file :i* includes ! num]\s orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #caiff-;h4htm or #caiff-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #caiff_/pg#caiff-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#caif f_/caiff-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/ca!dra ls(spai#jj;gadeiala ,,ca!drals ,,( ,,spa9 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,new ,,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,salamanca ,,ca!drals ,,( ,,spa9 by ,,john ,,allyne ,,gade ,fully ,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,bo/on & ,new ,york ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge #aiaa ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,john ,a4 ,gade ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,publi%$ ,febru>y #aiaa ,,to ,,! ,,la/ ,,*,,tela9e ,,( ,,frogn] ,,hov$ga>d ,,9 ,,rev]5ce1 ,,gratitude ,,& ,,affection ,,preface ,9 ! la/ doz5 ye>s _m ,engli% books on ,spa9 h appe>$4 ,!y h dealt ) _! subject f ! po9t ( view ( ! arti/ or ! hi/orian1 ! ar*ologi/1 ! politician1 or ! m]e sight-se]4 ,! /ud5t ( ar*itecture1 or ! travel]1 desir+ a m intimate or s]i\s k ( ! great ca!drals1 has _h no?+ to consult s9ce ,/reet publi%$ 8 rem>kable book "s =ty ye>s ago4 ,!re h be5 arti/ic impressions1 z well z guide-book recitations1 by ! score4 ,"s h be5 excell5t1 ?\gh few h surpass$ ! old] ones ( ,dumas1 pre1 & ,gauti]1 or ,ba$ek]'s lat] guide-book4 ,a ye> ago appe>$ ! second & la/ volume ( ,seor ,lamp]ez y ,romea's ,hi/oria de la ,arquitectura ,cri/iana ,espaola en la ,edad ,m$ia1 a "w s compreh5sive & s*ol>ly t x practically /&s alone4 ,x has seem$ to me t c]ta9 build+s1 & especially ca!drals1 _c be prop]ly /udi$ q ap>t f :at surr\nds !m1 or f _! pa/ hi/ory4 ,to look compreh5d+ly up at ca!dral vaults & spires1 "o mu/ also look beyond !m at ! city & ! p & times t creat$ !m4 ,9 "s su* sett+1 ! /udy ( ,avila1 ,salamanca ! eld] & ! y\ng]1 ,burgos1 ,tol$o1 ,leon1 ,segovia1,seville1 & ,granada is "h attempt$1 9 ! hope x w n prove too te*nical = ! ord9>y travel]1 nor too sup]ficial = ! /ud5t ( ar*itecture4 ,! ca!drals select$ cov] ne>ly all p]iods ( ,go?ic art1 z int]pret$ 9 ,spa91 z well z ! e>li] ,romanesque & succe$+ ,r5aissance1 ) :i* ! ,go?ic 0 m+l$4 ,all ! great *ur*es 7 ! "w ( diff]5t epo*s & consequ5tly conta9 sev]al /yles ( ar*itecture4 ,! s]ies "h describ$ is v incomplete1 b ! book w\ld h gr[n too bulky _h x includ$ ,santiago da ,compo/ella ) its heav5ly portal1 & ,b>celona or ,g]ona1 ,l]ida or ,tudela4 ,:e!r we read a page ( ,c]vantes1 or gaze on "o ( ,velasquez's faces1 or w&] ?r\gh "o ( ! gr& ca!drals ( ,spa91 we realize t ?is great _w-empire has nev] ceas$ to exi/ 9 matt]s ( art1 b /ill 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury mu/ r\se our wond] & admiration4 ,9 b>r5 des]ts1 on p>*$ & lonely pla9s1 amid hovels crumbl+ to decay1 /ill /& ! monum5ts ( ,spa9's greatness4 ,b if n[h]e else 9 ! _w c "o f9d su* glori\s works ( art surr\nd$ by su* squalor1 let u draw f ! pa/ ! promise ( a revival 9 ,spa9 ( all t con/itutes ! true greatness ( a nation4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ,bi%op ,hosius ( ,cordova 01 f e po9t ( view1 ! fir/ liv+ *ur*man--,cordova itself became1 "u ! ,ammeyad ,caliphs 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! mo/ civiliz$1 ! mo/ le>n$1 & ! lovelie/ capital 9 ,europe4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ,alfonso ,x ( ,ca/ile 0 n only a di/+ui%$ l+ui/ & poet1 b ! greate/ a/ronom] & lawgiv] ( 8 age4 ,:5 ! ,spani% p h once m made education z g5]al z x 0 "u ! accompli%$ ,arabs1 & adopt$ ! division ( p[] insi/$ on 9 a lett] f ,bi%op ,hosius to ! ,emp]or ,con/antius1 ,leave ecclesia/ical affairs alone4444 ,we are n all[$ to rule ! e>?1 !y w take ! rank _! "* & g5ius des]ve among ! nations4 ,_! ca!drals w !n /& 9 an environm5t befitt+ _! gr&eur1 a society :i* w help !m to transmit to com+ g5]ations ! noble/1 imp]i%able hopes ( humanity4 ,,john ,,allyne ,,gade4 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,salamanca #a ,,ii4 ,,burgos #ca ,,iii4 ,,avila #fe ,,iv4 ,,leon #hi ,v4 ,,tol$o #aai ,,vi4 ,,segovia #afe ,,vii4 ,,seville #ahi ,,viii4 ,,granada #bcg ,,books ,,consult$ #bfg ,,index #bfi ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,salamanca 7page #bd7 ,frontispiece ,,ca!drals ,,( ,,salamanca3 ,! t[]s ( ! old & new build+s #c ,,ca!drals ,,( ,,salamanca3 ,plans #f ,,?re%+ ,,outside ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,salamanca #aj ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,salamanca3 ,! ,t[] ( ! ,cock #af ,,salamanca3 ,f ! ,vega #bh ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos3 ,we/ front #cc ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos3 ,plan #cf ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos3 ,view ( ! nave #dj ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos3 ,lant]n ov] ! cross+ #df ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos3 ,! ,gold5 ,/aircase #ej ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos3 ,! ,*apel ( ! ,con/able #ed ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos3 ,! spires above ! h\se-tops #eh ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,avila #fg ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,avila3 ,plan #fh ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,avila3 ,ext]ior ( ! apse turret #gb ,,avila3 ,f outside ! walls #hj ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,avila3 ,ma9 entrance #hf ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,leon3 ,f ! s\?we/ #ia ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,leon3 ,plan #id ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,leon3 ,look+ up ! nave #ih ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,leon3 ,re> ( apse #ajd ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,tol$o #aba ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,tol$o3 ,plan #abd ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,tol$o3 ,! *oir /alls #adj ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,tol$o3 ,*apel ( ,santiago1 tombs ( ,alv>o de ,luna & 8 sp\se #aeh ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,segovia #afg ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,segovia3 ,plan #agj ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,segovia3 ,f ! ,plaza #agf ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,seville3 ,! ,giralda1 f ! ,orange ,tree ,c\rt #aia ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,seville3 ,plan #aid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,seville3 ,gateway ( ,p]don 9 ! ,orange ,tree ,c\rt #baj ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,seville ,,& ,,! ,,giralda #bbh ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada3 ,we/ front #bci ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada3 ,plan #bdb ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada3 ,! ext]ior cornices ( ! ,royal ,*apel #bdh ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada3 ,! reja enclos+ ! ,royal ,*apel & tombs ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s #bef ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada3 ,! tombs ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s1 ( ,philip & ( ,que5 ,juana #bfb ,i ,,salamanca ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,au?or ,,ca!drals ,,( ,,salamanca ,! t[]s ( ! old & new build+s ,,ca!drals ,,( ,,spa9 ,i ,,salamanca ,9 quella p>te ove surge ad aprire ,zeffiro dolce le novelle fronde1 ,di *e si v$e ,europa rive/ire4 ,p>adiso1 c4 ,,xii1 l4 #df4 ,i ,n[h]e else 9 ,spa91 & c]ta9ly 9 few places outside h] bord]s1 c "o take 9 ! :ole ar*itectural developm5t ( successive /yles & ages s compreh5sively z 9 ,salamanca4 ,byzant9e & ,romanesque1 ,go?ic f its fir/ fire to ! la/ flick] & coldness ( ! a%es1 & ! triumphant dom9ation ( ! reborn classicism1--all are mass$ toge!r "h4 ,contra/s are eloqu5t to belittle or magnify4 ,"h two ca!drals /& side by side1 ! old] f ! days ( ! ,k+dom1 a m]e *apel 9 size comp>$ to ! l>g] & lat] expression ( ,imp]ial ,spa94 ,a ,david beside a ,golia?1 simple p[] by ! side ( pond]\s self-assurance4 ,rude 9 its simplicity1 seem+ly unconsci\s ( its great inh]itance & ! g5ius x embodies1 ! old *ur* /&s a monum5t ( e>ly virile ef=t1 9 /r5g? & poetry ak9 to ! w9d-swept rocks r\nd :i* /ill :isp] my/]i\s ,ori5tal leg5ds4 ,! huge bulk t ov]%ad[s x betrays exhau/$ vigor & a decad5t =m4 ,"h is simplicity by complexity1 maje/ic sobriety close to wanton magnific5ce1 poise by re/lessness2 ea* speaks ! language ( ! age t conceiv$ & br\ght x =?4 ,proximity has compell$ ! odi\sness ( comp>ison1 = y c nev] see ! lat] ,ca!dral ap>t f ! old4 ,y are haunt$ by ! sali5ce ( _! div]g5cy1 ! importance ( _! contra/s1 until _! mean+ becomes s f> cle> to y t ! solid blocks ( ! anci5t temple seem to symbolize ! ,*ur* ,militant & ,triumphant4 ,t indomitable _s did n meet y "u ! mighty ar*es ( ! new] *ur*1 b g into ! hu%$ p]fection ( ^? ab&on$ walls & walk along ! dismantl$ nave & y w repeat ! old epi!t c\pl$ ) ! city1 ,=tis ,salamanca6 ,?is once fam\s t[n lay 9 a curi\s sett+ z se5 f ! cock-t[] 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,"h & !re 7 ru/y1 copp]-color$ fields1 :]e ! pl[ _h j furr[$ ! surface4 ,!re 7 v9ey>ds 9 :i* ! s&y1 :ite m\nds 7 tuft$ by ! deep em]ald ( ! grape-v9es1 b ! prevail+ color 0 ! yell[ /raw ( h>ve/$ fields4 ,^! 7 a busy sc5e1--labor]s 7 driv+ _! ox5 h>ness$ to primitive c>ts & tread+ out ! gra9 z 9 old5 times4 ,!y made _! r\nds betwe5 ! high yell[ cones built up ( gra9-/alks & fill$ ! hot air ) gold5 du/4 ,?is is ,salamanca ( to-day1 seem+ly robb$ ( all b h] ri* v[els4 ,! :ole city1 l h] two ca!drals1 be>s traces ( ! dyna/ies t h swept ov] h]4 ,_! footpr9ts are ev]y:]e4 ,hannibal's legions pass$ ?r\gh ,roman ,salmantica on _! victori\s m>* to ,rome1 & ! city soon aft]w>ds became a milit>y /ation 9 ! prov9ce ( ,lusitania4 ,plut>* praises ! valor ( h] wom54 ,age aft] age g5]als h built h] bridges & ! t[]s & walls t surr\nd ! valley & ! ?ree hills1 on "o ( :i* /&s h] supreme m$ival creation4 ,f ! eigh? c5tury ,salamanca became an apple ( discord betwe5 ,moslem b&s & ! =ces ( e>ly ,ca/ilian k+s1 ,cresc5t & ,cross con/antly supplant+ ea* o!r on h] turrets4 ,n until ! latt] half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,alfonso ,,vi1 7 ! ,moors driv5 s\? ( ,leon1 & ,salamanca c\ld at la/ claim to be body & s\l ,*ri/ian4 ,! safety ( ! city 0 f9ally assur$ by ,alfonso's conque/ ( ,tol$o4 ,! univ]sity1 de/9$ to become s fam\s1 0 f\nd$ by ,alfonso ,,ix ab\t #abcj4 ,among ! ,arab rul]s 9 ,spa91 !re 7 n a few z eag] z _! co-believ]s 9 ea/]n ,islam to le>n all t ! civiliz$ _w c\ld tea* 9 art & sci5ce4 ,! ,caliphate ( ,cordova _h f ! t5? c5tury drawn to its s*ools & academies pr(ici5ts 9 a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 & jurisprud5ce1 z well z 9 ! m graceful arts ( music1 rhetoric1 & poetry4 ,! monks ( ,cluny1 belong+ to ! ,ord] ( ,sa9t ,b5$ict1 !n ! mo/ influ5tial 9 ,europe1 n[ became domicil$ 9 ,salamanca "u ! protection ( ,k+ ,alfonso4 ,!y contribut$ ! arts ( ,france1 prem95tly ar*itecture1 & ! tra9+ ( _! ord] z in/ructors & v]aci\s compil]s ( hi/orical annals to ! le>n+ & skill already e/abli%$ by ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet 9 sev]al cities ( ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,?us ! sci5ce & arts ( ! ,ori5t jo9$ =ces ) ^? ( ! ,occid5t )9 ! /rong walls ( ,salamanca & f\nd$ !re an illu/ri\s seat ( le>n+4 ,only ?ree univ]sities1 ,ox=d1#a ,p>is1 & ,bologna1 c\ld boa/ a great] age1 b ,salamanca soon atta9$ su* em95ce z to rank ) ^! by papal decree among ! f\r lamps ( ! _w4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 %e numb]$ ov] sev5 ?\s& s*ol>s4 ,among ^? de/9$ to become fam\s 9 ! _w's hi/ory 7 ,sa9t ,dom9ic1 ,ignatius ,loyola1 ,fray ,luis ( ,leon1 & ,cald]on4 ,to-day solitude & intellectual /agnation reign 9 ! halls & c\rts ( ?is once r5[n$ univ]sity4 ,9 a few half-empty lecture-rooms ! ru/ic n[ receives an elem5t>y education1 z he li/5s to ! ca!dral *imes across ! sunlit c\rty>d4 ,)9 ! crumbl+ cr5elations ( ! anci5t battlem5ts tw5ty-f\r once l>ge p>i%es are m or less ab&on$ or laid wa/e ) _! conv5ts1 mona/]ies1 & palaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,( ,,plans ,,( ,,new ,,& ,,old ,,ca!drals ,,( ,,salamanca ,a4 ,old ,ca!dral4 ,b4 ,new ,ca!dral4 ,c1 ,c4 ,cross+4 ,d4 ,cloi/]s4 ,e4 ,*oir4 ,f4 ,apse4 ,g1 ,g4 ,apsidal ,*apels4 ,h4 ,alt>4 ,! hi/ory ( ,salamanca's ecclesia/ical ar*itecture is connect$ ) ! campaigns :i* 7 c>ri$ on 9 ,ca/ile & ,leon at ! end ( ! elev5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5turies4 ,^! _h e/abli%$ ! dom9ion ( ,k+ ,alfonso ,,vi1 & ! great influ5ce ( ! di/+ui%$ immigrant prelates ( ! ,fr5* ord]s4 ,k+ ,alfonso left ,ca/ile to 8 daught] ,urraca1 :o1 ) h] husb&1 ,c\nt ,raymond ( ,burgundy1 settl$ 9 ,salamanca4 ,! old city1 :i* _h suff]$ s long & t]ribly f ! successive =tunes ( w> & its quickly %ift+ ma/]s1 0 once m to feel ! bless+s ( law & ord]4 ,to replace its sad depopulation1 ,c\nt ,raymond allott$ ! v>i\s portions ( ! city to newcom]s ( ! mo/ diff]5t nationalities1--,ca/ilians1 ,gallegos1 ,moz>abes1 ,basques1 & ,gascons4 ,among !m 7 naturally pilgrims & monks1 :o play$ an important "p 9 e coloniz+ ent]prise ( ! day1 introduc+ new ideas1 arts1 & craftsm5's skill4 ,aft] 8 conque/ ( ,tol$o1 ,alfonso ,v,iplaced on ! v>i\s episcopal ?rones ( 8 new dom9ion ,b5$ict9e monks ( ,cluny1--m5 ( unusual ability & en]gy4 ,! great ,b]n>d1 :o _h be5 cr[n$ ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 _h br\ght ) him _m bre?r5 f ! "m h\se1 ^: patrimony 0 ar*itecture4 ,among !m 0 a "y ,fr5*man f ,prigueux 9 ,aquita9e1 ,j]onimo ,visquio1 ^: ability z organiz] & build]1 up to ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aabj1 left great results :]ev] he labor$1 & mo/ especially 9 ,salamanca4 ,he 0 ! p]sonification ( ! ,*ur* ,militant ( 8 "t1--fight+ side by side ) ! mo/ romantic h]o ( ,spani% hi/ory & leg5d1 confess+ him on 8 dea?-b$1 & f9ally consign+ him to 8 tomb4 ,j]onimo 0 transf]r$ f ! ,see ( ,val5cia to t ( ,zamora1 to :i* ,salamanca 0 subject1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ,salamanca 0 elevat$ to episcopal dignity by ,pope ,calixtus ,,ii1 ,c\nt ,raymond's bro!r4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,go?s1 we f9d m5tion ( prelates ( ,salamanca :o voic$ _! ideas 9 ! ,c\ncils ( ,tol$o1 & lat] foll[$1 = su* scanty protection z x (f]$1 ! ,c\rt ( ! e>ly ,ca/ilian k+s4 ,9 call+ ,j]onimo to ,salamanca1 ,raymond _h1 h[ev]1 a v diff]5t purpose 9 m9d f t ( atta*+ to 8 c\rt an already celebrat$ *ur*man4 ,he und]/ood ! vital importance ( build+ up )9 8 city a p[]ful episcopal seat ) a great *ur*4 ,grants & o!r assi/ance 7 at once giv5 ! *ur*man & 7 9 fact cont9u$ ?r\gh successive reigns until1 ) indulg5ces1 b5efices1 & privileges1 x grew to be a feudal p[]4 ,z late z ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! workm5 ( ! ,ca!dral 7 exempt$ f tributes & duties by ! ,spani% k+s4#b ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,j]onimo's activity & ! e>lie/ "w on ! build+1 we f9d curi\s descriptions ( h[ ! ,moori% prison]s 7 put to "w on ! walls1 ev5 to ! numb] ( five hundr$ ,moslem c>p5t]s & masons4 ,! ,ca!dral /&s ^u "o ( ! hills ( ! old city4 ,! exact date ( its inception1 z well z ! "n ( ! orig9al ar*itect1 is d\btful1 b x is c]ta9 t x 0 begun n long aft] ! ye> #aajj4 ,at ,j]onimo's dea? x c\ld n h be5 f> advanc$1 b ! cross+ & ! ,capilla ,mayor c\ld be consecrat$ & employ$ = s]vices 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 & ! fir/ cloi/]s 7 built soon aft]4 ,! nave & side aisles foll[$1 _! ar*es be+ clos$ 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! lant]n 0 probably plac$ ov] ! cross+ z late z ! ye> #abjj4 ,foll[+ an ord] inv]se to t pursu$ by lat] ,go?ic ar*itects1 ! ,romanesque build]s f9i%$ _! "w ) ! ea/]n end4 ,its build+ ext5d$ ov] long p]iods m>k$ by a ga9 9 confid5ce & skill & a developm5t ( ar*itectural /yle1 s t 9 its /ones we may read a mo/ int]e/+ /ory ( diff]5t epo*s1 & to s]i\s /ud5ts ( *ur*-build+1 ! old ,ca!dral ( ,salamanca is possibly ! mo/ int]e/+ edifice 9 ,spa94 ,x is magnific5t 9 its e>ly1 virile manhood4 ,! trac+ ( ! _m & v>i$ influ5ces is z fasc9at+ z x is bewild]+4 ,e /ud5t & au?ority on ! subject has a new conception or "s def9ite f9al conclusion 9 reg>d to its _m surpris+ elem5ts4 ,no /ud5t ( ,spani% ar*itecture has /udi$ its orig9 ) great] insight or k ?an ,seor ,don ,lamp]ez y ,romea 9 8 rec5t lum9\s "w on ,spani% ecclesia/ical ar*itecture4 ,to say t ! old ,ca!dral 0 :olly a ,fr5* importation w\ld be unju/2 to speak ( x z sprung entirely f native prec$5ts & inspiration w\ld %[ equal ignorance4 ,no1 !re 7 _m & subtle influ5ces affect+ its orig9al conception & =mation2 fir/ ( all & naturally1 ^? d]iv$ f ,burgundy1 n[ only p>tially visible1 z = in/ance ! vault+ ( ! nave4 ,^! prec$5ts h be5 alt]$ or conceal$ 9 ! evolution ( ! build+4 ,byzant9e influ5ces foll[1--mo/ obvi\s 9 ! magnific5t dome cr[n+ ! cross+4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,aquita9e ( c\rse made itself felt ?r\gh ,bi%op ,j]onimo z well z sev]al ( 8 successors4 ,great portions are ,go?ic1 slightly visible 9 "s ( ! lat] ext]ior "w1 b ?r\gh\t 9 ! la/ int]ior portions ( ! great ar*es & vaults4 ,aft] c>efully consid]+ all ^! influ5ces & go+ to _! roots1 we may conclude t ! old ,ca!dral ( ,salamanca is bo? 9 plan & /ructure a ,romanesque *ur* ( ! ,burgundian ,s*ool built on ,spani% soil by ,fr5* monks f ,cluny1 :o 9 _! new surr\nd+s 7 /rongly affect$ by ,byzant9e & ,ori5tal influ5ces & possibly by ! orig9al ,spani% or ,moori% developm5t ( ! dome4 ,at a lat] date1 "u ,aquita9e bi%ops1 c]ta9 =ms ( vault+ *>act]i/ic ( _! region 7 adopt$ z well z devices to br+ ab\t ! transition betwe5 ! circul> dome & ! squ>e base4 ,/range to say x is a ,romanesque *ur* erect$ at ! "t :5 :at are reg>d$ z ! f9e/ ,go?ic ca!drals 7 be+ built 9 ,france4 ,! ,spani>d clung m t5aci\sly to ! old] /yle1 :i* 9 _m ways adapt$ itself bett] to 8 climate & requirem5ts1 :ile x easily fl[$ into native /reams ( inspiration to =m ) !m a mighty :ole4 ,! *ur* is nei!r ,fr5* nor ,spani% nor ,arab nor ,italian 9 its v>i\s composition1 b di/9ctly ,romanesque 9 _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,au?or ,,?re%+ ,,outside ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,salamanca ,! plan is 9 g5]al t ( ! old basilica3 a nave ) side aisles ( five bays1 a cross+ prolong$ "o bay to ! s\? beyond ! side aisle1 :ile to ! ea/ ! nave & side aisles all t]m9ate 9 a semicircul> apsidal *apel4 ,a portion ( ! s\!rn wall ( ! huge new ,ca!dral replaces ! nor!rn "o ( ! old *ur* by encroa*+ on its side aisle4 ,a flight ( eighte5 broad /one /eps occupies ! nor!rn bay ( ! old ,ca!dral's cross+ & leads f its consid]ably l[] pavem5t up to ! level ( ! new "o4 ,to ! s\? lie ! great cloi/]s4 ,x 0 a plan :i* = its "t 0 und\bt$ly z magnific5t 9 scale z x seem$ dim9utive & insignificant 9 ! sixte5? c5tury :5 ! new ,ca!dral 0 built4 ,! massiv5ess on :i* ! old ,romanesque build]s dep5d$ to obta9 _! elevations & support ! great weight is mo/ impressive4 ,! out] walls h 9 "s places a ?ickness ( t5 feet & ! pi]s are mu* l>g] 9 section ?an ^? ( ! new ,ca!dral :i* c>ry vaults so>+ f> above ! ro( ( ! e>li] /ructure4 ,! *oir _h =m]ly block$ ! cle> run ( ! nave2 to ! good =tune ( ! old *ur* & ! injury ( ! new1 ?is 0 remov$ to ! latt] :5 x 0 suffici5tly advanc$ to receive x4 ,un=tunately1 ! plan ( ! we/ front 0 v radically di/urb$ by ! build+ ( ! new ,ca!dral1 ! two old t[]s flank+ ! entrance be+ remov$ & a n>r[ passage1 :i* leads into ! nave ?r\gh ! imm5se lat] masses ( masonry1 tak+ ! place ( ! old entrance4 ,! nave is #cc feet wide1 #aij feet long & #fj feet high2 ! side aisles are #bj feet broad1 #ahj feet long & #dj feet high1 ?us surpris+ly high 9 proportion to ! nave4 ,! ma9 pi]s :i* subdivide nave & side aisles are mo/ int]e/+1 z _! great] portion belongs to ! orig9al /ructure4 ,!y are fac$ by semicircul> %afts :i* c>ry simple1 unmold$1 transv]se ribs 9 ! c5tral aisle4 ,a small additional column> section is se5 9 ! angles ( ! pi]s1 support+ 9 an awkw>d position1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! int]pos$ corbel1 mold$1 diagonal vault+ ribs4 ,columns1 rea*+ to ab\t two ?irds ( ! height ( ! tall %afts ( ! nave1 c>ry ! ar*es sep>at+ nave f side aisles4 ,! undecorat$ base-molds ( ! total composite pi]s are all support$ ^u a heavy1 widely project+1 common drum1 a curi\s remnant ( ! e>li] s+le ,byzant9e pill> ( b "o body & base4 ,! capitals are among ! great glories ( ! edifice4 ,!y are rem>kable f e po9t ( view1 & among ! f9e/ ,byzant9e extant1 comp>able to ! be/ ( ,sa9t ,m>k's or ( ,sancta ,s(ia4 ,! acan?us leaves are c>v$ ) all ! jewel-l sp>kle & crispness & ! play ( light & %ade ( ! be/ p]iod2 ! life & spr+ ( a liv+ /em are 9 !m4 ,_! ori5tal p>5tage is app>5t at a glance4 ,mu* ( ! c>v+ is alive ) all ! fancy & imag9ation ( ! day1--bea/s & mon/]s1 real & my?ical animals1 masks & contort$ human figures & devils int]lace on ! bells & pe] out f ! foliage4 ,! execution is q unre/ra9$4 ,x has a div]g5cy :i* mu/ h _h its unconsci\s orig9 9 ! diff]5t antique caps s]v+ aga9 9 ! e>ly ,byzant9e edifices4 ,! anci5t c>v]s mu/ h realiz$ ! full importance ( sculptural relief 9 _! poorly light$ edifices4 ,aga91 ! corbels :i* c>ry ! diagonal ribs are =m$ by crude contort$ be+s & animals1 9 "s in/ances be>+ figures lean+ aga9/ ! l[] surfaces ( ! diagonal ribs & int5d$ /ill fur!r to conceal its faulty spr+4 ,at ! int]sections ( ! diagonal ribs are bosses ) figures at ! sali5t po9ts4 ,) an a/oni%m5t v]g+ on incr$ulity1 we look up at ! vault+ support$ by ^! pi]s4 ,9 place ( ! great ,burgundian b>rel vaults above ! nave & semicircul> ar*es betwe5 nave & side aisles1 !re are po9t$ ,go?ic transv]se ar*es & quadrip>tite vault+ ( l[ spr+ & simple/ sections1 b nev]!less ogival4 ,x is evid5t bo? by ! appe>ance ( %afts1 z well z by o!r indications1 t x c\ld n h be5 ! orig9al con/ruction1 b r "o rea*$ at a lat] day :5 ! new art 0 supplant+ ! old1 a sub/itution = ! orig9al ,romanesque vault+2 ! upp] w9d[s & ! mo/ glori\s lant]n are all con/ruct$ 9 ! ,romanesque /yle to :i* ! ,spani% build]s clung s long & t5aci\sly 9 pref]5ce to ! subtle & n]v\s ,fr5* ,go?ic :i* suit$ nei!r _! temp]am5t nor conditions4 ,! *ur* mu/ orig9ally h be5 c>ri$ out 9 _! m native art1 :i* !y bett] und]/ood4 ,! we/]n t]m9ation ( ! *ur* is =m$ by ?ree semicircul> apses cr[n$ by semicircul> vaults4 ,9 ! c5tral "o1 clos$ f ! transept by a simple iron reja1 /&s ! high alt> back$ by a great ,go?ic retablo ( fifty-five panels & cr[n$ 9 ! vault+ by a mo/ rem>kable pa9t+4 ,9 ! walls ( ! ni*es is a s]ies ( tombs ( p]sons ) v>y+ claims to our int]e/ & e/eem4 ,its orig9al exclusiv5ess 9 ! reception ( royal pr9ces ( pure l9eage gave way 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury to admit pr9cesses & ba/>ds4 ,"h lies ! ,dean ( ,santiago & ,ar*deacon ( ,salamanca1 a natural son ( ! ,k+ ( ,leon4 ,8 "m1 ow+ to h] %ort-com+s1 got no f>!r ?an ! cloi/] vaults4 ,"s "o has extract$ f ! ar*ives ( ! old ,ca!dral ! orig9 ( ! anci5t mural decoration above ! high alt>4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,decemb]1 #adde1 ! ,*apt] engag$ ! s]vices ( ,ni*olas ,flor5t9o1 pa9t]1 :o = a consid]ation ( #ge1jjj m>av$is ( curr5t :ite ,ca/ilian money1 :i* is wor? two old :ite ones & ?ree new1 promis$ to complete ! pa9t+ f top to bottom4 ,on a ri* blue backgr\nd ! ,supreme ,judge /&s 9 ! c5tre2 to ! "r1 is a regim5t ( ! dead clad 9 :ite raim5t1 graci\sly welcom$ by angels ) trumpets2 on ! left1 ! damn$ are be+ hu/l$ into hell by devils4 ,z a well-pres]v$ example ( v anci5t ,spani% pa9t+1 x c]ta9ly is ( intr9sic value & int]e/ & recalls ! nave repres5tations ( e>ly ,italian arti/s4 ,x is unusually well light$ = a ,romanesque *ur*1 :i* is naturally ow+ to ! dome & n to ! v>i\s w9d[s or roses4 ,!re is no tri=ium1 b ! side walls1 transepts1 & apses are pi]c$ by op5+s ( true ,romanesque type4 ,! ?ick masonry has be5 mo/ timidly pi]c$ = n>r[1 r\nd-head$ slits ( light1 ) splay$ jambs & colonettes engag$ to _! sides c>ry+ ! typically ornam5t$ ar*molds enfram+ ! :ole4 ,! /one mullions ( ! two rema9+ roses are equally timid & typical1 b h n suff]$ l ! w9d[s f ! encroa*m5t ( ! new edifice4 ,! pavem5t undulates l t ( ,sa9t ,m>k's4 ,high above ! cross+ ( nave & transepts rises ! t[] flood+ ! *ur* ) light & int]nally z well z ext]nally express+ "o ( ! gr&e/ ar*itectural conceptions ( ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,sup]latives c alone describe ! ,torre del ,gallo1--truly a product & glory ( ,spani% soil4 ,_m writ]s h argu$ its simil>ity to ! domes ( ,aquita9e *ur*es1 to ,sa9t ,front ( ,prigueux & o!rs1 b x is di/9ctly diff]5t f & f> sup]ior to ^? ) :i* x has be5 comp>$ 9 ! magnific5tly int]pos$ memb]s ( ! drum1 :i* %$ light into ! *ur* ?r\gh _! op5+s & raise ! cupola high en\gh to make ( x a f9ely proportion$1 cr[n+ memb]4 ,! cupola alone1 c]ta9ly n ! g5]al disposition1 may be reg>d$ z a copy ( e>li] examples4 ,! int]nal & ext]nal cores h be5 admirably manag$1 ! out] "o be+ mu* high] to be 9 correct proportion to ! surr\nd+ masonry :i* x cr[ns4 ,! int]ior transition f ! squ>e to ! r\nd base1 tw5ty-eight feet 9 diamet]1 is r clumsily manag$4 ,! successive masonry c\rses ( ! angles /ep out 9 ,byzant9e fa%ion 9 front ( ea* o!r4 ,! f\r pi]s ( ! cross+1 ^u :i* ! p5d5tives desc5d1 are no l>g] ?an ! ma9 pi]s ( ! nave4 ,above ! p5d5tives :i* /& out1 9 _! undecorat$ masonry1 ! circle is girdl$ by a c>v$ cyma1 above :i* rises a d\ble arcade ( sixte5 ar*es1 ea* ar* flank$ by /rong & simple columns ) ,byzant9e caps ( b>ely indicat$ foliage4 ,p[]ful1 int]m$iate column> %afts sep>ate ! sup]impos$ arcades & c>ry on _! caps ! sixte5 ribs t %oot upw>ds & meet 9 ! great floral boss at ! apex ( ! inn] dome4 ,! l[] arcades are semicircul>1 ! upp]1 trefoil$1 :ile ! int]m$iate %afts are brok5 by two b&-c\rses4 ,all ! mold+s1 & especially ! en]getic1 muscul> ribs1 are spl5didly simple & vigor\s 9 _! undecorat$ pr(iles4 ,! l[] arcade is bl9d1 ! upp] admits light ?r\gh timidly sl5d] ap]tures1 ) ! exception ( e f\r? ar*1 :i* co9cides ) an ext]ior turret4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,salamanca ,! ,t[] ( ! ,cock ,ext]nally ! lant]n is ev5 m rem>kable ?an int]nally4 ,z se5 f )91 x is fac$ alt]nately by f\r tympanums & f\r turrets4 ,^! are brok5 by long1 n>r[1 r\nd-head$ op5+s1 vivifi$ by ball mold+s ornam5t+ ! heavy r\nd+ ( _! splays4 ,! tympanums1 z well z ! w9d[s betwe5 !m1 & ! turrets are flank$ by a s]ies ( ,romanesque columns4 ,_! gr\p+1 ! deep reveals & result+ %ad[s1 ! play ( light & %ade br\ght out 9 ! foliage ( _! v>i\s caps1 :i* is b indicat$ 9 ! simple mann] ( ! /yle1 & ! adjac5t mold+s1 all give a mo/ ar*aic impression4 ,! ro(+ ( ! turrets1 z well z t ( ! out] dome1 sugge/s a /one coat-(-mail4 ,! flags are laid 9 scallops or /epp$ r[s1 l ! scales ( a fi%1 giv+ a f> tight] jo9t ?an ! /one *annels cov]+ ! ro(+ ( ,avila ,ca!dral4 ,! outl9e ( ! dome is t ( a cone ) a slightly modulat$ curve1 p]haps unconsci\sly affect$ by a ,moori% del9eation4 ,! angles are m>k$ by bold crockets4 ,above1 cr[n+ ! apex1 p]*es ! cock1 gayly fac+ :atev] "p ( ! heav5s ! w9d bl[s f4 ,!re is an ev]la/+ triumph 9 x all1 rem9d+ "o n a little ( t won at a lat] date 9 ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore4 ,salamanca holds ! religi\s triumph ( a militant age2 ,flor5ce1 ! sacr$ glory ( an arti/ic "o4 ,! l(ty aspiration1 boldly hewn 9 ! ,spani% =tress1 is no less admirable ?an ! con/ructive g5ius r\nd$ 9 ,brunelles*i's dome4 ,! rema9d] ( ! int]ior is n[ s+ul>ly undecorat$ & sev]e4 ,! entrance has be5 s mu* trans=m$ by lat] additions t1 9 place ( ! orig9al portal & ve/ibule1 !re rema9s only a ve/ibule consid]ably n>r[] ?an ! nave1 compress$ on "o side by ! huge t[]s ( ! new ,ca!dral1 & on ! o!r by lat] alt]ations4 ,! two old] t[]s :i* conta9$1 "o ! *imes & ! o!r ! dwell+ ( ! ,alcaide1 h q disappe>$4 ,! ve/ibule has excell5t allegorical sculptures & ,go?ic /atu>y4 ,! nor!rn aisle /ill has a few mural pa9t+s1 b ! l>g] "p ( ^? :i* once illum9at$ ! b>e walls 7 wa%$ (f by a bigot$ prelate 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & ! pres5t gray ( ! /one1 z se5 9 ! dim light1 looks cold comp>$ to ! ri* gold ( ! ext]ior masonry ba!d 9 sun%9e4 ,! excell5ce ( ! vault+ is su* t to-day h>dly a fissure or crack is visible4 ,! old pavem5t consi/s ( great rectangles m>k$ by r$ s&/one bord]s & blue/one c5tre slabs1 ! size ( a grave1 ) c5tral d[els = lift+ & clos+4 ,9 ! s\!rn transept-arm lead+ to ! cloi/]s1 "s ( ! orig9al w9d[s are /ill pres]v$ ) _! f9e columns1 ar*ivolts1 & c>v$ mold+s4 ,! ribs ( ! vaults are decorat$ by zigzag ornam5tation1 & "h a few magnific5t old tombs rema9 intact 9 _! anci5t ni*es4 ,!re is1 prop]ly speak+1 no ext]ior elevation ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,! we/]n front is hidd5 by ! mod]nization1 ! nor? & s\?1 by ! new ,ca!dral1 ! cloi/]s1 & squalid1 encumb]+ walls & *apels4 ,f ! ,patio ,*ico alone1 ! old /ructure c be se5 unob/ruct$4 ,! curves ( ! apses bulge out l full-belli$ sails1 _! great masonry surfaces brok5 by ! small w9d[s1 :i* are cut ) enorm\s splays & encas$ & ar*$ by typical ,romanesque features1 ! w9d[s protect$ by heavy ,moori% grilles4 ,engag$ %afts run up ! sides ( ! c5tral apse to bel[ a quatrefoil gall]y1 orig9ally a %elt] = ! ar*]s /ation$ to def5d ! build+4 ,two =tress-t[]s =m$ ! ea/]n angles nor? & s\?2 ! "o to ! nor? 0 remov$ 9 build+ ! new ,ca!dral4 ,a scal$ turret1 brok5 by lat] ,go?ic p$im5ts1 crosses ! "o rema9+4 ,above all so>s ! dome1 ! inspiration ( our greate/ ,am]ican ,romanesque temple1 ,tr9ity ,*ur* 9 ,bo/on4 ,at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury ! h\ses ( a sacrilegi\s ,salamanca g5tleman 7 confiscat$ & giv5 to ! ,ca!dral ,*apt]1 :o =?) began ! cloi/]s ^u _! site4 ,!y lie to ! s\? & ?us came to be plann$ & built into ! orig9al fabric & ) ,romanesque ar*es & wood5 ro(4 ,!y 7 practically entirely rebuilt 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & aga9 re/or$ 9 ! eighte5?4 ,curi\s1 elaborate1 vault$ *apels--9 "o ( :i* ! ,moz>abic rite1 ! anci5t ,go?ic ritual prolong$ "u ,moslem rule1 is /ill occasionally celebrat$--adjo9 x to ! ea/ & s\?4 ,rec5tly1 old ,byzant9e ni*es & tombs1 "s ( great int]e/1 h be5 uncov]$ 9 ! out] walls4 ,,ii ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,fa!r 9 ,*ri/1 ,"l ,c>d9al1 our mu* belov$ & v de> ,fri5d2 ,we ! ,k+ & ! ,que5 ( ,ca/ile1 ( ,leon1 & ( ,aragon1 ,sicily1 etc41 s5d ?is to salute y1 z "o :om we love & e/eem highly1 & to %[ we desire ,god may give life1 heal?1 & honor1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( y\r own desire4 ,we in=m y t ! ,city ( ,salamanca is "o ( ! mo/ notable1 popul\s1 & pr9cipal cities ( our k+doms1 9 :i* !re is a society ( s*ol>s1 & :]e all sci5ces may be /udi$1 & to :i* p f all /ates cont9ually come4 ,! ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ! said city is v small1 d>k1 & l[1 to su* an ext5t t ! div9e s]vices _c be celebrat$ 9 su* a mann] z !y %\ld be1 especially dur+ fea/-days :5 a l>ge conc\rse ( p /reams to ! ,ca!dral1 & by ! ,grace ( ,god1 ! said city increases & enl>ges day by day4 ,& consid]+ ! extreme n>r[ness ( ! said ,*ur*1 ! ,adm9i/rator & ,dean & ,*apt] h agre$ to rebuild x1 mak+ x z l>ge z is necess>y & conv5i5t1 accord+ to ! population ( ! said city4 ,?is fur!rmore z ! =m & ! fabric ( ! said ,*ur* _c be rebuilt )\t disfigurem5t4 ,& 9 ord] to build bett] & promptly1 z ! said ,*ur* has a v small income1 x is necess>y t our mo/ ,holy ,fa!r conc$e "s indulg5ces 9 ! =m t ! ,bi%ops ( ,vadajos & ,a/orga1 our ag5ts & emiss>ies to y\r ,c\rt1 w tell y\r ,rev]5d ,fa!rhood1 & we reque/ y to besee* ,8 ,hol9ess to conc$e ! said indulg5ces4 ,!re=e we affectionately beg y to und]take ! matt] 9 ! mann] :i* we affectionately supplicate1 because our ,"l w be s]v$1 & ! ,div9e ,s]vice increas$1 & we w receive x f y 9 peculi> gratitude4 ,reg>d+ ?is1 we wrote details to ! said bi%ops4 ,we beg y to give !m cr$it & favor4 ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,fa!r 9 ,*ri/1 ,"l ,c>d9al1 our v de> & belov$ fri5d1 may ,god our ,"l at all times especially gu>d & favor y\r ,rev]5d ,fa!rhood4 ,i1 ,,! ,,k+1 ,i1 ,,! ,,que54 ,,seville1 ! #ag? day ( ,febru>y1 9 ! n9ety-fir/ ye>4 ,t 0 ! way ! ,ca?olic ,k+s wrote to ! ,c>d9al ( ,ang]s to make pla9 to him t ! pla91 d>k1 small1 old ,ca!dral 0 no long] 9 keep+ ) _! glory or ! times1 & to beg9 ! movem5t = a l>g] edifice4 ,! /]n simplicity ( ! anci5t ,*ur* 0 inde$ out ( h>mony ) ! brilliance & crav+ = lavi% display & magnific5t proportions :i* *>act]ize ! age ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii answ]$ ! appeal 9 ! ye> #adia1 grant+ p]mission = ! transf]5ce ( ! s]vices to a l>g] edifice m fitt+ ! congregation ( ,salamanca1 n[ at ! z5i? ( its prosp]ity & academic r5[n4 ,9 #aejh ,f]d9& pass$ ?r\gh ,salamanca1 & 0 aga9 suffici5tly fir$ by religi\s zeal to issue ! foll[+ ord]3 ,! ,k+ to ! ,ma/] ,mayor ( ! works ( ! ,*ur* ( ,seville4 ,s9ce x has n[ to be decid$ h[ ! ,*ur* ( ,salamanca may be made1 9 ord] t its design may be made z x ought1 ,i cons5t t y be pres5t !re4 ,i *>ge & comm& y in/antly to leave all o!r ?+s1 & come to ! said ,city ( ,salamanca1 t1 jo9tly ) ! o!r p]sons :o are !re1 y may see ! site :]e ! said ,*ur* has to be built1 & may make a draw+ = x1 & 9 all ?+s may give y\r judgm5t h[ x may be mo/ suit$ to the,divine ,wor%ip & to ! ornature ( ! said ,*ur*2 :i*1 hav+ come to pass1 !n y\r sal>y %all be paid1 :i* ,i %all receive return = 9 ?is s]vice4 ,done 9 ,valladolid1 ! #bc;d day ( ,novemb]1 #aeji4 ,! fam\s ,ma/] ( ,tol$o1 ,anton ,egas1 receiv$ a simil> summons 7s]v$ 9 8 abs5ce on 8 two maids71 b nei!r ar*itect seems to h be5 ov]-zeal\s 9 c>ry+ out ! royal comm&s1 = next ye> ,que5 ,juana1 ,f]d9&'s daught]1 gr[+ impati5t1 writes aga93 ,if9d x n[ good1 z ,i comm& y1 t imm$iately t ?is my lett] %all be made kn[n to y1 )\t mak+ any excuse or delay1 y g to ! said ,city ( ,salamanca4 ,?is produc$ ! desir$ result1 = ! two del9qu5t ar*itects hurri$ to ! city1 /udi$ ! conditions1 &1 aft] consid]able squabbl+ ) ea* o!r & ! ,*apt]1 _m draw+s1 & a l5g?y report1 agre$ to disagree4 ,?is 0 too mu* = ! ,bi%op1 & )\t fur!r ado he summon$ on ! #c;d ( ,septemb]1 #aeab1 a fam\s conclave ( all ! celebrat$ ar*itects 9 ,spa9 to pass on ! report ( ,egas ( ,tol$o & ,rodriguez ( ,seville & settle ! matt]4 ,"h sat besides ,egas1 ,juan ,badajos1 ,juan ,gil de ,hontaon1 ,alfonso ,cov>rubias1 ,juan de ,orazco1 ,juan de ,alava1 ,juan ,torn]o1 ,rodrigo de ,s>abia & ,juan ,camp]o4 ,! matt] 0 ?ra%$ out bo? z to site & =m & a f9al report s5t 91 /at+ ! result ( _! delib]ations1 & z !y 7 mu* le>n$ & skilful m51 & exp]i5c$ 9 _! art1 _! op9ion ought c]ta9ly to be act$ on4 ,h[ev]1 to leave no fur!r d\bt1 e "o ( !m swore by ,god & ,sa9t ,m>y1 "u ^: protection ! ,*ur* is1 & ^u ! sign ( ! ,cross1 ^u :i* !y all & ea* ( !m put _! h&s bodily1 t !y _h spok5 ! entire tru?1 :i* ea* ( !m did1 say+1 ',s ,i swe>1 & ,am54' ,?is settl$ ! bus9ess4 ,?ree days aft]w>ds1 ,juan ,gil de ,hontaon1 ! lat] build] ( ,segovia & rebuild] ( ! dome ( ,seville1 0 nam$ ,mae/ro ,mayor & ,juan ,camp]o1 8 appr5tice4 ,on a /one ( ! ma9 faade !re /ill /&s an inscription record+ ! solemn lay+ ( ! corn]-/one on ! #ab? ( ,may1 #aeac4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ! ,"m & ! ,savi\r4 ,! wise/ ( ! resolutions pass$ by ?is wise/ ( ar*itectural bodies 0 ! recomm5dation to leave ! old edifice undi/urb$4 ,"w 0 imm$iately />t$ on ! we/]n entrance front & cont9u$ ) untir+ en]gy by ,juan ,gil until 8 dea? 9 #aeca4 ,8 two sons assi/$ him1 & !y 7 all con/antly guid$ & aid$ by a body ( ! mo/ em95t ,spani% ar*itects :o ye>ly visit$ ! edifice4 ,on ! dea? ( ,mae/ro ,alv>o1 six ye>s lat]1 ,juan's son1 ,rodrigo ,gil1 0 select$ z ,mae/ro ,mayor4 ,he naturally tri$ to c>ry out all 8 fa!r _h plann$1 build+ ) equal rapidity & no less excell5ce4 ,by #aefj ! "w _h be5 c>ri$ z f> t[>ds ! ea/ z ! cross+4 ,amid imm5se popul> rejoic+1 & ) ecclesia/ical pomp1 ! ,holy ,sacram5t 0 mov$ f ! old ,basilica to ! new4 ,pio ,,iii papa1 ,philippe ,,ii rege1 ,francisco ,manrico de ,l>a episcopo1 ex vet]e ad hoc templum facta translatio xxv m>t4 anno a ,*ri/o nato ,,mdlx4 ,?is ( c\rse gave a new impetus to ! "w1 & ar* aft] ar*1 *apel on *apel1 rapidly grew ?r\gh ! next decades4 ,! bigot$ ,philip naturally look$ on ) favor+ eye4#c ,twice ! "w langui%$1 b 0 resum$ ?r\gh ! wan+ p]iod ( ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,! new classicism 0 triumphantly replac+ ! dy+ art1 & ! build]s ( ,salamanca 7 sorely p]plex$ :e!r or n to make a radical dep>ture to ! new] /yle4 ,mo/ =tunately1 ! conclave call$ toge!r at ?is critical mom5t rema9$ loyal to ! orig9al conception1 & ! ,r5aissance only took possession 9 ornam5tation & ! dome4 ,n until #agcc 0 ! f9al translation celebrat$4 ,lat]1 e>?quakes & lightn+ %ook d[n bo? dome & t[]1 s t practically x 0 n till ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! la/ mort> 0 dry4 ,! build+ spann$ a long & glori\s epo* 9 ! city's hi/ory1 f a "t :5 h] imp]ial ma/] rul$ ! _w until a =eign up/>t trampl$ h] "u foot4 ,! plan ( ! new ,ca!dral1 l t ( ,seville1 is an enorm\s rectangle ( t5 bays1 resembl+ a huge mosque1 #cgh feet long by #aha feet wide4 ,x consi/s ( nave & d\ble side aisles )\t project+ transept2 squ>e *apels fill ! out] aisles z well z ! bays ( ! ea/]n t]m9ation4 ,aft] mu* discussion x 0 decid$ t ! nave 7#acj feet high7 %\ld be ab\t "o ?ird high] ?an ! fir/ side aisles2 ! *apels are #ed feet 9 height4 ,! *oir blocks ! ?ird & f\r? bays ( ! nave1 :ile ! ,capilla ,mayor occupies ! eigh?4 ,ov] ! six? so>s ! lant]n4 ,! plat=m ( ! ,patio ,*ico sep>ates ! sacri/y & ! old ,ca!dral t practically abuts ! entire s\!rn front4 ,at ! s\?we/]n angle1 ! int]section ( ! two ca!drals is hidd5 by ! gigantic t[]4 ,! nor!rn front is admirably free1 ! :ole /ructure be+ visible on its high granite plat=m4 ,! we/]n front is ent]$ ?r\gh ! great triple doorway1 ! c5tral be+ t ( ! ,nacimi5to2 ! nor!rn1 ?r\gh ! ,pu]ta de las ,ramos1 ! s\!rn1 ?r\gh ! ,pu]ta del ,patio ,*ico4 ,glanc+ at ! plan z a :ole1 "o _c b deplore t a conception ( su* d>+ proportions ) no limitation ( "t nor money1 hav+ c5turies & ! weal? ( ! ,indies to draw on1 0 n conceiv$ ) t mo/ p]fect ( all ,go?ic developm5ts1 ! semicircul> apsidal t]m9ation4 ,! ,spani%1 z well z ! cu/om>y ,engli% ea/]n end1 c nev]1 f any /&po9t ( +5uity or beauty1 be comp>able to ! amaz+ conceptions ( ,rheims or ,ami5s or ,p>is4 ,! int]ior effect is express$ 9 "o ^w1--gr&iloqu5ce4 ,x is a true *ild ( ! age :i* conceiv$ x1 & ! _s :i* in=m$ its erection4 ,if ! fabric ( ! old ,ca!dral is ess5tially ,romanesque1 ) lat] ,go?ic ornam5tation & con/ructional features1 ! new is entirely ,go?ic1 ) ,r5aissance additions4 ,! _s & =m are ,go?ic1--,spani% ,go?ic1--& "o ( its la/ sighs4 ,! fire 0 ext9ct4 ,by display & sculptural fire-works1 by bold flaunt+ ( me*anical ma/]y1 a la/ trial & glori\s failure 7 made 9 an attempt to emulate ! m>vel\s /ructural logic & simplicity :i* _h m>k$ ! ,go?ic edifices ( an e>li] age4 ,! bl5d+ ( ! two /yles does n j>1 b has be5 effect$ ) a h>mony sc>cely to be expect$4 ,if "o 7 n hamp]$ ) an ar*itectural education1 "o c\ld admire x all1 in/ead ( criticiz+ & wond]+ :y a ,r5aissance lant]n is rais$ ^u a ,go?ic cr[n1 & :y a f9e ,r5aissance balu/rade above ,go?ic b&-c\rses sep>ates ! nave ar*es f its cl]e/ory1 :ile ^? ( ! side aisles are sep>at$ by a ,go?ic "o4 ,! int]ior fabric itself is f9e3 x is m 9 detail1 9 ! /r+9ess & multiplicity ( mold+s1 9 ! f95ess1 subdivision1 & elaboration ( c>v+s & ornam5t t "o feels ! advanc+ deg5]ation4 ,f be+ frank & simple1 x has become ins9c]e & pr(use4 ,! ,go?ic w9d[ op5+s1 :i* _h be5 /eadily develop+ l>g] & bold] up to _! culm9ation 9 ! glori\s cons]vatory ( ,leon1 _h aga9 gr[n small] & m fitt$ to ! climate4 ,9 ,salamanca !y are small & high up4 ,nave & side aisles bo? c>ry cl]e/ories2 t ( ! nave consi/+ ( sev5ty-two w9d[s 9 alt]nate bays ( ?ree w9d[s & two w9d[s ) circle above1 t ( ! side aisle1 ( "o l>ge w9d[ subdivid$ )9 its own field4 ,! *apel walls are also pi]c$ by small] op5+s4 ,"s h good ?\gh n excell5t color+4 ,! =m ( ! ,r5aissance lant]n is n infelicit\s1 ei!r f ! inside or outside4 ,x 0 fir/ built by ,sac*etti4 ,! d\ble base is octagonal1 ) corn]s /r5g!n$ by columns & pila/]s & execut$ ) mu* arti/ic skill4 ,7 x n = ! vulg> int]ior color+ & ornam5tation ( *]ubs1 scrolls1 & scallop %ells1 contort$1 disproportionate1 & unmean+1 its high1 brilliantly light+ semicircle might be pleas+4 ,horrible decoration fills ! panels ( ! octagonal base4 ,! dome itself is almo/ z gaudily color$4 ,! int]ior is built ( a cle> gray /one on :i* sp>+ employm5t ( color 9 c]ta9 places is mo/ effective4 ,?us 9 ! bosses ( ! vault+ ribs ?r\gh\t1 9 ! capitals ( ! pi]s ( nave & transept1 9 ! v elaborate fan-vault+ ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 & 9 ! s(fits ( nave-cl]e/ory1 ! blue & gold contra/s f9ely ) ! cold gray surfaces4 ,r5aissance m$allions decorate ! sp&rels ( ! nave1 b ^? ( ! side aisles be> ! coats-(-arms ( ! ,ca!dral & ! ,city ( ,salamanca4 ,a diff]5tly design$ fan-vault+ spreads ov] e *apel4 ,great rejas enclose *oir & ,capilla ,mayor f ! transept4 ,! re> ( ! *oir is badly mutilat$ by a ,b>oque scre51 :ile ! sides & back ( ! high alt> /ill consi/ ( ! r\gh blocks :i* h be5 wait+ = c5turies to be c>v$4 ,! *oir-/alls are v late eighte5? c5tury1 a mass ( ov]-elaborate detail1 z f9e z ,gr9l+ ,gibbon's c>v+1 & if possible ev5 m rem>kable 9 ! detail4 ,! we/ & nor? faades are1 = a ,spani% ca!dral1 s+ul>ly free & un5cumb]$4 ,! we/ faces ! old walls ( ! univ]sity4 ,! entire composition is ov]%ad[$ by ! trem5d\s t[] t looms up = miles ar\nd 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is inde$ ,salamanca qui rige ses clo*]s rutilants sur la nudit inexorable du ds]t4 ,?\gh x has no?+ to d ) ! re/ ( ! composition1 x is a happy mixture ( ! two /yles2 ! massive base is z high z ! ro(+ ( ! nave1 bless$ly b>e & sev]e beside ! re/lessness ( ! adjo9+ scre54 ,a clock & a few panels are all t break x4 ,classical balconies run r\nd x above & bel[ ! fir/ bell-/ory1 ! sides ( :i* are decorat$ ) a ,cor9?ian ord] & brok5 by r\nd ar*$ op5+s4 ,a simil> ord] decorates ! drum ( ! cupola1 :ile ,go?ic crocket$ pyramids break ! transition at angles4 ,at ! peak ( ! lant]n1 ?ree hundr$ & sixty feet 9 ! air1 so>s ! triumphant emblem ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,t man ( ar*itectural infamy1 ,*urrigu]a1 erect$ x1 %[+ 9 ?is in/ance an extraord9>y re/ra9t4 ,! faade belongs to ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,ca!dral1 & portions ( x are ,juan ,gil de ,hontaon's "w1 ?\gh ! lat] po9ts to ,poni5te4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e x ) ! la/ ,go?ic "w 9 ,france1 )1 = in/ance1 ,sa9t-,ou5 at ,r\54 ,! end ( ! /yle 9 ! two c\ntries is totally diff]5t--"o expir+ 9 a mass ( glass & trac]y1 ! o!r1 9 a mean+less jumble ( ornam5tation1 ( cusp$ & brok5 & elliptical ar*es & c>v+ incr$ible 9 its delicacy4 ,"o c sc>cely believe x to be /one4 ,! ,spani%1 ?\gh n wild 9 its extravagance1 yet lacks all s5se ( re/ra9t4 ,! front is compos$ ( a scre5work ( ?ree huge ar*es1 )9 :i* ?ree portals lead+ to ! aisles =m ! ma9 composition1 ! :ole cr[n$ by a s]ies ( crocket$ p9nacles4 ,a pla9 =tress-l pi]1 resembl+ ! remnant ( an old ba/ion1 t]m9ates x to ! nor?4 ,great buttresses sep>ate ! portals4 ,ar\nd !m are deep reveals & ar*ivolt2 some:at recall+ ,fr5* examples 9 _! =ms2 above !m is an inexhau/ible ef=t 9 /one4 ,!re are myriads ( brackets & canopies1 "s few hav+ /atues4 ,!re are en\gh coats-(-arms to supply :ole nations ) h]aldic emblems1 & recess$ mold+s ( rem>kable & exquisite workman%ip & crispness ( foliage4 ,"s ( ! bas-reliefs1 z ^? ( ! ,nativity & ,adoration1 are v f9e4 ,! ,virg9 9 ! pill> sep>at+ ! doors ( ! c5tral entrance ga!rs ! folds ( h] robe ab\t h] ) a que5ly grace & dignity4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,salamanca ,f ! ,vega ,! :ole doorway on its great scale is a rem>kable "w ( ! transition f ,go?ic to ,r5aissance4 ,:ile ! treatm5t ( ! figures has a naturalism already entirely ,r5aissance1 ! ma9 bulk ( ! ornam5tal detail is /ill 9 its feel+ q ,go?ic4 ,f ! /eps ( ! ,palazzo del ,gob]no ,civil1 ! nor!rn front /ret*es out be=e y above ! bu%y tops ( ! acacia trees 9 ! ,plaza del ,colegio ,viejo4 ,! dem>cations are /rong 9 ! horizontal c\rses ( ! balconies :i* cr[n ! walls ( ! nave & side-aisle *apels1--! two l[] q ,go?ic4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! naves is met by great buttresses fly+ out ov] ! ro(s ( ! side aisles1 & !re1 z well z above ! buttresses ( ! *apel walls1 p9nacles rise l ! ma/s 9 a great %ipy>d4 ,! :ole organism ( ! late ,spani% ,go?ic *ur* lies op5 be=e y4 ,! long /ret* ( ! ?ree ti]s ( walls is brok5 by ! face ( ! transept1 ! door ( :i* is block$1 :ile ! surr\nd+ buttresses & walls are cov]$ ) canopies & brackets1 all vacant ( /atues4 ,9 place ( ! condemn$ door1 !re is "o lead+ into ! second bay1 ! ,pu]ta de los ,ramos or de las ,palmas1 9 feel+ v simil> to ! ma9 doors ( ! we/4 ,its semicircul> ar*es support a relief repres5t+ ,*ri/ ent]+ ,j]usalem4 ,a circul> light flank$ by ,pet] & ,paul comes above1 & ! :ole is encas$ 9 a s]ies ( brok5 ar*es fill$ ) ! mo/ intricate c>v+4 ,! gr& & ! gr&iloqu5t ,ca!dral seem to gaze out ov] ! t[n & ! va/ pla9 ( ! old k+dom ( ,leon & to li/54 ,x is a gold5 t[n1 ( a dignity "o gladly l9ks ) ! "n ( ,ca/ile4 ,x is a city--or :at is left ( x aft] ! firebr&s ( ,?iebaut1 ( ,ney1 & ( ,m>mont--( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( conv5ts & *ur*es & huge ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts4 ,!y rise l amb] m\nta9s above ! squalid build+s crumbl+ betwe5 !m1 & /& 9 grill$ & lattic$ sil5ce4 ,las ,duez lies mute on "o side & on ! o!r ,san ,e/eban1 :]e ! great discov]] plead$ 8 cause to deaf e>s4 ,9 ! ev5+ gl[ _! br[n walls ga9 a dep? & w>m? ( color l ! flu% 9 ! d>k *eeks ( ,spani% girls4 ,,ii ,,burgos ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos ,we/ front ,:]eat he wondr$ mu*1 & gan enqu]e ,:at /ately build+ dur/ s high ext5d ,h] l(ty t[res unto ! />ry sph]e4 ,! ,fa]ie ,que5e1 book ,i1 c4 x1 lvi4 ,i ,! be/ view ( ! spires ( ,burgos is f ! ru9$ walls ( ! ,ca/illo high above ! city4 ,f ^! crumbl+ ramp>ts1 pi]c$ & g\g$ by a ?\s& ye>s ( assault & f9ally r5t asund] by ! p[d] ( ! ,napoleonic armies1 y look directly d[n ^u ! mi/ress ( ! city & ! sad & ard5t pla94 ,a /ubbly gr[?1 m l cocoa matt+ ?an grass1 cov]s ! unro($ floor b5ea? y\r feet4 ,f ?is ,ca/le1 ,f]d9& ,gonzales rul$ ,ca/ile1 & "h ! ,cid l$ ,da ,zim5a1 & ,edw>d ,i ( ,engl& ,eleanor ( ,ca/ile1 to ! alt>4 ,! only colors bright5+ ! melan*oly hillside are "h & !re ! brilliant blood-/a9 ( ! poppy1 ! gold ( ! d&elion1 & ! episcopal purple ( ! ?i/le4 ,bel[ & beyond1 /ret*es a sea ( %ad$ o*re1 brok5 9 ! =egr\nd by ! corrugations ( ! _m ro(s turn$ by "t to ! br[ni% t9t ( ! encircl+ hillocks & made to bl5d 9 "o h>mony ) its mono*rome bosom4 ,fillets ( silv] pi]ce ! horizon1 glitt]+ z !y w9d ne>] betwe5 ov]-hang+ bir*es & popl>s4 ,! deep1 guttural1 ro> ( ! great ,ca!dral's _m voices rises 9 maje/ic & undisput$ au?ority f ! valley bel[1 n[ & aga9 jo9$ by ! weak] trebles ( ,san ,e/eban & ,san ,nicolas4 ,regim5ts ( soldi]s m>* ) regul> clatt]+ /ep ?r\gh holy prec9cts & up & d[n ! crook$ lanes & squ>es2 b>racks & p>ade-gr\nds occupy consecrat$ soil1--/ill ,santa ,m>ia la ,mayor raises h] voice to comm& ob$i5ce & proclaim h] undivid$ dom9ion ov] ! pla9s ( dr[sy1 old ,ca/ile4 ,f ?is height1 "o does n notice ! trans=mation ( ! ,go?ic into sev5te5?-c5tury edifices1 nor ! *anges wr\ght by lat] c5turies4 ,9 ! gl>e ( ! dazzl+ sun1 ! tremul\s atmosph]e1 & ! lazy1 curl+ smoke ( ! _m *imneys1 ,burgos /ill seems ,burgos ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! royal city1 mi/ress ( ! ca/les & sweep+ pla9s1 & ! ,ca!dral is h] /ronghold4 ,%e is v old1--tradition says1 f\nd$ by ,c\nt ,diego ,rodriguez ( ,alava ) ! assi/ance ( an ,alfonso :o rul$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,ovi$o t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,= _m ye>s 8 desc5dants1 z well z ! lords ( ! _m ca/les /rewn along ! lonely hills nor? ( ! ,si]ra de ,guad>rama1 ow$ allegiance to ,leon & ! k+dom ( ! ,a/urias4 ,burgos f9ally ?rew (f ! yoke1 & *ose judges = rul]s1 until "o ( !m1 ,f]d9& ,gonzalez1 assum$ = himself & 8 successors ! pr\d title ( ,conde ( ,ca/ile4 ,"u 8 great-gr&son1 ,f]d9& ,i1 ,ca/ile & ,leon 7 unit$ 9 #ajcg1 ?us lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! lat] mon>*y4 ,burgos became a capital city4 ,aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd ( m$ival hi/ory & int]wov5 ) _m romantic leg5ds1 !re /&s out t greate/ ( ,spani% h]oes1 ! ,cid ,campeador4 ,?is ,rodrigo ,diaz 0 born ne> ,burgos4 ,! lady ,zim5a :om he m>ri$ 0 daught] ( a ,c\nt ,diego ,rodriguez ( ,ovi$o1 probably a desc5dant ( ! f\nd] ( ! city4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! knights & nobles ( ,burgos1 ! ,cid =c$ ,alfonso ,,vi to swe> t he _h no "p 9 ! murd] ( ,k+ ,san*o1 & 9 ! royal city he 0 !n elect$ ,k+ ( ,ca/ile by ! ,commons 7#ajga74 ,alfonso nev] =gave ! ,cid ?is humiliation1 & lat] exil$ him4 ,to ! ,burgalese ( to-day1 he seems z liv+ & real z he 0 to m$ival ,ca/ilians4 ,spani% hi/ories & *ildr5 w tell y ( two ?+s t make ,burgos immortal--h] ,ca!dral1 & h] mo!rhood to ,rodrigo ,diaz de ,viv>4#d ,! importance ( ! city z a ,*ri/ian c5tre becomes evid5t at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury 7#ajgd71 :5 x receives its own bi%op1 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 fully equipp$1 convokes a *ur* c\ncil to prote/ aga9/ ! supplant+ by ! ,lat9 ( ! e>li] ,moz>abic rite1 s de> to ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,! same ,alfonso transf]r$ 8 capital to ! newly conqu]$ ,tol$o &1 contemporane\s ) ! great prosp]ity ( ,burgos dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 !re 0 endless jeal\sy z to prec$5ce1 fir/ betwe5 ,burgos & ,tol$o & aft]w>ds betwe5 ^! & ,valladolid4 ,burgos rea*es ! z5i? ( h] p[] 9 ! reign ( ,sa9t ,f]d9& & ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?\gh z late z #acdi1 ,alfonso ,,xi1 9 ! assembl$ ,cortes1 /ill recognizes ,burgos's claim z fir/ city by call+ on h] to give h] voice fir/1--prima voce et fide1 say+ he w\ld !n speak = ,tol$o4 ,n long aft]1 ,valladolid ov]%ad[s !m bo?4 ,! greatness ( ,burgos is t ( ! old ,ca/ilian k+dom2 ) its ext9ction came h]s4 ,h] fl[]+ & expansion 7 contemporane\s ) ! mo/ spl5did p]iod ( ,go?ic art4 ,h] day 0 a glori\s "o1 be=e bigotry _h laid its )]+ h& ^u ! arts1 & :ile ! ri* imag9ation & skill$ h&s ( ,moori% & ,jewi% citiz5s /ill ennobl$ & embelli%$ _! capital city4 ,,ii ,! pres5t ,ca!dral is s+ul>ly picturesque & by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! ?ree great ,go?ic ,ca!drals ( ,spa91--,leon1 ,tol$o1 & ,burgos4 ,! int]e/ is ma9ly due to h] vigor\s organism1 an outcome ( m ess5tially ,spani% pr$ilections 7z well z a natural int]pretation ( ! ,fr5* importations7 ?an we f9d 9 ei!r ( ! si/] *ur*es4 ,lat] additions & ornam5tation h naturally conceal$ & disfigur$1 b ! old body is /ill !re1 admirable1 fitt+1 & sane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,( ,,plan ,,( ,,burgos ,,ca!dral ,a4 ,*apel ( ,santa ,!cla4 ,b4 ,*apel ( ,santa ,anna4 ,c4 ,*apel ( ! ,holy ,bir?4 ,d4 ,*apel ( ! ,annunciation4 ,e4 ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,gregory4 ,f4 ,*apel ( ! ,con/able4 ,g4 ,*apel ( ! ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,james4 ,h4 ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,john4 ,i4 ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,ca!r9e4 ,k4 ,*apel ( ,jean ,cu*ill]4 ,l4 ,*apt] ,h\se4 ,m4 ,sacri/y4 ,n4 ,m9or ,sacri/y4 ,o4 ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,h5ry4 ,p4 ,alt>4 ,q4 ,*oir4 ,r4 ,*apel ( ! ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg94 ,s4 ,*oir4 ,t4 ,gold5 ,/aircase4 ,u4 ,door ( ! ,pelleg]ia4 ,x4 ,door ( ! ,s>m5tal4 ,y4 ,door ( ! ,p]don4 ,z4 ,door ( ! ,apo/les4 ,burgos ,ca!dral is built ^u a hillside1 h] walls hewn out ( & climb+ ! sides ( ! m\nta91 mak+ x necess>y ei!r f nor? or s\? to approa* h] ?r\gh long flights ( /airs4 ,:at %e loses 9 fre$om & access1 %e c]ta9ly ga9s 9 picturesqu5ess4 ,%e is fle% ( ! fle% & blood ( ! blood ( ! city1 scal+ its heights l a great "m & draw+ aft] h] ! surr\nd+ h\ses :i* ne/le to h] sides4 ,%e w\ld n ga9 9 maje/y by /&+ free 9 an op5 squ>e1 nor by receiv+ ! sunlight on all sides4 ,& s1 ?\gh _m lat] additions hide mu* ( ! e>ly fabric1 !y comb9e ) x to =m a picturesque :ole1 a wond]ful jewell$ casket1 a sp>kl+ diadem set high on ! royal br[ ( ! city1 su* z possibly no o!r city ( its size 9 ,*ri/5dom c boa/4 ,x 0 ,k+ ,alfonso ,,vi :o at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury gave 8 palace-gr\nd = ! erection ( a ,ca!dral = ! new ,episcopal ,see4 ,we "k no?+ ( its design1 nor :e!r x occupi$ exactly ! same site z ! lat] build+4 ,! e>ly "o mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 a ,romanesque ,*ur*2--:at might n a lat] ,romanesque ,ca!dral h be56--= ! /yle _h arriv$ at a po9t ( vitally int]e/+ promise & national developm5t1 :5 x 0 =c$ to recoil be=e ! =eign invad]s1 ! ,b5$ict9es & ,ci/]cians4 ,two great names are l9k$ to ! f\nd+ ( ! pres5t ,ca!dral ( ,burgos1 ,sa9t ,f]d9& & ,bi%op ,maurice4 ,! latt] 0 bi%op f #abac to #abch1 & probably an ,engli%man :o came to ,burgos 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,engli% ,que51 ,eleanor ,plantag5et4#e ,he 0 s5t to ,spey] z ambassador f ! ,spani% ,c\rt to br+ back ! ,pr9cess ,beatrice z bride = ,sa9t ,f]d9&4 ,maurice's mission took him ?r\gh ^? p>ts ( ,g]many & ,france :]e ! en?usiasm = ca!dral-build+ 0 at its height1 & he _h "t to admire & /udy a =e/ ( exquisite spires1 newly re>$1 p>ticul>ly :ile ! "y lady giv5 him 9 *>ge 0 sumptu\sly ent]ta9$ by ,k+ ,philip ,augu/us4 ,naturally he return$ to 8 native city burn+ ) ardor to beg9 a simil> "w !re1 & probably br\ght ) him ma/]-build]s & skilful arti/s ( long tra9+ 9 ,go?ic *ur*-build+4 ,que5 ,b]5g>ia & ,k+ ,f]d9& met ! ,suabian ,pr9cess at ! fronti] ( ,ca/ile4 ,! fir/ c]emony 0 ! conf]5ce ( ! ,ord] ( ,knigh?ood1 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! ricos hombres 7rul+ m571 ! cavali]s ( ! k+dom ) _! wives & ! burgesses4 ,! sword 0 tak5 f ! alt> & gird$ on by ! "r noble lady ,b]5g>ia4 ,we read t ! o!r arms _h be5 bless$ by ,bi%op ,maurice & 7 donn$ by ! ,k+ ) 8 own h&s1 no "o else be+ high en\gh = ! (fice4 ,?ree days lat] ,f]d9& 0 m>ri$ to dulcissimam ,domicellam 9 ! old ,ca!dral by ! ,bi%op ( ,burgos )\t prote/ f ! ,primate ( ,ca/ile1 ,ar*bi%op ,rodrigo ( ,tol$o4 ,?is took place 9 #abai1 & two ye>s aft] ,k+ & ,bi%op laid ! corn]-/one ( ! new edifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos ,view ( ! nave ,! "w mu/ h be5 spurr$ on by all ! religi\s ardor :i* fir$ ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 = only n9e ye>s lat] s]vices 7 held 9 ! ea/]n end ( ! build+4 ,! good ,bi%op 0 laid to re/ 9 ! old *oir1 :]e he /ill lies undi/urb$1 ?\gh to-day x is ! ,capilla ,mayor4 ,by ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ! great bulk ( ! old /ructure mu/ h be5 well advanc$4 ,! l[] portions ( ! t[]s & ! ea/]n t]m9ation are f\rte5?-c5tury "w2 ! spires !mselves1 fifte5?4 ,a multitude ( *anges & additions1 new *apels & build+s1 gradually1 z ye>s w5t on1 trans=m$ ! primitive plan f its fir/ h>mony & beauty to a confus$ mass ( aisles1 vaults1 & *apels4 ,:5 we comp>e ! pres5t fabric ) ! e>ly plan1 we see ) :at ma/]ly skill & simplicity ! orig9al "o 0 conceiv$4 ,all t is left or c be se5 ( ?is fir/ /ructure is spl5did4 ,?\gh built 9 ! second p]iod ( ! great nor!rn /yle1 x has none ( ! lightness ( ! ,fr5* *ur*es :i* 7 go+ up simultane\sly1 nor ev5 t ( ,spani% ,leon or ,tol$o4 ,x has heavy support+ walls & is ( ! family ( ! e>ly ,fr5* ) a magnific5tly p[]ful & effici5t sy/em ( pi]s & buttresses4 ,x is n free f a c]ta9 ,romanesque feel+ 9 its g5]al l9es1 its w9d[s1 & 9 _m ( its details4 ,?\gh a spl5did type ( ,go?ic con/ruction1 ?is fir/ *ur* is a conv9c+ pro( t ! n]v\s1 subtle1 fully develop$ sy/em 0 =eign to ,spani% ta/e4 ,! complicat$ solutions1 ! intricate plann+1 7 n 9 accordance ) _! temp] nor pr$ilections4 ,rheims may be said to express ! radical temp] ( its ,fr5* build]s1 ,burgos1 ! cons]vative ,spani%4 ,9 ,spa91 con/ruction & arti/ic pr9ciples did n g h& 9 h& 9 ! glori\s mann] !y 7 wont to 9 ,france4 ,burgos seems mu* m emotional ?an s5sitive4 ,riot\s excess & empty display take ! place ( re/ra9$ & appropriate decoration4 ,! organic dep5d5ce :i* %\ld exi/ betwe5 sculpture & ar*itecture1 s inv>iably pres5t 9 ! e>ly ,fr5* *ur*1 is lack+ 9 ,burgos4 ,a c>eful analysis is int]e/+4 ,x reveals ! fusion ( =eign elem5ts1 ! sev]e mona/ic ( ! ,ci/]cians & ! lat] sumptu\s secul> /yle1 ! florid intricacy ( ! ,g]man1 ! glory ( ! ,romanesque1 ! dryness ( its revival & ! bomba/ ( ! ,plat]esque1 all m or less trans=m$ by :at ,spani>ds c\ld & w\ld d4 ,9 its con/ruction & buttresses1 x recalls ,s5s & ,sa9t-,d5is2 9 its nave1 ,*>tres2 9 its vault+1 ! ,angev9e ,s*ool4 ,! symmetry ( ! e>ly plan is fasc9at+1 & ,seor ,lamp]ez y ,romea's s9c]e & beautiful recon/ruction mu/ be a fai?ful reproduction4 ,x makes ! side aisles q free1 ! broad transepts to consi/ ( two bays1 :ile ! cross+ is c>ri$ by pi]s heavy en\gh to support an ord9>y vault b n a maje/ic lant]n4 ,five p]fectly =m$ radial *apels surr\nd ! polygonal ambulatory & are cont9u$ t[>ds ! cross+ by ?ree rectangul> *apels on ea* side4 ,! vault+ ( nave & transepts is ?r\gh\t sexp>tite2 t ( ! side aisles1 quadrip>tite4 ,mo/ ( ?is has1 z w be se51 be5 pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,! old /ructure is ! k]nel ( ! pres5t *ur*4 ,x consi/s ( a c5tral nave ( six bays up to a /rongly m>k$ cross+ & ?ree beyond1 t]m9at+ 9 a p5tagonal apse4 ,! side aisles are decid$ly l[] & cont9ue across ! transept r\nd ! apse4 ,^! aga9 are flank$ on ! we/ by ! *apel *ur*es ( ,santa ,tecla1 ,santa ,anna1 & ! ,pres5tacion1 z well z by a numb] ( o!r small]1 vault$ comp>tm5ts4 ,only two ( ! radial *apels outside ! polygonal ambulatory rema91 ! o!rs hav+ be5 alt]$ or supplant$ by ! great ,*apels ( ! ,con/able1 ( ,santiago1 ,santa ,cat>9a1 ,corpus ,*ri/i1 & ! ,cloi/]s4 ,! we/]n front is ent]$ by a triple doorway correspond+ to nave & side aisles2 ! s\!rn transept1 by an incl9e #dj feet wide1 brok5 by #bh /eps4 ,on rea*+ ! door ( ! nor!rn transept1 "o f9ds ! gr\nd ris5 outside ! *ur* "s #bf feet above ! level ( ! inn] pavem5t1 & in/ead ( desc5d+ by ! int]ior /aircase1 "o w&]s f> to ! nor!a/1 !re to desc5d to a portal 9 ! nor? ( ! ea/]n transept4 ,! :ole *ur* is ab\t #cjj feet long1 & 9 g5]al #hc feet wide1 ! transepts1 #aid feet4 ,! pi]s "u ! cross+1 z well z ^? ( ! fir/ bay inside ! we/]n entrance1 are mu* l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 9 ord] to support ! additional weight ( cross+ & t[]s1 & ! pi]s1 abutt+ aisle & transept walls1 are also unusually /rong4 ,! int]ior pill>s are ( massive cyl9drical plan1 ( well-develop$ ,fr5* ,go?ic type1 solid1 b kept f any appe>ance ( heav9ess by _! =m & by eight engag$ columns4 ,! ornam5t$ bases are high & ( *>act]i/ic ,go?ic mold+s4 ,! f9ely c>v$ capitals c>ry squ>e abaci 9 ! side aisles & circul> ones 9 ! nave4 ,bo? abaci & bases h be5 plac$ at "r angles to ! ar*es !y support4 ,! ?ree engag$ pi] columns fac+ ! nave c>ry ! transv]se & diagonal gro9+ ribs1 :ile ! wall ribs are met by %afts on ea* side ( ! cl]e/ory w9d[s4 ,! f\r ma9 supports at ! angles ( ! cross+ are r t[]s ?an pi]s4 ,9 ! orig9al /ructure1 !y 7 probably c\nt]p>ts ( ^? support+ ! inn] angles ( ! t[] betwe5 nave & side aisles1 ) a fully develop$ sy/em ( %afts = ! support ( ! v>i\s gro9+ ribs4 ,) ! collapse ( ! old cross+ & ! consequ5t erection ( an ev5 bulki] & f> m weighty sup]/ructure1 trem5d\s circul> supports ^u octagonal bases 7 sub/itut$4 ,!y are ?or\ghly ,plat]esque 9 feel+1 #ej feet 9 circumf]5ce & delicately flut$ & ribb$ z !y desc5d1 ) ,r5aissance ornam5ts on ! p$e/als & simil> /atues "u ,go?ic canopies1 evid5tly ins]t$ 9 _! faces z a compromise to ! surr\nd+ e>li] /yle4 ,glanc+ up at ! sup]/ructure & vault+1 !re is a great consci\sness ( light & joy1--a feel+ t x w\ld h be5 well-nigh p]fect1 if ! *oir & its rejas c\ld only h rema9$ 9 _! old prop] place ea/ ( ! cross+1 in/ead ( sadlyconge/+ a nave magnific5t 9 l5g? & size4 ,! brightness is due1 p>tly to ! /one itself1 almo/ :ite :5 fir/ qu>ri$ f ,ontoria1 & p>tly to ! uncolor$ glass 9 ! great] portion ( ! cl]e/ory4 ,"h & !re ! masonry has ! mell[ tones ( me]s*aum1 %ad$ ) p9ki% & lava-gray t9ts1 b ! effect is r t ( anci5t m>ble ?an ( lime/one4 ,! int]ior1 comp>$ to ,tol$o1 is a bride beside a nun4 ,grant+ ! loss ( orig9al simplicity & a r di/ress+ mixture ( two /yles1 ! comb9ation has be5 h&l$ ) a skill & g5ius peculi>ly ,spani% & !re=e picturesque4 ,! au/]ity ( ! ,fr5* prototype has be5 replac$ by joy\sness & regal spl5dor4 ,if we exam9e c>efully ! old] portions ( ! int]ior /ructure & c>v+ z well z ! traces ( p>ts t h disappe>$1 we feel h[ v ,fr5* x is1 & und\bt$ly erect$ )\t assi/ance f ,moori% h&s4 ,! vault+ is l "s ( ! ,fr5*1 v r\nd$1 especially 9 ! side aisles4 ,x is all pla9 except+ "u ! dome & ! vaults imm$iately abutt+1 :]e additional ribs 7 evid5tly add$ at a lat] "t4 ,! vault+ ribs ( ! ma9 ar*es />t unusually l[ d[n1 almo/ on a level ) ! top ( ! tri=ium w9d[s1 giv+ ! *ur* relatively a mu* l[] effect ?an ,leon or ! ,fr5* ,rheims or ,ami5s4 ,bo? tri=ium & cl]e/ory are v f9e1 especially 9 ! nave1 :]e1 al?\gh !y h und]gone alt]ations1 ^! are less radical ?an 9 ! ,capilla ,mayor4 ,! tri=ium1 :i* is e>ly ?irte5?-c5tury "w1 is /rik+ly s+ul>4 ,its n>r[ gall]y is cov]$ by a cont9u\s b>rel vault p>allel to ! nave4 ,six sl5d] columns divide its sev5 ar*es1 :ile above !m are trefoil & quatrefoil p5etrations conta9$ )9 a segm5tal ar*1 brok5 by c>v$ heads4 ,! f9e old %afts1 sep>at+ ! trefoil$ or quatrefoil$ arcade1 are hidd5 by crocket$ p9nacles & a trac]i$ balcony4 ,! tri=ium ea/ ( ! cross+ has only f\r ar*es1 ) mu* lat] trac]i$ "w above4 ,! *>m+ old simplicity is ( c\rse lo/ :]ev] gaudy c>v+ has be5 add$1 b ! olde/ portions belong decid$ly to ! e>ly ,go?ic "w ( nor!rn ,france4 ,above rises ! cl]e/ory 9 its e>ly vigor1 ) comp>atively small w9d[s1 consi/+ ( two ar*es & a rose4 ,probably ! cross+ _h orig9ally a vault some:at m elaborate ?an ! o!rs1 or1 possibly1 ev5 a small lant]n4 ,to emphasize ! cross+1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 0 always a peculi> delight to ,spani% build]s4 ,?is *>act]i/ic 0 admirably adapt$ to ,romanesque *ur*es & 9 ! ,go?ic 0 /ill felt to be ess5tial1 b ,burgos %>$ ! fate ( ,seville & ! new ,ca!dral ( ,salamanca4 ,! old writ]1 ,cean ,b]mudez1 relates t ! same disa/] befell ! cross+ ( ,burgos t _h happ5$ to ,seville1--x collaps$ entirely 9 ! middle ( ! night on ! #c;d ( ,m>*1 #aeci4 ,at t "t ! ,bi%op 0 ! ,c>d9al ,d4 ,fray ,juan ,alv>ez de ,tol$o1 fam\s = ! _m edifices :i* he erect$ & among !m ,s4 ,e/eban ( ,salamanca4 ,ow+ to ! zeal ( ! ,prelate & ! ,*apt] & ! piety ( ! g5]\s ,burgalese1 ! rebuild+ began ! same ye>4 ,!y call$ ^u ,mae/ro ,felipe1 :o 0 assi/$ 9 ! plann+ & con/ruction by ,juan de ,vallejo & ,juan de ,ca/anela1 ar*itects ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,felipe di$ at ,tol$o1 aft] complet+ ! bas-reliefs ( ! *oir /alls4 ,! ,*apt] honor$ 8 memory 9 a wor?y mann]1 = !y plac$ 9 ! same *oir "u ! alt> ( ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross ?is epitaph3 ',philippus ,burgundio /atu>ius1 qui ut manu sanctorum effigies1 ita mores animo exprimebat3 subsellis *ori /ru5dis it5tus1 op]e p5e absoluto1 immoritur4'#f ,9 place ( ! old dome rose "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s & ri*e/ /ructures 9 ,spa91 a cr[n+ glory to ! heav5ly %r9e4 ,x is at once a m\nta9 ( pati5ce & a bur/ ( ,spani% pomp & pride4 ,x is ! labor ( giants1 d>+ly execut$ & lavi%ly decorat$4 ,! "w ( angels1 said ,philip ,,ii4 ,no?+ less c\ld h call$ =? su* an exclamation f ^? acrimoni\s lips & jad$ eyes4 ,! m5 :o design$ & erect$ x 7 ! be/ kn[n 9 ,spa94 ,!re 0 ,philip1 ! ,burgundian sculptor ) exquisite & indefatigable *isel1 :o _h come to ,spa9 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,emp]or4 ,vallejo1 "o ( ! fam\s c\ncil t sat at ,salamanca1 _h ) ,ca/anela erect$ ! triumphal ar* :i* appeas$ ,*>les's wra? k9dl$ aga9/ ! citiz5s ( ,burgos1 & is ev5 to-day1 aft] ! ,ca!dral1 ! city's mo/ famili> l&m>k4 ,9 ! ye> #aefg1 tw5ty-eight ye>s aft] ! fall+ ( ! fir/ lant]n1 ! new "o t[]$ complet$ 9 its place4 ,x 0 a magnific5t attempt at a bl5d+1 or r a reconciliation1 ( ! ,r5aissance & ! ,go?ic4 ,!re is ! "* ( "o & ! =m ( ! o!r4 ,go?ic trefoil ar*es & trac]ies are c>ri$ by classical columns4 ,r5aissance balu/rades & panels int]m+le ) crockets & bosses1 & ,flor5t9e panels & /atues ) ,go?ic canopies4 ,!y are s int]wov5 t ! c>eful /ud5t ( ar*itecture feels himself 9 a nightm>e ( /yles & diff]5t c5turies4 ,x 0 ( c\rse an und]tak+ doom$ to failure4 ,! outl9e is octagonal4 ,above ! p5d5tives1 =m+ ! transition ( ! octagon1 comes a d\ble frieze ( armorial be>+s 7^? ( ,burgos & ,*>les ,v7 & inscriptions1 & a d\ble cl]e/ory1 sep>at$ & support$ by classical balu/rad$ passages2 ! w9d[ splays & heads are a complete mass ( c>v+ & decorations4 ,! vault+ itself conta9s )9 its bold ribs & segm5ts an inf9ite v>iety ( />s1 z if "o %\ld see ! panes ( heav5 cov]$ ) fro/y patt]ns ( a cle> w9t] morn+4 ,?ophile ,gauti]'s description ( x is int]e/+ z an expression ( ! effect x produc$ on a man ( arti/ic emotions r ?an tra9$ ar*itectural feel+3 ,en levant la tte1 he says1 on ap]oit une espce de dme =m p> l'intrieur de la t\r1--c'e/ un gr\pe de sculpture1 d'arabesques1 de /atues1 de colonettes1 de n]vures1 de lancettes1 de p5d5tifs1 a v\s donn] le v]tige4 ,on reg>d]ait deux ans qu'on n'aurait pas t\t vu4 ,c'e/ t\ffu comme un *\1 f5e/r comme une truelle poisson2 c'e/ gigantesque comme une pyramide et dlicat comme une b\cle d'oreille de femme1 et l'on ne peut compr5dre qu'un semblable filigrane puisse se s\t5ir en l'air depuis des sicles4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos ,lant]n ov] cross+ ,! "w imm$iately ar\nd & und]nea? ?is gigantic ef=t is really ! e>lie/ "p ( ! *ur*1 =1 z 0 usual1 ! portion indisp5sable = s]vices 0 begun fir/4 ,! transepts1 ! abutt+ vaults1 ! s\!rn & possibly ! nor!rn entrance fronts1 und\bt$ly all belong to ! "w c>ri$ s rapidly =w>d by ,bi%op ,maurice's contagi\s en?usiasm4 ,! "w ( ! transepts is v simil> to t 9 ! nave1 b1 9 ! =m]1 "o obta9s really a mu* f9] view ( ! rec$+ bays nor? & s\? ?an 9 ! nave ) its *oir ob/ruction4 ,! huge rose ( ! s\? transept1 plac$ directly "u ! ar* ( ! vault+1 is a spl5did specim5 ( a ,go?ic :eel4 ,its trac]y is compos$ ( a s]ies ( colonettes radiat+ f c5tre to circumf]5ce1 e two ( :i* =m1 z x 71 a sep>ate w9d[ trac]y ( c5tral mullion1 two ar*es & upp] rose4 ,! o!r w9d[s ( ! transepts are1 b>r+ _! lat] alt]ations1 typically ?irte5?-c5tury ,go?ic1 high & n>r[ ) colonettes 9 _! jambs4 ,:ile ! glaz+ ( ! great s\!rn rose is a p]fect bur/ ( glory1 t ( ! nor!rn transept arm is lat] & v m$iocre4 ,!re is a little *apel op5+ to ! ea/ out ( ! nor!rn transept arm :i* is full ( int]e/ f ! fact t x belongs to ! orig9al1 e>ly ?irte5?-c5tury /ructure4 ,probably !re 0 a correspond+ "o 9 ! s\!rn arm1 ) gro9+ equally rem>kable4 ,! nor!rn transept arm is fill$ by ! great ,r5aissance gold5 /aircase lead+ to ! ,pu]ta de la ,coron]ia1 n[ always clos$4 ,x mu/ h be5 a magnific5t spectacle to see ! purple & sc>let robes ( prie/ & prelate sweep d[n ! divid$ arms ( ! /air unit+ 9 ! broad flight at ! bottom4 ,su* an occasion 0 ! m>riage 9 #abfh ( ! ,infante ,f]d9&1 son ( ,alfonso ! ,wise1 to ,blan*e ( ,france1 a niece ( ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,! le>n$ mon>* ev] _h a lavi% h&1 & he sp>$ no exp5se to dazzle 8 di/+ui%$ gue/s1 among :om 7 ! ,k+ ( ,aragon & ,philip1 heir to ! ,fr5* ?rone4 ,f]d9& 0 fir/ arm$ *evali] by 8 fa!r1 & ! m>riage 0 !n celebrat$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,burgos ) great] pomp & magnific5ce ?an _h ev] be=e be5 se5 9 ,spa94 ,! gilt metal rail+ is z exquisite 9 workman%ip z 9 design1 c>ri$ out by ,diego de ,silo1 :o 0 ! ar*itect ( ! ,ca!dral 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re is also a lovely door 9 ! ea/]n wall ( ! s\!rn transept1 n[ lead+ to ! great cloi/]s4 ,! portal itself is e>ly "w ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ) ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ 9 ! tympanum1 ! ,annunciation & ,david & ,isaiah 9 ! panels1 all ( e>ly en]gy & vitality1 z full ( feel+ z simplicity4 ,& ! extraord9>y detail ( ! wood5 doors !mselves1 execut$ a c5tury & a half lat] by ord] ( ! quizzical-look+ old ,bi%op ( ,acuna1 n[ peacefully sleep+ 9 ! *apel ( ,santa ,anna1 is z beautiful an example ( wood-c>v+ z we h left u f ?is p]iod4 ,if ,ghib]ti's door 0 ! front gate ( p>adise1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly wor?y to be a back gate1 & well wor? ent]+1 %\ld ! front be f\nd clos$4 ,! *oir occupies at pres5t z mu* z "o half ! l5g? ( nave f cross+ to we/]n front1 or ! l5g? ( ?ree bays4 ,) its massive ,cor9?ian colonnade1 masonry enclosure & rejas ris+ to ! height ( ! tri=ium1 x is a v]itable *ur* )9 a *ur*4 ,! /alls1 mo/ly ,philip ( ,burgundy's "w f ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 surr\nd ! old tomb ( ! ,ca!dral's noble f\nd]4 ,z usual1 ! c>v+s are elaborate sc5es f ,bible hi/ory & sa9tly lore1--ov] ! upp] /alls1 pr9cipally f ! old ,te/am5t1 & above ! l[]1 f ! ,new4 ,a v rem>kable family ( ,g]man ar*itects h left _! indelible /amp ^u ,burgos ,ca!dral4 ,9 #adce a prom95t ,hebrew ( ! tribe ( ,levi di$ z ,bi%op ( ! ,see1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,alfonso de ,c>tag5a4 ,alfonso n only foll[$ 9 8 fa!r's foot/eps1 b became "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ *ur*m5 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ,f]d9& ( ,aragon4 ,& he looks x too1 z he lies to-day ne> ! entrance to 8 old palace1 9 f9e ,flemi% lace1 mitre cov]$ ) pe>ls1 & sp>kl+1 jewell$ crozi]4 ,z ,*ancellor ( ,spa91 ,alfonso 0 s5t to ! ,c\ncil ( ,basle1 & !reaft]1 l 8 pr$ecessor ,maurice1 he return$ to ,burgos1 br++ ) him visions ( *ur*-build+ su* z he _h nev] dream$ ( be=e & ! ar*itect ,juan de ,colonia4 ,! ,plat]esque /yle 0 rapidly develop+ t[>ds ! effulg5ce s 9 h>mony ) ,spani% ta/e4 ,int]wov5 & fus$ ) ! "w ,juan 0 famili> ) f 8 native c\ntry1 he & 8 sons1 ,simon & ,diego1 enc\rag$ & royally assi/$ by ,alfonso & 8 successor1 ,d4 ,luis ( ,acuna1 set ab\t to erect "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ & wond]ful portions ( ,burgos ,ca!dral1--! t[]s ( ! faade1 ! fir/ lant]n & ! ,*apel ( ! ,con/able4 ,! ,*apel ( ,don ,p$ro ,f]n&ez de ,velasco1 ,c\nt ( ,h>o & ,con/able ( ,ca/ile1 0 n erect$ ) pi\s int5t1 b to ! immortal fame ( ! ,con/able & 8 wife4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! *apel-*ur* on a l[ base lie ! ,c\nt & ,c\ntess4 ,! :ite ,c>r>a ( ! figures is /rangely vivid aga9/ ! d>k m>ble on :i* !y re/1 & all is color$ by ! sunlight /rik+ d[n ?r\gh ! /a9$ glass4 ,x is v regal4 ,! ,con/able is clad 9 full ,flor5t9e armor1 8 h&s clasp+ 8 sword & 8 mantle ab\t 8 %\ld]s4 ,! c>v+ ( ! fle% & ! ve9+1 & especially ! /rong knuckles ( ! h&s1 are a/oni%+4 ,! fat cu%ions ( ! =ef+] & ?umb seem to swell & ! muscles to contract 9 _! grip on ! cross ( ! hilt4 ,! robe ( 8 sp\se1 ,da ,m5cia de ,m5doza1 is ri*ly /udd$ ) pe>ls1 h] h& clasps a ros>y1 :ile1 on ! folds ( h] skirt1 h] little dog lies peacefully curl$ up4 ,! plan ( ! *apel is an irregul> hexagon4 ,x %\ld h be5 octagonal1 b ! we/]n sides h n be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh & end 9 a broad-arm$ ve/ibule1 :i* by rights %\ld be ! radial *apel ^u ! extreme ea/]n axis ( ! :ole *ur*4 ,above ! vault+ e>ly ,g]man p5d5tives are ins]t$ 9 ! ?ree faulty & five true angles 9 ord] to br+ ! plan into ! octagonal vault+ =m4 ,! build] seems almo/ to h made himself difficulties t he might solve !m by a t\r-de-=ce4 ,a huge />-fi% closes ! vault4 ,! recumb5t /atues face an alt>4 ,! rema9+ sides are subdivid$ by typically ,plat]esque b&-c\rses & imm5se coats-(-arms ( ! ,h>o & ,m5doza families4 ,! upp] surfac+ is brok5 by a cl]e/ory ) exquisite1 old /a9$ glass4 ,x is melan*oly to see tombs ( su* spl5did execution cru%$ by mean+less1 empty display1 out ( all scale1 vulg>1 ge/iculat+1 & !atrical1 especially s :5 "o notices ) :at extraord9>y me*anical skill mu* ( ! detail has be5 c>v$4 ,x ?ru/s itself on y\r notice ev5 up to ! vault+ ribs1 :i* ! ar*itect1 n satisfi$ to h meet1 actually cross$ be=e !y desc5d ^u ! capitals bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos ,! ,gold5 ,/aircase ,! reja clos+ ! *apel (f f ! apse is among ! f9e/ ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! ma/]piece ( ,cri/obal ,&9o1 wr\ght 9 ! ye> #aebc4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! support]s ( ! %ield above might h be5 model$ by ,burne-,jones in/ead ( ! m$ival smi?4 ,! int]ior c\ld n always h be5 z light & *e]ful z at pres5t1 = probably all ! w9d[s 7 m or less fill$ ) /a9$ glass f ! work%ops ( ! _m vidri]os = :i* ,burgos 0 s r5[n$ t ev5 o!r ca!dral cities aw>d$ h] ! contracts = _! glaz+4 ,! =eign ma/]s ( ,burgos 7 accu/om$ to see _! ar*es & sculpture mell[$ & illum9$ by ra9b[ lights f above1 & surely "h too x 0 ( prim>y importance4 ,aft] ! horrible p[d] explosion ( #ahac1 :5 ! ,fr5* soldi]s blew up ! old =tress1 mak+ ! :ole city tremble & tott]1 ! agoniz$ s]vants ( ! *ur* f\nd ! m>ble pavem5ts /rewn ) ! glori\s sixte5?-c5tury cry/als t _h be5 %att]$ above4 ,!y 7 religi\sly collect$ &1 :]e possible1 re9s]t$ 9 new fields4 ,*apels /ud ! gr\nd ar\nd ! old edifice4 ,! ,cloi/]s1 a c\ple ( *apels nor? ( ! *evet & small portions "h & !re1 rose ) ! transepts & ! orig9al ?irte5?-c5tury /ructure1 b all ! o!rs 7 erect$ by ! piety or pride ( lat] ages or h be5 trans=m$ by succe$+ g5]ations4 ,_! vault+ illu/rates e p]iod ( ,fr5* & ,g]man ,go?ic z well z ,plat]esque art1 :ile _! names are tak5 f a favorite sa9t or biblical episode or ! illu/ri\s f\nd]s4 ,! fifte5? c5tury 0 especially s$ul\s1 build+ *apels z a ri* cov]+ = ! spl5did ,r5aissance tombs ( its spiritual & temporal lords4 ,!y are c>v$ ) ! admirable skill & g5ius emanat+ once m f ,italy4 ,! ,ca/ilian ,con/able & 8 sp\se1 ,bi%op ,alfonso de ,c>tag5a 79 ! ,capilla de la ,visitacion71 ,bi%op ,antonia de ,velasco1 ! em95t hi/orian-ar*bi%op 79 ! ,sacri/ia ,nueva71 are spl5did m>bles ( ! classic revival4 ,!y mu/ all h be5 portraits3 = in/ance ,bi%op ,gonzalvo de ,l]ma1 :o sleeps peacefully 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,pres5tacion2 8 fat1 purs$ lips & baggy eyelids are firmly clos$1 & 8 s(t1 d\ble *9 reposes 9 two neat folds ^u ! jewel$ surplice4 ,s1 too1 ,f]n&o de ,villegas1 :o lies 9 ! nor? transept & ^: s*ol>ly face /ill seems to %9e ) ! inn] light :i* prompt$ him to give 8 p ! great ,flor5t9e's ,div9e ,com$y4 ,! poetry & romance t cl+ to ^! illu/ri\s dead are equally pres5t z y pass ?r\gh ! lovely ,go?ic portal into ! cloi/]s :i* fill ! s\!a/]n angle ( ! *ur* & /& by ! figures ( ! great ,burgalese t lie back ( ! old ,go?ic rail+s 9 _m ni*es ( ! arcades4 ,to judge f ! inscriptions !y w\ld1 if !y c\ld speak1 be able to tell u ( e phase 9 _! city's religi\s & political /ruggles1 f ! age ( ,h5ry ,,ii d[n to ! decay ( ,burgos4 ,sa9ts1 bi%ops1 pr9ces1 w>riors1 & ar*itects lie b5ea? ! beautiful1 d\ble-/ori$ arcade4 ,"h lies ,p$ro ,san*ez1 ! ar*itect1 ,don ,gonzalo ( ,burgos1 & ,diego de ,sant&]1 & "h /& ! effigies ( ,sa9t ,f]d9& & ,beatrice ( ,suabia4 ,! v fir/ *ur* _h a cloi/] to ! we/ ( ! transept1 n[ alt]$ into *apels4 ,= "s reason1 e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! pres5t cloi/] 0 built ea/ ( ! s\? transept & ) z lovely ,go?ic ar*es z are to be f\nd 9 ,spa94 ,we read ( great *ur* & /ate processions1 m>*+ "u its vaults 9 #acbd1 s !n x mu/ h be5 practically complet$4 ,lat] on ! second /ory 0 add$1 mu* ri*] & m ornate ?an ! l[]4 ,! olde/ masonry1 ) its delicate trac]y ( f\r ar*es & ?ree trefoil$ roses to ea* arcade1 seems to h be5 virtually eat5 away by "t4 ,new leaves & mold+s are be+ set to-day to replace ! old4 ,! pure :ite1 native /one1 s easy to c>ve into spirit$ crockets & vigor\s /r+s simil> to ! old1 /&s out beside ! sooty1 "t-worn blocks1 z ! fre% sweetness ( a *ild's *eek laid aga9/ ! wea!r-beat5 furr[s ( ! gr&-p>5t4 ,a c>eful scrut9y ( all ! details %[s 9 :at a virile age ?is "w 0 execut$4 ,! gro9+ ribs are ( f9e outl9e1 ! key blocks are />r$1 ! foliage is spirit$ bo? 9 capitals & 9 ! cusps ( ! _m ar*es1 ! details are c>efully mold$ & di/ribut$1 & ! e>ly /atues 9 ! int]nal angles & 9 places aga9/ ! gro9+ ribs are ( ri* treatm5t1 /rong feel+1 & 9 attitude equal to "s ( ! be/ ,fr5* ,go?ic ( ! same p]iod4 ,! door t leads out ( ! cloi/]s into ! old sacri/y ) ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross 9 its tympanum is truly a beautiful piece ( ?is ,go?ic "w4 ,:ile ^! cloi/]s lie to ! ea/1 ! broad t]races lead+ to ! glori\s1 s\!rn transept entrance are flank$ to ! we/ by ! ,ar*bi%op's ,palace1 ^: b>e sides1 gaudy ,r5aissance doorway & mon/r\s episcopal arms1 repeat$ at v>i\s /ages1 hide ! entire s\?we/]n angle ( ! *ur*4 ,betwe5 ! cloi/]s & ! ,ar*bi%op's ,palace at ! end ( ! broad t]races1 rises ! masonry fac+ ! s\!rn transept arm4 ,x belongs1 toge!r ) t ( ! nor!rn1 to ! olde/ portions ( ! e>ly fabric erect$ :ile ,maurice 0 bi%op & a c]ta9 ,enrique ar*itect1 & %[s admirable ?irte5?-c5tury "w4 ,! ,s>m5tos family1 great 9 ! annals ( ?is c5tury1 own$ ! gr\nd imm$iately surr\nd+ ?is transept arm4 ,z a rew>d = !irconcession ( x to ! *ur*1 ! s\!rn portal 0 baptiz$ ! ,pu]ta del ,s>m5tal1 & !y 7 honor$ ) burial gr\nd )9 ! *ur*'s holy prec9cts4 ,x _c be mu* *ang$1 b /&s to-day 9 its orig9al lovel9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,a4 ,vadillo ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos ,! ,*apel ( ! ,con/able ,a /atue ( ! b5ign-look+ f\nd] ( ! *ur* /&s betwe5 ! two doors1 :i* on ! out] sides are flank$ by ,moses1 ,a>on1 ,sa9t ,pet] & ,sa9t ,paul1 & ! two sa9ts s belov$ by ,spani>ds1 ,sa9t ,james & ,sa9t ,philip4 ,! ar*ivolts surr\nd+ ! tympanum are fill$ by a heav5ly ho/ ( angels1 all busi$ ) cele/ial occupations1 play+ in/rum5ts1 sw++ c5s]s1 c>ry+ c&elabra1 or flapp+ _! w+s4 ,bo? /atues & mold+s are ( "* & outl9e simil> to ,fr5* "w ( ?is be/ p]iod1 nev]!less ( a c]ta9 di/9ctly ,spani% feel+4 ,! lit]>y company ( ! tympanum is full ( movem5t & simple *>m4 ,9 ! l[e/ plane are ! twelve ,apo/les1 all1 ) ! exception ( two :o are conv]s+1 occupi$ ) exp\nd+ ! ,gospels2 9 ! c5tre is ,*ri/1 read+ to f\r ,evangeli/s :o surr\nd him z lion1 bull1 eagle & angel2 f9ally1 highe/ up1 two monks writ+ ) fev]i% ha/e 9 wide-op5 folios1 :ile an angel light5s _! labor ) ! p]fume f a sw++ c5s]4 ,x is sculpture1 ri* 9 effect1 fai?ful 9 detail & ( /rong expression1 admirably plac$ 9 relation to ! masonry x ornam5ts4 ,x has none ( ! :imsical irrelevancy to surr\nd+s *>act]iz+ s mu* ( ! "w to foll[1 nor its ha/y execution4 ,x is n mean+less c>v+ add$ indef9itely & s5selessly repeat$1 b e bit ( x embelli%es ! position x occupies4 ,above ! portal ! /onework is brok5 & cr[n$ by an exquisite1 e>ly rose w9d[ & ! lat]1 disproportionately high p>apet ( angels & free-/&+ quatrefoil$ ar*es & ramps4 ,! nor!rn doorway1 almo/ z ri* 9 names z 9 sculpture1 is z f9e z ! s\!rn1 s f> bel[ x on ! hillside4 ,x is call$ ! ,doorway ( ! ,apo/les f ! twelve /ill spl5didly pres]v$ /atues1 six ( :i* flank x on ea* side4 ,x is also nam$ ! ,door ( ! ,coron]ia1 b to ! ,burgalese x is kn[n simply z ! ,pu]ta ,alta1 or ! high door4 ,! door prop] ) its frame is a lat] make%ift = ! orig9al1 ?irte5?-c5tury "o4 ,on a base-c\rse 9 ! =m ( an arcade ) almo/ all its columns likewise gone1 /& 9 monum5tal size ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,! drap]y is h&l$ diff]5tly on ea* figure1 b ) equal excell5ce2 ! faces1 s full ( expression & "*1 /& out aga9/ great halos & repres5t ! apo/les ( all ages4 ,simil> 9 treatm5t to ! s\!rn door1 ! ar*ivolts "h are fill$ ) a s]ies ( f9e /atues4 ,!re are angels 9 ! two inn] ar*es & 9 ! out]1 & ! nak$ figures ( ! j are ris+ f _! sepul*res 9 ! mo/ a/oni%+ attitudes4 ,! tympanum is also practically a c\nt]p>t ( ! s\!rn "o1 only "h 9 its c5tre ! pr$om9at+ figure ( ! ,savi\r is set betwe5 ! ,virg9 & ,sa9t ,john4 ,z ! ,pu]ta ,alta is s high above ! *ur* pavem5t1 & +ress w\ld 9 daily use h prov$ difficult1 ! great door ( ! ,pellej]ia 0 cut 9 ! nor!a/]n arm ( ! transept at ! end ( ! furri]s' /reet1 & d[n a s]ies ( moss-gr[n1 cobble/one planes ! ,burgalese c\ld ga9 entrance to _! *ur* f ?is side4 ,! great framework ( ar*itecture :i* encases x is s a/oni%+ly diff]5t f ! "w above & ar\nd x t "o c sc>cely believe x possible t !y belong to "o & ! same build+4 ,x is a trem5d\s piece ( ,plat]esque c>v+1 z exquisite z x is out ( place1 erect$ ?r\gh ! munific5ce ( ! ,ar*bi%op ,don ,juan ,rodriguez de ,fonseca 9 #aead by ! ar*itect ,francisco de ,colonia4 ,x might h /ood 9 ,flor5ce1 & mo/ ( x might h be5 set aga9/ a ,tuscan *ur* at ! height ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re is ev]y:]e an ov]abundance ( luxuri\s detail & ri* c>v+4 ,betwe5 ! entablatures & columns /& favorite sa9ts4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild are ador$ by a v well-f$1 fat-j[l$ bi%op & musical angels4 ,9 "o ( ! panels ! sword is ab\t to desc5d on ! neck ( ! kneel+ ,sa9t ,john4 ,9 ano!r1 "s un=tunate p]son has be5 squeez$ into a hot cauldron too small = 8 nak$ body1 :ile bell[s are appli$ to ! fagots und]nea? x & hot t> is p\r$ on 8 head4 ,:ile ! :ole "w is ?or\ghly ,r5aissance1 !re is "h & !re a curi\s ,go?ic feel+ to x1 f :i* ! c>v]s1 surr\nd$ & inspir$ by s mu* ( ! e>li] art1 seem to h be5 unable to free !mselves4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! figure ornam5tation 9 ! ar*ivolts ar\nd ! circul>-head$ op5+1 ! angel heads t cut x z x 7 into cusps & ! treatm5t & feel+ ( "s ( ! figures 9 ! l>g] panels4 ,! ext]ior ( ,santa ,m>ia is v rem>kable4 ,x is a wond]ful hi/ory ( late ,go?ic & e>ly ,r5aissance c>v+4 ,! only cle>+ :5ce any fre$om ( view & p]spective may be _h is to ! we/1 9 front ( ! late fifte5?-c5tury spires1 b :]ev] "o /&s1 :e!r 9 ! n>r[ alleys to ! s\!a/1 or above1 or bel[ 9 ! slop+ city1 ! ?ree great masses t rise above ! ca!dral ro(1 ( spires1 cimborio1 & ! ,con/able's ,lant]n1 dom9ate maje/ically all ar\nd !m4 ,if "o /&s at ! nor!a/1 above ! t]races t desc5d to ! ,pellej]ia door1 ea* ( ! ?ree successive s]ies ( spires t rise "o above ! o!r f> to ! we/w>d might be ! /eeple ( its own mighty *ur*4 ,! two ne>e/ are compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( f9ely crocket$ turrets1 ti$ toge!r by a sob]1 ,r5aissance bulk2 t fur!/ (f %oots its tw9 spires 9 ,go?ic n]v\sness airily & un*eck$ into ! sky1 %[+ ! blue ( ! heav5s ?r\gh its flimsy fabric4 ,betwe5 !m1 ty+ ! huge bulk toge!r1 /ret* ! buttresses1 ! s9ews & muscles ( ! organism1 f> less m>k$ & app>5t1 h[ev]1 ?an is ord9>ily ! case4 ,at v>i\s /ages above & ar\nd1 cr[n+ & b&+ t[]s1 *apels1 apse1 naves1 & transepts1 run ! _m balconies4 ,!y are ,r5aissance 9 =m1 b also ,go?ic 9 detail & feel+4 ,l ! ma/s ( a great h>bor1 an innum]able =e/ ( c>v$ & /onytrunks rise f e angle1 buttress1 turret1 & pi]4 ,9 among !m1 fac+ _! c>v$ trunks & cr[n+ _! tops1 peep+ out f ! myriads ( /ony bran*es1 /&s a heav5ly legion ( sa9ts & m>tyrs4 ,cr[n$ & cele/ial k+s & angels p ?is petrifi$ =e/ ( su* picturesque & exub]ant beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,a4 ,vadillo ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,burgos ,! spires above ! h\se-tops ,! g5]al mass t rises above ! ro(s1 n[ flat & cov]$ ) r$di% o*re tiles1 is1 :atev] may be ! defects ( its detail1 almo/ unique 9 its lavi% ri*ness4 ,! spires re/ ^u ! h\se-tops ( ,burgos l ! jewel$ po9ts ( a mon>*'s cr[n4 ,! detail is s pr(use t x well-nigh defies analysis4 ,x seems z if ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>? mu/ = g5]ations h be5 ransack$ to f9d a suffici5t numb] ( c>v]s = ! sculpture4 ,! clos] "o exam9es x1 ! m a/oni%+ is ! inf9ite labor4 ,ri*1 crocket$ cornices support ! num]\s1 cr[n+ balconies4 ,figure on figure /&s aga9/ ! _m sides ( ! f\r great turrets t brace ! angles ( ! cimborio1 aga9/ ! eight turrets t meet its octagon1 on ! corn]s ( spires1 "u ! p>apets cr[n+ ! transepts1 "u ! canopi$ angles ( ! ,con/able's ,lant]n1 on balconies1 ov] rail+s1 & on balu/rades4 ,crockets cov] ! walls l fea!rs on ! brea/ ( a bird4 ,x surely is ! temple ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s1 ! numb] ( ^: angels is legion4 ,x is confus$1 bewild]+1 ov]-done & spectacul>1 lack+ 9 "* & sobriety1 sculptural fire-works if y w1 a curi\s mixture ( ! pass+ & ! com+ /yles1 b nev]!less x is wond]ful1 & ! age t produc$ x1 "o ( en]gy & vitality4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! transepts h no fly+1 b m]e heavy1 simple buttresses to meet _! ?ru/s4 ,! ornam5tation ( ! l[] wall surfaces is 9 contra/ to ! sup]/ructure1 b>r5 or mean+less4 ,on ! pla9 masonry ( ! l[] walls ( ! ,con/able's ,*apel /ret* gigantic coats-(-arms4 ,knights support _! heads z well z ! arms ( ! nobles int]r$ )94 ,life-siz$ ro>+ lions /& valiantly beside _! :eels l immortally fai?ful m>9]s4 ,above1 an exquisitely c>v$1 ,g]man ,go?ic balu/rade acts z a base = ! d\ble cl]e/ory4 ,! angle p9nacles are surr\nd$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* & cr[n$ by angels hold+ al(t ! symbol ( ! ,cross4 ,! g>goyles look l peacefully slumb]+ c[s ) un*ew$ cuds protrud+ f _! /ony jaws4 ,tufts ( grass & fl[]s h sprung f ! se$s borne !re by ! w9ds ( c5turies4 ,outside ! ,*apel ( ,sant ,iago are m huge h]aldic devices3 knights 9 full armor & lions lift+ by razor-/rops1 z if 9 "s te/ ( /r5g?1 great :eels encircl+ crosses4 ,above !m1 g>goyles le] demoniacally ov] ! heads ( dev\t *]ubim4 ,9 ! little /reet ( ,diego ,porcello1 nam$ = ! great noble :o /ill protects 8 city f ! gate ( ,santa ,m>ia1 no?+ c be se5 ( ! great *ur* b b>e walls sep>at$ f ! adjac5t h\ses by a doz5 feet ( dirty cobble/ones4 ,ribs ( ! orig9al *apels t once flank$ ! ea/]n end1 beh9d ! pres5t *apels ( ,sant ,iago & ,santa ,cat>9a1 h be5 brok5 (f flat aga9/ ! ext]ior walls1 & ! cusps ( ! l[] ar*es h be5 clos$4 ,?us ! fabric has be5 add$ to1 alt]$1 mutilat$ or embelli%$ by =eign ma/]s z well z ,spani% h&s4 ,:o !y all 71 :5 & :y !y wr\ght1 is n easy to discov]4 ,enrique1 ,juan ,p]ez1 ,p$ro ,san*ez1 ,juan ,san*ez de ,mol9a1 ,m>t9 ,f]n&ez1 ,juan & ,francisco de ,colonia & ,juan de ,vallejo1 all did _! "p 9 ! attempt to make ,santa ,m>ia ( ,burgos ! lovelie/ *ur* ( ,spa94 ,! mighty we/]n faade rises 9 a conf9$ squ>e :]e acacia trees lift _! fre%1 luxuriant heads above ! du/4 ,! symmetry ( ! t[]s1 ! g5]al proportions ( ! mass1 ! subdivisions & relation%ip ( ! /ories1 ! conception z a :ole1 cle>ly %[ t x belongs to an age ( triumph & g5ius1 9 spite ( ! disfigurem5ts ( lat] v&als1 z well z ess5tially =eign ma/]s4 ,x is ( que5ly pres5ce1 a que5 9 h] w$d+ robes ) jewels all ov] h] raim5t1 ! co/lie/ ( ,spani% lace veil+ h] =m & desc5d+ f h] head1 cov]$ ) its co/ly diadem4 ,nor? & s\? ! t[]s are v simil> & practically ( equal height1 giv+ a happily balanc$ & uni=m g5]al appe>ance4 ,! l[e/ /age1 conta9+ ! ?ree doorways lead+ respectively into nor? aisle1 nave1 & s\? aisle1 has be5 horribly d5ud$ & disfigur$ by ! b>b>\s eighte5? c5tury1 :i* boa/$ s mu* & creat$ s little4 ,x remov$ ! glori\s1 e>ly portico1 leav+ only b>e blocks ( masonry %orn ( sculpture4 ,no great] wrong c\ld h be5 done ! *ur*4 ,9 ! tympanum above ! s\!rn door1 ! v&als m]cifully left a ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 & 9 ! nor!rn "o1 ! ,conception1 :ile 9 ! pi]s1 betwe5 ^! & ! c5tral op5+1 f\r solit>y /atues ( ! two k+s1 ,alfonso ,,vi & ,sa9t ,f]d9&1 & ! two bi%ops1 ,maurice & ,a/]io1 are all t rema9 ( ! e>ly glories4 ,! c5tral door is call$ ! ,doorway ( ,p>don4 ,"o c und]/& ! bigotry ( ,h5ry ,,viii & ! ,r\ndheads1 :i* 9 bo? cases wr\ght frightful havoc 9 art1 b x is truly incompreh5sible t m]e arti/ic conceit 9 ! eighte5? c5tury c\ld compass su* de/ruction4 ,! second ti] ( ! scre5 fac+ ! nave1 bel[ a l>ge po9t$ ar*1 is brok5 by a magnific5t rose4 ,above ?is are two f9ely trac]i$ & subdivid$ ar*es ) eight /atues set 9 betwe5 ! l[e/ %afts4 ,! c5tral body is cr[n$ by an op5-"w balu/rade =m+ ! upp]mo/ l9k betwe5 ! t[]s4 ,! ,virg9 ) ,*ild reigns 9 ! c5tre betwe5 ! c>v$ inscription1 ,pul*ra es et decora4 ,?ree r[s ( pure1 ogival ar*es1 delicate1 & att5uat$1 break ! squ>e sides ( ! t[]s above ! entrance portals2 bl9d ar*es1 spires & /atues ornam5t ! angles4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! splays & jambs are fill$ ) glitt]+ balls ( /one4 ,inscriptions simil> 9 design to t f9i%+ ! scre5 :i* hides ! ro( l9es cr[n ! plat=m ( ! t[]s bel[ ! base ( ! spires4 ,! t[]s rema9$ )\t /eeples = ov] two hundr$ ye>s until ! good ,bi%op ,alfonso de ,c>tag5a1 return+ to 8 city 9 #addb f ! ,c\ncil ( ,basle1 br\ght ) him ! ,g]man1 ,juan de ,colonia4 ,bi%op ,alfonso 0 n to see _! completion1 = he di$ f\rte5 ye>s lat]1 b 8 successor1 ,don ,luis de ,acuna1 imm$iately ord]$ ! "w cont9u$ & saw ! figures ( ,sa9t ,pet] & ,sa9t ,paul plac$ on ! upp]mo/ spires1 ?ree hundr$ feet above ! heads ( ! wor%ipp+ multitude4 ,! spires !mselves1 ess5tially ,g]man 9 "*1 are f> f beautiful1 p]=at$ on all sides by ,go?ic trac]y ( multitud9\s designs1 too weak to /& )\t ! assi/ance ( iron tie rods1 ! angles fill$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( co>se1 bold crockets break+ ! outl9es z !y conv]ge into ! blue4 ,:5 prosp]ity came aga9 to ,burgos1 z to _m o!r ,spani% cities1 x 0 ow+ to ! wise enactm5ts ( ,isabella ! ,ca?olic4 ,! concordat ( #ahea enum]at$ n9e ar*bi%oprics 9 ,spa91 among :i* ,burgos /&s second on ! li/4 ,su* is ,burgos1 s]5ely beautiful1 ri* & exultant1 ! apo!osis ( ! ,spani% ,r5aissance z well z /udd$ ) exquisitely beautiful ,go?ic "w4 ,%e is mighty & magnific5t1 speak+ p]haps r to ! s5ses ?an ! he>t1 b 9 a language :i* c nev] be =gott54 ,al?\gh v>i\s epo*s creat$ h]1 radically diff]5t 9 _! means & me?ods1 /ill !re is a c]ta9 intangible unity 9 h] gorge\s expression & a unique picturesqu5ess 9 h] dazzl+ pres5ce4 ,,iii ,,avila ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,avila ,i lift m9e eyes1 & all ! w9d[s blaze ,) =ms ( sa9ts & holy m5 :o di$1 ,"h m>tyr$ & h]eaft] glorifi$2 ,& ! great ,rose ^u its leaves displays ,*ri/'s ,triumph1 & ! angelic r\ndelays ,) spl5dor ^u spl5dor multipli$4 ,longfell[4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,san ,salvador is ! /ronge/ l9k 9 ! *a9 t encircles ! city ( ,avila1--cuidad de ,ca/illa la vieja4 ,avila lies on a ridge 9 ! corn] ( a great1 undulat+ pla91 clo!d ) fields ( gra91 blea*$ light yell[ at h>ve/1 occasional gr\ps ( ilex & /raggl+ p9e & du/y olives scrambl+ up & d[n ! slopes4 ,beyond is ! hazy grayi%-gre5 ( /ubble & dw>f$ woodl&1 ) blue peaks clos+ ! horizon4 ,to ! s\? rises ! ,si]ra ,gr$os1 & ea/w>ds1 9 ! direction ( ,segovia1 ! ,si]ra de ,guad>rama4 ,! n>r[1 murky ,adaja t loit]s ?r\gh ! upl& pla9 is q insuffici5t to wat] ! ?ir/y l&4 ,?i/les & scrub oak dot ! rocky fields4 ,"h & !re migratory flocks ( %eep nibble _! way across ! unsavory /ubble1 :ile ! dogs long+ly turn _! heads aft] :i/l+ quails & ! pass+ hunt]4 ,! cr5elat$1 o*re walls & ba/ions t1 l a /r+ ( amb] beads1 h girdl$ ! little city s9ce its e>ly days1 rema9 practically unbrok51 despite ! furi\s sieges %e has su/a9$ & ! battles 9 :i* h] lords 7 engag$ = t5 c5turies4 ,z _m z eighty-six t[]s cr[n1 & no less ?an t5 gateways pi]ce1 ! walls :i* foll[ ! rise or fall ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! city has be5 compactly & n>r[ly con/ruct$ = safe/ def5se4 ,x mu/ look to-day almo/ exactly z x did to ! approa*+ armies ( ! ,middle ,ages1 except t ! m5-at-arms are gone4 ,! def5ses are s high t :at is inside is practically hidd5 f view & all t c be se5 ( ! city s ri* 9 sa9ts & /ones#g are ! l(tie/ spires ( h] *ur*es4 ,to ! ,romans1 ,avela1 to ! ,moors1 ,abila1 ! anci5t city1 p[]fully g>rison$1 lay 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,vacci & belong$ to ! prov9ce ( ,hispania ,cit]ior4 ,dur+ ?ree lat] c5turies1 f "t to "t %e became ,abila1 & "o ( ! /ronge/ outpo/s ( ,mussulman def5se aga9/ ! raids ( ,*ri/ian b&s f ! nor?4 ,"u bo? ,go?s & ,s>ac5s1 ,avila belong$ to ! prov9ce ( ,m]ida4 ,at a v e>ly date %e boa/$ an episcopal seat1 m5tion$ 9 *ur* c\ncils convok$ dur+ ! sev5? c5tury1 b1 dur+ tempor>y asc5d5cies ( ! ,cresc5t1 %e vani%es f ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,= a :ile ,alfonso ,i held ! city aga9/ ! ,moors1 b n until ! reign ( ,alfonso ,,vi did %e p]man5tly become ,avila del rey1 & ! qu>t]+s ( h] arms1 a k+ appe>+ at ! w9d[ ( a t[]1 7 left un*all5g$ on h] walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,( ,,plan ,,( ,,avila ,,ca!dral ,a4 ,capilla ,mayor4 ,b4 ,cross+4 ,c4 ,cloi/]s4 ,d4 ,t[]s4 ,e4 ,ma9 ,entrance4 ,f4 ,nor!rn ,portal4 ,by ! elev5? c5tury ! cities ( ,old ,ca/ile 7 ru9$ & depopulat$ by ! ravages ( w>4 ,ev5 ! walls ( ,avila 7 well-nigh demoli%$1 :5 ,c\nt ,raymond laid !m out anew & ) ! bless+ ( ,bi%op ,p$ro ,san*ez !y rose aga9 9 ! few ye>s betwe5 #ajij & ! turn+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! mat]ial lay ready to h& 9 ! huge granite b\ld]s s[n broadca/ on ! bleak hills ar\nd ,avila1 & f ^! ! walls 7 rebuilt1 f\rte5 feet ?ick ) t[]s =ty feet high4 ,! old ,spani% writ] ,cean ,b]mudez describes ?is epo* ( ,avila's hi/ory4 ,:51 he says1 ,don ,alfonso ,,vi won ,tol$o1 he _h 9 cont9u\s w>s depopulat$ ,segovia1 ,avila & ,salamanca ( _! ,moori% inhabitants4 ,he gave 8 son-9-law1 ! ,c\nt ,don ,raymond ( ! h\se ( ,burgundy1 m>ri$ to ! ,pr9cess ,da ,urraca1 ! *>ge to repeople !m4 ,avila _h be5 s utt]ly de/roy$ t ! soil 0 cov]$ ) /ones & ! mat]ials ( its ru9$ h\ses4 ,to rebuild & repopulate x1 ! ,c\nt br\ght illu/ri\s knights1 soldi]s1 ar*itects1 (ficials & g5tlem5 f ,leon1 ! ,a/urias1 ,vizcaya & ,france1 & f o!r places4 ,!y began to con/ruct ! walls 9 #ajij1 #hjj m5 work+ f ! v beg9n+1 & among !m 7 _m ma/]s :o came f ,leon & ,vizcaya4 ,all obey$ ,cas&ro ,romano & ,flor9 de ,pitu5ga1 ,ma/]s ( ,geometry1 z !y are call$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is population1 :i* is attribut$ to ! ,bi%op ( ,ovi$o1 ,d4 ,pilayo1 :o liv$ at t "t & :o treats ( ^! ?+s4 ,dur+ ^! p]il\s ye>s1 ,c\nt ,raymond wisely lodg$ 8 masons 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! city1 gr\p+ !m accord+ to ! locality !y came f1 :e!r f ,cantabria1 ! ,a/urias1 or ! t]ritory ( ,burgos4 ,a nobility1 z qu>relsome z x 0 p[]ful1 mu/ h answ]$ ,c\nt ,raymond's call = new citiz5s1 = dur+ c5turies to come1 ! /reets1 l ^? ( m$ival ,si5a & ,flor5ce1 con/antly ran ) ! blood ( oppos+ factions4 ,w>r+ families d>$ walk only c]ta9 /reets aft] nightfall1 & battles 7 c>ri$ on betwe5 ! diff]5t ca/les & 9 ! /reets z betwe5 cities & on battlefields4 ,9 ! qu>rels betwe5 royal bro!rs & c\s9s1 ,avila play$ a v prom95t "p4 ,! nurse & protectress ( _! t5d] ye>s1 & ! gu>dian ( _! *ildhood ?r\gh successive reigns ( ,ca/ilian k+s1 %e became a v vital factor 9 ! =tunes ( k+s1 prelates1 & nobles4 ,9 feuds l ^? ( ,don ,p$ro & 8 bro!r ,enrique ,,ii1 %e 0 a turbul5t c5tre4 ,great figures 9 ,spani% hi/ory rul$ f h] episcopal ?rone1 especially dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 ,p$ro1 a militant bi%op & "o ( ! mo/ valiant on ! glori\s battlefield ( ,las ,navas2 ,b5ilo1 lov] ( & belov$ by ,sa9t ,f]d9&2 & ,aym>1 ! loyal *ampion ( ,alfonso ! ,wise ?r\gh d>k z well z sunny h\rs4 ,! ,jews & ! ,moriscoes "h1 z :]ev] else _! indu/ri\s f+]s & +5i\s m9ds 7 at "w1 did mu* m ?an _! %>e t[>ds ! prosp]ity & developm5t ( ! city4 ,! ,jews especially became firmly e/abli%$ 9 _! useful vocations1 fill+ ! k+'s c(f]s s abundantly t ! ?ird ( _! tribute1 :i* he grant$ to ! ,bi%op1 0 n appreciably felt1 except 9 times ( armam5t & w>4 ,) ! fanatical expulsion ( fir/ "o1 & !n ! o!r1 race1 ! city's prosp]ity dep>t$4 ,_! place 0 fill$ by ! bloodh\nds ( ! ,inquisition1 :o held _! v fir/1 t]rible tribunal 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,sa9t ,?omas1 blight+ ! city & surr\nd+ c\ntry ) a new & t]rible curse4 ,! great rebellion "u ! ,emp]or ,*>les bur/ f ! sm\ld]+ wra? ( ,avila's indignant citiz5s1 & 9 #aebj %e became1 = a %ort "t1 ! seat ( ! ,junta ,santa ( ! ,comun]os4 ,x is /ill easy to disc]n :at a trem5d\s am\nt ( build+ mu/ h gone on )9 ! n>r[ city limits dur+ ! e>ly "p ( its second erection4 ,! /reets are /ill full ( bits ( ,romanesque ar*itecture1 palaces1 arcades1 h\ses1 balconies1 t[]s & w9d[s & "o ( ! f9e/ gr\ps ( ,romanesque *ur*es 9 ,spa94 ,( less] s9ew & great] age ?an ,san ,salvador1 !y are n[ brea?+ _! la/4 ,san ,vic5te is almo/ doom$1 :ile ,san ,p$ro & ,san ,segundo are fa/ fall+4 ,b ,san ,salvador rema9s /ill un%ak5 9 h] /r5g?1--a =tress )9 a ca!dral1 a spl5did mail$ arm ) its clos$ fi/ ( iron rea*+ ?r\gh ! out] ba/ions & ?reat5+ ! pla9s4 ,x is a bold cry ( ,*ri/ian defiance to enemies )\t4 ,if ev] !re 0 an embodim5t 9 ar*itecture ( ! *ur* militant1 x is 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,avila4 ,approa*+ x by ,san ,p$ro1 y look 9 va9 = ! *ur*1 = ! great spire t loom$ up f ! di/ant hills & 0 po9t$ out z ! holy edifice4 ,9 its place & = ! ea/]n apse1 y see only a huge gray ba/ion1 /rong & secure1 cr[n$ at all po9ts by battlem5ts & gall]ies = s5t9els & fight+ m51--inaccessible1 grim1 & w>like4 ,a fitt+ abode = ! m5 :o r rode a horse ?an read a s]mon & pref]r$ ! brea/plate to ! cassock1 a spl5did epitome ( t p]iod ( ,spani% hi/ory :5 ! ,*ur* f\ght in/ead ( pry+ into m5's s\ls4 ,x well repres5ts ! unification ( ! religi\s & milit>y (ficesdevolv+ on ! ,*ur* ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 9 ,ca/ile1--a bellicose h\se r ?an "o ( pray]4 ,all ! old docum5ts & hi/ories ( ! ,*ur* /ate t ! great ,ca!dral 0 />t$ z soon z ! city walls 7 well "u way 9 #ajia & 0 complet$ aft] sixte5 ye>s ( h>d "w4 ,alv> ,g>cia f ,e/rella 9 ,nav>re is record$ z ! pr9cipal orig9al ar*itect1 ,don ,p$ro z ! ,bi%op1 & ,c\nt ,raymond z spurr+ on ! #aijj m5 at "w1 :ile ! pilgrims & fai?ful 7 solicit+ alms & subscriptions ?r\gh ,italy1 ,france1 & ! ,*ri/ian portions ( ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,( ! e>lie/ *ur* v little rema9s1 possibly only ! out] walls ( ! great ba/ion t encloses ! ea/]n t]m9ation ( ! pres5t edifice4 ,?is is mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r t[]s ( def5se1 &1 judg+ f ! excell5t "* ( its masonry1 :i* is totally diff]5t f ! co>se rubble ( ! rema9+ city walls & t[]s1 x mu/ h be5 built into !m at a lat] date1 z well z ) mu* great] c>e & skill4 ,_m hypo!ses h be5 sugge/$1 z to :y ! apse ( ! orig9al *ur* 0 ?us built z a portion ( ! walls ( def5se4 ,all seem d\btful4 ,x 0 possibly t ! alt> might come directly above ! re/+-place ( "s v5]at$ sa9t1 or p]haps to economize "t & con/ruction by plac+ ! apse 9 a mo/ vuln]able po9t ( attack :]e l(ty & impregnable masonry 0 requisite4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,avila ,ext]ior ( ! apse turret ,! *ur* grew t[>ds ! we/ & ! ma9 entrance1--! transepts !mselves1 & all "w we/ ( !m1 ) ! adv5t ( ! new /yle4 ,we ?us obta9 9 ,avila1 ow+ to ! v e>ly comm5cem5t ( its apse1 a curi\s & vitally int]e/+ conglom]ation ( ! ,romanesque & ,go?ic4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 all important portions ( ! /ructure 7 complet$ 9 ! m vigor\s p]iods ( ! ,go?ic/yle ) ! result+ felicit\s effect4 ,! build+ ( ! apse or ! *evet we/w>d mu/1 to judge f its /yle1 h advanc$ v sl[ly dur+ ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s1 = its g5]al "* is r t ( ! end ( ! twelf? & beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5turies 7! reign ( ,alfonso ,,viii7 ?an ( ! pure ,romanesque "w :i* 0 /ill execut$ 9 ,ca/ile at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,a great portion ( ! e>ly ,go?ic "w is1 ap>t f its arti/ic m]it1 hi/orically int]e/+1 z %[+ ! fir/ t5tative1 & (t5 grop+1 /eps ( ! ma/]s :o wi%$ to employ ! new =ms ( ! nor?1 b foll[$ sl[ly & ) a hesitation t betray$ _! inexp]i5ce4 ,ar*es 7 spann$ & w9d[s brok51 lat] to be brac$ & block$ up 9 "t to av]t a cata/rophe4 ,! transepts belong to ! e>lie/ "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,we h _! def9ite dates f records1--! nor!rn arm rose :]e previ\sly _h /ood a little *apel & 0 giv5 by ! ,*apt] to ,dean ,blasco ,blasquez z an honorable burial place = himself & 8 family1 :ile ,bi%op ,blasquez ,davila1 ! tutor ( ,alfonso ,,ix & pr9cipal not>y ( ,ca/ile1 rais$ ! s\!rn arm imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,he occupi$ ! ,see = almo/ fifty ye>s1 & mu/ h se5 ! nave & side aisles & ! old] portions1 includ+ ! nor?we/]n t[]1 all pretty well con/ruct$4 ,?is t[] ) its unf9i%$ si/] & portions ( ! we/ front are curi\sly en\gh late ,romanesque "w1 & mu/ ?us h be5 />t$ be=e ! nave & side aisles _h rea*$ !m 9 _! we/]n progress4 ,! orig9al cloi/]s belong$ to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z also ! nor!rn portal4 ,*apels1 furni%+s1 pulpits1 trascoro1 *oir /alls1 glaz+1 all belong to lat] times1 z well z ! sixte5?-c5tury mutilations ( ! front & ! v>i\s ext]ior ,r5aissance excresc5ces4 ,x is int]e/+ to inf] t ! ma9 "p ( ! fabric mu/ virtually h be5 complet$ 9 #adcb1 :5 ,pope ,eug5io ,,iv publi%$ a bull 9 favor ( ! "w4 ,"h he only speaks ( ! funds requisite = its pres]vation & repair4 ,we may judge f su* word+ ! condition ( ! /ructure z a :ole4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y portion ( ! build+ is unque/ionably its fight+ turret & ea/]n end4 ,?is apse is almo/ unique 9 ,spani% ar*itectural hi/ory & deeply absorb+ z an ext5sive piece ( ,romanesque "w1 n q free f ,moori% traces & already employ+ 9 its vault+ ,go?ic exp$i5ts4 ,x may be call$ b>b>ic ,go?ic or decad5t ,romanesque1 b1 :atev] x is t]m$1 x w be vitally int]e/+ & fasc9at+ to ! /ud5t ( ar*itectural hi/ory4 ,ext]nally ! mighty /one t[] indicates none ( its int]ior disposition ( *apels or vault+4 ,! black1 wea!r-/a9$ granite ( its b>e walls is alt]nately brok5 by slightly project+ pila/]s & sl5d]1 column> %afts4 ,!y are cr[n$ by a corbel table & a high1 embattl$ p>apet1 t yield$ protection to ! soldi]s occupy+ ! plat=m imm$iately beh9d1 :i* communicat$ ) ! passage ar\nd ! city walls4 ,?is is aga9 back$ by a second wall simil>ly cr[n$4 ,! n>r[e/ slits ( w9d[s f ! c5tres ( ! radiat+1 apsidal *apels break ! l[] surfaces1 :ile d\ble fly+ buttresses meet1 at ! level ( ! tri=ium & above ! cl]e/ory w9d[s1 ! ?ru/s ( ! upp] walls4 ,! plan is mo/ curi\s1 & on acc\nt ( its irregul>ity z well z c]ta9 inconsi/5cies1 x is difficult to guess h[ f> x 0 orig9ally conceiv$ 9 its pres5t =m1 or :at alt]ations 7 made 9 ! e>li] c5turies4 ,"s *anges mu/ h be5 made 9 its vault+4 ,! *evet or ,capilla ,mayor1 :i* at fir/ v prop]ly conta9$ ! *oir1 is surr\nd$ by a d\ble ambulatory1 outside ( :i* ! ?ick walls are pi]c$ by n9e apsidal *apels4 ,x is probable t ^! 7 orig9ally con/ruct$ by ! eng9e]s to light5 ! enorm\s bulk ( ! out] masonry4 ,!y are n q semicircles 9 plan1 & are vault$ 9 v>i\s simple ways4 ,:]e ribs occur1 !y meet 9 ! key ( ! ar* sep>at+ *apel f ambulatory4 ,! pi]s r\nd ! apse itself are alt]nately monocyl9drical & composite2 ! int]m$iate ones1 subdivid+ unequally ! girola1 are l(ty1 sl5d] columns1 :ile ^? ( ! ext]ior are polygonal 9 plan1 ) %afts aga9/ _! faces4 ,"s ( ! caps are ( ! be/ ,romanesque types1 & compos$ ( animals1 birds1 & leaves1 :ile o!rs1 possibly sub/itut$ = ! orig9al ones1 h a pla9 bell ) ! ornam5tation crudely appli$ 9 color4 ,! ,capilla ,mayor has bo? tri=ium & cl]e/ory ( exquisite e>ly "w4 ,dog-too? mold+s ornam5t ! ar*ivolts4 ,mohamm$an influ5ce _h ass]t$ itself 9 ! tri=ium1 :i* is divid$ by sl5d] %afts into two w9d[s t]m9at+ 9 horse%oe ar*es1 :ile ! cl]e/ory consi/s ( broad1 r\nd1 ar*$ op5+s4 ,! con/ruction & balance ( ! apse ?ru/s 7 d\btless orig9ally ( a some:at diff]5t nature f :at we f9d at pres5t1 z may easily be obs]v$ f ! mat]ials1 ! function & positions ( ! d\ble fly+ buttresses4 ,!y may h be5 add$ z late z ?ree c5turies aft] ! orig9al fabric4 ,lamp]ez y ,romea's obs]vations 9 reg>d to ?is are mo/ int]e/+3-- ,we mu/ obs]ve 9 ! two pres5t ord]s ( w9d[s1 t ! l[] 0 nev] built = lights & its con/ruction ) d\ble columns =m+ a holl[ space proves x a tri=ium4 ,t x 0 actually s is fur!r abundantly prov$ by sev]al circum/ances3 fir/1 by a p>apet or wall :i* /ill exi/s bel[ ! actual ro( & :i* foll[s ! ext]ior polygonal l9e ( ! girola1 z well z by "s semi-,romanesque trac]ies :i* end 9 ! wall ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 & f9ally1 by a cont9u\s r[ ( supports exi/+ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! same wall bel[ a gutt]1 sep>at+ ! two ord]s ( w9d[s4 ,^! features1 z well z ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! op5+s1 demon/rate t !re 0 a tri=ium ( ,romanesque "*1 occupy+ ! :ole wid? ( ! girola1 :i* fur!rmore 0 cov]$ by a b>rel vault4 ,above ?is came ! great plat=m or project+ balcony1 correspond+ to ! second def5sive circuit4 ,milit>y necessity expla9s ?is tri=ium2 )\t x1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( a sy/em ( cont9u\s c\nt]?ru/s to t ( ! vaults ( ! cross+4 ,if we conc$e ! exi/5ce ( ?is tri=ium1 v>i\s obscure po9ts become cle>4 ,! ,capilla ,mayor has f\r bays prior to rea*+ ! p5tagonal t]m9ation4 ,! vault+ ( ! mo/ ea/]ly bay connects ) t ( ! p5tagon1 ?us leav+ ?ree rema9+ bays to vault2 two =m a sexp>tite vault1 & ! ?ird1 ne>e/ ! transept1 a quadrip>tite4 ,all ! int]sections are met by bosses =m$ by gild$ & spread+ coats-(-arms4 ,! ribs d n all c>ry prop]ly d[n1 two out ( ! six be+ m]ely met by ! key/ones ( ! ar*es betwe5 ,capilla ,mayor & ambulatory4 ,! masonry ( ! vault+ is ( a r$di% /one1 :ile t ( ! transepts & nave is yell[1 laid 9 broad1 :ite jo9ts4 ,9 v>i\s portions ( ! d\ble ambulatory passage z well z "s ( ! *apels1 ! f9e1 deep gre5 & gold & blue ,romanesque color+ may /ill be se51 giv+ a ri* impression ( ! old b>b>ic spl5dor & gem-l ri*ness s befitt+ ! clo?+ ( ! /yle4 ,o!r portions1 n[ b>e1 mu/ surely all h be5 color$4 ,! delicate1 sl5d] %afts1 subdivid+ unequally ! ambulatory1 h really no c>ry+ (fice1 b 7 probably introduc$ to less5 ! difficulty ( vault+ ! irregul> comp>tm5ts ( su* unequal sides4 ,go?ic art 0 /ill 9 its infancy1 & ! spl5did grasp ( ! vault+ difficulties & ma/]ly solution ( its problems exemplifi$ 9 s _m lat] ambulatories1 _h n z yet be5 rea*$4 ,"h we h ab\t ! fir/ fumbl+ attempt4 ,! mae/ro is /ill fight+ 9 ! d>k ) unequal ?ru/s1 sides & ar*es ( diff]5t wid?s1 & a desire to meet !m all ) some?+ high] & light] ?an ! old cont9u\s b>rel vault4 ,a /ep =w>d 9 ! e>ne/ ef=t t[>d high] developm5t1 su* z we f9d "h1 des]ves admiration4 ,! pr(iles ( ! ribs are simple1 undecorat$ & vigor\s1 z 7 all ! e>lie/ ones2 9 ! *apels1 or r ! ex$ras 9 ! out] walls1 ! ribs d n meet 9 a common boss or key/one1 its advantages n z yet be+ kn[n to ! build]s4 ,a good portion ( ! old ro(-cov]+ ( ! ,ca!dral1 n only ov] ! ea/]n end1 b pretty g5]ally ?r\gh\t1 has ei!r be5 alt]$1 or else ! pres5t cov]+ conceals ! orig9al4 ,?us x is easy to detect f ! outside1 if "o /&s at ! nor?we/]n angle ( ! *ur* & looks d[n ! nor!rn face1 t ! upp] masonry has be5 c>ri$ up by "s ?ree feet ( brickwork1 evid5tly ( lat] addition1 on top ( :i* comes ! pres5t cov]+ ( t]ra-cotta tiles4 ,! old ro(-cov]+ "h ( /one tiles1 z also above ! apse1 re/$ directly on ! inside vaults1 naturally damag+ !m by its weight1 & n giv+ full protection aga9/ ! wea!r4 ,! ,fr5* slopes _h 9 "s in/ances be5 slavi%ly copi$1 b ! /eep ro(s requisite 9 nor!rn ca!drals 7 soon aft] ab&on$1 be+ unnecess>y 9 ! ,spani% climate4 ,ov] ! apse ( ,avila1 !re may /ill be f\nd e>ly ?irte5?-c5tury ro(+1 consi/+ ( l>ge /one flags laid 9 r[s ) int]m$i>y grooves & *annels1 v mu* accord+ to anci5t e/abli%$ ,roman & ,byzant9e traditions4 ,indep5d5t sup]/ructure above ! vault prop]1 to c>ry ! outside cov]+1 _h n be5 introduc$ :5 ?is ro(+ 0 laid4 ,9 its e>ly days _m a not$ prelate & honor$ *ur*man 0 laid to re/ )9 ! holy prec9ct ( ! *oir 9 front ( ! high alt> or 9 ! r\gh old sepul*res ( ! surr\nd+ *apels4 ,) ! mov+ ( ! *oir1 & probably also a *ange 9 ! *ur* c]emonies1 came a re>rangem5t ( ! apse & ! ,capilla ,mayor's relation to ! new rites4 ,! retablo back ( ! high alt>1 consi/+ ( ,plat]esque ornam5t1 belongs = ! mo/ "p to ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ,evangeli/s & *ur* fa!rs are by ,p$ro ,b]ruguete 7n z great z 8 son1 ! sculptor ,alfonso71 ,juan de ,borgoa & ,santos ,cruz4 ,9 ! c5tre1 fac+ !ambulatory beh9d1 is a f9e ,r5aissance tomb ( ! r5[n$ ,bi%op ,alfonso ,to/ada de ,madrigal4 ,he is kneel+ 9 full episcopal robes1 deeply absorb$ ei!r 9 writ+ or possibly read+ ! ,scriptures4 ,! workman%ip on mitre & robe is z f9e z ! simil> rem>kable "w 9 ,burgos1 :ile ! enclos+ rail is a spl5did example ( ! bl5d+ ( ,go?ic & ,r5aissance4 ,! glass 9 ! apse w9d[s is exceptionally ri* & magnific5tly brilliant 9 its color+4 ,x 0 execut$ by ,alb]to ,hol&o1 "o ( ! great ,dut* glazi]s ( ,burgos1 :o 0 giv5 ! entire contract 9 #aebj by ,bi%op ,francisco ,ruiz1 a nephew ( ! great ,c>d9al ,cisn]os4 ,su*1 9 %ort1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! *evet ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,avila1 con/ruct$ 9 an age :5 its build]s mu/ h work$ 9 a _s ( h>dy vigor ) ! tr[el 9 "o h& & ! sword 9 ! o!r4 ,z we see x to-day1 x imp>ts a feel+ ( my/]y1 & its ori5tal spl5dor is enhanc$ by ! dim1 religi\s light4 ,9 ent]+ ! cross+1 we /ep into ! fullness ( ! ,go?ic triumph4 ,! vaults h be5 ?r[n into ! sky to ! height ( #acj feet4 ,x is e>ly ,go?ic "w1 ) its _m errors & consequ5t retrac+ ( /eps made 9 ignorance4 ,! great ar*es t span ! cross+ nor? & s\? _h tak5 too bold a leap & subsequ5tly requir$ ! support ( cross ar*es4 ,! we/]n w9d[s & ! great roses at ! end ( ! transepts1 ) e>ly heavy trac]ies1 prov$ too d>+ & /one _h to be sub/itut$ = glass 9 _! ap]tures2 ! long r[ ( nave w9d[s h likewise be5 fill$ ) masonry4 ,despite ^! & _m simil> p5alties = ra%ness1 ! "w is z dignifi$ z x is admirable4 ,( c\rse ! proportions are all small 9 comp>ison ) su* lat] great ,go?ic *ur*es z ,leon & ,burgos1 ! nave & transepts "h be+ m]ely #bh to #cj feet wide1 ! aisles only #bd feet wide4 ,avila is b an awkw>d "y peasant girl if comp>$ ) ! que5ly pres5ce ( h] y\ng] si/]s4 ,nev]!less ,avila is 9 true ,spani% peasant co/ume1 :ile ,leon & ,burgos are trick$ out 9 borr[$ f9]y4 ,! nave is %ort & n>r[1 b t gives an impression ( great] height1 & ! obscurity left by ! =c$ sub/itution ( /one = glass 9 ! w9d[ spaces adds to ! solemnity4 ,! nave consi/s ( five bays1 ! aisle on ea* side ( x ris+ to ab\t half its height4 ,! gold5 gro9+ is quadrip>tite1 ! ribs meet+ 9 great color$ bosses & p5d5ts1 add$ at p]iods ( less simple ta/e4 ,9 ! cross+ alone1 int]m$i>y ribs h be5 add$ 9 ! vault+4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,avila ,f outside ! walls ,! walls ( ! transept und]nea? ! great bl9d :eels to ! nor? & s\? are brok5 by spl5did w9d[s1 ea* ) elaborate trac]y 7z also ! ea/]n & we/]n walls71 heavy & /rong1 b f9ely design$4 ,! glaz+ is glori\s1 light1 w>m1 & int5se4 ,! walls ( ! nave1 set back above ! l[e/ arcade "s eighte5 in*es1 h tri=ium & cl]e/ory1 & above ?is aga91 !y are fill$ q up to ! vault+ ) elaborate trac]y1 possibly once foolh>dily conceiv$ to c>ry glass4 ,ea* bay has six ar*es 9 bo? tri=ium & cl]e/ory1 all ( simple & e>ly ap]tures4 ,! glaz+ ( ! cl]e/ory is :ite1 except+ 9 "o ( ! bays4 ,9 ?is s+le in/ance1 a simple1 geometric patt]n ( buff & blue /ripes is ( wond]fully h>moni\s & lovely color effect4 ,! %afts t sep>ate nave f side aisles are /ill q ,romanesque 9 feel+1--( polygonal core fac$ by f\r columns & eight ribs4 ,! capitals are v simple ) no c>v+1 b m]ely a gild$ repres5tation ( leafage1 :ile ! base molds c>ry ar\nd all breaks ( ! pi]4 ,x may be co>se & crude 9 feel+ & execution1 c]ta9ly v f> f ! exquisite f9i% ( ,leon1 nev]!less ! infancy ( an ar*itectural /yle1 l a *ild's1 has ! peculi> int]e/ ( :at x holds 9 promise4 ,l ,leon1 ! side aisles h d\ble ro(+1 all[+ ! light to p5etrate to ! nave arcade & =m+ a d\ble gall]y runn+ r\nd ! *ur*4 ,_m ( ! bi%ops :o 7 buri$ 9 ! *oir 9 its old location 71 on its removal to ! bay imm$iately we/ ( ! cross+1 also mov$ & plac$ 9 ! v>i\s *apels4 ,! sepul*re ( ,bi%op ,san*o ,davila is v f9e4 ,l 8 pr$ecessors1 he 0 a fight+ man4 ,8 epitaph reads z foll[s3-- ,"h lies ! noble cavali] ,san*o ,davila1 ,capta9 ( ! ,k+ ,don ,f]n&o & ! ,que5 ,da ,isabel1 our sov]eigns1 & _! alcaide ( ! ca/les ( ,c>mona1 son ( ,san*o ,san*es1 ,"l ( ,san ,roman & ( ,villanueva1 :o di$ fight+ l a good cavali] aga9/ ! ,moors 9 ! capture ( ,alhama1 :i* 0 tak5 by 8 valor on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y 9 ! ye> #adij4 ,! pulpits on ea* side ( ! cross+1 atta*$ to ! great pi]s1 are1 curi\sly en\gh1 ( iron1 exquisitely wr\ght & gild$4 ,! "o on ! side ( ! epi/le is ,go?ic & ! o!r ,r5aissance1 ! body ( ea* ( !m be>+ ! arms ( ! ,ca!dral1 ! ,agnus ,dei1 & ! ev]-pres5t lions & ca/les4 ,! rejas1 clos+ (f *oir & ,capilla ,mayor 9 ! cu/om>y mann]1 are heavy & unga9ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! trascoro1 t (t5 sadly blocks up ! sweep ( ! nave1 is unusually l[ & comp>atively inconspicu\s4 ,x conta9s reliefs ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 f ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 by ,juan ,res & ,luis ,giraldo4 ,! *oir itself is s compact t x only occupies "o bay4 ,! *apt] evid5tly 0 a mode/ "o4 ,! /alls are ( elaborate ,r5aissance workman%ip4 ,! v]g] n[ 9 *>ge1 ) ! voice ( a ho>se cr[1 reads y ! "n ( ! c>v] z ! ,dut*man ,cornelis #aecf4 ,/range to say1 !re are no doors lead+1 z !y logically %\ld1 into ! c5tre ( ! arms ( ! transept4 ,?r\gh "s p]v]sity1 alt>s h tak5 _! place1 :ile ! nor!rn & s\!rn entrances h be5 pu%$ we/w>d1 op5+ into ! fir/ bays ( ! side aisles4 ,! s\!rn door leads to a ve/ibule1 ! sacri/y ) f9e ,go?ic vault+ disfigur$ by lat] pa9t+1 a f9e fifte5?-c5tury*apel & ! cloi/]s4 ,none ( ?is c be se5 f ! front1 z x is hidd5 by adjo9+ h\ses & a b>e1 pila/]$ wall cr[n$ by a c>v$ ,r5aissance balu/rade4 ,! gall]ies ( ! pres5t cloi/]s are lat] ,go?ic "w ) ,plat]esque decorations & ar*es wall$ up4 ,avila ,ca!dral is1 z x 71 a "p & p>cel ( ! hi/ory ( ,ca/ile dur+ ! reigns ( h] e>ly k+s1 ! turbul5t times :5 self-pres]vation 0 ! only ?\ght1 any union ( prov9ces f> 9 ! future1 & a ,spani% k+dom undream$ (4 ,%e 0 a great *ur* 9 a small k+dom1 9 ! empire %e became insignificant4 ,mu* ( h] hi/ory is unkn[n1 b 9 ! days ( h] p[]1 %e 0 c]ta9ly associat$ ) all great ev5ts 9 old ,ca/ile4 ,h] influ5ce grew ) h] emolum5ts & ! ev]-increas+ body ( ecclesia/ical function>ies4 ,9 times ( w>1 %e became a =tress1 & h] bi%op 0 no long] ma/] ( 8 h\se4 ,! ,capta9-,g5]al took comm& ( ! ba/ions1 z ( ^? ( ! ,alcaz>1 & soldi]s took ! place ( prie/s 9 ! gall]ies4 ,%e 0 ! key to ! city1 & on h] flat ro(s ! oppos+ armies clos$ 9 ! f9al /ruggle = victory4 ,! ,ca!dral has1 9 fact1 only an ea/]n & a nor!rn elevation1 ! ext]ior to ! we/ & s\? be+ hidd5 by ! huge t[] & ! confus$ mass ( *apels & *oir :i* ext5d to ! walls & h\ses4 ,! we/]n entrance front is noble & dignifi$ 9 its au/]e sev]ity2 probably z old z ! cl]e/ory ( ! nave1 x is a grim s5t9el f ! fir/ "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,) ! exception ( ! entrance1 x speaks ! ,romanesque language1 al?\gh its w9d[s & "s ( its decoration are po9t$4 ,x is magnific5t & impressive1 v ,spani%1 & almo/ unique 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,f\r mighty buttresses subdivide ! composition2 betwe5 ^! is ! entrance1 & to ! nor? & s\? are ! t[]s :i* t]m9ate ! aisles4 ,! s\!rn t[] has nev] be5 f9i%$4 ,! nor!rn is full ( inspiration4 ,x is brok5 at two /ages by d\ble w9d[s1 ! upp] ones ( ! belfry be+ cr[n$ by p$im5ts & surm\nt$ by ri*1 sunk trac]y4 ,! pi]s t]m9ate 9 hexagonal p9nacles1 :ile ! t[]1 z well z ! re/ ( ! front1 is f9i%$ ) a battlem5t4 ,! lat] block+ up ( ?is1 z well z ! sup]impos$ ro(+1 is v evid5t & di/urb+4 ,all ! angles ( buttresses1 ( w9d[s1 ar*es1 splays1 & pyramids1--^? also cr[n+ ! bulky pi]s t meet ! fly+ buttresses1--are *>act]i/ically & uniquely decorat$ ) an ornam5tation ( balls4 ,x s(t5s ! h>d l9es1 spla%+ ! surface ) inf9ite s]ies ( small1 %>p %ad[s & mak+ x sp>kle ) life & light4 ,! angles recall ! blunt1 blue tee? ( a saw4 ,! ma9 entrance1 z well z ! fir/ two bays ( ! naves und]nea? ! t[]s1 mu/ orig9ally h be5 ( diff]5t con/ruction f ! pres5t "o4 ,inside ! *ur*1 ^! bays are block$ (f f nave & side aisles by walls1 on top ( :i* !y communicate ) ea* o!r z also ) ! ea/]n apse by gall]ies1 probably all necess>y = ! def5se ( troops 9 ! e>ly days4 ,possibly a n>!x t]m9at$ ! nave back ( ! orig9al entrance portal und]nea? ! pres5t vault$ comp>tm5t4 ,! ma9 entrance door is inde$ a /range app>ition4 ,9 its :it5ess betwe5 ! sombre t9ts ( ! m>tial t[]s1 x rises l a spectre 9 ! w9d+-%eets ( a lat] age4 ,x is di/ress+ly out ( place & "t 9 its d>k framework4 ,b 9 a great h\se !re are n only vessels ( gold & ( silv]1 b also ( wood & ( e>?1 & "s to honor1 & "s to di%onor4 ,! semicircul> door is cr[n$ by a pr(usely subdivid$1 ,go?ic ar*ivolt & gu>d$ by two scaly giants or wild m5 t look1 ) _! rais$ clubs1 z if !y w\ld beat ! life out ( any "o :o %\ld try to ent] ! holy cav]n4 ,sa9ts ,pet] & ,paul float on cl\ds 9 ! sp&rels4 ,above rises a sixte5?-c5tury composition ( masks & canopi$ ni*es4 ,! ,savi\r naturally occupies ! c5tre1 flank$ by ! v>i\s sa9ts t 9 times ( p]il protect$ ! *ur* ( ,avila3 ,sa9ts ,v9c5te1 ,sab9a & ,cri/ela1 ,sa9t ,segundo & ,santa ,t]esa4 ,9 ! attic 9 front ( a trem5d\s trac]i$ cusp1 ) op5+s block$ by masonry1 ! ornam5tation runs completely riot4 ,sa9t ,mi*ael1 /&+ on top ( a deject$ & d\bl$-up dragon1 looks d[n on figures t are crosses betwe5 respectable c>yatides & disreputable m]maids4 ,x is c]ta9ly z immat]ial z unkn[n1 :5 & by :om 0 p]petrat$ ?is deg5]ate sculpture n[ %amelessly disfigur+ a noble cas+4 ,! /rong1 e>ly t[]s seem 9 _! turn d\bly p[]ful & eloqu5t 9 _! simplicity & "o wi%es ! old ,romanesque portal 7 re/or$ & ! great trac]ies above x glaz$ to flood ! nave ) we/]n sunlight4 ,! nor!a/]n angle is block$ by poor ,r5aissance masonry1 ! ext]ior ( ! *apels "h be+ fac$ by a ,cor9?ian ord] & brok5 by circul> lights4 ,! nor!rn portal is z f9e z t ( ! ma9 entrance is paltry4 ,! head ( ! door1 z well z ! great ar* :i* spans ! recess into :i* ! entire composition is set1 is1 curi\sly en\gh1 ?ree-c5tr$1 simil> to "s ( ! elliptical ones at ,burgos & ,leon4 ,a lion1 securely *a9$ to ! *ur* wall = ! protection ( wor%ip]s1 gu>ds ea* side ( ! entrance4 ,"u ! five ar*es /& ! twelve ,apo/les1 "t-worn1 wea!r-beat5 & mutilat$1 b spl5did bits ( late ?irte5?-c5tury c>v+4 ,= !y mu/ be z e>ly z t4 ,! ar*ivolts are simply cr[d$ ) small figures ( angels1 ( sa9ts1 & ( ! unmi/akably lo/4 ,9 ! tympanum ! ,savi\r occupies ! c5tre1 & ar\nd ,him is ! same e>ly1 nave repres5tation ( figures f ! ,apocalypse1 angels1 & ! cr[n$ ,virg94 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,avila ,ma9 entrance ,two ye>s be=e ,lu!r1 a true expon5t ( ,teutonic g5ius1 _h nail$ 8 !ses to ! door ( a ca!dral 9 c5tral ,g]many1 !re 0 born 9 ! he>t ( ,spa9 z dauntless & g5u9e a repres5tative ( h]c\ntry's g5ius4 ,ea* pass$ ?r\gh great /orm & /ress ( ! _s1 & f9ally ent]$ into t clos] communion ) ,god1 f :i* ! s\l em]ges miracul\sly /r5g!n$4 ,d n ^! bleak hills1 ?is /]n b lovely ,ca!dral1 ris+ p] asp]a ad a/ra1 typify ! /rong s\l ( ,santa ,t]esa8 ,a great psy*ologi/ ( our day f9ds ! woman 9 h] admirable lit]>y /yle4 ,pr(4 ,james fur!r accepts ,sa9t ,t]esa's own def5se ( h] visions3 ,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m4 ,^! 7 practical1 brave1 *e]ful1 aspir+1 l ?is ,ca/ilian sanctu>y1 intol]ant ( diss5t]s1 %elt]+ & c>+ = _m1 & lead+ !m upw>d to ! ,city :i* is unse51 et]nal 9 ! heav5s4 ,,iv ,,leon ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,leon ,f ! s\?we/ ,look :]e ! flood ( we/]n glory falls ,?r\gh ! great sunfl[] disk ( blaz+ panes ,9 ruby1 saffron1 azure1 em]ald /a9s4 ,holmes4 ,9 ! ye> #ajjh ! anci5t *ur* ( ,leon witness$ a c]emony memorable = m reasons ?an "o4 ,x 0 conduct$ ?r\gh\t accord+ to ,go?ic cu/oms1 ,k+1 ,que51 nobility & ecclesia/ics all be+ pres5t1 & x 0 ! fir/ c\ncil held 9 ,spa9 s9ce ! ,arab conque/ ^: acts h come d[n to u4 ,! object 0 tw(old3 to hold a joy\s fe/ival 9 celebration ( ! rebuild+ ( ! city walls1 :i* _h be5 brok5 d[n "s ye>s be=e by a ,moslem army1 & to draw up a *>t] = a free p1 gov]n+ !mselves1 = ,spa9 has ! pr\d di/9ction ( grant+ municipal *>t]s "o or two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,= ?ree c5turies ( ,go?ic rule1 ! k+s ( ,leon1 ,ca/ile & o!r prov9ces _h successfully resi/$ e attempt at encroa*m5t f ! ,holy ,see &1 9 session ) ! cl]gy1 elect$ _! own bi%ops1 until 9 #ajhe ,alfonso ,,vi ( ,ca/ile takes ! fatal /ep ( s5d+ ,b]n>d d',azeu to receive ! pallium & inve/iture z ,bi%op ( ,tol$o f ! h&s ( ,gregory ,,vii4 ,f ?is "t =?1 k+s are cr[n$1 que5s repudiat$1 & ev5 ! hall[$ ,go?ic or ,moz>abic ritual is set aside = t ( ,rome by ord] ( popes4 ,9 #aace ,santa ,m>ia ( ,leon is ! sc5e ( a gorge\s pageant4 ,an ,alfonso1 becom+ ma/] ( half ,spa9 & qu>t] ( ,france1 ?9ks he might be call$ ,emp]or z well z "s o!rs1 & )9 ! ,ca!dral walls he receives ! new title 9 ! pres5ce ( c\ntless ecclesia/ics & all 8 vassals1 great & small4 ,! mon>*'s robe 0 ( m>vel\s "w1 & a cr[n ( pure gold set ) preci\s /ones 0 plac$ on 8 head1 :ile ! ,k+ ( ,nav>re held 8 "r h& & ! ,bi%op ( ,leon 8 left4 ,fea/+s & donations foll[$1 b1 :at 0 ( va/ly m importance1 ! new ,emp]or confirm$ ! *>t]s grant$ to v>i\s cities by 8 gr&fa!r4 ,aga9 a great c]emony fills ! old *ur*4 ,f]d9&1 lat] kn[n z ! ,sa9t1 is baptiz$ !re 9 #aaii4 ,a ye> or two lat]1 ,innoc5t ,,iii decl>es void ! m>riage ( 8 fa!r & "m1 :o 7 c\s9s1 & an int]dict %r\ds ! l& 9 d>kness4 ,sev]al ye>s pass dur+ :i* ! ,pope turns a deaf e> to ! entreaties ( a devot$ husb&1 ! ,k+ ( ,leon1 to _! *ildr5's claim1 ! int]cession ( ,spani% prelates1 & ! pray]s ( two nations :o _h good cause to rejoice 9 ! union ( ,leon & ,ca/ile4 ,!n a victim ( ! yoke1 :i* ,spa9 _h volunt>ily put on :ile ,fr$]ic ( ,g]many & ev5 ,sa9t ,l\is of,france 7 def5d+ _! rights aga9/ ! aggressions ( ! ,holy ,see1 ! good ,que5 ,b]5zuela1 sadly took h] way back to h] fa!r's home1 to ! ,k+ ( ,ca/ile4 ,8 pr]ogative once e/abli%$1 ,innoc5t ,,iii look$ well aft] 8 ob$i5t subjects4 ,:5 ,spa9 0 ?reat5$ by ! mo/ =midable ( all ,moori% invasions1 he publi%$ to all ,*ri/5dom a bull ( crusade aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s1 & s5t across ! ,pyr5ees ! =ces :i* _h be5 ga!r+ 9 ,france = w> 9 ,pale/9e4 ,rodrigo1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 prea*$ ! holy w> & l$ 8 troops1 9 :i* he 0 jo9$ by ! bi%ops ( ,bordeaux1 ,nantes1 & ,n>bonne at ! head ( _! militia4 ,g]many & ,italy s5t _! quota ( knights & soldi]s ( =tune1 & ?is conc\rse ( ,*ri/ian w>riors1 speak+ innum]able tongues1 p\r$ ?r\gh m\nta9 defiles & ev] s\?w>d till !y met 9 l(ty ,tol$o & camp$ on ! banks ( ! ,tagus4 ,m>*es1 skirmi%es1 & long-drawn-out sieges prelude ! great day4 ,! hot ,spani% summ] sets 91 ! =eign]s1 gr[+ languid 9 ! arid /ret*es ( ,la ,man*a1 & disappo9t$ at ! sl5d] booty met$ out to !m1 des]t ! native army1 m>* nor?w>ds & aga9 cross ! ,pyr5ees to return to _! homes4 ,x 0 ?us left to ! ,spani>ds1 l$ by ?ree k+s & _! w>like prelates1 to defeat a ,moslem army ( half a million & ga9 ! glori\s victory ( ,las ,navas de ,tolosa on ! sixte5? ( ,augu/1 #abab4 ,) ,rome's firm grasp on ! ,spani% ,p59sula came temples no less beautiful ?an ^? ! great ,"m ,*ur* 0 plant+ 9 e portion ( h] dom9ion nor? ( ! ,pyr5ees1--,leon1 ,burgos1 ,tol$o & ,val5cia rose 9 pr\d *all5ge to ,ami5s1 ,rheims1 ,beauvais & ,*>tres4 ,leon may be call$ ,fr5*1--yes1 unque/ionably s1 b t is no detraction or d5ial ( h] native g5tileza4 ,%e may be ! v embodim5t ( ,fr5* plann+1 h] g5]al dim5sions l ^? ( ,b\rges2 h] portals c]ta9ly recall ^? ( ,*>tres1 & ! plann+ ( h] apsidal *apels1 h] bases1 ar*es1 & gro9+ ribs1 rem9d "o ( ,ami5s & ,rheims2 b nev]!less ?is exotic fl[] blooms z glori\sly 9 a ,spani% des]t z ^? t sprang up amid ! v9ey>ds or 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,( ,,plan ,,( ,,leon ,,ca!dral ,a4 ,capilla ,mayor4 ,b4 ,*oir4 ,c4 ,cross+4 ,d4 ,tombs4 ,e4 ,trascoro4 ,f4 ,t[]s4 ,g4 ,cloi/]s4 ,leon is almo/ z old z ! hi/ory ( ,spa94 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 ! sev5? ,roman legion1 on ! ord] ( ,augu/us1 pit*$ _! t5ts :]e ! city n[ /&s1 built _! cu/om>y rectangul> enclosure ) its /rong walls & t[]s1 happily second$ by ! nature ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,f "h ! wild hordes ( ! ,a/urias c\ld be kept 9 *eck4 ,! city 0 n>r[ly built 9 ! =k ( two riv]s1 on gr\nd all[+ nei!r easy approa* nor expansion1 s t ! gr[? has1 ev5 up to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 be5 )9 ! anci5t walls1 & ! /reets & squ>es are 9 consequ5ce n>r[ & cramp$4 ,on _m ( ! blocks ( ^? old walls may /ill be se5 c>v$ 9 ! cle> ,roman lett]+1 ,legio septima gem9a1 pia1 felix4 ,! "n ( ,leon is m]ely a corruption fir/ us$ by ! ,go?s ( ! ,roman ,legio4 ,roman dom9ion surviv$ ! empire = _m ye>s1 be+ fir/ swept away :5 ! ,go?ic hordes 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury desc5d$ f ! nor? "u ! conqu]or1 ,loevgild4 ,its ,*ri/ian bi%opric 0 possibly ! fir/ 9 ,spa91 f\nd$ 9 ! d>kness ( ! ?ird c5tury1 s9ce :i* "t ! little city c boa/ an unbrok5 succession ( ,leonese bi%ops1 al?\gh a numb]1 dur+ ! turbul5t decades ( =eign rule1 may n actually h be5 9 resid5ce4 ,! ,moslem foll[$ ! ,go?1 & rul$ :ile ! nasc5t ,*ri/ian k+dom ( ! ,a/urias 0 sl[ly ga9+ /r5g? = indep5d5ce & ! f\ndation ( an episcopal seat4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! ,*ri/ians wre/$ x f ! ,moors4 ,on ! site ( ! old ,roman ba?s1 built 9 ?ree long *amb]s1 ,k+ ,ordoo ,,ii erect$ 8 palace 7he 0 recon/ruct+ = def5se & glory ! walls & edifices ( ! city7 & 9 #iaf pres5t$ x ) consid]able gr\nd & sev]al adjac5t h\ses to ,bi%op ,frumonio1 t he might comm5ce ! build+ ( ! ,ca!dral on ! advantage\s palace site 9 ! he>t ( ! city4 ,t]rible ,moori% invasions occurr$ soon aft]1 involv+ consid]able damage to ! gr[+ ,byzant9e basilica4 ,9 #iif ! ,moors swept ! city ) fire & sword1 & aga91 ?ree ye>s lat]1 x fell entirely into ! h&s ( ! great conqu]or ,almanzor1 :o rema9$ 9 possession only j ! same "t1 = we may read 9 ! old monki% manuscripts t 9 #ajjb f ! ,*ri/ian pulpits ( ,ca/ile & ,leon ! proclamation 0 made3 ,almanzor is dead1 & buri$ 9 ,hell4 ,leon c\ld boa/ ( be+ ! fir/ m$ival city ( ,europe to obta9 self-gov]nm5t & a *>t] ( h] own1 & %e became ! sc5e ( important c\ncils dur+ ! elev5?1 twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 "u ! great ,f]d9& ,i1 :o unit$ ,ca/ile & ,leon1 "w on ! basilica 0 pu%$ rapidly =w>d4 ,fr5* influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant 9 ! e>ly build+ op]ations1 = ,alfonso ,,vi ( ,ca/ile1 :o assum$ ! title ( ,emp]or ( ,spa91 _h two ,fr5* wives1 ea* ( :om br\ght ) h] a bat* ( zeal\s & skillful *ur*-build+ prelates4 ,! *ur* 0 f9ally consecrat$ 9 #aadi4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! ,spani% ar*itect1 ,d4 ,demetrio de los ,rios1 9 *>ge ( ! "w ( re/oration on ! pres5t ,ca!dral1 discov]$ ! walls & f\ndations ( ! anci5t basilica & 0 able to det]m9e accurately its relation to ! lat] ,go?ic *ur*4 ,! exact date :5 ?is 0 begun is unc]ta91--_m writ]s give #aaii4 ,beyond a d\bt ! f\ndations 7 laid out dur+ ! reign ( ,alfonso ,,ix1 e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,manrique de ,l>a 0 ,bi%op ( ! ,see ( ,leon & ,fr5* ,go?ic con/ruction 0 at ! height ( its glory4 ,x is ?us a ?irte5?-c5tury *ur*1 belong+ pr9cipally to ! latt] "p1 built ) ! fev]i% en]gy1 popul> en?usiasm1 & unp>allel$ g5ius = build+ :i* *>act]izes t p]iod & /amps x z uniquely glori\s to lat] con/ructive ages4 ,?\gh small] ?an mo/ ( ! imm5se *ur*es :i* aft]w>ds rose "u ,spani% skies1 ,leon rema9$ 9 _m respects unsurpass$ & unmat*$4 ,sevilla en gr&eza1 ,tol$o en riqueza1 ,compo/ella en =taleza1 e/ en sutileza ,santa ,m>ia de ,regla4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 aft] ! consecration ( ! new *ur*1 a fam\s c\ncil ( all ! bi%ops ( ! realm 0 held 9 ! little t[n ( ,madrid1 & !re ! fai?ful 7 exhort$1 & ! lukew>m admoni%$ ) ?reats1 to contribute by e means to ! successful erection ( ,leon's ,ca!dral4 ,indulg5ces1 well wor? consid]ation1 7 grant$ to contributors1 at ! head ( :om = a lib]al sum /ood ! k+1 ,alfonso ,x4 ,b ,leon1 capital ( ! anci5t k+dom1 0 doom$ be=e long to feel ! bitt]ness ( ab&onm5t4 ,! ,ca/ilian k+s foll[$ ! retreat s\?w>d ( ! ,moori% armies1 & ! hi/ory ( ! capital ( ,leon1 :i*1 dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 _h be5 ! hi/ory ( ! little k+dom1 soon became conf9$ )9 ! limits ( h] ca!dral walls4 ,burgos1 a mighty rival1 soon ov]%ad[$ h]4 ,! "t came :5 ! ,bi%op ( ,leon 0 m]ely a suffragan ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,burgos1 & h] k+s _h mov$ _! c\rt s\? to ,seville4 ,! city ( ,leon 0 lo/ 9 ! union ( ! two k+doms4 ,! =tunes ( ! ,ca!dral h be5 v>i$ & h] rev]ses great4 ,h] ar*itects risk$ a great deal & ! disa/]s entail$ 7 proportionate4 ,?\gh belong+ prem95tly 9 /yle to ! glori\s ?irte5? c5tury1 h] build+ cont9u$ almo/ un9t]rupt$ly ?r\gh\t ! f\rte5?4 ,we h 9 succession ,mae/ro ,enrique1 ,p$ro ,cebrian1 ,simon1 ,guill5 de ,rodan1 ,alonzo ,val5cia1 ,p$ro de ,m$9a1 & ,juan de ,badajoz1 work+ on h] walls & t[]s ) a magnific5t recklessness :i* 0 %ortly to meet its puni%m5t4 ,al?\gh ,bi%op ,gonzalez 9 #acjc decl>$ ! "w1 ?anks be to ,god1 complet$1 x 0 b />t$4 ,! s\? faade 0 complet$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b z e>ly z #afcj ! light fabric began to tremble1 !n ! vault+ ( ! cross+ collaps$ & 0 replac$ by a m magnific5t dome4 ,_m ye>s ( mutilations & disa/]s succe$$4 ,! s\? front 0 entirely tak5 d[n & rebuilt1 ! vault+ ( aisles fell1 great portions ( ! ma9 we/]n faade1 & ornam5tation "h & !re 0 disfigur$ or de/roy$ by ! lat] alt]ations 9 ov]confid5t & decad5t times1 until1 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 v consid]able portions ( ! orig9al ra% & exquisite fabric 7 practically ru9$4 ,!re came1 h[ev]1 an awak5+ to ! outrages :i* _h be5 committ$1 & f ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to ! pres5t day1 ! "w ( putt+ back ! /ones 9 _! orig9al =ms & places has /eadily advanc$ to ! honor ( ,leon &glory ( ,spa91 until ,santa ,m>ia de ,regla at la/ /&s once m 9 ! full pri/9e lightness ( h] orig9al beauty4 ,! plan ( ,leon is exce$+ly f9e1 surpass$ alone among ,spani% *ur*es by t ( ,tol$o4 ,?ree doorways lead ?r\gh ! magnific5t we/]n portal into ! nave & side aisles ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^! consi/ ( five bays up to ! po9t :]e ! huge arms ( ! transept spread by ! wid? ( an additional bay4 ,9 proportion to ! foot ( ! cross1 ^! arms are broad] ?an 9 any o!r ,spani% ca!dral4 ,!y are f\r bays 9 l5g?1 ! "o "u ! c5tral lant]n be+ twice ! wid? ( ! o!rs1 ?us mak+ ! total wid? ( ! transepts equal to ! di/ance f ! we/]n entrance to _! int]section4 ,! *oir occupies ! fif? & six? bays ( ! nave4 ,to ! s\?1 ! transept is ent]$ by a triple portal v simil> 9 scale & ri*ness to ! we/]n4 ,! ea/]n t]m9ation ( ! *ur* is =m$ by a *oir ( ?ree & an ambulatory ( five bays runn+ back ( ! alt> & trascoro1 & five p5tagonal apsidal *apels4 ,! sacri/y juts out 9 ! extreme s\?we/]n angle4 ,! nor!rn arm ( ! huge transepts is sep>at$ f ! ext5sive cloi/]s by a r[ ( *apels or ve/ibules :i* to ! ea/ also lead to ! great ,*apel ( ,santiago4 ,all along its ea/]n l9es ! *ur* ) its dep5d5cies projects beyond ! city walls1 "o ( its massive t[]s /&+ z a mighty bulw>k ( def5se 9 ! extreme nor!a/]n angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,leon ,look+ up ! nave ,x is a plan t mu/ delight n only ! ar*itect1 b any casual obs]v]1 9 its almo/ p]fect symmetry & 9 ! relation%ip ( its v>i\s p>ts to ea* o!r4 ,x belong$ to ! primitive p]iod ( ,fr5* ,go?ic1 ?\gh c>ri$ out 9 lat] days :5 its vigor 0 wan+4 ,x has n be5 cramp$ nor di/ort$ by initial limitation ( space or conditions1 nor injur$ by lat] deviations f ! orig9al conception4 ,x is wor?y ( ! great ma/]s :o plann$ once = all ! lovelie/ & mo/ expressive h\se = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,erect$ on ! pla9s ( ,leon1 x 0 conceiv$ 9 ! inspir$ prov9ces ( ,*ampagne & ! ,isle de ,france4 ,x has a total l5g? ( "s #cjh feet & a wid? ( nave & aisles ( #hc4 ,! height to ! c5tre ( nave gro9+ is #ajj feet4 ,! we/]n front has two t[]s1 :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 z 9 ,wells ,ca!dral1 flank ! side aisles1 ?us necessitat+ 9 elevation a union ) ! upp] portions ( ! faade by means ( fly+ buttresses4 ,!re is a f9e view ( ! ext]ior ( ! *ur* f across ! squ>e fac+ ! s\?we/]n angle4 ,a r[ ( acacia plumes & a mean+less1 eighte5?-c5tury iron f5ce conceal ! m>ble pav+ r\nd ! base1 b ?is =egr\nd s9ks to insignificance aga9/ ! so>+ masses ( /one t[]s & turrets1 buttresses & p$im5ts1 /ret*+ nor? & ea/4 ,bo? faades h be5 consid]ably re/or$1 ! lat] ,r5aissance & ,b>oque atrocities hav+ be5 swept away 9 a m ref9$ & s5sitive age1 :5 ! portions ( masonry :i* fell1 ow+ to ! flims9ess ( ! fabric1 7 rebuilt4 ,! result has1 h[ev]1 be5 t great portions1 z = in/ance 9 ! we/]n front & ! entire c5tral body above ! portals1 j>1 ) ! *alky :it5ess ( _! surfaces by ! side ( ! "t-worn masonry4 ,!y lack ! exquisite h>mony ( t9ts1 :]e w9d & sun & wat] h swept & spla%$ ! masonry = c5turies4 ,! two t[]s t flank ! we/]n front 9 s disjo9t$ a mann] are ( diff]5t heights & ages4 ,bo? h a heavy1 lumb]+ quality entirely out ( keep+ ) ! a]ial lightness ( ! rema9d] ( ! *ur*4 ,x is n q co>s5ess1 b r a /iff-neck$1 pomp\s gravity4 ,_! mold+s lack vigor & sp>kle4 ,! play ( fancy & s5sitive decorative treatm5t are want+4 ,! nor!rn t[] is ! old] & has an upp] portion p5etrat$ by a d\ble r[ ( r\nd & e>ly po9t$ w9d[s4 ,an unbrok5 octagonal spire cr[ns x1 ! angles ( ! int]section be+ fill$ by turrets1 z un9t]e/+ z ,prussian s5try-boxes4 ,! s\!rn t[]1 ?\gh light] & m ornam5t$1 has1 l its si/]1 extremely bald l[] surfaces1 ! f\r angles 9 bo? cases be+ m]ely brok5 by project+ buttresses4 ,! l[e/ /ory 0 complet$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 add$ to 9 successive c5turies by ,mae/ro ,jusqu9 & ,alfonso ,ramos1 b its great op5-"w spire1 ( decid$ ,g]man =m1 probably mu* influ5c$ by ,colonia's spires at ,burgos1 0 fir/ rais$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is a complete monoton\s lacework ( /one1 n ne>ly z spirit$ z simil>1 e>li]1 ,fr5* "w4 ,! spire is sep>at$ f ! bald base by a two-/ori$ belfry1 ) two sup]impos$ op5+s on ea* surface4 ,go?ic inscriptions decorate ! masonry & ! huge black lett]s spell out ,deus ,homo--,ave ,m>ia1 ,gratia pl5a4 ,at ! base1 betwe5 ^! huge1 grave s5t9els1 /&s ! magnific5t old portico ) ! mod]n fac+ ( ! ma9 body ( ! *ur* above x4 ,?is scre5 ( lat] days1 built aft] ! removal ( a hide\sly out-(-keep+ ,r5aissance front1 is conta9$ )9 two buttresses :i* meet ! great fly+ ones4 ,9 fact1 look+ d[n ! /one gorge betwe5 ^! buttresses & ! t[]s1 "o sees a mass ( pu%+ & propp+ fly+ buttresses spr++ 9 d\ble r[s above ! ro( ( ! side aisles t[>ds ! cl]e/ories ( ! nave4 ,! scre5 itself conta9s1 imm$iately above ! portico1 an arcade ( f\r subdivid$ ar*es1 correspond+ to ! tri=ium1 & above x a gorge\s rose w9d[4 ,x is ! be/ type ( late ?irte5? or e>ly f\rte5?-c5tury :eel ( radial sy/em1 v simil> 9 design to ! we/]n :eel ( ,notre ,dame de ,p>is & ! great we/]n "o ( ,burgos4 ,spr++ sudd5ly into be+ 9 all its develop$ p]fection1 x c only be reg>d$ z a direct importation f ! ,isle de ,france4 ,! ribs ( ! out] circle are twice z _m z ^? ( ! inn]1 ?us divid+ ! glass surfaces into approximately equal bread? ( fields4 ,?is & ! rose ( ! s\!rn transept are simil>1 & bo? are copies ( ! orig9al "o /ill extant 9 ! nor? transept4 ,a f9e cornice & op5-"w gall]y surm\nt ! composition1 flank$ by crocket$ turrets & cr[n$ 9 ! c5tre by a p$im5t injuri\s 9 effect & ( ,italian ,r5aissance inspiration4 ,! gable field is brok5 by a small] :eel1 & 9 an ogival ni*e are /atues ( ! ,annunciation4 ,! portico is ! mo/ truly spl5did "p ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,erect$ at ! end ( ! ?irte5? or beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 mu* ( its ,go?ic sculpture is unsurpass$ 9 ,spa94 ,a p]fect museum ( art & a hi/ory 9 magnific5t c>v+4 ,! composition z a :ole recalls aga9 unque/ionably ,*>tres4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree recess$ ar*es hood+ ) deep splays ! ?ree doorways :i* lead into nave & side aisles4 ,betwe5 ! major ar*es are two small]1 extremely po9t$ ones1 ! mo/ nor!rly ( :i* encases an anci5t column> %aft decorat$ ) ! arms ( ,leon & be>+ ! inscription1 locus appellationis4 ,b5ea? x c\rt 0 long held & ju/ice adm9i/]$ by ! rul]s ( ,leon dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ar*es ( ! por*es are support$ by pi]s1 completely brok5 & surr\nd$ by column> %afts & ni*es c>ry+ /atues on _! corbels4 ,^! pi]s /& out free f ! jambs ( ! doors & wall surfaces beh9d1 & ?us =m an op5 gall]y betwe5 ! two4 ,ar\nd & ov] all is an a/\nd+ & lavi% pr(usion ( sculpture1--no less ?an =ty /atues4 ,! jambs & splays1 ! %afts1 ! ar*ivolts1 ! mold+s & tympanums are cov]$ ) c>v+1 v>i$ & s+ul>ly int]e/+ 9 ! div]sity ( its p]iod & "*4 ,"p ( x is late ,byzant9e ) ! traditions ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :ile mu* is f ! v be/ vigor\s ,go?ic *isels1 & yet "s1 lat] ,go?ic4 ,c]ta9 bord]s1 leafage1 & v9e bran*es are ,byzant9e1 & s also are "s ( ! /atues1 reta9+ ! %apeless proportions & ! immobility & p>*$ fr[n ( ! ,byzant9e ,s*ool1 s p]fectly dead 9 its expression1 (f]+1 h[ev]1 by its g>b & by its cont\rs n a little to ! /udy ( ?is art1 & s con/itut+ a preci\s museum4 ,aga91 o!r /atues h ! mild & v5]able aspect ( ! second p]iod ( ,go?ic "w4 ,! olde/ are r\nd ! mo/ nor!rly ( ! ?ree doorways4 ,e walk ( life is repres5t$4 ,!re is a gall]y ( co/umes2 & mo/ v>y+ emotions are depict$ 9 ! c\nt5ances ( ! k+s & que5s1 monks & virg9s1 prelates1 sa9ts1 angels1 & bi%ops4 ,sep>at+ ! two leaves ( ! ma9 doorway1 /&s ,our ,:ite ,lady4 ,b if ! /atues are int]e/+1 ! sculpture ( ! ar*ivolts & ! p]sonages & sc5es c>v$ on ! fields ( ! tympanums f> surpass !m4 ,mrs4 ,:>ton says some:]e1 ,all nor!rn art is anecdotic1--x is an anci5t e?nological fact t ! ,go? has always told 8 /ory t way4 ,no?+ c\ld be m anecdotic ?an ?is sculpture4 ,! nor!rn tympanum gives sc5es f ! ,life ( ,*ri/1 ! ,visitation1 ! ,nativity1 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 & ! ,flight into ,egypt4 ,9 ! s\!rn1 are ev5ts f ! life ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y2 b ! c5tral "o1 & ! ar*ivolts surr\nd+ x1 conta9 ! mo/ spirit$ bits4 ,! sc5e is ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ) ,*ri/ z ! c5tral figure4 ,s]vants ( ! ,*ur* ( v>i\s degrees are /&+ on "o side ) expressions ( beatitude n[ise cl\d$ by ! fate ( ! mis]able reprobates on ! o!r4 ,9 ! ar*ivolts angels asc5d ) in/rum5ts & spread+ w+s1 embrac+ monks or ga!r+ orphans into _! bosoms1 :ile ! lo/ ) horrid grimaces are desc5d+ to _! inevitable doom4 ,n ev5 ! great ,flor5t9e c\ld depict m reali/ically ! feel+s ( su* z _h s9n$ griev\sly 9 ?is _w4 ,! long s\!rn side ( ! *ur* has = its gov]n+ feature ! wide transept t]m9ation1 :i* 9 its triple portal1 tri=ium arcade1 & rose is practically a repetition ( ! we/4 ,! c5tral body is all re/or$4 ,! orig9al1 magnific5t old /atues & c>v+ h1 h[ev]1 be5 set back 9 ! new cas+s ar\nd & above ! ma9 entrance4 ,an old ,leonese bi%op1 ,san ,triolan1 occupies 9 ! c5tral door ! same position z ,our ,:ite ,lady to ! we/1 :ile ! ,savi\r betwe5 ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s is en?ron$ 9 ! tympanum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,leon ,re> ( apse ,"o obta9s a mo/ int]e/+ /udy 9 con/ruction by /&+ beh9d ! great polygonal apse1 :5ce "o may see ! d\ble r[s ( fly+ buttresses pu%+ ) ! :ole might ( ! solid pi]s beh9d !m aga9/ ! n>r[ /rips ( masonry at ! angles ( ! *oir4 ,f e buttress rise elegantly c>v$ & crocket$ f9ials4 ,m>%all$ aga9/ ! cobalt ( ! skies1 !y body =? an array ( %9+ lances borne by a heav5ly ho/4 ,! balconies1 =m+ ! cre/+ to ! excessively high cl]e/ory1 are entirely ,r5aissance 9 feel+1 & lack 9 _! horizontal l9es ! upw>d spr+ ( ! *ur* bel[4 ,almo/ all ( ?is ea/]n end1 break+ ?r\gh ! city walls1 is1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ro(1 "p ( ! f9e old /ructure1 9 contra/ to ! adjo9+ ,plat]esque sacri/y4 ,x is g5]ally f ! outside ( ,fr5* ca!drals t "o receives ! mo/ vivid impressions4 ,?\gh ! m9d may be ov]come by a feel+ ( sup]human ef=t on ent]+ ! portals ( ,notre ,dame de ,p>is1 yet ! emotion produc$ by ! fir/ sight ( ! que5ly1 cele/ial edifice f ! opposite side ( ! broad squ>e is ! m p[]ful & eloqu5t4 ,n s 9 ,spa91--& ?is 9 spite ( ! location ( ! *oirs4 ,x is n until y ent] a ,spani% *ur* t its p[] & beauty are felt4 ,! audaci\s con/ruction ( ,leon1 :i* "o wond]s at f ! squ>e outside1 becomes well-nigh incr$ible :5 se5 f ! nave4 ,h[ is x possible t glass c support su* a weight ( /one8 ,if ,burgos 0 bold1 ?is is insane4 ,x looks z un/able z a h\se ( c>ds1 ready = a collapse at ! fir/ g5tle breeze4 ,c fields ( glass su/a9 ?ree hundr$ feet ( ?ru/s & su* weights ( /one8 ,x is a culm9ation ( ! d>+ ( ,spani% ,go?ic4 ,9 ,france !re 0 ?is diff]5ce1--:ile ! fields ( glass cont9u$ to gr[ l>g] & l>g]1 ! walls to dim9i%1 & ! pi]s to become sl5d]]1 ! aid ( a m p]fectly develop$ sy/em ( c\nt]?ru/s to ! vault+ 0 call$ 94 ,9 ,spa9 we rea* ! maximum ( elim9ation 9 ! masonry ( ! side walls at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,leon1 :]eas lat] ,go?ic "w1 z 9 portions ( ,burgos & ,tol$o1 %[s a s5se ( ! futile exagg]ation t[>ds :i* !y 7 drift+1 z well z ! impracticability ( s mu* glass f a climatic po9t ( view4 ,int]nally1 ,leon is ! lighte/ & mo/ *e]ful *ur* 9 ,spa94 ,! great doorways ( ! we/]n & s\!rn fronts1 z well z t to ! nor? lead+ into ! cloi/]s1 are ?r[n wide op51 z if to add to ! joy\sness ( ! temple4 ,e portion ( x is flood$ ) sweet sunlight & fre%ness4 ,x is ! *ur* ( cleanl9ess1 ( light & fre% air1 & above all1 ( glori\s color4 ,! glazi]s might h said ) ,isaiah1 ,& ,i w make ?y w9d[s ( agates & ?y gates ( c>buncles1 & all ?y bord]s ( pleasant /ones4 ,! entire walls are a cont9u\s s]ies ( div9e ra9b[s4 ,! side walls ( ! aisles = a height ( "s f\rte5 feet to ! bottom ( _! vault+ ribs1 ! tri=ium1 comm5c+ b a foot above ! ar*es :i* sep>ate nave f side aisles1 & imm$iately above ! tri=ium1 =ty feet ( cl]e/ory1--all is glass1 em]ald1 turquoise1 & peacock1 amb]1 /raw1 sc>let1 & crimson1 encas$ 9 a mo/ delicate1 /rangely reckless1 & bold-trac]i$ framework ( /a9$ ivory4 ,inde$1 ! jewel$ portals ( ,heav5 are wide op5 :5 ! sun ?r[s all ! colors f above across ! o!rwise colorless fields ( ! pavem5t4 ,! color ( love's blood )9 !m gl[s4 ,!re is glaz+ ( _m c5turies & all /yles4 ,9 "s ( ! tri=ium w9d[s are bits ( glass1 :i*1 aft] ! de/ruction or fall+ ( ! old w9d[s1 7 c>efully collect$1 put toge!r1 & us$ aga9 9 ! reglaz+4 ,"s ( x is ( ! e>lie/ 9 ,spa91 probably set by ,fr5*1 ,flemi%1 or ,g]man artisans :o _h immigrat$ to practise _! art & set up _! factories on ,spani% soil adjac5t to ! /one-c>v]s' & masons' %$s "u ! ris+ walls ( ! great *ur*es4 ,l all skill$ artisans ( _! age1 ! secret ( _! trade1 ! prop] fus+ ( ! silica ) ! alkalies1 0 c>efully gu>d$ & h&$ d[n f fa!r to son or ma/] to appr5tice4 ,!y 7 *emi/s1 glazi]s1 arti/s1 colori/s1 & glass manufactur]s1 all 9 "o4 ,! h]itage 0 pass$ on 9 ^? days1 :5 ! great key ( sci5ce :i* op5s all portals _h n yet become common prop]ty4 ,"s ( ! olde/ glass is m]ely a crude mosaic inlay ( small bits & mu/ date back to e>ly ?irte5? c5tury4 ,color+ glass by p>tial fusion 0 !n fir/ practis$ & soon foll[$ by ! introduction ( figures & !mes 9 ! glass1 & ! acquisition ( a lovely1 homog5e\s opalesc5ce 9 place ( ! purely geometrical patt]ns4 ,scriptural sc5es or figures pa9t$1 z ! ,spani% say1 en caballete1 became m & m g5]al4 ,! be/ ( ! ,leon w9d[s are f ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! glazi]s' %ops 9 ! city work$ "u ! direction ( ,juan de ,arge1 ,mae/ro ,baldw91 & ,rodrigo de ,f]r>as1 & its ma/] colori/s 7 at "w glaz+ ! w9d[s ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 ! ,capilla de ,santiago1 & a portion ( ^? ( ! nor? transept4 ,ces vitreaux hauts en c\leur1 qui faisai5t hsit] l'il m]veill de nos pres entre la rose du gr& portail et les ogives de l'abside4 ,! glaz+ has gone on ?r\gh c5turies2 ev5 to-day ! glazi]s at ,leon are busy 9 _! %ops1 mak+ ! %eets ( sunset gl[ = _! own & o!r ,spani% ca!drals4 ,9 "s ( ! side aisles1 !y h1 alas1 dur+ rec5t decades plac$ "s horrible grisaille & geometrically patt]n$ w9d[s1--9 frightful contra/ to ! delightful ?irte5?-c5tury leg5ds ( ,sa9t ,clem5t & ,sa9t ,ildefonso1 or t mo/ absorb+ record ( civic life depict$ 9 ! nor!rn aisle4 ,9 /udy+ ! w9d[s ( ,leon1 ,lamp]ez y ,romea's obs]vations on ,spani% glaz+ are ( int]e/3 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! rules ( glaz+ 9 ,spa9 7 *ang$4 ,leg5ds _h fall5 into disuse & ! ma/]s _h le>n$ t1 9 ! w9d[s ( ! high nave1 small m$allions c\ld n be prop]ly appreciat$4 ,!y 7 !n replac$ by l>ge figures1 isolat$ or 9 gr\ps1 b always "o by "o 9 ! spaces det]m9$ by ! trac]y4 ,! color+ rema9$ /rong & vivid4 ,! /udy ( nature1 :i* _h s greatly develop$ 9 pa9t+ & 9 sculpture1 alt]$ ! draw+ little by little1 ! figures became m model$ & lifelike1 & 7 c>ri$ out ) m detail4 ,at ! same "t ! color+ *ang$ by ! use ( neutral t9ts1 violet1 br[n1 light blues1 rose1 etc4 ,_m ( ! old w9d[s are ( ?is /yle4 ,& s are ! majority ( ! w9d[s ( ,avila1 ,leon1 & ,tol$o1 z x la/$ 9 ,spa9 ?r\gh\t ! fifte5? c5tury1 & o!rs :i* pres]ve ! composition ( great figures & /rong color+1 al?\gh !re may be notic$ 9 ! draw+s great] naturalism & model+4 ,^! rules diff]$ slightly f ^? foll[$ 9 ,france1 :]e1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 *ur*es 9 ! ea/1 ! w9d[s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 ri*] 9 decoration1 m lusci\s 9 color+ & m h>moni\s 9 _! tones ?an ^? ( ! f\rte5?4 ,!re is little 9 ?is lat] c5tury t c comp>e ) ! ?irte5?-c5tury s]ies ( ,*>tres figures4 ,! ,leonese w9d[s are p]haps lovelie/ late 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 ! sa9ts & *ur*m5 seem to be ent]+ ! *ur* ?r\gh _! black-trac]i$ portals1 &1 clad 9 heav5ly raim5t1 ab\t to desc5d to ! pavem5t1-- ,z s(tly gre51 ,z s(tly se51 ,?r\gh pure/ cry/al gleam+1 !re to p ! aisles & keep vigil at ! alt>s ( ,god to ! com+ ( ano!r day4 ,!re are1 =tunately1 sc>cely any o!r colors or decorations1--or alt>s (f side aisles1--t might div]t ! att5tion f ! ri*ness ( glass4 ,! v>i\s vault+ has ! jo9t+ ( its /onework /rongly m>k$1 b1 ) ! exception ( ! slightly gild$ bosses1 no color is appli$4 ,! glory ( ! glass is ?us enhanc$4 ,ow+ to ! great portions ( masonry :i* h be5 rebuilt1 ?is v>ies 9 its t9ts1 b ! old 01 & has rema9$1 ( su* an exquisitely delicate creamy color t ! new int]pos$ /onework m]ely looks l a light]1 fre%] %ade ( ! old4 ,! re/oration has be5 execut$ ) r>e skill & arti/ic feel+4 ,9 /udy+ ! inn] organism & /ructure ( ! edifice1 "o soon sees h[ recklessly ! orig9al fabric 0 con/ruct$ & 9 h[ _m places x _h to be rebuilt1 /r5g!n$ & propp$1--inde$1 imm$iately aft] its completion4 ,"h1 z 0 ! g5]al cu/om 9 ! great] e>ly ,go?ic ca!drals1 ! build+ began ) ! *oir & ,capilla ,mayor1 to be foll[$ by ! transepts1 ! portions ( ! edifice ess5tial to ! s]vice4 ,! *oir 0 probably tempor>ily ro($ ov] & ! nave & side aisles foll[$4 ,! ext]ior faades1 portals1 & upp] /ories ( ! t[]s 7 c>ri$ out la/ ( all by ! aid ( indulg5ces1 contributions1 alms & concessions4 ,9 old manuscripts & docum5ts :i* record ! v fir/ "w on ! ca!drals we f9d ! "o 9 *>ge call$ ,mae/ro1--or magi/] op]is1 magi/] ecclesiae1 magi/] fabricae1 b n till ! sixte5? c5tury does ! appellation arquitecto appe>4 ,8 pay seems to h v>i$1 bo? 9 am\nt & 9 =m ( emolum5t1--sometimes x 0 good h>d ca%1 (t5 a v poor or dubi\s remun]ation1 h&$ out consequ5tly ) a m lavi% h&2 sometimes grants1 & aga9 royal favor4 ,g5]ally ! ar*itect ent]$ into a /ipulat$ agreem5t ) ! ,ca!dral ,*apt]1 bo? z to 8 "t & s]vices1 be=e he began 8 "w4 ,we f9d ,ma/] ,jusqu9 7#adej-fi7 receiv+ f ! ,*apt] ( ,leon n only a daily sal>y b also annual donations ( bu%els ( :eat1 pairs ( gloves1 lodg+s1 p\ltry1 o!r supplies1 & ! use ( c]ta9 workm54 ,leon's unque/ionable ,fr5* p>5tage is1 if possible1 ev5 m obvi\s 9 ! int]ior ?an 9 ! ext]ior4 ,! pi]s betwe5 nave & side aisles are cyl9drical 9 plan1 hav+ 9 _! l[e/ section on _! front surface ?ree columns gr\p$ toge!r t cont9ue /raight up ?r\gh tri=ium & cl]e/ory & c>ry ! transv]se & diagonal ribs ( ! nave4 ,!y h fur!r "o column on ea* side ( ! axis ea/ & we/ &1 /range to say1 only "o t[>d ! side aisles1 :i* ?us lack cont9u\s supports = _! diagonal ribs4 ,! out] walls ( ! side aisles are =m$ by a bl9d arcade ( five ar*es1 surm\nt$ by a project+ balcony or corridor & a cl]e/ory subdivid$ by its trac]y into f\r ar*es & ?ree cusp$ circles4 ,! nave tri=ium consi/s ( a d\ble arcade ) a gall]y runn+ betwe5 7"o ( ! v r>e examples 9 ,spa974 ,ea* bay has 9 ! tri=ium f\r op5 & two clos$ ar*es1 surm\nt$ by two quatrefoils4 ,! cl]e/ory rises above1 divid$ by m>vel\sly sl5d] %afts into six comp>tm5ts & ?ree cusp$ circles 9 ! apex ( ! ar*4 ,"h %9e1 9 dazzl+ raim5t & ) ec/atic expressions1 ! sa9ts & m>tyrs ord]$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury f ,burgos = ! sum ( #bj1jjj m>av$is4 ,?r\gh\t all ! glaz$ wall surfaces we f9d evid5ce ( ! anxiety t ov]took _! reckless projectors4 ,all b ! upp] cusps ( ! w9d[s ( ! side aisles h be5 fill$ 9 by masonry1 pa9t$ ) sa9ts & evangeli/s 9 place ( ! transluc5t ones orig9ally plac$ "h4 ,! l[] portions ( ! tri=ium lights h be5 block$ up & also ! two out] ar*es ( ! cl]e/ory4 ,! light1 clu/]$ pi]s & sl5d]1 d\ble fly+ buttresses c\ld n accompli% ! gigantic task ( support+ ! great height above4 ,nor c\ld ! +5i\s /r5g!n+ ( ! /one walls 7consi/+ ( a%l> inside & out1 fac+ int]m$iate rubble7 by iron clamps supply ! requisite firmness4 ,x seems d\bly un=tunate t ! *oir /alls %\ld occupy ! position !y d "h1 :5 !re is su* lib]al space 9 ! ?ree bays ea/ ( ! cross+ 9 front ( ! alt>4 ,! /one ( _! ext]ior back+ is cold & gray beside ! o*re w>m? ( ! surr\nd+ pi]s4 ,! classic ,plat]esque /atues & bas-reliefs1 z well z ! exquisitely c>v$1 ,flor5t9e decoration1 seems /rangely out ( place "u ! ,go?ic lovel9ess above4 ,! trascoro itself is w>m] 9 color1 b ( ! extravagant lat] p]iod4 ,its pila/]s1 sp&rels1 & b&-c\rses are fill$ ) elaborate & f9e ,flor5t9e ornam5tation1 :ile ! ni*es !mselves1 ) high reliefs repres5t+ ! ,annunciation1 ! ,nativity1 & ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 are n q free f a c]ta9 ,go?ic feel+4 ,above1 great /atues ( ,*ur* ,fa!rs weigh heavily on ! delicate "w & small] scale bel[4 ,! c>v+ ( ! d\ble ti] ( walnut *oir /alls is at once re/ra9$ & ri*4 ,beautiful ,go?ic trac]y surm\nts 9 bo? ti]s ! figures t fill ! panels above ! seats4 ,bel[ are *>act]s f ! ,old ,te/am5t1--,daniel1 ,j]emiah1 ,abel1 ,david busily play+ 8 h>p1 ,jo%ua ,dux ,isri1 ,moses ) spl5did big horns & tablets1 ,tobias ) 8 little fi% slit up ! belly4 ,above /& firmly full-l5g? figures ( ! ,apo/les & sa9ts4 ,) ! exception ( "s ( ! "w ne> ! entrance1 :i* is practically ,r5aissance 9 feel+1 all ?is c>v+ is late ,go?ic f ! la/ "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury & execut$ by ! ma/]s ,fadrique1 ,john ( ,mal9es1 & ,rodrigo ,aleman4 ,two ( ! /alls1 m elevat$ & pron\nc$ ?an ! re/1 are = ! h]$it>y canons ( ! ,ca!dral1 ! ,k+ ( ,leon & ! ,m>quis ( ,a/orga4 ,excell5t z !y are1 ^! /alls are n ne>ly s ri* 9 design nor beautiful 9 execution z ! ,italian ,r5aissance *oir /alls1 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>cos directly outside ! city walls1 c>v$ "s decades lat] by ! ,magi/] ,guillielmo ,dosel4 ,! cross+ is spl5didly broad1 ! transepts appe>+1 z "o glances nor? & s\?1 z mu* ! ma9 arms ( ! cross z d ! nave & *oir4 ,! s\!rn arm is q new1 hav+ be5 completely rebuilt by ,d4 ,juan ,madrazo & ,d4 ,demetrio ,amador de los ,rios4 ,! glaz+ ( its w9d[ & ! arabesques _c be comp>$ to ^? ( ! orig9al fabric 9 ! nor!rn arm4 ,! f\r pi]s ( ! cross+1 ?\gh sl5d] & graceful1 c>ry full1 logical complem5ts ( %afts = ! support ( ! v>i\s vault+ ribs1 int]sect+ at _! apexes4 ,! retablo above ! high alt> is 9 its simplicity z refre%+ z ! light & sunn9ess ( ! *ur*4 ,9 place ( ! cu/om>y gaudy c>v+1 x m]ely consi/s ( a s]ies ( pa9t$ fifte5?-c5tury tablets set 9 ,go?ic frames4 ,simple rejas close ! we/]n bays & a florid ,go?ic trasalt>1 ! ea/]n t]m9ation4 ,directly back ( ! alt> lies a noble & dignifi$ figure1 ! f\nd] ( ! *ur*1 ,k+ ,ordoo ,,ii4 ,at 8 feet is a little dog1 look+ = all ! _w l a suck+ pig 9 a but*]'s w9d[4 ,& above him is an anci5t & mo/ curi\s ,byzant9e relief ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,! lions & ca/les ( 8 k+dom surr\nd ! old k+4 ,! great] portion ( ! c>v+ mu/ belong to ! olde/ 9 ! *ur*4 ,9 look+ at ! vault+ & consid]+ ! difficulty ( plann+ ! girola or ambulatory1 "o realizes t su* con/ruction c\ld only be ! outcome ( _m ye>s ( /udy1 exp]im5t & inspiration4 ,p]fection means long previ\s s*ool+ & exp]i5ce4 ,! apsidal *apels t radiate f x h glass diff]+ 9 excell5ce4 ,"h & !re frescoes ( ! ?irte5? c5tury l9e ^! e>lie/ walls4 ,x is surpris+ 9 h[ _m diff]5t places old sepul*res are to be f\nd1 all m or less simil> 9 _! g5]al design & belong+ to ! p]iod ( transition f ! ,byzant9e to ! ,go?ic1 yet ea* d5ot+ ! build+ p]iod ( ! place :]e x /&s4 ,"s ( ! subjects ( ! c>v+ are mo/ curi\s3 a hog play+ ! bagpipes1 ! devil 9 ! g>b ( a fa!r confessor1 tempt+ a p5it5t2 or aga91 a woman suckl+ an ass4 ,sa9t ,froila lies on "o side ( ! alt>4 ,n only 8 sanctity b ev5 8 au!nticity 7 disput$ by v>i\s disbeliev]s 9 ! city1 prior to 8 be+ br\ght to ?is f9al re/+-place4 ,! matt] 0 decid$ by plac+ ! body 9 "q on an ass's back1 :]eupon ! sagaci\s animal took 8 holy burd5 to ! spot :]e x des]v$ burial4 ,9 ! ,capilla de ,nue/ra ,seora del ,dado1 or ( ! die1 /&s a ,virg9 ) ! face ( ! ,*ri/ *ild ev] ble$+1 x is said1 s9ce ! "t :5 an unlucky gambl] 9 a fit ( despair ?rew 8 dice aga9/ ! ,babe4 ,directly opposite ,ordoo's tomb lies ! ,c\ntess ,san*a1 :o1 9 a bur/ ( religi\s en?usiasm1 decid$ to leave h] consid]able worldly goods to ! ,*ur* in/ead ( to h] nephew4 ,?is 0 m ?an he c\ld /&1 & he murd]$ h]4 ,bel[ h] figure he is repres5t$1 receiv+ 8 j rew>d 9 be+ torn to pieces by wild horses4 ,to ! nor?1 a florid ,go?ic portal leads on a high] level to ! ,*apel ( ,santiago4 ,?is has be51 & is /ill be+1 re/or$4 ,its ?ree vaults are diff]5tly ar*$1 ! ribs n be+ c>ri$ d[n aga9/ ! side walls to ! floor1 b met by broad corbels support$ by curi\s figures4 ,! /onework is cold & gray 9 comp>ison to ! *ur* prop]4 ,sep>at+ ! nor!rn entrance f ! cloi/]s is a r[ ( *apels1 lead+ "o into ! o!r & cr[d$ ) tombs & sculpture4 ,!re are few m complete cloi/]s 9 ,spa94 ,l>ge & elaborate1 !y are a curi\s mixture ( ! old ,go?ic & ! ,r5aissance re/orations ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,anci5t ,go?ic tombs1 _! ar*ivolts cr[d$ ) angels1 pi]ce ! int]ior walls1 :ile ! vaults !mselves are mo/ elaborately gro9$1 ! ar*es & vault+ be+ lat] fill$ ) ,r5aissance bosses & rosettes4 ,9 ! sunny c\rty>d are pil$ up ! ,r5aissance turrets & sculptures t once usurp$ on ! faades ! places ( ! old] ,go?ic ornam5tation4 ,! nor!rn portal itself is practically hidd5 by ! *apels & cloi/]s4 ,x is f9e ,go?ic "w4 ,a ,virg9 & ,*ild =m a mullion 9 its c5tre1 :ile v worldly-look+ wom5 p>ade 9 its ar*ivolts4 ,ev]y:]e are ! arms ( ! ,unit$ ,k+doms4 ,a great portion ( ! anci5t tape/ry blue & ,v]onese r$ color+ is /ill pres]v$1 ?r[+ out ! old ,go?ic figures 9 _! true t9ts4 ,?is a]ial tab]nacle1 s ri* & yet s simple1 lies 9 ! he>t ( a city s fabul\sly old t ! ,ca!dral itself belongs r to its lat] days4 ,! old h\ses & /reets h a dryness & close smell l t 9 ! anci5t sepul*res ( p>*$ c\ntries4 ,monum5ts & walls & turrets ( ,rome crumble ar\nd ! h\ses & vaults ( ,byzantium4 ,! nave frescoes & c>v+s ( ! eigh? & n9? c5turies seem to look d[n ) *ildlike wond] & amazem5t on ! p$e/rians n[ cr[d+ ! patt]n$ pavem5ts1 or press+ aga9/ ! %ady sides ( ! "t-worn ar*es4 ,! wor%ip]s :o tread ! n>r[ lanes lead+ to & f ! alt> h *ang$1 b little else4 ,! squ>e1 m$ival ca/les ) _! angul> t[]s /ill comm& ! approa* ( ! ma9 ?or\ghf>es4 ,! crabb$ old wat*man ) lant]n & /ick "u 8 cape treads 8 dodd]+ gait across ! c\rty>ds ?r\gh ! night h\rs1 cry+ aft] ! peal ( ! bell above1 ,las doce han dado y s]5o1 ,las trece han dado y alevi5do1 ,las qu9ce han dado y nublano1 j z 9 ! middle ages1 s t ! good peasant may "k "t & wea!r & m]ely turn 9 8 b$1 if nei!r crops nor creatures ne$ c>e4 ,santa ,m>ia de ,regla too /&s to-day z %e /ood 9 ! middle ages1 a monum5t to ! c>e & affection ( h] *ildr54 ,%e has ! same spirituality1 h>mony ( proportions1 sl5d]ness1 & purity ( l9es1 & %e looks d[n & blesses u to-day ) ! same s]5ity & que5ly grace :i* %e wore 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,%e is ! f9e/ ,go?ic ca!dral 9 ,spa94 ,v ,,tol$o ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,tol$o ,i )drew at once ) ! ,morisco into ! cloi/]s ( ! ,ca!dral4--,don ,quixote4 ,i ,! peace ( dea? is ov] ,tol$o1 unbrok5 by any invasion ( mod]n ?\ght or new ar*itecture s9ce h] la/ deep sighs m+l$ ) ! di/ant e*oes ( ! middle ages4 ,b %e /ill we>s ! mantle ( h] imp]ial glory4 ,%e sleeps 9 ! fi]ce1 beat+ sunlight ( ! tw5tie? c5tury l ! en*ant$ pr9cess ( fairy tales1 undi/urb$ by1 & unconsci\s (1 ! _w ar\nd h]4 ,! atmosph]e is transp>5t2 ! sky spreads f lapis-lazuli to a cobalt field back ( ! sn[-capp$1 turquoise ,si]ra de ,gr$o m\nta9s1 :ile a cle> /reak ( lemon color ?r[s out ! %>p silh\ette ( ! battlem5ts & t[]s4 ,!re is sadness & desolation 9 ! decay1 a pa!tically =lorn & tragical wid[hood1 /rangely affect+ to ! s5ses4 ,a black5$ ru91 lonely & =sak51 ,already wrapt 9 w9d+-%eets ( s&2 ,s lies ,tol$o till ! dead awak51-- ,a royal spoil ( ,"t's resi/less h&4 ,tol$o6 ,! "n r+s ) hi/ory1 romance & leg5d4 ,en?rall+ images ( ! pa/ rise be=e "o & vani% l ! gho/s ( ,macbe?4 ,capital ( ,go?1 ( ,moslem1 & ( ,*ri/ian2 mightie/ ( hi]>*ical seats1#h city ( mon>* & prie/1 %e has worn a d\ble diadem4 ,gauti] says1 ,jamais re9e antique1 pas mme ,clopatre1 qui buvait des p]les1 jamais c\rtisane ,vniti5ne du temps de ,titi5 n'eut un cr9 plus t9celant1 un tr\sseau plus ri*e que ,notre ,dame de ,tolde4 ,b ! flame ( life :i* once burn$ w>m & bright is n[ ext9ct & all h] glory has vani%$4 ,neglect$ *ur*es1 conv5ts1 palaces1 & ru9s lie huddl$ toge!r1 a /]n & solemn vision ( ! pa/1 wait+ ) ! sil5ce ( ! tomb1 brok5 only by ! cont9ual toll+ ( h] ho>se bells4 ,! city has a sup]b situation4 ,once se51 x is =ev] impress$ ^u ! memory4 ,! hills on :i* x /&s rise abruptly f ! surr\nd+ campagna1 :i* bakes br[n & b>r5 & crisp "u ! scor*+ rays ( ! sun1 & /ret*es away to ! di/ant m\nta9s1 va/ & un9t]rupt$ 9 its solitude & dre>9ess4 ,x is pobre de solemnidad1--solemnly poor1 z runs ! t\*+ phrase 9 ,spani%4 ,!re is no joy & fre%ness ( vegetation1 no gli/5+ ( wet leaves1 no sc5t ( fl[]s4 ,y read ?ir/ 9 ! pla9s1 hung] 9 ! soil-d5ud$ hills4 ,all is nak$ & b>e1 )\t a s(t5+ l9e or g5tl] %ad[1 ly+ fall[ 9 spr+1 unwat]$ 9 dr\ght1 & ung>n]$ at h>ve/ "t4 ,! ,tagus ru%es r\nd ! city 9 ! %ape ( a horse%oe1 conf9+ & protect+ x z ! ,we> does ! t[]s ( ,durham4 ,x boils & eddies 'twixt its n>r[1 rocky conf9es1 hurry+ f ! gloomy %ad[s to ! sun%9e bel[1 ?r\gh :i* x sl[ly sweeps1 murky & c(fee-color$1 to ! horizon1 no life betwe5 its flat banks1 no comm]ce to m>k x z a highway4 ,y pass ov] ! high-ar*$ ,alcant>a ,bridge1 :i* ! ,campeador & 8 k9sman1 ,alv> ,fanez1 cross$ ) twelve hundr$ horsem5 at _! back1 to dem& ju/ice f _! sov]eign4 ,a broad t]race crawls l a s]p5t up ! /eep incl9e to ! city gates4 ,a =e/ ( so>+ /eeples rises above y1 topp$ by ! squ>e bulk ( ! ,alcaz>4 ,! city smells sleepy4 ,! n>r[ /reets1 or r alleys1 ( ! t[n w9d tortu\sly ar\nd ! /ucco faades1 ) no app>5t />t+-po9t or de/9ation1 z confus$ z a ske9 ( wor/$ aft] a kitt5 has play$ ) x4 ,?us 7 !y laid out by ! wise ,arabs1 to af=d %ade at all h\rs ( ! day4 ,at e corn]1 "o runs into "s detail ( hi/orical or arti/ic int]e/1--hi/ory & ar*itecture "h w&] h& 9 h&4 ,huge1 wood5 doors1 closely /udd$ ) scallop nails z big z a man's fi/1 pr\d escut*eons ( noble races lo/ to all save ,spa9's hi/ory2 *>m+ glimpses ( int]ior c\rty>ds & g>d5s glitt]+ fre% 9 _! em]ald color+1 & sweet ) ! sc5t ( orange blossoms2 ,go?ic cr5elations1 ,r5aissance ironwork & rail+1 & ,moori% capitals & ornam5tation1 all pell-mell1 ! /yles ( six c5turies (t5 appe>+ 9 ! same build+4 ,m ?an a hundr$ *ur*es & *apels & =ty mona/]ies crumble side by side )9 ! small radius ( ! city4 ,half ( its area 0 once cov]$ by religi\s build+s or mortma9 prop]ty4 ,,ii ,! *ur*1 be x a gr& ca!dral or ! humble /eeple ( "s little hamlet1 is always ! connect+ l9k betwe5 pa/ & pres5t4 ,x has be5 ! highe/ arti/ic expression ( ! p1 & x rema9s an eloqu5t witness to cont9uity & tradition4 ,x is :at makes lat] ages mo/ =cibly rememb]1 = x seeks to embody & satisfy ! greate/ ne$ ( ! human he>t4 ,! hi/ory ( a great ca!dral *ur* ( ,spa9 is s closely connect$ ) ! civil life ( its city t "o _c be ?or\ghly /udi$ )\t "s famili>ity ) ! o!r4 ,spani% ca!drals diff] 9 ?is respect f _! great ,engli% & ,fr5* si/]s4 ,9 ,engl&1 ca!drals 7 built & own$ by ! cl]gy1 !y belong$ to ! prie/s1 !y 7 surr\nd$ & h$g$ 9 f ! outside _w by _! ext5sive lawns & cloi/]s1 refectories1 *apt] h\ses1 bi%ops' palaces1 & num]\s mona/ic build+s4 ,!y 7 %ut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w by high walls4 ,9 ,france1 ! ca!drals 7 ! c5tre ( civic life2 _! organs 7 ! he>t-?robs ( ! p2 _! bells 7 notes ( w>n+4 ,! v h\ses ( ! artisans climb$ up to _! sides & ne/l$ = protection betwe5 ! buttresses ( ! great ,"m ,*ur*4 ,notre ,dame d',ami5s1 = in/ance1 0 ! *ur* ( a commune1 :at ,walt] ,pat] calls a p's *ur*4 ,!y belong$ to ! p m ?an to ! cl]gy4 ,!y 7 a civil r ?an an ecclesia/ical gr[?1 ess5tially ! layman's glory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,( ,,plan ,,( ,,tol$o ,,ca!dral ,a4 ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,blase4 ,b4 ,*apel ( ! ,p>i% ( ,sa9t ,pet]4 ,c4 ,octagon4 ,d4 ,*apel ( ! ,virg9 ( ! ,sanctu>y4 ,e4 ,l>ge ,sacri/y4 ,f4 ,c\rt ( ! ,hall ( ,acc\nts4 ,g4 ,*apel ( ! ,new ,k+s4 ,h4 ,*apel ( ! ,ma/] ( ,santiago1 ,d4 ,alv>o de ,luna4 ,i4 ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,ildefonso4 ,k4 ,*apt] ,h\se4 ,l4 ,*apel ( ! ,old ,k+s or ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,m4 ,capilla ,mayor4 ,n4 ,*apel ( ! ,t[] or ( ! ,dean4 ,o4 ,moz>abic ,*apel4 ,p4 ,*oir4 ,q4 ,portal ( ! ,lions4 ,r4 ,portal ( ! ,olive1 or ,gate ( ,la ,llana4 ,s4 ,portal ( ! ,*oir4 ,t4 ,portal ( ! ,little ,bread4 ,v4 ,portal ( ! ,visitation4 ,w4 ,portal ( ! ,t[] or ,gate ( ,hell4 ,x4 ,portal ( ! ,scriv5]s or ( ,judgm5t4 ,9 ,spa91 ! *ur* belong$ to bo?4 ,municipal & ecclesia/ical hi/ory 7 "o & ! same1 go+ h& 9 h& 9 bloody /rife or peaceful union1--! city 0 ! body1 ! ca!dral its animat+ s\l4 ,! ca!drals 7 meant1 n = pray] alone1 b to live 91--!y 7 = fe/ivals1 meet+s1 ?anksgiv+s1 = surg+1 excit$ cr[ds4 ,! *ur* 0 an imp]ium 9 imp]io4 ,x 0 ! rally+ place 9 all great und]tak+s or excitem5ts4 ,"h ! ,cortes (t5 met1 ! great *ur* conclaves assembl$1 ! my/ical ,autos or sacr$ plays 7 p]=m$1 9 !m soldi]s ga!r$1 prep>$ = battle1 edicts 7 publi%$1 sov]eigns 7 fir/ proclaim$1 & allegiance 0 sworn2 k+s 7 *ri/5$1 ano9t$1 & buri$4 ,! tr\bl$ murmur+s ( ! l[] classes 7 "h fir/ voic$4 ,!y 7 ! art gall]ies2 "h 7 display$ _! f9e/ pa9t+s1 /atues & tape/ries2 !y 7 ev5 museums ( natural hi/ory1 & exhibit$ ! f9e/ examples ( _! wood-c>v+ & glass-"w1 & ! iron & silv]smi?'s arts4 ,x is ?us easy to see t ! political hi/ory ( ,tol$o becomes vital 9 connection ) its ,ca!dral *ur*4 ,! hi/ory ( ,tol$o dates back to ,roman days1--we f9d ,pl9y ref]r+ to ! city z ! metropolis ( ,c>p5tania4 ,%e 0 among ! fir/ cities ( ,spa9 to embrace ,*ri/ianity4 ,all ! b>b>ians1 ) ! exception ( ! ,franks1 7 ,arians1 b ! la/ ,go?ic rul] 9 ,spa9 to )/& ! ,roman fai? 0 ,leovgild1 :o reign$ 9 ! la/ half ( ! six? c5tury4 ,he 0 also _! fir/ able adm9i/rator1 ! fir/ :o consi/5tly /rove to br+ ord] out ( ! *aos ( w>r+ tribes & conflict+ au?orities4 ,contempor>ies describe 8 palace at ,tol$o1 8 ?rone & app>el1 & 8 c\ncil *amb]1 z ( truly royal magnific5ce4 ,x 0 res]v$ to 8 son ,recc>$ to *ange ! hi/ory ( ,spa9 by publicly ann\nc+ 8 conv]sion to ! ,roman fai? be=e a c\ncil ( ,roman & ,arian bi%ops held 9 ,tol$o 9 #ehg1 at ! same "t invit+ !m to ex*ange _! views fe>lessly &1 z _m z w\ld1 to foll[ him4 ,! ,go?s 7 nev] difficult to conv]t1 & _m ( ! bi%ops & ( ! lords :o 7 pres5t embrac$ ! ,ca?olic fai?1 to :i* a majority ( ! p already belong$4 ,gregory ! ,great1 he>+ ( ! success ( ,recc>$'s g5tle & lib]al proselytism1 wrote to him3 ,:at %all ,i d at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t :5 ,i arrive ) empty h&s1 & y\r ,excell5cy foll[$ by a flock ( fai?ful s\ls1 conv]t$ by p]suasion8 ,he summon$ a ?ird c\ncil at ,tol$o 9 #ehi1 & 9 conc]t ) ne>ly sev5ty bi%ops1 regulat$ ! rites & discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*1 at ! same "t exclud+ ! ,jews f all employm5ts4 ,9 royal ,tol$o ,recc>$ 0 ano9t$ ) holy oil1 & he sub/itut$ ! ,lat9 = ! ,go?ic tongue 9 div9e s]vice1 :]e ,isidore 0 ! fir/ to use x4 ,9 daily life ,lat9 soon replac$ ,go?ic4 ,k+ ,wamba built ! great walls r\nd ! city1 & ,k+ ,rod]ick held 8 glori\s t\rnam5t inside !m4 ,great] ?an any fame ( ,go?ic mon>* 0 t ( ! ,*ur* ,c\ncils :i* met "h to det]m9e ! c\rse ( e>ly dogma & %ape ! de/9ies ( ! l>g] "p ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! mo/ sali5t figure dur+ ! rule ( ! ,go?ic k+s 0 ,sa9t ,ildefonso1 :o q ov]%ad[s 8 royal contempor>ies4 ,9 #gaa ! ,moors conqu]$ ! city1 :i* !n became a dep5d5cy ( ! ,caliphs ( ,damascus & ,bagdad until a ,moori% pr9ce %ook (f ! =eign yoke4 ,indep5d5t ,arab pr9ces rul$1 ) ,tol$o z capital ( _! empire1 until ,alfonso ,,vi1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile & ,leon1 9 #ajhe1 f9ally conqu]$ x = himself & 8 successors4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ! e>ly ,ca/ilian k+s1 we f9d names connect$ ) ! city's hi/ory :i* became fam\s all ov] ,spa94 ,! ,cid 0 ! city's fir/ ,alcaide4 ,alfonso el ,batallador & ,p$ro el ,cruel /& out 9 sombre relief1 & ,tol$o 0 ! cradle ( ! dramatic ,comunidades' ris+1 & ! sc5e ( ! noble dea? ( _! patriotic lead] ,padella4 ,! /reets ran ) blood1 & ! walls spoke ( glori\s resi/ance be=e ! ,flemi% emp]or _h cru%$ ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,we h a description ( ! brilliant pageant ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella's entry aft] defeat+ ! k+ ( ,portugal4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,aragon 0 9 full arm\r on 8 w> horse & ,isabella rid+ a beautiful mule1 spl5didly cap>ison$1 ! bridle be+ held by two noble pages4 ,foll[$ by _! gorge\s ret9ue !y rode sl[ly t[>ds ! ,ca!dral1 :ile ! highe/ dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ar*bi%op1 himself a mitr$ k+1 ! canons1 & ! cl]gy1 9 _! pontifical g>m5ts1 prec$$ by ! ,cross1 came =? f ! ,pu]ta del ,p]don to receive !m4 ,on ea* side ( ! ar* above ! doorway 7 two angels1 & 9 ! c5tre a "y maid5 ri*ly clo!d1 ) a gold5 cr[n on h] head1 to repres5t ! image ( ',la ,b5dita ,madre de ,dios1 nue/ra ,seora4' ,:5 ,f]d9& & ,isabella & all ! company _h ga!r$ ar\nd1 ! angels began to s+4 ,! foll[+ day ! trophies ( w> 7 pres5t$ to ! ,ca!dral4 ,dur+ ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! reign ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s1 ,tol$o rea*$ h] highe/ prosp]ity4 ,%e numb]$ z _m z #bjj1jjj inhabitants2--to-day %e has only #bj1jjj4 ,glori\s processions swept ?r\gh h] /reets1 ! pr\d knights ( ! milit>y ord]s ( ,alcant>a1 ,calatrava1 & ,santiago1 black-rob$ ,dom9ican inquisitors1 execution]s1 royal *apla9s & major-domos1 ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,indies1 ,ca/ilian gr&ees1 ,roman pr9ces & c>d9als1 brawl+ ,flemi% & ,burgundian nobles1 ,g]man l&skne*ts1 & great ,ca?olic ambassadors4 ,tol$o receiv$ h] dea?-bl[ :5 ,philip ,,ii1 unable to brook ! haughty claims ( ! ,tol$an ar*bi%ops1 & feel+ 8 p[] second to !irs1 f9ally1 9 #aefj1 mov$ ! capital ( 8 realm to ,madrid4 ,tol$o's annals grew d>k4 ,s m]ciless 0 ! ,tribunal ( ! ,inquisition t "u its vigilant eye #ccbg processes 7 dispos$ ( 9 little m ?an a ye>4 ,s ,tol$o fell f h] =m] greatness4 ,! site ( ! ,ca!dral 9 ! v he>t ( ! city is by no means dom9ant4 ,! *ur* lies s l[ t ev5 ! spire is inconspicu\s 9 ! l&scape4 ,on ?ree sides adjac5t build+s completely b> all view or approa*4 ,! only free p]spective is on ! f\r? side1 f ! /eps ( ! ,ayuntami5to across ! squ>e4 ,! inscription above ! door ( ! city hall1 ) its tr5*ant advice to ! magi/rates1 is well wor? notice3-- ,nobles discretos v>ones1 ,qui gob]nais a ,tol$o ,en aquatos escalones ,codicia1 temor y mi$o4 ,por los comunes prove*os ,des*ad los p>ticul>es ,puez vos hezo ,dios pil>es ,de tan requisimos le*os ,e/at v]mes y d]e*os4#i ,9 ! /reets1 ! alcaz]ias :i* w9d ar\nd ! sides ( ! ,ca!dral1 ! ri* silk guild trad$4 ,"h 7 %ipp$ ! goods t freight$ vessels sail+ = ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,dur+ ! ,visigo?ic reign 9 ,tol$o1 ! ,ca!dral site 0 occupi$ by a ,*ri/ian temple4 ,x 0 trans=m$ by ! ,moors aft] _! occupancy ( ! city into _! pr9cipal mosque2 !re !y 7 /ill p]mitt$ to c>ry on _! wor%ip1 accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! treaty made on _! surr5d] ( ! city to ,k+ ,alfonso ,,iv 9 #ajhe4 ,a ye> aft]w>ds ,k+ ,alfonso w5t (f on a campaign1 leav+ ! capital 9 *>ge ( 8 ,fr5* que51 ,con/ance1 & ! ,ar*bi%op ,b]n>d1 rec5tly s5t to ,tol$o at ! ,k+'s reque/ by ! ,abbot ( ,cluny4 ,no soon] 0 ,k+ ,alfonso outside ! city walls ?an ! reg5ts turn$ ! ,moors out ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,ar*bi%op arriv$ ) a ?rong ( ,*ri/ian citiz5s1 batt]$ d[n ! ma9 entrance1 ?rew ! ,moslem objects ( wor%ip into ! gutt]s1 & set 9 _! place ! ,cross & ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,:5 ! news ( ?is outrage rea*$ ! e>s ( ! ,k+1 he return$ 9 wra? to ,tol$o1 swe>+ he w\ld burn bo? wife & prelate :o _h d>$ to break ! oa? he _h s solemnly sworn4 ,! ,moslems1 sagely fe>+ lat] v5geance w\ld be wreak$ ^u !m %\ld !y p]mit matt]s to take _! c\rse1 bes\ght ! return+ sov]eign to re/ra9 8 wra? :ile !y releas$ him f 8 oa?1--,:]eat he _h great joy1 &1 rid+ on into ! city1 ! matt] end$ peacefully4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is fanatic ,cluny monk is ( ! greate/ importance z h]ald+ a new influ5ce 9 ! developm5t & hi/ory ( ,spani% ecclesia/ical ar*itecture4 ,8 com+ m>ks ! introduction ( a =eign /yle ( build+ & a revolution 9 ! previ\s national me?ods1 kn[n z obra de los ,godos1 or "w ( ! ,go?s4 ,fur!r1 ) ! gradual arrival ( ,fr5* ecclesia/ics f ,cluny & ,citeaux1 came also a great] int]f]5ce f ,rome 9 ! managem5t ( ! ,spani% ,*ur*1 & a radical limitation ( ! =m] p[] ( ! ,p59sula's arrogant prelates4 ,ow+ to ! new influ5ce1 ! ,italian mass-book 0 soon pres5t$ 9 place ( ! anci5t ,go?ic ritual & brevi>y4 ,! =eign *ur*m5 likewise aid$ 9 unit+ sov]eign1 cl]gy1 & nobility 9 common cause aga9/ ! ,s>ac5 infidels n[ s firmly ensconc$ 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,spani% art _h previ\sly felt only national influ5ces2 n[1 ?r\gh ! door op5$ by ! monks1 x receiv$ pot5t =eign elem5ts4 ,spa9 _h be5 f> too mu* occupi$ ) int]nal /rife & political diss5sion to h _h brea?+ spell or opportunity = ! developm5t ( ! f9e arts & ! build+ ( *ur*es4 ,! passion = build+ :i* ! ,fr5* monks br\ght ) !m awoke entirely dormant qualities 9 ! ,spani>d1 :i* 9 ! e>ly ,romanesque1 b especially 9 ! ,go?ic edifices1 produc$ beautiful1 b ess5tially exotic fruits4 ,fir/ 9 ! days ( ! ,r5aissance ! ar*itecture %[$ features :i* might be t]m$ orig9al & national4 ,) ! ,cluniacs came n only ,fr5* artisans b ,flemi%1 ,g]man1 & ,italian1 all tak+ a h& 91 & l5d+ _! influ5ces to ! great works ( ! new art4 ,no?+ rema9s ( ! old ,moori%-,*ri/ian h\se ( wor%ip4 ,x 0 torn d[n by ord] ( ,sa9t ,f]d9& 7he _h laid ! f\ndation /one ( ,burgos z e>ly z #abba71 :o laid ! corn] /one ( ! pres5t edifice ) great c]emony1 assi/$ by ! ,ar*bi%op1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #abbg 7sev5 ye>s prior to ! comm5cem5t ( ,salisbury & ,ami5s74 ,! build+ 0 practically complet$ 9 #adic1 dur+ ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s epo* ( ,spani% hi/ory4 ,additions & alt]ations injuri\s to ! h>mony & symmetry ( ! build+ 7 made till ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & aga9 cont9u$ dur+ ! eighte5?4 ,x ?us repres5ts ! ar*itectural inspiration & decad5ce ( ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 /yle x belongs to ! gr\p ( ?ree great *ur*es1 ,burgos1 ,tol$o & ,leon1 :i* 7 bas$ ^u ! con/ructional pr9ciples & decorative features t]m$ ,go?ic4 ,9 "s respects ^! *ur*es embodi$ to a highly develop$ ext5t ! organic pr9ciples ( ! /yle1 9 o!rs1 !y fell f> %ort ( a cle> compreh5sion ( !m4 ,none ( !m _h ! beauty or ! purity ( ! greate/ ( _! ,fr5* si/]s4 ,burgos may be said to be mo/ consi/5tly ,go?ic 9 all its details1 b nei!r ,tol$o nor ,leon 0 free f ! influ5ce ( ,moori% art1 :i* 0 inde$ develop+ & fl[]+ "u ,moslem rule 9 ! s\? ( ! ,p59sula1 at ! "t :5 ,go?ic *ur*es 7 lift+ _! spires into ! blue ( nor!rn skies "u ! guidance & inspiration ( ! ,fr5* ma/]s4 ,9 _m respects ! ,go?ic c\ld n express itself simil>ly 9 ,spa9 & ,france1--climatic conditions diff]$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! ar*itecture :i* 0 to suit _! ne$s4 ,9 ,france1 ,go?ic build+ t5d$ t[>ds a /eadily increas+ elim9ation ( all wall surfaces4 ,! weight & ?ru/s1 previ\sly c>ri$ by walls1 7 met by a m & m skillfully develop$ framework ( pi]s & fly+ buttresses4 ,su* a developm5t 0 n practical = ,spa9 nor 0 x und]/ood4 ,! widely develop$ fields = glass w\ld h admitt$ ! heat ( ! sun too freely1 :]eas ! broad surfaces ( wall-masonry gave coolness & %ade4 ,nor 7 ! %>ply slop+ ro(s = ! easy %$d+ ( sn[ necess>y 9 ,spa94 ,9 ,fr5* & ,engli% ,go?ic *ur*es1 ! light1 po9t$ spire is ! ornam5tal feature ( ! composition1 :]eas 9 ! ,spani%1 ) a few exceptions1 ! t[]s become heavy & squ>e4 ,none ( ! ?ree ,ca!drals 9 "q impresses u z ! outcome ( ,spani% ar*itectural gr[?1 b seems r a direct importation4 ,!y h ! ma9 features ( a /yle ) :i* _! ar*itects 7 famili> & 9 :i* !y _h long s9ce tak5 ! initial /eps4 ,!y are work+ ) a practically develop$ sy/em1 ^: infancy & e>ly gr[? _h be5 foll[$ else:]e4 ,:ile 9 ! twelf?1 & ! e>ly portion ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,fr5*m5 7 gradually evolv+ ! new sy/em ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 ! ,spani>ds1 de/9$ to surpass !m1 7 to all purposes /ill produc+ no?+ b ,romanesque build+s1 borr[+ c]ta9 ornam5tal or con/ructional features ( ! new /yle1 b 9 s slight & illogical a degree1 t _! /yle rema9$ bas$ ^u its old pr9ciples4 ,!y employ$ ! po9t$ ar* betwe5 arcades & vault+1 & unlike ! ,fr5*1 ?rew a dome or cimborio ov] ! int]section ( nave & transepts4 ,9 "s in/ances we f9d a regul> ,fr5* quadrip>tite vault at ! cross+1 b su* *anges are n suffici5t to t]m ! ca!drals ( ! p]iod 7,tudela1 ,t>ragona1 ,zamora1 & ,l]ida7 ,go?ic4 ,!y rema9 hi/orically1 r ?an arti/ically1 int]e/+4 ,) ! second qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 comes ! *ange4 ,9 /yle ,tol$o corresponds mo/ closely to ! e>ly ,go?ic ( ! nor? ( ,france4 ,its plan rem9ds "o =cibly ( ,b\rges1 ?\gh x is f> m ambiti\s 9 size4 ,ow+ to ! long p]iod ( its build+1 x be>s late ,go?ic1 ,r5aissance1 & ,b>oque features1 :ile traces ( ,moori% influ5ce are n want+4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o 0 built 9 an imag9ative1 creative & passionate age1--an age :5 ! ord9>y mason 0 a ma/] build] z well z sculptor1 /imulat$ by local affection1 pride & piety4 ,! results ( 8 "w 7 trem5d\s1--8 f9i%$ product 0 a /oreh\se ( art4 ,arti/s ( all nations _h a h& 9 ! "w4 ,b]mudez m5tions #adi names ( ^? :o embelli%$ ! ,ca!dral dur+ six c5turies4 ,"h work$ ,borgoa1 ,b]ruguete1 ,cesp$es1 & ,villalp&o1 ,cop91 ,v]g>a ,egas1 & ,cov>rubias4 ,x is r difficult to analyze _! g5ius4 ,!y 7 n naturally arti/s1 z 7 ! ,fr5* & ,italians2 !y did n create z easily1 b 7 r /imulat$ by a m nave crav+ = va/ dim5sions4 ,) ?is we f9d int]wov5 9 places ! sp>kl+1 jewel-l intricacy & play ( light & %ade s natural to ! ,moori% artisan1 & ! sombre1 ov]p[]+ solemnity ( ! w>like ,spani% cavali]4 ,x is necess>y = a p at all times to f9d expression = its /hetic life4 ,ar*itecture1 l lit]ature1 reflects ! s5tim5ts & t5d5cies ( a nation's m9d4 ,z truly z ,don ,quixote1 ,don ,juan1 or ! ,cid express !m1 s d ! /ories told by ,tol$o1 ,leon1 or ,burgos4 ,!y reproduce ! passions1 ! dreams1 ! imag9ation1 & ! absurdities ( ! age :i* creat$ !m4 ,tol$o's fir/ ar*itect1 :o sup]9t5d$ ! "w = m ?an half a c5tury1 0 nam$ ,p]ez 7d4 #abhe74 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,rodrigo1 ,alfonso1 ,alv> ,gomez1 ,annequ9 de ,egas1 ,m>t9 ,san*ez1 ,juan ,guas1 & ,enrique de ,egas4 ,h& 9 h& ) ! ar*itects1 work$ ! high prie/s4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o is ! ,primate ( ,spa94 ,mighty prelates h sat on t ?rone1 & ! *apt] 0 once "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ! _w4 ,! ,primate ( ,tol$o has ! ,pope z well z ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 = honor>y canons1 & 8 *ur* takes prec$5ce ( all o!rs 9 ! l&4 ,! (fices atta*$ to 8 p]son are num]\s4 ,z late z ! "t ( ,napoleon's conque/ ( ! city1 f\rte5 dignit>ies1 tw5ty-sev5 canons1 & fifty preb5ds1 besides a ho/ ( *apla9s & subalt]n prie/s1 foll[$ 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,metropolitan4 ,at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 8 rev5ues exce$$ #hj1jjj ducats 7ab\t #gbj1jjj71 :ile ! gross am\nt ( ^? ( ! subord9ate b5efici>ies ( 8 *ur* rose to #ahj1jjj4 ,?is am\nt1 or #ab1jjj1jjj reals1 _h n decreas$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ! middle ages he 0 foll[$ by m horse & foot ?an ei!r ! ,gr& ,ma/] ( ,santiago or ! ,con/able ( ,ca/ile4 ,:5 he ?rew 8 influ5ce into ! balance1 ! pret5d] to ! ?rone 0 (t5 victori\s4 ,he held jurisdiction ov] fifte5 l>ge & popul\s t[ns besides numb]s ( inf]ior places4 ,_m :o occupi$ ! episcopal ?rone ( ,tol$o rul$ ,spa91 n only by virtue ( ! pre/ige _! high (fice gave !m1 b ?r\gh extraord9>y g5ius & rem>kable atta9m5ts4 ,!y 7 great alike 9 w> & 9 peace4 ,_m ( !m comb9$ broadness ( view & real le>n+ ) purity ( morals4 ,!y f\nd$ univ]sities & libr>ies1 fram$ useful laws1 /imulat$ noble impulses1 correct$ abuses1 & promot$ re=ms4 ,popes call$ !m to ,rome to ask _! advice 9 affairs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,bright 9 ! hi/ory ( ,spa9 %9e ! names ( su* prelates z ,rodriguez1 ,t5orio1 ,fonseca1 ,xim5ez1 ,m5doza1 ,tav]a1 & ,lor5zana4 ,f ! t5? to ! sixte5? c5turies ,ca/ile 0 f> less bigot$ ?an o!r ,european nations1 =1 ( all ! daught]s ( ! ,"m ,*ur*1 ,spa9 0 ! mo/ indep5d5t4 ,h] k+s & h] primate 7 naturally h] *ampions1 ev] ready & defiant4 ,k+ ,james ,i ev5 w5t s f> z to cut out ! tongue ( a too m$dlesome bi%op4 ,f e>ly ,go?ic days to ! "t :5 ,f]d9& began to dream ( ,spa9 z a p[] beyond ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula1 no k+dom 9 ,europe 0 less dispos$ to brook ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,pope4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella ?w>t$ him 9 insi/+ ^u _! "r to appo9t _! own c&idates = ! high (fices ( ! ,spani% *ur*1 & ! ,pope 0 oblig$ to give way4 ,! figure we con/antly enc\nt] 9 ! ?rill+ tilts betwe5 ,rome & ,spani% prelates is ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o4 ,l ,ri*elieu & ,wolsey1 ,xim5ez & ,m5doza t[]$ above _! "t1 & _! great spirits /ill seem pres5t )9 _! *ur*4 ,xim5ez1 bett] kn[n 9 ,engli% z ,c>d9al ,cisn]os1 rose to 8 high (fice mu* aga9/ 8 w f ! obscurity ( a humble monk4 ,! p]emptory ord]s ( ! ,pope 7 necess>y to make him leave 8 cell & become successively ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 ,gr& ,*ancellor ( ,ca/ile1 ,inquisitor ,g5]al1 ,c>d9al1 ,confessor to ,que5 ,isabella1 ,m9i/] ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 & ,reg5t ( ! ,k+dom ( ,*>les ,v4 ,he 0 an au/]e prie/1 a pr(\nd politician1 a p[]ful intellect1 a w ( iron1 & an inflexible & unconqu]able s\l2 "o ( ! greate/ figures 9 mod]n hi/ory2 "o ( ! l(tie/ types ( ! ,spani% "*4 ,not)/&+ ! greatness ?ru/ ^u him1 he pres]v$ ! au/]e practices ( ! simple monk4 ,"u a robe ( silk & purple1 he wore ! h>d %irt & frock ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,9 8 ap>tm5ts1 embelli%$ ) co/ly hang+s1 he slept on ! floor1 ) only a log ( wood = 8 pill[4 ,f]d9& ow$ to him t he pres]v$ ,ca/ile1 & ,*>les ,v1 t he became ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,he did n boa/ :51 po9t+ to ! ,cordon ( ,/4 ,francis1 he expla9$1 ',x is ) ?is ,i bridle ! pride ( ! ari/ocracy ( ,ca/ile4'#aj ,hi/ory may accuse him ( ! unp>donable expulsion ( ! ,moriscos1 & ! ret5tion ( ! ,inquisition z well z its introduction into ! ,new ,_w1--b :at he did 0 done f ! /r5g? ( 8 convictions & accord+ to :at1 9 ! light ( 8 age1 seem$ ! be/ = 8 c\ntry & 8 ,*ur*4 ,he 0 p]haps ev5 great] z a ,spani>d ?an z a *ur*man4 ,8 conceptions 7 all gr&1 & he 0 z v]satile z he 0 great4 ,victor 9 ! greate/ ( all ,spani% toils1 he execut$ ! polyglot v]sion ( ! ,scriptures1 ! mo/ /up5d\s lit]>y a*ievem5t ( 8 age4 ,fitt+ 8 greatness is ! simplicity ( 8 epitaph3-- ,condid]am musis ,franciscus gr&e lyceum1 ,condor 9 exiguo nunc ego s>cophago4 ,praetextam junxi sacco1 galeamque gal]o1 ,frat]1 ,dux1 ,praesul1 ,c>d9eusque pat]4 ,qu9 virtute mea junctum e/ diadema cucullo1 ,cum mihi regnanti p>uit ,hesp]ia4 ,! figure ( ,c>d9al ,m5doza /&s out cle> & /rong 9 ! f9al /ruggle ) ,granada4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ plant$ ! ,cross :]e ! ,cresc5t _h wav$ = six c5turies1 & he 0 ! fir/ to c\nsel ,isabella to assi/ ! great discov]]4 ,8 ke5 intellect made him l5d a ready e> & fri5dly h& to ! rapid developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( 8 "t & ! fa/-spread+ ta/e = lit]ature4 ,& s ! l9e ( ,tol$o's illu/ri\s bi%ops cont9ues1--lead]s ( ! *ur* militant1 l ! ,montagues & ,capulets1 !y f\ght f ! m]e habit ( fight+1 b !y seldom /a9$ _! swords 9 an unwor?y cause4 ,,iii ,!re is a great discrepancy betwe5 ! int]ior & ! ext]ior ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! =m] is z gr& z ! latt] is insignificant & unwor?y4 ,! scale is trem5d\s4 ,only ,milan & ,seville cov] a great] area1 if ! ,ca!dral is consid]$ 9 connection ) its cloi/]s4 ,cologne comes next to x 9 size4 ,x runs f we/ to ea/1 ) nave & d\ble side aisles1 end+ 9 a semicircul> apse ) a d\ble ambulatory4 ,z is *>act]i/ic ( ,spani% *ur*es1 x is a/oni%+ly wide = its l5g?1--be+ #bjd feet wide & #djd feet long4 ,! nave is #ih feet high & #dd feet wide1 :ile ! out] aisles are respectively #bf & #cb feet across4 ,! ext]ior1 ) ! exception ( ! ornam5tal portions ( ! portals & a few c>v+s1 is all built ( a ,b]roquea granite4 ,! int]ior is ( a k9d ( m\se-color$ lime/one tak5 f ! qu>ries ( ,oliquelas ne> ,tol$o4 ,l _m lime/ones1 x is s(t :5 fir/ qu>ri$1 b h>d5s ) "t & exposure4 ,! impression ( ! ext]ior is /rangely disappo9t+4 ,impos+ & massive1 b irregul>1 squat1 & encumb]$ by surr\nd+ edifices cl++ to its masonry4 ,an indiff]5t husk1 encas+ a noble int]ior4 ,only "o t[] is complet$1 & no two portions ( ! decoration are symmetrical4 ,! ext]ior has no gov]n+ s*eme1 no ide matresse1 no individual /yle1 & is ! outgr[? ( no def9ite p]iod4 ,successive g5]ations ( peace or w> h enri*$ or de/roy$ its masonry4 ,y /op ) an exclamation ( admiration 9 front ( c]ta9 details ( ! ext]ior2 be=e o!rs1 y only feel a/oni%m5t4 ,! want ( ord] & unity 9 ! execution ( its v>i\s portions & elevations is di/ress+4 ,ord] & h>mony may be pres]v$1 ev5 :]e an edifice is c>ri$ on by successive ages1 ea* ( :i* imp>ts to its "w ! /amp ( its own develop+ skill & imag9ation4 ,v few ( ! great ca!drals 7 begun & complet$ 9 "o /yle4 ,mo/ ( ! great ,fr5* *ur*es %[ traces ( ! e>li] ,norman or ,romanesque2 mo/ ( ! ,engli% ,go?ic1 traces ( ! ,norman or ( ! diff]5t p]iods ( ,engli% ,go?ic ar*itecture2 b "o dom9at+ s*eme has be5 foll[$ by ! consecutive ar*itects4 ,! lack ( su* a gov]n+ & re/ra9+ pr9ciple is felt 9 ! ext]ior ( ,tol$o4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 al?\gh successive w>s & religi\s fanaticism h ) _! de/ructive fury injur$ s _m ( ! beautiful /atues & exquisite c>v+s & mu* ( ! /a9$ glass ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% religi\s e/abli%m5ts1 /ill ! ar*itecture itself has 9 ! ma9 be5 left undi/urb$4 ,9 ,tol$o1 !re is h>dly a portion ( ! e>ly /ructure & decoration ( ! l[]1 visible "p ( ! ,ca!dral :i* has n be5 alt]$ or torn d[n by ! v>i\s ar*itects ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies4 ,z an obvi\s result1 ! portions ( ! ext]ior :i* are int]e/+ are individual features1 & n a unifi$ s*eme2 & !y are int]e/+ hi/orically1 r ?an 9 relation to or 9 dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r4 ,! we/ front1 :i* is ! pr9cipal faade1 ! v>i\s doorways & complet$ t[] =m ! mo/ int]e/+ portions ( ! ext]ior4 ,! we/ front is flank$ by two project+ t[]s1 dissimil> 9 design4 ,to ! s\? is ! uncomplet$ "o1 conta9+ ! ,moz>abic *apel1#aa ro($ by an octagonal cupola & surm\nt$ by a lant]n1 /rangely betray+ 9 ext]ior =m its ,byzant9e ance/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,tol$o ,! *oir /alls ,to ! nor? rises ! spire :i* comm&s ! city & ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o4 ,x 0 begun 9 #achj & complet$ 9 sixty ye>s1--no long "t :5 we take into acc\nt its size & detail & ! c>efulness ( its con/ruction4 ,rodrigo ,alfonso & ,alv> ,gomez 7 ! ar*itects1 & ! ,c>d9als ,p$ro ,t5orio & ,tav]a direct$ ! "w4 ,al?\gh x lacks ! so>+ grace ( ! t[]s ( ,burgos1 x possesses quiet /r5g? & a maje/ic dignity1 & ! transitions betwe5 its v>i\s /ories h be5 execut$ ) a skill sc>cely less ?an t %[n 9 ! old] t[] ( ,*>tres4 ,x is 9 fact full ( a "* ( its own4 ,divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 x rises to a height ( "s ?ree hundr$ feet & t]m9ates 9 a huge cross4 ,! pr9cipal build+ mat]ial is ! h>d b easily c>v$ ,b]roquea granite1 ) c]ta9 portions f9i%$ 9 m>ble & slate4 ,! l[] "p1 :i* is squ>e1 has its faces pi]c$ by int]lac+ ,go?ic ar*es1 w9d[s ( diff]5t %apes1 ornam5tal coats-(-arms & m>ble m$allions4 ,x is cr[n$ by a rail+ &1 at ! corn]s :]e ! transition to ! hexagon occurs1 by /one pyramids4 ,! c5tral "p is hexagonal 9 plan & ornam5t$ by ar*es & crocket$ f9ials4 ,above x rises ! slate spire t]m9at+ "u ! cross 9 a conical pyramid1 add$ aft] a fire 9 ! ye> #affb4 ,! spire is curi\sly & uniquely encircl$ by ?ree coll>s ( po9t$ iron spikes1 int5d$ to symbolize ! cr[ns ( ?orns4 ,! great bells ( ! ,ca!dral peal f ?is t[]1 among !m ! huge ,san ,eug5io1 bett] kn[n1 ?\gh1 by ! "n ,campana gorda1 or ! ,big-belli$ ,bell1 weigh+ #aedc arobes 7ab\t #ag tons7 & put up ! same day x 0 ca/ 9 ! ye> #agec4 ,its fame is %[n by ! old l9es1 :i* enum]ate ! wond]s ( ,spa9 z !-- ,campana la de ,tol$o1 ,iglesia la de ,leon1 ,reloj el de ,b5av5te1 ,rollos los de ,villalon4#ab ,fifte5 %oemak]s c\ld sit "u x & draw out _! cobbl]'s ?read )\t t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,a leg5d relates t ! s\nd ( x rea*$1 :5 fir/ x 0 rung1 ev5 to heav54 ,sa9t ,pet] fanci$ t ! tones came f 8 own *ur* 9 ,rome1 b on asc]ta9+ t ?is 0 n ! case1 & t ,tol$o possess$ ! l>ge/ ( all bells1 he got angry & flung d[n "o ( 8 keys ^u x1 ?us caus+ a crack 9 ! bell :i* is /ill to be se54 ,n only does ! ho>se croak ( ,gorda's voice rem9d ! t>dy wor%ip] ( ! approa*+ h\r ( pray]1 b x tells ea* & all ( ! b>rio :]e ! fire is rag+4 ,?\gh ! prud5t ,tol$an may n "k ! art ( sign+ 8 "n or read+ 8 ,pat] ,no/]1 full well he kn[s1 :5ev] ,gorda speaks1 :e!r ! dang] is at 8 own door or at 8 neighbor's4 ,! l[] portion ( ! faade betwe5 ! t[]s is compos$ ( a f9e triple portal dat+ f #adah to #adej1 :i*1 despite lat] *anges1 is /ill an excell5t piece ( ,go?ic "w4 ,x conta9s ov] sev5ty /atues4 ,above1 ! faade is compos$ ( an ornam5tal scre5 inexpressive ( ! /ructure & ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! edifice4 ,a rail+ sep>at$ ! lonja1 or enclosure imm$iately 9 front ( ! entrances1 f ! /reet outside4 ,! c5tral entrance is ! ,gate ( ,p>don2 to ! nor? is ! ,gate ( ! ,t[]1 also call$ ! ,gate ( ,hell2 to ! s\? is ! ,gate ( ! ,scriv5]s or ( ,judgm5t4 ,! middle door is ! l>ge/ & mo/ important4 ,= c5turies ! /eps lead+ to x h be5 climb$ & desc5d$ by ! pregnant wom5 ( ,tol$o1 to insure an easy p>turition4 ,! doors !mselves are cov]$ ) mo/ int]e/+ bronze "w1 %[+ h[ f> ! ,spani>ds _h 9 lat] c5turies develop$ ! art ( _! skillful ,s>ac5ic pr$ecessors4 ,! ar* ( ! ,gate ( ,p>don is exquisitely =m$ & its mold+s & recesses are pr(usely decorat$ ) f9ely *isel$ figures & ornam5ts4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree doors is surm\nt$ by a relief1 t ov] ! ,p>don repres5t+ ! ,virg9 pres5t+ ! *asuble to ,sa9t ,ildefonso1 :o is kneel+ at h] feet4 ,! ,scriv5]s' ,gate d]ives its "n f hav+ be5 ! door ( entry = ! scriv5]s :5 !y came to ! ,ca!dral to take _! oa?1 b1 ?\gh !y _h a gate = _! own p>ticul> use1 !y did n seem to enjoy an especially good reputation4 ,accord+ to an old v]se1 _! p5 & pap] w\ld drop f _! h&s to dance an indep5d5t f&ango long be=e _! s\ls ev] ent]$ ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,above ! door is an inscription commemorative ( ! great exploits ( ! ,ca?olic ,sov]eigns & ,c>d9al ,m5doza & ( ! expulsion ( ! ,jews f ! ,k+doms ( ,ca/ile1 ,aragon & ,sicily4 ,! pr9cipal feature above ! doors is a classical gable :i* ext5ds ! :ole wid? ( ! faade1 its field fill$ ) colossal pieces ( sculpture repres5t+ ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,our ,"l & ! ,apo/les are seat$1 ea* 9 8 own ni*e4 ,x recalls ! c>v+ ov] ! nor!a/ entrance ( ,notre ,dame du ,puy4 ,no?+ c\ld be m ineffective & out ( place ?an to cr[n ?is portion ( ! ,go?ic build+ ) a ,greek gable end4 ,f9ally1 above ! gable1 ) a curi\s pair ( ar*es built out 9 front ( x1 comes a circul> rose almo/ ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 ( e>ly f\rte5?-c5tury "w1 ?is aga9 be+ surm\nt$ by late eighte5?-c5tury ,b>oque additions4 ,!re are two doorways on ! s\? side4 ,! ,gate ( ! ,lions1 :i* =ms ! s\!rn t]m9ation to ! transept1 is ( c\rse nam$ f ! lions /&+ ov] ! enclos+ rail directly 9 front ( x1 ea* support+ its %ield4 ,"h y h a bit ( ! f9e/ "w ( ! ext]ior1 a mo/ exquisite specim5 ( ! ,go?ic "w ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,its detail & f9i% are rem>kable1 & few pieces ( ,spani% sculpture ( its "t surpass x 9 elegance & grace4 ,! l>g] figures are mo/ int]e/+1 v>y+ greatly 9 execution & "*4 ,^? ( ! inn] ar*es are /iff & /ill /ruggl+ = fre$om f tradition1 b ( admirably c>v$ drap]y1--:ile ! bi%ops 9 ! ni*es to ! "r & left h faces radiat+ k9dness & patri>*al b5ignity1 faces we meet & bless 9 our own walks ( life to-day4 ,! bronze ,r5aissance doors are z f9e z _! sett+1--spl5did examples ( ! metal /amp+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! wood5 c>v+ on _! inn] surfaces is equally f9e4 ,! bronze knock] might easily h come f ! work%op ( ! great ,flor5t9e goldsmi?4 ,! ,gate ( ,la ,llana1 we/ ( ! ,gate ( ! ,lions1 is z ludicr\s 9 its eighte5?-c5tury dress z ! gable ( ! we/ faade4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! *ur* we f9d ?ree gates2 9 ! c5tre1 =m+ ! nor!rn entrance to ! transept1 ! ,pu]ta del ,reloic1 & ea/ & we/ ( x1 ! ,pu]ta de ,santa ,catal9a1 & ! ,pu]ta de la ,pres5tacion4 ,,iv ,y leave ! outside ) a feel+ ( di/ress at hav+ view$ a pat*work ( ar*itectural composition1 feebly decorat+ & badly express+ a noble & mighty frame4 ,y ent] into a light ( cele/ial s(tness & purity4 ,x seems an old & fad$ light4 ,z soon z y rega9 vision 9 ! cool1 refre%+ twilight1 y exp]i5ce ! long-def]r$ exultation4 ,y are amid ^? t pray1--! poor & sorr[+1 ^? t w\ld be /r5g!n$4 ,"h voices s9k to a rev]5t :isp]1 = curiosity is hu%$ into awe4 ,i c\ld nev] fa?om h[ a man d>es to lift up 8 voice to prea* 9 a ca!dral1--:at has he to say t w n be an anti-climax8 says ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 & y are /ruck by ! =ce ( 8 rem>k :5 y comp>e ! dron+ voice com+ f "o corn] ( ! build+ ) ! glori\s expression ( man's fai? ris+ above & ar\nd y4 ,! quiet maje/y & sil5t eloqu5ce ( ! "o acc5tuates ! feebl5ess ( ! o!r4 ,= ! int]ior is z simple & re/ra9$ & ! plann+ z logical & lucid z ! ext]ior is blamewor?y & unreasonable4 ,"h is rhy?m & h>mony4 ,! con/ructive problems h be5 +5i\sly ma/]$1 & ! c>v$ & decorat$ portions subord9at$ to ! gigantic s*eme ( ! great monum5t4 ,! sculptures are limit$ to _! respective fields4 ,/ructural & arti/ic pr9ciples g h& 9 h&4 ,eloqu5tly ! c>v+s speak ! language ( ! "t1--!y become a pictorial ,bible1 op5 = ! poor man to read1 :o has no k ( crabb$1 mona/ic lett]s4 ,!y are ! language ( true religion1 ! religion t may *ange b c nev] die4 ,! plan is unque/ionably ! gr& feature ( ! ,ca!dral2 ! beauty & scale ( x *all5ge comp>ison ) ^? ( all o!r *ur*es 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! vault+ & its developm5t1 ! conc5tration ( ! ?ru/ ^u ! pi]s & f>-leap+ fly+ buttresses are unque/ionably on su* a scale & ( su* "* z to place x among ! mightie/1 if n ! mo/ pure & well-develop$ ,go?ic edifices4 ,x is l a giant t kn[s n ! /r5g? ( 8 limbs nor ! possibilities 9 8 mighty frame4 ,y d n feel ! great height ( ! nave1 ow+ to ! imm5sity ( all dim5sions & ! great circumf]5ce ( ! support+ pi]s4 ,! nave & ! d\ble side aisles on ea* side are all ( sev5 bays4 ,! transept does n project beyond ! out] aisles4 ,! plan prop] has ?us1 at a r\gh glance1 ! appe>ance ( a basilica & seems to lack ! side arms ( ! ,go?ic cross4 ,! *oir consi/s ( "o bay1 & ! *evet =m$ by an apse to ! *oir ( five bays4 ,bo? aisles cont9ue ar\nd ! *evet4 ,outside ^! aga91 & betwe5 ! buttresses ( ! ma9 out] walls1 lie ! diff]5t *apels1 ! great cloi/] & ! diff]5t comp>tm5ts & dep5d5cies belong+ to *ur* & *apel1--a trem5d\s developm5t1 accumulation1 gr[?1--a city 9 itself4 ,! cloi/]s1 z well z almo/ all ! *apels1 7 add$ aft] ! virtual completion ( ! ,ca!dral prop]4 ,! *evet is ! keynote ( ! plan1 & ! solution ( ! problem1 h[ to vault ! diff]5t comp>tm5ts ly+ betwe5 ! ?ree conc5tric circul> t]m9ations beyond ! *oir4 ,_! vault+ %[s con/ructive skill & +5uity ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,! ar*itects solv$ ! problem ) a simplicity & gr&eur :i* places _! g5ius on a level ) t ( ! greate/ ( ,fr5* build]s4 ,!re are no previ\s examples ( ,spani% *ur*es :]e simil> problems h be5 dealt ) t5tatively4 ,we are ?us =c$ to ackn[l$ge t ! s*ool+ =1 & consequ5t ma/]y (1 ! problem1 mu/ h be5 ga9$ on ,fr5* soil4 ,! c5tral apse is surr\nd$ by f\r pi]s1 ! two aisles are sep>at$ by eight1 & ! out] wall is m>k$ by sixte5 po9ts ( support4 ,! bays 9 bo? aisles are vault$ alt]nately by triangul> & virtually rectangul> comp>tm5ts4 ,! vi/a f we/ to ea/ is p]fectly pres]v$1 & ! di/ance f c5tre to c5tre ( e second pair ( out] pi]s is z ne>ly z possible ! same z t ( ! inn] r[4 ,! out] wall ( ! aisles1 except :]e ! two great *apels ( ,santiago & ,san ,ildefonso are introduc$1 0 pi]c$ alt]nately by small1 squ>e *apels opposite ! triangul>1 vault+ comp>tm5ts & circul> *apels opposite ! o!rs4 ,9 ! ca!drals ( ,notre ,dame de ,p>is1 ,sa9t ,remi ( ,rheims1 & 9 ,le ,mans1 we f9d int]m$iate triangul> vault+ comp>tm5ts introduc$1 b !y are ei!r employ$ ) inf]ior skill or 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,9 none ( ^! ca!drals d !y call = su* un/9t$ admiration z ^? ( ! ar*itect ( ,tol$o4 ,!y j fall %ort ( ! happie/ solution4 ,9 ,sa9t ,remi1 = in/ance1 we h int]m$iate trapezoids in/ead ( rectangles1 ! inn] *ord be+ long] ?an ! ext]ior4 ,! sev5ty-two well-mold$1 simple1 quadrip>tite vaults ( ! :ole edifice 7ris+ 9 ! *oir to ab\t "o hundr$1 &1 9 ! inn] & out] aisles1 to sixty & ?irty-five feet7 are support$ by eighty-eight pi]s4 ,! capitals ( ! engag$ %afts1 compos$ ( pla9 foliage1 po9t ! same way z ! run ( ! ribs above !m4 ,simple1 /rong mold+s compose ! squ>e bases4 ,! great pi]s ( ! transept are trefoil$ 9 section4 ,! out] walls ( ! ma9 body ( ! *ur* are pi]c$ by ar*es lead+ into un9t]e/+1 rectangul> *apels1 "s ( !m decorat$ ) elaborate vault+4 ,9 ! out] wall ( ! int]m$iate aisle is a tri=ium1 =m$ by an arcade ( cusp$ ar*es1 & above ?is1 q close to ! po9t ( ! vault1 a rose w9d[ 9 ea* bay4 ,! cl]e/ory1 fill+ ! space above !great ar*es on ea* side ( ! nave1 is subdivid$ into a d\ble r[ ( lancet-po9t$ w9d[s1 surm\nt$ by a rosette com+ directly "u ! spr+ ( ! vault4 ,! treatm5t ( ! cross+ ( transept & nave is 9 ,tol$o1 z 9 all ,spani% *ur*es1 emphatic & peculi>4 ,! old c5tral lant]n ( ! cruci=m *ur* 0 reta9$ & develop$ 9 _! ,go?ic z well z 9 _! ,r5aissance edifices1 & 0 p]mitt$ illogically to break ! ,go?ic ro( l9e4 ,! lant]n ( ,ely is ! ne>e/ rem9d] we h ( x 9 ,engli% or ,fr5* ,go?ic4 ,9 ,spa9 ! cimborio became an important feature & made ! croise b5ea? x ! lighte/ portion ( ! edifice4 ,x %$ light to ! ea/ & we/ ( x1 into ! high alt> & ! *oir4 ,! position ( ! *oir is /rik+ & di/ress+4 ,its rectangul> body completely fills ! six? & sev5? bays ( ! nave1 int]rupt+ its cont9uity & spoil+ ! sweep & gr&eur ( ! edifice at its mo/ important po9t4 ,x /icks l a bone 9 ! ?roat4 ,any complete view ( ! int]ior becomes impossible1 & its impressive maje/y is belittl$4 ,"o con/antly f9ds ! *oir ( ,spani% ca!drals 9 ?is position1 :i* deprives !m ( ! f9e p]spective f\nd 9 nor!rn edifices4 ,9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 /rangely en\gh1 ! *oir is simil>ly plac$1 & !re1 z "h1 x is z if ! h&s 7 ti$ & ! brea? /ifl$1 :]e action %\ld be free/4 ,?is peculi> position ( ! *oir 0 ow+ to ! admission ( ! laity to ! transept 9 front ( ! alt>4 ,9 e>li] days ! *oir 0 adjac5t to & fac+ ! alt>1 ! s+]s & read]s be+ !re enclos$ by a l[ & unimportant rail4 ,! %ort1 ea/]n apses ( ! ,spani% ca!drals & ! undevelop$ & insuffici5t room = ! cl]gy imm$iately surr\nd+ ! alt> almo/ necessitat$ ?is divorce ( ! *oir4 ,9 ,france & ,engl& ! happi] & m logical alt]native 0 resort$ to1 ( provid+ suffici5t space ea/ ( ! int]section ( ! transept = all ! cl]gy4 ,! rectangul> *oir ( ,tol$o is clos$ at ! ea/ by a magnific5t iron scre52 at ! we/1 by a wall call$ ! ,trascoro1 act+ z a backgr\nd to ! ar*bi%op's seat4 ,a doorway once pi]c$ its c5tre b 0 block$ up = ! plac+ ( ! ?rone4 ,if ! position ( ! *oir is un=tunate1 its details are among ! mo/ rem>kable & glori\s ( _! "t & c\ntry4 ,! only entrance is ?r\gh ! great iron p>close or reja at ! ea/4 ,?is1 z well z ! correspond+ grille "w directly opposite1 clos+ (f ! bay 9 front ( ! high alt>1 are wond]ful specim5s ( ! iron-work]'s craft1 spl5did ma/]pieces ( an art :i* has nev] be5 excell$ s9ce ! days ( its m$ival guilds4 ,! ma/] ,dom+o de ,cesp$es erect$ ! grille 9 ! ye> #aedh4 ,! framework seems to be connect$ by means ( t5ons & mortices1 :ile ! scrolls are weld$ toge!r4 ,! l>g] mold+s are =m$ ( %eet iron1 b5t to ! %ape requir$ & flu%-rivet$ to _! light frames4 ,nei!r ! g5]al design nor ! details 7bo? ,r5aissance 9 feel+7 are especially m]itori\s1 b ! ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! mat]ial is mo/ a/oni%+4 ,! /ubborn iron has be5 wr\ght & =m$ ) z mu* ease & boldness z if x _h be5 s(t lime/one or pla/]4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! age t ! craftsman has n limit$ himself to "o mat]ial4 ,c]ta9 portions ( ! small] ornam5ts are ( silv] & copp]4 ,orig9ally _! %9+ surfaces1 z well z ! gild+ ( ! great portion ( ! pr9cipal iron b>s1 mu/ h t\*$ ! :ole ) life & color4 ,x 0 all cov]$ ) black pa9t 9 ! "t ( ! ,napoleonic w>s to escape ! gre$y h&s ( ,la ,h\ssaye's victori\s mob1 & ! gates /ill reta9 ! sable coat t protect$ !m4 ,ev5 a m glori\s example ( ,spani% craftsman%ip is f\nd 9 ! *oir /alls :i* surr\nd u to ! nor? & s\? & we/ z soon z we ent]4 ,"h we are face to face ) ! f9e/ fl[]+ ( ,spani% m$ival art4 ,?ophile ,gauti]1 g5]aliz+ ^u ! :ole composition1 says3 ,l'art go?ique1 sur les conf9s de la ,r5aissance1 n'a ri5 produit de plus p>fait ni de mieux dess94 ,! :ole treatm5t ( ! "w is ess5tially ,spani%4 ,! /alls1 ! sill]ia1 are arrang$ 9 two ti]s1 ! upp] rea*$ by little flights ( five /eps & cov]$ by a ri*ly c>v$1 m>ble canopy1 support$ by sl5d] ,cor9?ian columns ( r$ jasp] & alaba/]4 ,all ! /alls are ( walnut1 fifty 9 ! l[] r[1 sev5ty 9 ! upp]1 exclusive ( ! ar*bi%op's seat4 ,! "r side ( ! alt>1 t is1 ! "r side ( ! celebrant look+ f ! alt>1 is call$ ! side ( ! ,gospel1--! left1 ! side ( ! ,epi/le4 ,! great c>v+s1 diff]+ 9 ! upp] & l[] /alls 9 p]iod & execution1 are ! "w ( ?ree arti/s4 ,! c>v+s ( ! l[] r[ 7 execut$ by ,rodriguez 9 #adie1 ^? ( ! upp]1 on ! ,gospel side1 by ,alonso ,b]ruguete1 & ^? on ! side ( ! ,epi/le1 by ,philip ,vig>ny 7also call$ ,borgoa71 bo? ( ! latt] ab\t fifty ye>s lat] 79 #aedc74 ,! read+ desk ( ! upp] /alls =ms ! back ( ! l[] & af=ds ! field = _! sculptural decoration4 ,! subjects are ! ,conque/ ( ,granada & ! ,campaigns ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,we are %[n 9 ! *ildi% & picturesque mann] 9 :i* ! age tells its /ory1 ! v>i\s incid5ts ( ! w>1 all its situations & gr\ps1 its curi\s co/umes1 arms1 %ields1 & buckl]s1 & ev5 ! names ( ! =tresses inscrib$ on _! masonry4 ,we c recognize ! ,ca?olic mon>*s & ! great prelate ent]+ ! fall5 city amid ! grief-/rick5 infidels4 ,! _s ( ! "w is di/9ctly t ( ! p]iod :i* has gone be=e1 )\t any intimations ( t to come4 ,x has ! "* ( ! ,g]man ,go?ic1 recall+ ,lucas ( ,holl& & 8 s*ool4 ,if x has a grace & beauty ( its own1 !re is also a *ildi% grotesqu5ess )\t any ( ! self-assur$ ma/]y1 s soon to spread its ,italian light4 ,! imag9ation & composition are !re1 b n ! execution1--! m9d1 b n ! h&4 ,! c>v+s ( ! upp] /alls 7 execut$ by _! ma/]s 9 g5]\s rivalry & 9 a _s t %[s a decid$ classic influ5ce4 ,_m curi\s acc\nts ( ! "t describe ! excitem5t :i* prevail$ dur+ _! execution & ! v>i\s favor !y f\nd 9 ! eyes ( diff]5t critics4 ,look+ at !m1 "o's ?\ghts rev]t to t glori\s dawn 9 :i* ,cell9i & ,ghib]ti & ,donatello labor$4 ,! inscription says ( ! two arti/s1 ,signatum m>morea tum ligna caelav]e h9c ,philippus ,burgundio1 ex adv]so ,b]ruguetus ,hispanus3 c]tav]unt tum artificum +5ia2 c]tabunt semp] spectatorum judicia4 ,b]ruguete's "w 7on ! ,gospel side7 %[s di/9ct traces ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's influ5ce & 8 /udy 9 ,italian ateli]s ) ,&rea del ,s>to & ,baccio ,b&9elli4#ac ,! n]v\s vigor ( ! ,italian giant & ! purity ( /yle :i* look$ back at ,greece & ,rome1 are app>5t4 ,! subjects ( ,vig>ny's "w1 z also ( ,b]ruguete's1 are tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y h a m subtle *>m1 m grace & fre$om4 ,"s ( !m %[ /r5g? & an un]r+ h&1 o!rs1 delicacy & exquisite subtl5ess4 ,:]e ! ,mae/ro ,mayor ( ,*>les ,v is p[]ful & en]getic1 ,vig>ny is imag9ative & ri*4 ,comp>+ ! upp] & l[] r[s ( panels1 we mu/ see :at rem>kable /eps _h be5 tak5 9 s %ort a "t by ! sculptors4 ,a lightness ( execution1 a victori\s self-reliance1 seems to foll[ close on ! /eps ( t5tative1 ev5 if consci5ti\s1 ef=t4 ,! c>v+1 ! bold relief ( ! *isel+1 h a vividness & int5sity ( expression1 surpass+ "s ( ! be/ "w ( ,italy & ,france4 ,! ni*es 9 ! m>ble canopy above ! upp] r[ ( /alls are fill$ ) figures /&+ almo/ 9 full relief1 & repres5t+ ! g5ealogy ( ,*ri/4 ,! out] walls ( ! *oir are also completely cov]$ ) sculpture4 ,x is ?or\ghly ,go?ic 9 "*1 crude1 & fumbl+ = expression1 consi/+ ( arcades ) ni*es above conta9+ alto-relievo illu/rations ( ,old ,te/am5t sc5es & *>act]s4 ,y recognize ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 ,abraham ) agoniz$ face1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 passages f ,exodus1 & o!r famili> sc5es4 ,_m ( ! panels depict fur!r ! small1 ev]yday occurr5ces & incid5ts s lov$ by m$ival arti/s1 & s full ( e>ne/1 religi\s feel+4 ,cr[n+ x all1 amid ! p9nacles1 are a :ole flock ( angels1 q prep>$ = ,asc5sion ,day4 ,x is all v simil> to ! e>ly f\rte5?-c5tury "w 9 ,fr5* ca!drals4 ,! bay 9 front ( ! high alt>1 =m+ ) x ! ,capilla ,mayor1 & ! *oir are clos$ f ! transept by a huge reja z f9e z ! "o fac+ x1 & ! "w ( ! ,spani>d ,francesco ,villalp&o 7#aedh74ad ,! ,capilla ,mayor orig9ally consi/$ ( ! "o bay to ! ea/ ( ! transept1 ! adjac5t t]m9at+ portion ( ! nave be+ ! *apel conta9+ ! tombs ( ! k+s4 ,! great ,c>d9al ,xim5ez receiv$ ,isabella's p]mission to remove ! divid+ wall 9 case he c\ld accompli% ! task )\t di/urb+ any ( ! mon>*s' c(f9s4 ,! walls all r\nd1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 are completely cov]$ ) sculpture4 ,_m ( ! figures are fai?ful portraits2 _m ( ! gr\ps tell an int]e/+ /ory4 ,on ! ,gospel side !re are two c>v+s1 "o ov] ! o!r1 ! upp] repres5t+ ,don ,alfonso ,,viii1 & ! l[]1 ! %eph]d :o guid$ ! mon>* & 8 army to ! r5[n$ pla9s ( ,las ,navas de ,tolosa1 :]e ! battle 0 f\ght :i* prov$ s glori\s to ,*ri/ian arms4 ,"o likewise sees ! /atue ( ! ,moor1 ,alfaqui ,abu ,walid1 :o ?rew himself 9 ! pa? ( ,k+ ,alfonso & prevail$ ^u him to =give ,que5 ,con/ance & ,bi%op ,b]n>d = ! expulsion ( ! ,moors f _! mosque1 contr>y to ! k+'s solemn oa?4 ,all ar\nd u lie ! e>ly rul]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,ca/ile1 ,alfonso ,,vii1 ,san*o ! ,des]t$1 & ,san*o ! ,brave1 ! ,pr9ce ,don ,p$ro de ,aguil>1 son ( ,alfonso ,,xi1 & ! great ,c>d9al ,m5doza4 ,bel[ 9 ! vault lie1 by ! sides ( _! consorts1 ,h5ry ,,ii1 ,john ,i1 & ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,at ! end ( ! *apel1 act+ z a backgr\nd to ! alt>1 y f9d a composition con/antly met 9 & *>act]i/ic ( ,spani% ca!drals4 ,! huge retablo is no?+ b a mean+less1 gaudy & s5sational s]ies ( c>v$ & decorat$ ni*es4 ,x is c>v$ 9 l>*wood & m]ely reveals a love ( ! *eap & tawdry display ( ! decad5t florid p]iod ( ,go?ic4 ,back ( ! retablo & ! high alt>1 y are />tl$ by ! mo/ horrible & vulg> composition ( ! *ur*4 ,no?+ b ! m9d ( an idiot c\ld h conceiv$ ! transp>5te4#ae ,x has nei!r ord] nor reason4 ,! :ole mass runs riot4 ,angels & sa9ts float up & d[n its surface amid d\ghy cl\ds4 ,! angel ,raphael c\nt]balances ! weight ( 8 kick+ feet by a l>ge goldfi% :i* he is frantically clut*+4 ,x is a piece ( uncontroll$1 imbecile decoration1 p]petrat$ to ! ev]la/+ %ame ( ,n>ciso ,tom 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,no?+ except ! *oir & ,capilla ,mayor di/urb ! simplicity ( ! aisles & ! great body ( ! *ur*4 ,all o!r monum5ts or compositions are f\nd 9 ! num]\s rooms & *apels lead+ f ! out] aisles or situat$ betwe5 ! l[] ar*es ( ! outside walls4 ,!re are _m ( !m1 "s important1 o!rs trivial4 ,! ,moz>abic *apel1 9 ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! ca!dral1 is ! oneplace 9 ! _w :]e y may /ill e morn+ he> ! qua9t old ,visigo?ic or ,moz>abic ritual recit$4 ,! *apel 0 con/ruct$ "u ,c>d9al ,xim5ez 9 #aeab = ! d\ble purpose ( commemorat+ ! tol]ance ( ! ,moors1 :o dur+ _! dom9ion left to ! ,*ri/ians c]ta9 *ur*es 9 :i* to cont9ue _! own wor%ip1 & also to p]petuate ! use ( ! old ,go?ic ritual4 ,x is mo/ curi\s1 almo/ b>b>ic3 ,! canons beh9d1 9 a sombre flat monotone1 *ant responses to ! (ficiat+ prie/ at ! alt>4 ,! s\nd comb9es ! en]vat+ effect ( ! hum ( w+s1 :irr ( looms1 wood5 ?ud ( p$als1 ! boom & ru% ( imm5se w+s circl+ r\nd & r\nd4 ,x is /range to he> ?is e*o a ?\s& ye>s old ( a magnanim\s act 9 s intol]ant an age4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury ,k+ ,alfonso1 at ! insi/5ce ( ,b]n>d & ,con/ance1 & ! papal legate ,ri*>d1 decid$ to aboli% ! use ( ! old ,go?ic ritual & to introduce ! ,gregorian rite4 ,! ,tol$ans ?reat5$ revolt r ?an ab&on _! old =m ( wor%ip4 ,! ,k+ knew no o!r me?od ( decision ?an to leave ! "q to two *ampions4 ,9 s+le combat ! ,knight ( ! ,go?ic ,missal1 ,don ,juan ,ruiz de ,mantanzas1 kill$ 8 adv]s>y :ile he himself rema9$ unhurt4 ,at a second trial1 :]e two bulls 7 entru/$ ) ! p]plex+ difficulty1 ! ,go?ic bull came (f victor4 ,c\ncils 7 held & ! ,pope /ill p]sev]$ 9 8 det]m9ation to aboli% ! old ,spani% s]vice book4 ,outside ! walls ( ! city1 9 front ( ! ,k+ & *ur*m5 & amid ! entire populace ( ,tol$o1 a great fire 0 built1 & ! two mass-books 7 ?r[n into x4 ,:5 ! flames _h di$ d[n1 only ! ,go?ic mass-book 0 f\nd unsca!d4 ,only aft] _m ye>s1 :5 traditions _h gradually alt]$ & ev5 mu* ( ! text _h become mean+less to ! cl]gy1 did ! ,roman s]vice book become univ]sally introduc$ into ,tol$an h\ses ( wor%ip4 ,two o!r *apels are ( especial int]e/3 ^? ( ,sa9t ,ildefonso & ,santiago4 ,sa9t ,ildefonso1 :o became metropolitan 9 #feh1 is second only 9 honor to ,sa9t ,james ( ,compo/ella2 he 0 unque/ionably ! mo/ favor$ ( ,tol$o's long l9e ( bi%ops4 ,?ree natives ( ,n>bonne _h d>$ to "q ! p]petual virg9ity ( ,our ,lady4 ,sa9t ,ildefonso gallantly took up h] def5se & prov$ x beyond d\bt or que/ion+ 9 8 treatise ,de ,virg9itate ,p]petua ,sanctae ,m>iae adv]sus tres ,infideles4 ,x 0 a cru%+ v9dication & a disc\rse ( mu* reason & scriptural light4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ! ,bi%op1 toge!r ) ! ,k+ & c\rt1 w5t to ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,leocadia to give public ?anks4 ,z soon z ! multitude _h _h suffici5t "t to kneel at ! sa9t's tomb1 a gr\p ( angels appe>$ amid a cl\d & surr\nd$ by sweet sc5ts4 ,next ! sepul*re op5$ ( its own accord4 ,calix relates1 ,?irty m5 c\ld n h mov$ ! /one :i* slid sl[ly f ! m\? ( ! tomb4 ,imm$iately ,sa9t ,leocadia arose1 aft] ly+ !re ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & hold+ out h] arm1 %e %ook h&s ) ,sa9t ,ildefonso1 speak+ 9 ?is voice1 ',oh1 ,ildefonso1 ?r\gh !e do? ! honor ( ,my ,lady fl\ri%4' ,all ! spectators 7 sil5t1 be+ /ruck ) ! novelty & ! greatness ( ! miracle4 ,only ,sa9t ,ildefonso1 ) ,heav5's aid1 repli$ to h]4 ,n[ ! virg9 ,sa9t look$ z if %e wi%$ to return into ! tomb & %e turn$ ar\nd = t purpose1 :5 ! ,k+ begg$ ( ,sa9t ,ildefonso t he w\ld n let h] g until %e left "s relic ( h] beh9d1 = a memorial ( ! miracle & = ! consolation ( ! city4 ,& z ,sa9t ,ildefonso wi%$ to cut a "p ( ! :ite veil :i* cov]$ ! head ( ,/4 ,leocadia1 ! ,k+ l5t him a knife = t purpose1 & ?is mu/ h be5 a poni>d or a dagg]1 ?\gh o!rs say x 0 a sword4 ,) ?is ! sa9t cut a l>ge piece ( ! bless$ veil1 & :ile he 0 giv+ x to ! ,k+1 at ! same "t return+ ! knife1 ! sa9t %ut h]self up entirely & cov]$ h]self 9 ! tomb ) ! huge /one4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 n a suffici5t expression ( gratitude to satisfy ,sa9t ,m>y1 = next week %e h]self came d[n to enjoy mat9s ) ,sa9t ,ildefonso 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,%e sat 9 8 ?rone & li/5$ to 8 disc\rse ) bo? pleasure & edification4 ,a cele/ial ho/ disp5s$ music 9 ! *oir1 music ( heav51 hymns1 ,david's psalms & *ants1 su* z nev] _h be5 he>d be=e1 ei!r 9 ,seville or 9 ,tol$o4 ,to cap x all1 ! ,virg9 made h] favorite a spl5did pres5t ( a *asuble work$ by ! angels ) :i* %e inve/$ him ) h] own h&s be=e %e said good-bye4 ,y may /ill kiss y\r f+]s aft] hav+ t\*$ ! sacr$ slab ^u :i* ! ,virg9 /ood & above :i* run ! words ( ! ,psalmi/3 ,adorabimus 9 loco ubi /et]unt p$es ejus4 ,! *apel is1 simil>ly to ! scre5s ar\nd ! *oir1 ( f\rte5?-c5tury "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,tol$o ,*apel ( ,santiago1 tombs ( ,d4 ,alv>o de ,luna & 8 sp\se ,! ,*apel ( ,santiago 0 erect$ by ,c\nt ,alv>o de ,luna1 = m ?an ?irty ye>s ! real sov]eign ( ,ca/ile4 ,x is mo/ elaborately decorat$ ?r\gh\t ) ri* ,go?ic "w1 int]wov5 ) sp>kl+ filigree ( ,s>ac5ic "*4 ,! tombs ( ! ,lunas are ( int]e/ because ( ! great ,c\nt4 ,8 own is n ! orig9al "o4 ,! fir/ mausoleum :i* he erect$ to himself 0 s con/ruct$ t ! recumb5t effigy or automaton c\ld1 :5 mass 0 said1 sl[ly rise1 clad 9 full armor1 & rema9 kneel+ until ! s]vice 0 end$1 :5 x w\ld sl[ly resume its =m] po/ure4 ,?is 0 de/roy$ at ! in/igation ( ,alv>o's old enemy1 ,h5ry ( ,aragon1 :o rema9$ unreconcil$ ev5 aft] ! dea? ( 8 old m9i/]4 ,at ea* corn] ( ,alv>o's tomb kneels a knight ( ,santiago1 at 8 feet a page holds 8 helmet1 8 own h&s are cross$ dev\tly ov] ! sword on 8 brea/1 & ! mantle ( 8 ord] is fold$ ab\t 8 %\ld]s4 ,8 face we>s an expression ( sadness4 ,alv>o began 8 c>e] z a page 9 ! s]vice ( ,que5 ,ca?>9e 7,plantag5et74 ,he end$ x z ,ma/] ( ,santiago1 ,con/able ( ,ca/ile1 & ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,john ,,ii1 :om he completely rul$ = ?irty-five ye>s4 ,he liv$ 9 royal /ate1 became all-p[]ful & arrogant4 ,8 diplomacy effect$ ! m>riage ( ,h5ry ,,ii & ,isabella ( ,portugal1 b he lat] incurr$ ! enmity ( ,isabella1 0 accus$ ( high treason1 f\nd guilty1 & execut$ 9 ! squ>e ( ,valladolid4 ,pius ,,ii said ( him1 ,he 0 a v l(ty m9d1 z great 9 w> z he 0 9 peace1 & 8 s\l brea!d none b noble ?\ghts4 ,& ?us we may cont9ue all ar\nd ! ,ca!dral1 pa/ ! successive *apels1 ve/ries1 sanctu>ies & treasuries1--! ar*itecture & sculpture ( ea* connect$ ) great ev5ts & tell+ its own /ory ( d>k trag$y or light] romance4 ,9 "o1 ! ,spani% bann]s us$ to be consecrat$ be=e lead+ ! ho/s aga9/ ! ,moors2 9 ano!r1 ,spa9 n[ keeps h] priceless treasures "u ! locks ( sev5 keys hang+ f ! girdles ( an equal numb] ( canons4 ,!re are silv] & gold & pe>l & preci\s jewels suffici5t to set on foot e /agnant ,spani% indu/ry4 ,! #hejj pe>ls ( ! ,virg9's cape might alone fe$ a prov9ce = no %ort "t4 ,!y are buri$ 9 ! d>k4 ,outside 9 ! light1 ! *ildr5 ( ,spa9 are />v+ & )\t means ( obta9+ food4 ,at "o's elb[ ! :9e ( ! begg> is cont9ually he>d1 till "o recalls ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s words3 ,! m pr\dly a mansion has be5 t5ant$ 9 ! days ( its prosp]ity1 ! humbl] are its inhabitants 9 ! days ( h] decl9e1 & ! palace ( ! k+ commonly ends 9 be+ ! re/+-place ( ! begg>4 ,"h & !re1 9 ! int]ior z 9 ! ext]ior1 we f9d1 mix$ ) or decorat+ ! ,go?ic1 ,moori% & ,r5aissance details & ! lat] extravagances :i* foll[$ ! decl9e ( ! ,go?ic4 ,ev5 :]e ! c>v]s are express+ !mselves 9 ,go?ic or ,r5aissance details1 we frequ5tly obs]ve an extreme ri*ness1 a love ( *i>oscuro1 ( sp>kl+ jewel-l light & %ade1 & intricately wov5 ornam5tation :i* betrays ! influ5ce ( ! ,arab4 ,we see ! ,morisco1 a k9d ( fusion ( ,fr5* & ,moori%1 9 _m places4 ,! tri=ium ( ! *oir is decid$ly ,moori% 9 its design1 al?\gh x is ,go?ic 9 all its details & has c>v+s ( heads & ( ! ord9>y dog-too? enri*m5t in/ead ( m]ely conv5tionaliz$ leaf & figure ornam5t4 ,x consi/s ( a trefoil arcade4 ,9 ! sp&rels betwe5 its ar*es are circles ) heads &1 above ^!1 triangul> op5+s pi]c$ ?r\gh ! wall4 ,! mold+s ( all ! op5+s int]p5etrate1 & ! :ole arcade has ! air ( intricate +5uity s usual 9 ,moori% "w4 ,aga91 9 ! tri=ium ( ! inn] aisle we f9d ,moori% influ5ce1--! cusp+ ( ! arcade is n enclos$ )9 an ar* b takes a di/9ct horse%oe outl9e1 ! l[e/ cusp ne> ! cap spread+ inw>d at ! base4 ,we see ,moori% tiles1 we f9d ,moori% cupolas z 9 ! ,moz>abic *apel1 & ,moori% doorways1 z ! exquisite "o lead+ into ! ,sala ,capitul>1--"h & !re & ev]y:]e1 we sudd5ly come ^u details betray+ ! ,arab intimacy4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! ,r5aissance also embelli%$ 9 _! new mann]1 n only 9 ! magnific5t c>v+s ( ! *oir b 9 a v>iety ( places1 = in/ance1 ! doors !mselves conta9$ )9 ! ,moori% molds lead+ to ! ,sala j m5tion$1 ! entire *apel ( ,/4 ,juan1 ! ,capilla de ,reyes ,nuevos1 portions ( ! ,pu]ta del ,b]ruguete1 & ! bronze doors ( ! ,gate ( ! ,lions4 ,aga91 on ! capitals & bases ( _m ( ! pi]s1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! c5tral nave1 ,byzant9e influ5ce may be se54 ,s ea* age1 accord+ to its be/ k51 dealt ) ! ,ca!dral4 ,9 among ! v>y+ /yles ( ar*itectural decoration1 ! si/] arts embelli% ! /one surfaces or are hung ^u !m4 ,!re are pa9t+s by ,titian1 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 & ,rub5s1 by ,el ,greco1 ,goya1 & ,rib]a2 ,italian & ,flemi% tape/ries1 & frescoes too4 ,probably ! great] portion ( ! ma9 walls 7 cov]$ ) !m1 = "h & !re traces are /ill to be se5 & a tree ( ,jesse rema9s 9 ! tympanum ( ! s\? transept1 & ne> x an enorm\s pa9t+ ( ,sa9t ,*ri/oph]4 ,:ile ! ,tresorio may h be5 ! treasure-h\se ( ! cl]gy1 ! *ur* itself 0 t ( ! p4 ,"h 0 _! art museum1 "h 7 _! gall]ies4 ,! decorations became ! prim]s f :i* !y le>nt _! lessons4 ,"h !y w\ld meet 9 ! aft]noon h\r z ! light fell aslant sapphire & ruby1 ?r\gh ! cl]e/ory op5+s4 ,x w\ld light up _! treasures ) /range1 une>?ly glory & =m aureoles & haloes ( ra9b[ spl5dor ov] ! heads ( _! belov$ sa9ts4 ,cool ame?y/ & em]ald & w>m] amb] & gold t\*$ ! d>ke/ corn]s1 & a gold & purple glory illum9at$ ! high alt>4 ,"s ( ! e>li] glass is z f9e z any to be f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,! dep? & int5sity ( ! colors are rem>kable4 ,probably none ( x 0 ,spani%1 b all 0 import$ f ,france1 ,belgium1 or ,g]many4 ,! glass 9 ! rose ( ! nor? transept & 9 ! ea/]n w9d[s ( ! transept cl]e/ory c hold its own beside t ( ! ca!drals ( ,p>is & ,ami5s4 ,! subject s*eme ( ! rose 9 ! nor? transept is truly noble4 ,! e>lie/ glass is t 9 ! nave 7a little lat] ?an #adjj71 & ?is is ,flemi%4 ,! w9d[s ( ! aisles are at lea/ a c5tury lat]4 ,_! composition is simple & broad1 ! color+ ri* & deep1 & ! int]ior dusk ( ! *ur* enhances ! value ( ! sunlight filt]+ ?r\gh ! glass4 ,bett] ?an to desc5d into ! imm5se crypt bel[ ! ,ca!dral1 ) its eighty-eight massive pi]s correspond+ to ^? above1 is x to /ray into ! brok5 sunlight ( ! gre5 & fragrant cloi/] arcade4 ,bi%op ,t5orio procur$ ! site = ! *ur* f ! ,jews1 :o "h1 "r "u ! walls ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 held _! m>ket4 ,a fresco adjo9+ ! gate expla9s by :at means4 ,x repres5ts on a ladd] a fi5di%-look+ ,jew :o has cut ! he>t out ( a beautiful1 crucifi$ *ild & is hold+ ! dripp+ dagg] 9 8 h&4 ,?is fresco /irr$ up ! fury ( ! ,*ri/ian populace to ! po9t (burn+ ! ,jewi% m>ket1 h\ses & %ops1 :i* !n 7 annex$ by ! ,bi%op4 ,! f9e1 two-/ory ,go?ic arcade ( ! cloi/]s encloses a sun-spla%$ g>d5 fill$ ) fragrant fl[]s4 ,ar\nd ! walls ( ! l[] arcade are a s]ies ( v m$iocre frescoes4 ,! ar*itecture itself is n ne>ly z int]e/+ z t ( ! cloi/]s ( ,salamanca4 ,x ought p>ticul>ly to be s 9 ?is portion ( ! *ur*1 = "h is ! v climate & place = ! c\rty>d life ( ! ,spani>d4 ,v ,s lies ! ,ca!dral1 crumbl+ 9 ! sunlight ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,beautiful1 b /range & irreconcilable to all t is ar\nd h]1 %e alone1 ! ,"m ,*ur*1 /&s un%ak51 lonely & melan*oly1 b gr& & solemn 9 ! mid/ ( ! paltry & tawdry happ5+s ( to-day4 ,%e has s]v$ giants1 & n[ sees b a race ( dw>fs2 pr9ces h pro/rat$ !mselves at h] alt>s1 :]e n[ only begg>s kneel4 ,h] walls :isp] lonel9ess1 des]tion1 wid[$ resignation4 ,,note4--,9 connection ) ! rem>ks on page #afj1 a ,ca?olic fri5d has po9t$ out h[ r>ely1 :5 ,pet] has be5 robb$1 o/5sibly to pay ,paul1 ,paul 7o!rwise ! ,poor7 has d]iv$ any b5efit f x4 ,x is will+ly conc$$ t ,h5ry ,,viii be/[$ mu* ( ! weal? d]iv$ f ! dissolution ( ! religi\s h\ses on 8 own favorites1 & rec5t disclosures 9 ,france %[ z sc&al\s a div]sion ( "s ( ! funds simil>ly obta9$4 ,,vi ,,segovia ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,segovia ,:]e ?r\gh ! long-drawn aisle & frett$ vault1 ,! peal+ an!m swells ! note ( praise4 ,gray4 ,once ^u a "t1 long1 long ago1 9 ! days ( ! ,ib]ians1 !re 0 a city & its "n 0 ,segovia4 ,x is n[ s old t all ( x1 ) ! exception ( ! great heap ( masonry :i* cr[ns its summit1 has practically crumbl$ into a m\nta9 ( ru9s4 ,! pile /ill /&s1 dom9at+ ! pla9 & fac+ ! sett+ sun1 triumphant ov] "t & decay1--! ,ca!dral ( ,sa9t ,m>y & ,sa9t ,froila4 ,?\gh ,m>y 0 ! holi] ( ! two patrons1 ow+ to ^: protection ! *ur* /&s to-day s well pres]v$1 /ill ,froila 0 9 c]ta9 respects no less rem>kable4 ,! ,segovians ( 8 day saw him split op5 a rock ) 8 jackknife & prove to ! ,moslems !n rul+ 8 city1 beyond all d\bt1 ! validity ( 8 ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,b long be=e sa9ts & ca!drals1 ! ,romans1 recogniz+ ! t5aci\s & comm&+ position z a milit>y /ronghold ( ! rock ( ,segovia1 :i* rises precipit\sly f ! two valleys wat]$ by ! ,erasma & ,clamores1 pit*$ _! camp ^u its cre/1 r5am+ x ,segobriga4 ,! city 0 =tifi$1 & "u ,trajan ! truly magnific5t aqu$uct 0 built1 ei!r by ! ,romans or ! devil1 to supply ! city ) ! wat]s ( ! ,fonfria m\nta9s4 ,a beautiful ,segovian _h at ?is e>ly "t gr[n we>y ( c>ry+ h] jugs up ! /eep hills f ! wat]s bel[ & promis$ ! devil %e w\ld m>ry him1 if he only w\ld 9 a night's "t once & = all br+ into ! city ! fre% wat]s ( ! ea/]n m\nta9s4 ,%e 0 wor? ! labor1 & ! suitor accept$ ! contract4 ,=tunately ! ,*ur* f\nd ! arcade incomplete1 ! devil hav+ =gott5 a s+le /one1 & ! maid 0 honorably releas$ f h] "p ( a b>ga91 ! execution ( :i* _h pr(it$ h] city s greatly4 ,segovia /ill c>ries on h] %ield ?is ,pu5te del diabolo1 ) ! head ( a ,roman pe]+ above x4 ,! /rong position ( ! city made x an envi$ possession to :atev] conqu]or held ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,x lay on ! bord]l&1 con/antly disput$ ) v>y+ =tune by ,*ri/ian & ,moslem4 ,"u ! dom9ion ( ! e>ly ,ca/ilian k+s1 & ev5 "u ! triumphant ,moors1 ! y\?ful *ur* prosp]$ & grew1 = 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _! ,*ri/ian subjects1 ! ,mohamm$ans "h1 z else:]e1 %[$ !mselves temp]ate & full ( common s5se4 ,! invad]s _h1 inde$1 ev]y:]e be5 welcom$ by ! num]\s ,jews settl$ 9 ,spani% cities1 :o "u ! new rul]s ex*ang$ p]secution = civil & religi\s lib]ty4 ,prompt surr5d] & ! paym5t ( a small annual tax 7 ! only conditions made1 to confirm ! conqu]$1 ( :atev] race or religion1 9 ! possession ( all _! worldly goods1 p]fect fre$om ( wor%ip & cont9u$ gov]nm5t by _! own laws "u _! own judges4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ,segovia 0 includ$ 9 ! great ,amirate ( ,tol$o1 b ! ,ca/ilian k+s grew /rong]1 till 9 #ajhe !y 7 able to recapture ,tol$o4 ,! s+ul>ly picturesque cont\rs ( ! city are due to ! v>i\s races :i* =tifi$ h]4 ,ib]ians 7 probably ! fir/ to /r5g!n _! hill f outside attack1--! ,romans foll[$1 build+ ^u ! f\ndations ( ! old walls1 & ,*ri/ian & ,moslem complet$ ! "w1 until ! little city 0 compactly girdl$ by /rong masonry1 brok5 by "s ?ree to f\r score fight+ t[]s & b few gates ( entrance4 ,alfonso ! ,wise 0 "o ( ! great ,segovian rul]s & build]s4 ,he /r5g!n$ h] ba/ions1 add$ a good deal to ! walls ( h] illu/ri\s =tress1 & 9 #aajh gave ! city h] fir/ *>t]4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,segovia 0 elevat$ to a bi%opric4 ,long be=e ! e>lie/ ca!dral *ur*1 ! ,alcaz> 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s feature 9 ! l&scape1 & x /ill holds ! second place4 ,erect$ on ! /eep rocks at ! extreme ea/]n end ( ! almond-%ap$ hill1 x /&s l a *iefta9 at ! head ( 8 w>riors1 always ready = battle1 & fir/ to meet any onslaught4 ,sev]al ,alfonsos1 z well z ,san*os1 labor$ ^u x dur+ ! p]il\s twelf? c5tury4 ,"h ! k+s took up _! abode 9 ! happy days :5 ,segovia 0 capital ( ! k+dom1 & ev5 9 lat] times x %elt]$ su* illu/ri\s travel]s z ! un=tunate ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,engl&1 & ,gil ,blas1 :5 out ( suits ) =tune4 ,! fir/ ,ca!dral 0 erect$ on ! broad plat=m ea/ ( ! ,alcaz>1 directly "u ! %ad[ ( its protect+ walls4 ,! ev]-reappe>+ ,c\nt ,raymond ( ,burgundy 0 commission$ by 8 fa!r-9-law1 ! ,k+1 to repopulate ,segovia aft] ! ,moori% deva/ations1 & he rebuilt its walls1 z he 0 do+ = ! recaptur$ cities ( ,salamanca & ,avila4 ,! battlem5ts 7 repair$1 & nor!rn]s f _m prov9ces occupi$ ! h\ses t _h be5 des]t$4 ,to judge f ! ru9s z well z f well-pres]v$ edifices1 ,romanesque days mu/ h be5 full ( great ar*itectural activity4 ,"o is con/antly rem9d$ ( ,tol$o 9 climb+ up & d[n ! n>r[ /reets1 :]e "o mu/ (t5 turn aside or f9d progress b>r$ by ,romanesque & ,go?ic c\rty>ds or smelly culs-de-sac4 ,ev]y:]e are ,romanesque portals & ar*es1 palaces & ! apses & circul> *apels ( ! age1 bulg+ beyond ! sidewalks into ! cobble/ones ( ! /reet4 ,!y seem inde$ v5]able4 ,"s ( ! old palaces pres5t a curi\s all-ov] design execut$ 9 ,moori% mann] & ) ,moori% feel+4 ,x is c>v$ into ! sidewalk1 %[+ 9 relief a geometrical1 circul> patt]n1 ea* circle fill$ ) a quantity ( small ,go?ic lancets1 surely difficult bo? to design & to execute4 ,"s ( ! old p>i% *ur*es /& ) _! deep splays1 r\nd-head$ ar*es & w9d[s & broad1 recess$ portals almo/ z p]fectly pres]v$ z a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! ,romanesque /yle di$ late & h>d4 ,ev5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! city c\ld boa/ ?irty su* p>i% *ur*es4 ,to-day !y seem fairly pray]-worn4 ,beyond _! t[]s /ret* ! pla9s 9 e direction1 seam$ by /one walls & dott$ ) gray rocks4 ,olive & popl> groves clu/] r\nd ! small hillocks1 ris+ "h & !re l camels' backs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,( ,,plan ,,( ,,segovia ,,ca!dral ,a4 ,capilla ,mayor4 ,b4 ,*oir4 ,c4 ,cross+4 ,d4 ,sacri/y4 ,e4 ,cloi/]s4 ,f4 ,t[]4 ,z long z ! welf>e & developm5t ( ! city dep5d$ on /rong natural =tifications1 ,segovia rema9$ intact4 ,to ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies belongs h] glory4 ,h] p[] pass$ ) ! middle ages & _! *ivalry1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury %e 0 a dead city4 ,villages1 conv5ts & *ur*es lie scatt]$ ov] ! pla91 ! h\ses cr[d$ toge!r = protection aga9/ ! blaz+1 scor*+1 pitiless sun4 ,/&+ by itself is ! anci5t & sev]e *ur*1 :]e _m a knight-templ> kept 8 la/ vigil be=e turn+ 8 back on ! pla9s ( ,ca/ile1 & ap>t sleeps ! mona/]y :]e ,torquemada 0 once prior4 ,!y all crumble gold5 br[n aga9/ ! horizon4 ,_m a bloody fray or revolution upset ! city dur+ ! middle ages4 ,! m9ority ( ,alfonso ,,xi witness$ "o ( ! wor/4 ,! revolt :i* broke out 9 s _m ( ! ,spani% cities aga9/ ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 prov$ mo/ fatal to ! ,ca!dral ( ,segovia4 ,! fir/ ,romanesque ,ca!dral _h be5 built 9 honor ( ,/4 ,m>y1 "u ! walls ( ! ,alcaz>1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x 0 consecrat$ 9 #abbh by ! papal legate1 ,juan1 ,bi%op ( ,sab9a4 ,"s two hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 a new & magnific5t ,go?ic cloi/] 0 add$ to x by ,bi%op ,juan ,arias ,davila1 & likewise a new episcopal palace m fitt+ times ( great] luxury & magnific5ce4 ,?is palace1 despite ! com+ translation ( ! ,ca!dral itself1 rema9$ ! abode ( ! bi%ops = ! ?ree foll[+ c5turies4 ,9 ! new cloi/]s a banquet ( reconciliation 0 celebrat$ 9 #adgd by ,h5ry ,,iv & ! ,ca?olic ,k+s4 ,x 0 held on ! v spot :5ce ,isabella _h />t$ 9 /ate on a j\rney prov+ s ev5tful 9 ! hi/ory n only ( ,ca/ile b ( ! entire ,p59sula & c\ntries beyond4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! furi\s /ruggle :i* took place ar\nd ! entrance ( ! ,alcaz>1 ,*>les ,v issu$ ! foll[+ proclamation3-- ,! ,k+3 ,to ! ,ald]m51 ,ju/ices1 ,c\ncillors1 ,knights1 ,m5-at-arms1 ,(ficials1 & good ,burgh]s ( ! city ( ,segovia4 ,! rev]5d ,fa!r 9 ,*ri/1 ,bi%op ( ! *ur* ( ?is city1 has told me h[ he & ! ,*apt] ( 8 *ur* believe t x w\ld be well to move ! ,ca!dral *ur* to ! plaza ( ! city on ! site ( ,santa ,cl>a1 & t ! p>i% ( ,san ,miguel ( ! plaza %\ld be incorporat$ 9 ! ,ca!dral *ur*2 & ?is1 because :5 ! said ,ca!dral *ur* is plac$ 9 a situation :]e ! div9e s]vices may be m advantage\sly held1 our ,savi\r w be bett] s]v$ & ! p w receive mu* b5efit & ! city become mu* ennobl$2 x appe>s to me good t ?is plan %\ld be c>ri$ out1 desir+ ! good & ennoblem5t & welf>e ( ! said city because ( ! loyalty & s]vices ,i h always f\nd 9 x1 !re=e ,i comm& & reque/ t y unite ) ! said ,bi%op or 8 repres5tative & ! ,*apt] ( said *ur* & all talk freely toge!r ab\t ?is & see :at w be be/ = ! good ( ! said city1 & at ! same "t consid] ! assi/ance t ! said city c\ld itself r5d]1 & aft] discussion1 =w>d me ! results ( y\r comb9$ judgm5t1 9 ord] t ,i bett] may see & decide :at w be = ! be/ s]vice ( ,our ,"l1 ,ourselves1 & ! welf>e ( ! city4 ,dat$ 9 ,madrid1 ! #b;d day ( ,octob]1 9 ! ye> #aeaj4--;,i1 ! ,k+4 ,:ile ! discussion ( ! feasibility & exp5se ( comm5c+ an entirely new ca!dral ^u a new site ne>] ! he>t ( ! city 0 at its height1 ! revolt ( ! ,comunidades broke out1 9 #aebj1 & swept away 9 its burn+ & pillag+ c\rse ! ,romanesque edifice4 ,?is /ood at ! entrance to ! =tress1 :]e ! fight naturally rag$ hotte/4 ,only a v few ( ! mo/ sacr$ images1 relics & bones 7 c>ri$ to safety )9 ! walls ( ! ,alcaz> be=e ! old pile _h be5 practically de/roy$4 ,segovia 0 )\t a ,ca!dral *ur*4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! city1 on ! v cre/ ( ! hill1 lay ! only cle>+ )9 ! walls4 ,"h at "o end ( ! plaza 0 ! site ( ! conv5t m5tion$ by ,emp]or ,*>les1 :i* _h long %elt]$ ! nuns ( ,santa ,cl>a4 ,!y _h ab&on$ x = o!r qu>t]s1 & ! adjac5t conv5t ( ,san ,miguel _h become unpopul> & 0 dw9dl+ into insignificance4 ,bo? c\ld ?us 9 ?is mo/ free & comm&+ location give way to a new & l>g] ca!dral1 di/ant f :at w\ld always prove ! rally+ po9t ( civic /rife4 ,foll[+ ! mighty wave ( revolt :i* _h swept ! city1 came a great rec$+ wave ( religi\s en?usiasm to atone 9 holy f]vor = ! impi\s act rec5tly committ$4 ,citiz5 & noble alike propos$ to build an edifice :i* w\ld be mu* m to ! glory ( ,sa9t ,m>y ?an ! %r9e :i* !y _h s rec5tly pull$ d[n4 ,lords gave :ole villages2 wom51 _! jewels2 & ! citiz5s1 ! sweat ( _! br[s4 ,we f9d 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,ca!dral ! foll[+ entry by ! ,canon ,juan ,ridriguezb3 ,on ,june #h?1 #aebb1 444 by ! cons5t & resolution ( ! ,"l ,bi%op ,d4 ,diego de ,rov]a & ( ! ,dean & ,*apt] ( ! said *ur*1 x 0 agre$ to comm5ce ! new "w ( ! said *ur* to ! glory ( ,god & 9 honor ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! glori\s ,san ,frutos & all sa9ts1 tak+ = ma/] ( ! said "w ,juan ,gil de ,hontaon1 & = 8 cl]k ( ! works ,g>cia de ,cubillas4 ,?ursday1 ! #h? ( ,june1 #aeeb1 ! ,bi%op ord]$ a g5]al procession ) ! ,dean & ,*apt]1 cl]gy & all ! religi\s ord]s4 ,! corn] /one 0 laid & ! masonry />t$ at ! we/]n end "u ! mo/ r5[n$ ar*itect ( ! age4 ,juan ,gil _h already work$ on ! old ,segovian ,ca!dral1 b _h a*iev$ 8 great fame on ! new ,ca!dral ( ,salamanca1 />t$ t5 ye>s previ\sly1 ^: walls 7 ris+ ) a/\nd+ rapidity4 ,8 cl]k 0 almo/ equally skill$1 always work+ 9 p]fect h>mony ) 8 ma/] & c>ry+ out 8 designs )\t jeal\sy dur+ ! mae/ro's _m illnesses & j\rneys to & f ,salamanca4 ,g>cia liv$ to "w on ! *ur* until #aefb1 & ! old ar*ives /ill hold _m draw+s f 8 skillful h&4 ,! two late ,go?ic ,ca!drals are s simil> 9 _m po9ts t !y are imm$iately recognizable z ! conception ( ! same bra94 ,segovia is1 h[ev]1 inf9itely sup]ior1 n only 9 ! magnific5t developm5t ( ! ea/]n end ) its semicircul> apse1 ambulatory1 & radiat+ apsidal *apels1 z comp>$ ) ! squ>e t]m9ation ( ,salamanca1 b1 ?r\gh\t1 9 ! re/ra9$ quality ( its detail & ! ref9em5t ( its ornam5tation4 ,h[ f> ! abrupt & un9t]e/+ apsidal t]m9ation ( ,salamanca 0 ,juan ,gil's fault1 x is difficult to say1 = we f9d records ( its hav+ be5 impos$ ^u him by ! ,*apt] z well z ( 8 hav+ drawn a circul> apse4 ,=tunately1 ! ,segovian *ur*m5 _h ! common s5se to leave _! ar*itect alone 9 mo/ arti/ic matt]s & all[ him to make ! head ( ! *ur* ei!r octagonal1 hexagonal1 or ( squ>e =m4 ,:]e ,salamanca has be5 co>s5$ by ! new /yle1 ,segovia seems inspir$ by its fidelity to ! old4 ,! simil>ity ( ! two *ur*es is visible ?r\gh\t4 ,! g5]al int]ior arrangem5ts are mu* alike4 ,! /one ( ! two int]iors is ( ne>ly ! same color1 & ! =mation & details ( ! great pi]s are /rik+ly simil>4 ,!re is ! same ?91 re$-l desc5t ( %afts f upp] ribs1 ! same1 almo/ inconspicu\s1 small leaves = caps1 &1 9 bo?1 ! bases t]m9ate at diff]5t heights above ! huge common drum1 :i* is "s ?ree feet high4 ,ext]nally1 !re are analog\s buttresses1 cre/+s1 p9nacles & p>apets1 & a concealm5t ( ro( /ructure1 b !re is none ( ! vanity ( ,salamanca 9 ! si/] *ur* ( ,segovia4 ,! la/ great ,go?ic *ur* ( ,spa91 ?\gh defici5t 9 _m ways1 0 n lack+ 9 unity nor s9c]ity4 ,! flame w5t out 9 a magnific5t blaze4 ,su* fai?fulness & love z possess$ ,juan ,gil = 8 old ,go?ic ma/]s seems well-nigh incr$ible4 ,he design$1 & dur+ 8 activity !re ( n9e ye>s1 rais$ ! great] portions ( ,segovia 9 an age :5 ,go?ic build+ 0 practically ext9ct1 :5 ,brunelles*i 0 build+ ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 & ! classic revival 0 9 full m>*4 ,segovia & ,spani>ds 7 z t>dy 9 =swe>+ _! ,go?ic allegiance z !y _h be5 _! ,romanesque4 ,n until ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury does ! reborn classicism victori\sly cross ! ,pyr5ees1 & !n only 9 m9or dome/ic build+s4 ,! la/ manife/ations ( ,go?ic *ur*-build+ 9 ,spa9 7 nei!r weak nor decad5t1 b virile1 impressive & logical4 ,segovia ,ca!dral may be said to be ! la/ great monum5t 9 ,spa91 n only ( ,go?ic1 b ( ecclesia/ical art4 ,!reaft] came ! deluge ( decad5ce or petrification4 ,:at mu/ n ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 z well z ! religi\s en?usiasm ( ! populace1 h be5 dur+ ?is extraord9>y sixte5? c5tury6 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t ?is t9y city1 9 a weak little k+dom1 & s few miles f ,salamanca1 _h ! _s = an und]tak+ ( ! size ( ?is ,ca!dral *ur*1 s soon aft] ,salamanca _h ent]$ on h] ar*itectural ent]prise4 ,ei!r ( ! two seems beyond ! unit$ p[] ( ! k+dom4 ,ev5 m rem>kable ?an ! />t+ ( ,segovia 9 ! ,go?ic /yle at s late a date1 0 ! fact t ! ar*itects succe$+ ,juan ,gil1 :o 7 naturally tempt$ to embody _! own ideas & to employ ! new /yle !n 9 vogue1 %\ld nev]!less h fai?fully adh]$ to ! orig9al conception & complet$ 9 ,go?ic /yle all con/ructive & ornam5tal details ev]y:]e except 9 ! f9al clos+ ( ! dome & a few m9or ext]ior features4 ,naturally ! ,go?ic ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 n t ( ! ?irte5?1--n t ( ,leon or ,tol$o1 nor ev5 ( ,burgos1--x _h be5 modifi$ & lo/ 9 _s1 b /ill its orig9 0 und5iable4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,segovia4 ,f ! ,plaza4 ,9 #aebe ,segovia 0 fairly />t$4 ,h\se aft] h\se t imp$$ ! progress ( ! "w 0 de/roy$1 until up to a hundr$ ( !m _h be5 raz$4 ,santa ,cl>a 0 kept = ! s]vices until ! v la/ mom5t1 :5 a suffici5t portion ( ! new build+ 0 ready = _! prop] celebration4 ,x 0 unusual to />t ) ! we/]n end1 ! apse & its surr\nd+ ar*es be+ ! portion necess>y = s]vices4 ,9 ,segovia1 h[ev]1 z well z 9 ! new ,salamancan ,ca!dral1 ! great we/]n front 0 ! e>lie/ to rise4 ,gil did n live to f9i% x1 b x is evid5t t1 z long z he direct$1 ! "w drew ! att5tion ( ! entire arti/ic frat]nity ( ! ,p59sula4 ,we f9d con/ant m5tion 9 old docum5ts ( ! visits & ! praise ( illu/ri\s ar*itects1 among !m ,alfonso de ,cov>rubias1 ,juan de ,alava1 ,enrique de ,egas1 & ,felipe de ,borgoa4 ,gil's cl]k-(-!-works1 ,cubillas1 succe$$ him z mae/ro1 & "u him ! we/]n front ) its t[]1 ! cloi/]s1 & ! nave & aisles z f> z ! cross+1 7 virtually complet$ by #aeeh4 ,aside f ! manual labor1 x _h tak5 m ?an =ty-eight collections ( m>av$is to br+ x to ?is po9t4 ,! magnific5t old cloi/]s erect$ by ,bi%op ,davila beside ! old ,ca!dral 9 #adgj1 _h be5 sp>$ ! fury ( ! mob1 & 9 #aebd !y 7 mov$ /one by /one to ! s\!rn flank ( ! new ,ca!dral4 ,?is w\ld h be5 a rem>kable feat ( masonry 9 our age1 &1 = ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 a/oni%+4 ,n a /one 0 *ipp$ nor a piece ( c>v+ brok54 ,juan de ,comp]o took ! :ole fabric ap>t & put x toge!r aga91 z a *ild does a box ( wood5 blocks4 ,! #ae? ( ,augu/1 #aeeh1 :5 ! fir/ s]vices 7 held 9 ! ,ca!dral1 0 ! greate/ day 9 ,segovia's hi/ory4 ,quadrado1 probably quot+ f old acc\nts1 tells u1 ,! div9e s]vices 7 !n held 9 ! new ,temple4 ,p came to ! fe/ival f all ov] ,spa91 & music1 f all ,ca/ile4 ,at twilight on ,augu/ #ad?1 #aeeh1 ! t[] 0 illum9at$ ) fire-works1 ! great aqu$uct1 ) two ?\s& color$ lights1 & ! reflection ( ! city's lights al>m$ ! c\ntry-side = =ty leagues r\nd4 ,! foll[+ day1 ! ,assumption ( ,our ,lady1 !re 0 an a/oni%+ procession1 9 :i* all ! p>i%es took "p & ! community (f]$ prizes = ! be/ display4 ,! procession w5t out by ! gate ( ,sa9t ,juan1 &1 aft] go+ all ar\nd ! city1 return$ to ! plaza1 :]e ! sacram5t 0 be+ borne out ( ,santa ,cl>a4 ,!re 0 a bull-fight1 pole-climb+1 a poetical competition & com$ies4 ,! g5]osity ( ! donations correspond$ to ! pomp ( ! occasion4 ,t5 days aft]w>ds ! bones 7 tak5 f ! old *ur* & re9t]r$ 9 ! new "o1 among :i* 7 ^? ( ! ,infante ,don ,p$ro1 ,m>ia del ,salto1 & diff]5t prelates4 ,! bones ( ! two =m] 7 laid to re/ "u ! ar*es ( ! cloi/]4 ,don ,p$ro 0 a little son ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,ii :o _h be5 play+ on "o ( ! iron balconies 9 front ( ! ,alcaz> w9d[s1 &1 :ile 8 nurse's back 0 turn$1 pit*$ headlong ov] ! precipice into et]nity & ! popl> trees ?ree hundr$ feet bel[4 ,! nurse1 :o knew full well x w\ld be a "q ( only a few h\rs be=e %e foll[$ h] pr9cely *>ge1 anticipat$ h] fate & jump$ aft] him4 ,m>ia del ,salto 7( ! leap7 0 a beautiful ,jewess :o1 hav+ be5 tak5 9 s91 0 =c$ to jump f ano!r ( ,segovia's /eep promontories4 ,be?9k+ h]self ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y z a la/ res\rce1 %e invok$ h] assi/ance :ile 9 mid-air1 & ! bless$ sa9t imm$iately respond$1 caus+ ! ,jewess to alight g5tly & unh>m$4 ,x 0 naturally a great pi\s satisfaction to ! ,segovians to c>ry to ! new edifice su* *]i%$ bones4 ,) s]vices 9 ! *ur*1 ! build+ 0 well "u way4 ,juan ,gil's son1 ,rodrigo ,gil1 _h work$ on ,salamanca z well z v ably assi/$ ,cubillas4 ,^u ! latt]'s dea?1 9 #aefj1 ,rodrigo became mae/ro mayor4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 :5 ! corn] /one ( ! apse 0 laid1 ! ,*apt] seems to h s]i\sly discuss$ ! advisability ( f9ally deviat+ f ! orig9al ,go?ic plans & build+ a ,r5aissance head4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 left to ,rodrigo1 :o loyally adh]$ to 8 fa!r's orig9al designs1 & :5 he di$ 9 #aegg1 !re 0 =tunately b little left to d4 ,inde$1 mo/ ( :at foll[$ 9 con/ruction1 repair or decoration 0 r to ! detrim5t ?an embelli%m5t ( ! *ur*4 ,x 0 consecrat$ 9 #aehj4 ,*apels 7 add$ to ! trasalt> by ,rodrigo's successor1 ,m>t9 ,ruiz de ,*>tudi2 ! lant]n above ! cross+ 0 rais$ by ,juan de ,mogagur5 9 #afae2 five ye>s lat]1 ! nor!rn por* 0 erect$ & ,r5aissance features invad$ ! edifice4 ,l mo/ ,spani% *ur*es1 x has be5 con/antly work$ ^u & nev] complet$4 ,! plan is admirable1--at once dignifi$ & h>moni\s1 & ! semicircul> ,romanesque t]m9ation is /rik+4 ,! total l5g? is "s #cdj feet1 its entire wid?1 "s #aef2 ! nave is #dc & ! side aisles are #cb feet wide4 ,x is ?us logical1 symmetrical1 & fully develop$ 9 all its memb]s4 ,beyond ! side aisles /ret*es a r[ ( *apels sep>at$ f ea* o!r by transv]se walls4 ,z ! transepts1 :i* are ( ! same wid? z ! nave1 d n project beyond ! *apels ( its out] aisles1 ! ,lat9 cross disappe>s 9 plan4 ,! nave1 aisles & *apels consi/ ( five bays up to ! cross+ cr[n$ by ! great dome4 ,beyond ?is comes ! vault ( ! ,capilla ,mayor & ! semicircul> apse surr\nd$ by a sev5-bay$ ambulatory1 or girola1 & an equal numb] ( radiat+ p5tagonal *apels4 ,! *evet is cle> 9 arrangem5t & noble 9 expression4 ,entrances lead logically into ! nave & side aisles ( ! we/]n front & into ! c5tres ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn transepts1 :ile cloi/]s :i* abut to ! s\? are ent]$ ?r\gh ! fif? *apel4 ,:5 ,segovia 0 built1 ,spani>ds 7 ?or\ghly reconcil$ to ! idea ( plac+ ! *oir we/ ( ! cross+ & ! ,capilla ,mayor ea/1 & consequ5tly ! latt] 0 design$ no l>g] ?an 0 requisite = its (fices1 & a space 0 frankly scre5$ (f betwe5 x & ! *oir = ! use ( ! (ficiat+ cl]gy4 ,! ?ird & f\r? bays ( ! nave conta9$ ! *oir4 ,z "o ent]s ! *ur*1 !re is a consci\sness ( joy & ord]4 ,! /one surfaces are j suffici5tly w>m$ & mell[$ by ! glori\s light f above4 ,! pi]s are v massive & semicircul> 9 plan2 ! foliage at _! heads und]nea? ! vault+ is s delicate & unpron\nc$ t x sc>cely c\nts z capitals4 ,! walls ( ! *apels 9 ! out] aisles1 z well z r\nd ! ambulatory1 are p5etrat$ by n>r[1 r\nd-head$ w9d[s1 z timid & att5uat$ z ^? ( an e>ly ,romanesque edifice2 ! walls ( ! inn] aisle1 by triple1 lancet w9d[s2 & ! cl]e/ory ( ! nave1 by triple1 r\nd-head$ ones4 ,"u !m1 9 ! apse1 is a second r[ ( r\nd-head$ bl9d w9d[s4 ,none ( !m h any trac]y :atev]4 ,! glass is ( great brilliancy ( color+ & exceptional beauty1 b ! designs are z poor z ! glaz+ is glori\s4 ,9 ! small] w9d[s1 ! subjects repres5t ev5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 9 ! l>g]1 sc5es f ! ,new4 ,ar\nd ! apse mu* ( ! old1 /a9$ glass has be5 %amefully replac$ by :ite1 s z to admit m light into ?is portion ( ! build+4 ,!re is no tri=ium1 b a f9ely c>v$ late ,go?ic balcony runs ar\nd ! nave & transepts bel[ ! cl]e/ory4 ,9 ! transepts1 ?is is surm\nt$ by a second "o und]nea? ! small roses :i* p5etrate _! upp] wall surfaces4 ,bo? nave & side aisles are l(ty1 ! vault+ ris+ 9 ! =m] to a height ( ab\t #ajj feet &1 9 ! latt]1 to #hj feet1 :ile ! cupola so>s #ccj feet above4 ,! vault+ itself is mo/ elaborate & develop$4 ,:ile ! e>ly ,go?ic edifices h only ! requisite functional transv]se1 diagonal & wall ribs1 we n[ f9d e vault cov]$ ) int]m$iate ones ( mo/ intricate designs4 ,especially ov] ! ,capilla ,mayor 9 its ambulatory *apels & ar\nd ! lant]n1 ?is ornam5tation becomes pr(use1--ev]y:]e ribs are met by bosses & roses4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! endless cutt+ up ( ! vaults into numb]less comp>tm5ts by ! complicat$ sy/em ( li]ne ribs is "o ( re/lessness4 ,"o misses ! logical simplicity ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies & is rem9d$ ( ! decad5t surfac+ ( late ,g]man "w & ! ogee1 li]ne ribs ( "s ( ! late ,engli%1 9 :i* ! true ridges c no long] be di/+ui%$ f ! false4 ,look+ up into ! dome ov] ! cross+1 we see t ! p5d5tives d n rise directly above ! f\r ar*es1 b spr+ "s fifte5 feet high] up above a ,go?ic balu/rade :i* is surm\nt$ by elliptical ar*es pi]c$ by circul> w9d[s4 ,! dome1 disemb>rass$ ( ! ribs :i* /ill cl+ to "s ( its pr$ecessors1 is f9ely %ap$1--a ?or\gh ,r5aissance piece ( "w4 ,light /reams d[n ?r\gh ! bull's eye "u ! lant]n4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! design z well z workman%ip (! _m rejas4 ,trem5d\s iron rails1 surely n z f9e z ^? ( ,seville1 ,granada1 or ,tol$o1 b /ill v rem>kable1 close ! ?ree sides ( ! ,capilla ,mayor & ! front ( ! *oir4 ,! emblematical lilies ( ! ,ca!dral rise 9 r[s "o beside ! o!r1 z "o sees !m 9 a flori/'s ,ea/] w9d[s4 ,rejas close (f simil>ly all ! out] *apels f ! side aisles4 ,among ! v few portions ( ! old ,ca!dral :i* rema9$ intact aft] ! fury ( ! ,comunidades1 7 ! *oir /alls & an exquisite door4 ,! =m] 7 plac$ 9 ! new *oir & ! latt] became an entrance to ! transplant$ cloi/]s4 ,x 0 inde$ =tunate t ^! /alls 7 sp>$1 = !y are among ! mo/ exquisite 9 ,spa9 & excell$ by few 9 ei!r ,france or ,g]many4 ,wood-c>v+ _h long be5 a favorite art 9 ,spa91 "o 9 :i* ! ,spani>ds le>n$ to excel "u ! skillful tutelage ( ! great ma/]s f ,g]many & ,fl&]s4 ,! =eign c>v]s settl$ pr9cipally 9 ,burgos1 :]e !re grew up ar\nd !m appr5tices eag] to fill ! *ur*es ) /atues1 retablos1 *oir /alls1 & organ scre5s execut$ 9 wood4 ,! art ( c>v+ became highly honor$4 ,an e>ly ord9ance ( ,seville ref]r+ to wood-c>v+1 masonry & build+1 e/eems x a noble art & self-conta9$1 t increase? ! nobl5ess ( ! ,k+ & ( 8 k+dom1 t pacifie? ! p & spreade? love among mank9d conduc+ to mu* good4 ,9 ! num]\s panels ( ca!dral *oir /alls1 !re 0 a wond]ful opportunity = relief "w & ! play ( ! f]tile imag9ation & *ildlike expressiv5ess ( ! middle ages4 ,curi\s freaks ( fancy1 _! extraord9>y conceptions ( ,biblical sc5es1 ! ev5ts & p]sonages ( _! own day1 c\ld all be portray$ & ev5 c>v$ ) wond]ful skill4 ,leon>d ,williams1 9 8 ,art & ,crafts ( ,old] ,spa91 tells u t ! sill]ia consi/s ( two ti]s1 ! sellia or upp] seats ) high backs & a canopy1 int5d$ = ! canons1 & ! l[] seats or sub-sellia ( simpl] patt]n ) l[] backs1 int5d$ = ! b5eficados4 ,at ! head ( all is plac$ ! ?rone1 l>g] ?an ! o!r /alls1 & cov]$ 9 _m cases by a canopy surm\nt$ by a tall spire4 ,few ( ! _m ,go?ic /alls are f9] ?an ^? ( ,segovia4 ,! contra/ ) ! "w above !m1 z well z ) t :i* backs onto !m1 is d\bly di/ress+4 ,! trem5d\s organs above are a mass ( gild+ & re/less ,b>oque ornam5tation1 :ile _! re> is cov]$ by multicolor$ /rips ( /one :i* w\ld h look$ vulg> & gaudy ar\nd a ,pun* & ,judy %[ & "h enframe ! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,! *apels & high alt> are un9t]e/+1 decorat$ 9 lat] days 9 (f5sive ta/e4 ,ap>t f ^! furni%+s1 :i* play b a small "p1 x is r>e & satisfy+ to survey an int]ior 9 :i* !re has be5 s mu* decorative re/ra9t1 9 :i* ! con/ructive & ar*itectural l9es dom9ate ! m]ely ornam5tal ones1 & :]e h>mony1 sev]ity & excell5t proportions g h& 9 h&4 ,7 x n = ! cupola & a few m9or details1 !re w\ld be add$ to ^! m]its1 unity ( /yle4 ,! cloi/]s are ri* & flamboyant1 b nev]!less m re/ra9$ ?an ^? ( ,salamanca4 ,!y are elaborately subdivid$1 c>v$ & fe/oon$1 &1 9 ! bosses ( ! ar*es1 !y c>ry ! arms ( _! orig9al build]1 ,bi%op ,arias ,davila4 ,j inside _! entrance lie ?ree ( ! old ar*itects1 ,rodrigo ,gil de ,hontaon1 ,campo ,agu]o1 & ,viad]o4 ,! old well 9 ! c5tre is cov]$ ) a grapev9e1 & no?+ c\ld be loveli] ?an ! deep em]ald leaves dott$ ) purple fruit gr[+ ov] ! :ite & yell[ /onework4 ,few ,spani% ca!drals c be se5 to su* advantage z ,segovia1 its situation is s unusual & =tunate4 ,9 m$ival t[ns closely pack$ )9 _! city walls1 !re c\ld be b little room or brea?+ space ei!r = palace or hovel1 & ! build+s adjac5t to a ca!dral g5]ally ne/l$ close to its sides4 ,! plaza ( ,segovia is unusually l>ge comp>$ to ! area ( ! little city4 ,! cle>+ away ( ,santa ,cl>a & ,san ,miguel & all ! small] surr\nd+ edifices condemn$ = ! ,ca!dral site1 left mu* room also 9 front ( ! we/]n entrance = a f9e broad plat=m z well z an unob/ruct$ view f ! opposite side ( ! squ>e4 ,mo/ ( ! flights ( granite /eps lead+ to x f ! /reets bel[ are n[ clos$ by iron gates & ov]gr[n ) grass & we$s4 ,! days ( ! great processions are pa/1 :5 ! v>i\s trades1 l$ by _! b&s ( musicians1 fil$ up to deliv] _! (f]+s t[>ds ! con/ruction1 & ! /aircases are no long] ?rong$ by dev\t ,segovian citiz5s anxi\s to see ! daily progress ( ! "w4 ,! plat=m is pav$ ) innum]able granite slabs :i* 9 ! old ,ca!dral cov]$ ! tombs ( ! city's illu/ri\s citiz5s1 ^: names may /ill be easily deciph]$4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! faade is bald & void ( *>m4 ,x is nei!r good nor especially faulty1 ( a c]ta9 /r5g?1 b )\t int]e/ or m]it4 ,x is logically subdivid$ by five pron\nc$ buttresses m>k+ ! nave1 side aisles & out] r[ ( *apels4 ,_! relative heights & ! l9es ( _! ro(+ are cle>ly def9$4 ,to ! nor?1 a r insignificant turret t]m9ates ! faade1 :ile to ! s\? rises ! l(ty t[]1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-five feet above ! :ole m\nta9 ( masonry1 ! mo/ conspicu\s l&m>k 9 ! l&scape ( ,segovia4 ,x consi/s ( a squ>e base ( sides ?irty-five feet wide1 brok5 by six r[s ( tw9 ar*es2 ! fir/1 ! ?ird & ! six? are op51 ! la/ is a belfry4 ,! pres5t dome curves f an octagonal ,r5aissance base1 ! transitional corn]s be+ fill$ ) crocket$ pyramids simil> to ! _m cr[n+ buttresses & pi]s at all angles ( ! *ur* bel[4 ,! dome & lant]n are almo/ exact small] c\nt]p>ts ( ^? cr[n+ ! cross+4 ,!y 7 put up by ! same ar*itect1 ,mogagur51 :o c]ta9ly c\ld n h be5 ov]-gift$ ) arti/ic imag9ation4 ,! t[] _h v>y+ =tunes1--mu* to ! di/ress ( ! citiz5s1 x has be5 twice /ruck by lightn+4 ,! wood5 /ructure & lead cov]+ 7 burn$ & melt$ by ! fire :i* foll[$ ! fir/ cata/rophe1 b =tunately x 0 soon put out by ! ra9 :i* sav$ ! ,ca!dral & city4 ,aft] ! second ?und]bolt1 9 #ahji1 ! surm\nt+ cross 0 replac$ by a lightn+-rod4 ,! nave is ent]$ by ! ,p]don portal1 :i*1 "u a ,go?ic ar*1 is subdivid$ into two elliptical op5+s4 ,peculi>ly late ,go?ic rail+s "h1 z else:]e1 cr[n ! masonry & conceal ! til+ ( ! slop+ ro(s4 ,r\nd+ ! *ur* to ! s\?1 we f9d ! view ob/ruct$ by ! cloi/]s & sacri/y2 only ! faade ( ! transept1 asc5d$ f ! l[] gr\nd by a flight ( /eps1 rema9s visible4 ,! s\!rn doorway is q d5ud$1 & ev5 its buttresses rise )\t z mu* z a corbel to s(t5 _! l9es4 ,:5 "o has1 h[ev]1 dodg$ ?r\gh ! tortu\s1 n>r[1 malodor\s /reets & come out opposite ! apse & nor!rn flank1 ! :ole bulk ( ! logical organic body ( ! *ur* becomes visible ) its l>g] squat & high] l(ty domes t[]+ into ! blue4 ,to ! same ,r5aissance p]iod z ! two domes belongs ! classical portal ( ,p$ro ,brizuela1 lead+ to ! nor!rn transept4 ,! view f ! nor!a/ is p>ticul>ly f9e4 ,e portion ( ! /ructure is express$ by ! ext]ior l9es4 ,"o above ! o!r rise *apels1 ambulatory1 apse1 transepts & lant]ns1 ea* level cr[n$ by its sp>kl+ balu/rade4 ,! sky is jagg$ by ! crocket$ spires :i* t]m9ate ! fly+ buttresses1 ! pi]s & ! angles ( ! wall surface4 ,"h ! ,lat9 cross may be se51 & ! sub-divisions ( e portion ( ! int]ior4 ,!re is no deception nor trick]y4 ,x is simple & /raight=w>d4 ,its arti/ic m]its may be small1 ! =e/ ( c>v$ turrets ris+ all ar\nd ! apse1 tiresome1 b ?is f9al impression ( ,spani% ,go?ic 0 ?or\ghly s9c]e4 ,,vii ,,seville ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,seville ,! ,giralda1 f ! ,orange ,tree ,c\rt ,w5 ,gott lieb hat1 dem giebt er e9 ,haus 9 ,sevilla4 ,seville is ev] y\?ful1 = ! blood :i* c\rses 9 h] ve9s absorbs ! sunlight4 ,v5ice is ! city ( dreamy love1 ,naples1 ( indol5ce1 ,rome1 ( ev]la/+ age1 b ,seville keeps an et]nal y\?4 ,:at picturesqu5ess1 :at color1 :at passion bl5d ) memories ( ,&alusia6 ,all sunny l& ( love6 ,:5 ,i =get y1 may ,i fail ,to 444 say my pray]s6 ,& ,seville is ! que5 ( ,&alusia1 ( noble bir?1 pr\d & beautiful4 ,di/9ctly fem99e 9 h] subtle1 indef9able *>m1 l a woman %e *anges ) h] surr\nd+s1 & h] mutability adds to h] fasc9ation4 ,we nev] fa?om nor q "k h]1 = %e is "o be+ z %e slumb]s 9 ! fir/ *alky light ( morn+1 ano!r1 9 ! respl5d5t nak$ness ( noontide1 ov]>*$ by ! indigo firmam5t1 & yet ano!r1 9 ! happy laught] ( ev5+ :5 h] mantle has turn$ purple & h] ?robb+ life is m felt ?an se54 ,! roses1 hyac9?s & crocuses h clos$ 9 sleep1 b ! orange groves1 ! acacia1 & eucalyptus1 jasm9e1 lemon1 & palm trees & h$ges ( box fill ! air ) heavy1 aromatic p]fume4 ,to ! exil$ ,moors %e 0 s sweet 9 all h] moods t !y said1 ,god 9 ,8 ju/ice1 hav+ d5i$ to ! ,*ri/ians a heav5ly p>adise1 has giv5 !m 9 ex*ange an e>?ly "o4 ,) ! ori5tal languor ( h] ance/ors1 %e keeps ! fre%ness & sp>kle ( ! dewy morn4 ,%e is z gay & full ( y\?ful vitality z h] ,tol$an si/] is old & worn & hagg>d4 ,:ile ,tol$o is sombre & fun]eal1 ,seville is alive ) ! t9kl+ ( silv] f\nta9s1 ! /rumm+ ( guit>s & m&ol9s1 & ! songs ( h] wom54 ,%e lies ri* & spl5did on ! bosom ( ! campagna1 fruitfulness & pl5ty )9 h] embattl$ walls4 ,%e is a /range1 sweet sorc]ess1 a little wise p]haps1 9 :om love has deg5]at$ into desire2 b %e (f]s h] lov]s sleep1 & 9 h] arms y w =get ev]y?+ b ! entranc+ life ( dreams4 ,&alusia & ,seville ju/ly claim an anci5t & royal p$igree1 :i* ?r\gh all ! vicissitudes ( c5turies has /ill left its /amp ^u !m4 ,&alusia 0 ! ,t>%i% ( ! ,bible1 :i!r ,jonah rose to flee4 ,h] comm]ce is spok5 ( 9 ,j]emiah1 ,isaiah1 ! ,psalms1 & ! ,*ronicles3 ,t>%i% 0 ?y m]*ant by reason ( ! multitude ( all k9d ( ri*es1 ) silv]1 iron1 t91 & lead !y trad$ 9 ?y fairs 7,ezekiel xxvii1 #ab74 ,9 pass+ ! ,/raits ( ,h]cules1 ,seville & ,ceuta alone caught ,odysseus' eye3-- ,t>dy ) age ,7 ,i & my companions1 :5 we came ,to ! ,/rait pass1 :]e ,h]cules orda9'd ,! b\nd'ries n to be o'er/epp'd by man4 ,! walls ( ,seville to my "r ,i left1 ,on ?' o!r h& already ,ceuta pa/4 ,inf]no1 xxvi4 #ajf-aaj4 ,! honor ( f\nd+ ! city ( ,seville seems to be %>$ by ,h]cules & ,julius ,cs>4 ,9 ! popul> m9d ( ! ,sevillians1 z well z ?r\gh an unbrok5 *a9 ( m$ival hi/orians & ballad-mak]s1 ,h]cules is call$ its fa!r4 ,monum5ts ?r\gh\t ! city be> witness to its f\nd]s4 ,on "o ( ! gates rec5tly demoli%$ ! inscription ran1-- ,condidit ,alcides1 ,r5ovavit ,julius urbem4 ,re/ituit ,*ri/o ,f]n&us t]tius h]os4 ,! ,lat9 v]ses 7 lat] p>aphras$ 9 ! ,ca/ilian tongue ov] ! ,gate ( ,z]es3-- ,h]cules me edifico1 ,julio ,ces> me c]co1 de m5o y torres altes y el rey santo me gan1 ,con ,g>ci ,p]ez de ,v>gas4 ,h]cules built me1 ,julius ,cs> surr\nd$ me ) walls & high t[]s1 ! ,holy ,k+ conqu]$ me by ,g>cia ,p]ez de ,v>gas4 ,/atues ( ! f\nd] & protector /ill /& 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city4 ,9 ! second c5tury ,b4 ,c41 ! %ipp+ ( ,seville made x "o ( ! mo/ important trade c5tres ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,phnicians & ,greeks /opp$ "h to b>t]4 ,9 #de ,b4 ,c41 ,rome /ret*$ =? h] gre$y h&1 & ,cs> ent]$ ! t[n at ! head ( 8 victori\s legion4 ,eighty-two ye>s lat] ! ,romans =m$ ! :ole ( s\!rn ,spa9 into ! ,prov9cia ,btica4 ,) its =mation into a ,roman colony1 ,seville's hi/orical backgr\nd beg9s to /& out cle>ly & its ri*es are sung by ! anci5ts4 ,fair art ?\1 ,btis1 says ,m>tial1 ) ?9e olive cr[n & ?y limpid wat]s1 ) ! fleece /a9s ( a brilliant gold4 ,! :ole prov9ce conta9$ :at lat] became ,sevilla1 ,huelva1 ,cadiz1 ,cordova1 ,ja51 ,granada & ,alm]ia4 ,seville1 or ,hispalis1 became ! capital & 0 accord+ly =tifi$ ) walls & t[]s1 g>rison$ & suppli$ ) wat] f aqu$ucts & adorn$ ) ,roman works ( art4 ,aft] ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! lat] ,emp]ors1 ,seville 0 important en\gh to be made ! seat ( a bi%op4 ,) ! fall ( ,rome1 ,hispalis 0 ov]run by hordes ( ,go?s & ,v&als4 ,!y held possession ( ! c\ntry until !y 7 conqu]$ 9 #gaa by ! ,moors1 :o1 aft] cross+ ! /rait betwe5 ,africa & ,europe1 gradually spread nor?w>d ?r\gh ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,! ,go?s made ,hispalis out ( ! ,roman ,hispalia1 & ! ,arabians 9 _! turn1 unable to pron\nce ! p1 =m$ ! "n into ,ixbella1 ( :i* ! ,ca/ilians made ,seville4 ,to ! ,moors1 ,&alusia 0 ! ,promis$ ,l& fl[+ ) milk & honey4 ,:at 0 lack+1 _! g5ius & husb&ry soon suppli$4 ,! l& :i* !y f\nd uncultivat$ soon became a g>d5 fill$ ) exotic fl[]s & ri* fruits1 :ile !y adorn$ its cities ) ! noble/ monum5ts ( _! ta/e & intellig5ce4 ,!y divid$ _! t]ritory 7el ,&alus7 into ! f\r k+doms ( ,seville1 ,cordova1 ,ja51 & ,granada1 :i* /ill exi/ z t]ritorial divisions4 ,to-day ! ?ree latt] conta9 only ! ru9s ( a great pa/4 ,seville alone rema9s 9 _m respects a p]fectly ,moori% city4 ,h] c\rts1 h] squ>es1 ! /reets & h\ses1 ! great palace & ! t[] are ess5tially ,arabian & be> witness to ! magnific5ce ( h] anci5t ma/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,( ,,plan ,,( ,,seville ,,ca!dral ,a4 ,! ,giralda4 ,b4 ,royal ,*apel4 ,c4 ,*apt] ,h\se4 ,d4 ,sacri/y4 ,e4 ,old ,sacri/y4 ,f4 ,colomb9a ,libr>y4 ,g4 ,portal ( ! ,p]don4 ,h4 ,c\rty>d ( ! ,orange ,trees4 ,i4 ,! ,sagr>io4 ,j4 ,portal ( ! ,orange ,trees4 ,k4 ,*oir4 ,l4 ,capilla ,mayor4 ,m4 ,portal ( ! ,lonja 7,san ,cri/obal74 ,n4 ,portal ( ! ,palos4 ,o4 ,portal ( ! ,campanillas4 ,p4 ,portal ( ! ,bautismo4 ,q4 ,pu]ta ,mayor4 ,r4 ,portal ( ! ,nacimi5to4 ,s4 ,trascoro4 ,t4 ,dep5d5cias de la ,h]m&ad4 ,u4 ,portal ( ! ,sagr>io4 ,v4 ,portal ( ! ,lag>to4 ,x4 ,tomb ( ,f]n&o ,colon4 ,!y _h lo/ all ! re/ ( ,spa9 except ,granada be=e ,cordova & ,ja5 surr5d]$1 & f9ally ,seville fell into ! h&s ( ,f]d9& ,,iii ( ,ca/ile 9 #abdh1 & its ,*ri/ian p]iod began4 ,?ree hundr$ ?\s& foll[]s ( ! dete/$ fai? 7 bani%$ f ,seville1 & sl[ly ! p[] ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* began to rise & ! agricultural beauty & indu/ry ( ! surr\nd+ prov9ce to wane4 ,! city 0 divid$ into sep>ate di/ricts = ! diff]5t races1 ! canals 7 damm$ up1 ! wat]-works fell to pieces1 ! valley 0 left untill$1 & fruit trees 7 unprun$ & unwat]$4 ,hides blea*$ 9 ! sun & webs rott$ on ! looms1 sixty ?\s& ( :i* _h wov5 beautiful silk fabrics 9 ! palmy days ( ! ,moors4 ,f]d9& ! ,holy 0 a great k+1 ( a sa9tl9ess & greatness /ill ackn[l$g$ by ! soldi]s ( ,seville4 ,aft] eight c5turies !y /ill l[] _! colors z !y m>* pa/ ! great %r9e ( ! ,?ird ,f]d9&1 9 ! *ur* :i* he purg$ f ,mohamm$anism & d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ians' ,god & ! ,holy ,virg94 ,aft] him1 ,seville became ! !atre ( mom5t\s de$s & ev5ts t _h a f>-rea*+ influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,into h] lap 0 p\r$ ! ri*es ( ! ,new ,_w2 )9 h] halls ,que5 ,isabella laid ! f\ndation ( h] unit$ k+dom2 f ,seville came ! intellectual /imulus t reviv$ ! arts & lett]s ( ! :ole ,p59sula4 ,"h 7 born & labor$ ,p$ro ,campaa1 ,alejo ,f]n&ez1 ,luis de ,v>gas1 ! sev]al ,h]r]as1 ,francisco de ,zurb>an1 ,alfonso ,cano1 ,diego de ,silva ,velasquez1 ,b>tolom ,e/eban ,murillo1 & ,miguel ,flor5t9o4 ,! ri*es ( ! we/]n _w made ( ,seville a second ,flor5ce1 :]e art f\nd ready patrons1 & lit]ature1 cultivat$ protectors4 ,%e rival$ ! great s*ools ( ,italy & ! ,ne!rl&s1 b out ( h] secret c\ncil *amb]s came ! ,in/itution ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 ! sc\rge t )]$ ! nation4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 =ty-five ?\s& p 7 put to dea? 9 ! ar*bi%opric ( ,seville4 ,f9ally1 "u ,philip ,,ii1 ,seville & h] great *ur* rose to /up5d\s weal? & p[]4 ,:5 ,philip ,,ii di$1 loyal ,seville honor$ ! dep>t$ k+ by a magnific5t fun]al s]vice 9 ! ,ca!dral4 ,a trem5d\s monum5t 0 design$ by ,ovi$o4 ,on ,nov4 #be?1 #aeih1 ! m\rn+ multitude flock$ to ! dim ,ca!dral :ile ! p knelt ^u ! /ones1 & ! solemn music float$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,!re 0 a di/urbance among a "p ( ! congregation4 ,a man 0 *>g$ ) d]id+ ! impos+ monum5t & creat+ disord]4 ,he 0 a tax-ga!r] & ex-soldi] ( ! city nam$ ,don ,miguel de ,c]vantes ,saav$ra4 ,"s ( ! citiz5s took 8 side1 = !re 0 a feud betwe5 ! civil & ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 ,seville4 ,! brawl] 0 expell$ f ! ca!dral1--b he _h 8 rev5ge4 ,he compos$ a satirical poem ^u ! tomb ( ! ,k+ :i* 0 read ev]y:]e 9 ! city3-- ,to ! ,monum5t ( ! ,k+ ( ,seville ,i v[ to ,god ,i quake ) surprise1 ,c\ld ,i describe x1 ,i w\ld give a cr[n1 ,& :o1 t gazes on x 9 ! t[n ,b />ts agha/ to see its wondr\s size2 ,ea* "p a million co/1 ,i %\ld devise3 ,:at pity 'tis1 ere c5turies h fl[n1 ,old "t w m]cilessly ca/ x d[n6 ,?\ rival'/ ,rome1 ,o ,seville1 9 my eyes6 ,i bet1 ! s\l ( him :o's dead & ble/1 ,to dwell )9 ?is sumptu\s monum5t1 ,has left ! seats ( sempit]nal re/6 ,a fell[ tall1 on de$s ( val\r b5t1 ,my exclamation he>d4 ,bravo1 he cri$1 ,sir ,soldi]1 :at y say is true1 ,i v[6 ,& he :o says ! contr>y has li$6 ,) t he pulls 8 hat ^u 8 br[1 ,^u 8 sword-hilt he 8 h& do? lay1 ,& fr[ns--&--no?+ does1 b walks away6#af ,f> m ineffaccable ev5 ?an ! record left by ,philip's life ^u ! hi/ory ( ,seville & ,spa9 is t ( ?is immortal soldi] & scribbl]1 :o believ$ he _h f\nd some?+ bett] to d ?an writ+ com$ies4 ,! s(t1 sonor\s syllables ( ,guadalquivir 7f ! ,arabic ,wad-el-,kebir1 or ,! ,great ,riv]7 w\ld picture to ! imag9ative eye a riv] f> m poetic ?an ! sluggi% /ream t loit]s across ! wide pla9 & fruitful valley until x pi]ces ! amb] girdle ( cr5elat$ walls & embattl$ t[]s :i* enclose ! treasures ( ,seville4 ,on its broad bosom h swept ! b>ks & galleys ( ,phnicia & ,greece1 ( ,roman1 ,go?1 & ,moor4 ,on its %ores ,columbus l[]$ ! sails ( 8 c>avel & pres5t$ ,spa9 ) a new _w on ,palm ,sunday1 #adic2 ,piz>ro & ,cortez "h fir/ emb>k$ _! gre$y & d>+ adv5tur]s2 hi!r ,piz>ro return$ ) ho>ds ( gold & silv] treasures f ,mexico & ,p]u1 = ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,indies re/rict$ all ! trade ( ! colonies to ! port ( ,seville4 ,! valley ?r\gh :i* ! riv] desc5ds is %elt]$ f ! cold tablel&s ly+ nor?w>d by ! ,si]ra ,ma *a94 ,gray olive trees1 wav+ pa/ures1 & fields ( gra9 cov] its slopes4 ,a s(t1 temp]$ w9d :isp]s ?r\gh ! grassy mead[s ( ,la ,ti]ra de ,m>ia ,santissima1 & ! atmosph]e is s dry & cle> t f> away aga9/ ! horizon objects /& out 9 cle> silh\ette4 ,s vivid are ! colors t ! smoky olive groves1 ! orange & lemon-color$ walls1 ! fir trees1 ! *alky :ite ( ! /ucco1 ! fle%y1 prickly leaves ( ! cacti1 & ! tall /&>ds ( ! aloes seem photograph$ on ! bra94 ,9 a fair & fruitful l& lies ! city1 & h] spires pi]ce a smokeless1 unspott$ sky4 ,9 ! he>t ( ! city1 set d[n 9 ! v c5tre ( h] life ( song & laught] & *ildi% simplicity1 surr\nd$ by crook$ /reets & great airy c\rts1 9 ! wide/ sunlit squ>e1 lies h] ,ca!dral4 ,! fir/ impression made by a build+ is g5]ally n only ! mo/ di/9ct b ! true/4 ,t produc$ by ,seville's ,ca!dral is its imm5sity ( scale4 ,tol$o la rica1 ,salamanca la fu]ta1 ,leon la bella1 ,ovi$o la sacra1 ,sevilla la gr&e1 runs ! ,spani% say+4 ,! size is ov]p[]+4 ,ea* ( ! f\r side aisles is ne>ly z broad & high z ! nave ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :ile ! arcades ( ,seville's nave h twice ! span4 ,to ! impressionable s5sitiv5ess ( ,?ophile ,gauti] x 0 l a m\nta9 scoop$ out1 a valley turn$ topsy-turvy4 ,notre ,dame de ,p>is might walk erect "u ! frightful height ( ! middle nave2 pill>s z l>ge z t[]s appe> s sl5d] t y cat* y\r brea? z y look up at ! f>-away1 vault$ ro( !y support4 ,"h are ! fir/ impressions ( two e>ly ,spani% writ]s4 ,cean ,b]mudez f9ds t1 se5 f a c]ta9 di/ance1 x resembles a high-poop$ & beflagg$ %ip1 ris+ ov] ! sea ) h>moni\s gr\p+ ( sails1 p5nons1 & bann]s1 & ) its ma9ma/ t[]+ ov] ! mizz5ma/1 =ema/1 & b[sprit4 ,cav$a is /ruck by ! g5]al effect1 :i* is truly maje/ic4 ,! op5-"w p>apets :i* cr[n ! ro(s2 ! graceful lant]ns ( ! eight w9d+ /airs t asc5d 9 ! corn]s to ! vaults & gall]ies2 ! fly+ buttresses t spr+ lightly f aisle to nave1 z ! jets ( a cascade f cliff to cliff2 ! sl5d] p9nacles t cap !m2 ! proportions ( ! arms ( ! transept & ( ! buttresses support+ ! side walls2 ! l>ge po9t$ w9d[s to :i* !y belong1 ris+ ov] ea* o!r1 ! po9t$ portals & entrances1--all ^! comb9e 9 an almo/ miracul\s effect1 al?\gh !y lack ! weal? ( detail1 ! airy grace1 & ! delicate elegance t *>act]ize ! ca!drals ( ,leon & ,burgos4 ,su* are ! v>y+ impressions ( anci5t critics4 ,to ! /ud5t's "q1 ,to :at p]iod ( ar*itecture does ! ,ca!dral ( ,seville belong8 we mu/ answ]1 ,to no p]iod1 or r to half a doz54 ,au?orities & writ]s w give completely diff]5t in=mation1 & ,seville has f\nd m will+ & lov+ *ronicl]s ?an any o!r ( ,spa9's *ur*es4 ,galli*an classes x z ! l>ge/ ,go?ic ca!dral 9 ! _w1 & ,cav$a calls x a type ( ! f9e/ ,spani% ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! int]ior ( ! ma9 body ( ! *ur* is pure1 sev]e ,go?ic1 ! sacri/y major1 highly develop$ ,r5aissance2 ! ma9 portions ( ! ext]ior are :at might be t]m$ = want ( a bett] ^w ,spani% ,r5aissance--plat]esco2 o!r details are ,moori%1 classical1 late florid ,go?ic1 rococo1 & s =?4 ,z if to add to ! incongruity ( ! ar*itectural hodge-podge1 x is surr\nd$ by %afts ( old ,roman columns z well z ,byzant9e pill>s f ! orig9al mosque1 sunk deep into ! gr\nd & connect$ ) iron *a9s4 ,! total impression to any /ud5t ( ar*itecture is "o ( outrag$ law & ord]1 composition & unity4 ,recall+ ! c>efully memb]$ & di/9ctly develop$ plan ( ! great ,go?ic *ur*es ( ,france1 ! expressive ext]iors ( ! huge ,r5aissance ca!drals ( ,italy1 ! satisfy+ p]spective ( ,engli% mona/ic temples1 "o feels ! hopelessness ( attempt+ a comp>ison betwe5 ?is huge1 impressive und]tak+ & any accept$ /&>ds or s*ools4 ,x is some?+ s entirely diff]5t & ap>t1 a mighty & unbridl$ ef=t :i* _c be classifi$ nor gr\p$ ) o!r *ur*es1 nor /udi$ by me?ods ( e>li] ar*itectural tra9+4 ,x is full ( romance1--a build+ romantic z ! ,cid1 a *ild ( ar*itectural f]vor or ev5 ar*itectural furor4 ,c5turies ( ,spani% hi/ory & religion & ! v>i\s temp]am5ts ( diff]5t & inspir$ races h creat$ x & fo/]$ its gr[?4 ,l _m ( its si/] *ur*es1 ! artisans t labor$ on x 7 ga!r$ f diff]5t l&s & _! "w /ret*es ?r\gh c5turies ( "t & ar*itectural ?\ght4 ,!re is ! sp>kl+1 ori5tal fancy ( ! ,mudej>1 ! classic tra9+ ( ! ,italian1 ! brilliant color & te*nique ( ! ,flem+ & ,dut*man1 ! skill$ & ma/]ful *isel+ ( ! ,g]man1 & ! re/less pride & dom9ation ( ! ,spani>d4 ,y f9d x express$ 9 e way1--on canvas1 9 wood & clay & /one1 on pla/] & 9 glass4 ,x is a museum ( art f ! fifte5? to ! n9ete5? c5turies1 ) portions /ill wait+ = ! "w ( ! tw5tie?4 ,! arti/s range f ,juan ,san*es de ,ca/ro1 ! morn+ /> ( ,&alusia1 9 #aded1 to ,francisco ,goya1 ! la/ ( ! great ,spani% pa9t]s4 ,x is colossal1 incongru\s1 my/]i\s1 & elusive4 ,x brea!s ! _s ( ! middle ages ) all _! piety & loyalty to *ur* & cr[n1 & _! unp>allel$ ardor 9 build+ religi\s temples4 ,gaz+ at x1 y feel ! same religi\s f]vor t flung ! ar*es ( ,ami5s & ,*>tres high into ! nor!rn air & r\nd$ ! dome ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore "u ,lomb>dy's azure vault4 ,if y /& 9 ! ,calle del ,gran ,capitan1 or bett]1 ! ,plaza del ,triumfo1 be/ ( all1 ne> ! gateway ( ! ,patio de las ,b&]as1 :]e ! ,ca!dral & ! ,giralda pile up 9 front ( y1 unque/ionably y h be=e y ,spa9's mightie/ ar*itectural "w1 a sight z impressive z ! view f ! m>ble pavem5t ( ! ,piazzetta by ! ,adriatic4 ,! l(ty t[] is entirely ori5tal4 ,! walls ( ! ,ca!dral :i* rise f a broad pav$ t]race consi/ bel[ ( a classical scre51 ^: surface is brok5 by a ,cor9?ian ord] c>ry+ a ,r5aissance balu/rade & topp$ by heavy1 mean+less /one t]m9ations4 ,w9d[s ) ,italian ,r5aissance frames pi]ce ! o*re masonry4 ,above rises a confusion ( buttresses1 kettle-%ap$ domes1 & ,r5aissance lant]ns1 simple1 massive walls1 "s portions entirely b>e1 o!rs ov]load$ ) delicate ,go?ic int]lac+s full ( ,spani% feel+2 fl[]s & rosettes1 broad blazons & coats-(-arms1--above all1 a =e/ ( ,go?ic t[]s1 f9ials1 crockets1 p>apets1 & rails peculi>ly ,spani% 9 c>v+ & treatm5t4 ,!re is practically no sky l9e4 ,! int]ior ( ! nave & aisle vault+ are entirely conceal$ ext]nally by ! p>apets & walls4 ,s lack+ 9 sobriety is ! fir/ view6--b y are ready to e*o ! ,spani% say+1-- ,qui5 no ha vi/o ,sevilla ,no ha vi/o m>avilla4#ag or ! words ( ,pope1 ,!re /&s a /ructure ( maje/ic fame6 ,! ,spani% ,*ri/ians 9 ,seville1 l ^? :o obta9$ possession ( o!r ,moori% /rongholds1 fir/ appropriat$ ! old ,arab mosque = _! h\se ( wor%ip4 ,lat]1 :5 x no long] suffic$1 !y & _! fell[-believ]s else:]e built ! new ca!dral on1 ar\nd1 or adjac5t to1 ! old consecrat$ walls4 ,l all o!r *ur*es f :i* ,islam _h be5 driv51 ! great mosque ( ,seville 0 d$icat$ to ,santa ,m>ia de la ,s$e4 ,! fam\s ,moori% conqu]or1 ,abu ,jakub ,jusuf1 _h laid ! f\ndation /ones ( 8 mosque & t[] 9 #aaga1 build+ 8 walls ) ! mat]ials left by imp]ial ,rome1 & lay+ out orange c\rty>d & walls 9 a mann] befitt+ 8 p[] & ! traditions ( 8 race4 ,x belongs to :at ar*itectural writ]s h = conv5i5ce call$ ! second p]iod ( ! ,spani% ,arabs1 betwe5 #aadf & ab\t #abej1 "u ! ,almohad5 dyna/y4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( ! ,moors' greate/ con/ructive en]gy1--!y no long] bl9dly copi$ ! anci5t ar*itecture ( ,byzantium1 b endeavor$ to create a bold & indep5d5t art ( _! own4 ,aft] ! capture ( ,seville 9 #abdh1 ,f]d9& at once consecrat$ ! mosque to ,*ri/ian s]vice1 & x 0 us$ )\t alt]ation until x began to crumble4 ,its g5]al plan 0 probably v mu* l ! "o 9 ,cordova1 a great rectangle fill$ ) a =e/ ( columns3 its high walls ( brick & clay support$ by buttresses & cr[n$ ) battlem5ts enclos$ an adjac5t c\rty>d ) f\nta9 & r[s ( orange trees1 abutt$ by ! bell or pray] t[]4 ,! c\rty>d & t[] rema9 ) b slight *anges or additions2 portions ( ! f\ndation walls1 ! nor!a/ & we/ porticos1 decorative details & ornam5tation /ill to be f\nd on ! ,*ri/ian *ur* are all ,moori%4 ,! plan & g5]al /ructure h be5 re/rict$ by ! l9es ( ! old ,moori% f\ndations4 ,!re are no docum5ts extant t give a tru/wor?y acc\nt ( :at portions ( ! old mosque 7 all[$ to rema9 :5 ! ,*ri/ians f9ally decid$ to rebuild1 b ! mo/ cursory glance at ! outl9e ( ! ,ca!dral %[s h[ organically x has be5 b\nd by :at 0 reta9$4 ,! mosque mu/ h be5 built on z l>ge & magnific5t a scale z ! "o :i* /ill amazes u 9 ,cordova4 ,! peculi>1 oblong1 quadrilat]al =m 0 probably common to bo?4 ,on ! #h? ( ,july1 #adja1 ! ,ca!dral ,*apt] issu$ ! *all5ge to ! ,ca?olic _w :i* to ! m practical piety ( to-day r+s ) a true m$ival f]vor4 ,v]ily a fai? t c\ld remove m\nta9s6 ,! inspir$ ,*apt] proclaim$ !y c\ld build a *ur* ( su* size & beauty t com+ ages %\ld call !m mad to h und]tak5 x4 ,& _! own fat pockets 7 ! fir/ to be empti$ ( half _! /ip5ds4 ,! p5nies ( ! poor1 grants f ! cr[n1 indulg5ces publi%$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 all w5t to satisfy ! ev]-grasp+ build+ fund4 ,9 #adjc ! "w ( te>+ d[n & comm5c+ afre% on ! old f\ndations 0 begun4 ,^! measur$ ab\t "s #dae feet 9 l5g? by #bgh feet 9 wid?4 ,! old mosque or ! pres5t *ur* prop] is n[ only ! c5tral edifice 9 a rectangle ( ab\t #fjj by #ejj feet4 ,?is is ! size ( a village1 ) its c\rts1 its t[]1 ! great libr>y ( ! ,ca!dral ,*apt] :]e books 7 collect$ f all ov] ! lett]$ _w by ! son ( ,columbus1 ! p>roquia or p>i% *ur*1 ! endless r[ ( *apels1 "s l>g] ?an ord9>y *ur*es1 ! sacri/y1 ! *apt] h\se & (fices4 ,x became ! l>ge/ *ur* ( ! middle ages1 cov]+ #abd1jjj squ>e feet2 ,milan cov]s only #ij1jjj1 ,tol$o1 #ge1jjj1 & ,sa9t ,paul's 9 ,london1 #hd1jjj4 ,among ! *ur*es ( all ages1 ,sa9t ,pet]'s1 ) an area ( #afb1jjj squ>e feet1 alone exce$s x 9 size4 ,9 #aejf1 "u ! ar*bi%ops ,alfonso ,rodriguez & ,gonzalo de ,rojas1 ! build+ 0 complet$4 ,= a c5tury ! "w _h be5 c>ri$ on ) su* reckless ha/e t inf]ior build+ me?ods _h be5 employ$1 :i* l$ to subsequ5t disa/]s4 ,on ,decemb] #bh1 #aeaa1 to ! con/]nation ( ! dev\t workm51 ! great c5tral dome fell 9 dur+ an e>?quake1 c>ry+ ) x or weak5+ _m ( ! vaults & mu* ( ! masonry bel[4 ,aft] ! e>?quake1 "s ( ! l>ge pi]s support+ ! great cross+ z well z ! adjac5t ones 7 f\nd fill$ ) ! mo/ c>elessly laid rubble & e>?1 ) no c>ry+ p[] nor resi/ance4 ,ab\t #aebj ! build+ might 9 ! ma9 be said to be f9i%$4 ,ext]nally x has nev] be5 complet$1 al?\gh 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! we/ front 0 f9i%$ & its c5tral doorway ornam5t$4 ,an ext5sive re/oration :i* took place 9 #ahhb 0 int]rupt$ by ! second e>?quake ( #ahhh1 dur+ :i* ! dome aga9 fell 94 ,to-day x is all rebuilt4 ,! entrance is at ! we/ end4 ,! plan1 z ,i h said1 0 gov]n$ by ! old basilica-%ap$ mosque4 ,! transepts d n project beyond ! *apels ( ! side aisles1 & at ! ea/ end x diff]s f mo/ ,spani% *ur*es 9 hav+ a squ>e t]m9ation in/ead ( an apse4 ,also along ! ea/ wall *apels h be5 built betwe5 ! buttresses simil> to ^? betwe5 ! nor? & s\? sides4 ,! c5tral portions ( ! ea/ end op5 into ! great ,capilla ,real4 ,!re are n9e doorways to ! *ur*4 ,9 /udy+ ! plan1 x is int]e/+ to note :at ,mr4 ,f]guson has indicat$1 t simil>ly to :at is f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ja9 temples1 ! diagonal ( ! aisle comp>tm5ts has ! same l5g? z ! wid? ( ! nave4 ,! orig9al docum5ts & acc\nts ( ! *ur*1 :i* h disappe>$1 7 probably burnt among ,philip ,,ii's pap]s de/roy$ by ! great ,madrid fire4 ,sc>cely two ( ! ,ca!dral's _m biograph]s agree z to its ar*itects1 its hi/oric prec$5ts or :at "p ( ! "w 0 actually inspir$ by e>li] ,spani% ar*itecture & national build]s4 ,naturally ,spani% writ]s attribute workman%ip1 prec$5ts & build]s all to _! own ,p59sula1 :ile ! diff]5t =eign au?orities v>y 9 _! e/imates4 ,di/9ctly ,spani% features ( con/ruction z well z ornam5tation are f\nd side by side ) o!rs :i* unque/ionably came f ma/]s tra9$ beyond ! ,pyr5ees4 ,9 v>i\s places vault+ is f\nd ?or\ghly ,g]man 9 its complexity & florid detail4 ,sev]al au?orities po9t out ! resemblances betwe5 ,milan & ,seville1 n t ! ornam5tation ( ! fro/$ & encru/$ ,italian misconception c be intellig5tly comp>$ ) ! ,plat]esque c>v+1 b !re is a c]ta9 mixture ( local & =eign feel+ 9 bo?4 ,9 ,seville ,fr5* & ,g]man feel+ seems to be /ruggl+ "u ,spani% fett]s1 j z 9 ,lomb>dy ! ,g]man seems to be labor+ ) ,italian compreh5sion ( ,go?ic1 f9ally ab&on+ ! inorganic s*eme = a lovely1 riot\s1 & m>vel\s attempt at c>v+ to :i* ! mat]ial no long] plac$ any limitations4 ,! ,spani% ar*itect ( ! middle ages 0 plac$ 9 a novel situation1 & 8 art _h v peculi> & unusual influ5ces be>+ ^u x4 ,go?ic me?ods ( con/ruction & ornam5tation _h sl[ly spread ov] ! c\ntry ) ! gr[+ sov]eignty ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile1 & 9 spite ( ! correspond+ decl9e ( ! ,arab k+doms1 ,moori% art began to "w h& 9 h&1 z f> z 0 possible1 ) ! =ms ( ! ,*ri/ian invad]1 al?\gh ! ho/ility betwe5 ! races h9d]$ any ext5sive fusion ( ! two4 ,!y began1 h[ev]1 to influ5ce ea* o!r = good or bad & to fl\ri% side by side4 ,! result might be call$ ar*itectural volapk4 ,9 ,seville x is c]ta9 t1 :atev] ! nationality ( ! orig9al ar*itect & h[ev] incongru\s & expressionless ! ext]ior may f9ally h become1 ! int]ior is less exotic1 less unque/ionably a ,fr5* importation1 ?an 9 ei!r ( ! great ,go?ic *ur*es ( ,tol$o or ,burgos4 ,:5 we recall ! organic complet5ess1 ! tru?ful ext]ior expression1 ( int]ior l9es & con/ruction 9 ! greate/ ,go?ic ca!drals ( ,france1 we turn ) sadness to ! out] =m ( s fair a s\l z t ( ,santa ,m>ia ( ,seville1 ! "w ( ! mo/ fam\s ar*itects ( h] age4 ,"s attribute ! orig9al plans ( ! *ur* to ,alfonso ,rodriguez1 o!rs to ,alfonso ,m>t9ez1 :o 0 ,mae/ro ,mayor ( ! *apt] 9 #acif1 o!rs aga9 to ,p$ro ,g>cia2 a long li/ ( names foll[s3 ,juan ! ,norman1 ,juan de ,hoz1 ,alfonso ,ruiz1 ,ximon1 ,alfonso ,rodriguez1 & ,gonzalo de ,rojas1 ,p$ro ,mellan1 ,miguel ,flor5t91 ,p$ro ,lopez1 ,h5rique de ,egas1 ,juan de ,alava1 ,jorge ,f]n&ez ,alleman1 ,juan ,gil de ,hontaon & ! ma/]s :o aft] ! e>?quake hurri$ to ,seville f _! build+s 9 ,tol$o1 ,ja51 ,vittoria1 & o!r places4 ,casanova is ! la/ ( h] _m ar*itects4 ,correctly speak+1 !re is no faade4 ,! ,ca!dral runs f we/ to ea/1 ! we/]n or ma9 entrance portal be+ pi]c$ by ?ree ogival doorways1 ! ,pu]ta ,mayor ) a mod]n relief ( ! ,assumption1 ! ,pu]ta del ,nacim5to or de ,san ,miguel to ! s\?1 & ! ,pu]ta del ,bautizo or de ,san ,juan to ! nor?4 ,sa9t ,miguel has a relief ( ! ,nativity ( ,*ri/1 ,sa9t ,juan1 "o repres5t+ ,sa9t ,john baptiz+4 ,9 ! mold+s surr\nd+ ^!1 are v exquisite little figures ( e>ly sixte5?-c5tury "w execut$ 9 t]ra-cotta4 ,!y are full ( ! be/ ,go?ic feel+1 spl5didly fitt$ to _! spaces1 alive ) ! expression ( ! imag9ative p]iod ( _! sculptor1 ,p$ro ,millan4 ,above & ar\nd ! door ( ,san ,juan is a ,go?ic trac]y ( ! mo/ elaborate "*4 ,"o _c refra9 f comp>+ ! sculptural "w ( ^! ?ree doorways4 ,ricc>do ,bellv]'s mod]n ,assumption ov] ! c5tral doorway is z congeal$ z ! t]ra-cotta sculptures above & ar\nd ! side portals are admirable4 ,!y are unque/ionably among ! mo/ int]e/+ bits ( relief z well z figure sculpture ( _! k9d produc$ 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,p$ro ,millan /&s out z a great m$ival ma/]1 n only f ! consummate skill ) :i* ! drap]y is treat$ b f ! liv+1 brea?+ p]sonality & attitudes ( ! m5 & wom5 ar\nd him1 :i* we /ill gaze at 9 ! tru? ( _! curi\s1 nave1 fifte5?-c5tury light4 ,z ! :ole we/]n faade 0 n complet$ 9 its pres5t =m until #ahbg1 mu* ( its "w is z poor z x is mod]n4 ,!re are two entrances to ! ea/]n end1 ri*ly decorat$ ) f9e t]ra-cotta /atues & reliefs ( angels1 patri>*s1 & ,biblical figures1 attribut$ to ,lope ,m>94 ,9 ! nor!rn faade !re are ?ree1--"o classical & ( v little int]e/ lead+ to ! p>i% *ur*2 ! second is ! ,pu]to de los ,n>anjos4 ,9 ! ,pu]ta del ,lag>to1 :]e ! ,giralda abuts ! ,ca!dral1 !re hangs a poor /uff$ crocodile1 once s5t by a ,sultan ( ,egypt 9 tok5 ( admiration to ,sa9t ,f]d9&4 ,! bea/1 hav+ di$ on 8 way f ! ,nile1 c\ld nev] crawl 9 ! bas9s ( ! ,alcaz> g>d5s1 b f\nd a re/+-place "u ! %elves ( ! ,columb9a libr>y4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! orange-tree c\rt is ! ,pu]ta del ,p]don4 ,! ,flor5t9e relief above1 repres5t+ ! cr\*+ trad]s z !y 7 driv5 f ! ,temple1 naturally spoils ! effectiv5ess ( ! magnific5t ,moori% portal bel[4 ,its horse%oe curve1 ) delicate ,moori% int]lac+1 arabesques1 frieze & bronze doors1 is a curi\s & /rik+ note ( a bygone age1 lead+ z x does to ! wall$ & fragrant c\rty>d ( its build]s1 & ! f\nta9 :]e !y made _! ablutions4 ,lat] ,r5aissance /atues ( ! ,annunciation & ,sa9t ,pet] & ,sa9t ,paul1 z well z ,flor5t9e pila/]s & ornam5t1 flank ! ,moori% mold+s 9 an utt]ly mean+less mann]4 ,on ! s\? is ! gate ( ,san ,cri/obal1 or ( ! ,lonja1 f9i%$ only a few ye>s ago4 ,9 & out ( ^! _m entrances ! populace /ream1 to wor%ip1 to :isp]1 to gossip1 to re/1 to b>ga91 to beg1 & to make love4 ,! :ole drama ( life 9 its conglom]ate population goes on )9 ! walls ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,x is ! mo/ frequ5t$ ?or\ghf>e1 :]e ! p ent] z (t5 ) a song on _! lips z ) a pray]4 ,! great edifice ) all ! c]emonial ( its religi\s s]vices is wov5 into _! life1 z is ! s\nd ( ! guit>s & ca/anets t e*o )9 its portals & c\rty>ds4 ,! *ur* & h] *ildr5 are n /rang]s4 ,! ,sevillian does n approa* h] alt>s ) religi\s awe & fe>1 b ) a *ildi% tru/2 he kneels d[n be=e !m z mu* at home z :5 roll+ 8 cig>ette on ! b5* ( 8 caf4 ,! ,ca!dral1 l ! h\ses ne/l+ & crumbl+ ar\nd x1 op5s wide & hospitable gates t lead to ! refre%+ %ade & com=t )94 ,! we/]n front is practically ! only "o :i* pres5ts ! ,ca!dral unobscur$ by adjac5t build+s climb+ up its sides or /ruggl+ betwe5 ! buttresses1--or :i* is n conceal$ by enclos+ scre5work4 ,to ! nor? ! walls ( ! ,orange ,c\rt block ! view2 to ! ea/1 ! high scre52 & to ! s\?1 ! *apt] h\se & ! ,dep5d5cias de la ,h]manidad & ! sacri/y4 ,! mass ( domes ) support+ fly+ buttresses1 ramps & f9ials above x1all rem9d "o curi\sly ( a transplant$ & ecclesia/iciz$ ,*ambord4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,seville ,gateway ( ,p]don 9 ! ,orange ,tree ,c\rt ,z ! plan con=ms to ! conditions ( ! old rectangul> mosque & has nei!r project+ transepts nor semicircul> *evet1 x c sc>cely be call$ ,go?ic4 ,x consi/s ( nave & d\ble side aisles1--! nave #ef feet wide f c5tre to c5tre ( ! columns & #ade feet high1 & ! inn] side aisles #dj wide & ab\t #ajj high4 ,outside ^! is ano!r aisle fill$ ) v>i\s *apels4 ,at ! cross+ ( ! nave & transept1 we h ! typical1 small ,spani% octagonal dome1--9 ?is in/ance cov]+ possibly :at 0 9 ! orig9al mosque a c5tral octagonal c\rt4 ,x is a con/ruction ris+ "s hundr$ & sev5ty feet above ! level ( ! eye1 admitt+ light bel[ its spr+ into :at 9 ! ,fr5* ,go?ic edifices w\ld usually be ! gloomie/ portions ( ! build+4 ,! side aisles diff] slightly 9 wid?1 ! two lat]al ones be+ fill$ ) v>i\s *apels4 ,!re are n9e bays1 sep>at$ by ?irty-six clu/]$ pill>s1 "s ( !m p]fect t[]s 9 _! huge & massive /r5g?4 ,_! detail & outl9e are excell5t1 all ( ! greate/ simplicity & re/ra9t4 ,! delicate engag$ %afts :i* surr\nd ! huge supports ( fifte5 feet diamet] t]m9ate bel[ ! vault+ ribs 9 delicately int]lac$ palm-leaf caps4 ,no?+ is confus$ or intricate4 ,sixty-eight comp>tm5ts spr+ f ! v>i\s pi]s ) a l(t9ess rem9d+ "o ( ,cologne4 ,! gro9+ diff]s v mu*4 ,! great] portion is admirably pla91 ( simple quadrip>tite design2 o!r p>ts are fanciful & elaborate1 recall+ florid ,g]man prototypes4 ,! five c5tral vaults =m+ ! cross "u ! dome alone h elaborate fan-vault+2 ! geometrical design is z excell5t z its detail4 ,! ri*ness giv5 ?is c5tral & mo/ correct portion ( ! great ro(+ is all ! m effective by contra/ ) ! pla91 unelaborat$ gro9s ( ! surr\nd+ vaults4 ,! petals ( ! fl[]1 ! v holy ( holies1 betwe5 ! *oir & ! ,capilla ,mayor1 be=e ! high alt>1 are :at is mo/ beautiful & enri*$4 ,! light+ is v unusual1 & bett] ?an ei!r ,leon or ,tol$o4 ,n9ety-?ree w9d[s are fill$ ) ! mo/ glori\s glass4 ,!re are two cl]e/ories to light ! body ( ! *ur*1 "o 9 ! walls ( ! second side aisle1 admitt+ light above ! ro(s ( ! *apels1 ! second 9 ! nave4 ,add$ to ?is come ! huge lights ( ! five rose w9d[s4 ,9 ,seville1 z 9 ,tol$o & _m ( ! o!r great ,spani% ca!drals1 ! g5]al view ( ! int]ior is block$1 & ! maje/iceffectiv5ess ( ! column> r[s m>r$1 by ! plac+ ( ! great *oir 9 ! c5tre ( ! edifice4 ,b ! int]ior effect is nev]!less "o ( ! mo/ inspir+ produc$ by ! imag9ation & h&s ( man4 ,all truly maje/ic conceptions are simple &1 ?\gh we may at times wond] at ! secret ( _! p[]1 we always f9d _! endur+ gr&eur due to a hidd5 simplicity4 ,?is is true ( ! ,p>!non1 ( ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 & ! ,si/9e ,madonna4 ,:oev] ent]s ! ,ca!dral ( ,seville is /ruck fir/ ( all by its simplicity4 ,! trem5d\s scale ( ! int]ior is unp]ceiv$1 ow+ to ! j proportion betwe5 all ! p>ts4 ,!re is height z well z wid?1 massiv5ess & /r5g?1 boldness & light4 ,none ( ! detail is petty or too elaborate1 b simple & effective1 mak+ a h>mony 9 all its p>ts4 ,ev5 ! furniture c>ries out ! trem5d\s boldness & gr&eur ( ! edifice4 ,bells1 *oir books1 c&les1 alt> *e/s1 are all on ! same gr&iose scale4 ,x has true maje/y 9 its simplicity ( direct1 hone/ appeal1 & a pr\d unconsci\sness1 because x is free f ! artificiality :i* is inv>iably vulg>4 ,! truly beautiful woman ne$s none ( ! devices ( art4 ,! %afts & vaults & /r+ c\rses 9 ,seville's ,ca!dral ne$ little ornam5tation to br+ out _! beauty2 !y are 9 fact z effective z ! elaborate c>v+ ( ,salamanca & ,segovia4 ,seville prea*es a great lesson to our tw5tie? c5tury1 ( peace1 re/ & complet5ess4 ,x has room = all its *ildr52 !y may kneel at eighty-two diff]5t %r9es & f9d romance or enc\ragem5t or ! consolation !y are seek+4 ,"s *ur*es are /rangely secul> 9 _! re/lessness ( feel+1 :ile o!rs brea! an atmosph]e full ( poetry1 exaltation & ! inf9ite peace ( ! ,gospels4 ,seville's religion is = ! humble & simple z mu* z = ! gr&ee4 ,x is n only ! great ca!dral *ur* ( ! ar*bi%op & bi%op1 ! elev5 dignit>ies1 =ty canons1 tw5ty preb5d>ies1 tw5ty m9or canons1 tw5ty ve9t5]os1 tw5ty *apla9s & ! ho/ ( a *oir1 b ! belov$ home ( ! poor1 mis]able1 />v+ sons & daught]s ( ,santa ,m>ia de la ,s$e4 ,al?\gh ar*itecturally ! injuri\s effect ( plac+ *oir & high alt> 9 ! middle ( ! *ur* _c be ov]/at$1 f ! po9t ( view ( ritual1 ( closely unit+ ! (ficiat+ body ) ! wor%ip]s1 x is und\bt$ly a f> happi] arrangem5t ?an :]e ! pray]s & psalms proce$ f ! extreme apsidal t]m9ation4 ,9 ! =m] case ! religi\s guidance seems to emanate f ! v s\l ( ! edifice1 & to rea* all humble wor%ip]s 9 ! remote/ nooks & corn]s4 ,! ,spani% nature craves ! s5su\s & !atrical 9 religi\s rites1 & n f>-away b intimately1 z "p & p>cel ( x4 ,9 ! "t ( ! great ecclesia/ical p[] ( ! bi%opric ( ,seville #bj1jjj p\nds ( wax 7 burn$ e ye>1 #ejj masses 7 daily celebrat$ at ! #hj alt>s1 & ! w9e consum$ 9 ! ye>ly sacram5t am\nt$ to #ah1gej litres4 ,seville's *ildr5 wi%$ to be close to ! gl>e & flick] ( ! wax c&les & tor*es & to he> di/9ctly ! un9telligible ,lat9 s]vice4 ,seek ! %ade ( ! ca!dral :5 ! ,july sun is burn+ outside1 or dur+ "o ( ! nights ( ,holy ,week1 :5 ! great ,mis]]e ( ,eslava is sung1 & y w f9d x ! mo/ ?rong$ spot 9 all ,seville4 ,9 ! words ( ,havelock ,ellis3 ,pr(\ndly impressive1--ar\nd ! *oir an impassive mass1 9 ! re/ ( ! *ur* *>act]i/ic ,spani% gr\ps cr\*$ at ! bases ( ! great clu/]$ %afts1 & *att$ & us$ _! fans famili>ly1 z if 9 _! own homes1 :ile dogs ran ab\t unmole/$4 ,! va/ *ur* l5t itself sup]bly to ! music & ! sc5e4 ,x 0 a sc5e /rang] ?an ! designs ( ,m>t91 z biz>re z some?+ out ( ,poe or ,baudelaire4 ,9 ! dim light ! huge pi]s seem$ l>g] & high] ?an ev]1 :ile ! fa9t alt> lights dimly lit up ! iron scre5 ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 z 9 ,rembr&t's conception ( ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! sc5e ( en*antm5t "o felt t ,santa ,m>ia ( ,seville _h deliv]$ up ! la/ secret ( h] my/]y & romance4 ,if y ent] ! *ur* f ! we/ ?r\gh ! ma9 portal1 or ! ,pu]ta ,mayor1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! nave is brok5 by v>i\s /ructures4 ,on ! axis1 "u ! second vault1 is ! tomb ( ,f]n&o ,colon2 ! f\r? & fif? vaults conta9 ! *oir2 ! six? comes "u ! dome2 ! sev5? & eigh? take 9 ! ,capilla ,mayor & ,sacri/ia ,alta2 back ( ! n9? & t]m9at+ ! ea/]n end1 rises ! great ,r5aissance royal *apel 7,capilla ,real74 ,f]n&o ,colon des]ves to live n only 9 ,seville's hi/ory b 9 ! memory ( all ,spa91 fir/ & =emo/ = be+ 8 fa!r's son 7by 8 mi/ress ,beatrix ,enrigues71 &1 secondly1 = lead+ a mo/ pi\s & /udi\s life & devot+ 8 "t & =tune :ile trav]s+ ,europe dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 to ! pur*ase ( ! mo/ valuable books & manuscripts ( ! "t4 ,^! he unit$ into ! fam\s ,columb9a ,libr>y & pres5t$ to ! ,ca!dral ,*apt]4 ,! enorm\s wood5 tab]nacle erect$ e ,passion ,week ov] ! great ,discov]]'s son1 to rea* ! v ar*es ( ! vaults ov]head1 is z hide\s z ! inscription is t\*+4 ,?ree c>avels are inlaid on ! slab1 betwe5 :i* runs ! leg5d1 ,a ,ca/illa y a ,leon mundo nuevo die ,colona 7,to ,ca/ile & ,leon ,columbus gave a new _w71 & ! foll[+ inscription3 ,( :at avails x t ,i h ba!d ! entire univ]se 9 my sweat1 t ,i h ?rice pass$ ?r\gh ! new _w1 discov]$ by my fa!r1 t ,i h adorn$ ! banks ( ! g5tle ,bati & pref]r$ my simple ta/es to ri*es1 9 ord] to ga!r ar\nd !e ! div9ities ( ! ,ca/alian ,spr+ & (f] !e ! treasures already ga!r$ by ,ptolemy1 if ?\ 9 pass+ ?is /one 9 ,seville1 do/ n at lea/ give a greet+ to my fa!r & a ?\ght to me4 ,directly back ( ,f]n&o ,columbus' tomb rises ! re> surface or trascoro ( ! *oir4 ,! *oir1 :i* occupies ! f\r? & fif? bays1 is enclos$ by ! mo/ elaborate walls1 except at ! entrance to ! ea/1 :]e x is scre5$ by ! rem>kable iron reja4 ,?is1 z well z ! rejas ( ! *oir1 is 9 design & workman%ip a m>vel\s example ( m$ival craft1 q z f9e z ! scre5s ( ,tol$o & ,granada & ! be/ "w ( ! ,g]man =g]s & guilds4 ,! design1 f #aeai1 h>monizes spl5didly ) ! ironwork fac+ x4 ,its gild+ mu/ h improv$ z ea* c5tury has ton$ x d[n4 ,n[ 9 ! ev5+ h\rs :5 x cat*es ! reflection ( "s light1 ! spikes look l angels' spe>s ris+ flame-l out ( ! my/]i\s twilight & gu>d+ ! holy places beyond4 ,! *oir1 plac$ s ne>ly "u ! dome1 naturally suff]$ greatly by its fall4 ,a portion ( ! #abg /alls has be5 s well re/or$ t x is difficult to di/+ui% ! old f ! new4 ,nufro ,san*ez1 sculptor1 :om ,god gu>d$1 made ?is *oir 9 ! ye> #adge4 ,! subjects are z usual f ! ,new & ,old ,te/am5ts1 & ! "* ( ! c>v+ con/antly betrays ,moori% influ5ce4 ,! pill>s z well z ! canopies & ! figures !mselves are possibly entirely ,go?ic1 b "o glance at ! gaudily inlaid backs %[s ,arab workman%ip4 ,along ! out] sides ( ! *oir ar\nd ! f\r little /onework ni*es1 :i* s]ve z small] *apels1 ! ,go?ic c>v+ 7"s ( x execut$ 9 transp>5t alaba/]71 works m happily ?an usual 9 comb9ation ) ! lat] ,plat]esque or ,r5aissance1 "h conta9+ ! f9e feel+ ( ! ,g5oese s*ool4 ,"o piece ( sculpture /&s out f all ! re/1 viz41 ! ,virg91 c>v$ by ,montaes4 ,h] h&s are ( su* exquisite girli% delicacy1 ( su* immature & dimpl$ s(tness1 t "o _c pass !m by )\t a feel+ ( delight4 ,! organs1 :i* =m a "p ( ! *oir1 h an incr$ible numb] ( pipes & /ops4 ,accord+ to a rem>kable old tale1 !y 7 fill$ ) air by ! *oir boys1 :o walk$ back & =? ov] tilt+ planks plac$ on ! bell[s4 ,:e!r or no ! boys /ill h ?is happy outlet = _! ecclesia/ic activities1 ! music means little to ! ,spani>d1 & _! design /ill less to ! ar*itect's eye4 ,! ,capilla ,mayor faces ! *oir1 m]ely sep>at$ f x by ! space ly+ directly "u ! dome & =m+ ! int]section ( nave & transepts4 ,z ! *ur* s]vices con/antly require ! simultane\s use ( ! *oir & ! high alt> ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 a portion ( ! int]m$iate space or entre los dos ,coros is rop$ (f dur+ s]vice "t = ! cl]gy to pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,! ,spani% ta/e = pomp & magnific5ce c5tres 9 all its extravagance ab\t ! high alt>1 :ile a m subdu$ ri*ness *>act]izes ! surr\nd+ /one & iron "w :i* encloses ! sanctu>y on all sides4 ,n only on ! front1 complem5t+ & balanc+ admirably ! fac+ reja ( ! *oir1 b on ! we/]n ends ( ! sides1 imm5se ornam5tal iron scre5s b> ! way4 ,! front "o is q ov]p[]+ 9 size1 ris+ "s sev5ty-five feet above ! alt>4 ,! ,spani>d 0 equal to any und]tak+ 9 ! days ( e>ly ,hapsburg spl5dor "u ! pi\s ,reyes ,catolicos4 ,) ! aid ( ,san*o ,munoz & ,diego de ,yorobo1 a ,dom9ican ,fri>1 ,francesco de ,salamanca design$ !m 7#aeah7 & !n sup]9t5d$ ! weld+1 gild+ & ! f9al erection 9 #aebc4 ,! ea/ end ( ! ,capilla ,mayor is =m$ by ! magnific5t retablo1 almo/ f\r ?\s& squ>e feet 9 size4 ,"o is imm$iately /ruck by its imm5se proportions & ! inf9ite am\nt ( c>v+ be/[$ on x4 ,its great s*eme 0 conceiv$ 9 #adhb by ! ,flemi% sculptor ,danc>t1 evid5tly a man ( prolific & v]satile imag9ation4 ,if we try to comp>e x ) ! "w ( ,engli% *ur*es1 we might be/ lik5 x to ! great alt> scre5s4 ,?is & ! retablo at ,tol$o are probably ! ri*e/ specim5s ( m$ival woodwork 9 exi/5ce4 ,portions ( ! execution are some:at inf]ior to ! conception1 & yet ! arti/s :o labor$ on x ) lov+ skill until ! middle ( ! foll[+ c5tury c>ri$ out all _! "w ) a ri*ness & delicacy :i* make x n only a repres5tative piece ( late ,go?ic sculpture b "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t specim5s ( ?is bran* ( ,spani% art4 ,its v>i\s portions embrace ! :ole p]iod ( florid ,go?ic f its e>li]1 m re/ra9$ expression to ! v la/ /roke ( ! art1 :5 wood 0 ma/]$ & c>v$ into incr$ible filigree "w z if x _h be5 z s(t & pliable z silv] leaf4 ,ev]y?+ t c\ld be c>v$ is !re1 figures1 foliage1 trac]y1 mold+s & m]e conv5tionaliz$ ornam5t4 ,! c5tral portions are ( ! e>li] fifte5? c5tury1 ! out] ones1 ( ! late sixte5?1 execut$ "u ,ma/] ,m>co ,jorge ,f]n&ez4 ,! wood is pr9cipally l>*1 ) m9or portions ( *e/nut & p9e4 ,! :ole field is divid$ by sl5d] %afts & labori\sly c>v$ b&s into =ty-f\r comp>tm5ts repres5t+ 9 high & l[ relief v>i\s sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,9 ! c5tre is ,santa ,m>ia de la ,s$e1 ! patron sa9t ( ! *ur*1 surm\nt$ by a ,crucifixion ) ,sa9t ,john & ! ,virg9 on ei!r side4 ,betwe5 ! retablo & ! re> wall enclos+ ! rectangle ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 !re is a d>k space kn[n z ! ,sacri/ia ,alta1 :]e is pres]v$ ! ,tablas ,alfons9as#ah br\ght f ,con/ant9ople to ,p>is by ,sa9t ,f]d9&'s son1 ,alfonso4 ,seville ranks high among ! *ur*es ( ,spa9 9 ! beauty ( its c>v+4 ,! /one scre5 t =ms ! re> ( ! retablo is fill$ ) admirable ,go?ic t]ra-cotta /atues1 sa9ts1 virg9s1 bi%ops1 m>tyrs & prelates execut$ ) a little ( ! curi\s rigidity ( ! ,dut* ,s*ool /ill await+ its ,r5aissance emancipation1 b ) faces full ( holy devotion4 ,! model+ is correct & ! treatm5t ( ! drap]y excell5t4 ,)9 ! enclosure ( ! ,capilla ,mayor1 !re is /ill to be se5 at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 a c]emony :i* has be5 p]=m$ = c5turies1 & :i* is c]ta9ly ! mo/ unique religi\s rite celebrat$ 9 any ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,to ! ,saxon x is mo/ extraord9>y4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree days ( ! ,c>nival or aft] ! ,fea/ ( ,corpus ,dom9i1 we may see boys dress$ 9 co/umes p]=m a dance be=e ! high alt> ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,*ildr51 s ! tale runs1 danc$1 skipp$ & %\t$ = joy :5 ! city ( ,seville 0 f9ally tak5 f ! ,mohamm$ans1 & ^! *ildi% demon/rations s t\*$ ! he>ts ( ! cl]gy :o ent]$ ! city ) ! conqu]+ army1 t !y resolv$ t succe$+ g5]ations ( boys %\ld p]petuate !m =ev]4 ,( all ! fe/ivals & religi\s processions culm9at+ 9 or outside ,sa9t ,m>y's %r9e1 surely none c give h] s mu* pleasure z ! sight ( ^! little boys danc+ & s++ 9 h] honor4 ,?is naf & *>m+ c]emonial is "p ( ! ,moz>abic ,ritual1 ! "w ( ,sa9t ,isidore1 a metropolitan ( ,seville a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! arrival ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s1 :5 8 eld] bro!r ,le&] rul$ ! ,go?ic ,*ur* ) /]n h&1 ,isidore _h "t & tal5ts to ma/] 9 8 cloi/]$ seclusion s mu* art & sci5ce t he became ! ,admirable ,cri*ton ( 8 day4 ,8 "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,?+s %[s ! pr(undity ( 8 k1 8 hi/ory ( ! ,go?s is beyond d\bt 8 mo/ valuable legacy to u1 b :at ende>$ him above all to 8 c\ntrym5 0 ! ,moz>abic ,rite1 ( :i* he compos$ bo? brevi>y & music4 ,! ,b5$ict9e monks ( ,cluny1 ^? ar*itects & *ronicl]s1 :o _h be5 oblig$ to sacrifice _! ,gallican liturgy = ! ,roman1 c\ld n re/ satisfi$ until !y _h impos$ x on ! ,p59sula4 ,!y 7 support$ 9 ?is truly =eign aggression by ,con/ance ( ,burgundy1 ,que5 ( ,alfonso ,,vi1 & by ! ma/]ful ,gregory ,,vii1 himself a ,b5$ict9e4 ,& s ,sa9t ,isidore's qua9t old hymn ) ! accompany+ melody 0 bani%$ f all b "o or two favor$ *apels4 ,=tunately ,c>d9al ,xim5ez became its en?usia/ic & p[]ful protector4 ,he end[$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o a special *apel & _h ?irte5 prie/s tra9$ = ! s]vice1 ,moz>abes sodales4 ,9 ,xim5ez' "t a ,g]man1 ,pet] ,hag5ba*1 fir/ pr9t$ missale secundum regulam beati ,isidori dictum ,moz>abes1 :at ,sa9t ,isidore call$ ^? fleet+ s\nds s h>d to note d[n4 ,8 brevi>y 0 ! fir/ ,roman "o to be us$ 9 ,spani% *ur*es4 ,to enum]ate ! endless r[s ( *apels ) _! c\ntless treasures & *a/e or tawdry ar*itecture & decoration w\ld be tiresome & unpr(itable1--) a plan & guide-book1 "o may pass !m 9 review4 ,sixty-sev5 ( ! great sculptors & ?irty-eight ( ! pa9t]s "h display to ! a/oni%$ & incr$ul\s eye ! ma/]pieces ( _! h&1 says "o4 ,"h is almo/ e pa9t] belong+ to ! great ,sevillian s*ool ( pa9t+ ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,!y =m a v]itable museum or a s]ies ( small museums1 ea* *apel be+ a sep>ate room ( ma/]pieces4 ,b "h1 z 9 ! museum1 !re are good & bad pa9t+s & /atues1 & only ! excell5t are wor? att5tion4 ,!y are bett] wor? /udy+ "h ?an else:]e1 = !y h be5 left 9 ! surr\nd+s = :i* !y 7 int5d$ & pa9t$4 ,spa9's great religi\s arti/ did n pa9t 8 ,madonnas s full ( di/ract+ & s5su\s lovel9ess = ! walls ( ! ,prado2 _! smiles1 human & pa!tic1 7 = ! alt>s & panels ( sanctu>ies4 ,"h is ! light 9 :i* !y 7 /udi$ & = :i* !y 7 color$2 "h are ! walls & frames :i* 7 int5d$ to surr\nd !m2 !y are 9 ! company !y w\ld *oose1 & !y 7 pa9t$ ) ! same religi\s devotion t inspires ! pray]s n[ (f]$ be=e !m4 ,! pa9t]'s inspiration sprang f ! f]vor ( 8 fai?4 ,?ree ( ! pa9t+s are lovely above all o!rs4 ,two are ,murillo's1 namely ! ,angel de la ,gu>da & ! ,san ,antonio ( ! bapti/]y2 ! ?ird is ! ,deposition f ! ,cross1 by ,p$ro de ,campana 7or m correctly ,kemp5e]71 hang+ 9 ! great sacri/y4 ,?is is ! pa9t+1 ,spani% hi/orians w tell y1 ,murillo lov$ s well t :5ev] he 0 d[nhe>t$ he w\ld /& 9 front ( x = h\rs1 & become lo/ to all ar\nd him1 ev5 =gett+ 8 own ,madonnas4 ,"o day ! sacri/an ask$ him impati5tly1 :y he s (t5 /ood !re />+4 ,i am wait+1 ,murillo answ]$1 till ^? holy m5 h tak5 ! ,savi\r d[n f ! ,cross4 ,x hangs well light$ ov] "o ( ! alt>s ( ! ,sacri/y4 ,few faces h ev] be5 pa9t$ :i* convey dep? & int5sity ( feel+ 9 a m affect+ way4 ,! agoniz$ faces ( ! wom5 at ! foot ( ! ,cross express all an innoc5t human he>t c feel ( compassion1 he>t-wrung sorr[ & despair4 ,! ec/asy ) :i* ,sa9t ,an?ony1 :o is kneel+ 9 pray]1 gazes at ! ,*ild ,jesus has seldom be5 surpass$ 9 reality & p[]4 ,entirely lift$ beyond ! e>?ly sph]e1 8 features k9dle ) ard5t piety & div9e love4 ,! angels surr\nd+ ! ,infant ,jesus h a simplicity ( expression :i* nev] escapes ^? :o h lov$ & /udi$ *ildr54 ,! color+ is unique & ( a truly p5etrat+ s(tness4 ,all ! little details ( ! mis]able cell 9 :i* ! sa9t is kneel+ are r5d]$ ) ! vigor\s reality s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,spani% s*ool1 :ile 9 ! upp] "p ( ! pa9t+ "o seems to see ev5 ! du/ p>ticles float+ 9 ! rays ( sunlight4 ,! %ad[s h a m>vel\s transp>5cy4 ,! ,angel de la ,gu>da1 or ,gu>dian ,angel1 is "o ( ! ma/]'s v be/ works4 ,! purples & yell[s ( ! angel's ve/ure h kept _! dep? & ri*ness ?r\gh all ! c5turies 9 :i* ! colors h be5 dry+4 ,!re might be a guide-book deal+ ) ! pa9t+s ( ! ,ca!dral alone4 ,h[ diff]5tly x is decorat$ f ! great ,go?ic ca!drals ( ! pres5t ,anglican ,*ur*6 ,9 ,seville z 9 ,flor5ce1 all ! f9e arts seem$ to fl[] & come to p]fection dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,sculpture & pa9t+ 7 employ$ to embelli% ar*itecture1 z 9 ! anci5t days ( ,greece4 ,! si/] arts walk$ once m h& 9 h&4 ,! figures 9 /one & /ill m 9 t]ra-cotta :i* adorn ! ext]ior por*es & ! m decorative portions ( ! int]ior are unusually f9e4 ,_m ( ! bi%ops1 sa9ts & k+s h an unmi/akable ,r5aissance feel+4 ,take1 = in/ance1 su* a /atue z ! ,virg9 del ,reposo1 s de> to ! ,sevillians1--y feel 9 all ! h&l+ ! p]iod ( transition4 ,su* sculptors z ,miguel ,flor5t91 ,juan ,m>91 & ,diego de ,pesqu]a mu/ h be5 influ5c$ by ,italy :5 !y c>v$ ! /atues :i* adorn ! ,ca!dral ( ,seville4 ,! contact ) ,italy & ! _m ,italian workm5 gradually induc$ fai?lessness to ! e>li] ,go?ic ideals ( ! f\nd]s & build]s ( ! *ur*4 ,! great ,mae/ro ,mayor ( ,tol$o ,ca!dral1 ,h5rique de ,egas1 0 among ! fir/ to introduce re/ra9t 9 ,spani% build+ aft] ! fanaticism ( ! lat] flamboyant4 ,9 ! "t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 a well-kn[n ,tol$an publi%$ a ,spani% abridgm5t ( ,vitruvius2 ?is 9 conjunction ) ! influ5ce ( _m =eign arti/s l$ ! way to classical build+4 ,granada 0 soon resurrect$ z a ,greek-,roman ,c5tralbau & ev5 ! cross+ ( ,go?ic ,burgos 0 un=tunately re/or$ by ,borgoa aft] classic models4 ,! new =eign movem5t f\nd expression 9 ar*itecture1 9 sculpture & 9 pa9t+1 (t5 ) ! mo/ extraord9>y attempts to employ ! new )\t disc>d+ ! old4 ,grotesque & fanta/ic ornam5ts cr[n illogical con/ruction4 ,! royal *apel1 ! *apt] h\se1 ! sagr>io & ! great sacri/y are examples ( ! new-born /yle4 ,! fir/ two are magnific5t specim5s ( ,spani% ,r5aissance4 ,ea* ( !m is a f9e *ur* 9 itself1 & !y c only be class$ z *apels because !y be> t relation & are proportion$ to ! imm5se "m *ur* ( ,seville4 ,! walls ( ! ,capilla ,real =m ! ea/]n t]m9ation to ! ,ca!dral1 & ! *apel is v prop]ly plann$ ^u ! axe ( ! *ur* & ent]$ ?r\gh a spl5didly decorat$ l(ty ar*4 ,x is ab\t #ha by #ei feet 9 plan1 & #aac feet high to ! lant]n cr[n+ ! really f9e dome4 ,a r\nd alt> at its ea/]n extremity is clos$ (f by a typically impressive reja4 ,! ar*itecture is ( ! magnific5ce ( ,sa9t ,pet]'s 9 ,rome1 & n unlike x 9 detail4 ,eight ,cor9?ian pila/]s support ! dome1 break+ ! wall space into panels & c>ry+ ! ri*e/ classical cornice surm\nt$ by f9e /atues ( ! ,apo/les1 ,evangeli/s & k+s4 ,! *apel takes its "n f be+ ! burial place ( ! royal h\se4 ,along its walls are ! tombs ( ,sa9t ,f]d9&'s consort1 ( ,alfonso ! ,le>n$ & 8 "m1 ,beatrice ( ,suabia1 & ! beautiful ,da ,m>ia de ,padilla1 ! mi/ress ( ,p$ro ! ,cruel4 ,he himself is buri$ bel[ 9 ! vault ) _m o!r ( ! royal pr9ces4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! *apel ,sa9t ,f]d9& lies 9 full armor ) a cr[n on 8 head4 ,?ree times a ye> he is %[n to ! soldi]s ( ,spa91 :o m>* pa/ ) s\nd+ bugles & l[]$ bann]s4 ,! *apel 0 plann$ & built by ,m>t9 ,ganza dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,v4 ,%ortly aft] ! defeat ( ! ,moors1 an e>li] royal "o 0 built ^u ! same site & add$ to ! old mosque4 ,:5 ! great new ,ca!dral 0 plann$1 ! ,*apt] begg$ p]mission to remove tempor>ily ! bodies ( ! royal p]sonages int]r$ 9 ! *apel1--! holy ,k+ ,f]d9&1 8 "m & son4 ,?is petition 0 grant$ by ,que5 ,joanna on condition t !y w\ld rebuild x on a m fitt+ scale at z e>ly a date z possible4 ,! ,*apt] pref]r$1 h[ev]1 to exp5d all its means & en]gies on ! great vault+ ( ! ,ca!dral r ?an on ! new royal sepul*re1 & ?is 0 n rebuilt until ,*>les ,v f9ally lo/ pati5ce ov] ! neglig5t & disrespectful mann] 9 :i* ! rema9s ( 8 =be>s 7 treat$ & wrote to ! ,*apt]1 9 #aedc1 comm&+ !m to />t ! "w )\t any delay :atsoev]1 & to br+ x to completion z rapidly z possible1 & to execute ! "w z excell5tly z befitt$ its royal gue/s4 ,t ! workm5 made no delay 9 obey+ ! royal comm&s is %[n by ! fact t ! walls 7 well up z e>ly z #aeff & f9i%$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,none ( ! ,spani% ca!drals h a bett] type ( ,plat]esque ar*itecture & decoration ?an ! sacri/y1 built dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! plan is t ( a ,greek cross1 #gj by #dj feet1 & ab\t #abj feet high4 ,its dome1 spann+ ! great c5tral vault1 is a di/9ct feature 9 any compreh5sive ext]ior view ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! ,sacri/y is fill$ ) curi\s & priceless relics1 treasures1 & ve/m5ts belong+ to ! *ur*4 ,z ,santa ,ju/a & ,santa ,ruf9a are 9 a mann] ! patron sa9ts ( ,seville1 _! picture by ,goya hang+ "h is ( int]e/4 ,bo? ( !m hold vessels ( ! "* ( s\p di%es2 & _! faces1 tak5 f ,seville models1 are ( decid$ly e>?ly types4 ,to ! we/ ( ! faade z y ent]1 lies ! l>ge sagr>io1 or p>i% *ur*4 ,x is a build+ entirely by itself1 #aab feet long1 ) a s+le nave spann$ by a dang]\sly bold b>rel vault4 ,"h & !re among ! *apels y come sudd5ly on fam\s subjects by great ma/]s1 names r5[n$ 9 ,spani% hi/ory or /rik+ works ( art4 ,le>n+ & /atesman%ip are honor$ 9 great ,m5doza's monum5t3 ! sil5t mail$ effigies ( ! ,guzmans commemorate ! ?rill+ exploits ( ,spani% arms4 ,:at sympa?ies are /irr$ z y /& uncov]$ be=e ! tomb ( ! great & deeply wrong$ ,discov]]6 ,we he> aga9 ! passionate appeals & ! va9 plead+s ( 8 undaunt$ fai?4 ,! liv+ head 0 left to :it5 )9 prison walls2 its effigy is n[ pr\dly c>ri$ on ! f\r gorge\s %\ld]s ( ! ,spani% /ates2 ! poor bones1 aft] _! we>y travels f ,valladolid to ! ,c>?usian mona/]y ( ,las ,cuevas1 f ,hispaniola to ,havana1 h f9ally f\nd a re/+-place )9 ! v walls :]e !y 7 once treat$ ) su* contumely1--= "h lies ! ,great ,admiral1 ,cri/(oro ,colon4 ,y pass pa9t+s by ,alfonso ,cano1 ,rib]a1 ,zurb>an1 ,greco & ,goya1--,murillo's ,immaculate ,conception1 bett] kn[n ?an all 8 o!r works2 ,montaez' exquisite ,crucifixion1 canvases by ,valdes1 ,h]r]a1 ,boldan & ,roelas4 ,!re are subjects curi\s & out ( keep+ ) our pres5t arti/ic s5tim5ts1 sa9ts walk+ ab\t ) _! heads in/ead ( brevi>ies "u _! arms1 dresses m fitt+ = ! ballroom ?an ! w9try sc5]y amid :i* !y are worn1 m>riage c]emonies ( ! ,virg91 ,adam & ,eve1 entirely =getful ( _! lo/ ,ed5 9 ! contemplation ( ! ,virg9's halo1 keys ) qua9t old ,arab inscriptions3 ,may ,allah r5d] et]nal ! dom9ion ( ,islam 9 ?is city1 sa9ts ) removable hair ( spun gold & jo9t$ limbs1 o!rs snat*$ f quiet alt> s]vice to plunge into ! turmoil ( battle on ! saddle b[ ( reign+ k+s4 ,v]ily a museum ( hi/orical curiosities z well z ( ! f9e arts1 satisfy+ s5sational crav+s z well z ! f9] arti/ic s5se4 ,! /ructure is reveal$ to u ?r\gh a light ( une>?ly sweetness4 ,none ( ! ,spani% ca!drals are m satisfactorily light$1 = ,seville has nei!r ! brilliant cl>ity ( "s ( ! nor!rn *ur*es1 :i* robs !m ( a c]ta9 my/]y & awe1 nor has x ! s9i/] obscurity ( "s ( ! s\!rn1 :]e bo? /ructure & detail are half lo/ 9 %ad[s1 z 9 ,b>celona4 ,! light f ! cimborio & f ! two r[s ( w9d[s z well z ! doors p5etrates e *apel ) its ra9b[ hues2 x reveals ! :ole maje/ic /ructure1 ! l(ty spr+ ( ! ar*es1 ! glitt]+ ironwork ( ! scre5s1 ! titanic /r5g? & simple caps ( ! columns1 & brea!s cele/ial life into ! army ( sa9ts & m>tyrs4 ,x gives a s\l to x all4 ,! effect produc$ by ! e>ly morn+ & late aft]noon light is v diff]5t4 ,santa ,m>ia de la ,s$e1 l all h] e>?ly si/]s1 has a v>iety ( expressions4 ,at times %e burns ) animation1 ev5 a remnant ( e>?ly passion may gl[ 9 h] holy c\nt5ance1 & aga9 %e is cold1 impassive & nunlike 9 h] gray g>b ( r5unciation4 ,accord+ to an ,&alusian prov]b1 ! rays ( ! sun h no evil p[] :]e ! voice ( pray] is he>d4 ,= ?is reason1 only a few ( ! highe/ w9d[s are scre5$ by semi-transp>5t curta9s1 & ! light p\rs 9 unbrok5 ?r\gh mo/ ( _! brilliant t9ts--d[n ! nave 9 deep blood r$s & indigo blues4 ,! great] portion ( ! glass is unusually ri* 9 color+1--p]haps too florid1 b typical ( ! ,flemi% ,s*ool ( glass-pa9t+4 ,n9ety-?ree w9d[s 7 /a9$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 = :i* ! *ur* paid ! pa9t]s ! l>ge sum ( #ij1jjj ducats4 ,! e>lie/ ones are by ,mic] & ,cri/obal ,aleman1 :o 9 #aech introduc$ 9 ,seville real /a9$ glass4 ,aleman's1 repres5t+ ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 ,m>y ,magdal51 & ! ,awak5+ ( ,laz>us1 ! ,entry into ,j]usalem1 ! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! ,apo/les1 all 9 ! transept1 toge!r ) ^? by 8 bro!r ,arnao de ,fl&]s1 are !be/1--bett] ?an mo/ ,flemi% w9d[s ( ! "t 9 any ,european ca!dral4 ,true1 !y are some:at heavy 9 outl9e & ! color+ lacks s(tness & re/ra9t 9 tone1 b !y h great dep?1 excell5cy ( draw+ & p[] ( expression 9 faces & figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,seville ,illu/ration3 ,,& ,,! ,,giralda ,! little *apel1 ! ,capilla de los ,doncelles1 conta9s a magnific5t %eet ( glass repres5t+ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 pa9t$ by ,c>los de ,bruges1 "o ( ! great ,flemi% arti/s4 ,a :ole s*ool ( =eign pa9t]s seem to h ga!r$ r\nd ^! fam\s vidri]os1 _m ( !m work+ 9 _! %ops4 ,among ! be/ kn[n are ,arnao de ,v]g>a1 ,mic] ,enrique ,b]n>d9o de ,cel&ra & ,vic5te ,m5>do4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,giralda is incomp>able1 a unique expression ( fem99e /r5g?4 ,%e is z ori5tal & my/]i\s z ! ,sph9x1 or might be lik5$ to a great sultana 9 en*ant$ sleep4 ,?\gh h] maje/ic head has t[]$ = c5turies beside h] ,*ri/ian si/]1 !y /ill seem z irreconcilable z _! fai?s a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x has be5 a /range companion%ip4 ,! ori5tal lovel9ess & spl5dor ( ! ,giralda1 l t ( ,seville1 are be/ felt at ! twilight h\r1 :5 h] jewels sp>kle 9 ! la/ rays ( ! sett+ sun4 ,) ! wan+ light ! color+ becomes purple1 !n indigo1 :ile ! silh\ette /ill /&s out 9 />tl+ cle>ness & /r5g? aga9/ ! spotless blue ( ! ev5+ sky4 ,y feel z if ! :ole m\nta9 ( masonry 7 sl[ly b surely lean+ m & m f its base & ab\t to bury y 9 its fall4 ,! v]milion & o*re color+ are l ! petals ( ! rose4 ,n[h]e is ! surface uni=m1 b passes gradually f light cream & buff ?r\gh w>m] amb] to brilliant orange & c>m9e & crimson lake1 ev5 to ! color ( ! pomegranate's he>t4 ,! exquisite surface ( delicate t9t+1 mell[$ by ! /orms & suns ( c5turies1 is ev]y:]e reliev$ by ! brilliant sp>kle1 ! delicate play ( light & %ade1 ( ! ,moori% designs4 ,:5 ! l[ rays ( ! ,&alusian sun illum9e ! ,giralda1 j t\*$ "h & !re ) dots ( molt5 gold l ! orange trees f ^: gre5 b$ x rises1 y see ! bolde/ creation ( ,moori% imag9ation 9 all its spl5dor4 ,! great ,ca!dral itself becomes a mode/ nun ) ri*1 b sombre1 cape ov] h] %\ld]s1 beside ?is dazzl+ creature gl[+ ) ,s>ac5ic fire4 ,! ,giralda is ! greate/ ( all ! monum5ts ( t enlight5$ civilization4 ,%e is s diff]5t f any o!r t[] t comp>ison becomes difficult4 ,!re is a robu/ness1 an appe>ance ( adequate solidity & /r5g? :i* are lack+ 9 ! ,italian t[]s ( ,sa9t ,m>k's1 ( ,pi/oja1 or ( ,flor5ce4 ,?is holds true ev5 9 relation to o!r ,moori% t[]s1 or su* edifices z ! ,mosque at ,cordova1 ! ,alcaz> at ,seville1 or ! pill>$ halls ( ,granada2 all o!r ,moori% "w seems to h a c]ta9 fem99e weakness1 a timidity & insecurity1 :5 comp>$ ) ! t[] :i* dom9ates ,m>ia ,santissima4 ,! ,giralda is y\r fir/ & la/ impression ( ?is corn] ( ! _w1 = x embodies all ! grace & /r5g? t c be comb9$ 9 ar*itecture4 ,old ,spani% au?orities ass]t t x 0 9 ! v ye> :5 believ]s ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom 7 anxi\sly expect+ ! end ( ! _w t ! ,moslem infidels began to build _! huge monum5t4 ,m probably x 0 />t$ ab\t ! ye> #aahe1 z ! pray] t[] or m9>et ( ! mosque :i* 0 !n rapidly progress+4 ,! ,spani% hi/orian ,gayangos says t x 0 complet$ by ,jab> or ,gev] 9 #aaif1 dur+ ! reign ( ! illu/ri\s ,almohad rul]1 ,abu ,jakub ,jusef1 ! same mon>* :o erect$ ! ,mesquita at ,cordova4 ,o!r au?orities insi/ t its orig9al purpose 0 z an obs]vatory1--b al?\gh x may h be5 us$ = a/ronomical purposes1 x 0 c]ta9ly erect$ z a t[] f :i* ! muezz9 c\ld call ! fai?ful to pray] 9 ! ,mosque ( ,seville4 ,:ile build+ x1 ,gev] claims to h inv5t$ algebra4 ,! orig9al t[] has und]gone skillful b ( c\rse detrim5tal *anges f ! h&s ( lat] g5]ations4 ,we h descriptions & repres5tations ( x prior to ! *anges made 9 #aejj4 ,! ma9 ,arab /ructure 01 l almo/ all ,mohamm$an pray]-t[]s1 surm\nt$ by a small] t[] & capp$ by a spire4 ,x 0 ab\t #bej feet high1 & on its summit an iron /&>d support$1 be=e ! e>?quake ( #acie1 f\r enorm\s balls ( brass4 ,k+ ,alfonso ! ,wise1 9 8 ,cronica de ,espaa1 describ+ ,seville 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 says t :5 ! sun %one ^u ^! balls1 !y emitt$ s fi]ce a light t !y might be se5 a day's j\rney away f ! city4 ,:5 ,seville 0 tak5 by ,sa9t ,f]d9& 9 #abdh1 ! t[] 0 /&+ 9 ! full glory ( its orig9al conception4 ,! ?\ght t x might fall into ! h&s ( ! conqu]ors s horrifi$ its build]s t !y 7 only prev5t$ f de/roy+ x by ,sa9t ,f]d9&'s ?reat t1 if a s+le brick 7 remov$1 n an infidel 9 ,seville %\ld keep 8 head4 ,! ,giralda _h already lo/ ! ,byzant9e cr[n :i* x _h worn pr\dly = five hundr$ ye>s :51 9 #aeie1 x came ne> total de/ruction1 & 0 only sav$ dur+ ! t]rible e>?quake & /orm :i* almo/ de/roy$ ! city by ! int]position ( its special protectresses1 ! pott] girls ( ,triana1 ,santa ,ju/a & ,santa ,ruf9a4 ,!re are pictures :i* %[ u ^! bless$ ,virg9s support+ ! t[] :ile ! w9d devils ) di/5d$ *eeks are bl[+ on its sides ) all _! might & ma94 ,we are n only grateful to !m = ?is timely int]v5tion1 b v glad x co/ !m s little ex]tion1 = we f9d !m %ortly aft]w>ds hold+ ! t[] 9 _! h&s z lightly z a filigree casket4 ,! ar*itects :o re/or$ x ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago =tunately refra9$ f all attempts at improv+ or r5ovat+ its sunburn$1 w9d-swept surface4 ,! ,giralda is z /rong z x looks4 ,! huge walls h a ?ickness ( eight feet bel[1 dim9i%+ to sev5 feet 9 ! upp] /ories4 ,! height to ! v top ( ! cr[n+ figure is #cjh feet4 ,9 ! f\ndations are bricks1 rubble1 & huge blocks ( e>li] ,roman & ,visigo?ic masonry2 ev5 ,lat9 inscriptions are f\nd immur$4 ,! ,moors1 l all o!r build]s1 us$ ! mat]ials readie/ at h&2 ! reject$ build+ /ones ( "o g5]ation become ! corn] /ones ( ! next4 ,bel[ ! ,r5aissance addition ) :i* ! t[] 0 t]m9at$ 9 #aefh1 ! broad sides ( ! %aft _h be5 brok5 by ! ,arabs 9 ! simple/ & mo/ felicit\s mann]4 ,! brickwork 0 treat$ 9 ?ree panels ) ! corn] bord]s v prop]ly broad] & /rong] ?an ! two int]m$iate ones4 ,! panels1 :i* c\ld n be ( a happi] dep?1 are fill$ d[n to eighty feet ( ! gr\nd ) v>y+ ,moori% arabesque patt]ns2 ! figur$ diap]-"w on all sides is brok5 9 ! two out] panels by bl9d cusp$ ar*es1 & 9 ! c5tral patt]ns1 by ,moori% w9d[s ( ! ajuiez v>iety4 ,_! d\ble ar*es are subdivid$ by small ,byzant9e columns2 ^! aga9 are fram$ )9 l>g] cusp$ & diff]5tly brok5 horse%oe curves4 ,small ,r5aissance balconies h at a lat] date be5 plac$ bel[ ! w9d[s4 ,! small ni*es compris+ ! total ,moori% composition sp>kle ?r\gh\t ) life & *>m1 &1 ?\gh no two are alike1 !y =m a h>moni\s :ole4 ,! ,arab seem$ to h an in/9ctive av]sion f t$i\s repetition4 ,he w\ld always v>y ! design j en\gh to satisfy 8 imag9ation & creative faculty1 b nev] suffici5tly to di/urb ! h>mony ( ! g5]al s*eme4 ,z ) ! w9d[s1 s also ) ! arabesques4 ,!y beg9 at slightly v>y+ heights on ! diff]5t sides ( ! t[]1 s t ! w9d[s may prop]ly meet ! diff]5t elevations ( ! int]ior /air4 ,_! patt]ns are n q ! same1 nei!r on ! v>i\s sides ( ! t[] nor at diff]5t heights on ! same side4 ,! decoration employ$ is admirably fitt$ to a l>ge surface :i* w\ld h be5 weak5$ by /rong cutt+ or deep relief4 ,consid]+ :at ,arab art a*iev$ )9 prescrib$ limits1 ! /ud5t ( ,*ri/ian art may well deplore t ! ,koran1 9 its abhorr5ce ( idol-wor%ip1 =bade its foll[]s 9 any way to reproduce human or animal =ms4 ,=ev] deb>r$ all ! wid] possibilities ( movem5t & poetry ^! w\ld h giv5 !m = int]ior decoration1 ,moori% art necess>ily /agnat$ to m]e conv5tionalization ( floral & natural subjects4 ,^! are well adapt$ to ext]ior mural surfac+4 ,:5 we look at ! fancifully h&l$ geometric patt]ns on ! ,giralda1 we c only rejoice t ! frescoes add$ by ! lat] ,r5aissance arti/s 9 ! upp] ar*es & along "s ( ! l[] surfaces h be5 wa%$ away by "t4 ,!y 7 ineffective2 all t rema9s ( ,moori% is magnific5t4 ,a small arcade1 runn+ ! wid? ( ea* side 9 its s+le panel1 t]m9ates ! ,moori% "w4 ,x is almo/ to be regrett$ t ! ,r5aissance top has be5 s well done1 = its b>b>\s exotism is suffici5t to condemn x4 ,x has excell5tly fulfill$ a da/>dly purpose4 ,! orig9al ,moori% t]m9ation 0 tak5 d[n by ! ar*itect1 ,francisco ,ruiz1 :o 0 commission$ by ! ,ca!dral ,*apt] 9 #aefh to give x a m fitt+ cr[n4 ,8 design consi/s ( ?ree /ages rea*+ to a height ( ab\t a hundr$ feet4 ,! fir/1 ( ! same wid? z ! %aft bel[1 is pi]c$ by op5+s to let out ! sweet s\nds ( ! bells inside4 ,! second /age consi/s ( a d\ble ti] ( consid]ably small] squ>es pi]c$ by wide ar*es4 ,ar\nd ! f\r sides ( its upp] frieze runs ! inscription s legible t all ,sevillians :o "k h[ may read1 ,nom5 ,dom9i ,=tissima ,turris 7,prov]bs1 xviii1 #aj74 ,! ?ird /age consi/s ( a d\ble lant]n surm\nt$ by a so>+ ,s]aphim1 be>+ 9 "o h& ! bann] ( ,con/ant9e & 9 ! o!r ! ,roman palm ( conque/4 ,! ,gir>dello 0 ca/ 9 gild$ bronze by ,b>tolom ,morel 9 ! ye> #aefh4 ,int5d$ to symbolize ,fai?1 ! "n1 a dim9utive ( ,giralda1 or wea!rcock1 is mo/ inappropriate4 ,despite h] enorm\s size & weight1 ! fa9te/ zephyr bl[+ d[n f ! ,si]ra ,ma sets h] turn+ on ! spire %e treads s lightly1 :]eupon ! cr[ds ( hawks re/+ on ,gir>dello disp]se 9 noisy scold+4 ,dumas gaz$ at h] 9 wond] & admiration4 ,c'e/ m]veilleux1 he said1 de voir t\rn] dans un rayon de soleil cette figure d'or aux ailes deployes1 qui semble1 comme un oiseau cle/e fatigu d'une longue c\rse1 avoir *oisi p\r se repos] un in/ant le po9t le plus pro*e du ciel4 ,! great bells ( ! t[]1 all baptiz$ ) holy oil1 a cu/om v frequ5t 9 ,spa91 are de> to ! he>ts ( ^? :om !y daily call to re/ & pray]4 ,z !y /rike ! h\rs1 pass]s-by look up to see _! great tongues protrude4 ,_! sweet peal is he>d 9 ! mo/ di/ant qu>t]s ( ! city1 & beyond on ! wat]s ( ! ,guadalquivir & 9 ! f]tile valley ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,! deep resonant note ( ,santa ,m>ia is ! la/ s\nd we he> be=e fall+ asleep4 ,inside y may asc5d to ! v summit by /eps s broad & easy t two horses abrea/ may g z f> z ! plat=m ( ! bells4 ,bel[ y lies ! city ) its scatt]$ :ite build+s t once h\s$ half a million1 & beyond1 ! valley t enfold$ twelve ?\s& villages4 ,?\gh dw9dl$ & *ang$1 "t has dealt g5tly ) ,seville4 ,!re is gay laught] 9 h] sunny /reets & ! olive groves e*o ) rippl+ song4 ,j "u y\r feet ?robs ! he>t ( x all4 ,?\gh repeat$ly /ruck by lightn+1 ! great ,ca!dral /ill /&s1 an ev]la/+ symbol ( ! ,*ur*1 triumphant & et]nal4 ,,viii ,,granada ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada ,we/ front ,k5n/ du das ,l& we die ,citron5 blhn1 ,im dunkeln ,l& die ,goldorang5 glhn1 ,e9 sanft] ,w9d vom blau5 ,himmel weht1 ,die ,myrte /ill und ho* d] ,lorbe] /eht8 ,,goe!',s ,wilhelm ,mei/]4 ,?us be+ entr$1 !y behold ar[nd ,a l>ge & spaci\s pla9e1 on e side ,/rew$ ) pleasauns1 ^: fayre grassy gr[nd ,mantl$ ) gre5e1 & goodly beautifide ,) all ! ornam5ts ( ,floraes pride4 ,fa]ie ,que5e1 book #b1 c4 xii4 ,i ,! fir/ />s %one pale 9 ! fields ( upp] air ov] walls & t[]s wrapt 9 ! my/]y ( twilight :i* s(t5$ e outl9e & ca/ a k9dly veil ov] ! decay ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! air 0 oppressively sweet ) ! fragrance exhal$ by s\!rn vegetation on a summ] ev5+4 ,! roses _h climb$ to ! top ( ! walls1 :]e !y c\ld cool _! flu%$ *eeks on ! m>ble cop+s ( ! battlem5ts4 ,! myrtle & ivy trembl$ 9 ! ev5+ breeze1 & ?r\gh ! brok5 casem5ts ! aloes :isp]$ to ! sweet-brea?+ orange trees 9 ! c\rty>ds4 ,! m>tlet twitt]$ 9 ! bran*es4 ,on all sides 0 he>d 9 cool silv]y cont9uity ! gurgle & pla% ( /reams :i*1 issu+ f m\nta9 sn[s1 _h w\nd _! loit]+ way ?r\gh fields ( violets & =get-me-nots to ! l>ge & spaci\s pla9e ( ! ,vega4 ,! fairy palace ( ! ,alhambra1 ! ,acropolis t once held =ty ?\s& def5d]s ( ! fai?1 cr[ns & encircles ! hill4 ,f its wat*-t[] ! night+ales p\r =? lov]s' songs1 pla9tive & passionate1 height5+ ! en*antm5t ( a sc5e unsurpass$ 9 natural lovel9ess & ! *>m ( a romantic pa/4 ,! hillsides undulat+ f ! v]milion ramp>ts ( ! ,alhambra are clad ) graceful elms1 ) orange & pomegranate trees be>+ deep r$ & gold5 fruit & ) ! mulb]ry's gli/5+ olive gre54 ,"h & !re are op5 spaces betwe5 ! groves2 fields ( roses & lilies4 ,! ,d>ro & ! ,x5il fl[ by ! foot ( ! hill1 & f _! banks = almo/ ?irty miles /ret*es ! ,vega4 ,at ! base ( ! =tress1 betwe5 ! riv]s1 lies ! city ( ,granada1-- ,! arti/'s & ! poet's !me1 ,! "y man's vision1 ! old man's dream1-- ,granada1 by its w9d+ /ream1 ,! ,city ( ! ,moor4 ,out on ! pla9 ! settlem5t becomes gradually sp>s]1 ! h\ses m scatt]$4 ,:ite /ucco walls are int]sp]s$ ) plots ( gre5 g>d51 ! o*re h\ses are small] %9+ pat*es amid ! yell[-fl[]+ fig-cactus & ! regul>ly plant$ olive groves1 until f9ally ! eye mu/ se>* = ! f>mh\se hidd5 among v9ey>ds1 or*>ds & wav+ fields ( corn4 ,! gleam+ villas & f>mh\ses /ill look z !y did to ! ,moor1 l ori5tal pe>ls set 9 a cup ( em]alds4 ,! endless pla91 once ! f]tile bosom ( f\rte5 cities1 innum]able /rong ca/les & high wat*-t[]s1 is %ut 9 f ! outside _w l a v ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 by ! m\nta9 walls ( ! ,alpuj>ras & ,si]ra ,alhama4 ,f> away on ! horizon ! b>ri] is brok5 at a s+le po9t1 ! ,loja gorge4 ,?is 0 once gu>d$ by s5t9els ev] on ! wat* = ! di/ant gleam ( ,*ri/ian lances to light ! fires t signal$ approa*+ dang] to ! di/ant citadel4 ,mo/ ,spani% cities 7 d5sely built )9 high walls1 b ,granada felt s secure 9 h] m\nta9 =tress t h] dwell+s 7 /rewn broadca/ ov] ! pla94 ,beh9d ! walls ( ! ,alhambra1 on a second slope wood$ ) cypress1 ! brilliant t[]s ( ! ,g5]aliffe gleam aga9/ ! d>k foliage4 ,beyond1 across ! :ole s\!rn sweep1 rises ! *alky1 hazy blue ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 capp$ ) glitt]+1 ev]la/+ sn[4 ,gaz+ up f ! valley bel[1 "o might fancy x a :ite veil ?r[n back f ! lovely features ( ! l&scape4 ,?us lies ,granada1 a v]dant & p]fum$ valley wrapt 9 ! s(t my/]y ( its hazy atmosph]e1--,gr5ade1--plus clatante que la fleur et plus sav\reuse que le fruit1 dont elle porte le nom1 semble une vi]ge p>esseuse qui s'e/ c\*e au soleil depuis le j\r de la cration dans un lit de bruyres et de m\sse1 df5due p> une muraille de cactus et d'aloes1--elle s'endort gaiem5t aux *ansons des oiseaux et le mat9 s'veille s\riante au murmure de ses cascatelles4#ai ,m ?an any o!r spot on e>?1 ,granada seems haunt$ by memories ( bygone glory4 ,! wide pla9s1 n[ inhabit$ by less ?an sev5ty-five ?\s&1 once sw>m$ ) ov] half a million s\ls4 ,! arti/ feels poignantly ! *>m ( ^? long c5turies ( ,arabian ,days & ,nights t 7 =ev] blott$ out by ! zeal ( ! ,*ri/ian sword4 ,! ru9$ temples /ill atte/ ! ?rift & indu/ry1 ! ref9em5t & le>n+ ( ! vani%$ race2 ! squalid pov]ty t has replac$ x is deaf & bl9d to ! records ( anci5t gr&eur1 b ! travel] & ! hi/orian may /ill be ?rill$ by ! /ruggle t de/roy$ ! mo/ voluptu\s ( all retirem5ts & feel !re z n[h]e else ! rel5tless p[] ( ! mo/ ,ca?olic ,k+s1 ! pa?os ( ! ,moor4 ,granada is a v old city1 & l ,cordova & ,seville1 x 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal ,moori% c5tres2 9 fact aft] _! fall1 ! indu/ries & culture :i* _h be5 !irs w5t to swell ! inh]itance ( ,granada4 ,its "n has always be5 associat$ ) ! sc>let-blossom+ tree :i* cov]s its slopes1 ^: fruit ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns pr\dly plac$ 9 ! po9t ( _! %ield1 ) /alks & leaves & %ell op5-gra9$4 ,dur+ ! ,roman occupation1 a settlem5t _h be5 made on ! wood$ slopes at ! foot ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & call$ ,granatum 7pomegranate74 ,! ,go?s 9 _! turn swept ov] ! p59sula until1 9 #gaa1 !y 7 driv5 out ( ! valley by ! advanc+ ,arab hordes4 ,^! trans=m$ ! "n giv5 x by ! ,romans to ,k>nattah4 ,sev5 hundr$ & eighty-two ye>s pass$ be=e ! ,cresc5t set =ev] on ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,dyna/ies _h succe$$ "o ano!r 9 ! v>i\s k+doms =m$ ( l>g] & small] portions ( s\!rn & c5tral ,spa91 b 9 ! nor?1 h>dy mon>*s _h f\nd$ m /able ?rones on ! ru9s ( ! ,go?ic ,empire1 & !y 7 eag]ly wat*+ ! advanc+ decay1 ! dome/ic discord ( ! ,mohamm$an p[] & grasp+ e opportunity = ! aggr&izem5t ( _! own /ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,( ,,plan ,,( ,,granada ,,ca!dral ,a4 ,sagr>io4 ,b4 ,royal ,*apel4 ,c4 ,capilla ,mayor4 ,d4 ,*oir4 ,e4 ,door ( ! ,p]don4 ,f4 ,door ( ,/4 ,j]onimo4 ,g4 ,ma9 ,entrance4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! ,moori% p[] 0 at its z5i?4 ,dur+ ! elev5?1 ,granada _h become /rong en\gh to break away f ! caliphate ( ,cordova4 ,!re ! ,almorvides & ,almohades dyna/ies _h alt]nat$ :ile ! ,nasrides rul$ 9 ! k+dom & city ( ,granada until ! luckless ,boabdil surr5d]$ its keys4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies ( ,moori% rule1 ! nor!rn ,cross ca/ an ev] long] %ad[ be=e x4 ,alfonso ( ,aragon advanc$ to )9 ! walls ( ! out] =ts 9 #aabe1 & 9 ! two & a half c5turies foll[+1 tribute 0 exact$ by ! cr[n ( ,ca/ile4 ,! ,moors ( ,cordova 7 m h>dy & w>like ?an ! ,arabs ( ,granada4 ,! arts ( peace fl\ri%$ ) ?is latt] poetical1 arti/ic & comm]cial race1 :o z "t w5t on became less & less able to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! fanaticism & skill ( ! ,spani% armies4 ,l ,hannibal's soldi]s on ! f]tile pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 !y _h become en]vat$ 9 ! luxury ( _! beautiful valley4 ,:5 _! imprud5t rul] answ]$ ! ,ca/ilian envoys :o _h come to collect ! usual tribute1 t ! ,k+s ( ,granada :o paid tribute 7 dead1 & t ! m9t n[ only co9$ blades ( scimet]s & heads ( lances1 ! h\r ( ,granada's de/9y _h /ruck4 ,! smil+ valley became = t5 ye>s a field ( blood & c>nage1 aft] :i* its deva/ation 0 rel5tlessly complet$ by ! ,holy ,(fice ( ! ,inquisition4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella ent]$ ! la/ /ronghold ( ! ,moors 9 ! v ye> :5 ! hi/ory ( ! civiliz$ _w 0 *ang+ its c\rse4 ,its helmsman1 ,columbus1 0 receiv$ 9 ! ,ca/ilian camp outside ! walls ( ! beleagu]$ city4 ,on ! second ( ,janu>y1 #adib1 ,h]n&o1 ,bi%op ( ,avila1 rais$ ! ,*ri/ian ,cross beside ! bann] ( ,ca/ile on ! ramp>ts ( ! highe/ t[] ( ! ,alhambra2 f\r days lat]1 on ! day ( ! ,k+s & ! fe/ival ( ! ,epiphany1 ,f]d9& & ,isabella ent]$ ! city4 ,! royal procession advanc$ to ! pr9cipal mosque1 :i* _h be5 consecrat$ z a ca!dral4 ,"h ! sov]eigns (f]$ up pray]s & ?anksgiv+s & ! *oir ( ! royal *apel *ant$ a triumphant an!m1 9 :i* !y 7 jo9$ by ! c\rti]s & cavali]s4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! ?ankfulness to ,god ( ! pi\s ,k+ ,f]d9& = hav+ enabl$ him to eradicate f ,spa9 ! empire & "n ( t accurs$ hea!n race1 & = ! elevation ( ! ,cross 9 t city :]e ! impi\s doctr9es ( ,moham$ _h s long be5 *]i%$4#bj ,bells 7 rung & masses celebrat$ 9 gratitude ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,z f> away z ,sa9t ,paul's 9 ,london t[n1 a special ,te ,deum 0 *ant$ by ord] ( ! good ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,sev5?4 ,spa9 _h rea*$ ! summit ( h] glory1 be=e :i* yawn$ ! abyss4 ,& n[ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ ! ,inquisition 0 e/abli%$ & "o ( its *ief (fices f\nd$2 9 ,8 "n ! ,jews 7 driv5 out1 ,*ri/ian oa?s & cov5ants brok51 & ! peaceful ,moori% inhabitants h\nd$ f _! he>?s4 ,"u ,philip ,,iii1 9 #afji1 _! la/ desc5dants 7 bani%$ f ! realm4 ,no sc5e ( *ivalry dur+ ! middle ages display$ a m brilliant & bloody pageant ?an ! battlefield ( ,granada4 ,x 0 ! culm9ation ( ! "w ( ,spa9's greate/ rul]s1--! great crisis 9 h] hi/ory4 ,"h gallants held x little ?+ = ladies' sake to die1 ,or = ! ,prophet's hon\r1 or pride ( ,sold5ry4 ,= "h did ,val\r fl\ri% & de$s ( w>like might ,ennobl$ lordly palaces 9 :i* 0 our delight4#ba ,gaz+ ov] ?is fam\s pla91 ! ,vega1 t ,pe>l ( ,price1 ) its c\rty>ds n[ desolate1 its g>d5s p>*$ & well-nigh calc9$ by ! sun1 "o recalls ,voltaire's words3 ,great wrongs are always rec5t w\nds6 & long ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! iron heel ( ,au/ria set its fir/ impress on ! soil4 ,james ,h[ell1 ! ,engli% travel] & busybody 9 ! capital at ! "t ,pr9ce ,*>les w5t surreptiti\sly woo+1 writes home 9 #afbc1 aft] visit+ ,granada3 ,s9ce ! expulsion ( ! ,moors1 x is also gr[n ?9n]1 & n s full ( corn2 = ^? ,moors w\ld grub up :eat out ( ! v tops ( ! craggy hills1 yet !y us$ ano!r gra9 = _! bread1 s t ! ,spani>d _h n\ght else to d b g ) 8 ass to ! m>ket & buy ! corn ( ! ,moors4 ,only once m does ,granada's "n em]ge f ! oblivion ( ages1--:5 ! ,iron ,duke occupi$ ! city dur+ ! ,p59sul> ,w>4 ,he cov]$ ) a k9dly h& "s ( h] b>r5ness1 plant+ ,engli% elms b5ea? h] =tress4 ,,ii ,9 ! he>t ( a crumbl+ mass ( *alky1 *rome-color$ walls & v]milion ro(s1 rises ! dome ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,"h1 z 9 ,seville1 ! gr\nd once sanctifi$ to ,moslem pray] 0 cleans$ by ! ,ca?olics f ! pollution ( ! ,moor1 & ! ,*ri/ian edifice 0 re>$ on ! f\ndations ( ! ,mohamm$an mosque4 ,z already not$1 "o ( ! fir/ religi\s acts ( ! conqu]ors 0 ! consecration1 9 ,janu>y1 #adib1 ( ! anci5t mosque1 :i* !reaft] 0 us$ = ,*ri/ian wor%ip "u ! direction ( ! wise & tol]ant ,talav]a1 z fir/ ,bi%op ( ,granada4 ,! new build+ 0 n begun until ! ye> #aebc1 an exce$+ly late date 9 ca!dral-build+1--a "t :5 ! great art 0 sl[ly dy+ d[n1 &1 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 flick]+ 9 its la/ flamboyancy4 ,on ,m>* #be1 #aebe1 ! corn] /one 0 laid ( ! new ,ca!dral ( ,santa ,m>ia de la ,enc>nacion4 ,x 0 plann$ on a mu* m elaborate scale ?an ! previ\s mosque1 :i*1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to be indep5d5tly us$ z a ,*ri/ian *ur* until ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & 0 n demoli%$ till ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5?1 to make room = ! new sagr>io1 or p>i% *ur*1 ( ,santa ,m>ia de la ,o4 ,! old mosque 0 ( ! usual type ( ,moslem h\se ( pray]1 its elev5 aisles subdivid$ by a =e/ ( columns & resembl+ 9 g5]al aspect ! f> great] mosque ( ,cordova4 ,prior to ! actual comm5cem5t ( ! new ,ca!dral1 ?\gh n to its design1 ! ,royal ,*apel 0 erect$1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aejf & #aeag1 & :5 ! ,ca!dral 0 built1 x became its s\!rn1 lat]al t]m9ation & by f> ! mo/ magnific5t & int]e/+ portion ( ! int]ior4 ,x 0 plann$ & execut$ by ! orig9al design] ( ! *ur*1 & ev5 aft] ?is 0 f9i%$1 ! ,royal ,*apel rema9$1 l ! *apel ( ,sa9t ,f]d9& ( ,seville1 an indep5d5t *ur* ) its own ,*apt] & cl]gy & indep5d5t s]vices4 ,ab\t a doz5 ma/]-build]s1 almo/ all work+ "u =eign influ5ce1 are kn[n z ! ar*itects ( ! great ,spani% ca!drals4 ,!y seem g5]ally to h work$ m or less 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r1 sev]al be+ employ$ on ! same build+1 or call$ 9 turn to advise 9 "o place or sup]9t5d 9 ano!r4 ,sometimes a :ole body ( !m report$ toge!r1 or sev]al ( !m 7 jo9tly consult$ by a ca!dral *apt]4 ,! orig9al conception ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada 0 ! "w ( ,enrique de ,egas ( ,brussels1 :o1 :5 he 0 commission$ by ! new ,*apt] to plan a fitt+ memorial to ! f9al triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ov] ,islam 9 ,spa91 0 among ! mo/ celebrat$ build]s ( 8 day4 ,he _h already succe$$ 8 fa!r z ,mae/ro ,mayor ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o :51 j be=e 8 dea?1 9 #aecd1 he execut$ ! ,royal ,*apel ( ,granada ,ca!dral1 z well z built ! hospital ( ,santa ,cruz 9 ! same city4 ,! ,colegio de ,santa ,cruz at ,valladolid 0 also 8 "w1 & he _h be5 summon$ ) o!r lead+ ar*itects to decide ! be/ mode ( proc$ure 9 ,seville ,ca!dral aft] ! disa/r\s collapse ( its dome4 ,at times he 0 giv+ advice 9 bo? ,s>agossa & ,salamanca4 ,enrique de ,egas' designs 7 accept$ 9 #aebc4 ,he _h h>dly proce$$ fur!r 9 two ye>s ?an to lay out ! g5]al plan ( ! ,ca!dral1 :51 ei!r ?r\gh misund]/&+ or "s controv]sy1 he 0 supplant$ 9 8 (fice by ! equally celebrat$ ,diego de ,silo4 ,l ,egas1 8 activity 0 n conf9$ to ,granada1 b ext5d$ to ,seville & ,malaga4 ,9 ! ye> #aefa1 two ye>s be=e ,silo's dea?1 ! build+ 0 suffici5tly complet$ to be op5$ = public wor%ip1 & consequ5tly on ,augu/ #ag? ( t ye> x 0 solemnly consecrat$4 ,! f\ndations & l[] portion ( ! nor!rn t[] 7 execut$ ab\t ?is "t by ,silo's successor1 ,juan de ,ma$a4 ,! t[] 0 complet$ & p>tially tak5 d[n aga9 dur+ ! foll[+ tw5ty ye>s by ,ambrosio de ,vico4 ,!n foll[s ! ma9 portion ( ! ext]ior "w1 especially ! we/ faade 7( ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury71 by ! celebrat$1 n to say notori\s1 ,alfonso de ,cano1 & ,jos ,granados4 ,! decoration ( ! int]ior1 ! addition ( *apels & ! build+ ( ! sagr>io 7 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? & beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada ,! ext]ior cornices ( ! ,royal ,*apel ,! build+ op]ations ?us ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( two hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,alfonso de ,cano's reputation 0 ( v>i\s k9ds2 ! son ( a c>p5t] & a native ( ,granada1 z soon z 8 tal5ts 7 recogniz$1 he 0 appr5tic$ to ! great ,montaes4 ,to judge f contemporane\s acc\nts1 he mu/ h be5 z hot-head$ & qu>relsome z ! ,flor5t9e goldsmi? ( simil> tal5ts & v]satility4 ,he 0 always ready to ex*ange ! pa9t-bru% or *isel = 8 good sword1 & !re 0 sc>cely a day dur+ ! ye>s ( 8 connection ) ! ,ca!dral 9 :i* he 0 n enjoy+ a hot controv]sy ) ! ,*apt]4 ,8 favor ) ! weak mon>* & ! p[]ful rul+ ,conde-,duc 0 s great t !y _h ! audacity to appo9t him a preb5d>y ( ! ,*apt] aft] he _h be5 =c$ to fly f ju/ice 9 ,valladolid on a *>ge ( murd]1 z well z = hav+ beat5 8 wife on 8 return f a meet+ ( ! ecclesia/ical body4 ,! ,*apt] depriv$ him ( 8 (fice z soon z !y d>$1 :i* 0 six ye>s aft] 8 appo9tm5t4 ,egas' orig9al plan1 l ! "w he actually c>ri$ out 9 ! ,royal ,*apel1 0 und\bt$ly = a ,go?ic edifice1 z ?is /yle 0 und]/ood & execut$ 9 ,spa94 ,f ! fact t ! orig9al ,go?ic int5tion 0 ab&on$ = a ,spani% ,r5aissance *ur*1 _m au?orities give ! date ( its comm5cem5t z #aebi1 :5 ,diego de ,silo's ,r5aissance "w 0 "u way4 ,9 ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 ! great turn+-po9t _h come4 ,italian influ5ces 7 beg9n+ to pr$om9ate ov] e>li] /yles & ! la/ exquisite flames ( ! ,go?ic fire 7 sl[ly dy+ out to give place to ! heavy ,r5aissance /ructure ( ecclesia/ical inspiration4 ,spani>ds :o _h return$ fre% f ,italian soil & tutelage evolv$ ) _! ornate s5se & *>act]i/ic love = magnific5ce1 ! /yle1 or r decorative treatm5t1 :i* m>ks ! fir/ /age ( ,spani% ,r5aissance ar*itecture call$ ,e/ilo ,plat]esco4 ,?is is a happy "n = x1 its d]ivation be+ f plata1 or silv] plate1 & indicat+ t ar*itects 7 attempt+ to decorate ! huge sup]ficial spaces on _! *ur*es ) ! same intricacy & sp>kle z ! silv]smi?s 7 hamm]+ on _! ornam5ts4 ,!re 0 evolv$ ! same lace-l quality1 ! same sp>kl+ light & %ade4 ,wond]ful results 7 inde$ obta9$ by ! /one-cutt]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,granada is n at all rem>kable4 ,its int]e/ is d]iv$ f ! city ( :i* x is ! *ief ,*ri/ian edifice & ! great bodies :i* x conta9s2 to /ud5ts ( ar*itecture x is 9 a mann] a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,go?ic build+ ( ! middle ages & ! mod]n revival ( classical build+ me?ods4 ,x is ! dea? ( ! old & ! bir? ( ! new2 x m>ks ! adv5t ( /agnant1 un9spir$ =malism 9 con/ructive =ms4 ,its s>cophagi & mu* ( its decoration are bo? 9 design & execution mo/ exquisite & appropriate examples ( ,r5aissance art 9 ,spa94 ,its easy victory 9 decorative =ms 0 ow+ to ! fact t !re _h practically be5 evolv$ little or no ,spani% ornam5tal design outside ( t produc$ by ! +5uity & peculi> skill ( ! ,moors4 ,! influ5ce ( ,moori% design is long traceable 9 ,*ri/ian decoration4 ,! ,spani% nature craves ri* adornm5t 9 all mat]ial4 ,! art ( ! great sculptors :o1 l ,b]ruguete1 return$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! new c5tury ) inspiration ga9$ 9 ! work%ops ( ! ,flor5t9e ,mi*ael ,angelo1 soon f\nd a ho/ ( pupils & foll[]s4 ,n only 9 /one1 b 9 wood1 metal1 pla/]1 & on canvas1 ! new =ms 7 c>ri$ to a gorge\s pr(usion nev] dreamt ( be=e4 ,*>les ,v /&s out amid its glories 9 z cle> relief z 9 ! tumult ( ! battlefield4 ,! decl9e & frigid =mality did n set 9 until ! reign ( 8 unimpassion$ & repulsive son4 ,! gr&e/ epo* 9 ,spa9's hi/ory ?us corresponds to ! mo/ inspir$ p]iod ( its sculpture4 ,! fir/ ar*itects ( ?is p]iod work$ on ,granada ,ca!dral2 ! "w ( ! greate/ sculptor1 ! ,burgundian ,vig>ny1 is f\nd 9 inf]ior =m on ! retablo ( ! ,royal ,*apel4 ,9 ,spa91 :]e ! climate made small w9d[ op5+s desirable1 ! *ur*es (f]$ great wall spaces to ! sculptor4 ,! spl5did portals1 w9d[ frames1 turrets & p>apets1 ! capitals & /r+ c\rses & ni*es all became ri* fields = ,spani% int]pretation ( ! exquisite art ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! new art fir/ f\nd t5tative expression 9 decorative =ms1 !n 9 m radical & /ructural *anges4 ,! _w-empire ( :i* ,f]d9& _h dream$1 & :i* 8 gr&son almo/ possess$1 plac$ untold weal? & ! art ( e k+dom at ! disposal ( ,spa94 ,granada ,ca!dral has a /range ext]ior1 mean+less except 9 c]ta9 portions1 :i* are ess5tially ,spani%4 ,to ! ,granad9es x is z m>vel\s z ,sa9t ,pet]'s to ! ,romans4 ,its view is ob/ruct$ on all sides by a maze ( crumbl+ walls1 yell[ hovels1 & %op fronts %ock+ly mod]n & out ( keep+4 ,x is all v1 v prov9cial4 ,! /ream ( ! _w has left x beh9d & its pageants & glories _h dep>t$ c5turies ago4 ,donkeys heavily lad5 ) baskets ( m>ket produce /&--p]sonifications ( wrong$ & unremon/rat+ pati5ce--hit*$ to ! iron rails be=e its ma9 portals4 ,goats br[se on ! grass 9 its c\rty>ds1 & are milk$ betwe5 ! buttresses4 ,imm$iately to ! s\? ( x lies ! old episcopal palace1 :]e ! ar*bi%op prea*$ ! s]mons criticiz$ by ! +5u\s ,gil ,blas4 ,! ma9 entrance is to ! we/4 ,?is front is ! late/ portion ( ! build+ ) ! exception ( c]ta9 portions ( ! int]ior4 ,?\gh n z corrupt z "s ( ! surgical decorations 9 ! trascoro1 x is ! heavie/ & lea/ int]e/+ "p ( ! *ur*4 ,x be>s no relation to ! sides ( ! build+1 b seems to h be5 clapp$ on l a mask4 ,! c5tral portion is subdivid$ into ?ree huge bays1 ! spr+ ( ! ar*1 :i* rises f ! int]m$iate pi]s1 be+ consid]ably high] 9 ! c5tre ?an ^? ( ! two to ! nor? & s\?4 ,diego de ,silo probably design$ ! composition1 int5d+ t x %\ld be flank$ & t]m9at$ by great t[]s4 ,?ree /ages1 ris+ to a height ( "s #ahe feet1 /& to ! nor?4 ,cor9?ian & ,ionic ord]s sup]impose a ,doric entablature ov] a pla9 & re/ra9$ base4 ,ar*es frame m or less mean+less & unpi]c$ designs betwe5 ! pila/]s & engag$ columns ( ! ord]s4 ,! :ole is z pa9fully dry z ! transf] ( a /ud5t's compass f a page ( ,vignola4 ,old cuts & descriptions repres5t ?is nor!rn t[] cr[n$ by an octagonal t]m9ation ) a height ( #bfe feet4 ,despite ! app>5t massiv5ess ( ! sub/ructure1 ?is soon made ! :ole s al>m+ly insecure t x 0 pull$ d[n4 ,! pres5t t[] sc>cely rea*es above ! brok5 l9es & flat surfaces ( ! ro( tiles &1 p>ticul>ly at a di/ance1 has ! effect ( a huge buttress4 ,! s\!rn t[] 0 nev] erect$1 b 9 place ( x ! front 0 support$ by a make%ift portion ( base4 ,! nor!rn t[] is ! "w ( ,ma$a1 ! faade pr9cipally by ,cano1 al?\gh mu* ( ! sculpture1 su* z ! ,inc>nation ov] ! c5tral doorway1 & ! ,annunciation & ,assumption ov] ! side portals1 are by o!r inf]ior eighte5?-c5tury sculptors4 ,/atues1 c>t\*es & ornam5tal m$allions relieve ! panel$ surfaces ( ! /onework1 ! masonry ( :i* has be5 laid & jo9t$ ) ! utmo/ conceivable me*anical skill4 ,! :ole c5tral composition fizzles out 9 a mean+less mass ( p>apets & v>i\sly c>v$ /one t]m9ations4 ,"o feels z if ! orig9al design] _h />t$ on su* a gigantic scale t he ei!r _h to give up f9i%+ 8 "w proportionately or keep on till x rea*$ ! sky1--he wisely *ose ! =m] alt]native4 ,9 ,granada1 z 9 mo/ ( ! ,spani% ca!drals1 ! decoration ( ! doorways & portals =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal features ( ext]ior int]e/4 ,_! ornam5tation1 ) t ( ! p>apets cr[n+ ! out] walls ( *apels & aisles1 is practically all t relieves ! huge surfaces ( o*re masonry4 ,! walls !mselves indicate 9 no mann] ! int]ior con/ruction2 ! w9d[s :i* pi]ce !m are v l[ & n>r[ & ,go?ic 9 outl9e4 ,! nor? & s\? faades1--if despite _! _m ob/ructions !y may be spok5 ( z su*1--diff] radically4 ,! nor!rn is to a great ext5t execut$ 9 ! same pond]\s magnific5ce z ! we/]n4 ,two doorways pi]ce x1 ! ,pu]ta de ,san ,j]onimo ) m$iocre sculpture by ,diego de ,silo & 8 pupil & successor1 ,juan de ,ma$a1 & ! ,pu]ta del ,p]don1 lead+ into ! transept4 ,! decoration ( ?is doorway is z good pure ,r5aissance "w z 0 execut$ 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x consi/s ( a d\ble ,cor9?ian ord] cr[n$ by a brok5 p$im5t4 ,! %afts ( bo? ord]s are wrea!d4 ,! pila/]s1 ! mold+s ( ! ar*1 ! ar*ivolt & jambs are all1 9 ! l[] ord]1 mo/ pr(usely cov]$ ) exquisite designs1 admirably fitt$ to _! respective fields1 full ( imag9ation & virility4 ,!y are z good z ! be/ correspond+ "w 9 ,italy4,above ! ar* key ( ! ma9 door1 spl5didly treat$ bas-reliefs ( ,fai? & ,ju/ice support f ! sp&rels an inscription rec\nt+ ! defeat ( ! ,moors4 ,! frieze b& ( bo? l[] & upp] ord]s is pr(usely fill$ ) ornam5t1 :ile small *]ubs 9 excell5t scale replace ! conv5tional volutes ( ! ,cor9?ian capitals4 ,9 ! upp] ord] ! ni*es h un=tunately be5 left uncomplet$4 ,a bas-relief ( ,god ! ,fa!r fills ! semicircle ( ! ma9 ar*2 ,moses & ,david occupy ! lunettes4 ,! huge pila/]s or buttresses ( ! *ur* :i* run up ea/ & we/ ( ! entire composition are decorat$ ) ! enorm\s imp]ial %ields ( ,*>les ,v1 ov]%ad[+ 9 _! vulg> pr$om9ance all ! exquisitely proportion$ & delicate detail adjac5t to !m4 ,"s ( ! bays on ! s\!rn side ( ! ,ca!dral c be bett] se51 z a small c\rty>d sep>ates !m f ! adjac5t build+1 ! episcopal palace4 ,! o!rs are *ok$ by ! ,capilla del ,pulg>1 ! ,royal ,*apel & ! sagr>io4 ,?is side ( ! *ur* exhibits 9 its balu/rades1 its ornam5tation & ! crocket$ t]m9ations & f9ials to ! ext]ior buttresses1 :at is f> m int]e/+ 9 ! ,plat]esque /yle ( ,spa9 ?an ! purely borr[$ & imitative features ( ! we/ & nor!rn fronts4 ,"h appe> 9 jewel$ play ( light & %ade1 9 all _! imag9ative & exquisite intricacy1 ^? =ms ( c>v$ /r+ c\rses :i* 7 develop$ by ! ,spani% ,r5aissance & 7 ess5tially ,spani% & national4 ,y feel some:]e back ( x ! ,moori% influ5ce4 ,x pres5ts all ! ri*ness1 ! magnific5ce & exub]ant fancy :i* *>act]izes ! _s 9 :i* its ma/]s work$4 ,! labor x involv$ mu/ h be5 enorm\s4 ,! spl5dor ( ! solid lacework t5 to twelve feet high is ?r[n out by contra/ ) ! nak$ walls :i* x cr[ns4 ,! ,capilla del ,pulg>1 :i* blocks ! mo/ we/]ly corn] ( ! s\? elevation1 0 nam$ 9 honor ( ,h]nan ,p]es del ,pulg>1 ! site ( ^: brave exploit x m>ks4 ,9 #adij1 dur+ ! la/ siege ( ,granada1 he det]m9$ on a de$ :i* %\ld outdo all feats ( h]oism & defiance ev] p]=m$ by ,moslem w>riors4 ,at dead ( night1 "s au?orities say he 0 on horseback1 o!rs t he swam ! subt]ranean *annel ( ! ,d>ro1 he p5etrat$ to ! he>t ( ! enemy's city & fa/5$ ) 8 dagg] to ! door ( _! pr9cipal mosque a scroll be>+ ! words ,ave ,m>ia4 ,be=e ?is insult to _! fai? _h be5 discov]$1 he _h rega9$ ,f]d9&'s camp4 ,a d\ble sup]impos$ arcade faces ! s\!rn side ( ! sagr>io3 ! l[] /ory has be5 brutally clos$ & defac$ by mod]n additions1 almo/ conceal+ its orig9al c>v+4 ,! upp] /ory1 h[ev]1 :i* =ms a balcony1 /rongly recalls by its fancifully twi/$ %afts1 elliptical ar*es & ,go?ic trac]i$ balu/rade1 simil> e>ly ,r5aissance "w at ,blois1 :]e ! ,go?ic & e>ly ,italian "w 7 s *>m+ly bl5d$4 ,! ,royal ,*apel is ent]$ ?r\gh an ,italian ,r5aissance doorway ( good g5]al design & decoration1 b ! ,spani% cornice & balu/rade cr[n+ ! out] walls are mu* m int]e/+ 9 details4 ,! pr9cipal memb] consi/s ( a b& ( cr[n$ & encircl$ ,f's & ,y's1 ! initials ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s4 ,x is brok5 ov] ! w9d[ by ?ree gigantic coats-(-arms4 ,to ! left is ,f]d9&'s individual device ( a yoke1 ! yugo1 ) ! motto ,tato ,mota 7,tanto ,monta7 tantam\nt1 assum$ z a m>k ( 8 equality ) ! ,ca/ilian ,que52 to ! "r ,isabella's device ( a bundle ( arr[s or fle*as1 ! symbol ( union4 ,9 ! c5tre is ! common royal %ield1 pr\dly adopt$ aft] ! union ( ! v>i\s k+doms ( ! ,p59sula _h be5 cem5t$4 ,! ,eagle ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,evangeli/ & ! common cr[n surm\nt ! arms ( ,ca/ile & ,leon1 ( ,aragon1 ,sicily1 ,nav>re1 & ,j]usalem & ! pomegranate ( ,granada4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada ,! reja enclos+ ! ,royal ,*apel & tombs ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s ,! v>i\s ro(s ( ! ,ca!dral are cov]$ ) endless r[s ( tiles1 :i* 9 ! furr[$1 ov]lapp+ irregul>ity ( _! surfaces add to ! g5]al play ( light & %ade4 ,above !m all spreads ! umbrella-%ap$ dome :i* cr[ns ! ,capilla ,mayor4 ,at ! p]iod :5 ,go?ic *ur*-build+ 0 disappe>+1 we f9d n a few edifices :]e ! old & new /yles are curi\sly bl5d$4 ,a ,r5aissance faade add$ 9 lat] days might encase a practically complete ,go?ic int]ior4 ,9 ,granada1 ) ! exception ( ! ,royal ,*apel1 v little ( ! int]ior conta9$ traces ( ! expir+ /yle4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral prop]1 x is pr9cipally f\nd 9 a gro9$ vault+ ( ! diff]5t bays1 :i* is cov]$ ) v>y+ & mo/ elaborate s*emes ( ornam5tal ,go?ic ribs1 :i* seem /rangely incongru\s to ! ar*itect z he looks up f ! classical %afts 9 ! expectation ( f9d+ a correspond+ =m ( build+ & decoration 9 ! lat] vault+4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! *ur* is m ,r5aissance ?an ,go?ic1 exhibit+ r ! =m ( ! ,rundbau ?an ! ,langbau ( ! ,lat9 cross4 ,its ma9 feature is likewise ! great dome ris+ above & light+ ! ,capilla ,mayor4 ,! ,spani% cimborio has at la/ rea*$ its fulle/ developm5t 9 ! ,r5aissance lant]n4 ,! *ur* is divid$ into nave & d\ble side aisles1 outside ( :i* is a s]ies ( ext]nally abutt+ *apels4 ,ea/ & we/ x conta9s six bays4 ,! *oir blocks up ! fif? & six? bays ( ! nave1 & 9 ! cu/om>y ,spani% mann] x is sep>at$ f ! high alt> 9 ! ,capilla ,mayor by ! croise ( ! transept4 ,back ( ?is1 =m+ ! ea/]n t]m9ation1 runs an ambulatory4 ,! vault+1 "o hundr$ feet high1 is c>ri$ by a s]ies ( gigantic :ite pi]s consi/+ ( f\r semi-columns ( ,cor9?ian ord] ) _! int]sect+ angles =m$ by a triple rectangul> break4 ,! vault+ spr+s f above a full entablature & surm\nt+ p$e/als1 ! latt] runn+ to ! height ( ! ar*es divid+ ! v>i\s vault+ comp>tm5ts4 ,! *ur* is ab\t #che feet long & #bbj;feet wide4 ,! *oir is un9t]e/+2 ! c>v+ ( its /alls & organs 9 n[ise comp>+ ) ! sill]ia ( ,seville or ,burgos4 ,! ,capilla ,mayor1 ! pr9cipal feature ( ! int]ior1 is circul> 9 =m1 & sep>at$ f ! nave by a spl5did ,arco ,toral4 ,! dome1 :i* rises to a height ( #aee feet1 is c>ri$ by eight ,cor9?ian pi]s4 ,9 g5]al s*eme x is pure ,italian ,r5aissance1 ( noble & h>moni\s proportions & v ri*ly decorat$4 ,at ! foot ( ! pila/]s /& colossal /atues ( ! ,apo/les4 ,high] up !re is a s]ies ( mo/ rem>kable pa9t+s by ,alfonso ,cano & "s ( 8 pupils4 ,cano's repres5t sev5 incid5ts 9 ! life ( ! ,virg91--! ,annunciation1 ,visitation1 ,nativity1 ,assumption1 etc4 ,?\gh "s ( 8 c>v+s1 & especially ! dignifi$ & noble ,virg9 9 ! sacri/y1 are admirable1 /ill1 to judge f ?is s]ies1 x 0 z a pa9t] t he excell$4 ,!y %[1 too1 h[ ess5tially ,spani% he 01 l 8 great ma/]1 ,montaez4 ,! c>eless1 lazy quality ( 8 temp]am5t is suffici5tly app>5t1 b he _c be d5i$ a place among ! great ma/]s ( ,spani% pa9t+ :o imm$iately prec$$ ! all-eclips+ glory ( ,velasquez1 ,murillo1 & ,rib]a4 ,! lights ( ! dome :i* rises ov] ! pa9t+s are fill$ ) v lovely /a9$ glass1 repres5t+ sc5es f ! ,passion by ! ,dut*m51 ,teodor de ,hol&a1 & ,juan del ,campo4 ,on ! two sides ( ! *oir bel[ are colossal heads ( ,adam & ,eve c>v$ by ,cano & kneel+ figures ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,!re are endless *apels outside ! out] aisles1 b1 9 spite ( "s good bits ( sculpture & pa9t+ "h & !re1 "o longs to sweep !m out ( ! way & free ! edifice f _! encumbrance4 ,! int]ior ( ! great sagr>io is an expressionless jumble ( ! lat] ,r5aissance decad5ce1--& x is a %ame t no m fitt+ ar*itecture surr\nds ! tomb ( ! good ,talav]a1 "h laid to re/ by 8 fri5d ,t5dilla1 ! fir/ ,alcaide ( ! ,alhambra1 ) ! inscription ov] 8 tomb1 ,amicus ,amico4 ,! g5]al color s*eme 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,ca!dral is :ite & gold4 ,"o feels t x is h&some1 ev5 h>moni\s & magnific5t1 b t all ! my/]y & religi\s awe t p]vad$ ! great *ur*es ( ! previ\s c5turies h vani%$ =ev]4 ,! ,royal ,*apel1 al?\gh ! olde/ "p ( ! build+1 %\ld be consid]$ la/ ( all1 z x is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ portion & leaves an impression s vivid z to ov]%ad[ all o!r p>ts ( ! great edifice4 ,x is situat$ betwe5 ! sagr>io & ! ,sacri/ia & is ent]$ ?r\gh ! s\!rn arm ( ! transept4 ,! *apel itself is ! v la/ ,go?ic effloresc5ce f :i* ! _s has fl$1 leav+ only empty =m4 ,x consi/s ( a s+le big nave flank$ by l[] *apels4 ,! ornam5tally ribb$ vault+ ) gilt bosses & key/ones is c>ri$ by clu/]$ %afts engag$ 9 its side walls4 ,! %afts are too ?9 & ! capitals too meagre4 ,a broad] & m g5]\s /r+ c\rse runs1 at ! height ( ! capitals1 across ! wall surfaces betwe5 ! upp] cl]e/ory & ! l[] arcades4 ,portions ( ?is reveal a /rong ,moori% influ5ce1 z ! mann] 9 :i* ! great ,go?ic lett]+ is employ$ to decorate ! b&4 ,simil>ly to ! invocations to ,allah runn+ r\nd ! walls ( ! ,alhambra1 we read "h t ,?is *apel 0 f\nd$ by ! mo/ ,ca?olic ,don ,f]n&o & ,da ,isabel1 ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,espaosd1 ( ,naples1 ( ,sicily1 & ,j]usalem1 :o conqu]$ ?is k+dom & br\ght x back to ! fai?1 :o acquir$ ! ,can>y ,isles & ,indies1 z well z ! cities ( ,ican1 ,tripoli1 & ,bugia2 :o cru%$ h]esy1 expell$ ,moors & ,jews f ^! realms1 & re=m$ religion4 ,! ,que5 di$ ,tuesday1 ,novemb] #bf1 #aejd4 ,! ,k+ di$ ,janu>y #be1 #aeaf4 ,! build+ 0 complet$ #aeag4 ,enrique de ,egas _h1 at ,f]d9&'s ord]1 comm5c$ build+ two ye>s aft] ,isabella's dea?4 ,! gr&son enl>g$ x lat]1 f9d+ x too small = s mu* glory4 ,! high alt> ) its retablo & ! royal s>cophagi are sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! *apel by ! mo/ /up5d\s & magnific5t iron scre5 or reja ev] execut$4 ,spani>ds h "h surpass$ all _! e>li] productions 9 ?is _! ma/] craft4 ,n ev5 ! scre5s ( ! great *oir & alt> ( ,seville or ,tol$o c comp>e ) x4 ,) ! possible exception ( ! curi\s ,biblical sc5es naively repres5t$ by gr\ps ( figures ne> ! apex1 :i* /ill tell _! /ory 9 true ,go?ic /yle1 x is a bur/ ( ,r5aissance1 or ,plat]esque glory4 ,x is n likely t ! crafts1 ) all _! me*anical skill1 w ev] aga9 produce a "w ( su* arti/ic p]fection4 ,x repres5ts ! labor ( an army ( skill$ artisans1--all ! s5sitive feel+ 9 ! f+]-tips ( ! ,italian goldsmi?1 ! mo/ cunn+ art ( ! ,g]man armor] & a comb9ation ( re/ra9t & boldness 9 ! ,spani% smi? & =g]4 ,! difficulty naturally (f]$ by ! mat]ial has also re/ra9$ ! artisan's h& & imag9ation f runn+ riot 9 vulg> elaboration4 ,! design1 made by ,mae/ro ,b>tolom ( ,ja5 9 #aebc1 is z excell5t z ! te*nique is a/oni%+4 ,x may be said t 9 gr&eur x is only surpass$ by ! fame ( ! ,que5 ^: rema9s lie bel[4 ,! mat]ial is pr9cipally wr\ght iron1 ?\gh "s ( ! ornam5ts are ( emboss$ silv] plate & portions ( x gild$ z well z color$4 ,b>tolom's design consi/s 9 g5]al ( ?ree sup]impos$ & highly decorat$ r[s ( twi/$ iron b>s ) mold$ caps & bases4 ,ea* "o mu/ h be5 a mo/ massive =g+1 hamm]$ out ( ! solid iron :ile x 0 r$ hot4 ,! v]tically aspir+ l9es ( ! b>s are brok5 by horizontal r[s ( foliage1 *]ubs' heads & ornam5tation1 z well z two broad b&s ( cornices ) exquisitely decorat$ friezes4 ,l>g] pila/]s & columns =m its panels1 ! c5tral ones ( :i* con/itute ! doorway & enclose ! elaborate arms ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella & ^? ( _! inh]it$ & conqu]$ k+doms4 ,! scre5 is cre/$ by a ri* bord] ( pictorial sc5es1 ( flambeaux & foliat$ ,r5aissance scrollwork1 above :i* 9 ! c5tre is ?ron$ ! crucifi$ ,savi\r ador$ by ! ,virg9 & ,sa9t ,john4 ,! crucifix rises to ! height ( ! v capitals :i* c>ry ! l(ty vault+4 ,inside ! reja1 a few /eps above ! tombs1 rises ,philip ,vig>ny's1 or ,borgoa's1 elaborate r]$os4 ,to ! ,prote/ant s5se ?is is gaudy & !atrical1 a /rik+ly g>i% note 9 ! solemnity & gr&eur ( ! *apel4 ,to ! "r & left ( its base are1 h[ev]1 mo/ int]e/+ c>v+s1 among !m ! kneel+ /atues ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,beh9d ! =m] is 8 victori\s bann] ( ,ca/ile4 ,! figures are vitally int]e/+ z contemporane\s portraits ( ! mon>*s1 aim+ to reproduce ) fidelity _! features & e detail ( _! dress4 ,!re is also a s]ies ( bas-reliefs portray+ incid5ts 9 ! siege ( ,granada1--! ,c>d9al on a pranc+ *>g]1 beh9d him a =e/ ( lances1 ! lurid1 flam+ sky ?r[+ out 9 %>p silh\ette ! pi]c$ walls & r5t battlem5ts4 ,! ,moors1 v mu* l dogs %r9k+ f a beat+1 are be+ dragg$ to ! baptismal font2--! ge/iculat+ prelates hold al(t 9 "o h& ! cross & 9 ! o!r1 ! sword1 = ! tunick$ figures to make _! *oice4 ,! sc5e has be5 describ$ by ,sir ,w4 ,/irl+ ,maxwell1 :o tells u t 9 "o day no less ?an ?ree ?\s& p]sons receiv$ baptism at ! h&s ( ! ,primate1 :o spr9kl$ !m ) ! hyssop ( collective reg5]ation4 ,aga91 9 ano!r1 ! cr++ ,boabdil is pres5t+ ! keys ( ! city to ! ?ree k+s4 ,isabella is on a :ite g5et1 & ,m5doza1 l ! old pictures ( ,wolsey1 on a trapp$ mule4 ,f]d9& is !re 9 all 8 magnific5ce2 ! knights1 ! halb]di]s & horsem51 all ! details ( ! dramatic mom5t1 full ( ! greate/ imag9able hi/oric & antiqu>ian int]e/1 p]petuat$ by "o :o 0 probably an eye-witness ( ! sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,laco/e1 ,madrid ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,granada ,! tombs ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s1 ( ,philip & ( ,que5 ,juana4 ,at ! foot ( ! alt>1 9 ! c5tre ( ! *apel1 /& ! tombs ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella & ( ,philip & ,joan4 ,!y are z gorge\s specim5s ( sepul*ral monum5ts z ! reja is ( an ecclesia/ical iron scre54 ,bo? s>cophagi are execut$ 9 ! s(te/ flu%$ alaba/]2 t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella by ! ,flor5t9e ,dom9ico ,fancelli2 t ( _! daught] & h] son by ! ,b>celonian ,b>tolom ,ord5ez1 ,! ,eagle ( ,relief1 :o c>v$ 8 blocks at ,c>r>a4 ,! tomb ( poor crazy ,jane1 & ! unwor?y1 h&some husb& :om %e dot$ on to ! ext5t ( c>ry+ 8 body ) h] ?r\gh\t ! doleful wrong$ insanity ( h] lat] ye>s1 is some:at m elevat$ ?an t ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s1 ?\gh its g5]al design is v simil>4 ,philip ( ,au/ria sleeps ve/$ ) ! ,ord] ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece4 ,isabella's celebrat$ w beg9s ) h] desire t h] body may be tak5 to ,granada & !re laid to re/ 9 ! ,franciscan mona/]y ( ,santa ,isabella 9 ! ,alhambra1 ) a simple tomb & inscription3 b %\ld ! ,k+1 my "l1 pref] a sepul*re 9 "s o!r place1 !n my w is t my body be !re transport$1 & laid :]e he c be plac$ by my side1 t ! union we h enjoy$ 9 ?is _w1 & :i* ?r\gh ! m]cy ( ,god may be hop$ = aga9 :5 our s\ls are 9 heav51 may be symboliz$ by our bodies be+ side by side on e>?4 ,! humble bury+-gr\nd designat$ by ,isabella1 & :]e %e 0 fir/ laid to re/ ) ! simple rites %e desir$1 01 h[ev]1 no fitt+ place = ! gr&p>5ts ( ,imp]ial ,*>les4 ,"h1 9 ! ,ca!dral's pr9cipal *apel1 he _h !m laid 9 ! ye> #aebe4 ,! s>cophagus consi/s ( ?ree /ages1 conta9+ ! ornam5tal motives s *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ sculpture ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,no o!r =m ( /atu>y br\ght out _! skill & g5ius s fully z a sepul*ral monum5t4 ,m$allions1 /atues1 ni*es1sa9ts1 angels1 griff9s & g>l&s are all wov5 into a magnific5t base to receive ! recumb5t effigies4 ,apo/les & bas-reliefs ( sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/ surr\nd ! base1 :ile w+$ griff9s break ! angles4 ,above are ! f\r ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 ! arms ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+s & ! pr\d & simple epitaph1 ,mahometic sect pro/ratores et h]etic p]vicaci ext9ctores3 ,f]n&us ,aragonium et ,helisabe?a ,ca/ell1 vir et uxor unanimes1 ca?olici appelati1 m>moreo clauduntur tumulo4#bb ,9 tranquil cr[n$ dignity above lie ,f]d9& 9 8 mantle ( knigh?ood1 8 sword clasp$ ov] 8 armor$ brea/1 & ,isabella ) ! cross ( h] c\ntry's patron sa9t4 ,! recumb5t figures are extremely f9e2 ! faces1 :i* are portraits1 convey all we "k ( _! prototypes' *>act]i/ics4 ,f]d9&'s pr\d1 purs$ lips :isp] 8 selfi% arrogance1 8 iron w1 & ! greatness & fulfillm5t ( 8 dreams4 ,! h>d1 ma/]ful jaw confirms ! "* giv5 him by ! %rewd ,fr5* cynic z "o ( ! mo/ ?or\gh egoti/s :o ev] sat on a ?rone1 z well z t ( 8 ,engli% son-9-law1 :o knew en\gh to call him ! wise/ k+ t ev] rul$ ,spa94 ,beside ,f]d9& sleeps 8 lion-he>t$ consort4 ,x is h] l(ty s\l :i* broods ov] ! sepul*re & height5s ! feel+ ( rev]5ce already inspir$ by reja & s>cophagus4 ,%e is /ill ! brighte/ /> t ev] rose 9 ! ,spani% firmam5t & %one 9 cle> radiance above ev5 ! lights ( ,xim5ez1 ( ,columbus1 or ! ,great ,capta94 ,h] smile is n[ z cold & h] look z placid z moonlight sleep+ on sn[4 ,noble1 t5d]-he>t$ & true1 dauntless1 self-sacrific+ & fai?ful1 %e rose supreme 9 e relation ( life & ! great crisis ( h] p's hi/ory4 ,9 all h] revelations ( ,que5 or ,woman1 said ,"l ,bacon1 %e 0 an hon\r to h] sex1 & ! corn] /one ( ! greatness ( ,spa94 ,/&+ be=e h] tomb1 on ! battlefield ( h] victori\s armies1 ! cle> p]spective & calm judgm5t ( f\r c5turies /ill decl>e h] ( r>e qualities1--sweet g5tl5ess1 meekness1 sa9t-l1 wife-l gov]nm5t1 ! ,que5 ( e>?ly que5s4 ,,books ,,consult$ ,,de ,,amicis1 ,,edmondo4 ,spa94 ,,ba$ek]1 ,,k>l4 ,spa9 7,guidebook74 ,,b]mudez1 ,,cean4 ,descripcion ,arti/ica de la ,cat$ral de ,sevilla4 ,,b]mudez1 ,,cean4 ,noticias de los ,arquitectos y ,arquitectura de ,espaa4 ,,cav$a1 ,,jos4 ,ensayo ,hi/orico sobre los div]sos ,g5]os de ,arquitectura4 ,,didi]4 ,anne en ,espagne4 ,,dumas1 ,,alex&re1 ,p,,re4 ,de ,p>is ,cadiz4 ,,ellis1 ,,havelock4 ,macmillan's1 ,may1 #aijc 7vol4 #hh74 ,,=d1 ,,ri*>d4 ,! ,spani>ds & _! ,c\ntry4 ,,=d1 ,,ri*>d4 ,ga!r+s 9 ,spa94 ,,gauti]1 ,,?,,ophile4 ,voyage ,en ,espagne4 ,,h>e1 ,a4 ,j4 ,c4 ,w&]+s 9 ,spa94 ,,hay1 ,,john4 ,ca/ilian ,days4 ,,hume1 ,m4 ,a4 ,s4 ,! ,spani% ,p4 ,,hume ,,& ,,burke4 ,hi/ory ( ,spa94 ,,hutton1 ,,edw>d4 ,! ,cities ( ,spa94 ,,hutton1 ,,edw>d4 ,/udies 9 ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,,irv+1 ,,wa%+ton4 ,alhambra4 ,,jungha5del1 ,,max4 ,die ,baukun/ ,spani5's4 ,,lamp]ez ,y ,,romea1 ,d4 ,,vic5te4 ,e/udio sobre las ,cat$rales ,espaz4 ,,lamp]ez ,y ,,romea1 ,d4 ,,vic5te4 ,hi/oria de la ,arquitectura ,cri/iana ,espaola en la ,edad ,m$ia4 ,,lund1 ,l4 ,spanske til/&e i nutid og =tid4 ,,lyn*1 ,,hannah4 ,tol$o1 ! ,/ory ( a ,spani% ,capital4 ,,meagh]1 ,,james ,l4 ,! ,great ,*ur*es ( ! ,_w4 ,,moore1 ,,*>les ,,h]b]t4 ,developm5t & ,"* ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4 ,,norton1 ,,*>les ,,eliot4 ,*ur*-build+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,orcajo1 ,,don ,,p$ro4 ,hi/oria de la ,cat$ral de ,burgos4 ,,peyron1 ,,jean ,,fran,,ois4 ,essays on ,spa94 ,,prescott1 ,w4 ,h4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,,quadrado1 ,d4 ,,jos ,,ma4 ,espaa1 sus ,monum5tos y ,artes--su ,naturaleza e ,hi/oria4 ,,rudy1 ,,*>les4 ,! ,ca!drals ( ,nor!rn ,spa94 ,,rose1 ,h4 ,j4 ,among ! ,spani% ,p4 ,,rosseeuw ,,de ,,/4 ,,hilaire1 ,e4 ,f4 ,a4 ,hi/oire ,d'espagne4 ,,/4 ,,reynald4 ,la ,n\velle ,revue1 #ahha1 ,l'espagne ,musulmane4 ,,s*midt1 ,k4 ,e4 ,sevilla4 ,,smi?4 ,ar*itecture ( ,spa94 ,,/reet1 ,g4 ,e4 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,spa94 ,,wort1 ,,talbot ,d4 ,bro*ure ,s]ies ( ,ar*4 ,illu/ration1 #aijc 7vol4 #i74 ,,wyatt1 ,,sir ,,ma!w ,,digby4 ,an ,ar*itect's ,note-book 9 ,spa94 7,,(ficial ,,publication74 ,los ,monum5tos ,arquitectonicos de ,espaa4 ,,index ,a>on1 #ed4 ,abel1 #aaj4 ,abu ,jakub ,jusuf1 #bjc1 #bca4 ,abraham1 #aec4 ,acropolis1 #bdj4 ,acuna1 ,bi%op (1 #dh1 #di1 #fb4 ,adaja1 #fg4 ,adam1 #bbg1 #bei4 ,adriatic1 #bja4 ,africa1 #aid4 ,agu]o1 ,campo1 #ahd4 ,alava1 ,juan de1 #bb1 #agg1 #bjg4 ,alcides1 #aic4 ,alcaide1 #abg1 #bei4 ,alcant>a1 ,bridge (1 #abc4 ,alcant>a1 ,ord] (1 #abh4 ,alcaz> ( ,avila1 #hd4 ,alcaz> ( ,segovia1 #afi1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc4 ,alcaz> ( ,seville1 #bji1 #bcj4 ,alcaz> ( ,tol$o1 #abc4 ,alcaz]ias1 ,tol$o1 #abi4 ,aleman1 ,*ri/obal1 #bbh4 ,alfaqui ,abu ,walid1 #aed4 ,alfonso1 ar*itect ( ,tol$o1 #ace1 #ada4 ,alfonso ,i1 #fh1 #abg1 #bdc4 ,alfonso ,,iii1 #cg4 ,alfonso ,,iv1 #abi1 #acj1 #aef4 ,alfonso ,,vi1 #e1 #g1 #cg1 #fa1 #fh1 #fi1 #ia1 #if1 #abg1 #bbj4 ,alfonso ,,vii1 #aee4 ,alfonso ,,viii1 #gc1 #aed4 ,alfonso ,,ix1 #e1 #f1 #gd1 #if4 ,alfonso ,x1 ,! ,wise1 #dg1 #gj1 #ig1 #afi1 #bai1 #bbe1 #bca4 ,alfonso ,,xi1 #cf1 #aee1 #aga4 ,alfonso1 ,k+1 #cd4 ,alfonso de ,c>tag5a1 ,bi%op1 #di1 #eb1 #fb4 ,alfons9as1 ,tablas1 #bai4 ,alhambra1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfc4 ,alleman1 ,jorge ,f]n&ez1 #bjg4 ,almanzor1 #ie4 ,alm]ia1 #aid4 ,almohad51 #bjc1 #bdc4 ,almorvides1 #bdc4 ,alpuj>ras1 #bda4 ,alv>ez ( ,tol$o1 ,juan1 #dd4 ,alv>o1 ,mae/ro1 #bc4 ,ami5s1 ,ca!dral (1 #be1 #dc1 #ic1 #id1 #abd1 #aca1 #afc1 #bja4 ,&alusia1 #abb1 #aia1 #aib1 #aid1 #bja4 ,&9o1 ,cri/obal1 #ea4 ,angelo1 ,mi*ael1 #aec1 #bea4 ,ang]s1 ,bi%op (1 #bj4 ,angev9e ,s*ool1 #dj4 ,anna1 ,/a41 #da1 #dh4 ,antonio1 ,/41 #bbb4 ,apo/les1 #add1 #bbi4 ,aquita9e1 #g1 #aj1 #ae4 ,aragon1 ,k+ (1 #dh1 #abg4 ,aragon1 ,prov9ce (1 #ai1 #abb1 #adc1 #bjg1 #bef4 ,arge1 ,juan de1 #ajg4 ,arnao de ,fl&]s1 #bbi4 ,a/orga1 #bj4 ,a/]io1 ,bi%op (1 #fa4 ,a/urias1 #cd1 #fi1 #gj1 #id1 #ie4 ,augu/us1 ,emp]or1 #id4 ,avila1 ,ca!dral (1 #fe-hg4 ,aym>1 #gj4 ,ayuntami5to1 ,tol$o1 #abi4 ,azeu1 ,b]n>d (1 #ia4 ,bacon1 ,"l1 #bfe4 ,badajoz1 ,juan1 #bb1 #ig4 ,bagdad1 #abg4 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#acc4 ,urraca1 ,da1 #fi4 ,vacci1 #fh4 ,vadajos1 ,bi%op (1 #bj4 ,v]g>a1 ,arnao de1 #bbi4 ,v>gas1 ,luis de1 #aie4 ,valdes1 #bbg4 ,vallejo1 ,juan de1 #dd1 #de1 #fj4 ,val5cia1 ,see (1 #g1 #ic1 #abb4 ,val5cia1 ,alonzo1 #ig4 ,valladolid1 ,city (1 #ba1 #bc1 #afj1 #bbg1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,valladolid1 ,ca!dral (1 #cf1 #abb4 ,vega1 #bdj1 #bde4 ,velasco1 ,don ,p$ro ,f]n&ez1 ,c\nt ( ,h>o1 #di1 #ej4 ,velasco1 ,bi%op ,antonia de1 #eb4 ,velasquez1 #aif1 #beh4 ,v5ice1 #aia4 ,v]g>a1 #acd4 ,viad]o1 #ahd4 ,vic5te1 ,avila1 ,*ur* (1 #ga4 ,vico1 ,ambrosio de1 #bdh4 ,vig>ny1 ,philip 7,borgoa71 #aea1 #aec1 #bea1 #bfb4 ,vignola1 #beb4 ,villalon1 ,ca!dral (1 #adc4 ,villalp&o1 #acd1 #aed4 ,villanueva1 #hb4 ,villegas1 ,f]n&o de1 #eb4 ,v9c5te1 ,/41 #hf4 ,viscaya1 #fi4 ,visitacion1 ,burgos1 ,capilla de1 #eb4 ,visquio1 ,j]onimo1 #g1 #h1 #aj4 ,vitruvius1 #bbd4 ,vittoria1 #bjh4 ,voltaire1 #bde4 ,wamba1 #abf4 ,we>1 #abc4 ,wells1 ,ca!dral (1 #ii4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #adi1 #aih4 ,:>ton1 ,mrs41 #ajc4 ,williams1 ,leon>d1 #ahc4 ,wolsey1 #acf1 #bfb4 ,x5il1 #bdj4 ,xim5ez1 #acf1 #aed1 #aef1 #bba1 #bfa1 #bfe4 ,ximon1 #bjg4 ,yorobo1 ,diego de1 #bah4 ,zamora1 ca!dral (1 #acc4 ,zamora1 ,see (1 #g4 ,z>agoza1 bi%opric1 #abb1 #bdh4 ,z]es1 gate (1 #aic4 ,zim5a ,da1 #cc4 ,zurb>an1 #aie1 #bbg4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! prec$5ce ( ,ox=d 0 e/abli%$ by ! decree ( ,con/ance ( #adad4 #b ,ego comes ,raimundus una p>it] cum uxore mea ,orraca filia ,adefonsi regis1 placuit nobis ut propt] amorem ,dei et re/aurationem ecclesie ,s4 ,m>ie ,salamant9e s$is et propt] animas no/ras vel de p>5tum no/rorum vobis dom9o ,j]onimo pontefici et magi/ro no/ro quat9us sac]emus vobis sicut et facimus c>tulam donationis vel ut ita decam bonifacti4 #c ,?\gh to ! city itself1 9 :i* he _h be5 m>ri$1 he dealt ! dea?-bl[ :5 he mov$ 8 ,c\rt f ,tol$o to ,valladolid & e/abli%$ a bi%opric at ,valladolid 79 #aeic71 :i* _h previ\sly be5 subject to ,salamanca4 #d ,accord+ to ,doctor ,dll+]1 a fai?less & cruel freeboot]4 ,z a d>+ & successful condotti]e1 he 0 de> to 8 lib]ty-lov+ contempor>ies1 :o prote/$ aga9/ any encroa*m5ts f ,rome or curtailm5t ( _! civil rights by native rul]s4 #e ,m>ri$ to ,alfonso ,,iii ( ,ca/ile4 #f ,cean ,b]mudez1 ,noticias de los ,arquitectos y ,arquitectura de ,espaa1 vol4 i1 p4 #bjh4 #g ,avila santos y cantos4 #h ,spa9 is divid$ into n9e ar*bi%oprics4 ,9 ,ca/ile are ^? ( ,santiago1 ,burgos1 ,valladolid1 & ,tol$o2 9 ,aragon1 ,z>agoza2 on ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,t>agon & ,val5cia2 & 9 ,&alusia1 ,seville & ,granada4 #i ,ye m5 s noble & s bright1 ,:o f y\r elevat$ height ,d rule ,tol$o's av>ice1 ,& gov]n fe> & c[>dice4 ,( co/ly b$1 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s ,ha? made ye to ! corn] po/s4 ,leave private int]e/s beh9d1 ,%[ tru? & ju/ice to mank9d1 ,to common good y\rselves d b9d4 #aj ,poit\1 ,spa9 & its ,p4 #aa ,! "w ( ,jorge ,manuel ,!otocopuli1 son ( ! great pa9t]4 #ab ,bell ( ,tol$o1 ,*ur* ( ,leon1 ,clock ( ,b5av5te1 ,columns ( ,villalon4 #ac ,he is also ! sculptor ( ! m>vel\s tomb ( ,c>d9al ,jan]a 9 ! hospital ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ at ,tol$o4 #ad ,! co/ ( ?is reja 0 #bej1jjj reales4 #ae ,transp>5te1 really mean+ transp>5t1 all[+ ! passage ( light4 ,! composition took its "n f ! little clos$ glass or cry/al w9d[ plac$ directly back ( ! alt>1 & :i* ?us pi]c$ a portion ( ! decorat$ wall surface beh9d ! alt>4 #af ,f ,william ,galli*an's ,/ory ( ,seville4 #ag ,he :o has n se5 ,seville1 ,has n se5 a m>vel4 #ah ,! great a/ronomical "w1 p]=m$ by t wond] ( le>n+1 ,alfonso ,x ( ,ca/ile1 9 conc]t ) ,arab & ,jewi% m5 ( sci5ce4 #ai ,impressions de ,voyage1 ,alex&re ,dumas4 #bj ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s ,granada4 #ba ,lockh>t's ,spani% ,ballads4 #bb ,h>e's ,que5 ( ,que5s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes ( ! transcrib] ( ?is etext3 a ,probably ,a ,ca/illa y a ,len mundo nuevo di ,colon 7note ( ebook transcrib]74 b ,probably ,canon ,juan ,rodriguez4 c ,%\ld be ,pu]ta del ,reloj4 d ,probably means ,espaz4 ,*anges made3 colonnettes colonettes ,n>ciso ,tome ,n>ciso ,tom #a ,vaccaei ,vacci #a index ,p]igueux ,prigueux #a index ,baetica ,btica #a index ,baetis ,btis #a index ,dean ,blasco ,blasques ,dean ,blasco ,blasquez #a page #gd ,guadalquiv] ,guadalquivir #b page #aig #bce ,juan ,gil de ,h\taon ,juan ,gil de ,hontaon #a ,b>tolom ( ,ia5 ,b>tolom ( ,ja5 #a page #bfa ,pelleg]ia ,pellej]ia #a plan ( ,burgos ,ca!dral ,p9tu5ga ,pitu5ga #a page #fi ,reyos ,nuevos ,reyes ,nuevos #a index ,reyos ,catolicos ,reyes ,catolicos #a page #bag ,demetrio de los ,reos ,demetrio de los ,rios ,repiso1 ,virg9 del ,reposo1 ,virg9 del #a index ,diego de ,silho ,diego de ,silo page #dh index ,philip ,vig>ni ,philip ,vig>ny page #aea1 #aec1 #bea1 #bfb index ,villalpondo ,villalp&o page #acd #aed ,xim5es ,xim5ez #b page #bfe index ,juan de ,ma$o ,juan de ,ma$a #a page #bdh ,gayangoz ,gayangos #a index ,guaz ,guas #a page #ace ,m>ia1 de la ,inc>nacion ,m>ia1 de la ,enc>nacion #a index ,mugagur51 ,juan de ,mogagur51 ,juan de #a index ,rez1 ,juan ,res1 ,juan #a index ,rojas1 ,gonsalo de ,rojas1 ,gonzalo de #a index ,sa*etti ,sac*etti #a index ,salamantica ,salmantica #a index ,vaga1 ,luis de ,v>gas1 ,luis de page #aie index