9ition z ,motus e/ actus exi/5tis 9 pot5tia secundum quod huius modi4 ,see ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,op]a omnia1 ,antw]p1 #afab1 vol4 #b1 ,physicorum ,ari/otelis expositio1 lib4 #c1 lect4 #b1 cap4 a1 p4 #bi4 ,we h se5 above t ! motor ess5tialis = t]re/ial *ange is ! virtus coeli4 ,?us ! enact+ s\rce ( all motion & *ange is ! heav5s & ! heav5ly p[]s1 :ile ! e>? & its inhabitants becomes ! focus or passive recipi5t ( ^! actions4 ,9 ?is mann] ! s*ola/ic re/at$ 9 philosophical t]ms ! drama ( an e>?-c5t]$ univ]se4 ,al?\gh *ange or motion is normally effect$ ?r\gh ! above m5tion$ causal hi]>*y1 x is n always necess>y t actualization pass f ! ,fir/ ,cause d[n ?r\gh ea* /ep ( ! hi]>*y to t]m9ate 9 ! qualities ( ! individual be+4 ,"s ( ! /eps c\ld be by-pass$3 = in/ance man's body is "u ! direct influ5ce ( ! cele/ial bodies1 8 intellect "u t ( ! angels & 8 w "u ,god4#bj ,ano!r example ( effects n produc$ ?r\gh ! tangible prime qualities is t ( ! tide-produc+ influ5ce ( ! moon on ! wat]s ( ! ocean or ! p[]s ( ! load/one ov] iron4 ,su* causal relations1 :]e "s memb]s ( ! normal causal *a9 h be5 circumv5t$1 are call$ occult4#ba #bj ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 vol4 #i1 ,summa contra g5tiles1 lib4 #c1 cap4 #ib 7,quo modo dicitur aliquis b5e =tunatus et quo modo adjuvatur homo ex sup]ioribus causis71 p4 #cdc4 #ba ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 vol4 #ag ,opuscula1 ,de op]ationibus occultis naturae ad que9dam militem ultramontem1 pp4 #bac-bbd4 ,:ile ,/4 ,?omas ref]r$ to ! load/one 9 a numb] ( places z some?+ ^: nature & occult prop]ties are well kn[n1 x 0 always z an example or z a tang5tial ref]5ce4 ,"o does n f9d a sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! load/one 9 ,/4 ,?omas1 b !re are en\gh ref]5ces to provide a fairly explicit /atem5t ( :at he consid]$ to be ! nature ( ! magnet4 ,9 "o ( 8 e>lie/ writ+s1 ,/4 ,?omas argu$ t ! magnet attracts iron because ?is is a necess>y consequ5ce ( its nature4#bb ,respondeo dic5dum1 quod omnibus rebus naturalit] insunt qua$am pr9cipia1 quibus non solum op]ationes proprias effic]e possunt1 s$ quibus etiam eas conv5i5tes f9i suo r$dant1 sive s9t actiones quae consequantur rem aliquam ex natura sui g5]is1 sive consequantur ex natura speciei1 ut magneti competit f]ri deorsum ex natura sui g5]is1 et attrah]e f]rum ex natura speciei4 ,sicut autem 9 rebus ag5tibus ex necessitate naturae sunt pr9cipia actionum ipsae =mae1 a quibus op]ationes proprie prodeunt conv5i5tes f9i4444 ,due to its g5]ic =m1 ! load/one is subject to natural motion ( place ( up & d[n4 ,h[ev]1 ! virtus ( its specific =m enabl$ x to produce ano!r k9d ( motion--x c\ld draw iron to itself4 ,normally ! virtus ( a sub/ance is limit$ to ^? contact effects t c\ld be produc$ by ! =m op]at+ ?r\gh ! active qualities ( "o sub/ance1 on ! relatively passive qualities ( ano!r4 ,/4 ,?omas ass]t$ ! load/one to be "o ( ^! m9]als1 ! occult p[]s ( ^: =m goes beyond ^? ( ! prime qualities4#bc ,=ma enim elem5ti non habet aliquam op]ationem nisi quae fit p] qualitates activas et passivas1 quae sunt dispositiones mat]iae corporalis4 ,=ma autem corporis m9]alis habet aliquam op]ationem exc$5tem qualitates activas et passivas1 quae consequitur speciem ex influ5tia corporis coele/is1 ut quod magnes attrahit f]rum1 et quod saphirus curat apo/ema4 ,t ?is occult p[] ( ! load/one is a result ( ! direct influ5ce ( ! virtus coeli 0 exp\nd$ at great] l5g? 9 8 treatise on ! s\l4#bd ,quod quidem ex propriis =m>um op]ationibus p]p5di pote/4 ,=mae enim elem5torum1 quae s9t infimae et mat]iae prop9quissime1 non hab5t aliquam op]ationem exc$5tem qualitates activas et passivas1 ut r>um et d5sum1 et aliae huiusmodi1 qui vid5tur esse mat]iae dispositiones4 ,sup] has autem sunt =mae mi/orum quae praet] pra$ictas op]ationes1 hab5t aliquam op]ationem consequ5tem speciem1 quam =tiuntur ex corporibus coele/ibus2 sicut quod magnes attrahit f]rum non propt] calorem aut frigiis1 aut aliquid huiusmodi2 s$ ex quadam p>ticipatione virtutis coele/is4 ,sup] has autem =mas s9t it]um animae plant>um1 quae hab5t similitud9em non solum ad ipsa corpora coele/ia1 s$ ad motores corporum coele/ium1 inquantum sunt pr9cipia cuiusdam motus1 quibusdam seipsa mov5tibus4 ,sup] has autem ult]ius sunt animae brutorum1 quae similitud9em iam hab5t ad sub/antiam mov5tem coele/ia corpora1 non solum 9 op]atione qua mov5t corpora1 s$ etiam 9 hoc quod 9 seipsis cognoscitivae sunt1 licet brutorum cognitio sit mat]ialium tantum et mat]ialit]4444 ,/4 ,?omas plac$ ! =m ( ! magnet & its p[]s 9 ! hi]>*y ( =ms int]m$iate betwe5 ! =ms ( ! inanimate _w & ! =ms ( ! organic _w ) its hi]>*y ( plant1 animal & rational s\ls4 ,! =m ( ! load/one is !n sup]ior to t ( iron1 :i* c only act ?r\gh its active & passive qualities1 b inf]ior to ! plant s\l1 t has ! p[]s ( gr[? f ! virtus coeli4 ,?is is simil> to ,gal5's comp>ison ( ! magnet's p[]s to t ( ! nutritive p[]s ( organic bodies4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's ,physics1 ,/4 ,?omas expla9$ h[ iron is mov$ to ! magnet4 ,x is mov$ by "s quality imp>t$ to ! iron by ! magnet4#be ,illud ergo trah]e dicitur1 quod movet alt]um ad seipsum4 ,mov]e autem aliquid secundum locum ad seipsum cont+it triplicit]4 ,uno modo sicut f9is movet2 unde et f9is dicitur trah]e1 secundum illud poetate3 trahit sua quemque voluptas3 et hoc modo pote/ dici quod locus trahit id1 quod naturalit] movetur ad locum4 ,alio modo pote/ dici aliquid trah]e1 quia movet illud ad seipsum alt]&o aliqualit]1 ex qua alt]atione cont+it quod alt]atum moveatur secundum locum3 et hoc modo magnes dicitur trah]e f]rum4 ,sicut enim g5]ans movet gravia et levia1 inquantum dat eis =m>um p] quam mov5tur ad locum1 ita et magnes dat aliquam qualitatem f]ro1 p] quam movetur ad ipsum4 ,et quod hoc sit v]um patet ex tribus4 ,primo quidem quia magnes non trahit f]rum ex quacumque di/antia1 s$ ex prop9quo2 si autem f]rum mov]etur ad magnetem solum sicut ad f9em1 sicut grave ad suum locum1 ex qualibet di/antia t5d]et ad ipsum4 ,secundo1 quia1 si magnes aliis p]ungatur1 f]rum attrah]e non pote/2 quasi aliis vim alt]ativam ipsius imp$i5tibus1 aut etiam 9 contr>ium alt]antibus4 ,t]tio1 quia ad hoc quod magnes attrahat f]rum1 oportet prius f]rum l9iri cum magnete1 maxime si magnes sit p>vus2 quasi ex magnete aliquam virtutem f]rum accipiat ut ad eum moveatur4 ,sic igitur magnes attrahit f]rum non solum sicut f9is1 s$ etiam sicut mov5s et alt]ans4 ,t]tio modo dicitur aliquid attrah]e1 quia movet ad seipsum motu locali tantum4 ,et sic def9itur hic tractio1 pr\t unum corpus trahit alt]am1 ita quod trah5s simul moveatur cum eo quod trahitur4 ,z ! g5]ans ( t]re/rial *ange moves :at is light & heavy to ano!r place by implant+ a new =m 9 a sub/ance1 s ! magnet moves ! iron by impress+ ^u x ! quality by :i* x is mov$4 ,by virtue ( ! new quality1 ! iron is n 9 its natural place & moves accord+ly4 ,/4 ,?omas prov$ t ! load/one acts z a second>y g5]ans 9 ?ree ways3 7#a7 ! load/one produces an effect n f any di/ance b only f a ne>by position 7%[+ t ?is motion is due to m ?an place alone71 7#b7 rubb+ ! load/one ) g>lic acts z if x imp$es or alt]s ! virtus magnetis1 & 7#c7 ! iron mu/ be prop]ly align$ ) respect to ! load/one 9 ord] to be mov$1 especially if ! load/one is small4 ,?us ! iron is mov$ by ! magnet n only to a place1 b also by *ang+ & alt]+ x3 "o has n only ! *ange ( locomotion b t ( alt]ation4 ,moreov] ! s\rce ( ?is alt]ation 9 ! iron is n ! heav5s b ! load/one4 ,accord+ly ! load/one c\ld cause *ange 9 ano!r sub/ance because x c\ld influ5ce ! nature ( ! o!r sub/ance4 #bb ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 vol #g1 ,scriptum 9 qu>tum librum s5t5ti>um magi/ri ,petri ,lomb>di1 lib4 #d1 disq4 #cc 7,de div]sis coniugii legibus71 art4 #a 7,utrum hab]e plures uxores sit contra legem naturae71 p4 #afh4 ,! same /atem5t occurs 9 "o ( 8 mo/ mature works1 op4 cit4 vol4 #bj1 ,summa !ologica1 p>s #c 7supplem5tum71 quae/io #fe 7,de pluralitate uxorum 9 qu9que articulos divisa71 art4 #a 7,utrum hab]e plures uxores sit contra legem naturae71 p4 #ajg4 #bc ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 vol4 #h1 ,quae/io unica3 de spiritualibus creaturis1 art4 #b 7,utrum sub/antia spiritualis possit uniri corpori71 p4 #djd4 ,see also vol4 #i1 ,summa contra g5tiles1 lib4 #c1 cap4 #ib 7,quomodo dicitur aliquis b5e =tunatus1 et quomodo adjuvatur homo ex sup]ioribus causis71 p4 #cdd2 & vol4 #ag1 ,opuscula1 ,de op]ationibus occultis naturae ad que9dam militem ultramontem1 pp4 #bac-bad4 #bd ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 vol4 #h1 ,quae/io unica3 de anima1 art4 #a 7,utrum anima humana possit esse =ma et hoc aliquid71 p4 #dcg4 ,see also vol4 #h1 ,quae/io3 ,de v]itate1 quae/io #e 7,de provid5tia71 art4 #aj 7,utrum humani actus a div9a provid5tia gub]n5tur m$iis corporibus coele/ibus71 p4 #fgh4 #be ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 vol4 #b1 ,physicorum ,ari/otelis expositio1 lib4 #g1 lect4 #c1 cap4 g 7,probatur 9 motu locali quod mov5s et motum oportet esse simul71 p4 #ig 7quot$ 9 ,gilb]t1 ,m3 p4 #ajd74 ,ab\t ! "t t ,/4 ,?omas 0 writ+ 8 lett] ,de op]ationibus occultis naturae to a c]ta9 knight1 ,petrus ,p]egr9us 0 writ+ f a milit>y camp a lett] 9 :i* he %[$ h[ c]ta9 relatively new effects c\ld be produc$ by ! load/one4 ,he 0 m int]e/$ 9 :at he c\ld d ) ! magnet ?an 9 expla9+ ^! effects4 ,h[ev]1 he discuss$ x at suffici5t l5g? = "o to f9d t 8 explanation ( magnetic ph5om5a 0 basically simil> to t ( 8 contempor>y1 ,/4 ,?omas4 ,p]egr9us bas$ 8 discussion ( ! load/one ^u its nature & analyz$ magnetic ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( ! *ange ( alt]ation4 ,9 magnetic attraction1 ! nature ( ! iron is alt]$ by hav+ a new quality impress$ ^u x1#bf & ! load/one is ! ag5t t makes ! iron ! same species z ! /one4#bg 444 ,oportet enim quod illud quod iam conv]sum e/ ex duobus 9 unum1 sit 9 eadem specie cum ag5te2 quod non esset1 si natura i/ud impossible elig]et4 ,?is impress$ simil>ity to ! ag5t1 ,p]egr9us realiz$1 is n a pole ( ! same pol>ity b "o opposite to t ( ! induc+ pole4 ,to produce ?is effect1 ! virtue ( ! /rong] ag5t dom9ates ! weak] pati5t & impresses ! virtue ( ! /rong] on ! weak] s t !y are made simil>4#bh 444 ,9 cuius attractione1 lapis =tioris virtutis ag5s e/2 debilioris v]o pati5s4 ,a fur!r in/ance ( alt]ation occurs 9 ! rev]sal ( pol>ity ( magnetiz$ iron :5 "o br+s two simil> poles toge!r4 ,aga91 ! /rong] ag5t dom9ates ! weak] pati5t & ! iron is left ) a simil>ity to ! la/ ag5t4#bi 444 ,causa huis e/ impressio ultimi ag5tis1 confund5tis et alt]antis virtutem primi4 ,9 ?is assimilation ( ! ag5t to ! pati5t1 ano!r effect is produc$3 ! ag5t n only desires to assimilate ! pati5t to itself1 b to unite ) x to become "o & ! same4 ,speak+ ( ! motion to come toge!r1 he says3#cj ,huius autem rei causam p] hanc viam fi]i exi/imo3 ag5s enim int5dit suum pati5s non solum sibi assimil>e1 s$ unire1 ut ex ag5te et pati5te fiat unum1 p] num]um4 ,et hoc potes exp]iri 9 i/o lapide mirabili 9 hunc modum4444 ,ag5s ergo1 ut vides exp]im5to1 int5dit suum paci5s sibi unire2 hoc autem fit ratione similitud9is int] ea4 ,oportet ergo 444 virtute attractionis1 fiat una l9ea1 ex ag5te et pati5te1 secundum hunc ord9em 444 ,! nature ( ! magnet1 z an active cause1 t5ds to enact1 & s9ce x acts 9 ! be/ mann] 9 :i* x is able1 x acts s z to pres]ve ! simil>ities ( opposite poles4#ca ,natura autem1 que t5det ad esse1 agit meliori modo quo pote/1 eligit primum ord9em actionis1 9 quo melius salvatur idemptitas1 quam 9 secundo 444 ,?us unlike poles t5d to come toge!r :5 a dissect$ magnet is reassembl$4 ,l ,/4 ,?omas1 ,p]egr9us argu$ t ! magnet receives its p[]s f ! heav5s4 ,b he fur!r specifi$ ?is by decl>+ t diff]5t virtues f ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s fl[ into _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! load/one--f ! poles ( ! heav5s ! virtue fl[s into ! poles ( ! magnet1#cb ,praet]ea cum f]rum1 vel lapis1 v]tatur t>n ad p>tem m]idionalem quam ad p>tem septemtrionalem 444 exi/ima cogimur1 non solum a p>tem septemtrionali1 v]um etiam a m]idionali virtutem influi 9 polos lapidis1 magis quam a locis m9]e 444 ,omnes autem orbes m]idiani 9 polis mundi concurr5t2 qu>e1 a polis mundi1 poli magnetis virtutem recipiunt4 ,et ex hoc app>et manife/e quod non ad /ellam nauticam movetur1 cum ibi non concurrant orbes m]idiani1 s$ 9 polis2 /ella enim nautica1 extra orbem m]idianum cuiuslibet regionis semp] inv5itur1 nisi bis1 9 completa firman5ti revolutione4 ,ex hiis ergo manife/um e/ quod a p>tibus celi1 p>tes magnetis virtutem recipiunt4 & simil>ly = ! o!r p>ts ( ! heav5s & ! o!r p>ts ( ! load/one4#cc ,cet]as autem p>tes lapidis m]ito e/im>e potes1 influ5tiam a reliquis celi p>tibus ret9]e1 ut non sic solum polos lapidis a polis mundi1 s$ totum lapidem a toto celo1 recip]e influ5tiam et virtutem1 e/imes4 ,physical pro( = su* influ5ces 0 adduc$ by ,p]egr9us f ! motions ( ! load/one4 ,t ! poles ( ! load/one receive _! virtue f ! poles ( ! heav5s foll[s exp]im5tally f nor?-s\? alignm5t ( a load/one4 ,t n only ! poles b ! entire load/one receives p[] f correspond+ portions ( ! heav5s foll[s f ! fact t a sph]ical load/one1 :5 prop]ly balanc$1 w\ld foll[ ! motion ( ! heav5s4#cd ,quod tibi tali modo consulo exp]ire3 444 ,et si tunc lapis moveatur secundum celi motum1 gaudeas te esse assecutum secretum mirabile2 si v]o non1 imp]itie tue1 potiusquam nature1 defectus imputetur4 ,9 hoc autem situ1 seu modo positionis1 virtutes lapidis huius e/imo cons]v>i proprie1 et 9 reliquis sitibus celi virtutem eius obsec>i1 seu ebet>i1 potiusquam cons]v>i puto4 ,p] hoc autem in/rum5tum excusab]is ab omni horologio2 nam p] ipsum scire pot]is ,asc5sus 9 quacumque hora volu]is1 et omnes alias celi dispositiones1 quas qu]unt ,a/rologi4 ,z ! heav5s move et]nally1 s ! sph]ical load/one mu/ be a p]petuum mobile4 ,ano!r ( ! s*ol>s ^: explanation ( ! load/one ,gilb]t not$ ) approval 0 ,c>d9al ,ni*olas ( ,cusa4#ce ,! latt]'s ref]5ces to x 7 n z direct z ^? ( ,/4 ,?omas1 b he did use x z an image sev]al times to provide a microcosmic example ( ! relation ( ,god to 8 creation4 ,f ?is "o c inf] t he expla9$ ! pret]natural motion ( ! magnet & ! iron by impress$ qualities1 ! heav5s be+ ! ag5t = ! load/one1 & ! load/one1 ! ag5t = iron4 #bf ,hellmann1 op4 cit4 7footnote #f71 ,p]egr9us1 pt4 #a1 *4 #h4 ,! magnet attracts ! iron secundum naturalem appetitum lapidis 444 s9e resi/5tia4 ,!re is no natural resi/5ce to ?is motion s9ce x is no long] contr>y to ! nature ( ! iron4 ,! nature ( ! iron has *ang$4 #bg ,ibid41 pt4 #a1 *4 #i4 #bh ,ibid41 pt4 #a1 *4 #i4 #bi ,ibid41 pt4 #a1 *4 #h4 #cj ,ibid41 pt4 #a1 *4 #i4 #ca ,ibid41 pt4 #a1 *4 #i4 ,see also footnote #bg4 #cb ,ibid41 pt4 #a1 *4 #aj4 ,see also *4 #d4 #cc ,ibid41 pt4 #a1 *4 #aj4 ,see also *4 #d4 #cd ,ibid41 pt4 #a1 *4 #aj4 #ce ,h[ev]1 he may n always h approv$ ( him4 ,see ,m3#gd2 ,ov]9quisitive !ologians1 too1 seek to light up ,god's my/]ies & ?+s beyond man's und]/&+ by means ( ! load/one & amb]4 ,9 ! ,idiota de sapi5tia ! ,c>d9al us$ ! image ( ! magnet & ! iron to provide a concrete in/ance ( 8 co9cid5tia oppositorum1 to illu/rate h[ et]nal wisdom1 9 ! ,neoplatonic s5se1 c\ld1 at ! same "t1 be pr9ciple or cause ( be+1 its complem5t & also its goal4#cf ,si igitur 9 omni desid]io vitae intellectualis att5d]es1 a quo e/ intellectus1 p] quod movetur et ad quod1 9 te comp]ires dulc$9em sapi5tiae aet]nae illam esse1 quae tibi facit desid]ium tuum ita dulce et delectabile1 ut 9 in]rabili affectu f]>is ad eius compreh5sionem tanquam ad immortalitatem vitae tue1 quasi ad f]rum et magnetem att5das4 ,habet enim f]rum 9 magnete quoddam sui effluxus pr9cipium2 et dum magnes p] sui praes5tiam excitat f]rum grave et pond]osum1 f]rum mirabili desid]io f]tur etiam supra motum naturae1 quo secundum gravitatem deorsum t5d]e debet1 et sursum movetur se 9 suo pr9cipio uni5do4 ,nisi enim 9 f]ro esset qua$am praegu/atio naturalis ipsius magnetis1 non mov]etur plus ad magnetem quam ad alium lapidem2 et nisi 9 lapide esset major incl9atio ad f]rum quam cuprum1 non esset illa attractio4 ,habet igitur spiritus no/] intellectualis ab aet]na sapi5tia pr9cipium sic intellectualit] ess5di1 quod esse e/ con=mius sapi5tae quam aliud non intellectuale4 ,h9c irraditio seu immissio 9 sanctam animam e/ motus desid]iosus 9 excitatione4 ,by virtue ( ! pr9ciple t fl[s f ! magnet to ! iron--:i* pr9ciple is pot5tially 9 ! iron1 = ! iron already has a =eta/e = x--! excit$ iron c\ld transc5d its gravid nature & be pret]naturally mov$ to unite ) its pr9ciple4 ,reciprocally1 ! load/one has a great] attraction to ! iron ?an to o!r ?+s4 ,j z ! p[] ( attraction comes f ! load/one1 s ! ,deity is ! s\rce ( our life4 ,j z ! pr9ciple implant$ 9 ! magnet moves ! iron aga9/ its heavy nature1 s ! ,deity raises u above our bruti% nature s t we may fulfill our life4 ,z ! iron moves to ! load/one1 s we move to ! ,deity z to ! goal & end ( our life4 ,9 ,de pace fidei1 ,cusa#cg aga9 us$ ! iron & magnet z an example ( motion contr>y to & transc5d+ nature4 ,he expla9$ ?is sup]natural motion z be+ due to ! simil>ity betwe5 ! nature ( ! iron & ! magnet1 & ?is 9 turn is analog\s to ! simil>ity betwe5 human spiritual nature & div9e spiritual nature4 ,z ! iron c move upw>d to ! load/one because bo? h simil> natures1 s man c transc5d 8 own nature & move t[>ds ,god :5 8 pot5tial similitude to ,god is realiz$4 ,ano!r image us$ by ,cusa 0 ! comp>ison ( ,*ri/ to ! magnetic ne$le t takes its p[] f ! heav5s & %[s man 8 way4#ch #cf ,ni*olas ( ,cusa 7,nicolaus ,cusaneus71 ,nicolaus von ,cues1 ,texte se9] philosophis*5 ,s*rift51 ed4 ,a4 ,petzelt1 ,/uttg>t1 #aidi1 bk4 #a1 ,idiota de sapi5tia1 p4 #cjf 7quot$ 9 ,gilb]t1 ,m3#ajd74 ,x is int]e/+ t ,cusa held t ! load/one has an incl9ation to iron1 z well z ! conv]se6 #cg ,cusa1 ,cusa ,s*rift51 vol4 #h1 ,de pace fidei1 translat$ by ,l4 ,mohl]1 ,leipzig1 #aidc1 *4 #ab1 p4 #abg4 #ch ,cusa1 ,ex]citationes1 *4 #g1 #efc & #eff1 quot$ 91 ,f4 ,a4 ,s*>pff1 ,des ,c>d9als und ,bis*(s ,nicolaus ,von ,cusa ,wi*tig/e ,s*rift5 9 ,deuts*] ,ueb]setzung1 ,freiburg1 #ahfb1 p4 #dce4 ,see also ,m>t9 ,bill+]1 ,das ,philosophis*e 9 ,d5 ,excitation5 ,des ,nicolaus ,von ,cues1 ,heidelb]g1 #aich1 & ,cusa ,s*rift5 7see footnote #cg71 vol4 #h1 p4 #bji1 note #aje4 ,gilb]t 7,m3 p4 #bbc7 call$ ! compass ! f+] ( ,god4 ,! ,elizabe?an ,engli%man ,rob]t ,norman also turn$ to ! ,deity to expla9 ! wond]ful effects ( ! load/one4#ci ,n[ !re=e 444 div]s h :ett$ _! wits1 yea1 & dull$ !m1 z ,i h m9e1 & yet 9 ! end h be5 con/ra9$ to fly to ! corn]/one3 ,i mean ,god3 :o 444 ha? giv5 ,virtue & p[] to ?is ,/one 444 to %[ "o c]ta9 po9t1 by 8 own nature & appetite 444 & by ! same v]tue1 ! ,ne$le is turn$ ^u 8 own ,c5t]1 ,i mean ! ,c5t] ( 8 ,circul> & invisible ,v]tue 444 ,& surely ,i am ( op9ion1 t if ?is w\ld be f\nd 9 a ,sph]icall =m1 ext5d+ r\nd ab\t ! ,/one 9 ,great ,compass1 & ! dead body ,/one 9 ! middle !r(3 ,^: c5t] is ! c5t] ( 8 a=esaid ,v]tue4 ,& ?is ,i h p>tly prov$1 & made visible to be se5 9 ! same mann]1 & ,god sp>+ me life1 ,i w h]e9 make fur!r ,exp]i5ce4 ,aga91 "o c inf] t ! heav5s imp>t a guid+ pr9ciple to ! iron :i* acts "u ! influ5ce ( ?is ,sup]ior ,cause4 ,"o ( ! po9ts made 9 ,/4 ,?omas' argum5t on motion due to ! load/one 0 t !re is a limit to ! virtus ( ! load/one1 b he did n specify ! nature ( x4 ,norman ref9$ ! ,?omi/ concept ( a b\nd by mak+ x sph]ical 9 =m1 =e%ad[+ ,gilb]t's orbis virtutis4 ,gilb]t's philosophy ( nature does n move f> f s*ola/ic philosophy1 except away f x 9 logical consi/5cy4 ,z ! conc]n ( ,ari/otle & ( ,/4 ,?omas 0 to und]/& be+ & *ange by det]m9+ ! nature ( ?+s1 s ,gilb]t s\ght to write a logos ( ! physis1 or nature1 ( ! load/one--a physiology4#dj ,?is physiology 0 n =mally arrang$ into def9itions obta9$ by induction f exp]i5ce1 b nev]!less !re 0 ! same se>* = ! quiddity ( ! load/one4 ,once "o knew ?is nature !n all ! prop]ties ( ! load/one c\ld be und]/ood4 #ci ,hellmann1 op4 cit4 7footnote #f71 ,norman1 bk4 #a1 *4 #h4 #dj ,m3 p4 #ad4 ,gilb]t describ$ ! nature ( ! load/one 9 ! t]ms ( be+ t 7 curr5t ) 8 s*ol>ly contempor>ies4 ,?is 0 ! same ontology t s*ola/icism _h taught = c5turies--! doctr9e ( =m & matt] t we h already f\nd 9 ,/4 ,?omas & ,ni*olas ( ,cusa4 ,?us we f9d ,ri*>d ,hook]#da rem>k+ t =m gives be+ & t =m 9 o!r creatures is a ?+ proportionable unto ! s\l 9 liv+ creatures4 ,francis ,bacon1#db 9 speak+ ( ! relations betwe5 causes & ! k9ds ( philosophy1 said3 ,physics is ! sci5ce t deals ) effici5t & mat]ial causes :ile ,metaphysics deals ) =mal & f9al causes4 ,john ,donne#dc express$ ! problem ( s*ola/ic philosophy succ9ctly3 ,?is twilight ( two ye>es1 n pa/ or next1 ,"s embleme is ( me1 444 444 ( /uffe & =me p]plext1 ,^: :at & :]e1 9 disputation is 444 ,z we %all see1 ,gilb]t cont9u$ 9 ! same tradition1 b 8 int]pretation ( =m & =mal cause 0 mu* m an?ropomorphic ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,gilb]t began 8 ,de magnete by exp\nd+ ! natural hi/ory ( t portion ( ! e>? ) :i* we are famili>4#dd ,hav+ decl>$ ! orig9 & nature ( ! load/one1 we hold x ne$ful fir/ to give ! hi/ory ( iron also 444 be=e we come to ! explication ( difficulties connect$ ) ! load/one 444 we %all bett] und]/& :at iron is :5 we %all h develop$ 444 :at are ! causes & ! matt] ( metals 444 ,8 treatm5t ( ! orig9 ( m9]als & rocks agre$ 9 ! ma9 ) t ( ,ari/otle1#de b he dep>t$ some:at f ! p]ipatetic doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts ( fire1 air1 wat]1 & e>?4#df ,in/ead1 he replac$ !m by a pair ( elem5ts4#dg 7,if ! rejection ( ! f\r ,ari/otelian elem5ts 7 cle>]1 "o might consid] ?is a "p ( 8 rejection ( ! geoc5tric univ]se b he did n def9e 8 position suffici5tly47#dh #da ,ri*>d ,hook]4 ,( ! laws ( ecclesia/ical polity1 bk4 #a1 *4 #c1 sect4 #d 7,works1 ,ox=d1 ,cl>5don ,press1 #ahfe1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aeg7 #db ,francis ,bacon1 ,de augm5tis sci5ti>um1 bk4 #c1 *4 #d1 9 ,works1 ed4 ,j4 ,sp$d+1 ,r4 ,l4 ,ellis1 & ,d4 ,d4 ,hea?1 ,bo/on1 n4d4 7#aijj871 vol4 #b1 p4 #bfg4 #dc ,! poems ( ,john ,donne1 ed4 ,h4 ,j4 ,c4 ,gri]son1 ,london1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aicc1 p4 #age 7,to ! ,c\ntesse ( ,b$=d1 ,on ,new ,ye>es ,day74 #dd ,m3 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #de ,m3 pp4 #cd1 #ce4 ,ari/otle1 ,works1 ed4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ross1 ,ox=d1 #aijh--aieb1 vol4 #b1 ,de g5]atione et corruptione1 translat$ by ,h4 ,h4 ,joa*im1 #aicj1 vol4 #c1 ,meteorologica1 translat$ by ,e4 ,w4 ,web/]1 #aica4 #df ,m3 pp4 #cd1 #ce1 #fd1 #fe1 #fi1 #ha4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gu]lac has k9dly br\ght to my att5tion ! simil>ity betwe5 ! explanation giv5 9 ,gilb]t & t giv5 9 ! ,meteorologica1 bk4 #c1 *4 #f4 p4 #cgh4 #dg ,m3 p4 #hc4 #dh ,a /atem5t ( ! relation betwe5 ,ari/otle's f\r elem5ts & place c be f\nd 9 ,mai]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ag71 pp4 #adc-ahb4 ,accord+ to ,gilb]t ! prim>y s\rce ( matt] is ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 :]e exhalations & spiritus arise f ! b[els ( ! e>? & cond5se 9 ! e>?'s ve9s4#di ,if ! cond5sations1 or humors1 are homog5e\s1 !y con/itute ! mat]ia prima ( metals4#ej ,f ?is mat]ia prima1 v>i\s metals may be produc$1#ea accord+ to ! p>ticul> humor & ! specificat+ nature ( ! place ( cond5sation4#eb ,! pure/ cond5sation is iron3 ,9 iron is e>? 9 its true & g5u9e nature4#ec ,9 o!r metals1 we h in/ead ( e>?1 cond5s$ & fix$ salts1 :i* are effloresc5ces ( ! e>?4#ed ,if ! cond5s$ exhalation is mix$ 9 ! ve9 ) =eign e>?s already pres5t1 x =ms ores t mu/ be smelt$ to free ! orig9al metal f dross by fire4#ee ,if ^! exhalations %\ld happ5 to pass into ! op5 air1 in/ead ( be+ cond5s$ 9 ! e>?1 !y may return to ! e>? 9 a 7meteoric7 %[] ( iron4#ef #di ,m3 pp4 #ba1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #de4 #ej ,m3 pp4 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #fi2 see1 h[ev]1 pp4 #db-dc3 ,iron ore1 !re=e1 z also manufactur$ iron1 is a metal slightly diff]5t f ! homog5ic telluric body because ( ! metallic humor x has imbib$ 444 #ea ,m3 pp4 #ai1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #db1 #fi4 #eb ,m3 pp4 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch4 #ec ,m3 pp4 #ch1 #fc1 #fi1 #hd2 on p4 #cd he says t iron is m truly ! *ild ( ! e>? ?an any o!r metal2 x is ! h>de/ because ( ! /rong concretion ( ! m e>?y sub/ance4 #ed ,m3 pp4 #ba1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch4 #ee ,m3 pp4 #ce1 #fc4 #ef ,m3 pp4 #de1 #df4 ,gilb]t 0 inde$ writ+ a new physiology1 bo? 9 ! anci5t s5se ( ! ^w & ! mod]n4 ,! process ( ! =mation ( metals _h _m biological ov]tones1 = x 0 a k9d ( metallic epig5esis4#eg ,)9 ! globe are hidd5 ! pr9ciples ( metals & /ones1 z at ! e>?'s surface are hidd5 ! pr9ciples ( h]bs & plants4#eh ,9 all cases1 ! spiritus acts z sem5 & blood t in=m & fe$ ! prop] womb 9 ! g5]ation ( animals4#ei ,! bro!r ut]9e ( iron1#fj ! load/one1 is =m$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,z ! embryo ( a c]ta9 species is ! result ( ! specificat+ nature ( ! womb 9 :i* ! g5]ic se$ has be5 plac$1 s ! k9d ( metal is ! result ( a c]ta9 humor cond5s+ 9 a p>ticul> ve9 9 ! body ( ! e>?4 #eg ,gilb]t's t]m9ology /rongly sugge/s t he 0 famili> ) al*emical lit]ature1 z well z t ( m$ical *emi/ry4 ,he has be5 cr$it$ z be+ highly skill$ 9 *emi/ry4 ,see ,sir ,walt] ,langdon-,br[n1 ,william ,gilb]t3 8 place 9 ! m$ical _w1 ,nature1 vol4 #aed1 pp4 #acf-aci1 #aidd4 #eh ,ibid41 p4 #cg4 #ei ,m3 pp4 #ce1 #cf1 #ec1 #ei4 ,see also ,gal51 op4 cit4 7footnote #ae7 bk4 #b1 *4 #c4 #fj ,m3 pp4 #af1 #ei4 ,gilb]t develop$ ?is biological analogy fur!r by ascrib+ to metals a process ( decay aft] rea*+ maturity4 ,once ^! solid mat]ials h be5 =m$1 !y w deg5]ate unless protect$1 =m+ e>?s ( v>i\s k9ds z a result4#fa ,! r9d ( ! e>?#fb is produc$ by ?is process ( gr[? & decay4 ,if ^! e>?s are soak$ ) humors1 transp>5t mat]ials are =m$4#fc #fa ,m3 pp4 #bj1 #ba1 #cb1 #fa1 #fc1 #ff1 #gj4 #fb ,m3 p4 #ei4 #fc ,m3 p4 #hd4 ,z we %all see bel[1 ! ultimate cause ( ?is int]nal & sup]ficial life is ! motion ( ! e>?1 :i* animation is ! expression ( ! magnetic s\l ( ?is sph]e4#fd ,z ! life ( animals results f ! con/ant work+ ( ! he>t & art]ies1#fe s ! daily motion ( ! e>? results 9 a con/ant g5]ation ( m9]al life )9 ! e>?4 ,9 contra/ to ,ari/otle's#ff mak+ ! motion ( ! heav5s ! cause ( cont9u\s *ange1 ,gilb]t made t ( ! e>? ! remote cause4#fg ,h[ev]1 unlike ! con/ant cyclical transmutation ( sub/ances 9 ,ari/otle1 !re is only g5]ation & decay4 #fd ,m3 pp4 #caj1 #caa1 #cab4 #fe ,m3 p4 #cch4 ,a some:at diff]5t op9ion1 al?\gh n necess>ily inconsi/5t is express$ on p4 #ff1 :]e he says ! surface is due to ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 ! wat]s1 & ! radiations & o!r influ5ces ( heav5ly bodies4 #ff ,ari/otle1 op4 cit4 7footnote #de71 ,de g5]atione et corruptione1 bk4 #b1 *4 #aj4 #fg ,m3 pp4 #caa1 #ccd1 #cch4 ,gilb]t made a numb] ( successive g5]alizations 9 ord] to arrive at ! induction t ! =m ( ! load/one is a microcosmic anima ( t ( ! e>?4#fh ,aft] comp>+ ! prop]ties ( ! load/one & ( iron1 8 fir/ /ep 9 ?is induction 0 t ! two mat]ials1 f\nd ev]y:]e1#fi are consangu9e\s3#gj ,^! two associat$ bodies possess ! true1 /rict =m ( "o species1 ?\gh because ( ! outw>dly diff]5t aspect & ! inequality ( ! selfsame innate pot5cy1 !y h hi!rto be5 held to be diff]5t 444 ,good iron & good load/one are m simil> ?an a good & a poor load/one1 or a good & a poor iron ore4#ga ,moreov]1 !y h ! same pot5cy1#gb = ! innate pot5cy ( "o c be pass$ to ! o!r3#gc ,! /rong] invigorates ! weak]1 n z if x imp>t$ ( its own sub/ances or p>t$ ) aught ( its own /r5g?1 nor z if x inject$ into ! o!r any physical sub/ance2 b r ! dormant p[] ( ! "o is awak5$ by ! o!r's )\t exp5diture4 ,9 addition1 ! pot5cy c be pass$ only to ! o!r4#gd ,f9ally !y bo? h ! same hi/ory3 ,we see bo? ! f9e/ magnet & iron ore visit$ z x 7 by ! same ills & diseases1 act+ 9 ! same way & ) ! same indications1 pres]v$ by ! same rem$ies & protective measures1 & s reta9+ _! prop]ties 444 !y are bo? impair$ by ! action ( acrid liquids z ?\gh by poison#ge 444 ea* is sav$ f impairm5t by be+ kept 9 ! scrap+s ( ! o!r4 ,s 444 =m1 ess5ce & appe>ance are "o4#gf ,any diff]5ce betwe5 ! load/one prop] & ! iron prop] is due to a diff]5ce 9 ! actual p[] ( ! magnetic virtue3#gg ,weak load/ones are ^? disfigur$ ) dross metallic humors & ) =eign e>? admixtures1 h5ce "o may conclude !y are fur!r remov$ f ! "m e>? & are m deg5]ate4 #fh ,m3 pp4 xlvii1 #cji1 #cbh4 #fi ,m3 pp4 #ah1 #bj1 #dd1 #df1 #fi4 #gj ,m3 pp4 #ei1 #fa1 #fc4 #ga ,m3 pp4 #fj1 #fc4 #gb ,m3 p4 #aaj4 #gc ,m3 pp4 #fj1 #fa4 #gd ,m3 p4 #fb4 #ge ,m3 p4 #fc4 #gf ,m3 p4 #fj4 #gg ,m3 pp4 #ai1 #ba1 #dc1 #ec1 #fa1 #fc1 #ahd4 ,gilb]t's second induction 0 t !y are true & intimate p>ts ( ! globe1#gh t is1 t !y are piece ( ! mat]ia prima ( all we see ab\t u4 ,= !y seem to conta9 )9 !mselves ! pot5cy ( ! e>?'s core & ( its inmo/ visc]a4#gi ,:5ce1 9 ,gilb]t's philosophy1 ! e>?y matt] ( ! elem5ts 0 n passive or in]t#hj z x 0 9 ,ari/otle's1 b already _h ! magnetic p[]s ( load/one4 ,be+ end[$ ) prop]ties1 x 01 9 p]ipatetic t]ms1 a simple body4 #gh ,m3 p4 #fa4 #gi ,m3 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #hj ,m3 p4 #fi4 ,gilb]t is confus+ ,ari/otelian matt] & an elem5t4 ,he includes cold & dry1 ) =mless & in]t6 ,see also ,mai]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ag74 ,if ^! pieces ( e>? prop]1 be=e decay1 are load/ones1 !n "o may pass to ! next induction t ! e>? itself is a load/one4#ha ,conv]sely1 a t]rella has all ! prop]ties ( ! e>?3#hb ,e sep>ate fragm5t ( ! e>? exhibits 9 indubitable exp]im5ts ! :ole impetus ( magnetic matt]2 9 its v>i\s movem5ts x foll[s ! t]re/ial globe & ! common pr9ciple ( motion4#hc #ha ,m3 p4 #fc2 bk4 #a1 *4 #ag4 #hb ,m3 pp4 #fg1 #aha-ahc1 #bce-bdj1 #bha-bhi1 #cac-cad4 #hc ,m3 p4 #ga4 ,see also pp4 #cad & #cca4 ,x is n cle>1 at ?is po9t1 :e!r he believ$ a prop]ly balanc$ t]rella w\ld be a p]petuum mobile4 ,! next induction t ,gilb]t made 0 t z ! magnet possesses v]ticity & turns t[>ds ! poles1 s ! load/one-e>? possesses a v]ticity & turns on an axis fix$ 9 direction4#hd ,he c\ld n[ discuss ! motions ( a load/one 9 g5]al1 9 t]ms ( its nature1 j z an ,ari/otelian discuss$ ! motion ( ! elem5ts 9 t]ms ( _! nature4 #hd ,m3 pp4 #fh1 #gj-ga1 #ig1 #abi1 #agi-ahj1 #caa1 #cae1 #cag-cce ,gilb]t impli$ 7,m3 p4 #aff71 t a t]rella does n rotate z ,p]egr9us said1 due to resi/ance 7,m3 p4 #cbf71 or due to ! mutual nature ( coition 7,m3 p4 #aff72 or ev5 to ! rotation ( ! e>? 7,m3 p4 #ccb74 ,h[ev] 7,m3 p4 #abi71 he also m5tion$ t a t]rella w\ld revolve by itself6 ,b be=e rea*+ ?is po9t 9 8 argum5t1 ,gilb]t digress$ to classify ! diff]5t k9ds ( attractions & motions :i* ! elem5ts produce4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he di/+ui%$ electric attraction f magnetic coition1 & po9t$ out ! ma9 features ( electrical attraction4 ,s9ce ! resultant motions 7 diff]5t1 ! ess5tial natures ( electric & magnetic sub/ances _h to diff]4 ,gilb]t introduc$ 8 treatm5t ( motion by discuss+ ! attraction ( amb]4 ,all suffici5tly light solids#he & ev5 liquids1#hf b n flame or air#hg are attract$ by rubb$ amb]4 ,heat f friction1#hh b n f ali5 s\rces l ! sun#hi or ! flame1#ij produce ?is affection4 ,by ! use ( a detector model$ aft] ! magnetic ne$le1 :i* we w\ld call an electroscope b :i* he call$ a v]sorium1#ia ,gilb]t 0 able to ext5d ! li/ ( sub/ances t attract l amb]4#ib ,^! ,gilb]t call$ electricae4#ic #he ,m3 pp4 #gh1 #hb1 #hd1 #hf4 #hf ,m3 pp4 #gh1 #hi1 #ia4 #hg ,m3 pp4 #hi1 #ie4 #hh ,m3 pp4 #hc1 #hf4 #hi ,m3 pp4 #ha1 #hf1 #hg4 #ij ,m3 pp4 #hj1 #ha1 #hf1 #hg4 #ia ,m3 p4 #gi4 #ib ,m3 pp4 #gg-gh1 #gi4 #ic ,m3 p4 #gh4 ,! def9ition ,gilb]t gave ( an electric 9 ! gloss>y at ! beg9n+ ( 8 treatise 0 n an exp]im5tal "o3 ,electricae1 quae attrahunt eadem ratione ut electrum4 ,possibly z a result ( te/+ exp]im5tally /atem5ts l t ( ,/4 ,?omas1 on ! effect ( g>lic on a load/one1 ,gilb]t discov]$ t ! int]position ( ev5 ! slighte/ mat]ial 7except a fluid l olive oil7 w\ld scre5 ! attraction ( electrics4#id ,h5ce ! attraction is due to a mat]ial cause1 &1 s9ce x is invisible1 x is due to an effluvium4#ie ,x mu/ be mu* r>] ?an air1#if = if its d5sity 7 t ( air or great]1 x w\ld repel r ?an attract4#ig #id ,m3 pp4 #hf1 #ia1 #ace4 #ie ,m3 pp4 #if1 #ace4 #if ,m3 p4 #hi4 #ig ,m3 pp4 #ij1 #ib1 #ie4 ,! s\rce ( ! effluvia c\ld be inf]r$ f ! prop]ties ( ! electrics4 ,_m b n all ( ! electrics are transp>5t1 b all are firm & c be poli%$4#ih ,s9ce !y reta9 ! appe>ance & prop]ties ( a fluid 9 a firm solid mass1#ii ,gilb]t conclud$ t !y d]iv$ _! gr[? mo/ly f humors or 7 concretions ( humors4#ajj ,by friction1 ^! humors are releas$ & produce electrical attraction4#aja #ih ,m3 pp4 #hc1 #hd1 #he4 #ii ,m3 p4 #hd4 #ajj ,m3 pp4 #hd1 #hi4 ,see also ,ari/otle1 op4 cit4 7footnote #de71 ,meteorologica1 bk4 #d4 #aja ,m3 p4 #ij4 ,?is humoric s\rce ( ! effluvia 0 sub/antiat$ by ,gilb]t 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,electrics lose _! p[] ( electrical attraction ^u be+ heat$1 & ?is is because ! humor has be5 driv5 (f4#ajb ,bodies t are ab\t equally con/itut$ ( e>? & humor1 or t are mo/ly e>?1 h be5 degrad$ & d n %[ electrical attraction4#ajc ,bodies l pe>ls & metals1 s9ce !y are %9y & s mu/ be made ( humors1 mu/ also emit an effluvium ^u be+ rubb$1 b x is a ?ick & vapor\s "o )\t any attractive p[]s4#ajd ,damp wea!r & moi/ air c weak5 or ev5 prev5t electrical attraction1 = x imp$es ! efflux ( ! humor at ! s\rce & accord+ly dim9i%es ! attraction4#aje ,*>g$ bodies reta9 _! p[]s long] 9 ! sun ?an 9 ! %ade1 = 9 ! %ade ! effluvia are cond5s$ m1 & s obscure emission4#ajf #ajb ,m3 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #ajc ,m3 p4 #hd4 #ajd ,m3 p4 #ij4 ,see also p4 #ie4 #aje ,m3 pp4 #gh1 #he-hf1 #ia4 7see p>ticul>ly ! heat$ amb] exp]im5t describ$ on p4 #hf74 #ajf ,m3 p4 #hg4 ,all ^! examples seem$ to ju/ify ! hypo!sis t ! nature ( electrics is su* t mat]ial effluvia are emitt$ :5 electrics are rubb$1 & t ! effluvia are r>] ?an air4 ,gilb]t realiz$ t z yet he _h n expla9$ electrical attraction1 only t ! pull c be scre5$4 ,! pull mu/ be expla9$ by contact =ces1#ajg z ,ari/otle#ajh & ,aqu9as#aji _h argu$4 ,accord+ly1 he decl>$1 ! effluvia1 or spiritus1#aaj emitt$ take hold ( ! bodies ) :i* !y unite1 enfold !m1 z x 71 9 _! arms1 & br+ !m into union ) ! electrics4#aaa #ajg ,m3 p4 #ib4 #ajh ,ari/otle1 ,physics1 translat$ by ,p4 ,h4 ,wick/e$ & ,f4 ,m4 ,corn=d1 ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 ,london1 #aicd1 bk4 #g1 *4 #a1 #bdb;b#be4 #aji ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 vol4 #b1 ,physicorum ,ari/otelis expositio1 lib4 #g1 lect4 #b 7,9 mov5tibus et motis non pote/ proc$i 9 inf9itum1 s$ oportet dev5ire ad aliquid primum mov5s immobile71 cap4 d1 p4 #if4 #aaj ,m3 p4 #id4 #aaa ,m3 p4 #ie4 ,x c be se5 h[ ?is unit+ action is effect$ if objects float+ on wat] are consid]$1 = solids c be drawn to solids ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a fluid4#aab ,a wet body t\*+ ano!r wet body n only attracts x1 b moves x if ! o!r body is small1#aac :ile wet bodies on ! surface ( ! wat] attract o!r wet bodies4 ,a wet object on ! surface ( ! wat] seeks union ) ano!r wet object :5 ! surface ( ! wat] rises betwe5 bo?3 at once1 l drops ( wat]1 or bubbles on wat]1 !y come toge!r4#aad ,on ! o!r h&1 a dry body does n move t[>d a wet1 nor a wet to a dry1 b r !y seem to g away f "o ano!r4#aae ,moreov]1 a dry body does n move to ! dry rim ( ! vessel :ile a wet "o runs to a wet rim4#aaf #aab ,m3 p4 #ic4 #aac ,m3 pp4 #ib1 #ic4 #aad ,m3 p4 #ic4 #aae ,m3 p4 #id4 #aaf ,m3 p4 #id4 ,by means ( ! prop]ties ( su* a fluid1 ,gilb]t c\ld expla9 ! unord]$ com+-toge!r t he call$ coac]vation4#aag ,diff]5t bodies h diff]5t effluvia1 & s "o has coac]vation ( diff]5t mat]ials4 ,?us1 9 ,gilb]t's philosophy air 0 ! e>?'s effluvium & 0 responsible = ! unord]$ motion ( objects t[>ds ! e>?4#aah #aag ,m3 p4 #ig4 #aah ,m3 p4 #ib 7see also p4 #cci74 ,al?\gh ,gilb]t does n make x explicit1 ?is w\ld solve ! m$ieval problem ( gravitation )\t resort+ to a ,ptolemaic univ]se4 ,9 addition1 s9ce coac]vation is electric1 & electric =ces c be scre5$1 x %\ld h be5 possible to r$uce ! d[nw>d motion ( a body by scre5+6 ,! analogy betwe5 electric attraction & fluids is a mo/ concrete "o1 yet ly+ b5ea? ?is image is a hypo!sis t is difficult to fix into a me*anical sy/em bas$ ^u contact =ces4 ,?is is ! assumption t "u ! prop] conditions bodies t5d to move toge!r 9 ord] to p>ticipate 9 a m complete unity4#aai ,! /eps 9 electrical attraction 7 describ$ z occurr+ on two diff]5t levels ( ab/raction3 fir/ "o has physical contact ?r\gh an effluvium or spiritus t connects ! two objects physically4 ,!n1 z a result ( ?is contact1 ! objects someh[ s5se#abj t a m intimate h>mony is possible1 & move accord+ly4 ,gilb]t call$ ! motion t foll[$ contact1 attraction4 ,h[ev]1 ?is motion did n connote :at we w\ld call a =ce3#aba x did n correspond directly to a pu% or pull1 b x foll[$ f :at "o might t]m ! appreh5sion ( ! possibility ( a m complete p>ticipation 9 a =mal unity4 ,! physical unity due to ! spiritus 0 ! prelude to a =mal organic unity1 s t humor is r]um omnium unitore4 ,gilb]t's position c be be/ se5 9 ! foll[+3#abb ,spiritus igitur egr$i5s ex corpora1 quod ab humore aut succo aqueo concrev]at1 corpus attrah5dum att+it1 attactum attrah5ti unitur2 corpus peculi>i effluviorum radio cont+uum1 unum effecit ex duobus3 unita confluunt 9 conjunctissimam conv5i5tiam1 quae attractio vulgo dicitur4 ,quae unitas iuxta ,py?agorae op9ionem r]um omnium pr9cipium e/1 p] cuius p>ticipationem unaquaeque res una dicitur4 ,quoniam enim nullo actio a mat]ia pote/ nisi p] contactum1 electrica haec non vid5tur tang]e1 s$ ut necesse erat demittitur aliquid ab uno ad aliud1 quod proxime tangat1 et eius incitationis pr9cipium sit4 ,corpora omnia uniuntur quasi f]rum9antur quodammodo humore 444 ,electrica v]o effi via peculi>ia1 quae humoris fusi subtilissima sunt mat]ia1 corpuscula allectant4 ,ar 7commune effluvium telluris7 p>tes disjunctis unit1 tellus m$iante are ad se revocat corpora2 alit] quae 9 sup]ioribus locis ess5t corpora1 t]ram non ita avide appel]5t4 ,electrica effluvia ab are multum diff]unt1 u ar telluris effluvium e/1 ita electrica suahab5t effluvia propria2 peculi>ibus effluviis suus cuique2 e/ s+ul>is ad unitatem ductus1 motus ad pr9cipium1 fontem1 corpus effluvia emitt5s4 ,a simil> hypo!sis w reappe> 9 8 explanation ( magnetic attraction4 #aai ,m3 pp4 #ia1 #ib3 ,?is unity is1 accord+ to ,py?agoras1 ! pr9ciple1 ?r\gh p>ticipation1 9 :i* a ?+ is said to be "o 7see footnotes #cj & #abb74 #abj ,s5se is probably too /rong a t]m1 & yet ! *ange foll[+ contact is difficult to describe 9 ,gilb]t's phraseology )\t "s su* subjective t]m4 ,see ,gilb]t's argum5t on ! s\l & organs ( a load/one1 ,m3 pp4 #cji-cac4 #aba ,m3 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 #abb ,gilb]t1 ,de magnete1 ,london1 #afjj1 bk4 #b1 *4 #b1 pp4 #ef-eg4 ,foll[+ ! tradition ( ! m$ieval s*oolm5 ,gilb]t />t$ 8 exam9ation ( ! nature ( ! load/one by po9t+ out ! diff]5t k9ds ( motion due to a magnet4 ,! five k9ds 7o!r ?an up & d[n7 are3#abc 7#a7 coitio 7vulgo attractio1 dicta7 ad unitatem magneticam incitatio4 7#b7 directio 9 polos telluris1 et telluris 9 mundi de/9atos t]m9os v]ticitas et consi/5tia4 7#c7 v>iatio1 a m]idiano deflexio1 quem motum nos depravatum dicimus4 7#d7 decl9atio1 infra horizontem poli magnetici desc5sus4 7#e7 motus circul>is1 seu revolutio4 ,( ! five he initially li/$1 ?ree are n basic ones4 ,v>iation & decl9ation he lat] expla9$ z due to irregul>ities ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 :ile direction or v]ticity is ! ord]+ motion t prec$es coition4#abd ,?is leaves only coition & revolution z ! basic motions4 ,h[ ^! foll[$ f ! congregant nature ( ! load/one c be se5 :5 ! effusion ( =ms has be5 consid]$4 ,coition 7he did n take up revolution at ?is po9t7 diff]$ f t due to o!r attractions4 ,!re are two & only two k9ds ( bodies t c attract3 electric & magnetic4#abe ,gilb]t ref9$ 8 position fur!r by argu+ t "o does n ev5 h magnetic attraction#abf b in/ead ! mutual motion to union t he call$ coition4#abg ,9 electric attraction1 "o has an action-passion relation ( cause & effect ) an ext]nal ag5t & a passive recipi5t2 :ile 9 magnetic coition1 bo? bodies act & are act$ ^u1 & bo? move toge!r4#abh ,in/ead ( an ag5t & a pati5t 9 coition1#abi "o has conactus4 ,coition1 z ! ,lat9 orig9 ( ! t]m d5ot$1 is always a conc]t$ action4 #acj ,?is c be se5 f ! motions ( two load/ones float+ on wat]4#aca ,! mutual motion 9 coition 0 "o ( ! reasons = ,gilb]t's rejection ( ! p]petual motion ma*9e ( ,p]egr9us4#acb #abc ,ibid41 *4 #a1 pp4 #de-df4 #abd ,m3 pp4 #aaj1 #cad4 #abe ,m3 pp4 #hb1 #aje1 #agj1 #agb1 #bag4 #abf ,m3 p4 #ih4 #abg ,m3 pp4 #ajj1 #aab1 #aac1 #adc1 #adh4 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t coitus is n an imp]sonal t]m4 #abh ,m3 p4 #aaj4 #abi ,m3 p4 #aaj4 #acj ,m3 pp4 #aji1 #aae1 #adh1 #adi1 #aee1 #aff1 #agd4 #aca ,m3 pp4 #aaj1 #aee4 #acb ,m3 pp4 #aff1 #ccb4 ,see also footnote #hd4 ,magnetic coition1 unlike electric attraction1 _c be scre5$4#acc ,h5ce x _c be corporeal = x travels freely ?r\gh bodies#acd & especially magnetic bodies2#ace "o c und]/& ! action ( ! armature on ?is basis4#acf ,s9ce coition _c be prev5t$ by %ield+1 x mu/ h an immat]ial cause4#acg #acc ,m3 pp4 #ij1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aac1 #acb1 #ace1 #acf1 #aeh4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 contr>y to mod]n exp]i5ce4 #acd ,m3 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aad1 #acd1 #acf1 #adj1 #afb4 #ace ,m3 pp4 #ajf1 #aji1 #aad1 #aei1 #afb4 #acf ,m3 pp4 #acg-adj4 #acg ,m3 p4 #aji4 ,yet1 unless "o has ! occult action-at-a-di/ance1 *ange mu/ be caus$ by contact =ces4 ,gilb]t resolv$ ! p>adox ( comb9+ contact =ces ) =ces t _c be %ield$1 by pass+ to a high] level ( ab/raction = ! explanation ( magnetic ph5om5a3 he saw ! contact z t ( a =m ) matt]4 ,al?\gh ,gilb]t rem>k$ t ! cause ( magnetic ph5om5a did n fall )9 any ( ! categories ( ! =mal causes ( ! ,ari/otelians1 he did n r5\nce = ?is reason ! m$ieval tradition4 ,actually !re are _m simil>ities betwe5 ,gilb]t's explanation ( ! load/one's p[]s & t ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,magnetic coition is n due to any ( ! g5]ic or specific =ms ( ! ,ari/otelian elem5ts1 nor is x due to ! prim>y qualities ( any ( _! elem5ts1 nor is x due to ! cele/ial g5]ans ( t]re/rial *ange4#ach ,relictis aliorum op9ionibus de magnetis attractione2 nunc coitionis illius rationem1 et motus illius commov5tem naturam docebimus4 ,cum v]o duo s9t corporum g5]a1 quae manife/is s5sibus no/ris motionibus corpora allic]e vid5tur1 ,electrica et ,magnetica2 ,electrica naturalibus ab humore effluviis2 ,magnetica =malibus effici5tiis1 seu potius prim>iis vigoribus1 incitationes faciunt4 ,=ma ilia s+ul>is e/1 et peculi>is1 non ,p]ipateticorum causa =malis1 et specifica 9 mixtis1 e/ secunda =ma1 non g5]antium corporum propagatrix2 s$ primorum et praeciporum globorum =ma2 et p>tium eorum homog5e>um1 non corrupt>um1 propria entitas et exi/5tia1 quam nos prim>iam1 et radicalem1 et a/ream appell>e possumus =mam2 non =mam primam ,ari/otelis2 s$ s+ul>em illam1 quae globum suum proprium tuetur et disponit4 ,talis 9 s+ulis globis1 ,sole1 lunas et a/ris1 e/ una2 9 t]ra etiam una1 quae v]a e/ ilia pot5tia magnetica1 quam nos prim>ium vigorem appellamus4 ,qu>e magnetica natura e/ telluris propria1 eiusque omnibus v]ioribus p>tibus1 prim>ia et /up5da ratione1 insita2 haec nec a caelo toto d]ivatur procreaturve1 p] sympa?iam1 p] influ5tiam1 aut occultiores qualitates2 nec peculi>i aliquo a/ro3 e/ enim suus 9 tellure magneticus vigor1 sicut 9 sole et luna suae =mae2 fru/ulumque2 lunae1 lunatice ad eius t]m9os1 et =mam componit se2 sol>que2 ad solem1 sicut magnes ad tellurem1 et ad alt]um magnetem1 secundum naturam sese incl9&o et allici5do4 ,diff]5dum igitur de tellure quae magnetica1 et magnes2 tum etiam de p>tibus eius v]ioribus1 quae magneticae sunt2 et quomodo ex coitione difficiuntur4 ,in/ead1 he decl>$ x to be due to a =m t is natural & prop] to t elem5t t he made ! prim>y compon5t ( ! e>?4#aci ,to und]/& 8 argum5t1 let u briefly recall ! p]ipatetic !ory ( ! elem5ts4 ,9 ?is philosophy ( nature ea* elem5t or simple body is a comb9ation ( a pair ( ! f\r prim>y qualities t in=ms in*oate matt]4 ,^! qualities are ! in/rum5ts ( ! elem5tal =ms & det]m9e ! prop]ties ( ! elem5t4 ,?us ! elem5t fire is a comp\nd ( ! qualities hot & dry1 & ! sub/antial =m ( fire acts ?r\gh ^! qualities4 ,simil>ly = ! o!r elem5ts1 e>?1 wat]1 & air3 _! =ms det]m9e a prop] place = ea* elem5t1 & a motion to t place natural to ea* elem5t4#adj #ach ,m3 p4 #aje1 & ,gilb]t1 ,de magnete1 ,london1 #afjj1 bk4 #b *4 #d1 p4 #fe4 #aci ,m3 p4 #aje4 #adj ,m3 pp4 #bhi1 #cbb4 ,gilb]t _h previ\sly decl>$ t ! prim>y sub/ance ( ! e>? is an elem5t4 ,s9ce x is an elem5t1 x has a motion natural to x1 & ?is motion is magnetic coition4 ,z an ,ari/otelian consid]$ ! sub/antial =m ( ! elem5t1 fire1 to act ?r\gh ! qualities ( hot & dry1 & to cause an upw>d motion2 s ,gilb]t argu$ t ! sub/antial =m ( 8 elem5t1 pure load/one1 acts ?r\gh ! magnetic qualities & causes magnetic coition4 ,?is motion is due to its prim>y =m1 & is natural to ! elem5t e>?4#ada ,x is in/ill$ 9 all prop] & undeg5]ate p>ts ( ! e>?1#adb b 9 no o!r elem5t4#adc #ada ,m3 pp4 #bf1 #fh1 #aje1 #agi1 #aih1 #cjg1 #cce1 #cdc4 ,= rotation1 see footnote #adg4 #adb ,m3 pp4 #fg1 #ga4 ,t ea* "p is in=m$ ) ! prop]ties ( ! :ole is an argum5t favor+ an animi/ic explanation ( ! nature ( ?is =m4 #adc ,m3 p4 #aji4 ,to ! m$ieval philosoph]1 ! g5]antia ( ! occult p[]s ( ! load/one are ! heav5ly bodies4 ,gilb]t1 h[ev]1 end[$ ! e>? ) ^! heav5ly p[]s :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! e>? 9 ! beg9n+#add & caus$ all magnetic mat]ials to con=m ) x bo? physically & =mally4#ade ,su* magnetic p[]s are ! prop]ty ( all p>ts ( ! e>?2#adf !y give ! e>? its rotat+ motion#adg & hold ! e>? toge!r 9 spite ( ?is motion4#adh #add ,m3 pp4 #aaa1 #ahh4 #ade ,m3 pp4 #fg1 #aje1 #agi1 #ahc4 #adf ,m3 pp4 #aja1 #aje1 #bag4 #adg ,m3 pp4 #agi1 #cjd1 #cje1 #caa1 #cbb1 #cbf1 #cbh1 #ccj-ccd1 #cch-cdc4 #adh ,m3 pp4 #adb1 #agi2 see also electric attraction1 p4 #ig4 ,inde$1 ea* ( ! ma9 /ell> bodies1 sun1 moon1 />s1 & e>?1 has su* a =m or pr9ciple unique to itself t causes its p>ts n only to con=m ) itself b to revolve4#adi ,?us1 if "o removes a piece ( ! moon f ?is body1 x w t5d to align itself ) ! moon & !n to return to its prop] place2 & a fragm5t ( ! sun w\ld simil>ly t5d to return aft] prop] ori5tation4#aej ,moreov]1 !re is a f>!r-rang+1 ?\gh weak]1 mutual action ( ! heav5ly bodies s t "o has a causal hi]>*y ( ^! specific con=m+ p[]s4 ,! =m ( ! sun is sup]ior to t ( ! inf]ior globes & is responsible = ! ord] & regul>ity ( planet>y orbits4#aea ,9 l mann]1 ! moon is responsible = ! tides ( ! ocean4#aeb #adi ,m3 pp4 #cjh1 #cag-cdc4 #aej ,m3 pp4 #ajf1 #cdj4 #aea ,m3 pp4 #cjh1 #cji1 #caa1 #ccj1 #ccc1 #cdd1 #cdg4 #aeb ,m3 pp4 #acf1 #ccd1 #cde4 ,by virtue ( ! causal hi]>*y ( =ms1 ! load/one acquires its magnetic p[]s f ! e>?4#aec ,z ! e>? has its natural p>ts1 s has ! /one4#aed ,al?\gh ! geometrical c5t] ( a t]rella is ! c5t] ( ! magnetic =ces1#aee objects d n t5d to move to ! c5t] b to its poles1#aef :]e ! magnetic en]gy is mo/ conspicu\s4#aeg ,h[ev]1 9 a s5se1 ! en]gy is ev]y:]e equal3 ! virtue is spread ?r\gh\t ! entire mass ( ! load/one1#aeh & all ! p>ts direct ! =ces to ! poles4#aei ,! poles become ! ?rones ( ! magnetic p[]s4#afj ,on ! o!r h&1 ! directive =ce is /rong] :]e coition is weak] & accord+ly1 v]ticity is mo/ prom95t at ! equator4#afa #aec ,m3 pp4 #ahd-ahf1 #aij1 #bcb4 ,?is is n q ! same argum5t z t ! p[]s ( ! load/one are id5tical ) ^? ( ! e>?4 ,see footnote #gh4 #aed ,m3 pp4 #abe1 #ahj4 #aee ,m3 p4 #aea4 #aef ,m3 pp4 #aba1 #aej4 #aeg ,m3 pp4 #aae1 #aea1 #afe4 #aeh ,m3 pp4 #ajf1 #aah1 #aea1 #aia1 #bje1 #bba1 #bdc4 #aei ,m3 pp4 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #aca1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #bba4 #afj ,m3 p4 #ca4 #afa ,m3 pp4 #aaf1 #aea1 #bjj4 ,! /r5g? ( a load/one dep5ds ^u its %ape & mass4 ,a b> magnet has great] p[]s ?an a sph]ical "o because x t5ds to conc5trate ! magnetic p[]s m 9 ! ends4#afb ,= a giv5 purity & %ape1 ! heavi] ! load/one1 ! great] its /r5g?4#afc ,a load/one has a maximum degree ( magnetic =ce t _c be increas$4#afd ,h[ev]1 weak] ones c be /r5g!n$ by /rong] ones4#afe ,simil>ly1 ! %ape & weight ( ! iron det]m9e ! magnetic =ce 9 coition4#aff #afb ,m3 pp4 #aca1 #acb1 #aec-aeh4 #afc ,m3 pp4 #ada1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aeh1 #afa1 #aia1 #bbb4 #afd ,m3 p4 #adf4 #afe ,m3 p4 #afe4 #aff ,m3 p4 #aec4 ,! =mal =ces ( a load/one emanate 9 all directions f x1#afg b !re is a b\nd to x t ,gilb]t call$ ! orbis virtutis4#afh ,! %ape ( ?is orbis virtutis is det]m9$ by ! %ape ( ! /one4#afi ,?is ins5sible effusion is analog\s to ! spread+ ( light t reveals its pres5ce only by opaque bodies4#agj ,simil>ly1 ! magnetic =ms are effus$ f ! /one1#aga & c only reveal _! pres5ce by coition ) ano!r load/one or by awak5+ magnetic bodies )9 ! orbis virtutis4#agb ,unmagnetiz$ iron t comes )9 ! orbis virtutis is alt]$1 & ! magnetic virtue r5ews a =m t is already pot5tially 9 ! iron4#agc ,! =mal en]gy is drawn n only f ! /one b f ! iron4#agd ,?is is n g5]ation1 or alt]ation 9 ! s5se ( a new impress$ quality1 b alt]ation 9 ! s5se ( ! entele*y or ! activation ( a =m pot5tially pres5t4#age ,^? bodies magnetiz$ by com+ )9 ! orbis virtutis h 9 turn an efflux ( _! own4#agf ,iron c also receive v]ticity directly f ! e>? )\t ! int]v5tion ( an ord9>y load/one4#agg ,su* v]ticity c be expell$ & annull$ by ! pres5ce ( ano!r load/one4#agh #afg ,m3 pp4 #aba1 #abc1 #abd1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cji4 #afh ,gilb]t def9$ ! orbis virtutis 9 ! gloss>y at ! beg9n+ ( 8 treatise z1 444 totum illud spatium1 p] quod quaevis magnetis virtus ext5ditur4 ,?is is ! core ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 electric & magnetic =ces4 ,! sub/antial =m ( an electric c\ld n be effus$1 b 0 imprison$ 9 matt] 7z ! ,neoplatonic s\l 9 ! human body72 :ile ! prim>y =m ( a magnet did n require a mat]ial c>ri] & its effusion 0 simil> to ! propagation ( a species 9 light4 #afi ,m3 pp4 #abd1 #aej1 #aea4 #agj ,m3 pp4 #abc1 #cjg4 #aga ,m3 pp4 #cjd-cjg4 ,see also p4 #caj1 :]e x is /at$ t ! sun & e>? c\ld awak5 s\ls4 #agb ,m3 pp4 #aja1 #aaj1 #aab1 #abc1 #adh1 #adi1 #cjd1 #cje4 ,?is awak5+ ( ! iron )9 ! orbis virtutis is comp>able 7pp4 #baf1 #cej7 to ! bir? ( a *ild "u ! influ5ce ( ! />s4 #agc ,m3 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #ahi1 #baf1 #bag4 ,see also footnote #cf4 #agd ,m3 p4 #ajf4 #age ,m3 pp4 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaj4 #agf ,m3 pp4 #aac1 #aad4 #agg ,m3 pp4 #aij1 #aib1 #baj-baf4 #agh ,m3 p4 #bji4 ,al?\gh "o does n normally f9d iron to be magnetiz$1 a load/one always has "s magnetism4 ,t two bodies su* z iron & load/one %\ld h diff]5t prop]ties is ! result ( ! loss ( a =m by ! iron1 b ?is =m is /ill pot5tially pres5t 9 ! iron4 ,! iron t has be5 obta9$ f an ore has be5 de=m$1#agi = x has be5 plac$ outside its nature by ! fire4#ahj ,! nature has n be5 remov$1 s9ce1 once ! iron has cool$1 ! confus$ =m c be re=m$ by a load/one4 #aha ,! latt] awak5s ! prop] =m ( iron4#ahb ,aft] smelt+1 ! magnetiz$ iron may manife/ /rong] p[]s ?an a load/one ( equal weight1 b ?is is because ! prim>y matt] ( ! e>? is pur] 9 ! iron ?an 9 ! load/one4#ahc ,if fire does n de=m a load/one too mu*1 x c be remagnetiz$1#ahd b a burnt load/one _c be re=m$4#ahe ,corruption f ext]nal causes may also de=m a load/one or iron s t x c n be magnetiz$4#ahf ,bodies mix$ ) ! deg5]ate sub/ance ( ! e>? or ) aque\s humor spoilt by contam9ation ) e>?1 d n %[ ei!r electric attraction or magnetic coition4#ahg #agi ,m3 pp4 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa4 #ahj ,m3 p4 #ajh4 #aha ,m3 pp4 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac4 #ahb ,m3 pp4 #aji1 #aaa1 #aab1 #adh1 #adi4 #ahc ,m3 pp4 #aab1 #adi4 #ahd ,m3 pp4 #adb1 #ahi4 #ahe ,m3 p4 #aij4 #ahf ,m3 pp4 #he1 #aje1 #aac1 #adc1 #bbf4 #ahg ,m3 p4 #hd4 ,9 a mann] sugge/ive ( ,p]egr9us1 ,gilb]t wrote t1 magnetic bodies seek =mal unity4#ahh ,?us a dissect$ load/one n only t5ds to come back toge!r1 z 9 ! unord]$ coac]vation ( electric attraction1 b to re/ore ! organization x _h be=e dissection4#ahi ,accord+ly1 opposite poles appe> on ! int]faces ( ! sections1 n f an opposition b f a concordance & a con=mance4#aij ,?is ensures t :5 ! p>ts are jo9$ toge!r aga91 !y h ! same ori5tation z be=e4 ,gilb]t comp>$ ?is p[] ( re/or+ ! orig9al load/one ) t ( a plant's vital p[] "u ! process ( cutt+ & graft+2 ! plant c be reviv$ only :5 ! p>ts are 9 a c]ta9 ord]4#aia #ahh ,m3 p4 #ahf4 #ahi ,m3 pp4 #ahe-ahh4 ,see also footnote #ca4 #aij ,m3 pp4 #ahf1 #aic4 #aia ,m3 pp4 #aii-bjj4 ,a hypo!sis simil> to t us$ to expla9 electric attraction lay b5ea? ! explanation ( magnetic coition3 t bodies br\ght into contact w move toge!r4 ,9 electric attraction1 ! contact is mat]ial & due to ! spiritus f ! electric body2 9 magnetic coition1 x is =mal & dep5ds on ! action ( a prim>y =m t spreads f a magnetiz$ body to its limit ( effusion1 ! orbis virtutis4 ,if iron is inside ! orbis virtutis1 ! two bodies ent] into alliance & are "o & ! same#aib = )9 x !y h absolute cont9uity1 & are jo9$ by reason ( _! accordance1 albeit ! bodies !mselves be sep>at$4#aic ,gilb]t's treatm5t ( coition c be analyz$ into ! same two /eps z c electric attraction4 ,fir/ occurs a contact1 :i* 9 ?is case is n physical b =mal1 & f ?is initial =mal contact foll[s movem5t to a m complete unity4 ,bo? ! contact & ! movem5t to unity are describ$ on ! same level ( ab/raction1 in/ead ( on two diff]5t levels z 9 electric attraction4 ,aga9 "o does n f9d any cle>-cut concept ( =ce z a pu% or pull1#aid b in/ead1 a motion to a =mal unity1 ?is "t a coop]ative motion4 ,! p>ts ( a magnetic body are 9 great] h>mony :5 !y are assembl$ 9 a c]ta9 patt]n & s !y move accord+ly4 #aib ,m4 p4 #aaa4 #aic ,m3 p4 #aab4 #aid ,see1 h[ev]1 ,m3 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 ,z to ! nature ( ! prim>y =m itself1 ,gilb]t agre$ ) ,?ales t x is l a s\l1#aie = ! p[] ( self-movem5t seems to betok5 a s\l4#aif ,) ,gal5 & ,/4 ,?omas he plac$ ! =m ( ! load/one sup]ior to t ( inanimate matt]4#aig ,9 a s5se1 ,gilb]t ev5 made x sup]ior to organic matt]1 = x is incapable ( error4#aih ,l ! s\l1 ! prim>y =m _c be fragm5t$2 :5 a load/one is divid$1 "o does n sep>ate ! poles b ea* "p acquires its own poles & an equator4 #aie ,m3 pp4 #aji1 #cab4 #aif ,m3 p4 #aji4 #aig ,m3 p4 #cji4 #aih ,m3 pp4 #caa-cab4 ,l ! s\l1 fire does n de/roy x4#aii ,l ! s\l ( a/ral bodies1 & ( ! e>? itself1 x produces complex b regul> motions2 ! motion ( two load/ones on wat] (f]s su* an example4#bjj ,l ! s\l ( a newborn *ild1 ^: nature dep5ds on ! configuration ( ! heav5s1 ! prop]ties 9 ! newly awak5$ iron dep5d ^u its position 9 ! orbis virtutis4#bja ,:5ce ,gilb]t decl>$3 444 ! e>?'s magnetic =ce & ! animate =m ( ! globes1 t are )\t s5ses1 b )\t error 444 ex]t an un5d+ action1 quick1 def9ite1 con/ant1 directive1 motive1 imp]ant1 h>moni\s ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( matt]2 !reby are ! g5]ation & ! ultimate decay ( all ?+s on ! sup]ficies propagat$4#bjb ,! bodies ( ! globes 444 to ! end t !y might be 9 !mselves1 & 9 _! nature endure1 _h ne$ ( s\ls to be conjo9$ to !m1 = else !re 7 nei!r life1 nor prime act1 nor movem5t1 nor unition1 nor ord]1 nor coh]5ce1 nor conactus1 nor sympa?ia1 nor any g5]ation nor alt]ation ( seasons1 & no propagation2 b all 7 9 confusion4444#bjc ,:]e=e1 n ) reason1 ,?ales 444 decl>es ! load/one to be animate1 a "p ( ! animate "m e>? & h] belov$ (fspr+4#bjd ,gilb]t end$ book #e ( 8 treatise on ! magnet ) a p]suasive plea = 8 magnetic philosophy ( ! cosmos1 yet 8 conceptual s*eme 0 n too successful an induction 9 ! eyes ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 p>ticul> ! man f :om ! ,royal ,society took ! inspiration = _! motto1 ,nullius 9 v]ba1 did n value 8 magnetic philosophy v highly4 ,:e!r ,francis ,bacon 0 allud+ to ,gilb]t :5 he exp\nd$ 8 p>able ( ! spid] & ! ant#bje is n explicit1 b he c]ta9ly _h him 9 m9d :5 he wrote ( ! ,idols ( ! ,cave & ! ,idols ( ! ,!at]4#bjf #aii ,m3 p4 #ajh4 #bjj ,m3 p4 #aaj4 #bja ,m3 p4 #baf4 #bjb ,m3 p4 #caa4 #bjc ,m3 pp4 #caj1 #caa4 #bjd ,m3 p4 #cab4 #bje ,francis ,bacon1 op4 cit4 7footnote #db71 vol4 #a1 ,novum organum1 bk4 #a1 *4 #ie1 p4 #cjf4 #bjf ,ibid41 *4 #ed & *4 #fd 7pp4 #bei & #bfg74 ,few ( ! subsequ5t exp]im5t]s & writ]s on magnetism turn$ to ,gilb]t's "w to expla9 ! effects !y discuss$4 ,al?\gh bo? 8 c\ntrym5 ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne#bjg & ,rob]t ,boyle#bjh describ$ a numb] ( ! exp]im5ts already describ$ by ,gilb]t & ev5 us$ phrases simil> to 8 9 describ+ !m1 !y t5d$ to ignore ,gilb]t & 8 explanation ( !m4 ,in/ead1 bo? turn$ to an explanation bas$ ^u magnetic effluvia or corpuscles4 ,! only direct cont9uation ( ,gilb]t's ,de magnete 0 ! ,philosophia magnetica ( ,nicolaus ,cabeus4#bji ,! latt] s\ght to br+ ,gilb]t's explanation ( magnetism m directly into ! fold ( m$ieval sub/antial =ms4 #bjg ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 ,pseudodoxia epidemica1 ed4 #c1 ,london1 #afeh1 bk4 #b1 *4 #b1 #c1 #d4 #bjh ,rob]t ,boyle1 ,exp]im5ts & notes ab\t ! me*anical production ( magnetism1 ,london1 #afgf4 #bji ,nicolaus ,cabeaus1 ,philosophia magnetica1 ,f]>ra1 #afbi4 ,h[ev]1 ,gilb]t's ef=ts t[>ds a magnetic philosophy did f9d approval 9 two ( ! m5 t made ! sev5te5? c5tury sci5tific revolution4 ,:ile ,galileo ,galilei#baj 0 critical ( ,gilb]t's argum5ts z be+ unnecess>ily loose1 he nev]!less saw 9 !m "s support = ! ,cop]nican _w-sy/em4 ,johannes ,kepl]#baa f\nd 9 ,gilb]t's explanation ( ! load/one-e>? a possible physical framework = 8 own inve/igations on planet>y motions4 #baj ,galileo ,galilei1 ,dialogue on ! great _w sy/ems1 9 ! translation ( ,t4 ,salusbury1 edit$ & correct$ by ,g4 de ,santillana1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aiec1 pp4 #dji-dbc4 #baa ,cassir]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #c71 vol4 #a1 p4 #cei-cfg4 ,yet ,galileo & ,kepl] _h mov$ beyond ,gilb]t's _w ( intellectual exp]i5ce4 ,!y 7 no long] conc]n$ ) det]m9+ ! nature ( mat]ial ?+s 9 ord] to expla9 _! qualities4 ,in/ead1 !y _h pass$ into ! realm ( ! ma!matical relations ( k9ematics3 quantitative law _h replac$ qualitative exp]i5ce ( cause & effect4 ,gilb]t _h "s intimations ( ! =m]1 b he 0 prim>ily conc]n$ ) expla9+ magnetism 9 t]ms ( sub/ance & attribute4 ,he _h to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! load/one & ( ! e>? 9 ord] to expla9 _! prop]ties & _! motions4 ,he ev5 w5t fur!r & expla9$ ! nature ( ! =m ( ! load/one4 ,8 me?od ( det]m9+ ! nature ( a sub/ance 0 a r primitive "o--x 0 n by a process ( induction & d$uction1 nor by syn!sis & analysis1 nor by resolutio & compositio1 b by ! use ( analogies4 ,he comp>$ ! natural hi/ory ( metals & rocks ) t ( plants1 & gave ! two =m] ! same k9d ( pr9ciple z ! la/4 ,he det]m9$ ! nature ( ! entity beh9d electric attraction by f9d+ t su* attractions c\ld be scre5$1 & h5ce x _h to be corporeal4 ,aft] comp>+ ?is corporeal attraction ) t ( ! surface =ces ( a fluid1 he conclud$ t ! entity 0 a subtle fluid4 ,he det]m9$ ! nature ( ! entity beh9d magnetic coition by 7incorrectly7 f9d+ t x _c be scre5$1 & h5ce ! cause _h to be a =mal "o4 ,s9ce bo? />s & ! load/one c c>ry out regul> motions1 & />s _h s\ls1 ! =m ( ! load/one _h to be a s\l4 ,! me?od ( analogy 0 us$ aga9 9 8 comp>ison ( ! prop]ties ( a magnetiz$ ne$le plac$ ov] a t]rella ) ! prop]ties ( a compass plac$ ov] ! e>?1 :5ce he conclud$ ! e>? to be a giant load/one4 ,s9ce ! e>? resembl$ ! o!r cele/ial globes1 x _h to h1 ! circul> in]tia ( ^! globes4#bab ,z = 8 magnetic exp]im5ts to %[ physically t ! e>? mov$1 & 8 unbridl$ speculations on ! animae ( ! cele/ial globes1 "o is incl9$ to agree ) ,bacon's e/imate ( 8 magnetic philosophy4 ,"o might consid] ,gilb]t's book z a ,r5aissance reca/+ ( ,ari/otle's ,de caelo ) ! e>? 9 ! role ( a heav5ly body4 ,s x might well be1 = ,gilb]t 0 /ill conc]n$ ) di/+ui%+ ! nature ( ! heav5ly body1 e>?1 t caus$ ! coitional & revolv+ motions1 f ^? natures = :i* up & d[n1 & coac]vation 7 ! natural motions4 ,because ! natural motions 7 diff]5t1 ! natures _h to be diff]5t1 & ^! diff]5t natures l$ to a univ]se & a concept ( space nei!r ( :i* 7 ,ari/otelian4 ,"o no long] _h a c5tral ref]5ce po9t = absolute space2 !re 0 no motor ess5tialis focus$ ^u ! e>? b "o _h only ! mutual motion ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! natural di/9ction betwe5 heav5 & e>? 0 gone1 = ! e>? 0 no long] an in]t recipi5t b a s\rce ( wond]1 & s ! /age 0 set = ! univ]se ( ,giordano ,bruno4#bac ,! ,ari/otelian philosophy ( nature 0 us$ to ju/ify a new cosmology1 b !re 0 no break ) ! pa/ su* z "o f9ds 9 ,galileo & ,kepl]4 ,in/ead he foll[$ ! *im]a ( ! _w organism1 z ,p>acelsus _h1 & ( ! _w s\l1 z ,bruno _h4 ,consequ5tly ,gilb]t's physiology did n ent] into ! ma9 /ream ( sci5ce4 #bab ,because ! e>? has ! same nature z a cele/ial globe1 its revolution & circul> in]tia require no m explanation ?an ^? ( any o!r heav5ly body4 #bac ,"o wond]s if ,bruno might n h be5 ano!r ( ! /imuli = ,gilb]t4 ,! latt]'s int]e/ 9 magnetism began %ortly be=e ,bruno visit$ ,engl& & lectur$ on 8 int]pretation ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,yet ?is is n to d5y ,gilb]t's s]vices to natural philosophy4 ,al?\gh n all ( 8 exp]im5tal di/9ction betwe5 electric & magnetic =ces has be5 reta9$1 /ill1 "s ( x has4 ,8 orbis virtutis 0 to become a field ( =ce1 & 8 class ( electrics1 insulators ( electricity4 ,8 practice ( arm+ a load/one 0 to be ( consid]able importance 9 ! p]iod be=e ! inv5tion ( ! electromagnet4 ,8 limit$ recognition ( ! mutual nature ( =ces & _! quantitative basis 9 mass 0 ultimately to appe> 9 ,newton's second & ?ird laws ( motion4 ,9 spite ( ! weaknesses ( ! me?od ( analogy1 ,gilb]t's exp]im5tal model ( ! t]rella to int]pret ! e>?'s magnetism 0 z mu* a contribution to sci5tific me?od z to ! !ory ( magnetism4 ,consequ5tly1 9 spite ( an explanation ( electricity & magnetism t "o w\ld be amus$ to f9d 9 a textbook today1 we c /ill read 8 ,de magnete ) int]e/ & pr(it4 ,b m important ?an 8 sci5tific speculations1 is ! insight he c give u into a ,r5aissance philosophy ( nature & its relation to m$ieval ?\ght4 ,"o does n f9d 9 ,de magnete a prototype ( mod]n physical sci5ce 9 ! same s5se "o c 9 ! writ+s ( ,galileo & ,kepl]4 ,in/ead "o f9ds "h a full-fl$g$ example ( an e>li] k9d ( sci5ce1 & ?is is ,gilb]t's ma9 value to ! hi/orian today4