,,! ,,ca!drals ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,spa9 ,illu/ration3 ,bookcov] ,illu/ration3 inside cov] ,! ,ca!dral ,s]ies ,! foll[+1 ea* #a vol41 libr>y #abmo1 clo?1 gilt top1 pr(usely illu/rat$4 #b4ej ,! ,ca!drals ( ,nor!rn ,france ,,by ,,francis ,,milt\n ,! ,ca!drals ( ,s\!rn ,france ,,by ,,francis ,,milt\n ,! ,ca!drals ( ,engl& ,,by ,,m>y ,j4 ,,tab] ,! foll[+1 ea* #a vol41 libr>y #abmo1 clo?1 gilt top1 pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,net1 #b4jj ,! ,ca!drals & ,*ur*es ( ! ,rh9e ,,by ,,francis ,,milt\n ,! ,ca!drals ( ,nor!rn ,spa9 ,,by ,,*>les ,,rudy ,l4 ,c4 ,,page ,,company ,new ,engl& ,build+1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leon ,,ca!dral 7,see page #aed7 ,! ,ca!drals ( ,nor!rn ,spa9 ,,_! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,_! ,,ar*itecture2 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,mu* ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,bi%ops1 ,,rul]s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,p]sonages ,,id5tifi$ ,,) ,,!m ,,by ,,*>les ,,rudy ,illu/rat$ ,,bo/on ,l4 ,c4 ,,page ,,company ,,mdccccvi ,copyright1 #aije ,,by ,l4 ,c4 ,,page ,,company 7,,incorporat$7 ,all rights res]v$ ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aije ,,colonial ,,press ,electrotyp$ & ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,h4 ,simonds ,co4 ,bo/on1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,to ,,all ,,true ,,lov]s ,,( ,,spa91 ,,o!rwise ,,call$ ,,hispan(ilos ,,preface ,x is a la mode to write prefaces4 ,"s ( u write good ones1 o!rs bad1 & mo/ ( u write nei!r good nor bad ones4 ,! *apt] entitl$ ,g5]al ,rem>ks is ! real introduction to ! book1 s 9 ^! l9es ,i %all p5 a few words ( self-introduction to su* read]s z belong to ! class to :om ,i h d$icat$ ?is volume4 ,my love = ,spa9 is unb\nd$4 ,z great z is my love = ! p1 s great also is my depreciation = ^? :o h wrong$ h]1 be+ h] sons4 ,:o are !y8 ,!y "k t be/ !mselves4 ,spa9's ar*itecture is bo? agreeable & disagreeable1 b x is all ( x peculi>ly ,spani%4 ,a =eign]1 dropp+ z by accid5t across ! ,pyr5ees f ,france1 c d no?+ bett] ?an criticize all ar*itectural monum5ts he meets ) 9 a five days' j\rney across ,spa9 ) a ,cook's ticket 9 8 pocketbook4 ,x is natural he %\ld d s4 ,ev]y?+ is s totally diff]5t f ! pure 7sic7 /yles he has le>n$ to admire 9 ,france6 ,b we :o h liv$ ye>s 9 ,spa9 gr[ to l & admire j su* complex compositions z ! ca!drals ( ,tol$o1 ( ,santiago1 & ,la ,seo 9 ,s>agosse2 we lose our n>r[-m9d$ness1 & fail to see :y a pure ,go?ic or an ,italian ,r5aissance %\ld be bett] ?an an ,ib]ian ca!dral4 ,z long z h>mony exi/s betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts1 all is well4 ,! mom5t ?is h>mony does n exi/1 our s5se ( ! arti/ically beautiful is %ock$--& ! build+ is a bad "o4 ,p]sonality is consequ5tly ev] upp]mo/ 9 all art criticism or admiration4 ,b x %\ld n be influ5c$ by ! words pure1 flawless1 etc4 ,7 su* to be ! case1 !re w\ld be b "o good ca!dral 9 ,spa91 namely1 t ( ,leon1 a ,fr5* temple built by =eign]s on ,spani% soil4 ,yet no?+ is less ,spani% ?an ! ca!dral ( ,leon4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 x is necess>y1 ^u visit+ ,spa91 to disc>d =eignisms & turn a ,spani>d1 if b = a few days4 ,o!rwise ! t\ri/ w n und]/& ! c\ntry's art monum5ts1 & w be incl9$ to leave ! p59sula z he ent]$ x1 n a :it ! wis] = hav+ come4 ,to help ! travell] to und]/& ! :ys & :]e=es ( ,spani% ar*itecture1 ,i h writt5 ! ,introductory ,/udies4 ,i hope !y w enable him to become a ,spani>d1 or1 at lea/1 to jo9 ! en?usia/ic army ( ,hispan(ilos4 ,c4 ,,rudy4 ,,madrid1 ,july1 #aije ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,"p ,i4 ,,introductory ,,/udies ,i4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks #aa ,,ii4 ,hi/orical ,arabesques #ah ,,iii4 ,ar*itectural ,arabesques #ce ,,iv4 ,conclusion #ff ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,galicia ,i4 ,santiago de ,campo/ela #ge ,,ii4 ,corunna #hi ,,iii4 ,mondon$o #ie ,,iv4 ,lugo #ajb ,v4 ,or5se #aaj ,,vi4 ,tuy #abj ,,vii4 ,bayona & ,vigo #aca ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,nor? ,i4 ,ovi$o #acg ,,ii4 ,covadonga #ade ,,iii4 ,leon #aej ,,iv4 ,a/orga #afg ,v4 ,burgos #agd ,,vi4 ,sant&] #ahh ,,vii4 ,vitoria #aib ,,viii4 ,upp] ,rioja #aif ,,ix4 ,soria #bji ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,we/]n ,,ca/ile ,i4 ,pal5cia #bai ,,ii4 ,zamora #bcj ,,iii4 ,toro #bdd ,,iv4 ,salamanca #bea ,v4 ,ciudad ,rodrigo #bfi ,,vi4 ,coria #bgh ,,vii4 ,plas5cia #bhd ,,"p ,v4 ,,ea/]n ,,ca/ile ,i4 ,valladolid #bic ,,ii4 ,avila #cjb ,,iii4 ,segovia #cab ,,iv4 ,madrid-,alcala #cba ,v4 ,sigue5za #cce ,,vi4 ,cu5ca #cdb ,,vii4 ,tol$o #cdi ,app5dix #cfi ,index #chg ,note ( ,transcrib] ( ! ebook ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,leon ,ca!dral 7,see page #aed7 ,frontispiece ,cloi/] ,/alls 9 a ,mona/ic ,*ur* at ,leon #dh ,typical ,retablo 7,pal5cia7 #ej ,mudej> ,ar*itecture 7,sahagun7 #fd ,santiago & ,its ,ca!dral #hb ,*ur* ( ,santiago1 ,corunna #ib ,g5]al ,view ( ,mondon$o #if ,mondon$o ,ca!dral #ih ,nor!rn ,portal ( ,or5se ,ca!dral #aaf ,tuy ,ca!dral #abh ,ovi$o ,ca!dral #adj ,cloi/] ( ,ovi$o ,ca!dral #add ,apse ( ,san ,isidoro1 ,leon #afd ,burgos ,ca!dral #ahj ,crypt ( ,sant&] ,ca!dral #aij ,cloi/] ( ,naj]a ,ca!dral #bjb ,santa ,m>ia la ,r$onda1 ,logrono #bjd ,we/]n ,front ( ,calahorra ,ca!dral #bjg ,cloi/] ( ,soria ,ca!dral #bab ,pal5cia ,ca!dral #bbf ,zamora ,ca!dral #bch ,toro ,ca!dral #bdh ,old ,salamanca ,ca!dral #bfj ,new ,salamanca ,ca!dral #bff ,cuidad ,rodrigo ,ca!dral #bgb ,facade ( ,plas5cia ,ca!dral #bhh ,we/]n ,front ( ,valladolid ,ca!dral #cjj ,t[] ( ,avila ,ca!dral #caj ,segovia ,ca!dral #caf ,san ,isidro1 ,madrid #cbf ,alcala de ,h5>es ,ca!dral #ccb ,tol$o ,ca!dral #cfj ,,"p ,i ,introductory ,/udies ,! ,ca!drals ( ,nor!rn ,spa9 ,i ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,hi/ory & ar*itecture g h& 9 h&2 ! =m] is n complete if x does n m5tion ! latt]1 & ! latt] is incompreh5sible if ! =m] is entirely ignor$4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s are !re=e hi/orical & ar*itectural2 !y are bas$ on evolution>y pr9ciples & seek to demon/rate ! motives ( c]ta9 arti/ic ph5om5a4 ,_m ( ! ideas sup]ficially m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ essays w be sev]ely discuss$1 = !y are orig9al2 o!rs are bas$ on two excell5t mod]n hi/orical works1 namely1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,spani% ,p1 by ,major ,m>t9 ,hume1 & ,hi/oria de ,espana1 by ,s5or ,rafael ,altamira4 ,^! two works c be reg>d$ z ! d]ni] mot conc]n+ ! evolution ( ,spani% hi/ory4 ,unluckily1 h[ev]1 ! au?or has be5 unable to consult any "w on ar*itecture :i* might h giv5 him a concise idea ( ! /ory ( its gradual evolution & developm5t1 & ( ! diff]5t art-waves :i* fl[$ across ! p59sula dur+ ! /ormy p]iod ( ! middle ages1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 beg9s ) ! ,arab invasion ( ! eigh? c5tury & ends ) ! fall ( ,granada1 9 ! fifte5?4 ,sev]al works on ,spani% ar*itecture h be5 writt5 7! read] w f9d !m m5tion$ else:]e71 b none treats ! matt] f an evolution>y /&po9t4 ,on ! contr>y1 mo/ ( !m are limit$ to ! /udy ( a p]iod1 ( a /yle or ( a locality2 h5ce !y _c claim to be a d]ni] mot4 ,su* a "w has /ill to be writt54 ,be x und]/ood1 nev]!less1 t ! au?or does n pret5d--,dios me libre6--to h suppli$ ! lack 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,9 a c\ple ( ?\s& words x w\ld be utt]ly impossible to d s4 ,no2 a complete1 evolution>y /udy ( ,spani% ar*itecture w\ld imply ye>s ( lab\r1 ( travel1 & ( /udy4 ,= s mu* on ! p59sula is hybrid & exotic1 & yet aga91 s mu* is peculi> to ,spa9 alone4 ,?us x is (t5 mo/ difficult to det]m9e :i* art ph5om5a are natural--t is1 :i* are ! logical results ( a well-def9$ art movem5t--& :i* are artificial or ! casual product ( elem5ts utt]ly =eign to ,spani% soil4 ,will+ly ! au?or leaves to o!r & wis] heads ! solv+ ( ! above riddle4 ,he hopes1 nev]!less1 t !y 7^? :o c>e to und]take ! m5tion$ task7 w f9d "s rem>ks or "s obs]vations 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s to help !m discov] ! real tru? conc]n+ ! ,spani>d's love1 or 8 ins5sibility = ar*itectural monum5ts1 z well z 8 %>e 9 ! erection ( ca!drals1 palaces1 & ca/les4 ,spani% ar*itecture--bett] /ill1 ar*itecture 9 ,spa9--is peculi>ly /range & =eign to u ,nor!rn]s4 ,we admire _m edifices 9 ,ib]ia1 b are unable to say :]e=e2 we are ov]aw$ at ! magnific5ce display$ 9 ! int]ior ( ca!dral *ur*es & at a loss to expla9 ! reason4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 x c be attribut$ to ! ,ori5tal _s /ill ?robb+ 9 ! c\ntry2 n 9 va9 did ! ,moor inhabit ,ib]ia = ne>ly eight hundr$ ye>s6 ,! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* on ! inhabitants1 an influ5ce t has la/$ f ! middle ages to ! pres5t day1 expla9s ! o!r ph5om5on4 ,ev5 to-day1 9 ,spa91 ! ,pope is supreme & ! pr9ces ( ! ,*ur* are ! rul]s4 ,does ! c\ntry ga9 !reby8 ,n at all4 ,&alusia is 9 a mis]able /ate ( pov]ty1 s are ,extremadura1 ,la ,man*a1 & ,ca/ile4 ,n a p5ny d ! ri*1 or ev5 royalty1 give to bett] ! c\ntry p's pite\s lot2 nei!r does ! ,*ur*4 ,x is nev]!less necess>y to be j4 ,9 /udy+ ! evolution>y hi/ory ( ar*itecture 9 ,spa91 we mu/ praise ! tyranny ( ! ,*ur* :i* sp5t ! millions ( doll>s ( ! poor 9 erect+ su* m>vels z ! ca!dral ( ,tol$o1 etc41 & we mu/ ignore ! sweat+ f>m]1 ! t]ror-/rick5 ,jew1 ! accus$ h]etic1 ! disgrac$ c\rti]1 ! seaf>+ conqui/ador1 :o gave up _! all to buy a few mon?s' life1 ! respite ( an h\r4 ,& ! au?or has /riv5 to be imp>tial 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,once 9 a:ile 8 bitt]ness has escap$ ! p51 b be x pla9ly und]/ood t n "o ( 8 rem>ks is aim$ aga9/ ,spa91 a c\ntry & a p to be admir$1--above all to be piti$1 = !y1 ! p1 are slaves to an arrogant ,*ur*1 to a self-amus+ royalty1 & to a grasp+ horde ( second-rate politicians4 ,,ii ,,hi/orical ,,arabesques ,! hi/ory ( ,spa9 is1 p]haps1 m ?an t ( any o!r nation1 "o long s]ies ( ?rill+1 contradictory1 & frequ5tly incompreh5sible ev5ts4 ,?is is n only due to ! c\ntry's pa/ importance z a p[]ful factor 9 ! evolution ( our mod]n civilization1 b to ! un=ese5 do+s ( fate4 ,fate en*a9$ & enslav$ its p1 m\ld$ its greatness & wr\ght its ru94 ,( no o!r c\ntry c x s tru?fully be said t x 0 ! unwitt+ tool ( "s high] de/9y4 ,mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( its hi/ory took place 9 spite ( ! p's wi%es or votes2 nei!r did ! diff]5t art que/ions1 /yles1 p]iods1 or movem5ts emanate f ! p4 ,?is mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,! ,romans 7 ! fir/ to come to ,spa9 ) a view to conqu]+ ! l&1 & to organiz+ ! half-savage clans or tribes :o roam$ ?r\gh ! ?ickets & across ! pla9s4 ,b n[h]e did ! great rul]s ( ! _w enc\nt] su* fi]ce resi/ance4 ,! clans 7 extremely w>like &1 besides1 int5sely individual4 ,!y did n only oppose ! =eign]'s conque/ ( ! l&1 b also 8 sy/em ( organization1 :i* consi/$ 9 ! submission ( ! individual to ! /ate4 ,! clans or tribes recogniz$ no o!r law ?an _! own sweet w2 !y act$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & only on r>e occasions did !y fight 9 gr\ps4 ,!y 7 local patriots :o recogniz$ no fa!rl& beyond _! natal vale or village4 ,?is prim>y *>act]i/ic ( ! ,spani% p is ! clue to _m ( ! subsequ5t ev5ts ( ! c\ntry's hi/ory4 ,aga9/ x ! ,romans f\ght1 b f\ght 9 va91 = !y 7 n able to ov]come x4 ,*ri/ianity dawn$ 9 ! ,ea/ & 0 introduc$ into ,spa91 "s say by ,/4 ,james 9 ! nor?1 o!rs by ,/4 ,pet] or ,/4 ,paul 9 ! s\?4 ,! result 0 a/oni%+3 :at ,roman swords1 laws1 & highroads _h be5 unable to accompli% 7z reg>ds ! organization ( ! savage tribes7 ,*ri/ianity br\ght ab\t 9 a comp>atively %ort lapse ( "t4 ,! reason is tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! new =m ( religion taught t all m5 7 equal2 consequ5tly x 0 m to ! ta/e ( ! individuali/ic ,spani>d ?an ! /ate doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,secondly1 x p]mitt$ him to wor%ip 8 deity 9 z _m =ms 7sa9ts7 z !re 7 days 9 ! ye>2 consequ5tly ea* village or t[n c\ld boa/ ( its own sa9t1 prophet1 or m>tyr1 :o1 9 ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s1 0 great] ?an all o!r sa9ts1 & really ! god ( _! f]v5t adoration4 ,h5ce ,*ri/ianity 0 able to introduce into ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,hispania a social organization :i* 0 to ex]t a la/+ influ5ce on ! c\ntry & to acquire an unhe>d-( degree ( weal? & p[]4 ,:5 ! temporal dom9ation ( ,rome 9 ,spa9 _h dw9dl$ away to no?+1 o!r =eign]s1 ! ,visigo?s1 usurp$ ! fictiti\s rule4 ,_! /ate 0 civil 9 "n1 milit>y 9 organization1 & ecclesia/ical 9 reality4 ,!y =m$ no nation1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y pres]v$ ! brok5 fragm5ts ( ! ,we/ ,roman ,empire4 ,! same _s ( individualism *>act]iz$ ! tribes or p1 & !y swore allegiance to _! local sa9t 7,god7 & to ! prie/ :o 0 8 repres5tative on e>? 7,*ur*7--b to no "o else4 ,consequ5tly x c be assum$ t ! ,spani% nation _h n z yet be5 born2 ! controll+ p[] _h pass$ f ! h&s ( "o =eign] to ^? ( ano!r3 only "o in/itution--! ,*ur*--c\ld claim to possess a national "*2 ar\nd x1 or ^u its f\ndations1 ! nation 0 to be built up1 /one by /one1 & turret by turret4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird =eign] appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,he 0 d\btless ! mo/ important factor 9 ! =mation ( ! ,spani% nation4 ,x is probable t ! ,*ur* call$ him ov] ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> z an aid aga9/ ,rodrigo1 ! la/ ,visigo?ic k+1 :o lo/ 8 ?rone & 8 life because too deeply 9 love ) 8 beautiful ,tolesian mi/ress4 ,leg5ds expla9 ! ,moor's l&+ diff]5tly4 ,sohail1 z p[]fully n>rat$ by ,mr4 ,cunn+hame-,graham1 is "o ( ^! leg5ds1 beautifully fatali/ic & exceptionally int]e/+4 ,accord+ to x1 ! de/9y ( ! ,moors is rul$ by a /> nam$ ,sohail4 ,:i!r x goes !y mu/ foll[ x4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury x happ5$ t ,sohail1 9 h] irregul> c\rse across ! heav5s1 0 to be se51 a brilliant />1 f ,gibralt>4 ,obey+ ! /ell> call1 ,t>ik l&$ 9 ,spa9 & mov$ nor?w>ds at ! head ( 8 irresi/ible1 fanatic hordes4 ,! /> cont9u$ its nor!rly movem5t1 visible "o f9e night f ! ,arab t5ts pit*$ on ! pla9s betwe5 ,poiti]s & ,t\rs4 ,! next night1 h[ev]1 x 0 no long] visible1 & ,*>les ,m>tel drove ! invad+ ,moors back to ! s\?4 ,c5turies w5t by & ,sohail appe>$ ev] l[] d[n on ! s\!rn horizon4 ,"o night x 0 only visible f ,granada1 & !n ,spa9 saw x no m4 ,t same day--'twas 9 ! fifte5? c5tury--,boabdil el ,*ico surr5d]$ ! keys ( ,granada1 & ! ,arabs fl$1 obey+ ! retreat+ />'s call4 ,to-day !y are wait+ 9 ! nor? ( ,africa = ,sohail to move once aga9 to ! nor?3 :5 %e does s1 !y w rise aga9 z a s+le man1 & rega9 _! passionately lov$ ,alhambra1 _! beautiful k+dom ( ,&alusia4 ,tradition is fond ( %[+ u a nucleus ( f]v5t ,*ri/ian patriots oblig$ by ! invad+ ,arab hordes to retire to ! nor?-we/]n corn] ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,"h !y made a /&1 a la/ glori\s /&1 &1 gradually increas+ 9 /r5g?1 !y 7 at la/ able to drive back ! invad] in* by in* until he fl$ across ! /raits to tr\ble ,ib]ia no m4 ,no?+ is1 h[ev]1 less true4 ,! noblem5 & mon>*s ( ,galicia1 ,leon1 & ,ovi$o--lat] ( ,ca/ile1 ,nav>ra1 & ,aragon--7 s _m petty lords :o1 fight+ cont9ually among !mselves1 rul$ ov] fragm5ts ( ! defeat$ ,visigo?ic k+dom4 ,at times !y call$ 9 ! ,arab enemy--to :om 9 ! e>ly c5turies !y paid a ye>ly tribute--to help !m aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( _! bro!r ,*ri/ians4 ,consequ5tly !y lack$ t _s ( patriotism & ( national ambition :i* might h ju/ifi$ _! claims to be call$ mon>*s or rul]s ( ,spa94 ,! ,*ur* 0 no bett]4 ,its bi%ops 7 indep5d5t pr9ces :o rul$ 9 _! dioceses l sov]eigns 9 _! palaces2 !y recogniz$ no supreme ma/]1 n ev5 ! ,pope1 ^: advice 0 ignor$1 & ^: ord]s 7 disobey$4 ,x 0 n until ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury t ! ,*ri/ian incursions into ,moori% t]ritory took ! =m ( patriotic crusades1 9 :i* f]v5t ,*ri/ians burnt ) ! holy desire ( we$+ out ( ! p59sula ! ,s>ac5 infidel4 ,?is holy crusade 0 due to ! com+ f ,france & ,italy ( ! ,cluny monks4 ,=eign]s1--l ! ,romans1 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,visigo?s1 & ! ,moors1--!y creat$ a situation :i* facilitat$ ! union ( ! diff]5t mon>*s1 prelates1 & noblem51 by %[+ !m a common cause to fight =4 ,besides1 anxi\s to e/abli% ! supreme p[] ( ! ,pope 9 a l& :]e 8 au?ority 0 a dead lett]1 !y cross$ ! ,pyr5ees & broke ! absolute p[] ( ! arrogant prelates4 ,! result 0 obvi\s3 ! ,*ur* became uni=m ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & its influ5ce wax$ to ! detrim5t ( t ( ! noblem54 ,once aga9 ! k+s le>nt to rely ^u ! =m]1 ?us putt+ an end to ! p[] ( ! latt]4 ,once m ! ,*ur* grew to be an ecclesia/ical organization 9 :i* ! role ( ! prelates became m important z "t w5t on4 ,9 %ort1 if ! com+ ( ! ,moors ret>d$ = ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s ! bir? ( ! ,spani% nation1 ?is bir? 0 directly br\ght ab\t by ! political ability ( ! ,cluny monks2 ! ,moors1 on ! o!r h&1 ex]t$ a direct & la/+ influ5ce on ! %ap+ & m\ld+ ( ! future nation4 ,*ri/ian ,spa91 at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ! pi\s w>rior-k+ ,san ,f]n&o1 0 r\ghly divid$ into an ea/]n & a we/]n half1 into ! k+dom ( ,ca/ile 7& ,leon7 & t ( ,aragon4 ,! fusion ( ^! two halves by ! m>riage ( ,f]d9& & ,isabel1 two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 m>ks ! date ( ! bir? ( ,spa9 z a nation4 ,x is true1 nev]!less1 t ! p _h little or no voice 9 ! arrangem5t ( matt]s4 ,!y 7 indiff]5t to :at _! cr[n$ rul]s 7 do+1 & ignorant ( ! gr[+ p[]1 weal?1 & le>n+ ( ! prelates4 ,all !y ask$ = 0 individual lib]ty & p]mission to pray to ! ,god ( _! *oice4 ,nei!r _h z yet ! _s ( patriotism burn$ 9 _! brea/s1 & !y 7 utt]ly ins5sible to any & all politics :i* conc]n$ ! p59sula z a unity4 ,b ! ,*ur*-/ate _h successfully evolutioniz$1 & ,ca?olic k+s sat on ! only available ?rone4 ,! la/ ,moor _h be5 driv5 f ! p59sula1 ! ,jews _h be5 expell$ f ! ,ca?olic k+dom1 & ! ,inquisition--n[ t ! ,*ur* c\ld no long] direct its en]gy aga9/ ! infidel--/r5g!n$ ! ,pope's hold on ! l& & increas$ ! importance & magnific5ce ( ! prelates !mselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ^w z to h]esy 7! ,re=mation7 & ! ,inquisition4 ,! latt] 0 n direct$ aga9/ ! =m]1 = x w\ld h be5 impossible = ! p to accept ! re=m$ fai? 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,= ! ,spani>d ! *>m ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 t x plac$ him on an equal foot+ ) all m52 h5ce1 x flatt]$ 8 love ( p]sonal lib]ty & 8 self-consci\sness or pride4 ,! *>m ( ,ca?olicism 0 t x enabl$ him to adore a local deity 9 ! %ape ( a m>tyr$ sa9t2 ?us1 x flatt]$ 8 vanity z a clansman1 & 8 _s ( individualism4 ,x 0 n s mu* ! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity he wor%ipp$ z ,our ,lady ( ! ,pill>1 ,our ,lady ( ,sorr[s1 ( ! ,cam9o1 etc41 & he obey$ less readily ! ar*bi%op ?an ! cu/odian prie/ ( 8 p>ticul> sa9t1 ( :om he decl>$ t he c\ld humiliate all o!r sa9ts4 ,consequ5tly ,prote/antism1 :i* t5d$ to kill ?is local wor%ip by uphold+ t ( a collective deity1 c\ld nev] h tak5 a s]i\s hold ( ! c\ntry1 & x is d\btful if x ev] w4 ,on ! o!r h&--z previ\sly rem>k$--! ,spani% ,inquisition help$ to c5tralize ! ,*ur*'s p[] & oblig$ ! p to accept its decisions z f9al4 ,! effect ( ,torquemada's policy is /ill to be felt 9 ,spa9--c\ld x be o!rwise8 99 99 99 99 99 ,_h successive ev5ts 9 ?is /age ( ,spa9's hi/ory foll[$ a normal c\rse1 & _h ! education ( ! p be5 fo/]$ by ! /ate in/ead ( be+ curs$ by ! ,*ur*1 x is m ?an probable t ! map ( ,europe w\ld h be5 diff]5t to-day f :at x is4 ,= ! ,spani% p w\ld h le>nt to ?9k z patriots1 z a nation2 !y w\ld h develop$ _! c\ntry's ri* soil & ?ickly populat$ ! va/ vegas2 !y w\ld h tak5 ! (f5sive aga9/ =eign nations1 & w\ld h *as$ & battl$ ! ,moor beyond ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,x 0 n to be1 h[ev]4 ,an abnormal ev5t 0 to take place--& did take place--:i* repeat$ 9 fair ,ib]ia ! retrograde movem5t initiat$ by ! ,arab invasion #gej ye>s e>li]4 ,a =eign] 0 aga9 ! cause ( ?is new ph5om5on1 a h>ebra9$ ,g5oese navigator :om ! _w calls a g5ius because he 0 successful1 b :o 0 an evil g5ius = ! new-born ,spani% nation1 "o :o 0 to load 8 adopt$ c\ntry ) unp>allel$ fame & glory be=e caus+ h] rapid & cla%+ d[nfall4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus came to ,spa9 f ! ea/2 he sail$ we/w>ds f ,spa9 & discov]$--= ,spa96--two va/ cont95ts4 ,! importance ( ?is ev5t = ,spa9 is apt to be ov]look$ by ^? :o are bl9d$ by ! unexpect$ realization ( ,columbus's d>+ dreams4 ,x 0 z ?\gh a volcanic eruption _h tak5 place 9 a virg9 soil1 toss+ e>? & grass1 lay]s & /rata ( /one1 hi!r & ?i!r 9 utt] confusion1 imp$+ ! fur!r gr[? ( "y plantlets & =bidd+ ! build+ up ( a solid national edifice4 ,in/ead ( devot+ _! en]gies to ! int]ior organization ( ! c\ntry1 ,spani>ds turn$ _! eyes to ! ,new ,_w4 ,9 ex*ange = ! gold & preci\s /ones :i* p\r$ into ! l&1 !y gave t :i* left ! c\ntry poor & weak inde$3 _! blood & _! lives4 ,! brave/ & mo/ intrepid lead]s cross$ ! seas ) _! foll[]s1 & beh9d !m sail$ ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( h>dy adv5tur]s & soldi]s4 ,b ! ,spani>ds c\ld n colonize4 ,!y lack$ ^? qualities ( collectivity :i* *>act]iz$ ,rome & ,engl&4 ,! individuali/ic _s ( ! p caus$ !m to g & to come z !y *ose )\t possess+ any ambition ( e/abli%+ 9 ! newly acquir$ t]ritories a home & a family2 nei!r did ! wom5 folk emigrate--& h5ce ! failure ( ,spa9 z a coloniz+ p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o _h sail$ ! seas to ! ,spani% ma91 & _h ho>d$ up a significant treasure1 inv>iably return$1 n to ,spa9 exactly1 b to _! native t[n or village4 ,^u arriv+ home1 _! fir/ act 0 to bequea? a consid]able sum to ! ,*ur*1 s z to ease _! consci5ce & to assure !mselves homage1 respect1 & unre/ra9$ lib]ty4 ,! effects produc$ by ?is ph5om5on ( individualism 7 manifold4 ,!y exi/ ev5 to-day1 s la/+ 7 !y4 ,a new nobility 0 creat$--weal?y1 p[]ful1 & g5]ally arrogant & unscrupul\s1 :i* replac$ ! feudal ari/ocracy ( ! middle ages4 ,secondly1 olig>*y--or bett] /ill1 caciquismo1 an individuali/ic =m ( olig>*y--sprung up into exi/5ce1 & rapidly became ! bane ( mod]n ,spa92 t is1 ev] s9ce ! ,b\rbon dyna/y rul$ ! c\ntry's fate4 ,z c easily be und]/ood1 ?is caciquismo c only fl\ri% !re :]e individualism is ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! p4 ,?irdly1 all hopes ( ! c\ntry's possess+ a well-to-d middle class--/am9a ( a weal?y nation1 & )\t :i* no p c atta9 a national /&>d ( weal?--vani%$ completely away4 ,la/ly ! ,*ur*1 :i* _h become weal?y beyond ! dreams ( ! ,cluny monks1 reta9$ its iron grip on ! c\ntry1 & ret>d$ ! lib]al education ( ! masses4 ,to repay ! fidelity ( s]vile ,ca?olics1 x canoniz$ legions ( local prophets & m>tyrs1 & organiz$ hundr$s ( gay annual fie/as to hon\r _! memory4 ,! ignorant p1 flatt]$ at ! tribute ( admiration paid to _! deities1 look$ no fur!r ahead into ! gr[+ *aos ( mis]y & pov]ty1 & 7 happy4 ,! cra% came--c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,beyond ! seas an imm5se t]ritory1 hundr$s ( times l>g] ?an ! natal sol>1 or "m c\ntry1 /ret*$ f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific2 at home1 a /illborn nation lay 9 an arid mead[ beside a solemn *ur*1 a frivol\s1 selfi% ?rone1 & a mute & gloomy brick-built conv5t4 ,! ,spani% ,armada sail$ to ,engl& nev] to return1 & ,philip ,,ii4 built ! ,escorial1 a melan*oly pan!on = ! k+s ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,"o by "o ! colonies dropp$ (f1 fragm5ts ( an illusory empire1 & at la/ ! "m c\ntry /ood once m />k nak$ z 9 ! days be=e ,columbus left ,palos h>b\r4 ,b ! "m's face 0 no long] "y & fre% l an infant's3 wr9kles ( age & ( suff]+ creas$ ! br[ & ! *91 = n 9 va9 0 %e1 dur+ c5turies1 ! toy ( unm]ciful fate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is1 9 gigantic /rides1 ! hi/ory ( ,spa94 ,! volcanic eruption 9 ! fifte5? c5tury has left1 x is true1 indelible traces 9 ! c\ntry's soil4 ,nev]!less1 on ! v day :5 ! treaty ( ,p>is 0 sign$ & ! la/ ( ! ,spani% colonies de ultram> 7 lo/ = ev]1 t day a ,spani% nation 0 born aga9 on ! di/urb$ f\ndations ( ! old4 ,!re is no d5y+ x3 :5 ,f]d9& & ,isabel unit$ _! k+doms a nation 0 born2 x fell to pieces 7?\gh app>5tly n until a lat] date7 :5 ,columbus l&$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,an>*y1 misrule1 & oppression1 ignorance & pov]ty1 n[ frivolity & n[ au/]ity at c\rt1 fill ! succe$+ c5turies until ! coronation ( ,alfonso ,,xii4 ,dur+ all ^? ye>s1 b once did ,spa9--no long] a nation--%9e =? 9 hi/ory ) an ev5 great] brilliancy ?an :5 %e claim$ to be mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,b1 on ?is occasion1 :5 %e oppos$1 9 brave b disb&$ gr\ps1 ! invasion ( ! ,fr5* legions1 %e gave ano!r pro( ( ! individuali/ic in/9cts ( ! race1 z oppos$ to all social & compact organization ( ! masses4 ,! ,c>li/ w>s ne$ b a pass+ rem>k4 ,!y 7 n national2 !y 7 caus$ by ! ambitions ( rul]s & noblem51 & f\ght out by ! inhabitants ( ,nav>ra & ! ,basque ,prov9ces :o upheld _! fu]os1 by paid soldi]y1 & by aldeanos ^: h\ses & families 7 ?reat5$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,spa9 0 born a few ye>s ago1 b s f> %e has giv5 no pro( ( vitality4 ,z x is1 %e is cumb]$ by traditions & h>ass$ by memories4 ,%e mu/ fight a %>p battle ) exi/+ evil in/itutions h&$ d[n to h] z a que/ionable legacy f ! pa/4 ,if %e em]ge victori\s f ! /ruggle1 univ]sal hi/ory w he> h] "n aga91 = ! c\ntry is n ga/ado or deg5]ate1 z _m w\ld h u believe4 ,if %e fail to ?r[ ov]bo>d ! wor?less & sup]flu\s balla/1 x is possible t ! %ip ( /ate w f\nd]--& !n1 :o kn[s8 ,9 ! meantime1 let u n misjudge ! ,spani>d nor ?r[ /ones at 8 brok5 glass mansion4 ,to help u 9 ?is1 let u rememb] t unexpect$ vicissitudes1 entirely =eign to 8 c\ntry1 7 ! cause ( 8 illusory gr&eur 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,besides1 no m ard5t a lov] ( individual 7n social7 fre$om ?an ! ,spani>d brea!s 9 ?is wide _w ( ours--except+ x be ! ,moor4 ,"u ! circum/ances he is to be admir$--ev5 piti$4 ,,iii ,,ar*itectural ,,arabesques ,prelim9>ies ,! diff]5t p]iods m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] are *>act]iz$ by a correspond+ art-movem5t4 ,! g]ms ( ^! movem5ts came inv>iably f abroad4 ,9 ,spa9 !y l+]$1 7 localiz$ & grew up1 a species ( hybrid plants 9 :i* ! =eign elem5t 0 /ill visible1 ?\gh x _h und]gone a s]ies ( *anges1 due ei!r to ! addition ( o!r elem5ts1 to ! inv5tive g5ius ( ! arti/-ar*itect1 or else peculi> to ! locality 9 :i* ! build+ 0 erect$4 ,o!r conclusive rem>ks arriv$ at 9 ! =ego+ /udy help to expla9 ! evolution ( *ur* ar*itecture4 ,five 7 ! conclusions3 7#a7 ,! p[] & weal? ( ! ,*ur*1 7#b7 ! influ5ce ex]t$ by =eign]s on ! c\ntry's fate1 7#c7 ! individuali/ic _s ( ! clanspeople1 7#d7 ! %ort duration ( a ,spani% nation1 nipp$ 9 ! bud be=e x c\ld bloom1 & 7#e7 ! =mation ( an olig>*y 7caciquismo7 :i* h9d]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( an educat$ b\rgeoisie4 ,! fir/ ( ! above conclusive obs]vations ne$s no fur!r rem>ks1 consid]+ t we are /udy+ *ur* ar*itecture4 ,x suffices to indicate ! great numb] ( ca!drals1 *ur*es1 h]mitages1 mona/]ies1 conv5ts1 cloi/]s1 & episcopal palaces to be conv9c$ ( ! ,*ur*'s influ5ce on ! c\ntry & on ! purses ( ! inhabitants4 ,! ,spani>d1 psy*ologically speak+1 is no arti/2 x is d\btful if illit]ate & un$ucat$ p are1 & ! av]age inhabitant ( ,spa9 =ms no exception to ?is rule4 ,8 arti/ic tal5ts are exclusively limit$ to music1 = :i* he has an excessively f9e e>4 ,b beauty 9 ! pla/ic arts & ar*itecture leave him cold & indiff]5t2 he is influ5c$ by mass1 weight1 & quantity r ?an by elegance or lightness1 & consequ5tly x is ! same to him :e!r a ca!dral be ,go?ic or ,romanesque1 z long z x be d$icat$ to ! deity ( 8 *oice4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,italian & ,ib]ian is !re=e v m>k$4 ,ev5 ! l&scapes 9 ea* c\ntry prove x beyond a d\bt4 ,9 ,italy !y are compos$ ( s(t roll+ l9es2 ! col\rs are v>i$1--gre51 r$1 & blue2 ! soil is damp & fruitful4 ,9 ,spa91 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ is dry1 arid1 & savage2 blue is ! sky1 r$ ! brick h\ses1 & grayi% gold5 ! soil2 ! inhabitants are z savage z ! c\ntry1 & ! prov]bial ma e piu bello ( ! ,italian does n bo!r ! =m] 9 ! slighte/4 ,all ( :i* goes to expla9 ! ,spani>d's ins5sibility to ! pla/ic arts1 z well z 7= in/ance7 ! univ]sal use ( huge retablos or alt>-pieces1 9 :i* size & bright col\rs are all t is requir$ & ! great] ! size1 ! m cla%+ ! col\rs1 ! bett]4 ,nei!r is x surpris+ t ! ,spani>d creat$ no ar*itectural s*ool ( 8 own4 ,all he possesses is borr[$ f abroad4 ,8 love ( ,byzant9e grotesqu5ess & ( ,moori% geometrical arabesques is inh]it$1 ! "o f ! ,visigo?s1 & ! o!r directly f ! ,moors4 ,! rema9+ /yles are nor!rn & ,italian1 & 7 introduc$ into ! c\ntry by su* =eign]s--monks & arti/s--z cr[d$ to ,spa9 9 se>* ( ,spani% gold4 ,^! arti/s 7x is true t "s1 & p]haps ! be/ ( !m1 7 ,spani>ds7 did n "w = ! p1 = !re 0 no b\rgeoisie4 ,!y work$ = ! weal?y prelates1 = ! ari/ocracy1 & = ! caciques4 ,^! latt] _h sumptu\s *apels decorat$1 d$icat$ an alt> to su* & su* a deity1 & erect$ a magnific5t sepul*re or s]ies ( sepul*res = !mselves & _! families4 ,?is peculi> ph5om5on expla9s ! weal? ( ,spani% *ur*es 9 lat]al *apels4 ,n a ca!dral b has ab\t tw5ty ( !m2 n a *ur* b possesses its half a doz54 ,moreov]1 "s ( ! v f9e/ examples ( sepul*ral art are n to be f\nd 9 ca!drals1 b 9 out-(-!-way village *ur*es1 :]e "s cacique or o!r laid 8 bones to re/ & _h 8 effigy c>v$ on a gorge\s m>ble tomb4 ,^! *apels are built 9 all possible /yles & 9 all degrees ( spl5d\r & magnific5ce1 accord+ to ! g5]osity ( ! donor4 ,"h !y bulge out1 de=m+ ! regul> plan ( ! *ur*1 or else !y take up an important "p ( ! int]ior ( ! build+4 ,!re !y are ,r5aissance jewels 9 a ,go?ic temple1 or else ogival m>vels 9 a ,romanesque build+4 ,!y are1 z x 71 small *ur*es--or important annexes l t ( ! ,conde/able 9 ,burgos1 possess+ a dome ( its own--absolutely indep5d5t ( ! ca!dral itself1 ri* 9 decorative details1 luxuri\s 9 ! use ( poli%$ /one & metal1 ( agate & gold5 accessories1 ( gild$ friezes1 l[ reliefs1 & pa9t$ retablos4 ,!y con/itute "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ,spani% religi\s ar*itecture & art 9 g5]al1 & x is above all due to !m t ,ib]ia's ca!drals are museums r ?an solemn places ( wor%ip4 ,b ! ,spani% p did n erect !m2 !y 7 comm&$ by va9 & dea?-fe>+ caciques1 & erect$ by arti/s--g5]ally =eign]s1 ?\gh (t5 natives4 ,! p did n c>e nor take any int]e/ 9 ! matt]2 s long z ! village sa9t 0 n insult$1 nor _! individual lib]ty 7fu]o7 infr+$ ^u1 ! _w1 its arti/s & caciques1 c\ld d z x lik$4 ,?is ins5sibility help$ to h9d] ! =mation ( a national /yle4 ,besides1 z ! duration ( ! ,spani% nation 0 s exce$+ly %ort1 !re 0 no "t at h& to develop a national art s*ool4 ,9 c]ta9 localities1 z 9 ,galicia1 a prevail+ type or /yle 0 9 common use1 & 0 sl[ly evolv+ into some?+ /rictly local & excell5t4 ,^! types1 toge!r ) ,moori% art1 & above all ,mudej> "w1 might h evolv$ /ill fur!r & produc$ a national /yle4 ,b ! nation fell to pieces l a dri$-up b>rel ^: hoops are brok51 & ! nation's /yle 0 nev] =m$4 ,besides1 contempor>y ) ! bir? ( ! nation 0 ! adv5t ( ! ,r5aissance movem5t4 ,?is 0 ! c\p de grace1 ! f9al bl[ to any g]ms ( a ,spani% /yle1 ( a /yle compos$ ( ,*ri/ian & ,islam pr9ciples & ideals3 ,es wa] zu s*o5 gewes51 ,es haett' ni*t soll5 se96 ,"u ! circum/ances1 ! art /ud5t 9 ,spa91 h[ev] en?usia/ic or "o-sid$ he may be1 _c claim to discov] a national s*ool4 ,he mu/ necess>ily limit 8 /udies to ! analysis ( ! =eign art waves :i* inundat$ ! l&2 he mu/ obs]ve h[ !y became localiz$ & 7 modifi$1 h[ !y 7 unit$ bo? wisely & ridicul\sly1 & he mu/ po9t out ! reasons or causes ( ^! m$leys & trans=mations4 ,!re 8 task ends4 ,"o peculi>ity w /rike him3 ! p59sula possesses no pure ,go?ic1 ,romanesque1 or ,r5aissance build+4 ,! same might almo/ be /at$ z reg>ds ,moori% art4 ,! capitals ( ! pill>s 9 ! mezquita ( ,cordoba are ,lat9-,romanesque1 torn f a previ\s build+ by ! invad+ ,arab to adorn 8 own temple4 ,! ,alhambra1 likewise1 %[s animal arabesques :i* are ,byzant9e & n ,moori%4 ,nev]!less1 ,arab art is1 on ! :ole1 pur] 9 /yle ?an ,*ri/ian art4 ,?is trans=mation ( =eign /yles proves3 7#a7 ,t ?\gh ! ,spani% arti/ lack$ creative g5ius1 he 0 no base imitator1 b s\ght to comb9e2 he s\ght to give ! temple he _h to con/ruct t heavy1 massive1 /rong1 & sombre aspect s well 9 h>mony ) ! religi\s & w>like _s ( ! diff]5t clanspeople2 & 7#b7 t ! same arti/ fail$ completely to und]/& ! ideal ( so>+ ogival1 ( simple ,r5aissance1 or ( pure ,romanesque 7?is latt] he und]/ood bett] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs74 ,= him1 !y--z well z ,islam art--7 b elem5ts to be made use (4 ,ap>t f _! con/ructive use1 !y 7 sup]flu\s1 & ! arti/-ar*itect 0 bl9d to _! e?ical object or ae/hetical value4 ,) _! aid he built ar*itectural wond]s1 b hybrid m>vels1 complex1 gr&1 luxuri\s1 & magnific5t4 ,be x pla9ly und]/ood1 nev]!less1 t 9 ! above p>agraphs no contempt = ,spani% ca!drals is ei!r felt or impli$4 ,facts are /at$1 b no p]sonal op9ion is emitt$ z to :i* is bett]1 a pure ,go?ic or a complicat$ ,spani% ,go?ic4 ,9 art !re is really no bett]2 besides1 comp>isons are odi\s & "h !y are utt]ly sup]flu\s4 ,ca!dral ,*ur*es ,be=e accompany+ ! art /ud5t 9 8 task ( det]m9+ ! diff]5t =eign /yles1 we w d well to exam9e c]ta9 g5]al *>act]i/ics common to all ,spani% ca!drals4 ,we w !n be able to und]/& ) great] ease ! causes ( ! *anges introduc$ into pure /yles4 ,! ext]ior aspect ( all ca!drals is sev]e & massive1 ev5 nak$ & solemn4 ,nei!r w9d[s nor fly+ buttresses are us$ 9 su* pr(usion z 9 ,fr5* ca!drals1 & ! height ( ! aisles is great]4 ,! object is d\btless to imp>t an idea ( /r5g? to ! ext]ior walls by rais+ !m 9 a compact mass4 ,an ev5 great] effect is obta9$ by squ>e1 heavy t[]s in/ead ( elegant spires4 7,comp>e1 h[ev]1 *apt]s on ,leon1 ,ovi$o1 ,burgos1 etc47 ,! use ( domes 7cimborios1 lant]ns1 & cupolas7 is also frequ5t1 mo/ ( !m be+ decid$ly ,ori5tal 9 appe>ance4 ,! apse is prom95t & g5]ally five-sid$1 w>like 9 its sev]e outl9e4 ,/one is inv>iably us$ z ! pr9cipal con/ructive elem5t1--granite1 b]roqu5a 7a s(t :ite /one turn+ deep gray ) age & exposure71 & sill> or sill]ia 7a r$ s&/one cut into simil> slabs ( ! size & aspect ( brick74 ,:]e r$ s&/one is us$1 ! weak] p>ts ( ! build+s are v (t5 con/ruct$ 9 brick1 & x is ^! la/-nam$ ca!drals t are mo/ ,ori5tal 9 appe>ance1 especially :5 ! brick surface is c>v$ into ,mudej> reliefs4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! :ole build+ (t5 resembles a ca/le or =tress r ?an a temple1 9 h>mony ) ! au/]e1 arid l&scape1 & ! fi]ce1 passionate1 & idolatr\s "* ( ! clanspeople or inhabitants ( ! diff]5t regions4 ,! pr9cipal entrance is usually small 9 comp>ison to ! height & great mass ( ! build+4 ,! po9t$ ar*--or s]ies ( ar*es--:i* cr[ns ! portal1 is timid 9 its /ructure1 or1 9 o!r words1 is b slightly po9t$ or n at all4 ,! int]ior aspect ( ! *ur* is totally diff]5t4 ,z b>e & nak$ z 0 ! outside1 s luxuri\s & magnific5t is ! inside4 ,involunt>ily m$iaeval ,spani% palaces come to our m9d3 _! gloomy appe>ance f ! outside1 & ! gay patio or c\rty>d beh9d ! heavy1 un9vit+ panels ( ! doors4 ,! ,moors ev5 to ?is day employ ?is sy/em ( ar*itecture2 its orig91 ev5 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 is ,ori5tal4 ,leav+ aside all ar*itectural consid]ations1 :i* w be ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt]s d$icat$ to ! description ( ! v>i\s ca!drals1 let u exam9e ! g5]al disposition ( "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! ,spani% *ur*4 ,! aisles are1 z a rule1 high & d>k1 buri$ 9 p]petual %ad[4 ,! lighte/ & airie/ "p ( ! build+ is b5ea? ! croisee 7int]section ( nave & transept71 :i* is (t5 cr[n$ by a h&some cimborio4 ,! nave is ! mo/ important memb] ( ! *ur*1 & ! mo/ impressive view is obta9$ by ! visitor /&+ b5ea? ! croisee4 ,to ! ea/ ( him1 ! nave t]m9ates 9 a semicircul> *apel1 ! f>!r end ( :i* boa/s ( an imm5se retablo2 to ! we/1 ! *oir1 ) its /alls & organs1 int]rupts likewise ! cont9uity ( ! nave4 ,bo? *oir & alt> are ri* 9 decorative details4 ,beh9d ! high alt> runs ! ambulatory1 jo9+ ! aisles & sep>at+ ! =m] f ! apse & its *apels4 ,! re> wall ( ! high alt> 79 ! ambulatory7 is call$ ! trasalt>1 :]e a small alt> is g5]ally situat$ 9 a recess & d$icat$ to ! patron sa9t1 t is1 if ! ca!dral itself be d$icat$ to ! ,virg91 z g5]ally happ5s4 ,sometimes an oval w9d[ pi]ces ! wall ( ! trasalt> & lets ! light f ! apsidal w9d[s ent] ! high alt>2 ?is arrangem5t is call$ a transp>5te4 ,! *oir1 z wide z ! nave & (t5 z high1 is rectangul>2 an alt>-table g5]ally /&s 9 ! we/]n extremity1 :i* is clos$ (f by a wall4 ,! re> ( ?is wall 7fac+ ! we/]n entrance to ! temple7 is call$ ! trascoro1 & conta9s ! alt> or a *apel2 ! lat]al walls are also pi]c$ by l[ rooms or ni*es :i* s]ve ei!r z *apels or z alt>-frames4 ,! plac+ ( ! *oir 9 ! v c5tre ( ! *ur*1 its wid? & height1 & its enclosure on ! we/]n end by a wall1 r5d] impossible a view ( ! :ole build+ su* z occurs 9 ,nor!rn ca!drals1 & ^u :i* ! impression ( ar*itectural gr&eur & maje/y l>gely dep5ds4 ,x 0 z ?\gh ,spani% ar*itects 7 utt]ly =eign to ! latt] impression1 or wilfully murd]$ x by sub/itut+ ano!r m to _! ta/e1 namely1 t ( magnific5ce & sumptu\sness4 ,n[h]e--to ! au?or's k--is ?is impression m acutely felt ?an 9 a ,spani% ca!dral1 view$ f b5ea? ! croisee4 ,glitt]+ brilliancy1 dazzl+ gold1 silv]1 or gilt1 poli%$ m>ble1 agate1 & jasp]1 & a luxuriance ( vivid col\rs meet ! visitor's eyes :5 /&+ !re4 ,! effect is !atrical1 d\btless1 b x impresses ! humble true believ] z ,ori5tal spl5d\r2 & :at1 9 o!r c\ntries1 might be consid]$ z grotesque & unheal?y art1 mu/ 9 ,spa9 be reg>d$ z ! v ess5ce ( ! c\ntry's wor%ip1 ! v raison d'etre ( ! ca!dral4 ,nei!r c x be consid]$ z unheal?y3 ) u 9 ! ,nor?1 our religi\s awe is produc$ by ! solemn maje/y ( ris+ %afts & long1 high1 & n>r[ aisles2 ?is fails to impress ! ,ib]ian ( to-day2 & yet1 ! same s5tim5t ( religi\s awe1 ( ! t]rible unkn[n1 be x sa9t1 ,savi\r1 ,virg91 or ,god1 is imp>t$ to him by ?is brilliant display ( incalculable weal?4 ,to produce ?is magnific5ce 9 *oir & high alt>1 decorative & indu/rial art 7 giv5 a free h&1 & toge!r wr\ght ^? wond]s ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies :i* plac$ ,spa9 9 a prom95t position 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,goldsmi?s & silv]smi?s1 ma/]s ( ironcraft1 sculptors 9 /one & wood1 pa9t]s & e/(adores1 toge!r ) a legion ( o!r arti/s & artisans ( all classes & nationalities1 work$ toge!r 9 unison to create bo? *oir & high alt>4 ,!re=e1 f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 ! ,spani% ca!dral is = ! =eign] a museum1 a collection ( art objects1 p]ta9+1 mo/ ( !m1 to ! c\ntry's indu/rial arts1 = :i* ,ib]ia 0 fir/ among all nations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*oir ,,/alls4--,space _c all[ u to classify ?is mo/ important accessory ( ,spani% ca!drals4 ,c>v$ 9 walnut or oak1 n[ simple & sev]e1 n[ ri* & florid1 ?is bran* ( graphic art 9 l[ relief con/itutes "o ( ,spa9's mo/ legitimate glories4 ,x is /range t no illu/rat$ "w d$icat$ exclusively to *oir /alls %\ld h be5 publi%$ 9 any language4 ,! t\ri/'s att5tion mu/ nev]!less be drawn to ?is "p ( religi\s build+s2 x mu/ n escape 8 obs]vation :5 visit+ ca!dral & p>i% *ur*es1 & above all1 mona/ical *ur*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cloi/] ,,/alls ,,9 ,a ,,mona/ic ,,*ur* ,,at ,,leon 99 99 99 99 99 ,,retablo4--,! above rem>ks hold good "h z well1 :5 speak+ ab\t ! huge & impos+ alt>-pieces s univ]sally *>act]i/ic ( ,spa94 ,! ea/]n wall ( ! holy *apel 9 a ca!dral is entirely hidd5 f top to bottom by ! retablo1 a pa9t$ wood5 /ructure resembl+ a huge honeycomb4 ,x consi/s ( ni*es flank$ by gild$ columns4 ,accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ^! columns1 n[ ,go?ic %afts1 n[ ,greek or composite1 n[ simple & sev]e1 ! p]iod to :i* ! retablo belongs is det]m9$4 ,g5]ally pyramidically sup]impos$1 ^! ni*es1 ( ! height1 bread?1 & dep? ( an av]age man1 conta9 life-size /atues ( apo/le or sa9t1 pa9t$ & decorat$ by ! e/(adores 9 brilliant col\rs 7( c\rse1 z !y are int5d$ to be se5 f a di/ance671 9 :i* r$ & blue are pr$om9ant1 & :i* produce a gorge\s effect rehausse by ! gilt columns ( ! ni*es4 7,comp>e ) ! ,ori5tal ta/e ( ,mudej> "w 9 ceil+s or artesonados47 ,! :ole retablo1 9 ! l[ reliefs :i* =m ! base1 & 9 ! /atues or gr\ps 9 ! ni*es1 repres5ts graphically ! life ( ! ,savi\r or ! ,virg91 ( ! patron sa9t or an apo/le2 "s ( !m are ( exquisite execution & ( great v>iety & movem5t2 9 o!rs1 great] att5tion has be5 paid to ! decoration ( ! columns or %afts by orig9al floral g>l&s1 etc4 ,fom5t1 ,juni1 & ,b]ruguete are among ! mo/ not$ retablo sculptors1 b space w n p]mit ( a m prolific classification or analysis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv]smi?s4--,! vessels us$ on ! alt>-table1 effigies ( sa9ts1 processional crosses1 etc41 9 beat5 gold & silv]1 are well wor? exam9ation4 ,s is also ! ca!dral treasure1 9 "s cases ( an imm5se value1 bo? arti/ic & intr9sic4 ,clo?s1 wov5 9 col\r$ silks1 gold1 & preci\s /ones1 are beautiful en\gh to make any art lov] envi\s4 ,! c5tral ni*e ( ! retablo1 imm$iately above ! alt>-table1 is g5]ally occupi$ by a massive beat5 silv] effigy1 ! arti/ic value ( :i* is unluckily p>tially conceal$ b5ea? a heap ( valuable clo?s & jewels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,retablo 7,,pal5cia7 ,b :]e ! silv]smi?'s art is pure/ & mo/ lavi%ly pron\nc$ is 9 ! sagr>ios4 ,^! are solid silv] c>v$ pyramids ab\t two or ?ree feet high3 !y repres5t m9iature temples or ?rones ) %afts or columns support+ ar*es1 w9d[s1 p9nacles1 & cupolas4 ,9 ! int]ior1 an effigy ( ! sa9t1 or ! ,virg91 etc41 to :om ! ca!dral is d$icat$1 is to be se5 seat$ on a ?rone4 ,9 all cases ! workman%ip ( ^! m9iature temples is exquisite1 & has br\ght j fame to ,spa9's fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury silv]smi?s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ironcraft4--,la/ to be m5tion$1 b n lea/ 9 importance1 are ! artisans :o work$ 9 iron4 ,!y br\ght _! trade up to ! height ( a f9e art ( univ]sal fame2 _! arti/ic w9d[ rejas1 9 ! h\ses & palaces ( ! ri*1 are ! wond] ( all art lov]s1 & s also are ! imm5se rejas or grilles :i* close (f ! high alt> & ! *oir f ! transept1 or ! entrance to *apels f ! aisles4 ,?\gh ?is art has completely deg5]at$ to-day1 nev]!less1 a j rem>k 0 made 9 ! au?or's he>+ by an ,engli%man1 :o said3 ,ev5 to-day1 ,spani>ds are unable to make a bad reja4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! read]'s & t\ri/'s att5tion has be5 call$ to ! sali5t arti/ic po9ts ( a ,spani% ca!dral4 ,!y mu/ be exam9$ "o by "o1 & !y w be admir$2 ! view ( ! ensemble w puzzle & amaze him1 yet x w be wise = him n to criticize h>%ly ! lack ( unity ( /yle4 ,frequ5tly ! *oir /alls are ogival1 ! retablo ,r5aissance1 ! rejas plat]esque1 & ! g5]al decoration ( columns1 etc41 ( ! mo/ lavi% grotesque4 ,?is 9 itself is no s91 nei!r arti/ic nor e?ical1 z long z ! religi\s awe comes home to ! ,spani>d1 = :om ^! ca!drals are int5d$4 ,besides1 x is an op5 "q :e!r ! monotony ( a pure /yle be nobl] ?an a luxuri\s m\ld+ toge!r ( all /yles4 ,! :ole "q is1 d ! diff]5t p>ts h>monize1 or d !y produce a cri>d impression4 ,! answ] 9 all cases is purely p]sonal4 ,yet1 ev5 if unfav\rable1 ! utility ( ! art demon/ration mu/ be borne 9 m9d & consid]$ z well4 ,& z reg>ds ! ,spani>d1 ! utility does exi/ beyond a d\bt4 ,ar*itectural ,/yles ,let u n[ foll[ ! art /ud5t 9 8 task4 ,he w det]m9e ! diff]5t /yles1 &1 to make ! matt] cle>]1 he w employ a rhetorical figure3 ,!re is an isl& 9 ! sea4 ,huge break]s ro> on ! bea* & da% aga9/ ! rocky cliffs4 ,second1 ?ird1 & f\r? break]s ( v>y+ /r5g? & en]gy race ) ! fir/1 & are 9 _! turn pu%$ rel5tlessly on f beh9d until !y ripple 9 dy+ surf on ! gold5 s&s & boil 9 :ite spray 9 hidd5 clifts & caves4 ,) ! ye>s t roll along ! isl& is %ap$ accord+ to ! w ( ! waves4 ,spa91 figuratively speak+1 is t isl&1 or a p59sula (f ! s\?we/]n coa/ ( ! ,old ,_w1 b>r$ f ,france by ! impassable ,pyr5ees1 & =m+ ! l9k betwe5 ,africa & ,europe3 ! fir/ /epp+-/one = ! =m] 9 its nor!rn m>*1 ! la/ extremity or ! re>-gu>d ( ! latt]4 ,! break]s repres5t ! diff]5t art movem5ts :i*1 born 9 c\ntries :]e compact nations 7 fight+ en]getically = an exi/5ce & = an ideal1 flood$ ) t]rible =ce ! civiliz$ l&s ( ! middle ages1 & s\ght to outdo & conqu] _! rivals4 ,^! break]s 73 f ! ea/1 e>ly ,*ri/ian 7bo? ,lat9-,lomb>d & ,byzant9e72 f ! nor?1 ,go?ic2 f ! s\?1 ,arab1 or1 to be m accurate1 ,moori%4 ,! fir/ two 7 advocates ( "o civilization1 ! ,*ri/ian or ,occid5tal2 ! latt] 0 ! propag&i/ ( ano!r1 ! ,neo-,ori5tal or ,mohamm$an4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 b a second or ?ird break] com+ f ! ea/1 :i* brea!d new life into antiquat$ con/ructive & decorative elem5ts by adapt+ !m to a new religion or fai?4 ,lat] ar*itectural =ms 7 b ! p]iodical revival or comb9ation ( "o or ano!r ( ! already exi/+ elem5ts4 ,spa91 ?anks to h] unique position1 0 ! po9t :]e all ^! contradictory waves met 9 a f9al endeav\r to cru% _! oppon5ts4 ,9 ,spa91 ,byzant9e pill>s f\ght aga9/ ,lomb>d %afts1 & ,go?ic p9nacles rose haughtily beside ! horse%oe ar* & ! arc brise4 ,9 ,spa9 ,*ri/ianity grappl$ ) ! ,islam fai? & s5t x ble$+ back to ! wilds ( ,africa2 9 ,spa9 ! polygon1 circle1 & squ>e /ruggl$ = supremacy & lo/ _! p]sonality 9 ! complex bl5d+ ( ! "o ) ! o!r1 & m9>ets1 cupolas1 & spires comb9$ 9 biz>re fantasy & ri*ness ( decoration to s]ve ! ambitions ( mighty prelates1 fanatic k+s1 & dea?-fe>+ noblem54 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is1 rhetorically speak+1 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture ( ,spa94 ,ca!drals _h a ca*et ( _! own1 ei!r national 79 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics7 or else local4 ,b ! elem5ts ( :i* !y 7 compos$ 7 =eign4 ,t is1 except+ 9 ! case ( ,spani%-,moori% art4 ,moori% art6 ,9 ! second volume 7,s\!rn ,spa971 ! au?or ( ^! l9es w d$icate sev]al p>agraphs to ! art ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,suffice to ass]t 9 ! pres5t *apt] ! foll[+ /atem5ts4 7#a7 ,moori% art 9 ,spa9 is peculi> to ! ,arabs :o inhabit$ ! p59sula dur+ sev5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,consequ5tly ?is art1 born on ,ib]ian soil1 _c be reg>d$ z =eign4 7#b7 ,mu* ( :at is call$ ,moori% art owes its exi/5ce to ! ,*ri/ians1 to ! ,muz>abs & ,jews :o inhabit$ cities :i* 7 dep5d5t ^u or belong$ to ! ,moors4 ,9 ! same way1 mu* ( ! ,ori5tal ta/e ( ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians 0 inh]it$ f ! ,moors & receiv$ 9 ,spa9 ! g5]ic "n ( ,mudej>4 7#c7 ,! art ( ! ,moors1 ?\gh l>gely us$ 9 ,spa91 especially 9 ! s\?1 r>ely ent]$ into ca!dral /ructures1 ?\gh (t5 noticeable 9 *ur*es1 cloi/]s1 & 9 decorative motives4 7#d7 ,! ,moors le>nt m art motives 9 ,spa9 ?an !y introduc$ into ! c\ntry4 ,^! & _m o!r po9ts ( int]e/ w h to be neglect$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,= ! ca!drals ( ! nor? are 7z reg>ds ! ideal :i* br\ght ab\t _! erection7 radically oppos$ to ,moori% art4 ,prehi/oric ,roman & ,visigo?ic 787 art are equally unimportant 9 ?is /udy1 z nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r con/ruct$ any ,*ri/ian temple /&+ to-day4 ,t is to say1 ca!dral2 = ,visigo?ic or e>ly ,lat9 & ,byzant9e ,romanesque *ur*es d exi/ 9 ,a/urias1 & a notable specim5 9 ,v5ta de ,banos4 ,!y are peculi>ly /range edifices1 & x is to be regrett$ t !y are n ca!drals1 = _! /udy w\ld be mo/ int]e/+1 n only z reg>ds ,ib]ian art1 b above all z reg>ds ! hi/ory ( art 9 ! middle ages4 ,s f>1 !y h be5 completely neglect$1 &1 un=tunately1 are b little kn[n abroad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,romanesque4--,! orig9 ( ,romanesque is greatly discuss$4 ,"s attribute x to ,italy1 o!rs to ,france2 o!rs aga9 are ( ! conviction t all ,*ri/ian 7religi\s7 art previ\s to ! bir? ( ,go?ic is ,romanesque1 etc41 etc4 ,! mo/ plausible !ory is t ! /yle 9 "q evolv$ out ( ! e>ly ,lat9-,*ri/ian 7basilique7 /yle1 at ! same "t borr[+ _m decorative details f ! ,byzant9e-,*ri/ian /yle4 ,9 ,spa91 pre-,romanesque ,*ri/ian ar*itecture 7or ,visigo?ic7 %[s decid$ ,byzant9e influ5ce1 m s1 probably1 ?an 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,?is peculi>ity influ5ces also ,romanesque1 bo? e>ly & late4 ,x is n /range1 ei!r1 consid]+ t an important colony ( ,bizant9os 7,*ri/ians7 settl$ 9 ,ea/]n ,&alusia dur+ ! ,visigo?ic p]iod4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury *ur*es1 & 9 ! elev5? ca!drals1 comm5c$ to be erect$ 9 ,nor!rn ,spa94 ,byzant9e influ5ce 0 v m>k$ 9 ! e>li] monum5ts4 ,0 ,romanesque a =eign /yle8 ,0 x introduc$ f ,italy or ,france1 or 0 x a natural outcome or evolution>y product ( decad5t e>ly ,*ri/ian ar*itecture8 ,9 ! latt] case !re is no say+ :]e x evolv$1 possibly to ! nor? or to ! s\? ( ! ,pyr5ees1 possibly to ! ea/ or to ! we/ ( ! ,alps4 ,:at is m1 ! ,pyr5ees 9 ^? days did n s]ve z a /rict fronti] l9e l to-day2 on ! contr>y1 bo? ,nav>ra & ,aragon ext5d$ beyond ! m\nta9\s wall1 & ! dukes ( ,s\!rn ,france occasionally possess$ imm5se t]ritories & cities to ! s\? ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,be t z x may1 ,romanesque1 z a /yle1 fir/ dawn$ 9 ,spa9 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies4 ,its bir? co9cid$ ) t ( ! popul> religi\s crusade aga9/ ! ,moor :o _h inhabit$ ! p59sula dur+ f\r c5turies2 x co9cid$ also ) ! great *ur*-erect+ p]iod ( ,nor!rn ,spani% hi/ory1 :5 ! ,alfonsos ( ,ca/ile creat$ bi%oprics 7to aid !m 9 _! political ambitions7 z easily z !y broke inconv5i5t treaties & savagely murd]$ fri5ds1 relatives1 & foes alike4 ,consequ5tly1 _m 7 ! ,romanesque ca!drals erect$1 & ?\gh ! great] "p 7 de/roy$ lat] & replac$ by ,go?ic /ructures1 sev]al f9e specim5s ( ! =m] /yle are /ill to be se54 ,ne$less to say1 ,romanesque became localiz$2 9 o!r words1 x acquir$ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics re/rict$ to det]m9$ regions4 ,galician ,romanesque & t ( ,we/]n ,ca/ile1 = in/ance1 are almo/ totally diff]5t 9 aspect3 ! =m] is exce$+ly poetical & possesses c>v$ wall decorations bo? ri* & excell5t2 ! latt] is int5sely /rong & w>like1 & ! decorations1 if employ$ at all1 are ,byzant9e1 or at lea/ ,ori5tal 9 ta/e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transition4--,_m ( ! ca!drals ( ,galicia belong1 accord+ to sev]al au?ors1 to ?is p]iod 9 :i* ,romanesque /r5g? evolv$ into primitive ,go?ic or ogival air9ess4 ,9 ano!r *apt] a p]sonal op9ion has be5 emitt$ d5y+ ! accuracy ( ! above rem>k4 ,!re is no typical example ( ,transition 9 ,spa94 ,ogival *anges introduc$ at a lat] date into ,romanesque *ur*es1 a v common occurr5ce1 _c ju/ify ! classification ( ! build+s z ,transition monum5ts4 ,nor is x surpris+ t su* build+s %\ld be lack+ 9 ,spa94 ,= ,go?ic did n evolve f ,romanesque 9 ! p59sula1 b 0 introduc$ f ,france4 ,a %ort "t aft] its fir/ appe>ance x swept all be=e x1 ?anks to ! ,cluny monks1 & 0 exclusively us$ 9 *ur*-build+4 ,9 a /rict s5se x /&s1 moreov]1 to reason t ! =m] 7,transition7 c only exi/ !re :]e a new /yle em]ges f an old )\t be+ introduc$ f abroad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ogival ,,art4--,! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies are1 prop]ly speak+1 ^? ( ! great nor!rn art wave :i* spread rapidly ?r\gh ! p59sula1 b5d+ all be=e its irresi/ible w4 ,romanesque *ur*es 7 de/roy$ or modifi$ 7! introduction ( an ambulatory 9 almo/ all ,romanesque build+s71 & new ca!drals sprung up1 call$ into exi/5ce by ! ne$s & requirem5ts ( a new p1 a conqu]+1 ,*ri/ian p1 driv+ ! infidel out ( ! l&1 & rais+ ! ,holy ,cross on ! sacr$ monum5ts ( ! ,islam religion4 ,! *angem5ts introduc$ into ! new /yle t5d$ to give x a m sev]e & defiant ext]ior appe>ance ?an 9 nor!rn *ur*es1--a sc>city ( w9d[s & fly+ buttresses1 timidly po9t$ ar*es1 & solid t[]s4 ,besides1 r\nd-head$ ar*es 7vault+s & horizontal l9es7 7 indiscrim9ately us$ to break ! v]tical t5d5cy ( pure ogival2 s also 7 ,byzant9e cupolas & domes4 ,! solemn1 cold1 & nak$ ca!dral *ur* ( ,alcala de ,h5>es is a f9e example ( ! above4 ,few p w\ld consid] x to belong to ! same class z ! eloqu5t ca!dral ( ,leon & ! no less impos+ see ( ,burgos4 ,nev]!less1 x is1 e in* ( x1 z pure ,go?ic z ! la/ nam$1 only1 x is ess5tially ,spani%1 ! o!r two be+ ,fr5*2 x be>s ! sombre ca*et ( ! age ( ,spani% ,inquisition1 ( ! fanatic intol]ant age ( ! ,ca?olic k+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lat] ,,/yles4--,t[>d ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 ,italian ,r5aissance ent]$ ! c\ntry & drove ,go?ic ar*itecture out ( ! m9ds ( arti/s & patroniz+ prelates4 ,b ,italian ,r5aissance fail$ to impress ! ,spani>d1 ^: "* 0 oppos$ to t ( 8 ,m$it]ranean c\s92 s also 0 ! g5]al aspect ( 8 c\ntry diff]5t f t ( ,italy4 ,consequ5tly1 x is n surpris+ t we %\ld f9d v few pure ,r5aissance monum5ts on ! p59sula4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,spani% ,r5aissance--a florid =m ( ! ,italian--is frequ5tly to be met )2 9 its sev]e/ =m x is call$ plat]esco4 ,9 ! times ( ,philip ,,ii41 ,juan ,h]r]o creat$ 8 /yle 7,escorial71 ( :i* symmetry1 gr&eur 9 size1 & pov]ty 9 decoration 7 ! lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,! reaction came1 h[ev]1 quickly1 & ,*urrigu]a introduc$ ! mo/ a/\nd+ & !atrical grotesque imag9able4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ,spani% ar*itecture is simil> to t ( ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,z x is1 ! p]iod :i* above all int]e/s u "h is t rea*+ f ! elev5? to ! sixte5? c5turies1 embrac+ ,romanesque1 ogival1 & plat]esque /yles4 ,( ! ca!drals treat$ ( 9 ?is volume1 all belong to ei!r ( ! two fir/ nam$ ar*itectural s*ools1 except+ ^? ( ,valladolid1 ,madrid1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! new ca!dral ( ,salamanca & t ( ,segovia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mudej> ,,art4--,previ\s to ! adv5t ( ,italian ,r5aissance 9 ,spa91 a new art _h be5 creat$ :i* 0 purely national1 hav+ be5 born on ! p59sula z ! complex product ( ,*ri/ian & ,islam elem5ts4 ,?is art1 kn[n by ! g5]ic "n ( ,mudej>1 receiv$ a mortal bl[ at ! h&s ( ! new ,italian art movem5t4 ,consequ5tly1 ! only s*ool :i* might h be5 reg>d$ z ,spani%1 deg5]at$ sadly1 %>+ ! fate ( ! new-born nation4 ,r ?an a con/ructive /yle1 ! ,mudej> or ,spani% /yle is decorative4 ,) admirable v>iety & pr(usion x ornam5t$ brick surfaces by cov]+ !m ) reliefs1 ei!r geometrical 7,moori%7 or ,go?ic1 ei!r sunk into ! wall or else ! latt] cut ar\nd ! =m]4 ,! aspect ( ^! ,mudej> build+s is peculi>4 ,9 a ruddy pla9 b5ea? a dazzl+ blue sky1 ^! r$ brick *ur*es gleam ?ir/ily f af>4 ,%ad[s play among ! reliefs1 l5d+ !m /r5g? & vig\r2 ! alm9> t[] /&s =? prom95tly aga9/ ! sky & contra/s delightfully ) ! cupola rais$ on ! apse or on ! croisee4 ,among ! f9e/ examples ( ,mudej> art1 mu/ be c\nt$ ! brilliantly col\r$ ceil+s1 su* z are to be se5 9 ,alcala1 ,tol$o1 & else:]e4 ,^! artesonados1 )\t be+ ,moori%1 are1 nev]!less1 ( a pron\nc$ ,ori5tal ta/e4 ,a geometrical patt]n is c>v$ on ! wood ( ! ceil+ & brilliantly pa9t$4 ,prom95t surfaces are pref]ably gold5 9 hue1 & su* z are sunk b5ea? ! level are r$ or blue4 ,! effect is dazzl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mudej> ,,ar*itecture 7,,sahagun7 ,unluckily1 b little att5tion has be5 paid out ( ,spa9 to ,mudej> art1 & x is b little kn[n4 ,ev5 ,spani% critics d n agree z to ! national significance ( ?is art1 & x is a great pity1 z un=tunately ! c\ntry c po9t to no o!r art ph5om5a & claim !m to be ,spani%4 ,h[ c x1 :5 ! nation _h n z yet be5 born1 &1 once born1 0 to die almo/ simultane\sly1 l a mo? t flies bl9dly & headlong into an int5se flame8 ,,iv ,,conclusion ,spa9 geographically c be r\ghly divid$ into two p>ts1 a nor!rn & s\!rn1 sep>at$ by a m\nta9 *a91 compos$ ( ! ,si]ras de ,guad]rama1 ,gr$os1 & ,gata to ! nor? ( ,madrid4 ,su* a division does n1 h[ev]1 expla9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian k+doms f ! eigh? to ! fifte5? c5turies1 nor is x advisable to adopt x = an ar*itectural /udy4 ,dur+ ! great p]iod ( *ur*-build+1 ! n9e k+doms ( ,spa9 =m$ f\r di/9ct gr\ps3 ,galicia1 ,a/urias1 ,leon1 & ,ca/ile2 ,nav>ra & ,aragon2 ,b>celona & ,val5cia2 ,&alusia4 ,! fir/ gr\p gradually evolv$ until ,ca/ile absorb$ ! rema9+ ?ree k+doms1 & lat] ,&alusia z well2 ! second & ?ird gr\ps succumb$ to ! royal h\se ( ,aragon4 ,f an ar*itectural po9t ( view1 !re are ?ree gr\ps1 or ev5 f\r3 ,ca/ile1 ,aragon1 ! ,m$it]ranean coa/-l9e1 & ,&alusia4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree ! ,ori5tal influ5ce is f> m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! fir/ nam$4 ,fur!r1 ,spa9 is divid$ into n9e ar*bi%oprics3 f\r correspond+ to ,ca/ile 7,santiago1 ,burgos1 ,valladolid1 & ,tol$o72 "o to ,aragon 7,z>agoza72 two to ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ 7,t>ragon & ,val5cia72 & two to ,&alusia 7,sevilla & ,granada74 ,x 0 ! au?or's object to pres]ve z f> z possible 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s & 9 ! g5]al subdivision ( 8 "w1 n only ! geographical1 b ! hi/orical1 ar*itectural1 & ecclesia/ical divisions z well4 ,bett] /ill1 he sacrific$ ! fir/ :5 incompatible ) ! latt] ?ree4 ,b--& "h ! difficulty arose--:at title %\ld be *os5 = ea* ( ! two volumes :i* 7 to be d$icat$ to ,spa98 ,because two volumes 7 necess>y1 consid]+ ! eighty odd ca!drals to be describ$4 ,ca!drals ( ,nor!rn ,spa9 z oppos$ to ,ca!drals ( ,s\!rn ,spa9--0 "o ( ! titles4 ,go?ic ca!drals ( ,spa9--z oppos$ to ,moori% ,ca!drals ( ,spa9--0 ano!r2 ! latt] _h to be disc>d$1 z only "o ,moori% mezquita conv]t$ into a ,*ri/ian temple exi/s to-day1 namely1 t ( ,cordoba4 ,!re rema9$1 !re=e1 ! fir/ title4 ,! fir/ volume1 disc>d+ ,nav>ra & ,aragon 79 ! nor?71 is d$icat$ to ,ca/ile1 z well z its f\r ar*bi%oprics4 ,! n>r[ belt ( l&1 runn+ f ea/ to we/1 f ,cu5ca to ,coria1 to ! s\? ( ! ,si]ra de ,guad]rama1 & con/itut+ ! ar*bi%opric ( ,tol$o1 has be5 add$ to ! region ly+ to ! nor? & to ! nor?we/ ( ,madrid4 ,moreov]1 to aid ! read]1 ! pres5t volume has be5 divid$ into p>ts1 namely3 ,galicia1 ! ,nor?1 & ,ca/ile2 ! latt] has be5 subdivid$ into we/]n & ea/]n1 mak+ 9 all f\r divisions4 7#a7 ,galicia4 ,santiago de ,campo/ela is1 f an ecclesia/ical po9t ( view1 all ,galicia4 ,?anks to ?is _s1 ! entire region %[s a decid$ uni=mity 9 ! /yle ( its *ur*es1 = t ( ,santiago 7,romanesque7 s]v$ z a patt]n or model to be adopt$ 9 ! rema9+ sees4 ,! "* ( ! p is no less uni=m1 & ! ,celtic inh]itance ( poetry has drift$ into ! monum5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! episcopal see ( ,ovi$o falls "u ! jurisdiction ( ,santiago2 ! ,go?ic ca!dral %[s no ,romanesque motives except+ ! ,cam>a ,sagrada1 & has !re=e be5 includ$ 9-- 7#b7 ,! ,nor?4 ,) ! exception ( ,ovi$o1 all ! bi%oprics 9 ?is gr\p fall "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,burgos4 ,! two f9e/ ,go?ic temples 9 ,nor!rn ,spa9 p]ta9 to ?is gr\p3 ,burgos & ,leon4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b little uni=mity 9 ?is nor!rn region1 = ,sant&] & ,vitoria h b little 9 common ) ! rema9+ sees4 7#c7 ,we/]n ,ca/ile4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( uni=mity is se5 to exi/ among ! sees ( ,we/]n ,ca/ile1 namely1 ! w>like appe>ance ( ! ,byzant9e ,romanesque edifices4 ,besides1 ! use ( s&/one & brick is "h univ]sal1 & ! imm5se pla9 ( ,old ,ca/ile to ! nor? ( ! ,si]ra de ,gata1 & ( ,nor!rn ,extremadura to ! s\? ( ! same range1 h a peculi> ruddy aspect1 dry & ,ori5tal 7,african871 t is p]fectly delightful4 ,! sees to ! nor? ( ! m5tion$ m\nta9 *a9 belong to ,valladolid2 ^? ( ! s\? to ,tol$o4 7#d7 ,ea/]n ,ca/ile ext5ds f ,valladolid 9 ! nor? 7ar*bi%opric7 to ,tol$o 9 ! s\? 7ar*bi%opric71 f ,avila 9 ! we/ to ,sigue5za 9 ! ea/1 & to ,cu5ca 9 ! extreme s\!a/ ( ,new ,ca/ile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! middle ages ! ,*ri/ian k+s ( ,a/urias 7,galicia87 grew m & m p[]ful1 & _! t]ritory /ret*$ out to ! s\? & to ! ea/4 ,on ! ,m9o ,riv]1 ,tuy & ,or5se 7 fronti] t[ns1 to populate :i*1 bi%oprics 7 erect$4 ,to ! s\? ( ,ovi$o1 & almo/ on a l9e ) ! two ,galician t[ns1 ,a/orga1 ,leon & ,burgos 7 /rongly =tifi$1 & =m$ an imag9>y l9e to ! nor? ( :i* rul$ ,*ri/ian mon>*s1 & to ! s\? ,arab emirs4 ,burgos at ! same "t s]v$ z =tress-t[n aga9/ ! rival k+s ( ,nav>ra to ! nor? & ea/2 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 =tifi$ ! ,rioja aga9/ ,ca/ile until at la/ x fell into ! h&s ( ! latt]4 ,!n ,burgos1 no long] a fronti] t[n1 grew to be capital ( ! new-=m$ k+dom ( ,ca/ile4 ,sl[ly1 b surely1 ! ,arabs mov$ s\?w>ds1 foll[$ by ! implacable l9e ( ,*ri/ian =tresses4 ,at "o "t ,valladolid1 ,pal5cia1 ,toro1 & ,zamora =m$ ?is l9e4 ,:5 ,tol$o 0 conqu]$ x 0 sub/itut$ by ,coria1 ,plas5cia1 ,sigue5za1 &1 slightly to ! nor?1 by ,madrid1 ,avila1 ,segovia1 & ,salamanca4 ,at ! same "t ,sigue5za1 ,segovia1 ,soria1 & ,logrono =m$ ano!r /rategic l9e ( =tifications aga9/ ,aragon1 :il/ 9 ! we/ ,plas5cia1 ,coria1 ,toro & ,zamora1 ,tuy1 ,or5se1 & ,a/orga kept ! ,portuguese f ,ca/ilian soil4 ,9 ! extreme s\?we/ ,cu5ca1 impregnable & highly /rategical1 look$ ea/w>ds & s\?w>ds aga9/ ! ,moor1 & nor?w>ds aga9/ ! ,aragonese4 ,9 all ^! l9ks ( ! imm5se /rategical *a9 :i* protect$ ,ca/ile f h] enemies1 ! mon>*s 7 cunn+ en\gh to erect sees & appo9t w>rior-bi%ops4 ,!y ev5 donat$ ! new =tress-cities ) special privileges or fu]os1 9 virtue ( :i* settl]s came f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to inhabit & con/itute ! new municipality4 ,su*--9 gigantic /rides--is ! /ory ( mo/ ( ,ca/ile's _w-fam$ cities4 ,9 ea* *apt]1 dates1 anecdotes1 & m details are giv51 ) a view to enable ! read] to become acqua9t$ n only ) ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( cities l ,burgos & ,valladolid1 b also ) ! causes :i* produc$ ! gr[+ importance ( ea* see1 z well z its decad5ce )9 ! la/ few c5turies4 ,,"p ,,ii ,galicia ,i ,,santiago ,,de ,,campo/ela ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 /ill "y1 ,/4 ,james ! ,apo/le--he :om ,*ri/ call$ 8 bro!r--l&$ 9 ,galicia & roam$ across ! nor!rn half ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula dress$ 9 a pilgrim's mode/ g>b & lean+ ^u a pilgrim's humble /aff4 ,aft] ye>s ( w&]+ f place to place1 he return$ to ,galicia & 0 behead$ by ! ,romans1 8 enemies4 ,?is leg5d--or tru?--has be5 poetically int]wov5 ) o!r leg5ds ( ,celtic orig91 until ! :ole /ory =ms :at ,bruneti]e w\ld call a cycle *eval]esque ) ,/4 ,james--or ,santiago--z ! c5tral h]o4 ,accord+ to "o ( ^! leg5ds1 x w\ld appe> t ! apo/le 0 p]secut$ by 8 great enemy ,lupa1 a woman ( s+ul> beauty :om ! ascetic pilgrim _h mortally (f5d$4 ,?anks to c]ta9 accessory details1 x is possible to assume t ,lupa is ! symbol ( ! ,god )\t a "n ( ,celtic my?ology1 & x is %e :o f9ally v5ges h]self by decapitat+ ! pilgrim sa9t4 ,! disciples ( ,/4 ,james laid 8 corpse 9 a c>t1 toge!r ) ! execution]'s axe & ! pilgrim's /aff4 ,two wild bulls 7 !n h>ness$ to ! vehicle1 & away w5t c>t & sa9t4 ,z night fell & ! moon rose ov] ! vales ( ,galicia1 ! we>y animals /opp$ on ! summit ( a wood$ hill 9 an unkn[n vale1 surr\nd$ by o!r hillocks likewise cov]$ ) foliage & v]dure4 ,! disciples buri$ ! sa9t1 toge!r ) axe & /aff1 & !re !y left him ) ! secret ( 8 burial-gr\nd4 ,?is mu/ h happ5$ 9 ! fir/ or second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,six hundr$ ye>s lat]1 & "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,moors _h l&$ 9 ,&alusia1 "o ,!odosio1 ,bi%op ( ,iria 7,galicia71 took a walk "o day 9 8 wide doma9s accompani$ by a monk4 ,toge!r !y lo/ _! way & roam$ ab\t till night-fall1 :5 !y f\nd !mselves f> f home4 ,/>s tw9kl$ 9 ! heav5s z !y d to ?is day4 ,be+ tir$1 ! bi%op & 8 companion dreamt z !y walk$ along--at lea/ x appe>s s f :at foll[$--& ! />s 7 s _m miracul\s lights :i* l$ ! w&]]s on & on4 ,at la/ ! />s rema9$ motionless above a wood$ hill /&+ isolat$ 9 a beautiful vale4 ,! prelate /opp$ also1 & x occurr$ to him to dig1 = he attribut$ 8 dreams to a sup]natural miracle4 ,digg+1 a c(f9 0 reveal$ to him1 & !re9 ! sa9tly rema9s ( ,/4 ,james or ,santiago4 ,giv+ ?anks to ,him :o guides all /eps1 ,!odosio return$ to ,iria1 &1 by 8 ord]s1 a primitive basilica 0 erect$ "s ye>s lat] on ! v spot :]e ! sa9t _h be5 buri$1 & 9 su* a mann] z to place ! high alt> j above ! c(f94 ,a crypt 0 !n dug out & l9$ ) mosaic1 & ! c(f91 ei!r repair$ or r5ew$1 0 laid !re91--"s say x 0 visible to ! hordes ( pilgrims 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies4 ,! %r9e 0 !n call$ ,santiago de ,campo/ela4--,santiago1 :i* means ,/4 ,james1 & ,campo/ela1 field ( />s1 9 memory ( ! miracul\s lights ! ,bi%op ( ,iria & 8 companion _h p]ceiv$ :il/ sweetly dream+4 ,! news ( ! discov]y spread abroad ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,mona/]ies1 *ur*es1 & inns soon surr\nd$ ! basilica1 & )9 a few ye>s a village & !n a city 7! bi%op's see 0 creat$ previ\s to #hdb ,a4 ,d47 fill$ ! vale1 :i* b>ely fifty ye>s e>li] _h be5 an undiscov]$ & savage region4 ,?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 f ! elev5? to ! fifte5? c5turies1 ,santiago de ,campo/ela 0 ! sc5e ( pilgrimages--n to say crusades--to ! tomb ( ,/4 ,james4 ,f ,france1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,engl& hundr$s & ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 w&]$ to ! ,galician valley1 !n "o ( ! foci ( ecclesia/ical significance & indu/rial activity4 ,! city1 despite its local "*1 wore an int]national g>b1 mu* to ! b5efit ( ,galician1 ev5 ,spani%1 arts & lit]ature4 ,x is a pity t s little rese>* has be5 made conc]n+ ^! pilgrimages & ! influ5ces !y br\ght to be> on ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,a book treat+ ( ?is subject w\ld be a highly int]e/+ acc\nt ( "o ( ! mo/ important movem5ts ( ! middle ages4 ,! ,moors "u ,almanzor pillag$ ! city ( ,santiago 9 #iii2 !n !y retreat$ s\?w>ds1 z 0 _! wont4 ,! ,norman vik+s also visit$ ! sacr$ vale1 attract$ ?i!r by ! reports ( its weal?2 b !y also retreat$1 l ! waves ( ! sea :5 ! tide goes out4 ,aft] ! la/ ,arab invasion1 an extemporane\s edifice 0 erect$ 9 place ( ! %r9e :i* _h be5 demoli%$4 ,x did n /& long1 h[ev]1 = ! ,*ri/ian k+s ( ,spa91 ^: dom9ions 7 limit$ to ,a/urias1 ,leon1 & ,galicia1 ord]$ ! con/ruction ( a build+ wor?y ( ,/4 ,james1 :o 0 look$ ^u z ! god ( battles1 mu* l ,/4 ,george 9 ,engl&4 ,s 9 #ajgh ! new ca!dral1 ! pres5t build+1 0 comm5c$1 &1 z ! /ory runs1 x 0 built ar\nd ! !n exi/+ basilica1 :i* 0 left /&+ until aft] ! vault ( ! new edifice _h be5 clos$4 ,! hi/ory ( ,spa9 at ?is mom5t help$ to increase ! religi\s importance ( ,santiago4 ,! k+dom ( ,a/urias 7,ovi$o7 _h /ret*$ out beyond its limits & di$2 ! ,*ri/ian nuclei 7 ,galicia1 ,leon1 & ,nav>ra4 ,9 ^! ?ree ! p[] ( ! noblem51 & consequ5tly ( ! bi%ops & ar*bi%ops1 0 great] ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,ea* 0 "l or sov]eign 9 8 own doma9s1 & f\ght aga9/ 8 enemies ) or )\t ! aid ( ! infidel ,arab armies1 :i* he _h no compunction 9 invit+ to help him aga9/ 8 ,*ri/ian bro!rs4 ,n[ & aga9 a k+ manag$ to subdue ^! ari/ocratic lords & ecclesia/ical prelates1 b only = a %ort "t4 ,besides1 n[h]e 0 ! indep5d5t _s ( ! noblem5 m acc5tuat$ ?an 9 ,galicia2 n[h]e 7 ! prelates s rebelli\s z 9 ,santiago1 ! ,sacr$ ,city1 & none atta9$ a great] height ( p]sonal p[] & weal? ?an ,diego ,galmirez1 ! fir/ ar*bi%op ( ,santiago1 & "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & int]e/+ p]sonalities ( ,spani% hi/ory 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 to :om ,santiago owes mu* ( h] glory1 & ,spa9 n little ( h] future hi/ory4 ,! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 7 ?us ! p]iod ( ,santiago's greate/ fame & r5[n4 ,little by little ! c5tral p[] ( ! mon>*s w5t s\?w>ds to ,ca/ile & ,&alusia1 & little by little ,santiago decl9$ & dw9dl$ 9 importance1 until to-day x is "o city m ( ^? t h be5 & are no long]4 ,= ! city's hi/ory is t ( its ca!dral1 ( its %r9e4 ,) ! bir? ( ,prote/antism & ! dea? ( feudal p[]1 bo? city & ca!dral lo/ _! previ\s importance3 !y _h sprung into life toge!r1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! "o 0 intricately int]wov5 ) t ( ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /rang] :o visits ,santiago to-day does n approa* x f]v5tly by ! ,m\nt ( ,joys z did ! footsore pilgrims 9 ! middle ages4 ,on ! contr>y1 he /eps out ( ! tra9 & hurries to ! ca!dral *ur*1 :i* sadly seems to repeat ! ?\ghts ( ! city itself1 or ! words ( ,s5or ,muguira3 ,to-day1 :at am ,i8 ,an e*o ( ! joys & pa9s ( hundr$s ( g5]ations2 a di/ant rum\r bo? confus$ & undef9able1 a la/ sunbeam fad+ at ev5+ & dy+ on ! glassy surface ( sleep+ wat]s4 ,nev] w man le>n my secrets1 nev] w he be able to op5 my granite lips & oblige !m to reveal ! my/]i\s pa/4 ,z is g5]ally kn[n1 ! ca!dral is a ,romanesque build+ ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies mutilat$ by po/]ior additions & rec5t ameliorations 7sic74 ,x 0 begun 9 #ajgh1 &1 ?\gh f9i%$ ab\t #aej ye>s lat]1 no ogival elem5ts drift$ into ! con/ruction until long aft] its completion4 ,z w be se5 lat] on1 x s]v$ z ! model = mo/ ( ,galicia's ca!drals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is g5]ally believ$ to be an imitation--z reg>ds ! g5]al disposition--( ,/4 ,saturn9 9 ,t\l\se3 a combatable !ory1 h[ev]1 z ! *ur*es 7 contemporane\s4 ,se5 f ! outside1 ! ,ca!dral ( ,santiago lacks h>mony2 few rema9s ( ! primitive /ructure are to be discov]$ among ! _m lat]-date additions & re=ms4 ,! base ( ! t[]s & "s f9e bl9d$ w9d[s1 ) naive l[ reliefs 9 ! semicircul> tympanum1 w h to be except$4 ,! ,holy ,door--a peculi>ly plac$ apsidal portal on ! ea/]n front--is built up ( decorative elem5ts sav$ f ! nor!rn & we/]n facades :5 !y 7 torn d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,santiago ,,& ,,its ,,ca!dral ,! be/ portal is ! ,pu]ta de la ,plat]ia1 op5+ into ! s\!rn arm ( ! transept4 ,x is1 unluckily1 depress$ & ?r[n into ! backgr\nd by ! cloi/] walls on ! left1 & by ! ,tr9ity ,t[] on ! "r4 ,nev]!less1 bo? h&some & sob]1 x c be c\nt$ among ! f9e/ examples ( its k9d--pure ,romanesque--9 ,spa91 & is r5d]$ ev5 m attractive by ! peculi> ,galician poetry :i* inspir$ its sculptors4 ,imm$iately above ! panels ( ! door1 :i* are cov]$ ) twelf?-c5tury metal reliefs1 !re is a /one plaque or l[ relief1 repres5t+ ! ,passion sc5e2 to ! left ( x is to be se5 a kneel+ woman hold+ a skull 9 h] h&4 ,evid5tly x is a weep+1 p5it5t ,magdal5e4 ,! popul> tongue has inv5t$ a leg5d--p]haps a true "o--conc]n+ ?is woman1 :o is believ$ to symbolize ! adult]ess4 ,x appe>s t a c]ta9 hidalgo1 discov]+ 8 wife's s9s1 kill$ h] lov] by cutt+ (f 8 head2 he !n oblig$ h] to kiss & adore ! skull twice daily ?r\gh\t h] life1--a r cruel puni%m5t & a sl[ torture1 q 9 accordance ) ! my/ic _s ( ! ,celts4 ,! apse ( ! *ur*1 circul> 9 ! int]ior1 is squ>$ (f on ! outside by ! addition ( *apels4 ,z reg>ds ! plat]esque nor!rn & we/]n facades1 !y are out ( place1 ?\gh ! =m] might h pass$ (f else:]e z a fairly good example ( ! sev]e sixte5?-c5tury /yle4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! build+ is ,roman cruci=m2 ! pr9cipal nave is high1 & conta9s bo? *oir & high alt>2 ! two aisles are mu* l[] & d>k]1 & t]m9ate beh9d ! high alt> 9 an ambulatory walk4 ,! wid? ( ! transept is enorm\s1 & is compos$ ( a nave & two aisles simil> 9 size to ^? ( ! body ( ! *ur*4 ,! croisee is surm\nt$ by a dome1 :i*1 ?\gh n ,romanesque1 is c]ta9ly an advantage\s addition4 ,except+ ! high alt> ) its retablo1 ! *oir ) its none too beautiful /alls1 & ! v>i\s *apels ( little int]e/ & less ta/e1 ! g5]al view ( ! int]ior is impressively beautiful4 ,! height ( ! c5tral nave1 r5d]$ m elegant by ! addition ( a h&some ,romanesque tri=ium ( r\nd-head$ ar*es1 contra/s h>moni\sly ) ! sombre aisles1 :]eas ! b>5ess ( ! walls--= all mural pa9t+s 7 wa%$ away by a bigot$ prelate some:]e 9 ! fifte5? c5tury--helps to %[ (f to bett] advantage ! ri* sculptural decorations1 leaf & floral designs on capitals & friezes4 ,! real wond] ( ! ca!dral is ! f>-fam$ ,portico de la ,gloria1 ! ve/ibule or n>!x beh9d ! we/]n entrance ( ! *ur*1 & z r5[n$ z its sculptural value is m]itori\s4 ,s mu* has already be5 writt5 conc]n+ ?is "w ( art t really little ne$ be m5tion$ "h4 ,/reet1 :o p]suad$ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to s5d a body ( arti/s to take a pla/] copy ( ?is /range "w1 c\ld n help decl>+ t3 ,i pron\nce ?is ef=t ( ,ma/] ,ma!ws at ,santiago to be "o ( ! greate/ glories ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,& s x is4 ,execut$ 9 ! true ,romanesque p]iod1 ea* column & squ>e in* ( surface cov]$ ) exquisite decorative designs1 elaborat$ ) c>e & n ha/ily1 z 0 ! habit ( lat]-day arti/s1 ! ?ree-vault$ rectangul> ve/ibule betwe5 ! body ( ! *ur* & ! we/]n extremity :]e ! light /reams 9 ?r\gh ! rose w9d[1 is an imm5se allegory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ( human life1 & above all ( ! my/ic1 melan*oly poetry ( ,celtic ,galicia4 ,buri$ 9 half-lights1 ?is song ( /one ) ! /atue ( ! ,tr9ity & ,/4 ,james1 ) ! angels bl[+ _! trumpets f ! walls1 & ! virtues & vices ( ?is _w symboliz$ by gr\ps & by p]sons1 is ( a s9c]e poetry t leaves a la/+ impression ^u ! spectator4 ,life1 ,fai?1 & ,dea?1 ,judgm5t & ,purgatory1 ,hell & ,p>adise or ,glory1 are ! motives c>v$ out 9 /one 9 ?is unique n>!x1 s ma/]ful 9 ! execution1 & s vivid 9 ! tale x tells1 t we c comp>e its au?or to ,dante1 & call ! ,portico de la ,gloria ! ,div9a ,comm$ia ( ar*itecture4 ,at "o end !re is ! figure ( a kneel+ man1 ! head almo/ t\*+ ! gr\nd 9 ! body's f]v5t pro/ration 9 front ( ! gr\p repres5t+ ,glory1 ,tr9ity1 & ,/4 ,james4 ,is x a twelf?-c5tury pilgrim :om ! arti/ 9 a mom5t ( reali/ic en?usiasm has portray$ "h1 9 ! act ( pray+ to 8 ,creator & invok+ 8 m]cy8 ,or is x ! portrait ( ! arti/1 :o1 ev5 aft] dea?1 wi%$ to live 9 ! mid/ ( ! wond]s ( 8 creation8 ,x is n positively kn[n1 ?\gh x is g5]ally suppos$ to be ,mae/ro ,mateo himself1 kneel+ 9 front ( 8 ,glory1 admir+ x z d all visitors1 & wat*+ ov] x z w\ld a "m ov] h] son4 ,if ! *apels :i* surr\nd ! build+ h be5 omitt$ on acc\nt ( _! arti/ic wor?lessness1 n ! same fate awaits ! cloi/]4 ,( a mu* lat] date ?an ! ca!dral itself1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 x is a late ,go?ic monum5t betray+ ,r5aissance additions & mixtures2 consequ5tly x is entirely out ( place & "t "h1 & does n h>monize ) ! ca!dral4 ,exam9$ z a deta*$ edifice1 x impresses fav\rably z reg>ds ! height & l5g? ( ! gall]ies1 :i* %[ x to be "o ( ! l>ge/ cloi/]s 9 ,spa94 ,! ca!dral's crypt is "o ( its mo/ peculi> features1 & c]ta9ly well wor? exam9+ bett] ?an has be5 h]et(ore done4 ,x is rea*$ by a small door beh9d ! high alt> 7evid5tly us$ :5 ! sa9t's c(f9 0 plac$ on gr& occasions on ! alt>-table7 or by a subt]ranean gall]y lead+ d[n f ! ,portico de la ,gloria1 a gall]y z ri* 9 sculptural decorations z ! ve/ibule itself4 ,! popul> belief 9 ,galicia is t 9 ?is crypt ! ca!dral reflects itself1 t[]s & all1 z x w\ld 9 ! limpid surface ( a lake4 ,h>dly2 & yet ! crypt is a nude copy ( ! gr\nd floor above1 ) ! correspond+ naves & aisles & apsidal *apels4 ,! height ( ! crypt is surpris+1 ! ar*itectural con/ruction is pure ,romanesque1--m s ?an t ( ! build+ itself1--& j b5ea? ! high alt> ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,james is situat$ :]e x 0 f\nd 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,,ii ,,corunna ,corunna1 seat$ on h] beautiful bay1 ! wat]s ( :i* are ev] w>m$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream1 gazes out we/w>ds across ! turbul5t waves ( ! ocean z %e has done = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s4 ,brig&tia 0 h] fir/ kn[n "n1 a c5tre ( ! ,celtic druid religion4 ,! inhabitants ( ! t[n1 x is to-day believ$1 communicat$ by sea ) _! bre?r5 9 ,irel& long be=e ! com+ ( ! ,pho5icians & ,greeks :o e/abli%$ a trad+ po/ & a t9 factory1 & built ! ,t[] ( ,h]cules4 ,! ,roman conque/ sav$ ,brig&tium f be+ great be=e h] "t4 ,= ! ,lat9 p 7 mis]able sailors1 & gaz$ ) awe into ! waves ( ! ,atlantic4 ,= !m ,brig&tia 0 ! la/ spot 9 ! _w1 a dang]\s spot1 to be %unn$4 ,s !y left h] seat$ on h] beautiful bay beside ! ,torre de ,h]cules1 & made ,lugo _! capital4 ,9 ! %uffl+ ( bi%ops & sees 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies1 ,corunna 0 =gott54 ,unimportant1 kn[n only = its ca/le & its t[]1 x pass$ a useless exi/5ce1 pati5tly wait+ = a *ange 9 its fav\r4 ,?is *ange came 9 ! fifte5? c5tury z a result ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,s9ce !n1 & ) v>y+ success1 ! city has gr[n 9 importance1 until to-day x is ! mo/ weal?y & active ( ,galicia's t[ns1 & "o ( ! l>ge/ seaports on ,spa9's ,atlantic coa/4 ,its hi/ory s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury is well kn[n1 especially to ,engli%m51 :o1 :5ev] _! c\ntry _h a rupture ) ,spa91 7 quick 9 ent]+ ,corunna's bay4 ,f "h "p ( ! ,inv9cible ,armada sail$ "o day to fight ! ,saxons & to be de/roy$ by a tempe/2 t5 ye>s lat] ,engl& return$ ! *all5ge ) bett] luck1 & h] fleets ent]$ ! hi/orical bay & burn$ ! t[n4 ,dur+ ! w> ) ,napoleon1 ,g5]al ,moore f\ght ! ,fr5* 9 ! vic9ity & lo/ 8 life1 :]eas a few ye>s e>li] an ,engli% fleet defeat$1 j outside ! bay1 a unit$ ,fr5* & ,spani% squadron4 ,to-day1 ! old city on ! hill looks d[n ^u ! new "o bel[2 ! =m] is poetic & arti/ic1 ! latt] is /raight-l9$1 indu/rial1 & mod]n4 ,nev]!less1 ! aspect ( ! city d5ies its age1 = x is m mod]n ?an _m cities t are y\ng]4 ,:at is m1 tradition does n weigh heavily on its br[1 & depress its inhabitants1 z is ! case 9 ,lugo & ,tuy & ,santiago4 ,! movem5t on ! :>ves1 ! cont9ual com+ & go+ ( vessels ( all sizes1 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 & o!r delights ( mod]n civilization d n give ! citiz5s leisure to pond] ov] ! city's two ?\s& ye>s1 nor to preoccupy !mselves ab\t art problems4 ,moreov]1 ! t\ri/ :o has come to ,spa9 to visit ,tol$o & ,sevilla hurries (f inl&1 gladly leav+ ,corunna's /reets to sailors & to m]*ants4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 two *ur*es well wor? a visit2 "o is ! ,colegiata 7suppos$ to h be5 a bi%opric = a %ort "t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury7 or suffragan *ur*1 & ! o!r ! ,*ur* ( ,santiago4 ,! latt] has a f9e ,romanesque portal ( ! twelf? c5tury1 rem9d+ "o 9 c]ta9 decorative details ( ! ,portico de la ,gloria 9 ,santiago4 ,! int]ior ( ! build+ consi/s ( "o nave or aisle spann$ by a d>+ vault1 execut$ 9 ! e>ly ogival /yle2 d\btless x 0 orig9ally ,romanesque1 z is evid5tly %[n by ! capitals ( ! pill>s1 & 0 mo/ likely rebuilt aft] ! t]rible fire :i* broke out e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,santa ,m>ia del ,campo is ! "n ( ! suffragan *ur* d$icat$ to ! ,virg94 ,! *ur* itself 0 erect$ to a suffragan ( ,santiago 9 #adda4 ,! date ( its erection is d\btful1 "s au?ors plac+ x 9 ! twelf? & o!rs 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,/reet1 :om we c take z an intellig5t guide 9 ^! matt]s1 calls x a twelf?-c5tury *ur*1 contemporane\s ) & p]haps ev5 built by ! same ar*itect :o built t ( ,santiago de ,campo/ela4 ,moreov]1 ! m5tion$ critic affirms ?is 9 spite ( a d\btful inscription plac$ 9 ! vault above ! *oir1 :i* accuses ! build+ ( hav+ be5 complet$ 9 #acjg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,santiago1 ,,corunna ,! primitive plan ( ! *ur* 0 d\btless ,romanesque1 ( "o nave & two aisles4 ,z 9 ,mondon$o & ,lugo1 ! =m] is surm\nt$ by an ogival vault1 & ! aisles1 l[] 9 height1 are some:at depress$ by ! use ( ,romanesque ple9-c9tre vault+s4 ,! =m ( ! build+ is t ( a ,roman cross ) r %ort arms2 ! apse consi/s ( b "o *apel1 ! lady-*apel4 ,z reg>ds ! light1 x is horrible1 = ! w9d[ 9 ! we/ is insignificant &1 :at is m1 has rec5tly be5 bl9d$1 ?\gh only ,heav5 kn[s :y4 ,! t[]s em]g+ f ! we/]n front are unmean+1 & n simil>1 :i* detracts f ! h>mony ( ! :ole4 ,z reg>ds ! diff]5t facades1 ! we/]n has be5 spoilt q rec5tly2 ! nor!rn & s\!rn are1 h[ev]1 ,romanesque1 ?\gh n pure1 z ogival ar*es are us$ 9 ! decoration ( ! tympanum4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,*ur* ( ,santiago at ,corunna is m important1 f an ar*aeological po9t ( view1 ?an ! ,colegiata4 ,! fi%+ folk d n ?9k s1 h[ev]2 !y c>e b little = su* second>y details1 & _! v5]ation is entirely c5tr$ 9 ! suffragan *ur*--"o ( ! ?ree ,virg9s1 z !y call h] to :om x is d$icat$4 ,to !m ?is p>ticul> ,m>y is ! e/rella del m> 7sea />71 & %e is ! pr9cipal object ( _! devotion4 ,x is /range--be x said 9 p>5!sis--h[ frequ5tly 9 ,galicia m5tion is made ( />s3 !y =m a mo/ important feature ( ! c\ntry's sup]/itions4 ,blood w out--& ,celtic my?ology peeps ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian surface 9 spite ( c5turies ( true belief4 ,,iii ,,mondon$o ,a ,village gr[n to be a city1 & yet a village4 ,a city )\t hi/ory or tradition1 & a ca!dral t has be5 spoilt by ! h& ( "t1 & above all by ! h&s ( luckless arti/s call$ ^u to rebuild det]iorat$ p>ts4 ,to ! nor? ( ,lugo1 at a respectable di/ance f ! railway :i* runs f ! latt] to ,corunna1 & rea*$ ei!r by means ( a /age or on horseback1 ,mondon$o passes a sleep+ exi/5ce 9 a picturesque vale surr\nd$ by ! gre5e/ ( hills4 ,r>ely bo!r$ by ! t\ri/ :o pref]s ! tra9 to ! /age1 x procures = ! art lov] _m mom5ts ( delight--t is1 if he w b take ! tr\ble to visit ! ca!dral1 ! two t[]s ( :i* loom up 9 ! vale1 & ?\gh r too /umpy to be able to l5d elegance to ! ensemble1 add a poetic *>m to ! valley & to ! village itself4 ,h[ on e>? did x ev] occur to any "o to raise ! *ur* at ,mondon$o to a bi%opric8 ,surely ! sees 9 ,galicia 7 badly %uffl$2 & yet1 :]e c a quiet] spot be f\nd 9 ?is wide _w ( ours = ! contemplation ( a ca!dral--& a ,romanesque "o1 to boot6 ,x is to ! ,norman vik+s t is due ! e/abli%m5t ( a see 9 ?is lonely valley4 ,until ! six? c5tury x _h be5 situat$ 9 ,m9dunietum ( ! ,romans1 :5 x 0 remov$ to ,ribadeo1 rema9+ !re until late 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,bo? ^! t[ns 7 seaports1 & bo? suff]$ f ! cruel incursions & piratical exp$itions ( ! vik+s1 & s aft] ! total pillage ( ! *ur* 9 ,ribadeo1 ! see 0 remov$ inl& out ( h>m's way1 to a village kn[n by ! "n ( ,villamayor or ,mondon$o4 ,!re x has rema9$ till ! pres5t day1 ignor$ by ! t\ri/ :o has no "t1 & :o foll[s ! beat5 track e/abli%$ by ,messrs4 ,cook & ,company1 9 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,mondon$o ,z w h be5 se51 ,mondon$o is a city )\t hi/ory1 & )\t a pa/2 d\btless x w = ev] rema9 a village )\t a future4 ,its do+s1 its raison d'etre1 are summ$ up 9 ! ca!dral t /&s 9 its c5tre1 j z 9 ,santiago1 ?\gh f diff]5t motives4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ picturesque spot 9 ,galicia1 a g5tly slop+ l&scape buri$ 9 a violet haze1 rem9d+ "o ( ,swiss valleys 9 ! quiet ,jura4 ,besides1 ! /reets are sil5t & (t5 des]t$1 ! village inn or fonda is nei!r excell5t nor v bad1 & z = ! villag]s1 !y are happy1 simple1 & hospitable dawdl]s along ! pa?s ( ?is life4 ,accord+ to a popul> belief1 ! life ( "o man1 a bi%op nam$ ,don ,m>t9 7#abai-dh71 is wrapp$ up 9 ,mondon$o's ca!dral1 s mu* s1 9 fact1 t bo? _! lives are "o & ! same4 ,he began build+ 8 see2 he saw x f9i%$ & consecrat$ x--con/ruxit1 consumavit et consacravit2 !n he di$1 b ! *ur* & 8 "n liv$ on4 ,mod]n art critics disagree ) ! above belief2 ! old] or primitive "p ( ! *ur* dates f ! twelf? & n f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,orig9ally1 z c easily be se5 ^u exam9+ ! old] "p ( ! build+1 x 0 a pure ,romanesque basilica1 ! nave & ! two aisles runn+ up to ! transept1 :]e !y 7 cut (f1 & imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ! latt] came ! apse ) ?ree *apels1 ! lady-*apel be+ slightly l>g] ?an ! lat]al ones4 ,9 ! primitive con/ruction ( ! build+--& except+ all lat]-date additions1 ( :i* !re are m ?an en\gh--e>ly ,go?ic & ,romanesque elem5ts are s closely int]m+l$ t "o is p]=ce oblig$ to consid] ! monum5t z belong+ to ! p]iod ( ,transition1 z be+1 p]haps1 a unique example ( ?is p]iod to be met ) 9 ,galicia or ev5 9 ,spa94 ,( c\rse1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r ,galician ca!drals1 ! orig9al "* ( ! int]ior1 :i* if x _h rema9$ unalt]$ w\ld be bo? maje/ic & impos+1 has be5 greatly de=m$ by ! addition ( po/]ior re=ms4 ,! =m ( ! apse has be5 completely *ang$ by ! introduction ( an ambulatory or circul> apsidal aisle dat+ at lea/ f ! fifte5? c5tury1 z %[n by ! pres5ce ( ! late ,go?ic & ,r5aissance elem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mondon$o ,,ca!dral ,! g5]al plan is rectangul>1 #abj feet long by sev5ty-"o wide1 & se5 f ! outside is solid r ?an elegant1 a =tress r ?an a temple4 ,! height ( ! nave1 cr[n$ by a ,go?ic vault+1 is ab\t =ty-five feet2 a tri=ium 7ogival7 runs ar\nd ! top4 ,! lat]al aisles are slightly m ?an half z high & cov]$ by a ,romanesque vault+ repos+ on capitals & %afts ( ! f9e/ twelf? c5tury execution4 ,! orig9al basilica =m ( ! *ur* has1 unluckily1 be5 alt]$ by ! additional l5g? giv5 to ! arms ( ! transept1 &1 z m5tion$ already1 by ! ambulatory walk *>act]i/ic ( ,spani% ca!drals2 ! workman%ip ( ! latt]1 ?\gh lam5tably out ( tune 9 ?is old ca!dral1 is1 tak5 by itself1 bett] ?an _m simil> additions 9 o!r *ur*es4 ,! we/]n facade1 :i* is ! only "o wor?y ( contemplation1 is z good an example ( ,romanesque1 spoilt by ! addition at a rec5t date ( grotesque & biz>re figures & mon/]s1 z c be se5 any:]e4 ,! buttresses are m develop$ ?an 9 ei!r ,lugo or ,santiago1 & ?\gh ^! bodies1 f a decorative po9t ( view1 7 evid5tly int5d$ to give a c]ta9 seal ( elegance to ! ensemble1 ! /unt$ t[]s & ! few w9d[s 9 ! body ( ! *ur* only help to height5 its =tress-l aspect4 ,9 a previ\s p>agraph x has be5 /at$ t ?is ca!dral is p]haps a unique example ( ! p]iod ( ,transition 7,romanesque & e>ly ,go?ic74 ,x is an op9ion %>$ by _m art critics1 b p]sonally ! au?or ( ^! l9es is incl9$ to consid] x z an example ( ! ,galician cons]vative _s1 & ( ! fight t 0 made 9 ca!dral *apt]s aga9/ ! introduction ( e>ly ,go?ic4 ,= ! temple at ,santiago 0 ,romanesque2 !re=e1 accord+ to ! n>r[ reason+ peculi> to ,galicia1 t /yle 0 ! be/ & consequ5tly good en\gh = any o!r *ur*4 ,z a result1 we h 9 ?is region ( ,spa9 a s]ies ( ca!drals :i* are practically ,romanesque1 b into ! /ructure ( :i* ogival elem5ts h filt]$4 ,fur!r1 z !re is no exi/+ example ( a f9i%$ ,go?ic *ur* 9 ,galicia1 x is r difficult to speak ( a p]iod ( ,transition1 by :i* is meant ! p]iod ( pass+ f "o /yle to ano!r4 ,9 ,galicia1 !re 0 no pass+3 ! cons]vative _s ( ! c\ntry1 ! poetry ( ! ,celtic inhabitants1 & above all ( _! arti/s1 f\nd great] pleasure 9 ,romanesque ?an 9 ,go?ic1 & consequ5tly ! ca!drals are ,romanesque1 ) slight ,go?ic additions1 :5 ^! c\ld comb9e or submit 9 arrangem5t to ! heavi] ,romanesque pr9ciples ( ar*itecture4 ,lat]1 9 o!r c5turies1 ! _s ( ar*itecture _h completely di$ out 9 ,spa91 & ! additions made 9 ^! days are s _m lam5table signs ( decad5ce4 ,n s ! ogival introduction 9 ,romanesque *ur*es1 :i* 9 _m cases improv$ ! ,romanesque appe>ance4 ,,iv ,,lugo ,:at ,santiago 0 z reg>ds ecclesia/ical politics1 ,lugo1 "o ( ! ?ree cities on ! ,m9o ,riv]1 0 z reg>ds civil p[]4 ,x 0 ! nom9al capital ( ,galicia1 & at "o "t1 9 ! reign ( ,alfonso ! ,*a/e1 x 0 int5d$ to make x ! capital ( ! nasc5t ,spani% k+dom1 b = "s reason or o!r ,ovi$o 0 *os5 in/ead z be+ m suitable4 ,s9ce !n ! city ( ,lugo has completely fall5 into ru9s & insignificance4 ,x fir/ appe>s 9 hi/ory :5 ! ,romans conqu]$ x f ! ,celts4 ,x 0 _! capital & _! ,holy ,city2 9 its c5tre 0 ,lupa's ,b[]1 :]e ! ,romans built a magnific5t temple to ,diana4 ,"s mosaics ( ?is edifice h be5 discov]$ rec5tly1 & ! peculi> designs prove beyond a d\bt t ! my?ological attributions ( ! ,celts 7 made use ( & int]m+l$ ) ^? ( ! ,lat9 race--n at all a /range occurr5ce1 z ,lupa & ,diana seem to h enjoy$ _m common qualities4 ,"u ! ,roman rule1 ! city walls1 rema9s ( :i* are /ill /&+ 9 _m places1 7 erect$1 & ,locus ,augu/i became ! capital ( ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,all ?r\gh ! middle ages1 :5 really ,ovi$o _h usurp$ its civil1 & ,santiago its religi\s significance1 ,lugo 0 /ill consid]$ z be+ ! capital ( ,galicia1 a /ronghold aga9/ ,arab incursions1 & a hotb$ ( unruly noblem5 :o lo/ no opportunity 9 /rik+ a bl[ = lib]ty aga9/ ! encroa*+ p[] ( ! neighb\r+ k+dom ( ,a/urias1 & lat] on ( ,leon4 ,:5 at la/ ! c5tral p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian k+s 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,leon & ,ca/ile1 9 ,lugo ! fam\s message ( adhesion to ! dyna/y ( ! ,alfonsos 0 vot$1 & ! k+dom ( ,galicia1 l t ( ,a/urias1 fad$ away1 ! %ad[ ( a "n )\t ev5 ! "r to h its coat ( arms plac$ on ! national escut*eon4 ,! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ! city ( ,lugo is nei!r int]e/+ nor does x diff] f t ( o!r ,galician t[ns4 ,erect$ to a see 9 ! fif? c5tury1 its ca!dral 0 a primitive basilica de/roy$ by ! ,moors 9 "o ( _! p[]ful nor!rn raids 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! leg5d>y bi%op ,odo>io lo/ no "t 9 build+ a second basilica1 :i* met ! same fate ab\t two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,alfonso ! ,*a/e1 "o ( ! few k+s ( ,a/urias to take a lively int]e/ 9 ,galician politics1 ord]$ ei!r ! recon/ruction ( ! old basilica or ! erection ( a new temple4 ,^? 7 /ormy times = ! city3 betwe5 ! rise & /& ( ambiti\s noblem51 :o1 pret5d+ to fight = ,galicia's fre$om1 f\ght = _! own int]e/s1 & ! cont9ual encroa*m5ts ( ! pr\d prelates on ! rights & privileges ( ! p1 b>ely a ye> pass$ )\t ,lugo be+ ! sc5e ( /reet fights or sieges4 ,z 9 ,santiago1 "o pr9ce ( ! ,*ur* lo/ 8 life1 murd]$ by ! fai?ful 7sic7 flocks1 & _m1 ^u com+ to take possession ( _! see1 f\nd ! city gates lock$ 9 _! faces1 & 7 oblig$ to conqu] ! ca!dral be=e ent]+ _! palace4 ,! new basilica suff]$ 9 consequ5ce1 & _h to be entirely rebuilt 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! new edifice is ! "o /&+ to-day1 b h[ *ang$ f ! primitive build+6 ,?anks to graceless additions 9 all possible /yles & comb9ations ( /yles1 ! ,romanesque orig9 is h>dly recognizable4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,lugo1 :i* o!rwise might h be5 an ar*itectural jewel1 does n inspire ! visitor ) any ( ^? s5tim5ts t ought to be ! v ess5ce ( "t-worn religi\s edifices ( all k9ds4 ,! g5]al disposition ( ! *ur* is ,roman cruci=m2 ! arms ( ! cross are exce$+ly %ort1 h[ev]1 9 comp>ison to _! height2 ! croisee is surm\nt$ by a semicircul> vault+ 7,spani% ,romanesque74 ,! nave %[s decid$ aff9ity to e>ly ,go?ic1 z %[n by ! ogival ar*es & vault+4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ogival ar*es 7z well z ^? ( ! h&some tri=ium1 p]haps ! mo/ elegant 9 ,galicia7 %[s ?is *ur* to be ! fir/ 9 ,galicia to h submitt$ to ! infiltration ( ,go?ic elem5ts4 ,?is peculi>ity is expla9$ by ! fact t1 9 #aabi1 ! erection ( ! ca!dral 0 entru/$ to "o ,mae/ro ,raimundo1 :o /ipulat$ t1 9 ! case ( 8 dea? be=e ! completion ( ! *ur*1 8 son %\ld be commission$ to c>ry on ! "w4 ,he di$1 & 8 son1 a g5]ation y\ng] & imbu$ ) ! new] ar*itectural !ories1 ev5 w5t s f> z to alt] 8 fa!r's plans2 he built ! nave high] ?an 0 cu/om>y 9 ,romanesque *ur*es1 & gave elegance to ! :ole /ructure by employ+ ! po9t$ ar* ev5 9 ! tri=ium1 o!rwise a copy ( t ( ,santiago4 ,! mo/ curi\s & impressive "p ( ! build+ is t con/ruct$ by ,mae/ro ,raimundo1 fa!r1 namely ! aisles1 especially t "p ( !m to ! "r & left ( ! *oir2 !y are1 ) ! croisee1 ! be/ int]ior rema9s ( ! primitive ,romanesque plans3 %ort1 ev5 /umpy1 r d>k x is true1 = ! light t comes 9 by ! n>r[ w9d[s is b poor at its be/1 !y are1 nev]!less1 ri* 9 decorative designs4 ,! weal? ( sculptural ornam5ts ( pure ,romanesque 9 ^! aisles is p]haps ! ca!dral's be/ claim to ! t\ri/'s admiration1 & puts x 9 a prom95t place among ! ,romanesque ca!drals ( ,spa94 ,n ! same fav\rable op9ion c be emitt$ :5 x is a "q ( ! ext]ior4 ,! t[]s are comp>atively new2 ! apse--) ! peculi> & sali5t addition ( an octagonal body reveal+ ,r5aissance influ5ce--is picturesque1 x is true1 b at ! same "t x has spoilt ! ar*itectural value ( ! ca!dral z a ,romanesque edifice4 ,! nor!rn facade1 prec$$ by an ogival por* s common 9 ,galicia1 conta9s a portal ( great] beauty ?an ! ,pu]ta de la ,plat]ia 9 ,santiago1 & /&s =? 9 great] prom95ce ?an ! o!r nam$ example ( twelf?-c5tury art1 by n be+ lo/ among or depress$ by flank+ bodies ( great] height & mass4 ,z reg>ds ! sculptural ornam5tation ( ! door itself1 x is felt & n only portray$3 ! ,*ri/ /&+ betwe5 ! imm5se valves ( ! vesica piscis :i* cr[ns ! portal is an example ( twelf?-c5tury sculpture4 ,! iron-/udd$ panels ( ! doors h already be5 prais$ by ,/reet1 :o plac$ _! execution likewise 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,except+ ?is portal--a m>vel 9 its class ) its r\nd$ tympanum ri*ly ornam5t$--! portion ( ! build+ d\btless m /rongly imbu$ ?an any o!r ) ! g5]al _s ( ! edifice is t "p ( ! apse indep5d5t ( ! octagonal addition previ\sly m5tion$1 & :i* is d$icat$ to ,la ,virg5 de los ,ojos ,gr&es--! ,virg9 ( ! ,l>ge ,eyes4 7,%e mu/ h be5 ,&alusian67 ,( ! true apse1 ! l[] "p has ogival ar*$ w9d[s ( s+ul> elegance2 ! upp] body1 also semicircul> 9 =m1 b slightly small]1 has r\nd-head$ w9d[s4 ,bo? ! ogival w9d[s ( ! fir/ & ! ,romanesque w9d[s ( ! second h>monize wond]fully1 ?anks to ! less] height & wid? ( ! upp] r[4 ,! buttresses1 simple1 & yet alive ) a g5tly curv+ l9e1 are well wor? notic+4 ,x is /range1 nev]!less1 t !y %\ld n rea* ! gr\nd1 b only support ! upp] body1 & unite x ) ! l[]1 =m+ ?us a sort ( cr[n = ! latt]'s b5efit4 ,p]sonally--& ! au?or mu/ be excus$ if he emit 8 op9ion--he consid]s ! old apse ( ! ca!dral 9 ,lugo to be "o ( ! f9e/ pieces ( ar*itecture to be met ) 9 ,galicia4 ,x belongs to :at has be5 call$ ! p]iod ( ,transition 7comp>e previ\s rem>ks 9 ano!r *apt] conc]n+ ?is /yle71 & yet x has a "* ( its own n to be f\nd else:]e1 & ! h>mony ( ogival & ,romanesque has be5 s artfully reveal$ t x _c fail to appeal to ! t\ri/ :o contemplates x c>efully4 ,v ,,or5se ,com+ by rail f ,lugo or ,mon=te t[>d ,tuy & ,vigo1 ! tra9 sudd5ly escapes f ! savage canon :]e ! picturesque ,m9o ru%es & boils beside ! road1 & em]ges into a broad & f]tile valley :]e figs1 grapes1 & olives gr[ 9 pr(usion4 ,?is valley is broad1 its soil is ( gold5 hue1 & ! sky above x is z brilliantly blue z a sapphire4 ,9 its c5tre ,or5se1 heavy ,or5se1 :i* claims z its f\nd] a ,greek h]o fre% f ! pages ( ! ,iliad1 basks 9 ! sun beside ! beautiful ,m9o2 ! :ile its ca!dral looms up above ! ro(s ( ! surr\nd+ h\ses4 ,! hi/ory ( ! t[n is z agitat$ z any 9 ,galicia & %[s ! same g5]al happ5+s4 ,! ,romans appreciat$ x = its sulphur ba?s & call$ x ,auria 7gold57 f ! col\r ( ! soil1 ( ! wat]1 & p]haps also on acc\nt ( c]ta9 gra9s ( gold discov]$ 9 ! s&s ( ! ,m9o4 ,! ,suevos1 :o dom9at$ ,galicia & prov$ s b5eficial to ,tuy1 did n ignore ! importance ( ,or5se3 "o ( ! fir/ bi%oprics1 if n ! fir/ hi/orical "o 9 ,galicia1 0 t ( ,or5se1 dat+ f be=e ! f\r? c5tury1 at lea/ su* is ! op9ion ( to-day4 ,m ?an any o!r ,galician city1 except+ ,tuy1 x suff]$ f ! ,arab invasions4 ,entirely de/roy$1 raz$ to ! gr\nd ^u two occasions1 x 0 ev] be+ rebuilt by ! return+ inhabitants :o _h fl$4 ,previ\s to ^! ,arab incursions ! ca!dral _h be5 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>t9 de ,t\rs 7,france71 & ye>ly pilgrimages took place to ! ,galician %r9e1 :]e "s relics belong+ to ! sa9t 7 rev]$4 ,b ) ! infidels ^! relics1 or :atev] !y 71 7 disp]s$1 & ! next c5tury 7! elev5?7 saw ! new ca!dral d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,"m 7874 ,besides1 ! inhabitants seem$ to h =gott5 ! patronage ( ,/4 ,m>t91 he :o protects ! v9e-gr[]'s meti]--& ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t ! valley ( ,or5se is & 0 fam\s above all ,galician regions = ! cultivation ( v9es4 ,ev5 ,froiss>t1 ! ,fr5* hi/orian1 c\ld n speak ( ! t[n )\t m5tion+ its w9e4 ,he pass$ a season 9 ! valley1 accompany+1 ,i believe1 ! ,duke ( ,lanca/] & 8 ,engli% soldi]s4 ,! w9e 0 s good & /rong1 wrote ! hi/orian1 t ! soldi]s clam\r$ = x2 aft] !y _h drunk a little !y toppl$ ov] l n9ep9s4 ,! ,arabs defeat$ & ?r[n out ( ! p59sula1 ! vik+s' la/ bus9ess trip to ,galicia ov]1 & ! ,portuguese arms driv5 to ! valley ( ,braga beyond ! ,m9o1 ,or5se settl$ d[n to a peaceful life1 ! monotony ( :i* 0 brok5 n[ & aga9--z x usually 0 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry--by squabbles betwe5 noblem51 prelates1 & ! bons b\rgeois4 ,if no pr9ce ( ! ,*ur* 0 kill$ "h1 z happ5$ 9 ,lugo1 "o at lea/ di$ my/]i\sly 9 ! h&s ( 8 enemies4 ,n t x seem$ to h matt]$ mu*1 = said bi%op appe>s to h be5 a peculi> sort ( spiritual %eph]d1 full ( vice1 & devoid ( virtue1 "s ( ^: do+s h be5 c>icatur$--accord+ to ! popul> belief--9 ! cornices & friezes ( ! conv5t ( ,san ,francisco4 ,o!rwise1 peace reign$ 9 ! l&1 & ,or5se pass$ a quiet exi/5ce1 a circum/ance t did n 9 ! slighte/ add to its importance1 ei!r z an art1 comm]cial1 or indu/rial c5tre4 ,to-day1 full ( /rang]s 9 summ]1 :o visit ! sulphur\s ba?s z did ! ,romans1 & empty 9 w9t]1 x exi/s )\t liv+1 z does s _m a ,spani% t[n4 ,nev]!less1 ) ,vigo & ,corunna1 x is "o ( ! cities ) a future /ill be=e x4 ,at lea/1 its situation is b\nd to call att5tion z soon z ev] ! c\ntry is op5$ up to progress & comm]ce4 ,! ca!dral ( ,or5se1 l ^? ( ,tuy1 ,santiago1 & ,lugo1 0 erect$ 9 a ca/ro4 ,^! ca/ros 7 circul> dips 9 ! gr\nd1 surr\nd$ by a l[ wall1 :i* s]v$ ! druids z _! place ( wor%ip4 ,! erection ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es 9 ^! sacr$ spots proves beyond a d\bt t ! new religion became amalgamat$ ) ! old1 & ev5 laid its f\ndations on ! latt]'s mo/ hall[$ ca/ros4 ,p]haps ! "q pres5ts itself z to :y a ca!dral 0 erect$ 9 ,or5se previ\s to any o!r city4 ,f a leg5d x w\ld appe> t ! k+ ( ! ,suevos1 ,c>r>ick1 _h a son :o 0 dy+2 ?anks to ! advice ( a ,*ri/ian monk1 a disciple ( ,/4 ,m>t91 &1 "o is incl9$ to ?9k1 fre% f ,t\rs1 ! k+ dipp$ 8 son 9 ! ba?s ( ,or5se1 invok+ at ! same "t ! help ( ,/4 ,m>t94 ,^u pull+ 8 (fspr+ out ( ! wat]1 he discov]$ t he _h be5 miracul\sly cur$4 ,! grateful mon>* imm$iately became a /\t ,*ri/ian1 & erect$ a basilica--de/roy$ & rebuilt _m a "t dur+ ! d>k ages ( feudalism & ,arab invasion--9 hon\r ( 8 son's savi\r4 ,:at is m wond]ful /ill is t1 soon aft]w>d1 ! relics ( ! ,fr5* sa9t 7 *]i%$ 9 ,or5se )\t its be+ positively kn[n :5ce !y came6 ,! pres5t ca!dral1 ! date ( ! erection ( :i* is a po9t ( discussion to-day1 is g5]ally believ$ to h be5 built on ! spot occupi$ by ! primitive basilica4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,santa ,m>ia la ,madre accord+ to ! (ficial 7d\btful87 /atem5t1 & to ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 ,apo/le ( ,gaul1 accord+ to ! popul> v]sion4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ca!dral proclaims x to h be5 begun1 or at lea/ plann$1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & n1 z ,ba$ek] /ates1 9 #abbj4 ,z a twelf?-c5tury *ur* we are n oblig$ to consid] x = m reasons ?an "o1 & especially because1 z we h se51 ! twelf? c5tury 0 ! great p]iod ( ,galician *ur*-build+4 ,x 0 9 ?is c5tury t ! nor?we/ %one =? 9 ! hi/ory ( ,spa9 z x _h n done be=e1 nor has done s9ce4 ,! *ur* is ano!r ,romanesque specim51 b less pure 9 its /yle ?an any ( ! o!rs m5tion$ s f>3 ! ogival ar* is preval5t1 b r z a decorative ?an z an ess5tially con/ructive elem5t4 ,z x is1 x 0 comm5c$ at lea/ fifty ye>s aft] ! ca!dral ( ,lugo1 & ?\gh bo? are twelf?-c5tury *ur*es1 ! "o is an e>ly & ! o!r presumably a late "o2 ! employm5t ( ! ogival ar* to a great] degree 9 ,or5se ?an 9 ,lugo is ?us easily expla9$4 ,9 %ort1 ! ca!dral ( ,or5se is ano!r example ( ! peculi> ,romanesque ( ,galicia1 :i*1 )/&+ ! invasion ( ,go?ic1 creat$ a s*ool ( its own1 pretty 9 details1 bold 9 h>mony1 ?\gh x be a hybrid s*ool aft] all4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ca!dral ( ,santiago is self-evid5t 9 ! ca!dral ( ,or5se4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise1 :5 ! bi%op ,don ,diego1 :o sat on ! *air1 0 a great fri5d & a cont9ual visitor ( t o!r ,don ,diego 9 ,santiago :o erect$ ! primate ca!dral ( ,galicia8 ,?is influ5ce is above all to be se5 9 ! ,portico del ,p>aiso1 an int]ior n>!x lead+ f ! we/]n front to ! body ( ! *ur*4 ,x is a h&some area ( ,romanesque sculpture cov]$ by an ogival vault+1 & w\ld be an important monum5t if its rival & prototype 9 ,santiago 7 n great]1 bo? z reg>ds its p]fection ( design1 & ! gr& idea :i* inspir$ x4 ,( ! ?ree doors :i* lead into ! ca!dral1 ! we/]n is cr[n$ by ?ree r\nd$ ar*es repos+ on simple columns4 ,! tympanum z a decorative elem5t is lack+1 z is also ! l[ relief1 :i* is usually sup]impos$ above ! upp] ar*es4 ,! latt] are1 h[ev]1 c>v$ 9 ! mo/ elaborate mann]4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r two portals1 ! nor!rn & s\!rn1 _! composition1 z f> z g5]alities are conc]n$1 is ! same z ! we/]n1 except+ t !y are surr\nd$ by a depress$ semicircul> ar* 9 relief1 ! :ole ( a primitive design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,portal ,,( ,,or5se ,,ca!dral ,! t[]s ( ! ca!dral are n old4 ,! g5]al impression ( ! build+ f ! outside--unluckily x _c be contemplat$ f any di/ance1 z ! surr\nd+ h\ses imp$e x--is agreeable4 ,to be especially obs]v$ are "s f9e f\rte5?-c5tury 787 w9d[s :i* %[ ogival patt]n1 b ei!r ( timid execution or else ( a bold endeav\r on ! arti/'s "p to subdue solemn ,go?ic to ! ,romanesque traditions ( ! c\ntry4 ,! int]ior has be5 re/or$ & *ang$ _m a "t4 ,9 its orig9al plan x consi/$ ( two aisles & a nave ) a "o-aisl$ transept1 &1 j z 9 ,lugo1 an apse =m$ by ?ree semicircles1 ( :i* ! c5tral 0 ! l>ge/1 & conta9$ ! high alt>4 ,to-day1 ?\gh ! g5]al appe>ance or disposition ( ! *ur* 7,roman cruci=m ) exce$+ly %ort lat]al arms7 is ! same1 an ambulatory walk surr\nds ! high alt>1 :i* has be5 mov$ ne>] ! transept 9 ! pr9cipal nave4 ,! vault+ is ogival1 repos+ on solid & sev]e %afts2 ! aisles are slightly l[] ?an ! c5tral nave1 & ! croisee is surm\nt$1 z 9 ,santiago1 by a h&some cupola simil> 9 con/ruction to t ( ,val5cia1 ?\gh m r$uc$ 9 size1 & ( a less elegant patt]n4 ,! lack ( tri=ium is to be not$1 & its want is felt4 ,! nor!rn aisle has no *apels let into its ext]ior wall1 b a long r[ ( sepul*res & sepul*ral reliefs to replace !m4 ,"s ( !m are sev]e & beautiful4 ,! *oir has f9ely c>v$ /alls1 & ! ,go?ic retablo is ! only "o ( its k9d 9 ,galicia1 & "o ( ! be/ 9 ,spa94 ,_m m details c\ld be giv5 conc]n+ ! wor?y ca!dral ( ,or5se1 second only 9 ri*ness ( c]ta9 elem5ts to t ( ,santiago4 ,! additions1 bo? 9 ,romanesque & ogival /yles1 are bett] ?an 9 mo/ o!r ca!drals 9 ,galicia1 ?\gh1 z f> z ,r5aissance is conc]n$1 ,galicia %[$ b little love = ,italia's art4 ,?is 0 due to ! regional ,celtic ta/e ( ! inhabitants1 or else to ! m>k$ signs ( art decad5ce 9 ?is "p ( ,spa91 :5 ! ,r5aissance 0 introduc$ into ! c\ntry4 ,z reg>ds ! cloi/]1--small & r compact 9 its composition1--x is held by _m to be a jewel ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ! ogival /yle1 h&some 9 its g5]al outl9es1 & beautiful 9 its weal? ( sculptural decoration4 ,,vi ,,tuy ,! la/ ,spani% city on ! ,m9o1 ! ,rh9e ( ,galicia1 z beautiful z its ,g]man rival1 & z ri* 9 ar*itectural rema9s1 bo? milit>y & ecclesia/ical1 is ,tuy1 ! ,ca/ellum ,tude ( ! ,romans1 ly+ half-way on ! ma9 road f ,braga 7,portugal7 to ,lugo & ,a/orga 9 ,spa94 ,! approa* to ! city by rail f ,or5se is simply sup]b4 ,! valley ( ! ,m9o is broad & luxuriant1 ) ru9s ( ca/les to ! "r & to ! left1 ahead & beh9d2 9 ! di/ance1 "t-old ,tuy1 ! city ( a hundr$ mis=tunes1 is seat$ on an isolat$ hill1 ! summit ( :i* is cr[n$ by a =tress-ca!dral ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,tuy sits on h] hill1 & gazes across ! riv] at ,val5ca d ,m9ho1 ! rival =tress opposite1 & ! fir/ t[n 9 ,portugal4 ,a h&some bridge unites ! enemies--fri5ds to-day4 ,nev]!less1 ! cannons' m\?s ( ! gl>+ /rongholds are = ev] po9t$ t[>d ea* o!r1 z ?\gh wi%+ to recall ^? days ( ! middle ages :5 ,tuy 0 ! goal ( ,portuguese ambitions & ! la/ ,spani% t[n 9 ,galicia4 ,be=e ! ,romans conqu]$ ,ib]ia1 ,tuy1 :i* is evid5tly a ,celtic "n1 0 a mo/ important t[n4 ,?is is easily expla9$ by its position1 a sort ( inl& ,gibralt>1 back$ by ! ,si]ra to ! re>1 & cr[n+ ! riv] :i* br\ght %ips f ! ocean to its :>ves4 ,! city's future 0 brilliant4 ,matt]s *ang$ soon1 h[ev]4 ,! ,romans drew away mu* ( its p[] to cities fur!r inl&1 z 0 _! wont4 ,! ca/le rema9$ /&+1 z did ! walls1 :i* rea*$ on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! riv] d[n to ,gu>dia1 situat$ 9 ! delta ab\t ?irty miles away4 ,rema9s ( ! cyclopean walls :i* cr[n ! m\nta9 *a9 on ! ,spani% side ( ! ,m9o are /ill to be se5 to-day1 yet !y give b a feeble idea ( ! city's =m] /r5g?4 ,aft] ! ,romans _h be5 defeat$ by ! invasion ( savage tribes f ! nor?1 ,tuy became ! capital ( ! ,suevos1 a tribe oppos$ to ! ,visigo?s1 :o settl$ 9 ! re/ ( ,spa91 & = c5turies wag$ a cruel w> aga9/ ! k+s ^: subjects _h settl$ pr9cipally 9 ,galicia & 9 ! nor? ( ,portugal4 ,! p[] ( ! ,suevos1 :o 7 seat$ firmly 9 ,tuy1 0 at la/ completely brok51 & ! capital1 its inhabitants fight+ en]getically to ! end1 0 at l5g? conqu]$4 ,x 0 ! la/ /ronghold to fall into ! h&s ( ! conqu]ors4 ,a c5tury lat] ,witiza1 ! sov]eign ( ! ,visigo?s1 made ,tuy 8 capital = "s l5g? ( "t1 & ! di/rict r\nd ab\t is full ( ! traditions ( ! do+s ( ?is mon>*4 ,mo/ ( ^! leg5ds d5igrate 8 "*1 & make him appe> cruel1 wilful1 & false4 ,"o ( !m1 conc]n+ ,duke ,favila & ,dona ,luz1 is p]haps ! mo/ popul>4 ,accord+ to x1 ,witiza fell 9 love ) ! =m]'s wife1 ,dona ,luz1 &1 to remove ! husb&1 he he>tlessly _h 8 eyes put out1 on ! *>ge ( be+ ambiti\s1 & ( hav+ conspir$ aga9/ ! ?rone4 ,! fate t await$ ,dona ,luz1 :o def5d$ h] hon\r1 0 no bett]1 accord+ to ?is leg5d4 ,aft] ! return ( ,witiza to ,tol$o1 ! city sl[ly lo/ its importance1 & s9ce !n %e has nev] recov]$ h] anci5t fame4 ,l ! rema9+ seaports ( ,galicia1--or su* cities z 7 situat$ ne> ! ocean1--,tuy 0 sack$ & pillag$ by ,arabs & vik+s alike4 ,! times 7 extremely w>like1 & ,galicia1 f h] position1 & on acc\nt ( ! indep5d5t _s ( ! noblem51 0 call$ ^u to suff] m ?an any o!r region1 & ,tuy1 ne> ! ocean1 & a fronti] t[n to boot1 und]w5t great] h>d%ips ?an any o!r ,galician city4 ,( an admirable natural position1 x w\ld h be5 able to resi/ ! attacks ( ,gudro$ & ,olaf1 ( ! ,portuguese noblem5 & ( ,arab armies1 _h x be5 b dec5tly =tifi$4 ,! lack ( su* =tifications1 h[ev]1 & ! neglect & indiff]5ce ) :i* x 01 z a rule1 reg>d$ by ! k+s ( ,a/urias1 easily acc\nt = its hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( enemies1 ( hav+ be5 raz$ m ?an once to ! gr\nd1 ( hav+ be5 ! seat ( ambiti\s & conspir+ noblem5 :o 7 only b5t on ?ra%+ _! neighb\rs1 ,*ri/ians & infidels alike4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ,tuy _h already be5 rais$ to ! dignity ( a city1 b until aft] ! elev5? c5tury ! prelates ( ! *ur*1 tyrants :5 ! times 7 propiti\s1 b c[>dly :5 dang] 0 at h&1 7 cont9ually remov+ _! see to ! neighb\r+ villages & m\nta9s to ! re>4 ,!y left _! *ur* ) surpris+ alacrity & ease to ! m]cy ( w>riors & enemies1 to su* an ext5t1 9 fact1 t nei!r are docum5ts at h& to tell u :at happ5$ exactly 9 ! d>k] ages ( m$iaeval hi/ory1 nor are ! exi/+ monum5ts 9 !mselves suffici5t to conv9ce u ( ! vicissitudes :i* befell ! city1 its see1 & ! latt]'s flocks4 ,s9ce ! la/ ,arab & ,norseman raid1 matt]s seem$ to h gone bett] ) fair ,tuy1 =1 except+ ! cont9ual /rife betwe5 ,portuguese & ,galician noblem51 :o 7 = ev] ga9+ & los+ ! city on ! ,m9o1 nei!r infidels nor pirates visit$ its :>ves4 ,x 0 !n t ! f\ndations ( ! pres5t ca!dral 7 laid1 b n )\t disputes betwe5 ! prelates 7"o ( :om 0 tak5 prison]1 & _h to give a h&some ransom to be releas$7 & ! noblem5 :o call$ !mselves seigneurs ( ! city4 ,betwe5 ! claims & /ruggles ( ^! two factions1 ^? :o suff]$ mo/ 7 ! citiz5s !mselves1 :o _h no?+ to ga9 & ev]y?+ to lose4 ,betwe5 ! bi%ops :o pret5d$ to possess ! :ole city1 & ! noblem5 :o endeav\r$ to leave ! prelates )\t a groat1 ! ignor$ inhabitants ( ! poor] qu>t]s ( ! t[n pass$ a mis]able life4 ,s9ce ! middle ages1 or bett] /ill1 s9ce ! "t :5 ! ,m9o became def9itely ! fronti] l9e betwe5 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ! city ( ,tuy has be5 he>d ( b little4 ,few art /ud5ts visit x to-day1 & yet x is "o ( ! mo/ picturesquely situat$ cities 9 ,galicia1 or ev5 9 ,spa94 ,its ca!dral1 z well z ! ,pre-,roman1 ,roman1 ,go?ic1 & middle age rema9s1--mo/ ( !m cov]$ ov] ) heaps ( du/ & e>?1--are well wor? a visit1 be+ highly int]e/+ bo? to arti/s & to ar*aeological /ud5ts4 ,9 %ort1 ,tuy on h] hill beside ! ,m9o1 gl>+ across an iron bridge at ,portugal1 is a city ri* 9 traditions & leg5ds ( fad$ hopes & pa/ glories4 ,unluckily = h]1 cities ( less hi/orical fame are bett] kn[n & m admir$4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 ! ca!dral cr[ns ! hill1 ^u ! slopes ( :i* ! city desc5ds to ! riv]2 moreov]1 ! edifice occupies ! summit only1--a ca/ro1 z expla9$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,!re=e1 = pro(s are lack+ bo? ways1 x is probable t ! pres5t build+ 0 erect$ on ! same spot :]e ! _m basilicas :i* we "k exi/$ & 7 de/roy$ 9 "o or ano!r ( ! _m sieges1 /ood 9 bygone days4 ,! pres5t ca!dral d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 l t 9 ,or5se1 0 mo/ likely begun 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury2 successive e>?quakes suff]$ by ! city1 especially t felt 9 ,lisbon 9 #agee1 oblig$ ! edifice to be repair$ m ?an once1 :i* acc\nts = _m ( ! base additions :i* spoil ! ensemble4 ,f ! g5]al disposition ( ! build+1 :i* is simil> 9 _m details to ! ca!dral at ,lugo1 x has be5 ?\ght probable t ,mae/ro ,raimundo 7fa!r87 0 ! build] ( ! *ur*2 def9ite pro(s are1 h[ev]1 lack+4 ,! gr\nd-plan is rectangul>1 ) a squ>e apse2 ! int]ior is ,roman cruci=m1 consi/+ ( a nave & two aisles2 ! transept1 l t ( ,santiago1 is also compos$ ( a nave & two aisles2 ! f\r arms ( ! cross are all ( !m v %ort1 & almo/ all are ( ! same l5g?4 ,7 x n = ! height ( ! nave1 cr[n$ by a ,romanesque tri=ium ( bl9d$ ar*es1 ! int]ior w\ld be decid$ly ugly4 ,h[ev]1 ! height atta9$ gives a noble aspect to ! :ole1 & :at is m1 r5d]s ! ensemble curi\s r ?an beautiful4 ,! l>ge & unga9ly *oir spoils ! g5]al view ( ! nave1 :]eas ! cont9uation ( ! aisles1 broad & light to ! v apse1 :]e1 fac+ ea* aisle1 !re is a h&some rose w9d[ :i* ?r[s a flood ( col\r$ light into ! build+1 _c be too highly prais$4 ,! walls are devoid ( all decoration1 & if x 7 n = ! *apels1 "s ( :i* 9 default ( pure workman%ip are ri*ly ornam5t$1 ?is see ( ,tuy w\ld h to pass z a v poor "o inde$4 ,! ro( ( ! build+ has be5 add$ lately1 d\btless aft] "o ( ! _m e>?quakes4 ,x is ( a simple execution1 nei!r good nor bad1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( slightly r\nd$ ar*es ) pron\nc$ ribs4 ,x is outside1 h[ev]1 t ! t\ri/ w pass ! great] "p ( 8 "t4 ,unluckily1 ! h\ses :i* closely surr\nd ! build+ =bid a g5]al view f be+ obta9$ ( any b ! we/]n front1 yet ?is is p]haps a bless+1 = none ( ! o!r sides are wor?y ( special notice4 ,z m5tion$1 ! appe>ance ( ! *ur* is t ( a =tress r ?an ( a temple1 or bett] /ill1 is t ( a feudal ca/le4 ,! cr5elat$ squ>e t[] on ! we/]n front is heavy1 & no high] ?an ! peak$ & simple cr[n+ ( ! h&some ,romanesque w9d[ above ! n>!x2 ! g5]al impression is t ( resi/ance r ?an ( fai?1 & ! lack ( all decoration has caus$ ! temple to be call$ sombre4 ,! h&some n>!x1 ! summit ( :i* is cr5elat$ l ! t[]1 is ! simple/ & noble/ to be f\nd 9 ,galicia1 & is really beautiful 9 its orig9al sev]ity4 ,?\gh dat+ f a "t :5 florid ogival _h tak5 possession ( ,spa91 ! arti/ :o erect$ x 7x is po/]ior to ! re/ ( ! build+--e>ly fifte5? c5tury7 _h ! good ta/e to complete x simply1 )\t decoration1 s z to r5d] x homog5e\s ) ! re/ ( ! build+4 ,x is also possible t !re 7 no funds at h& = him to erect x o!rwise6 ,illu/ration3 ,,tuy ,,ca!dral ,! doors /& imm$iately beh9d ?is n>!x4 ,! portal is c>v$ or decorat$ 9 an elaborate late ,romanesque /yle1 "o ( ! mo/ ri*ly ornam5t$ porticos belong+ to ?is s*ool 9 ,spa91 & a h&some page 9 ! hi/ory ( ,galician art 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! l[ reliefs above ! door & 9 ! tympanum ( ! ri*ly c>v$ arcade1 are felt & are admirably execut$4 ,! nor!rn entrance to ! build+ is ano!r f9e example ( twelf?-c5tury ,spani%1 or ,galician ,romanesque4 ,?\gh simpl] 9 execution ?an ! we/]n front1 x nev]!less is by "s critics consid]$ pur] 9 /yle 7e>li]87 ?an ! fir/ m5tion$4 ,! t[] :i* /&s to ! left ( ! nor!rn entrance is "o ( ! few 9 ! ,romanesque /yle to be se5 9 nor!rn ,spa92 x is sev]e 9 its /ructure & pi]c$ by a s]ies ( r\nd-head$ w9d[s4 ,! cloi/] dat+ f ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies is ano!r ( ,galicia's monum5ts well wor? a visit1 :i* proves ! local mixture ( ,romanesque & ogival1 & is1 p]haps1 ! la/ example on record1 z t[>d ! fifte5? c5tury ,r5aissance elem5ts _h completely captur$ all art monum5ts4 ,su* is ! ca!dral ( ,tuy1 a unique example ( ,galician ,romanesque 9 c]ta9 details1 an edifice t really ought to be bett] kn[n ?an x is4 ,,vii ,,bayona ,,& ,,vigo ,! prettie/ bay 9 ,galicia is t ( ,vigo1 :i* rea*es inl& to ,r$ondela--a village seat$1 z x 71 on a ,swiss lake1 ) two imm5se viaducts pass+ ov] its head :]e ! tra9 spe$s to ,tuy & ,santiago4 ,!re is no loveli] spot 9 all ,spa94 ,! city ( ,vigo1 ) its suffragan *ur* on ! hillside1 is a mod]n t[n d$icat$ to comm]ce2 its :>ves are important1 & ! wat] 9 ! bay is deep en\gh to p]mit ! l>ge/ vessels afloat to ent] & an*or4 ,! art /ud5t w n l+] "h1 h[ev]1 b w g by boat to ,bayona outside ! bay & to ! s\? ne> ! ,portuguese fronti]4 ,"h1 until q rec5tly1 /ood = an unkn[n l5g? ( "t ! suffragan *ur* :i* has n[ be5 remov$ to ,vigo4 ,b ,bayona1 once ^u a "t ! mo/ important seaport 9 ,galicia1 is a ru9 to-day1 a delightful ru91 & "o ( ! prettie/ 9 its ensemble1 ?anks to ! beautiful & weird surr\nd+s4 ,its hi/ory ext5ds f ! times ( ! ,pho5icians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1--ev5 e>li]1 z rema9s ( lake-dwell]s h be5 f\nd4 ,?is /atem5t is n an exagg]ation1 ?\gh x may appe> to be "o1 = ! bay is z quiet z a lake4 ,aft] ! defeat ( ! ,armada1 ,bayona 0 left a prey to ,drake & 8 wor?y companions4 ,!y dealt ! city a dea?-bl[ f :i* x has nev] recov]$1 & ,vigo1 ! new1 ! comm]cial1 has usurp$ its importance1 z x did its *ur*1 :i* once ^u a "t1 z is g5]ally believ$1 0 a bi%opric4 ,! pres5t ru9\s edifice ( ,bayona is peculi>ly ,galician & %[s ! same *>act]i/ics z ! rema9+ ca!drals we h spok5 ab\t s f>4 ,x 0 orda9$ 9 #adhb by ! ,bi%op ( ,tuy4 ,! w9d[s ( ! nave 7cl]e/ory7 are decid$ly po9t$ or ogival2 ^? ( ! aisles are pure ,romanesque4 ,! peculi> feature is ! use ( animal designs 9 ! decorative elem5ts ( ! capitals1--a unique example 9 ,galicia1 :]e only floral or leaf motives 7 us$ 9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,romanesque4 ,! design to be notic$ "h on "o ( ! capitals is a bird dev\r+ a toad1 & x is s crudely & ru/ically c>v$ t "o is almo/ incl9$ to believe t a native ( ! c\ntry conceiv$ & execut$ x4 ,,"p ,,iii ,! ,nor? ,i ,,ovi$o ,ovi$o 0 born ( a religi\s inspiration2 its fir/ build+ 0 a temple 7mona/]y871 & monks 7 its fir/ inhabitants4 ,9 ! valley adjo9+ ,cangas1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! mo/ important village 9 ,a/urias1 a religi\s sect erect$ a mona/]y4 ,froila or ,froela1 "o ( ! e>ly noblem5 7n[ call$ a k+1 ?\gh he 0 no k+ 9 ^? days7 :o f\ght aga9/ ! ,moors1 erect$ 9 ! same c5tury a *ur* 9 ! vic9ity ( ,cangas 79 ,ovi$o871 d$icat+ x to ! ,savi\r2 he also built a palace ne> ! same spot4 ,8 son1 ,alfonso ! ,*a/e1 born 9 ?is palace1 0 br\ght up 9 a conv5t ne> ,lugo 9 ,galicia4 ,^u becom+ k+ he hesitat$ :e!r to e/abli% 8 c\rt 9 ,lugo1 or 9 ! new village :i* _h be5 8 bir?place1 namely ,ovi$o4 ,at l5g?1 rememb]+ p]haps 8 fa!r's love = ! c\ntry ne> ,cangas1 he e/abli%$ x 9 ! latt] place 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & =m$ ! k+dom ( ,a/urias z oppos$ to t ( ,galicia2 ! capital ( ! new k+dom 0 ,ovi$o4 ,! k+ gave ! city to ! ,savi\r & to ! v5]able *ur* built by 8 fa!r1 & :i*1 l a sun surr\nd$ by its planets1 he plac$ )9 a circle ( o!r temples4 ,he convocat$ an ecclesia/ical c\ncil ) a view to e/abli% a primate see 9 ,ovi$o2 he ma9ta9$ an assembly ( prelates :o l5t lu/re to ! *ur*1 & he gave ea* a p>ticul> resid5ce2 ! spiritual spl5d\r ( ,ovi$o eclips$ ev5 ! brilliancy ( ! ?rone4 ,?is 0 9 #hab1 & ! fir/ bi%op consecrat$ 0 "o ,adulfo4 ,! subsequ5t reign ( ,alfonso 0 signaliz$ by ! discov]y 9 ,galicia ( ! corpse ( ,/4 ,james ! ,apo/le4 ,! sov]eign1 x appe>s1 %[$ great int]e/ 9 ! discov]y1 e/abli%$ a *ur* on ! sacr$ spot1 & g5]\sly donat$ ! nasc5t t[n4 ,n )\t reason did po/]ity celebrate 8 _m ,*ri/ian virtues by call+ him ! ,*a/e1 el ,ca/o4 ,two hundr$ ye>s only did ,ovi$o play an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,spa9 z capital ( ! ,*ri/ian ,k+dom4 ,9 #ajbj its civil dignities 7 remov$ by ,alfonso ,v4 to ,leon 9 ! s\?4 ,f !n on ! city rema9$ important only z ! alleg$ cradle ( ! new dyna/y1 & its *ur*--t ( ! ,salvador--0 us$ z ! pan!on ( ! k+s4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! basilica 0 9 a ru9\s /ate1 & almo/ completely de/roy$4 ,! fate ( ! ,romanesque edifice :i* 0 !n built 0 z %ort z ! city's glory _h be5 ephem]al1 = 9 #achj x 0 de/roy$ by flames1 & 9 its place ! fir/ /one ( ! pres5t build+ 0 laid by "o ,bi%op ,guti]re4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s lat] ! !n reign+ prelate plac$ 8 coat ( arms on ! spire1 & ! ,go?ic monum5t :i* is to-day admir$ by all :o visit x 0 complet$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! city--an ecclesia/ical & civil metropolis--is devoid ( int]e/ s9ce ! t5? c5tury4 ,x 0 z ?\gh ! /reets 7 too cr[d$ ) ! leg5ds ( ! fictiti\s k+dom ( ,a/urias1 to be enabl$ to %ake (f ! depression :i* little by little spread ov] ! :ole t[n4 ,ap>t f its ca!dral1 ,ovi$o & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry possesses _m ( ! e>lie/ religi\s monum5ts 9 ,spa91 dat+ f ! eigh? c5tury4 ,^!1 on acc\nt ( _! prim>y ,romanesque & basilica /yle1 =m a *apt] ap>t 9 ! hi/ory ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 & ought to be ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,?is is n ! place1 h[ev]1 to speak ab\t !m1 9 spite ( _! extreme age & ! great int]e/ !y awak54 ,no?+ c\ld be m graceful ?an ! fam\s t[] ( ! ca!dral ( ,ovi$o1 :i* is a sup]b ,go?ic fle*e ( well-proportion$ elem5ts1 & lit]ally cov]$ ov] & encru/$ ) t9y p9nacles4 ,sl5d] & tap]+1 x rises to a height ( ab\t #bhj feet4 ,x is compos$ ( five di/9ct bodies1 ( :i* ! p5ultimate betrays c]ta9 ,r5aissance influ5ces 9 ! triangul> cornices ( ! w9d[s1 etc42 ?is passes1 h[ev]1 entirely unp]ceiv$ f a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,! angles =m$ by ! sides ( ! t[] are flank$ by a pair ( sl5d] %afts 9 high relief1 :i* t5d to give x an ev5 m maje/ic impression ?an w\ld be ! case )\t !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ovi$o ,,ca!dral ,! ca!dral itself is a late ogival build+ belong+ to ! fifte5? c5tury2 ?\gh x _c comp>e 9 fairy-l beauty ) t ( ,leon1 nor 9 maje/y ) t ( ,burgos1 x is nev]!less "o ( ! ri*e/ ,go?ic /ructures 9 ,spa91 especially z reg>ds ! decoration ( ! int]ior4 ,! we/]n front is entirely tak5 up by ! triple portal1 surm\nt$ by ar*es t prove a c]ta9 reluctance on ! build]'s "p to make !m po9t$2 ! nor!rn extremity ( ! front is devoid ( a t[]1 ?\gh ! base be /&+4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to erect a second fle*e simil> to ! "o describ$1 b = "s reason or o!r--)\t a d\bt purely f9ancial--x 0 nev] built4 ,( ! ?ree portals1 t :i* corresponds to ! c5tral nave is ! l>g]2 x is flank$ by ! only two /atuettes 9 ! :ole front1 namely1 by ^? ( ,alfonso ! ,*a/e & ,froela1 & is surm\nt$ by a bold l[ relief4 ,! ar*es ( ! ?ree doors are ri*ly c>v$ ) ogival arabesques1 & ! panels1 ?\gh m mod]n1 h be5 wr\ght by ! h& ( a ma/]4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ?is we/]n front c be c\nt$ among ! mo/ sombre & nak$ 9 ,spa91 s nak$1 9 fact1 t x appe>s r z ?\gh money _h be5 lack+ to give x a ri*] aspect ?an t ! arti/'s g5ius %\ld h be5 s completely devoid ( decorative ta/e or imag9ation4 ,! int]ior ( ! ,roman cruci=m build+1 ?\gh by no means "o ( ! l>ge/1 is1 z reg>ds its ar*itectural disposition1 "o ( ! mo/ impos+ ,go?ic int]iors 9 ,spa94 ,high1 long1 & n>r[1 ! c5tral nave is r5d]$ light] & m elegant by ! bold tri=ium & ! lancet w9d[s ( ! upp] cl]e/ory wall4 ,! wid] aisles1 on ! o!r h&1 are d>k 9 comp>ison to ! nave1 & t5d to give ! latt] great] importance4 ,?is 0 d\btless ! int5tion ( ! primitive ma/] :o t]m9at$ ! aisles at ! transept by con/ruct+ *apels to ! "r & to ! left ( ! high alt> & on a l9e ) x4 ,! sixte5?-c5tury build]s ?\ght diff]5tly1 h[ev]1 & s ! aisles 7 prolong$ into an apsidal ambulatory beh9d ! high alt>4 ,?is "p ( ! build+ is f> less pure 9 /yle ?an ! primitive /ructure1 & ! *apels :i* op5 to ! "r & to ! left are ( a m rec5t date1 & consequ5tly ev5 m out ( h>mony ?an ! plat]esque ambulatory4 ,! ?ree rose w9d[s 9 ! semicircul> apse are ri*ly decorat$ ) ogival n]vures1 & correspond1 "o to ! nave & "o to ea* ( ! aisles2 !y belong to ! primitive /ructure1 hav+ illum9at$ ! a=e-m5tion$ *apels4 ,/&+ b5ea? ! croisee1 "u a simple ogival vault+1 ! ribs ( :i* are support$ by ri*ly c>v$ capitals & elegant %afts1 ! t\ri/ is almo/ z fav\rably impress$ by ! view ( ! high alt> to ! ea/ & ( ! *oir to ! we/1 z is ! case 9 ,tol$o4 ,= 9 ,ovi$o beg9s t s]ies ( ,go?ic *ur*es 9 :i* ! ae/hetic impression is n re/rict$ to ar*itectural or sculptural details alone1 b is also produc$ by ! bl9d+ display ( metal1 wood1 & o!r decorative accessories4 ,! retablo--a f9e ,go?ic specim5--/&s boldly =? aga9/ ! light com+ f ! apse 9 ! re>1 :ile on ! opposite side ( ! transept h&some1 deep br[n *oir /alls peep out f beh9d a magnific5t iron reja4 ,s beautiful is ! view ( ! *oir's ensemble t ! spectator almo/ =gives x = break+ 9 ^u ! gr&eur ( ! nave4 ,! *apels buri$ 9 ! walls ( ! nor? aisle h mo/ ( !m be5 built 9 too extravagant a mann]2 ! s\? aisle1 on ! o!r h&1 is devoid ( su* *>act]i/ic rooms1 b conta9s "s highly int]e/+ tomb slabs4 ,! cloi/] to ! s\? ( ! *ur* is a ri* & florid example ( late ogival2 x is1 above all1 conspicu\s = ! m>vell\s v>iety ( its decorative motives1 bo? z reg>ds ! sculptural sc5es ( ! capitals 7:i* portray sc5es 9 ! lives ( sa9ts & ,a/urian k+s1 & are almo/ grotesque1 ?\gh by no means c>v$ )\t fire & _s7 & ! fretwork ( ! ar*es :i* look out ^u ! g>?4 ,! ,cam>a ,santa1 or treasure-room1 is an annex to ! nor? ( ! ca!dral1 & dates f ! n9? or t5? c5tury2 x is small1 & 0 =m]ly us$ z a *apel 9 ! old ,romanesque build+ torn d[n 9 #achj4 ,beside x1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 0 con/ruct$ ano!r & l>g] room 9 ! same /yle1 ) ! *>act]i/ic ,romanesque vault+1 ! r\nd$ w9d[s1 & ! decorative motives ( ! massive pill>s & capitals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cloi/] ,,( ,,ovi$o ,,ca!dral ,,ii ,,covadonga ,to ! battle ( ,covadonga mod]n ,spa9 owes h] exi/5ce1 t is1 if we are to believe ! leg5ds :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 & :i* rightfully or wrongfully belong to hi/ory4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 x is n surpris+ t ! gratitude ( lat] mon>*s %\ld h erect$ a *ur* on ! site ( ! fam\s battle1 & %\ld h rais$ x to a collegiate *ur*4 ,covadonga lies 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ovi$o1 9 a rav9e lo/ 9 ! he>t ( ! ,picos de ,europa2 x is at once ! ,morg>t5 & ,sempa* ( ,spani% hi/ory1 & ?\gh no art monum5ts1 except+ ! above nam$ mona/ic *ur* & two ,byzant9e-,romanesque tombs1 are to be se51 !re is h>dly a visitor :o1 hav+ come z f> nor? z ,ovi$o1 does n pay a visit to ! cradle ( ,spani% hi/ory4 ,nor is ! "t lo/4 ,= ! t\ri/ :o leaves ! capital ( ,a/urias ) ! int5tion ( go+1 z w\ld a pilgrim1 to ,covadonga 7by /age & n by rail67 w be delightfully surpris$ by ! weird & savage wildness ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* he is driv54 ,foll[+ ! b$ ( a riv]1 he ent]s a rav9e2 up & up climbs ! road bord]$ by /eep declivities until at la/ x rea*es a wall--a cul-de-sac ! ,fr5* w\ld call x--ris+ p]p5dicul>ly ahead ( him4 ,half-way up1 & on a plat=m1 /&s a solit>y *ur*2 ne> by a small cave1 ) an au!ntic 787 image ( ! ,virg9 ( ,battles & two old sepul*res1 is at fir/ hidd5 f sight beh9d a protrud+ mass ( rock4 ,! guide or cic]one !n expla9s to ! t\ri/ ! orig9 ( ,spani% hi/ory 9 ! middle ages1 buri$ 9 ! leg5ds1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a %ort extract4 ,pelayo1 ! son ( ,dona ,luz & ,duke ,favila1 :o1 z we h se51 0 kill$ by ,witiza 9 ,tuy1 fl$ f ,tol$o to ! nor? ( ,spa91 liv+ among ! savage inhabitants ( ,a/urias4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 :5 ,rodrigo1 :o 0 k+ at ! "t1 & by "s /range co9cid5ce ,pelayo's c\s9 z well1 lo/ ! battle ( ,guadalete & 8 life to boot1 ! ,arabs conqu]$ ! :ole p59sula & plac$ 9 ,gijon1 a seaport t[n ( ,a/urias1 a g>rison "u ! comm& ( "o ,munuza4 ,! latt] fell desp]ately 9 love ) ,pelayo's si/] ,h]mes9da1 :om he _h met 9 ! village ( ,cangas4 ,wi%+ to get ! bro!r out ( ! way1 he s5t him on an err& to ,cordoba1 expect+ him to be assass9at$ on ! road4 ,b ,pelayo escap$ & return$ 9 "t to save 8 si/]2 mad ) wra? & swe>+ et]nal rev5ge1 he retreat$ to ! m\nta9\s vales ( ,a/urias1 be>+ ,h]mes9da away ) him4 ,he 0 jo9$ by _m refugee ,*ri/ians dissatisfi$ ) ! ,arab yoke1 & aid$ by !m1 made _m a bold incursion into ! pla9s bel[1 & grew s d>+ t at l5g? ,munuza mu/]$ an army two hundr$ ?\s& 767 /rong & set out to puni% ! rebel4 ,up a n>r[ pass betwe5 two high ridges w5t ! pagan army1 pay+ little he$ to ! gr[+ asp]ity & savag5ess ( ! pa? x 0 tread+4 ,sudd5ly ahead ( ! two hundr$ ?\s& a high %eet ( rock rose p]p5dicul>ly skyw>ds2 on a plat=m ,pelayo & 8 ?ree hundr$ w>riors1 :o someh[ or o!r _h manag$ to em]ge f a miracul\s cave :]e !y _h f\nd an effigy ( ! ,virg9 ( ,battles1 made a la/ /& = _! lives & lib]ties4 ,imm$iately a %[] ( /ones1 beams1 trunks1 & :at n 0 hurl$ d[n into ! mid/ ( ! hea!n army by ! ?ree hundr$ w>riors4 ,confusion arose1 &1 l fright5$ de]1 ! ,arabs turn$ & fl$ d[n ! pa? to ! vale1 pu%+ ea* o!r1 9 _! fe>1 into ! precipice bel[4 ,!n ! ,virg9 ( ,battles arose1 & wi%+ to make ! defeat /ill m glori\s1 %e caus$ ! :ole m\nta9 to slide2 an avalan*e ( /ones & e>? dragg$ ! remnants ( ,munuza's army into ! rav9e b5ea?4 ,s great 0 ! slaught] & ! loss ( lives caus$ by ?is defeat1 t = c5turies aft]w>d bones & weapons 7 to be se5 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] :5 autumn's heat left ! s&s b>e4 ,?is ,pelayo 0 ! fir/ k+ ( ,a/urias1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,spa91 f :om all lat]-date mon>*s desc5d$1 ?\gh nei!r 9 a direct nor a legitimate l9e1 be x rem>k$ 9 p>5!sis4 ,! t\ri/ w be told t x is ,pelayo's tomb1 & t ( 8 si/]1 t are /ill to be se5 9 ! cave at ,covadonga4 ,p]haps1 ?\gh no docum5ts or o!r signs exi/ to be> out ! /atem5t4 ,at any rate1 ! sepul*res are old1 :i* is _! *ief m]it4 ,! mona/ical *ur* :i* /&s h>d by _c claim ?is latt] quality2 nei!r is x important z an art monum5t4 ,,iii ,,leon ,! civil p[] enjoy$ by ,ovi$o previ\s to ! elev5? c5tury mov$ s\?w>ds 9 ! wake ( ,a/urias's conqu]+ army4 ,= ab\t a c5tury x /opp$ on its way to ,tol$o 9 a =tress-t[n situat$ 9 a w9d-swept pla91 at ! juncture ( two important riv]s4 ,leon 0 ! "n ( ?is =tress1 "o ( ! /rategical po9ts1 n only ( ! e>ly ,romans1 b ( ! ,arabs :o conqu]$ ! c\ntry1 & lat] ( ! nasc5t ,*ri/ian k+dom ( ,a/urias4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury1 or1 bett] /ill1 t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5?1 & aft] ! f9al retreat ( ! ,moors & _! t]rible g5]al ,almanzor1 ,leon became ! recogniz$ capital ( ,a/urias4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian wave fir/ spread ov] ! ,ib]ian p59sula 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans1 ! =tress ,legio ,septima1 e/abli%$ by ,trajanus's soldi]s1 _h already gr[n 9 importance1 & 0 consid]$ "o ( ! promis+ ,nor? ,spani% t[ns4 ,! inhabitants 7 among ! mo/ fe>less adh]5ts ( ! new fai?1 & x is said t ! fir/ p]secution ( ! m>tyrs took place 9 ,leon2 consequ5tly1 x is n to be wond]$ at t1 z soon z ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,ib]ia1 a see %\ld be erect$ on ! blood-soak$ soil ( ! ,roman =tress4 7,fir/ kn[n bi%op1 ,basilides1 #beb ,a4 ,d47 ,m>celo seems to h be5 ! mo/ /oically brave ( ! _m ,leonese m>tyrs4 ,a soldi] or subalt]n 9 ! ,roman legion1 he 0 d>+ en\gh to ?r[ 8 sword at ! feet ( 8 comm&]1 :o /ood 9 front ( ! regim5t1 say+3 ,i obey ! et]nal ,k+ & scorn y\r sil5t gods ( /one & wood4 ,if to obey ,caes> is to rev]e him z an idol1 ,i refuse to obey him4 ,/oic1 ) a gra9 ( sad gr&eur ab\t !m1 7 8 la/ words :5 ,agricolanus condemn$ him to dea?4 ,may ,god bless y1 ,agricolano4 ,& 8 head 0 sev]$ f 8 body4 ,! next religi\s w> to be wag$ 9 & ar\nd ,leon took place betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ! invad+ ,visigo?s1 :o pr(ess$ a doctr9e call$ ,arrianism4 ,p]secutions 71 ( c\rse1 ripe aga91 & ! /ory is told ( h[ ! prior ( ,san ,vic5te1 aft] hav+ be5 behead$1 appe>$ 9 a dream to 8 cloi/] bre?r5 trembl+ beh9d _! mona/ic walls1 & advis$ !m to flee1 z o!rwise !y w\ld all be kill$1--an advice ! timid monks ?\ght 0 an explicit ord] to be imm$iately obey$4 ,! conv]sion ( ,rec>$o to ,*ri/ianity--= political reasons only6--/opp$ all fur!r p]secution2 dur+ ! foll[+ c5turies ,leon's inhabitants /rove to keep away ! ,arab hordes :o swept nor?w>ds2 n[ ! ,*ri/ians 7 ov]come & ,allah 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! basilica2 n[ ! ,a/urian k+s captur$ ! t[n f ,moori% h&s1 & ! holy cross cr[n$ ! alt>4 ,f9ally ! dread$ infidel ,almanzor burnt ! city to ! gr\nd1 & retreat$ to ,cordoba4 ,ordono ,i41 foll[+ 9 8 wake1 rebuilt ! walls & ! basilica1 & f !nce=w>d ,leon 0 nev] aga9 to see an ,arab army )9 its gates4 ,prosp]ity !n smil$ on ! city soon to become ! capital ( ! k+dom ( ,a/urias4 ,! ca!dral *ur* 0 built on ! spot :]e ,ordono _h erect$ a palace2 ! fir/ /one 0 laid 9 #aaii4 ,! traditions1 leg5ds1 & hi/orical ev5ts :i* took place 9 ! k+dom's capital until late 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury belong to ,spani% hi/ory1 or :at is kn[n z su*4 ,ordono ,,ii4 0 my/]i\sly put to dea?1 by ! ,c\nts ( ,ca/ile1 "s say2 ,alfonso ,,iv4--a monk r ?an a k+--r5\nc$ 8 "r to ! ?rone1 & retir$ to a conv5t to pray = 8 s\l4 ,aft] a:ile he tir$ ( mumbl+ pray]s &1 com+ out f 8 retreat1 endeav\r$ to wre/ ! sceptre f ! h&s ( 8 bro!r ,ramiro4 ,b alas1 _h he nev] left ! cloi/] cell6 ,he 0 tak5 prison] by 8 humane bro!r1 _h 8 eyes burnt out = ! pa9s he _h tak51 & di$ a few ye>s lat]4 ,n long aft]1 ,alfonso ,,vii4 0 cr[n$ ,emp]or ( ,spa9 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,isidoro1 an ev5t :i* m>ks ! climax ( ,leon's fame & weal?4 ,gradually ! k+s mov$ s\?w>ds 9 pursuit ( ! retreat+ ,moors1 & ) !m w5t _! c\rt & _! patronage1 until f9ally ! political c5tre ( ,ca/ile & ,leon 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,burgos1 & ! fate t _h befall5 ,ovi$o & ,lugo visit$ also ! "o-"t p[]ful =tress ( ! ,roman ,legio ,septima4 ,to-day8 ,a dormant city on a bak+ pla9 & an imm5se ca!dral po9t+ back to c5turies ( desp]ate w>s betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,moors2 a collegiate *ur*1 f> old] /ill1 :i* s]v$ z ca!dral :5 ,alfonso ,,vii4 0 cr[n$ ,emp]or ( ,spa94 ,pul*ra ,leon9a is ! epi!t appli$ to ! beautiful ca!dral ( ,leon1 d$icat$ to ! ,asc5sion ( ,our ,lady & to ,nue/ra ,s5ora de la ,blanca4 ,! fir/ /one 0 laid 9 #aaii1 presumably on ! spot :]e ,ordono ,i4 _h erect$ 8 palace2 ! con/ruction ( ! edifice did n really take place1 h[ev]1 until t[>d #abej1 s t x c be consid]$ z belong+ to ! late ?irte5? & e>ly f\rte5? c5turies4 ,two hundr$ ye>s only did ! temple enjoy a quiet life4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 re/orations & additions 7 begun2 9 #afca ! simple vault ( ! croisee fell 9 & 0 replac$ by an absurd dome2 9 #afid ,manuel ,conde de/roy$ & rebuilt ! s\!rn front accord+ to ! /yle !n 9 vogue1 & 9 #agdc a great numb] ( ! ar*es ( ! aisles fell 94 ,diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+ 7 cont9ually tumbl+ d[n1 hav+ become too weak to support ! heavi] mat]ials us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( additions & r5ovations4 ,! ca!dral 0 clos$ to ! public by ! gov]nm5t 9 #ahej & h&$ ov] to a body ( ar*itects1 :o 7 to re/ore x 9 accordance ) ! ?irte5?-c5tury design2 9 #aija ! int]ior ( ! build+ _h be5 def9itely f9i%$1 & 0 op5$ once m to ! religi\s cult4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! build+ is ,roman cruci=m1 ) a semicircul> apse compos$ ( five *apels & an ambulatory beh9d ! high alt>4 ,z peculi>ities1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ! two t[]s ( ! we/]n front d n head ! aisles1 b flank !m2 ! transept is exceptionally wide 79 ,spani% ca!drals ! di/ance betwe5 ! high alt> & ! *oir mu/ be reg>d$ z ! transept1 prop]ly speak+7 & is compos$ ( a broad nave & two aisles to ! ea/ & "o to ! we/2 ! wid? also ( ! *ur* at ! transept is great] by two aisles ?an t ( ! body itself1--a modification :i* produces a d\ble ,roman cross & l5ds exceptional beauty to ! ensemble1 z x p]mits ( an unob/ruct$ view f ! we/]n por* to ! v apse4 ,att5tion mu/ also be drawn to ! r[ ( two *apels & a ve/ibule :i* sep>ate ! *ur* f ! cloi/] 7"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ,spa9 z a ,go?ic /ructure1 ?\gh mix$ ) ,r5aissance motives & spoilt by fresco pa9t+s74 ,?anks to ?is arrangem5t1 ! ca!dral possesses a nor!rn portal simil> to ! s\!rn "o4 ,z reg>ds ! ext]ior ( ! build+1 x is a pity t ! two t[]s :i* flank ! aisles are heavy 9 comp>ison to ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! *ur*2 _h light & sl5d] t[]s l ^? ( ,burgos or t ( ,ovi$o be5 plac$ "h1 h[ gr& w\ld h be5 ! effect6 ,besides1 !y are n simil>1 b date f diff]5t p]iods1 :i* is ano!r circum/ance to be regrett$4 ,! second bodies ( ! we/]n & s\!rn facades also cla% on acc\nt ( ! ,r5aissance elem5ts1 ) _! simple horizontal l9es oppos$ to ! v]tical t5d5cy ( pure ,go?ic4 ,b !n1 !y also 7 erect$ at a lat] date4 ,except+ ^! rem>ks1 h[ev]1 no?+ is m airily beautiful & elegant ?an ! sup]b expression ( ! razonadas locuras 7logical nons5se7 ( ! ogival /yle 9 all its phases1 bo? e>ly & late1 or ev5 decad5t4 ,= examples ( ea* p]iod are to be f\nd "h1 correspond+ to ! c5tury 9 :i* !y 7 erect$4 ,! ensemble is an a/oni%+ pr(usion ( high & n>r[ w9d[s1 ( :i* !re are ?ree r[s3 ! cl]e/ory1 ! tri=ium1 & ! aisles4 ,ea* w9d[ is divid$ into two by a column s fragile t x resembles a spid]'s ?read4 ,^! w9d[s peep =? f a =e/ ( fly+ buttresses1 & n[h]e does ! mixture ( p9nacles & pa9t$ panes atta9 a m p]fect eloqu5ce ?an 9 ! ea/]n extremity ( ! polygonal apse4 ,! we/]n & s\!rn facades--! nor!rn be+ replac$ by ! cloi/]--are alike 9 _! g5]al design1 & are compos$ ( ?ree portals surm\nt$ by a decid$ly po9t$ ar* :i*1 9 ! case ( ! c5tral portals1 adorns a ri*ly sculptur$ tympanum4 ,! arti/ic m]it ( ! /atu>y 9 ! ni*es ( bo? c5tral portals is devoid ( exceptional praise1 t ( ! s\!rn facade be+ p]haps ( a bett] ta/e4 ,z reg>ds ! /one pill> :i* divides ! c5tral door into two w+s1 t on ! s\? repres5ts ,our ,lady ( ! ,blanca1 & t on ! we/ ,san ,froilan1 "o ( ! e>ly m>tyr bi%ops ( ,leon4 ,except+ ! ,r5aissance impurities already ref]r$ to1 ea* portal is surm\nt$ by a r[ ( five lancet w9d[s1 :i* give bir?1 z x 71 to "o imm5se w9d[ ( delicate design4 ,p5etrat+ into ! int]ior ( ! build+1 pref]ably by ! lat]al doors ( ! we/]n front1 ! t\ri/ is ov]come by a feel+ ( awe & amazem5t at ! bold con/ruction ( aisles & nave1 z sl5d] z is ! fro/ patt]n on a spotless pane4 ,! full value ( ! w9d[s1 :i* are gorge\s f ! outside1 is only obta9$ f ! int]ior ( ! temple2 ^? ( ! cl]e/ory rea* f ! %>p ogival vault+ to ! height ( ! tri=ium1 :i* 9 its turn is back$ by ano!r r[ ( pa9t$ w9d[s2 9 ! aisles1 ano!r s]ies ( panes rose 9 ! sixte5? c5tury f ! v gr\nd 7671 ?\gh 9 rec5t times ! bases h unluckily be5 bl9d$ to ab\t ! height ( a man4 ,! pill>s & columns are ( ! simple/ & mo/ sob] con/ruction1 s simple t !y d n draw ! spectator's att5tion1 b leave him to be impress$ by ! great height ( nave & aisles z comp>$ ) _! insignificant wid?1 & above all by ! pr(use p]=ation ( ! walls by hundr$s ^u hundr$s ( w9d[s4 ,unluckily1 ! orig9al patt]n ( ! pa9t$ glass does n exi/ b 9 an insignificant quantity3 ! nor!rn w9d[1 ! w9d[s ( ! high alt>1 & ^? ( ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,james are ab\t ! only ones dat+ f ! fifte5? c5tury t are left /&+ to-day2 !y are easily recognizable by ! ri*1 mell[ t9ts unatta9$ 9 mod]n /a9$ glass4 ,z accessories1 =emo/ to be m5tion$ are ! *oir /alls1 :i* are ( an elegant & sev]e workman%ip totally diff]5t f ! florid c>v+ ( ^? 9 ,tol$o4 ,! high alt>1 on ! o!r h&1 is devoid ( int]e/ except+ = ! f9e ogival sepul*re ( ,k+ ,ordono ,,ii2 ! rema9+ *apels1 "s ( :i* conta9 art objects ( value1 ne$ n claim ! t\ri/'s special att5tion4 ,by way ( conclusion3 ! ca!dral ( ,leon1 re/or$ to-day aft] ye>s ( ru9 & neglect1 /&s =? z "o ( ! ma/] examples ( ,go?ic workman%ip1 unrivall$ 9 fairy-l beauty &1 f an ar*itectural po9t ( view1 ! v be/ example ( ,fr5* ogival to be met ) 9 ,spa94 ,moreov]1 ^? :o wr\ght x1 felt ! real pr9ciples ( all ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,_m are ! ca!drals 9 ,spa9 p]ta9+ to ?is great s*ool1 b n "o ( !m c comp>e ) t ( ,leon 9 ! way ! ess5tial pr9ciple 0 felt & express$4 ,!y are all beautiful 9 _! complex & hybrid /yle1 b none ( !m c claim to be ,go?ic 9 ! way !y are built4 ,= weal?1 p[]1 & luxury 9 details is g5]ally ! lesson ,spani% ca!drals tea*1 b !y d n give _! lancets & %afts1 _! v]tical l9es & po9t$ ar*es1 ! *ance to impress ! visitor or true believ] ) ^? s5tim5ts s peculi> to ! great ogival /yle4 ,! ca!dral ( ,leon is1 9 ,spa91 ! unique exception to ?is rule4 ,save only ^? con/ructive errors or dissonances previ\sly ref]r$ to1 & :i* t5d to c\nt]act ! so>+ *>act]i/ic1 x c\ld be consid]$ z be+ pure 9 /yle4 ,nev]!less1 x is n only ! true/ ,go?ic ca!dral on ! p59sula1 b "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,at ! same "t1 x is no less true t x is n s ,spani% z ei!r ! ,go?ic ( ,burgos or ( ,tol$o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 #ajfc ! ,k+ ( ,leon1 ,f]n&o ,i41 sign$ a treaty ) ! ,arab gov]nor ( ,sevilla1 oblig+ ! latt] to h& ov] to ! ,ca?olic mon>*1 9 ex*ange = "s o!r privileges1 ! corpse ( ,san ,isidoro4 ,x 0 convey$ to ,leon1 :]e a *ur* 0 built to conta9 ! rema9s ( ! sa9t2 ! same build+ 0 to s]ve z a royal pan!on4 ,ab\t a c5tury lat] ,alfonso ,,vii4 0 battl+ aga9/ ! pagans 9 ,&alusia :51 9 ! field ( ,baeza1 ! w>like app>ition ( ,san ,isidoro appe>$ 9 ! heav5s & enc\rag$ ! ,*ri/ian soldi]s4 ,?anks to ?is div9e aid1 ! ,moors 7 beat51 & ,alfonso ,,vii41 return+ to ,leon1 enri*$ ! sa9t's %r9e1 enl>g$ x1 & rais$ x to a suffragan *ur*1 de/9$ lat] to s]ve z ! tempor>y see :ile ! build+ ( ! real ca!dral 0 go+ on4 ,9 #aace ,alfonso ,,vii4 0 cr[n$ ,emp]or ( ! ,we/ ,roman ,empire ) extraord9>y pomp & spl5d\r 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,isidoro4 ,! apogee ( ,leon's importance & p[] co9cides ) ?is memorable ev5t4 ,! emp]or's si/]1 ,san*a1 a pi\s infanta1 bequea!d h] va/ =tune z well z h] palace to ,san ,isidoro1 h] fav\rite sa9t2 ! *ur* 9 ,leon became1 consequ5tly1 "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 ,spa91 a privilege x 01 h[ev]1 unable to reta9 = any l5g? ( "t4 ,9 #ajbi1 %ortly aft] ! erection ( ! primitive build+1 its front 0 sulli$1 accord+ to ! tradition1 by ! blood ( "o ,c\nt ,g>cia ( ,ca/ile4 ,! foll[+ is ! /ory3 ,! ,k+ ( ,a/urias at ! "t 0 ,b]mudo ,,ii41 m>ri$ to ,urraca1 ! daught] ( ,c\nt ,san*o ( ,ca/ile4 ,political motives _h produc$ ?is union1 = ! ,condes de ,ca/ile _h gr[n to be ! mo/ important & p[]ful feudal lords ( ! k+dom4 ,to assure ! c\nt's assi/ance & fri5d%ip1 ! k+ w5t ev5 fur!r3 he promis$ 8 si/] ,san*a to ! c\nt's son ,g>cia1 :o lo/ no "t 9 visit+ ,leon s z to become acqua9t$ ) 8 future sp\se4 ,?ree sons ( ! defeat$ ,c\nt ( ,vela1 a ,basque nobleman :om ! ,c\nts ( ,ca/ile _h put to dea?1 7 9 ! city at ! "t4 ,pret5d+ to be v fri5dly ) ! "y fiance1 !y conspir$ aga9/ 8 life1 &1 kn[+ t he paid mat9al visits to ,san ,isidoro1 !y hid 9 ! portal "o day1 & slew ! y\? z he ent]$4 ,! promis$ bride arriv$ 9 ha/e & fell weep+ on ! body ( ! murd]$ man2 %e wept bitt]ly & pray$ to be all[$ to be buri$ ) h] swee!>t4 ,h] pray] 01 ( c\rse1 n grant$3 s %e swore %e w\ld nev] m>ry4 ,%e 0 n long 9 break+ ?is oa?1 h[ev]1 = a few mon?s lat] %e w$d$ a pr9ce ( ! h\se ( ,nav>ra4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! build+ ( ,san ,isidoro is ru9\s1 ?anks to a /roke ( lightn+ 9 #ahaa1 & to ! h>% treatm5t be/[$ ^u ! build+ by ,napoleon's soldi]s dur+ ! ,w> = ,indep5d5ce 7#ahjh74 ,se5 f ! outside1 ! edifice is z un9t]e/+ z possible2 ! l[] "p is con/ruct$ 9 ! e>ly ,lat9 ,romanesque /yle2 ! upp]1 ( a po/]ior con/ruction1 %[s a decid$ t5d5cy to e>ly ,go?ic4 ,! apse 0 orig9ally ?ree-lob$1 compos$ ( ?ree id5tical *apels correspond+ to ! nave & aisles2 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! c5tral lobe 0 prolong$ & squ>$ (f2 ! same c5tury saw ! erection ( ! /atue ( ,san ,isidoro 9 ! s\!rn front1 :i* spoil$ ! o!rwise excell5tly simple ,romanesque portal4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! ru9--= su* x is to-day--! only peculi>ity to be not$ is ! use ( ! horse%oe ar*es 9 ! arcades :i* sep>ate ! aisles f ! nave1 z well z ! ,arab d5tat$ ar*es ( ! transept4 ,x is ! fir/ case on record :]e1 9 a ,*ri/ian temple ( ! importance ( ,san ,isidoro1 ,arab or pagan ar*itectural elem5ts 7 made use ( 9 ! decoration2 t is to say1 aft] ! invasion1 = previ\s examples 7 kn[n1 hav+ mo/ likely p5etrat$ into ! c\ntry by means ( ,byzant9e workm5 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies4 7,9 ,san ,juan de ,banos47 ,illu/ration3 ,,apse ,,( ,,san ,,isidoro1 ,,leon ,in/ead ( be+ l9$ ) *apels ! aisles are cov]$ ) mural pa9t+s4 ,^! frescoes are ( great ar*aeological value on acc\nt ( _! great age & ! evid5t ,byzant9e influ5ce :i* *>act]izes !m2 arti/ically !y are unimportant4 ,! *ief attraction ( ! build+ is ! pan!on1 a l[1 squ>e *apel ( six ar*es1 support$ 9 ! c5tre by two gigantic pill>s :i* are cr[n$ by huge cyl9drical capitals4 ,no?+ m depress+ or gloomy c be se5 9 ! p59sula except+ ! pan!on 9 ! ,escorial2 x is d\btful :i* ( ! two is m melan*oly4 ,! pure ,ori5tal orig9 7almo/ ,indian67 ( ?is pan!on is unmi/akable & highly int]e/+4 ,! fresco pa9t+s :i* cov] ! ceil+ & ! massive ribs ( ! vault+ are equally morbid1 repres5t+ hell-sc5es f ! ,apocalypse1 ! massacre ( ! babes1 etc4 ,only "o or two ( ! ,romanesque m>ble tombs :i* l9$ ! walls are rema9+ to-day2 ! o!rs 7 us$ by ! ,fr5* soldi]s z dr9k+-tr\ghs = _! cavalry horses6 ,,iv ,,a/orga ,! ,a/urica ,augu/a ( ! ,romans 0 ! capital ( ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,a/urias & ! c5tral po9t ( f\r milit>y roads :i* l$ to ,braga1 ,aquitania1 ,s>agosse1 & ,t>ragon4 ,dur+ ! ,visigo?ic dom9ation1 & especially "u ! reign ( ,witiza1 ,a/orga z well z ,leon1 ,tol$o1 & ,tuy 7 ! only f\r cities all[$ to reta9 _! walls4 ,accord+ to "s acc\nts1 ,a/orga 0 ! seat ( ! e>lie/ bi%opric 9 ! p59sula1 hav+ be5 consecrat$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury by ,santiago or 8 imm$iate foll[]s2 hi/orically1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ kn[n bi%op 0 ,dom9iciano1 :o liv$ ab\t #cdg ,a4 ,d4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies sev]al h]esies or false doctr9es 7 ripe 9 ,spa94 ,( "o ( ^!1 ,libelatism1 ,a/orga 0 ! c5tre2 ! o!r1 ,priscilianism1 orig9ally ,galician1 f\nd _m adh]5ts 9 ! =tress-t[n1 m s ?an else:]e1 except+ only ,tuy1 ,or5se1 & ,pal5cia4 ,libelatism4--,its great def5d] 0 ,basilides1 ,bi%op ( ,a/orga4 ,/rictly speak+1 ?is fai? 0 no h]esy1 b a %am or fraud :i* spread out beyond ! ,pyr5ees to ,france4 ,x consi/$ 9 d5y+ ! new fai?2 ^? :o proclaim$ x1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 sev]ely p]secut$ 9 ^? days1 pret5d$ to wor%ip ! ,lat9 gods s z to save _! sk9s4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 & to be able to prove _! s9c]ity1 !y 7 oblig$ to obta9 a c]tificate1 libelum 7libel871 f ! ,roman gov]nor1 /at+ _! belief 9 ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 etc4 ,d\btless !y _h to pay a tax = ?is c]tificate1 & ?us ! ,roman /ate %[$ its practical wisdom3 x 0 paid by c[>ds = be+ tyrannical4 ,b !n1 n all ,*ri/ians are born m>tyrs4 ,priscilianism4--,( q a diff]5t "* 0 ! o!r h]esy previ\sly m5tion$4 ,x 0 a doctr9e oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 pr\d ( _m adh]5ts1 & at "o "t ?reat5+ dang] to ! ,holy ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,consid]+ t x is b little kn[n to-day 7= aft] a l+]+ life ( ab\t ?ree or f\r c5turies 9 ,galicia x 0 q ignor$ by philosoph]s & ,*ri/ians alike71 x may be ( "s use to transcribe ! sali5t po9ts ( ?is doctr9e1 9 case "s "o be incl9$ to baptize him or h]self z prophet ( ! new religion4 ,x 0 prea*$ by "o ,prisciliano 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & 0 a mixture ( ,celtic my?ology & ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,prisciliano did n believe 9 ! my/]y ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity2 he believ$ t ! _w _h be5 creat$ by ! devil 7p]haps he 0 n wrong67 & t ! devil held x b5ea? 8 sway2 fur!r1 t ! s\l is "p ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce & ! body dep5d5t ^u ! />s2 t ?is life is a puni%m5t1 z only s9ful s\ls desc5d on e>? to be inc>nat$ 9 organic bodies4 ,he d5i$ ! resurrection ( ! fle% & ! au!nticity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he def5d$ ! transmigration ( s\ls1 ! invocation ( ! dead1 & o!r ideas1 d\btless tak5 f native ,galician my?ology4 ,to conclude1 he celebrat$ ! ,holy ,communion ) grape & milk in/ead ( ) w9e1 & admitt$ t all true believ]s 78 true believ]s1 ,i suppose1 = we are all ( u true believ]s ( "s sort7 c\ld celebrate religi\s c]emonies )\t be+ orda9$ curates4 ,s9fosio1 ,bi%op ( ,a/orga 9 #djj1 0 conv]t$ to ! new religion4 ,b1 ^u intimation t he might be depriv$ ( 8 see1 he hurri$ly turn$ ,*ri/ian aga91 putt+ ?us a full /op to ! spread ( h]esy1 by 8 brave & unselfi% act4 ,toribio 9 #ddg 01 h[ev]1 ! bi%op :o wr\ght ! greate/ h>m to ,priscilianism4 ,he seems to h be5 ! div9e in/rum5t call$ ^u to prove by m>vell\s happ5+s ! true religion3 he conv]t$ ! ,k+ ( ! ,suevos 9 ,or5se by miracul\sly cur+ 8 son2 :5 surr\nd$ by flames he em]g$ unh>m$2 :5 he left 8 diocese1 & until 8 return1 ! crops 7 all lo/2 ^u 8 return ! *ur*-bells rang )\t human help1 etc41 etc4 ,all ( :i* do+s prov$ ! au!nticity ( ! true religion beyond a d\bt1 & t ,toribio 0 a sa9t2 ! ,pope canoniz$ him4 ,dur+ ! ,arab invasion1 ,a/orga1 be+ a fronti] t[n1 suff]$ m ?an mo/ cities f>!r nor?2 x 0 cont9ually be+ tak5 & lo/1 built up & torn d[n by ! ,*ri/ians & ,moors4 ,t]rible ,almanzor conqu]$ x 9 8 raid 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & utt]ly de/roy$ x4 ,x 0 rebuilt by ,v]emundo or ,b]mudo ,,iii41 b nev] rega9$ its lo/ importance1 :i* rev]t$ to ,leon4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian armies _h conqu]$ ! p59sula z f> s\? z ,tol$o1 ,a/orga 0 no long] a fronti] t[n1 & rapidly fell asleep1 & has slept ev] s9ce4 ,x rema9$ a see1 h[ev]1 b only "o ( second>y importance4 ,x w\ld be difficult to /ate h[ _m ca!dral *ur*es ! city possess$ previ\s to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,9 #ajfi ! fir/ on record 0 built2 9 #aabj ano!r2 a ?ird 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & f9ally ! f\r? & pres5t build+ 9 #adga4 ,x 0 ! evid5t int5tion ( ! ar*itect to imitate ! ,pul*ra ,leon9a1 b o!r ta/es & o!r /yles _h swept across ! p59sula & ! result ( ! unkn[n ma/]'s plans resembles r a heavy1 awkw>d c>icature ?an any?+ else1 & a ba/>d mixture ( ,go?ic1 plat]esque1 & grotesque /yles4 ,! nor!rn front is by f> ! be/ ( ! two1 boa/+ ( a r good relief 9 ! tympanum ( ! ogival ar*2 "s ( ! pa9t$ w9d[s are also ( good workman%ip1 ?\gh ! great] "p are mod]n glass1 & unluckily un/a9$4 ,its peculi>ities c be signaliz$2 ! w9d[s ( ! s\!rn aisle are situat$ above ! lat]al *apels1 :ile ^? ( ! nor!rn are l[] & situat$ 9 ! *apels4 ,! height & wid? ( ! aisles are also rem>kable--a circum/ance t does n l5d ei!r beauty or effect to ! build+4 ,!re is no ambulatory beh9d ! high alt>1 :i* /&s 9 ! lady-*apel2 ! apse is r\nd$4 ,?is peculi>ity rem9ds "o dimly ( :at ! primitive plan ( ! ,ovi$o ca!dral mu/ h resembl$4 ,by f> ! mo/ m]itori\s piece ( "w 9 ! ca!dral is ! sixte5?-c5tury retablo ( ! high alt>1 :i* alone is wor? a visit to ,a/orga4 ,x is "o ( ,bec]ra's ma/]pieces 9 ! late plat]esque /yle1 z well z be+ "o ( ! ma/]'s la/ kn[n works 7#aefi74 ,x is compos$ ( five v]tical & ?ree horizontal bodies2 ! ni*es 9 ! l[] are flank$ by ,doric1 ^? ( ! second by ,cor9?ian1 & ^? ( ! upp] by composite columns & capitals4 ,! poly*rome /atues :i* fill ! ni*es are life-size & among ! be/ 9 ,spa92 toge!r !y are int5d$ to give a graphic description ( ! life ( ! ,virg9 & ( h] ,son4 ,9 "s ( ! decorative details1 h[ev]1 ?is retablo %[s evid5t signs ( plat]esque decad5ce1 & ! bir? ( ! florid grotesque /yle1 :i* is b ! natural reaction aga9/ ! sev]ity ( e>ly sixte5?-c5tury art4 ,v ,,burgos ,burgos is ! old capital ( ,ca/ile4 ,ca/ile--or prop]ly ,ca/illa--ow$ its "n to ! great numb] ( ca/les :i* /ood on solit>y hills 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla9s ly+ to ! nor? ( ! ,si]ra de ,guad]rama2 "o ( ^! ca/les 0 call$ ,burgos4 ,unlike ,leon & ,a/orga1 ,burgos 0 n kn[n to ! ,romans1 b 0 f\nd$ by feudal noblem5 9 ! middle ages1 mo/ likely by ! ,c\nt ( ,ca/illa prior to #hhd ,a4 ,d41 :5 its "n fir/ appe>s 9 hi/ory4 ,situat$ almo/ 9 ! same l9e & to ! we/ ( ,a/orga & ,leon1 x ent]$ ! *a9 ( =tresses :i* =m$ ! fronti] betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian k+doms & ! ,moori% dom9ion4 ,at ! same "t x look$ we/w>ds t[>d ! k+dom ( ,nav>ra1 & manag$ to keep ! ambiti\s sov]eigns ( ,pamplona f ,ca/ilian soil4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5turies :i* foll[$ ^u ! f\ndation ( ! village ( ,burgos at ! foot ( a prom95t ca/le1 bo? belong$ to ! feudal lords ( ,ca/ile1 ! celebrat$ c\nts ( ! same "n4 ,?is family ( intrepid noblem5 grew to be ! mo/ important 9 ,nor!rn ,spa92 vassals ( ! k+s ( ,a/urias1 !y broke out 9 frequ5t rebellion1 & _! do+s alone fill n9e ( e t5 pages ( m$iaeval hi/ory4 ,orduno ,,iii4--he :o lo/ ! battle ( ,valdejunqu]a aga9/ ! ,moors because ! noblem5 he _h ord]$ to assi/ refra9$ f do+ s--entic$ ! ,c\nt ( ,ca/ile1 toge!r ) o!r conspirators1 to 8 palace1 & _h !m f\lly murd]$4 ,s1 at lea/1 sai? hi/ory4 ,! successor to ! title 0 no fool4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 "o ( ! greate/ *>act]s 9 ,spani% hi/ory1 h]o ( a hundr$ leg5ds & traditions4 ,f]nan ,gonzalez 0 8 "n1 & he fre$ ,ca/ile f ow+ vassalage to ,a/urias1 = he ?rew (f ! yoke :i* b\nd him to ,leon1 & liv$ z an indep5d5t sov]eign 9 8 ca/le ( ,burgos4 ,?is is ! date ( ,ca/ile's fir/ appe>ance 9 hi/ory z "o ( ! nuclei ( ,*ri/ian resi/ance 79 ! t5? c5tury74 ,nev]!less1 aga9/ ! milit>y g5ius ( ,almanzor 7! victori\s71 ,f]nan ,gonzalez c\ld d no m ?an ! k+s ( ,leon4 ,! fate t befell ,santiago1 ,leon1 & ,a/orga await$ ,burgos1 :i* 0 utt]ly de/roy$ ) ! exception ( ! impregnable ca/le4 ,aft] ! ,arab's dea?1 hail$ by ! ,*ri/ians ) %\ts ( joy1 & f ! pulpits ) ! grim rem>k3 ,almanzor mortuus e/ et sepultus et 9 inf]no1 ! /r5g? ( ,ca/ile grew ye> by ye>1 until "o ,conde ,g>cia de ,ca/illa m>ri$ "o ( 8 daught]s to ! ,k+ ( ,nav>ra & ! o!r to ,b]mudo ,,iii4 ( ,leon4 ,8 son1 z has already be5 se5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 0 kill$ 9 ,leon :5 he w5t to m>ry ,b]mudo's si/] ,san*a4 ,b 8 gr&son1 ! recogniz$ heir to ! ?rone ( ,nav>ra1 ,f]n&o by "n1 inh]it$ 8 gr&fa!r's title & e/ates1 ev5 8 murd]$ uncle's promis$ bride1 ! si/] ( ,b]mudo4 ,at ! latt]'s dea? "s ye>s lat]1 )\t an heir1 he inh]it$--or conqu]$--,leon & ,a/urias1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 all ! ,*ri/ian k+doms ( ! p59sula 7 unit$ b5ea? "o sceptre4 ,ca/ile 0 n[ ! mo/ p[]ful /ate 9 ! p59sula1 & its capital1 ,burgos1 ! mo/ important city nor? ( ,tol$o4 ,two hundr$ ye>s lat] ! c5tralization ( p[] 9 ,burgos 0 an accompli%$ fact1 z well z ! dea? 9 all b "n ( ! anci5t k+dom ( ,leon1 ,a/urias1 & ,galicia4 ,ca/ile 0 ,spa91 & ,burgos its spl5did capital 7#abcj1 9 ! reign ( ,san ,f]n&o74 ,! above ev5ts are closely connect$ ) ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 :i* dep5ds entirely ^u ! civil importance ( ! city4 ,a few ye>s aft] ,f]n&o ,i4 _h inaugurat$ ! title ( ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 he rais$ ! p>i% *ur* ( ,burgos to a bi%opric 7#ajge7 by remov+ to 8 new capital ! see t f "t immemorial _h exi/$ 9 ,oca4 ,he also laid ! fir/ /one ( ! ca!dral *ur* 9 ! same spot :]e ,f]nan ,gonzalez _h erect$ a summ] palace1 previ\s to ! ,arab raid "u ,almanzor4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! same k+ _h ! bi%opric rais$ to an ar*iepiscopal see4 ,san ,f]n&o1 be+ unable to d m ?an _h already be5 done by 8 =efa!r ,f]n&o ,i41 _h ! ru9$ *ur* pull$ d[n1 & 9 its place he erect$ ! ca!dral /ill /&+ to-day4 ,?is 0 9 #abba4 ,s rapidly 0 ! ma9 edifice con/ruct$1 t z e>ly z #abcj ! fir/ holy mass 0 celebrat$ 9 ! alt>-*apel4 ,! erection ( ! rema9+ p>ts took long]1 h[ev]1 = ! build+ 0 n complet$ until ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,burgos did n rema9 ! sole capital ( ,nor!rn ,spa9 = any great l5g? ( "t4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,valladolid _h de/roy$ ! =m]'s monopoly1 & f !n on1 & dur+ ! next ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ^! two & ,tol$o 7 oblig$ to take turns 9 ! hon\r ( be+ consid]$ capital1 an hon\r t dep5d$ entirely ^u ! caprices ( ! rul]s ( ! l&1 until x 0 def9itely conf]r$ ^u ,madrid 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,z reg>ds leg5ds & traditions ( feudal romance & trag$y1 h>dly a city except+ ,tol$o & ,salamanca c compete ) ,burgos4 ,hi/orical ev5ts1 produc$ by ?rone usurp]s & def5d]s1 by cont9ual /rife1 by ! ob/9acy ( ! noblem5 & ! p]fidy ( ! mon>*s1--all int]wov5 ) beautiful dames & cruel w>riors--are suffici5tly num]\s to enable e h\se 9 & ar\nd ,burgos to possess "s secret or o!r1 g5]ally gruesome & lic5ti\s1 :i* means *ivalr\s4 ,! reign ( ,pet] ! ,cruel & ( 8 pr$ecessor ,alfonso1 ! fa!r ( f\r or five ba/>ds1 & ! lov] ( ,dona ,leonor2 ! h]oic de$s ( ,f]nan ,gonzalez & ( ! ,cid ,campeador 7,rodrigo ,diaz de ,viv>72 ! spl5d\r ( ! c\rt ( ,isabel ,i41 & ! peculi> con/itution ( ! l& ) its ,cortes1 its conv5ts1 & mona/]ies1--all t5d to make ,burgos ! c5tre ( a *ivalr\s lit]ature /ill recit$ by ! p & firmly believ$ 9 by !m4 ,unluckily _! recital _c f9d a place "h1 & we pass on to exam9e ! gr& ca!dral1 object ( ! pres5t *apt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! tra91 com+ f ! nor?1 approa*es ! city ( ,burgos4 ,a l[ horizon l9e & undulat+ pla9s /ret* z f> z ! eye c rea*2 9 ! di/ance ahead are two *ur* spires & a ca/le loom+ up aga9/ a blue sky4 ,! tra9 rea*es ! /ation2 a mass ( h\ses &1 ov]topp+ ! ro(s ( all build+s1 ! same spires z se5 be=e1 lo/ z x 7 9 a =e/ ( p9nacles1 em]g+ f two octagonal lant]ns or cimborios4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 on a s&y hill1 are ! ru9s ( ! ca/le :i* once ^u a "t 0 ! /ronghold ( ! ,c\nts ( ,ca/ile4 ,burgos6 ,pass+ b5ea? a f\r-hundr$-ye>-old gateway--,arco de ,santa ,m>ia--rais$ by trembl+ b\rgeois to appease a mon>*'s wra?1 ! visitor arrives aft] _m a turn 9 a squ>e situat$ 9 front ( ! ca!dral4 ,a poor ar*itectural elem5t is ?is we/]n front ( ! ca!dral z reg>ds ! fir/ body or ! portals4 ,devoid ( all ornam5tation1 & consequ5tly nak$1 ?ree doors or portals1 surm\nt$ by a peculi> egg-%ap$ ogival ar*1 op5 into ! nave & aisles4 ,orig9ally !y 7 ri*ly decorat$ by means ( sculptural reliefs & /atu>y1 b 9 ! plat]esque p]iod ( ! sixte5? c5tury !y 7 demoli%$4 ,! two lat]al doors lead+ into ! aisles are situat$ b5ea? ! #bge feet high t[]s ( excell5t workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,burgos ,,ca!dral ,! c5tral door is surm\nt$ by a plat]esque-,r5aissance p$im5t imb$d$ 9 an ogival ar* 7( all ?+s672 ! side doors are cr[n$ by a simple w9d[4 ,va/ly sup]ior 9 all respects to ! l[] body are ! upp] /ories1 ( :i* ! fir/ is begun by a p9nacl$ balu/rade runn+ f t[] to t[]2 9 ! c5tre1 betwe5 ! two t[]s1 !re is an imm5se rosace ( a magnific5t design & embelli%$ by means ( an ogival ar* 9 delicate relief2 ! w9d[s ( ! t[]1 z well z 9 ! sup]ior bodies1 are pure ogival4 ,! next /ory c be consid]$ z ! basem5t ( ! t[]s1 prop]ly speak+4 ,! c5tral "p beg9s ) a prom95t balu/rade ( /atues ?r[n aga9/ a backgr\nd =m$ by tw9 ogival w9d[s ( exceptional size4 ,! ?ird /ory is compos$1 z reg>ds ! t[]s1 ( ! la/ ( ! squ>e bodies ^u :i* ! fle*e reposes2 ^! squ>e bases are unit$ by a light frieze or p]=at$ balu/rade :i* cr[ns ! c5tral "p ( ! facade & is decorat$ ) ogival designs4 ,la/ to be m5tion$1 b n lea/ 9 importance1 are ! fle*es4 ,?\gh %ort 9 comp>ison to ! bold /ructure at ,ovi$o1 !y are1 nev]!less1 ( surpris+ dignity & elegance1 & ri*ly ornam5t$1 be+ cov]$ ov] ) an innum]able am\nt ( t9y p9nacles encru/$1 z x 71 on ! /one network ( a p]=at$ pyramid4 ,! nor!rn facade is ri*] 9 sculptural details ?an ! we/]n1 ?\gh ! portal possesses b "o r[ ( /atues4 ,! rosace is sub/itut$ by a ?ree-lob$ w9d[1 ! c5tral pane ( :i* is l>g] ?an ! lat]al two4 ,z ?is nor!rn facade is almo/ fifte5 feet high] ?an ! gr\nd-plan ( ! temple1--on acc\nt ( ! /reet be+ mu* high]1--a flight ( /eps leads d[n into ! transept4 ,z a ,r5aissance "w1 ?is gold5 /aircase is "o ( ,spa9's m>vels1 b x looks r out ( place 9 an ess5tially ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,to avoid ! dang] ( fall+ d[n ^! /airs & ) a view to _! pres]vation1 ! transept 0 pi]c$ by ano!r door 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 on a level ) ! floor ( ! build+1 & lead+ into a /reet l[] ?an ! previ\s "o2 x is situat$ on ! ea/ ( ! prolong$ transept1 or bett] /ill1 ( ! prolong$ nor!rn transept arm4 ,on ! s\? side a cloi/] door corresponds to ?is la/-nam$ portal4 ,?\gh ! latt] is plat]esque1 cold & sev]e1 ! =m] is ! ri*e/ ( all ! portals z reg>ds sculptural details2 ! c>v+ ( ! panels is also ( ! f9e/ workman%ip4 ,beside x1 ! s\!rn front ( ! ca!dral co9cides p]fectly ) ! nor!rn2 l ! ,pu]ta de la ,plat]ia 9 ,santiago1 x is r5d]$ some:at insignificant by ! cloi/] to ! "r & by ! ar*bi%op's palace to ! left1 betwe5 :i* x is rea*$ by a pav$ s]ies ( t]races1 = on ?is side ! /reet is l[] ?an ! floor ( ! ca!dral4 ,! impression produc$ by ?is alley is gr& & impos+1 unique 9 ,spa94 ,nei!r is ! situation ( ! temple exactly ea/ & we/1 a r>e circum/ance 9 su* a highly ,ca?olic c\ntry l ,spa94 ,x is ,roman cruci=m 9 %ape2 ! c5tral nave conta9s bo? *oir & high alt>2 ! aisles are prolong$ beh9d ! latt] 9 an ambulatory4 ,! lat]al walls ( ! *ur*1 enl>g$ "h & !re to make room = *apels ( diff]5t dim5sions1 give an irregul> outl9e to ! build+ :i* has be5 p>tly rem$i$ by ! free use ( buttresses1 fly+ buttresses1 & p9nacles4 ,! fir/ impression produc$ on ! visitor /&+ 9 ei!r ( ! aisles is t ( size r ?an beauty2 a close exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ( ! weal? ( /atues & tombs1 & ( ! sculptural excell5ce ( /one decoration1 w draw f ! t\ri/ _m an exclamation ( wond] & delight4 ,fur!r1 ! di/ribution ( light is su* z to r5d] ! int]ior ( ! temple gay r ?an sombre2 x is a pity1 nev]!less1 t ! /a9$ glasses ( ! sixte5? c5tury see 7 all de/roy$ by a p[d] explosion 9 #ahac1 :5 ! ,fr5* soldi]s demoli%$ ! ca/le4 ,! unusual height ( ! *oir m>s ! ensemble ( ! int]ior2 ! /alls are lavi%ly c>v$1 b d n inspire ! same feel+ ( wond]ful beauty z d ^? ( ,leon & ,tol$o1 = in/ance2 ! reja or grille :i* sep>ates ! *oir f ! transept is "o ( ! f9e/ pieces ( "w 9 ! ca!dral1 &1 ?\gh massive1 x is simple & elegant4 ,! retablo ( ! high alt>1 ri*ly gilt1 is ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod2 ! /atues & gr\ps :i* fill ! ni*es are m>vell\sly drawn & full ( life4 ,9 ! ambulatory1 imb$d$ 9 ! wall ( ! trascoro1 !re are six plaques 9 l[ relief2 z sculptural "w 9 /one !y are unrivall$ 9 ! ca!dral1 & 7 c>v$1 beyond a d\bt1 by ! h& ( a ma/]4 ,! croisee & ! ,*apel ( ! ,conde/able are ! two *ief attractions ( ! ca!dral *ur*4 ,! la/ nam$ *apel is an octagonal addition to ! apse4 ,its walls f ! ext]ior are se5 to be ri*ly sculptur$ & surm\nt$ by a lant]n1 or w9d[$ dome1 surr\nd$ by high p9nacles & spires plac$ on ! angles ( ! polygon base4 ,! croisee is simil> 9 /ructure1 b1 due to its great] height1 appe>s ev5 m sl5d] & a]ial4 ,! t[]s ) _! fle*es1 toge!r ) ^! orig9al octagonal lant]ns ) _! p9nacles1 l5d an undescribable grace1 elegance1 & maje/y to :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 a r unwieldy edifice4 ,! ,*apel ( ! ,conde/able is sep>at$ f ! ambulatory 79 ! int]ior ( ! temple7 by a good grille ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & by a pr(usely sculptur$ door4 ,! w9d[s above ! alt> are ! only ones t reta9 pa9t$ panes ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,among ! o!r objects conta9$ 9 ?is *apel--:i* is really a connoisseur's collection ( art objects ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies--c be m5tion$ ! two m>vell\sly c>v$ tombs ( ! ,conde/able & ( 8 wife4 ,! croisee1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 call$ ! ca!dral's ca!dral4 ,gaz+ skyw>d f ! c5tre ( ! transept into ! high cimborio1 & admir+ ! h>mony ( its details1 ! weal? ( decorative elem5ts1 & ! no less orig9al /ructure ( ! dome1 ^: vault is =m$ by an imm5se />1 "o c und]/& ! epi!t appli$ to ?is maje/ic piece ( "w1 a m>vel ( its k9d4 ,/range to say1 ! primitive cupola :i* cr[n$ ! croisee fell d[n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! date also ( ,burgos's gr[+ insignificance 9 political que/ions4 ,consequ5tly1 x 0 believ$ by _m t ! same fate produc$ bo? accid5ts1 & t ! d[nfall ( ! "o necess>ily involv$ ! decad5ce ( ! o!r4 ,to conclude3 ,! ,go?ic ca!dral ( ,burgos is1 ) t ( ,leon & p]haps t ( ,sevilla1 ! "o :i* expresses 9 a great] measure ?an any o!r on ! p59sula ! true ideal ( ogival ar*itecture4 ,less airy1 light1 & graceful ?an t ( ,leon1 x is1 nev]!less1 m ,spani%1 or 9 o!r words1 m maje/ic1 heavi]1 & m impos+ z reg>ds size & weight4 ,f a sculptural po9t ( view--/one sculpture--x is ! fir/ ( all ,spani% ,go?ic ca!drals1 & ranks among ! mo/ elaborate & p]fect 9 ,europe4 ,,vi ,,sant&] ,! f\ndation ( ,sant&] is attribut$ to ! ,romans :o baptiz$ x ,h>b\r ( ,victory4 ,its decad5ce aft] ! ,roman dom9ion seems to h be5 complete1 & its "n does n appe> 9 ! annals ( ,spani% hi/ory until 9 #aahg1 :5 ,alfonso1 eigh? ( t "n & ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 induc$ ! repopulation ( ! des]t$ hamlet by giv+ x a special fu]o or privilege4 ,at t "t a mona/]y surr\nd$ by a few mis]able huts seems to h be5 all t 0 left ( ! ,roman seaport2 ?is mona/]y 0 d$icat$ to ! m>tyr sa9ts ,emet]io & ,cel$onio1 = x 01 & /ill is1 believ$ t !y p]i%$ "h1 & n 9 ,calahorra1 z w be se5 lat] on4 ,! "n ( ! nasc5t city 9 ! times ( ,alfonso ,,viii4 0 ,sancti ,emetrii1 f t ( ! mona/]y or ( ! old t[n1 b )9 a few ye>s ! new t[n eclips$ ! =m] 9 importance &1 be+ d$icat$ to ,/4 ,&rew1 gave its "n to ! pres5t city 7,san-t-,&res1 ,sant&]74 ,z a m>itime t[n1 ,sant&] became connect$ ) all ! naval ev5ts und]tak5 by "y ,ca/ile1 & lat] by ,philip ,,ii41 aga9/ ,engl&4 ,k+s1 pr9ces1 pr9cess-consorts1 & ambassadors f =eign l&s came by sea to ,sant&]1 & w5t f !nce to ,burgos & ,valladolid2 f ,sant&] & ! imm$iate seaports ! fleet sail$ :i* 0 to travel up ! ,guadalquivir & conqu] ,sevilla2 9 #aegd ! ,inv9cible ,armada left ! ,bay ( ,biscay nev] to return1 & f !nce on until n[1 ,sant&] has ev] rema9$ ! mo/ important ,spani% seaport on ! ,cantabric ,sea4 ,its ecclesia/ical hi/ory is un9t]e/+--or1 r1 ! city possesses no ecclesia/ical pa/2 p]haps t is "o ( ! causes ( its fl\ri%+ /ate to-day4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! mona/ical ,*ur* ( ,san ,emet]io 0 rais$ to a collegiate & 9 #agge to a bi%opric4 ,! same unimportance1 f an art po9t ( view1 atta*es itself to ! ca!dral *ur*4 ,no "o visits ! city = ! sake ( ! heavy1 clumsy1 & exce$+ly irregul>ly built temple :i* /&s on ! highe/ "p ( ! t[n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! great attraction is ! f9e bea* ( ! ,s>d9]o :i* lies to ! we/ ( ! indu/rial t[n1 & is1 9 summ]1 ! ,brighton ( ,spa94 ,! coa/-l9e1 deeply d5tat$ & back$ by ! ,cantabric ,m\nta9s1 is f> m delightful & attractive ?an ! ,go?ic ca!dral /ructure ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,consequ5tly1 little ne$ be said ab\t x4 ,9 ! int]ior1 ! height ( ! nave & aisles1 r5d]$ m pron\nc$ by ! po9t$ ogival ar*es1 gives ! build+ a some:at a]ial appe>ance t is beli$ by ! view f )\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crypt ,,( ,,sant&] ,,ca!dral ,! squ>e t[] on ! we/]n end is und]m9$ by a gall]y or tunnel ?r\gh :i* ! ,calle de ,pu5te passes4 ,to ! "r ( ! same1 & rea*$ by a flight ( /eps1 /&s ! entrance to ! crypt1 :i* is us$ to-day z a mo/ unheal?y p>i% *ur*4 ,?is crypt ( ! late twelf? c5tury or e>ly ?irte5? %[s a decid$ ,romanesque t5d5cy 9 its g5]al appe>ance3 x is l[1 massive1 /rong1 & cr[n$ by a semicircul> vault+ repos+ on gigantic pill>s ^: capitals are r\ghly sculptur$4 ,! w9d[s :i* let 9 ! little light t ent]s are ogival1 prov+ ! ,transition p]iod to :i* ! crypt belongs2 x 0 orig9ally int5d$ z ! pan!on = ! abbots ( ! mona/]y4 ,b unlike ! ,galician ,romanesque1 x lacks an individual ca*et2 if x resembles any?+ x is ! pan!on ( ! k+s 9 ,san ,isidoro 9 ,leon1 ?\gh 9 po9t ( view ( beauty1 ! two _c be comp>$4 ,! =m ( ! crypt is t ( a p]fect ,romanesque basilica1 a nave & two aisles t]m9at+ a ?ree-lob$ apse4 ,9 ! ca!dral1 prop]ly speak+1 !re is a baptismal font ( m>ble1 be>+ an ,arabic inscription by way ( upp] frieze2 x is squ>e1 & ( ,moori% workman%ip1 & d\btless 0 br\ght f ,cordoba aft] ! reconque/4 ,its primitive use _h be5 practical1 = 9 ,&alusia x /ood at ! entrance to "s mezquita1 & 9 its limpid wat]s ! disciples ( ,mahomet p]=m$ _! hygi5ic & religi\s ablutions4 ,,vii ,,vitoria ,if ! =eign] ent] ,spa9 by ,irun1 ! fir/ ca!dral t[n on 8 way s\? is ,vitoria4 ,gazteiz seems to h be5 its ,basque "n prior to #aaha1 :5 x 0 enl>g$ by ,don ,san*o ( ,nav>ra & 0 giv5 a fu]o or privilege1 toge!r ) its new "n1 *os5 to commemorate a victory obta9$ by ! k+ ov] 8 rival1 ,alfonso ( ,ca/ile4 ,=tune did n smile = any l5g? ( "t on ,don ,san*o1 = sev5te5 ye>s lat] ,alfonso ,,viii4 incorporat$ ! city 9 8 k+dom ( ,ca/ile1 & x 0 lo/ = ev] to ,nav>ra4 ,z reg>ds ! celebrat$ fu]os giv5 by ! la/ nam$ mon>* to ! inhabitants ( ! city1 a curi\s cu/om 0 9 vogue 9 ! city until a few ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,basque ,prov9ces f9ally lo/ ! privileges !y _h f\ght = dur+ c5turies4 ,:5 ,alfonso ,,viii4 grant$ ^! privileges1 he told ! citiz5s !y 7 to cons]ve !m z long z ! wat]s ( ! ,zadorria fl[$ into ! ,ebro4 ,! ,zadorria is ! riv] ^u :i* ,vitoria is situat$2 ab\t two miles up ! riv] !re is a hi/orical village1 ,arriago1 & a no less hi/orical bridge4 ,hi!r1 !n1 e ye> on ,/4 ,john's ,day1 ! inhabitants ( ,vitoria came 9 procession1 head$ by ! municipal au?orities1 ! bi%op & cl]gy1 ! cl]k ( ! t[n hall1 & ! %]iff4 ,! latt] on 8 /e$ wad$ into ! wat]s ( ! ,zadorria1 & ?rew a lett] into ! /ream2 x fl[$ ) ! curr5t t[>d ! ,ebro ,riv]4 ,an act 0 !n drawn up by ! cl]k1 sign$ by ! mayor & ! %]iff1 te/ify+ t ! wat]s ( ! ,zadorria fl[$ into ! ,ebro4 ,to-day ! wat]s /ill fl[ into ! ,ebro1 b ! procession does n take place1 & ! city's fu]os are no m4 ,9 ! reign ( ,isabel ! ,ca?olic1 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y 0 rais$ to a ,colegiata1 & x is only q rec5tly1 accord+ to ! late/ treaty betwe5 ,spa9 & ,rome1 t an episcopal see has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! city ( ,vitoria4 ,docum5ts t h be5 discov]$ /ate t 9 #abha--;a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! city _h be5 newly baptiz$--! pr9cipal temple 0 a *ur* & ca/le comb9$2 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ?is 0 completely torn d[n to make room = ! new build+1 a mode/ ogival *ur* ( little or no m]it4 ,! t[] is ( a lat] date ?an ! body ( ! ca!dral1 z is easily se5 by ! triangul> p$im5ts :i* cr[n ! squ>e w9d[s3 x is compos$ ( ?ree bodies1 z is g5]ally ! case 9 ,spa91 ! fir/ ( :i* is squ>e 9 its cross-section1 possess+ f\r turrets :i* cr[n ! angles2 ! second body is octagonal & ! ?ird is 9 ! =m ( a pyramid t]m9at+ 9 a spire4 ,! portal is cut into ! base ( ! t[]4 ,x is ! h&some/ front ( ! build+1 ?\gh 9 a r dilapidat$ /ate2 ! sculptural decorations ( ! ?ree ar*es1 z well z ! a]ial reliefs ( ! tympanum1 are true to ! p]iod 9 :i* !y 7 conceiv$4 ,! sacri/y encloses a primitive wood5 effigy ( ! ,virg92 x is ( great] hi/oric ?an arti/ic value4 ,!re is also a fam\s picture attribut$ n[ to ,van ,dyck1 n[ to ,murillo2 x repres5ts ,*ri/ 9 ! arms ( 8 "m1 & ,m>y ,magdal5e weep+ on h] knees beside ! pr9cipal gr\p4 ,! picture is kn[n by ! "n ( ,piety or ,la ,pi$ad4 ,! high alt>1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ to ! ea/ ( ! transept1 z is g5]ally ! case1 is set b5ea? ! croisee1 9 ! circul> area =m$ by ! int]section ( nave & transept4 ,! view ( ! int]ior is !re=e completely ob/ruct$1 no matt] :]e ! spectator /&s4 ,,viii ,,upp] ,,rioja ,to ! s\? ( ,nav>ra & ab\t a hundr$ miles to ! we/ ( ,burgos1 ! ,ebro ,riv] fl[s ?r\gh a f]tile vale call$ ! ,rioja1 fam\s = its cl>et4 ,x is little frequ5t$ by /rang]s or t\ri/s1 & yet x is well wor? a visit4 ,! tra9 runs d[n ! ,ebro valley f ,mir&a to ,s>agosse4 ,a hilly c\ntry to ! nor? & s\?1 well wood$ & g5tly slop+ l ! ,jura2 ne>]1 & along ! banks ( ! /ream1 hu]tas or or*>ds1 g>d5s1 & v9ey>ds (f] a pleasant contra/ to ! di/ant l&scape1 & produce a fav\rable impression1 especially :5 a village or t[n ) its squ>e1 massive *ur*-t[] peeps =? f out ( ! foliage ( fruit-trees & elms4 ,su* is ,upp] ,rioja--"o ( ! prettie/ spots 9 ,spa91 ! ,t\ra9e1 "o might almo/ say1 ( ,ib]ia1 a circul> region ( ab\t tw5ty-five miles 9 radius1 conta9+ f\r cities1 ,logrono1 ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada1 ,naj]a1 & ,calahorra4 ,! ,roman milit>y road f ,t>ragon to ,a/orga pass$ ?r\gh ! ,rioja1 & ,calahorra1 a ,celtib]ian /ronghold slightly to ! s\?1 0 conqu]$ by ! invad]s aft] z /urdy a resi/ance z t ( ,numantia itself4 ,x 0 n totally de/roy$ by ! conqu]+ ,romans z happ5$ 9 ! la/ nam$ t[n2 on ! contr>y1 x grew to be ! mo/ important =tress betwe5 ,leon & ,s>agosse4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian religion dawn$ 9 ! ,we/1 two y\?s1 insep>able bro!rs1 & soldi]s 9 ! sev5? legion /ation$ 9 ,leon1 embrac$ ! true religion & migrat$ to ,calahorra4 ,!y 7 behead$ aft] be+ submitt$ to a s]ies ( ! mo/ frightful tortures1 & _! tunics1 leav+ ! bodies f :i* life _h escap$1 so>$ skyw>ds ) ! sa9tly s\ls1 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ! ,roman spectators4 ,! names ( ^! two m>tyr sa9ts 7 ,emet]io & ,cel$onio1 :o1 z we h se51 are wor%ipp$ 9 ,sant&]2 besides1 !y are also ! patron sa9ts ( ,calahorra4 ,! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,calahorra took possession ( 8 see t[>d ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury2 8 "n 0 ,silvano4 ,unluckily1 he 0 ! only "o ^: "n is kn[n to-day1 & yet x has be5 prov5 t :5 ! ,moors invad$ ! c\ntry two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ! see 0 remov$ to ,ovi$o1 lat] to ,alava 7ne> ,vitoria1 :]e no rema9s ( a ca!dral *ur* are to be se5 to-day71 & 9 ! t5? c5tury to ,naj]a4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,k+ ( ,nav>ra1 ,don ,g>cia1 conqu]$ ! ,arab =tress at ,calahorra1 ! w&]+ see 0 once m firmly *a9$ d[n to ! orig9al spot ( its creation 7#ajcj2 ! fir/ bi%op de mod]nis be+ ,don ,san*o74 ,ne> by1 & 9 a vale lead+ to ! s\? f ! ,ebro1 ! ,moors built a =tress & call$ x ,naj]a4 ,conqu]$ by ! e>ly k+s ( ,nav>ra1 x 0 rais$ to ! dignity ( "o ( ! ca!dral t[ns ( ! c\ntry2 f #iej 7fir/ bi%op1 ,!odomio7 to #ajcj t5 bi%ops held _! c\rt "h1 t is1 until ! see 0 remov$ to ,calahorra4 ,s9ce !n1 & especially aft] ! conque/ ( ,rioja by ,alfonso ,,vi4 ( ,ca/ile1 ! city's significance di$ out completely1 & to-day x is b a %ad[ ( :at x previ\sly _h be51 or bett] /ill1 x is an ignor$ village among ru9s4 ,/ill fur!r we/1 & likewise situat$ 9 a vale to ! s\? ( ! ,ebro1 ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada ranks z ! ?ird city4 ,orig9ally its p>i% 0 b a suffragan *ur* ( ,calahorra1 b 9 #abbg x 0 rais$ to an episcopal see4 ,q rec5tly1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 *ur* funds 7 no long] :at !y _h be51 only "o bi%op 0 appo9t$ to bo? sees1 ) an alt]native resid5ce 9 ei!r ( ! two1 t is to say1 "o prelate resid$ 9 ,calahorra1 8 successor 9 ,santo ,dom+o1 & s =? & s on4 ,s9ce #ahej1 h[ev]1 bo? villages--= !y are cities 9 "n only--h lo/ all "r to a bi%op1 ! see hav+ be5 def9itely remov$ to ,logrono1 or x w be remov$ !re z soon z ! pres5t bi%op dies4 ,b he has a long life1 ! pres5t bi%op6 ,! orig9 ( ,santo ,dom+o is purely religi\s4 ,9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies a pi\s individual liv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ^: life-"w & ambition x 0 to facilitate ! travell+ pilgrims to ,santiago 9 ,galicia4 ,he s]v$ z guide1 kept a road op5 9 w9t] & summ]1 & ev5 built bridges across ! /reams1 "o ( :i* is /ill exi/+ to-day1 & leads into ! t[n :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,he _h ev5 gone s f> z to e/abli% a ru/ic sort ( an inn :]e ! pilgrims c\ld pass ! night & eat 7)\t pay+874 ,he also con/ruct$ a *ur* beside 8 inn4 ,^u dy+1 he 0 canoniz$ ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada 7,dom+o 0 8 "n1 & calzada is old ,spani% = highroad74 ,! ,alfonsos ( ,ca/ile 7 grateful to ! humble sa9t = hav+ sav$ !m ! exp5se & tr\ble ( look+ aft] _! roads1 & orda9$ t a h&some *ur* %\ld be erect$ on ! spot :]e previ\sly ! humble inn & *apel _h /ood4 ,h\ses grew up ar\nd x rapidly & ! dignity ( ! new temple 0 rais$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,( ! f\r cities ( ,upp] ,rioja1 ! only "o wor?y ( ! "n ( city is ,logrono1 ) its hi/orical bridge across ! ,ebro1 a bridge t 0 held1 accord+ to ! tradition1 by ! h]o1 ,ruy ,diaz ,gaona1 & ?ree valiant companions aga9/ a :ole army ( invad+ ,nav>rese4 ,! "n ,lucronio or ,logrono is fir/ m5tion$ 9 a docum5t t[>d ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! date ( its f\ndation is absolutely unkn[n1 & all t c be said is t1 once x _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! mon>*s ( ,ca/ile 7#ajgf71 x grew rapidly 9 importance1 out-%9+ ! o!r ?ree ,rioja cities4 ,x is seat$ on ! s\!rn banks ( ! ,ebro 9 ! mo/ f]tile "p ( ! :ole region1 & enjoys a delightful climate4 ,s9ce #ahej x has be5 rais$ to ! dignity ( an episcopal see4 ,z reg>ds ! ar*itectural rema9s ( ! f\r cities 9 ! ,upp] ,rioja valley1 !y are simil> to ^? ( ,nav>ra1 prop]ly speak+1 ?\gh n s pure 9 _! g5]al l9es4 ,9 o!r words1 !y belong to ! decad5t p]iod ( ,go?ic art4 ,moreov]1 !y h "o & all be5 spoil$ by +5i\s1 ?\gh dreadful mixtures ( plat]esque1 ,r5aissance1 & grotesque decorative details1 & consequ5tly ! real rema9s ( ! old twelf? & ?irte5? c5tury ,go?ic & ,romanesque con/ructions are difficult to trace4 ,naj]a4--,absolutely no?+ rema9s ( ! old ,romanesque *ur* built by ! k+ ,don ,g>cia4 ,a new edifice ( decad5t ,go?ic1 mix$ ) ,r5aissance details1 & dat+ f ! fifte5? c5tury1 /&s to-day2 x conta9s a magnific5t s]ies ( *oir /alls ( excell5t workman%ip1 & simil> to ^? ( ,burgos4 ,! cloi/]1 9 spite ( ! ,arab-look+ geometrical trac]y ( ! ogival ar*es1 is bo? light & elegant4 ,?is ca!dral 0 at "o "t us$ z ! pan!on ( ! k+s ( ,nav>ra4 ,ab\t t5 elaborate m>ble tombs /ill lie at ! foot ( ! build+4 ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada4--,! primitive gr\nd-plan ( ! ca!dral has be5 pres]v$1 a nave & two aisles %[+ ,romanesque /r5g? 9 ! l[] & ogival lightness 9 ! upp] ti]s4 ,b o!rwise no?+ rem9ds "o ( a twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury *ur*4 ,! cloi/]1 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is a h&some plat]esque-,r5aissance edifice1 r small1 sev]e1 & cold4 ,! great m]it ( ?is *ur* lies 9 ! sepul*ral tombs 9 ! diff]5t *apels1 all ( :i* 7 execut$ t[>d ! end ( ! fifte5? & dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5turies1 & any "o wi%+ to =m = himself an idea ( ?is p>ticul> bran* ( ,spani% monum5tal art mu/ n fail to exam9e su* sepul*res z ^? ( ,c>ranza1 ,f]n&o ,alfonso1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cloi/] ,,( ,,naj]a ,,ca!dral ,! effigy ( ! patron sa9t 7,santo ,dom+o7 is ( pa9t$ wood clo!d 9 ri* silv] robes1 :i* =m a /rik+ anti!sis to ! sa9t's humble & mode/ life4 ,! *apel :]e ! latt] lies is clos$ by a gild$ iron reja ( plat]esque workman%ip4 ,! sa9t's body lies 9 a simple m>ble sepul*re1 said to h be5 c>v$ by ,santo ,dom+o himself1 :o 0 bo? an ar*itect & a sculptor4 ,! tru? ( ?is v]sion is1 h[ev]1 d\btful4 ,( ! squ>e t[] & ! pr9cipal entrance no rem>ks ne$ be made1 = bo? are insignificant4 ,! retablo ( ! high alt> has be5 attribut$ to ,fom5t1 :o con/ruct$ ^? ( ,s>agosse & ,huesca4 ,! attribution is1 h[ev]1 mo/ d\btful1 z %[n by ! completely diff]5t /yles employ$ by ! arti/ ( ea*4 ,n t ! retablo 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santo ,dom+o is inf]ior to ,fom5t's ma/]works 9 ,aragon1 b ! decorative motives ( ! flank+ columns & l[ reliefs w\ld prove--9 case !y _h be5 execut$ by ! ,aragonese ,fom5t--a dep>ture f ! latt]'s classic /yle4 ,9 "o ( ! ni*es ( ! cloi/]1 9 a simple urn1 lies ! he>t ( ,don ,enrique1 second ,k+ ( ,ca/ile ( t "n1 ! half-bro!r 7"o ( ! ba/>ds m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] & f :om all lat] ,spani% mon>*s are desc5d$7 ( ,pet] ! ,cruel4 ,! latt] 0 murd]$ by 8 fond relative1 :o usurp$ ! ?rone4 ,logrono4--,9 #adce ,santa ,m>ia la ,r$onda 0 rais$ to a suffragan *ur* ( ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada2 ab\t ?is date ! old build+ mu/ h be5 almo/ entirely torn d[n1 z ! ogival ar*es ( ! nave are ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 s also are ! l[] w9d[s :i*1 on ! we/1 flank ! s\!rn door4 ,except+ ^! few rema9s1 no?+ c br+ to ! t\ri/'s m9d ! fifte5?-c5tury edifice1 & n a s+le /one c recall ! twelf?-c5tury *ur*4 ,= ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! build+ are ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & successive c5turies1 & to-day ! int]ior is be+ enl>g$ s z to make room = ! see :i* is to be remov$ "h f ,santo ,dom+o & ,calahorra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,santa ,,m>ia ,,la ,,r$onda1 ,,logrono ,! int]ior is ,roman cruci=m ) a high & airy c5tral nave1 9 :i* /&s ! *oir1 & on ea* h& a r d>k aisle ( mu* small] dim5sions4 ,! trascoro is ! only peculi>ity possess$ by ?is *ur*4 ,x is l>ge & circul>1 clos$ by an imm5se vault+ :i* turns x into a *apel sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! *ur* 7comp>e ) ! ,*ur* ( ! ,pill> ( ,s>agosse74 ,true to ! grotesque /yle to :i* x belongs1 ! :ole surface ( walls & vault is cov]$ ) pa9t+s1 ! =m] app>5tly 9 oil1 ! latt] frescoes4 ,vixes pa9t$ !m 9 ! !atrical /yle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,f ! outside1 ! regul> features ( ! *ur* please ! eye 9 spite ( ! evid5t signs ( arti/ic decad5ce4 ,! two t[]s1 high & sl5d]1 are among ! be/ produc$ by ! p]iod ( decad5ce 9 ,spa9 :i* foll[$ ^u ,h]r]o's sev]e /yle1 if only ! upp]mo/ body lack$ ! circul> l9t]na :i* makes ! spire top-heavy4 ,betwe5 ! two t[]s1 :i*1 :5 se5 f a di/ance1 ga9 9 beauty & l5d to ! city a noble & picturesque aspect1 ! facade1 prop]ly speak+1 rea*es to _! second body4 ,x is a holl[1 cr[n$ by half a dome 9 ! %ape ( a %ell :i* 9 its turn is surm\nt$ by a plat]esque cornice 9 ! %ape ( a long & n>r[ scroll4 ,! holl[ is a peculi> & d>+ m$ley ( ar*itectural elegance & sculptural biz>r]ie & vice v]sa4 ,f ,madrazo x drew ! exclamation t1 s9ce he _h se5 x1 he 0 conv9c$ t n all monum5ts belong+ to ! grotesque /yle 7 devoid ( beauty4 ,! date ( ! erection ( ! we/]n front is d\btless ! same z t ( ! trascoro2 bo? are contemporane\s--! au?or is incl9$ to believe--) ! erection ( ! ,pill> 9 ,s>agosse2 at lea/1 !y resemble ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 unmi/akable details4 ,calahorra4--,! f\r? ( ! ca!dral *ur*es ( ,upp] ,rioja is t ( ,calahorra4 ,aft] ! repopulation ( ! t[n by ,alfonso ,,vi4 ( ,ca/ile 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ! bodies ( ! two m>tyr sa9ts ,emet]io & ,cel$onio 7 pull$ up out ( a well 7to be se5 to-day 9 ! cloi/]7 :]e !y _h be5 hidd5 by ! ,*ri/ians1 :5 ! ,moors conqu]$ ! =tress1 & a *ur* 0 built ne> ! same spot4 ,( ?is elev5?-c5tury *ur* no?+ rema9s to-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,front ,,( ,,calahorra ,,ca!dral ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 a new build+ 0 begun1 b ! process ( con/ruction cont9u$ sl[ly1 & x 0 n until two hundr$ ye>s lat] t ! apse 0 f9ally f9i%$4 ,! body ( ! *ur*1 f ! we/]n front 7?is latt] hide\sly mod]n & un9t]e/+7 to ! transept1 is ! olde/ "p1--simple ,go?ic ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! num]\s *apels :i* =m a r+ ar\nd ! *ur* h all be5 decorat$ 9 ! grotesque /yle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ) _! lively col\rs1 _! poly*rome /atues1 & ov]done ornam5tation1 !y (f] b little int]e/ to ! visitor4 ,! retablo ( ! high alt> is "o ( ! l>ge/ to be se5 any:]e2 b ! ,r5aissance elegance ( ! l[] body is completely dr[n$ by ! grotesque decoration ( ! upp] half1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ at a lat] date4 ,! *oir /alls are f9e specim5s ( t /yle 9 :i* ! arti/ pref]r$ an intricate composition to simple beauty4 ,biblical sc5es1 surr\nd$ & sep>at$ by allegorical p]sonages & symbolical l9es 9 great pr(usion1 %[ ! c>v]'s tal5t r ?an 8 arti/ic g5ius4 ,,ix ,,soria ,! ,du]o ,riv]1 ^u leav+ its s\rce at ! foot ( ! ,pico de ,urbion 7ne> ,v9uesa71 fl[s ea/w>d = ab\t fifty miles1 !n s\?w>d = ano!r fifty miles1 :5 x turns abruptly we/w>d on its l5g?y j\rney across ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,! circul> region1 limit$ on ?ree sides by ! riv]'s c\rse1 is ! hi/orical field ( ,soria--"p ( ! prov9ce ( ! same "n1 ,numantia1 ,rome's great enemy & almo/ ! cause ( h] ru91 lay some:]e 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 ?\gh :]e is n exactly kn[n1 z ! great ,scipio took c>e to de/roy x s ?or\ghly t n ev5 a /one rema9s to-day to indicate :]e ! h]oic =tress /ood4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 two cities & two ca!drals are seat$ on ! banks ( ! ,du]o )9 ?is circle2 ! "o is ,soria1 ! o!r ,osma4 ,! latt] 0 a ,roman t[n1 an e>ly episcopal see1 & lat] an ,arab =tress2 ! =m] 0 f\nd$ by "o ( ! ,alfonsos t[>d ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 z a fronti] =tress aga9/ ,aragon to ! ea/1 ! ,moors to ! s\?1 & ,nav>ra to ! nor?4 ,! t[n grew apace1 ?anks to ! rem>kable fu]os grant$ to ! citiz5s1 :o liv$ z 9 a republic ( _! own mak+--an almo/ unique case ( self-gov]nm5t to be record$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,! pr9cipal p>i% *ur* 0 rais$ to a suffragan ( ,osma 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,s9ce !n1 !re has be5 a cont9ual _s ( rivalry betwe5 ! two cities1 = ! =m]1 m important z a t[n & z ! capital ( a prov9ce1 c\ld n b5d its head to ! ecclesia/ical au?ority ( a village l ,osma4 ,?r\gh\t ! middle ages ! jeal\sy betwe5 ! two 0 food = incessant /rife4 ,pope ,clem5t ,,iv41 at ,alfonso ,,viii4's in/igation1 rais$ ! ,collegiate at ,soria to an episcopal see indep5d5t ( ,osma1 b ! h>d-head$ *apt] ( ! la/ nam$ city refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! ,pope's ord]1 & no bi%op 0 elect$ or appo9t$4 ,?is bitt] hatr$ betwe5 ! two rivals 0 ! orig9 ( _m an amus+ incid5t4 ,^u "o occasion ! ,bi%op ( ,osma1 visit+ 8 suffragan *ur* 9 ,soria1 _h ! h\se 9 :i* he 0 /opp+ = ! night burnt ab\t 8 e>s4 ,he mov$ (f to ano!r h\se1 & on ! second night ?is 0 also my/]i\sly set on fire4 ,8 lord%ip did n await ! ?ird night1 afraid ( :at might happ51 b bolt$ back to 8 episcopal palace at ,osma4 ,9 #aebj ! *apt] ( ! ,collegiate 9 ,soria s5t a petition to ! c\ntry's sov]eign ask+ him to ord] ! erection ( a new *ur* 9 place ( ! old twelf?-c5tury build+1 & 9 ano!r "p ( ! t[n4 ,! reque/ 0 n grant$1 h[ev]1 s :at did ! wily *apt] d8 ,x ord]$ an ar*itect to con/ruct a *apel 9 ! v c5tre ( ! *ur*1 & :5 x 0 complet$1 admir$ ! "w ) great en?usiasm1 except+ only ! pill> 9 front ( x :i* ob/ruct$ ! un9t]rupt$ view4 ,?is pill> 0 ! real support ( ! *ur*1 & ?\gh ! *apt] 0 told z mu* 7z ?\gh x did n "k x67 ! ar*itect 0 ord]$ to pull x d[n4 ,aft] hesitat+ to d s1 ! latt] acc$$3 ! pill> 0 pull$ d[n1 & ) x ! :ole *ur* tumbl$ d[n z well6 ,b ! *apt]'s game 0 discov]$1 & x 0 oblig$ to rebuild ! ca!dral on ! same spot & ) ! same mat]ials4 ,consequ5tly1 ! *ur* at ,soria is a sixte5?-c5tury build+ ( little or no m]it1 except+ ! we/]n front1 :i* is ! only "p ( ! old build+ t did n fall d[n1 & is a f9e specim5 ( ,ca/ilian ,romanesque1 z well z ! cloi/]1 "o ( ! h&some/1 besides be+ "o ( ! few twelf?-c5tury cloi/]s 9 ,spa91 ) a d\ble r[ ( sl5d] columns support+ ! r\nd-head$ ar*es4 ,?is modification ( ! conv5tional type l5ds an aspect ( peculi> lightness to ! o!rwise heavy ,romanesque4 ,z reg>ds ! settlem5t ( ! /rife betwe5 ,soria & ,osma1 ! see is to-day a d\ble "o1 l t ( ,madrid & ,alcala4 ,^u ! dea? ( ! pres5t bi%op1 h[ev]1 x w be transport$ def9itely to ,soria1 & consequ5tly ! inhabitants ( ! la/ nam$ city w at la/ be able to give ?anks = ! great m]cies ,allah or ! ,true ,god has be/[$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cloi/] ,,( ,,soria ,,ca!dral ,osma4--,f an hi/orical & ar*itectural po9t ( view1 ,osma1 ! rival city on ! ,du]o ,riv]1 is mu* m important ?an ,soria4 ,accord+ to ! tradition1 ,/4 ,james prea*$ ! ,holy ,gospel1 & aft] him ,/4 ,pet] 7or ,/4 ,paul871 :o left 8 disciple ,/4 ,a/orgio beh9d z bi%op 7#ia ,a4 ,d474 ,tw5ty-two bi%ops succe$$ him1 ! tw5ty-?ird on ! li/ be+ ,john ,i41 really ! fir/ ( ^: exi/5ce we h any positive pro(1 = he sign$ ! ?ird c\ncil 9 ,tol$o 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! ,s>ac5s drove ! %eph]d ( ! ,*ri/ian flock nor?w>d to ,a/urias1 & x 0 n until #aajj t ! fir/ bi%op de mod]nis 0 appo9t$ by ,ar*bi%op ,b]n>do ( ,tol$o4 ,! latt]'s *oice fell on ,pet]1 a virtu\s ,fr5* mona/ic monk1 :o 0 canoniz$ by ! ,pope aft] 8 dea?1 & figures 9 ! cal5d> z ,/4 ,pet] ( ,osma4 ,:5 ! fir/ bi%op took possession ( 8 see1 he />t$ to build 8 ca!dral4 ,in/ead ( *oos+ ,osma itself z ! seat1 h[ev]1 he select$ ! site ( a conv5t on ! opposite banks ( ! ,du]o 7to ! nor?71 :]e ! ,virg9 _h appe>$ to a %eph]d4 ,h\ses soon grew up ar\nd ! temple &1 to di/+ui% x f ,osma1 ! new city 0 call$ ,burgo de ,osma1 a "n x /ill reta9s4 ,9 #abcb1 n a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! erection ( ! ca!dral1 x 0 totally de/roy$1 except+ "o or two *apels /ill to be se5 9 ! cloi/]1 by ,juan ,dom+uez1 :o 0 bi%op at ! "t1 & :o wi%$ to possess a see m important 9 appe>ance ?an t left to him by 8 pr$ecessor1 ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! build+ z x /&s to-day is small1 b highly int]e/+4 ,! orig9al plan 0 t ( a ,romanesque basilica ) a ?ree-lob$ apse1 b 9 #agha ! ambulatory walk beh9d ! alt> jo9$ ! two lat]al aisles4 ,two ( ! be/ pieces ( sculptural "w 9 ! ca!dral are ! retablo ( ! high alt>1 & ! relief imb$d$ 9 ! wall ( ! trascoro--bo? ( !m c>v$ 9 wood by ,juan de ,juni1 "o ( ! be/ ,ca/ilian sculptors ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! pla/ic beauty ( ! figures & _! lifelike po/ures h>monize well ) ! simple ,r5aissance columns ornam5t$ "h & !re ) f9ely wr\ght fl[]s & g>l&s4 ,! *apel :]e ,/4 ,pet] ( ,osma's body lies is an orig9al r ?an a beautiful annex ( ! *ur*4 ,=1 giv5 ! small dim5sions ( ! ca!dral1 x 0 difficult to f9d suffici5t room = ! *apels1 sacri/y1 ve/u>y1 etc4 ,9 ! case ( ! above *apel1 !re=e1 x 0 necess>y to build x above ! ve/u>y2 x is rea*$ by a flight ( /airs1 b5ea? :i* two ?ree-lob$ ar*es lead to ! sombre room bel[4 ,! result is highly orig9al4 ,! same rem>ks z reg>d lack ( space c be made :5 speak+ ab\t ! pr9cipal entrance4 ,previ\sly ! portal _h be5 situat$ 9 ! we/]n front2 ! erection ( ! t[] on "o side1 & ( a *apel on ! o!r1 _h r5d]$ ?is entrance insignificant & half bl9d$ by ! prom95t t[]4 ,s a new "o _h to be erect$1 consid]$ by _m art critics to be a beautiful addition to ! ca!dral prop]ly speak+1 b :i* /rikes ! au?or z excessively ugly1 especially ! upp] half1 ) its balcony1 & a holl[ ar* above x1 9 ! %ad[s ( :i* ! rose w9d[ loses bo? its arti/ic & its useful object4 ,s1 be+ r\nd1 x is plac$ )9 a semicircul> sort ( avant-por*e or recess1 ! /rong cont\rs ( :i* de=m ! imm5se circle ( ! w9d[4 ,to conclude3 9 ! ca!dral ( ,osma1 bad ar*itecture is only too evid5t4 ,! t[] is p]haps ! mo/ elegant "p1 & yet ! second body1 :i* 0 to give x a gradually slop+ elegance1 0 omitt$1 & ! ?ird plac$ directly ^u ! fir/4 ,?is is no improvem5t4 ,p]haps ! real reason = ^! ar*itectural mi%aps is n s mu* ! fault ( ! ar*itects & arti/s z t ( ! *apt]1 & ( ! flock :i* c\ld n help satisfactorily t[>d ! erection ( a wor?y ca!dral4 ,luckily1 h[ev]1 !re are o!r ca!drals 9 ,spa91 :]e1 9 spite ( r$uc$ funds1 a dec5t & homog5e\s build+ 0 erect$4 ,! cloi/]1 b>e on ! inn] side1 is nev]!less a mode/ ,go?ic /ructure ) acceptable lobulat$ ogival w9d[s4 ,,"p ,,iv ,we/]n ,ca/ile ,i ,,pal5cia ,! hi/ory ( ,pal5cia c be divid$ into two di/9ct p>ts1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a lapse ( ab\t five hundr$ ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! city 0 entirely blott$ out f ! map ( ,spa94 ,! fir/ p]iod rea*es f be=e ! ,roman ,conque/ to ! ,visigo?ic dom9ation4 ,orig9ally inhabit$ by ! ,vacceos1 a ,celtib]ian tribe1 x 0 "o ( ! la/ =tresses to succumb to ,roman arms1 hav+ jo9$ ,numantia 9 ! t]rible w> wag$ by ,spani>ds & :i* has become bo? leg5d>y & univ]sal4 ,"u ,roman rule ! broad belt ( l&1 ( :i* ,pal5cia1 a milit>y t[n on ! road f ,a/orga to ,t>ragon1 0 ! capital1 fl\ri%$ z x _h nev] done be=e4 ,consequ5tly x is b natural t "o ( ! fir/ sees %\ld h be5 e/abli%$ !re z soon z ,*ri/ianity invad$ ! p59sula4 ,no records are1 h[ev]1 at h& z reg>ds ! names ( ! fir/ bi%ops & ( ! m>tyr sa9ts1 z ?ick "h z else:]e & z num]\s 9 ,spa9 z 9 ,rome itself4 ,at any rate1 contempor>y docum5ts m5tion a ,bi%op ,toribio1 n ! fir/ to occupy ! see nor ! same prelate :o work$ miracles 9 ,or5se & ,a/orga4 ,! ,pal5cian ,toribio f\ght also aga9/ ! ,priscilian h]esy1 & 0 "o ( ! imp$im5ts :i* /opp$ its spread fur!r s\?w>d4 ,( ?is man x is said t1 disgu/$ ) ! h]esy practis$ at l>ge 9 8 ,pallantia1 he m\nt$ on a hill1 &1 /ret*+ 8 arms heav5w>ds1 caus$ ! wat]s ( ! riv] to leave _! b$ & inundate ! city1 a mo/ efficaci\s means ( br++ loit]+ %eep to ! fold4 ,n[h]e did ! ,visigo?s wreak great] v5geance or h>m on ! ,ib]ians :o _h h9d]$ _! entry into ! p59sula ?an 9 ,pal5cia4 ,x 0 entirely wreck$ & ru9$1 n "o /one rema9+ to tell ! tale ( ! city t _h be54 ,sl[ly x em]g$ f ! wreck1 a village r ?an a t[n2 once 9 a:ile its bi%ops are m5tion$1 liv+ r 9 ,tol$o ?an 9 _! humble see4 ,! ,arab invasion deva/at$ a second "t ! gr[+ t[n2 p]haps x 0 ,alfonso ,i4 himself :o completely wreck$ x1 = ! ,moori% fronti] 0 to ! nor? ( ! city1 & x 0 ! sov]eign's tactics to raze to ! gr\nd all cities he c\ld n keep1 :5 he made a risky incursion into ho/ile c\ntry4 ,s ,pal5cia 0 =gott5 until ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 ,san*o el ,mayor1 ,k+ ( ,nav>ra1 :o _h conqu]$ ?is "p ( ,ca/ile1 ree/abli%$ ! long-ignor$ see4 ,he 0 hunt+ among ! we$s t cov]$ ! ru9s ( :at _h once be5 a ,roman =tress1 :5 a bo> sprang out ( cov] 9 front ( him & escap$4 ,be+ light ( foot1 ! k+ foll[$ ! animal until x disappe>$ 9 a cave1 or :at appe>$ to be su*1 ?\gh x really 0 a subt]ranean *apel d$icat$ to ! m>tyrs1 or to ! patron sa9t ( old ,pallantia1 namely1 ,san ,antol94 ,! hunt$ bea/ c[]$ d[n 9 front ( ! alt>2 ! k+ lift$ 8 arm to spe> x1 :5 lo1 8 arm 0 deta9$ 9 mid-air by an invisible h&6 ,imm$iately ! mon>* pro/rat$ himself be=e ! miracul\s effigy ( ! sa9t2 he ackn[l$g$ 8 sacrilegi\s s91 & pray$ = =giv5ess2 ! bo> escap$1 ! mon>*'s arm fell to 8 side1 & a few days lat] ! see 0 ree/abli%$1 a *ur* 0 erect$ above ! subt]ranean *apel1 & ,b]n>do 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ bi%op 7#ajce74 ,aft] ,san*o's dea?1 8 son ,f]d9&1 :o1 z we h se51 manag$ to unite = ! fir/ "t all ,nor!rn ,spa9 b5ea? 8 sceptre1 made x a po9t ( hon\r to fav\r ! see 8 fa!r _h erect$ a few mon?s be=e 8 dea?1 an example foll[$ by all lat] mon>*s until ! times ( ,isabel ! ,ca?olic4 ,a surpris+ numb] ( h\ses 7 soon built ar\nd ! ca!dral1 & ! city's future 0 mo/ promis+4 ,its bi%ops 7 among ! noble-blood$ ( ! l&1 & enjoy$ su* exceptional privileges z gave !m p[] & weal? r>ely equall$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages4 ,b !n1 ! city _h be5 built = ! *ur* & n ! *ur* = ! city1 & x is n to be m>vell$ at t ! prelates bore ! title ( he*o un rey y un papa--k+ & pope4 ,! great] "p ( ^! pr9ces1 x is true1 liv$ at c\rt r ?an 9 _! episcopal see1 :i* is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! reasons :y ,pal5cia fail$ to emulate ) ,burgos & ,valladolid1 ?\gh at "o "t x 0 ! resid5ce ( "s ( ! k+s ( ,ca/ile4 ,moreov]1 be+ only second 9 importance to ! two la/ nam$ cities1 ,pal5cia 0 cont9ually ! seat ( dissid5t noblem5 & ?w>t$ heirs to ! ?rone2 because ^! latt]1 be+ unable to conqu] ! capital1 or ,valladolid1 inv>iably s\ght to e/abli% !mselves 9 ,pal5cia1 sometimes successfully1 at o!rs be+ oblig$ to retreat f ! city walls4 ,! /ory ( ! t[n is consequ5tly "o ( ! mo/ adv5tur\s & v>i$ to be read 9 ,spani% hi/ory1 & x is due to ! side x took 9 ! rebellion aga9/ ,*>les-,qu9t1 9 ! "t ( ! ,comun]os1 t x 0 f9ally oblig$ to c$e its place def9itely to ,valladolid1 & lo/ its importance z "o ( ! ?ree cities ( ,ca/illa la ,vieja4 ,x rema9s to be m5tion$ t ,pal5cia 0 ! seat ( ! fir/ ,spani% univ]sity 7,*ri/ian1 n ,moori%71 previ\s to ei!r t ( ,salamanca or ,alcala4 ,9 #abjh ?is educational in/itution 0 f\nd$ by ,alfonso ,,viii42 pr(essors 7 procur$ f ,italy & ,france1 & a build+ 0 erect$ beside ! ca!dral & "u its protect+ w+4 ,x did n survive ! mon>*'s dea?1 h[ev]1 = ! reign ( ! latt]'s son left b little sp>e "t = sci5ce & lett]s1 & 9 #abdh x 0 clos$1 ?\gh tw5ty ye>s lat] ,pope ,urbano ,,iv4 futilely endeav\r$ to ree/abli% x4 ,accord+ to a popul> tradition1 x ow$ its def9ite dea? to ! inhabitants ( ! t[n1 :o1 b5t ^u v5g+ an outrage committ$ by "o ( ! /ud5ts ^u a daught] ( ! city1 fell ^u !m "o night at a giv5 signal & kill$ !m to ! la/ man4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! ca!dral1 :i* _h suff]$ enorm\sly f sieges & f ! h&s ( enemies1 0 entirely pull$ d[n & a new "o built on ! same spot 7,june1 #acba74 ,! subt]ranean *apel1 :i* _h be5 ! cause ( ! city's resurrection1 0 /ill ! c5tral attraction & relic ( ! ca!dral1 &1 accord+ to ano!r leg5d1 no less m>vell\s ?an t ( ,toribio1 its g5u95ess has be5 plac$ def9itely 787 )\t ! pale ( skeptic d\bts4 ,x appe>s t "o ,p$ro1 ,bi%op ( ,osma 7,/4 ,pet] ( ,osma871 0 pray+ be=e ! effigy ( ,san ,antol9 :5 ! lights w5t out4 ,! pi\s yet d\bt+ prelate pray$ to ,god to give him a pro( ( ! relic's au!nticity by light+ ! c&les4 ,to 8 surprise 787 & glee1 ! c&les lit by !mselves6 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u approa* ! city by rail4 ,! tra9 leaves ,v5ta de ,banos1 a junction /ation ) a village ab\t two miles away possess+ a sev5?-c5tury ,visigo?ic *ur* :i* (f]s ! great peculi>ity ( horse%oe ar*es 9 its /ructure1 dat+ f be=e ! ,arab invasion4 ,imm$iately ^u em]g+ f ! /ation1 ! tra9 ent]s an imm5se roll+ pla9 ( a ruddy1 s&y appe>ance1 ) "h & !re an isolat$ s&-hill cr[n$ by ! =gott5 ru9s ( a m$iaeval ca/le4 ,! capital ( ?is region is ,pal5cia4 ,! erection ( ! ca!dral *ur* ( ! t[n 0 begun 9 #acba2 x 0 d$icat$ to ! ,"m & ,*ild1 & to ,san ,antol91 ^: *apel1 devoid ( all arti/ic m]it1 is /ill to be se5 b5ea? ! *oir4 ,?is edifice 0 f9i%$ t[>d #aeej4 ,! same division z has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! city c be appli$ to ! temple3 at fir/ x 0 int5d$ to con/ruct a mode/ ,go?ic *ur* ( r$ s&/one2 ! apse ) its five *apels & traditional ambulatory 0 erect$1 z well z ! transept & ! high alt> t]m9at+ ! c5tral nave4 ,!n1 aft] ab\t a hundr$ ye>s _h pass$ away1 ! orig9al plan 0 alt]$ by l5g!n+ ! body ( ! build+4 ,consequ5tly ! *apel ( ! high alt> 0 too small 9 comp>ison ) ! enl>g$ proportions1 & x 0 trans=m$ into a p>i% *apel4 ,opposite x1 & to ! we/ ( ! old transept1 ano!r high alt> 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! c5tral nave1 & a second transept sep>at$ x f ! *oir :i* foll[$4 ,9 o!r words1 & look+ at ?is curi\s monum5t z x /&s to-day1 ! c5tral nave is surm\nt$ by an ogival vault+ ( a s]ies ( t5 vaults4 ,! fir/ transept cuts ! nave b5ea? ! six?1 & ! second b5ea? ! n9? vault4 7,vault ,no4 #a is at ! we/]n end ( ! *ur*47 ,bo? transepts protrude lit]ally beyond ! g5]al wid? ( ! build+4 ,! *oir /&s b5ea? ! f\r? & fif? vaults1 & ! high alt> betwe5 ! two transepts1 occupy+ ! sev5? & eigh? space4 ,b5ea? ! t5? /&s ! p>i% *apel or ex-high alt>1 beh9d :i* runs ! ambulatory1 on ! (f-side ( :i* are situat$ ! five apsidal *apels4 ,consequ5tly ! second transept sep>ates ! old f ! new high alt>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pal5cia ,,ca!dral ,9 spite ( ! l[ aisles & nave1 & ! abs5ce ( sculptural motives s pron\nc$ 9 ,burgos1 ! effect produc$ on ! spectator by ! d\ble cross & ! unusual l5g? z comp>$ ) ! wid? is agreeable4 ,! evid5t lack ( unity 9 ! ,go?ic /ructure is recomp5s$ by ! orig9al & pleas+ plan4 ,! f9al judgm5t t c be emitt$ conc]n+ ?is ca!dral *ur*1 :5 se5 f ! outside1 is t x %[s ! typical ,spani%-,go?ic *>act]i/ic1 namely1 heav9ess z contra/$ to pure ogival lightness4 ,!re is pov]ty 9 ! decorative details1 & solemnity 9 ! int]ior2 ! appe>ance f ! outside is ( a =tress r ?an a temple1 ) slightly po9t$ ,go?ic w9d[s1 & a heavy & solid1 r ?an an elegant & light1 g5]al /ructure4 ,only ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,pal5cia outgrew ! orig9al model & took ! /range & exotic =m x possesses to-day1 )\t los+ its =tress-l aspect4 ,?\gh really built 9 /one 7see ! columns & pill>s 9 ! int]ior71 brick has be5 l>gely us$ 9 ! ext]ior2 h5ce also ! impossibility ( erect+ a pure ,go?ic build+1 & ?is is a rem>k t c be appli$ to mo/ *ur*es 9 ,spa94 ,! buttresses are heavy1 ! squ>e t[] 7unf9i%$7 is ,romanesque or ,mudej> 9 =m r ?an ,go?ic1 ?\gh ! w9d[s be ogival4 ,!re is no we/]n facade or portal2 ! t[] is situat$ on ! s\!rn side betwe5 ! true transepts4 ,( ! f\r doorways1 two to ! nor? & two to ! s\?1 :i* give access to ! transepts1 ! l>ge/ & ri*e/ 9 sculptural decoration is ! ,bi%op's ,door 7s\?74 ,obs]ve ! geometrical designs 9 ! panels ( ! o!rwise ogival & slightly po9t$ doorway4 ,! o!r portal on ! s\? is f> simpl]1 & ! ar* :i* surm\nts x is ( a pur] ,go?ic /yle2 n s ! geometrically decorat$ panels & ! almo/ ,arabian frieze :i* runs above ! ar*es4 ,?is frieze is ,moori% or ,mudej>-,byzant9e1 & ?\gh really x does n belong 9 an ogival build+1 x h>monizes /rangely ) x4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! ca!dral ! nak$ness ( ! columns is p>tially recomp5s$ by ! ri*ness 9 sculptural design ( "s sepul*res1 z well z by sev]al sixte5?-c5tury grilles4 ,! huge retablo ( ! high alt> %[s ,go?ic luxuri\sness 9 its details1 & at ! same "t 79 ! capitals ( ! flank+ columns7 nasc5t plat]esque sev]ity4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ corn] ( ! int]ior is ! trascoro1 or ! ext]ior side ( ! wall :i* closes ! *oir on ! we/4 ,"h ! patroniz+ g5ius ( ,bi%op ,fonseca1 a scion ( ! celebrat$ ,ca/ilian family1 excell$ itself4 ,! wall itself is ri*ly sculptur$1 & possesses two f9e lat]al reliefs4 ,9 ! c5tre !re is a ,flemi% canvas ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( excell5t col\r1 & an elegantly c>v$ pulpit4 ,9 ! *apt]-room are to be se5 "s well-pres]v$ ,flemi% tape/ries1 & 9 an apsidal *apel is "o ( ,zurb>an's my/ic subjects3 a pray+ nun4 7,?is portrait1 ,i believe1 has be5 sold or donat$ by ! *apt]1 =1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 x is to be se5 to-day 9 ! art collection ( ! ,spani% royal family47 ,,ii ,,zamora ,:atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ,zamora1 errone\sly conf\nd$ ) t ( ,numantia1 x is n until ! n9? c5tury t ! city1 or fronti] =tress1 appe>s 9 hi/ory z an ,arab /ronghold1 tak5 f ! ,moors & =tifi$ anew by ,alfonso ,i4 or by 8 son ,froila1 & necess>ily lo/ & rega9$ by ,*ri/ians & ,moors a hundr$ times ov] 9 su* t]rible battles z ! celebrat$ & mu* sung dia de ,zamora 9 #ija4 ,9 #ici ano!r fam\s siege ( ! t[n 0 und]tak5 by infidel hordes1 b ! /r5g? ( ! citadel & ! num]\s moats1 six x appe>s !y 7 9 numb]1 sep>at$ by high walls surr\nd+ ! t[n1 7 inv9cible1 & ! ,arab w>riors _h to retreat4 ,nev]!less1 betwe5 #ijj & #ihj ! =tress 0 lo/ five times by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! la/ ,moor to take x 0 ,almanzor1 :o raz$ x to ! gr\nd & !n repopulat$ x ) ,arabs f ,&alusia4 ,previ\sly1 9 #ije1 ! p>i% *ur* _h be5 rais$ to an episcopal see2 ! fir/ to occupy x be+ "o ,atilano1 canoniz$ lat] by ,pope ,urbano ,,ii4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ?is bi%op _h tak5 possession ( 8 spiritual ?rone1 he 0 tr\bl$ by c]ta9 religi\s scruples1 &1 putt+ on a pilgrim's robe1 he di/ribut$ 8 rev5ues among ! p>i% poor & left ! city4 ,cross+ ! bridge1--/ill /&+ to-day & lead+ f ! t[n to ,portugal1--he ?rew 8 pa/oral r+ into ! riv]1 swe>+ he w\ld only reoccupy ! lo/ see :5 ! r+ %\ld h be5 giv5 back into 8 h&s2 %\ld ?is happ51 x w\ld prove t ! ,almighty _h p>don$ 8 s9s4 ,= two ye>s he roam$ ab\t visit+ %r9es & succ\r+ ! poor2 at la/ "o day he dream$ t 8 ,ma/] ord]$ him to repair imm$iately to 8 see1 :]e he 0 sorely ne$$4 ,return+ to ,zamora1 he pass$ ! night 9 a neighb\r+ h]mitage1 & :ile supp+--x mu/ h be5 ,friday6--9 ! belly ( ! fi% he 0 eat+ he discov]$ 8 pa/oral r+4 ,! foll[+ day ! *ur*-bells 7 rung by an invisible h&1 & ! pilgrim1 ent]+ ! city1 0 hail$ z a sa9t by ! inhabitants2 ! same invisible h&s took (f 8 pilgrim's clo!s & dress$ him 9 ri* episcopal g>m5ts4 ,he took possession ( 8 see1 dy+ 9 ! sev5? ye> ( 8 second reign4 ,almanzor el t]rible1 on ! la/ p[]ful raid ! ,moors 7 to make1 buri$ ! ,*ri/ian see b5ea? ! ru9s ( ! ca!dral1 & erect$ a mezquita to glorify ,allah2 fifte5 ye>s lat] ! city fell into ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ians aga91 & saw no m an ,arab army b5ea? its walls4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until #abe ye>s lat] t ! ru9$ episcopal see 0 ree/abli%$ de mod]nis1 ! fir/ bi%op be+ ,b]n>do 7#aabd74 ,b previ\s to ! above date1 an ev5t took place 9 & ar\nd ,zamora t has giv5 national fame to ! city1 & has made x ! c5tre ( a ,spani% ,iliad h>dly less poetic or dramatic ?an ! ,hom]ian leg5d1 & !re=e well wor? n>rat+ z p]haps unique 9 ! p59sula1 n to say 9 ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages4 ,:5 ,f]n&o ,i4 ( ,ca/ile di$ 9 #ajfe1 he left 8 va/ t]ritories to 8 five *ildr51 bequea?+ ,ca/ile to 8 elde/ son ,san*o1 ,galicia to ,g>cia1 ,leon to ,alfonso1 ,toro to ,elvira1 & ,zamora to ,urraca1 :o 0 ! elde/ daught]1 &1 ) ,san*o1 ! brave/ & mo/ intrepid ( ! five *ildr54 ,accord+ to ! romance ( ,zamora1 %e1 ,dona ,urraca1 worri$ h] fa!r's la/ mom5ts by try+ to :e$le m ?an ,zamora out ( him2 b ! k+ 0 firm1 add+ only ! foll[+ curse3 ',qui5 os la tom>a1 hija1 i,la mi maldicion le caiga6'-- ,todos dic5 am51 am51 ,s9o ,don ,san*o que calla4 ,:i* 9 o!r words means3 ,let my curse fall on :omsoev] endeav\rs to take ,zamora f y4444 ,^? :o 7 pres5t agre$ by say+ am52 only ! elde/ son1 ,don ,san*o1 rema9$ sil5t4 ,! latt]1 be+ ambiti\s1 de?ron$ 8 bro!rs & s5t !m fly+ across ! fronti] to ,&alusia1 !n ,moori% t]ritory4 ,toro also submitt$ to him1 b n s ,zamora1 held by ! dauntless ,urraca & ! gov]nor ( ! citadel1 ,arias ,gonzalo4 ,s x 0 besieg$ by ! royal troops & ask$ to surr5d]1 ! message be+ tak5 by ! great ,cid f ,don ,san*o to 8 si/]4 ,%e1 ( c\rse1 refus$ to give up ! t[n4 ,:]e=e is n kn[n1 b ! fact is t ! ,cid1 ! able/ w>rior 9 ! ho/ile army1 aft] hav+ c>ri$ ! embassy to ! ,infanta1 left ! k+'s army2 ! _m romances :i* treat ( ?is siege accuse him ( hav+ fall5 9 love ) ,dona ,urraca's lovely eyes1--a love t 0 p]haps reciprocat$1--:o kn[s8 ,9 %ort1 ! city 0 besieg$ dur+ n9e mon?s4 ,hung]1 />vation1 & illness gl>$ at ! besieg$4 ,on ! po9t ( surr5d]+1 !y 7 besee*$ by ! ,infanta to hold out n9e days long]2 9 ! meantime "o ,vellido ,dolfo1 fam\s 9 song1 em]g$ by ! city's po/]n gate & w5t to ,k+ ,san*o's camp1 say+ t he 0 tir$ ( s]v+ ,dona ,urraca1 ) :om he _h _h a dispute1 & t he w\ld %[ ! k+ h[ to ent] ! city by a secret pa?4 ,accord+ to ! romances1 x w\ld appe> t ! k+ 0 w>n$ by ! inhabitants !mselves aga9/ ! traitor\s int5tions ( ,vellido4 ,take c>e1 ,k+ ,san*o1 !y %\t$ f ! walls1 & rememb] t we w>n y2 a traitor has left ! city gates :o has already committ$ treason f\r times1 & is ab\t to commit ! fif?4 ,! k+ did n he>k51 z is g5]ally ! case1 & w5t out walk+ ) ! knight :o 0 to %[ him ! secret gate2 he nev] return$1 be+ kill$ by a spe>-?ru/ "u almo/ simil> circum/ances to ,siegfri$'s4 ,! fa!r's curse _h ?us be5 fulfill$4 ,! traitor return$ to ! city1 &1 /range to say1 0 n puni%$1 or only insuffici5tly s2 consequ5tly1 x is to-day believ$ t ! si/] ( ! murd]$ mon>* _h a h& 9 ! crime4 ,^u ,vellido's return to ! besieg$ t[n1 ! gov]nor wi%$ to imprison him--:i* 9 ^? days meant m ?an conf9em5t--b ! ,infanta object$2 x is ev5 /at$ t ! traitor spoke ) 8 he>tless mi/ress1 say+3 ,x 0 "t ! promise %\ld be fulfill$4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 f ! besieg+ army a solit>y knight1 ,diego ,ordonez1 rode up to ! city walls1 & accus+ ! inhabitants ( felony & treason1 bo? m5 & wom51 "y & old1 liv+ & dead1 born & to be born1 he *all5g$ !m to a duel4 ,x _h to be accept$1 &1 accord+ to ! laws ( *ivalry1 ! *all5g] _h to meet 9 s+le combat five *ampions1 "o aft] ano!r1 = he _h insult$1 n a s+le man1 b a community4 ,! gray-hair$ gov]nor ( ! =tress res]v$ = himself & 8 f\r sons ! duty ( accept+ ! *all5ge2 ! ,infanta besee*$ him 9 va9 to desi/ f 8 ent]prise1 b he 0 firm3 8 mi/ress's hon\r 0 at /ake4 ,at la/1 p]suad$ by royal te>s1 accord+ to ! romance1 he agre$ to let 8 sons prec$e him1 &1 only 9 case x %\ld be necess>y1 w\ld he take ! la/ turn4 ,! elde/ son left ! city gates1 bless$ by ! weep+ fa!r2 8 helmet & head 7 cleft 9 twa9 by ,diego ,ordonez's t]rible sword1 & ! latt]'s ironical %\t 0 he>d address+ ! gov]nor3 ,don ,arias1 s5d me hi!r ano!r ( y\r *>m+ sons1 because ?is "o _c be> y ! message4 ,a second & ?ird son w5t =?1 meet+ ! same fate3 b ! latt]'s w\nd$ horse1 9 ?r[+ its rid]1 ran bl9dly into ,ordonez & knock$ him out ( ! r+2 ! duel 0 !re=e judg$ to be a draw4 ,sev]al days aft]w>d ,alfonso1 ! dead k+'s y\ng] bro!r1 hurri$ up f ,tol$o1 & aft] swe>+ 9 ,burgos t he _h _h no?+ to d ) ! feloni\s murd]1 0 ano9t$ ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 ,leon1 & ,galicia4 ,8 brave si/] ,urraca liv$ ) him at c\rt1 giv+ him useful advice1 until %e retir$ to a conv5t1 & at h] dea? left h] palace & h] =tune to ! ,collegiate ,*ur* at ,leon4 ,! rema9+ hi/ory ( ,zamora is "o int]m9able li/ ( revolts1 sieges1 massacres1 & duels4 ,z fronti] =tress aga9/ ,portugal 9 ! we/1 its importance z ! la/ g>rison t[n on ! ,du]o 0 exceptional1 & consequ5tly1 ?\gh x nev] became important z a metropolis1 z a /ronghold x 0 "o ( ,ca/ile's mo/ /rategical po9ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! be/ view ( ! city is obta9$ f ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,du]o2 on a l[ hill opposite ! spectator1 ! city walls run ea/ & we/2 beh9d !m1 to ! left1 ! ca/le t[]s loom up1 squ>e & ,byzant9e 9 appe>ance2 imm$iately to ! "r ! ca!dral nave =ms a horizontal l9e to :]e ! cimborio practically t]m9ates ! *ur*4 ,?us f af> x seems z ?\gh ! ca/le t[] 7 "p ( ! religi\s edifice1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! :ole city surr\nd$ by massive walls _c be m w>like4 ,! col\r also ( ! ruddy s&/one & brick1 brilliant b5ea? a bright blue sky1 is *>act]i/ic ( ?is "p ( ,ca/ile1 & c]ta9ly con/itutes "o ( its *>ms4 ,:at is m1 ! l&scape is r5d]$ m exotic or ,african by ! ,ori5tal appe>ance ( ! :ole t[n1 its ca/le1 & its ca!dral4 ,! latt] 0 begun & end$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 ! fir/ /one 0 laid 9 #aaea1 & ! vaults 7 clos$ tw5ty-?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #aagd2 consequ5tly x is "o ( ! unique twelf?-c5tury *ur*es 9 ,spa9 complet$ be=e ! ye> #abjj4 ,x is true t ! orig9al edifice has be5 de=m$ by po/]ior additions & *anges dat+ f ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,except+ ^! abom9able additions1 ! primitive build+ is ,romanesque2 n ,romanesque z are ! ca!drals we h se5 9 ,galicia1 b ,byzant9e1 or milit>y ,romanesque1 %[+ decid$ ,ori5tal influ5ces4 ,w\ld to ,heav5 ! ca!dral ( ,zamora 7 to-day z x /ood 9 ! twelf? c5tury6 ,illu/ration3 ,,zamora ,,ca!dral ,! =m ( ! *ur* is t ( a basilica4 ,l ! ca!dral ( ,pal5cia1 x lacks a we/]n front2 ! apse is semicircul>1 /r5g!n$ by heavy lean+ buttresses2 ! upp]1 t[]less rim ( ?is same body is decorat$ ) an ogival fe/oon set (f by means ( ! primitive p9nacles ( ! top ( ! buttresses4 ,! nor!rn 7,r5aissance or plat]esque7 front is1 ?\gh beautiful & sev]e 9 itself1 a calamity :5 comp>$ ) ! ,romanesque edifice1 z is also ! new & horrid clock-t[]4 ,! view ( ! s\!rn end ( ! transept1 z se5 f ! left1 is ! mo/ impos+ to be obta9$ ( ! build+4 ,two flights ( /eps lead up to ! ,romanesque portal1 flank$ by ?ree simple pill>s1 :i* support ?ree r\nd$ ar*es deeply d5tat$7674 ,bl9d w9d[s1 simil> 9 /ructure to ! portal1 occupy ! second body ( ! facade1 & are surm\nt$ 9 _! turn by a simple r[ ( inv]t$ cr5elat$ tee?1 %[+ 9 _! r\nd$ edges ! timid use ( ! horse%oe arc4 ,! sup]ior body is =m$ by two conc5tric & slightly ogival ar*es emb$d$ 9 ! wall4 ,! greate/ attraction1 & t :i* above all gives a w>like aspect to ! :ole build+1 is ! cimborio1 or lant]n ( ! croisee4 ,flank$ by f\r circul> turrets1 :i* are pi]c$ by r\nd-topp$ w9d[s & surm\nt$ by ,ori5tal domes t add a /unt$1 solid appe>ance to ! :ole1 ! pr9cipal cupola rises to ! same height z ! previ\sly m5tion$ turrets4 ,! :ole is a m>vel ( simple ar*itectural res\rce )9 ! n>r[ limits ( ! r\nd-ar*$ /yle4 ,:at is m1 ?\gh ?is cupola & t ( ,santiago belong to ! same p]iod1 :at a _w ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two6 ,se5 z indicat$ above1 ! factura ( ! :ole is int5sely ,ori5tal 7except+ ! addition ( ! triangul> cornices em]g+ f b5ea? ! cupola71 &1 x may be said 9 p>5!sis1 exceptionally f9e4 ,besides1 ! high walls ( ! aisles1 z comp>$ ) ! /unt$ gr[? ( ! cimborio1 & ) ! compact & slightly angul> =m ( ! entire build+1 l5d an unrivall$ aspect ( solidity1 /r5g?1 & resi/ance to ! twelf?-c5tury ca!dral *ur*1 s intr9sically diff]5t f t ( ,santiago4 ,! int]ior is no less peculi>1 & p>ticul>ly s b5ea? ! lant]n ( ! croisee4 ,! latt] is compos$ ( m ?an a doz5 w9d[s1 slightly ogival 9 %ape1 ?\gh f ! outside ! pill>s ( ! flank+ turrets support r\nd-head$ ar*es2 ^! w9d[s are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by simple columns or %afts4 ,aga91 :at a diff]5ce betwe5 ?is solid & simple cimborio & ! m>vell\s lant]n ( ! ca!dral at ,burgos6 ,two ages1 two g5]ations1 ev5 two ideals1 are repres5t$ 9 bo?2 ! e>li]1 ! /rong]1 9 ,zamora2 ! lat]1 ! m a]ial & elaborate1 9 ,burgos4 ,ano!r ,romanesque *>act]i/ic is ! approximate height ( nave & aisles4 ,?is circum/ance exam9$ f )9 or f )\t is "o ( ! causes ( ! solid appe>ance ( ! *ur*2 ! w9d[s ( ! aisles--unimportant1 x is true1 f an arti/ic po9t ( view--are slightly ogival2 ^? ( ! nave are f> m primitive & r\nd-head$4 ,! transept1 orig9ally ( ! same l5g? z ! wid? ( ! *ur*1 0 prolong$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 7,on ! s\? side also8444 ,x is extremely d\btful1 z ! s\!rn facade previ\sly describ$ is h>dly a fifte5?-c5tury con/ruction2 on ! o!r h&1 t on ! nor? side is easily classifi$ z po/]ior to ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! build+47 ,fur!r1 ! we/]n end1 lack+ a facade1 is t]m9at$ by an apse1 t is1 ea* aisle & ! c5tral nave run into a *apel4 ,! effect ( ?is d\ble apse is highly peculi>1 especially z se5 f )91 ) *apels to ! ea/ & *apels to ! we/4 ,! retablo is ( indiff]5t workman%ip2 ! *oir /alls1 on ! o!r h&1 are among ! mo/ exquisitely wr\ght--simple1 sob]1 & natural--to be se5 9 ,spa91 especially ^? ( ! l[] r[4 ,! *apels are z usual 9 ,spani% ca!drals1 z diff]5t 9 /yle z !y are 9 size2 none ( ^? 9 ,zamora c be consid]$ z arti/ic jewels4 ,! be/ is d\btless t :i* t]m9ates ! s\!rn aisles on ! we/]n end ( ! *ur*1 :]e ! pr9cipal facade ought to h be5 plac$4 ,x is ,go?ic1 ri* 9 its decoration1 b %[+ "h & !re ! decad5ce ( ! nor!rn /yle4 ,! cloi/]--well1 any:]e else x might h be5 prais$ = its plat]esque simplicity & sev]ity1 b "h6--x is out ( date & place4 ,to conclude1 ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ca!dral ( ,zamora are su* z ju/ify ! op9ion t ! edifice1 especially z its ,byzant9e-,ori5tal & sev]e primitive /ructure is conc]n$1 is "o ( ! great *ur*es t c /ill be admir$ 9 ,spa91 9 spite ( ! r$uc$ size & ( ! additions :i* h be5 introduc$4 ,,note4--,to ! travell] int]e/$ 9 *ur* ar*itecture1 ! au?or wi%es to draw att5tion to ! p>i% *ur* ( ,la ,magdal5 9 ,zamora4 ,! nor!rn portal ( ! same is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect--if n ! mo/ p]fect--specim5 ( ,byzant9e-,romanesque decoration to be met ) 9 ,spa94 ,x is p]haps unique 9 ! _w4 ,at ! same "t1 ! sev]e ,ori5tal appe>ance ( ! *ur*1 bo? f ! outside & z se5 f )91 _c fail to draw ! att5tion ( ! mo/ casual obs]v]4 ,,iii ,,toro ,to ! we/ ( ,valladolid1 on ! riv] ,du]o1 ,toro1 ! second ( ! two great =tress cities1 uplifts its ,alcaz> to ! blue sky2 l ,zamora1 x ow$ its fame to its /rategic position3 fir/1 z "o ( ! ,*ri/ian outpo/s to ! nor? ( ! ,du]o aga9/ ! ,arab possessions to ! s\?1 &1 secondly1 z a l9k betwe5 ,valladolid & ,zamora1 ! latt] be+ ! bulw>k ( ,*ri/ian opposition aga9/ ! ev] encroa*+ ,portuguese4 ,tw9 cities ! =tresses h be5 call$1 & no bett] expression is at h& to d5ote at once ! simil>ity ( _! hi/ory1 _! necess>y orig91 & _! necess>y decad5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ,toro appe>s 9 hi/ory some:at lat] ?an ,zamora1 hav+ be5 erect$ ei!r on virg9 soil1 or ^u ! ru9s ( a de/roy$ ,arab =tress z late z 9 ! t5? c5tury1 by ,g>cia1 son ( ,alfonso ,,iii4 ,at any rate1 x 0 n until a c5tury lat]1 9 #ajfe1 t ! city atta9$ any importance1 :5 ,f]n&o ,i4 bequea!d x to 8 daught] ,elvira1 :o1 see+ h] eld] bro!r's impetu\s ambitions1 h&$ ov] ! t[n & ! citadel to him4 ,?r\gh\t ! middle ages ! "n ( ,toro is =emo/ among ! important =tresses ( ,ca/ile1 & _m an ev5t--g5]ally tragic & bloody--took place beh9d its walls4 ,"h ,alfonso ,,xi4 murd]$ 8 uncle 9 cold blood1 & ,don ,p$ro el ,cruel1 aft] besieg+ ! t[n & ! citadel held 9 opposition to him by 8 "m1 all[$ h] a free exit ) ! g5tlem5 def5d]s ( ! place1 b broke 8 ^w :5 !y 7 on ! bridge1 & murd]$ all except+ 8 wid[$ "m6 ,9 ! days ( ,isabel ! ,ca?olic1 ,toro 0 tak5 by ! k+s ( ,portugal1 :o upheld ! claims ( ,enrique ,,iv's illegitimate daught]1 ,juana la ,beltranaja4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n1 ! great battle ( ,pelea ,gonzalo 0 f\ght1 :i* gave ! we/]n "p ( ,ca/ile to ! rightful sov]eigns4 ,?is battle is fam\s = ! _m prelates & curates :o1 arm$1--& we>+ tr\s]s & n frocks6--f\ght l ,*ri/ians 767 9 ! ranks4 ,9 ,toro1 ,cortes 0 assembl$ 9 #aeje to op5 ,que5 ,isabel's te/am5t1 & to promulgate ^? laws :i* h gone d[n 9 ,spani% hi/ory z ! ,leyes de ,toro2 ?is 0 ! la/ sp>k ( ,toro's fame1 = s9ce !n its fate has be5 id5tical ) t ( ,zamora1 =ty miles away4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is d\btful if ,toro ev] 0 a city2 at "o "t x seems to h possess$ an ephem]al bi%op1--at lea/ su* is ! popul> belief1--:o mu/ h reign$ 9 8 see b a %ort "t1 z at an e>ly date ! city 0 submitt$ to ! ecclesia/ical jurisdiction ( ,a/orga4 ,lat]1 :5 ! see 0 ree/abli%$ 9 ,zamora1 ! latt]'s tw9 si/]1 ,toro1 0 def9itely includ$ 9 ! new episcopal diocese4 ,be t z x may1 ! ,ca?olic k+s rais$ ! *ur* at ,toro to a collegiate 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 7#aejj87 because !y 7 anxi\s to ga9 ! good-w ( ! inhabitants aft] ! ,portuguese invasion4 ,built ei!r t[>d ! end ( ! twelf? or ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,mayor1 popul>ly call$ la cat$ral1 closely resembles ! ca!dral *ur* at ,zamora4 ,! /yle is ! same 7,byzant9e-,romanesque71 & ! impression ( /r5g? & solidity produc$ by ! w>like aspect ( ! build+ is ev5 m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! case ( ! si/] *ur*4 ,! g5]al plan is t ( a basilica1 rectangul> 9 %ape1 ) a ?ree-lob$ apse1 ! c5tral lobe be+ by f> ! l>ge/ 9 size1 & a transept :i* protrudes slightly beyond ! wid? ( ! *ur*4 ,?is transept is situat$ imm$iately 9 front ( ! apse2 ! croisee is surm\nt$ by ! h&some cimborio1 l>g] ?an t at ,zamora1 pi]c$ by twice z _m r\nd-topp$ w9d[s1 b lack+ a cupola1 z d also ! flank+ t[]s1 :i* are flat-topp$4 ,above & betwe5 ^! latt]1 ! cone-%ap$ ro( ( ! cimborio1 prop]ly speak+1 is slop+ & triangul> 9 its cross-section4 ,?is body1 less ,ori5tal 9 appe>ance ?an ! "o 9 ,zamora1 impresses "o ) a feel+ ( great] awe1 ?anks to ! great diamet] z comp>$ ) ! =e%ort5$ height4 ,cr[n+ z x does ! apse 7f ! proximity ( ! transept to ! head ( ! *ur*71 ! croisee1 & ! two w+s ( ! transept1 ! cupola 9 "q produces a weird & incompreh5sible effect on ! spectator view+ x f ! s\!a/4 ,! m mod]n t[]1 :i* backs ! cimborio1 l5ds1 x is true1 a c]ta9 elegance to ! edifice t ! e>ly build]s 7 n will+ to imp>t4 ,! ensemble is1 nev]!less1 peculi>ly ,byzant9e1 &1 ) ! "m-*ur* 9 ,zamora1 :i* x resembles )\t copy+1 x /&s almo/ unique 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,! lat]al doors1 n situat$ 9 ! transept1 are locat$ ne> ! foot ( ! *ur*4 ,! s\!rn portal is ! l>g]1 b ! mo/ simple2 ! ar* :i* cr[ns x %[s a decid$ ogival t5d5cy1 a circum/ance :i* ne$ n necess>ily be attribut$ to ,go?ic influ5ce1 z 9 _m *ur*es prior to ! introduction ( ! ogival ar* ! po9t$ top 0 kn[n1 & 9 isolat$ cases x 0 made use (1 ?\gh purely by accid5t1 & n z a con/ructive elem5t4 ,! nor!rn door is small]1 b a hundr$ times ri*] 9 sculptural design4 ,x %[s ,byzant9e influ5ce 9 ! decoration1 & z a ,byzant9e-,romanesque portal c figure among ! be/ 9 ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,toro ,,ca!dral ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! we/]n front ( ! build+ possess$ at "o "t a n>!x1 l ! ca!dral ,tuy1 = in/ance4 ,no?+ rema9s ( x1 h[ev]1 z ! portal :i* us$ to be "h 0 done away )1 & 9 its place a mod]n *apel ) a f9e ,go?ic retablo 0 consecrat$4 ,se5 f ! int]ior1 ! almo/ simil> height ( ! nave & aisles1 leaves1 z 9 ,zamora1 a some:at /]n & depress+ impression on ! visitor2 ! light :i* ent]s is also feeble1 except+ b5ea? ! l9t]na1 :]e ! difficulty ( plac+ a circul> body on a squ>e )\t ! aid ( supports 7pe*9as7 has be5 s naturally & p]fectly ov]come t we are oblig$ to d\bt ( its ev] hav+ exi/$4 ,go?ic elem5ts1 m s ?an 9 ,zamora1 mix ) ! ,romanesque traditions 9 ! decoration ( ! nave & aisles2 nev]!less1 ! elem5ts ( con/ruction are purely ,romanesque1 except+ ! c5tral apsidal *apel :i* conta9s ! high alt>4 ,re/or$ by ! ,fonseca family 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 x is ogival 9 conception & execution1 & conta9s "s f9e tombs ( ! above nam$ ari/ocratic family4 ,b ! *apel passes unnotic$ 9 ?is peculi>ly exotic build+1 :]e solidity & n grace 0 ! object s\ght & obta9$4 ,,iv ,,salamanca ,! v position ( ,salamanca1 imm$iately to ! nor? ( ! *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* s]v$ = _m a c5tury z a r\gh fronti] wall betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,moors1 0 b\nd to ensure ! city's importance & fame4 ,its hi/ory is consequ5tly unique1 gr&] & m excit+ ?an t ( any o!r city2 ! univ]sal "n x acquir$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ?anks to its univ]sity1 c only be comp>$ ) t ( ,bologna1 ,p>is1 & ,ox=d4 ,consequ5tly its fall f pa/ r5[n to pres5t insignificance 0 trem5d\s1 & to-day1 a heap ( ru9s1 boa/+ ( traditions l ,tol$o & ,burgos1 ( two ca!drals & tw5ty-f\r p>i% *ur*es1 ( twice z _m conv5ts & palaces1 ( a "o-"t glori\s univ]sity & half a hundr$ colleges1--,salamanca sleeps away a useless exi/5ce f :i* x w nev] awak54 ,its hi/ory has /ill to be p5n$4 ,:at an excit+ & /irr+ acc\nt ( middle age life 9 ,spa9 x w\ld be6 ,! ,romans knew ,salamantia1 & ! fir/ notice h&$ d[n to u ( ! city reads l a fairy /ory1 z ?\gh pr$ict+ future ev5ts4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 ! t[n 0 besieg$ by ,hannibal1 & _h to surr5d]4 ,! inhabitants 7 all[$ to leave1 un>m$1 & tak+ away ) !m only _! clo!s2 ! m5 7 se>*$ z !y pass$ out1 b n s ! wom54 ,toge!r m5 & wom5 left ! t[n4 ,a mile away !y halt$1 & ! wom5 drew =? f b5ea? _! robes conceal$ weapons4 ,toge!r ! m5 & ! wom5 return$ to _! t[n & /eal?ily fell ^u _! foes1 slaught]+ !m 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,hannibal 0 s en*ant$ 767 ) ! brav]y display$ by ! wom51 t he drew away 8 army f ! t[n1 leav+ ! patriotic inhabitants to settle aga9 _! belov$ ,salamanca4 ,! ,we/]n ,go?s1 ^u _! arrival 9 ,spa91 f\nd ,salamanca 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate1 & respect$ its episcopal see1 ! orig9 ( :i* is ignor$4 ,! fir/ bi%op we h any record ( is ,eleut]io1 :o sign$ ! ?ird ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 9 #ehi4 ,! ,arabs treat$ ! city m h>%ly2 x 0 9 turn tak5 & de/roy$ by infidels & ,*ri/ians2 ! =m] sack+ fronti] t[ns1 ! latt] de/roy+ all =tresses !y c\ld n hold4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury no bi%op seems to h exi/$ 9 ,salamanca2 9 ! t5?1 date ( a p>tial ree/abli%m5t ( ! see1 sev5 prelates are m5tion$2 ^! did n1 h[ev]1 risk _! sk9s by tak+ possession ( _! *air1 b liv$ quietly 9 ! nor?1 ei!r 9 ,santiago--f>!r nor? !y c\ld n g6--or else 9 ,leon & ,burgos4 ,! elev5? c5tury is aga9 devoid ( any ecclesia/ical news connect$ ) ! see ( ,salamanca2 :at is m1 ! v "n ( ! city is =gott5 until ,alfonso ,,vi4 cross$ ! ,guad]rama & fix$ 8 c\rt 9 ,tol$o4 ,?is bold /ep1 tak5 9 a ho/ile c\ntry f> f ! c5tre ( ! k+dom & f 8 base ( op]ations1 oblig$ ! mon>* to erect ) all spe$ a s]ies ( =tresses to ! nor?2 z a result1 ,salamanca1 ,segovia1 & ,avila1 beyond ! ,guad]rama ,m\nta9s1 & ,madrid to ! s\?1 7 quickly populat$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,?is occurr$ 9 #aajb2 ! fir/ bi%op de mod]nis 0 ,j]onimo1 a ,fr5* w>rior-monk1 :o _h accompani$ 8 bosom fri5d el ,cid to ,val5cia1 _h f\ght beside him1 & _h be5 appo9t$ bi%op ( ! conqu]$ see4 ,n = any l5g? ( "t1 h[ev]1 = z soon z el ,cid di$1 ! ,moors drove ! ,*ri/ians out ( ! new k+dom1 & ! bi%op came to ,leon ) ! ,cri/o de las ,batallas1--a miracul\s cross ( old ,byzant9e workman%ip1 suppos$ to h aid$ ! ,cid 9 _m a battle1--z ! only s\v5ir ( 8 /ay 9 ! ,val5cian see4 ,! next f\r or five bi%ops f\ght among !mselves4 ,at "o "t ! city _h no few] ?an two1 a usurp]1 & ano!r :o 0 n mu* bett]2 ! ,pope depriv$ "o ( 8 dignity1 ! k+ ano!r1 ! influ5tial ,ar*bi%op ( ,santiago *ose a ?ird1 :o 0 also depos$--! good old times6--until at la/ "o ,b]5g>io 0 appo9t$1 & ! ignom9i\s conflict 0 peacefully settl$4 ,! inhabitants ( ! city at ! beg9n+ 7 a /rong1 w>like m$ley ( ,jews 7^! 7 d\btless ! lea/ w>like671 ,arabs1 ,aragonese1 ,ca/ilian1 ,fr5*1 & ,leonese4 ,b&s ( ^! )\t a comm&] invad$ ,moori% t]ritory1 sack+ & pillag+ :]e !y c\ld4 ,on "o occasion !y 7 pursu$ by an ,arab army1 ^: g5]al ask$ to speak ) ! capta9 ( ! ,salamant9os4 ,! answ] 01 ,ea* ( u is 8 own capta96 words t c be consid]$ typical ( ! an>*y :i* reign$ 9 ,spa9 until ! adv5t ( ,isabel & ,f]d9& 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,if ! bi%ops f\ght among !mselves1 & if ! l[ class p liv$ 9 a /ate ( utt] an>*y1 ! same _s spread to--or emanat$ f--! nobility1 ( :om ,salamanca _h m ?an its %>e1 especially z soon z ! univ]sity 0 f\nd$4 ,! annals ( no o!r city are s replete ) family traditions & feuds1 :i* 7 n only re/rict$ to ! orig9al disput]s1 to _! families & acqua9tances1 b became g5]aliz$ among ! inhabitants !mselves1 :o took "p 9 ! feud4 ,?us x (t5 happ5$ t ! city 0 divid$ into two camps1 sep>at$ by an imag9>y l9e1 & woe betide ! d>+ or c>eless individual :o cross$ x6 ,"o ( ! mo/ dramatic ( ^! feuds--a savage species ( v5detta--0 ! foll[+3 ,dona ,m>ia ,p]ez1 a ,plas5cian dame ( noble bir?1 _h m>ri$ "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful noblem5 9 ,salamanca1 ,monroy by "n1 & ^u ! latt]'s dea? rema9$ a wid[$ "m ( two sons4 ,"o ( !m ask$ & obta9$ 9 m>riage ! h& ( a noble lady :o _h refus$ a simil> proposition made by "o ,enriquez1 son ( a ,sevillan ari/ocrat4 ,! y\?'s jeal\sy & ang] 0 !re=e bitt]ly ar\s$1 & he & 8 bro!r wait$ = a suitable opportunity 9 :i* to av5ge !mselves4 ,x soon came3 !y 7 play+ ,spani% ball1 pelota1 "o day ) ! accept$ suitor1 :5 a dispute arose z to :o 0 ! bett] play]2 ! two bro!rs fell ^u _! victim & f\lly murd]$ him4 ,b afraid le/ 8 bro!r %\ld v5ge ! latt]'s dea?1 !y lay 9 wait = him beh9d a /reet corn]1 & z he came along !y rapidly kill$ him z !y _h 8 bro!r4 ,!n !y fl$ across ! fronti] to ,portugal4 ,! two corpses _h 9 ! meantime be5 c>ri$ on a bi] by ! cr[ds & laid d[n 9 front ( ,dona ,m>ia's h\se2 ! latt] /epp$ out on ! balcony1 ) di%evell$ hair2 an angry murmur w5t f "o end ( ! cr[d to ! o!r1 & a univ]sal clam\r arose3 v5geance 0 on e "o's lips4 ,b ,dona ,m>ia comm&$ sil5ce4 ,be calm1 %e said1 & take ^! bodies to ! ca!dral4 ,v5geance8 ,fe> n1 ,i %all v5ge myself4 ,an h\r lat] %e left ! t[n ) an escort1 app>5tly ) a view to retire to h] e/ates ne> ,plas5cia4 ,once well away f ! city1 %e divulg$ h] plan to ! escort & ask$ if !y 7 will+ to foll[ h]4 ,receiv+ an affirmative reply1 %e tore (f h] woman's clo!s & appe>$ dress$ 9 full arm\r2 plac+ a helmet on h] head1 %e took ! lead ( h] troops aga91 & set out = ! ,portuguese fronti]4 ,! /range company arriv$ on ! ?ird day at a ,portuguese fronti] t[n1 :]e !y 7 told t two =eign]s _h arriv$ ! night be=e4 ,by ! description ( ! two ,spani>ds1 ,dona ,m>ia felt sure !y 7 h] sons' murd]]s1 & consequ5tly %e & h] escort approa*$ ! h\se :]e ! fugitives 7 pass+ ! night4 ,plac+ ! escort b5ea? ! w9d[1 %e /eal?ily ent]$ ! h\se & /ole to ! bro!rs' room2 !n %e slew !m :il/ !y 7 sleep+1 &1 ru%+ to ! w9d[1 ?rew x op51 &1 spe>+ ! heads ( h] enemies on h] lance1 %e %[$ !m to h] ret9ue1 ) ! words3 ,i'm v5g$6 ,back to ,salamanca4 ,sil5tly1 at ! head ( h] troops1 & be>+ ! two heads on h] lance1 ,dona ,m>ia return$ to ,salamanca4 ,ent]+ ! ca!dral1 %e ?rew !m on ! newly rais$ slabs :i* cov]$ h] sons' rema9s4 ,ev] aft] %e 0 kn[n z ,dona ,m>ia la brava1 & is z celebrat$ to-day z %e 0 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 dur+ ! abom9able reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,& s great 0 ! feud :i* divid$ ! city into two camps1 t x la/$ _m ye>s1 & _m 7 ! victims ( ! gigantic v5detta4 ,! city's greate/ fame lay 9 its univ]sity1 f\nd$ t[>d #abae1 by ,alfonso ,,ix4 ( ,leon1 :o 0 jeal\s ( 8 c\s9 ,alfonso ,,viii4 ( ,ca/ile1 ! f\nd] ( ! luckless univ]sity ( ,pal5cia4 ,! fate ( ! la/ nam$ univ]sity has be5 duly m5tion$ else:]e2 t ( ,salamanca 0 f> diff]5t4 ,9 #abee ! ,pope call$ x "o ( ! f\r lamps ( ! _w2 /rang]s--/ud5ts f all corn]s ( ,europe--flock$ to ! city to /udy4 ,p]haps its greate/ m]it 0 ! /udy ( ,arabic & ,arabian lett]s1 & x has be5 said t ! /udy ( ! ,ori5t p5etrat$ into ,europe ?r\gh ,salamanca alone4 ,:at a glori\s life mu/ h be5 ! univ]sity city's dur+ ! apogee ( h] fame6 ,/ud5ts f all ,european l&s1 dress$ 9 ! picturesque co/ume worn by ^? :o att5d$ ! univ]sity1 w5d$ _! way ?r\gh ! /reets1 s++ & play+ ! guit> or ! m&ol92 !y m+l$ ) dusky noblem51 ri*ly dress$ 9 sat9s & silks1 & we>+ ! rapi] hang+ by _! sides2 !y flirt$ ) ! beautiful daught]s ( ,spa91 & gravely salut$ ! bi%op :5 he 0 c>ri$ along 9 8 *air1 or rode a quiet palfrey4 ,at "o "t ! c\rt 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! univ]sity city1 l5d+ a /ill m brilliant lu/re to ! e-day life ( ! inhabitants1 & to ! sombre /reets l9$ ) palaces1 *ur*es1 colleges1 conv5ts1 & mona/]ies4 ,gone6 ,to-day ! city lies b5ea? an imm5se weight ( ru9s ( all k9ds1 t *a9 h] d[n to ! pa/ :i* 0 h] glory1 & imp$e h] f look+ ahead into h] future ) ambitions & hopes4 ,! ca!drals ,salamanca c boa/ ( to-day are two1 an old "o & a comp>atively new "o2 ! latt] 0 built beside ! =m]1 a praisewor?y & exceptional proce$+1 =1 in/ead ( pull+ d[n ! old to make room = ! new1 z happ5s ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! ca!dral *apt] convocat$ an assembly ( ar*itects1 & 0 intellig5t en\gh--ano!r wond]6--to accept ! v]dict t ! old build+1 a ,romanesque-,byzant9e edifice ( exceptional value1 %\ld n be demoli%$4 ,! new temple 0 !re=e erect$ beside ! =m]1 &1 obey+ ! art impulses ( ! c5turies :i* witness$ its con/ruction1 is an ogival *ur* spoilt--or bett]$--by ,r5aissance1 plat]esque1 & grotesque decorative elem5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,old ,ca!dral4--,! exact date ( ! erection ( ! old see is n kn[n2 t[>d #aaeb x 0 already 9 con/ruction1 & #aej ye>s lat]1 9 #abii1 x 0 n conclud$4 ,consequ5tly1 & m ?an 9 ! case ( ,zamora & ,toro1 ! upp] "p ( ! build+ %[s decid$ ogival t5d5cies2 yet 9 spite ( ^! evid5t signs ( transition1 ! ensemble1 ! _s ( ! build+1 is1 beyond a d\bt1 ,romanesque-,byzant9e1 & n ,go?ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,salamanca ,,ca!dral ,! plan ( ! *ur* is ! same z ^? ( ,zamora1 ,toro1 & ,coria3 a nave & two aisles cut %ort at ! transept1 :i* is slightly prolong$ beyond ! wid? ( ! body ( ! *ur*2 !re is no ambulatory walk1 b to ! ea/ ( ! transept are ?ree *apels 9 a ?ree-lob$ apse1 ! c5tral lobe l>g] ?an ! o!rs & conta9+ ! high alt>2 ! *oir 0 plac$ 7orig9ally7 9 ! c5tre ( ! nave1 & a cimborio cr[ns ! croisee1 ?is latt] be+ a peculi>ity ( ! ?ree ca!dral *ur*es ( ,zamora1 ,toro1 & ,salamanca4 ,unluckily1 ! erection ( ! new build+ z an annex ( ! old "o requir$ 7z 9 ,plas5cia1 ?\gh f diff]5t reasons7 ! demolition ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! latt]2 z1 = in/ance1 ! two t[]s ( ! we/]n front1 ! nor!rn portal z well z ! nor!rn half ( ! apse1 & ! correspond+ "p ( ! transept4 ,p>ts ( ^! h ei!r be5 surr\nd$ or replac$ by ! new build+4 ,! n>!x & ! we/]n end are /ill pres]v$4 ,!y are ( ! same wid? z ! nave1 =1 b5ea? ! t[]s1 ( :i* "o seems to h be5 f> high] ?an ! o!r1 ea* ( ! aisles t]m9ates 9 a *apel4 ,byzant9e 9 appe>ance1 ! two we/]n doors are1 nev]!less1 cr[n$ by an ogival ar*1 & flank$ by /atuettes ( ! same /yle4 ,! facade1 repair$ & spoilt1 is ( ,r5aissance sev]ity4 ,! int]ior ( ! build+ is m impressive ?an t ( ei!r ,zamora or ,toro2 ?is is due to ! abs5ce ( ! *oir1--remov$ to ! new ca!dral1--:i* p]mits an un9t]rupt$ view ( ! :ole *ur*1 :i* does n occur 9 any o!r temple ?r\gh\t ,spa94 ,romanesque /r5g? & gloom9ess is cle>ly disc]nible1 :]eas ! height ( ! c5tral nave 7sixty feet7 is r5d]$ /umpy 9 appe>ance by ! almo/ equal height ( ! aisles4 ,! /r5g? & solidity ( ! pill>s & columns1 support+ capitals & friezes ( a peculi> & decid$ ,byzant9e ta/e 7animals1 dragons1 etc471 %[ m ke5ly ?an 9 ,galicia ! ,ori5tal influ5ce :i* help$ s ?or\ghly to %ape ,c5tral ,spani% ,romanesque4 ,( ! *apels1 b "o des]ves special m5tion1 bo? z se5 f )\t & f )91 namely1 ! high alt>1 or c5tral apsidal *apel4 ,se5 f )\t1 x is ( p]fect ,romanesque con/ruction1 except+ ! upp] r[ ( rose w9d[s1 :i* are ogival 9 _! trac]ies2 inside1 x conta9s a mural pa9t+ ( an exce$+ly primitive design1 & a retablo 9 l[ reliefs en*as$ 9 ogival ar*es2 x is ( ,italian workman%ip4 ,( ! rema9+ *apels1 t ( ,san ,b>tolome conta9s an alaba/] sepul*re ( ! ,bi%op ,diego de ,anaya--"o ( ! _m prelates ( ^? times :o 0 ! possessor ( illegitimate sons2 ! bodies ( mo/ ( ! latt] lie )9 ?is *apel1 :i* c be reg>d$ n only z a family pan!on1 b z a symbol ( ecclesia/ical greatness & human weakness4 ,! w9d[s :i* light up ! nave are r\nd-head$1 & yet !y are delicately decorat$1 z is r>ely to be se5 9 ! ,romanesque type4 ,! aisles1 on ! contr>y1 are n lit up by any w9d[s4 ,l ! *ur*es ( ,zamora & ,toro1 ! :ole ca!dral resembles a =tress r ?an a place ( wor%ip4 ,! simplicity ( ! g5]al /ructure1 ! r\nd$ turrets buri$ 9 ! walls1 s]v+ z lean+ buttresses1 ! n>r[ slits 9 ! walls in/ead ( w9d[s1 l5d an indisputable aspect ( /r5g?4 ,! beautiful1 ! really beautiful lant]n1 situat$ above ! croisee1 ) its turrets1 its ni*es1 its ?irty odd w9d[s1 & its elegant cupola1 is an ar*itectural body t w9s ! admiration ( all :o behold x1 ei!r f )9 ! *ur* or f )\t1 & :i*1 /rictly ,byzant9e 9 conception 7?\gh r5d]$ peculi>ly ,spani% by ! addition ( c]ta9 elem5ts :i* p]ta9 r to ,go?ic milit>y art ?an to *ur* ar*itecture71 is unique--to ! au?or's k--9 all ,europe4 ,less pure 9 /yle1 & less ,ori5tal 9 appe>ance ?an t ( ,zamora1 x 0 nev]!less1 creat$ m p]fect by ! arti/ic conception ( ! ar*itect1 & consequ5tly m f9i%$ or develop$ ?an ^? ( ,toro & ,zamora4 ,)\t hesitation1 x c claim to be "o ( ,salamanca's *ief attractions4 ,! ?ickness ( ! walls 7t5 feet671 ! admirable simpl5ess ( ! vault+1 & ! g5]al aspect f ! ext]ior1 h won = ! *ur* ! "n ( =tis ,salamant9i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,new ,ca!dral4--,x 0 begun 9 #aeac1 ! old temple hav+ be5 judg$ too small1 & above all too n>r[ = a city ( ! importance ( ,salamanca4 ,ov] two hundr$ ye>s did ! build+ ( ! pres5t edifice la/2 at times all "w 0 /opp$ = ye>s1 no funds be+ at h& to pay ei!r arti/s or masons4 ,! primitive plan ( ! *ur*1 z propos$ by ! congress ( ar*itects1 0 ,go?ic ( ! second p]iod1 ) an octagonal apse2 ! l[] "p ( ! *ur*1 f ! foot to ! transept1 0 ! fir/ to be con/ruct$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! apse 0 n begun until ! ye> #aehh1 & ! arti/1 imbu$ ) ! beauty ( ,h]r]o's ,escorial1 squ>$ ! apse ) ! evid5t int5tion ( con/ruct+ turrets on ! ext]ior angles1 :i* w\ld h r5d]$ ! build+ symmetrical3 two t[]s on ! we/]n front1 a cupola on ! croisee1 & two small] turrets on ! ea/]n end4 ,! build+ z x /&s to-day is a p]fect rectangle cut 9 its l5g? by a nave 7conta9+ ! *oir & ! high alt>71 & by two aisles1 l[] ?an ! nave & cont9u$ 9 an ambulatory walk beh9d ! high alt>4 ,! same symmetry is visible 9 ! lat]al *apels3 eight squ>e huecos on ! ext]ior walls ( ! aisles1 five to ! we/1 & ?ree to ! ea/ ( ! transept1 & ?ree 9 ! extreme ea/]n wall ( ! apse4 ,magnific5ce r ?an beauty is ! *>act]i/ic note ( ! new ca!dral4 ,! primitive "p--pure ogival ) b little mixture--contra/s ) ! ea/]n end1 :i* is cov]$ ov] ) ! mo/ gl>+ grotesque decoration2 mo/ ( ! *apels are spoil$ by ! same %ock+ pr(usion ( sup]-ornam5tation2 ! o!rwise maje/ic cupola1 ! high alt>1 & ! *oir--all suff] f ! same defect4 ,! d\ble tri=ium--"o high] ?an ! o!r--9 ! cl]e/ory produces a mo/ fav\rable impression2 ?is is height5$ by ! weal? ( light1 :i*1 ent]+ by two r[s ( w9d[s & by ! cimborio1 falls ^u ! ri* decoration ( friezes & capitals4 ,! g5]al view ( ! :ole build+ is also fre] ?an 9 mo/ ,spani% ca!drals1 & ?is h>mony exi/+ 9 ! proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts /rikes ! visitor m fav\rably1 p]haps1 ?an 9 ! sev]] ca!dral at ,burgos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,salamanca ,,ca!dral ,! ext]ior ( ! build+ reflects m tru?fully ?an ! int]ior ! diff]5t art waves :i* spread ov] ,spa9 dur+ ! c5turies ( ! temple's erection4 ,9 ! we/]n front1 ! ri* ,go?ic portal ( ! ?ird p]iod1 ! ri*e/ p]haps 9 sculptural v>iety ( any on ! p59sula1 contra/s ) ! high mongrel t[]1 a true example ( ! composite t[]s s frequ5tly met ) 9 c]ta9 ,spani% regions4 ,! second body ( ! same facade 7we/]n7 is highly int]e/+1 n on acc\nt ( its ornam5tation1 :i* is simple1 b because ( ! solid1 frank /ructure1 & ! curi\s =tress-l turrets emb$d$ 9 ! angles4 ,! flank ( ! build+1 se5 f ! nor?--= on ! s\? side /& ! ru9s ( ! old ca!dral--is none too homog5e\s1 ?anks to ! diff]5t /yles 9 :i* ! ?ree pi]s ( w9d[s--( *apels1 aisles1 & cl]e/ory--h be5 con/ruct$4 ,! ensemble is picturesque1 nev]!less3 ! ?ree r[s ( w9d[s1 surm\nt$ by ! huge cupola & half-lo/ among ! buttresses1 c]ta9ly contribute t[>d ! g5]al elegance ( ! granite /ructure4 ,v ,,ciudad ,,rodrigo ,9 ! times ( ! ,romans1 ! c\ntry to ! we/ ( ,salamanca seems to h be5 ?ickly populat$4 ,calabria1 situat$ betwe5 ! ,agu$a & ,coa ,riv]s1 0 an episcopal see2 9 its vic9ity ,augu/abriga & ,mirobriga 7 two o!r important t[ns4 ,( ^! ?ree ,roman =tresses1 & p]haps native t[ns1 be=e ! invasion1 n z mu* z a /one or a leg5d rema9s to relate ! tale ( _! exi/5ce & dea?4 ,t[>d #aaej1 ,f]n&o ,,ii4 ( ,ca/ile1 obey+ ! milit>y requirem5ts ( ! ,reconque/1 & at ! same "t wi%+ to erect a =tress-t[n1 :i*1 toge!r ) ,zamora to ! nor?1 ,salamanca to ! we/1 & ,coria to ! s\?1 c\ld resi/ ! invasion ( ,spa9 by ,portuguese armies1 f\nd$ ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 & tw5ty ye>s lat] rais$ ! *ur* to an episcopal see1 a practical means ( attract+ ,god-fe>+ settl]s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! twelf?-c5tury t[n1 inh]it+ ! ecclesia/ical dignity ( ,calabria1 if ! latt] ev] possess$ x1 besides be+ situat$ 9 ! same region z ! ?ree ,roman cities previ\sly m5tion$1 c claim to h be5 born a city4 ,"o ( ! e>ly bi%ops 7! fir/ 0 a c]ta9 ,dom+o7 0 ! fam\s ,p$ro ,diaz1 ab\t :om a leg5d has be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,?is leg5d has also be5 graphically illu/rat$ by an arti/ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 8 pa9t+ is to be se5 to ! "r ( ! nor!rn transept door 9 ! ca!dral4 ,p$ro ,diaz seems to h be5 a worldly prie/1 fond ( ! s9s ( ! fle% & ( good eat+1 :o fell ill 9 ! ?ird ye> ( 8 reign4 ,8 secret>y1 a pi\s s]vant ( ! ,"l1 dreamt he saw 8 ma/]'s s\l dev\r$ by demons1 & p]suad$ him to confess 8 s9s4 ,x 0 too late1 = a few days lat] he di$2 8 dea? 01 h[ev]1 kept a secret by 8 m5ials1 :o wi%$ to h pl5ty ( "t to make a g5]\s division ( 8 =tune4 ,:5 all _h be5 settl$ to _! lik+1 ! fun]al procession mov$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 &1 to ! surprise ( all1 ! dead bi%op1 resurrect$ by ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 at ! "t 9 ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 op5$ ! c(f9 & /ood ^u ! he>se4 ,he accus$ 8 s]vants ( _! gre$1 & at ! same "t made c]ta9 revelations conc]n+ ! life h]eaft]4 ,8 exp]i5ces mu/ h be5 r pessimi/ic1 to judge by ! bi%op's lat] de$s1 =1 hav+ be5 grant$ a respite ( tw5ty days ^u ?is e>?1 he fa/$ & made p5it5ce1 d\btless eag] to escape a second "t ! tortures ( ! o!r _w4 ,o!r traditions conc]n+ ! lives & do+s ( ! noblem5 :o disput$ ! feudal "r or s5orio ov] ! t[n1 are z num]\s z 9 ,plas5cia1 ) :i* city ,ciudad ,rodrigo has c]ta9 hi/orical aff9ities4 ,! /ory ( ! ,virg5 ,coronada1 :o1 ?\gh poor1 did n hesitate 9 kill+ a p[]ful & weal?y lib]t9e nobleman :om %e 0 s]v+2 ! no less /irr+ acc\nt ( ,dona ,m>ia ,adan's v[ t %e w\ld give h] fair daught]'s h& to :omsoev] v5g$ h] wrongs on ! five sons ( h] husb&'s murd]]1 are among ! mo/ tragic & ?rill+4 ,!re are _m o!r traditions beside1 :i* con/itute ! pa/'s legacy to ! solit>y city ne> ! ,portuguese fronti]4 ,x 0 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t ,ciudad ,rodrigo e>n$ fame z a brave city4 ,! ,spani% w> = indep5d5ce _h brok5 out aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 :o ov]ran ! c\ntry1 & pass$ f ,bayonne 9 ! ,gascogne to ,lisbon 9 ,portugal4 ,ciudad ,rodrigo lay on ! %orte/ r\te = ! ,fr5* army1 & _h to suff] two sieges1 "o 9 #ahaj & ! second 9 #ahab4 ,9 ! latt]1 ,well+ton 0 ! comm&] ( ! ,engli% =ces :o _h come to help ! ,spani% *ase ! ,fr5* out ( ! p59sula2 ! siege ( ! t[n & ! battle :i* ensu$ 7 long & t]rible1 b at la/ ! alli$ ,engli% & ,spani% won1 ) ! loss ( two ,engli% g5]als4 ,! ,iron ,duke 0 rew>d$ by ,spani% ,cortes1 ) ! title ( ,duke ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 toge!r ) ! hon\rs ( gr&ee ( ,spa91 :i* are /ill reta9$ by ,well+ton's desc5dants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cuidad ,,rodrigo ,,ca!dral ,! ca!dral *ur* ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo is a twelf?-c5tury build+1 9 :i* ! ,romanesque /yle1 simil> to ^? ( ,zamora & ,toro1 fights ) ! nasc5t ogival /yle4 ,not)/&+ ^! rem>ks1 h[ev]1 ! build+ does n p]ta9 to ! ,transition p]iod1 b r to ! second or la/ p]iod ( ,spani% ,romanesque4 ,?is is easily se5 by ! basilica =m ( ! *ur*1 ! ?ree-lob$ apse1 ! lack ( an ambulatory walk1 & ! app>5tly simil> height ( nave & aisles4 ,! squ>e t[]1 surm\nt$ by a cupola1 at ! foot ( ! *ur*1 z well z ! entire we/]n front1 dates f ! eighte5? c5tury2 x is cold1 anti-arti/ic1 utt]ly unable to appeal to ! poetic in/9cts ( ! spectator4 ,beh9d ! we/]n front1 & lead+ directly into ! body ( ! *ur*1 is a delightful ,romanesque n>!x :i* d\btlessly s]v$ z ! we/]n facade prior to ! eighte5?-c5tury additions4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! pr9cipal nave by a door divid$ into two by a solid p$im5t1 ^u :i* is encru/$ a /atue ( ! ,virg9 ) ,*ild 9 h] arms4 ,! semicircul> ar*es :i* surm\nt ! door are f9ely execut$1 & ! columns :i* support !m are decorat$ ) h&some twelf?-c5tury /atuettes4 ,!re is a great simil>ity betwe5 ?is portal & ! pr9cipal "o 7del ,obispo7 9 ,toro3 x almo/ seems z ?\gh ! same h& _h *isell$ bo?1 or at lea/ trac$ ! plan ( _! decoration4 ,( ! two doors :i* lead1 "o on ! s\? & ! o!r on ! nor?1 into ! transept1 ! =m] is p]haps ! m p]fect specim5 ( ! primitive /yle4 ,bo? are ri*ly decorat$2 unluckily1 9 bo? portals1 ! r\nd$ ar*es h be5 cr[n$ 9 m rec5t times by an ogival ar*1 :i* c]ta9ly m>s ! pur5ess ( ! /yle1 ?\gh n ! h>mony ( ! ensemble4 ,to ! left ( ^! doors1 a ni*e has be5 c>v$ into ! wall to conta9 a full-l5g? /atue ( ! ,virg92 ?is is an unusual arrangem5t 9 ,spani% *ur*es4 ,! ext]ior ( ! apse reta9s its primitive ca*et2 ! c5tral *apel1 :]e ! high alt> is plac$1 01 h[ev]1 rebuilt 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ,tav]a1 ! ,c>d9al-,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 :o _h at "o "t occupi$ ! see ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo4 ,x is a peculi> mixture ( ,go?ic & ,romanesque1 ( po9t$ w9d[s & heavy buttresses2 ! flat ro( is decorat$ by means ( a l[ /one rail+ or balu/rade compos$ ( elegantly c>v$ p9nacles4 ,to conclude3 except+ ! we/]n front & ! c5tral lobe ( ! apse1 ! t[] & ! ogival ar* surm\nt+ ! nor!rn & s\!rn portals1 ! ca!dral ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo is "o ( ! mo/ p]fectly pres]v$ ,romanesque build+s to ! s\? ( ,zamora & ,toro4 ,x is less grim & w>like ?an ! two la/-nam$ edifices1 & yet x is also a fair example ( sev]e & gloomy 7?\gh n less arti/ic67 ,ca/ilian ,romanesque4 ,its croisee is n surm\nt$ by ! heavy cupola z 9 ,salamanca & else:]e1 & x is p]haps j ?is suppression or omission :i* gives ! :ole build+ a f> less ,ori5tal appe>ance ?an ! o!rs m5tion$ h]et(ore4 ,9 ! inside1 ! *oir occupies its usual place4 ,its /alls1 x is believ$1 7 c>v$ by ,aleman1 ! same :o probably wr\ght ^? sup]b seats at ,plas5cia4 ,x is d\btful if ! same ma/] c>v$ bo?1 h[ev]1 b 7 x s1 ! /alls at ,ciudad ,rodrigo w\ld h to be classifi$ z old]1 execut$ be=e ^? we %all exam9e 9 a future *apt]4 ,! nave & two aisles1 pi]c$ by ogival w9d[s 9 ! cl]e/ory & r\nd-head$ w9d[s 9 ! aisles1 con/itute ! *ur*2 ! croisee is cov]$ by means ( a simple ogival vault+2 ! ar*es sep>at+ ! nave f ! aisles are ,romanesque1 z is ! vault+ ( ! =m]4 ,x 0 orig9ally ! int5tion ( ! *apt] to beautify ! solemn appe>ance ( ! int]ior by means ( a tri=ium or runn+ gall]y4 ,unluckily1 p]haps because ( lack ( funds1 ! tri=ium 0 nev] begun except+ t "h & !re are se5 remnants ( ! primitive trac+4 ,) ! lady-*apel pr(usely & lavi%ly ornam5t$1 & q out ( place 9 ?is solemn build+1 !re are five *apels1 "o at ! foot ( ea* aisle & two 9 ! apse1 to ! "r & left ( ! lady-*apel4 ,!y all lack art int]e/1 h[ev]1 z does ! actual retablo1 :i* replaces ! "o de/roy$ by ! ,fr5*2 remnants ( ! latt] are to be se5 pat*$ up on ! cloi/] walls4 ,?is cloi/] to ! nor? ( ! *ur* is a hi/orical monum5t1 = ea* ( ! f\r sides ( ! squ>e edifice is an ar*itectural page diff]+ f its companions4 ,/udy+ fir/ ! we/]n1 !n ! s\!rn1 & la/ly ! two rema9+ sides1 ! /ud5t c obta9 an idea ( h[ ,romanesque pr9ciples /ruggl$ ) ,go?ic be=e dy+ completely out1 & h[ ! latt]1 hav+ rea*$ its apogee1 det]iorat$ into ! mo/ lam5table sup]decoration be=e fad+ away into ! nak$1 /raight-l9$ features ( ! ,r5aissance s little compatible ) ,*ri/ian ideals4 ,,vi ,,coria ,to ! we/ ( ,tol$o & to ! s\? ( ! ,si]ra de ,gata1 :i*1 ) ! m\nta9s ( ,gr$o & ! ,guad]rama1 =m$ 9 ! middle ages a natural fronti] betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,moors1 lies1 9 a picturesque & f]tile vale ab\t tw5ty miles di/ant f ! ne>e/ railway /ation1 ! little kn[n ca!dral t[n ( ,coria4 ,x is situat$ on ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,alagon1 a riv] fl[+ ab\t t5 miles f>!r we/ into ! ,tago1 ne> :]e ! latt] leaves ,spani% t]ritory & ent]s t ( ,portugal4 ,caurium1 or ,curia ,vetona1 0 its "n :5 ! ,romans held ,extremadura1 & x 0 9 ?is t[n1 or 9 its vic9ity1 t ,viriato1 ! ,spani% h]o1 de/roy$ f\r ,roman armies s5t to conqu] 8 wild hordes4 ,he nev] lo/ a s+le battle or skirmi%1 & might possibly h dealt a dea?-bl[ to ,roman plans ( dom9ation 9 ! p59sula1 _h n ! traitor's knife end$ 8 noble c>e]4 ,_! enemy dead1 ! ,romans ent]$ ! city ( ,coria1 :i* !y imm$iately surr\nd$ by a circul> wall half a mile 9 l5g?1 & tw5ty-six feet ?ick 7674 ,?is ,roman wall1 consid]$ by _m to be ! mo/ p]fectly pres]v$ 9 ,europe1 is sev]ely simple 9 /ructure1 & flank$ by squ>e t[]s2 x con/itutes ! city's "o great attraction4 ,! episcopal see 0 erect$ 9 #cch4 ,! names ( ! fir/ bi%ops h long be5 =gott51 ! fir/ m5tion$ be+ "o ,laqu9to1 :o sign$ ! ?ird ,tol$o ,c\ncil 9 #ehi4 ,two c5turies lat] ! ,moors rais$ ,al-,k>ica to "o ( _! capitals2 9 #hed ,ze?1 an ambiti\s ,s>ac5 w>rior1 fre$ x f ! yoke ( ,cordoba1 & reign$ 9 ! city z an indep5d5t sov]eign4 ,l ,zamora & ,toro1 ,coria 0 cont9ually be+ lo/ & won by ,*ri/ians & ,moors1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t :]eas ! fir/ two c be look$ ^u z ! la/ ,*ri/ian outpo/s to ! nor? ( ! ,du]o1 ,coria 0 ! la/ ,arab /ronghold to ! nor? ( ! ,tago4 ,t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! /rong =tress on ! ,alagon 0 def9itely torn f ! h&s ( its indep5d5t sov]eign by ,alfonso ,,viii41 aft] ! battle ( ,las ,navas de ,tolosa4 ,a bi%op 0 imm$iately re9/at$ 9 ! see1 & aft] five c5turies ( ,mussulman dom9ation1 ,coria saw ! /&>d ( ,ca/ile wav+ f its citadel4 ,z happ5$ ) s _m o!r prov9cial t[ns 9 ,spa91 ! c5tralization ( p[] to ! nor? ( ,tol$o %ov$ ,coria into ! backgr\nd2 to-day x is a ca!dral village =gott5 or completely ignor$ by ! re/ ( ,spa94 ,really1 x might p]haps h be5 bett] = ! ,arabs to h pres]v$ x1 = "u _! rule x fl\ri%$4 ,x is picturesque1 ?is village on ! banks ( ! ,alagon3 a heap or bundle ( r$ bricks surr\nd$ by grim /one walls1 ov]-topp$ by a ca!dral t[] & citadel1--! :ole picture em]g+ f a prairie & ?r[n aga9/ a backgr\nd =m$ by ! m\nta9s to ! nor? & ! bright blue sky 9 ! di/ance4 ,arab influ5ce is only too evid5t 9 ! build+s & h\ses1 9 ! ,alcaz>1 & 9 ! /reets2 unluckily1 ^! remembrances ( a happy pa/ depress ! dreamy visitor oblig$ to recognize ! inf9ite sadness :i* accompani$ ! expulsion ( ! ,moors by intol]ant tyrants f ! l& !y _h inhabit$1 =m$1 & m\ld$ to _! ta/e4 ,n[h]e is ?is s evid5t z 9 ,coria1 a =gott5 bit ( m$iaeval ,moor-l&4 ,! poet's exclamation is full ( bitt]ness & resignation :5 he exclaims3 ,is x possible t ?is heap ( ru9s %\ld h be5 9 o!r times ! spl5did c\rt ( ,ze? & ,mondhir6 99 99 99 99 99 ,z an ar*itectural build+1 ! ca!dral ( ,coria is a p>i% *ur*1 :i*1 remov$ to any o!r t[n1 w\ld be devoid ( any & all beauty4 ,9 o!r words1 ! impressions x produces are entirely dep5d5t ^u its local surr\nd+s2 elim9ate ^!1 & ! temple is wor?less f an arti/ic or poetical po9t ( view4 ,x 0 begun 9 #aabj1 mo/ likely by ,arab workm52 x 0 f9i%$ t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,hone/ly speak+1 x is a puzzle :at ! artisans did 9 all ^? long ye>s2 d\btless !y slept at _! task1 or else decades pass$ away )\t "w ( any k9d be+ done1 or aga91 p]haps only "o mason 0 employ$ at a "t4 ,! int]ior is t ( a simple ,go?ic *ur* ( "o aisle1 #aej feet long by fifty-two wide & eighty-f\r high2 ! high alt> is situat$ 9 ! r\nd$ apse2 9 ! c5tre ( ! *ur* ! *oir /alls ( ! fifte5? c5tury ob/ruct ! view ( ! walls1 decorat$ only by means ( pila/]s :i* pret5d to support ! ,go?ic vault+4 ,to ! "r1 9 ! alt> *apel1 is a f9e m>ble sepul*re ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 :i* ! *asuble ( ! kneel+ bi%op portray$ is among ! be/ pieces ( imitative sculpture to be se5 9 ,spa94 ,to ! "r ( ! high alt>1 & buri$ 9 ! ca!dral wall1 a door leads out into ! paseo1--a walk on ! broad walls ( ! city1 ) a delightful view s\?w>ds across ! riv] to ! prairie 9 ! di/ance4 ,:]e c a pretti] & m natural cloi/] be f\nd8 ,! we/]n facade is nev] us$1 & is surr\nd$ by ! old cemet]y1--a r peculi> place = a cemet]y 9 a ca!dral *ur*2 ! nor!rn facade is anti-arti/ic1 b ! t[] to ! "r has "o great virtue1 t ( comp>ative height4 ,?\gh evid5tly int5d$ to be ,go?ic1 ! ,arab ta/e1 s pron\nc$ ?r\gh\t ?is region1 got ! bett] ( ! ar*itect1 & he erect$ a squ>e /eeple cr[n$ by a cupola4 ,yet1 & 9 spite ( criticism :i* c h>dly f9d an elem5t wor?y ( praise 9 ! :ole ca!dral build+1 ! t\ri/ %\ld n hesitate 9 visit+ ! city4 ,besides1 ! :ole region ( ,nor!rn ,extremadura1 9 :i* ,coria & ,plas5cia lie1 is hi/orically mo/ int]e/+3 ,yu/e1 :]e ,*>les-,qu9t sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 is n f> (f2 nei!r is ! ,conv5t ( ,guadalupe1 fam\s = its pictures by ! great ,zurb>an4 ,z = ,coria itself1 x is a =gott5 corn] ( ,moor-l&4 ,,vii ,,plas5cia ,! f\ndation ( ,plas5cia by ,k+ ,alfonso ,,viii4 9 #aagh1 & ! erection ( a new episcopal see twelve ye>s lat]1 c be reg>d$ z ! c\p de grace giv5 to ! importance ( ,coria1 ! tw9 si/] =ty miles away4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,royal ,city1 z ,plas5cia 0 call$1 :i* end$ by bury+ its old] rival 9 ! mo/ %ock+ oblivion1 0 n able to acquire a "n 9 hi/ory4 ,f\nd$ by a k+1 & h&$ ov] to a bi%op & to fav\rite c\rti]s1 :o rul$ x indiff]5tly well1 n to say badly1 x grew up to be an ari/ocratic t[n )\t a b\rgeoisie4 ,its hi/ory 9 ! middle ages is consequ5tly "o long s]ies ( family feuds1 duels1 & trag$ies1 ! record ( bloody happ5+s1 & acts ( h]oic brutality & brav]y4 ,9 #abcc a ,moori% army conqu]$ x1 %ortly aft] ! battle ( ,al>cos 0 lo/ to ,alfonso ,,viii41 at t "t bl9dly 9 love ) 8 beautiful ,jewi% mi/ress1 ,ra*el ( ,tol$o4 ,b ! infidels did n rema9 ma/] ( ! situation1 f> less ( ! city1 = any l5g? ( "t1 z )9 ! next ye> or s x fell aga9 into ! h&s ( its f\nd]1 :o /r5g!n$ ! walls /ill /&+ to-day1 & complet$ ! citadel4 ,! population ( ! city1 l t ( ,tol$o1 0 mix$4 ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 & ,moors liv$ toge!r1 ea* 9 _! qu>t]1 & toge!r !y us$ ! f]tile vegas1 :i* surr\nd ! t[n4 ,! ,jews & ,moors 71 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ab\t t5 ?\s& 9 numb]2 9 #adib ! =m] 7 expell$ by ! ,ca?olic k+s1 & 9 #afji ,philip ,,iii4 sign$ a decree expell+ ! ,moors4 ,s9ce !n ,plas5cia has lo/ its municipal weal? & importance1 & ! see1 f be+ "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 ,spa91 rapidly sank until to-day x drags along a we>y life1 impov]i%$ & unimportant4 ,! ,jewi% cemet]y is /ill to be se5 9 ! outskirts ( ! t[n2 ,arab rema9s1 bo? ar*itectural & irrigatory1 are ev]y:]e pres5t1 & ! qu>t] inhabit$ by !m1 ! mo/ picturesque 9 ,plas5cia1 is a ,moori% village4 ,! city itself1 cr[n+ a hill beside ! ru%+ ,i]te1 is a small ,tol$o2 its /reets are n>r[ & w9d+2 its *ur* t[]s are num]\s1 & ! r$ brick h\ses w>mly reflect ! brilliancy ( ! s\!rn atmosph]e4 ,! same dea?1 h[ev]1 ! same inactivity & lack ( movem5t1 :i* *>act]ize ,tol$o & o!r cities1 hov] 9 ! alleys & 9 ! public squ>es1 9 ! f]tile vegas & sil5t patios ( ,plas5cia4 ,! hi/ory ( ! feuds betwe5 ! great ,ca/ilian families :o liv$ "h is tragically int]e/+3 ,h]nan ,p]ez kill$ by ,diego ,alv>ez1 ! son ( "o ( ! =m]'s victims2 ! family ( ,monroye pit*$ aga9/ ! ,zunigas & o!r noblem51--^! & _m o!r traditions are among ! mo/ /irr+ ( ! ev5ts t happ5$ 9 ,spa9 9 ! middle ages4 ,ev5 ! bi%ops call$ ^u to occupy ! see seem to h be5 slaves to ! w>like _s t hov]$1 z x 71 9 ! v atmosph]e ( ! t[n4 ,! fir/ prelate1 ,don ,dom+o1 won ! battle ( ,navas de ,tolosa = 8 protector1 ,alfonso ,,viii4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian army 0 wav]+1 he ru%$ to ! front 7) 8 nak$ sword1 ! cross hav+ be5 left at home71 at ! head ( 8 soldi]s1 & drove ! already triumphant ,moors back until !y broke _! ranks & fl$4 ,! same bi%op c>ri$ ! ,*ri/ian sword to ! v he>t ( ! ,moori% dom9ions1 to ,granada1 & conqu]$ neighb\r+ ,loja4 ,! next prelate1 ,don ,adan1 0 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! army t conqu]$ ,cordoba 9 #abcf1 &1 ent]+ ! celebrat$ mezquita1 sanctifi$ its use z a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ca!dral *ur* is no less int]e/+4 ,! primitive see 0 tempor>ily plac$ 9 a *ur* on a hill ne> ! =tress2 ?is build+ 0 pull$ d[n 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & replac$ by a ,jesuit college4 ,t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury a ca!dral *ur* 0 inaugurat$4 ,its life 0 %ort1 h[ev]1 = 9 #adih x 0 p>tially pull$ d[n to make way = a new] & l>g] edifice1 :i* is to-day ! unf9i%$ ,r5aissance ca!dral visit$ by ! t\ri/4 ,p>ts ( ! old ca!dral are1 h[ev]1 /ill /&+4 ,betwe5 ! t[] ( ! new temple & ! episcopal palace1 b unluckily weight$ d[n by mod]n sup]/ructures1 /&s ! old facade1 almo/ intact4 ,! grossness ( ! /ructural "w1 ! timid use ( ! ogival ar*1 ! primitive rose w9d[1 & ! g5]al heav9ess ( ! /ructure1 %[ x to belong to ! decad5t p]iod ( ! ,romanesque /yle1 :5 ! arti/s 7 attempt+ some?+ new & =gett+ ! lessons ( ! pa/4 ,! new ca!dral is a complicat$ ,go?ic-,r5aissance build+ ( a nave & two aisles1 ) an ambulatory beh9d ! high alt>4 ,n a squ>e in* b :at has be5 holl[$ out into a ni*e or cov]$ ov] ) sculptural designs2 ! ,go?ic plan is any?+ b pure ,go?ic1 & ! ,r5aissance /yle has be5 s ov]wr\ght t x is any?+ b ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,! facade ( ! build+ is impos+1 if n arti/ic2 x is compos$ ( f\r bodies1 ea* support$ lat]ally by pill>s & columns ( diff]5t %apes & ord]s1 & possess+ a hueco or holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 ! l[e/ be+ ! door1 ! highe/ a /a9$ glass w9d[1 & ! two c5tral ones bl9d w9d[s1 :i* spoil ! :ole4 ,! floral & ,byzant9e 7,arab87 decoration ( pill>s & friezes is ( a great weal? ( v>i$ designs2 /atuettes are miss+ 9 ! ni*es1 prov+ ! unf9i%$ /ate ( ! *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,facade ,,( ,,plas5cia ,,ca!dral ,?ree ar*es & f\r pill>s1 sumptu\sly decorat$1 uphold ea* ( ! cl]e/ory walls1 :i* are pi]c$ at ! top by a h&some tri=ium runn+ completely ar\nd ! *ur*4 ,! retablo ( ! high alt> is ri*ly decorat$1 p]haps too ri*ly2 ! reja1 :i* closes (f ! sacr$ area1 is ( f9e sev5te5?-c5tury workman%ip4 ,! *oir /alls are ( a surpris+ ri*ness1 c>v$ sc5es cov]+ ! backs & seats4 ,!y are fam\s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ! g5ius1 above all ! imag9ation1 ( ! arti/ :o execut$ !m 78 "n is unluckily n kn[n1 ?\gh x is believ$ to be ,aleman7 mu/ h be5 notable4 ,pi\s :5 c>v+ ! upp] & visible seats1 he seems to h be5 exce$+ly ironical & pr(ane :5 sculptur+ ! inside ( ! same1 :]e ! rev]se or ! cau/ic obs]vation produc$ 9 ! c>v]'s m9d has be5 artfully drawn1 ?\gh sometimes ) an undignifi$ gra9 ( indec5cy & obsc5ity n q 9 h>mony ) our ,puritanic _s ( to-day4 ,,"p ,v ,ea/]n ,ca/ile ,i ,,valladolid ,! orig9 ( ,valladolid is lo/ 9 ! %ad[s ( ! di/ant pa/4 ,z x 0 ! capital ( a va/ k+dom1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y1 z 9 ! case ( ,madrid1 to place its f\ndation prior to ! ,roman invasion2 ! attempt fail$1 h[ev]1 & ?\gh ,roman ru9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity1 no?+ is positively kn[n ab\t ! city's hi/ory prior to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,:5 ,san*o ,,ii4 f\ght aga9/ 8 si/] lock$ up 9 ,zamora1 he (f]$ h] ,vallisoletum 9 ex*ange = ! p[]ful =tress %e _h inh]it$ f h] fa!r4 ,9 va91 & ! t[n seat$ on ! ,pisu]ga is n m5tion$ aga9 9 hi/orical docum5ts until #ajgd1 :5 ,alfonso ,,vi4 h&$ x ov]1 ) sev]al o!r villages1 to ,p$ro ,ansurez1 :o made x 8 capital1 rais$ ! *ur* 7,santa ,m>ia la ,mayor7 to a suffragan ( ,pal5cia1 & laid ! fir/ f\ndations ( its future greatness4 ,9 #abjh ! family ( ,ansurez di$ out1 & ! villa rev]t$ to ! cr[n2 f !n until ! reign ( ,philip ,,iv4 ,valladolid 0 d\btless "o ( ! mo/ important cities 9 ,ca/ile1 & ! capital ( all ! ,spa9s1 f ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabel to t ( ,philip ,,iii4 ,consequ5tly1 ! hi/ory ( ,valladolid f ! ?irte5? to ! sixte5? c5tury is t ( ,spa94 ,9 ,valladolid1 ,pet] ! ,cruel1 aft] ?ree days' m>riage1 =sook 8 bride1 ,dona ,blanca de ,b\rbon1 & return$ to ! arms ( 8 mi/ress ,m>ia2 sev]al ye>s lat] he committ$ mo/ ( 8 t]rible crimes )9 ! limits ( ! t[n4 ,"h ,m>ia de ,mol9a upheld h] son's "r to ! ?rone dur+ 8 m9ority1 & 9 ,valladolid also1 aft] h] son's dea?1 ! same wid[ f\ght = h] gr&son aga9/ ! intrigues ( uncles & c\s9s4 ,isabel & ,alfonso f\ght 9 ,valladolid aga9/ ! proclamation ( _! niece1 ,juana1 ! illegitimate daught] ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 z heiress to ! ?rone2 ! citiz5s upheld ! ,ca?olic pr9cess's claims1 & x is n surpris+ t :5 ! pr9cess became que5--! greate/ ,spa9 ev] _h--%e made ,valladolid h] capital1 9 gratitude to ! loyalty ( its inhabitants4 ,9 ,valladolid1 ,columbus obta9$ ! royal p]mission to sail we/w>ds 9 #adib1 &1 ^u 8 la/ return f ,am]ica1 he di$ 9 ! selfsame city 9 #aejf2 "h also ,b]ruguete1 ! sculptor1 creat$ _m ( 8 *efs-d'oeuvres & ! immortal ,c]vantes appe>$ be=e ! law c\rts & wrote ! second "p ( 8 ,quixote4 ,unlucky ,juana la ,loca 7,jane ! ,mad7 & h] husb& ,felipe el ,h]moso 7,philip ! ,h&some7 reign$ "h aft] ! dea? ( ,isabel ! ,ca?olic1 & fifty ye>s lat]1 :5 ,philip ,,ii4 return$ f ,engl& to asc5d ! ,spani% ?rone1 he settl$ 9 ,valladolid1 until 8 religi\s fanaticism or craze oblig$ him to move to a city ne>] ! ,escorial4 ,!n he fix$ ^u ,madrid z 8 c\rt4 ,be+ a religi\s man1 nev]!less1 & consci\s ( a c]ta9 love = ,valladolid1 8 natal t[n1 he _h ! suffragan *ur* erect$ to a ca!dral 9 #aeie1 appo9t+ ,don ,b>tolome de la ,plaza to be its fir/ bi%op4 ,at ! same "t1 he ord]$ ,juan de ,h]r]o1 ! sev]e ar*itect ( ! ,escorial1 to draw ! plans & comm5ce ! build+ ( ! new edifice4 ,! gr[+ importance ( ,madrid1 & ! f9al e/abli%m5t 9 ! la/ nam$ city ( all ! hon\rs :i* belong$ to ,valladolid1 ?rew ! city seat$ on ! ,pisu]ga into ! %ade1 & its /> ( =tune sl[ly wan$4 ,b n to su* a degree z t ( ,salamanca or ,burgos1 = to-day1 ( all ! old cities ( ,ca/ile1 ! only "o :i* has a life ( its own1 & a comm]cial & indu/rial p]sonality1 is ,valladolid1 ! "o-"t capital ( all ! ,spa9s1 & n[ ! seat ( an ar*bi%opric4 ,x began by usurp+ ! dignity ( ,burgos2 !n x rose to great] heights ( fame ?an its rival1 ?anks to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & f9ally x lo/ its pre/ige :5 ,madrid 0 cr[n$ ! unica villa4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! city is peculi>ly ,spani%1 especially z reg>ds ! prolific use ( brick 9 ! con/ruction ( *ur*es & edifices 9 g5]al4 ,x is presumable t ! ,arabs 7 possessors ( ! t[n be=e ! ,*ri/ian conque/1 ?\gh no docum5tal pro(s are at h&4 ,! etymology ( ! city's "n1 ,m$9at-el-,walid1 is purely ,arabic1 ,walid be+ ! "n ( a ,moori% g5]al4 ,if ! ca!dral *ur* 0 erect$ z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! t[n lack$ p>i% *ur*es4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is b>ely a city 9 ,spa9 ) m religi\s edifices ( all k9ds1 & ! great] "p ( !m ( f> m ar*itectural m]it ?an ! ca!dral itself4 ,! a/oni%+ numb] ( conv5ts is rem>kable2 _m ( !m date f ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 & are1 consequ5tly1 ,romanesque ) a good deal ( ,byzant9e ta/e ab\t !m1 or else !y belong to ! p]iod ( ,transition4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 !y are really ! only ar*itectural attractions to be discov]$ 9 ! city to-day4 ,! traditions :i* expla9 ! f\ndation ( "s ( ^! are among ! mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ,valladolid1 & a ?read ( ,ori5tal romance is m pr$om9ant among !m ?an else:]e4 ,a good example ( "o ( ^! expla9s ! f\ndation ( ! l>ge conv5t ( ! ,m]c$es4 ,dona ,leonor 0 ! wife ( "o ,acuna1 a fe>less 787 knight4 ,! ,k+ ( ,portugal unluckily fell 9 love ) ,dona ,leonor1 &1 wi%+ to m>ry h]1 _h h] previ\s m>riage annull$ & plac$ h] on 8 ?rone4 ,acuna fl$ f ,portugal & came to ,valladolid1 :]e1 ) unp>allel$ s>casm1 he wore a badge on 8 hat proclaim+ 8 di%on\r4 ,bo? ,acuna & ! ,k+ ( ,portugal di$1 & ,dona ,leonor1 ^: morals 7 none too edify+1 fell 9 love ) a c]ta9 ,zuniguez2 ! daught] ( ^! two 0 h&$ ov] to ! c>e ( a knight1 ,f]nan by "n1 & ,dona ,leonor ord]$ him to f\nd a conv5t1 ^u h] dea?1 & lock up h] daught] )9 its walls2 ! "m 0 d\btless only too anxi\s to h h] daught] escape ! ills ( ?is life4 ,unluckily %e c\nt$ )\t ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 namely1 ! daught]1 = ! latt] fell secretly 9 love ) h] keep]'s nephew4 ,%e ?\ght he 0 h] c\s91 h[ev]1 = x appe>s %e 0 pass$ (f z ,f]nan's daught]4 ,^u h] "m's dea? %e le>nt h] real orig91 & w$d$ h] lov]4 ,9 gratitude = h] non-relation%ip ) h] husb&1 %e f\nd$ ! conv5t h] "m _h ord]$1 b %e h]self rema9$ )\t its walls6 ,! lea/ t c be said ab\t ! ca!dral ( ,valladolid1 ! bett]4 ,d\btless !re are _m p :o consid] ! build+ a m>vel ( beauty4 ,z a specim5 ( ,juan de ,h]r]o's sev]e & maje/ic /yle1 x is second to no o!r build+ except+ only t great ma/]work1 ! ,escorial1 & p]haps p>ts ( ! ,pill> at ,s>agosse4 ,b z an art monum5t1 :]e beauty & n ,greco-,roman effects are s\ght1 x is a failure4 ,! orig9al plan ( ! build+ 0 a rectangle1 #daa feet long by #bjd wide1 divid$ 9 its l5g? by a nave & two aisles1 & 9 its wid? by a broad transept situat$ exactly half-way betwe5 ! apse & ! foot ( ! *ur*4 ,! =m 0 ?us t ( a ,greek cross2 ea* angle ( ! build+ 0 to be surm\nt$ by a t[]1 & ! croisee by an imm5se cupola or dome4 7,comp>e ) ! new ca!dral 9 ,salamanca47 ,! lat]al walls ( ! aisles 7 to conta9 symmetrical *apels1 z 0 also ! apse4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t symmetry & ! ,greco-,roman /raight horizontal l9e 7 to replace ! ogival ar* & ! g5]ally v]tical1 so>+ effect ( ,go?ic build+s4 ,! ar*itect di$ be=e 8 monum5t 0 complet$1 & ,*urrigu]a1 ! mo/ anti-arti/ic arti/ t ev] brea!d1--accord+ to ! au?or's p]sonal op9ion1--0 call$ ^u to f9i% ! edifice3 8 trade-m>k cov]s almo/ ! entire we/]n front1 :]e ! second body %[s ! defects into :i* ,h]r]o's sev]e /yle deg5]at$ soon aft] 8 dea?4 ,( ! f\r t[]s & ! cupola :i* 7 to r5d] ! capitol ( ,valladolid second 9 gr&eur to none except+ ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 only "o t[] 0 erect$3 x fell d[n 9 #ahda1 & is be+ re]ect$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! int]ior ! same disp>ity is ev]y:]e visible1 z well z 9 ! unf9i%$ /ate ( ! temple4 ,greek columns are preval5t1 &1 contra/+ ) _! simplicity1 ! high alt>1 z grotesque a body z ev] 0 plac$ 9 a holy ca!dral1 attracts ! eye ( ! vulg> ) some?+ ( ! same feel+ z a blood-&-?und] melodrama4 ,ne$less to say1 ! art connoisseur flees !refrom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,front ,,( ,,valladolid ,,ca!dral ,to ! re> ( ! build+ ! rema9s ( ! ,romanesque ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia la ,mayor are /ill to be se52 :at a diff]5ce betwe5 ! rigid1 anti-arti/ic conception ( ,h]r]o1 ridiculiz$ by ,*urrigu]a1 & left b half-complet$ by successive g5]ations ( moneyless believ]s1 & ! simple b elegant features ( ! old collegiate *ur*1 ) its t[] /ill /&+1 a ,byzant9e recu]do ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,,ii ,,avila ,to ! we/ ( ,madrid1 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,si]ra de ,gr$os1 lies ,avila1 ano!r ( ! int]e/+ cities ( ,ca/ile1 ^: "t-old mansions & palaces1 built ( a gray granite1 l5d a solemn & almo/ repulsively melan*olic air to ! city4 ,p]haps m ?an any o!r t[n1 ,avila is *>act]i/ic ( ! middle ages1 ( ! cont9ual /rife betwe5 ! noblem51 ! ,*ur*1 & ! common p4 ,! h\ses ( ! ari/ocrats are ca/les r ?an palaces1 ) no arti/ic decoration to hide _! b>e nak$ness2 ! ca!dral is really a =tress1 & n only app>5tly s1 z 9 ,salamanca & ,toro1 = its v apse is emb$d$ 9 ! city walls1 ( :i* x =ms a "p1 a battlem5t$1 turret$1 & w>like projection1 sure ( hav+ to be> ! brunt ( an attack 9 case ( a siege4 ,l ! g5]al aspect ( ! city is also ! "* ( ! inhabitant1 & x is b draw+ x mildly to /ate t ,avila's sons 7 ev] =emo/ 9 battle & /rife4 ,k+s 9 _! m9ority 7 br\ght hi!r by prud5t mo!rs :o reli$ m ^u ! city's walls ?an ^u ! promises ( noblem5 9 ,valladolid & ,burgos2 ?is tru/ 0 nev] misplac$4 ,9 ! conque/ ( ,extremadura & ( ,&alusia1 also1 ! ,avilese troops1 head$ by d>+ w>rior-prelates1 play$ a mo/ important "p1 &1 z a fronti] =tress1 toge!r ) ,segovia1 aga9/ ,aragon to ! ea/1 x manag$ to keep away f ,ca/ilian t]ritory ! ambitions ( ! mon>*s ( ! rival k+dom4 ,avela ( ! ,romans 0 a g>rison t[n1 ! walls ( :i* 7 p>tly ?r[n d[n by ! ,we/]n ,go?s ^u _! arrival 9 ! p59sula4 ,previ\sly1 ,san ,segundo1 "o ( ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les :o _h visit$ ,betica 7,&alusia71 prea*$ ! ,true ,^w 9 ,avila1 & 0 creat$ its fir/ bi%op--9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,dur+ ! t]rible p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ! reign ( ,trajanus1 "o ,san ,vic5te & 8 two si/]s1 ,sab9a & ,cri/eta1 escap$ f ,portugal & came to ,avila1 hop+ to be hospitably receiv$4 ,all 9 va92 _! heads 7 sma%$ betwe5 /ones1 & _! bodies left to rot 9 ! /reets4 ,an imm5se s]p5t em]g$ f ! city walls & kept gu>d ov] ! ?ree sa9tly corpses4 ,! fir/ to approa* 0 a ,jew1 drawn hi!r by curiosity2 he 0 imm$iately envelop$ by ! reptile's body4 ,on ! po9t ( be+ /rangl$1 he pron\nc$ ! ^w1 ,jesus--& ! s]p5t releas$ him4 ,s grateful 0 ! ,jew at be+ deliv]$ f dea? t he turn$ ,*ri/ian & erect$ a *ur* 9 hon\r ( ,san ,vic5te1 ,sab9a1 & ,cri/eta1 & _h !m buri$ )9 its walls4 ,?is *ur* subsi/$ ?r\gh\t ! d>k ages ( ! ,moori% invasion until at la/ ,f]n&o ,i4 remov$ ! sa9tly rema9s to ,leon 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! *ur* 0 !n de/roy$1 &1 x is believ$1 ! pres5t ca!dral 0 built on ! same spot4 ,! ,moors1 call+ ! city ,abila1 us$ x z "o ( ! =tresses def5d+ ,tol$o on ! nor? aga9/ ! cont9ual ,*ri/ian raids2 ) v>y+ success !y held x until ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 x f9ally fell into ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & 0 repopulat$ a %ort "t be=e ,salamanca t[>d ! end ( ! same c5tury4 ,dur+ ! c5turies ( ,moori% dom9ion ! see _h fall5 into ! complete/ oblivion1 no m5tion be+ made ( any bi%ops ( ,avila2 ! ecclesia/ical dignity 0 ree/abli%$ imm$iately aft] ! f9al conque/ ( ! region to ! nor? ( ! ,si]ra ( ,guad]rama1 & ?\gh docum5ts are lack+ z to :o 0 ! fir/ prelate de mod]nis1 x is g5]ally believ$ to h be5 "o ,j]onimo1 t[>d ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! city grew rapidly 9 /r5g?2 settl]s came f ! nor?--f ,ca/ile & ,leon--& f ! ea/1 f ,aragon2 !y travell$ to _! new home 9 bullock-c>ts conta9+ h\sehold furniture1 agricultural & w> implem5ts1 wives1 & *ildr54 ,9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,spa9 ,avila play$ an important "p1 & _m a /irr+ ev5t took place )9 its walls4 ,x 0 besieg$ by ! ,aragonese ,alfonso el ,batallador1 ^: army advanc$ to ! attack beh9d its prison]s1 sons ( ,avila4 ,bro!rs1 fa!rs1 & relatives 7 ?us oblig$ to fire ^u _! own k9 if !y wi%$ to save _! city4 ,! same k+1 x is said1 kill$ 8 ho/ages by hav+ _! heads cut (f & boil$ 9 oil1 z ?\gh sev]$ heads 7 capable ( feel+ ! delightful s5sation ( see?+ oil6 ,( all ! traditions z num]\s "h z else:]e1 ! prettie/ & mo/ improbable is d\btless t ( ,nalvillos1 a typical *evali] ( romance1 :o fell desp]ately 9 love ) a beautiful ,moori% pr9cess & w$d$ h]4 ,%e p9$1 h[ev]1 = a lov] :om 9 h] y\? %e _h promis$ to w$1 & ?\gh h] husb& erect$ palaces & b\ght slaves = h]1 %e escap$ ) h] swee!>t4 ,nalvillos foll[$ ! c\ple to :]e !y lay retir$ 9 a ca/le1 & x 0 surr\nd$ by him & 8 tru/y foll[]s4 ,! h]o himself1 disguis$ z a sell] ( curative h]bs1 ent]$ ! ap>tm5t :]e 8 wife 0 wait+ = h] lov]'s return1 & made himself kn[n4 ,! =m]'s return1 h[ev]1 cut matt]s %ort1 & ,nalvillos 0 oblig$ to hide himself4 ,! ,moori% girl 0 true to h] love1 & told h] swee!>t :]e ! ,*ri/ian 0 hid+2 br\ght out ( 8 retreat1 he 0 on ! po9t ( be+ kill$ :5 he ask$ p]mission to bl[ a la/ bla/ on 8 bugle--a wi% t 0 readily conc$$ by ! magnanim\s lov]4 ,! result8 ,! pr9cess & h] swee!>t 7 burnt to dea? by ! flames ignit$ by ,nalvillos's soldi]s4 ,! ,*ri/ian w>rior 01 ( c\rse1 able to escape4 ,9 #adee ! effigy ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 0 de?ron$ 9 ,avila by ! prelates ( ,tol$o & o!r cities1 & by an assembly ( noblem5 :o felt t feudalism 0 dy+ out1 & 7 anxi\s to /rike a la/ bl[ at ! weak k+ :om !y consid]$ 0 _! enemy4 ,! effigy 0 plac$ on a ?rone2 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o h>angu$ ! multitude :i*1 sil5t & sc[l+1 0 kept away f ! ?rone by a goodly numb] ( ob$i5t m]c5>y soldi]s4 ,!n ! prelate tore (f ! mock cr[n1 ano!r ( ! conspirators ! sceptre1 ano!r ! royal g>m5ts1 & s on1 ea* accompany+ 8 act by an ignom9i\s curse4 ,at la/ ! effigy 0 torn f ! ?rone & trampl$ "u ! feet ( ! soldi]s4 ,alfonso1 a boy ( elev51 /epp$ on ! dais & 0 proclaim$ k+4 ,8 h& 0 kiss$ by ! humble 767 prelates & noblem51 :o swore allegiance1 an oa? !y _h n ! slighte/ int5tion ( keep+1 & did n keep1 ei!r4 ,philip ,,iii4's decree expell+ ,moors f ,spa91 01 z 9 ! case ( ,plas5cia1 ! c\p de grace giv5 to ! city's importance2 half ! population 0 oblig$ to leave1 & ,avila nev] recov]$ h] lo/ importance & influ5ce4 ,to-day1 ) only ab\t t5 ?\s& inhabitants1 ?r[n 9 ! backgr\nd by ,madrid1 x manages to keep alive & no?+ m4 ,! date :5 ! erection ( ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,avila 0 begun is utt]ly unkn[n4 ,accord+ to a pi\s leg5d1 x 0 f\nd$ by ! ?ird bi%op1 ,don ,p$ro1 :o1 be+ anxi\s to erect a temple wor?y ( 8 dignity1 und]took a long pilgrimage to =eign c\ntries 9 se>* ( arms1 & return$ to 8 see 9 #ajia4 ,sixte5 ye>s lat]1 accord+ to ! same tradition1 ! pres5t ca!dral 0 ess5tially complet$1 a bold /atem5t t _c be accept$ because 9 manife/ contradiction ) ! build ( ! *ur*4 ,accord+ to ,s5or ,quadrado1 ! olde/ "p ( ! build+1 ! apse1 0 probably erect$ t[>d ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x is a massive1 almo/ w9d[less1 semicircul> body1 its b>e walls unsupport$ by buttresses1 & e in* ( x l ! corn]-t[] ( a ca/le wall1 cr5elat$ & flat-topp$4 ,! same au?or op9es t ! transept1 a h&some1 broad1 & airy ogival nave1 dates f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :]eas ! we/]n front ( ! *ur* is ( a mu* m rec5t date4 ,be t z x may1 ! fact is t ! ca!dral ( ,avila1 se5 f ! ea/1 we/1 or nor?1 is a =tress build+1 a huge1 unwieldy & anti-arti/ic composition ( ,romanesque1 ,go?ic1 & o!r elem5ts4 ,! we/]n front1 ) its heavy t[] to ! nor?1 & ! lack ( su* to ! s\?1 appe>s m gloomy ?an ev] on acc\nt ( ! obscure col\r ( ! /one2 ! facade above ! portal is ( "o ( ! mo/ peculi> ( arti/ic conceptions ev] imag9$2 above ! fir/ body or ! po9t$ ar* :i* cr[ns ! portal comes ! second body1 divid$ f ! =m] by a /raight l9e1 :i* supports eight columns flank+ sev5 ni*es2 on ! top ( ?is unlucky "p comes an ogival w9d[4 ,! :ole facade is n>r[--"o door--& high4 ,! effect is disa/r\s3 an unnecess>y contortion or misplacem5t ( v]tical1 horizontal1 slant+1 & circul> l9es4 ,! t[] is flank$ at ! angles by two rims ( /one1 ! edges ( :i* are cut into bolas 7balls74 ,if ?is %[s c]ta9 ,mudej> ta/e1 s1 also1 d ! geometrical designs c>v$ 9 relief aga9/ a backgr\nd1 z se5 9 ! arabesques above ! upp] w9d[s4 ,! nor!rn portal1 except+ ! upp] ar*1 :i* is b slightly curv$ & almo/ horizontal1 & weighs d[n ! ogival ar*es1 is f> bett] z reg>ds ! arti/'s conception ( beauty2 ! /one c>v+ is also ( a bett] class4 ,return+ to ! int]ior ( ! build+1 pref]ably by ! transept1 ! h&some/ "p ( ! *ur*1 ! spectator p]ceives a d\ble ambulatory beh9d ! high alt>2 ! latt]1 z well z ! *oir1 is l[1 & a f9e view is obta9$ ( ! ensemble4 ,! c5tral nave1 almo/ twice z high & little broad] ?an ! aisles1 is cr[n$ by a d\ble tri=ium ( ,go?ic elegance4 ,se5 f ! transept1 x w\ld appe> z ?\gh !re 7 f\r aisles on ! we/ side in/ead ( two1 a peculi> deception produc$ by ! lat]al op5+ ( ! la/ *apels1 exactly simil> 9 con/ruction to ! ar* :i* cr[ns ! int]section ( ! aisles & transept4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t[] ,,( ,,avila ,,ca!dral ,9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn extremity ( ! transept two h&some rosaces1 above a r[ ( lancet w9d[s1 let 9 ! outside light ?r\gh /a9$ panes4 ,! impression produc$ by ! int]ior ( ! ca!dral is greatly sup]ior to t receiv$ f )\t4 ,9 ! latt] case curiosity is ab\t ! only s5tim5t felt by ! spectator1 :]eas )9 ! temple does n lack a simple beauty & my/]y4 ,z reg>ds sculptural details1 ! be/ are d\btless ! l[ reliefs to be se5 to ! re> ( ! *oir1 z well z sev]al sepul*res1 ( :i* ! be/--& "o ( ! be/ ,r5aissance monum5ts ( its k9d 9 ,spa9--is t ( ! ,bi%op ,alfonso ,to/ado 9 ! ambulatory4 ,! retablo ( ! high alt> is also a magnific5t piece ( "w ( ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5?4 ,,iii ,,segovia ,avila's tw9 si/]1 ,segovia1 reta9s its old ,celtib]ian "n2 x reta9s1 also1 ! und5iable pro(s ( ,roman dom9ation 9 its f>-fam$ aqu$uct & 9 its amphi!atre4 ,accord+ to ! popul> tradition1 ,san ,hi]ateo1 ! disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 0 ! fir/ bi%op 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 b probably ! see 0 n erect$ until ab\t #ebg1 :5 x is fir/ m5tion$ 9 a ,tolesian docum5t2 ! "n ( ! fir/ bi%op 7hi/orical7 is ,pet]1 :o 0 pres5t at ! ?ird ,c\ncil 9 ,tol$o 7#ehi74 ,! local sa9t is "o ,san ,fruto1 :o1 ^u ! approa* ( ! ,s>ac5 ho/s1 ga!r$ toge!r a h&ful ( fugitives & retir$ to ! m\nta9s2 8 bro!r ,val5t9e & 8 si/] ,engracia 7( ,aragonese fame87 di$ m>tyrs to _! belief4 ,san ,fruto1 on ! o!r h&1 liv$ ! life ( a h]mit 9 ! m\nta9s & wr\ght _m miracles1 su* z splitt+ op5 a rock ) 8 jack-knife1 etc4 ,! mo/ miracul\s ( 8 de$s 0 ! pro( he gave to ! ,moors ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ca?olic religion3 on a tray ( oats he plac$ ! ho/ & (f]$ x to a mule1 :i*1 in/ead ( mun*+ oats & ho/1 fell on its knees1 & p]haps ev5 cross$ itself6 ,disput$ by ,arabs & ,*ri/ians1 l all ,ca/ilian t[ns1 ,segovia lagg$ along until x fell def9itely into ! h&s ( ! latt]4 ,a ,*ri/ian colony seems1 nev]!less1 to h liv$ 9 ! t[n dur+ ! ,arab dom9ion1 because ! docum5ts ( ! "t speak ( a ,bi%op ,ild]$o 9 #idj4 ,! exact ye> ( ! repopulation ( ,segovia is n kn[n1 b d\btless x 0 a decade or s prior to ei!r t ( ,salamanca or ,avila4 ,nei!r 0 ! w>like _s ( ! inhabitants inf]ior to t ( _! bre?r5 9 ! la/ nam$ cities4 ,x 0 due to _! brav]y t ,madrid fell into ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ians t[>d #aaaj1 =1 arriv+ late at ! besieg+ camp1 ! k+1 :o 0 pres5t1 told !m t if !y wi%$ to pass ! night com=tably1 !re 0 b "o place1 namely1 ! city itself4 ,)\t a mom5t's hesitation ! d>+ w>riors da%$ at ! walls ( ,madrid1 &1 scal+ !m1 took a t[]1 :]e !y pass$ ! night at _! ease1 & to _! mon>*'s great a/oni%m5t4 ,9 #aaae1 ! fir/ bi%op de mod]nis1 ,don ,p$ro1 0 consecrat$1 & ! ca!dral 0 begun at ab\t ! same "t4 ,sev]al ( ! successive prelates 7 battl+ w>riors r ?an spiritual %eph]ds1 & f\ght ) en]gy & success aga9/ ! infidel 9 ,&alusia4 ,"o1 ,don ,guti]re ,giron1 ev5 f\nd 8 dea? 9 ! t]rible defeat ( ! ,*ri/ian arms at ,al>con4 ,! ev5t :i* br\ght ! greate/ fame to ,segovia 0 ! erection ( its celebrat$ ,alcaz>1 or ca/le1 ! f9e/ specim5 ( milit>y ar*itecture 9 ,spa94 ,e city _h its citadel1 x is true1 b none 7 s /rong & invuln]able z t ( ,segovia1 & 9 ! /ormy days ( ,ca/ilian hi/ory ! mon>*s f\nd a safe retreat f ! attacks ( unscrupul\s noblem5 beh9d its walls4 ,until #aecj ! old ca!dral /ood at ! back ( ! ,alcaz>1 b 9 a revolution ( ! ,comun]os aga9/ ,*>les-,qu9t1 ! infuriat$ mob1 anxi\s to seize ! ca/le1 tore d[n ! temple & us$ its /ones1 beams1 /alls1 & rail+s z a means to scale ! high walls ( ! =tress4 ,_! ef=ts 7 9 va91 = an army came to ! relief ( ! ca/le f ,valladolid2 a g5]al p>don 01 nev]!less1 grant$ to ! population by ! mon>*1 :o 0 too f> (f to c>e mu* :at 8 ,spani% subjects did4 ,aft] ! /orm 0 ov]1 ! hot-head$ citiz5s f\nd !mselves ) a bi%op & a *apt]1 b )\t a *ur* or means :]e) to erect a new "o4 ,! /ruggles betwe5 city & =tress 7 num]\s1 & 7 ! cause1 9 a great measure1 ( ! t[n's decad5ce4 ,^u "o occasion1 ,isabel ! ,ca?olic infr+$ ^u ! citiz5s' rights by mak+ a gift ( "s ( ! feudal villages to a c\rt fav\rite4 ,! day aft] ! news ( ?is infr+em5t rea*$ ! city1 by a common accord ! citiz5s dress$ 9 black1 did n amuse !mselves1 nor put on clean l952 nei!r did !y sweep ! h\se /eps1 nor light ! lamps at night2 nei!r did !y buy nor sell1 & :at is m1 !y box$ _! *ildr5's e>s s t !y %\ld = ev] rememb] ! day4 ,s great 7 ! public signs ( grief t x has be5 said t nev] did a republic we> deep] m\rn+ = ! loss ( its lib]ties4 ,! end ( ! matt] 0 t ! que5 9 h] fam\s te/am5t revok$ h] gift & return$ ! villages to ! city4 ,! old ca!dral 0 torn d[n 9 ,novemb]1 #aebj1 & x 0 n until ,june1 #aebe1 t ! bi%op1 :o _h made a patriotic appeal to all ,spani>ds 9 behalf ( ! *ur* funds1 laid ! fir/ /one ( ! new edifice4 ,?irty ye>s lat] ! build+ 0 consecrat$4 ,n[h]e else c a *ur* be f\nd :i* is a m ?or\gh expression ( a city's f]v\r & en?usiasm4 ,x 0 z ?\gh ! sacrilegi\s act ( ! enrag$ mob react$ on ! p5it5t m9ds ( ! calm$ citiz5s1 = ri* & poor alike gave _! alms to ! ca!dral *apt]4 ,jewels 7 sold1 donations came f abroad1 feudal lords gave :ole villages to ! *ur*1 & ! poor m51 ! workm51 & ! peasants gave _! p5nies4 ,daily processions arriv$ at ,santa ,cl>a1 !n us$ z ca!dral *ur*1 f all p>ts ( ! diocese4 ,to-day !y 7 compos$ ( tradesm51 ( ,zu5fte1 :o gave _! (f]+s ( a few p\nds2 to-morr[ a village w\ld br+ 9 a c>tload ( /one1 ( mort>1 ( wood1 etc4 ,on holidays & ,sundays ! rep5tant citiz5s1 in/ead ( amus+ !mselves at ! dance or bull-fight1 c>t$ mat]ials = _! new ca!dral's erection1 & all ?is !y did ( _! own free w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,segovia ,,ca!dral ,! act ( consecrat+ ! f9i%$ build+ con/itut$ a gr& holiday4 ,! long aqu$uct 0 illum9at$ f top to bottom1 z 0 also ! ca!dral t[]1 & e h\se 9 ! city4 ,dur+ a week ! holiday-mak+ la/$ ) op5-air amusem5ts = ! poor & banquets = ! ri*4 ,! date ( ! con/ruction ( ! new build+ 0 contemporane\s ) t ( ,salamanca1 & ! ar*itect 01 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! same4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t bo? %\ld resemble ea* o!r 9 _! g5]al disposition4 ,:at is m1 ! con/ruction 9 bo? *ur*es 0 begun at ! foot 7we/71 & n 9 ! ea/1 z is g5]ally ! case4 ,! olde/ "p ( ! build+ is consequ5tly ! we/]n front1 classic 9 its outl9e1 b %[+ among its ogival details bo? ! symmetry & triangul> p$im5t ( ,r5aissance art4 ,! t[]1 high] ?an t ( ,sevilla1 & broad] ?an t ( ,tol$o1 is simple 9 its /ructure2 x is ,byzant9e1 & does n lack a c]ta9 ca*et ( elegance2 ! fir/ body is surm\nt$ by a dome1 ^u :i* rises ! second1--small]1 & also cr[n$ by a cupola4 ,! t[] 0 twice /ruck by lightn+ & p>tly ru9$ 9 #afbj2 x 0 rebuilt 9 #ahbe1 & a lightn+ conductor replac$ ! cross ( ! spire4 ,?\gh consecrat$1 z has be5 said1 9 #aeeh1 ! new temple 0 by no means f9i%$3 ! transept & ! ea/]n end 7 /ill to be built4 ,! latt] 0 f9i%$ prior to #aehj1 & 9 #afae ! ,r5aissance dome :i* surm\nts ! croisee 0 erect$ by an arti/-ar*itect1 :o evid5tly 0 incapable ( giv+ x a true ,go?ic appe>ance4 ,! apse1 ) its ?ree h>moniz+ etages correspond+ to ! *apels1 aisles1 & nave1 & flank$ by lean+ buttresses ornam5t$ ) delicate p9nacles1 is ,go?ic 9 its details2 ! ensemble is1 nev]!less1 ,r5aissance1 ?anks to a p]fect symmetry pa9fully pron\nc$ by nak$ horizontal l9es--s contradictory to ! _s ( true ogival4 ,less regul>ity & a great] pr(usion ( buttresses1 & above all ( fly+ buttresses1 w\ld h be5 m agreeable1 b ! times _h *ang$ & new ta/es _h ent]$ ! c\ntry4 ,nei!r does ! broad transept1 its facade1--ei!r s\!rn or nor!rn1--& ! cupola jo91 z x 71 ! ea/]n & ! we/]n half ( ! build+2 on ! contr>y1 x di/9ctly sep>ates !m1 n to ! build+'s advantage4 ,! int]ior is gay r ?an solemn3 ! g5]al disposition ( ! p>ts is z cu/om>y 9 a ,go?ic *ur* ( ! ,transition 7,r5aissance74 ,! nave & transept are ( ! same wid?2 ! lat]al *apels1 runn+ along ! ext]ior walls ( ! aisles1 are symmetrical1 z 9 ,salamanca2 ! ambulatory sep>ates ! high alt> f ! apse & its sev5 *apels4 ,! pavem5t ( ! *ur* is ( black & :ite m>ble slabs1 l t ( ,tol$o1 = in/ance2 z = ! /a9$ w9d[s1 !y are num]\s1 & ^? 9 ! old] "p ( ! build+ ( good 7,flemi%87 workman%ip & ( a ri* col\r1 :i* height5s ! happy expression ( ! :ole build+4 ,! cloi/] is ! olde/ "p ( ! build+1 hav+ p]ta9$ to ! previ\s ca!dral4 ,aft] ! latt]'s de/ruction1 & ! successful erection ( ! new temple1 ! cloi/] 0 transport$ /one by /one f its old emplacem5t to :]e x n[ /&s4 ,x is a h&some & ri*ly decorat$ ,go?ic build+1 conta9+ _m tombs1 among !m ^? ( ! ar*itects ( ! ca!dral & ( ,m>ia del ,salto4 ,?is ,m>y 0 a c]ta9 ,jewess1 :o1 condemn$ to dea?1 & ?r[n ov] ! ,p5a ,graj]a1 invok$ ! aid ( ! ,virg91 & 0 sav$4 ,ano!r tomb is t ( ,pr9ce ,don ,p$ro1 son ( ,enrique ,,ii41 :o fell out ( a w9d[ ( ! ,alcaz>4 ,8 nurse1 accord+ to ! tradition1 ?rew h]self out ( ! w9d[ aft] h] *>ge1 & toge!r !y 7 pick$ up1 "o lock$ 9 ! arms ( ! o!r4 ,,iv ,,madrid-,,alcala ,?\gh ,madrid 0 proclaim$ ! capital ( ,spa9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 x 0 n until #ahej t its collegiate *ur* ( ,san ,isidro 0 rais$ to an episcopal see4 ,! appo9tm5t met ) a /orm ( disapproval 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,alcala de ,h5>es1 ! citiz5s claim+ ! erection ( ! ecclesia/ical ?rone 9 _! own collegiate1 in/ead ( 9 ,madrid4 ,_! reasons 7 purely hi/orical1 z w be se5 lat] on1 :]eas ! capital lack$ bo? hi/ory & ecclesia/ical significance4 ,to pacify ! inhabitants ( ,alcala1 & at ! same "t to raise ,madrid to ! rank ( a city1 ! foll[+ arrangem5t 0 made3 ! newly creat$ see 0 to be call$ ,madrid-,alcala2 ! bi%op 0 to possess two ca!dral *ur*es1 & bo? t[ns 7 to be cities4 ,su* is ! /ate ( affairs at pres5t4 ,! rec5t gov]nm5tal closure ( ! old ca!dral 9 ,alcala has depriv$ ! p>tisans ( ! d\ble see ( "o ( _! *ief argum5ts1 namely1 ! possession ( a wor?y temple1 unique 9 ! _w z reg>ds its organization4 ,consequ5tly1 x is g5]ally /at$ t ! title ( ,madrid-,alcala w die out ) ! pres5t bi%op1 & t ! next w simply be ! ,bi%op ( ,madrid4 ,madrid ,! city ( ,madrid is new & un9t]e/+2 x is an ov]gr[n village1 ) no build+s wor?y ( ! capital ( a k+dom4 ,f an ar*itectural po9t ( view1 ! royal palace1 maje/ic & impos+1 ?\gh decid$ly poor 9 /yle1 is ab\t ! only edifice t c be admir$4 ,9 hi/ory1 ,madrid plays a mo/ unimportant "p until ! times ( ,philip ,,ii41 ! black-br[$ mon>* :o1 int5t ^u erect+ 8 mausoleum 9 ! ,escorial1 proclaim$ ,madrid to be ! only capital4 ,t 0 9 #aefj2 previ\sly ,mag]it _h be5 an ,arab =tress to ! nor? ( ,tol$o1 & ! fir/ 9 ! region n[ call$ ,ca/illa la ,nueva 7,new ,ca/ile71 to di/+ui% x f ,old ,ca/ile1 :i* lies to ! nor? ( ! m\nta9 *a94 ,mo/ likely ,mag]it _h be5 f\nd$ by ! ,moors1 ?\gh1 z soon z x _h become ! capital ( ,spa91 its inhabitants1 :o 7 only too eag] to l5d _! t[n a hi/ory x did n possess1 inv5t$ a s]ies ( traditions & leg5ds m ridicul\s ?an v]aci\s4 ,on ! slopes ( ! la/ hill1 desc5d+ to ! ,manzan>es1 & beside ! pres5t royal palace1 ! ,*ri/ian conqu]ors ( ! ,arab =tress 9 ! twelf? c5tury discov]$ an effigy ( ! ,virg91 9 an almud5a or /oreh\se4 ,?is 0 ! />t+-po9t = ! traditions ( ! twelf?-c5tury monks :o discov]$ 787 t ?is effigy _h be5 plac$ :]e x 0 f\nd by ,/4 ,james1 accord+ to "s1 & by ! ,virg9 h]self1 accord+ to o!rs2 :at is m1 !y ev5 e/abli%$ a s]ies ( bi%ops 9 ,mag]it previ\s to ! ,arab invasion4 ,no f\ndations are ( c\rse at h& = su* fabul\s inv5tions1 & if ! effigy really 7 f\nd 9 ! almud5a1 x mu/ h be5 plac$ !re by ! ,moors !mselves1 :o mo/ likely _h tak5 x z _! booty :5 sack+ a *ur* or conv5t to ! nor?4 ,! patron sa9t ( ,madrid is "o ,isidro1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ,san ,isidoro ( ,leon4 ,! =m] 0 a f>m] or lab\r]1 :o1 ) 8 wife1 liv$ a quiet & unpret5ti\s life 9 ! vic9ity ( ,madrid1 on ! opposite banks ( ! ,manzan>es1 :]e a *apel 0 erect$ to 8 memory sometime 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,( ! _m miracles ?is sa9t is suppos$ to h wr\ght1 n "o diff]s f ! usual de$s attribut$ to holy individuals4 ,be+ a f>m]1 8 voice call$ =? wat] f ! p>*$ l&1 & angels help$ 8 ox5 to pl\gh ! fields4 ,save ! effigy ( ! ,virg9 de la ,almud5a1 & ! life ( ,san ,isidro1 ,madrid has no ecclesia/ical hi/ory1--! ,virg9 de la ,ato*a has be5 =gott51 b %e is only a duplicate ( h] si/] virg94 ,conv5ts & mona/]ies are ( c\rse z num]\s z else:]e 9 ,spa92 brick p>i% *ur*es ( a decid$ ,spani%-,ori5tal appe>ance re> _! cupolas skyw>d 9 almo/ e /reet1 ! l>ge/ among !m be+ ,san ,francisco el ,gr&e1 :i*1 ) ,san ,antonio de la ,florida 7conta9+ sev]al h&some pa9t+s by ,goya71 is ! only temple wor? visit+4 ,z reg>ds a ca!dral build+1 !re is1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! city1 a l>ge /one *ur* d$icat$ to ,san ,isidro2 x s]ves ! /ead ( a ca!dral *ur* until a new build+1 begun ab\t #ahhe1 w h be5 complet$4 ,?is new build+1 ! ca!dral prop]ly speak+1 is to be a t5? wond]2 x is to be con/ruct$ 9 granite1 & its f\ndations /& beside ! royal palace 9 ! v spot :]e ! ,virg9 de la ,almud5a 0 f\nd1 & :]e1 until #ahfi1 a *ur* enclos$ ! sacr$ effigy2 ! new build+ is to be d$icat$ to ! same deity4 ,unluckily1 ! erection ( ! new ca!dral proce$s b sl[ly2 s f> only ! basem5t /ones h be5 laid & ! crypt f9i%$4 ,! funds = its erection are entirely dep5d5t ^u alms1 b1 z ! religi\s f]v\r :i* incit$ ! inhabitants ( ,segovia 9 ! sixte5? c5tury is almo/ dead to-day1 x is an op5 "q :e!r ! ca!dral ( ,madrid w ev] be f9i%$4 ,! tempor>y ca!dral ( ,san ,isidro 0 erect$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 its two clumsy t[]s are unf9i%$1 its we/]n front1 betwe5 ! t[]s1 is sev]e2 f\r columns support ! balcony1 beh9d :i* ! cupola1 :i* cr[ns ! croisee1 peeps =?4 ,inside !re is no?+ wor?y ( int]e/ to be admir$ except "s pictures1 "o ( !m pa9t$ by ! ,div9o ,morales4 ,! nave is light1 b ! *apels are s d>k t almo/ no?+ c be se5 9 _! int]ior4 ,?is *ur*1 until ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits1 0 ! temple ( _! ord]1 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul2 adjo9+ x a ,jesuit s*ool 0 erect$1 :i* has be5 incorporat$ 9 ! gov]nm5t colleges4 ,alcala de ,h5>es ,ab\t tw5ty miles to ! ea/ ( ,madrid lies ! "o-"t glori\s univ]sity city ( ,alcala1 fam\s above all ?+s = hav+ be5 ! cradle ( ,c]vantes1 & ! he>?1 if n ! home1 ( ,c>d9al ,cisn]os4 ,its hi/ory & its decad5ce are ( ! sadde/2 ! latt] s]ves 9 _m respects z an adequate symbol ( ,spa9's own trem5d\s d[nfall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,san ,,isidro1 ,,madrid ,! ,romans f\nd$ ,alcala2 x 0 _! ,complutum1 ( :i* "s few rema9s h be5 discov]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! mod]n city4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is lack ( sub/antial evid5ce1 ! inhabitants ( ! region /ill pr\dly call !mselves ,complut5ses4 ,:5 ! ,we/ ,go?s 7 rul]s ( ! p59sula1 ! ,roman monum5ts mu/ h be5 completely de/roy$1 = all traces ( ! /rategic /ronghold 7 effac$ f ! map ( ,spa94 ,! invad+ ,arabs1 possess+ to a c]ta9 degree bo? ,roman milit>y in/9ct & =esight1 built a =tress on ! spot :]e ! ,/ate ,ar*ives ,build+ /&s to-day4 ,?is ca/le 0 us$ by !m z "o ( ,tol$o's nor!rn def5ces aga9/ ! w>like ,*ri/ian k+s4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! =tress fell into ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ians2 9 ! succe$+ c5turies x 0 /rongly rebuilt by ! c>d9al-ar*bi%ops ( ,tol$o1 :o us$ x bo? z _! palace & z _! /ronghold4 ,outside ! ba/ion$ & turret$ walls ( ! ca/le1 ! new-born city grew up "u its protect+ %ad[s4 ,kn[n by ! ,arabic "n ( its =tress 7,al-,kala71 x 0 successively baptiz$ ,alcala de ,san ,ju/o1 ,alcala de ,f5>es1 & s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,alcala de ,h5>es 7h5o1 old ,spani% f5o1 mean+ hay74 ,protect$ by su* p[]ful arms z ^? ( ! pr9ces ( ! ,*ur*1 x grew up to be a second ,tol$o1 a city ( *ur* spires & conv5t walls1 b ( :i* only a r$uc$ numb] /& to-day to po9t back to ! religi\s f]v\r ( ! middle ages4 ,! _w-spread fame acquir$ by ,alcala 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 due to ! patronage ( ,c>d9al ,cisn]os1 :o built ! univ]sity1 at "o "t "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ,europe1 & to-day a m]e skeleton ( ar*itectural beauty4 ,! same prelate rais$ ,san ,ju/o to a suffragan *ur*2 its *apt] 0 compos$ only ( le>n$ pr(essors ( ! univ]sity1 z 7 also its canons2 ,leon ,x4 gave x ! enviable title ( ,la ,magi/ral1 ! ,le>n$1 :i* po9ts x out z unique 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,! ,polyglot ,bible1 publi%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & fam\s 9 all ,europe1 0 work$ out by ^! s*ol>s "u ,cisn]os's direction1 & ! fav\r$ city out%one ! newly built ,madrid tw5ty miles away1 & rivall$ ,salamanca 9 le>n+1 & ,tol$o 9 worldly & religi\s spl5d\r4 ,madrid grew great] & great] z ye>s w5t by1 & consequ5tly ,alcala de ,h5>es dw9dl$ away to ! %ad[ ( a "n4 ,! univ]sity1 ! j pride ( ! ,complut5ses1 0 remov$ to ! capital2 ! ca!dral1 = lack ( prop] c>e1 became an untimely ru92 ! episcopal palace 0 confiscat$ by ! /ate1 :i*1 besides repair+ x1 fill$ its sev5ty odd halls ) r[s ^u r[s ( du/y docum5ts & gov]nm5tal pap]s4 ,to-day ! city drags along a we>y1 inactive exi/5ce3 soldi]s f ! b>racks & long-rob$ prie/s f ! *ur* fill ! /reets1 & are z num]\s z ! civil inhabitants1 if n m s2 conv5ts & cloi/]s ( nuns1 ei!r grass-gr[n ru9s or else sombre grat$ & b>r$ edifices1 are to be met ) at e /ep4 ,/rang]s visit ! place hurri$ly 9 ! morn+ & return to ,madrid 9 ! aft]noon2 !y buy a t9 box ( sug> almonds 7! city's specialty71 c>elessly exam9e ! univ]sity & ! ar*iepiscopal palace1 gaze unmov$ at "s ,c]vantes relics1 & at ! facade ( ! ca!dral4 ,besides1 !y are told t 9 su* & su* a h\se ! immortal au?or ( ,don ,quixote 0 born1 :i* is a base1 ?\gh compreh5sible1 inv5tion1 because no su* h\se exi/s to-day4 ,t is all2 p]*ance 9 cross+ ! city's only squ>e1 ! travell] notices t x c boa/ ( no few] ?an ?ree names1 d\btless ) a view to hide its gl>+ nak$ness4 ,^! ?ree names are ,plaza de ,c]vantes1 ,plaza ,mayor1 & ,plaza de la ,con/itucion1 ( :i* ! latt] is spread out boldly across ! t[n hall & seems to invoke ! remembrance ( ! ephem]al ef=ts ( ! republic 9 #ahfi4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 two infants1 ,ju/o & ,pa/or1 prea*$ ! ,true ,^w to ! unbeliev+ ,roman rul]s ( ,complutum4 ,! result 0 n 9 ! lea/ surpris+3 ! two infants lo/ _! baby heads = ! tr\ble !y _h tak5 9 try+ to tr\ble w>riors4 ,b ! ,vatican rememb]$ !m1 & canoniz$ ,pa/or & ,ju/o4 ,hundr$s ( *ur*es1 s[n by ! blood ( m>tyrs1 grew up 9 all corn]s ( ! p59sula to commemorate pagan cruelty1 & to induce all m5 to foll[ ! examples set by ! two babes4 ,no "o knew1 h[ev]1 :]e ! mortal rema9s ( ,ju/o & ,pa/or 7 ly+4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury _! re/+-place 0 miracul\sly reveal$ to "o ,au/urio1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 :o _h !m remov$ to 8 ca!dral4 ,!y did n /ay long 9 ! primate city1 = ! invasion ( ! ,moors oblig$ all ,true ,believ]s to hide ,*ur* relics4 ,?us1 ,ju/o & ,pa/or w&]$ =? aga9 f village to village1 runn+ away f ! infidels until !y repos$ tempor>ily 9 ! ca!dral ( ,huesca 9 ! nor? ( ,aragon4 ,9 ,alcala _! memory 0 kept alive 9 ! p>i% *ur* d$icat$ to !m4 ,b z ! city grew1 x 0 deem$ pref]able to build a solid temple wor?y ( ! sa9tly pair1 & ,c>illo1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 _h ! old *ur* pull$ d[n & began ! erection ( a l>g] edifice4 ,?is took place 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ,xim5ez de ,cisn]os1 :o rul$ ! fate ( ,spa9 & its *ur*1 gave x ! ecclesia/ical con/itution previ\sly m5tion$4 ,fifty ye>s lat] ! we>y bodies ( ! two infants 7 br\ght back 9 triumph to _! native t[n amid ! rejoic+s & admiration ( ! p1 & 7 plac$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,san ,ju/o1 !n a collegiate *ur* ( ,tol$o4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,san ,ju/o 0 d5\nc$ by ! /ate ar*itect & clos$4 ,to-day x is a dre>y ru91 ) tufts ( grass gr[+ among ! battlem5ts4 ,! *apt]1 depriv+ ! ho>y build+ ( its high alt>1 its preci\s relics & pa9t+s1 its /alls & o!r accessories1 in/all$ ! ca!dral 9 ! ,jesuit temple1 an insignificant build+ 9 ! o!r extremity ( ! t[n4 ,rec5tly ! ab&on$ ru9 has be5 decl>$ a national monum5t1 :i* means t ! /ate is oblig$ to und]take its re/oration4 ,la ,magi/ral is a brick build+ ( impos+ simplicity & sev]ity 9 its g5]al outl9es4 ,its decorative elem5ts are ogival1 b ( true ,spani% nak$ness & lack ( elegance4 ,?\gh ,r5aissance pr9ciples h n ent]$ into ! composition1 z might h be5 suppos$1 consid]+ ! date ( ! erection1 nev]!less1 ! lack ( fly+ buttresses1 ! sc>city ( w9d[s1 ! undecorat$ angles ( ! we/]n front1 ! b>r5 walls1 & flat-topp$1 ?\gh slightly slop+1 ro(s prove t ! simple & sev]e /yle is lat5t 9 ! m9ds ( arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alcala ,,de ,,h5>es ,,ca!dral ,! apse is well develop$1 & ! croisee surm\nt$ by a cupola2 ! t[] :i* flanks ! we/]n front is massive2 x is decorat$ ) bl9d ar*es & ogival arabesques4 ,! gr\nd plan ( ! build+ is ,lat9 ,cruci=m2 ! aisles are b slightly l[] ?an ! nave & jo9 9 ! apse beh9d ! high alt> 9 an ambulatory walk4 ,! crypt1 rea*$ by two ,r5aissance doors 9 ! trasalt>1 is spaci\s1 & conta9s ! bodies ( ,san ,ju/o & ,san ,pa/or4 ,! g5]al impression produc$ on ! m9d ( ! t\ri/ is sadness4 ,! sev]ity ( ! /ructure is height5$ by ! abs5ce ( any di/ract+ decorative elem5ts1 except+ ! f9e ,mudej> ceil+ to ! left ^u ent]+4 ,9 ! reign+ %ad[s ( ?is des]t$ temple1 two magnific5t tombs /& 9 solitude & sil5ce4 ,!y are ^? ( ,c>illo & ,c>d9al ,cisn]os1 ! latt] "o ( ! greate/ sons ( ,spa9 & "o ( h] mo/ contradictory g5iuses4 ,8 sepul*re is a gorge\s m>ble monum5t ( ,r5aissance /yle1 surr\nd$ by a massive bronze grille ( excell5t workman%ip1 a m>vel ( ,spani% metal art ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! o!r sepul*re is simple 9 its ogival decorations1 & ! pro/rate effigy ( ,c>illo is among ! be/ to be admir$ by ! t\ri/ 9 ,ib]ia4 ,c>illo's life 0 t ( a re/less1 ambiti\s1 & worldly man4 ,:5 he di$1 he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,juan de ,dios1 :]e 8 illegitimate son _h be5 buri$ be=e him1 =1 said ! ar*bi%op-fa!r1 if 9 life my robes sep>at$ me f my son1 9 dea? we %all be unit$4 ,b he reckon$ )\t 8 ho/1 or r 8 successor1 ! man ^: rema9s n[ lie beside 8 own 9 ! %ad[s ( ! great ru94 ,=1 said ,cisn]os1 ! ,*ur* mu/ sep>ate man f 8 s9 ev5 9 dea?4 ,s he ord]$ ! son to be left 9 ! conv5t1 & ! fa!r to be br\ght to ! temple he _h begun to erect4 ,v ,s,i,g,ue,e,n,z,a ,! orig9 ( ! =tress admirably situat$ to ! nor? ( ,guadalaj>a 0 d\btless ,moori%1 ?\gh 9 ! vic9ity is ,villavieja1 :]e ! ,romans _h e/abli%$ a t[n on ! transv]se road f ,cadiz to ,t>ragon1 & call$ by !m ,seguncia1 or ,segoncia4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian religion fir/ appe>$ 9 ,spa91 x is believ$ t ,sigue5za1 or ,segoncia1 possess$ an episcopal see2 no?+ is positively kn[n1 h[ev]1 ( ! e>ly bi%ops1 until ,protog5es sign$ ! ?ird ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o 9 #ehi4 ,x is believ$ t 9 ! reign ( ,alfonso ,,vi41 he :o conqu]$ ,tol$o & ! region to ! s\? ( ,valladolid & z f> ea/ z ,aragon1 ,sigue5za 0 repopulat$1 ?\gh no m5tion is made ( ! place 9 ! e>li] *ronicles ( ! "t4 ,all t is kn[n is t a bi%op 0 imm$iately appo9t$ by ,alfonso ,,vii4 to ! vacancy :i* _h la/$ = ov] two hundr$ ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,sigue5za _h be5 "o ( ! prov9cial capitals ( ! ,k+dom ( ,tol$o4 ,! fir/ kn[n bi%op 0 ,don ,b]n>do4 ,! hi/ory ( ! t[n 0 nev] ( ! mo/ brilliant4 ,9 ! times ( ,alfonso ,,vii4 & 8 imm$iate successors x ga9$ c]ta9 importance z a fronti] /ronghold1 z a *eck to ! gr[+ ambitions ( ! royal h\se ( ,aragon4 ,b aft] ! union ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon1 its importance gradually dw9dl$2 to-day1 if x 7 n = ! bi%opric1 x w\ld be "o hi/oric village m on ! map ( ,spa94 ,9 ! reign ( ,pet] ! ,cruel1 its ca/le--consid]$ ) t ( ,segovia to be ! /ronge/ 9 ,ca/ile--0 us$ = "s "t z ! prison palace = t mo/ unhappy pr9cess1 ,dona ,blanca1 :o1 m>ri$ to 8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y1 _h be5 depos$ on ! ?ird day ( ! w$d+ by ! he>tless & passionate lov] ( ! ,padilla4 ,%e 0 at fir/ %ut up 9 ,tol$o1 b ! k+ did n consid] ! ,alcaz> /rong en\gh4 ,s %e 0 s5t (f to ,sigue5za1 :]e x is popul>ly believ$1 ?\gh docum5ts d5y x1 t %e di$1 or 0 put to dea?4 ,! city belong$ to ! bi%op2 x 0 8 feudal prop]ty1 & pass$ d[n to 8 successors 9 ! see4 ,( ! do+s ( ^! prelate-w>riors1 ! fir/1 ,don ,b]n>do1 0 d\btless ! mo/ /rik+ p]sonality1 "l ( a ?\s& arm$ vassals & ( ?ree hundr$ horse1 :o f\ght ) ! emp]or 9 almo/ all ! great battles 9 ,&alusia4 ,x is ev5 believ$ he di$ wield+ ! nak$ sword1 & t 8 rema9s 7 br\ght back to ! t[n ( :i* he _h be5 ! fir/ & undisput$ "l4 ,! /rong ca/le :i* cr[ns ! city did n possess1 z 0 g5]ally ! case1 an alcalde1 or gov]nor2 x 0 ! episcopal palace or resid5ce1 a circum/ance :i* proves beyond a d\bt ! d\ble significance ( ! bi%op3 a spiritual lead] & milit>y p]sonage1 m influ5tial & weal?y ?an any prelate 9 ,spa91 except+ ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,tol$o & ,santiago4 ,dur+ ! ,fr5* invasion 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,sigue5za _h already lo/ its political significance4 ,! invad]s occupi$ ! ca/le1 &1 z 0 _! cu/om1 ?rew docum5ts & ar*ives into ! fire1 to make room = !mselves1 & to sp5d ! w9t] com=tably4 ,consequ5tly1 ! notices we h ( ! ca!dral *ur* are b sc>ce4 ,! f\r? bi%op 0 ,jocelyn1 an ,engli%man :o _h come ov] ) ,eleanor1 ,h5ry ,,ii4's daught]1 & m>ri$ to ! ,k+ ( ,ca/ile4 ,he 7! bi%op7 0 n a :it less w>like ?an 8 pr$ecessors _h be52 he help$ ! k+ to w9 ! t[n ( ,cu5ca1 & :5 he di$ on ! battle-field1 only 8 "r arm 0 c>ri$ back to ! see1 to ! *apel ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury1 :i* ! dead prelate _h f\nd$ 9 ! new ca!dral1 & x 0 buri$ b5ea? a /one :i* be>s ! foll[+ inscription3 ,hic e/ inclusa ,jocel9i praesulis ulna4 ,f ! above we c conclude t ! ca!dral mu/ h be5 begun previ\s to ! ,engli%man's com+ to ,spa91 t is1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,d\btless ! vault+ 0 n clos$ until at lea/ "o hundr$ ye>s lat]2 nev]!less1 x is "o ( ! unique & at ! same "t "o ( ! h&some/ ,spani% monum5ts ( ! ,transition p]iod4 ,! city ( ,sigue5za1 situat$ on ! slopes ( a hill cr[n$ by ! ca/le1 is a village r ?an a t[n2 !re are1 h[ev]1 few] spots 9 ,spa9 t are m picturesque 9 _! old age1 & !re is a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 ! ar*itecture t rem9ds "o ( ,g]man t[ns2 ?is is n at all *>act]i/ic ( ,spa91 :]e s _m /yles mix & m+le until h>dly di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,! ,transition /yle--betwe5 ! /rong ,romanesque & ! airy ogival--is ! city's ca*et1 pr9t$ ) p>ticul> c>e on ! h&some ca!dral :i* /&s on ! slope ( ! hill to ! nor? ( ! ca/le4 ,two massive squ>e t[]s1 cr5elat$ at ! top & pi]c$ by a few r\nd-head$ w9d[s1 flank ! we/]n front4 ,! ?ree portals are massive ,romanesque )\t floral or sculptural decoration ( any k9d2 ! c5tral door is l>g] & surm\nt$ by a l>ge ?\gh primitive rosace4 ,! height ( ! aisles & nave is indicat$ by ?ree ogival ar*es cut 9 relief on ! facade2 "h already ! mixture ( bo? /yles1 ( ! r\nd-ar*$ ,romanesque & ! po9t$ ,go?ic1 is cle>ly visible--z x is also 9 ! w9d[s ( ! aisles1 :i* are ,romanesque1 & ( ! nave1 :i* are ogival--9 ! buttresses1 :i* are lean+ on ! l[] body1 & fly+ 9 ! upp] /ory1 unit+ ! ext]ior ( ! cl]e/ory ) t ( ! aisles4 7,comp>e ) apse ( ! ca!dral ( ,lugo47 ,! portal ( ! s\!rn arm ( ! transept is an ugly addition1 m mod]n & completely out ( h>mony ) ! re/4 ,! rosace above ! door is "o ( ! h&some/ ( ! ,transition p]iod 9 ,spa91 & ! /a9$ glass is bo? ri* & mell[4 ,! int]ior %[s ! same h>moni\s mixture ( ! /rong] & m solemn old /yle1 & ! graceful lightness ( ! new]4 ,b ! hesitancy 9 ! m9d ( ! ar*itect is also evid5t1 especially 9 ! vault+1 :i* is timidly ar*$4 ,! orig9al plan ( ! *ur* 01 d\btless1 purely ,romanesque3 ,roman cruci=m ) a ?ree-lob$ apse1 ! c5tral "o mu* long] s z to conta9 ! high alt>4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 an ambulatory 0 con/ruct$ beh9d ! high alt>1 jo9+ ! two aisles1 & ! high alt> 0 remov$ to ! ea/ ( ! transept4 ,:at a pity t ! huge *oir1 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! *ur*1 %\ld s completely ob/ruct ! view ( ! ensemble ( ! nave & aisles1 sep>at$ by massive ,byzant9e ar*es betwe5 ! solid pill>s1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 support ! nasc5t ogival vault+ ( ! high nave6 ,7 x1 z well z ! grotesque trascoro--( ! unhappie/ arti/ic ta/e--any:]e b 9 ! c5tre ( ! *ur*1 :at a spl5did view w\ld be obta9$ ( ! long1 n>r[1 & high aisles & nave 9 :i* ! old & ! new 7 m\ld$ toge!r 9 p]fect h>mony1 in/ead ( fight+ ea* o!r & cla%+ toge!r1 z happ5$ 9 s _m ,spani% ca!dral *ur*es6 ,"o ( ! mo/ ri*ly decorat$ p>ts ( ! *ur* is ! sacri/y1 a small room entirely cov]$ ) m$allions & sculptural designs ( ! greate/ v>iety ( subjects4 ,?\gh ( ,arabian ta/e 7,mudej>71 no ,moori% elem5ts h ent]$ into ! composition1 & consequ5tly x is "o ( ! v f9e/1 if n ! v be/ specim51 ( ,*ri/ian ,arab decoration4 ,,vi ,,cu5ca ,to ! ea/ ( ,tol$o1 & to ! nor? ( ! pla9s ( ,la ,man*a1 ,cu5ca sits on its /eep hill surr\nd$ by m\nta9s2 a high /one bridge1 spann+ a gre5 valley & ! ru%+ riv]1 jo9$ ! city to a m\nta9 plateau2 to-day ! m$iaeval bridge has be5 replac$ by an iron "o1 :i* contra/s h>%ly ) ! somnol5t aspect ( ! l&scape4 ,nev] 0 a city f\nd$ 9 a m picturesque spot4 ,x almo/ resembles ,goes*55 9 ,switz]l&1 ) ! diff]5ce t :]eas 9 ! la/ nam$ village a :ite-wa%$ *ur* re>s its spire skyw>d1 9 ,cu5ca a l>ge ca!dral1 ri* 9 decorative accessories1 & yet sombre & sev]e 9 its weal?1 occupies ! mo/ prom95t place 9 ! t[n4 ,( ! orig9 ( ! city no?+ is kn[n4 ,9 ! t5? & ! elev5? c5turies ,conca 0 an impregnable ,arab =tress4 ,9 #aagf ! unit$ armies ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon1 comm&$ by two sov]eigns1 ,alfonso ,,viii4 ( ,ca/ile & ,alfonso ,,ii4 ( ,aragon1 laid siege to ! =tress1 & aft] n9e mon?s' pati5ce1 ! ,alcaz> surr5d]$4 ,accord+ to ! popul> tradition1 x 0 won by trea*]y3 "o ,m>t9 ,alhaxa1 a captive & a %eph]d by trade1 introduc$ ! ,*ri/ians disguis$ ) %eepsk9s into ! city ?r\gh a po/]n gate4 ,z ! conque/ ( ,cu5ca _h co/ ! ,k+ ( ,ca/ile su* tr\ble 78 ,aragonese p>tn] _h n wait$ to see ! end ( ! siege71 & z he 0 fully consci\s ( its importance z a /rategical outpo/ aga9/ ,aragon to ! nor? & aga9/ ! ,moors to ! s\? & ea/1 he laid special /ress on ! city's be+ /rongly =tifi$2 he also gave special privileges to su* ,*ri/ians z w\ld repopulate1 or r populate1 ! nasc5t t[n4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,pone ,lucio ,,iii4 rais$ ! *ur* to an episcopal see1 appo9t+ ,juan ,yanez1 a ,tolesian ,muz>ab1 to be its fir/ bi%op 7#aahc74 ,unlike ,sigue5za1 a feudal possession ( ! bi%op1 ,cu5ca belong$ exclusively to ! mon>* ( ,ca/ile2 ! ca/le 0 consequ5tly held 9 ! sov]eign's "n by a gov]nor1--at "o "t !re 7 ev5 f\r :o gov]n$ simultane\sly4 ,betwe5 ^! gov]nors & ! inhabitants ( ! city1 fights 7 num]\s1 especially dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! d>ke/ & mo/ ignoble p]iod ( ,ca/ilian hi/ory4 ,! /ory is told ( "o ,dona ,inez de ,b>ri5tos1 gr&daught] ( a bi%op on h] "m's side1 & ( a gov]nor on t ( h] fa!r4 ,x appe>s t h] husb& _h be5 murd]$ by "s ( ! weal?ie/ citiz5s ( ! t[n4 ,feign+ joy at h] sp\se's dea?1 ! wid[ invit$ ! murd]]s to h] h\se to a banquet1 :51 despues de opip>a c5a 7aft] an excell5t d9n]71 !y pass$ f ! le?>gy ( drunk5ness to ! sleep ( et]nity1 assass9at$ by hidd5 s]vants4 ,! foll[+ morn+ _! bodies hung f ! w9d[s ( ! palace1 & provok$ n ang] b sil5t dread & %iv]s among ! t]ror-/rick5 inhabitants4 ,) ! ,inquisition1 ! siege by ! ,engli% 9 #agjf1 ! invasion ( ! ,fr5* 9 #ahjh1 ,cu5ca rapidly lo/ all importance & ev5 political significance4 ,to-day x is "o ( ! _m picturesque ru9s t (f] b little int]e/ to ! art travell]1 = ev5 its old age is deg5]at$1 & ! monum5ts ( ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies h "o & all be5 spoilt by ! h& ( "t1 & by ! less grasp+ h& ( re/auradores--or ar*itect-repair]s4 ,! ,byzant9e "*1 ! ,arab ta/e ( ! primitive inhabitants1 has also be5 lo/4 ,:o w\ld ?9k1 ^u exam9+ ! ca!dral1 t x _h s]v$ once ^u a "t z ! pr9cipal ,arab mosque8 ,entirely rebuilt1 z 7 mo/ ( ! primitive ,arab h\ses1 x has lo/ all traces ( ! e>ly f\nd]s1 m s ?an 9 o!r cities :]e ! ,arabs rema9$ b a few ye>s4 ,! patron sa9t ( ,cu5ca is ,san ,julian1 "o ( ! ca!dral's fir/ bi%ops1 :o l$ a sa9tly life1 giv+ all he _h & tak+ no?+ t 0 n 81 & :o retir$ f 8 see to live ! humble life ( a basket-mak]1 seat$ ) will[ bran*es b5ea? ! ar*es ( ! high bridge1 & prea*+ sa9tly words to team/]s & mule-driv]s z !y approa*$ ! city1 until 8 dea? 9 #abjg4 ,9 ! same c5tury ! ,arab mosque 0 torn d[n & ! new ca!dral begun4 ,x is a primitive ogival 7,spani%7 temple ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) smatt]+s ( ,romanesque-,byzant9e4 ,unlike ! ca!dral ( ,sigue5za1 x is nei!r elegant1 h>moni\s1 nor ( great ar*itectural value2 its weal? lies *iefly 9 ! *apels1 9 ! doors :i* lead to ! cloi/]1 9 ! sacri/y1 & 9 ! elegant high alt>4 ,! cloi/] door is p]haps "o ( ! f9e/ details ( ! ca!dral *ur*3 decorat$ 9 ! plat]esque /yle g5]al 9 ,spa9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 x (f]s "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( said /yle to be f\nd any:]e1 & ?\gh utt]ly diff]5t 9 ornam5tation to ! sacri/y ( ,sigue5za1 x nev]!less resembles x 9 ! g5]al composition4 ,! nave1 exce$+ly high1 is decorat$ by a bl9d tri=ium ( ogival ar*es2 ! aisles are sombre & l[] ?an ! nave4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! transept1 broad & simple1 is simil> to ! nave & z long z ! wid? ( ! *ur*1 includ+ ! lat]al *apels4 ,! croisee is surm\nt$ by a cimborio1 insignificant 9 comp>ison to ^? ( ,salamanca1 ,zamora1 & ,toro4 ,! nor!rn & s\!rn extremities ( ! transept diff] f ea* o!r z reg>d /yle4 ,! s\!rn has an ogival portal surm\nt$ by a rosace2 ! nor!rn1 "o t is plat]esque1 ! r\nd$ ar*1 delicately decorat$1 repos+ on ,cor9?ian columns4 ,! ea/]n end ( ! *ur* has be5 greatly modifi$--z is cle>ly se5 by ! mixture ( fifte5?-c5tury /yles1 & n to ! advantage ( ! ensemble4 ,byzant9e pill>s1 & ev5 horse%oe ar*es1 m+le ) ,go?ic elem5ts4 ,( ! *apels1 ! great] numb] are ri*ly decorat$1 n only ) sepul*res & sepul*ral works1 b ) pa9t+s1 "s ( !m by well-kn[n ma/]s4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! ca!dral ( ,cu5ca does n inspire any ( ! s5tim5ts peculi> to religi\s temples4 ,n ! wor/ ca!dral 9 ,spa91 by any means1 nei!r z reg>ds size nor maje/y1 x nev]!less lacks conviction1 z ?\gh ! arti/ :o trac$ ! primitive plan miscalculat$ its f9al appe>ance4 ,! additions1 due to necessity or to ! ru9\s /ate ( "s ( ! p>ts1 7 luckless1 z are g5]ally all ^? und]tak5 at a po/]ior date4 ,! decorative weal? ( ! *apels1 :i* is really a/oni%+ 9 s small a t[n1 ! luxuri\s display ( grotesque elem5ts1 ! pres5ce ( a fairly good transp>5te1 z well z ! ri* leaf-decoration ( ,byzant9e pill>s & plat]esque ar*es1 give a peculi> ca*et to ?is *ur* :i* is n to be f\nd else:]e4 ,! same c be said ( ! city & ( ! inhabitant4 ,9 ! words ( an au?ority1 ,cu5ca is national1 x is ,spani%1 x is a typical rural t[n4 ,yet1 x is s typical1 t no o!r city resembles x4 ,,vii ,,tol$o ,a =e/ ( spires & alm9> t[]s ris+ f a ro(-cov]$ hill to pi]ce ! di/ant azure sky2 a ru9$ cemet]y surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by ! ru%+ ,tago z x cuts out a foam+ pa? ?r\gh foo?ills1 & /ret*+ away on ! f\r? t[>d ! sn[-capp$ ,si]ra de ,gr$o 9 ! di/ance1 beyond ! fruitful prairies & ! int]v5+ pla9s ( ,new ,ca/ile4 ,su* is ,tol$o1 ! fam\s1 ! wond]ful1 ! leg5d-spun primate city ( all ! ,spa9s1 ! =m] weal?y capital ( ! ,spani% ,empire6 ,madrid usurp$ all h] civic hon\rs "u ! reign ( ,philip ,,ii41 he :o lo/ ! ,armada & built ! ,escorial4 ,s9ce !n ,tol$o1 l ,alcala de ,h5>es1 ,segovia1 & ,burgos1 has dragg$ along a =lorn exi/5ce1 froz5 9 w9t] & scor*$ 9 summ]1 & visit$ at all times ( ! ye> by gap+ t\ri/s ( all nationalities4 ,ev5 ! approa* to ! city f ! mile di/ant /ation is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic4 ,seat$ 9 an old & %aky omnibus1 pull$ by f\r ?ra%$ mules1 & foll[$ along ! du/y road by rac+ begg>s1 :o :9e _! w\ld-be ,fr5*1 ,un p'x s\1 m\*ieur1 ) surpris+ alacrity & a melan*oly smile 9 _! big black eyes1 ! visitor is driv5 %>ply ar\nd a bluff1 :5 sudd5ly ,tol$o1 ! my/]i\s1 comes into sight1 cr[n+ ! opposite hill4 ,at a cant] ! mules cross ! bridge ( ,alcant>a & pass b5ea? ! gateway ( ! same "n1 a pond]\s /ructure /ill gu>d+ ! "t-ru/y city z x did c5turies ago :5 ,tol$o 0 ! ,go?ic metropolis4 ,up ! w9d+ road1 b5ea? ! solemn & fire-deva/at$ walls ( ! ,alcaz>1 ! visitor is hurri$ly driv5 along2 he disappe>s f ! burn+ sunlight into a gloomy labyr9? ( ill-pav$ /reets to em]ge a few m9utes lat] 9 ! pr9cipal squ>e4 ,a %oal ( yell+1 ge/iculat+ int]pret]s lit]ally grab at ! t\ri/1 & 9 t5 seconds exhau/ _! vocabul>y ( =eign words4 ,at la/ "o walks triumphantly (f beside ! newcom]1 :ile ! o!rs1 ) a depreciative %rug ( ! %\ld]s & ext+ui%+ _! volcanic outbur/ ( en]gy1 loit] ar\nd ! squ>e smok+ cig>ettes4 ,x does n take ! visitor long to notice t he is 9 a great ar*aeological museum4 ,! /reets are crook$ & n>r[1 s n>r[ t ! t9y pat* ( sky above seems m brilliant ?an ev] & f>!r away1 :ile on ea* side are gloomy h\ses ) b few w9d[s1 & mon/r\s1 nail-/udd$ doors4 ,at e turn a *ur* re>s its head1 & ! *e]less _s ( a palace gl>es ) a sadly vacant />e f beh9d wr\ght-iron rejas & a complicat$ /one-c>v$ blazon4 ,r>ely is ! door op5$2 :5 x is1 ! pass] cat*es a glimpse ( a sun-ba!d c\rty>d1 gorge\sly alive ) light & _m fl[]s4 ,! effect produc$ by ! sudd5 contra/ betwe5 ! joyless /reet & ! sunny g>d51 ^: exi/5ce 0 nev] dreamt (1 is delightful & nev] to be =gott52 f ,!ophile ,gauti]1 :o _h be5 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 l& ( ,mohamm$an h>ems1 x wrung ! piquant exclamation3 ,! ,moors h be5 "h6 ,e /ick1 /one1 m\nd1 h\se1 lant]n1 & :at n has its leg5d4 ,9 ?is humble posada1 ,c]vantes1 ^: ance/ral ca/le is on yond] bluff ov]look+ ! ,tago1 wrote 8 ,ilu/re ,fregona4 ,! family hi/ory ( yond] =tress-palace inspir$ ,zorilla's romantic p51 & a ?\s& & "o o!r objects recall ! pa/1--! pa/ t is ,tol$o's pres5t & d\btless w h to be h] future4 ,gone are ! days :5 ,tolaitola 0 a pe]less jewel1 = :i* ,moors & ,*ri/ians f\ght1 until at la/ ! ,believ]s ( ! ,true ,fai? drove back ! ,arabs :o fl$ s\?w>d f :5ce !y _h em]g$4 ,long clos$ are also ! fam\s smi?ies1 :]e swords--,tolesian blades !y 7 !n call$--7 hamm]$ s supple t !y c\ld b5d l a wat*spr+1 s /rong !y c\ld cleave an anvil1 & s %>p !y c\ld cut an eid]d[n pill[ 9 twa9 )\t displac+ a fea!r4 ,di/ant1 moreov]1 are ! nights ( capa y espada & ( miracles wr\ght by ! ,virg92 dw9dl$ away to a meagre %ad[ is ! pr9cely magnific5ce ( ! primate prelates ( all ! ,spa9s1 ( ^? spiritual pr9ces :o nei!r ask$ ! ,pope's advice nor receiv$ ord]s f ,/4 ,pet] at ,rome4 ,besides1 ( ! two hundr$ ?\s& s\ls pr\d to be call$ sons ( ,tol$o 9 ! days ( ,*>les-,qu9t1 b sev5te5 ?\s& inhabitants rema9 to-day to gu>d ! nation's great city-museum1 unsulli$ z yet by progress & mod]n civilization1 by imm5se adv]tisem5ts & ^? o!r necessities ( daily life 9 o!r climes4 ,! city's hi/ory expla9s ! mixture ( ar*itectural /yles & ! biz>re modifications introduc$ 9 ,go?ic1 ,byzant9e1 or ,arab /ructures4 ,leg5ds accuse ,tol$o ( hav+ be5 my/]i\sly f\nd$ long be=e ! bir? ( ,rome on h] sev5 hills4 ,to u1 h[ev]1 x fir/ appe>s 9 hi/ory z a ,roman /ronghold1 capital ( "o ( ,hispania's prov9ces4 ,/4 ,james1 z has be5 se51 roam$ across ?is p59sula2 he came to ,tol$o4 ,s delight$ 0 he ) ! site & ! p--sai? ! tradition--t he orda9$ t ! city on ! ,tago %\ld conta9 ! primate *ur* ( all ! ,spa9s4 ,! vanqui%$ ,romans )drew1 leav+ to po/]ity b feeble ru9s to ! nor? ( ! city2 ! ,we/ ,go?s built ! ?reat5+ city walls :i* /ill are /&+1 &1 hav+ turn$ ,*ri/ians1 _! ,k+ ,rec>$o 0 baptiz$ 9 ! riv]'s wat]s1 & ,tol$o became ! fl\ri%+ capital ( ! ,visigo?ic k+dom 7#eab ,a4,d474 ,! ,moors1 9 _! nor?w>d m>*1 conqu]$ bo? ! ,*ur* & ! /ate4 ,leg5ds hov] ar\nd ! sudd5 app>ition ( ,b]b] hordes 9 ,&alusia1 & accuse ,rodrigo1 ! la/ ,k+ ( ! ,go?s1 ( hav+ outrag$ ,flor9da1 a beautiful girl :om he saw1 f 8 palace w9d[1 ba?+ h]self 9 a m>ble ba? ne> ! ,tago1--! ba? is /ill %[n to ?is day1--& ) :om he fell 9 love4 ,! fa!r1 ,c\nt ,julian1 ,gov]nor ( ,ceuta1 call$ 9 ! ,moors to aid him 9 8 righte\s "w ( v5geance1 &1 z (t5 happ5s 9 simil> cases1 ! allies lo/ no "t 9 becom+ ! ma/]s & ! conqu]ors4 ,ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s did ! ,arabs rema9 9 _! belov$ ,tolaitola2 ! traces ( _! occupancy are ev]y:]e visible3 9 ! /reets & 9 ! patios1 9 fanciful arabesques1 & above all 9 ,santa ,m>ia la ,blanca4 ,! ,spani>ds return$ & br\ght ,*ri/ianity back ) !m4 ,!y erect$ an imm5se ca!dral & turn$ mosques into *apels )\t alt]+ ! ,ori5tal =m4 ,jews1 ,arabs1 & ,*ri/ians liv$ peacefully toge!r dur+ ! f\r foll[+ c5turies4 ,toge!r !y creat$ ! ,mudej> /yle t[] ( ,san ,tomas & ! ,pu]ta de ,sol4 ,pure ,go?ic 0 trans=m$1 r5d]$ ev5 m insub/antial & light]1 ?anks to ,ori5tal decorative motives4 ,9 ,san ,juan de los ,reyes1 ! ,mudej> /yle left a unique specim5 ( :at x might h develop$ into _h x n be5 murd]$ by ! ,r5aissance fre% f ,italy1 :]e ,aragonese troops _h conqu]$ ! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies4 ,) ! fir/ ,philips--& ev5 e>li]--=eign workm5 came ov] to ,tol$o 9 %oals f ,g]many1 ,france1 ,fl&]s1 & ,italy4 ,!y also _h _! way1 m s ?an 9 any o!r ,spani% city1 & _! ta/es help$ to weld toge!r t incongru\s mass ( ar*itectural /yles :i* is ,tol$o's alone ( all cities4 ,granada may h its ,alhambra1 & ,cordoba its mosque2 ,leon its ca!dral & ,segovia its ,alcaz>1 b none ( !m is s luxuri\sly ri* 9 complex gr&eur & 9 ! excell5t--& yet frequ5tly grotesque--confusion ( all ^? art waves :i* flood$ ,spa94 ,9 ?is respect ,tol$o is unique 9 ,spa91 unique 9 ! _w4 ,c we wond] at h] be+ call$ a museum8 ,! ,alcaz>1 :i* ov]looks ! ru%+ ,tago1 is a symbol ( ,tol$o's pa/4 ,x 0 successively burnt & rebuilt2 its f\r facades1 "h /]n & =bidd+1 !re grotesque & wor?less1 diff] f ea* o!r z mu* z ! c5turies 9 :i* !y 7 built4 ,! ea/]n facade dates f ! elev5?1 ! we/]n f ! fifte5?1 & ! o!r two f ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,b o!r arts ?an ^? purely ar*itectural are ri*ly repres5t$ 9 ,tol$o4 ,= ,spa9's capital 9 ! days foll[+ ^u ! fall ( ,granada 0 a c5tre ( indu/rial arts1 :]e bo? =eign & national workm51 hea!n1 ,jews1 & ,*ri/ians mix$1 wr\ght su* wond]s z h =c$ _! way into museums ! _w ov]2 besides1 ,tolesian sculptors are among ,spa9's mo/ fam\s4 ,z reg>ds pa9t+1 "o arti/'s life is wrapp$ up 9 t ( ! wond]ful city on ! ,tago2 _m ( 8 ma/]works are to be se5 9 ,tol$o's *ur*es & 9 ! prov9cial museum4 ,i ref] to ,dom5ico ,!otocopuli1 he :o 0 consid]$ a madman because he 0 a g5ius1 & :o has be5 call$ el ,greco :5 really he ought to h be5 call$ el ,tol$ano4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ,tol$o is ! nation's ar*itectural museum1 ! city's ca!dral1 ! huge impos+ ,go?ic /ructure1 is1 beyond a d\bt1 an incomp>able art museum4 ,c5turies ( sculptors c>v$ m>ble & b]roqu5a2 armies ( artisans wr\ght m>vels 9 clo?s1 metals1 preci\s /ones1 glass1 & wood1 & a ho/ ( pa9t]s1 bo? =eign & national1 f ,goya & ,rib]a to ! ,greco & ,rub5s1 pa9t$ religi\s compositions = ! sacri/y & *apels4 ,consequ5tly1 & besides ! ar*itectural beauty ( ! primate *ur* ( ,spa91 :at int]e/s p]haps m ke5ly ?an ! /udy ( ! ca!dral's skeleton1 is ! /udy ( ! ensemble1 ( t weal? ( decorative designs & ( priceless art objects = :i* ! temple is above all r5[n$4 ,previ\s to ! com+ ( ! ,moors 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 a humble ca!dral /ood :]e ! magnific5t *ur* n[ lifts its ?ree-hundr$-foot t[] 9 ! summ] sky4 ,x _h be5 built 9 ! six? c5tury & d$icat$ to ! ,virg91 :o _h appe>$ 9 ! selfsame spot to ,san ,ildefonso1 :5 ! latt]1 ard5t & vehem5t1 _h def5d$ h] ,immaculate ,hon\r be=e a body ( skeptics4 ,! ,moors tore d[n or modifi$ ! ca!dral1 & erect$ _! pr9cipal mosque 9 its /ead4 ,:51 ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 !y surr5d]$ _! ,tolaitola to ,alfonso ,,vi4 7#ajhe71 !y /ipulat$ = ! ret5tion ( _! mezquita1 a clause ! k+1 :o _h b little "t to lose squabbl+1 0 only too glad to all[4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 h[ev]1 ,k+ ,alfonso w5t (f on a campaign1 leav+ 8 wife ,dona ,con/anza & ! ,ar*bi%op ,don ,b]n>do to look aft] ! city 9 8 abs5ce4 ,no soon] 0 8 back turn$1 :51 "o f9e morn+1 ,don ,b]n>do arriv$ ) a motley cr[d ( goodly ,*ri/ians 9 front ( ! mosque4 ,he knock$ 9 ! pr9cipal door1 &1 ent]+1 ?rew out into ! /reet ! sacr$ objects ( ! ,islam cult4 ,!n ! ,*ri/ians proce$$ to set up an alt>1 a crucifix1 & an image ( ! ,virg92 ! ar*bi%op hall[$ 8 "w1 & 9 an h\r 0 ! smil+ possessor ( 8 see4 ,/range to say1 ,don ,b]n>do 0 no ,spani>d1 b a wor?y ,fr5*man4 ,! news ( ?is outrage ^u 8 hon\r br\ght ,alfonso ru%+ back to ,tol$o1 v[+ to rev5ge himself ^u ^? :o _h seem+ly made him break 8 royal ^w2 on ! way he 0 met by a committee ( ! ,arab inhabitants1 :o1 clev] en\gh to und]/& t ! sov]eign w\ld re9/ate ! mosque1 b w\ld ev] aft] look ^u !m z ! cause ( 8 rupture ) 8 wife & 8 fri5d ! prelate1 ask$ ! k+ to p>don ! evil-do]s1 /at+ t !y r5\nc$ volunt>ily _! mosque1 kn[+ z !y did t ! o!r conditions ( ! surr5d] w\ld be sacr$ly adh]$ to by 8 ,maje/y4 ,?anks to ?is noble 7cunn+7 attitude on ! "p ( ! outrag$ ,moors1 ! latt] 7 able to live at peace )9 ! walls ( ,tol$o well into ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,f]n&o el ,santo 0 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 & 8 capital 0 ! city on ! ,tago4 ,! gr[+ nation 0 /rong & full ( ambition1 :ile ! com+ ( ! ,cluny monks & ,flemi% & ,g]man artisans _h br\ght ,nor!rn ,go?ic across ! fronti]s4 ,s x occurr$ to ! sov]eign & 8 p to erect a primate ca!dral ( ,*ri/ian ,spa9 wor?y ( its "n4 ,9 #abbg ! fir/ /one 0 laid by ! pi\s w>rior-k+4 ,! ca!dral's outl9e 0 trac$3 a ,roman cruci=m ,go?ic /ructure ( five aisles & a bold transept2 two flank+ t[]s1--( :i* only ! nor!rn has be5 con/ruct$1 ! o!r hav+ be5 sub/itut$ by a cupola ( decid$ ,byzant9e or ,ori5tal ta/e1--& a noble we/]n facade ( ?ree imm5se doors surm\nt$ by a circul> rosace ?irty feet wide4 ,! size ( ! build+ 0 9 itself a gu>antee t x w\ld be "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 be+ f\r hundr$ feet long by two hundr$ broad1 & "o hundr$ feet high at ! int]section ( transept & nave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tol$o ,,ca!dral ,x took #bej ye>s = ! ca!dral to be built1 & ev5 !n x 0 n really complet$ until t[>d ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! meantime ! nation _h ris5 to its climax ( p[] & weal?1 & %[]$ ri*es & jewels ^u its great ca!dral4 ,columbus return$ f ,am]ica1 & ! fir/ gold he br\ght 0 h&$ ov] to ! ar*bi%op2 =eign artisans--especially ,flemi% & ,g]man--arriv$ by hundr$s1 & 7 employ$ by ,talav]a1 ,cisn]os1 & ,m5doza1 9 ! decoration ( ! *ur*4 ,unluckily1 additions 7 made3 ! po9t$ ar*es ( ! facade 7 surm\nt$ by a rectangul> body :i* _h no?+ 9 common ) ! pr9ciple set d[n :5 ! ca!dral 0 to h be5 purely ogival4 ,! int]ior ( ! *ur* 0 also enl>g$1 especially ! high alt>1 ! base ( :i* 0 d\bl$ 9 size4 ,! retablo ( pa9t$ wood 0 erect$ t[>d ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 z well z _m ( ! *apels1 :i* are built into ! walls ( ! build+1 & are z diff]5t 9 /yle z ! sa9ts to :om !y are d$icat$4 ,z "t w5t on1 & ! ri* cont9u$ s5d+ _! jewels & relics to ! ca!dral1 ! ,treasury ,room1 ) its pictures by ,rub5s1 ,du]]1 ,titian1 etc41 & ) its sagr>io1--a c>v$ image ( ,our ,lady1 cr[n+ an admirably *isell$ cone ( silv] & jewels1 & cov]$ ov] ) ! ri*e/ clo?s wov5 9 gold1 silv]1 silk1 & preci\s /ones1--0 gradually fill$ ) ho>d$ weal?4 ,ev5 to-day1 :5 ,spa9 has app>5tly rea*$ ! v l[ ebb ( h] glory1 ! ca!dral ( ,tol$o rema9s almo/ intact z ! only liv+ repres5tative ( ! gr&eur ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! arts x fo/]$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,almo/ up to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! build+ 0 cont9ually be+ enl>g$1 modifi$1 & repair$4 ,six hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! fir/ /one _h be5 laid6 ,:at vicissitudes _h n ! c\ntry se5--& h[ _m art waves _h swept ov] ! p59sula6 ,go?ic is traceable ?r\gh\t ! build+3 "h x is flamboyant1 !re rayonnant4 ,"h ! gold & r$ ( ,mudej> ceil+s are exquisitely repres5t$1 z 9 ! *apt]-room2 !re ,moori% influ5ce 9 azulejos 7multicol\r$ glaz$ tiles7 & 9 decorative designs is to be se51 su* z 9 ! horse%oe ar*es ( ! tri=ium 9 ! *apel ( ! high alt>4 ,r5aissance details are n lack+1 nor ! sev]e plat]esque ta/e 79 ! grilles ( ! *oir & high alt>71 & nei!r did ! grotesque /yle avoid ,spa9's great ca!dral1 = !re is ! d\ble ambulatory beh9d ! high alt>1 t is to say1 ! transp>5te1 a circul> *apel ( ! mo/ gorge\s ultra-decoration to be f\nd any:]e 9 ,spa94 ,signs ( decad5ce are unluckily to be obs]v$ 9 ! ca!dral to-day4 ,! same c>e is no long] tak5 to repair fall5 bits ( c>v$ /one2 pigeon-lamps t burn little oil replace ! huge bronze lamps ( o!r days1 & no new additions are be+ made4 ,! ca!dral's apogee has be5 rea*$2 f n[ on x w ei!r rema9 intact = c5turies1 or else x w gradually crumble away4 ,se5 f ! ext]ior1 ! ca!dral does n impress to su* an ext5t z x might4 ,h\ses are built up ar\nd x1 & ! small squ>e to ! s\? & we/ is too insignificant to p]mit a good view ( ! ensemble4 ,nev]!less1 ! spectator :o is /&+ ne> ! we/]n facade1 ei!r cran+ 8 neck skyw>d or else exam9+ ! sev5ty odd /atues :i* compose ! huge portal ( ! pr9cipal entrance1 is ov]aw$ at ! imm5sity ( ! edifice 9 front ( him1 z well z amaz$ at ! am\nt ( "w necess>y = ! decorat+ ( ! portal4 ,! ,pu]ta de los ,leones1 or ! s\!rn entrance giv+ access to ! transept1 is p]haps ( a m c>eful workman%ip z reg>ds ! sculptural decoration4 ,! door itself1 /udd$ on ! outside ) nails & cov]$ ov] ) a %eet ( bronze ( ! mo/ exquisite workman%ip 9 relief1 is a *ef-d'oeuvre ( metal-/amp+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :il/ ! wood-c>v+ on ! int]ior is among ! f9e/ 9 ! ca!dral4 ,! effect produc$ on ! spectator )9 ! build+ is totally diff]5t4 ,! height & l5g? ( ! aisles1 :i* are buri$ 9 %ad[s1--= ! light :i* ent]s illum9ates r ! *apels :i* are built into ! walls betwe5 ! fly+ buttresses1--a/oni%es2 ! factura is sev]e & beautiful 9 its gr& simplicity4 ,n s ! *apels1 :i* are decorat$ 9 all mann] ( /yles1 & ornam5t$ 9 all degrees ( lavi%ness4 ,! l>ge/ is ! ,muz>ab *apel b5ea? ! dome :i* sub/itutes ! miss+ t[]2 except ! dome1 ?is *apel1 :]e ! old ,go?ic ,rite 7z oppos$ to ! ,gregorian ,rite7 is sung e day 9 ! ye>1 is con/ruct$ 9 pure ,go?ic2 x conta9s a beautiful ,italian mosaic ( ! ,virg9 z well z frescoes illu/rat+ ,c>d9al ,cisn]os's ,african w>s1 :5 ! battl+ prelate ?\ght x 0 8 duty to be> ! crucifix & ,spani% rights into ,morocco z 8 royal ma/]s _h c>ri$ !m into ,granada4 ,! rema9+ *apels1 "s ( !m ( impressive ?\gh g5]ally complex /ructure1 w h to be omitt$ "h4 ,s also ! sacri/y ) its wond]ful picture by ! ,greco1 & ! *apt]-room ) ! portraits ( all ! ar*bi%ops1 ! elegant c>v$ door1 & ! well-pres]v$ ,mudej> ceil+1 etc4 ,& we pass on to ! c5tral nave1 & /& b5ea? ! croisee4 ,to ! ea/ ! high alt>1 to ! we/ ! *oir1 claim ! great] "p ( our att5tion4 ,= x is "h t ! p c5tr$ _! gifts4 ,! objects us$ on ! alt>-table are ( gold1 silv]1 jasp]1 & agate2 ! mon/rance 9 ! c5tral ni*e ( ! alt>-piece is also ( silv]1 & ! g>m5ts worn by ! effigy are wov5 9 gold1 silk1 & preci\s /ones4 ,! two imm5se grilles :i* close (f ! high alt> & ! ea/]n end ( ! *oir are ( iron1 t91 & copp]1 gild$ & silv]$1 hav+ be5 cov]$ ov] ) black pa9t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury s z to escape ! gre$y eyes--& h&s6--( ! ,fr5* soldi]y4 ,! workman%ip ( ^! two rejas is ( ! mo/ sob] ,spani% classic or plat]esque p]iod1 & ?\gh ! black has n z yet be5 tak5 (f1 ! silv] & gold peep =? "h & !re1 & %[ :at a brilliancy mu/ h radiat$ f ^! elegantly decorat$ b>s & cross-b>s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ?ree ti]s ( *oir /alls1 c>v$ 9 walnut1 are among ! v f9e/ 9 ,spa91 bo? z reg>ds ! accompli%$ craftsman%ip & ! a/oni%+ v>iety 9 ! composition4 ,! two organs1 opposite ea* o!r & atta9+ ! v height ( ! nave1 are ! be/ 9 ! p59sula1 :il/ ! designs ( ! m>ble pavem5t1 r$ & :ite 9 ! high alt>1 & black & :ite 9 ! *oir1 only add to ! luxuri\s effect produc$ by /atues1 pulpits1 & o!r accessories1 ei!r brilliantly col\r$1 or else wr\ght 9 poli%$ metal or /one4 ,! alt>-piece itself1 slightly concave 9 %ape1 is ! l>ge/1 if n ! be/1 ( its k9d4 ,x is compos$ ( pyramidically sup]impos$ ni*es flank$ by gild$ columns & occupi$ by /atues ( pa9t$ & gild$ wood4 ,! effect f a di/ance is dazzl+1--! r$s1 blues1 & gold m+le toge!r & produce a multicol\r$ mass rea*+ to ! height ( ! nave2 on clos] exam9ation1 ! workman%ip is se5 to be bo? co>se & naive1--primitive z comp>$ to ! m f9i%$ retablos ( ,burgos1 ,a/orga1 etc4 ,to conclude3 ,! visitor :o1 /&+ betwe5 ! *oir & ! high alt> ( ! ca!dral1 looks at bo?1 /&s1 z x 71 9 ! pres5ce ( an imm5se riddle4 ,he _c classify3 !re is no purity ( "o /yle1 b a m$ley ( hundr$s ( /yles1 pure 9 !mselves1 x is true1 b n 9 ! ensemble4 ,besides1 ! p]sonality ( ea* has be5 lo/ or dr[n$1 ei!r by ultra-decoration or by juxtaposition4 ,a collective value is ?us obta9$ :i* _c be pull$ to pieces1 = !n x w\ld lose all its significance z an art unity--a complex art unity1 9 ?is case peculi> to ,spa94 ,nei!r is repose1 m$itation1 or frank admiration to be glean$ f su* a gigantic potp\rri ( art wond]s1 b r a feel+--z f> z we ,nor!rn]s are conc]n$--( amazem5t1 ( /upor1 & ( an utt] impossibility to und]/& su* a luxuri\s display ( idolatry r ?an ( fai?1 ( sc5ic effect r ?an ( discreet pray]4 ,b !n1 x may j be ?is idolatry & love ( sc5ic effect :i* produces 9 ! ,spani>d :at we h call$ religi\s awe4 ,we feel x 9 a long-aisl$ ,go?ic temple2 ! ,spani>d feels x :5 /&+ b5ea? ! croisee ( 8 ca!dral *ur*es4 ,! :ole matt] is a "q ( race4 ,,! ,,end4 ,app5dices ,i ,illu/ration ,ar*bi%oprics & ,bi%oprics ( ,nor!rn ,spa9 ,,ii ,dim5sions & ,*ronology ,,a/orga ,see d$icat$ to ,savi\r & ,san ,toribio4 ,leg5d>y 787 erection ( see1 #a/ c5tury 7olde/ 9 p59sula74 ,fir/ hi/orical bi%op1 ,dom9iciano1 #cdg ,a4 ,d4 ,dur+ ,arab invasion see 0 be+ cont9ually de/roy$ & rebuilt4 #ajfi1 fir/ ca!dral 7on record7 0 erect$4 #aabj1 second ca!dral 0 erect$4 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 ?ird ca!dral 0 erect$4 #adga1 f\r? 7pres5t7 ca!dral 0 begun2 t]m9at$ ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,x,vth & ,x,v,ith c5tury ogival2 imitation ( t ( ,leon4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,nor!rn front1 plat]esque retablo4 ,,avila ,d$icat$ to ,san ,salvador4 ,fir/ bi%op 7leg5d>y871 ,san ,segundo1 9 ,i/ c5tury4 ,see de/roy$ dur+ ,arab invasion4 ,fir/ bi%op aft] ,reconque/1 ,j]onimo 9 ,x,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,date ( f\ndation & erection unkn[n4 ,leg5d>y f\ndation1 #ajia2 f9i%$ 9 #aaje 7874 ,late ,x,i,ith c5tury ,spani% ,go?ic =tress *ur*4 ,apse ,x,i,ith c5tury2 transept ,x,i,vth c5tury4 ,we/]n front ,x,vth c5tury2 t[] late ,x,i,vth c5tury4 99 99 99 ,wid? ( transept & ( nave1 #cj feet4 ,wid? ( aisles1 #be feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,ext]ior ( apse1 nave & transept ) rose w9d[s1 tomb ( ,bi%op ,to/ada4 ,,burgos ,see d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,m>y & ,son4 ,bi%opric erect$1 #ajge2 ar*bi%opric1 #ajhe4 ,fir/ bi%op1 ,don ,simon2 fir/ ar*bi%op1 ,gomez ,,ii4 99 99 99 ,pres5t ca!dral begun1 #abba4 ,fir/ holy mass celebrat$ 9 alt>-*apel1 #abcj4 ,build+ t]m9at$ #cjj ye>s lat] 7#aeba74 ,x,i,i,ith-,x,i,vth c5tury ,spani% ogival4 99 99 99 ,l5g? 7exclud+ ,*apel ( ,conde/able71 #bgc feet4 ,l5g? ( transept1 #aie feet2 wid?1 #cb feet4 ,height ( lant]n cr[n+ croisee1 #afb feet4 ,height ( we/]n front1 #dg feet4 ,height ( t[]s1 #bgc feet2 wid? at base1 #ai feet4 ,wid? ( nave1 #ca feet2 ( aisles1 #ai feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,! ensemble1 int]ior decoration1 lant]n on croisee1 ! ,*apel ( ! ,conde/able1 *oir1 high alt>1 etc4 7,) t ( ,tol$o1 ! ri*e/ ca!dral 9 ,spa947 ,,calahorra ,see d$icat$ to ,san ,emet]io & ,san ,cel$onio1 m>tyrs4 ,bi%opric erect$ ,v? c5tury2 fir/ bi%op1 ,silvano4 ,d>+ ,arab invasion see remov$ to ,ovi$o 7#gej74 ,remov$ to ,alava 9 ,i,xth c5tury2 9 ,x? c5tury1 to ,naj]a4 ,9 #ajcj1 mov$ aga9 to ,calahorra2 fir/ bi%op1 ,don ,san*o4 ,s9ce ,x,i,xth c5tury1 "o bi%op appo9t$ to d\ble see ,calahorra-,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada4 ,?is d\ble see to be remov$ to ,logrono4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral begun 9 ,x,i,ith c5tury2 t]m9at$ 9 ,x,i,vth c5tury4 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury ,go?ic 7body ( *ur* only74 ,we/]n front ( a mu* lat] date4 99 99 99 ,*ief attraction3 ,*oir-/alls4 ,,ciudad ,,rodrigo ,see d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,orig9 ( bi%opric 9 ,calabria "u ,romans 7leg5d>y874 ,f\ndation ( city 9 #aaej2 erection ( see1 #aagj4 ,fir/ bi%op1 ,dom+o1 #aagj4 ,see nom9ally suppress$ 9 #ahgj2 9 reality ! suppression has n tak5 place z yet4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral *ur* begun t[>d #aafj4 ,x,i,ith c5tury ,romanesque-,go?ic edifice4 ,t[] & we/]n front date f ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,lady-*apel f ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,build+ suff]$ consid]ably f ,fr5* 9 #ahjh4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,romanesque n>!x1 cloi/]1 *oir-/alls1 ,romanesque doors lead+ into transept4 ,,coria ,see d$icat$ to ,santa ,m>ia4 ,date ( erection1 #cch4 ,fir/ kn[n bi%op1 ,laqu9to1 9 #ehi4 ,dur+ ,moori% dom9ation ! bi%opric entirely de/roy$4 ,see ree/abli%$ t[>d beg9n+ ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral *ur* begun 9 #aabj4 ,t]m9at$ 9 ,x,v,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,is an unimportant village *ur* r ?an a ca!dral4 ,"o aisle1 #aej feet long1 #eb feet wide1 #hd feet high4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,paseo1 or cloi/] walk2 9 lady-*apel1 sepul*re ( ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,,cu5ca ,see d$icat$ to ! ,virg94 ,erect$ 9 #aahc4 ,fir/ bi%op1 ,juan ,yanez4 99 99 99 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury ogival *ur* greatly det]iorat$1 9 a ru9\s /ate4 ,t[] :i* /ood on we/]n end fell d[n rec5tly4 99 99 99 ,l5g? ( build+1 #cab feet2 wid?1 #adj feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,cloi/] door1 *apels4 ,,leon ,see d$icat$ to ,san ,froilan & ,santa ,m>ia de la ,blanca4 ,date ( erection n kn[n4 ,fir/ kn[n bi%op1 ,basilides1 #beb ,a4,d4 ,dur+ ,arab invasion1 see exi/$ on & (f4 99 99 99 ,fir/ /one ( pres5t ca!dral laid 9 #aaii4 ,! build+ did n beg9 until #abej2 t]m9at$ end ( ,x,i,vth c5tury4 ,x,i,ith c5tury ,fr5* ogival4 ,vault+ above croisee fell d[n 9 #afca4 ,s\!rn front rebuilt 9 #afid4 ,:ole ca!dral p>tly ru9$ 9 #agdc4 ,clos$ to public by gov]nm5t 9 #ahej4 ,reop5$ 9 #aija4 99 99 99 ,total l5g?1 #cjj feet2 wid?1 #acj feet2 height ( nave1 #ajj feet4 ,height ( nor!rn t[]1 #baa feet2 ( s\!rn1 #bba feet4 ,l5g? ( ea* side ( cloi/]1 #ig feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,! ensemble1 w9d[s1 *oir-/alls1 cloi/]4 ,,logrono ,see d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,virg94 ,comp>e ,calahorra4 99 99 99 ,santa ,m>ia rais$ to collegiate *ur* 9 #adce4 ,old build+ torn d[n 9 same ye>1 except+ "s few rema9s4 ,pres5t *ur* begun 9 #adce2 n t]m9at$ yet4 ,enl>gem5ts be+ introduc$ at ! pres5t date4 ,belongs to ,spani%-,grotesque4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,we/]n front1 trascoro1 t[]s4 ,,lugo ,see d$icat$ to ! ,"m & ,*ild4 ,bi%opric erect$ 9 ,v? c5tury2 fir/ bi%op1 ,agre/io1 9 #dcc4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral began 9 #aabi2 complet$ 9 #aagg4 ,x,i,ith c5tury ,galician ,romanesque spoilt by po/]ior additions4 ,build+ greatly re=m$ 9 ,x,v,ith to ,x,v,i,i,ith c5turies4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,! ensemble 7int]ior71 we/]n portal1 ext]ior ( apse4 ,,madrid-,,alcala ,see erect$ 9 #ahej4 ,,madrid ,tempor>y ca!dral d$icat$ to ,san ,isidro4 ,sev5te5? c5tury build+ ( no art m]it4 ,new ca!dral d$icat$ to ! ,virg5 de la ,almud5a4 ,9 c\rse ( con/ruction2 begun 9 #ahhe4 ,,alcala ,d$icat$ to ,santos ,ju/o & ,pa/or2 call$ la ,magi/ral4 ,9 a ru9\s /ate2 clos$1 & see tempor>ily remov$ to ,jesuit temple4 ,con/ruct$ 9 ,x,vth c5tury1 & rais$ to suffragan 9 same c5tury4 ,sev]e & nak$ 7gloomy7 ,spani%-,go?ic4 ,int]ior ( build+ _c be visit$4 ,,mondon$o ,see d$icat$ to ! ,virg94 ,bi%opric remov$ "h f ,ribadeo1 late ,x,i,ith c5tury4 ,fir/ 7or second7 bi%op1 ,don ,m>t91 ab\t #abai4 99 99 99 ,f\ndation ( ca!dral dates probably f ,x,i,ith c5tury4 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury ,galician ,romanesque /ructure4 ,greatly spoilt by po/]ior additions4 ,ambulatory dates f ,x,vth or ,x,v,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,rectangul> 9 =m2 #abj feet long by #ga wide4 ,height ( nave1 #de feet2 ( aisles1 #bh feet4 ,,or5se ,see d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs & ,/4 ,m>y ,"m4 ,bi%opric erect$ previ\s to ,i,vth c5tury 7874 99 99 99 ,erection ( pres5t build+ begun late ,x,i,ith c5tury4 ,probably t]m9at$ late ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 ,galician ,romanesque ) pron\nc$ ogival mixture4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,portico del ,p>aiso1 we/]n portal1 decoration ( ! int]ior4 ,,osma ,see d$icat$ to ,san ,p$ro de ,osma4 ,leg5d>y 787 erection ( see 9 #ia ,a4 ,d4 ,fir/ bi%op1 ,san ,a/orgio4 ,fir/ hi/orical bi%op1 ,juan ,i1 9 #ehi4 ,de/ruction ( see dur+ ,arab invasion4 ,see re/or$1 #aajj2 fir/ bi%op1 ,san ,p$ro de ,osma4 99 99 99 ,x,i,ith c5tury ca!dral de/roy$ 9 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 except+ a few *apels4 ,erection ( new ca!dral begun 9 #abcb2 t]m9at$1 beg9n+ ,x,i,vth c5tury4 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury ,romanesque-,go?ic 7n pure74 ,ambulatory introduc$ 9 ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,retablo1 reliefs ( trasalt>4 ,,ovi$o ,see d$icat$ to ! ,"m & ,*ild4 ,bi%opric erect$1 #hab2 fir/ bi%op1 ,adulfo4 99 99 99 ,until ,x,i,ith c5tury ca!dral 0 a basilica2 de/roy$4 ,romanesque edifice erect$ 9 ,x,i,ith c5tury2 de/roy$ #achj4 ,pres5t edifice begun #achj2 complet$ #aeej4 ,x,vth c5tury ogival 7,fr5*874 ,decoration ( ! int]ior t]m9at$ ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,t[] & spire1 ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,cam>a ,santa dates f ,x,i,ith c5tury2 a remnant ( ! e>ly ,romanesque edifice4 99 99 99 ,total l5g?1 #bah feet2 wid?1 #gb feet4 ,height ( nave1 #fe feet2 ( aisles1 #cc feet4 ,height ( t[]1 #bfg feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,fle*e1 decoration ( ! int]ior1 rosaces 9 apse1 ,go?ic retablo1 cloi/]1 ,cam>a ,santa4 ,,pal5cia ,see d$icat$ to ,"m & ,*ild & ,san ,antol91 m>tyr4 ,date ( erection unkn[n2 ,i,id or ,i,i,id c5tury4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ bi%ops1 ,san ,toribio4 ,dur+ ! ,arab invasion city & see completely de/roy$4 ,fir/ bi%op aft] ,reconque/1 ,b]n>do1 9 #ajce4 99 99 99 ,x,vth c5tury florid ,go?ic build+4 ,erection begun 9 #acba4 ,ea/]n end f9i%$ prior to #adjj4 ,c5tury lat] we/]n end begun on l>g] scale4 ,temple complet$ 9 #aeej4 99 99 99 ,total l5g?1 #dje feet4 ,wid? 7at transept71 #afj feet4 ,height 7( nave71 #ie feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,! ensemble 7int]ior & ext]ior71 ,bi%op's ,door1 *oir-/alls1 trascoro4 ,,plas5cia ,d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,virg94 ,erection ( see #ab ye>s aft] f\ndation city 7#aaij74 ,fir/ bi%op1 ,dom+o2 second1 ,adam2 bo? 7 w>rior prelates4 99 99 99 ,old ca!dral 7few rema9s left7 comm5c$ 9 beg9n+ ,x,i,vth c5tury4 ,p>tially de/roy$ to make room =-- ,new ca!dral1 comm5c$ 9 #adih4 ,x,v,ith c5tury ,r5aissance-,go?ic edifice4 ,ultra-decorat$ & ornam5t$ 9 lat] c5turies4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,*oir-/alls1 we/]n entrance1 decorative motives1 sepul*res4 ,,salamanca ,bi%opric exi/$ 9 ,v? c5tury4 ,fir/ kn[n bi%op1 ,eleut]io 7#ehi74 ,v,i,i,ith c5tury1 devoid ( notices conc]n+ see4 ,x? c5tury1 #g bi%ops m5tion$--liv+ 9 ,leon or ,ovi$o4 ,x,ith c5tury1 no news1 ev5 "n ( city =gott54 ,fir/ bi%op de mod]nis1 ,j]onimo ( ,val5cia 7#aajb74 99 99 99 ,old ca!dral /ill /&+2 city possesses !re=e two ca!drals4 ,,old ,,ca!dral ,d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y 7,santa ,m>ia de la ,s$e74 ,9 #aaeb already 9 con/ruction2 n f9i%$ 9 #abii4 ,x,i,ith or ,x,i,i,ith c5tury1 ,ca/ilian ,romanesque ) ogival mixture4 ,nave1 #cc feet wide1 #aij feet long1 #fj feet high4 ,aisles1 #bj feet wide1 #ahj feet long1 #dj feet high4 ,?ickness ( walls1 #aj feet4 ,"p ( ca!dral demoli%$ to make room = new 9 #aeac4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,cimborio1 c5tral apsidal *apel1 & retablo4 ,,new ,,ca!dral ,d$icat$ to ! ,"m & ,savi\r4 ,begun 9 #aeac2 n complet$ until ,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,orig9ally ,late ,go?ic build+4 ,plat]esque1 ,h]r]a & grotesque additions4 ,comp>e *ur*es ( ,valladolid & ,segovia4 99 99 99 ,rectangul> 9 %ape2 #cgh feet long1 #aha feet wide4 ,height ( nave1 #acj feet2 t ( aisles1 #hh feet4 ,wid? ( nave1 #ej feet2 ( aisles1 #cg feet4 ,l5g? 7& wid?7 ( *apels1 #bh feet2 height1 #ed feet4 ,height ( t[]1 #cbj feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,we/]n facade1 decorative weal?1 ensemble4 ,,sant&] ,see d$icat$ to ,san ,emet]io1 m>tyr1 & to ! ,virg94 ,mona/ical *ur* ( ,san ,emet]io rais$ to collegiate 9 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,bi%opric erect$ 9 #agge4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral *ur* built 9 ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,*ief attraction3 ,crypt1 f\nt4 ,,santiago ,see d$icat$ to ,/4 ,james1 patron sa9t ( ,spa94 ,bi%opric erect$ previ\s to #hdb2 fir/ bi%op1 ,sisn&o4 ,ar*bi%opric erect$ ,x,i,ith c5tury2 fir/ ar*bi%op1 ,diego ,galmirez4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral *ur* begun1 #ajgh2 t]m9at$1 #abaa4 ,x,i,ith c5tury ,romanesque build+4 ,ext]ior suff]$ grotesque & plat]esque repairs1 ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,cloi/] dates f #aecj4 99 99 99 ,l5g?1 #cje feet2 wid? 7at transept71 #bjd feet4 ,height ( nave1 #gh feet2 ( aisles1 #bc feet2 ( cupola1 #ajg feet2 ( t[] 7de la ,tr9idad71 #bfj feet2 ( we/]n t[]s1 #bbg feet4 ,l5g? ( ea* side ( cloi/]1 #aad feet2 wid?1 #ai feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,! ensemble 7int]ior71 ,portico de la ,gloria1 crypt1 cloi/]1 s\!rn portal4 ,,santo ,,dom+o ,,de ,,la ,,calzada ,see d$icat$ to ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada4 ,bi%opric dates f #abbg4 ,comp>e ,calahorra4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral *ur* begun t[>d #aaej4 ,t]m9at$1 #abej4 ,x,i,ith-,x,i,i,ith c5tury ,romanesque-,go?ic /ructure4 99 99 99 ,*ief attraction3 ,! retablo1 ,x,vth & ,x,v,ith sepul*res4 ,,segovia ,see d$icat$ to ,san ,fruto & ! ,virg94 ,fir/ bi%op 7leg5d>y871 ,san ,hi]ateo1 9 ,i/ c5tury4 ,see kn[n to h exi/$ 9 #ebg4 ,fir/ hi/orical bi%op1 ,pet] 7#ehi74 ,dur+ ,arab invasion only "o bi%op m5tion$1 ,ild]$o1 #idj4 ,fir/ bi%op aft] ! ,reconque/1 ,don ,p$ro1 9 #aaae4 99 99 99 ,fir/ /one ( pres5t ca!dral laid1 #aebe4 ,ca!dral consecrat$1 #aeeh2 f9i%$ 9 #aehj4 ,cupola erect$ 9 #afae4 ,go?ic-,r5aissance build+4 ,t[] /ruck by lightn+ & p>tly ru9$1 #afbj4 ,rebuilt 7t[]7 9 #ahbe4 99 99 99 ,total l5g?1 #cda feet2 wid?1 #aef feet4 ,height ( dome1 #bah feet4 ,wid? ( nave & transept1 #dd feet2 aisles1 #cc feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,old cloi/]1 apse1 t[]4 ,s,i,g,ue,e,n,z,a ,see d$icat$ to ,"m & ,*ild4 ,fir/ kn[n bi%op1 ,protog5es1 9 ,v,ith c5tury4 ,dur+ ,arab invasion no m5tion is made ( see4 ,fir/ bi%op aft] ,reconque/1 ,b]n>do 7#aaie74 ,f\r? bi%op an ,engli%man1 ,jocelyn4 99 99 99 ,date ( erection ( ! ca!dral unkn[n4 ,probably ,x,i,ith or ,x,i,i,ith c5tury ,romanesque-,go?ic edifice4 ,ambulatory add$ 9 ,x,v,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,l5g? ( build+1 #cac feet2 wid?1 #aab feet4 ,height ( nave1 #fh feet2 ( aisles1 #fc feet4 ,circumf]5ce ( c5tral pill>1 #ej feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,we/]n front1 sacri/y1 rose w9d[ 9 s\!rn transept arm4 ,,soria ,see to be mov$ "h f ,osma4 ,*ur* d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y4 ,rais$ to suffragan ( ,osma 9 ,x,i,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,x,v,ith c5tury1 ,go?ic-plat]esque build+4 ,x,i,ith c5tury1 we/]n front2 ,ca/ilian ,romanesque4 ,x,i,ith c5tury1 ,romanesque cloi/]4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,we/]n front1 cloi/]4 ,,tol$o ,see d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,"m & h] ,app>ition to ,san ,ildefonso4 ,bi%opric erect$ prior to #eac ,a4 ,d4 ,"o ( fir/ bi%ops is ,san ,ildefonso4 ,dur+ ,arab dom9ation see rema9s vacant4 ,fir/ ar*bi%op1 ,don ,b]n>do 7#ajhe74 ,primate ca!dral ( all ! ,spa9s s9ce ,x,vth c5tury4 99 99 99 ,fir/ /one ( pres5t build+ laid 9 #abbg4 ,*ur* complet$ 9 #adic4 ,additions1 repairs1 etc41 dat+ f ,x,v,ith-,x,v,i,i,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,l5g?1 #djd feet2 wid?1 #bjd feet2 height ( t[]1 #bih feet4 ,height ( nave1 #ih feet4 ,height ( pr9cipal door1 #bj feet2 wid?1 #g feet4 ,diamet] ( rose w9d[ 9 we/]n front1 #cj feet4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,! ensemble1 decorative & indu/rial accessories1 *apt]-room1 sacri/y1 pa9t+s1 bell-t[]1 etc4 7,! ri*e/ ca!dral 9 ,spa947 ,,toro ,collegiate ,*ur* d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y4 99 99 99 ,exi/5ce ( bi%opric _c be prov51 ?\gh believ$ to h be5 erect$ dur+ fir/ decade ( ,reconque/ 9 ,x? c5tury4 ,is def9itely made a suffragan ( ,zamora 9 ,x,v,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral--or collegiate--erect$ end ( ,x,i,ith or beg9n+ ( ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,ca/ilian ,romanesque build+4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,milit>y aspect ( build+1 height ( walls1 massive cimborio4 ,,tuy ,see d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,bi%opric erect$ 9 ,v,ith c5tury4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral erect$ 9 fir/ half ,x,i,ith c5tury4 ,suff]$ greatly f e>?quakes1 especially 9 #agee4 ,x,i,ith c5tury ,galician ,romanesque 9 spoilt conditions4 ,we/]n por* or n>!x dates f ,x,vth c5tury4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,we/]n front1 nor!rn portal1 cloi/]4 ,,valladolid ,santa ,m>ia la ,antigua rais$ to suffragan ( ,pal5cia1 #ajgd4 ,*ur* built 9 ,x,i,ith c5tury1 ,ca/ilian ,romanesque4 ,ru9s /ill to be se5 to re> (-- ,santa ,m>ia la ,mayor4 ,seat ( ar*bi%opric s9ce #ahej4 ,bi%opric e/abli%$1 #aeie2 fir/ bi%op1 ,don ,b>tolome4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral begun 9 #aehe by ,juan de ,h]r]a4 ,cont9u$ ,x,v,i,ith c5tury by ,*urrigu]a4 ,escorial /yle spoilt by grotesque decoration4 ,t[] falls d[n 9 #ahda2 new "o be+ erect$4 99 99 99 ,rectangul> 9 %ape2 l5g?1 #daa feet2 wid?1 #bjd feet4 ,transept half-way betwe5 apse & we/]n front4 ,croisee surm\nt$ by cupola4 ,only "o ( f\r t[]s 0 con/ruct$4 ,,vitoria ,see d$icat$ to ,santa ,m>ia4 ,/4 ,m>y erect$ to collegiate1 ,x,vth c5tury4 ,bi%opric erect$ 9 ,x,i,xth c5tury4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral *ur* erect$ 9 ,x,i,vth c5tury4 ,x,i,vth c5tury ,late ,go?ic /ructure ( no art int]e/4 ,t[] ( ,x,v,ith & ,x,v,i,ith c5turies4 99 99 99 ,*ief attraction3 ,9 sacri/y a canvas call$ ,piety4 ,,zamora ,see d$icat$ to ,san ,atilano & ! ,holy ,"m4 ,bi%opric e/abli%$ #ije2 fir/ bi%op1 ,san ,atilano4 ,de/roy$ by ,moors 9 #iih2 vacancy n fill$ until #aabd4 ,fir/ bi%op de mod]nis1 ,b]n>do4 99 99 99 ,ca!dral comm5c$ #aaea2 vault+ t]m9at$ #aagd4 ,x,i,ith c5tury ,ca/ilian ,romanesque4 99 99 99 ,*ief attractions3 ,! cimborio1 s\!rn entrance4 ,,iii ,a ,li/ ( ! ,prov9ces ( ,spa9 & ( ! ,middle ,age ,/ates or ,k+doms f :i* !y h evolv$4 ,pr9cipal ,k+doms ,conqu]$ ,/ates ,pres5t-day ,prov9ces ,ca/ile ,galicia ,la ,coruna99 ,lugo99 ,or5se99 ,pontev$ra99 ,a/urias99 ,ovi$o99 ,leon ,leon99 ,pal5cia99 ,zamora99 ,basque ,prov9ces ,guipuzcua99 ,vizcaya99 ,alava99 ,rioja ,logrono99 ,old ,ca/ile ,sant&]99 ,burgos99 ,soria99 ,valladolid99 ,avila99 ,segovia99 ,salamanca99 ,new ,ca/ile ,madrid99 ,guadalaj>a99 ,tol$o99 ,cu5ca99 ,ciudad ,real99 ,extremadura ,cac]es99 ,badajoz ,&alusia ,sevilla ,huelva ,cadiz ,cordoba ,ja5 ,granada ,granada ,malaga ,alm]ia ,murcia ,murcia ,albacete ,aragon ,aragon ,z>agoza ,huesca ,t]uel ,cataluna ,b>celona ,g]ona ,l]ida ,t>ragona ,val5cia ,val5cia ,alicante ,ca/ellon ,nav>ra ,nav>ra 7,pamplona7 ,,notes ,! /> 7997 indicates ! prov9ces treat$ ( 9 ?is volume2 ! rema9d] w be treat$ ( 9 ,volume ,,ii4 ,two prov9ces h n be5 m5tion$3 t ( ! ,bale>ic ,isles 7belong$ to ! old k+dom ( ,aragon71 & t ( ! ,can>y ,isles 7belong$ to ! old k+dom ( ,ca/ile74 ,dates h n be5 indicat$4 ,= s complicat$ 0 ! evolution ( ! diff]5t /ates 7regions7 ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 t a s]ies ( tables w\ld be necess>y1 z well z a s]ies ( geographical maps4 ,! above li/1 h[ev]1 %[s ,spa9 7m9us ,portugal7 at ! dea? ( ,f]n&o 7! husb& ( ,isabel7 9 #aeaf1 z well z ! compon5t p>ts ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon4 ,! division ( ,spa9 into prov9ces dates f #ahcc4 ,a bi%opric does n necess>ily co9cide ) a prov9ce4 ,?us1 ! ,prov9ce ( ,lugo has two sees 7,lugo & ,mondon$o72 on ! o!r h&1 ?ree ,basque ,prov9ces h b "o see 7,vitoria74 ,except+ 9 ! case ( ,nav>ra1 ^: capital is ,pamplona1 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ,spa9 be> ! "n ( ! capital4 ,?us ! capital ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,madrid is ,madrid1 & ,ja5 is ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ! same "n4 ,bibliography ,espana1 sus ,monum5tos y ,artes1 su ,naturaleza e ,hi/oria3 ,burgos1 by ,r4 ,amador de los ,rios4 ,sant&]1 by ,r4 ,amador de los ,rios4 ,nav>ra y ,logrono1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 by ,p4 de ,madrazo4 ,soria1 by ,n4 ,rabal4 ,galicia1 by ,m4 ,murguia4 ,alava1 etc41 by ,a4 ,pirala4 ,extremadura1 by ,n4 ,diaz y ,p]ez4 ,recu]dos y ,bellezas de ,espana3 ,ca/illa ,la ,nueva1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,quadrado4 ,a/urias y ,leon1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,quadrado4 ,valladolid1 etc41 by ,j4 ,m4 ,quadrado4 ,salamanca1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,quadrado4 ,espagne et ,portugal1 by ,ba$ek]4 ,hi/oria del ,pueblo ,espanol 7,spani% translation71 by ,major ,m4 ,hume4 ,hi/oria de ,espana1 by ,r4 ,altamira4 ,tol$o en la ,mano1 by ,s4 ,p>ro4 ,e/udios ,hi/orico-,arti/icos relativos a ,valladolid1 by ,m>ti y ,monso4 ,,index ,acuna1 ,don1 #big1 #bih4 ,adan1 ,m>ia1 #bga2 ,don1 ,bi%op ( ,plas5cia1 #bhg1 #cgf4 ,adulfo1 ,bi%op ( ,ovi$o1 #ach1 #cge4 ,african ,w>s1 #cfd4 ,agre/io1 ,bi%op ( ,lugo1 #cgc4 ,agricolanus1 #aea4 ,agu$a ,riv]1 #bfi4 ,alagon ,riv]1 #bgh1 #bhj4 ,al>cos1 ,battle (1 #bhd1 #cad4 ,alava1 #aih1 #cga4 ,alcala 7,see ,alcala de ,h5>es74 ,alcala de ,f5>es 7,see ,alcala de ,h5>es74 ,alcala de ,h5>es1 #fa1 #fd1 #bab1 #bbc1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbf-ccd1 #cdi2 ,*ur*es ( 7,see "u ,*ur*es72 ,univ]sity (1 #cbh4 ,alcala de ,san ,ju/o 7,see ,alcala de ,h5>es74 ,alcant>a1 ,bridge (1 #cej4 ,alcaz> 7,cu5ca71 #cdc1 7,segovia7 #cad1 #cbj1 #cee1 7,tol$o7 #ccf1 #cej1 #cef4 ,aleman1 #bge1 #bhi4 ,alfonso1 #cjg4 ,alfonso ,i41 #bba1 #bcj4 ,alfonso ,,ii41 #cdc4 ,alfonso ,,iii41 #bde4 ,alfonso ,,iv41 #aec4 ,alfonso ,v41 #aci1 #bid4 ,alfonso ,,vi41 #aih1 #bjf1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bec1 #bic1 #cce1 #ceh1 #cei4 ,alfonso ,,vii41 #aec1 #aed1 #afa1 #afb1 #ccf4 ,alfonso ,,viii41 #ahh1 #aib1 #aic1 #baj1 #bbc1 #beh1 #bhj1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #cch1 #cdc4 ,alfonso ,,ix41 #beh4 ,alfonso ,,xi41 #agi1 #bde4 ,alfonso ! ,*a/e1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada4 ,alfonsos1 ,dyna/y (1 #ajc1 #bjj4 ,alfonso el ,batallador1 #cje4 ,al-,kala 7,see ,alcala de ,h5>es74 ,alhambra1 ,!1 #bb1 #da1 #cee4 ,alhaxa1 ,m>t91 #cdc4 ,al-,k>ica 7,see ,coria74 ,almanzor1 #gi1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aga1 #agf1 #agg1 #bcj1 #bcb4 ,alps1 ,!1 #eh4 ,altamira1 ,rafael1 #ad4 ,alv>ez1 ,diego1 #bhf4 ,am]ica1 #bi1 #cb1 #ij1 #bie1 #bif1 #cfj4 ,anaya1 ,diego de1 ,tomb (1 #bfc4 ,&alusia1 #af1 #bb1 #ff1 #fg1 #gf1 #ha1 #afa1 #aia1 #cjc1 #cad1 #ccg1 #ced4 ,ansurez1 ,p$ro1 #bic2 ,family (1 #bid4 ,aquitania1 #afg4 ,arabs & ,arab ,invasions1 #bc1 #ch1 #ga1 #gi1 #hj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad1 #abc1 #abd1 #adg1 #adh1 #aeb1 #agj1 #agg1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bec1 #bed1 #bhj1 #bif1 #cac1 #cbc1 #cbg1 #ced1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cge1 #cgh1 #cgi4 ,aragon1 #bc1 #be1 #eh1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #bjc1 #baj1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cca1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,arco de ,santa ,m>ta 7,burgos71 #ahj4 ,armada1 ,!1 #ca1 #ij1 #acb1 #ahi1 #cdi4 ,arriago1 #aic4 ,arrianism1 #aec4 ,a/orga1 #gj1 #ga1 #abj1 #afg-agc1 #agd1 #agf1 #aig1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bdf1 #cfi2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,a/urias1 #eg1 #ff1 #gj1 #gi1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #abc1 #ach1 #aci1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aec1 #afb1 #afg1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #bac4 ,a/urica ,augu/a 7,see ,a/orga74 ,augu/abriga1 #bfi4 ,auria 7,see ,or5se74 ,au/urio1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 #cca4 ,avila1 #gj1 #ga1 #bec1 #cjb-caa1 #cab1 #cac1 #cgj2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%op72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,baeza1 #afa4 ,ba$ek]1 #aae4 ,b>celona1 #ff4 ,b>ri5tos1 ,inez de1 #cdd4 ,b>tolome1 ,bi%op ( ,valladolid1 #cha4 ,basilides1 ,bi%op ( ,a/orga1 #afh4 ,basilides1 ,bi%op ( ,leon1 #aea1 #cgb4 ,basque ,prov9ces1 #cc1 #aib4 ,bay ( ,biscay1 #ahi4 ,bayona1 #aca1 #acb2 ,*ur* ( 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,bayonne 9 ,gascogne1 #bgb4 ,bec]ra1 #agb4 ,b]5g>io1 #bed4 ,b]mudo ,,ii41 #afb4 ,b]mudo ,,iii41 #aga1 #agf4 ,b]n>do1 ,bi%op ( ,pal5cia1 #bbb1 #cge4 ,b]n>do1 ,bi%op ( ,sigue5za1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cgi4 ,b]n>do1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 #bac1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cgi4 ,b]n>do1 ,bi%op ( ,zamora1 #bcb4 ,b]ruguete1 #ej1 #bie4 ,betica 7,see ,&alusia74 ,bi%ops & ,ar*bi%ops 7,basilides71 #afh2 ,a/orga 7,dom9iciano71 #afg1 #cfi2 ,avila 7,j]onimo71 #cgj1 7,p$ro7 #cjh1 7,san ,segundo7 #cgj1 7,to/ada7 #cgj2 ,burgos 7,don ,simon71 #cgj1 7,gomez ,,ii47 #cgj2 ,calahorra 7,don ,san*o71 #aih1 #cga1 7,silvano7 #cga2 ,cuidad ,rodrigo 7,dom+o71 #bgj1 #cga1 7,p$ro ,diaz7 #bgj2 ,coria 7,laqu9to71 #bgi1 #cgb2 ,cu5ca 7,juan ,yanez71 #cdc1 #cgb2 ,iria 7,!odosio71 #gf1 #gg1 #gh2 ,leon 7,basilides71 #aea1 #bgb2 ,lugo 7,agre/io71 #cgc1 7,odo>io7 #ajd2 ,mondon$o 7,m>t971 #ig1 #cgd2 ,osma1 #baa1 7,juan ,i47 #bad1 #cge1 7,p$ro7 #bbd1 #cge1 7,san ,a/orgio7 #cge2 ,or5se 7,diego71 #aaf2 ,ovi$o 7,adulfo71 #ach1 7,guti]re7 #aci2 ,pal5cia 7,b]n>do71 #bbb1 #cge1 7,san ,toribio7 #cge2 ,plas5cia 7,adan71 #bhg1 #cgf1 7,dom+o7 #bhf1 #cgf2 ,salamanca 7,eleut]io71 #bec1 #cgf1 7,j]onimo7 #bed1 #cje1 #cgf2 ,santiago1 #bed1 #ccg1 7,diego ,galmirez7 #hj1 #aaf1 #cgg1 7,sisn&o71 #cgg2 ,segovia 7,don ,p$ro71 #cab1 #cad1 #cgh1 7,ild]$o7 #cac1 #cgh1 7,san ,hi]ateo71 #cab1 #cgh2 ,sigue5za 7,au/urio71 #cca1 7,b]n>do7 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cgi1 7,jocelyn7 #cch1 #cgi1 7,protog5es7 #cce1 #cgi2 ,tol$o1 #cjg1 #cca1 #ccg1 7,b]n>do7 #bac1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cgi1 7,c>illo7 #cca1 #ccd1 7,ildefonso7 #ceh1 #cgi1 7,tav]a7 #bgd2 ,tuy1 #acb2 ,valladolid 7,b>tolome71 #cha1 7,b]n>do7 #bcb2 ,zamora 7,san ,atilano71 #bca1 #cha4 ,bi%op's ,door 7,pal5cia ,ca!dral71 #bbh1 #cgf4 ,blanca de ,b\rbon1 #bid1 #ccf4 ,boabdil el ,*ico1 #bb4 ,bologna1 #bea4 ,b\rbon1 ,blanca de1 #bid1 #ccf4 ,b\rbon ,dyna/y1 #cj4 ,braga1 #aab1 #abj1 #afg4 ,brig&tia 7,see ,corunna74 ,bruneti]e1 #ge4 ,burgos1 #ci1 #dc1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #aed1 #agd-ahj1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aif1 #bbc1 #bcg1 #bea1 #bec1 #bif1 #cjc1 #cdi1 #cgj2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,burgo de ,osma1 #bad4 ,cadiz #cce4 ,calabria1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #cga4 ,calahorra1 #ahh1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #cga2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,calle de ,pu5te1 #aij4 ,cam>a ,sagrada1 #fi4 ,cam>a ,santa 7,ovi$o71 #add1 #cge4 ,cangas1 #acg1 #ach1 #adg4 ,cantabric ,m\nta9s1 #aij4 ,cantabric ,sea1 #ahi4 ,c>illo1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 #cca1 #ccd2 ,tomb (1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,c>li/ ,w>s1 #cc4 ,c>ranza1 #bjc4 ,c>r>ick1 ,k+ ( ! ,suevos1 #aad4 ,ca/ellum ,tude 7,see ,tuy74 ,ca/ile1 #af1 #bc1 #be1 #ei1 #ff-gg1 #ha1 #ajc1 #aed1 #agd-agg1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjf1 #bba1 #bcc1 #bde1 #bhj1 #bid1 #bif1 #cjb1 #cje1 #ccf1 #cdc4 ,ca/ile1 ,c\nts (1 #bec1 #bgi1 #cab1 #cce4 ,ca!drals1 ,a/orga1 #afg-agc1 #cfg1 #cfi2 ,avila1 #cjb-caa1 #cgj2 ,burgos1 #fb1 #ada1 #aef1 #afa1 #agd-ahg1 #bjb1 #bbg-bda1 #bfg1 #cfg-cgj2 ,calahorra1 #bjf-bjh1 #cgc1 #cgh2 ,cant]bury 7,/4 ,?omas71 #cch2 ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 #bfi-bgg1 #cga2 ,coria1 #bfa1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #cgb2 ,huesca1 #bjc1 #cca2 ,leon1 #fb1 #ada1 #aej-aff1 #aga1 #cgb2 ,lugo1 #ii1 #ajb-aji1 #aac1 #aae1 #aag1 #cdj1 #cgc2 ,madrid1 ,san ,isidro & ,virg5 de la ,almud5a1 #cba1 #cbf1 #cgc2 ,mondon$o1 #ie-aja1 #cgd2 ,naj]a1 #bja-bjb2 ,or5se1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,madre1 #aaj-aai1 #abf1 #cgd2 ,osma1 #bab-baf1 #cgd1 #cge2 ,nue/ra ,s5ora de la ,blanca 7,see ,leon72 ,ovi$o1 #acg-add1 #aef1 #agb1 #ahb1 #cge2 ,pul*ra ,leon9a 7,see ,leon72 ,pal5cia1 #bai-bbi1 #bci1 #cge2 ,plas5cia1 #bge1 #bhd-bhi1 #cgf2 ,rome 7,/4 ,pet]'s71 #cjj2 ,salamanca1 ,old & ,new ,ca!drals1 #bea-bfh1 #bge1 #bii1 #cag1 #cdf1 #cgf1 #cgg2 ,santiago1 ,santiago de ,campo/ela1 #ge-hh1 #ib1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abg1 #bdj1 #bda1 #cgg2 ,sant&]1 #ahh-aia1 #cgg2 ,segovia1 #cab-cbj1 #cgg1 #cgh2 ,sevilla1 #ahg2 ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada1 #bjb-bjd1 #cgh2 ,sigue5za1 #cce-cda1 #cdf1 #cgi2 ,t\rs1 ,/4 ,m>t91 #cgd2 ,tuy1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,madre1 #aac1 #abj-acj1 #bdi1 #chj2 ,valladolid1 #bic-cja1 #cgg1 #chj2 ,vitoria1 #aib-aie1 #cha2 ,zamora1 #bcj-bdc1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bge1 #cdf1 #cha2 ,tol$o1 #af1 #fd1 #adc1 #aei1 #afa1 #ahd1 #cag1 #cai1 #ccb1 #cdi-cfh1 #cga1 #cgi2 ,t\l\se1 ,/4 ,saturn91 #hb2 ,toro1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,mayor1 #bdd-bej1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bgc1 #bge1 #cdf1 #chj4 ,cel$onio1 #ahh1 #aig1 #bjf4 ,celts1 ,!1 #hd1 #ajb4 ,c]vantes1 #bie1 #cbf1 #ceb4 ,*>les-,qu9te1 #bbc1 #bhc1 #cad1 #cec4 ,*oir ,/alls1 #dh1 #di4 ,*ur*es3 ,alcala de ,h5>es1 ,la ,magi/ral1 #cbh1 #ccb1 #cgd2 ,san ,ju/o1 #cbh1 #ccb2 ,burgos1 ,*apel ( ! ,conde/able1 #ci1 #ahe1 #cgj1 #cga2 ,bayona & ,vigo1 #aca-acc2 ,corunna 7,colegiata71 #ia1 #ic1 ,*ur* ( ,santiago1 #ic1 #id1 ,santa ,m>ia del ,campo1 #ib2 ,cordoba1 ,! ,mosque1 #da1 #fh2 ,cu5ca1 #cdb-cdh1 #cgb2 ,leon1 ,san ,isidoro1 #aec1 #afc1 #aia1 ,*apel ( ,/4 ,james1 #aei1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,blanca1 #cgb1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,r$onda1 ,san ,froilan1 #cgb2 ,logrono1 #bjd1 ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada1 #bjd2 ,madrid1 ,san ,antonio de la ,florida1 #cbd1 ,san ,francisco el ,gr&e1 #cbd1 ,san ,isidro1 #cba1 #cbe1 #cgc2 ,ovi$o1 ,salvador1 #aci2 ,pal5cia1 ,san ,antol91 #cge2 ,rioja1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,r$onda1 #bjd-bjf1 ,san ,juan de ,banos1 #afe2 ,sant&]1 ,san ,emet]io1 #ahi1 #cgg2 ,s>agosse1 ,*ur* ( ! ,pill>1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bii1 ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada1 #bjb-bjd1 #cgh2 ,soria1 #bji-bab1 #cgi2 ,segovia1 ,santa ,cl>a1 #caf2 ,tol$o1 ,san ,juan de las ,reyes1 #cee1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,blanca1 #ced1 ,san ,tomas1 #cee1 ,pu]ta de ,sol1 #cee2 ,valladolid1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,mayor1 #bic1 #cjj1 #cha1 ,santa ,m>ia la ,antiqua1 #chj1 ,v5ta de ,banos1 #eg2 ,zamora1 ,la ,magdal51 #bdc4 ,*urrigu]a1 #fc1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cha4 ,cid1 ,! ,great1 #bcd1 #bed4 ,cid ,campeador 7,rodrigo ,diaz de ,viv>71 #agi4 ,cisn]os1 ,c>d9al1 #cbf1 #cbh1 #cca1 #ccd1 #cfa1 #cfd2 ,tomb (1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 #bfi-bgg1 #cga2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,clem5t ,,iv41 #baj4 ,cluny ,monks1 ,!1 #bd1 #cj1 #fj1 #cei4 ,coa ,riv]1 #bfi4 ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb1 #bie1 #cfj4 ,complutum 7,alcala71 #cbg1 #ccj4 ,complut5ses1 #cbg-cbi4 ,comun]os1 ,!1 #cad4 ,conca 7,see ,cu5ca74 ,conde1 ,manuel1 #aed4 ,conde/able1 ,*apel ( ! 7,burgos71 #ci1 #ahe1 #cgj1 #cga2 ,tomb ( 7,burgos71 #ahf4 ,con/anza1 ,dona1 #ceh4 ,conv5t ( ,guadalupe1 #bhc4 ,conv5t ( ! ,m]c$es 7,valladolid71 #big4 ,conv5t ( ,san ,juan de ,dios1 #ccd4 ,cordoba1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aia1 #bgi1 #bhf2 ,mosque (1 #da1 #fh1 #cee4 ,coria1 #fh1 #ga1 #bfi1 #bgh-bhc1 #bhd1 #cgb2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals72 ,roman ,wall (1 #bgi4 ,coronada1 #bga4 ,cortez1 #bdf1 #bgb4 ,corunna1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #aac2 ,*ur*es (1 #hi-id4 ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 #bec1 #bgi1 #cab1 #cce4 ,c\nts ( ,ca/ile1 #aec1 #afb1 #afc1 #agd1 #age1 #ahj4 ,covadonga1 #ade1 #adf1 #adi2 ,battle (1 #ade4 ,cri/eta1 #cjc4 ,cri/o de las ,batallas 7,salamanca71 #bed4 ,cu5ca1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #cdb-cdh1 #cgb2 ,alcaz>1 #cdc2 ,battle (1 #cch2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,*ur* ( 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,cunn+hame-,graham1 ,mr41 #ba4 ,curia ,vetona1 or ,caurium 7,see ,coria74 ,del ,obispo 7,portal 9 ,toro ,ca!dral71 #bgc4 ,del ,salto1 ,m>ia1 ,tomb (1 #cbj4 ,diana1 ,temple to1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,diaz1 ,p$ro1 ,bi%op ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 #bgj4 ,dolfo1 ,vellido1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,dom+o1 ,bi%op ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 #bgj1 #cga4 ,dom+o1 ,bi%op ( ,plas5cia1 #bhf1 #cgf4 ,dom+uez1 ,juan1 ,bi%op ( ,osma1 #bad1 #cge4 ,dom9iciano1 ,bi%op ( ,a/orga1 #afg1 #cfi4 ,drake1 ,sir ,francis1 #acb4 ,du]o ,riv]1 #bji1 #bac1 #bcg1 #bdd1 #bgi4 ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 #aab4 ,du]]1 #cfa4 ,eleanor 7,daught] ( ,h5ry ,,ii471 #cch4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art1 #ed4 ,ea/]n ,ca/ile1 #gj4 ,ebro ,riv]1 #aic1 #aif1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,eleut]io1 ,bi%op ( ,salamanca1 #bec1 #cgf4 ,elvira1 #bcc1 #bde4 ,engl&1 #bi1 #ca1 #gh1 #ij1 #ahi1 #bie4 ,engracia 7( ,aragon71 #cab4 ,enrique ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 #bjd1 #cbj4 ,enrique ,,iv41 #bde4 ,enriquez1 ,don1 #bef4 ,escorial 7,madrid71 #ca1 #fb1 #afe1 #bfe1 #bie1 #bii1 #cbb1 #cdi4 ,extremadura1 #af1 #fi1 #bgh1 #cjc4 ,favila1 ,duke1 #abb1 #adf4 ,felipe el ,h]moso 7,philip ! ,h&some71 #bie4 ,f]d9&1 #be1 #cb1 #bee4 ,f]nan1 ,knight1 #bih4 ,f]n&o ,i41 #afa1 #agf-agh1 #bbb1 #bcb1 #bde1 #cjd4 ,f]n&o ,,ii41 #bfi4 ,f]n&o ,alfonso1 #bjc4 ,f]n&o el ,santo1 #cei4 ,flor9da1 #ced4 ,fl&]s1 #cee4 ,fom5t1 #ej1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,fonseca1 ,bi%op1 #bbi2 ,family1 #bdi4 ,france1 #bd1 #ec1 #eg1 #eh1 #gh1 #afh1 #bbd1 #cee4 ,froila 7or ,froela71 #acg1 #ada1 #bcj4 ,froiss>t1 #aab4 ,galicia1 #bc1 #dj1 #fj1 #ff1 #fh1 #ge1 #gf1 #gi1 #hj1 #hh1 #ij1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abe1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acg1 #ach1 #afi1 #agg1 #aii1 #bcc1 #bch4 ,galician ,romanesque ,art1 #ei4 ,galmirez1 ,diego1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,santiago1 #hj1 #cgg4 ,g>cia1 ,c\nt ( ,ca/ile1 #afb1 #afc1 #agf1 #bcc4 ,g>cia1 ,don1 ,k+ ( ,nav>ra1 #aih1 #bja4 ,g>cia1 ,son ( ,alfonso ,,iii41 #bde4 ,ga/eiz 7,see ,vitoria74 ,gauti]1 ,!ophile1 #cea4 ,g]many1 #gh1 #cee4 ,gibralt>1 #bb2 ,/raits (1 #ba1 #bh4 ,gijon1 #adg4 ,giron1 ,don ,guti]re1 #cad4 ,gold & ,silv]smi?s1 #ej-ea4 ,gomez ,,ii41 ,bi%op ( ,burgos1 #cgj4 ,gonzalez1 ,f]nan1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi4 ,gonzalo1 ,arias1 #bcc4 ,goes*55 9 ,switz]l&1 #cdb4 ,goya1 #cbe1 #ceg4 ,granada1 #bb1 #fg1 #bhg1 #cee1 #cef1 #cfe4 ,greco1 #ceg1 #cfe4 ,gr$o ,m\nta9s1 #bgh4 ,greeks1 ,!1 #hi1 #acb4 ,guadalaj>a1 #cce4 ,guadalete1 ,battle (1 #adg4 ,guadalquivir1 #ahi4 ,guad]rama ,m\nta9s1 #bec1 #bgh4 ,gu>dia1 #aba4 ,gudro$1 #abc4 ,guti]re1 ,bi%op ( ,ovi$o1 #aci4 ,hannibal1 #beb4 ,h>b\r ( ,victory1 #ahh4 ,h5ry ,,iv41 #beh1 #bid1 #cjg4 ,h]mes9da1 #adg4 ,h]r]o1 #fb1 #bje1 #bfe1 #bie1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cha4 ,huesca1 ,ca!dral (1 #bjc1 #cca4 ,hume1 ,m>t91 #ad4 ,i]te ,riv]1 #bhf4 ,ild]$o1 ,bi%op ( ,segovia1 #cac1 #cgh4 ,ildefonso1 ,bi%op ( ,tol$o1 #cgi4 ,inquisition1 ,!1 #bf1 #bg1 #cdd4 ,irel&1 #hi4 ,iria1 #gf1 #gg4 ,ironcraft1 #ea1 #eb4 ,irun1 #aib4 ,isabella1 #be1 #cb1 #bee4 ,isabel ! ,ca?olic1 #aic1 #bbb1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bid1 #bie1 #cae4 ,italy1 #bd1 #cg1 #eg1 #eh1 #fb1 #gh1 #bbd1 #cee4 ,j]onimo1 ,bi%op ( ,avila1 #cgj4 ,j]onimo1 ,bi%op ( ,salamanca1 #bed1 #cje1 #cgf4 ,jesuit ,s*ool 7,madrid71 #cbf4 ,jocelyn1 ,bi%op ( ,sigue5za1 #cch1 #cgi4 ,john ,i41 #bac4 ,juan ,i41 ,bi%op ( ,osma1 #bad1 #cge4 ,juana1 #bid4 ,juana la ,beltranaja1 #bde4 ,juana la ,loca1 #bie4 ,julian1 ,c\nt1 #ced4 ,juni1 ,juan de1 #ej1 #bad4 ,jura1 ,!1 #ig1 #aif4 ,la ,magi/ral1 ,*ur* ( 7,alcala de ,h5>es71 #cbh1 #ccb1 #cgd4 ,la ,man*a1 #af1 #cdb4 ,lanca/]1 ,duke (1 #aab4 ,laqu9to1 ,bi%op ( ,coria1 #bgi1 #cgb4 ,las ,navas de ,tolosa1 #bhj4 ,leon1 #bc1 #be1 #dc1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #gi1 #hj1 #ajc1 #aci1 #aej-aff1 #afg1 #aga1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #aig1 #bcc1 #bec1 #bed1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cee1 #cgb1 #cgf2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals72 ,k+ (1 #afa4 ,leon ,x41 #cbh4 ,leonese1 ,!1 #bed4 ,leonor1 ,dona1 #agi1 #big1 #bih4 ,leyes de ,toro1 #bdf4 ,libelatism1 #afg1 #afh4 ,lisbon1 #abf1 #bgb4 ,locus ,augu/i 7,see ,lugo74 ,logrono1 #ga1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #cga1 #cgc2 ,*ur* ( 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,loja1 #bhg4 ,lucio ,,iii41 #cdc4 ,lugo1 #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajb-aji1 #aaj1 #aab1 #abj1 #acg1 #aed1 #cgc2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,lupa1 #ge1 #gf1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,luz1 ,dona1 #abb1 #adf4 ,madrazo1 #bjf4 ,madrid1 #ff1 #fh1 #ga1 #agh1 #bab1 #bec1 #bic1 #bie1 #bif1 #cac1 #cad1 #cba-cbf1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cdi1 #cgc2 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals72 ,*ur*es ( 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,mae/ro ,mateo1 #hg4 ,mae/ro ,raimundo1 #ajf1 #abf4 ,mag]it1 #cbb1 #cbc4 ,munuza1 #adg1 #adh4 ,manzan>es ,riv]1 #cbc1 #cbd4 ,m>celo1 #aea4 ,m>t91 ,bi%op ( ,mondon$o1 #ig1 #cgd4 ,m>tel1 ,*>les1 #bb4 ,m$9at-el-,walid1 #bif4 ,m5doza1 #cfa4 ,m9dunietum1 #if4 ,m9o ,riv]1 #gj1 #ajb1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #abj1 #aba1 #abd1 #abe4 ,mir&a1 #aif4 ,mirobriga1 #bfi4 ,mol9a1 ,m>ia de1 #bid4 ,mondon$o1 #ic1 #ie-aja1 #cgd2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,monroy ,family1 #bef1 #bhf4 ,mon=te1 #aaj4 ,moore1 ,g5]al1 #ij4 ,moori% ,art1 #ee1 #ef4 ,moors1 ,!1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #cd1 #ch1 #ee1 #ef1 #ei1 #ga1 #gf1 #gi1 #ajd1 #acg1 #aec1 #aed1 #afa1 #aga1 #age1 #aih1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bea1 #bed1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjh1 #cac1 #cbc1 #cca1 #cdc1 #ceb1 #ced1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cha4 ,morales1 ,div9o1 #cbf4 ,morg>t51 #ade4 ,morocco1 #cfd4 ,mosque ( ,cordoba1 #da1 #fh1 #cee4 ,m\nt ( ,joys1 #ha4 ,mudej> ,art1 #fc-fe4 ,muguira1 #ha4 ,murillo1 #aie4 ,naj]a1 #aig1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb1 #cga2 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,nalvillos1 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,napoleon1 #ij1 #afd4 ,nav>ra1 #bc1 #cc1 #eh1 #ff1 #fh1 #gj1 #hj1 #agd1 #agf1 #aib1 #aif1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb1 #baj4 ,navas de ,tolosa1 ,battle (1 #bhf4 ,neu/ra ,s5ora de la ,blanca 7,see ,ca!dral ( ,leon74 ,new ,_w1 ,! 7,see ,am]ica74 ,norman ,vik+s1 #gi1 #if1 #aab1 #abc1 #abd4 ,nor?1 ,!1 #fi4 ,numantia1 #aig1 #bji1 #bai1 #bcj4 ,odo>io1 ,bi%op ( ,lugo1 #ajd4 ,ogival ,art1 #fa4 ,olaf1 #abc4 ,old ,ca/ile1 ,pla9 (1 #fi4 ,ordonez1 ,diego1 #bce1 #bcf4 ,ordono ,i41 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed4 ,ordono ,,ii41 #aec1 #aei4 ,orduno ,,iii41 #age4 ,or5se1 #gj1 #ga1 #aaj-aai1 #abj1 #afh1 #agj1 #bbj1 #cgd2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals72 ,portico del ,p>aiso1 #aaf1 #cgd4 ,osma1 #bji1 #baj1 #bab-baf1 #cgd-cgi2 ,bi%ops ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,ovi$o1 #bc1 #dc1 #fi1 #gj1 #hj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #acg-add1 #ade1 #aej1 #aed1 #aih1 #cga1 #cge2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals72 ,*ur* 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,ox=d1 #bea4 ,padilla1 ,m>ia de1 #bid1 #ccf4 ,pal5cia1 #ga1 #afh1 #bai-bbi1 #beh1 #bic1 #cge2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,bi%op's ,door1 #bbh1 #cgf2 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals72 ,univ]sity (1 #bbc-bbd1 #beh4 ,pallantia1 #bbj1 #bba4 ,palos ,h>b\r1 #cb4 ,pamplona1 #agd4 ,p>is1 #bea2 ,treaty (1 #cb4 ,p$ro1 ,pr9ce ,don1 #cbj4 ,p$ro1 ,bi%op ( ,avila1 #cjh4 ,p$ro1 ,bi%op ( ,osma1 #bbd1 #cge4 ,p$ro1 ,bi%op ( ,segovia1 #cgh4 ,pelayo1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi4 ,pelea ,gonzalo1 ,battle (1 #bde4 ,p5a ,graj]a1 #cbj4 ,p]ez1 ,dona ,m>ia1 #bef1 #beg1 #beh4 ,p]ez1 ,h]nan1 #bhf4 ,pet]1 ,bi%op ( ,segovia1 #cab1 #cad1 #cgh4 ,pet] ! ,cruel1 #agi1 #bjd1 #bde1 #bid1 #ccf4 ,philip ,,ii41 #ca1 #fb1 #ahi1 #bie1 #cbb1 #cdi4 ,philip ,,iii41 #bhe1 #cjh4 ,philip ,,iv41 #bid4 ,philip ! ,h&some1 #bie4 ,pho5icians1 ,!1 #hi1 #acb4 ,picos de ,europa1 #ade4 ,pico de ,urbion1 #bji4 ,pi$ad 7,pity71 #aie4 ,pill> at ,s>agosse1 #bii4 ,pisu]ga1 #bic1 #bif4 ,plas5cia1 #ga1 #beg1 #bfa1 #bga1 #bhc1 #bhd-bhi1 #cjh1 #cgf2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,plaza1 ,b>tolome de la 7,bi%op ( ,valladolid71 #bie4 ,plaza de ,c]vantes 7,alcala71 #ccj4 ,plaza de la ,con/itucion 7,alcala71 #ccj4 ,plaza ,mayor 7,alcala71 #ccj4 ,plut>*1 #beb4 ,poiti]s1 #bb4 ,polyglot ,bible1 ,!1 #cbh4 ,portico de la ,gloria 7,santiago71 #he-hh1 #ib1 #cgh4 ,portico del ,p>aiso 7,or5se71 #aaf1 #cgd4 ,portugal1 #abj1 #abb1 #abe1 #bca1 #bef1 #bgh2 ,k+ (1 #big1 #bih4 ,portuguese1 ,!1 #aab1 #abc1 #abd1 #bdd1 #bdf4 ,priscilianism1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj1 #bbj4 ,prisciliano1 #afi4 ,protog5es1 ,bi%op ( ,sigue5za1 #cce1 #cgi4 ,pu]ta de la ,plat]ia 7,santiago71 #hc1 #ajg1 #ahc4 ,pu]ta de la ,sol 7,tol$o71 #cee4 ,pu]ta de los ,leones 7,tol$o71 #cfc4 ,pul*ra ,leon9a 7,see ,ca!dral ( ,leon74 ,pyr5ees1 #ec1 #eh1 #ei1 #afh4 ,quadrado1 ,s5or1 #cjh4 ,quixote1 ,don1 #ccj4 ,ra*el ( ,tol$o1 #bhe4 ,ramiro1 #aec4 ,rec>$o1 #aeb1 #ced4 ,reconque/1 ,!1 #bfi1 #cgj1 #cge1 #cgi1 #chj4 ,r$ondela1 #aca4 ,re=mation1 ,!1 #bf4 ,r5aissance1 #ed1 #fb2 ,italian1 #fc4 ,retablo1 #di-ej4 ,rh9e1 ,!1 #abj4 ,ribadeo1 #if1 #cgd4 ,rib]a1 #ceg4 ,rioja1 ,! ,upp]1 #gj1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjf4 ,rodrigo1 #adf4 ,rodrigo ,diaz de ,viv> 7,cid ,campeador71 #agi4 ,rodrigo1 ,k+ ( ,visigo?s1 #ba1 #ced4 ,romanesque ,art1 #eg-eh1 #ei4 ,romans1 ,!1 #ah1 #ai1 #bd1 #ge1 #hi1 #if1 #ajb1 #aab1 #aac1 #abj1 #aba1 #acb1 #aej1 #agd1 #ahh1 #beb1 #bic1 #cjc1 #cbf1 #cce1 #cec1 #cga4 ,rome1 #bi1 #bbj1 #cec4 ,rub5s1 #ceg1 #cfa4 ,ruy ,diaz ,gaona1 #bjj4 ,sab9a1 #cjc4 ,salamanca1 #ga1 #agh1 #bbc1 #bea1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bif1 #cjb1 #cje1 #cac1 #cgf2 ,bi%op 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral 7,see "u ,ca!drals72 ,univ]sity (1 #beh1 #bei4 ,san ,antol91 #bba1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #cge4 ,san ,antonio de la ,florida1 #cbd4 ,san ,a/orgio1 ,bi%op ( ,osma1 #cge4 ,san ,atilano1 ,bi%op ( ,zamora1 #bca1 #cha4 ,san ,b>tolome 7,salamanca71 ,*apel (1 #bfc4 ,san ,cel$onio1 #cga4 ,san*a1 #afb1 #afc1 #agf4 ,san*o1 ,bi%op ( ,calahorra1 #aih1 #cga4 ,san*o1 ,c\nt ( ,ca/ile1 #afb1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bic4 ,san*o1 ,don1 ( ,nav>ra1 #aib4 ,san*o el ,mayor1 ,k+ ( ,nav>ra1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,sancti ,emetrii1 #ahh4 ,san ,emet]io1 #ahh1 #aig1 #bjf1 #cga1 #cgg4 ,san ,emet]io1 ,*ur* ( 7,sant&]71 #ahi4 ,san ,f]n&o1 #be1 #agg-agh4 ,san ,francisco1 ,conv5t (1 #aac4 ,san ,francisco el ,gr&e 7,madrid71 #cbd4 ,san ,froilan1 #aeh1 #cgb4 ,san ,fruto1 #cab1 #cgh4 ,san ,hi]ateo1 #cab1 #cgh4 ,san ,ildefonso1 ,bi%op ( ,tol$o1 #ceh1 #cgi4 ,san ,isidro 7( ,madrid71 #cbd4 ,san ,isidro1 ,*ur* ( 7,madrid71 #cba1 #cbe4 ,san ,isidoro1 ,*ur* ( 7,leon71 #aec1 #afb1 #afc1 #afd1 #aia1 #cbd4 ,san ,isidoro1 #afa1 #afb1 #afd4 ,san ,juan de ,banos1 #afe4 ,san ,juan de ,dios1 ,conv5t (1 #ccd4 ,san ,juan de los ,reyes 7,tol$o71 #cee4 ,san ,julian1 #cde4 ,san ,ju/o1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccc1 #cgd4 ,san ,ju/o1 ,*ur* ( 7,alcala de ,h5>es71 #cbh4 ,san ,pa/or1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccc1 #cgd4 ,san ,salvador1 #cgj4 ,san ,segundo1 #cjc4 ,santa ,cl>a 7,segovia71 #caf4 ,santa ,m>ia de la ,blanca 7,leon71 #cgb4 ,santa ,m>ia la ,blanca 7,tol$o71 #ced4 ,santa ,m>ia la ,madre 7,or5se71 #aad4 ,santa ,m>ia la ,madre 7,tuy71 #abj-acj4 ,santa ,m>ia la ,r$onda1 #bjd4 ,sant&]1 #fi1 #ahh-aia1 #aig1 #bgg2 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,santiago1 #ge-hh1 #ia1 #ib1 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #aca1 #afg1 #agf1 #aii1 #cgg2 ,ar*bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,san ,tomas 7,tol$o71 #cee4 ,santo ,dom+o1 #bjc4 ,santo ,dom+o de la ,calzada1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjb-bjd1 #cga4 #cgh2 ,*ur* ( 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,san ,toribio 7,a/orga71 #cfi2 7,pal5cia71 #cge4 ,san ,vic5te1 #aeb1 #cjc4 ,s>ac5s1 ,!1 #bac1 #cab4 ,s>agosse1 #fg1 #afg1 #aif1 #aig1 #bjc2 ,*ur* 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,s>d9]o1 #aij4 ,scipio1 #bji4 ,segovia1 #ga1 #bec1 #cjc1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbe1 #cdi1 #cgh2 ,bi%op 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,seguncia 7or ,segoncia71 ,see ,sigue5za4 ,sempa*1 #ade4 ,sevilla1 #fg1 #ia1 #afa1 #ahi1 #cag2 ,ca!dral (1 #ahg4 ,si]ra de ,guad]rama1 #ff1 #fh1 #agd1 #cje4 ,si]ra de ,gr$os1 #ff1 #cjb1 #cdi4 ,si]ra de ,gata1 #ff1 #fi1 #bgh4 ,sigue5za1 #gj1 #ga1 #cce-cda1 #cdc1 #cgi2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,silvano1 ,bi%op ( ,calahorra1 #aih1 #cga4 ,simon1 ,bi%op ( ,burgos1 #cgj4 ,s9fosio1 #agj4 ,sisn&o1 ,bi%op ( ,santiago1 #cgg4 ,sohail1 #ba-bb4 ,soria1 #ga1 #bji-bab1 #bac1 #cgi2 ,*ur* ( 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,/ate ,ar*ives ,build+ 7,alcala71 #cbg4 ,/reet1 #hg1 #ajg4 ,/4 ,a/orgio1 #bac4 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 #bga4 ,/4 ,james1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hh1 #ach1 #bac1 #cbc1 #cec2 ,*apel ( 7,leon71 #aei4 ,/4 ,m>t91 #aaa1 #aad4 ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs 7,ca!dral71 #cgd4 ,/4 ,paul1 #cab4 ,/4 ,pet]1 #bac1 #ceb4 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 #cjj4 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury1 ,*apel (1 #cch4 ,/4 ,saturn9 7,t\l\se71 #hb4 ,suevos1 #aaa1 #abb2 ,k+ (1 #aad1 #agj4 ,tago ,riv]1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #cdi1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ced1 #cef1 #cei4 ,talav]a1 #cfa4 ,t>ik1 #bb4 ,t>ragon1 #fg1 #afg1 #aig1 #bai1 #cce4 ,tav]a1 ,bi%op ( ,tol$o1 #bgd4 ,!odomio1 #aih4 ,!odosio1 ,bi%op ( ,iria1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh4 ,!otocopuli1 ,dom5ico1 #ceg4 ,titian1 #cfa4 ,tolaitola 7,see ,tol$o74 ,tol$o1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #ia1 #abc1 #adf1 #aej1 #afg1 #aga1 #agh1 #bcg1 #bea1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cbb1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cce1 #cdb1 #cdi-cfh1 #cgi2 ,alcaz>1 #ccf1 #cej1 #cef2 ,ar*bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral 7,see "u ,ca!drals72 ,c\ncil (1 #bac1 #bec1 #bgi1 #cab1 #cce4 ,tomb1 ,bi%op ,to/ado1 #caa1 #cgj2 ,c>illo 7,alcala71 #ccc1 #ccd2 ,cisn]os 7,alcala71 #ccc1 #ccd2 ,conde/able1 #ahf2 ,diego de ,anaya 7,salamanca71 #bfc2 ,m>ia del ,salto1 #cbj2 ,pr9ce ,don ,p$ro1 #cbj4 ,toribio1 #agj1 #bbj1 #bbd4 ,toro1 #ga1 #bcc1 #bdd-bej1 #bgi1 #cjb1 #chj2 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,torquemada1 #bg4 ,to/ado1 ,bi%op1 ,tomb (1 #caa1 #cgj4 ,t\rs1 #bb1 #aad4 ,t[] de la ,tr9idad 7,santiago71 #hc1 #cgh4 ,t[] ( ,h]cules1 #hi1 #ij4 ,trajanus1 #aea1 #cjc4 ,transition ,art1 #fj4 ,tuy1 #gj1 #ga1 #ia1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abj-acj1 #aca1 #adf1 #afg1 #afh1 #chj2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,univ]sity ( ,alcala de ,h5>es1 #cbh4 ,univ]sity ( ,pal5cia1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #beh4 ,univ]sity ( ,salamanca1 #beh1 #bei4 ,urbano ,,ii41 #bca4 ,urbano ,,iv41 #bbd4 ,urraca1 ,dona1 #afb1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcf4 ,vacceos1 #bai4 ,valdejunqu]a1 ,battle (1 #age4 ,val5cia1 #ff1 #fg1 #bed4 ,val5cia ,cupola1 #aah4 ,val5ca d ,m9ho1 #abj4 ,val5t9e1 #cab4 ,valladolid1 #fg1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #agh1 #ahi1 #bbc1 #bdd1 #bic-cja1 #cjc1 #cad1 #cce1 #chj2 ,bi%op ( 7,see "u ,bi%ops72 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,vallisoletum1 #bic4 ,van ,dyck1 #aie4 ,vela1 ,c\nt (1 #afc4 ,v5ta de ,banos1 #eg1 #bbe4 ,v]emundo1 #aga4 ,vigo1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aca-acc2 ,*ur* ( 7,see "u ,*ur*es74 ,villamayor1 #if4 ,villavieja1 #cce4 ,v9uesa1 #bji4 ,virg9 de la ,ato*a1 #cbd4 ,virg9 de la ,almud5a1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cgd4 ,viriato1 #bgh4 ,visigo?s1 ,!1 #bj1 #bd1 #abb1 #aeb1 #bbj1 #cbg1 #cec4 ,vitoria1 #fi1 #aib-aie1 #cha2 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,w> = ,indep5d5ce1 #afd4 ,well+ton1 ,duke (1 #bgb4 ,we/]n ,ca/ile1 #fi2 ,art (1 #ei4 ,witiza1 #abb1 #abc1 #adf1 #afg4 ,yanez1 ,juan1 ,bi%op ( ,cu5ca1 #cdc1 #cgb4 ,yu/e1 #bhc4 ,zadorria ,riv]1 #aic4 ,zamora1 #ga1 #bcj-bdc1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bfi1 #bgi1 #bic1 #chj2 ,ca!dral ( 7,see "u ,ca!drals74 ,z>agoza 7,see ,s>agosse74 ,ze?1 #bgi4 ,zorilla1 #ceb4 ,zurb>an1 #bbi1 #bhc4 ,zunigas1 #bhf4 ,zuniguez1 #bih4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note ( ,transcrib] ( ! ebook ,*anges made3 ,,sigu5za ,s,i,g,ue,e,n,z,a #b ,al-,k>ica ,al-,k>ica #a ,al>gon ,alagon ,b>tolome ,b>tolome ,guadalquiv] ,guadalquivir ,isidore ,isidoro #b page #afc ,protogones ,protog5es #b ,!odosia ,!odosio #a index dia de ,zamora dia de ,zamora #a despues de opip]a c5a despues de opip>a c5a #a ,neu/ra ,s5ora ,nue/ra ,s5ora #a index ,del ,obisco ,del ,obispo #a index ,m>ia ,del ,s>to ,m>ia ,del ,salto #b ,manuza ,munuza #a index ,con/itution ,con/itucion #a index ,talaitola ,tolaitola #a index