,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,canadian ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/l&m>ks (sci5#jj;engeu(t ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & use ( quotation m>ks 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,subscript$ *>act]s 9 *emical =mulas are enclos$ 9 curly braces aft] an und]score4 ,= example1 ! =mula = wat] is repres5t$ by ,h#b,o4 ,obvi\s errors 9 *emical =mulas 7 correct$ )\t comm5t4 ,sup]script$ numb]s are prec$$ by a c>at "*4 ,= example1 a-squ>$ is repres5t$ by a#b4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! end ( ?is docum5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,l&m>ks ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,socialism ,anti-,duehr+ by ,,fr$]ick ,,engels ,translat$ & ,edit$ by ,au/9 ,lewis ,*icago ,*>les ,h4 ,k]r ,company ,co-,op]ative ,copyright1 #aijg by ,*>les ,h4 ,k]r ,company ,john ,f4 ,higg9s ,pr9t] & ,b9d] #cgf-chb ,monroe ,/reet ,*icago1 ,ill9ois ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,translator',s ,,introduction #g ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,prefaces #bc ,"p ,i #bc ,"p ,,ii #bg ,"p ,,iii #ce ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,introduction #cf ,i4 ,9 ,g5]al #cf ,,ii4 ,:at ,h]r ,duehr+ ,has to ,say #ej ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,,iv ,apriorism #ed ,! ,s*eme ( ! ,univ]se #fc ,,*apt] ,v ,,natural ,,philosophy #gj ,"t & ,space #gj ,cosmogony1 ,physics1 & ,*emi/ry #hb ,! ,organic ,_w #id ,! ,organic ,_w 7conclusion7 #ajg ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,moral ,,& ,,law #aaf ,et]nal ,tru?s #aaf ,equality #acj ,fre$om & ,necessity #adf ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,dialectic #aej ,quantity #aej ,negation ( ! ,negation #aei ,conclusion #age ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,political ,,economy #agf ,i4 ,objects & ,me?ods #agf ,,ii4 ,! ,=ce ,!ory #ahd ,,iii4 ,=ce ,!ory 7cont9u$7 #aic ,,iv4 ,=ce ,!ory 7conclusion7 #bjc ,v4 ,!ory ( ,value #bad ,,vi4 ,simple & ,comp\nd ,labor #bai ,,vii4 ,capital & ,surplus ,value #bbc ,,viii4 ,capital & ,surplus ,value 7conclusion7 #bbg ,,ix4 ,natural ,economic ,laws--,gr\nd ,r5t #bcb ,x4 ,) ,respect to ! ,critical ,hi/ory #bce ,,"p ,,iii ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,socialism #bcf ,production #bcf ,di/ribution #bde ,! ,/ate1 ,! ,family1 & ,education #bef ,,app5dix #bfa ,,l&m>ks ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,socialism ,,*apt] ,i ,,translator',s ,,introduction ,:5 ,dr4 ,eug5e ,duehr+1 privat doc5t at ,b]l9 ,univ]sity1 9 #ahge1 proclaim$ ! fact t he _h become conv]t$ to ,socialism1 he 0 n cont5t to take ! sociali/ movem5t z he f\nd x1 b set out =?) to promulgate a !ory ( 8 own4 ,8 0 a mo/ elaborate & self-consci\s mission4 ,he /ood =? z ! propag&i/ n only ( c]ta9 specific & peculi> views ( socialism b z ! orig9ator ( a new philosophy1 & ! prop\nd] ( /range & wond]ful !ories ) reg>d to ! univ]se 9 g5]al4 ,! taunt z to 8 all-compreh5siv5ess ( intellect1 ) :i* ,engels pursues him some:at too closely & mu* too bitt]ly1 c\ld n h affect$ ,h]r ,duehr+ v greatly4 ,he _h 8 own convictions ) respect to t compreh5sive intellect ( 8 & few w be f\nd to d5y t he _h ! c\rage ( 8 convictions4 ,?irty ye>s h gone s9ce ,duehr+ publi%$ ! fact ( 8 conv]sion to socialism4 ,! ^w conv]sion conta9s 9 itself ! di/9ction betwe5 ! socialism ( ?irty ye>s ago & t ( to-day4 ,:at 0 !n a peculi> cre$ has n[ become a v widespread notion4 ,m5 are n n[ individually conv]t$ to socialism b :ole gr\ps & classes are driv5 into ! sociali/ ranks by ! pressure ( circum/ances4 ,! movem5t spr+s up cont9ually 9 new & unexpect$ places4 ,"h x may langui% app>5tly1 !re x gives e indication ( /rong1 new & vigor\s life4 ,! prolet>iat ( ! v>i\s c\ntries race z x 7 t[>ds ! sociali/ goal &1 z !y *ange 9 _! respective positions1 ! economic & political fields on :i* !y op]ate furni% all ! surprises & fasc9ations ( a race c\rse4 ,9 #ahib ,engels wrote t ! ,g]man ,empire w\ld 9 all probability be ! sc5e ( ! fir/ great victory ( ! ,european prolet>iat4 ,b ?irte5 ye>s h suffic$ to bog ! ,g]man movem5t 9 ! swamps ( ,p>liam5t>ianism4 ,great ,brita91 ^: ,*>ti/ movem5t 0 expect$ to provide ! ,briti% prolet>iat ) a tradition1 has furni%$ few examples ( skill 9 ! managem5t ( prolet>ian politics1 b exi/+ society 9 ,great ,brita9 has none ! less be5 ?or\ghly und]m9$4 ,! ye> be=e t 9 :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ made 8 /atem5t ( conv]sion1 ! ,briti% ,lib]als _h suff]$ a defeat :i*1 9 spite ( an app>5t recup]ation 9 #ahhj1 prov$ ! d[nfall ( mod]n ,lib]alism 9 ,great ,brita91 & %[$ t ! ,lib]al ,p>ty c\ld no long] claim to be ! p>ty ( ! work+ class4 ,n only t1 b ! ,briti% philosophic outlook has become completely *ang$4 ,! noncon=mi/ consci5ce gr[s less & less ! f9al c\rt ( appeal 9 matt]s political4 ,a tempor>y b fi]ce attack ( militant imp]ialism c\pl$ ) ! v g5]al acceptance ( an empiric collectivism has suffic$ to de/roy old ideas & to make ! road to victory easi] = a det]m9$ & rel5tless work+ class movem5t4 ,b if ?irty ye>s h work$ wond]s 9 ,europe1 & dis9tegration c be pla9ly detect$ 9 ! social fabric1 ! c\rse ( social & political developm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 /ill m rem>kable4 ,9 #ahge ! c\ntry 0 /ill a f>m+ community liv+ on ! edge ( a va/ wild]ness ?r\gh :i* ! railroad 0 j beg9n+ to op5 a pa?4 ,?irty ye>s h be5 suffici5t to conv]t x into ! greate/ ( manufactur+ & comm]cial /ates4 ,! occupation ( ! public l&s1 ! e/abli%m5t ( indu/ry on an hi!rto undream$ ( scale1 ! m>vell\s1 almo/ ov]night creation ( enorm\s cities1 all ^! h result$ 9 ! production ( a prolet>iat1 cosmopolitan 9 its "*1 & ) no traditions ( o!r ?an ca% relations ) ! class :i* employs x4 ,! purity ( ! economic fact is unobscur$4 ,h5ce a sociali/ic agitation has aris5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! en?usiasm ( :i* vies ) t 9 any ( ! ,european c\ntries & ! practical results ( :i* bid fair to be ev5 m /rik+4 ,?is movem5t has aris5 almo/ spontane\sly z ! result ( economic conditions4 ,x is a natural gr[? n ! result ( ! prea*+ ( ab/ract doctr9es or ! pictur+ ( an ideal /ate4 ,! mod]n ,am]ican prolet>iat is1 z a matt] ( fact1 giv5 nei!r to philosophic speculation nor to ! imag9ation :i* is necess>y to idealism4 ,su* socialism z x has adopt$ x has tak5 up because x has felt impell$ !reto by economic pressure4 ,h5ce1 ap>t f all sociali/ic propag&a1 a di/9ct dis9tegration-process has be5 proce$+ 9 mod]n society4 ,ea* epo* c>ries )9 itself ! se$s ( its own dissolution4 ,?+s h j ?is mu* value1 !y are transitory1 says ,engels 9 8 p>aphrase ( ,hegel1 & ?is is 9 fact ! c5tral idea ( 8 dialectic philosophy4 ,he criticises ! "w ( ,duehr+ f ?is /&po9t4 ,he labors n s mu* to %[ t ,duehr+ is mi/ak5 9 c]ta9 conclusions z to prove t ! :ole me?od ( 8 argum5t is wrong4 ,8 diatribes1 ?\gh ! subject matt] ( 8 argum5t requires him to attack ! ,b]l9 tutor1 are direct$ *iefly aga9/ all absolute !ories4 ,et]nal tru?1 9 ! realm ( sci5ce1 equally ) t ( philosophy1 he sc\ts z absurd4 ,to int]pret ! hi/ory ( ! "t 9 t]ms ( ! _s ( ! "t1 to discov] ! actual b5ea? ! cru/ ( ! conv5tional1 to analyse ! cont5t ( ! =mulae :i* ! majority are always ready to take on tru/1 & to face ! fact ) a m9d cle> ( preconceiv$ notions is :at ,engels set out to d4 ,x _c be said t he altoge!r succe$$4 ,no man c succe$ 9 su* a task4 ,! prejudices & animosities creat$ by incessant controv]sy w>p$ 8 judgm5t 9 "s respects1 & t5d$ on m ?an "o occasion to de/roy 8 love ( fair play4 ,! _s :i* is occasionally %[n 9 8 controv]sial writ+ is to be deplor$ b x may be said 9 ext5uation t all controv]sies ( t "t 7 disfigur$ 9 ! same way4 ,he pays ! p5alty = ! fault4 ,mu* ( ! "w is valueless to-day because ( ,engels' eag]ness to score a po9t (f 8 adv]s>y r ?an to /ate 8 own case4 ,b :]e ! philosoph] lays ! controv]siali/ on "o side = a brief p]iod1 & takes ! tr\ble to elucidate 8 own ideas we discov] :at has be5 lo/ by ^! defects ( temp]am5t4 ,he possesses 9 a m>k$ degree ! gift ( cle> analysis & ( ke5 & subtle /atem5t4 ,! sociali/ movem5t ev]y:]e arrives "s "t or o!r at :at may be call$ ! ,duehr+ /age ( controv]sy4 ,!re are two v di/9ct impulses t[>ds socialism4 ,! individuals :o are influ5c$ by ^! impulses mu/ soon] or lat] come into collision1 & z a result ( ! impact ! movem5t is = a "t divid$ into ho/ile p>ties & a w> ( pamphlete]+ & oratory sup]v5es4 ,?is p]iod has j end$ 9 ,france4 ,= ! la/ few ye>s ! ,fr5* movem5t has be5 divid$ ^u ! "q ( ! philosophical f\ndation ( ! movem5t1 & ! p>ties to ! controv]sy may be divid$ into ^? :o s\ght to ju/ify ! movem5t ^u e?ical gr\nds & ^? :o h reg>d$ x z a mod]n political ph5om5on dep5d5t alone ^u economic conditions4 ,! =m] ( ^! p>ties bas$ its claims to ! suffrages ( ! ,fr5* p ^u ! ju/ice ( ! sociali/ic dem&s4 ,x proclaim$ socialism to be ! logical result ( ! ,revolution1 ! necess>y conclusion f ! tea*+s ( ! revolution>y philosoph]s4 ,ju/ice 0 ! ^w 9 :i* !y summ$ up ! claims ( socialism1 t & ,equality1 = :i* latt] t]m z ,engels po9ts out 9 ! pres5t "w1 ! ,fr5* h a fondness :i* am\nts almo/ to a mania4 ,h5ce "o p>ty ( ! ,fr5* sociali/ movem5t *ose z a plat=m ^? v et]nal tru?s :i* ,engels ridicules & :i* x is ! sole purpose ( ! pres5t "w to attack4 ,to kill et]nal tru?s is h[ev] by no means an easy matt]4 ,ye>s ( habit h made !m "p ( ! m5tal /ructure ( ! citiz5s ( ! mod]n democratic or semi-democratic /ates4 ,n only 9 ,france b to an ev5 great] degree 9 ! ,engli% speak+ c\ntries ^! et]nal tru?s p]si/1 !y =m ! /ock 9 trade ( ! cl]gyman & ! ord9>y politician4 ,b]n>d ,%aw directs ! %afts ( 8 ridicule aga9/ ^! et]nal tru?s & smites ) a s>casm :i* is m fatal ?an all ! solemn ,g]man philosophy :i* ,engels has at 8 comm&4 ,b ,%aw is n appreciat$ by ! ,briti% sociali/4 ,! latt] _c imag9e t ! writ] is really pok+ fun at ?+s s exce$+ly s]i\s & s ess5tial to any well con/itut$ man1 to a well-con/itut$ ,briton 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ,briti% sociali/ is z mu* 9 love ) et]nal tru?s z is ! /iffe/ & mo/ unreg5]ate ( 8 b\rgeois oppon5ts4 ,he !re=e topl(tily decl>es t ,mr4 ,%aw is an unbalanc$ p]son1 a lic5s$ je/]4 ,precisely ! same results w\ld att5d ! ef=ts ( an ,am]ican iconocla/ :o w\ld v5ture to ridicule ! et]nal tru?s :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u 9 docum5ts ( unimpea*able respectability1 l ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & by ,f\r? ( ,july orators1 portly ( p]son & ( phrase4 ,! et]nal tru? phase ( sociali/ controv]sy seems to be z et]nal z ! tru?1 & mu/ necess>ily be s z long z ! movem5t is recruit$ by m5 :o br+ into x ! ideas :i* !y h d]iv$ f ! ord9>y tra9+ ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,! o!r side ( ! controv]sy to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made d]iv$ its philosophy f ! exp]i5ce ( ! prolet>iat4 ,?is mod]n prolet>iat1 tra9$ to1 ! ma*9e1 is a di/9ct product ( ! occupation by :i* x lives4 ,! organisation ( indu/ry 9 ! grasp ( :i* ! workman is held dur+ all 8 work+ h\rs & manufacture by ! ma*9e-process1 ! motions ( :i* he is compell$ to foll[ h produc$ 9 him a m5tal condition :i* does n readily respond to any s5tim5tal /imulus4 ,! incessant process f cause to effect end[s him ) a sort ( logical s5se 9 accordance ) :i* he works out ! problems ( life indep5d5t ( ! preconceptions & prejudices :i* h s great a hold ^u ! reason ( 8 fell[ citiz5s :o are n ( ! indu/rial prolet>iat4 ,)\t kn[+ :y he arrives by d9t ( ! exp]i5ce ( 8 daily toil at ! same conclusions z ,engels atta9$ z ! result ( philosophic tra9+ & mu* erudition4 ,! ,*ur* is well aw>e ( ?is fact to h] sorr[ = ! indu/rial prolet>ian seldom d>k5s h] portals4 ,he has no hatr$ ( religion1 z ! a!i/ic radical b\rgeois _h1 b ) a good-natur$ non possumus says by 8 actions :at ,engels says by 8 philosophy4 ,revolution is an e day occurr5ce ) ! indu/rial prolet>ian4 ,he sees processes trans=m$ 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,he wakes up "o morn+ to f9d t ! trade :i* he has le>n$ labori\sly has ov]night become a drug on ! m>ket4 ,he is us$ to see+ ! ma*9e ^: en]gy has en*a9$ him flung on ! scrap heap & contemptu\sly dis[n$1 9 favor ( a m compet5t successor ^: motions he mu/ le>n to foll[ or be himself flung on ! scrap heap also4 ,?is con/ant revolution 9 ! indu/rial process ent]s into 8 blood4 ,he becomes a revolutioni/ by =ce ( habit4 ,!re is no ne$ to prea* ! dialectic to him4 ,x is cont9ually prea*$4 ,! transitor9ess ( ph5om5a is impress$ ^u him by ! *anges 9 indu/rial comb9ations1 by ! con/ant sub/itution ( new modes ( production = ^? to :i* he has be5 accu/om$1 sub/itutions :i* may make an ari/ocrat ( labor ( him to-day1 & s5d him tramp+ to-morr[4 ,! indu/rial prolet>ian !re=e kn[s practically :at ,engels has taught philosophically4 ,s t :5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 political p]egr9ations he /rays into ! sociali/ movem5t & !re f9ds ^? :o pr(ess a socialism bas$ ^u ab/ract conceptions & et]nal tru?s 8 contempt is z outspok5 z t ( a ,fri$ri* ,engels :o *ances ^u a c]ta9 ,eug5 ,duehr+ sp\t+ p>aphrases ( ,r\sseau by ! sociali/ic wayside4 ,engels simply anticipat$ by ! way ( books ! po9t ( view rea*$ by ! indu/rial prolet>ian ( to-day by ! way ( exp]i5ce1 & by ! ,am]ican ma*9e-made prolet>ian 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is is a matt] ( no mean importance4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we c detect if we c look beyond & b5ea? ! m]e criticism ( ,duehr+1 an attitude ( m9d1 n ( "o controv]siali/ to ano!r m]ely b ( an entire class1 ! class ^u :i* mod]n society is driv5 m & m to rely1 to ! class :i* relies ^u x4 ,= _! popul> support classes & gov]nm5ts rely ^u =mulae4 ,:5 ! cry ( ,d[n ) ! ,ts> takes ! place ( ! humbly spok5 ,little ,fa!r :at becomes ( ! ,ts>dom8 ,:5 ! t]ms ,lib]ty & ,equality become ! je/ ( ! work%op1 ^u :at basis c a mod]n democratic /ate dep5d8 ,?is criticism ( et]nal tru?s is de/ructive criticism1 & de/ructive ( mu* m ?an ! tru?s4 ,x is m de/ructive ?an s$ition itself4 ,s$ition may be suppress$ *eaply 9 ^! days ( quick-fir+ guns & op5 /reets4 ,b society crumbles away almo/ ins5sibly b5ea? ! mordant acid ( contemptu\s analysis4 ,s to-day goad$ on ! "o side by ! gibes ( ! ma*9e-made prolet>iat1 & on ! o!r1 by ! raill]y ( ! philosophic je/]1 society /agg]s along l a w\nd$ giant & is only too glad to creep into its cave & to =get its sorr[s 9 dr9k4 ,z = #ahge1 ,_m ?+s h happ5$ s9ce !n z ,beaconsfield us$ to say1 b ( all t has happ5$ no?+ c\ld h giv5 m cynical pleasure to ! ,old ,jew ?an ! lack ( fai? 9 its own %ibbole?s :i* has seiz$ ! cocksure pomp\s society 9 :i* he disport$ himself4 ,! rhetoric ( a ,glad/one bas$ ^u ! et]nal tru?s :i* con/itut$ always ! f\ndations ( 8 political appeals w\ld fail to affect ! masses to-day ) any o!r feel+ ?an t ( ridicule4 ,we h already arriv$ at ! ,twilight ( ! ,idols at lea/ s f> z et]nal tru?s are conc]n$4 ,!y /ill f9d h[ev] an insecure roo/+ place 9 ! pulpits ( ! prote/ant sects4 ,if bl[s h be5 %[]$ ^u ! political et]nal tru?s 9 ! "n ( :i* ! pres5t epo* came into exi/5ce social & e?ical ideals h by no means escap$ attack4 ,revolt has be5 ! wat*word ( arti/ & !ologian alike4 ,! pre-,rafaelite s*ool1 a n altoge!r unwor?y *ild ( ! ,*>ti/ movem5t1 rais$ ! cry ( arti/ic revolt aga9/ absolutism & ! revolt spread 9 ev] wid5+ circles until x has exhau/$ itself 9 ! sickly egotism ( ! art n\veau4 ,ev5 ,engels1 ) all 8 indep5d5ce & glorification ( *ange z a philosophy1 c f9d an opportunity to fl+ a sne] at ,wagn] & ! music ( ! future4 ,! remnants ( e>ly ,victorianism cl+ p]si/5tly to ,engels4 ,he _c release himself altoge!r f ! bonds ( ! b\rgeois doctr9e :i* he is s anxi\s to despise4 ,he is 9 _m respects ! revolutioni/ ( '#dh1 a b\rgeois politician possess$ at int]vals by a prolet>ian gho/1 su* z he says himself ev] haunts ! b\rgeois4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation )\t any claims to revolutionism has gone fur!r ?an he 9 ! d5unciation ( au?ority & )\t ! same self consci\sness4 ,! scorn ( ,b]n>d ,%aw = ! moguls ( ! academies & = social ideals is great] ?an ! scorn ( ,engels = et]nal tru?s4 ,says ,mr4 ,%aw1 ,! great musician accept$ by 8 unskill$ li/5] is vilifi$ by 8 fell[ musician4 ,x 0 ! musical culture ( ,europe t pron\nc$ ,wagn] ! inf]ior ( ,m5delssohn & ,mey]be]4 ,! great arti/ f9ds 8 foes among ! pa9t]s & n among ! m5 9 ! /reet4 ,x is ! ,royal ,academy t places ,mr4 ,m>cus ,/one above ,mr4 ,burne ,jones4 ,x is n rational t x %\ld be s b x is s = all t4 ,! reali/ at la/ loses pati5ce ) ideals altoge!r & f9ds 9 !m only some?+ to bl9d u1 some?+ to numb u1 some?+ to murd] self 9 u4 ,some?+ :]eby in/ead ( resi/+ dea? we dis>m x by committ+ suicide4 ,"h is a note ( mod]nity :i* ,engels 0 h>dly mod]n en\gh to appreciate & yet x 0 writt5 be=e he di$4 ,nietzs*e1 ,tol/oy & a ho/ ( m9or writ]s h all _h _! fl+ at et]nal tru?s & mod]n ideals4 ,! battle has long s9ce roll$ away f ! gr\nd on :i* ,engels f\ght4 ,8 argum5ts on ! dialectic are commonplaces to-day :i* x w\ld be a "w ( sup]]ogation to expla9 to anyone except ! p]si/5t victim ( ,little ,be!l4 ,! _w has come to accept !m ) ! equanimity ) :i* x always accepts long disput$ tru?s4 ,! sacr$ "r ( nationality = :i* m5 cont5d$ 9 ,engels' y\?1 z a direct consequ5ce ( political et]nal tru?s has be5 ru?lessly bru%$ aside4 ,! philosoph] talks ( ! %ameful spoliation ( ! small] by ! l>g] nations1 a moral view ( comm]cial progress1 :i* an age1 gr[n m impati5t ( et]nal tru?s ?an ,engels himself simply ignores1 & moves on )\t a qualm to ! de/ruction ( free gov]nm5ts 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,backw>d & unprogressive peoples je]1 x is true1 & !reby %[ _! political ineptitude1 = ev5 ! ,am]ican ,republic1 hav+ fre$ ! negro "u ! bann] ( et]nal tru? annexes ! ,philipp9es & raids ,panama 9 defiance ( x4 ,& s s9ce ! days ( #ahge ! _w has come to accept ! g5]al correctness ( ,engels' po9t ( view4 ,! enemy :i* ,engels 0 mo/ anxi\s to dislodge 0 me*anical socialism1 a naive inv5tion ( a p]fect sy/em capable ( )/&+ ! ravages ( "t1 because f\nd$ ^u et]nal pr9ciples ( tru? & ju/ice4 ,t enemy has n[ obey$ ! law ( ! dialectic & pass$ away4 ,nobody builds su* sy/ems1 n[adays4 ,!y h ceas$ _! build+ h[ev] n 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ,fri$ri* ,engels b because ! lapse ( "t & ! *ange 9 conditions h prov$ ! dialectic to ! revolutioni/4 ,) ! annihilation ( et]nal tru?s1 sy/em build+ ceas$ to be ev5 an amus+ pa/ime4 ,! revolutioni/ has be5 revolutioniz$4 ,he no long] fancies t he c make revolutions4 ,he kn[s bett]4 ,he is cont5t to see t ! road is kept cle> s t revolutions may develop !mselves4 ,y\r real revolutioni/1 = example1 puts no ob/acle 9 ! pa? ( ! ,tru/1 he is mu* too wise4 ,he leaves t to ! corrosion ( "t & ! developm5t ( 8 pet dialectic4 ,he sees ! contradiction conceal$ 9 ! sy/em :i* app>5tly triumphs1 & 9 ! triumph ( ! sy/em he sees also ! triumph ( ! contradiction4 ,he waits until t %ad[y prolet>iat :i* haunts ! sy/em takes on itself fle% & blood & %akes ! sy/em ) :i* x has gr[n up4 ,b ?is wait+ = ! developm5t ( ! inevitable is we>y "w to ^? :o want to realise =?)1 s !y1 unable to conf\nd ! logic ( ,engels1 attack ! ab/ractions on :i* 8 !ory is f\nd$4 ,!y /ill oppose _! et]nal tru?s to ! dialectic4 ,?us 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! /rife betwe5 ! two p>ties 9 ! sociali/ movem5t has lately be5 wag$ ) a some:at amus+ f]ocity1 ,engels is *>g$ ) a :olesale borr[+ f ,hegel4 ,9 any o!r c\ntry ?an ,engl& ?is w\ld n be laid up aga9/ a writ]1 b ! ,engli%man is s av]se to philosophy t ! association ( "o's "n ) t ( a philosoph]1 & a ,g]man philosoph] 9 p>ticul>1 is tantam\nt to an accusation ( keep+ bad company4 ,b a glance at ! foll[+ pages %\ld t5d to dispose ( s romantic a /atem5t :i* c\ld1 9 fact1 only h be5 made by ^? :o "k nei!r ,hegel nor ,engels4 ,t ,hegel furni%$ ! orig9al philosophic impetus to bo? ,m>x & ,engels is true beyond "q1 b ! impetus once giv51 ! c\rse ( ! f\nd]s ( mod]n socialism t5d$ ev] fur!r f ! op9ions ( ! ideali/ic philosoph]4 ,9 fact ,engels says some:at self consci\sly1 n to say boa/s1 t he & 8 foll[]s 7 pione]s 9 apply+ ! dialectic to mat]ialism4 ,:atev] accusation may be made aga9/ ,engels1 ?is mu* is c]ta9 t he 0 no ,hegelian4 ,9 fact bo? 9 ! pres5t "w & 9 ,feu]ba* he is at great pa9s to %[ ! relation ( ! sociali/ philosophy z conceiv$ by himself & ,m>x to t ( ! great man = :om he always kept a some:at exagg]at$ respect1 b f :om he diff]$ fundam5tally4 ,engels' attack ^u ! philosophy ( ,duehr+ is bas$ ^u dislike ( its idealism1 ! fundam5tal !sis ^u :i* ! "w dep5ds be+ entirely speculative4 ,duehr+ insi/$ t 8 philosophy 0 a reali/ philosophy & ,engels' s]i\s argum5ts1 ap>t f ! elaborate ridicule ) :i* he cov]s 8 oppon5t & :i* is by no means a recomm5dation to ! book1 is direct$ to %[ t x is n reali/1 t x dep5ds ^u c]ta9 preconceiv$ notions4 ,( ^! notions "s are axiomatic1 z ,duehr+ claims1 t is !y are propositions :i* are self evid5t to ,h]r ,duehr+ b :i* w n /& inve/igation4 ,o!rs aga9 are untrue & are preconceptions s f> z !y are out ( h>mony ) e/abli%$ facts4 ,mu* ( ,engels' "w is out ( date judg$ by rec5t biological & o!r discov]ies1 b ! ess5tial argum5t respect+ ! int]dep5d5ce ( all dep>tm5ts ( k1 & ! impossibility ( mak+ rigid classifications holds good to-day 9 a wid] s5se ?an :5 ,engels wrote4 ,sci5tific tru?s :i* h be5 consid]$ absolute1 !ories :i* h produc$ approximately correct results1 h all be5 discr$it$4 ,! dogmas ( sci5ce aga9/ :i* ! dogmatic ecclesia/ics h direct$ _! scornful contempt h %>$ ! same fate z ! ecclesia/ical dogmas4 ,no?+ rema9s c]ta9 save ! c]ta9ty ( *ange4 ,!re are no ultimates4 ,ev5 ! atom is suspect & ! claims ( ! elem5ts to be elem5t>y are reject$ :olesale ) some?+ z closely resembl+ scorn z ! sci5ti/ is ev] able to atta94 ,a sci5tific writ] has rec5tly said ,:at is und5iable is t ! ,daltonian atom has )9 a c5tury ( its acceptance z a fundam5tal reality suff]$ disruption4 ,its prop] place 9 nature is n t =m]ly assign$ to x4 ,no long] '9 seipso totus1 t]es1 atque rotundus' its reputation = inviolability & inde/ructibility is gone = ev]4 ,ea* ( ^! suppos$ 'ultimates' is n[ kn[n to be ! sc5e ( indescribable activities1 a complex piece ( me*anism compos$ ( ?\s&s ( p>ts1 a />-clu/] 9 m9iature1 subject to all k9ds ( dynamical vicissitudes1 to p]turbations1 accel]ations1 int]nal friction1 total or p>tial disruption4 ,& to ea* is appo9t$ a fix$ t]m ( exi/5ce4 ,soon] or lat] ! balance ( equilibrium is tilt$1 di/urbance ev5tuates 9 ov]?r[2 ! t9y exquisite sy/em f9ally breaks up4 ,( atoms1 z ( m51 x may be said ) tru? ',quisque suos patitur manes4' ,! discov]y ( radium 0 9 itself suffici5t to revolutionise ! h]et(ore exi/+ sci5tific !ories & ! revolution !reby effect$ has be5 en\gh to cause ,sir ,william ,crookes to say1 ,!re has be5 a vivid new />t1 our physici/s h remodell$ _! views z to ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,9 8 address to ! physici/s at ,b]l9 ! same sci5ti/ said1 ,?is fatal quality ( atomic dissociation appe>s to be univ]sal1 & op]ates :5ev] we bru% a piece ( glass ) silk2 x works 9 ! sun%9e & ra9drops 9 lightn+s & flame2 x prevails 9 ! wat]fall & ! /ormy sea & a writ] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review 7,decemb]1 #aijc7 rem>ks 9 ?is connection ,matt] he 7,sir ,william ,crookes7 consequ5tly reg>ds z doom$ to de/ruction4 ,soon] or lat] x w h dissolv$ into ! '=mless mi/' ( protyle & '! h\r h& ( et]nity w h complet$ "o revolution4' ,! 'dissipation ( en]gy' has !n f\nd its correlative 9 ! 'dissolution ( ,matt]4' ,! scope ( ?is revolution may only be gaug$ by ! fact t "o writ] 7,! ,al*emy ( ! ,sea1 ,london ,outlook1 ,feb4 #aa1 #aije7 has v5tur$ to say1 & ?is is b "o voice 9 a g5]al *orus3 ,to-day no "o believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( elem5ts2 no "o que/ions ! possibility ( a new al*emy2 & ! actual evolution ( "o elem5t f ano!r has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! laboratory--obs]v$ by ,sir ,william ,ramsey 9 ,london1 & confirm$ by a *emi/ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,helium be+ an evolution ( radium & x is expect$ fur!rmore t radium w prove to be an evolution ( uranium & s !re is a con/ant process z ! writ] po9ts out ( :at 0 =m]ly call$ al*emy ! transmutation ( "o metal into ano!r4 ,x is cle> t 9 face ( ^! facts ! argum5ts ( ,engels possess ev5 great] =ce at ! pres5t day ?an :5 !y 7 enunciat$ & t ! old h>d & fa/ me?od ( argu+ f absolute tru?s is dead & done =4 ,only /atesm5 see fit to /ill h>p on ! same phrases :i* h become z x 7 a "p ( ! popul> m5tal /ructure & by con/ant appeals to ! old wat*words to obscure ! fact ( *ange4 ,7 "o n acqua9t$ ) ! ess5tial /upidity ( ! political m9d & ! lack ( grasp :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( /atesm51 x might be imag9$ t all ?is 0 done ) malice a=e?\ght & t !re 0 a sort ( tacit conspiracy on ! "p ( ! politicians to delude ! p4 ,b exp]i5ce ( ! inexcusable blund]s & ! inexplicable errors into :i* /atesm5 are cont9ually driv5 =ces ! conclusion t !y are 9 reality no :it 9 advance ( ! electorate & t only n[ & !n a ,beaconsfield appe>s :o c und]/& ! drift ( ev5ts4 ,su* a man is ! revolutioni/ :i* ,beaconsfield claim$ himself to be4 ,b :at %all we say ( ! ,presid5t ( ! c\ntry t has atta9$ ! highe/ place 9 indu/rial progress among ! nations1 ^: :ole hi/ory is a v]ification ( ! tru? ( ! dialectic & :o c /ill appeal to individualism z a guid+ pr9ciple ( political action8 ,x is a wanton fly+ 9 ! face ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury & su* ra%ness w require its p5alty4 ,back to ,kant appe>s to be ! hope ( reaction>y politicians z well z ( reaction>y philosoph]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,prefaces ,i ,! foll[+ "w is by no means ! fruit ( "s inw>d compulsion1 q ! contr>y4 ,:5 ?ree ye>s ago1 ,h]r ,duehr+ sudd5ly *all5g$ ! _w1 z a s*ol> & re=m] ( socialism1 fri5ds 9 ,g]many frequ5tly express$ ! wi% t ,i %\ld ?r[ a critical light ^u ^! new sociali/ doctr9es1 9 ! c5tral organ ( ! ,social ,democratic ,p>ty1 at t "t ! ,volk/aat4 ,!y held x z v necess>y t new opportunity = division & confusion %\ld n be af=d$ 9 a p>ty s "y & s rec5tly def9itely unit$4 ,!y 7 9 a bett] condition ?an myself to compreh5d ! condition ( affairs 9 ,g]many1 s t ,i 0 compell$ to tru/ to _! judgm5t4 ,x appe>$ fur!rmore t ! proselyte 0 welcom$ by a c]ta9 portion ( ! sociali/ press1 ) a w>m?1 :i* meant no?+ m ?an k9dl9ess to ,h]r ,duehr+1 b x 0 se5 by a portion ( ! p>ty press t a result ( ?is k9dly feel+ t[>ds ,h]r ,duehr+ 0 ! introduction unp]ceiv$ ( ! ,duehr+ doctr9e4 ,p 7 f\nd :o 7 soon ready to spread 8 doctr9e 9 a popul> =m among ! work+m51 & f9ally ,h]r ,duehr+ & 8 little sect employ$ all ! arts ( adv]tisem5t & intrigue to compel ! ,volksblatt to *ange its attitude respect+ ! new tea*+s :i* put =? su* trem5d\s claims4 ,h[ev]1 a ye> elaps$ be=e ,i c\ld make up my m9d to engage 9 s disagreeable a bus9ess to ! neglect ( my o!r labors4 ,x 0 ! sort ( ?+ "o _h to get ?r\gh z quickly z possible1 once x 0 begun4 ,& x 0 n only unpleasant b q a task4 ,! new sociali/ !ory appe>$ z ! la/ practical result ( a new philosophic sy/em4 ,x !re=e involv$ an inve/igation ( x 9 connection ) ?is sy/em & !re=e ( ! sy/em itself4 ,x 0 necess>y to foll[ ,h]r ,duehr+ ov] a wide expanse ( c\ntry :]e he _h dealt ) ev]y?+ "u ! sun1 yea1 & m also4 ,s !re came into exi/5ce a s]ies ( articles :i* appe>$ f ! beg9n+ ( #ahgg 9 ! successor ( ! ,volk/aat1 ! ,vorwa]ts ( ,leipsic1 & are collect$ "h4 ,x 0 my object :i* ext5d$ ! criticism to a l5g? out ( all proportion to ! sci5tific value ( ! matt] &1 !re=e1 ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s writ+s4 ,!re are two fur!r reasons 9 ext5uation ( ?is l5g?9ess4 ,9 ! fir/ place x gave me an opportunity ( develop+ my views1 9 a positive fa%ion1 ) respect to matt]s :i* are connect$ ) ?is1 ?\gh v diff]5t1 & :i* are ( m g5]al sci5tific & practical int]e/ to-day4 ,i h tak5 ! opportunity to d s 9 e *apt]1 &1 z ?is book _c und]take to set up a sy/em 9 opposition to t ( ,h]r ,duehr+1 x is to be hop$ t ! read] w n ov]look ! real significance ( ! views :i* ,i h set =?4 ,i h already _h suffici5t pro( t my labors h n be5 altoge!r 9 va9 9 ?is reg>d4 ,on ! o!r h& ! sy/em-%ap+ ,h]r ,duehr+ is by no means an exceptional ph5om5on 9 ,g]many ^! days4 ,n[adays 9 ,g]many sy/ems ( cosmogony1 ( natural philosophy 9 p>ticul>1 ( politics1 ( economics1 etc41 are 9 ! habit ( %oot+ up ov] night l mu%rooms4 ,! mo/ insignificant ,doctor ( ,philosophy1 nay1 ev5 ! /ud5t1 has no fur!r use = a complete sy/em4 ,9 ! mod]n /ate1 x is pr$icat$ t e citiz5 is able to pass judgm5t on all ! que/ions ^u :i* he is call$ ^u to vote2 9 political economy x is assum$ t e consum] is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all commodities1 :i* he has occasion to buy to ma9ta9 himself )al1 & ! same idea is also held z reg>ds k4 ,fre$om ( k dem&s t a p]son write ( t :i* he has n le>n$ & proclaim ?is z ! only s\nd sci5tific me?od4 ,b ,h]r ,duehr+ is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s types ( ^? absurd pseudo-sci5ti/s1 :o to-day occupy s conspicu\s a place 9 ,g]many & dr[n ev]y?+ ) _! noisy nons5se4 ,noisy nons5se 9 poetry1 9 philosophy1 9 political economy1 9 writ+ hi/ory3 noisy nons5se 9 ! pr(essor's *air & tribune2 noisy nons5se too 9 ! claims to sup]iority & intellectuality above ! vulg> noisy nons5se ( o!r nations1 noisy nons5se ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & mightie/ product ( ,g]man intellectual activity1 *eap & bad1 l o!r ,g]man products1 along ) :i*1 ,i regret to say1 !y 7 n exhibit$ at ,philadelphia4 ,s1 ,g]man socialism1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ,h]r ,duehr+ set ! example1 beats ! drum1 & produces "h & !re "o :o prides himself ^u a sci5ce ( :i* he kn[s no?+4 ,x is ?is1 a sort ( *ild's disease :i* m>ks ! fir/ conv]sion ( ! ,g]man univ]sity man to social democracy & is insep>able f him1 b x w soon be ?ru/ aside by ! rem>kable s\nd s5se ( our work+ class4 ,x is n my fault t ,i am oblig$ to foll[ ,h]r ,duehr+ into a realm 9 :i* ,i c at ! v mo/ only claim to be a dilettante4 ,on su* occasions ,i h = ! mo/ "p limit$ myself to plac+ ! pla9 incontrov]tible facts 9 contra/ ) ! false or crook$ ass]tions ( my oppon5t1 z 9 relation to jurisprud5ce & _m in/ances ) reg>d to natural sci5ce4 ,9 o!r places he indulges 9 univ]sal views on ! subject ( natural sci5ce !ories & !re=e on a field :]e ! pr(essional naturali/ mu/ range out ( 8 own p>ticul> specialty to neighbor+ regions1 :]e he1 accord+ to ,h]r ,vir*['s confessions is j z good a half-kn[] z ! re/ ( u4 ,= slight defici5cies & unavoidable errors 9 ! publication ,i hope t ! same indulg5ce w be ext5d$ to me z has be5 %[n ! o!r side ( ! controv]sy4 ,j z ,i 0 complet+ ?is preface ,i receiv$ ! publi%]s' notice ( a new important book by ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,new ,f\ndations = rational ,physics & ,*emi/ry4 ,al?\gh ,i am v well aw>e ( my defici5cies 9 physics & *emi/ry ,i /ill believe t ,i "k my ,duehr+ well en\gh1 )\t hav+ read ! book1 to v5ture to say t ! laws ( physics & *emi/ry !re set =? are wor?y ( be+ plac$ alongside ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s =m] discov]ies & ! laws ( economics1 s*eme ( ! univ]se1 etc41 exam9$ 9 my writ+s & prov$ to be misund]/ood or commonplace1 & t ! rhigomet]1 an in/rum5t con/ruct$ by ,h]r ,duehr+ = measur+ temp]ature w be f\nd to s]ve n only z a measure = high or l[ temp]ature b ( ! ignorance & arrogance ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,london1 #aa ,june1 #ahgh4 ,,ii ,x came to me z q a surprise t a new edition ( ?is "w 0 call$ =4 ,! special views :i* x criticis$ are practically =gott5 to-day4 ,! "w itself has n only be5 plac$ be=e _m ?\s&s ( read]s by its s]ial publication 9 ,vorwa]ts ( ,leipsic 9 #ahgg & #ahgh1 b x has also be5 publi%$ 9 l>ge editions 9 its entirety4 ,h[ !n c !re be any fur!r int]e/ 9 :at ,i h to say ab\t ,h]r ,duehr+8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i fancy1 t x is ow+ to ! fact t ?is book1 z inde$1 all my writ+s at t "t1 0 prohibit$ 9 ,g]many soon aft] ! publication ( ! anti-,sociali/ laws4 ,:osoev] 0 n fett]$ by ! inh]it$ (ficialdom ( ! c\ntries ( ! ,holy ,alliance %\ld h cle>ly se5 ! effect ( ?is measure--! d\ble & treble sale ( ! prohibit$ books1 & ! adv]tisem5t ( ! impot5ce ( ! g5tlem5 9 ,b]l91 :o issu$ injunctions & c\ld n make !m effective4 ,inde$ ! amiability ( ! ,gov]nm5t 0 ! cause ( ! publication ( sev]al new editions ( my %ort] writ+s1 z ,i am able to affirm4 ,i h no "t = a prop] revision ( ! text & s all[ x to g to press1 j z x is4 ,b !re is /ill an additional circum/ance4 ,! sy/em ( ,h]r ,duehr+ "h criticis$ spreads ov] a v ext5sive !oretical gr\nd & ,i 0 compell$ to pursue him all ov] x & to place my ideas 9 antagonism to 84 ,negative criticism !reupon became positive2 ! polemic develop$ into a m or less connect$ exposition ( dialectic me?ods & ! sociali/ philosophy1 ( :i* ,m>x & myself are repres5tative1 & ?is 9 q a numb] ( places4 ,^! our philosophic ideas h _h an incubation p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty ye>s s9ce !y 7 fir/ giv5 to ! _w 9 ,m>x's ,mis]e de la ,philosophie & ! ,communi/ ,manife/o until !y obta9$ a wid] & wid] influ5ce ?r\gh ! publication ( ,capital & n[ f9d recognition & support f> beyond ! limits ( ,europe 9 all l&s :]e a prolet>iat exi/s toge!r ) progressive sci5tific ?9k]s4 ,x seems t !re is also a public ^: int]e/s 9 ?is matt] are suffici5t to induce !m to pur*ase ! polemic aga9/ ,duehr+'s op9ions1 9 spite ( ! fact t x is n[ )\t an object1 & :o evid5tly d]ive pleasure f ! positive developm5t4 ,i mu/ call att5tion to ! fact1 by ! way1 t ! views "h set out 71 = by f> ! mo/ "p1 develop$ & e/abli%$ by ,m>x1 & only to a v slight degree by myself1 s t x is und]/ood t ,i h n repres5t$ !m )\t 8 k4 ,i read ! entire manuscript to him be=e s5d+ x to press & ! t5? *apt] ( ! section on ,political ,economy 0 writt5 by ,m>x & un=tunately _h to be some:at abbreviat$ by me4 ,x 0 our wont to mutually assi/ ea* o!r 9 special bran*es ( "w4 ,! pres5t edition is ) ! exception ( "o *apt] an un*ang$ edition ( ! =m]4 ,i _h no "t = revision al?\gh !re 0 mu* 9 ! mode ( pres5tation :i* ,i want$ alt]$4 ,b !re is incumb5t ^u me ! duty ( prep>+ = publication ! manuscripts :i* ,m>x left1 & ?is is mu* m important ?an any?+ else4 ,!n my consci5ce rebels aga9/ mak+ any *anges4 ,! book is controv]sial & ,i h an idea t x is unfair to my antagoni/ = me to alt] any?+ :5 he _c d s4 ,i c\ld only claim ! "r to reply to ,h]r ,duehr+'s answ]4 ,b :at ,h]r ,duehr+ has writt5 ) respect to my attack ,i h n read & %all n d s1 unless oblig$4 ,i am !oretically done ) him4 ,besides ,i mu/ obs]ve ! rules ( lit]>y w>f>e all ! m closely z a despicable wrong has s9ce be5 inflict$ ^u him by ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,x has be5 *a/is$ = ?is1 inde$4 ,a univ]sity :i* s degrades itself z to refuse p]mission to ,h]r ,duehr+ to tea* "u ! kn[n circum/ances %\ld n be surpris$ if a ,h]r ,s*w5n+] is =c$ ^u x "u circum/ances j z well kn[n4 ,! "o *apt] 9 :i* ,i h p]mitt$ myself any explanations is ! ,second ( ! ,?ird ,section ,!ory4 ,"h :]e ! sole conc]n is ! pres5tation ( a mo/ important "p ( ! philosophy :i* ,i repres5t1 my antagoni/ _c compla9 if ,i put myself to "s tr\ble to speak popul>ly & to g5]alise4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly a special occasion4 ,i _h made a ,fr5* translation ( ?ree *apt]s ( ! book 7! ,fir/ ( ! ,introduction & ! ,fir/ & ,second ( ! ,?ird ,section7 into a sep>ate pamphlet = my fri5d ,laf>gue1 & ! ,fr5* edition aft]w>ds s]v$ z a basis = "o 9 ,italian & "o 9 ,poli%4 ,a ,g]man edition 0 provid$ "u ! title ,! ,developm5t ( ,socialism f ,utopia to ,sci5ce4 ,! latt] has exhau/$ ?ree editions 9 a few mon?s & has also made its appe>ance translat$ into ,russian & ,dani%4 ,9 all ^! publications only ! *apt] 9 "q 0 add$ to & x w\ld h be5 p$antic 9 me if ,i _h conf9$ myself to ! actual word+ ( ! orig9al 9 ! new edition 9 spite ( ! lat] & int]national =m :i* x _h assum$4 ,:]e ,i wi%$ to make *anges _h p>ticul> ref]5ce to two po9ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place ) reg>d to primitive hi/ory1 z f> z kn[n1 to :i* ,morgan 0 ! fir/ to give u ! key 9 #ahgg4 ,9 my book ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,family1 ,private ,prop]ty & ! ,/ate1 ,zuri*1 #ahhd1 ,i h s9ce _h an opportunity ( work+ up mat]ial m lately accessible :i* ,i employ$ 9 ?is lat] "w4 ,9 ! second place1 z f> z t portion :i* is conc]n$ ) !oretical sci5ce is conc]n$1 ! pres5tation ( ! subject is v defective & a mu* m def9ite "o c\ld n[ be giv54 ,if ,i did n all[ myself ! "r ( improv+ x n[1 ,i %\ld be 9 duty b\nd to pass criticism on myself in/ead ( ! o!r4 ,m>x & ,i 7 probably ! fir/ to import ! well kn[n dialectic ( ! ,g]man ideali/ic philosophy into ! mat]iali/ic view ( nature & hi/ory4 ,b to a dialectical & at ! same "t mat]iali/ic view ( nature !re p]ta9s an acqua9tance ) ma!matics & natural sci5ce4 ,m>x 0 a s\nd ma!matician b ! sci5ces we only knew 9 "p1 by fits & />ts1 sporadically4 ,aft] ,i retir$ f m]cantile pursuits & w5t to ,london & _h "t1 ,i made z f> z possible a complete ma!matical & sci5tific molt+1 z ,liebig calls x1 & sp5t ! be/ "p ( eight ye>s on x4 ,i 0 occupi$ ) ?is molt+ process :5 x *anc$ t ,i 0 call$ ^u to busy myself ) ,h]r ,duehr+'s s-call$ philosophy4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i (t5 fail to f9d ! correct te*nical expression1 & am a little awkw>d 9 ! field ( natural sci5ce x is only too natural4 ,on ! o!r h& ! consci\sness ( insecurity :i* ,i h n yet got ov] has made me cauti\s4 ,actual blund]s respect+ facts up to ! pres5t kn[n1 & incorrect pres5tations ( !ories ?us f> recognis$ _c be prov$ aga9/ me4 ,9 ?is relation j "o great ma!matician1 :o is labor+ "u a mi/ake1 has compla9$ to ,m>x 9 a lett] t ,i h made a mis*iev\s attack ^u ! honor ( ! squ>e root ( m9us "o4 ,z reg>ds my review ( ma!matics & ! natural sci5ce x 0 necess>y = me to reassure myself on "s special po9ts--s9ce ,i _h no d\bts ab\t ! tru? ( ! g5]al proposition--t 9 nature ! same dialectic laws ( progress fulfill !mselves amid all ! app>5t confusion ( innum]able *anges z dom9ate ! app>5tly accid5tal 9 nature2 ! same laws ^: ?reads trav]se ! progressive hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 & little by little come to ! consci\sness ( ?9k+ m54 ,^! 7 fir/ develop$ by ,hegel 9 a compreh5sive fa%ion b 9 a my/ical =m4 ,our ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>ds /ripp+ away ?is my/ical =m & mak+ !m evid5t 9 _! full simplicity & univ]sal reality4 ,x 0 self evid5t t ! old philosophies ( nature--9 spite ( all _! actual value & fruitful sugge/iv5ess--c\ld be ( no value to u4 ,!re 0 an error 9 ! ,hegelian =m1 z %[n 9 ?is book1 9 t x recognis$ no progression ( nature 9 "t1 no "o aft] ano!r 7,na*e9&]7 b m]ely "o besides ano!r 7,neb5e9&]74 ,?is 0 due on ! "o h& to ! ,hegelian sy/em itself :i* ascrib$ to ! ,_s 7,gei/7 alone a progressive hi/orical developm5t1 b on ! o!r h&1 ! g5]al attitude ( ! natural sci5ces 0 responsible4 ,s ,hegel fell f> beh9d ,kant 9 ?is respect = ! latt] _h already by 8 nebul> hypo!sis proclaim$ ! orig9 &1 by 8 discov]y ( ! /oppage ( ! rotation ( ! e>? ?r\gh ! tides1 ! de/ruction ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,& f9ally1 ,i c\ld n und]take to con/ruct ! dialectical laws ( nature b to discov] !m 9 x & to develop !m f x4 ,to d ?is entirely & 9 ea* sep>ate division is a colossal task4 ,n only is ! gr\nd to be cov]$ almo/ immeasurable b on ?is entire gr\nd natural sci5ce is involv$ 9 su* trem5d\s *anges t ev5 ^? :o h all _! "t to give c h>dly keep up ) x4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,m>x h[ev] my m9d has be5 occupi$ by m press+ duties & s ,i _h to int]rupt my "w4 ,i mu/1 = ! mom5t1 conf9e myself to ! h9ts 9 ! "w be=e u & wait = a lat] opportunity to correct & publi% ! results obta9$1 probably toge!r ) ! mo/ important manuscripts on ma!matics left beh9d by ,m>x4 ,b ! advance ( !oretical sci5ce makes my "w 9 all probability1 9 a great measure1 or altoge!r1 sup]flu\s4 ,s9ce ! revolution :i* ov]turn$ !oretical sci5ce ! necessity ( arrang+ ! accumulation ( purely empirical discov]ies has caus$ ! oppos+ empirici/s to pay m & m att5tion to ! dialectical "* ( ! op]ations ( nature4 ,! old /iff antagonisms1 ! %>p impassable fronti] l9es are becom+ m & m aboli%$4 ,s9ce ! la/ true gases h be5 liquefi$1 s9ce ! pro( t a body c be put 9 a condition 9 :i* liquid & gase\s =ms _c be diff]5tiat$1 aggregate conditions h to ! la/ remnant lo/ _! e>li] absolute "*4 ,) ! /atem5t ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases t1 9 gases1 ! squ>es ( ! spe$s ) :i* ! sep>ate gas molecules move are 9 inv]se ratio to ! molecul> weights1 "u ! same temp]ature1 heat takes its place directly 9 ! s]ies ( su* measurable =ms ( motion4 ,t5 ye>s ago ! newly discov]$ great fundam5tal law ( motion 0 /ill und]/ood z a m]e law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 z a m]e expression ( ! inde/ructibility & uncreatibility ( motion1 & !re=e m]ely on its quantitative side4 ,t n>r[ negative expression has be5 m & m subord9at$ to ! trans=mation ( en]gy1 9 :i* ! qualitative cont5t ( ! process is duly recognis$ & ! la/ notion ( an extramundane ,creator is de/roy$4 ,t ! quantity ( motion 7( en]gy1 s call$7 is n *ang$ :5 x is trans=m$ into k9etic en]gy 7me*anical =ce1 s call$71 into electricity1 heat1 pot5tial /atic en]gy ne$ n n[ be prea*$ any long] z some?+ new1 x s]v$ z ! f\ndation1 once atta9$1 ( _m valuable inve/igations ( ! process ( trans=mation itself1 ( ! great fundam5tal process1 9 ! k ( :i* is compreh5d$ ! k ( all nature4 ,& s9ce biology has be5 treat$ 9 ! light ( ! !ory ( evolution x has aboli%$ "o /iff l9e ( classification aft] ano!r 9 ! realm ( organic nature4 ,! entirely unclassifi$ int]m$iate conditions increase 9 numb] e day4 ,lat] inve/igations ?r[ organisms out ( "o class into ano!r1 & m>ks ( di/9ction :i* h become articles ( fai? lose _! individual reality4 ,we h n[ mammals :i* lay eggs &1 if ! news is e/abli%$1 birds also :i* g on all f\rs4 ,x 0 already obs]v$1 be=e ! "t ( ,vir*[1 z a conclusion ( ! discov]y ( ! cell1 t ! id5tity ( ! individual creature is lo/1 sci5tifically & dialectically speak+1 9 a f$]ation ( cells1 s ! idea ( animal 7& !re=e human7 individuality is /ill fur!r complicat$ by ! discov]y ( ! amoeba 9 ! bodies ( ! high] animals con/itut+ ! :ite blood corpuscles4 ,& ^! are j ! ?+s :i* 7 consid]$ pol> opposites1 irreconcilable & insoluble1 ! fix$ b\nd>ies & diff]5ces ( classification1 :i* h giv5 mod]n !oretical sci5ce its limit$ & metaphysical "*4 ,! k t ^! di/9ctions & antagonisms actually d occur 9 nature1 b only relatively1 & t on ! o!r h& t fixity & absolut5ess are ! products ( our own m9ds--?is k con/itutes ! k]nel ( ! dialectic view ( nature4 ,! view is rea*$ "u ! compulsion ( ! mass ( sci5tific facts1 & "o rea*es x ! m easily by br++ to ! dialectic "* ( ^! facts a consci\sness ( ! laws ( dialectic ?\ght4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! scope ( sci5ce is n[ s great t x no long] escapes ! dialectic compreh5sion4 ,b x w simplify ! process if x is rememb]$ t ! results 9 :i* ^! discov]ies are compreh5d$ are ideas1 t ! art ( op]at+ ) ideas is n inborn1 moreov]1 & is n v\*saf$ e day to ! ord9>y m9d1 b requires actual ?\ght1 & ?is ?\ght has a long hi/ory cramm$ ) exp]i5ces1 nei!r m nor less ?an ! accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( inve/igation into nature4 ,by ^! means1 !n1 x le>ns h[ to appropriate ! results ( fifte5 hundr$ ye>s developm5t ( philosophy1 x gets rid ( any sep>ate natural philosophy :i* /&s above or alongside ( x & ! limit$ me?od ( ?\ght br\ght ov] f ,engli% empiricism4 ,london1 #bbnd ,septemb]1 #ahhe4 ,,iii ,! foll[+ new edition is1 ) ! exception ( a v few *anges 9 =m ( expression1 a reproduction ( ! =m]4 ,only 9 "o *apt]1 namely 9 ! ,x?4 ( ! ,second ,section 7t on ,critical ,hi/ory7 ,i h all[$ "s important em5dations1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,z has be5 /at$ already 9 ! preface to ! second edition1 ?is *apt] is 9 all its ess5tials1 ! "w ( ,m>x4 ,9 its fir/ =m1 :i* 0 int5d$ z an article 9 a review1 ,i 0 compell$ to abbreviate ! manuscript ( ,m>x v mu*1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? po9ts 9 :i* ! criticism ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s propositions is subord9ate to ! p>ticul> developm5t ( ! hi/ory ( economics4 ,b ^! are j ! portions ( ! manuscript :i* con/itute ! greate/ & mo/ important (1 z reg>ds its p]man5t int]e/1 "p ( ! "w4 ,! places 9 :i* ,m>x gives _! appropriate place 9 ! g5esis ( political economy to su* writ]s z ,petty1 ,nor?1 ,locke & ,hume1 ,i consid] myself oblig$ to give z lit]ally & completely z possible1 & /ill m s1 8 explanation ( ! economic tableaux by ,quesnay1 ! insoluble riddle ( ! sph9x to all economi/s4 ,i h omitt$ h[ev] t "p :i* dealt solely ) ! writ+s ( ,h]r ,duehr+ z f> z ! connection p]mitt$4 ,= ! re/1 ,i am p]fectly well satisfi$ ) ! ext5t to :i* ! views repres5t$ 9 ?is "w1 h made _! way into ! m9ds ( ! work+ class & ! sci5ti/s ?r\gh\t ! _w s9ce ! publication ( ! =m] edition4 ,f4 ,,engels4 ,london1 #bc;d ,may1 #ahid4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,introduction ,i4 ,9 ,g5]al4 ,mod]n socialism is 9 its ess5ce ! product ( ! exi/5ce on ! "o h& ( ! class antagonisms :i* are dom9ant 9 mod]n society1 betwe5 ! prop]ty possessors & ^? :o h no prop]ty & betwe5 ! wage work]s & ! b\rgeois2 &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! an>*y :i* is preval5t 9 mod]n production4 ,9 its !oretical =m h[ev] x appe>s z a developm5t ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! great ,fr5* philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,l e new !ory x 0 oblig$ to atta* itself to ! exi/+ philosophy h[ev] deeply its roots 7 emb$d$ 9 ! economic fact4 ,! great m5 9 ,france :o cle>$ ! m9ds ( ! p = ! com+ revolution 7 !mselves uncompromis+ly revolution>y4 ,!y did n recognise outside au?ority ( any k9d :atsoev]4 ,religion1 natural sci5ce1 society1 ! /ate1 all 7 subject$ to ! mo/ unsp>+ criticism1 & ev]y?+ 0 compell$ to ju/ify its exi/5ce be=e ! judgm5t seat ( reason or p]i%4 ,reason 0 e/abli%$ z ! "o & univ]sal measure4 ,x 0 ! "t :51 z ,hegel said1 ! _w 0 turn$ upside d[n1 fir/ 9 ! s5se t ! human m9d & ! pr9ciples arriv$ at by process ( ?\ght 7 claim$ z ! f\ndations ( all human actions & social relations1 b lat] also1 9 ! wid] s5se1 t ! reality :i* contradict$ ^! !ories _h inde$ to be turn$ upside d[n4 ,all =ms ( society & ! /ate exi/5t h]et(ore1 all survivals ( old notions1 7 ?r[n into ! lumb] room z unreasonable4 ,up to t "t ! _w _h only all[$ itself to be l$ by prejudice4 ,all t _h be5 done des]v$ m]ely pity & contempt4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t day broke3 f n[ on1 sup]/ition1 inju/ice1 tyranny & privilege %\ld be replac$ by et]nal tru?1 et]nal ju/ice1 equality f\nd$ on natural rights & ! inali5able rights ( man4 ,we n[ "k t ! rule ( reason 0 no?+ m ?an ! rule ( ! b\rgeoisie idealis$1 t et]nal "r f\nd its realisation 9 b\rgeois ju/ice1 t equality 0 mat]ialis$ 9 b\rgeois equality be=e ! law1 t :5 ! rights ( man 7 proclaim$ b\rgeois rights ( prop]ty 7 proclaim$ at "o & ! same "t1 & t ! /ate ( reason1 ,r\sseau's ,social ,contract1 c\ld only come into exi/5ce z ! b\rgeois democratic republic4 ,to su* a slight ext5t c\ld ! great ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 j z _! pr$ecessors1 prevail ov] ! limits :i* _! own epo* _h plac$ ^u !m4 ,b besides ! antagonism betwe5 feudal b>on & b\rgeois !re exi/$ ! g5]al antagonism betwe5 ! robb]s & ! robb$1 betwe5 ! ri* idl]s & ! toil+ poor4 ,x 0 j ?is antagonism :i* made x possible = ! lead]s ( ! b\rgeoisie to pose z ! repres5tatives n m]ely ( a special class b ( ! :ole ( suff]+ humanity4 ,fur!rmore ! b\rgeoisie 0 saddl$ ) an anti!sis "r f ! />t4 ,capitali/s _c exi/ )\t labor]s1 &1 9 proportion1 z ! memb]s ( ! gilds 9 ! ,middle ,ages develop$ into ! mod]n b\rgeois1 ! j\rneym5 ( ! gilds & ! day labor]s1 on _! "p1 develop$ into ! prolet>iat4 ,& ?\gh ! b\rgeois1 z a g5]al rule1 might claim to repres5t also ! int]e/s ( ! diff]5t work+ classes ( ! p]iod1 /ill1 indep5d5t movem5ts ( ! latt] classes broke out 9 connection ) ea* great movem5t on ! "p ( ! b\rgeoisie2 su* work+ classes be+ ! m or less develop$ pr$ecessors ( ! mod]n prolet>iat4 ,?us !re came into be+ at ! "t ( ! ,g]man ,re=mation & ! ,peasant ,w> ! p>ty ( ,?omas ,munz]1 9 ! great ,engli% ,revolution ! ,levell]s1 & 9 ! great ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,baboeuf4 ,besides ^! revolution>y demon/rations ( a class /ill undevelop$1 occurr$ c]ta9 !oretical manife/ations ( a correspond+ nature4 ,?us 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 utopian pictures ( an ideal social condition1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 absolutely communi/ic !ories 7,morelly & ,mably74 ,! dem& = equality 0 conf9$ no long] to political rights1 x _h to be ext5d$ to ! social condition ( individuals2 ! dem& 0 made = ! abolition n m]ely ( class privileges b ( class di/9ctions also4 ,an ascetic communism patt]n$ on t ( ,sp>ta 0 ! fir/ =m :i* ! new tea*+s assum$4 ,!n came ! ?ree great utopians--,sa9t ,simon1 9 ^: eyes b\rgeois aims possess$ a c]ta9 m]it z well z ^? ( ! prolet>iat3 !n ,f\ri] & ,ow51 :o1 9 ! l& ( ! mo/ highly develop$ capitali/ic production1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ! antagonisms :i* arise !refrom1 develop$ 9 direct relation to ,fr5* mat]ialism _! proposals :i* t5d$ to ! abolition ( class di/9ctions4 ,"o common feature p]ta9+ to all ! ?ree is ! fact t !y did n appe> z ! repres5tatives ( ! int]e/s ( ! prolet>iat :i* _h be5 9 ! meantime develop$ ?r\gh ! hi/orical process4 ,l ! philosoph]s1 _! ambition is n to free a p>ticul> class b ! :ole _w4 ,l !m !y wi% to introduce ! gov]nm5t ( reason & et]nal ju/ice4 ,b !re is a _w ( diff]5ce betwe5 _! gov]nm5t & t ( ! philosoph]s4 ,accord+ to ! philosoph]s1 ! b\rgeois _w z x exi/s is unreasonable & unju/ & is de/9$ = ! rubbi% heap1 j z feudalism & all o!r e>li] =ms ( society4 ,! reason t true ju/ice & reason h n dom9at$ ! _w is because up to ! pres5t man has n prop]ly compreh5d$ !m4 ,t a man ( g5ius has appe>$ & t ! tru? conc]n+ ^! ?+s %\ld h n[ be5 made cle> are n results aris+ f a comb9ation ( hi/orical progress & necessity1 b a m]e piece ( luck4 ,he might j z well h be5 born five hundr$ ye>s e>li] & sav$ mank9d ! mi/akes1 conflicts & sorr[s ( five hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is is actually ! idea ( all ,engli% & ,fr5* sociali/s & ( ! e>li] ,g]man sociali/s1 ,weitl+ includ$4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 socialism is ! expression ( absolute tru?1 reason1 & ju/ice1 & only has to be p]ceiv$ 9 ord] to vanqui% ! _w by reason ( its tru?4 ,h5ce1 absolute tru?1 reason1 & ju/ice v>y accord+ to ea* f\nd] ( a s*ool1 & !re=e ) ea* "o1 ! v>iety ( absolute tru?1 reason & ju/ice is dep5d5t1 9 turn1 ^u ! subjective temp]am5t ( t f\nd]1 8 conditions ( life1 ! ext5t ( 8 k & m5tal discipl9e1 s t 9 ?is conflict ( absolute tru?s !re is no possible solution save t !y rub ea* o!r smoo? by mutual contact4 ,h5ce no?+ c\ld result f x except a sort ( eclectic1 av]age socialism1 :i* is1 z a matt] ( fact1 up to ! pres5t1 ! prevail+ notion 9 ! m9ds ( ! great majority ( sociali/ agitators 9 ,france & ,engl&--a mixture admitt+ ( manifold %ades1 ( a few notable critical utt]ances1 economic tea*+s & pictures ( a future /ate ( society by lead]s ( diff]5t sects1 a mixture :i* fl[s all ! easi] 9 proportion z ! %>p precise corn]s are rubb$ (f ! sep>ate notions 9 ! /ream ( debates1 j z pebbles become r\nd 9 a brook4 ,9 ord] t a sci5ce c be made out ( socialism x is fir/ necess>y t x be plac$ on a s\nd basis4 ,mean:ile1 close to & j aft] ! ,fr5* philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! new ,g]man philosophy arose & culm9at$ 9 ,hegel4 ,its greate/ s]vice 0 ! re/oration ( ! dialectic z ! highe/ =m ( ?\ght4 ,! old ,greek philosoph]s 7 all natural dialecticians1 & ! mo/ univ]sal intellect among !m1 ,ari/otle1 0 already ! discov]] ( ! ess5tial =ms ( dialectic ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 subsequ5t philosophy al?\gh 9 x !re 7 brilliant expon5ts ( ! dialectic 7e4g4 ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza71 0 m & m involv$ 9 ! s-call$ metaphysical mode ( ?\ght1 *iefly ow+ to ,engli% influ5ce :i* completely ma/]$ ! ,fr5* philosoph]s1 at lea/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,outside ( ! /rict fronti]s ( philosophy1 ma/]pieces ( ! dialectic might be f\nd occasionally ( :i* ,i c only recall ,rameau's ,nephew by ,did]ot1 & ! treatise ^u ! orig9 ( human inequality by ,r\sseau4 ,we n[ give briefly ! ess5tial features ( ! two modes ( ?\ght3 we w return to !m m fully lat]4 ,if we exam9e nature1 ! hi/ory ( man or our own intellectual activities1 we h pres5t$ to u an endless coil ( int]relations & *anges 9 :i* no?+ is con/ant :atev] be its nature1 "t or position1 b e ?+ is 9 motion1 suff]s *ange1 & passes away4 ,?is orig9al1 naive & v ne>ly correct philosophy ( ! _w is t ( ! old ,greek philosoph]s & 0 fir/ put 9 a v cle> =m by ,h]aclitus4 ,ev]y?+ is & yet is n1 s9ce ev]y?+ is 9 a /ate ( flux1 is compreh5d$ z und]go+ con/ant modification1 z et]nally exi/+ & disappe>+4 ,b ?is philosophy1 correct z x is z reg>ds ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 view$ z a picture1 is insuffici5t to expla9 ! individual ph5om5a ( :i* ! picture ( ! univ]se is compos$1 & z long z we _c d t we are n cle> ab\t ! g5]al picture4 ,9 ord] to /udy ^! individual ph5om5a we are oblig$ to take !m out ( _! natural or social connection1 & exam9e ea* ( !m by itself accord+ to its own =m & its p>ticul> orig9 & developm5t4 ,?is is ! task ( natural sci5ce & hi/orical inve/igation1 bran*es ( discov]y to :i* ! ,greeks ( classical times assign$ a subord9ate place = v good reasons1 s9ce !y1 fir/ ( all1 _h to collect ! mat]ial4 ,! beg9n+ ( an exact obs]vation ( nature 0 made fir/ by ! ,greeks ( ! ,alex&r9e p]iod1 & 0 lat] develop$ fur!r by ! ,arabs 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,true natural sci5ce h5ce dates f ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & f !n on has advanc$ at a con/antly gr[+ rate4 ,! dissection ( nature into its sep>ate p>ts1 ! sep>ation ( diff]5t natural ev5ts & natural conditions into c]ta9 classes1 ! exam9ation ( ! int]iors ( organic bodies ) respect to _! manifold anatomical =ms1 furni%$ ! fundam5tal reasons = ! progress 9 a k ( nature :i* ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s h br\ght 9 _! tra94 ,b x has caus$ u occasionally to drop into ! habit ( reg>d+ natural ph5om5a & ev5ts z entities1 ap>t f ! great univ]sal int]relations1 & !re=e n z mov+ b quiesc5t1 n z *angeable 9 _! ess5ce b fix$ & con/ant1 n 9 _! life b 9 _! dea?4 ,& h5ce1 j z happ5$ ) ,bacon & ,locke1 ?is po9t ( view has be5 c>ri$ ov] f sci5ce into philosophy1 & has con/itut$ ! specially n>r[ view ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! metaphysical mode ( ?\ght4 ,= ! metaphysician1 ?+s & _! pictures 9 ! m9ds1 concepts1 are sep>ate entities1 "o foll[+ ! o!r )\t any reg>d to ea* o!r1 /able1 rigid1 et]nally fix$ objects ( inve/igation4 ,! metaphysician ?9ks 9 anti!ses4 ,8 conv]sation is ,yea1 yea2 ,nay1 nay & :atsoev] is m ?an ^! come? ( evil4 ,= him a ?+ exi/s or x does n exi/1 a ?+ c nev] be itself & some?+ else at ! same "t2 positive & negative are mutually exclusive1 cause & effect /& 9 /iff antagonism to ea* o!r4 ,?is me?od ( ?\ght seems at ! fir/ glance to be q plausible because x is 9 accordance ) s\nd common s5se4 ,b s\nd common s5se1 respectable fell[ ?\gh he may be 9 8 own home surr\nd$ by 8 f\r walls1 meets ) /range adv5tures :5 he betakes himself into ! wide _w ( inve/igation2 & ! metaphysical way ( look+ at ?+s1 s\nd & useful z x is1 "u giv5 conditions1 runs soon] or lat] into a /one wall1 beyond :i* x is "o-sid$1 /upid & ab/ract1 & loses itself 9 insoluble contradictions4 ,because x omits to notice ! int]relations ( ! individual ph5om5a1 _! exi/5ce1 _! com+ & _! go+1 _! /atic & mobile conditions1 & s to speak does n see ! =e/ = trees4 ,we "k = example1 ) suffici5t c]ta9ty = e day affairs1 :e!r an animal is alive or dead1 b1 on clos] exam9ation1 we f9d t ?is is sometimes no easy matt] to decide1 z juri/s "k v well & h gone inde$ to great pa9s to discov] a rational bord] l9e beyond :i* ! kill+ ( a *ild 9 ! womb ( its "m is murd]4 ,x is j z impossible too to fix ! precise mom5t ( dea?1 = physiology %[s t dea? is n a s+le & sudd5 ev5t b a v sl[ process4 ,j s is e organic be+ at ! same mom5t itself & n itself4 ,e mom5t x takes up matt] com+ to x f ! outside & ?r[s (f o!r matt]1 e mom5t its body-cells die & are recreat$4 ,inde$ aft] a long] or %ort] p]iod ! :ole mat]ial ( ! body is r5ew$ ?r\gh ! tak+ up ( o!r p>ticles ( matt] s t ea* organic be+ is at ! same "t itself & some?+ else4 ,we f9d also if we look at ! matt] m closely t ! two poles ( an anti!sis1 positive & negative1 are j z insep>able z !y are antagoni/ic1 & t !y1 9 spite ( all _! fix$ antagonisms p]meate ea* o!r1 also t ! cause & effect are concepts :i* c only realise !mselves 9 relation to a p>ticul> case4 ,h[ev] :5 we come to exam9e ! sep>ate case 9 its g5]al relation to ! _w at l>ge !y come toge!r & dissolve !mselves 9 face ( ! work+ out ( ! univ]sal problem1 =1 "h1 cause & effect ex*ange places1 :at 0 at "o "t & place effect becom+ cause & vice v]sa4 ,all ^! ph5om5a & ?\ght-concepts d n fit into ! frame ( metaphysical philosophy4 ,accord+ to ! dialectic me?od ( ?9k+ :i* reg>ds ?+s & _! concepts 9 relation to _! connection ) ea* o!r1 _! concat5ation1 _! com+ into be+ & pass+ away1 ph5om5a1 l ! prec$+1 are s _m confirmations ( its own philosophy4 ,nature is ! pro( ( ! dialectic1 & we mu/ give to mod]n sci5ce ! cr$it ( hav+ furni%$ an extraord9>y weal? & daily increas+ /ore ( mat]ial t[>ds ?is pro(1 & !reby %[+ 9 ! la/ in/ance ?+s proce$ dialectically & n 9 accordance ) metaphysical notions4 ,b z ! sci5ti/s :o h le>n$ to ?9k dialectically may be /ill easily c\nt$1 ! *aos aris+ f ! confusion betwe5 actual results & an antiquat$ mode ( ?\ght is ?us expla9$1 & ?is confusion is to-day dom9ant 9 !oretical sci5ce1 & drives tea*]s & pupils1 writ]s & read]s to despair4 ,a correct notion ( ! univ]se1 ( ! human race1 z well z ( ! reflection ( ?is progress 9 ! human m9d c only be _h by means ( ! dialectic me?od1 toge!r ) a /eady obs]vation ( ! *ange & int]*ange :i* goes on 9 ! univ]se1 ! com+ into exi/5ce & pass+ away1 progressive & retrogressive modification4 ,& ! lat] ,g]man philosophy has proce$$ f ?is /&po9t4 ,kant began 8 c>e] 9 ?is way by aboli%+ ,newton's conception ( a /able sol> sy/em :i* p]si/$ aft] receiv+ its fir/ impulse1 9 favor ( a hi/orical process1 to wit1 ! orig9 ( ! sun & all ! planets f a rotat+ mass ( nebulae4 ,f ?is concept he drew ! conclusion t1 grant$ ?is orig91 ! future dissolution ( ! sol> sy/em is inevitable4 ,8 !ory 0 ma!matically prov$ by ,laplace half a c5tury lat]1 & half a c5tury lat] /ill ! spectroscope discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( su* gl[+ masses ( gas 9 space 9 diff]5t /ages ( cond5sation4 ,?is lat] ,g]man philosophy f\nd its conclusion 9 ! philosophy ( ,hegel :]e = ! fir/ "t1 & ?is is 8 greate/ s]vice1 ! entire natural1 hi/orical & spiritual univ]se 0 reg>d$ z a process1 t is1 z 9 con/ant progress1 *ange1 trans=mation & developm5t1 & ! attempt 0 made to %[ ! m subtle relations ( ?is process & developm5t4 ,f ?is hi/orical po9t ( view ! hi/ory ( mank9d no long] appe>$ z a b>r5 confusion ( m9dless =ces1 all alike subject to rejection be=e ! judgm5t seat ( ! mo/ rec5tly rip5$ philosophy1 & :i*1 at ! v be/1 man puts out ( 8 m9d z soon z possible1 b z ! developm5t-process ( humanity itself1 to foll[ ! process ( :i*1 little by little1 ?r\gh all its ramifications1 & to e/abli% ! ess5tial laws ( :i*1 9 spite ( all app>5t accid5ts1 is n[ ! task ( philosophic ?\ght4 ,x is immat]ial at ?is place t ,hegel did n solve ?is problem4 ,8 epo*-mak+ s]vice 0 to h propos$ x4 ,x is a problem1 moreov]1 :i* no individual c solve4 ,?\gh ,hegel1 next to ,sa9t ,simon1 0 ! mo/ univ]sal intellect ( 8 "t he 0 /ill limit$1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?r\gh ! necess>ily n>r[ grasp ( 8 own k & 9 addition ?r\gh ! limitations ( ! contempor>y conditions ( k4 ,!re 0 a ?ird reason1 too4 ,hegel 0 an ideali/1 t is he reg>d$ ?\ght n z a m]e ab/ract repres5tation ( real ph5om5a1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ph5om5a & _! developm5t appe>$ to him z ! repres5tations ( ! ,idea :i* exi/$ be=e ! _w4 ,! result 0 an inv]sion ( ev]y?+1 ! actual int]relations ( ! univ]se 7 turn$ completely upside d[n1 & ?\gh ( ^! int]relations1 _m s+le ones 7 set out ju/ly & correctly by ,hegel1 mu* ( ! detail is pat*$1 labor$1 made up1 9 %ort1 incorrect4 ,! ,hegelian sy/em 01 to speak briefly1 a colossal misc>riage1 & ! la/ ( its k9d4 ,x re/$ on an incurable contradiction2 on ! o!r h&1 x actually proclaim$ ! hi/orical conception accord+ to :i* human hi/ory is a process ( developm5t1 :i*1 9 its v nature1 _c f9d its intellectual conclusion 9 ! discov]y ( a s-call$ absolute tru?1 on ! o!r h& x decl>$ itself to be ! c5tral idea ( j su* an absolute tru?4 ,an all embrac+ & det]m9$ k ( nature & hi/ory is 9 absolute contradiction ) ! f\ndations ( dialectic ?\ght1 b x is n d5i$1 on ! contr>y1 x is /rongly affirm$1 t ! sy/ematic k ( ! entire ext]nal _w may f age to age make giant /rides4 ,! total p]v]sion ( mod]n ,g]man idealism ( necessity drove m5 to mat]ialism1 b n1 & ?is is well wor? not+1 to ! m]e metaphysical me*anical mat]ialism ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 contradiction to ! naively simple revolution>y pu%+ on "o side ( all e>li] hi/ory1 mod]n mat]ialism sees 9 hi/ory ! process ( ! developm5t ( society1 to discov] ! laws ( ^: developm5t is its task4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! conception ( nature :i* prevail$ among ! ,fr5* philosoph]s1 z well z ) ,hegel1 z some?+ mov+ 9 a n>r[ circle ) an et]nal & un*angeable sub/antial =m1 z ,newton conceiv$ x1 & ) inv>iable species ( organic be+s1 z ,l9naeus ?\ght1 mat]ialism embraces ! m rec5t discov]ies ( natural sci5ce1 accord+ to :i* nature has also a hi/ory 9 "t4 ,= ! =ms ( ! worlds1 l ! species ( organisms by :i* !y are inhabit$ "u suitable conditions1 come into be+ & pass away1 & ! cycles ( _! progress1 9 s f> z x is p]missible to use ! t]m1 take on et]nally m magnific5t dim5sions4 ,9 ei!r case x is entirely dialectic & no long] =ces a /atic philosophy ^u ! o!r sci5ces4 ,z soon z ! dem& is made ^u ea* sep>ate bran* ( sci5ce t x make cle> its relation to ?+s 9 g5]al1 & sci5ce z a :ole1 ! individual sci5ce !reupon becomes sup]flu\s4 ,( all philosophy up to ! pres5t "t ! only peculi> prop]ty :i* rema9s z its *>act]i/ic is ! /udy ( ?\ght & ! =mal laws ( ?\ght--logic & ! dialectic4 ,all else belongs to ! positive sci5ces ( nature & hi/ory4 ,:ile ! revolution 9 natural sci5ce 0 only able to be completely c>ri$ out 9 proportion z inve/igation furni%$ ! necess>y positive mat]ial1 !re 7 kn[n a multitude ( e>li] hi/orical facts :i* gave a di/9ct bias to ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,9 #ahca 9 ,lyons ! fir/ purely work+ class revolt occurr$4 ,! fir/ national work+ class movem5t1 t ( ! ,engli% ,*>ti/s1 rea*$ its height betwe5 #ahch & #ahdb4 ,! class w> betwe5 ! prolet>iat & ! b\rgeoisie proce$$ hi/orically 9 ! mo/ advanc$ ,european c\ntries j 9 proportion z ! newly develop$ great] indu/ry has progress$1 on ! "o h&1 & ! political p[] ( ! b\rgeoisie on ! o!r4 ,! tea*+s ( ! b\rgeois economi/s ) respect to ! id5tity ( ! int]e/s ( capital & labor & ) respect to ! univ]sal peace & well be+ :i* w\ld foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse f ! adoption ( free trade 7 m & m contradict$ by facts4 ,all ^! ?+s c\ld be z little ignor$ z ! ,fr5* & ,engli% socialism :i* 0 _! !oretical ?\gh v insuffici5t expression4 ,b ! old ideali/ic philosophy ( hi/ory :i* 0 z yet by no means laid aside knew no?+ ( class w>s dep5d5t ^u mat]ial int]e/s1 & no?+ ( mat]ial int]e/s1 specially4 ,production1 l all economic ph5om5a only occupi$ a subord9ate position z a second>y elem5t ( ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,! new facts1 moreov] r5d]$ necess>y a new inve/igation ( all prec$+ hi/ory & !n x became evid5t t all hi/ory up to !n _h be5 a hi/ory ( class /ruggles & t ^! mutually conflict+ classes are ! results ( a giv5 me?od ( production & di/ribution at a giv5 p]iod1 9 a ^w1 ( ! economic conditions ( t epo*4 ,h5ce1 t ! economic /ructure ( society at a giv5 "t furni%es ! real f\ndations ^u :i* ! entire sup]/ructure ( political & juri/ic in/itutions z well z ! religi\s1 philosophical & o!r ab/ract notions ( a giv5 p]iod are to be expla9$ 9 ! la/ in/ance4 ,idealism 0 !reupon driv5 f its la/ refuge1 ! philosophy ( hi/ory2 a mat]iali/ic philosophy ( hi/ory 0 set up1 & ! pa? 0 discov]$ by :i* ! consci\sness ( man c\ld be %[n z spr++ f 8 exi/5ce r ?an 8 exi/5ce f 8 consci\sness4 ,b ! socialism :i* _h exi/$ s f> 0 j z incompatible ) ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory z 0 ! naturali/ic ,fr5* mat]ialism ) ! dialectic & ! mod]n discov]ies 9 natural sci5ce4 ,! !n exi/+ socialism criticis$ ! prevail+ capitali/ic me?ods ( production & _! results b x c\ld n expla9 !m & ?us c\ld n mat* itself aga9/ !m1 x c\ld only bru% !m on "o side z be+ bad4 ,b x 0 necess>y to %[1 on ! "o h&1 ! capitali/ic me?ods ( production 9 _! hi/orical connection1 & _! necessity at a giv5 hi/orical epo* & !re=e ! necessity ( _! ultimate disappe>ance4 ,on ! o!r h& _! inn] "* _h to be expla9$ & ?is 0 all ! m conceal$ = criticism _h up to !n be5 *iefly engag$ 9 po9t+ out ! evil results fl[+ f !m r ?an 9 de/roy+ ! ?+ itself4 ,?is 0 made cle> by ! discov]y ( surplus value4 ,x 0 %[n t ! appropriation ( unpaid labor is ! basis ( ! capitali/ic mode ( production & ! robb]y ( ! work] is c>ri$ out by its means2 t ! capitali/1 al?\gh he buys ! labor-=ce ( ! work] at ! full value :i* x possesses 9 ! m>ket z a commodity1 yet d]ives m f x ?an he has paid = x1 & t 9 ! la/ in/ance ?is surplus creates ! total am\nt ( value f :i* ! capital /eadily increas+ 9 ! h&s ( ! capitali/ic class is amass$4 ,! ph5om5on n only ( capitali/ic production b ( ! creation ( capital has ?us be5 expla9$4 ,= ^! two great discov]ies1 ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory & ! disclosure ( ! my/]y ( capitali/ic production we mu/ ?ank ,m>x4 ,grant$ ^!1 socialism became a sci5ce1 :i* !reupon _h to busy itself 9 ! work+ out ( ^! ideas 9 _! individual aspects & connections4 ,?us matt]s /ood 9 ! realm ( !oretical socialism & ! dead philosophy 7( metaphysics ,ed47 :5 ,h]r ,eug5e ,duehr+1 ) no slight impressem5t sprang up be=e ! public & ann\nc$ t he _h accompli%$ a complete revolution 9 political economy & socialism4 ,let u n[ see :at ,h]r ,duehr+ promises &--h[ he keeps 8 promises4 ,,ii4 ,:at ,h]r ,duehr+ ,has to ,say4 ,up to n[1 ! notable writ+s ( ,h]r ,duehr+ are 8 ,c\rse ( ,philosophy1 8 ,c\rse ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce & 8 ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,political ,economy & ,socialism4 ,! fir/ "w is ! "o :i* p>ticul>ly claims our att5tion4 ,"r on ! fir/ page ,h]r ,duehr+ ann\nces himself z "o :o claims to repres5t ?is p[] 7( philosophy7 at ! pres5t "t & its unfold+ 9 ! undiscov]able future4 ,he discov]s himself1 !re=e1 z ! "o true philosoph] = ! pres5t & ! hidd5 future4 ,:oso diff]s f him diff]s f tru?4 ,_m p ev5 be=e ,h]r ,duehr+1 h ?\ght ?is ab\t !mselves or some?+ l x1 b1 ) ! exception ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 he is ! fir/ :o has all[$ himself to say x "r out4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! tru?1 z x is h&l$ by him is a f9al tru? ( ! la/ in/ance4 ,h]r ,duehr+'s philosophy is ! natural sy/em1 or ! philosophy ( reality4444 ,reality is s und]/ood z to exclude e sudd5 impulse t[>ds an unreal & subjectively limit$ compreh5sion ( ! univ]se4 ,! philosophy is !re=e s %ap$ z to exclude ,h]r ,duehr+ himself f ! some:at obvi\s limitations ( 8 own p]sonal1 subjective n>r[ness4 ,x is q necess>y to expla9 h[ ?is miracle is work$1 if he is 9 a position to lay d[n unque/ionable tru?s ( ! la/ in/ance1 ?\gh1 = our "p1 we _c discov] any p>ticul> m]it 9 !m4 ,?is natural sy/em ( valuable k has ) great pr(undity e/abli%$ ! f\ndation =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,out ( 8 real critical attitude proce$ ! elem5ts ( a real critical philosophy1 bas$ on ! realities ( nature & life1 :i* does n all[ ( any m]ely imag9>y horizon b 9 its mighty revolution>y progress op5s up ! e>? & heav5 ( ext]nal & inn] nature2 x is a new me?od ( ?\ght & its results are f ! bottom up1 peculi> results & philosophies 444 sy/em-%ap+ ideas 444 fix$ tru?s4 ,we h 9 x be=e u a "w :i* mu/ seek its =ce 9 ! conc5trat$ initiative1 :atev] t may mean2 an inve/igation rea*+ to ! roots 444 a root$ sci5ce 444 a sev]ely sci5tific conception ( ?+s & m5 444 a compreh5sive ?or\gh ef=t ( ! m9d 444 a creative sket* ( suppositions & conclusions f ov]ma/]+ ideas 444 ! absolute fundam5tal4 ,9 ! realm ( political economy he gives u n only hi/orical & sy/ematic compreh5sive ef=ts ( :i* ! hi/orical are moreov] di/+ui%$ by my pres5tation ( hi/ory 9 ! gr& /yle & ^? 9 political economy h produc$ creative movem5ts1 b closes ) a special completely elaborat$ sci5tific s*eme = a future society :i* is ! actual fruit ( a cle> & basic !ory1 & is !re=e j z free f ! possibility ( error & z individual z ,duehr+'s philosophy 444 = only 9 t sociali/ic /ructure :i* ,i h disclos$ 9 my ,c\rse ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce c a true own]%ip arise 9 place ( ! pres5t app>5t private prop]ty :i* re/s on =ce su* an own]%ip z mu/ be recognis$ 9 ! future4 ,^! fl[]s ( rhetoric f ! praises ( ,h]r ,duehr+ by ,h]r ,duehr+ might be increas$ t5fold ) ease4 ,!y mu/ cause a d\bt to arise 9 ! m9d ( ! read] :e!r he is read+ ! words ( a philosoph] or ( a--b we mu/ ask him to )hold 8 judgm5t until he %all h le>nt ! a=esaid grasp ( ! root ( ?+s by a clos] acqua9tance4 ,we only quote ! =ego+ fl[]y rem>ks to %[ t we h to d ) no ord9>y philosoph] & sociali/ :o simply speaks :at he ?9ks & leaves ! future to decide ) respect to _! value1 b ) an extraord9>y p]sonality l ! ,pope ^: individual tea*+s mu/ be receiv$ if ! damnable s9 ( h]esy is to be avoid$4 ,we h n by any means to deal ) ! k9d ( "w :i* ab\nds 9 all ! sociali/ writ+s1 & ! lat] ,g]man ones1 9 p>ticul>1 works 9 :i* p ( v>y+ calibre seek to expla9 9 ! mo/ naive fa%ion _! notions ( ?+s 9 g5]al & = an answ] to :om !re is m or less mat]ial available4 ,b :atev] may be ! lit]>y or sci5tific defici5cies ( ^! works _! goodwill t[>ds socialism is always manife/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h]r ,duehr+ pres5ts u ) /atem5ts :i* he decl>es to be f9al tru?s ( ! la/ in/ance1 exclusive tru?s1 accord+ to :i* any o!r op9ion is absolutely false4 ,?us he owns ! only sci5tific me?ods ( inve/igation1 & all o!rs are unsci5tific 9 comp>ison4 ,ei!r he is "r & we are face to face ) ! greate/ g5ius ( our "t1 ! fir/ sup]human1 because infallible1 man2 or he is wrong1 & !n1 s9ce our judgm5t may always be at fault1 b5evol5t reg>d = 8 possible good int5tions w\ld be ! deadlie/ insult to ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,:5 "o is 9 possession ( f9al tru?s ( ! la/ in/ance & ! only absolutely sci5tific k "o mu/ h a c]ta9 contempt = ! re/ ( err+ & unsci5tific humanity4 ,we _c !re=e be surpris$ t ,h]r ,duehr+ employs v abusive t]ms ) reg>d to 8 pr$ecessors1 & t only a few exceptional p1 recognis$ by him z great m51 f9d favor 9 face ( 8 compreh5sion ( fundam5tal tru?s4 7,!n foll[s a li/ ( ! epi!ts appli$ by ,duehr+ to philosoph]s1 naturali/s1 ,d>w91 9 p>ticul>1 & to ! sociali/ writ]s4 ,?is li/ has be5 omitt$ z x contributes no?+ ( value to ! g5]al discussion & is only useful = ! p>ticul> controv]sial matt] 9 h&4 ,ed47 ,& s on--& ?is is only a ha/ily ga!r$ b\quet ( fl[]s f ,h]r ,duehr+'s rose g>d54 ,x w be und]/ood t if ^! amiable insults :i* %\ld be =bidd5 ,h]r ,duehr+ on any gr\nds ( polit5ess1 are f\nd some:at disreputable & unpleasant1 !y are1 /ill1 f9al tru?s ( ! la/ in/ance4 ,ev5 n[ we %all gu>d aga9/ any d\bt ( 8 pr(undity because we might o!rwise be =bidd5 to discov] ! p>ticul> category ( idiots to :i* we belong4 ,we h b consid]$ x our duty on ! "o h& to give :at ,h]r ,duehr+ calls ,! qu9tess5ce ( a mode/ mode ( expression1 & on ! o!r h&1 to %[ t 9 ,h]r ,duehr+'s eyes ! objectionabl5ess ( 8 pr$ecessors is no less firmly e/abli%$ ?an 8 own infallibility4 ,accord+ly if all ?is is actually true we b[ 9 rev]5ce humbly be=e ! mighty g5ius ( mod]n times4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,philosophy ,apriorism4 ,philosophy is1 accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+1 ! developm5t ( ! highe/ =ms ( consci\sness ( ! _w & life1 & embraces1 9 a wid] s5se1 ! pr9ciples ( all k & volition4 ,:]ev] a s]ies ( p]ceptions1 or motives or a gr\p ( =ms ( life becomes a matt] ( consid]ation 9 ! human m9d ! pr9ciples :i* und]ly ^! =ms1 ( necessity1 become an object ( philosophy4 ,^! pr9ciples are s+le1 or1 up to ! pres5t1 h be5 consid]$ z s+le +r$i5ts out ( :i* are compos$ ! complexities ( k & volition4 ,l ! *emical composition ( mat]ial bodies1 ! entire univ]se may be also resolv$ into fundam5tal =ms & elem5ts4 ,^! elem5t>y con/itu5ts & pr9ciples s]ve1 :5 once discov]$1 n only = ! kn[n tangible _w b = t also1 :i* is unkn[n & inaccessible4 ,philosophical pr9ciples !re=e con/itute ! la/ complem5t requir$ by ! sci5ces 9 ord] t !y may become a uni=m sy/em by means ( :i* nature & human life are expla9$4 ,9 addition to ! exam9ation ( ! fundam5tal =ms ( all exi/5ce1 philosophy has only two p>ticul> objects ( inve/igation1 ,nature & ,humanity4 ,h5ce our mat]ial may be classifi$ into ?ree ma9 gr\ps1--a g5]al s*eme ( ! univ]se1 ! tea*+ ( ! pr9ciples ( nature & f9ally ! pr9ciples :i* regulate ,humanity4 ,?is arrangem5t at ! same "t comprises an inn] logical ord]1 = ! =mal pr9ciples :i* are true = all exi/5ce take prec$5ce1 & ! concrete realms 9 :i* ^! pr9ciples display !mselves foll[ 9 ! gradation ( _! successive arrangem5ts4 ,s f>1 ?is is ,h]r ,duehr+'s conception ( ?+s giv5 almo/ 9 8 v words4 ,he is !re=e engag$ ) pr9ciples1 =mal conceptions1 :i* are subjective & n d]iv$ f ! k ( ext]nal ph5om5a1 b :i* are appli$ to ,nature & ,humanity1 z ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* ,nature & ,humanity mu/ regulate !mselves4 ,b h[ are ^! subjective pr9ciples d]iv$8 ,f ?\ght itself8 ,no1 = ,h]r ,duehr+ himself says3 ! purely ideal realm is limit$ to logical arrangem5ts & ma!matical conceptions 7:i* latt] z we %all lat] see is false74 ,logical arrangem5ts c only be ref]r$ to =ms ( ?\ght1 b we are engag$ "h only ) =ms ( exi/5ce1 ! ext]nal _w1 & ^! =ms c nev] be creat$ by ?\ght nor d]iv$ f x b only f ! ext]nal _w4 ,h]eupon ! entire matt] und]goes a *ange4 ,we see t pr9ciples are n ! />t+ po9t ( inve/igation b ! conclusion ( x1 !y are n to be appli$ to nature & hi/ory b are d]iv$ f !m4 ,nature & ,humanity are n /e]$ by pr9ciples1 b pr9ciples are1 on ! o!r h&1 only correct s f> z !y correspond ) nature & hi/ory4 ,t is j ! mat]iali/ic conception ( ! matt]1 & ! opposite1 t ( ,h]r ,duehr+ is ! ideali/ic conception1 x turns ?+s upside d[n & con/ructs a real _w out ( ! _w ( ?\ght1 arrangem5ts1 plans & categories exi/+ f ev]la/+ be=e ! _w1 j l ,hegelianism4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we pref] ,hegel's ,encyclop$ia1 ) all its fev] phantoms1 to ! f9al tru?s ( ! la/ in/ance ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+ we h ! g5]al s*eme ( ! univ]se :i* by ,hegel is call$ logic4 ,!n accord+ to bo? ( !m we h ! application ( ?is s*eme to nature by means ( ! logical categories1 ! philosophy ( nature1 & f9ally _! application to ,humanity1 by :at ,hegel calls ! ,philosophy ( ! ,_s4 ,! inn] logical arrangem5t ( ,duehr+'s s*eme br+s u !re=e logically back to ,hegel's ,encyclop$ia f :i* x is tak5 ) a fidelity :i* w\ld move t ,w&]+ ,jew ( ! ,hegelian s*ool1 ,pr(essor ,mi*elet ( ,b]l91 to te>s4 ,su* a result foll[s if "o takes x = grant$ t consci\sness1 ?\ght1 is some?+ :i* has exi/$ f ! beg9n+ 9 contradi/9ction to nature4 ,x w\ld !n be ( ! greate/ importance to br+ consci\sness & ,nature1 ?\ght & exi/5ce1 into h>mony1 to h>monise ! laws ( ?\ght & ! laws ( ,nature4 ,b "o enquires fur!r :at are ?\ght & consci\sness & :5ce d !y orig9ate4 ,x is consequ5tly discov]$ t !y are products ( ! bra9 ( man1 & t ,humanity is itself a product ( nature :i* has develop$ 9 & along ) its environm5t2 :]e=e x becomes self-app>5t t ! products ( ! bra9 ( man be+ !mselves1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 natural products1 d n contradict all ! re/ ( ,nature b correspond ) x4 ,b ,h]r ,duehr+ _c all[ s simple a treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,he ?9ks n only 9 ! "n ( ,humanity :i* w\ld be q a l>ge affair1 b 9 ! "n ( ! consci\s & ?9k+ be+s ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be a degradation ( ! f\ndation concepts ( k & consci\sness if "o %\ld wi% to exclude or ev5 to ?r[ suspicion ^u _! sov]eign value & und\bt$ claims to tru? by means ( ! epi!t 'human4' ,9 ord] t !re may be no suspicion t ^u "s heav5ly body or o!r twice two may make five1 ,h]r ,duehr+ does n v5ture to call ?\ght a human attribute1 & !re=e he is oblig$ to sep>ate x f ! only true f\ndation on :i* x re/s1 z f> z we are conc]n$1 namely1 f man & nature1 & !reby falls1 )\t any possibility ( gett+ out1 into an ideology :i* causes him to play baby to ,hegel4 ,x is self-evid5t t "o _c build mat]iali/ic doctr9es on f\ndations s ideological4 ,we %all see lat] t ,h]r ,duehr+ is compell$ to pu% nature to ! front z a consci\s ag5t &1 !re=e1 z t1 :i* p 9 pla9 ,engli% call ,god4 ,inde$1 our philosoph] _h o!r motives 9 %ift+ ! f\ndation ( reality f ! mat]ial _w to t ( ?\ght4 ,! k ( ?is g5]al s*eme ( ! univ]se1 ( ^! =mal pr9ciples ( be+ is j ! f\ndation ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s philosophy4 ,if we d]ive ! s*eme ( ! univ]se n f our own bra91 b m]ely by means ( our own bra91 f ! mat]ial _w1 we ne$ no philosophy1 b simply k ( ! _w & :at occurs 9 x1 & ! results ( ?is k likewise d n con/itute a philosophy1 b positive sci5ce4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 ,h]r ,duehr+'s entire book w\ld h be5 love's labor lo/4 ,fur!r1 if no philosophy1 z su*1 is long] requir$ !re is no long] ! necessity ( any philosophy ( nature ev54 ,! view t all ! ph5om5a ( nature /& 9 sy/ematic mutual relations compels sci5ce to prove ?is sy/ematic int]connection 9 all respects1 9 s+le cases z well z 9 ! entirety4 ,b an appropriate creative1 sci5tific repres5tation ( ?is mutual connection 9 su* a way z to %[ ! composition ( an exact ?\ght-picture ( ! sy/em ( ! univ]se 9 :i* we live rema9s n only = u b = all "t an impossibility4 ,%\ld su* a f9al conclusive sy/em ( ! int]connection ( ! v>i\s activities ( ! univ]se1 physical1 z well z intellectual & hi/orical1 ev] be br\ght to completion at any po9t ( "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 human k w\ld =?) come to an end & future hi/orical progress w\ld be cut (f f ! v mom5t 9 :i* society 0 direct$ 9 accordance ) ! sy/em1 :i* w\ld be an absurdity1 m]e nons5se4 ,man is !re=e confront$ by a contradiction1 on ! "o h& he is oblig$ to /udy ! int]connections ( ! _w-sy/em exhau/ively1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he is unable to fully accompli% ! task ei!r z reg>ds himself or z reg>ds ! sy/em ( nature4 ,?is contradiction1 h[ev]1 does n consi/ solely 9 ! nature ( ! two factors ,_w & ,man2 x is ! ma9 lev] also ( univ]sal intellectual progress & is solv$ e day & = ev] 9 an endless progressive developm5t ( humanity1 j z ma!matical problems f9d _! solution 9 an endless progression ( a recurr+ decimal4 ,z a matt] ( fact also e concept ( ! univ]se is subject to objective limitations ow+ to ! conditions ( hi/orical k1 & subjectively 9 addition ow+ to ! physical & m5tal make up ( ! au?or ( ! concept4 ,b ,h]r ,duehr+ exhibits a mode ( ?\ght :i* is conf9$ 9 its application to a limit$ & subjective idea ( ! univ]se4 ,we saw e>li] t he 0 omnipres5t1 9 all possible =ms ( ! univ]se1 n[ we see t he is omnisci5t4 ,he has solv$ ! f9al problems ( sci5ce & has nail$ up tight all future k4 ,h]r ,duehr+ consid]s t he c1 z ) ! fundam5tal =ms ( exi/5ce1 produce apriori/ically by means ( 8 own cogitations ! :ole ( pure ma!matics )\t mak+ any use ( ! exp]i5ce :i* is af=d$ u 9 ! objective _w4 ,9 pure ma!matics ! und]/&+ is engag$ 9 its own free creations & imag9ations2 ! concepts ( numb] & =m are self-suffici5t objects proce$+ f !mselves & s h a value indep5d5t ( individual exp]i5ce & actual objective reality4 ,t pure ma!matics has a significance indep5d5t ( p>ticul> individual exp]i5ce is q true z are also ! e/abli%$ facts ( all ! sci5ces & inde$ ( all facts4 ,! magnetic poles1 ! =mation ( wat] f oxyg5 & hydrog51 ! fact t ,hegel is dead & t ,h]r ,duehr+ is alive1 are facts indep5d5t ( my exp]i5ce or t ( any o!r s+le individual1 & w be indep5d5t ( t ( ,h]r ,duehr+ himself1 z soon z he %all sleep ! sleep ( ! j4 ,b 9 pure ma!matics ! m9d is n by any means engag$ ) its own creations & imag9+s4 ,! concepts ( numb] & =m h only come to u by ! way ( ! real _w4 ,! t5 f+]s on :i* m5 c\nt & !reby p]=m$ ! fir/ ari?metical calculations are any?+ b a free creation ( ! m9d4 ,to c\nt n only requires objects capable ( be+ c\nt$ b ! ability1 :5 ^! objects are reg>d$1 ( subtract+ all qualities f !m except numb] & ?is ability is ! product ( long hi/orical developm5t ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,! concept =m is1 l t ( numb]1 d]iv$ exclusively f ! ext]nal _w & is n a purely m5tal product4 ,to x ?+s possess$ ( %ape 7 necess>y & ^! %apes m5 comp>$ until ! concept =m 0 arriv$ at4 ,pure ma!matics consid]s ! %apes & quantities ( ?+s 9 ! actual _w1 v real objects4 ,! fact t ^! objects appe> 9 a v ab/ract =m only sup]ficially conceals _! orig9 9 ! _w ( ext]nal nature4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ^! =ms & qualities 9 _! purity x is necess>y to sep>ate !m f _! cont5t & ?us "o gets ! po9t1 )\t dim5sions1 ! l9e1 )\t bread? & ?ickness1 a & b1 x & y1 con/ants & v>iables1 & we f9ally fir/ arrive at indep5d5t creations ( ! imag9ation & intellect1 imag9>y magnitudes4 ,also ! app>5t d]ivation ( ma!matical magnitudes f ea* o!r does n prove _! apriori/ic orig91 b only _! rational int]connection4 ,be=e "o atta9$ ! concept t ! =m ( a cyl9d] 0 d]iv$ f ! revolution ( a rectangle r\nd "o ( its sides1 he mu/ h exam9$ a numb] ( rectangles & cyl9d]s ev5 if ( imp]fect =m4 ,l all sci5ces1 ma!matics has sprung f ! necessities ( m51 f ! measurem5t ( l& & ! cont5t ( vessels1 f ! calculation ( "t & me*anics4 ,b1 z 9 e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t1 laws are ab/ract$ f ! actual ph5om5a1 are sep>at$ f !m & set ov] aga9/ !m1 z some?+ indep5d5t ( !m1 z laws1 :i* app>5tly come f ! outside1 9 accordance ) :i* ! mat]ial _w mu/ necess>ily conduct itself4 ,s1 x has happ5$ 9 society & ! /ate1 s1 & n o!rwise1 pure ma!matics ?\gh borr[$ f ! _w is appli$ to ! _w1 & ?\gh x only %[s a portion ( its compon5t factors is all ! bett] applicable on t acc\nt4 ,b z ,h]r ,duehr+ imag9es t ! :ole ( pure ma!matics c be d]iv$ f ! ma!matical axioms1 :i* accord+ to purely logical concepts are nei!r capable ( pro( nor 9 ne$ ( any1 & )\t empirical +r$i5ts any:]e & t ^! c be appli$ to ! univ]se1 he likewise imag9es1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! f\ndation =ms ( be+1 ! s+le +r$i5ts ( all k1 ! axioms ( philosophy1 to be produc$ by ! intellect ( man2 he imag9es also t he c d]ive ! :ole ( philosophy or plan ( ! univ]se f ^!1 & t 8 sublime g5ius c compel u to accept ?is1 8 conception ( nature & humanity4 ,un=tunately nature & humanity are n con/itut$ l ! ,prussians ( ! ,manteuffel regime ( #ahej4 ,! axioms ( ma!matics are expressions ( ! mo/ elem5t>y ideas :i* ma!matics mu/ borr[ f logic4 ,!y may be r$uc$ to two4 7#a7 ,! :ole is great] ?an its "p2 ?is /atem5t is m]e tautology1 s9ce ! quantitatively limit$ concept1 "p1 necess>ily ref]s to ! concept1 :ole1--9 t "p signifies no m ?an t ! quantitative :ole is made up ( quantitative p>ts4 ,s9ce ! s-call$ axiom m]ely ass]ts ?is mu* we are n a /ep fur!r4 ,?is c be %[n to be a tautology if we say ,! :ole is t :i* consi/s ( sev]al p>ts--a "p is t sev]al ( :i* make up a :ole1 !re=e ! "p is less ?an ! :ole4 ,:]e ! b>r5ness ( ! repetition %[s ! lack ( cont5t all ! m /rongly4 7#b7 ,if two magnitudes are equal to a ?ird !y are equal to "o ano!r2 ?is /atem5t is1 z ,hegel has %[n1 a conclusion1 ^u ! correctness ( :i* all logic dep5ds1 & :i* is demon/rat$ !re=e outside ( pure ma!matics4 ,! rema9+ axioms ) reg>d to equality & inequality are m]ely logical ext5sions ( ?is conclusion4 ,su* b>r5 /atem5ts are n entic+ ei!r 9 ma!matics or any:]e else4 ,to proce$ we mu/ h realities1 conditions & =ms tak5 f real mat]ial ?+s2 repres5tations ( l9es1 planes1 angles1 polygons1 sph]es1 etc41 are all borr[$ f reality1 & x is j naive ideology to believe ! ma!maticians1 :o ass]t t ! fir/ l9e 0 made by caus+ a po9t to progress ?r\gh space1 ! fir/ plane by means ( ! movem5t ( a l9e1 & ! fir/ solid by revolv+ a plane1 etc4 ,ev5 spee* rebels aga9/ ?is idea4 ,a ma!matical figure ( ?ree dim5sions is call$ a solid--corpus solidum--& h5ce1 accord+ to ! ,lat91 a body capable ( be+ h&l$4 ,x has a "n d]iv$1 !re=e1 by no means f ! indep5d5t play ( imag9ation b f solid reality4 ,b to :at purpose is all ?is prolixity8 ,aft] ,h]r ,duehr+ has en?usia/ically proclaim$ ! indep5d5ce ( pure ma!matics ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 _! apriorism1 _! connection ) free creation & imag9ation1 he says x w be readily se5 t ^! ma!matical elem5ts 7numb]1 magnitude1 "t1 space1 geometric progression71 are !re=e ideal =ms ) relation to absolute magnitudes & !re=e some?+ q empiric1 no matt] to :at species !y belong4 ,b ma!matical g5]al notions are1 ap>t f exp]i5ce1 nev]!less capable ( suffici5t *>act]ization1 :i* latt] proce$s1 m or less1 f ea* ab/raction1 b does n by any means prove t x is n depriv$ f ! actual4 ,9 ! s*eme ( ! univ]se ( our au?or pure ma!matics orig9at$ 9 pure ?\ght1 9 8 philosophy ( nature x is d]iv$ f ! ext]nal _w & !n set ap>t f x4 ,:at are we !n to believe8 ,! ,s*eme ( ! ,univ]se4 ,all-compreh5d+ exi/5ce is sole4 ,x is suffici5t to itself & has no?+ above or bel[ x4 ,to associate a second exi/5ce ) x w\ld be to make x j :at x is n1 a "p ( a con/itu5t or all-embrac+ :ole4 ,:5 we conceive ( our idea ( sol5ess z a frame !re is no?+ :i* c ent] into ?is1 no?+ :i* reta9s tw(oldness c ent] into ?is concept ( unity4 ,b no?+ c ali5ate itself f ?is concept ( unity4 ,! ess5ce ( all ?\ght consi/s 9 unit+ ! elem5ts ( consci\sness 9 a unity4 ,! indivisible concept ( ! univ]se has aris5 by compreh5d+ ev]y?+1 & ! univ]se1 z ! ^w signifies1 is recognis$ z some?+ 9 :i* ev]y?+ is unit$ into "o unity4 ,s f> ,h]r ,duehr+ is quot$4 ,! ma!matical me?od1 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be decid$ on simple axiomatic f\ndation pr9ciples1 j z if x 7 conc]n$ ) ! simple pr9ciples ( ma!matics1 ?is me?od is = ! fir/ "t "h appli$4 ,! all-embrac+ exi/5ce is sole4 ,if tautology1 simple repetition 9 ! pr$icate ( :at has be5 /at$ 9 ! subject1 if ?is con/itutes an axiom1 !n we h a spl5did specim54 ,9 ! subject ,h]r ,duehr+ tells u t exi/5ce compreh5ds ev]y?+1 9 ! pr$icate he expla9s intrepidly t !re is no?+ outside x4 ,:at a sy/em-%ap+ ?\ght4 ,x is inde$ sy/em-%ap+ until we f9d six l9es fur!r d[n t ,h]r ,duehr+ has trans=m$ ! sol5ess ( be+ by means ( our idea ( unity into its "o-ness4 ,z ! "w ( all ?\ght consi/s 9 ! br++ toge!r ( all ?\ght into a unity s is exi/5ce1 z soon z x is conceiv$1 ?\ght ( z a unity1 an indivisible concept ( ! univ]se1 & because exi/5ce s conceiv$ is ! sole univ]sal concept1 s is real exi/5ce1 ! real univ]se1 j z mu* an indivisible unity1 & consequ5tly ! be+s 9 ! beyond h no fur!r place z soon z ! m9d has le>n$ to compreh5d exi/5ce 9 ! homog5e\s univ]sality4 ,t is a campaign ) :i* 9 comp>ison ,au/]litz & ,j5a1 ,ko5iggratz & ,s$an s9k 9 insignificance4 ,9 a c\ple ( expressions aft] we h set ! fir/ axiom mov+ we h aboli%$1 put away1 & de/roy$ all ! inhabitants ( ! _s-_w1 ,god1 ! heav5ly hi]>*ies1 heav51 hell & purgatory z well z ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,h[ d we arrive at ! idea ( ! unity ( exi/5ce f t ( its sol5ess8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we g5]ally conceive x4 ,z we spread out our idea ( unity z a frame ar\nd x ! concept ( exi/5ce becomes ! concept ( unity1 = ! exi/5ce ( all ?\ght consi/s 9 ! br++ ( elem5ts ( consci\sness into unity4 ,?is la/ /atem5t is simply false4 ,9 ! fir/ place ?\ght consi/s 9 ! decomposition ( objects ( consci\sness into _! elem5ts z well z 9 ! unit+ ( mutually connect$ elem5ts into a unity4 ,!re c be no syn!sis )\t analysis4 ,9 ! second place1 ?\ght c1 )\t error1 only br+ ^? elem5ts ( consci\sness into a unity 9 :i* or 9 ! actual prototypes ( :i* ?is unity already exi/$ be=eh&4 ,if ,i compreh5d a %oebru% "u ! class mammal1 x does n !reupon become a milk-giv]4 ,! unity ( exi/5ce is !re=e j ! ?+ :i* _h to be prov$ 9 ord] to ju/ify 8 concept ( ?\ght z a unity1 & if ,h]r ,duehr+ assures u t he reg>ds exi/5ce z a unity & n z tw(old he tells u no?+ m ?an t he himself p]sonally ?9ks s4 ,to give a cle> explanation ( 8 me?od ( reason+1 x is z foll[s1 ,i beg9 ) exi/5ce4 ,!re=e ,i ?9k ( exi/5ce4 ,! idea ( exi/5ce is an idea ( unity4 ,?\ght & exi/5ce mu/ !re=e belong toge!r1 !y answ] "o ano!r1 !y mutually cov] ea* o!r4 ,!re=e exi/5ce is 9 reality a unity & !re are no be+s beyond4 ,b if ,h]r ,duehr+ _h spok5 ?us pla9ly in/ead ( ent]ta9+ u ) oracul> /atem5ts1 ! ideology ( 8 argum5t w\ld h be5 completely expos$4 ,to attempt to und]take to prove f ! id5tity ( ?\ght & exi/5ce ! reality ( ! result ( ?\ght1 t inde$ 7 "o ( ! fev]-phantoms ( a ,hegel4 ,if 8 entire me?od ( pro( 7 really correct ,h]r ,duehr+ w\ld n h ga9$ a s+le po9t ov] ! spiriti/s4 ,! spiriti/s w\ld curtly reply1 ,! univ]se is simple f our /&po9t also4 ,! division into ! hi!r & ! beyond only exi/s f our special e>?ly orig9al s9 /&po9t4 ,9 its ess5ce1 t is ,god1 ! entire univ]se is a unity4 ,& !y w take ,h]r ,duehr+ ) !m to 8 belov$ heav5ly bodies1 & w %[ him "o or m :]e no orig9al s9 c be f\nd1 & :]e !re is !re=e no antagonism betwe5 ! hi!r & ! beyond1 & ! on5ess ( ! univ]se is a dem& ( fai?4 ,! mo/ comical ?+ ab\t ! matt] is t ,h]r ,duehr+ 9 ord] to prove ! non-exi/5ce ( ,god f 8 concept ( exi/5ce1 furni%es ! ontological pro( ( ,god's exi/5ce4 ,?is runs z foll[s--,if we ?9k ( ,god we ?9k ( ,him z ! concept ( complete p]fection4 ,to ! idea ( p]fection exi/5ce is a fir/ ess5tial1 s9ce a non-exi/5t be+ is ( necessity imp]fect4 ,we mu/ !re=e add exi/5ce to ! p]fections ( ,god4 ,!re=e ,god mu/ exi/4 ,?us ,h]r ,duehr+ reasons exactly4 ,if we ?9k ( exi/5ce we ?9k ( x z a concept4 ,:at is unit$ into a concept is a unity1 !re=e exi/5ce w\ld n correspond ) its concept if x 7 n a unity4 ,!re=e x mu/ be a unity1 !re=e !re is no ,god1 etc4 ,if we speak ( exi/5ce & m]ely ( exi/5ce1 ! unity c only consi/ 9 ?is t all objects ) :i* x is conc]n$ are--exi/4 ,!y are compris$ "u ! unity ( ?is common exi/5ce1 & no o!r1 & ! g5]al dictum t !y all exi/ _c give !m any fur!r qualities1 common or n common1 b excludes all su* f consid]ation 9 advance4 ,= z soon z we take a /ep beyond ! simple fact t exi/5ce is common to all ?+s1 ! di/9ctions betwe5 ^! sep>ate ?+s engage our att5tion1 & if ^! diff]5ces consi/ 9 ?is t "s are black1 "s :ite1 "s alive1 o!rs n alive1 "s hi!r & "s beyond1 we _c conclude !refrom t m]e exi/5ce c be imput$ to all ( !m alike4 ,! unity ( ! univ]se does n consi/ 9 its exi/5ce1 al?\gh its exi/5ce is a presumption ( its unity1 s9ce x mu/ fir/ exi/ be=e x c be a unit4 ,exi/5ce beyond ! b\nd>y l9e ( our horizon is an op5 "q4 ,! real unity ( ! univ]se consi/s 9 its mat]iality1 & ?is is e/abli%$1 n by a pair ( juggl+ phrases b by means ( a long & difficult developm5t ( philosophy & natural sci5ce4 ,) respect to ! subject 9 h&2 ! exi/5ce :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ pres5ts to u is n t pure exi/5ce :i* is self suffici5t & )\t any o!r qualities1 9 fact1 only repres5t+ ! anti!sis ( no-idea or abs5ce-(-idea4 ,n[ we %all v soon see t ! univ]se ( ,h]r ,duehr+ has its orig9 simultane\sly ) an exi/5ce :i* is )\t ess5tial diff]5tiation1 progress or *ange1 & is !re=e m]ely 9 fact a contradiction ( abs5ce ( ?\ght1 !re=e really no?+4 ,f ?is non-exi/5ce is develop$ ! pres5t diff]5tiat$1 *angeable univ]se :i* repres5ts progressive gr[?2 & :5 we grasp ?is idea1 only by virtue ( ?is et]nal *ange d we arrive at ! concept ( ! self suffic+1 univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,we h !re=e n[ ! concept ( exi/5ce on a high] plane :]e x comprises )9 itself /ability z well z *ange1 be+ z well z developm5t4 ,arriv$ at ?is po9t we f9d t species & g5]a 9 fact ! special & ! g5]al1 are ! simple/ =ms ( diff]5tiation1 )\t :i* ! con/itution ( ?+s _c be grasp$4 ,b ?is is a means ( di/+ui%+ quality & aft] a discussion ( ?is "p ( ! subject we proce$ ,ov] aga9/ ! idea ( species /&s ! idea ( ! :ole1 a homog5eity1 z x 71 9 :i* no diff]5tiation ( species c long] be f\nd1 s we pass f quality to quantity & ?is is always capable ( measurem5t4 ,let u comp>e ?is cle> analysis ( ! actual1 univ]sal s*eme ( ?+s & its real1 critical /&po9t ) ! fev]-phantasies ( a ,hegel4 ,we f9d t ,hegel's ,logic beg9s ) exi/5ce z does t ( ,h]r ,duehr+2 t exi/5ce displays itself z no?+1 z ) ,h]r ,duehr+2 t out ( ?is n-be+1 a leap is made into be+1 & t exi/5ce is ! result ( ?is1 t is a m complete & high] =m ( be+1 z ) ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,be+ leads to quality1 quality to quantity1 j z ) ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,& 9 ord] t no ess5tial %all be lack+ ,h]r ,duehr+ tells u else:]e f ! realm ( abs5ce ( s5sation man leaps to t ( s5sation 9 spite ( all ! quantitative /eps ) b "o qualitative leap 444 f :i* we c %[ t he is entirely diff]5tiat$ f ! m]e gradation ( "o & ! same quality4 ,?is is j ! ,hegelian /&>d ( measurem5t accord+ to :i* m]e quantitative expansion or contraction causes a sudd5 qualitative *ange at a giv5 po9t1 z = example ) heat$ or cool$ wat]1 !re are po9ts :]e ! spr+ into a new set ( conditions is fulfill$ "u normal circum/ances1 & :]e !re=e quantity sudd5ly *anges into quality4 ,our inve/igation has likewise s\ght to p5etrate to ! deepe/ roots1 & discov]s ! root$ ,duehr+ f\ndations to be ! fev]-phantasies ( a ,hegel1 ! categories ( ! ,hegelian logic1 9 ! fir/ place1 tea*+s 9 reg>d to exi/5ce aft] ! antique ,hegelian me?od1 & an ineffective cloak ( plagi>ism4 ,& n cont5t ) purlo9+ ! :ole s*eme ( exi/5ce f 8 despis$ pr$ecessors1 ,h]r ,duehr+ aft] giv+ ! above example ( a *ange ( quantity into quality has ! coolness to say ( ,m>x1 ,is x n comical1 ?is appeal 7( ,m>x7 to ,hegelian confusion & mi/9ess1 t quantity *anges into quality4 ,confus$ mixture1 :o *anges 8 gr\nd1 :o is a comical fell[ ,h]r ,duehr+8 ,all ^! pretty little /atem5ts are n only n axiomatic utt]ances accord+ to label1 b are simply tak5 f =eign s\rces1 t is1 f ,hegel's ,logic4 ,( a tru? !re is n reveal$ 9 ! :ole *apt] ! %ad[ ( any inn] connection1 except s f> z x is borr[$ f ,hegel1 & ! :ole talk ab\t /ability & *ange f9ally runs out into m]e g>rulity on ! subject ( "t & space4 ,f exi/5ce ,hegel comes to sub/ance1 to ! dialectic4 ,"h he treats ( reflex-movem5ts1 antagonisms & contradictions1 positive & negative = example1 & !nce proce$s to causality1 or ! conditions ( cause & effect & closes ) necessity4 ,h]r ,duehr+ does n v>y ?is me?od4 ,:at ,hegel calls ! doctr9es ( exi/5ce ,h]r ,duehr+ has translat$ into logical prop]ties ( exi/5ce4 ,^! exi/1 above all else 9 ! antagonism ( =ces1 9 anti!sis1 ,h]r ,duehr+ d5ies ! anti!sis 9 toto1 b we %all return to ?is matt] lat]4 ,!n he proce$s to causality & !nce to necessity4 ,if ,h]r ,duehr+ says ( himself1 ,i d n philosophise f a cage1 he mu/ mean t he philosophises 9 a cage1 ! cage ( ! ,hegelian arrangem5t ( categories4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,natural ,,philosophy ,"t & ,space4 ,we n[ come to natural philosophy4 ,"h aga9 ,h]r ,duehr+ takes x ^u himself to be dissatisfi$ ) 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he says ,natural philosophy sank s l[ t x became b>r5 dregs ( poetry & _h fall5 into ! degrad$ rubbi% ( ! %am philosophy ( a ,s*ell+ & ! l1 grubb+ 9 prie/-craft & my/ify+ ! public4 ,disgu/ has rid u ( ^! de=mities1 b up to ! pres5t x has be5 succe$$ by in/ability1 & :at is ( conc]n to ! public at l>ge is t ! disappe>ance ( a p>ticul>ly great *>latan m]ely gives an opportunity to a small] b m exp]t successor :o repeats ! production 9 ano!r =m4 ,naturali/s h little desire = a flight into ! k+dom ( ! univ]se-compreh5d+ ideas1 & !re=e indulge too freely 9 speculations :i* g to pieces4 ,?us complete salvation mu/ be f\nd1 &1 =tunately1 ,h]r ,duehr+ is at h&4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d aright ! foll[+ conclusions respect+ ! unfold+ ( ! univ]se 9 "t & its limitation 9 space1 we mu/ aga9 turn our att5tion to c]ta9 portions ( ! s*eme ( ! univ]se4 ,et]nity is ascrib$ to exi/5ce1 9 agreem5t ) ,hegel1 :at ,hegel calls tiresome 7s*le*t7 et]nity1 & ?is et]nity is n[ inve/igat$4 ,! pla9e/ =m ( an incontrov]tible idea ( et]nity is ! pil+ up ( numb]s unlimit$ly 9 ari?metical progression4 ,j z we c give a complete unity to ea* numb] )\t ! possibility ( repetition1 s at e /age ( its be+ x progresses /ill fur!r & et]nity consi/s 9 ! unlimit$ manife/ation ( ?is condition4 ,?is suffici5tly conceiv$ et]nity has b "o s+le beg9n+ ) "o s+le direction4 ,al?\gh x is n mat]ial to our concept to imag9e a direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! progression piles up1 ?is notion ( a backw>d mov+ et]nity is only a ha/y picture drawn by ! imag9ation4 ,s9ce x mu/ necess>ily run 9 a contr>y direction1 x w\ld h beh9d x 9 ea* in/ance an endless succession ( numb]s4 ,b ?is w\ld be inadmissible z con/itut+ ! contradiction ( a calculat$ inf9ity ( numb]s1 & s x seems absurd to imag9e a second direction ( et]nity4 ,! fir/ conclusion to be drawn f ?is conception ( et]nity is t ! *a9 ( cause & effect 9 ! univ]se mu/ once h _h a beg9n+3 an endless numb] ( causes :i* h foll[$ "o ano!r endlessly is !re=e un?9kable1 because innum]ability is ?us consid]$ z enum]at$1 !re=e a f9al cause is prov$4 ,! second conclusion is ! law ( ! def9ite numb]3 ! accumulation ( id5tical indep5d5t objects ( an actual species is only ?9kable z be+ made up ( a def9ite numb] ( ^! individual objects4 ,n only mu/ ! actual numb] ( ! heav5ly bodies be def9ite at a giv5 "t1 b ! total numb] ( all exi/5t objects1 ! smalle/ indep5d5t p>ticles ( matt]4 ,?is la/ necessity con/itutes ! real reason :y no composite body is ?9kable except z made up ( atoms4 ,all actual division has a fix$ limit & mu/ h x1 if ! contradiction ( a num]at$ innum]ability is to be avoid$4 ,on ! same gr\nds n only mu/ ! revolutions ( ! sun & e>? be fix$ z !y h occurr$ up to ! pres5t1 ev5 if !y _c be indicat$1 b all ! p]iodical processes ( nature mu/ h _h a beg9n+ some:]e1 & all ! di/9ctions & complexities ( nature :i* succe$ ea* o!r mu/ simil>ly h _h an orig94 ,?is mu/ indisputably h exi/$ f et]nity1 b su* an idea w\ld be exclud$ if "t consi/$ ( real p>ts & 0 n arbitr>ily divid$ to accommodate ! possibilities ( our und]/&+4 ,x is diff]5t ) "t1 self reg>d$1 b ! facts & ph5om5a ( :i* "t is made up be+ capable ( diff]5tiation c be enum]at$4 ,let u conceive ( a condition 9 :i* no *ange occurs & :i* und]goes no alt]ation 9 its /able id5tity2 ! "t concept !n becomes trans=m$ into ! g5]al notion ( exi/5ce4 ,:at is ! result ( pil+ up an empty duration ( "t is n discov]able4 ,s f>1 ,h]r ,duehr+ writes & he is n a little edifi$ conc]n+ ! significance ( ^! discov]ies4 ,he hopes t x is p]ceiv$ z a n insignificant tru?1 & lat] on says1 ,"o %\ld note ! v simple phrases by :i* we h help$ ! concept ( immortality & ! criticism ( x to a po9t at pres5t unkn[n1 ?r\gh ! %>p5+ & deep5+ ( ! simple elem5ts ( ! univ]sal conception ( "t & space4 ,we h help$6 ,?is deep5+ & %>p5+6 ,:o are we8 ,9 :at are we manife/8 ,:o deep5s & :o %>p5s8 ,!sis--! _w has a beg9n+ 9 "t & is b\nd$ by space4 ,pro(--,if "o suppose t ! _w has no beg9n+ 9 "t he is b\nd to grant inf9ity to ea* po9t ( "t1 & s an inf9ite succession ( ?+s has pass$ away 9 ! univ]se4 ,b inf9ity ( a s]ies consi/s 9 ! impossibility ( its completion by successive syn!ses4 ,!re=e an et]nal progression ( ! _w is impossible4 ,h5ce a beg9n+ ( ! _w is a necess>y condition ( its exi/5ce1 :i* 0 to be prov$4 ,let u take ! o!r concept4 ,! _w n[ appe>s z an et]nal giv5 :ole consi/+ ( ?+s :i* h a simultane\s exi/5ce4 ,n[ we c conceive ( ! mass ( a quantity1 :i* c only be reg>d$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 9 no o!r way ?an by means ( ! syn!sis ( its p>ts1 & we conceive ! totality ( ! quantity by means ( ! complet$ syn!sis or repeat$ additions ( ! unity to itself4 ,?us1 9 ord] to conceive ( ! univ]se z a :ole :i* fills all space1 ! successive syn!ses ( ! p>ts ( an inf9ite univ]se mu/ be reg>d$ z be+ complet$1 t is an et]nity ( "t mu/ 9 calculat+ all coexi/+ ?+s1 be reg>d$ z hav+ exi/$1 b ?is is impossible4 ,!re=e an un5d+ aggregate ( actual ?+s _c be reg>d$ z a giv5 :ole & !re=e also n z coexi/5t4 ,a _w is !re=e ext5sion 9 space :i* is n unlimit$ & :i* has !re=e b\nds4 ,& ?is 0 ! second ?+ to be prov$4 ,^! /atem5ts are copi$ f a well-kn[n book :i* made its appe>ance 9 #agha & is entitl$ ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 by ,immanuel ,kant4 ,!y c be read !re 9 ,"p ,i1 ,division #b1 second section1 second "p4 ,fir/ ,ant9omy ( ,pure ,reason4 ,to ,h]r ,duehr+ alone rema9s ! "n & fame ( hav+ pa/$ ! law ( fix$ numb]s on "o ( ! publi%$ ?\ghts ( ,kant & ( hav+ made ! discov]y t !re 0 once a "t :5 "t did n exi/ b only a univ]se4 ,= ! re/1 !re=e1 :5 we come across any?+ s5sible 9 ,h]r ,duehr+'s exposition ,we means ,immanuel ,kant1 & ! pres5t is only n9ety-five ye>s old4 ,q simple inde$1 & unkn[n until n[6 ,b ,kant does n e/abli% ! above /atem5t by 8 pro(4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he %[s ! rev]se1 namely1 t ! univ]se has no beg9n+ 9 "t & no end 9 space1 & he fixes 8 ant9omy 9 ?is1 ! unsolvable contradiction t ! "o is j z capable ( pro( z ! o!r4 ,p ( small calibre might be incl9$ to ?9k t "h ,kant _h f\nd an insup]able difficulty1 n s our bold au?or ( fundam5tal results especially 8 own4 ,he copies all t he c use ( ,kant's ant9omy & ?r[s ! re/ away4 ,! matt] solves itself v simply4 ,et]nity 9 "t & endlessness 9 space signify f ! v words t !re is no end 9 ei!r direction1 =w>ds or backw>ds1 ov] or "u1 "r or left4 ,?is inf9ity is q diff]5t f an endless progression1 s9ce ! latt] always has "s beg9n+1 a fir/ /ep4 ,! inapplicability ( ?is progression idea to our object is evid5t directly we apply x to space4 ,inf9ite progression translat$ 9 t]ms ( space is a l9e produc$ cont9u\sly 9 a giv5 direction4 ,is inf9ity 9 space express$ 9 ?is way1 ev5 remotely8 ,on ! contr>y x requires six ( ^! l9es drawn f ?is po9t 9 ?ree opposite directions to express ! dim5sions ( space & we %\ld h accord+ly six ( ^! dim5sions4 ,kant saw ?is s pla9ly t he employ$ 8 progression m]ely indirectly 9 a r\nd ab\t way to express ! ext5t ( ! univ]se4 ,h]r ,duehr+ on ! contr>y =ces u to accept 8 six dim5sions ( space & at ! same "t has no words 9 :i* to express 8 contempt ( ! ma!matical my/icism ( ,gauss :o w\ld n cont5t himself ) ! ?ree dim5sions ( space4 ,appli$ to "t1 ! s]ies or r[ ( objects1 inf9ite at bo? extremities1 has a c]ta9 figurative significance4 ,b let u picture "t z proce$+ f unity or a l9e proce$+ f a fix$ po9t4 ,we c say !n t "t has _h a beg9n+4 ,we assume j :at we want$ to prove4 ,we give a "o-sid$ half-"* to inf9ity ( "t4 ,b a "o-sid$ et]nity split 9 halves is a contradiction 9 itself1 ! exact opposite ( a hypo!tical inf9ity1 incapable ( contradiction4 ,we c only ov]come ?is contradiction by assum+ t ! unity :i* we began to c\nt ! progression f1 ! po9t f :i* we measure ! l9e1 is a unity tak5 at pleasure 9 ! s]ies1 a po9t tak5 at pleasure 9 ! l9e4 ,h5ce z f> z ! l9e or s]ies is conc]n$ x is immat]ial :]e we put x4 ,b z = ! contradiction ( ! c\nt$ endless progression we %all be 9 a position to exam9e x m closely z soon z ,h]r ,duehr+ has taught u ! trick ( reckon+ x4 ,if he has accompli%$ ! feat ( c\nt+ f m9us inf9ity to z]o1 we %all be glad to he> f him aga94 ,x is cle> t :]ev] he beg9s to c\nt he leaves beh9d him an endless progression1 & ) x ! problem :i* he _h to solve4 ,let him only take 8 own inf9ite progression #a #b #c #d etc4 & try to reckon back to #a aga9 f ! inf9ite end4 ,he evid5tly does n compreh5d ! requirem5ts ( ! problem4 ,& fur!rmore1 if he affirms t ! inf9ite progression ( pa/ "t is capable ( calculation he mu/ affirm t "t has a beg9n+ = o!rwise he c\ld n beg9 to calculate4 ,!re=e he aga9 sub/itutes a supposition = :at he _h to prove4 ,! idea ( ! calculat$ inf9ite s]ies1 9 o!r words ,duehr+'s all-embrac+ law ( ! fix$ numb]1 is !re=e a contradiction 9 adjecto1 is a self contradiction1 & an absurd "o1 moreov]4 ,x is cle> t an inf9ity :i* has an end b no beg9n+ is nei!r m nor less ?an an inf9ity :i* has a beg9n+ b no end4 ,! lea/ logical insight w\ld h compell$ ,h]r ,duehr+ to ! /atem5t t beg9n+ & end are mutually necess>y to ea* o!r1 l ,nor? ,pole & ,s\? ,pole1 & t if "o omit ! end ! beg9n+ becomes ! end1 ! "o end :i* ! s]ies has & vice v]sa4 ,! entire fallacy w\ld n be possible if x 7 n = ! ma!matical practice ( op]at+ ) an inf9ite s]ies4 ,because 9 ma!matics "o mu/ proce$ f ! giv5 & f9ite to t :i* is n giv5 & inf9ite1 all ma!matical s]ies :e!r positive or negative1 beg9 ) a fix$ po9t o!rwise "o _c calculate4 ,! ideal necessities ( ! ma!matician h[ev] are v f> f be+ a law compulsory ^u ! univ]se4 ,besides ,h]r ,duehr+ w nev] succe$ 9 imag9+ an inf9ity )\t contradiction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 inf9ity is a contradiction & full ( contradictions4 ,= example x is a contradiction t inf9ity %\ld be made up ( f9ite ?+s & yet su* is ! case4 ,! notion ( a limit$ univ]se leads to contradictions j z mu* z ! notion ( its unlimit$ness1 & ea* attempt to aboli% ^! contradictions leads1 z we h se51 to new & worse contradictions4 ,b j because inf9ity is a contradiction1 x is )\t end1 endlessly develop+ itself 9 "t & space4 ,! abolition ( ! contradiction w\ld be ! end ( inf9ity4 ,hegel saw t v cle>ly1 & cov]s ! p :o ent]$ ^u intricate argum5ts ab\t ?is contradiction ) m]it$ scorn4 ,let u proce$4 ,n[1 "t has _h a beg9n+4 ,:at 0 be=e ?is beg9n+8 ,! un*angeable univ]se incomp>able ) any?+ else4 ,& z no *anges occur 9 ?is condition ! p>ticul> concept "t is trans=m$ into ! g5]al concept exi/5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h no?+ to d ) ! trans=mation :i* goes on 9 ! bra9 ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,we are n engag$ ) a concept ( "t1 b ) actual "t ( :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ _c s easily dispose4 ,9 ! second place no matt] h[ mu* ! concept ( "t is trans=m$ into ! g5]al concept exi/5ce x does n br+ u "o /ep ne>] ! goal4 ,= ! fundam5tal =ms ( all exi/5ce are space & "t1 & a ?+ exi/+ outside ( "t is z silly an idea z t ( a be+ outside ( space4 ,! ,hegelian pa/ exi/5ce 9 :i* !re 0 no "t & ! neo-,s*ell+ be+ beyond ! scope ( ?\ght are rational conceptions comp>$ ) ?is be+ outside ( "t4 ,= ?is reason ,h]r ,duehr+ goes to "w v cauti\sly intr9sically x may be call$ "t1 b "o _c really call x "t1 z "t does n consi/ 9 itself ( real p>ts b is m]ely divid$ by u into p>ts to suit our own conv5i5ce1 only a real fill+ up ( "t ) di/9ct facts makes x capable ( calculation4 ,x is impossible to see ! significance ( pil+ up an empty duration4 ,b x does n matt] anyway4 ,! "q is :e!r ! univ]se 9 ?is presuppos$ condition cont9ues1 t is p]si/s1 ?r\gh a p]iod ( "t4 ,we h long kn[n t x is useless to try & measure su* empty space & to calculate )\t plan or aim & j because ( ! tiresom5ess ( su* a proce$+ ,hegel calls ?is inf9ity mis]able4 ,accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+ "t exi/s only by virtue ( *ange1 n *ange 9 & ?r\gh "t4 ,because "t is diff]5t f *ange & indep5d5t ( x1 we c measure x by ! *anges1 because 9 ord] to measure we ne$ some?+ diff]5t f t :i* is to be measur$4 ,& ! "t 9 :i* no recognisible *anges take place is v f> f be+ no "t1 on ! o!r h& s9ce x is free f o!r +r$i5ts1 x is pure1 t is to say1 true "t4 ,inde$ if we want to contemplate "t z a pure concept sep>at$ f all =eign admixture1 we are oblig$ to elim9ate all ! v>i\s ev5ts :i* occur 9 "t1 ei!r successively or simultane\sly1 & ?us imag9e a "t 9 :i* no?+ occurs4 ,by ?is means we h n p]mitt$ ! concept "t to be ov]come by ! g5]al concept ( exi/5ce1 b we h !reby arriv$ at a pure "t concept4 ,all ^! contradictions & impossibilities are m]e *ild's play comp>$ ) ! confusion into :i* he plunges ! univ]se ) its self-suffici5t comm5cem5t4 ,if ! univ]se 0 9 a condition 9 :i* no *ange occurr$ 9 x1 h[ did x ev] manage to get f t /ate to "o ( *ange8 ,moreov]1 an absolute condition ( abs5ce ( *ange exi/+ f et]nity _c possibly get out ( t /ate unaid$ s z to pass ov] to a condition ( progress & *ange4 ,a fir/ cause ( motion mu/ !re=e h come f ! outside1 f beyond ! univ]se1 :i* caus$ ! movem5t4 ,?is fir/ cause ( motion is cle>ly only ano!r t]m = ,god1 ,! ,god & ! ,beyond ( :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ fanci$ t he _h s nicely settl$ 9 8 s*eme ( ! univ]se1 return %>p5$ & deep5$ 9 8 natural philosophy4 ,fur!r ,h]r ,duehr+ says3 ,:]e a fix$ elem5t ( exi/5ce is capable ( measurem5t1 x w rema9 9 unalt]able /ability4 ,?is is evid5t f mat]ial & me*anical =ce4 ,! =m] quotation gives1 x may be incid5tally m5tion$1 a good example ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s axiomatic gr&iloqu5ce4 ,fix$ quantities rema9 exactly ! same1 ! quantity ( me*anical =ce1 once 9 ! univ]se1 is always ! same4 ,we w n dwell on ?is1 s f> z x is true1 ,desc>tes knew & said x ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago z reg>ds philosophy1 :ile 9 me*anical sci5ce ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy has be5 prea*$ = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,h]r ,duehr+ has n improv$ ^u x 9 s f> z he limits x to me*anical en]gy4 ,b :]e 0 me*anical en]gy at ! p]iod ( un*angeabl5ess8 ,to ?is "q ,h]r ,duehr+ /ubbornly refuses an answ]4 ,:]e 0 ! un*angeable me*anical =ce !n1 ,h]r ,duehr+1 & :at 0 x busy ab\t8 ,answ]3 ,! orig9al /ate ( ! univ]se1 or1 bett]1 ! exi/5ce ( un*angeable matt]1 n all[+ ( any *anges 9 "t1 is a "q :i* no m9d c pass except "o :i* sees ! acme ( wisdom 9 ! de/ruction ( its own p[]s4 ,!re=e y mu/ ei!r take my orig9al condition ) y\r eyes %ut1 or ,i1 ! lu/y ,eug5e ,duehr+1 br& y z an intellectual eunu*4 ,"s p might be q al>m$ ab\t ?is1 b we :o h se5 a few examples ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s p[]s1 c let ! elegant abuse pass & reit]ate ! "q1 ,b h[ ab\t t me*anical en]gy1 ,h]r ,duehr+1 if y please8 ,h]r ,duehr+ is /agg]$ at once4 ,9 fact1 he /amm]s1 ,!re is no pro( ( ! actual exi/5ce ( t orig9al condition4 ,let u rememb] t ?is is also ! case ) ea* new /ep 9 ! s]ies ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,he !re=e :o w make difficulties 9 ! =ego+ case may see t he does n avoid !m 9 ! small] app>5t cases4 ,besides1 ! possibility exi/s t !re are successively graduat$ int]m$iate /ates ins]t$1 & ?us !re is a /able bridge by ! means ( :i* we c "w backw>ds to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,z a matt] ( fact ?is notion ( /ability does n assi/ ! ma9 ?\ght1 b x is = u ! fundam5tal =m ( regul> progression1 & ( ea* transition kn[n s f>1 s t we h a "r to consid] x z int]m$iate betwe5 ! fir/ orig9al /ate & its di/urbance4 ,b if we consid] ! indep5d5t condition ( equipoise f ! po9t ( view ( ma!matical concepts z1 admitt$ly1 )\t indep5d5t exi/5ce1 !re is no ne$ ( indicat+ ! mode 9 :i* matt] came into a dynamic condition4 ,outside ( ! me*anics ( matt] a *ange 9 movem5t ( matt] dep5ds ^u a *ange 9 ! movem5t ( ! mo/ insignificant p>ticles4 ,up to ! pres5t we h no univ]sal pr9ciple ( k & we mu/ !re=e n be surpris$ if we are some:at 9 ! d>k z to ^! matt]s4 ,t is all t ,h]r ,duehr+ has to say1 & we %\ld seek ! v p9nacle ( wisdom n alone 9 a mutilation ( ! creative faculty1 b 9 bl9d sup]/ition1 if we 7 to let ! matt] pass ) ^! fooli% evasions & /atem5ts4 ,absolute /ability has no p[] ( *ange 9 itself1 ,h]r ,duehr+ admits ?is4 ,! absolute condition ( equipoise possesses no means by :i* x c pass into a dynamic /ate4 ,:at h we !n8 ,j ?ree false & fooli% phrases4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,h]r ,duehr+ says t to %[ ! transition f ea* mo/ insignificant /ep 9 ! *a9 ( ?+s ) :i* we are acqua9t$ to ! next pres5ts ! same difficulty4 ,he seems to ?9k t 8 read]s are infants4 ,! pro( ( ! transitions & int]relations ( ! mo/ insignificant l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( exi/5ce is j :at con/itutes ! subject matt] ( natural sci5ce4 ,if !re is an imp$im5t any:]e1 nobody1 n ev5 ,h]r ,duehr+1 ?9ks to expla9 ! developm5t z proce$+ f no?+1 b on ! o!r h& z only proce$+ f transition1 *ange1 & =w>d movem5t f a complet$ evolution>y /age4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 he und]takes to %[ ) ref]5ce to matt] t x proce$s f abs5ce ( movem5t & !re=e f no?+4 ,9 ! second place1 we h ! /able bridge4 ,?is does n help u appreciably ov] ! difficulty1 b we h a "r to use x z a bridge betwe5 rigid /ability & motion4 ,un=tunately /ability consi/s 9 abs5ce ( motion1 & ! "q z to ! g5]ation ( motion rema9s z d>k a secret z be=e4 ,& if ,h]r ,duehr+ %ifts 8 no-movem5t at all to univ]sal movem5t 9 inf9itely small p>ticles & ascribes to ?is ev] s long a duration ( "t1 we are /ill n ! ?\s& "p ( an in* fur!r f ! place :5ce we />t$4 ,)\t a creative act we c get no?+ f no?+1 n ev5 any?+ z small z a ma!matical diff]5tial4 ,! bridge ( /ability is !re=e n ev5 a pons as9orum4 ,h]r ,duehr+ is ! only p]son able to cross x4 ,?irdly1 z long z ! pres5t !ories ( me*anics prevail1 ?is con/itutes "o ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s mo/ reliable props1 we _c indicate h[ any?+ passes f a /ate ( quiesc5ce to "o ( motion4 ,b ! me*anical !ory ( heat tea*es u t ! movem5t ( ! mass dep5ds ^u ! movem5ts ( ! molecules1 7s t ev5 9 ?is case movem5t proce$s f o!r movem5t & n f lack ( movem5t7 & ?is ,h]r ,duehr+ %yly po9ts out might s]ve z a bridge betwe5 ! entirely /atic 7! /ate ( equipoise7 & ! dynamic 7self-movem5t74 ,b "h ,h]r ,duehr+ leaves u entirely 9 ! d>k4 ,all 8 deep5+ & %>p5+ has dug a pit ( folly & we are br\ght up necess>ily 9 d>kness4 ,b ,h]r ,duehr+ tr\bles himself v little ab\t t4 ,he says "r on ! next page1 ) consid]able audacity t he has be5 able to end[ ! self conta9$ /ability ) real significance by means ( ! prop]ties ( matt] & ! me*anical =ces4 ,9 spite ( all ^! errors & confus$ /atem5ts we h /ill an inspir+ fai? rema9+ t ,! ma!matics ( ! inhabitants ( o!r planets _c re/ on any axioms o!r ?an our own4 ,cosmogony1 ,physics1 & ,*emi/ry4 ,proce$+ we come to !ories respect+ ! mode by :i* ! _w1 z x is to-day1 came into be+4 ,a univ]sal sep>ation ( matt] f "o elem5t 0 ! notion ( ! ,ionic philosoph]s1 b1 s9ce ,kant1 ! conception ( an orig9al nebul\s /ate has play$ a new role & accord+ to ?is gravitation & heat expansion h built up ! worlds1 little by little & "o by "o4 ,! me*anical !ory ( heat ( our "t has fix$ ! orig9 ( ! e>li] condition ( ! univ]se ) mu* great] precision4 ,9 spite ( all ?is ! univ]sal condition ( ! gase\s =m c only be a po9t ( dep>ture = s]i\s conclusions if "o c def9e ! me*anical sy/em ( x m precisely be=eh&4 ,if n1 ! idea becomes n only v cl\dy1 b ! orig9al nebula becomes really 9 ! progress ( ^? conclusions d5s] & m imp5etrable4444 ,= ! pres5t ev]y?+ rema9s 9 ! vagu5ess & =mlessness ( an indef9ite idea1 & s ) reg>d to ! gase\s univ]se we h only an insub/antial conception4 ,! !ory ( ,kant t all exi/+ worlds 7 creat$ f a mass ( rotat+ vapor 0 ! greate/ advance made by a/ronomy s9ce ! days ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! idea t nature _h no hi/ory 9 "t 0 !n %ak5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,up to !n ! worlds 7 fix$ 9 b\nds & conditions f _! v beg9n+1 & ?\gh ! individual organisms on ! sep>ate worlds 7 transi5t1 ! species rema9$ unalt]able4 ,nature 0 conceiv$ z an app>5tly limit$ movem5t & its motion seem$ to be ! repetition ( ! same movem5ts p]petually4 ,x 0 9 ?is conception :i* is entire accord ) ! metaphysical mode ( ?\ght t ,kant made ! fir/ brea* & s sci5tifically t mo/ ( 8 gr\nds ( pro( /& good to-day4 ,really ! !ory ( ,kant is a m]e hypo!sis ev5 to-day4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory ( ! univ]se has no long] any weight & s9ce ! spectroscope discov]$ su* gl[+ gase\s matt] 9 space all objections h be5 dispos$ ( & sci5tific opposition to ,kant's !ory has be5 sil5c$4 ,ev5 ,h]r ,duehr+ _c produce 8 univ]se )\t ! nebul\s /ate & he takes 8 rev5ge by ask+ to be %[n ! me*anical sy/em ( ?is nebul\s /ate & because ?is _c be done he inflicts all sorts ( contemptu\s rem>ks ^u ?is nebul\s /ate4 ,un=tunately mod]n sci5ce _c %[ ?is sy/em & please ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,b !re are _m o!r que/ions :i* x _c answ]4 ,= example reg>d+ ! "q :y toads h no tails x c only answ] s f> ,because !y h lo/ !m4 ,b if p get angry & say t ?is is all vague & =mless1 a m]e fanciful idea1 incapable ( be+ made def9ite & a v poor notion1 su* views w\ld n c>ry u a /ep fur!r1 sci5tifically4 ,su* insults & exagg]ations are suffici5tly num]\s4 ,:at is !re to h9d] ,h]r ,duehr+ himself f discov]+ ! me*anical sy/em ( ! orig9al nebul> /ate8 ,=tunately we are in=m$ t ! nebul> hypo!sis ( ,kant is f> f %[+ a fully di/9ct condition ( ! _w-m$ium or ( expla9+ h[ matt] arriv$ at a simil> /ate4 ,?is is really v =tunate = ,kant :o is to be congratulat$ on hav+ be5 able to trace ! exi/+ cele/ial bodies to ! nebul> condition1 & :o yet does n all[ himself to dream ( ! self-conta9$ un*ang$ condition ( matt]4 ,x is to be rem>k$ by ! way t al?\gh ! nebul> condition ( ,kant is suppos$ to be ! orig9al vapor-=m ( matt]1 ?is is to be und]/ood m]ely relatively4 ,x is to be und]/ood on ! "o h& z ! orig9al vapor =m ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z !y are at pres5t1 & on ! o!r h& z ! e>lie/ =m ( matt] to :i* we h be5 able to trace our way backw>ds4 ,! fact t matt] pass$ ?r\gh an endless s]ies ( o!r =ms be=e arriv+ at ! nebul> /ate is n exclud$ f ?is conception b is on ! o!r h& r includ$ 9 x4 ,h]r ,duehr+ is at an advantage "h4 ,:]eas sci5ce comes to a halt at ! exi/5ce ( ! nebul\s /ate 8 quack sci5ce c>ries him back to t ,condition ( ! developm5t ( ! _w :i* _c be call$ actually /atic 9 ! pres5t s5se ( ! ^w b mo/ emphatically _c be call$ dynamic4 ,! unity ( matt] & me*anical =ce :i* we call ! _w is1 s to speak1 a =mula ( pure logic1 to signify ! self-conta9$ condition ( matt] z ! po9t ( dep>ture ( all enum]able /ages ( mat]ial progress4 ,we h obvi\sly n yet got away f ! orig9al self-conta9$ condition ( matt]4 ,"h x is expla9$ z consi/+ ( me*anical =ce & matt]1 & ?is z a =mula ( pure logic1 etc4 ,z soon !n z ! unity ( matt] & me*anical =ce is at an end evolution proce$s4 ,! =mula ( pure logic is no?+ b a lame attempt to make ! ,hegelian categories an ,si* & fu] ,si* ( use 9 a philosophy ( realism4 ,9 an ,si* accord+ to ,hegel ! orig9al unity ( a ?+ consi/s2 9 fu] ,si* beg9s ! diff]5tiation & movem5t ( ! conceal$ elem5ts1 ! active anti!sis4 ,we %all !re=e depict ! orig9al condition z "o 9 :i* !re is a unity ( matt] & me*anical =ce & ! transition to movem5t z ! sep>ation & anti!sis ( ^! two elem5ts4 ,b we h n !reby e/abli%$ ! pro( ( ! real exi/5ce ( ! fanta/ic orig9al condition b only ?is mu* t x exi/s accord+ to ! ,hegelian category an ,si* & j z fanta/ically disappe>s accord+ to ! ,hegelian category fu] ,si*4 ,matt]1 says ,duehr+1 implies all t is real1 !re=e !re is no me*anical =ce outside ( matt]4 ,me*anical =ce is fur!rmore a condition ( matt]4 ,9 ! orig9al condition :]e no *ange occurr$ matt] & its me*anical =ce 7 a unity4 ,aft]w>ds :5 ! *ange comm5c$ !re 0 a diff]5tiation f matt]4 ,?us we are oblig$ to be satisfi$ ) ^! my/ical phrases & ) ! assurance t ! self conta9$ orig9al /ate 0 nei!r /atic nor dynamic1 nei!r 9 a /ate ( re/ nor ( motion4 ,we are /ill )\t in=mation ) reg>d to ! :]eab\ts ( me*anical =ce at t p]iod & h[ we arriv$ at a condition ( motion f "o ( re/ )\t a pu% f ! outside1 t is )\t ,god4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,h]r ,duehr+ mat]iali/s 7 wont to speak ( matt] & motion4 ,he r$uces motion to me*anical =ce z its necess>y orig9al =m & s r5d]s incompreh5sible ! real connection betwe5 matt] & motion :i* 0 also n evid5t to ! e>li] mat]iali/s4 ,yet ! ?+ is easy en\gh4 ,matt] has nev] exi/$ )\t motion1 nei!r c x4 ,motion 9 space1 ! me*anical motion ( small] p>ticles to s+le worlds1 ! motion ( molecules z 9 ! case ( heat1 or z electric or magnetic curr5ts1 *emical analysis or syn!sis1 organic life1 ea* s+le atom ( ! matt] ( ! _w--!y all discov] !mselves 9 "o or o!r ( ! =ms ( motion or 9 sev]al ( !m toge!r at any giv5 mom5t4 ,all quiesc5ce1 all re/1 is only significant 9 relation to ?is or t giv5 =m ( motion4 ,a body = example may be ^u ! gr\nd 9 me*anical quiesc5ce1 9 me*anical re/4 ,?is does n prev5t its p>ticipation 9 ! movem5ts ( ! e>? & ( ! :ole sol> sy/em1 j z little does x prev5t its smalle/ compon5t p>ts f complet+ ! movem5ts condition$ by ! temp]ature or its atoms f go+ ?r\gh a *emical process4 ,matt] )\t motion is j z un?9kable z motion )\t matt]4 ,motion is j z uncreatable or inde/ructible z matt] itself1 ! old] philosophy ( ,desc>tes proclaim$ precisely t ! quantity ( motion 9 ! _w has be5 fix$ f ! beg9n+4 ,motion _c be g5]at$ !re=e x c only be transf]r$4 ,if motion is transf]r$ f "o body to ano!r1 "o may z f> z x is reg>d$ z transf]r+ itself1 z active1 consid] x z ! orig9al cause ( motion1 b s f> z x is transf]r$1 z passive4 ,?is active motion we call =ce2 ! passive1 expression ( =ce4 ,x is !re=e j z cle> z noon t =ce is j z great z its expression because ! same motion fulfils itself 9 bo?4 ,a motionless condition ( matt] is !re=e "o ( ! holl[e/ & mo/ absurd notions1 a m]e delirium4 ,9 ord] to arrive at x "o is oblig$ to consid] ! relative abs5ce ( motion 9 ! case ( a body ly+ on ! gr\nd1 z absolute re/1 & !n to transf] ?is idea to ! entire univ]se4 ,?is is made easi] by ! r$uction ( motion 9 g5]al to m]e me*anical =ce4 ,by ! limitation ( motion to m]e me*anical =ce we c conceive ( a =ce z at re/1 z conf9$1 z mom5t>ily ineffective4 ,if = example 9 ! transf]5ce ( motion :i* transf]5ce is v frequ5tly a some:at complicat$ process 9 ! c>ry+ out ( :i* v>i\s int]m$iate /eps are necess>y1 "o may /ay ! actual transf]5ce at a *os5 po9t & /op ! process1 z = example if "o loads a gun & delays ! mom5t :5 ! *>ge %all be set at lib]ty by ! pull ( ! trigg]1 ?r\gh ! fir+ ( p[d]4 ,!re=e "o may conceive ( matt] z be+ load$ ) =ce 9 ! unprogressive /atic p]iod1 & ?is ,h]r ,duehr+ appe>s to mean by 8 unity ( matt] & =ce if inde$ he means any?+ at all4 ,?is notion is absurd1 s9ce x pictures z absolute = ! entire univ]se a condition :i* is by nature only relative & to :i* !re=e only a portion ( matt] c be subject$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,let u look at x f ?is po9t ( view & we d n escape ! difficulty ( expla9+ fir/ h[ ! univ]se came to be load$ & 9 ! second place1 ^: f+] drew ! trigg]4 ,we may revolve all we please b "u ! guidance ( ,h]r ,duehr+ we always come back ov] & ov] aga9 to ! f+] ( ,god4 ,f a/ronomy our reali/ philosoph] passes on to me*anics & physics & compla9s t ! me*anical !ory ( heat has br\ght u no fur!r 9 ! c\rse ( a g5]ation ?an ! po9t :i* ,rob]t ,may] rea*$ by 8 own ef=ts4 ,moreov] ! :ole ?+ is v obscure4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t ) conditions ( ! movem5t ( matt] /atical conditions are also giv5 & t ^! la/ are n measur$ 9 me*anical "w4 ,if we h e>li] typifi$ nature z a great workwoman1 & we /ill hold to ! /atem5t1 we mu/ n[ add t ! /atic condition1 ! condition ( re/1 does n imply any me*anical labor4 ,we are aga9 )\t ! bridge f ! /atic to ! dynamic & if lat5t heat1 s call$1 is up to ! pres5t a /umbl+ block to ! !ory we c recognise a lack :i* may be d5i$ 9 ! cosmic process4 ,?is :ole oracul> utt]ance is aga9 m]ely an outp\r+ ( bad sci5ce :i* v cle>ly p]ceives t x has got itself into a place f :i* x _c be sav$ by creat+ motion f a /ate ( absolute fre$om f motion1 & is a%am$ to call ^u its only savi\r1 ! ,creator ( heav5 & e>?4 ,if 9 me*anics1 heat includ$1 !re is no bridge to be f\nd f /atics to dynamics1 f equipoise to motion1 :y %\ld ,h]r ,duehr+ be oblig$ to f9d a bridge f 8 condition ( abs5ce ( motion to motion8 ,?us he w\ld h ! luck to escape f 8 dilemma4 ,9 ord9>y me*anics ! bridge f /atics to dynamics is--! pu% f ! outside4 ,if a /one ( ! weight ( a hundr$ grammes be lift$ t5 met]s high & !n flung free s t x %\ld rema9 hang+ 9 a self-conta9$ condition & 9 a /ate ( re/1 y w\ld h to appeal to a public ( suck+ infants to decl>e t ! exi/+ condition ( t body repres5ts no me*anical labor & t its removal f its e>li] condition has no measure 9 me*anical "w4 ,any pass]by w\ld tell ,h]r ,duehr+ t ! /one did n come on ! /r+ by its own ef=ts & ! fir/ good h& book 9 me*anics w\ld in=m him t if he let ! /one fall aga91 ! latt] 9 its fall does j z mu* me*anical "w z is necess>y to lift x to ! height ( t5 met]s4 ,! v simple fact t ! /one is susp5d$ repres5ts me*anical =ce 9 itself1 s9ce if x rema9 long en\gh1 ! /r+ breaks1 z soon z x1 z a result ( its *emical con/itution1 is no long] /rong en\gh to hold ! /one4 ,all me*anical ph5om5a1 may1 we mu/ in=m ,h]r ,duehr+1 be r$uc$ to j su* simple fundam5tal =ms1 & ! eng9e] is /ill unborn :o _c discov] ! bridge f /atics to dynamics z long z he has suffici5t initial =ce at 8 disposal4 ,x is q a h>d nut & bitt] pill = our metaphysician t motion %\ld f9d its measure 9 its opposite re/4 ,x is su* a gl>+ contradiction1 & e contradiction is an absurdity 9 ! eyes ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,x is nev]!less true t ! hang+ /one by reason ( its weight & its di/ance f ! gr\nd repres5ts a means ( me*anical movem5t suffici5tly easily measur$ 9 diff]5t ways1 z = example ?r\gh gravity direct1 ?r\gh glanc+ on an incl9e or ?r\gh ! undulation ( a wave--& x is j ! same ) a load$ gun4 ,! expression ( motion 9 t]ms ( its opposite re/ pres5ts no difficulty at all to ! dialectic philosophy4 ,! :ole contradiction 9 its eyes is m]ely relative1 = absolute re/1 complete equipose does n exi/4 ,! movem5t ( ! p>ticles /rives t[>ds equipose1 ! movem5t ( ! mass 9 turn de/roys ! equipose1 s t re/ & equipose :]e !y occur are ! results ( arre/$ motion1 & x is evid5t t ?is motion is capable ( be+ measur$ 9 respect ( its results1 ( be+ express$ 9 itself & ( be+ re/or$ 9 "s =m or o!r ext]nal to itself4 ,b ,h]r ,duehr+ w\ld nev] be satisfi$ ) su* a simple explanation ( ! matt]4 ,l a good metaphysician he creates a yawn+ gulf betwe5 motion & equipose :i* does n really exi/ & !n wond]s if he c f9d no bridge across ! self-creat$ *asm4 ,he might j z well be/ride 8 metaphysical ,ros9ante & hunt ! ,d+ an ,si* ( ,kant s9ce x is 9 ! la/ analysis no?+ else ?an ?is :i* /&s beh9d ! undiscov]able bridge4 ,b :at ab\t ! me*anical !ory ( heat & ( lat5t heat :i* is a /umbl+ block 9 ! pa? ( ! !ory8 ,if "o conv]t a p\nd ( ice at freez+ po9t "u normal atmosph]ic pressure into a p\nd ( wat] ( ! same temp]ature by means ( heat !re vani%es a quantity ( heat :i* c\ld heat ! same p\nd ( wat] f #j deg4 c5tigrade to #gi deg4 c5tigrade1 or sev5ty-n9e p\nds ( wat] "o degree c5tigrade4 ,if "o heat ?is p\nd ( wat] to boil+ po9t1 t is1 to "o hundr$ degrees c5tigrade & *ange x into /eam ( ! heat ( "o hundr$ degrees c5tigrade !re vani%es up to ! "t :5 ! la/ ( ! wat] is *ang$ into /eam a sev5 fold great] quantity ( heat1 capable ( rais+ ! temp]ature ( #ecg4b p\nds ( wat] "o degree4 ,?is dissipat$ heat is call$ lat5t4 ,x is trans=m$1 by cool+ ! /eam1 into wat] aga91 & ! wat] into ice1 s ! same mass ( heat :i* 0 =m]ly lat5t1 is aga9 set free1 t is1 z heat capable ( be+ felt & measur$4 ,?is sett+ free ( heat by ! cond5sation ( /eam & ! freez+ ( wat] is ! reason t /eam if x is cool$ (f at #ajj deg4 trans=ms itself little by little into wat]1 & t a mass ( wat] at freez+ po9t is b sl[ly trans=m$ into ice4 ,^! are ! facts4 ,! "q is :at becomes ( ! heat :ile x is lat5t8 ,! me*anical !ory ( heat accord+ to :i* ! heat ( a body at a c]ta9 temp]ature is dep5d5t ^u ! great] or less vibration ( ! smalle/ physical p>ts 7molecules7 a vibration :i* c1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 be trans=m$ into "s o!r =m ( motion1 %[s ! :ole ?+ completely1 t ! lat5t heat has p]=m$ "w1 has be5 exp5d$ 9 "w4 ,by ! melt+ ( ! ice ! close connection ( ! sep>ate p>ticles is brok5 asund] & *ang$ into a loose relation%ip2 by ! conv]sion ( wat] into /eam at boil+ po9t a condition is ent]$ :]e ! sep>ate molecules ex]cise no noticeable influ5ce ^u ea* o!r1 & "u ! influ5ce ( heat fly f "o ano!r 9 all directions4 ,x is n[ evid5t t ! sep>ate molecules ( a body 9 ! gase\s /ate are end[$ ) mu* great] en]gy ?an 9 ! fluid /ate1 & 9 ! fluid /ate ?an 9 ! solid4 ,lat5t heat is !re=e n dissipat$1 x is m]ely trans=m$ & has tak5 on ! =m ( molecul> ela/icity4 ,z soon z conditions are at an end "u :i* ! molecules c ex]cise ?is relative fre$om ) reg>d to ea* o!r z soon namely z ! temp]ature falls bel[ "o hundr$ degrees to z]o1 ?is ela/icity becomes releas$ & ! molecules come toge!r ) ! same =ce ) :i* !y =m]ly flew ap>t1 b only to appe> aga9 z heat1 z exactly ! same quantity ( heat z 0 lat5t be=e4 ,?is explanation is ( c\rse a hypo!sis1 z is ! :ole me*anical !ory ( heat1 9 s f> z no "o has yet se5 a molecule1 mu* less a molecule 9 motion4 ,l all rec5t !ories1 ?is hypo!sis is full ( flaws b x c at lea/ (f] an explanation :i* does n conflict ) ! uncreatability & inde/ructibility ( motion & x is able to give an acc\nt ( ! :]eab\ts ( ! heat 9 ! trans=mation4 ,lat5t heat is !re=e by no means an ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,on ! contr>y ?is !ory = ! fir/ "t provides a rational explanation ( ! subject & an ob/acle arises f ! fact 9 p>ticul> t ! physici/s make use ( ! old & ineffective expression lat5t heat to signify ! heat trans=m$ into "s o!r %ape by molecul> en]gy4 ,! /atic conditions ( ! solid1 liquid & gase\s /ates !re=e repres5t me*anical "w 9 s f> z me*anical "w is a measure ( heat4 ,?us ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?1 l ! wat] ( ! ocean1 repres5ts 9 its pres5t =m a c]ta9 quantity ( heat set free :i* implies ! same quantity ( me*anical =ce4 ,by ! pass+ ( ! vapor\s /ate :i* 0 ! orig9al =m ( ! e>? into ! fluid /ate & lat] into a condition1 = ! mo/ "p solid1 a c]ta9 quantity ( molecul> en]gy 0 set free 9 space1 ! difficulty ( :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ :isp]s does n !re=e exi/4 ,we are frequ5tly br\ght to a /op 9 our cosmic obs]vations by lack ( k1 b n[h]e by insup]able !oretical difficulties4 ,! bridge f /atics to dynamics is !re=e ! pu% f ! outside caus$ by ! cool+ or heat+ occasion$ by o!r bodies :i* influ5ce c]ta9 objects 9 equipoise4 ,! fur!r we explore ,h]r ,duehr+'s philosophy1 ! m impossible appe> all 8 attempts to expla9 rotation f abs5ce ( rotation1 or to discov] ! bridge by :i* t :i* is purely /atic1 self-conta9$1 c )\t di/urbance come to be ! dynamic1 9 motion4 ,we %\ld "h be glad to get rid ( ! :ole self-conta9$ condition bus9ess4 ,h]r ,duehr+1 h[ev]1 goes to *emi/ry & gives u ?ree p]man5t natural laws e/abli%$ by ! philosophy ( realism z foll[s1 #a4 ,! con/ant am\nt ( matt] 9 ! univ]se4 #b4 ,! simple *emical elem5ts1 & #c4 ,! me*anical =ces are un*angeable4 ,!re=e ! impossibility ( creat+ or de/roy+ matt]1 ! simple =ms ( its exi/5ce z f> z !y exi/1 & motion1 ^! old1 well kn[n facts1 inadequately express$1 t is ! only positive ?+ :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ is 9 a position to (f] u z a result ( 8 real philosophy ( ! inorganic _w4 ,all ^! ?+s we h long kn[n4 ,b :at we h n kn[n is t !y are p]man5t laws & z su* natural prop]ties ( ! sy/em ( ?+s4 ,x is j ! same ?+ ov] aga9 z 9 ! case ( ,kant4 ,h]r ,duehr+ takes "s univ]sally kn[n expressions1 pa/es ! ,duehr+ label on !m & calls !m fundam5tally orig9al results & views1 sy/em %ap+ ?\ghts1 pr(\nd sci5ce4 ,we h n long to hesitate on ?is acc\nt4 ,:atev] defici5cies ! mo/ pr(\nd sci5ce & ! be/ contriv$ social !ories may h1 = once ,h]r ,duehr+ c say precisely ,! quantity ( gold 9 ! univ]se mu/ always rema9 ! same & _c be increas$ or dim9i%$ any m ?an matt] 9 g5]al4 ,b un=tunately ,h]r ,duehr+ does n tell u :at we may buy ) ?is gold4 ,! ,organic ,_w4 ,f me*anics 9 re/ & motion to ! relation ( s5sation & ?\ght !re is a uni=m progression ( int]ruptions4 ,) ?is assurance ,h]r ,duehr+ sp>es himself f say+ any?+ fur!r ab\t ! orig9 ( life1 ?\gh "o might reasonably expect t a ?9k] :o has foll[$ ! developm5t ( ! _w f its self-conta9$ condition1 & :o is s mu* at home ) ! o!r heav5ly bodies w\ld be "h at home also4 ,besides ?is assurance is only half true 9 s f> z x is n yet complet$ by means ( ! log l9e ( ,hegel1 ( :i* m5tion has be5 made already4 ,9 all its gradations ! transition f "o =m ( evolution to ano!r rema9s a leap1 a diff]5tiat+ movem5t4 ,s 9 ! transition f ! me*anics ( ! worlds to ^? ( ! small] am\nts ( matt] 9 ea* s+le _w1 j s also 9 t f ! me*anics ( ! mass to t ( ! molecule--! motion :i* we exam9e p>ticul>ly 9 physics1 s-call$1 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 j 9 ! same way also ! transition f ! physics ( ! molecule to ! physics ( ! *emical atom is complet$ by a diff]5tiat+ leap1 & x is j ! same ) ! transition f ord9>y *emical action to ! *emi/ry ( album5 :i* we call life4 ,)9 ! sph]e ( life ! *anges become less frequ5t & less rem>kable4 ,!re=e ,hegel mu/ aga9 correct ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,! idea ( purpose furni%es ,h]r ,duehr+ ) 8 conception ( ! transition to ! organic _w4 ,?is is aga9 borr[$ f ,hegel1 :o 9 8 logic--tea*+s ( ! concept--m+l$ ) tea*+s ( teleology or ( purpose1 passes ov] f *emi/ry to life4 ,:i*ev] way we look we discov] ,h]r ,duehr+ to be 9 possession ( ,hegelian lore :i* he gives =? )\t any emb>rassm5t z 8 own fundam5tal philosophy4 ,x w\ld be too long a task to f9d out "h j h[ f> ! application ( ! ideas ( purpose is correctly /at$ & appli$ to ! organic _w4 ,! application ( ! ,hegelian inn] purpose at all ev5ts is evid5t1 t is1 ( a purpose :i* is import$ into nature n ?r\gh a consci\sly act+ ?ird p>ty1 l ! wisdom ( ,provid5ce1 b :i* is inh]5t 9 matt] itself1 :i* among p :o are n well v]s$ 9 philosophy proce$s to ! un?9k+ supposition ( a consci\s & all-wise ag5t2 ! same ,h]r ,duehr+ :o breaks out into unmeasur$ moral indignation at ! lea/ t5d5cy t[>ds spiritism on ! "p ( o!r p1 tells u t sex s5sations are c]ta9ly ma9ly direct$ t[>ds ! gratification :i* is b\nd up 9 _! ex]cise4 ,he tells u moreov] t poor ,nature mu/ always hold ! objective _w 9 ord] & x has besides to p]=m acts :i* require m subtlety f ,nature ?an we usually attribute to h]4 ,b nature kn[s n only :y %e does ?is & t4 ,%e has n only h] h\semaid's duties to p]=m1 %e has n only subtlety1 :i* is a v pretty accompli%m5t1 9 subjective consci\s ?\ght1 %e has also a w1 = we mu/ reg>d ! additional natural desires :i* occur1 su* z fe$+ & propagation1 n z directly b z indirectly will$4 ,we n[ arrive at a consci\sly ?9k+ & act+ nature1 & we !re=e /& "r at ! bridge1 n inde$ betwe5 ! /atic & dynamic b betwe5 pan!ism & deism1 or p]haps ,h]r ,duehr+ is pleas$ to indulge himself 9 a little natural-philosophical half-poetry4 ,impossible4 ,all t ! reali/ic philosophy has to say on organic nature is limit$ to a w> aga9/ ?is natural philosophical half-poesy aga9/ ,*>latanism ) its wanton sup]ficialities & pseudo-sci5tific my/icism1 aga9/ ! poetic features ( ,d>w9ism4 ,d>w9 comes 9 = a %>e ( blame *iefly because he transf]r$ ! ,mal?usian !ory ( population f political economy to natural sci5ce1 because he is entangl$ by 8 notions ( bre$+1 s t 8 "w is a sort ( unsci5tific half-poetic attack aga9/ design 9 creation1 & t ! :ole ( ,d>w9ism1 aft] :at he has borr[$ f ,lam>k has be5 d$uct$1 is a piece ( brutality aim$ aga9/ humanity4 ,d>w9 _h br\ght home ) him z ! result ( 8 sci5tific j\rneys ! conclusion t species ( plants & animals are n fix$ b are subject to v>iations4 ,9 ord] to pursue ?is idea he ent]$ ^u exp]im5ts 9 ! bre$+ ( plants & animals4 ,j = ?is reason ,engl& has become a classic l&4 ,! sci5ti/s ( o!r c\ntries1 ,g]many1 = example1 h no?+ to (f] comp>able ) ,engl& 9 ?is respect4 ,moreov]1 mo/ ( ! conclusions belong to ! la/ c5tury s t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! facts pres5t$ few difficulties4 ,d>w9 f\nd t ?is artificial bre$+ produc$ diff]5ces 9 ! species ( plants & animals great] ?an occur among ^? :i* are univ]sally recognis$ z belong+ to diff]5t species4 ,!re=e x 01 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 prov$ t species c *ange & fur!rmore !re 0 e/abli%$ ! possibility ( a common ance/ry = organisms :i* p>take ( ! *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t species4 ,d>w9 n[ exam9$ ! "q :e!r !re 7 n 9 nature causes--:i* )\t ! consci\s int5tion ( ! bre$]--might 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 by means ( h]$ity1 produce *anges 9 ! liv+ animal analog\s to ^? produc$ by sci5tific bre$+4 ,^! causes he f\nd 9 ! disproportion betwe5 ! enorm\s numb] ( g]ms made by nature & ! small numb] ( be+s :i* actually come to maturity4 ,b z ! g]m /ruggles = its own developm5t !re is ( necessity a consequ5t /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :i* n only %[s itself directly 9 ! we> & te> ( ! body1 b also z a /ruggle = space & light1 z 9 ! case ( plants4 ,& x is evid5t t 9 ?is fight ^? individuals h ! be/ prospect ( com+ to maturity & reproduc+ !mselves :i* possess c]ta9 qualities1 p]haps insignificant1 b advantage\s 9 _! fight = exi/5ce4 ,!re is a t5d5cy t[>ds ! inh]itance ( ^! individual prop]ties1 & if !y occur 9 sev]al individuals ( ! same species t[>ds developm5t 9 ! direction once tak51 by virtue ( ! accumulat$ h]$ity1 :ile ! individuals :i* are n possess$ ( ^! qualities succumb m easily & little by little disappe> 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?us a species naturally *anges by ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,aga9/ ?is !ory ( ,d>w9 ,h]r ,duehr+ urges t ! orig9 ( ! idea ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is1 z ,d>w9 himself confess$1 bas$ on ! views ( ! political economi/ & !ori/1 ,mal?us1 on ! population "q1 & he cov]s x ) all ! abuse appropriate to ! cl]ical ,mal?usian views on keep+ d[n ! population4 ,n[ x happ5s t ,d>w9 nev] said t ! cause ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce !ory 0 to be s\ght f ,mal?us4 ,he only said t 8 !ories respect+ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce are ! !ories ( ,mal?us appli$ to ! entire vegetable & animal _w4 ,h[ great a blund] ,d>w9 made :5 he s naively accept$ ! tea*+s ( ,mal?us )\t exam9ation may be se5 f ! fact t !re is no ne$ to employ ! spectacles ( ,mal?us 9 ord] to detect ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 nature1--! contradiction betwe5 ! innum]able mass ( g]ms :i* nature produces 9 su* prodigality & ! slight numb] :i* c manage to rea* maturity1 a contradiction :i* resolves itself into an app>5tly grim fight = exi/5ce4 ,& ) reg>d to ! law ( wages ! ,mal?usian doctr9es are widely adv]tis$ & ,ric>do bas$ 8 cont5tions ^u !m1--s ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 nature may f9d a /&+ ev5 )\t ! ,mal?usian int]pretation4 ,besides ! organisms ( nature h _! law ( population1 ! e/abli%m5t ( :i* w\ld decide ! !ories ( ! developm5t ( species4 ,& :o gave ! decisive impetus 9 t direction8 ,nobody b ,d>w94 ,h]r ,duehr+ is on 8 gu>d aga9/ ent]+ ^u ! positive side ( ?is "q4 ,in/ead he mu/ aga9 f9d fault ) ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!re c be no argum5t ab\t a /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 plants & ! g5ial eat]s ( plants 9 a suffici5tly accurate s5se ! /ruggle = exi/5ce only occurs )9 ! sph]e ( brutality1 9 s f> z n\ri%m5t dep5ds ^u robb]y & consumption4 ,& aft] he has r$uc$ ! concept /ruggle = exi/5ce to ^! n>r[ limits he gives 8 wra? free play z reg>ds ! brutality ( ?is conception :i* he himself has n>r[$ d[n to a brutal conception4 ,b ?is moral wra? simply reacts on ,h]r ,duehr+ himself1 ! inv5tor ( ?is sort ( /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is n ,d>w9 !re=e :o seeks among ! l[] animals ! conditions ( ! op]ations ( nature 7z a matt] ( fact ,d>w9 w\ld h includ$ ! :ole ( organic nature 9 ! /ruggle71 b "o ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s bugaboos4 ,! expression /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 p>ticul> excites ,h]r ,duehr+'s l(ty moral scorn4 ,t ?is actually exi/s among plants e mead[1 e cornfield & e wood c %[ him4 ,we ne$ n tr\ble ab\t ! "n1 :e!r "o call x /ruggle = exi/5ce or lack ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce & want ( me*anical realisation1 b z to h[ ?is fact op]ates z reg>ds ! ma9t5ance or trans=mation ( species4 ,) reg>d to ?is ,h]r ,duehr+ p]si/s 9 a *>act]i/ically /ubborn sil5ce4 ,we _c tr\ble ourselves any m ab\t natural selection4 ,b ,d>w9ism produces its *anges & diff]5tiations out ( no?+4 ,d>w9 ?or\ghly und]/&s t he is engag$ ) ! causes :i* h produc$ *anges 9 individuals & 9 ! second place he is engag$ ) ! mode 9 :i* su* individual diff]5tiations t5d to m>k (f a race1 a g5us1 or a species4 ,d>w9 moreov] 0 less occupi$ 9 discov]+ ^! causes1 :i* up to ! pres5t are ei!r entirely unkn[n or on :i* !re is only g5]al in=mation1 ?an 9 discov]+ a rational =m 9 :i* to e/abli% _! reality1 to embrace _! p]man5t significance4 ,b ,d>w9 ascrib$ too wide a rea* to 8 discov]y 9 ?is t he made x an exclusive means ( v>iation 9 species & neglect$ ! causes ( individual diff]5tiations f ! g5]al =m4 ,?is mi/ake h[ev] is common to mo/ p :o make a /ep =w>ds4 ,next1 if ,d>w9 produces 8 *anges 9 individual types out ( no?+ & !reby excludes ! wisdom ( ! bre$]1 ! bre$] on 8 "p mu/ n only display 8 wisdom b he mu/ produce out ( no?+ real *anges 9 plant & animal =ms4 ,b :o has giv5 ! impetus to ! inve/igation z to :5ce ^! v>iations & diff]5tiations proce$8 ,x is aga9 no "o b ,d>w94 ,lately ! conception ( natural selection has be5 broad5$1 by ,haeckel1 9 p>ticul>1 & ! v>iation ( species has be5 %[n to be ! result ( actual *ange ow+ to adaptation & inh]itance1 :]eby adaptation is consid]$ z ! s\rce ( v>iations & h]$ity z ! cons]v+ elem5t 9 ! process4 ,ev5 ?is is n correct 9 ,h]r ,duehr+'s eyes4 ,peculi> adaptation to ! circum/ances ( life z !y are (f]$ or )held by nature supposes impulses & facts :i* answ] to ! conception4 ,h5ce adaptation is only app>5t & actual causality does n elevate itself above ! l[e/ /eps ( physical1 *emical & plant physiology4 ,x is aga9 ! "n :i* provokes ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,b h[ does he deal ) ! matt]8 ,! "q is if su* *anges d take place 9 ! species ( organic be+s or n4 ,& aga9 ,h]r ,duehr+ has no reply4 ,if a plant 9 ! c\rse ( its gr[? takes a direction by :i* x gets ! mo/ light ! result is no?+ b a comb9ation ( physical =ces & *emical ag5ts1 & if we are to call x an adaptation1 n metaphorically b /rictly1 confusion is c]ta9 to arise 9 ! motion4 ,?is man is s exact+ ) o!r p because he is q well acqua9t$ ) ! int5tions ( nature & speaks ( ! subtlety ( nature1 ev5 ( its w4 ,!re is confusion1 inde$1 b ) :om1 ) ,haeckel or ) ,h]r ,duehr+8 ,& ! confusion is n only spiritual b logical4 ,we h se5 t ,h]r ,duehr+ put =? all 8 ef=ts to make ! purpose idea 9 nature real4 ,! relation ( means & end does n by any means %[ a consci\s int5tion4 ,b :at is adaptation )\t consci\s int5tion1 )\t any intrusion ( design ( :i* he compla9s s l\dly1 b an unconsci\s teleology8 ,if ! color ( tree frogs & leaf eat+ insects is z a rule gre5 & t ( bea/s t inhabit ! des]t s&y-yell[1 & t ( pol> animals :ite1 !y h c]ta9ly n come into possession ( ?is color+ int5tionally or ?r\gh any k9d ( m5tal process1 on ! contr>y ! color+ c only be expla9$ by means ( ! op]ation ( physical sub/ances & *emical ag5ts4 ,& yet x _c be d5i$ t by ^! colors ^! animals are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! conditions 9 :i* !y are & x is c]ta9 t !y are by _! means r5d]$ less visible to _! enemies4 ,j ( a simil> nature are ! organs by :i* c]ta9 plants seize & consume c]ta9 insects 7! means be+ on _! "u side1 suit$ to ?is purpose & adapt$ to ?is end74 ,n[ if ,h]r ,duehr+ insi/s t ! adaptation mu/ be realis$ ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ?\ght1 he only says t ! purpose mu/ be c>ri$ out ?r\gh m5tal op]ation1 mu/ be consci\s & int5tional4 ,?us aga91 j z 9 ! philosophy ( realism we arrive at ! ,creator ) a purpose1 at ,god4 ,=m]ly ?is k9d ( decl>ation 0 call$ deism & ,h]r ,duehr+ says t we _h n mu* reg>d = x1 b x n[ appe>s t ! _w has gone backw>ds 9 ?is respect also4 ,f adaptation we come to h]$ity & "h accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+ ,d>w9ism is q out4 ,! :ole organic _w1 ,d>w9 expla9$1 came f a s+le g]m1 is1 s to speak1 ! brood ( a s+le be+4 ,indep5d5t simil> products ( nature accord+ to ,d>w9 d n exi/ )\t h]$ity & 8 retrogressive philosophy mu/ come to a full /op :5 ! end ( ! ?read ( ance/ry is rea*$1 or ! orig9al vegetable =m4 ,! /atem5t t ,d>w9 trac$ all exi/+ organisms f "o orig9al g]m is to put x politely a piece ( pure imag9ation on ! "p ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,d>w9 says di/9ctly on ! la/ page ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,six? ,edition1 t he reg>ds all liv+ be+s n z sep>ate creations b z ! desc5dants 9 a direct l9e f "s few] be+s & ,haeckel makes a di/9ct advance on ?is ascribes an entirely di/9ct s\rce = plants & ano!r = ! animal k+dom & on & betwe5 bo? ( !m a numb] ( orig9al /ems ea* ( :i* has develop$ indep5d5tly f "o s+le prim>y moni/ic =m4 7,hi/ory ( ,creation page #cig47 ,?is orig9al =m ( life ,h]r ,duehr+ discov]s solely to br+ x into contempt by p>allel+ x ) ! fir/ man accord+ to ,jewi% tradition1 ,adam4 ,"h1 un=tunately = ,h]r ,duehr+1 he does n "k h[ ?is orig9al ,jew turns out1 accord+ to ,smi?'s ,assyrian discov]ies to h be5 ! orig9al ,semite1 & t ! entire ,biblical /ory ( ! ,creation & ! ,flood has be5 %[n to h be5 tak5 f a leg5d>y /ore common to ! ,jews1 ,babylonians1 ,*aldeans1 & ,assyrians4 ,x is br\ght =w>d z a sev]e & irrefutable reproa* to ,d>w9 t he is at an end :]e ! ?read ( desc5t fails him4 ,un=tunately ! :ole ( our sci5ce des]ves ! same reproa*4 ,:5 ! ?read ( desc5t fails x x is at an end4 ,x has n yet come to ! po9t ( creat+ organic be+s )\t an ance/ry1 n ev5 once has x be5 able to make simple protoplasm or o!r album9\s bodily =ms out ( ! *emical elem5ts4 ,x c only say !re=e ) any c]ta9ty reg>d+ ! orig9 ( life1 t x mu/ h come ab\t by a *emical process4 ,b p]haps ! philosophy ( realism c give u "s assi/ance "h s9ce x is engag$ ) indep5d5t organic natural products1 )\t any desc5t "o f ano!r4 ,h[ c ^! come into be+8 ,by orig9al creation8 ,b up to ! pres5t n ev5 ! mo/ audaci\s advocates ( spontane\s g5]ation h claim$ to create 9 ?is way any?+ except bact]ia1 fungi1 or o!r v elem5t>y organisms1 b n insects1 birds1 fi% or mammals4 ,if ^! homog5e\s products ( nature--x is und]/ood = all ?is discussion t !y are organic--are n relat$ ?r\gh desc5t1 !y or _! ance/ors1 !n :]e ! ?read ( desc5t breaks !y mu/ h be5 plac$ 9 ! _w by a sep>ate act ( creation1 & ?is aga9 requires a creator1 :at we call deism4 ,h]r ,duehr+ fur!r expla9s t x 0 a piece ( sup]ficiality on ! "p ( ,d>w9 to make ! m]e fact ( ! sex-composition ( qualities ! f\ndation = ! exi/5ce ( ^! qualities4 ,"h we h aga9 a piece ( pure imag9ation on ! "p ( our pr(\nd philosoph]4 ,on ! contr>y ,d>w9 says t natural selection has to d only ) ! ma9t5ance ( v>iations & n ) _! orig94 ,?is new supposition h[ev] ( ?+s :i* ,d>w9 did n say s]ves to assi/ u to ?is deep idea ( ,duehr+4 ,if a pr9ciple ( individual v>iation _h be5 s\ght 9 ! inn] s*eme ( creation x w\ld h be5 an entirely rational idea4 ,= x is natural to unite ! idea ( univ]sal g5]ation ) t ( sex propagation1 & to reg>d ! s-call$ orig9al creation f ! high] po9t ( view1 n z absolutely antagoni/ic to reproduction b ev5 z reproduction itself4 ,& ! man :o c\ld write ?is is n a%am$ to reproa* ,hegel ) writ+ j>gon4 ,let u call a halt to ! vexati\s & contradictory babble ) :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ proclaims 8 wra? aga9/ ! advance giv5 to sci5ce by ! !ory ( ,d>w94 ,nei!r ,d>w9 nor 8 foll[]s among ! natural sci5ti/s h any idea ( belittl+ ,lam>k's trem5d\s s]vices1 9 fact !y are ! v p :o fir/ re/or$ 8 fame4 ,b we are unable to ignore ! fact t 9 ! "t ( ,lam>k sci5ce 0 /ill f> f suppli$ ) compet5t mat]ial to enable x to answ] ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species o!r ?an 9 a prophetic or1 z x 7 anticipatory1 mann]4 ,9 addition to ! enorm\s am\nt ( mat]ial 9 ! realm ( g5]al1 z well z ( t ( anatomical1 botany & zoology1 accumulat$ s9ce t "t1 two entirely new sci5ces h s9ce come into exi/5ce--! inve/igation ( ! developm5t ( plant & animal g]ms 7embryology71 & ! inve/igation ( ! organic survivals 9 ! e>?'s cru/ :i* /ill rema94 ,!re is a di/9ct simil>ity betwe5 ! /eps 9 ! developm5t ( ! organic g]m to mature organism1 & ! successive /eps by :i* plants & animals succe$ ea* o!r 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x is j ?is simil>ity :i* has plac$ ! evolution !ory on its mo/ secure f\ndations4 ,! !ory ( evolution is h[ev] /ill v "y & x is beyond "q t ^u fur!r inve/igation ! rigid ,d>w9ian ideas ^u ! orig9 ( species w be consid]ably modifi$4 ,b :at has ! reali/ philosophy ( a positive nature to contribute ) respect to ! evolution ( organic life8 ,! v>iation ( species is an acceptable supposition1 b !re exi/s1 9 addition1 ! indep5d5t ord] ( ! products ( nature belong+ to ! same species )\t any int]v5tion ( desc5t4 ,accord+ to ?is we are to conclude t products ( unlike species1 t is species :i* v>y1 are desc5d$ f "o ano!r1 b ^? ( simil> species n4 ,b ev5 ?is is n altoge!r correct1 = he v5tures to say ( ! v>y+ species1 ,! "p play$ by desc5t is on ! contr>y a v second>y activity ( nature4 ,!re is h]$ity1 !n1 b x is only to be reckon$ z a factor ( ! second class4 ,let u be glad t h]$ity ( :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ has said s mu* t is evil & my/]i\s is at lea/ let 9 by ! back door4 ,x is j ! same ) natural selection1 s9ce aft] all 8 moral indignation ) respect to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce by means ( :i* natural selection fulfils itself he sudd5ly exclaims1 ,! mo/ important con/itu5t is to be f\nd 9 ! conditions ( life & cosmic conditions1 :ile natural selection z set =? by ,d>w9 may be consid]$ z second>y4 ,natural selection /ill exi/s1 ev5 if a factor ( ! second class1 l ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! cl]ical mal?usian surplus-population !ory4 ,t is all1 = ! re/ ,h]r ,duehr+ ref]s u to ,lam>k4 ,f9ally1 he w>ns aga9/ misuse ( ! t]ms metamorphosis & evolution4 ,metamorphosis1 he says1 is a v obscure notion1 & ! concept ( evolution is only admissible 9 s f> z a law ( evolution c be really prov$4 ,in/ead ( ei!r ( ^! expressions we %\ld employ ! t]m composition & !n ev]y?+ w\ld be all "r4 ,x is ! same old /ory ov] aga91 ,h]r ,duehr+ is satisfi$ if we *ange ! names4 ,if we speak ( ! evolution ( ! *ick5 9 ! egg we give rise to confusion because we h only an incomplete k ( ! law ( evolution4 ,b if we speak ( its composition ev]y?+ becomes cle>4 ,we mu/ !re=e say no long] ?is *ild is gr[+ nicely b1 he composes himself spl5didly1 & we congratulate ,h]r ,duehr+ ^u ! fact t he is n only a pe] ( ! au?or ( ! ,niebelung5 ,r+ 9 8 op9ion ( himself b 9 8 own p>ticul> capacity is also a compos] ( ! future4 ,organic ,_w 7,conclusion74 ,"o reflects ^u our natural philosophical portion ( positive k 9 ord] to fix x relatively to all "o's sci5tific hypo!ses4 ,next 9 importance come all ! actual acquisitions ( ma!matics z well z ! lead+ pr9ciples ( exact sci5ce 9 me*anics1 physics & *emi/ry & p>ticul>ly ! sci5tific results 9 physiology1 zoology1 & antiqu>ian inve/igation4 ,h]r ,duehr+ speaks 9 ?is confid5t & decid$ fa%ion ) respect to ! ma!matical & sci5tific s*ol>%ip ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,"o _c detect 9 its meag] %ape & 9 its scanty & audaci\s results ! ext5t ( positive k :i* lies beh9d4 ,e "t ! oracle is consult$ = a def9ite /atem5t z reg>ds physics or *emi/ry we get no?+ z reg>ds physics b ! equation :i* expresses ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 & conc]n+ *emi/ry only ?is t all bodies are divisible into elem5ts & comb9ations ( elem5ts4 ,he :o c speak z ,duehr+ does ab\t gravitat+ atoms %[s at once t he is q at a loss to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 an atom & a molecule4 ,atoms1 ( c\rse1 exi/1 n ) respect to gravitation or any o!r physical or me*anical =m ( motion1 b only z conc]ns *emical action4 ,& if ! la/ *apt] on organic nature is read1 ! empty1 self-contradictory1 ass]tive1 oracul>1 /upid1 circuit\s absolute no?+ness ( ! f9al result lead "o to ! conclusion t ,h]r ,duehr+ talks ab\t ?+s ( :i* he kn[s v little & ?is conclusion becomes a c]ta9ty :5 we come to 8 proposal 9 ! c\rse ( 8 writ+ on organic life 7biology7 to use ! t]m composition in/ead ( evolution4 ,he :o c make su* a sugge/ion z t gives evid5ce t he is n acqua9t$ ) ! build+ up ( organic bodies4 ,all organic bodies1 ! v l[e/ except$1 develop f small cells by ! increm5t ( visible pieces ( album5 ) a c5tral cell4 ,! cell g5]ally develops an out] sk9 & ! cont5ts are m or less fluid4 ,! l[e/ cell-bodies develop f "o cell2 ! enorm\s majority ( organic be+s are _m-cell$ & among ! l[] =ms ^! take on simil>1 & among ! high] =ms great] v>iations (1 gr\p+s & activities4 ,9 ! human body = example are bones1 muscles1 n]ves1 s9ews1 ligam5ts1 c>tilage1 sk91 all ei!r made up ( cells or orig9at+ 9 !m4 ,b = all organic bodies1 f ! amoeba :i* is a simple & = ! mo/ "p unprotect$ piece ( album5 ) a cell c5tre 9 ! mid/ to man1 & f ! smalle/ "o-cell$ desmidian to ! highe/ develop$ plant1 ! mode is "o & ! same by :i* ! cells propagate !mselves1 t is by division4 ,! cell c5tre is fir/ lac$ across its mid/1 ! lac+ :i* sep>ates ! c5tre into two knobs becomes /rong] & /rong] & at la/ !y become sep>at$ & two cell c5tres are =m$4 ,! same occurr5ce takes place 9 ! cell itself4 ,ea* ( ! cell c5tres becomes ! middle po9t ( a collection ( cell /uff :i* by knitt+ ev] clos] becomes comb9$ ) ! o!r1 & f9ally bo? ( !m "p & live on z sep>ate cells4 ,?r\gh su* repeat$ cell divisions ! full siz$ animal gradually develops f ! g]m ( ! animal egg aft] fructification & ! sub/itution ( us$ up cells 9 ! full gr[n animal is br\ght ab\t simil>ly4 ,to call su* a process composition & to speak ( ! t]m evolution z a purely imag9>y t]m belongs to "o :o does n "k any?+ ( ! matt]1 h>d z x is to imag9e su* ignorance at ?is date4 ,we h /ill some:at to say ) respect to ,h]r ,duehr+'s views ( life 9 g5]al4 ,else:]e he sets =? ! foll[+ /atem5t ) respect to life4 ,ev5 ! inorganic _w is a self-regulat$ sy/em b "o may und]take to speak ( life 9 ! prop] s5se fir/ :5 ! organs & ! circulation ( matt] ?r\gh special sep>ate *annels f a c5tral po9t to ano!r g]m collection ( a m9or =mation beg94 ,if life beg9s :]e ! sep>ate organs beg9 !n we mu/ hold all ,haeckel's protozoa 7,proti/5rei*7 & probably _m o!rs z dead2 all organisms at lea/ up to ^? compos$ ( "o cell & ^? includ$ are n capable ( life4 ,if ! means ( circulation ( matt] ?r\gh diff]5t *annels is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( life we mu/ place outside ( ?is def9ition all ! upp] classes ( ! col5t]ata entirely1 ) ! exception ( ! m$usae1 & !re=e all ! polypi & o!r plant animals are also to be consid]$ z be+ outside ! class ( liv+ creatures4 ,& if ! circulation ( matt] ?r\gh diff]5t canals f an inn] po9t is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( life we mu/ reckon all animals z dead :i* ei!r h no he>t or sev]al he>ts4 ,besides ^! !re belong also to ?is category all worms1 />fi% & r+$ creatures 7annuloids & annul\s accord+ to ,huxley's def9ition7 a portion ( ! %ell fi%1 crabs1 & f9ally a v]tebrate animal1 ! lancelet 7amphioxus7 & all plants4 ,:5 ,h]r ,duehr+ !re=e und]takes to di/+ui% life n>r[ly & /rictly1 he gives f\r mutually contradictory modes ( di/+ui%+ life1 "o ( :i* condemns n only ! :ole ( plant life b ab\t half ! animal k+dom to et]nal dea?4 ,no "o c accuse him ( hav+ deceiv$ u :5 he promis$ u peculi> results bas$ on individual ideas4 ,9 ano!r place he says ,!re is a simple fundam5tal type 9 nature belong+ to all organisms f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ & ?is type is to be met 9 ! subord9ate movem5ts ( ! mo/ undevelop$ plants4 ,?is is aga9 an absolutely false /atem5t4 ,! simple/ type 9 ! :ole ( organic nature is ! cell1 & x lies univ]sally at ! f\ndation ( ! highe/ organisms4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a sub/ance among ! l[e/ organisms l[] ev5 ?an ! cell1 ! protomoeba1 a s+le piece ( undiff]5tiat$ protoplasm1 )\t any diff]5tiation1 a complete s]ies ( monads & ! entire class ( siphoneae4 ,all ( ^! are connect$ ) ! high] organisms only by virtue ( ! fact t protoplasm is its sub/antial f\ndation1 & t !y fulfill ! functions ( protoplasm1 t is !y live & die4 ,fur!r ,h]r ,duehr+ tells u physiologically ! concept ( exi/5ce consi/s 9 ?is1 t x embraces a s+le n]ve app>atus4 ,s5sation is !re=e ! *>act]i/ic ( all animal organisms t is ! capacity ( consci\s subjective recognition ( circum/ances4 ,! %>p l9e ( diff]5tiation betwe5 plants & animals consi/s 9 ! leap to s5sation4 ,?is di/+ui%+ l9e _c any m be aboli%$ by kn[n =ms ( transition ?an x c be br\ght into exi/5ce by ! logical necessity ( ext]nally di/+ui%able *>act]i/ics4 ,& fur!r ,plants are totally & et]nally )\t s5sation & are devoid ( ! faculty = x4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,hegel says t s5sation is ! specific diff]5tiation1 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! animal4 ,?us "o ( ,hegel's erudite /atem5ts becomes an indubitable tru? ( ! la/ in/ance m]ely by be+ copi$ into ,h]r ,duehr+'s book4 ,9 ! second place we n[ arrive = ! fir/ "t at ! =ms ( transition betwe5 animals & plants4 ,t ^! int]m$iate =ms exi/1 t !re are organisms conc]n+ :i* we are unable to say flatly :e!r !y are plants or animals1 t we are !re=e unable to fix accurately ! fronti]s betwe5 plant & animal life1 all ^! ?+s make ,h]r ,duehr+ logically anxi\s to fix a decisively di/+ui%+ l9e1 :i* 9 ! next brea? he decl>es _c be ?or\ghly reli$ on4 ,b !re is no ne$ = u to g to ! d\btful region2 int]m$iate betwe5 plants & animals are s5sitive plants :i* at ! lea/ contact fold _! leaves or close _! petals4 ,are insect eat+ plants utt]ly )\t s5sation8 ,ev5 ,h]r ,duehr+ _c make su* an ass]tion )\t indulg+ 9 unsci5tific half-poetry4 ,9 ! ?ird place ,h]r ,duehr+ is aga9 giv+ free re9 to 8 imag9ation :5 he says t s5sation is psy*ologically exi/5t1 ev5 :5 ! n]ve app>atus is exce$+ly simple4 ,?is is f\nd regul>ly among reptiles yet ,h]r ,duehr+ is ! fir/ to say t !y h no s5sation because !y h no n]ves4 ,s5sation is n necess>ily b\nd up ) n]ves b x is b\nd up ) "s album9\s sub/ance ! true nature ( :i* has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,9 addition1 ! biological k ( ,h]r ,duehr+ becomes exce$+ly evid5t 9 t he is n a%am$ to fl+ at ,d>w9 ! "q d animals develop f plants8 s t x is a "q :e!r he is m ignorant ) reg>d to plants or animals4 ,( life 9 g5]al ,h]r ,duehr+ c only tell u ,! *ange 9 ! =m ( matt] :i* fulfills itself by pla/ic con/ructive arrangem5t rema9s a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! individual life-process4 ,t is all t we le>n ( life & ) respect to ! pla/ic creative arrangem5t we s9k knee deep 9 ! nons5se ( ,duehr+'s j>gon4 ,if we want to le>n :at life is we %all h to look at ! problem a little m closely on our own acc\nt4 ,t organic *ange 9 matt] is ! mo/ univ]sal & di/9ctive evid5ce ( life has be5 decl>$ by physiological *emi/s & *emical physiologi/s times )\t numb] dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s & _! utt]ances are translat$ by ,h]r ,duehr+ into 8 own cle> & elegant language4 ,b to def9e life z an organic *ange ( matt] is simply to def9e life z life1 = organic *ange ( matt]1 or *ange ( matt] ) pla/ic creative arrangem5t is a /atem5t :i* mu/ itself be expla9$ by life1 & ! explanation 9 its turn by ! diff]5ce betwe5 organic & inorganic1 t is betwe5 t :i* is alive & t :i* is n alive4 ,s t ) ?is explanation we d n get at ! problem4 ,organic *ange1 z su*1 is frequ5tly f\nd :]e life does n exi/4 ,!re are :ole s]ies ( processes 9 *emi/ry1 :i* by ! prop] comb9ation ( ! elem5ts1 produce aga9 _! own conditions1 s t !reby a c]ta9 body is ! creator ( a process4 ,?us 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid by ! burn+ ( sulphur1 !re is creat$ 9 ?is process sulphuric dioxide ,,s#b1 & if "o add /eam & nitric acid !reto1 ! sulphuric dioxide takes up ! wat] & ! oxyg5 & becomes ,h#b ,,s#d4 ,nitric acid gives (f oxyg5 & becomes nitric oxide1 ?is nitric oxide simultane\sly takes up new oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e & is trans=m$ into a high] oxide ( nitrog5 & f ?is acid sulphuric dioxide is aga9 giv5 (f & made by ! same process1 s t1 !oretically1 an inf9itely small am\nt ( nitric acid %\ld be effective to trans=m an unlimit$ quantity ( sulphuric dioxide1 oxyg5 & wat] into sulphuric acid4 ,*ange 9 matt] regul>ly occurs ?r\gh ! pass+ ( fluids ?r\gh dead organic & inorganic membranes z 9 ! artificial cells ( ,traube4 ,x !re=e appe>s t !re is no progress by ! way ( organic *ange = ! quality ( organic *ange :i* 0 to expla9 life mu/ itself be expla9$ by life4 ,we mu/ !re=e seek x else:]e4 ,life is a mode ( exi/5ce ( protoplasm & consi/s ess5tially 9 ! con/ant r5ewal ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ?is sub/ance4 ,protoplasm is "h und]/ood 9 ! mod]n *emical s5se & comprises "u ?is "n all sub/ances analog\s to ! :ite ( an egg1 o!rwise call$ prote9 sub/ances4 ,! "n is n satisfactory1 = ! ord9>y :ite ( egg plays ! lea/ active role ( all trans=m$ sub/ances1 s9ce x only s]ves z m]e n\ri%m5t = ! yolk1 = ! self-develop+ g]m4 ,z long h[ev] z s little is kn[n ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( protoplasm ! "n is bett] ?an any o!r because m inclusive4 ,:5ev] we discov] life we also f9d x b\nd up ) protoplasm1 & :5 we f9d a piece ( protoplasm n 9 solution !re we f9d also life1 )\t exception4 ,d\btless ! pres5ce ( o!r *emical con/itu5ts is necess>y to a liv+ body1 to produce ! v>i\s diff]5tiations ( ^! elem5ts ( life4 ,!y are n necess>y to life 9 itself1 h5ce !y ent] z food & become trans=m$ into protoplasm4 ,! l[e/ =ms ( life ) :i* we are acqua9t$ are no?+ b simple pieces ( protoplasm & yet !y h all ! appe>ance ( liv+ objects4 ,b 9 :at consi/ ^! signs ( life :i* are common to all liv+ objects8 ,9 ?is1 t ! protoplasm takes f its surr\nd+s o!r matt] suitable to itself & assimilates x :ile o!r =m] portions ( ! body become decompos$ & are ?r[n (f4 ,o!r ?+s1 n liv+ bodies1 decompose or make comb9ations1 b cease !reby to be :at !y 74 ,! rock worn by atmosph]ic action is no long] rock1 ! metal :i* becomes oxidis$ goes (f 9 ru/4 ,b :at causes ! de/ruction ( dead bodies is ! ess5tial ( ! exi/5ce ( liv+ protoplasm4 ,f ! v mom5t :5 ! unbrok5 int]*ange 9 ! con/itu5ts ( protoplasm ceases1 ! cont9ual int]*ange ( receiv+ & ?r[+ (f1 f t mom5t ! protoplasmic sub/ance itself ceases1 becomes decompos$1 t is1 dies4 ,life1 ! mode ( exi/5ce ( protoplasmic sub/ance1 !re=e consi/s 9 ?is1 t at "o & ! same mom5t x is itself & some?+ else1 & ?is is n ! result ( a process to :i* x is compell$ by ext]nal ag5cy1 s9ce ?is may happ5 also ) objects :i* are dead4 ,on ! contr>y life1 :i* is *ange ( matt]1 is consequ5t ^u n\ri%m5t & ?r[+ (f1 is a self-fulfill+ process inh]5t 9 its m$ium1 protoplasm1 )\t :i* x _c exi/4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t if *emi/ry %\ld ev] discov] h[ to make protoplasm artificially1 ?is protoplasm mu/ %[ "s signs ( life1 ev5 if v insignificant4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 d\btful if *emi/ry w discov] ! prop] food = ?is protoplasm at ! same "t z ! protoplasm4 ,?r\gh ! *anges 9 matt] produc$ by n\ri%m5t & ?r[+ (f1 z actual functions ( ! protoplasm1 & ?r\gh its own pla/icity1 proce$ all ! o!r mo/ simple factors ( life1 s5sibility :i* consi/s 9 ! int]*ange betwe5 ! protoplasm & its food1 contractibility :i* %[s itself at a v l[ /age 9 ! consumption ( food1 possibility ( gr[? :i* is %[n 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( developm5t by splitt+1 & int]nal motion )\t :i* nei!r ! consumption nor assimilation ( food is possible4 ,our def9ition ( life is1 ( c\rse1 v incomplete s9ce 9 ord] to include all ! widely diff]+ manife/ations ( life x mu/ conf9e itself to ! mo/ univ]sal & simple4 ,def9itions are ( little sci5tific wor?4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :at life is we mu/ exam9e all =ms ( its manife/ation f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,= ord9>y use su* def9itions are v conv5i5t & 9 a c]ta9 s5se indisp5sable1 & !y c d no h>m z long z _! inevitable defici5cies are n =gott54 7,! rema9d] ( ?is section simply teases ,h]r ,duehr+47 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,morals ,,& ,,law ,et]nal ,tru?s4 ,we refra9 f (f]+ examples ( ! hodge podge ( /upidity & %am solemnity ) :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ regales 8 read]s = fifty full pages z fundam5tal k on ! elem5ts ( consci\sness4 ,we m]ely quote ! foll[+3 ,he :o m]ely conceives ( ?\ght ?r\gh ! m$ium ( spee* has nev] und]/ood :at is signifi$ by ab/ract & true ?\ght4 ,h5ce1 animals are ! mo/ ab/ract & true ?9k]s1 = _! ?\ght is nev] obscur$ by ! importunate int]f]5ce ( spee*4 ,) reg>d to ,h]r ,duehr+'s ?\ght 9 p>ticul>1 x may be p]ceiv$ t !y are b little suit$ to spee* & t ! ,g]man language 9 p>ticul> is q inadequate to express !m4 ,! f\r? "p ( 8 book1 h[ev]1 possesses "s r$eem+ features1 = "h & !re x (f]s u "s compreh5sible notions on ! subject ( morals & law 9 spite ( ! t$i\s & involv$ rhetoric4 ,"r at ! beg9n+ we are invit$ to take a j\rney to ! o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,?us1 ! elem5ts ( morality are to be f\nd among sup]human be+s among :om exi/ an und]/&+ ( ?+s & a regul> sy/em ( ! h>moni\s conduct ( life4 ,our %>e 9 su* conclusions mu/ !n be small1 b !re always rema9s a b5efic5t & enl>g+ idea 9 pictur+ t ev5 9 o!r sph]es individual & social life foll[s "o purpose :i* _c be escap$ or evad$ by any intellig5t liv+ creature4 ,!re is good reason = our alt]+ ! position ( ! /atem5t t ,h]r ,duehr+'s tru? is good = all possible worlds f ! close to ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]4 ,:5 once ! correctness ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s notions ( morals & law h be5 e/abli%$ s z to apply to all _w ! b5efic5t notion may easily be ext5d$ to all "t4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 we run across ano!r f9al tru? ( la/ in/ance4 ,! moral univ]se has j z well z t ( univ]sal k its g5]al pr9ciples & simple elem5ts4 ,moral pr9ciples are beyond hi/ory & ! national di/9ctions ( to-day 444 ! v>i\s tru?s f :i* 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t ! full] moral consci\sness1 &1 s to speak1 consci5ce itself is d]iv$1 c1 z f> z _! orig9 is inve/igat$1 claim a simil> acceptation & ext5t to t ( ma!matics & its applications4 ,real tru?s are immutable & x is folly to conceive ( correct k z liable to ! attacks ( "t or ( *ange 9 mat]ial conditions4 ,h5ce ! c]ta9ty ( s\nd k & ! suffici5cy ( g5]al acceptation =bid to d\bt ! absolute correctness ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( k4444 ,cont9ual d\bt is 9 itself an evid5ce ( weakness & is m]ely ! expression ( a b>r5 condition ( confusion1 :i* al?\gh consci\s ( possess+ no?+ /ill seeks to ma9ta9 ! appe>ance ( hold+ on to some?+4 ,reg>d+ morals1 x d5ies univ]sal pr9ciples ) respect to ! manifold v>iations 9 moral ideas ow+ to geographical & hi/orical conditions1 & ?9ks t ) ! admission ( ! unavoidable necessity ( evil & wick$ness !re is no ne$ = x to ackn[l$ge ! tru? & effici5cy ( moral impulses4 ,?is mordant scepticism :i* is n direct$ aga9/ any false doctr9e 9 p>ticul>1 b aga9/ human capacity to recognise morality resolves itself f9ally into no?+ness1 x is no m ?an m]e nihilism4 ,x flatt]s itself t x c atta9 supremacy & give free re9 to unpr9cipl$ pleasures by de/roy+ moral ideas & creat+ *aos4 ,x is greatly deceiv$1 h[ev]1 if m]ely po9t+ at ! inevitable fate ( ! intellect ) respect to error & tru? is suffici5t to %[ by analogy t natural liability to error does n exclude ! arriv+ at a correct decision b r t5ds to t end4 ,up to n[ we h n comm5t$ ^u ,h]r ,duehr+'s pomp\s op9ions on f9al tru?s ( ! la/ in/ance1 sov]eignty ( ! w1 absolute c]ta9ty ( k1 & s =?1 until ! matt] c\ld fir/ be br\ght to an issue4 ,up to ?is po9t ! inve/igation has be5 useful to %[ h[ f> ! sep>ate ass]tions ( ! philosophy ( realism _h sov]eign validity & unre/rict$ claim to tru? b we n[ come to ! "q if any & :at product ( human k c h 9 p>ticul> sov]eign validity & unre/rict$ claims to tru?4 ,if ,i speak ( human k ,i d n d s z an affront to ! dwell]s 9 o!r worlds :om ,i h n ! honor to "k1 b only because animals h k also1 n sov]eign1 h[ev]4 ,! dog recognises a div9ity 9 8 ma/]1 :o may1 h[ev]1 be a great fool4 ,is human ?\ght sov]eign8 ,be=e we c answ] yes or no we mu/ fir/ exam9e :at human ?\ght is4 ,is x ! ?\ght ( an individual man8 ,no4 ,x exi/s only z ! individual ?\ghts ( _m millions ( m51 pa/1 pres5t & to come4 ,if ,i n[ say1 hav+ compreh5d$ ! ?\ght ( all m5 9 ! future also "u my concept1 t x is able to und]/& ! entire univ]se1 if man only la/s long en\gh1 & ! organs ( p]ception are unlimit$1 & ! objects to be compreh5d$ h no limits ^u _! compreh5sibility1 my /atem5t is banal & b>r54 ,! mo/ valuable result ( su* a conclusion w\ld be to cause 9 u a trem5d\s di/ru/ ( pres5t day k4 ,because1 to all appe>ance1 we are j /&+ at ! ?re%old ( human hi/ory & ! g5]ations :i* w correct u w be mu* m num]\s ?an ^? ^: k--(t5 ) little en\gh reg>d1--we ourselves correct4 ,h]r ,duehr+ himself expla9s ! necessity ( consci\sness1 k & p]ception only becom+ app>5t 9 a collection ( sep>ate individuals4 ,we c only apply ! ^w sov]eignty to ! ?\ght ( ^! individuals 9 s f> z we d n "k ( any =ce :i* c defeat ?\ght4 ,b we all "k t !re is no significance to nor p[] ( int]pretation ( ! sov]eign p[] ( ! k ( ! ?\ght ( ea* individual1 &1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce1 !re is mu* m t requires improvem5t & correction 9 x ?an n4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sov]eignty ( ?\ght is realis$ 9 a numb] ( highly unsov]eign m5 capable ( ?9k+1 ! k :i* has unlimit$ pret5sions to tru? is realis$ 9 a numb] ( relative blund]s2 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c be fully realis$ except ?r\gh an endless et]nity ( human exi/5ce4 ,we h "h aga9 ! same contradiction z above betwe5 ! necess>y1 z an absolute conceiv$ *>act]i/ic ( human ?\ght1 & its reality 9 ! v limit$ ?9k+ s+le individual1 a contradiction :i* c only be solv$ 9 ! endless progression ( ! human race1 t is endless z f> z we are conc]n$4 ,9 ?is s5se human ?\ght is j z sov]eign z n--sov]eign1 & its possibility ( k j z unlimit$ z limit$4 ,x is sov]eign & unlimit$ z reg>ds its nature1 its significance1 its possibilities1 its hi/orical end1 x is n sov]eign & limit$ ) respect to individual expression & its actuality at any p>ticul> "t4 ,x is j ! same ) et]nal tru?s4 ,if mank9d only op]at$ ) et]nal tru?s & ) ?\ght :i* possess$ a sov]eign significance & unlimit$ claims to tru?1 mank9d w\ld h arriv$ at a po9t :]e ! et]nity ( ?\ght becomes realis$ 9 actuality & possibility4 ,?us ! fam\s miracle ( ! enum]at$ innum]able w\ld be realis$4 ,b :at ab\t ^? tru?s :i* are s well e/abli%$ t to d\bt !m is to be1 z x 71 crazy8 ,t twice two is f\r1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 t ,p>is is 9 ,france1 t a man w die ( hung] if he does n receive food1 etc48 ,d we n p]ceive !n t !re are et]nal tru?s1 f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance8 ,q s4 ,we c divide ! entire field ( k 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way into ?ree great divisions4 ,! fir/ includes all ! sci5ces :i* are conc]n$ ) inanimate nature & :i* c be treat$ ma!matically1 m or less--ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 me*anics1 physics & *emi/ry4 ,if "o l to use big words to express simple ?+s1 x may be said t c]ta9 results ( ^! sci5ces are et]nal tru?s1 f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance1 :5ce !y are call$ ! exact sci5ces4 ,b all ! results are by no means ( ?is "*4 ,) ! introduction ( v>iable quantities & ! ext5sion ( ! v>iability to ! inf9itely small & ! inf9itely l>ge1 ma!matics1 o!rwise erect1 meets ) its fall1 x has eat5 ( ! apple ( k & !re has be5 op5$ up to x ! pa? ( limitless progress z well z t ( error4 ,! virg9 condition ( absolute purity1 ! undi/urbable c]ta9ty ( all ma!matics has vani%$ =ev]1 a p]iod ( controv]sy has int]v5$1 & we h n[ arriv$ at ! /ate ( affairs 9 :i* mo/ p c>ry on ! op]ations ( multiplication & division n because !y really und]/& :at !y are engag$ 91 b f m]e belief because ! op]ation has s f> always giv5 correct results4 ,a/ronomy & me*anics1 physics & *emi/ry are 9 a /ill m confus$ /ate1 & hypo!ses cr[d "o ano!r ?ick z a sw>m ( bees4 ,x _c be o!rwise4 ,9 physics we inve/igate ! movem5ts ( molecules1 9 *emi/ry ! developm5t ( molecules f atoms1 & if ! !ory ( light waves %\ld n be correct we h no absolute k t we ev5 see ^! int]e/+ ?+s4 ,! lapse ( "t produces a v ?9 crop ( f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance4 ,9 geology we are 9 a /ill m emb>rass+ situation = we are "h involv$ 9 ! /udy ( prec$+ epo*s 9 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 nei!r we ourselves nor any o!r human be+ ev] exi/$4 ,"h !re is mu* labor sp5t 9 ! h>ve/+ ( tru?s ( la/ in/ance1 & !y are a scanty crop )al4 ,! second division ( k is occupi$ 9 ! inve/igation ( liv+ organisms4 ,9 ?is field ! *anges & causalities are s complex t n only does ! solution ( ea* "q br+ ab\t ! rise ( an unlimit$ numb] ( new que/ions1 b ! solution ( ea* ( ^! sep>ate new que/ions dep5ds ^u ye>s1 frequ5tly c5turies1 ( inve/igation1 & c !n be only p>tially complet$4 ,s t ! ne$ ( sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s int]relations cont9ually surr\nds ! f9al tru?s ( ! la/ in/ance ) a prolific & spread+ gr[? ( hypo!ses4 ,look at ! long succession ( progressive /eps f ,gal5 to ,malpighi necess>y to e/abli% correctly s simple a ?+ z ! circulation ( ! blood ( mammals1 yet h[ little we "k ( ! orig9 ( blood corpuscles & h[ _m mi/akes we make 91 = example1 rationally connect+ ! symptoms & cause ( a disease4 ,besides !re are frequ5tly discov]ies l ^? ( ! cell :i* compel u to entirely revise all hi!rto firmly e/abli%$ tru? ( ! la/ in/ance 9 biology1 & to lay numb]s ( su* tru?s aside = good & all4 ,he :o w\ld !re=e 9 ?is sci5ce und]take ! proclamation ( absolute & immutable tru?s mu/ be cont5t ) su* platitudes z ! foll[+3 ,all m5 mu/ die2 all female mammals h mamm>y gl&s1 etc4 ,he w n ev5 be able to say t ! great] animals dige/ _! food by means ( ! /oma* & b[els & n ) ! head because ! c5tralis$ sy/em ( n]ves 9 ! head is n adapt$ to dige/ion4 ,b ?+s are worse ) reg>d to f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance 9 ! ?ird gr\p ( sci5ces--! hi/orical4 ,^! are conc]n$ ) ! conditions ( human life1 social conditions1 =ms ( law & ! /ate ) _! ideali/ic sup]/ructure ( philosophy1 religion1 art1 etc41 9 _! hi/oric succession & 9 _! pres5t day manife/ations4 ,9 organic nature we h at lea/ to d ) a succession ( regul> ph5om5a :i* regul>ly repeat !mselves z f> z our imm$iate obs]vation goes1 )9 v wide limits4 ,organic species h rema9$ on ! :ole unalt]$ s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 social hi/ory1 on ! o!r h&1 repetitions ( conditions are ! exception1 n ! rule1 directly we leave beh9d ! prehi/oric conditions ( humanity1 ! /one-age1 s-call$4 ,:]e su* repetitions d occur1 moreov]1 !y nev] recur "u precisely simil> conditions1 z = example ! occurr5ce ( e>ly tribal communism among all peoples ant]ior to civilisation & ! =m ( its break up4 ,z reg>ds human hi/ory1 !n1 z f> z sci5ce is conc]n$1 we are at a great] disadvantage ?an 9 biology4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 ! intimate relations exi/+ betwe5 a social & political ph5om5on come to be recognis$ x is n1 z a rule1 p]ceiv$ until ! conditions are actually on ! way to decay4 ,k is !re=e entirely relative1 s9ce x is limit$ to a giv5 p & a giv5 epo*1 & _! nature "u transitory social & political =ms1 :5 x exam9es relations & =ms conclusions4 ,he :o !re=e is aft] f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance1 pure & immutable1 w only manage to cat* flat phrases & ! mo/ arrant commonplaces1 l ^!--man _c1 g5]ally speak+1 live )\t work+2 up to ! pres5t m5 h = ! mo/ "p be5 divid$ into ma/]s & s]vants2 ,napoleon di$ on ,may #e?1 #ahba1 & ?+s ( t sort4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( k pret5d$ f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance are met ) mo/ frequ5tly4 ,only ! p]son :o wi%es to %[ t !re are et]nal tru?1 et]nal morality1 & et]nal ju/ice 9 human hi/ory1 & t ^! are simil> 9 scope & application to ^? ( ma!matics1 w proclaim t twice two is f\r & t birds h beaks & ! l to be et]nal tru?s4 ,we c also c]ta9ly rely ^u ! same fri5d ( humanity tak+ ! opportunity to expla9 t all =m] inv5tors ( et]nal tru?s h be5 m or less asses or *>latans1 t !y h be5 circumscrib$ by error & h made mi/akes4 ,! fact ( _! error1 h[ev]1 is natural & proves ! exi/5ce ( ! tru?1 & t x c be rea*$1 & ! newly aris5 prophet has a ready-to-h& /ock ( f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance1 et]nal law & et]nal ju/ice4 ,?is has happ5$ hundr$s1 nay1 ?\s&s ( times1 s t x is a wond] t m5 are /ill suffici5tly cr$ul\s to believe x n only ( o!rs1 b ev5 ( !mselves4 ,"h we f9d a prophet clad 9 ! arm\r ( righte\sness :o proclaims 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way t :oev] else may d5y !re is /ill "o left to decl>e f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance4 ,d5ial1 nay1 d\bt ev51 is a weakness1 b>r5 confusion1 mole-l scepticism1 worse ?an blank nihilism1 confusion worse conf\nd$ & o!r little amiabilities ( ?is sort4 ,z ) all prophets1 !re is no sci5tific inve/igation1 b m]ely (f-h& condemnation4 ,we might h made m5tion ( ! sci5ces :i* inve/igate ! laws ( human ?\ght1 logic & dialectics4 ,"h we are1 h[ev]1 no bett] (f z reg>ds et]nal tru?s4 ,h]r ,duehr+ expla9s t ! dialectic prop] is pure nons5se1 & ! _m books :i* h be5 & are /ill be+ writt5 on logic prove cle>ly t f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance are m sp>sely di/ribut$ ?an _m believe4 ,moreov]1 we are n at all al>m$ because ! /ep ( sci5ce ^u :i* we to-day /& is n a bit m f9al ?an any ( ! prec$+ /eps4 ,already x includes an imm5se am\nt ( mat]ial = inve/igation & (f]s a great *ance = specialisation & /udy to anyone :o desires to become exp]t 9 any p>ticul> bran*4 ,:oev] expects to f9d f9al & immutable tru?s 9 obs]vations :i* 9 ! v nature ( ?+s mu/ rema9 relative = successive g5]ations1 & c only be complet$ piecemeal1 z 9 cosmogony1 geology & human hi/ory1 :i* mu/ always be incomplete ow+ to ! complexity ( ! hi/orical mat]ial1 %[s p]v]se ignorance ev5 :]e he does n1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 set up claims ( p]sonal infallibility4 ,tru? & error1 l all su* mutually antagoni/ic concepts1 h only an absolute reality "u v limit$ conditions1 z we h se51 & z ev5 ,h]r ,duehr+ %\ld "k by a slight acqua9tance ) ! fir/ elem5ts ( dialectics1 :i* %[ ! insuffici5cy ( all pol> antagonisms4 ,z soon z we br+ ! antagonism ( tru? & error out ( ?is limit$ field x becomes relative & is n s]viceable = new sci5tific /atem5ts4 ,if we %\ld seek to e/abli% its reality beyond ^? limits we are at once confront$ by a dilemma1 bo? poles ( ! antagonism come into conflict ) _! opposite2 tru? becomes error & error becomes tru?4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! well-kn[n ,boyle's law1 accord+ to :i*1 ! temp]ature rema9+ ! same1 ! volume ( ! gas v>ies z ! pressure to :i* x is subject$4 ,regnault discov]$ t ?is law does n apply 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,if he _h be5 a reali/-philosoph] he w\ld h be5 oblig$ to say1 ,boyle's law is mutable1 !re=e x does n possess absolute tru?1 !re=e x is untrue1 !re=e x is false4 ,he w\ld ?us h made a great] error ?an t :i* 0 lat5t 9 ,boyle's law1 8 little p>ticle ( tru? w\ld h be5 dr[n$ 9 a flood ( error2 he w\ld 9 ?is way h elaborat$ 8 correct result into an error comp>$ ) :i* ,boyle's law ) its p>ticle ( error fa/5$ to x w\ld h appe>$ z ! tru?4 ,regnault1 sci5ti/ z he 01 did n tr\ble himself ) su* *ildi% p]=mances4 ,he inve/igat$ fur!r & f\nd t ,boyle's law is only approximately correct1 hav+ no validity 9 ! case ( gases :i* c be made liquid by pressure :5 ! pressure approa*es ! po9t :]e liquefaction sets 94 ,boyle's law !re=e is %[n only to be true )9 specific b\nds4 ,b is x absolute1 a f9al tru? ( la/ in/ance )9 specific b\nds8 ,no physici/ w\ld say s4 ,he w\ld say t x is correct = c]ta9 gases & )9 c]ta9 limits ( pressure & temp]ature1 & ev5 !n )9 ^! some:at n>r[ limits he w\ld n exclude ! possibility ( a /ill n>r[] limitation or *ange 9 application z ! result ( fur!r inve/igation4 ,?is is h[ f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance /& 9 physics1 = example4 ,really sci5tific works z a rule avoid su* dogmatic expressions z tru? & error1 b !y are con/antly cropp+ up 9 works l ! ,philosophy ( ,reality1 :]e m]e loose talk+ vaunts itself ! supreme result ( sov]eign ?\ght4 ,b a naive read] may say1 ,:]e has ,h]r ,duehr+ expressly /at$ t ! cont5t ( 8 philosophy ( reality is f9al tru? ( ! la/ in/ance8 ,well1 = example1 9 8 di?yramb on 8 sy/em :i* we quot$ above1 & aga9 :]e he says ,moral tru?s z f> z !y are kn[n are z s\nd z ^? ( ma!matics4 ,does n ,h]r ,duehr+ expla9 t by reason ( 8 p[]s ( criticism & se>*+ inve/igations1 ! fundam5tal philosophy has be5 br\ght to light & t he has ?us be/[$ ^u u f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance8 ,b if ,h]r ,duehr+ does n set up su* a claim ei!r on 8 own behalf or t ( 8 "t1 if he says t "s "t 9 ! mi/y future f9al tru?s ( la/ in/ance w be e/abli%$1 & t !re=e 8 own /atem5ts are m]ely accid5tal & confus$1 a k9d ( mole-l scepticism & b>r5 confusion1 :at is all ! fuss ab\t1 & :at useful purpose is s]v$ by ,h]r ,duehr+8 ,if we ga9 no gr\nd 9 ! matt] ( tru? & error we ga9 less 9 respect ( good & evil4 ,"h we h an antagonism ( e?ical significance1 & e?ics is a dep>tm5t ( human hi/ory 9 :i* f9al tru?s are b slight & few4 ,f p to p1 f age to age1 !re h be5 su* *anges 9 ! ideas ( good & evil t ^! concepts are contradictory 9 diff]5t p]iods & among diff]5t peoples4 ,b "s "o may rem>k1 ,good is /ill n evil & evil is n good2 if good & evil are confus$ all morality is aboli%$1 & ea* may d :at he w4 ,:5 ! rhetoric is /ripp$ away ?is is ! op9ion ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,b ! matt] is n to be dispos$ ( s easily4 ,if ?+s 7 z easy z t !re w\ld be no dispute ab\t good & evil4 ,ev]ybody w\ld "k :at 0 good & :at 0 evil4 ,h[ is x to-day1 h[ev]8 ,:at sy/em ( e?ics is prea*$ to u to-day8 ,!re is fir/ ! ,*ri/ian-feudal1 a survival ( ! e>ly days ( fai?1 :i* is z a matt] ( fact subdivid$ into ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 ( :i* !re are /ill fur!r subdivisions1 f ! ,jesuit-,ca?olic & or?odox ,prote/ant to loosely drawn e?ical sy/ems4 ,!re figure also ! mod]n or b\rgeois1 & /ill fur!r ! prolet>ian future sy/em ( morality1 s t ! progressive ,european c\ntries alone pres5t ?ree contemporane\s & coexi/5t actual !ories ( e?ics4 ,:i* is ! true "o8 ,no s+le "o ( !m1 reg>d$ z a f9ality1 b t sy/em assur$ly possesses ! mo/ elem5ts ( tru? :i* promises ! longe/ duration1 :i* exi/5t 9 ! pres5t is also involv$ 9 ! revolution ( ! future1 ! prolet>ian4 ,b if we n[ see t ! ?ree classes ( mod]n society1 ! feudal ari/ocracy1 ! b\rgeoisie & ! prolet>ian1 h _! di/9ctive e?ical sy/ems1 we c only conclude !refrom t mank9d consci\sly or unconsci\sly %apes its moral views 9 accordance ) ! mat]ial facts ^u :i* 9 ! la/ in/ance ! class exi/5ce is bas$--^u ! economic conditions "u :i* production & ex*ange are c>ri$ on4 ,b 9 ! ?ree above m5tion$ sy/ems ( e?ics !re is mu* :i* is common to all ?ree ( !m1 & might n ?is at lea/ con/itute a portion ( an et]nally /able sy/em ( e?ics8 ,^! e?ical !ories pass ?r\gh ?ree di/9ct /eps 9 _! hi/orical developm5t1 !y h !re=e a common hi/orical basis & h5ce necess>ily mu* 9 common4 ,fur!r1 = approximately simil> economic /ages !re mu/1 necess>ily be a co9cid5ce ( simil> /ages ( economic developm5t1 & e?ical !ories mu/ ( necessity co9cide ) a great] or less degree ( clos5ess4 ,f ! v mom5t :5 private prop]ty 9 movables develop$ !re _h to be e?ical sanctions ( g5]al effect 9 all communities 9 :i* private prop]ty prevail$1 ?us3 ,?\ %alt n /eal4 ,is ?is comm&m5t1 !n1 an et]nal comm&m5t8 ,by no means4 ,9 a society 9 :i* ! motive = !ft did n exi/ /eal+ w\ld only be ! practice ( ! weak-m9d$1 & ! prea*] ( morals :o proclaim$ ,?\ %alt n /eal z an et]nal comm&m5t w\ld only be laugh$ at = 8 pa9s4 ,we "h call att5tion to ! attempt to =ce a sort ( moral dogmatism ^u u z et]nal1 f9al1 immutable moral law1 ^u ! pretext t ! moral law is possess$ ( fix$ pr9ciples :i* transc5d hi/ory & ! v>iations ( individual peoples4 ,we /ate1 on ! contr>y1 t up to ! pres5t "t all e?ical !ory is 9 ! la/ in/ance a te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 economic conditions prevail+ 9 any community at any p>ticul> "t4 ,& 9 proportion z society develop$ class-antagonisms1 morality became a class morality & ei!r ju/ifi$ ! int]e/s & dom9ation ( ! rul+ class1 or z soon z a subject class became /rong en\gh ju/ifi$ revolt aga9/ ! dom9ation ( ! rul+ class & ! int]e/s ( ! subject class4 ,t1 by ?is means1 !re is an advance made 9 morals z a :ole1 j z !re is 9 all o!r bran*es ( human k1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,b we h n yet advanc$ beyond class morals4 ,real human morality sup]ior to class morality & its traditions w n be possible until a /age 9 human hi/ory has be5 rea*$ 9 :i* class antagonisms h n only be5 ov]come b h be5 =gott5 z reg>ds ! conduct ( life4 ,n[ ! colossal egotism ( ,h]r ,duehr+ may be und]/ood :5 x is se5 t1 on ! eve ( a revolution :i* w br+ ab\t a /ate ( society devoid ( classes1 he claims f ! mid/ ( an old & class divid$ society to proclaim an et]nal sy/em ( morals indep5d5t ( "t & mat]ial *ange4 ,he himself decl>es :at up to ! pres5t has be5 hid f ! re/ ( u t he und]/&s ! /ructure ( ?is future society at lea/ z reg>ds its sali5t features4 ,9 conclusion he makes a revelation :i* is ess5tially orig9al b none ! less fundam5tal respect+ ! orig9 ( evil4 ,we h ! fact t ! type ( ! cat ) its inh]5t trea*]y is pictur$ z ! repres5tative animal type1 & ?is also displays a =m ( "* to be f\nd also 9 man4 ,!re is no my/]y !n ab\t evil if "o c detect a my/icism 9 ! cat or any o!r bea/ ( prey4 ,evil is--! cat4 ,goe! 0 evid5tly wrong :5 he introduc$ ,mephi/opheles z a black dog in/ead ( a cat simil>ly color$4 ,?is is e?ics suit$ n only to all worlds b to cats also4 ,equality4 ,by d9t ( exp]i5ce we h come to le>n ,h]r ,duehr+'s me?od4 ,x consi/s 9 sep>at+ ea* dep>tm5t ( k into :at are assum$ to be its mo/ simple elem5ts1 !n ( mak+ s call$ self evid5t axioms ) reg>d to ^! simple elem5ts1 & !reupon op]at+ ) ! results obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,?us a sociological "q is to be decid$ on simple axiomatic pr9ciples j z if x 7 a matt] ( elem5t>y ma!matics4 ,?us ! application ( ! ma!matical me?od to hi/ory1 e?ics & law gives ma!matical c]ta9ty to ! f9al results :i* appe> z pure & immutable tru?s4 ,?is is only ano!r =m ( ! old ideological1 a priori me?od s call$1 :i* le>n$ ! prop]ties ( an object n f ! object itself b d]iv$ !m by pro( f ! concept ( ! object4 ,fir/ y d]ive a concept ( ! object f ! actual object1 !n y turn ! spit & measure ! object 9 t]ms ( its d]ivative ! concept4 ,! concept is n %ap$ aft] ! patt]n ( ! object b ! object aft] ! patt]n ( ! concept4 ,9 ,h]r ,duehr+'s me?od1 ! simple/ elem5ts1 ! la/ ab/ractions to :i* he c atta9 d duty = ! concept :i* is un*angeable1 ! simple/ elem5ts are "u ! be/ conditions purely imag9>y 9 _! nature4 ,! philosophy ( realism h5ce appe>s to be m]e ideology1 & has no d]ivation f real life b is absolutely dep5d5t ^u ! imag9ation4 ,:5 su* an ideologi/ proce$s to con/ruct a sy/em ( morals & law f 8 concept ( ! s-call$ simple/ elem5ts ( society in/ead ( f ! real social conditions ( ! m5 ab\t him1 :]e does he get 8 mat]ial = con/ruction8 ,! mat]ial evid5tly consi/s ( two k9ds--fir/ly1 ! slim ve/iges ( reality :i* are /ill pres5t 9 e fundam5tal ab/raction1 & secondly 9 ! actual cont5t :i* our ideologi/ evolves f 8 own consci\sness4 ,& :at does he discov] 9 8 consci\sness8 ,= ! mo/ "p moral & e?ical philosophic ideas & ^! con/itute an expression correspond+ m or less closely1 :e!r positive or negative1 h>moni\s or ho/ile1 ) ! social & political conditions :i* environ him4 ,besides he probably has notions d]iv$ f lit]ature p]ta9+ to ^! conditions1 & f9ally he has possibly p]sonal idiosyncrasies4 ,let our ideologi/ dodge all t he c1 ! hi/orical reality :i* he has ?r[n out ( doors comes 9 aga9 at ! w9d[ & al?\gh he may fancy t he is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( moral & legal doctr9es good = all worlds & all ages he is actually mak+ a di/ort$1 c\nt]feit ( ! cons]vation or revolution>y t5d5cies ( 8 "t1 because torn f its real place1 z ?+s se5 9 a concave mirror are upside d[n4 ,h]r ,duehr+ !re=e resolves society into its simple/ elem5ts & discov]s accord+ly t ! mo/ elem5t>y society consi/s ( at lea/ two human be+s4 ,he !reupon op]ates ) ^! two human be+s to produce 8 axiom4 ,!n he deliv]s himself ( ! fundam5tal maxim ( morals1 ,two human wills1 z su*1 are entirely id5tical1 & ! "o c 9 consequ5ce make no positive dem&s ^u ! o!r4 ,"h ! f\ndation ( moral law is app>5t1 s 9 ord] to develop ! pr9cipal concepts ( ju/ice we require two human be+s "u absolutely simple & elem5t>y conditions4 ,t two human wills or two human be+s are j alike is n only no axiom1 x is a gl>+ exagg]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place two human be+s may diff] z reg>ds sex1 & ?is simple fact %[s u1 if we look at *ildhood = a mom5t1 t ! elem5ts ( society are n two m51 b a little man & a little woman1 :i* con/itute a family1 ! simple/ & e>lie/ =m ( association = productive purposes4 ,b ,h]r ,duehr+ _c by any means agree to ?is4 ,on ! "o h& ! two con/itu5ts ( society might v possibly be made alike & on ! o!r ,h]r ,duehr+ w\ld n be able to con/ruct ! moral & legal equality ( man & woman f ! orig9al family4 ,!re=e "o ( two ?+s mu/ take place4 ,ei!r ! molecules ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s society f ! multiplication ( :i* all society is built up is m]ely a priori & de/9$ to fail1 s9ce two m5 _c produce a *ild1 or we mu/ consid] !m z two heads ( families4 ,9 ?is case ! entire f\ndation is made its v opposite4 ,in/ead ( ! equality ( man we h at ! mo/ ! equality ( two heads ( families1 & s9ce wom5 are n compreh5d$ we h ! consequ5t subjection ( wom54 ,we are sorry to w>n ! read] t ^! two notori\s m5 _c be got rid (1 = a long "t4 ,!y take up 9 ! realm ( social conditions ! role h]et(ore play$ by ! dwell]s 9 ! o!r _w ) :om x is to be hop$ we h n[ f9i%$4 ,%\ld any "q ( political economy1 ( politics or any o!r su* matt] require solution1 out come ! two m5 & make ! ?+ axiomatic =?)4 ,?is is a rem>kable1 clev]1 & sy/em-%ap+ discov]y ( our sy/em-%ap+ philosoph]4 ,b to give ! tru? its due we are regretfully b\nd to say t he did n discov] ! two m54 ,!y are common to ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y appe> 9 ,r\sseau's ,treatise on ,equality1 #aged1 :]e1 by ! way1 !y s]ve to prove axiomatically ! direct opposite ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s cont5tions4 ,!y play an important "p 9 political economy f ,adam ,smi? to ,ric>do1 b "h !y are s f> unequal t !y foll[ diff]5t trades1 pr9cipally hunt+ & fi%+1 & !y ex*ange _! mutual products4 ,!y s]ve ?r\gh ! entire eighte5? c5tury pr9cipally z m]e illu/rative examples1 & ! orig9ality ( ,h]r ,duehr+ consi/s 9 ! fact t he elevates ?is me?od ( illu/ration to a fundam5tal me?od = all social sci5ce & to a measure ( all hi/orical in/ruction4 ,!re is no easi] way to arrive at a really sci5tific philosophy ( ?+s & m54 ,9 ord] to create ! fundam5tal axiom ! two m5 & _! wills are mutually equal & nei!r has any "r to "l x ov] ! o!r4 ,we _c f9d two suitable m54 ,!y mu/ be two m5 :o are s free f all national1 economic1 political & religi\s conditions1 f sex & p]sonal peculi>ities t no?+ rema9s ( ei!r ( !m b ! m]e concept man & !n !y are entirely equal4 ,!y are !re=e two fully-equipp$ gho/s conjur$ up by t v ,h]r ,duehr+ :o p>ticul>ly ridicules & d5\nces spiriti/ic movem5ts4 ,^! two phantoms mu/ ( c\rse d all t _! wiz>d wants ( !m & s _! unit$ productions are a matt] ( complete indiff]5ce to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,n[ let u foll[ ,h]r ,duehr+'s axiomatic utt]ances a little fur!r4 ,^! two m5 _c make positive dem&s ^u ea* o!r4 ,! "o :o does s & en=ces 8 dem& !reupon p]=ms an unju/ act1 & ) ?is idea z a f\ndation ,h]r ,duehr+ expla9s ! inju/ice1 ! tyranny1 ! s]vitude1 9 %ort all ! evil happ5+s ( hi/ory up to ! pres5t "t4 ,n[ ,r\sseau has 9 ! "w above m5tion$ prov$ ! contr>y j z axiomatically1 by means ( two m54 ,a4 _c =cibly enslave ,b4 except by putt+ ,b4 9 a place :]e he _c d )\t ,a4 ,?is is f> too mat]iali/ic an idea = ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,he has accord+ly put ! same matt] some:at diff]5tly4 ,two %ipwreck$ m5 be+ by !mselves on an isl& =m a society4 ,_! wills are1 !oretically speak+1 entirely equal & ?is is ackn[l$g$ by bo?4 ,b 9 reality ! inequality is trem5d\s4 ,a4 is resolute & en]getic1 ,b4 in]t1 irresolute & slack4 ,a4 is %>p1 ,b4 is /upid4 ,h[ long w x be be=e ,a4 imposes 8 w ^u ,b41 fir/ by tak+ ! upp] h&1 & keep+ x habitually1 "u ! pret5ce t ,b4's submission is volunt>y4 ,:e!r ! =m ( volunt>9ess cont9ues or =ce is resort$ to slav]y /ill is slav]y4 ,volunt>y ent]+ into a /ate ( slav]y la/$ all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,g]many up to ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w>4 ,:5 s]fdom 0 aboli%$ 9 ,prussia aft] ! defeats ( #ahjf & #ahjg & ) x ! duty ( ! nobility to take c>e ( _! subjects 9 ne$1 sickness & old age ! peasants !reupon petition$ to be all[$ to rema9 9 slav]y--= :o w\ld c>e = !m :5 !y 7 9 tr\ble8 ,! concept ( ! two m5 is j z applicable to inequality & slav]y z x is to equality & mutual aid1 & s9ce1 "u ! p5alty ( ext9ction1 m5 mu/ assume ! head%ip ( a family1 h]$it>y slav]y may be =ese5 9 x4 ,let u put ?is view ( ! case on "o side = a mom5t4 ,we assume t we are conv9c$ by ,h]r ,duehr+'s maxim & t we are zeal\s = ! full equalisation ( ! two wills1 = ! univ]sal sov]eignty ( man = ! sov]eignty ( ! individual1 magnific5t expressions1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ,/irn]'s individual ) 8 private prop]ty is a m]e bungl] ?\gh he might claim 8 mode/ "p !re94 ,!n we are all free & indep5d5t4 ,all8 ,no1 n ev5 n[4 ,!re are /ill occasional dep5d5t relations b ^! are to be expla9$ on gr\nds :i* mu/ be s\ght n 9 ! action ( two wills z su* b 9 a ?ird consid]ation1 9 ! case ( *ildr51 = example1 9 ! inadequat5ess ( _! self-ass]tion4 ,inde$1 ! f\ndations ( indep5d5ce are n to be s\ght 9 ! realisation ( ! two wills z su*4 ,naturally n1 s9ce ! realisation ( "o ( ! wills is ?us int]f]$ )4 ,b !y mu/ be s\ght 9 a ?ird direction4 ,& :at is ! ?ird direction8 ,! actual fix+ ( a subject$ w z an inadequate "o4 ,s f> has our reali/ic philosoph] dep>t$ f reality t w1 ! real cont5t1 ! *>act]i/ic det]m9ation ( ?is w s]ves him z a ?ird gr\nd1 = ab/ract & indef9ite spee*4 ,h[ev] ?is may be we mu/ agree t equality has its exceptions4 ,x does n apply to a w :i* is infect$ ) inadequat5ess ( self expression4 ,fur!r1 ,:]e ! animal & ! human are int]m+l$ 9 "o p]son c "o 9 ! "n ( a second fully develop$ human be+ dem& ! same actions z 9 ! case ( a s+le human be+ 444 our supposition is "h ( two morally unequal p]sons ( :i* "o has a %>e ( purely animal *>act]i/ics 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! typical fundam5tal conception :i* *>act]ises ! diff]5ces 9 & betwe5 gr\ps ( m54 ,n[ ! read] may see by ^! mode/ excuses 9 :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ turns & w9ds l a ,jesuit prie/ to e/abli% a casui/ical position1 h[ f> ! human human c prevail ov] ! be/ial human1 h[ f> he c employ deceit1 w>like1 ke5 t]roris+ means ( deceit aga9/ ! latt] )\t ov]/epp+ immutable e?ical b\nds4 ,!re=e1 if two p]sons are morally unequal !re is an end ( equality4 ,x 0 !re=e n wor? :ile to conjure up two fully equal m51 s9ce !re are no two individuals :o are morally equal4 ,b inequality consi/s 9 ?is t "o is a human be+ & ! o!r has "s "p ( ! animal 9 8 composition4 ,x is evid5t t s9ce man is desc5d$ f ! animal creation he is n free f animality4 ,s t z reg>ds man degrees ( animality c only be diff]5tiat$ to a great] or less degree4 ,a division ( m5 into two %>ply diff]5tiat$ gr\ps1 into humans & human bea/s1 into good & bad1 into %eep & goats1 ev5 ,*ri/ianity1 let alone ! reali/ philosophy1 is aw>e1 implies a judge :o makes ! di/9ction4 ,b :o %all be judge z reg>ds ! reali/ philosophy8 ,we mu/ foll[ ! practice ( ,*ri/ians accord+ to :i* ! pi\s little %eep und]take to act z judges ( ! univ]se aga9/ _! unwor?y neighbors ! goats1 ) results :i* are too well kn[n4 ,! sect ( ! reali/ philosoph]s suppos+ x ev] comes into exi/5ce w c]ta9ly n give up any?+ quietly4 ,?is is inde$ a matt] ( small conc]n to u b we are int]e/$ 9 ! confession t z a conclusion ( ! moral inequality betwe5 m5 equality no long] exi/s4 ,aga9 ,if ! "o act$ 9 accordance ) tru? & sci5ce b ! o!r 9 accordance ) a sup]/ition or prejudice a mutual disagreem5t w\ld g5]ally occur4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( incapacity b>b>ism or an evil t5d5cy ( "* mu/ 9 all circum/ances produce an antagonism4 ,=ce is ! la/ resort n alone ) *ildr5 & incapables4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( :ole classes ( m51 :e!r 9 a /ate ( nature or civilis$1 may r5d] necess>y ! subjection ( _! inimical w1 due to _! own impot5cy1 9 ord] to br+ !m into h>mony ) social arrangem5ts4 ,b su* a man has *all5g$ 8 own equality by ! p]v]sity ( 8 inimical & hurtful actions1 & if he suff]s at ! h&s ( a sup]ior =ce he only reaps ! recoil ( 8 own actions4 ,?us n only moral b spiritual inequality is suffici5tly pot5t to d away ) ! full equality ( two wills & to furni% an e?ical rule by :i* all ! %ameful acts ( civilis$ plund]+ /ates aga9/ backw>d peoples d[n to ! atrocities ( ! ,russians 9 ,turke/an may be ju/ifi$4 ,:5 ,g5]al ,kaufmann1 9 ! summ] ( #ahgc1 fell ^u ! ,t>t> tribes ( ! ,jomud51 burnt _! t5ts1 m[$ d[n _! wives & families1 z ! comm& ran1 he expla9$ t ! de/ruction 0 due to ! p]v]sity1 ! inimical m9ds ( ! p ( ! ,jomud51 & 0 employ$ = ! purpose ( br++ !m back to ! social ord]1 & ! means us$ by him _h be5 ! mo/ effici5t4 ,b he :o wills ! end wills also ! means4 ,b he 0 n s cruel z to insult ! ,jomud5 p 9 addition & to say t he massacr$ !m 9 ! "n ( equality1 t he consid]$ _! wills equal to 8 own4 ,& aga9 9 ?is conflict ! select1 ^? :o pose z *ampions ( tru? & sci5ce1 ! reali/ philosoph]s 9 ! la/ in/ance mu/ be able to di/+ui% sup]/ition1 prejudice1 b>b>ism1 evil t5d5cies ( "*1 & :5 =ce & subjection are necess>y to br+ ab\t equality4 ,s t equality n[ means equalisation by means ( =ce1 & ! w ( "o recognises ! w ( ! o!r z equal by ov]?r[+ x4 ,! phrase t an ext]nal w 9 its br++ ab\t equalisation by =ce is only to be reg>d$ z produc+ equality is no?+ b a di/ortion ( ! ,hegelian !ory t puni%m5t is a "r ( ! crim9al4 ,t puni%m5t is to be reg>d$ z imply+ a "r to x 9 accordance ) :i* ! crim9al is respect$ z a rational be+4 7,re*tsphil1 #ajj47 ,we may pause "h4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to foll[ ,h]r ,duehr+ any fur!r 9 ! piecemeal de/ruction ( 8 axiomatically e/abli%$ equality1 univ]sal human sov]eignty1 etc41 to obs]ve h[ he br+s society into exi/5ce ) two m5 & produces yet a ?ird 9 ord] to e/abli% ! /ate1 because to put ! matt] briefly1 no majority c be _h )\t ! ?ird1 & )\t him1 t is1 )\t ! dom9ation ( ! majority ov] ! m9ority1 no /ate c exi/4 ,!re is no ne$ ei!r = u to obs]ve h[ he laun*es 8 future social /ate on ! m peaceful wat]s ( con/ruction1 :]e we may h ! honor "s f9e morn+ ( behold+ x4 ,we h se5 s f> t ! complete equality ( two wills only exi/s z long z !y d n w any?+4 ,t z soon z !y cease to become human wills z su* & to be conv]t$ into real individual wills1 into wills ( real p]sons1 t is1 equality ceases2 t *ildhood1 idiocy1 animality s call$1 sup]/ition1 prejudice1 suppos$ lack ( p[] on ! "o h& & suppos$ humanity & insight into tru? & sci5ce on ! o!r h&1 t !re=e e diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! two wills & 9 ! degree ( intellig5ce accompany+ x ju/ifies an inequality :i* may g z f> z subjection4 ,:y %\ld we seek fur!r s9ce ,h]r ,duehr+ has br\ght 8 own edifice ( equality :i* he s labori\sly con/ruct$ tumbl+ to ! gr\nd8 ,b if we are n[ prep>$ to meet ,h]r ,duehr+'s silly & incompet5t consid]ation ( equality ( rights we are n yet ready to take issue ) ! idea itself :i* ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau has play$ a !atrical "p1 & s9ce ! days ( ! great ,revolution a practical & political "p1 & n[ plays no insignificant role 9 ! agitation c>ri$ on by ! sociali/ movem5t ( all c\ntries4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( its sci5tific s\ndness has a value = ! prolet>ian agitation4 ,! idea t all m5 h some?+ 9 common z m5 & t !y are equal ) respect to t common quality is naturally old] ?an hi/ory4 ,b ! mod]n doctr9e ( equality is some?+ q diff]5t ?an t4 ,?is d]ives f ! prop]ty ( humanity1 common to man1 ! equality ( man1 z man1 or at lea/ ( all citiz5s ( a giv5 /ate or ( all memb]s ( a giv5 society4 ,until ! conclusion ( equality ( rights 9 ! /ate & society 0 d$uc$ f ! orig9al notion ( relative equality1 & until ?is conclusion 0 to be /at$ z some?+ natural & self evid5t1 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s _h to pass & inde$ h pass$4 ,9 ! olde/ & mo/ elem5t>y communities x may be said t equality ( rights among ! memb]s exi/$ 9 ! highe/ degree1 wom51 slaves1 & =eign]s1 h[ev]1 be+ exclud$4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans inequality exi/$ to a great] degree4 ,greeks & b>b>ians1 freem5 & slaves1 citiz5s & subjects1 ,roman citiz5s & ,roman subjects 7to employ a compreh5sive expression7 t ^! %\ld h any claim to equality ( political rights w\ld h be5 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts necess>ily z madness4 ,"u ! ,roman ,empire !re 0 a complete elim9ation ( all ^! di/9ctions ) ! exception ( ^? ( freem5 & slaves4 ,!re arose !re=e z f> z ! freem5 7 conc]n$ t equality ( private individuals ^u :i* ,roman law 0 f\nd$ & develop$ z ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( jurisprud5ce bas$ on private prop]ty ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,b :ile ! contradiction ( freem5 & slaves exi/$ !re c\ld be no /atem5t bas$ ^u ! univ]sal equality ( man z su*1 z 0 rec5tly %[n 9 ! slave /ates ( ! ,nor!rn ,am]ican ,union4 ,*ri/ianity recognis$ "o equality on ! "p ( all m51 t ( an equal ta9t ( orig9al s91 :i* entirely correspond$ ) its "* z a religion ( slaves & ! oppress$4 ,9 ! next place x recognis$ completely ! equality ( ! elect b x only decl>$ ?is at ! beg9n+ ( its tea*+4 ,! traces ( common prop]ty 9 possessions :i* may be f\nd occasionally 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! religion 0 bas$ r ^u ! mutual assi/ance :i* p]secut$ p hold out to ea* o!r1 ?an ^u any real concepts ( human equality4 ,v soon ! e/abli%m5t ( ! anti!sis betwe5 ! prie/hood & ! laity put an end to ev5 ?is expression ( ,*ri/ian equality4 ,! inundation ( ,we/]n ,europe by ! ,g]mans aboli%$ = c5turies all concepts ( equality by ! creation ( a univ]sal1 social & political gradation ( rank ( a mu* m complicat$ nature ?an _h exi/$ up to t "t4 ,contemporane\sly ) ?is ,we/]n & ,middle ,europe ent]$ ^u a hi/orical developm5t1 %ap$ = ! fir/ "t a compact civilisation1 & a sy/em :i* 0 on ! "o h& dynamic & on ! o!r cons]vative1 ! lead+ national /ates4 ,!reupon a soil 0 prep>$ = ! decl>ation ( ! equality ( human rights s rec5tly made4 ,! feudal middle ages moreov] develop$ ! class 9 its womb de/9$ to be ! apo/le ( ! mod]n agitation = equality1 ! b\rgeois class4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ev5 "u ! feudal sy/em ! b\rgeois class _h develop$ ! preval5t h&-indu/ry & ! ex*ange ( products ev5 )9 feudal society to a high degree consid]+ ! circum/ances1 until ) ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! great discov]ies ( l&s beyond ! seas op5$ be=e x a new & individual c\rse4 ,! trade beyond ,europe :i* up to t "t _h be5 c>ri$ on betwe5 ! ,italians & ! ,levant 0 n[ ext5d$ to ,am]ica & ! ,indies & soon exce$$ 9 am\nt ! reciprocal trade ( ! ,european c\ntries z well z ! int]nal comm]ce ( any p>ticul> l&4 ,am]ican gold & silv] flood$ ,europe & l a decompos+ elem5t p5etrat$ all ! fissures1 crevices & pores ( feudal society4 ,! sy/em ( h&-labor 0 no long] suffici5t = ! gr[+ dem&1 x 0 replac$ by manufacture 9 ! lead+ indu/ries ( ! mo/ highly develop$ peoples4 ,a correspond+ *ange 9 ! political /ructure foll[$ ?is p[]ful revolution 9 ! economic conditions ( society b by no means imm$iately4 ,! organisation ( ! ,/ate rema9$ feudal 9 =m :ile society became m & m b\rgeois4 ,trade1 p>ticul>ly int]national1 & to a great] degree _w-comm]ce dem&$ = its developm5t ! free & unre/rict$ possessors ( commodities1 :o h equality ( "r to ex*ange commodities at lea/ 9 "o & ! same place4 ,! transition f h& labor to manufacture presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( free labor]s1 free on ! "o h& f ! fett]s ( ! gild & on ! o!r free to employ _! labor =ce 9 _! own behalf1 :o c\ld make contracts = ! hire ( _! labor =ce to ! manufactur]s & !re=e face him z if end[$ ) equal rights z contract+ p>ties4 ,at la/ !n !re arose equality ( rights & actual equality ( all human labor1 = labor =ce f9ds its unconsci\s b /ronge/ expression 9 ! law ( value ( mod]n b\rgeois economy accord+ to :i* ! value ( a commodity f9ds its measure 9 ! socially necess>y labor incorporat$ 9 x4 ,b :]e ! economic circum/ances r5d] fre$om & equality ( rights necess>y1 ! political code1 gild re/rictions & peculi> privileges oppose !m at e /ep4 ,local provisions ( a legal "*1 diff]5tial taxation1 exceptional laws ( e description1 int]f]e n only ) =eign]s or colonials b frequ5tly en\gh also ) :ole categories ( citiz5s 9 ! nation itself4 ,gild privileges 9 p>ticul> con/itut$ a cont9ual imp$im5t to ! developm5t ( manufacture4 ,! c\rse 0 n[h]e op5 & ! *ances ( ! b\rgeois victory 7 by no means equal1 b to make ! c\rse op5 0 ! fir/ & ev] m press+ necessity4 ,z soon z ! dem& = ! abolition ( feudalism & = ! equality ( rights 0 set on ! ord] ( ! day x _h necess>ily to take an ev] wid5+ scope4 ,z soon z ! claim 0 made 9 behalf ( comm]ce & indu/ry x _h also to be made 9 behalf ( ! peasants :o1 be+ 9 e /age ( slav]y f s]fdom labor$ = ! mo/ "p )\t any return = ! feudal lords & 7 oblig$ 9 addition to p]=m innum]able s]vices = !m & = ! ,/ate4 ,also x became desirable to aboli% feudal privileges1 ! immunity ( ! nobility f taxation1 & ! sup]iority :i* atta*$ to a c]ta9 /atus4 ,& z m5 no long] liv$ 9 a _w empire l ! ,roman1 b 9 an indep5d5t sy/em ) /ates :i* approximat$ to a simil> degree ( b\rgeois developm5t & :i* _h int]c\rse ) "o ano!r on an equal foot+1 ! dem& took on necess>ily a univ]sal "* rea*+ beyond ! individual /ate1 & fre$om & equality 7 ?us proclaim$ z human rights4 ,b z reg>ds ! special b\rgeois "* ( ^! human rights1 x is significant t ! ,am]ican ,con/itution :i* 0 ! fir/ to recognise ^! rights ( man 9 ! same brea? e/abli%$ slav]y among ! color$ p3 class privileges 7 curs$1 race privileges 7 bless$4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! b\rgeois class z soon z x escap$ f ! dom9ation ( ! rul+ class 9 ! cities1 by :i* process ! m$ieval /age passes into ! mod]n1 has be5 /eadily & inevitably dogg$ by a %ad[1 ! prolet>iat4 ,s also ! b\rgeois dem&s = equality are accompani$ by ! prolet>ian dem&s = equality4 ,directly ! dem& = ! abolition ( class privileges 0 made by ! b\rgeois !re succe$$ ! prolet>ian dem& = ! abolition ( classes !mselves4 ,?is 0 fir/ made 9 a religi\s =m & 0 bas$ ^u e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 b lat] d]iv$ its support f ! b\rgeois !ories ( equality4 ,! prolet>ians take ! b\rgeois at _! ^w1 !y dem& ! realisation ( equality n m]ely app>5tly1 n m]ely 9 ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t b actually 9 ! sph]e ( society & economics4 ,s9ce ! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie ( ! great ,revolution plac$ equality 9 ! =egr\nd ( _! movem5t1 ! ,fr5* prolet>iat has answ]$ x bl[ = bl[ ) ! dem& = social & economic equality1 & equality has become ! special battle cry ( ! ,fr5* prolet>iat4 ,! dem& = equality z made by ! prolet>iat has a d\ble significance4 ,ei!r x is1 z 0 p>ticul>ly ! case at fir/1 9 ! ,peasants' ,w>1 = example1 a natural reaction aga9/ social inequalities :i* 7 obvi\s1 aga9/ ! contra/ betwe5 ri* & poor1 ma/]s & slaves1 luxuri\s & hungry1 & z su* x is simply an expression ( revolution>y in/9ct f9d+ its ju/ification 9 t fact & 9 t fact alone4 ,on ! o!r h& x may arise f reaction aga9/ ! b\rgeois claims ( equality f :i* x d$uces m or less j & f> rea*+ claims1 s]ves z a means ( agitation to /ir ! work]s1 by means ( a cry adopt$ by ! capitali/s !mselves1 aga9/ ! capitali/s1 & 9 ?is case /&s or falls ) b\rgeois equality itself4 ,9 bo? cases ! real cont5t ( ! prolet>ian claims ( equality is ! abolition ( classes4 ,e dem& = equality transc5d+ ?is is ( necessity absurd4 ,we h already giv5 examples & c furni% _m m :5 we come to consid] ,h]r ,duehr+'s prophecies ( ! future4 ,s ! notion ( equality1 9 its prolet>ian z well z 9 its b\rgeois =m1 is itself a hi/oric product4 ,c]ta9 circum/ances 7 requir$ to produce x & ^! 9 _! turn proce$$ f a long ant]ior hi/ory4 ,x is !re=e any?+ b an et]nal tru?4 ,& if ! public reg>ds x z self-evid5t 9 "o s5se or ano!r if x1 z ,m>x rem>ks already occupies ! position ( a popul> prejudice x is n due to its be+ an axiomatic tru? b to ! univ]sal broad5+ ( conception 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,if ,h]r ,duehr+ !n c set up 8 two fam\s m5 9 h\sekeep+ on ! gr\nds ( equality1 x is app>5t t ! prejudices ( ! mass ( m5 9 its favor is an antec$5t condition4 ,9 fact ,h]r ,duehr+ calls 8 philosophy ! natural because x proce$s f g5]ally recognis$ ?+s1 :i* appe> to him to be entirely natural4 ,b :y !y seem to him to be natural he does n take ! tr\ble to enquire4 ,fre$om & ,necessity4 7,! =m] "p ( ?is section is tak5 up ) a criticism ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s k ( law ( :i* he _h boa/$4 ,x is a purely te*nical discussion & is ( m]ely local int]e/4 ,hav+ dispos$ ( ,duehr+'s juri/ic claims ,engels proce$s to discuss ,fre$om & ,necessity z foll[s47 ,"o _c deal prop]ly ) ! "q ( morals & law )\t a discussion ( free w1 human responsibility1 & ! limits ( necessity & fre$om4 ,! reali/ic philosophy has n only "o b two solutions ( ^! que/ions4 ,"o mu/ sub/itute = false !ories ( fre$om ! actual conditions 9 :i* reason on ! "o h& & in/9ct on ! o!r unite ^u a middle gr\nd4 ,! fundam5tal facts ( ?is sort ( dynamics are to be le>n$ f obs]vation & z reg>ds ! calculation 9 advance ( ph5om5a :i* h n yet occurr$1 we mu/ judge ( !m 9 g5]al t]ms accord+ to _! special qualities4 ,9 ?is way ! silly speculations ) respect to ! fre$om ( ! w :i* h wa/$ ?\s&s ( ye>s are n only entirely remov$ b are replac$ by some?+ positive1 some?+ useful = practical life4 ,s fre$om ( ! w consi/s 9 ?is t reason impels m5 to ! "r & irrationality to ! left & accord+ to ?is p>allelogram ( =ces ! true direction is t ( ! diagonal4 ,fre$om w\ld !re=e be ! av]age betwe5 insight & impulse1 betwe5 und]/&+ & lack ( und]/&+1 & its degree w\ld to use an a/ronomical expression be empirically e/abli%$ by ! p]sonal equation4 ,b a few pages lat] we read ,we e/abli% moral responsibility ^u fre$om by :i* we only mean susceptibility to kn[n motives accord+ to ! measure ( natural & acquir$ reason4 ,all su* motives 9 spite ( antagonism realise !mselves 9 action ) ! inevitability ( natural law1 b we c\nt ^u ?is inevitable necessity :5 we deal ) morals4 ,?is second def9ition ( fre$om :i* is q oppos$ to ! fir/ is no?+ b a v weak p>aphrase ( ,hegel's notions on ! subject4 ,hegel 0 ! fir/ man to make a prop] explanation ( ! relations ( fre$om & necessity4 ,9 8 eyes fre$om is ! recognition ( necessity4 ,necessity is bl9d only 9 s f> z x is n und]/ood4 ,fre$om does n consi/ 9 an imag9>y indep5d5ce ( natural laws b 9 a k ( ^! laws & 9 ! possibility !nce d]iv$ ( apply+ !m intellig5tly to giv5 ends4 ,?is is true bo? z reg>ds ! laws ( nature & ( ^? :i* control ! spiritual & physical exi/5ce ( man himself1--two classes ( laws :i* we c di/+ui% z an ab/raction b n 9 reality4 ,fre$om ( ! w consi/s 9 no?+ b ! ability to come to a decision :5 "o is 9 possession ( a k ( ! facts4 ,! fre] ! judgm5t ( a man !n 9 relation to a giv5 subject ( discussion s mu* ! m necessity is !re = 8 arrival at a positive decision4 ,on ! o!r h& lack ( c]ta9ty aris+ f ignorance :i* app>5tly *ooses volunt>ily betwe5 _m diff]5t & contradictory possibilities ( decision %[s !reby its want ( fre$om1 its control by ?+s :i* x %\ld 9 reality control4 ,fre$om1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ma/]y ov] ourselves & ext]nal nature f\nd$ ^u k ( ! necessities ( nature1 x is1 !re=e1 necess>ily a product ( hi/orical developm5t4 ,! fir/ human be+s to become diff]5tiat$ f ! l[] animals 7 9 all ess5tials z devoid ( fre$om z ^! animals !mselves b ea* /ep 9 human developm5t 0 a /ep t[>ds fre$om4 ,at ! ?re%old ( human hi/ory /&s ! discov]y ( ! trans=mation ( me*anical motion 9 heat1 ! g5]ation ( fire by friction2 at ! close ( developm5t up to ! pres5t /&s ! discov]y ( ! trans=mation ( heat into me*anical motion1 ! /eam eng9e4 ,9 spite ( ! trem5d\s revolution 9 ! direction ( fre$om :i* ! /eam eng9e has produc$ 9 society x is n yet half complete4 ,!re is no "q t ! production ( fire by friction /ill surpasses x z an ag5t 9 ! lib]ation ( humanity4 ,because ! production ( fire by friction = ! fir/ "t gave man p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature & sep>at$ him = ev] f ! l[] animals4 ,! /eam eng9e c nev] bridge s wide a *asm4 ,x appe>s h[ev] z ! repres5tative ( all ^? productive =ces by ! help ( :i* alone a /ate ( society is r5d]$ possible 9 :i* no class subjection or pa9 w be produc$ by reason ( ! lack ( means = ! su/5ance ( ! individual1 9 :i* moreov] x w be possible to speak ( real human fre$om z aris+ f liv+ 9 accordance ) ! recognis$ laws ( nature4 ,b consid]+ ! y\? ( humanity x w\ld be absurd to wi% to impute any univ]sal absolute validity to our pres5t philosophical views1 & x foll[s f ! m]e facts t ! :ole ( hi/ory up to ! pres5t "t is to be reg>d$ z ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod ext5d+ f ! "t ( ! practical discov]y ( ! trans=mation ( me*anical movem5t into heat to t ( ! trans=mation ( heat into me*anical movem5t4 7,! above con/itutes a reply to ! view :i* reg>ds hi/ory simply z ! record ( human error & is foll[$ by a discussion ( ,duehr+'s op9ions 9 t reg>d47 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,dialectic ,quantity & ,quality4 7,"h ,h]r ,duehr+ cont5ds ,! fir/ & mo/ important /atem5t ) respect to ! f\ndation logical prop]ties ( exi/5ce po9ts to ! exclusion ( contradiction4 ,contradiction is a category :i* c belong to ?\ght alone b :i* c p]ta9 to no?+ real4 ,!re are no contradictions 9 ?+s2 9 o!r words ! law ( contradiction is itself ! cr[n+ po9t ( absurdity4 ,to :i* ,engels replies z foll[s73 ,! ?\ght cont5t ( ! =ego+ passages is conta9$ 9 ! /atem5t t contradiction is an absurdity & _c occur 9 ! actual _w4 ,?is /atem5t w h = p ( av]age common s5se ! same self-evid5t tru? z to say t /raight _c be crook$ nor crook$ /raight4 ,b ! diff]5tial calculus %[s 9 spite ( all ! prote/s ( common s5se t "u c]ta9 conditions /raight & crook$ are id5tical1 & rea*es !reby a conclusion :i* is n 9 h>mony ) ! common s5se view ( ! absurdity ( !re be+ any id5tity betwe5 /raight & crook$4 ,consid]+ moreov] ! significant role :i* ! s call$ ,dialectic ( ! ,contradiction play$ 9 ! anci5t ,greek philosophy1 a /rong] oppon5t ?an ,h]r ,duehr+ w\ld be oblig$ to meet x ) bett] argum5ts ?an a m]e affirmation & a numb] ( epi!ts4 ,z long z we reg>d ?+s z /atic & )\t life1 ea* by itself1 sep>ately1 we d n run aga9/ any contradictions 9 !m4 ,we f9d c]ta9 qualities sometimes common1 sometimes di/9ctive1 occasionally contradictory1 b 9 ?is la/ case !y belong to diff]5t objects & are h5ce n self contradictory4 ,:ile we foll[ ?is me?od we pursue ! ord9>y metaphysical me?od ( ?\ght4 ,b x is q diff]5t :5 we consid] ?+s 9 _! movem5t1 9 _! *ange1 _! life & _! mutually reciprocal relations4 ,!n we come at once ^u contradictions4 ,motion is itself a contradiction s9ce simple me*anical movem5t f place to place c only accompli% itself by a body be+ at "o & ! same mom5t 9 "o place & simultane\sly 9 ano!r place by be+ 9 "o & ! same place & yet n !re4 ,& motion is j ! cont9u\s e/abli%+ & dissolv+ ! contradiction4 ,"h we h a contradiction :i* is objective1 & s to speak corporeal 9 ?+s & ev5ts4 ,& :at does ,h]r ,duehr+ say ab\t x8 ,he affirms t 9 rational me*anics !re is no bridge betwe5 ! /rictly /atic & ! dynamic4 ,f9ally ! read] is able to see t !re is beh9d ?is pretty little phrase ( ,h]r ,duehr+ no?+ m ?an ?is--t ! metaphysical mode ( ?\ght c absolutely n pass f ! idea ( re/ to t ( motion because ! a=esaid contradiction int]v5es4 ,motion is absolutely inconceivable to ! metaphysician1 because a contradiction4 ,& z he affirms ! inconceivability ( motion he admits ! exi/5ce ( ?is contradiction aga9/ 8 w & !re=e admits t x con/itutes an objective contradiction 9 actual facts & ev5ts1 & is moreov] an actual fact4 ,b if simple me*anical motion conta9s a contradiction 9 itself /ill m s d ! high] =ms ( motion ( matt] & to a high degree organic life & its developm5t4 ,we saw above t life consi/s *iefly 9 ?is t a be+ is at "o & ! same "t itself & some?+ diff]5t4 ,life itself !n is likewise a contradiction conta9$ 9 ?+s & ev5ts1 always e/abli%+ & dissolv+ itself1 & z soon z ! contradiction ceases life also ceases1 dea? comes on ! sc5e4 ,?us we saw also t we _c put an end to ! ,contradictions 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 & h[ = example ! contradiction betwe5 ! intr9sically unlimit$ possibilities ( human k & its actual exi/5ce 9 ! p]sons ( human be+s ) limit$ faculties & p[]s ( k1 is dissolv$ 9 !1 = u at lea/1 practically endless progression ( ! race1 9 un5d+ progress4 ,we /at$ j n[ t high] ma!matics holds z "o ( its basic pr9ciples t /raight & crook$ may be id5tical "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,x %[s ano!r contradiction1 t l9es :i* app>5tly int]sect yet are p>allel f five to six c5timet]s f ! po9t ( int]section1 %\ld be su* z %\ld nev] int]sect al?\gh indef9itely produc$1 & yet1 not)/&+ ^! & ev5 great] contradictions1 x produces n only correct results b results :i* are unatta9able by l[] ma!matics4 ,b ev5 9 ! latt] !re is a ho/ ( contradictions4 ,x is a contradiction1 = example1 t a root ( ,a %\ld be & actually is a p[] ( ,a4 ,a to ! p[] ( "o-half equals ! squ>e root ( ,a4 ,x is contradiction t a negative magnitude %\ld be ! squ>e ( any?+1 s9ce e negative magnitude multipli$ by itself gives a positive squ>e4 ,! squ>e root ( m9us "o is !re=e n only a contradiction b an absurd contradiction1 a v]itable absurdity4 ,& yet ! squ>e root ( m9us "o is 9 _m in/ances ! necess>y result ( correct ma!matical op]ations1 nay fur!r1 :]e w\ld ma!matics high] or l[] be if "o 7 =bidd5 to op]ate ) ! squ>e root ( m9us "o4 ,ma!matics itself ent]s ! realm ( ! dialectic & significantly en\gh x 0 a dialectic philosoph]1 ,desc>tes1 :o introduc$ ?is progressiv5ess into ma!matics4 ,z is ! relation ( ! ma!matics ( v>iable magnitudes to t ( inv>iable quantities1 s is ! relation ( ! dialectic me?od ( ?\ght to ! metaphysical4 ,?is does n prev5t ! great majority ( ma!maticians f only recognis+ ! dialectic 9 ! realms ( ma!matics1 a condition ( ?+s satisfactory to ^? :o op]ate 9 ! antiquat$1 limit$1 metaphysical fa%ion by me?ods atta9$ by means ( ! dialectic4 99 99 99 99 99 7,duehr+ hav+ made an attack ^u ,m>x's ,capital because ( its reliance ^u ! dialectic1 & hav+ indulg$ 9 ! epi!ts to :i* he is too prone ) respect to ?is "w1 ,engels takes up its def5ce 9 t respect z foll[s73 ,x is n our bus9ess to conc]n ourselves at ?is po9t ) ! correctness or incorrectness ( ! inve/igations ( ,m>x z reg>ds economics1 b only ) ! application :i* he makes ( ! dialectic me?od4 ,s mu* is c]ta91 t x is only n[ t ! read]s ( ,capital w by ! aid ( ,h]r ,duehr+ und]/& :at !y h read prop]ly1 & among !m ,h]r ,duehr+ himself1 :o 9 ! ye> #ahfg 0 /ill 9 a position1 z f> z possible to a man ( 8 calibre1 to review ! book rationally4 ,he did n !n1 x may be not$1 fir/ translate ! argum5ts ( ,m>x into ,duehr+ese1 z n[ seems indisp5sable to him4 ,ev5 if he at t "t made ! blund] ( id5tify+ ! ,m>xian dialectic ) t ( ,hegel he _h n altoge!r lo/ ! ability to di/+ui% me?ods f ! results atta9$ by !m & to compreh5d t an abuse ( ! =m] is no contradiction ( ! latt]4 ,h]r ,duehr+'s mo/ a/oni%+ obs]vation is t f ! ,m>xian /&po9t1 9 ! la/ analysis ev]y?+ is id5tical1 t !re=e 9 ! eyes ( ,m>x1 = example1 capitali/s & wage work]s1 feudal1 capitali/ic & social me?ods ( production are all "o4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! possibility ( su* %e] /upidity x only rema9s to po9t out t ! m]e ^w dialectic makes ,h]r ,duehr+ m5tally irresponsible & makes :at he says & does s inaccurate & confus$ z to be 9 ! la/ analysis all "o4 99 99 99 99 99 7,h]r ,duehr+ rem>ks1 ,h[ comical = example is ! decl>ation bas$ ^u ,hegel's confus$ notions t quantity becomes lo/ 9 quality & t money advanc$ i4e4 = productive purposes4 ,ed4 becomes capital :5 x rea*es a c]ta9 limit m]ely ?r\gh quantitative increase4 ,to :i* ,engels replies ?us73 ,?is seems peculi> :5 pres5t$ 9 ?is wa%$ out fa%ion by ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,on page #cac 7#bnd ed4 ,capital7 ,m>x1 aft] an inve/igation ( fix$ & v>iable capital & surplus value1 d]ives f 8 inve/igations ! conclusion t n e am\nt ( gold or value capable ( be+ trans=m$ into capital is s trans=m$2 r a c]ta9 m9imum ( gold or ( ex*ange value is presuppos$ to be 9 ! possession ( ! individual own] ( gold or goods4 ,he !reupon gives an example1 ?us1 9 a bran* ( indu/ry ! work] works eight h\rs p] day = himself1 i4e4 9 ord] to produce ! value ( 8 wages1 & ! foll[+ f\r h\rs = ! capitali/ 9 produc+ surplus value to g into _! pockets4 ,"o mu/ h suffici5t values to p]mit ( ! sett+ up ( two workm5 ) raw mat]ial1 means ( labor & wages1 9 ord] to live z well z a workman4 ,b s9ce capitali/ic production is n und]tak5 = m]e livelihood b = increase ( weal?1 our individual ) 8 two workm5 w\ld /ill be no capitali/4 ,if he lives twice z well z an ord9>y workman & trans=ms half ( ! surplus value produc$ into capital he w h to employ eight workm5 & possess f\r times ! a=em5tion$ am\nt ( value1 & only aft] ?is & o!r examples = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ & e/abli%+ ! fact t n e small am\nt ( value c effect a trans=mation ( itself into capital1 b t ea* p]iod ( indu/rial developm5t & ea* bran* ( indu/ry has its own m9imum1 fix$1 ,m>x rem>ks ,"h1 z 9 nature1 ! correctness ( ! law ( logic1 z discov]$ by ,hegel1 is e/abli%$--t m]e quantitative *anges at a c]ta9 po9t sudd5ly take on qualitative diff]5ces4 ,"o may rem>k ! elevat$ & dignifi$ fa%ion 9 :i* ,duehr+ makes ,m>x say ! exact opposite ( :at he did say4 ,m>x says ,! fact t a giv5 am\nt ( value c only trans=m itself into capital z soon z x has atta9$ a def9ite m9imum1 v>y+ ) circum/ances1 9 ea* individual case1--?is fact is pro( ( ! correctness ( ! law ( ,hegel4 ,h]r ,duehr+ makes him say ,because1 accord+ to ! law ( ,hegel1 quantity is trans=m$ into quality !re=e 'a sum ( money :5 x has rea*$ a c]ta9 am\nt becomes capital4' ,he says j ! opposite4 ,we h se5 above 9 ! ,s*eme ( ! ,univ]se t ,h]r ,duehr+ _h ! mis=tune to ackn[l$ge & apply1 9 a weak mom5t1 ?is ,hegelian sy/em ( calculation1 accord+ to :i* at a giv5 po9t quantitative *anges sudd5ly become qualitative4 ,we !n gave "o ( ! be/ kn[n examples1 t ( ! trans=mation ( ! =m ( wat] :i* at #j deg4 ,c4 *anges f a liquid to solid & at #ajj deg4 ,c4 f liquid to gase\s1 :]e ?us at bo? ^! po9ts ( dep>ture a m]e quantitative *ange 9 temp]ature produces a qualitative *ange 9 ! wat]4 ,we might h cit$ f nature & human society a hundr$ m su* facts 9 pro( ( ?is law1 ?us ! :ole f\r? section ( ,m>x's ,capital entitl$ ,production ( ,relative ,surplus ,value 9 ! realm ( co-op]ative indu/ry1 ! ,division ( ,labor1 & ,manufacture1 ,ma*9]y & ! ,great ,indu/ry1 goes to %[ innum]able in/ances 9 :i* qualitative *ange alt]s ! quantity ( ! ?+1 & :]e also1 to use ,h]r ,duehr+'s exce$+ly odi\s expression1 quantity is conv]t$ & trans=m$ into quality4 ,s also ! m]e coop]ation ( l>ge numb]s1 ! melt+ ( sev]al div]se crafts into "o unit$ craft1 to use ,m>x's expression1 produces a new indu/rial p[] :i* is sub/antially diff]5t f ! sum ( ! individual crafts4 ,m>x1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! entire tru?1 has rem>k$1 9 complete contra/ to ! p]v]t$ /yle ( ,h]r ,duehr+ ,! molecul> !ory employ$ 9 mod]n *emi/ry1 fir/ sci5tifically develop$ by ,laur5t & ,g]h>dt1 re/s ^u no o!r law4 ,b :at does ,h]r ,duehr+ c>e = t8 ,he kn[s t ! em95tly mod]n con/ructive elem5ts ( sci5tific ?\ght make j ! same mi/ake z 0 made by ,m>x & 8 rival ,lassalle2 half-k & a t\* ( pseudo-philosophy furni% ! tools necess>y = a display ( le>n+4 ,:ile ) ,h]r ,duehr+ elevat$ notions ( exact k 9 me*anics1 physics & *emi/ry are1 z we h se51 ! f\ndations4 ,b t ! public may be 9 a position to decide we %all exam9e some:at m closely ! example cit$ by ,m>x 9 8 note4 ,"h we h1 = example1 ! homolog\s s]ies ( comp\nds ( c>bon ( :i* _m are kn[n & ea* has its own algebraic =mula4 ,if we1 = example1 accord+ to ! practice ( *emi/ry1 repres5t an atom ( c>bon by ,c1 an atom ( hydrog5 by ,h1 an atom ( oxyg5 by ,o & ! numb] ( atoms conta9$ 9 ea* comb9ation ( c>bon by n1 we c express ! molecul> =mula ( ea* "o ( ?is s]ies ?us1 ,cn,h#bn#b--,s]ies ( normal p>aff94 ,cn,h#bn#b,o--,s]ies ( prim>y alcohol4 ,cn,h#bn,o#b--,s]ies ( ! monobasic oleic acids4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! la/ ( ?is s]ies & set "o aft] ! o!r n #a1 n #b1 etc41 we get ! foll[+ results omitt+ ! comp\nds4 ,,*#b,o#b--;,=mic ,acid--boil+ po9t #ajj deg4--melt+ po9t #a deg4 ,c#b;,h#d,o#b--;,acetic ,acid--boil+ po9t #aah deg4--melt+ po9t #ag deg4 ,c#c;,h#f,o#b--,propionic ,acid--boil+ po9t #adj deg4--melt+ po9t--4 ,c#d;,h#h,o#b--;,butyric ,acid--boil+ po9t #afb deg4--melt+ po9t--4 ,c#e;,h#aj,o#b--,val]ianic ,acid--boil+ po9t #age deg4--melt+ po9t--4 ,& s on to ,c#cj;,h#fj,o#b1 ,melissic ,acid1 :i* melts fir/ at #ahj deg41 & :i* has no boil+ po9t1 because x does n evaporate )\t splitt+ up4 ,"h we see !re=e a :ole s]ies ( qualitatively diff]5t bodies1 produc$ by s+le quantitative additions ( ! elem5ts & always 9 ! same proportions4 ,?is occurs absolutely :]e all elem5ts ( ! comb9ations *ange _! quantity 9 ! same proportions1 s ) normal p>aff91 ,cn,h#bn #b3 ! l[e/ is ,,*#d a gas1 ! highe/ kn[n is ,c#af;,h#cd1 a body =m+ a h>d colorless cry/al :i* melts at #ba deg4 & boils at #bgh deg4 ,9 bo? ! s]ies ea* new /ep is rea*$ ?r\gh ! introduction ( ,,*#b1 an atom ( c>bon & two atoms ( hydrog51 to ! molecul> =m ( ! prec$+ /ep1 & ?is quantitative *ange 9 ! molecul> =m br+s ab\t a qualitatively diff]5t body4 ,^! s]ies are m]ely obvi\s examples4 ,almo/ univ]sally 9 *emi/ry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! diff]5t oxides ( nitrog51 9 ! oxi-acids ( phosphorus or sulphur1 "o c see h[ quantity sudd5ly *anges into quality & h[ ?is s call$ confus$ ,hegelianism is1 s to speak1 inh]5t 9 ?+s & ev5ts1 & no "o is ev] confus$ or becl\d$ by x1 except ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,if ,m>x is ! fir/ to obs]ve ?is1 & if ,h]r ,duehr+ po9ts ?is out1 )\t und]/&+ x 7s9ce he c\ld n let s unhe>d ( a crime pass71 he %\ld expla9 :i* ( ! two1 ,m>x or ,duehr+1 is )\t elem5t>y conceptions ( natural sci5ce & ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( *emi/ry1 & d x )\t boa/+ ab\t 8 own ideas on natural philosophy4 ,9 conclusion1 let u call att5tion to a witness on ! *ange ( quantity into quality1 namely ,napoleon4 ,he describes ! conflicts betwe5 ! ,fr5* cavalry1 bad rid]s b discipl9$1 ) ! ,mamelukes :o1 z reg>ds s+le combat 7 bett] horsem5 b undiscipl9$1 z foll[s--,two ,mamelukes 7 a mat* = ?ree ,fr5*m51 "o hundr$ ,mamelukes 7 equal to "o hundr$ ,fr5*m51 ?ree hundr$ ,fr5*m5 c\ld beat ?ree hundr$ ,mamelukes & a ?\s& ,fr5*m5 inv>iably defeat$ fifte5 hundr$ ,mamelukes4 ,j z 9 ! /atem5t ( ,m>x1 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( money1 v>iable 9 am\nt1 is necess>y z a m9imum1 to make its trans=mation into capital possible1 s1 accord+ to ,napoleon1 a c]ta9 m9imum numb] ( cavalrym5 is requir$ to br+ into be+ ! =ce ( discipl9e inh]5t 9 milit>y organisation1 to make !m evid5tly sup]ior to great] numb]s ( individually bett] rid]s & fight]s1 cavalry at lea/ z brave1 ?\gh irregul>4 ,b :at effect has ?is argum5t on ,h]r ,duehr+8 ,0 n ,napoleon utt]ly defeat$ 9 8 conflict ) ,europe8 ,did he n suff] defeat aft] defeat8 ,& :y8 ,simply z a result ( 8 introduction ( confus$ ,hegelian ideas into cavalry tactics4 ,negation ( ! ,negation4 ,! hi/orical sket* 7( ! s call$ orig9al accumulation ( capital 9 ,engl&7 is comp>atively ! be/ "p ( ,m>x's book & x w\ld be ev5 bett] if x _h be5 develop$ sci5tifically & n by means ( ! ,dialectic4 ,! ,hegelian negation ( ! negation is call$ ^u to s]ve "h z a midwife1 9 default ( any?+ bett] & cle>]1 & by means ( x ! future is br\ght into exi/5ce f ! pres5t4 ,! abolition ( private prop]ty :i* is %[n to h be5 go+ on s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury is ! fir/ negation4 ,ano!r negation mu/ foll[ :i* is *>act]is$ z ! negation ( ! negation & !re=e ! re/oration ( individual private prop]ty1 b 9 a high] =m1 f\nd$ on ! common own]%ip ( l& & in/rum5ts ( labor4 ,if ?is new 'individual private prop]ty' is call$ also 'social prop]ty' by ,h]r ,m>x1 ! high] ,hegelian unity is "h manife/$ 9 :i* ! contradiction w be de/roy$1 t is1 9 accordance ) ?is juggl+ ( words1 be de/roy$ & pres]v$4444 ,! dispossession ( ! dispossessor is1 z x 71 9 ?is case ! automatic product ( hi/orical reality 9 its mat]ial ext]nal =m4444 ,x w\ld be difficult = a cauti\s man to conv9ce himself ( ! necessity ( communism 9 l& & prop]ty on ! cr$it ( ,hegel's %ift9ess1 ( :i* ! negation ( ! negation is an example4444 ,! confusion ( ! ,m>xian philosophic notions w n be /range to him :o kn[s :at c be done by means ( ! ,hegelian dialectic or r :at _c be done4 ,= ^? :o d n "k ! trick1 x mu/ be not$ t ! fir/ negation ( ,hegel is ! tea*+ ( ! cate*ism ) respect to ! ,fall1 & ! second is a high] unity lead+ to ! ,r$emption4 ,on ^! analogies1 :i* p]ta9 to religion no logic ( facts c be e/abli%$4444 ,h]r ,m>x consoles himself 9 ! mid/ ( 8 simultane\sly individual & social prop]ty & leaves 8 disciples to solve 8 pr(\nd dialectic puzzle4 7,?us f> ,h]r ,duehr+ is quot$47 ,s ,m>x _c prove ! necessity ( ! social revolution1 ! re/oration ( a common prop]ty 9 l& & ! means ( production1 except by a reliance ^u ,hegel's negation ( ! negation4 ,&1 s9ce he f\nds 8 sociali/ic !ories ^u analogies p]ta9+ to religion1 he comes to ! conclusion t 9 future society a simultane\sly individual & social prop]ty w prevail1 z ! ,hegelian high] unity ( ! contradiction de/roy$4 ,let u leave ! negation ( ! negation = a little & look at ! coexi/5t individual & social prop]ty4 ,?is w be call$ by ,h]r ,duehr+ a cl\d realm1 &1 /range to say he is really "r 9 ?is reg>d4 ,b sad to say x is n ,m>x :o is f\nd to be 9 ! cl\d realm b on ! contr>y ,h]r ,duehr+ himself4 ,s9ce by virtue ( 8 wond]ful v]satility 9 ! vag>ies ( ,hegel he does n exp]i5ce any difficulty 9 tell+ u ! necess>y cont5ts ( ! z yet unpubli%$ volume ( ,capital1 s1 aft] sett+ ,hegel "r1 he is able to correct ,m>x )\t any tr\ble 9 t he ascribes to him a high] unity ( a private prop]ty ( :i* ,m>x has n said a ^w4 ,m>x says ,x is ! negation ( ! negation4 ,?is ree/abli%es private prop]ty b on ! basis ( ! acquisitions ( ! capitali/ic era1 ( ! coop]ation ( free labor]s & _! common own]%ip ( ! l& & ! means ( production4 ,! trans=mation ( ! private prop]ty ( individuals1 dep5d+ ^u ! labor ( individuals1 into capitali/ic prop]ty is naturally a process mu* m t$i\s1 h>d & difficult ?an ! trans=mation ( capitali/ic private prop]ty1 z x n[ exi/s1 re/+ ^u social production1 into social prop]ty4 ,t is all4 ,! condition atta9$ by ! dispossession ( ! dispossessor is "h %[n z ! re/oration ( individual private prop]ty re/+ h[ev] on a basis ( social prop]ty 9 ! l& & means ( production4 ,= p :o c und]/& ,engli%1 ! mean+ ( ?is is t social prop]ty ext5ds to ! l& & means ( production1 & private prop]ty to ! products1 !re=e to consumption4 ,& t ! matt] %\ld be evid5t ev5 to infants ,m>x %[s on page #ef4 ,a society ( free m5 :o labor ) social means ( production1 & consci\sly exp5d _! individual labor p[] z social labor p[]1 !re=e a sociali/ically organis$ society1 & he says fur!r ,! total product ( ! society is a social product4 ,a portion ( ?is product s]ves aga9 z a means ( production4 ,x rema9s social4 ,b ano!r portion is consum$ by ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,x mu/ !re=e be di/ribut$ among !m4 ,& t ought to be cle>1 ev5 to ,h]r ,duehr+1 9 spite ( 8 hav+ ,hegel on ! bra94 ,! coexi/5t individual & social prop]ty1 ?is confus$ & indef9ite ?+1 ?is nons5se proce$+ f ! ,hegelian dialectic1 ?is mi/y _w1 ?is deep dialectic puzzle :i* ,m>x leaves 8 pupils to solve is m]ely a creation ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s imag9ation4 ,m>x1 z a s-call$ ,hegelian1 is oblig$1 z a result ( ! negation ( ! negation1 to furni% a correct high] unity1 & s9ce he does n d ?is 9 accordance ) ! ta/e ( ,h]r ,duehr+1 ! latt] has to take a l(ty /& & to smite ,m>x 9 ! int]e/s ( ! full tru? ( ?+s ^u :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ holds a pat5t4 ,:at attitude did ,m>x take to ! negation ( ! negation8 ,on page #gfa & foll[+ he /ates ! conclusion ) respect to 8 economic & hi/orical inve/igations into ! s-call$ accumulation ( orig9al capital1 ext5d+ ov] ! fifty prec$+ pages4 ,be=e ! capitali/ic era 9 ,engl&1 at lea/1 small production exi/$1 bas$ ^u ! private prop]ty ( ! work] 9 8 tools4 ,! s-call$ accumulation ( capital consi/s 9 ! expropriation ( ^! imm$iate produc]s1 t is 9 ! abolition ( private prop]ty re/+ on ! labor ( individuals4 ,?is 0 possible because ! a=esaid small production is only compatible ) a n>r[ & primitive /age ( production & ( society & at a c]ta9 grade ( developm5t furni%es ! means ( its own suicide4 ,?is suicide1 ! trans=mation ( individual & divid$ modes ( production into social production1 con/itutes ! e>ly hi/ory ( capitalism4 ,z soon z ! work]s are trans=m$ into prolet>ians & _! means ( labor into capital1 z soon z ! capitali/ic me?ods ( production are firmly e/abli%$1 ! gr[+ association ( labor & ! fur!r trans=mation ( ! l& & o!r means ( production & h5ce ! fur!r expropriation ( ! own]s ( private prop]ty takes on a new =m1 !re is no long] ! self-employ+ work] to expropriate1 b ! capitali/ :o expropriates _m work]s4 ,?is expropriation fulfils itself ?r\gh ! play ( laws imman5t 9 capitali/ic production itself1 ?r\gh ! conc5tration ( capital4 ,"o capitali/ kills _m4 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is conc5tration1 or ! expropriation ( _m capitali/s by a few1 !re develop cont9ually ! consci\s te*nical application ( sci5ce1 ! delib]ate organis$ exploitation ( ! soil1 ! trans=mation ( ! in/rum5ts ( labor into in/rum5ts ( labor :i* c only be employ$ collectively1 & ! economis+ ( all means ( production ?r\gh _! employm5t z ! common means ( production ( comb9$ social labor4 ,) ! con/antly dim9i%+ numb]s ( capitali/ magnates :o usurp & monopolise all ! advantages ( ?is process ( trans=mation1 gr[s ! mass ( mis]y1 pressure1 slav]y1 degradation & robb]y b !re gr[s also revolt & ! con/ant progress 9 union & organisation ( ! work+ class br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! me*anism ( ! capitali/ic process ( production4 ,capitalism becomes an imp$im5t to ! me?ods ( production develop$ ) & "u x4 ,! conc5tration ( ! means ( production & ! organisation ( labor rea* a po9t :]e x comes into collision ) its capitali/ic cov]+4 ,x is brok54 ,! h\r ( capitali/ic private prop]ty /rikes4 ,! expropriators are expropriat$4 ,& n[ ,i ask ! read]1 :]e are ! dialectic twi/s & twirls1 ! intellectual arabesques1 :]e ! confus$ ?\ght ! result ( :i* is ! id5tity ( ev]y?+1 :]e ! dialectic my/]y = ! fai?ful1 :]e ! dialectic hocus pocus1 & ! ,hegelian intricacies1 )\t :i*1 ,m>x1 accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+1 _c develop 8 own ideas8 ,m>x simply po9t$ to hi/ory & %[$ briefly t j z ! small indu/ry necess>ily produc$ ! conditions ( its own d[nfall1 by its own developm5t1 t is to say by ! expropriation ( ! small hold]s ( private prop]ty s n[ ! capitali/ic me?od ( production has itself develop$ likewise ! mat]ial circum/ances :i* mu/ cause its d[nfall4 ,! process is a hi/orical "o &1 if x is at ! same "t dialectic1 x is n to ! discr$it ( ,m>x1 t x happ5s to be s fatal to ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s9ce ,m>x is ready ) 8 hi/orical economic pro(1 he proce$s ,! capitali/ic me?od ( production & me?od ( appropriation1 t is to say capitali/ic private prop]ty is ! fir/ negation ( individual private prop]ty f\nd$ on labor ( individuals1 ! negation ( capitali/ic production w be self-produc$ ) ! necessity ( a natural process1 etc4 7z quot$ above74 ,al?\gh ,m>x !re=e %[s ! occurr5ce ( ?is ev5t z negation ( ! negation1 he has no int5tion ( prov+ by ?is means t x is a hi/orical necessity4 ,on ! contr>y ,aft] he has %[n t ! actual fact has p>tially decl>$ itself1 & has1 z yet p>tially to decl>e itself1 he %[s x also z a fact :i* fulfils itself 9 accordance ) a c]ta9 dialectic law4 ,t is all4 ,x is !re=e aga9 m]ely supposition on ,h]r ,duehr+'s "p to ass]t t ! negation ( ! negation mu/ act z a midwife by ^: means ! future is br\ght out ( ! womb ( ! pres5t1 or t ,m>x wants to conv9ce anyone ( ! necessity ( social own]%ip ( l& & capital ^u ! cr$it ( ! negation ( ! negation4 ,x %[s a complete lack ( compreh5sion ( ! nature ( ! dialectic to reg>d x z ,h]r ,duehr+ does1 z an in/rum5t ( m]e pro(1 j z "o c aft] a limit$ fa%ion employ =mal logic or elem5t>y ma!matics4 ,=mal logic is itself m ?an any?+ else a me?od = ! discov]y ( new results1 = advanc+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & s1 b 9 a mu* m di/+ui%$ s5se1 is ! dialectic1 :i*1 s9ce x transc5ds ! n>r[ limits ( =mal logic1 atta9s a m compreh5sive philosophical position4 ,x is ! same ) ma!matics4 ,elem5t>y ma!matics1 ! ma!matics ( con/ant quantities1 proce$s )9 ! limits ( =mal logic1 at lea/ z a rule3 ! ma!matics ( v>iable quantities :i* is peculi>ly conc]n$ ) calculations runn+ to ! inf9ite1 is sub/antially no?+ b ! application ( ! dialectic 9 ma!matics4 ,m]e pro( becomes second>y be=e ! manifold application ( ! me?od to new fields ( inve/igation4 ,b ne>ly all ! pro(s ( high] ma!matics f ! fir/ ( ! diff]5tial calculus1 are1 /rictly speak+1 false f ! /&po9t ( elem5t>y ma!matics4 ,?is _c be o!rwise1 if "o1 z is "h ! case1 wi%es to e/abli% results won 9 ! realm ( dialectics by means ( =mal logic4 ,= a crass metaphysician l ,h]r ,duehr+ to want to prove any?+ by means ( ! dialectic w\ld be ! same wa/$ labor z ,leibnitz & 8 pupils w5t ?r\gh :5 !y tri$ to e/abli% ! !sis ( calculation to inf9ity by means ( ! ma!matics ( _! "t4 ,! diff]5tial gave !m ! same spasms z ! negation ( ! negation gives ,h]r ,duehr+ & x play$ a role 9 x z we %all see4 ,!y admitt$ x at la/1 at lea/ z _m z did n die fir/1 n because !y 7 conv9c$ b because x always work$ out "r4 ,h]r ,duehr+1 is1 z he says1 j 9 8 =ties1 & if he atta9s old age1 z we hope he w1 he may also exp]i5ce ! same4 ,b :at is ?is dreadful negation ( ! negation :i* makes life s bitt] to ,h]r ,duehr+ & :i* is to him :at ! unp>donable s91 ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 is to ,*ri/ianity8 ,x is a v simple process1 & "o1 moreov]1 :i* fulfils itself e day1 :i* any *ild c und]/& :5 x is depriv$ ( my/]y1 "u :i* ! old ideali/ic philosophy f\nd a refuge1 & b5ea? :i* x w pay unprotect$ metaphysicians to take refuge f ! /roke ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,let u take a gra9 ( b>ley4 ,millions ( su* gra9s ( b>ley w be gr\nd1 cook$ & brew$ & !n consum$4 ,b let su* a gra9 ( b>ley fall on suitable soil "u normal conditions2 a complete individual *ange at once takes place 9 x "u ! influ5ce ( heat & moi/ure1 x g]m9ates4 ,! gra91 z su* disappe>s1 is negat$1 9 its place arises ! plant1 ! negation ( ! gra94 ,b :at is ! normal c\rse ( life ( ?is plant8 ,x gr[s1 blossoms1 be>s fruit & f9ally produces o!r gra9s ( b>ley & z soon z ^! are ripe ! /alk dies1 & becomes negat$ 9 its turn4 ,z ! result ( ?is negation ( ! negation1 we h ! orig9al gra9s ( b>ley aga91 n s+ly1 h[ev]1 b t51 tw5ty or ?irty fold4 ,=ms ( gra9 *ange v sl[ly & s ! gra9 ( b>ley rema9s practically ! same z a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b let u take a cultivat$ ornam5tal plant1 l ! dahlia or or*id4 ,let u consid] ! se$ & ! plants develop$ f x by ! skill ( ! g>d5]1 & we h 9 te/imony ( ?is negation ( ! negation1 no long] ! same se$s b qualitatively improv$ se$ :i* produces m beautiful fl[]s1 & e repetition ( ?is process1 e new negation ( ! negation1 increases ! t5d5cy to p]fection4 ,simil>ly ?is process is gone ?r\gh by mo/ insects1 butt]flies1 = example4 ,!y come out ( ! egg by a negation ( ! egg1 !y g ?r\gh c]ta9 trans=mations till !y rea* sex maturity1 !y copulate & are aga9 negat$1 s9ce !y die z soon z ! process ( copulation is complet$1 & ! female has laid h] innum]able eggs4 ,t ! matt] is n s pla9ly obvi\s 9 ! case ( o!r plants & animals1 see+ t !y produce se$s1 plants1 & animals n once b (t5]1 does n affect u 9 ?is case1 we are n[ only conc]n$ 9 %[+ t ! negation ( ! negation actually does occur 9 bo? k+doms ( ! organic _w4 ,besides1 all geology is a s]ies ( negat$ negations1 "o lay] aft] ano!r foll[+ ! de/ruction ( old & ! e/abli%m5t ( new rock f\ndations4 ,fir/1 ! orig9al cru/ ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh ! cool+ ( ! fluid mass1 & ?r\gh oceanic1 meteorological1 & *emical atmosph]ic action1 be+ brok5 up into small p>ts1 ^! brok5 masses =m lay]s 9 ! seas4 ,local elevations ( ! seas1 ?r\gh ! ebb & fl[ ( ! wat]s1 br+ portions ( ^! lay]s afre% "u ! influ5ce ( ra91 ! w>m? ( ! seasons1 & ! oxyg5 & c>bon 9 ! atmosph]e3 melt$ & almo/ cool$ masses ( rock f ! int]ior ( ! e>? und]lie ^! & break ?r\gh ! lay]s4 ,?r\gh millions ( c5turies new lay]s are cont9ually be+ =m$1 always to a l>ge ext5t de/roy$ & s]v+ aga9 z build+ mat]ials = new lay]s4 ,b ! result ( ! process is always positive1 ! re/oration ( a piece ( gr\nd made up ( exce$+ly div]se *emical elem5ts to a condition ( me*anical pulv]isation1 :i* is ! cause ( a mo/ abundant & div]se vegetation4 ,x is ! same also 9 ma!matics4 ,let u take an ord9>y algebraic quantity a4 ,let u negate x1 !n we h-a 7m9us a74 ,let u negate ?is negation1 t is let u multiply --a by --a & we h a#b1 t is ! orig9al positive quantity b 9 a high] =m t is to ! second p[]4 ,x does n matt] t we c atta9 ! same a#b by ! multiplication ( a positive by itself4 ,! negat$ negation is e/abli%$ s completely 9 a#b t "u all circum/ances x has two squ>e roots a & --a4 ,& ?is impossibility1 ! negat$ negation1 ! gett+ rid ( ! negative root 9 ! squ>e has mu* significance 9 quadratic equations4 ,! negation ( ! negation is m evid5t 9 ! high] analyses1 9 ^? unlimit$ summations ( small quantities1 :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ himself expla9s z be+ ! highe/ op]ations ( ma!matics & :i* are usually call$ ! diff]5tial & integral calculus4 ,h[ d ^! =ms ( calculation fulfil !mselves8 ,i h = example 9 a giv5 problem two v>iable quantities x & y1 ( :i* "o _c v>y )\t caus+ ! o!r to v>y also "u fix$ conditions4 ,i diff]5tiate x & y1 t is ,i consid] x & y z be+ s inf9itesimally small t !y d n repres5t any real quantities1 ev5 ! smalle/1 s t1 ( x & y no?+ rema9s1 except _! reciprocal relations1 a quantitative relation )\t any quantity2 !re=e dx_/dy1 ! relation ( ! two diff]5tials ( x & y1 is #j_/j b #j_/j is fix$ z ! expression ( y_/x4 ,t ?is relation betwe5 two vani%$ quantities1 ! fix$ mom5t ( _! vani%+1 is a contradiction ,i m]ely m5tion 9 pass+1 x %\ld give u z little uneas9ess z x has giv5 ma!matics = ! two hundr$ or s ye>s pa/4 ,:at h ,i done except to negate x & y2 n z 9 metaphysics s z n to tr\ble myself any fur!r ab\t !m1 b 9 a mann] dem&$ by ! problem8 ,in/ead ( x & y1 ,i h !re=e _! negation dx & dy 9 ! =mulae or equations be=e me4 ,i n[ calculate fur!r ) ^! =mulae4 ,i treat dx & dy z real quantities1 z quantities subject to c]ta9 exceptional laws1 & at a c]ta9 po9t ,i negate ! negation1 t is1 ,i integrate ! diff]5tial =mula4 ,i get in/ead ( dx & dy ! real quantities x & y aga91 & am !reby no fur!r =w>d ?an at ! beg9n+1 b ,i h !reby solv$ ! problem ov] :i* ord9>y geometry & algebra w\ld probably h gna%$ _! tee? 9 va94 ,x is n o!rwise 9 hi/ory4 ,all civilis$ peoples began ) common prop]ty 9 l&4 ,among all peoples :i* pass beyond a c]ta9 primitive /age ! common prop]ty 9 l& becomes a fett] ^u production 9 ! process ( agricultural developm5t4 ,x is ca/ aside1 negat$1 &1 aft] %ort] or long] int]v5+ p]iods1 is trans=m$ into private prop]ty4 ,b at a high] /age1 ?r\gh ! developm5t /ill fur!r ( agriculture1 private prop]ty becomes 9 its turn a b> to production1 z is to-day ! case ) bo? l>ge & small l& proprietor%ip4 ,! next /ep1 to negate x 9 turn1 to trans=m x into social prop]ty1 necess>ily foll[s4 ,?is advance h[ev] does n signify ! re/oration ( ! old primitive common prop]ty1 b ! e/abli%m5t ( a f> high] bett] develop$ =m ( communal proprietor%ip1 :i*1 f> f be+ an imp$im5t to production1 r1 = ! fir/ "t is b\nd to put an end to its limitations & to give x ! full b5efit ( mod]n discov]ies 9 *emi/ry & me*anical inv5tions4 ,b aga92 anci5t philosophy 0 primitive naturali/ic mat]ialism4 ,9 ! /ate ( ?\ght at t p]iod x 01 z su*1 incapable ( cle> conceptions ( matt]4 ,b ! necessity ( cle>ness on ?is po9t l$ to ! doctr9e ( a s\l :i* c\ld leave ! body1 !n to ! idea ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 f9ally1 to mono!ism4 ,! old mat]ialism 0 !re=e negat$ by idealism4 ,b 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( philosophy idealism became unt5able1 & is negat$ by mod]n mat]ialism4 ,?is1 ! negation ( negation1 is n ! m]e ree/abli%m5t ( ! old1 b unites1 ) ! surviv+ f\ndations1 ! :ole ?\ght cont5t ( a two ?\s& ye>s' developm5t ( philosophy & sci5ce1 z well z ! hi/ory ( ^! two ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is 9 a special s5se no philosophy b a s+le concept ( ! univ]se :i* has to prove & realise itself n 9 a sci5ce ( sci5ces ap>t1 b 9 actual sci5ce4 ,philosophy is "h also ca/ aside1 t is de/roy$ & pres]v$1 de/roy$ z to its =m1 pres]v$ z to its real cont5t4 ,:]e ,h]r ,duehr+ only sees ^w-juggl]y a m real cont5t is br\ght to light by ! new] po9t ( view4 ,f9ally1 ev5 ! ,r\sseau doctr9e ( equality1 ( :i* t ( ,h]r ,duehr+ is only a feeble & false plagi>ism1 has no exi/5ce unless ! ,hegelian negation ( ! negation s]ve x z a midwife1 al?\gh x orig9at$ tw5ty ye>s prior to ! bir? ( ,hegel4 ,f> f be+ a%am$ ( ?is x be>s 9 pla9 sight ! /amp ( its dialectic d]ivation 9 its e>lie/ manife/ation4 ,9 a /ate ( nature & savag]y m5 7 equal1 &1 s9ce ,r\sseau reg>ds spee* z a falsify+ ( natural conditions1 he is q "r 9 pr$icat+ equality ( animals ( "o species z f> z ?is rea*es1 & ! same also ) reg>d to ^? spee*less animal-m51 rec5tly hypo!tically classifi$ by ,haeckel z ,alali4 ,b ^! equal animal m5 _h "o quality beyond ! o!r animals1--p]fectibility1 ! p[] ( fur!r developm5t & ?is 0 ! reason ( inequality4 ,r\sseau sees !re=e 9 ! exi/5ce ( equality a /ep =w>d4 ,b ?is advance 0 self contradictory1 x 0 at ! same "t a retrogression4 ,all fur!r advances 7beyond ! primitive /age7 7 s _m /eps1 seem+ly 9 ! developm5t ( individual m51 b actually 9 ! decay ( ! species4 ,work+ 9 metals & agriculture 7 ! two arts ^: discov]y br\ght ab\t ?is great revolution 7! trans=mation ( ! primitive =e/s into cultivat$ l&s1 b also ! introduction ( pov]ty & slav]y toge!r ) private prop]ty74 ,! poets hold t gold & silv]1 ! philosoph]s t iron & corn h civilis$ m5 & ru9$ ! human race4 ,ea* new advance ( civilisation is at ! same "t an advance ( inequality4 ,all contrivances ) :i* society end[s itself by means ( civilisation are 9 direct opposition to _! orig9al purpose4 ,x is beyond "q & a f\ndation pr9ciple ( ! entire public law t p made rul]s to def5d _! lib]ties1 n to de/roy !m4 ,& yet ^! rul]s become ( necessity ! oppressors ( ! p & !y c>ry ! oppression to ! po9t :]e inequality is br\ght to a climax &1 !n1 trans=m$ into its opposite1 aga9 becomes ! reason ( equality1 = to despots all are equal1 t is equally ( no acc\nt4 ,"h is ! extreme ( inequality1 ! cr[n+ po9t :i* closes ! circle1 & t\*es ! po9t f :i* we h proce$$2 "h all private individuals are equal1 s9ce !y are ( no acc\nt1 & subjects h no law o!r ?an ! w ( _! ma/]4 ,b ! despot is ma/] only z long z he has ! p[]1 & = ?is reason he _c compla9 ( ! use ( =ce if he is bani%$4444 ,=ce upholds him1 =ce ?r[s him d[n1 ev]y?+ goes accord+ to a /raight & naturally appo9t$ pa?4 ,& ?us aga9 inequality is trans=m$ into equality1 b n into ! old mat]iali/ic equality ( spee*less1 primitive m51 b into ! high] equality ( organis$ society4 ,! oppressor is oppress$1 x is negation ( ! negation4 ,we h !n1 z reg>ds ,r\sseau1 n m]ely a me?od ( ?\ght :i* is q analog\s to t pursu$ 9 ,m>x's ,capital1 b also a :ole s]ies ( s+le dialectic turns ( :i* ,m>x avails himself3 ,processes1 :i* are antagoni/ic 9 _! nature1 conta9+ a contradiction 9 !mselves1 are trans=m$ f "o extreme to its opposite1 f9ally1 z ! qu9tess5ce ( ! :ole1 negation ( ! negation4 ,al?\gh ,r\sseau 9 #aged c\ld n speak ! j>gon ( ,hegel1 he 0 !n1 at a p]iod tw5ty-?ree ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,hegel1 deeply infect$ ) ! ,hegel contagion1 ! dialectic ( contradiction1 doctr9e ( logic1 !ology1 etc4 ,& if ,duehr+ 9 8 misapplication ( ,r\sseau's !ory ( equality1 op]ates ) 8 two victori\s m51 he hav+ lo/ 8 feet1 falls1 ( necessity into ! arms ( ! negation ( ! negation4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! equality ( ! two m5 fl\ri%es & :i* is set =? z an ideal condition is %[n on page #bga ( ! ,philosophy z ! orig9al condition4 ,?is orig9al condition on page #bgi is ( necessity de/roy$ by ! robb] sy/em--fir/ negation4 ,b we h n[1 ?anks to ! philosophy ( reality1 arriv$ at ! po9t ( aboli%+ ! robb] sy/em & sub/itut+ = x ! economic commune discov]$ by ,h]r ,duehr+--negation ( ! negation1 equality on a high] plane4 ,:at is ! negation ( ! negation1 !re=e8 ,x is a v f> rea*+1 &1 j1 = ?is reason1 a v important law ( developm5t ( nature1 human hi/ory & ?\ght1 a law :i* we see realis$ 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 9 geology1 9 ma!matics1 9 hi/ory1 & philosophy1 & :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ himself1 9 spite ( 8 opposition & resi/ance1 mu/ foll[1 aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,x is evid5t t ,i say no?+ ( ! special developm5t ( ! gra9 ( b>ley f ! g]m to ! crop be>+ plant1 if ,i say x is negation ( ! negation4 ,s9ce ! integral calculus is likewise negation ( ! negation1 ) ! o!r ass]tion ,i %\ld only affirm t ! life process ( a gra9 ( b>ley is integral calculus or ev5 socialism4 ,b t is j ! k9d ( ?+ :i* ! metaphysicians pu% (f on ! dialectic4 ,if ,i say t all ^! processes con/itute negation ( ! negation1 ,i embrace !m all "u ?is "o law ( progress1 & leave ! di/9ctive features ( ea* special process )\t p>ticul> notice4 ,! dialectic is1 z a matt] ( fact1 no?+ b ! sci5ce ( ! univ]sal laws ( motion1 & evolution 9 nature1 human society & ?\ght4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! objection may be urg$ t ! f9al negation is no true negation1 ,i negate a gra9 ( b>ley also :5 ,i gr9d x1 an insect :5 ,i cru% x1 a positive quantity :5 ,i elim9ate x1 etc4 ,or ,i negate ! /atem5t ! rose is a rose if ,i say ! rose is no rose & :at happ5s if ,i negate ?is negation aga9 & say b ! rose is a rose8 ,^! objection are1 9 fact1 ! *ief argum5ts ( ! metaphysicians aga9/ ! dialectic & are q wor?y ( ?is idiotic me?od ( reason+4 ,to negate 9 ! dialectic is n simply to say ,no1 or to describe a ?+ z non-exi/5t1 or to de/roy x aft] any fa%ion t y may *oose4 ,sp9oza says omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio1 e limitation or det]m9ation is at ! same "t a negation4 ,fur!rmore1 ! sort ( negation "h is %[n fir/ by means ( ! univ]sal & 9 ! second place by means ( ! di/9ctive nature ( ! process4 ,i mu/ n only negate b ,i mu/ also re/ore ! negation aga94 ,i mu/ !re=e s direct ! fir/ negation t ! second rema9s possible or %all be s4 ,h[8 ,j accord+ to ! peculi> nature ( ea* p>ticul> case4 ,i gr9d a gra9 ( b>ley1 ,i cru% an insect1 ,i h c]ta9ly fulfill$ ! fir/ act b h made ! second impossible4 ,e species ( ?+s has !re=e its own peculi> prop]ties to be negat$ 9 ord] t a progression may proce$1 & e species ( prop]ties & ideas is precisely ! same 9 ?is reg>d4 ,9 inf9itesimal calculations ! negation is br\ght ab\t aft] a diff]5t fa%ion ?an 9 ! re/oration ( positive p[]s f negative roots4 ,t has to be le>nt l ev]y?+ else4 ,) ! m]e k t ! /alk ( b>ley & inf9itesimal calculation fall "u ! pr9ciple ( ! negation ( ! negation1 ,i _c cultivate m b>ley nor c ,i diff]5tiate & integrate1 j z ,i _c play ! viol9 by virtue ( a m]e k ( ! laws ( h>mony4 ,b x is evid5t t a m]ely *ildi% negation ( ! negation su* z writ+ d[n a & eras+ x1 or by affirm+ t a rose is a rose & t x is n a rose leads to no conclusion o!r ?an to %[ ! sill9ess ( ! p :o und]take processes s t$i\s4 ,& yet metaphysicians w\ld in=m u t t is ! "r way to c>ry out ! negation ( ! negation4 ,h]r ,duehr+ is !re=e a my/ifi] :5 he ass]ts t ! negation ( ! negation 0 an analogy made by ,hegel d]iv$ f religion & built up on ! /ory ( ! ,fall & ! ,r$emption4 ,m5 ?\ght dialectically a long "t be=e !y knew :at ! dialectic really 01 j z !y spoke prose a long "t be=e ! t]m prose 0 us$4 ,! law ( ! negation ( ! negation :i* op]ates 9 hi/ory & :i* until x is once le>n$ goes on 9 our bra9s unconsci\sly to ourselves1 0 fir/ cle>ly =mulat$ by ,hegel1 & if ,h]r ,duehr+ desires to employ x 9 secret b _c /& ! "n1 he %\ld discov] a bett] "n4 ,b if he insi/ on expell+ x f ! processes ( ?\ght1 he mu/ fir/ be good en\gh to expel x f nature & f hi/ory1 & f9d a sy/em ( ma!matics 9 :i* --a multipli$ by --a does n give u a#b & :]e ! diff]5tial & integral calculus are bo? =bidd5 by law4 ,conclusion4 ,9 ?is %ort section ,engels leaves ! g5]al discussion 9 ord] to aga9 pay 8 respects to ! %ortcom+s & defici5cies ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,! matt] possesses no g5]al int]e/ = ,engels m]ely teases 8 oppon5t ^u ! magnific5ce ( 8 claims & ! slightness ( 8 p]=mances4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,political ,,economy ,i4 ,objects & ,me?ods4 ,political economy is1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 ! sci5ce ( ! laws controll+ ! production & ex*ange ( ! mat]ial necessities ( life 9 human society4 ,production & ex*ange are two entirely diff]5t functions4 ,production may exi/ )\t ex*ange1 ex*ange--s9ce !re c only be ex*ange ( products--_c exi/ )\t production4 ,ea* ( ! two social functions is controll$ by entirely diff]5t ext]nal influ5ces & ?us has1 g5]ally speak+1 its own peculi> laws4 ,b on ! o!r h& !y become s mutually involv$ at a giv5 "t & react "o ^u ! o!r t !y might be designat$ ! abscisses & ord9ates ( ! economic curve4 ,! conditions "u :i* m5 produce & ex*ange develop f l& to l&1 & 9 ! same l& f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,political economy _c be ! same = all l&s & = all hi/orical epo*s4 ,f ! b[ & arr[1 f ! /one knife & ! exceptional & occasional trad+ int]c\rse ( ! b>b>ian to ! /eam eng9e ) its ?\s&s ( horse-p[]1 to ! me*anical weav+ ma*9e1 to ! railway & ! ,bank ( ,engl& is a trem5d\s leap4 ,! ,patagonians d n h production on a l>ge scale & _w-comm]ce any m ?an !y h sw9dl+ or bankruptcy4 ,anyone :o %\ld attempt to apply ! same laws ( political economy to ,patagonia z to pres5t-day ,engl& w\ld only succe$ 9 produc+ /upid commonplaces4 ,political economy is ?us really a hi/orical sci5ce4 ,x is engag$ ) hi/orical mat]ial1 t is1 mat]ial :i* is always 9 c\rse ( developm5t4 ,at ! close ( ?is inve/igation x c1 = ! fir/ "t1 %[ ! few 7especially z reg>ds production & ex*ange7 g5]al laws :i* apply univ]sally4 ,9 ?is way x is made evid5t t ! laws :i* are common to c]ta9 me?ods ( production or =ms ( ex*ange are common to all hi/orical p]iods 9 :i* ^! me?ods ( production & =ms ( ex*ange are ! same4 ,?us = example ) ! introduction ( specie1 !re came into be+ a s]ies ( laws :i* holds good = all l&s & hi/orical epo*s 9 :i* specie is a means ( ex*ange4 ,! me?od ( di/ribut+ ! product is 9 accordance ) ! me?od ( production & ex*ange ( a giv5 society at a giv5 "t4 ,9 ! tribal or village community ) communal own]%ip ( l&1 ( :i* !re are obvi\s survivals 9 ! hi/ory ( all civiliz$ peoples1 !re is practically an equal di/ribution2 :]e a great] inequality ( di/ribution ( ! product has be5 introduc$ among ! memb]s ( a society1 x is a sign ( ! com+ dissolution ( ! community--l>ge & small f>m+ h v diff]5t modes ( di/ribution accord+ to ! hi/orical circum/ances f :i* !y h develop$4 ,b x is app>5t t l>ge f>m+ requires a diff]5t mode ( di/ribution ?an small f>m+2 t ! l>ge f>m+ %[s ! exi/5ce ( class antagonism--slave-hold]s & slaves1 l&lords & t5ants1 capitali/s & wage work]s1--b t1 on ! contr>y1 9 small f>m+1 class di/9ction does n arise f ! f>m+ op]ations ( sep>ate individuals b f ! m]e beg9n+s ( f>m+ on a l>ge scale4 ,! introduction & developm5t ( ! use ( gold into a c\ntry :]e =m]ly ex*ange ( actual goods 0 ! exclusive or g5]al practice1 is closely associat$ ) a sl[ or rapid revolution ( ! mode ( di/ribution hi!rto prevail+1 & to su* an ext5t t inequality ( di/ribution among individuals &1 s1 antagonism betwe5 ri* & poor becomes m & m app>5t4 ,local gild h&-production z x prevail$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages made great capitali/s & life-long wage-work]s j z impossible z ! great mod]n indu/ry1 ! cr$it sy/em ( to-day1 & =m ( ex*ange1 correspond+ ) ! developm5t ( ^!1 free competition1 r5d] !m inevitable4 ,) ! diff]5ce 9 di/ribution h[ev] class diff]5ces are introduc$4 ,society becomes divid$ into upp] & l[] classes1 into plund]]s & plund]$1 into ma/] & s]vant classes1 & ! /ate :i* ! orig9al gr\ps compos$ ( societies claim+ ! same ance/ry only reg>d$ z a means ( protection ( ! common int]e/s 7remnants ( :i* rema9 9 ! ,ori5t1 e4g47 & aga9/ =eign =ce1 takes ^u itself ! duty ( ma9ta9+ ! economic & political supremacy ( ! dom9ant class aga9/ ! dom9at$ class by means ( =ce4 ,s di/ribution is n a m]e passive witness ( production & ex*ange2 x has an imm$iate influ5ce on bo?4 ,e new me?od ( production & =m ( ex*ange is imp$$1 n only ?r\gh ! old =ms & _! p>ticul> =ms ( political developm5t1 b also ?r\gh ! old me?od ( di/ribution4 ,x c only br+ ab\t its own me?od ( di/ribution z ! result ( long conflict4 ,b j 9 proportion z a giv5 me?od ( production & ex*ange is built up & develops1 di/ribution all ! m rapidly rea*es a po9t :]e x out/rips its pr$ecessor & :]e x comes into collision ) ! sy/em ( production & ex*ange exi/+ up to t "t4 ,! old tribal communi/ic =ms ( :i* we h already spok5 may la/ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 z is se5 9 ! case ( ! ,indians & ,slavs ( to-day1 until int]c\rse ) ! outside _w develops causes ( disruption )9 !m z a conclusion ( :i* _! dissolution comes ab\t4 ,mod]n capitali/ic production on ! o!r h& :i* is h>dly ?ree hundr$ ye>s old & :i* fir/ became dom9ant ) ! introduction ( ! great] indu/ry ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 has1 9 ?is %ort "t1 develop$ antagonisms 9 di/ribution--conc5tration ( capital on ! "o h& 9 ! possession ( a few p]sons &1 on ! o!r1 conc5tration ( prop]tyless masses 9 ! great cities--:i* mu/ ( necessity br+ x to an end4 ,! connection betwe5 ! =m ( di/ribution & ! mat]ial economic conditions ( a society is s mu* 9 ! nature ( ?+s t x is g5]ally reflect$ 9 ! popul> in/9ct4 ,z long z a me?od ( production is 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t1 ev5 ^? ^: int]e/s are aga9/ x1 :o are gett+ ! wor/ ( ! p>ticul> me?od ( production1 are highly satisfi$4 ,x 0 j s ) ! ,engli% work+ class at ! introduction ( ! great] indu/ry4 ,z long z ?is me?od ( production rema9$ ! normal social me?od1 satisfaction ) ! me?ods ( di/ribution 01 on ! :ole1 preval5t2 & :5 a prote/ aga9/ x rose ev5 9 ! bosom ( ! dom9ant class itself 7,sa9t-,simon1 ,f\ri]1 ,ow57 x f\nd at fir/ practically no sympa?y among ! masses ( ! exploit$4 ,b directly ! me?od ( production has travell$ a good portion ( its upw>d progress1 :5 half ( its life 0 ov]1 :5 its de/9y 0 9 a great measure accompli%$ & its successor 0 knock+ at ! door--!n = ! fir/ "t ! ev] increas+ly unequal di/ribution appe>$ z unju/4 ,!n 0 ! fir/ appeal made f actual facts to s-call$ et]nal ju/ice4 ,?is appeal to morality & ju/ice does n br+ u a /ep fur!r sci5tifically4 ,economic sci5ce c f9d no gr\nds ( pro( 9 moral indignation1 h[ev] ju/ifiable1 b m]ely a symptom4 ,its task is to %[ ! newly develop+ social wrongs z ! necess>y results ( exi/+ me?ods ( production &1 at ! same "t1 z signs ( its approa*+ dissolution1 & to po9t out1 amid ! break up ( ! exi/+ economic sy/em1 ! elem5ts ( ! new organization ( production & ex*ange :i* w aboli% ^? social wrongs4 ,! feel+ /irr$ up by ! poets :e!r 9 ! pictur+ ( ^! social wrongs or by attack ^u !m or1 on ! o!r h&1 by d5ial ( !m & ! glorification ( h>mony 9 ! int]e/s ( ! dom9ant class1 is q timely1 b its slight value z furni%+ pro( = a giv5 p]iod is %[n by ! fact t "o f9ds an abundance ( x 9 e epo*4 ,political economy1 z ! sci5ce ( ! conditions & =ms "u :i* v>i\s human societies h produc$ & ex*ang$ & accord+ to :i* !y h di/ribut$ ! products ( _! labor1--political economy1 9 ?is broad s5se1 has yet to be plann$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,all t we h s f> ( political economic sci5ce is almo/ entirely limit$ to ! beg9n+ & developm5t ( ! capitali/ic mode ( production4 ,x beg9s ) ! g5esis & gr[? ( ! capitali/ic mode ( production1 & ex*ange1 recognises ! necessity ( ! disappe>ance ( ^! by means ( ! capitali/ic =ms1 !n develops ! laws ( ! capitali/ic me?ods ( production & _! correspond+ =ms ( ex*ange on ! positive side1 t is on ! side on :i* !y fur!r ! objects ( society1 z a :ole & closes ) ! sociali/ criticism ( ! capitali/ic me?ods ( production1 t is1 ) ! exhibition ( its laws on ! negative side1 ) ! pro( t ?is me?od ( production arrives at ! po9t1 by its own developm5t1 :]e x is no long] possible4 ,?is criticism proves t ! capitali/ic me?ods ( production & ex*ange con/itute m & m an insuff]able fett] ^u production itself4 ,! mode ( di/ribution :i* is necess>ily associat$ ) ?is =m ( production has br\ght ab\t a class condition :i* gr[s daily m unbe>able4 ,x has produc$ ! daily %>p5+ antagonism betwe5 ! cont9ually less num]\s b con/antly ri*] capitali/s & ! m num]\s1 b on ! :ole1 cont9ually poor] prop]tyless wage-work]s4 ,f9ally ! trem5d\s productive =ces ( ! capitali/ic me?ods ( production1 :i* are practically unlimit$1 are only await+ _! seizure at ! h&s ( an organiz$ co-op]ative society to secure = all ! memb]s ( t society ! means ( exi/5ce & ! full] developm5t ( _! faculties 9 an ev] increas+ degree4 ,9 ord] to fully accompli% ?is criticism ( ! b\rgeois economy acqua9tance ) ! capitali/ic =m ( production ( ex*ange & ( di/ribution 0 n en\gh4 ,prec$+ =ms & o!rs1 exi/+ side by side ) ! capitali/ic mode 9 a few highly develop$ c\ntries1 _h to be exam9$ & comp>$ at lea/ 9 _! *ief features4 ,su* an inve/igation & comp>ision has be5 und]tak5 z a :ole by ,m>x alone & we consid] t ?is inve/igation practically sums up all t has be5 e/abli%$ respect+ !oretical economy prior to t ( ! b\rgeois4 ,:ile political economy 9 a n>r[ s5se arose 9 ! m9ds ( a few g5iuses ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x is1 9 its positive =mulation by ! physiocrats & ,adam ,smi?1 sub/antially a *ild ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & expresses itself 9 ! acquisitions ( ! great contempor>y ,fr5* philosoph]s ) all ! excell5cies & defects ( t "t4 ,:at we h said ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s applies also to ! economi/s ( t day4 ,! new sci5ce 0 ) !m n ! expression ( ! condition & ne$s ( ! "t b ! expression ( et]nal reason2 ! laws ( production & ex*ange discov]$ by !m 7 n ! laws ( a giv5 hi/orical =m ( ^? facts b 7 et]nal natural laws2 !y d]iv$ !m f ! nature ( man4 ,b ?is man1 se5 cle>ly1 0 a burgh] ( ! ,middle ,ages on ! high road to becom+ a mod]n b\rgeois1 & 8 nature consi/$ 9 ?is t he _h to manufacture commodities & c>ry on 8 trade accord+ to ! giv5 hi/orical conditions ( t p]iod4 7,h]r ,duehr+ hav+ appli$ ! two man !ory to political economic conditions & hav+ decid$ t su* conditions are unju/1 ^u :i* conclusion he bases 8 revolution>y attitude1 ,engels rem>ks z foll[s73 ,if we h no bett] security = ! revolution 9 ! pres5t me?ods ( di/ribution ( ! products ( labor ) all _! cry+ antagonisms ( mis]y & luxury1 ( pov]ty & o/5tation1 ?an ! consci\sness t ?is me?od ( di/ribution is unju/ & t ju/ice mu/ f9ally prevail1 we %\ld be 9 evil plight & w\ld h to /ay !re a long "t4 ,! my/ics ( ! ,middle ,ages :o dream$ ( an approa*+ ?\s& ye>s k+dom ( righte\sness _h ! consci\sness ( ! inju/ice ( class antagonisms4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( mod]n hi/ory ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,?omas ,mu5z] %\t$ x al\d to all ! _w4 ,9 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* b\rgeois revolutions ! same cry 0 he>d & di$ away ineffectually4 ,& if ! same cry1 aft] ! =mation ( class antagonisms & class di/9ctions left ! work+1 suff]+ classes cold until #ahcj1 if x n[ takes hold ( "o l& aft] ano!r ) ! same results & ! same int5sity1 9 proportion z ! great] indu/ry has develop$ 9 ! individual c\ntries if1 9 "o g5]ation1 x has acquir$ a =ce :i* defies all ! p[]s oppos$ to x & c be sure ( victory 9 ! ne> future--h[ comes x ab\t8 ,f ?is1 t ! great] indu/ry has creat$ ! mod]n prolet>iat1 a class1 :i* = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory c set ab\t ! abolition n ( ?is or t p>ticul> class organization or ( ?is or t p>ticul> class privilege b ( classes 9 g5]al1 & x is 9 ! position t x mu/ c>ry out ?is l9e ( action on ! p5alty ( s9k+ to ! ,*9ese coolie level4 ,& t ! same great] indu/ry has on ! o!r h& produc$ a class :i* is 9 possession ( all ! tools ( production & ! means ( life b 9 e p]iod ( prosp]ity 7,s*w9delp]iode7 & 9 ea* succe$+ panic %[s t x is incapable ( controll+ 9 ! future ! gr[+ productive =ces2 a class "u ^: lead]%ip society runs headlong to ru9 l a locomotive ^: clos$ safety valve ! eng9e driv] is too weak to op54 ,9 o!r words x has come ab\t t ! productive =ces ( ! mod]n capitali/ic mode ( production z well z ! sy/em ( di/ribution bas$ ^u x are 9 gl>+ contradiction to ! mode ( production itself & to su* a degree t a revolution 9 ! modes ( production & di/ribution mu/ take place :i* w aboli% all class diff]5ces or ! :ole ( mod]n society w fall4 ,x is 9 ^! actual mat]ial facts1 :i* are necess>ily becom+ m & m evid5t to ! exploit$ prolet>iat1 t ! confid5ce 9 ! victory ( mod]n socialism f9ds its f\ndation & n 9 ?is or t bookworm's notions ( ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,,ii4 ,! ,=ce ,!ory4 7,h]r ,duehr+ argues t ! causes ( class subjection are to be s\ght 9 political conditions & t political =ce is ! prim>y1 & economic conditions m]ely ! second>y1 cause ( class di/9ctions ,engels makes ! foll[+ reply to ^! argum5ts73 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is ,h]r ,duehr+'s !ory4 ,x is set out1 decre$ s to say1 "h & 9 sev]al o!r places4 ,b we _c f9d ! slighte/ attempt to prove x or to disprove ! opposite !ory 9 ! ?ree ?ick volumes4 ,moreov] if !re 0 an abundance ( pro( we %\ld get none f ,h]r ,duehr+1 = ! matt] is prov5 by ! fam\s fall ( man 9 t ,rob9son ,crusoe made ,friday 8 slave4 ,t 0 an act ( =ce & s a political act4 ,& ?is slav]y con/itutes ! po9t ( dep>ture & fundam5tal fact ( hi/ory up to ! pres5t "t & inoculates ! heirs ( s9 ) inju/ice s c]ta9ly t only lately x has become mild] & trans=m$ into ! m indirect =ms ( economic dep5d5cy4 ,s9ce ! :ole ( ! rema9+ actual =ce-possession re/s ^u ?is orig9al enslavem5t1 x is cle> t all economic ph5om5a c be expla9$ f orig9al political causes1 t is f =ce4 ,& :oev] is n satisfi$ ) ?is is a secret reaction>y4 ,let u fir/ rem>k t "o has to be z mu* 9 love ) himself z ,h]r ,duehr+ is to consid] ?is idea z orig9al s9ce x is n s by any means4 ,! idea t ! political do+s ( mon>* & /ates are decisive ev5ts 9 hi/ory is z old z ! writ+ ( hi/ory itself & is ! reason :y we are s little aw>e ( ! real & quietly develop+ progress ( ! peoples :i* goes on beh9d ^! noisy & spectacul> activities4 ,?is idea has dom9at$ ! :ole ( hi/ory 9 ! pa/ & got its fir/ %ock at ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* b\rgeois hi/orians ( ! ,re/oration p]iod4 ,to proce$1 let u grant = ! pres5t t ,h]r ,duehr+ is correct :5 he says t all hi/ory up to n[ has be5 ! slav]y ( man by m51 & we are /ill a long way f ! root ( ! matt]4 ,let u ask n[ h[ x 0 t ,rob9son came to enslave ,friday4 ,0 x m]ely = ! pleasure ( do+ s8 ,surely n4 ,on ! contr>y we are in=m$ t ,friday 0 subjugat$ z a slave or m]e tool = economic s]vice & 0 kept 9 subjection m]ely z a tool4 ,rob9son only enslav$ ,friday t he might "w = ! b5efit ( ,rob9son4 ,& h[ c\ld ,rob9son d]ive b5efit f ! labor ( ,friday8 ,only by virtue ( ! fact t ,friday produc$ m means ( livelihood by 8 labor ?an ,rob9son _h to give him to keep him able to "w4 ,rob9son has !re=e1 contr>y to ,h]r ,duehr+'s pretty prescription1 made1 by ! enslavem5t ( ,friday1 a political organization1 n j because he want$ to1 b simply z a means ( provid+ himself ) food1 & he ought to see h[ little he has 9 common ) 8 "l & ma/] ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,! *ildi% example !re=e :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ has discov]$ 9 ord] to %[ t =ce is ! hi/orical fundam5tal proves t =ce is only a means to fur!r an economic int]e/1 & 9 hi/ory ! economic side is likewise m fundam5tal ?an ! political4 ,! example !re=e proves j ! opposite ( :at x ought to prove4 ,&1 z ) ,rob9son & ,friday1 s x is also ) all ! examples ( lord%ip & slav]y up to n[4 ,slav]y1 to use ,duehr+'s own elegant expression1 always implies a means = supply+ su/5ance 7us+ ! t]m 9 its broade/ s5se7 & nev] m]ely implies a political organization :i* has be5 develop$ by its own w4 ,"o w\ld h to be a ,h]r ,duehr+ to v5ture to call taxes only a second>y feature ( gov]nm5t1 or1 to say t ! political gr\p+s ( ! dom9ant b\rgeois ( to-day & ! subjugat$ prolet>iat are purely volunt>y & n made to s]ve ! mat]ial int]e/s ( ! b\rgeois1 namely pr(it mak+ & ! accumulation ( capital4 ,let u give our att5tion aga9 to our two m54 ,rob9son sword 9 h& makes ,friday 8 slave4 ,b to d ?is ,rob9son uses some?+ else besides 8 sword4 ,a slave is n made by t means solely4 ,9 ord] to be able to keep a slave "o has to be sup]ior to him 9 two respects1 "o mu/ fir/ h control ov] ! tools & objects ( labor ( ! slave & ov] 8 means ( subsi/5ce also4 ,!re=e1 be=e slav]y is possible1 a c]ta9 po9t 9 production has to be rea*$ & a c]ta9 degree ( inequality 9 di/ribution atta9$4 ,& :5 slave labor becomes ! dom9ant mode ( production ( an entire society a high] developm5t ( ! p[]s ( production1 ( trade & ( weal?1 accumulation occurs4 ,9 e>ly tribal communities :i* _h common own]%ip ( ! soil1 slav]y is ei!r nonexi/5t or its role is v subord9ate4 ,s x 0 at fir/ 9 ,rome1 z a /ate ( f>m]s1 b :5 ,rome became ! capital city ( ! _w & ! soil ( ,italy came m & m to be own$ by a num]ically small class ( enorm\sly weal?y prop]ty own]s1 ! population ( f>m]s p]i%$ 9 front ( ! slave population4 ,:5 at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian ,w>1 ! numb] ( slaves 9 ,cor9? 0 #dfj1jjj1 & 9 ,aeg9a #dgj1jjj1 & !re 7 t5 slaves to e freeman 9 ! population1 ! explanation mu/ be s\ght 9 some?+ o!r ?an =ce2 !re 7 a highly develop$ art & h&icraft & =eign comm]ce4 ,slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 0 mu* less due to =ce ?an to ! ,engli% cotton indu/ry2 :]e !re 0 n cotton gr[n or :]e slaves 7 n rais$1 z 9 ! bord] /ates1 = ! cotton produc+ /ates1 x p]i%$ ( its own accord & )\t any employm5t ( =ce simply because x did n pay4 ,:5 ,h]r ,duehr+ !re=e calls ! prop]ty ( ! pres5t day prop]ty re/+ on =ce & designates x z t =m ( dom9ation :i* does n m]ely signify ! exclusion ( "o's fell[ be+s f ! use ( ! natural means ( su/5ance1 b implies 9 addition t ! subjection ( man has la9 at ! f\ndation ( human slav]y he puts ! matt] upside d[n4 ,! subjection ( humanity to slav]y 9 all its =ms means ! control by ! ma/] ( ! means ( labor by virtue ( :i* alone he c employ 8 slaves ^u !m & ! disposal ( ! means ( livelihood by :i* he c keep 8 slaves alive4 ,9 all cases !re=e x implies a c]ta9 p[] ( possession :i* transc5ds ! ord9>y8 ,h[ did ?is arise8 ,occasionally x is cle> t x 0 seiz$ & c !re=e be said to re/ ^u =ce b ?is is by no means ess5tial4 ,x c be got by labor1 be robb$1 be obta9$ by trade1 or tak5 by fraud4 ,x mu/ be work$ = g5]ally be=e x c be /ol54 ,private prop]ty does n hi/orically come into exi/5ce by any means z a rule z ! product ( robb]y & viol5ce4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,x arises f ! limitation ( c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! e>ly tribal communes4 ,x develops 9 ! fir/ place )9 ! tribe & aft]w>ds 9 ex*ange ) peoples outside ( ! tribe 9 ! =m ( w>es4 ,9 proportion z ! products ( ! tribe assume ! =m ( commodities1 i4e41 ! less !y are produc$ = ! use ( ! produc] & ! m = ! purpose ( ex*ange1 ! ex*ange de/roys ! orig9al =m ( di/ribution 9 ! commune itself1 & ! m unequal become ! %>es ( ! individual memb]s ( ! community ) respect to mat]ial possessions4 ,s ! old communal own]%ip ( l& becomes m & m invad$1 ! communal prop]ty is rapidly conv]t$ into a village ( f>m]s1 ea* till+ 8 own piece ( gr\nd4 ,ori5tal despotism & ! *ang+ gov]nm5t ( conqu]+ nomads _h no p[] to alt] ! old =m ( communal own]%ip = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ! cont9ual de/ruction ( ! primitive dome/ic indu/ry ?r\gh ! competition ( ! products ( ! great indu/ry is br++ ab\t its dissolution4 ,! ?+ has little to d ) =ce z has lately appe>$ 9 ! matt] ( ! division ( ! communal prop]ty ( ! feudal societies on ! ,moselle & 9 ,ho*wald4 ,! peasants are f9d+ ! sub/itution ( individual = communal hold+s to _! int]e/s4 ,ev5 ! gr[? ( a primitive ari/ocracy z among ! ,celts1 ! ,g]mans1 & 9 ,mesopotamia1 is a result ( ! communal own]%ip ( l&$ prop]ty1 & does n dep5d ^u =ce 9 ! slighte/ degree b ^u free w & cu/om4 ,especially :]e private prop]ty arises x appe>s z ! result ( a *ange 9 ! me?ods ( production & ex*ange 9 ! int]e/s ( ! increase ( production & ! developm5t ( comm]ce & !re=e arises f economic causes4 ,=ce plays no role 9 ?is4 ,x is cle> t ! in/itution ( private prop]ty mu/ h already exi/$ be=e ! robb] is able to possess himself ( o!r p's goods & t =ce may *ange ! possession b _c alt] private prop]ty z su*4 ,b to expla9 ! subjection ( m5 to slav]y 9 its mod]n =m1 9 wage-labor1 we c make no use ( ei!r =ce or prop]ty acquir$ by =ce4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! "p :i* ! trans=mation ( ! products ( labor into commodities1 _! production n = use alone1 b = ex*ange1 plays 9 ! de/ruction ( ! primitive communal prop]ty & !re=e 9 ! br++ into exi/5ce directly or indirectly ! univ]sality ( private prop]ty4 ,b ,m>x has prov$ 9 8 ,capital--& ,h]r ,duehr+ does n v5ture to intrude ^u ! matt]--t at a c]ta9 /age 9 economic developm5t ! production ( commodities is trans=m$ into capitali/ic production & t at ?is po9t ! law ( appropriation re/+ ^u ! production & circulation ( commodities1 ! law ( private prop]ty1 by its own inevitable dialectic becomes *ang$ into its opposite1 ! ex*ange ( equival5ts1 :i* appe>$ z its orig9al mode ( op]ation1 b has n[ become s twi/$ t !re is only an appe>ance ( ex*ange s9ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! portion ( capital ex*ang$ = labor-=ce is itself only a portion ( ! product ( ano!r's labor tak5 )\t an equival5t1 & 9 ! second place1 x is n only suppli$ by its produc]s1 ! work]s1 b x mu/ be suppli$ also ) a new surplus4 ,orig9ally prop]ty seem$ to u to be e/abli%$ on labor only--prop]ty n[ appe>s 7z a conclusion ( ! ,m>xian argum5t71 on ! side ( ! capitali/1 z ! "r to unpaid labor &1 on ! side ( ! work+man1 z an impossibility1 ! own]%ip ( 8 own product4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 prop]ty & labor is ! result ( a law :i* app>5tly proce$$ f _! id5tity4 ,9 o!r words if we exclude ! possibility ( =ce1 robb]y1 & *eat+ absolutely1 if we take ! position t all private prop]ty orig9ally dep5d$ ^u ! p]sonal labor ( its possessor & t equival5ts are always ex*ang$ we nev]!less come1 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( production & ex*ange1 ( necessity1 to ! mod]n capitali/ic me?ods ( production1 to ! monopolisation ( ! means ( production & livelihood 9 ! h&s ( a s+le class few 9 numb]s1 to ! degradation ( ! o!r consi/+ ( ! imm5se majority ( produc]s to ! position ( prop]tyless prolet>ians1 to ! p]iodical alt]nations ( sw9dl+ op]ations & trade crises & to ! :ole ( ! pres5t an>*y 9 production4 ,! entire result re/s on purely economic gr\nds )\t robb]y1 =ce1 or any int]v5tion ( politics or ! gov]nm5t be+ necess>y4 ,prop]ty re/+ on =ce becomes a m]e phrase :i* m]ely s]ves to obscure ! und]/&+ ( ! real developm5t ( ?+s4 ,?is c\rse1 hi/orically express$1 is ! /ory ( ! developm5t ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,if political conditions are ! decisive causes ( economic conditions1 ! mod]n b\rgeoisie w\ld necess>ily n h progress$ z ! result ( a fight ) feudalism1 b w\ld be ! d>l+ *ild ( its womb4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ! opposite is ! case4 ,! b\rgeoisie1 orig9ally b\nd to pay feudal dues to ! dom9ant feudal nobility1 recruit$ f bond slaves & ?ralls1 9 a subject /ate1 has1 9 ! c\rse ( its conflict ) ! nobility captur$ position aft] position1 & f9ally has come into possession ( ! p[] 9 civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,9 ,france x directly attack$ ! nobility1 9 ,engl& x made ! ari/ocracy m & m b\rgeois & f9ally incorporat$ x ) itself z a sort ( ornam5t4 ,& h[ did ?is come ab\t8 ,entirely ?r\gh ! trans=mation ( economic conditions :i* 0 soon] or lat] foll[$ ei!r by ! volunt>y or compulsory trans=mation ( political conditions4 ,! fight ( ! b\rgeoisie aga9/ ! feudal nobility is ! fight ( ! city aga9/ ! c\ntry1 ( indu/ry aga9/ l&lordism1 ( economy bas$ on money aga9/ economy bas$ on natural products4 ,! di/9ctive weapons ( ! b\rgeois 9 ?is fight 7 ^? :i* came into exi/5ce ?r\gh ! developm5t ( increas+ economic =ce by reason ( ! gr[? at fir/ ( h& manufacture & aft]w>ds ma*9e-manufacture & ?r\gh ! ext5sion ( trade4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is conflict ! political p[] 0 9 ! h&s ( ! nobility1 ) ! exception ( a p]iod :5 ! k+ employ$ ! b\rgeoisie aga9/ ! nobility 9 ord] to hold "o 9 *eck by means ( ! o!r4 ,f ! v mom5t1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! b\rgeoisie /ill depriv$ ( political p[] began to be dang]\s because ( ! developm5t ( its economic p[] ! mon>*y aga9 turn$ to ! nobility & !reby br\ght ab\t ! revolution ( ! b\rgeois fir/ 9 ,engl& & !n 9 ,france4 ,! political conditions 9 ,france rema9$ unalt]$ until ! economic conditions outgrew !m4 ,9 politics ! noble 0 ev]y?+1 ! b\rgeois no?+4 ,z a social factor ! b\rgeoisie 0 ( ! highe/ importance :ile ! nobility _h ab&on$ all its social functions & yet pocket$ rev5ues1 social s]vices :i* x did n any long] p]=m4 ,ev5 ?is is n suffici5t4 ,b\rgeois society 01 z f> z ! :ole matt] ( production is conc]n$1 ti$ & b\nd 9 ! political feudal =ms ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* ?is production1 n only z reg>ds manufacture b z reg>ds h&work also _h long transc5d$ amid all ! ?\s&fold gild-privileges & local & prov9cial tax impositions :i* _h become m]e ob/acles & fett]s to production4 ,! b\rgeois revolution put an end to !m4 ,b ! economic condition did n1 z ,h]r ,duehr+ w\ld imply1 =?) adapt itself to ! political circum/ances1--t ! k+ & ! nobility sp5t a long "t 9 try+ to effect--b x ?rew all ! m\ldy old political rubbi% aside & %ap$ new political conditions 9 :i* ! new economic conditions might come into exi/5ce & develop4 ,& x has develop$ spl5didly 9 ?is suitable political & legal atmosph]e1 s spl5didly t ! b\rgeoisie is n[ n v f> f ! position :i* ! nobility occupi$ 9 #aghi4 ,x is becom+ m & m n alone a social sup]fluity b a social imp$im5t4 ,x takes an ev] dim9i%+ "p 9 ! "w ( production & becomes m & m1 z ! noble did1 a m]e rev5ue consum+ class4 ,& ?is revolution 9 its position & ! creation ( a new class1 t ( ! prolet>iat1 came ab\t )\t any =ce-nons5se b by purely economic means4 ,fur!r m1 x has by no means accompli%$ x by its own willful act4 ,on ! o!r h& x has accompli%$ itself irresi/ibly aga9/ ! wi% & int5tions ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,its own productive =ces h tak5 ! managem5t ( affairs & are driv+ mod]n b\rgeois society to ! necessity ( revolution or de/ruction4 ,& if ! b\rgeoisie n[ appeals to =ce to w>d (f ! ru9 aris+ f ! decrepit economic condition x proves !reby t x suff]s f ! same error z ,h]r ,duehr+1 9 t x ?9ks t political conditions are ! di/9ctive causes ( economic condition & t by ! use ( ! prime factor ( m]e political =ce x c manufacture ! second>y factor ( economic conditions4 ,x ?9ks t x c %ape economic conditions & _! inevitable developm5t1 & !re=e elim9ate ! economic effects ( ! /eam eng9e1 & ! mod]n indu/ry :i* has proce$$ f x4 ,x ?9ks t x c aboli% ! _w comm]ce & ! bank cr$it developm5t ( to-day f ! univ]se by means ( ,krupp guns & ,maus] rifles4 ,,iii4 ,=ce ,!ory 7,cont9u$74 ,let u look at ?is omnipot5t =ce ( ,h]r ,duehr+ a little m closely4 ,rob9son enslav$ ,friday sword 9 h&4 ,h[ did he get ! sword8 ,rob9son's imag9>y isl& nev] grew swords on trees & "s answ] to ?is "q is due f ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,we might j z well assume t z ,rob9son became possess$ ( a sword s1 "o f9e morn+1 ,friday appe>$ ) a load$ revolv] 9 8 h&4 ,!reupon ! =ce is entirely rev]s$4 ,friday takes comm& & ,rob9son mu/ submit4 ,we beg p>don ( ! read] = return+ to ! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 :i* is m appropriate to ! nurs]y ?an to an economic discussion1 b :at c we d ab\t x8 ,we are compell$ to pursue ,h]r ,duehr+'s axiomatic sci5tific me?ods & x is n our fault if we always f9d ourselves 9 ! realms ( *ildi%ness4 ,! revolv] !n triumphs ov] ! sword & x %\ld be app>5t ev5 to ! mak] ( *ildi% axioms t sup]ior =ce is no m]e act ( ! w b requires v real prelim9>y conditions = ! c>ry+ out ( its purposes1 especially me*anical in/rum5ts1 ! m highly develop$ ( :i* h ! sup]iority ov] ! less highly develop$4 ,fur!rmore ^! tools mu/ be produc$1 :5ce x appe>s t ! produc] ( ! m highly develop$ tool ( =ce1 commonly call$ weapon1 triumphs ov] ! produc] ( ! less highly develop$ tool4 ,9 a ^w1 ! triumph ( =ce dep5ds ^u ! production ( weapons1 !re=e ^u economic p[]1 on economic conditions1 on ! ability to organize actual mat]ial in/rum5ts4 ,=ce at ! pres5t day implies ! army & ! navy1 & ! two ( !m co/1 to our sorr[1 a heap ( money4 ,b =ce _c make money1 on ! contr>y x gets away v fa/ ) :at is made1 & x does n make good use ( x z we h j discov]$ pa9fully ) respect to ! ,fr5* indemnity4 ,money mu/ !re=e f9ally be provid$ by means ( economic production1 =ce is ?us aga9 limit$ by ! economic conditions :i* %ape ! means ( mak+ & ma9ta9+ ! in/rum5ts ( production4 ,b t is n all by any means4 ,no?+ is m dep5d5t ^u economic conditions ?an armies & fleets4 ,arm+1 conc5tration1 organization1 tactics1 /rategy1 dep5d be=e any?+ else ^u ! degree ( developm5t 9 production & transportation4 ,9 ! trade ( w> ! free inv5tiv5ess ( lib]al-m9d$ g5]als has nev] work$ a revolution1 b ! discov]y ( bett] weapons & ! *ange 9 milit>y equipm5t h nev] fail$ to d s4 ,! inv5tiv5ess ( ! g5]al "u ! mo/ favorable conditions f9ds its limitations 9 ! adaptation ( me?ods ( w>f>e to ! new weapons & ! new soldi]s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury gunp[d] 0 br\ght f ! ,arabs to ,we/]n ,europe &1 z e s*oolboy kn[s1 entirely revolutioniz$ w>f>e4 ,! introduction ( gunp[d] & fire>ms 0 h[ev] by no means an act ( =ce b an indu/rial & !re=e economic advance4 ,indu/ry is /ill indu/ry :e!r its object 9 ! creation or ! de/ruction ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,! introduction ( fire>ms n only produc$ a revolution 9 ! me?ods ( w>f>e b also 9 ! relations ( ma/] & subject4 ,trade & money are concomitants ( gunp[d] & fire>ms & ^! =m] imply ! b\rgeoisie4 ,fire>ms f ! fir/ 7 b\rgeois in/rum5ts ( w>f>e employ$ on behalf ( ! ris+ mon>*y aga9/ ! feudal nobility4 ,! hi!rto unassailable /one ca/les ( ! nobles submitt$ to ! cannon ( ! burgh]s1 ! fire ( _! guns pi]c$ ! mail armor ( ! knights4 ,! supremacy ( ! nobility fell ) ! heavily arm$ cavalry ( ! nobility4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! b\rgeoisie1 infantry & artill]y became m & m ! important arms ( ! s]vice & because ( artill]y ! trade ( w> _h to create ano!r indu/rial subdivision1 to-wit1 eng9e]+4 ,! developm5t ( fire>ms proce$$ v sl[ly4 ,%oot+ rema9$ clumsy & small arms 7 ineffective 9 spite ( _m individual inv5tions4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s elaps$ be=e a musket 0 produc$ :i* suffic$ = ! arm+ ( a complete infantry4 ,fir/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a musket ) a bayonet atta*$1 :i* dis*>g$ a /one sup]s$$ ! pike z an infantry weapon4 ,! infantry ( t day 0 exce$+ly unreliable1 only kept toge!r by physical =ce1 compos$ ( ! base/ elem5ts ( society1 frequ5tly made up ( m5 pick$ up by ! press gang & prison]s ( w> int]m+l$ ) soldi]s recruit$ by ! v>i\s pr9ces4 ,! only fight+ =mation 9 :i* ^! soldi]s c\ld be made to use ! new weapon 0 ! l9e> tactic1 :i* rea*$ its highe/ developm5t "u ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,! :ole infantry ( an army 0 drawn up 9 a v long holl[ squ>e ?ree files deep & advanc$ 9 battle array en masse4 ,x 0 usually p]mitt$ to "o ( ! two w+s to be a little 9 advance or a little 9 ! re>4 ,?is helpless body c\ld only advance & keep its =mation on p]fectly level gr\nd & !n only at a sl[ m>*+ "t 7sev5ty-five /eps to ! m9ute7 a *ange ( =mation dur+ ! fight 0 impossible & victory or defeat 0 det]m9$ rapidly at a /roke z soon z ! infantry came "u fire4 ,^! helpless l9es 9 ! ,am]ican ,revolution>y ,w> came into collision ) ! rebel troops1 :i* c]ta9ly c\ld n drill b c\ld %oot s mu* ! bett] 9 t !y 7 fight+ = _! own int]e/s & !re=e did n des]t l ! enli/$ soldi]s4 ,^! did n1 l ! ,engli%1 deploy 9 mass$ bodies on ! op5 field1 b 9 rapidly mov+ bodies ( %>p%oot]s 9 ! ?ick woods4 ,! organis$ l9es 7 "h p[]less & _h to cont5d aga9/ invisible & unapproa*able foes4 ,! %>p%oot]s !reupon 7 br\ght into exi/5ce z a "p ( ! army organization--a new me?od ( fight+ aris+ f a *ange 9 ! milit>y mat]ial4 ,:at ! ,am]ican ,revolution began ! ,fr5* complet$ 9 ! milit>y realm4 ,to ! drill$ troops ( ! ,coalition ! ,fr5* ,revolution oppos$ soldi]s :o 7 badly drill$ b :o con/itut$ l>ge masses1 ! product ( ! :ole nation4 ,"s means _h to be discov]$ ( protect+ ,p>is ) ^! masses4 ,t c\ld n be done )\t victory 9 ! op5 field4 ,a m]e musketry engagem5t w\ld n suffice1 a =m w\ld h to be discov]$ by :i* ! masses c\ld be utiliz$ & ?is 0 f\nd 9 ! column4 ,! column =mation all[$ slightly drill$ troops to keep bett] ord] & by means ( a bett] m>*+ spe$ 7"o hundr$ /eps to ! m9ute7 all[$ x to break ?r\gh ! /iff old-fa%ion$ l9e arrangem5t4 ,x 0 possible by ?is =mation to fight 9 c\ntry unsuitable to ! l9e =mation1 to mass troops 9 places suitable1 to associate scatt]$ %>p%oot]s ) ! columns1 to keep back1 occupy & we> ! l9es ( ! enemy1 until ! decisive movem5t came :5 a *>ge c\ld be made by ! troops held 9 res]ve4 ,?is new me?od ( comb9+ riflem5 & columns & mak+ a complete army corps consi/+ ( all arms1 :i* 0 fully develop$ on its tactical & /rategic side by ,napoleon1 0 only r5d]$ possible by ! *ange 9 milit>y mat]ial br\ght ab\t by ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,!re 7 /ill two v important te*nical prelim9>ies1 fir/ ! mak+ ( light c>riages = field pieces :i* 7 con/ruct$ by ,gribevaul by means ( :i* alone ! requir$ quick advance 0 r5d]$ possible1 & mak+ ! army rifle a m precise weapon by adapt+ to x "s ( ! features ( ! hunt+ rifle4 ,)\t ^! improvem5ts milit>y %>p%oot+ w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! revolution>y me?od ( arm+ ! entire population 0 subject$ to c]ta9 limitations & *iefly z reg>ds ! excus+ ( ! well to d1 & 9 ?is =m became common to mo/ ( ! great cont95tal c\ntries4 ,prussia alone s\ght by its militia sy/em to make ! entire =ce ( its p available = milit>y purposes4 ,prussia 0 ! fir/ /ate to provide its entire infantry ) ! late/ weapons1 & to place (fic]s 9 ! re>1 s9ce betwe5 #ahcj & #ahfj tra9$ (fic]s lead+ _! troops _h play$ an unimportant "p4 ,! results ( #ahff 7 l>gely due to ^! innovations4 ,9 ! ,franco ,prussian ,w> two armies came into contact bo? ( :i* _h _! (fic]s 9 ! re> & :i* bo? us$ sub/antially ! same tactics z 9 ! "t ( ! old smoo? bore fl9tlocks4 ,! ,prussians h[ev] by ! introduction ( company columns _h made an attempt to discov] a me?od ( fight+ m suitable to ! new sy/em ( arm+4 ,b on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ at ,/4 ,privat ! ,prussian gu>d :i* employ$ ! company column =mation lo/ ! mo/ "p ( five regim5ts1 ov] a ?ird ( its /r5g? 9 two h\rs 7#agf (fic]s & #eaad m57 aft] :i* ! company column =m ( battle ord] came 9 = no less criticism ?an ! battalion column =m & ! l9e =mation4 ,e attempt to oppose a solid =mation to ! fire ( ! enemy 0 !reaft] ab&on$4 ,! battle 0 !reaft]1 on ! ,g]man side1 c>ri$ on by d5se sw>ms ( riflem5 into :i* ! columns dissolv$ "u ! fire ( ! enemy spontane\sly1 )\t ord]s f ! sup]ior (fic]s1 & ?is 01 9 fact1 ! only possible me?od ( advance "u fire4 ,! private soldi] 0 aga9 clev]] ?an 8 (fic]2 he _h discov]$ ! only =m ( fight+ =mation1 & set himself to foll[ x 9 spite ( ! resi/ance ( 8 lead]s4 ,9 ! ,franco-,g]man w> !re is a po9t ( dep>ture ( entirely diff]5t significance f all prec$+ w>s4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! weapons are n[ s complete t a new revolution>y dep>ture 9 ?is respect is no long] possible4 ,:5 y h cannon ) :i* y c decimate a battalion z f> z y\r eye c make x out1 & :5 y h rifles by :i* y c aim at individuals1 & :i* take less "t to load ?an to aim1 all fur!r advances z f> z battle 9 ! field goes are immat]ial4 ,! era ( progress on ?is side is sub/antially clos$4 ,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 ?is w> has induc$ all ! great /ates ( ! cont95t to adopt ! highly develop$ ,prussian militia sy/em & ?us to take up a milit>y burd5 :i* w ru9 !m 9 a few ye>s4 ,! army has become ! ma9 object ( ! /ate1 x has become an object 9 itself4 ,! p only exi/ to furni% & ma9ta9 soldi]s4 ,milit>ism dom9ates & dev\rs ,europe4 ,b ?is milit>ism has 9 x ! se$s ( its own de/ruction4 ,! competition ( ! v>i\s /ates ) ea* o!r necessitates ! sp5d+ ( m money e ye> on ! army1 ! fleet1 weapons ( de/ruction1 etc41 & ?us accel]ates f9ancial breakd[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) ! increas+ly rigid milit>y s]vice1 ! :ole p becomes famili> ) ! use ( milit>y weapons4 ,x !re=e becomes able at "s "t to impose its w ^u ! dom9at+ milit>y au?ority4 ,& ?is "t arrives z soon z ! mass ( ! p--c\ntry & city work]s & f>m]s--has ! w4 ,at ?is po9t ! army ( ! classes becomes ! army ( ! masses1 ! ma*9e refuses to d ! "w1 milit>ism goes "u 9 ! dialectic ( its own developm5t4 ,:at ! b\rgeois democrats ( #ahdh c\ld n accompli%1 j because !y 7 b\rgeois & n prolet>ian1 namely ! end[m5t ( ! labor+ masses ) a w1 ! cont5t ( :i* correspond$ ) _! class condition1 socialism w c]ta9ly accompli%4 ,& t means ! de/ruction ( milit>ism & ) x ( all /&+ armies absolutely & entirely4 ,t is ! moral ( our hi/ory ( mod]n infantry4 ,! second moral :i* br+s u back to ,h]r ,duehr+ is t ! entire organization & me?ods ( w>f>e ( mod]n armies &1 ) !m1 victory & defeat1 are dep5d5t ^u mat]ial ?+s1 t is ^u economic conditions1 ^u soldi] mat]ial & ^u weapon mat]ial & !re=e ^u ! quality ( a population & ^u te*nique4 ,only a hunt+ p l ! ,am]icans c\ld r$iscov] ! %>p%oot]4 ,n[ ! ,yankees ( ! old ,/ates h1 f purely economic causes1 become trans=m$ into f>m]s1 indu/riali/s1 sailors & m]*ants1 :o no long] %oot 9 ! primeval =e/s & on t acc\nt h become all ! m successful 9 ! field ( speculation :]e !y h develop$ into colossal appropriators4 ,only a ,revolution l ! ,fr5* :i* emancipat$ ! burgh]s & /ill m ! peasants c\ld discov] ! simultane\sly mass$ armies & free advance by :i* !y ov]came ! /iff old l9e =mation1 ! milit>y product ( ! absolutism aga9/ :i* !y f\ght4 ,& z = ! advances 9 te*nique z soon z !y 7 applicable & 7 appli$1 =?) *anges1 nay revolutions1 9 ! me?ods ( w>f>e 7 at once made1 (t5 aga9/ ! w ( ! milit>y lead]s z we h se5 ov] & ov] aga9 to be ! case4 ,a dilig5t subalt]n c\ld expla9 to ,h]r ,duehr+ h[ at ! pres5t day ! mak+ ( w> is dep5d5t ^u ! productivity & means ( communication ( ! back c\ntry z well z ( ! !atre ( w>4 ,9 %ort1 economic conditions & means ( p[] are always ! ?+s :i* help =ce to victory1 & )\t !m =ce comes to an end4 ,s t he :o w\ld re=m ! art ( w> accord+ to ! axioms ( ,h]r ,duehr+ w\ld only get a flogg+ = 8 pa9s4 ,if we g f ! l& to ! sea we %all discov] a complete revolution1 ev5 )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! w>%ip ( ! ,crimean ,w> 0 ! wood5 ?ree deck]1 ) f sixty to a hundr$ guns1 :i* dep5d$ ^u its sail+ p[] & _h only a weak auxili>y /eam eng9e4 ,x c>ri$ 9 g5]al ?irty-two p\nd]s ( ab\t sixty hundr$ weight & only a few sixty-eight p\nd]s ( n9ety-five hundr$ weight4 ,at ! end ( ! w> ironclad float+ batt]ies 7 us$1 clumsy & sl[ b impregnable to ! artill]y ( t "t4 ,v soon iron plates 7 plac$ on ! w>%ips1 at fir/ ?91 f\r in*es ?ickness ( iron 0 !n consid]$ to con/itute a rem>kably great ?ickness4 ,b ! progress 9 artill]y soon disc\nt$ ! ?ickness ( arm\r1 = e addition to ! arm\r !re 0 a new & m p[]ful artill]y :i* pi]c$ x ) ! greate/ ease4 ,s n[ we h w>%ips ) t51 twelve1 f\rte51 tw5ty-f\r in*es ( arm\r plate 7! ,italians are go+ to build a w>%ip ) arm\rplate ?ree feet ?ick7 on ! "o h& & on ! o!r h& guns :i* rea* to a hundr$ tons & :i* hurl projectiles am\nt+ to two ?\s& p\nds 9 weight to unhe>d ( di/ances4 ,! mod]n w> vessel is a rapid travell+ arm\r$ screw /eam] ( eight to t5 ?\s& tons & ( f six to eight ?\s& horse p[] provid$ ) turrets & f\r or six v p[]ful big guns1 toge!r ) a ram at ! b[ bel[ ! wat] l9e = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! %ip ( ! enemy4 ,x is a colossal ma*9e 9 :i* /eam n only furni%es ! driv+ p[] b also /e]s1 raises ! an*or1 moves ! t[]s1 aims & loads ! guns1 works ! pumps1 takes 9 & l[]s ! boats1 :i* are frequ5tly /eam]s1 & s =?4 ,& ! conte/ betwe5 ! arm\r plate & ! projectile is s f> f hav+ be5 settl$ t a %ip is to-day practically obsolete z soon z x has left ! ways4 ,! mod]n w>%ip is n only a product ( mod]n indu/ry b a ma/]piece1 a product ( ! dissipation ( weal?4 ,! c\ntry 9 :i* ! great] indu/ry has develop$ ! mo/ completely has a monopoly ( %ipbuild+4 ,all ! ,turki%1 almo/ all ! ,russian & ! great] "p ( ! ,g]man w>%ips are built 9 ,engl&4 ,arm\r plate ( ! be/ type is made almo/ exclusively 9 ,g]many4 ,( ! ?ree iron f\ndries :i* are alone 9 ! position to turn out ! heavie/ artill]y1 two ( !m1 ,woolwi* & ,elswick1 are 9 ,engl&1 ! ?ird ,krupp's is 9 ,g]many4 ,"h x may be se5 t ! pure political p[] :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ ma9ta9s to be ! orig9al reason = economic conditions is on ! contr>y insep>able f economic conditions & t n only ! exi/5ce b ! v managem5t ( ! tool ( =ce on ! sea1 ! w>%ip1 is 9 itself a bran* ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,& t ?is is s gives nobody m tr\ble ?an j t =ce1 ! /ate1 :i* has n[ to pay m = "o %ip ?an x _h =m]ly = a small fleet & sees t ^! exp5sive %ips are obsolete z soon z !y are laun*$4 ,& ! /ate is j z mu* upset z ,h]r ,duehr+ w\ld be ov] ! fact t ! controll] ( ! economic =ce ( ! %ip1 ! eng9e]1 is a mu* m important p]son ?an ! man ( pure =ce1 ! capta94 ,on ! o!r h& we h no fur!r gr\nds = annoyance :5 we see t h[ z a result ( ?is conte/ betwe5 arm\r plate & projectile ! battle %ip has arriv$ at ! po9t :5 x is z exp5sive z x is unfit = fight+ & t ?is conte/ %[s ! dialectic law ( progress at "w 9 naval w>f>e accord+ to :i* milit>ism l e o!r hi/orical ph5om5on mu/ come to an end z a result ( its own developm5t4 ,we c ?us see z pla9 z noonday t x is n true t ! orig9al reason mu/ be s\ght 9 pure political =ce & n 9 indirect economic =ce4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,economic =ce is ! control ( ! p[] ( ! great indu/ry4 ,political =ce 9 naval matt]s :i* is dep5d5t ^u mod]n %ips ( w> is by no means pure =ce b is involv$ 9 economic =ce1 9 ! advanc$ developm5t ( metallurgy1 9 ! ma/]y ( hi/orical te*nique & ! possession ( ri* coal-fields4 ,,iv4 ,=ce ,!ory 7,conclusion74 7,h]r ,duehr+ makes an argum5t :i* is briefly summ>is$ by ,engels z foll[s & :i* may be said to involve ! notion t ! monopolization ( l& is ! cause ( human slav]y & is ! product ( =ce4 ,engels proce$s73 ,!sis--,! dom9ation ( nature by man is ! reason ( ! dom9ation ( man by man4 ,pro(--,! exi/5ce ( l&lordism on a l>ge scale _c be c>ri$ on any:]e except by means ( slav]y4 ,pro( ( pro(--,l&lordism on a l>ge scale _c exi/ )\t slav]y because ! great l&lord ) 8 own family )\t ! help ( slaves c only cultivate a small piece ( 8 prop]ty4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to %[ t man _c subdue nature )\t ! subjugation ( 8 fell[man1 ,h]r ,duehr+ trans=ms nature =?) into private own]%ip ( l>ge tracts ( l& & ?is indef9ite private own]%ip into ! own]%ip ex]cis$ by a great l&lord1 :o naturally _c cultivate 8 l& )\t slaves4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! dom9ation ( nature & ! cultivation ( private l&$ prop]ty d n imply ! same ?+4 ,! dom9ation ( nature 9 indu/rial affairs is display$ 9 a mann] altoge!r diff]5t f t 9 agricultural affairs1 = ^! latt] are always at ! m]cy ( ! climate in/ead ( be+ supreme ov] ! climate4 ,9 ! second place if we limit ourselves to ! exploitation ( private prop]ty 9 l& 9 l>ge am\nts we come to ! "q z to :om ! l& belongs4 ,we f9d t 9 ! beg9n+s ( civilis$ peoples ! l& 0 n own$ by great l&lords b 0 held 9 common by tribal & village communities4 ,f ,india to ,irel& ! exploitation ( l& prop]ty 9 l>ge tracts has proce$$ f ! tribal & village communal own]%ip :i* 0 ! orig9al =m4 ,sometimes ! l& 0 cultivat$ 9 common = ! b5efit ( ! common memb]s1 sometimes 9 sep>ate pieces1 p>cell$ by ! community to sep>ate families f "t to "t ) wood & will[ l& reta9$ = communal use4 ,x is pure imag9ation on ! "p ( ,h]r ,duehr+ to decl>e t ! exploitation ( l&$ prop]ty is responsible = ! exi/5ce ( ma/] & s]vant4 ,:o is ! own] ( private l&$ prop]ty 9 ! entire ,ori5t :]e ! l& is possess$ by ! community or ! ,/ate & ! ^w l&lord is n to be f\nd 9 ! language8 ,! ,turks fir/ introduc$ a species ( feudalism into ! l&s :i* !y conqu]$4 ,! ,greeks 9 h]oic times _h a classifi$ sy/em ( rank :i* itself bore witness to a long unkn[n prec$+ hi/ory1 b ! l& 0 !n cultivat$ by an indep5d5t peasantry4 ,! l>ge possessions ( ! nobles & lead]s ( ! tribes 7 ! exception & _h no p]man5ce4 ,italy 0 orig9ally cultivat$ by small peasant f>m]s2 :5 9 ! latt] days ( ! ,roman ,republic ! great hold+s1 ! latifundia de/roy$ ! small f>m]-hold+s1 cattle rais+ 0 sub/itut$ = agriculture1 & z ,pl9y po9ts out ,italy 0 ru9$ 7latifundia ,italiam p]did]e74 ,9 ! :ole ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages small f>m+ 0 ! rule & x is v appropriate to ! above discussion to note :at tasks ^! peasants 7 oblig$ to p]=m = ! feudal lords4 ,! ,frisians1 l[] ,saxons1 ,flem+s & p f ! l[] ,rh9e :o invad$ ! l&s ( ! ,slavs to ! ea/ ( ! ,elbe & cultivat$ !m did s "u v favorable t]ms ( r5t b by no means "u a species ( slav]y4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 by f> ! greate/ am\nt ( ! l& is cultivat$ by ! labor ( free small f>m]s1 :ile ! great l&$ proprietors ( ! ,s\? ) _! slaves & extravagant f>m+ me?ods de/roy$ ! soil until ! l& ceas$ to be productive & ! cultivation ( cotton travell$ ev] ,we/w>d4 ,9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& ! attempts to artificially e/abli% an agr>ian ari/ocracy by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t h fail$4 ,9 %ort1 if we except ! tropical & sub-tropical colonies1 9 :i* ! climate is prohibitive ( agriculture by ,europeans1 x seems t ! idea ( a great l& hold+ class orig9ally dom9at+ nature by means ( ! employm5t ( slaves & s]fs is a pure product ( ! imag9ation4 ,?+s are q o!rwise4 ,if "o goes to ! old] c\ntries l ,italy ! l& 0 n wa/e orig9ally b ! trans=mation ( ! agricultural l& cultivat$ by ! small f>m]s into cattle-l& utt]ly ru9$ ! c\ntry4 ,latt]ly1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! gr[? 9 ! int5sity ( ! population has increas$ ! value ( l& & especially s9ce ! progress 9 agriculture has made possible ! reclamation ( poor l&s1 ! great] l&lordism has begun to obta9 possession ( wa/e & pa/ure l&s & has /ol5 ! old communal l&s ( ! peasants 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well 9 ,engl& z 9 ,g]many4 ,& ?is has n happ5$ )\t a c\nt]-poise4 ,= e acre ( common l& :i* ! great l&lords 9 ,engl& conv]t$ into arable l& !y h made at lea/ ?ree acres ( arable l& 9 ,scotl& into %oot+ pres]ves & m]e places = ! hunt+ ( wild animals4 ,we h to consid] ! decl>ation ( ,h]r ,duehr+ to ! effect t ! cultivation ( l>ge p>cels ( l& has n come into exi/5ce o!rwise ?an ?r\gh great l&lords & _! slaves1 a decl>ation :i* we h se5 implies an entire ignorance ( hi/ory4 ,we h n[ to see h[ f> at diff]5t epo*s ! cultivation ( ! soil has be5 c>ri$ on by means ( slaves1 z 9 ! palmy days ( ,greece1 or by means ( t5ants1 l ! socage t5ure1 s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 & !n :at has be5 ! social function ( ! great] l&lordism at diff]5t p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,if ,h]r ,duehr+ means t ! ma/]y ( man by m5 z a prelim9>y to ! ma/]y ( nature by man is a univ]sal law1 t our pres5t economic condition1 ! /age atta9$ to-day 9 agriculture & indu/ry1 is ! result ( a society :i* has develop$ itself 9 class antagonisms1 9 ma/]%ip on ! "o h& & 9 slav]y on ! o!r h&1 he says some?+ :i* is a m]e commonplace s9ce ! publication ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,we h ?us to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! classes & :5 ,h]r ,duehr+ has no fur!r explanation to give ?an =ce we are "r back at ! beg9n+ aga94 ,! m]e fact t ! subject & ! plund]$ h always be5 m num]\s & t !re=e ! actual =ce has re/$ ) !m is en\gh to %[ ! /upidity ( ! entire =ce !ory4 ,we h !re=e /ill to expla9 ! orig9 ( ma/] & subject classes4 ,!y h come into be+ 9 two ways4 ,:5 m5 orig9ally sprang f ! l[] animals !y came into hi/ory1 /ill half-wild animals1 elem5t>y1 ) no p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature1 /ill unacqua9t$ ) _! own p[]s1 z poor z ! animals & h>dly m productive ?an !y4 ,!re prevail$ a c]ta9 equality 9 ! conditions ( life & z f> z ! heads ( families 7 conc]n$ an equality ( social condition--!re 0 at lea/ an abs5ce ( ^? class di/9ctions :i* develop$ lat] 9 ! agricultural communities4 ,9 su* a social /ate !re 7 c]ta9 common int]e/s :i* ov]rode ! int]e/s ( ! individual 9 c]ta9 respects1 ! settlem5t ( disputes1 ! repression ( individuals :o exce$$ _! rights1 ! look+ aft] ! wat] supply1 p>ticul>ly 9 hot c\ntries1 & f9ally "u ! conditions ( life 9 ! primeval =e/s1 religi\s functions4 ,we f9d analog\s communal duties ex]cis$ by communal (ficials at all p]iods z well 9 ! olde/ ,g]man m>k communities z 9 ,india to-day4 ,^! are contemporane\s ) a sort ( beg9n+ ( au?ority & /ate p[] 9 a rudim5t>y =m4 ,! productive =ces develop2 a d5s] population produces common & !n conflict+ int]e/s betwe5 memb]s ( ! society1 ! gr\p+ ( :i* 9 accordance ) a new division ( labor causes ! creation ( new organs = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! society on ! "o h& & repress+ ! antagoni/ic int]e/s on ! o!r4 ,^! organs :i* act = ! entire gr\p h diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! v>y+ circum/ances ( ! individual gr\ps1 p>tly ?r\gh ! natural gr[? ( a h]$it>y lead]%ip 9 a _w :]e ev]y?+ proce$s naturally & p>tly ?r\gh a gr[+ ne$ ow+ to ! developm5t ( conflicts ) o!r gr\ps4 ,h[ ^! social functions :i* 7 subsidi>y to society came 9 ! c\rse ( "t to triumph ov] society2 h[ ! orig9al s]vant1 "u favorable conditions became trans=m$ into ! ma/]1 h[1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ?is ma/] made 8 appe>ance z ,ori5tal despot or satrap1 z ,greek *iefta91 z ,celtic clan *ief1 etc41 h[ f> he reli$ on =ce = ?is trans=mation & f9ally h[ ! individual lead]s associat$ !mselves into a dom9ant class we h "h no opportunity to consid]4 ,we c only /ate t real social duties lay at ! base ( ! political dom9ation & t ! political supremacy has only exi/$ z long z ! politically supreme fulfill$ ^! social functions4 ,h[ _m despotisms h ris5 & fall5 among ! ,p]sians & ,h9doos1 & ev]ybody kn[s q well t ! public managem5t ( ! irrigation 0 ! prime necessity ( agriculture 9 ^? places4 ,! educat$ ,engli% 7 ! fir/ to obs]ve ?is among ! ,h9doos2 !y let ! canals & locks fall into disuse & !y h n[ discov]$ by ! regul> recurr5ce ( fam9e t !y h neglect$ ! only opportunity to make _! rule at lea/ z righte\s z t ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,b !re is ano!r =m ( class di/9ction besides ! "o describ$4 ,! natural division ( labor 9 ! agricultural families p]mitt$ at a c]ta9 po9t ( prosp]ity ! introduction ( =eign labor p[]4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case 9 c\ntries :]e ! old common own]%ip ( ! soil _h disappe>$ or :]e at lea/ ! old sy/em ( common cultivation _h become supplant$ by ! cultivation ( sep>ate plots by individual families4 ,production _h s f> develop$ t ! human labor =ce 0 able to produce m ?an 0 necess>y = ! support ( ! individual labor]4 ,! "t 0 ripe = ! employm5t ( m labor-p[]1 labor-p[] _h become a value4 ,b ! limitations ( ! communal sy/em did n af=d any atta9able surplus labor p[]4 ,yet w> did give su* an opportunity = gett+ surplus labor p[] & w> 0 z old z ! simultane\s exi/5ce ( gr\ps ( communal gr\ps 9 close juxtaposition4 ,up to ?is "t m5 did n take prison]s ( w>1 !y kill$ !m "r (f1 &1 at a /ill e>li] date1 !y ate !m4 ,b at ! /age ( economic developm5t ( :i* we speak !y _h a value & !y 7 n only all[$ to live b 7 set to "w4 ,s =ce in/ead ( be+ ! ma/] ( economic conditions 0 press$ into ! s]vice ( ^? conditions4 ,slav]y 0 discov]$4 ,x soon became ! dom9ant =m ( production among all p :o _h develop$ beyond ! tribal communal /age & z a matt] ( fact 0 at ! end "o ( ! ma9 reasons = ! break up ( ! communal sy/em4 ,slav]y fir/ made ! division ( labor betwe5 agriculture & indu/ry completely possible & br\ght into exi/5ce ! fl[] ( ! old _w1 ,greece4 ,)\t slav]y !re w\ld h be5 no ,grecian /ate1 no ,grecian art & sci5ce & no ,roman ,empire4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no mod]n ,europe )\t ! f\ndation ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,we mu/ n =get t our entire economic1 political & intellectual developm5t has its f\ndation 9 a /ate ( society 9 :i* slav]y 0 reg>d$ univ]sally z necess>y4 ,9 ?is s5se we may say t )\t ! anci5t slav]y !re w\ld h be5 no mod]n socialism4 ,x is v easy to make prea*m5ts ab\t slav]y & to express our moral indignation at su* a sc&al\s in/itution4 ,un=tunately ! :ole significance ( ?is is t x m]ely says t ^! old in/itutions d n correspond ) our pres5t conditions & ! s5tim5ts eng5d]$ by ^! conditions4 ,we d n h[ev] 9 ?is way expla9 h[ ^! in/itutions came into exi/5ce1 :y !y came into exi/5ce & ! role :i* !y h play$ 9 hi/ory4 ,& :5 we ent] ^u ?is matt] we are oblig$ to say 9 spite ( all contradiction & accusations ( h]esy t ! introduction ( slav]y "u ! conditions ( t "t 0 a great /ep =w>ds4 ,x is a fact t man sprang f ! l[] animals & has _h to employ b>b>ic & really be/ial me?ods 9 ord] to rid himself ( b>b>ism4 ,! old communal sy/em :]e x p]si/$ built up ! mo/ elem5t>y =m ( ! /ate1 ,ori5tal despotism1 f ,india to ,russia4 ,only :]e x has be5 dissolv$ has ! p progress$ & ! next economic /ep lay 9 ! developm5t ( production by means ( slave labor4 ,x is evid5t t z long z human labor 0 s little productive t x af=d$ only a small surplus ov] ! necess>y means ( life1 ! developm5t ( ! productive =ces1 ! in/itution ( comm]ce1 ! developm5t ( ! ,/ate & ( law & ! f\ndation ( art & sci5ce 7 only possible ?r\gh an increase 9 ! subdivision ( labor4 ,?is impli$ ! broad division betwe5 ! mass ( ! work]s & ! directors ( labor1 trade1 /ate1 /ate-bus9ess1 & lat] ! occupation ( a few privileg$ p]sons 9 art & sci5ce4 ,! simple/ & mo/ natural =m ( ?is subdivision ( labor 0 slav]y4 ,9 ! conditions ( ! anci5t1 & especially ! ,greek _w1 ! advance to a society f\nd$ on class di/9ction c\ld only be = ! slaves1 ! prison]s ( w> f :om ! majority ( slaves 7 recruit$ in/ead ( be+ murd]$ z !y w\ld h be5 at an e>li] date or in/ead ( be+ eat5 z !y w\ld h be5 at a /age /ill e>li]4 ,"h we add t all ! hi/orical anti!ses ( robb]s & robb$ ( ma/] & subject classes f9d _! explanation 9 ! relatively undevelop$ productivity ( human labor4 ,z long z ! actual work+ p claim t !y h no "t left at ! close ( _! necess>y labors to att5d to ! common bus9ess ( society--! organization ( labor1 ! bus9ess ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 art1 sci5ce1 etc41 j s long w di/9ct classes exi/ :i* are free f actual labor to c>ry on ^! functions4 ,naturally ^! classes d n hesitate to lean m & m & m ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! work+ class = _! own advantage4 ,! developm5t ( ! great indu/ry ) its enorm\s increase 9 ! =ces ( production = ! fir/ "t p]mitt$ ( ! subdivision ( labor 9 all social grades & ?us all[$ ( ! r$uction ( ! "t necess>y = labor s t en\gh leisure rema9s = all to take "p 9 ! actual public bus9ess--!oretical z well z practical4 ,s t n[ = ! fir/ "t ! dom9ant & exploit+ classes h become sup]flu\s & ev5 an ob/acle to social progress1 & s n[ = ! fir/ "t !y w be unc]emoni\sly bru%$ aside 9 spite ( _! pure =ce4 ,:5 ,h]r ,duehr+ !n %[s 8 scorn ( ! ,greek civilisation because x 0 f\nd$ on slav]y he might j z reasonably reproa* ! ,greeks = n hav+ /eam eng9es & electric telegraphs4 ,& :5 he expla9s t our mod]n wage slav]y is only a some:at trans=m$ & ameliorat$ inh]itance ( *attel slav]y & n to be expla9$ f itself 7t is f ! economic laws ( mod]n society7 x only signifies t wage slav]y1 l *attel slav]y1 is a =m ( class dom9ation & class subjection z e *ild kn[s1 or x is false4 ,s we might ) ! same "r ma9ta9 t wage slav]y is only a mild] =m ( cannibalism1 ! e/abli%$ orig9al me?od ( dispos+ ( conqu]$ enemies4 ,! role :i* =ce has play$ 9 hi/ory ) respect to economic developm5t is !re=e cle>4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all political =ce re/s orig9ally on an economic social function1 & develop$ 9 proportion z ! old tribal communi/ic society 0 dissolv$ & trans=m$ into v>i\s grades ( private produc]s1 & ! adm9i/rators ( ! communal functions !re=e became m widely sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! community4 ,9 ! second place1 :5 political =ce1 indep5d5t ( society1 has trans=m$ itself f ! position ( s]vant to t ( ma/]1 x may "w 9 two directions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may "w s5sibly & 9 ! direction ( g5]al economic developm5t4 ,9 ?is case !re is no qu>rel betwe5 ! two1 economic developm5t is advanc$4 ,or x may "w aga9/ x & !n ) few exceptions x succumbs to ! economic developm5t4 ,^! few exceptions consi/ ( individual cases ( tyranny :]e b>b>ic conqu]ors h ov]come a c\ntry & h de/roy$ ! economic =ces :i* !y did n "k h[ to h&le4 ,?us ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,spa9 de/roy$ ! irrigation works ^u :i* ! highly develop$ agriculture & horticulture ( t c\ntry dep5d$4 ,e conque/ by a m b>b>\s p int]f]es ) economic developm5t & de/roys num]\s productive =ces4 ,b 9 ! great majority ( in/ances ( ! p]man5t conque/ ( a c\ntry1 ! m b>b>ic conqu]ors are oblig$ to adopt ! high] economic conditions into :i* _! conque/ has br\ght !m4 ,!y are assimilat$ into ! conqu]$ p & are compell$ to adopt _! language4 ,b :]e--ap>t f in/ances ( conque/--! inn] political =ces ( a c\ntry comes 9 conflict ) its economic developm5t1 :i* at ! pres5t day is practically true ( all political =ce1 ! battle has always end$ ) ! de/ruction ( ! political =ce4 ,)\t exception & inexorably1 economic developm5t has atta9$ its goal4 ,! la/ mo/ /rik+ example ( :i* we h already call$ att5tion to1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,if1 z accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+'s tea*+s1 ! economic developm5t & ! economic conditions ( a c]ta9 c\ntry are altoge!r dep5d5t ^u political =ces !re is no explanation ( ! fact t ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv aft] #ahdh c\ld n succe$1 9 spite ( 8 army1 9 atta*+ ! guilds ( ! ,middle ,ages & o!r romantic tomfool]ies to ! /eam-eng9es1 railroads & ! newly develop+ great] indu/ry1 or :y ! ,cz> :o is /ill mu* m p[]ful c\ld n only n pay 8 debts b c\ld n collect 8 =ces )\t draw+ on ! cr$it ( ! economic conditions ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+ =ce is ! absolute evil4 ,! fir/ act ( =ce is to him ! fir/ fall into s94 ,8 :ole conception is a prea*m5t ov] ! infection ( all hi/ory up to ! pres5t "t ) ! orig9al s94 ,he talks ab\t ! disgraceful falsify+ ( all natural & social laws by ! inv5tion ( ! devil1 =ce4 ,t =ce plays ano!r role 9 hi/ory1 a revolution>y role1 t x is 9 ! words ( ,m>x1 ! midwife ( ! old society :i* is pregnant ) ! new1 t x is ! tool by ! means ( :i* social progress is =w>d$1 & fooli%1 dead political =ms de/roy$1--( t ,h]r ,duehr+ has no ^w to say1 only ) sighs & groans does he admit ! possibility t =ce may be necess>y = ! ov]?r[ ( a ?ievi% economic sy/em4 ,he simply decl>es t e application ( =ce demoralizes him :o uses x4 ,& ?is 9 spite ( ! moral & intellectual uplift :i* has foll[$ e victori\s revolution4 ,he says ?is 9 ,g]many1 too1 :]e a p[]ful & necess>y upris+ w\ld at lea/ h ! advantage ( aboli%+ ! slavi% snobb]y ( ! national m9d :i* has prevail$ s9ce ! humiliation ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w>4 ,& ?is fooli% & s5seless sort ( prea*+ is set up 9 opposition to ! mo/ revolution>y p>ty kn[n to hi/ory4 ,v4 ,!ory ( ,value4 ,x is n[ ab\t a hundr$ ye>s s9ce a book appe>$ 9 ,leipsic :i* by ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury _h gone ?r\gh ?irty-"o editions & :i* 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! t[ns & ! c\ntry di/ricts by (ficials1 prea*]s & humanit>ians1 ( all sorts1 & :i* 0 univ]sally adopt$ 9 ! s*ools z a read]4 ,?is book 0 call$1 ,! ,*ildr5's ,fri5d by ,ro*[4 ,x _h ! object ( tea*+ ! *ildr5 ( ! peasant & labor+ classes _! vocation 9 life & _! duties to _! social & political sup]iors1 & mak+ !m satisfi$ ) _! lot 9 life1 ) black bread & potatoes1 compulsory s]vitude1 l[ wages1 fa!rly beat+s & o!r simil> agreeable ?+s4 ,9 pursuit ( ?is end1 ! y\? 9 t[n & c\ntry 0 in=m$ :at a wise provision ( nature x 0 t man 0 oblig$ to get 8 food & enjoym5t by means ( 8 labor1 & h[ =tunate ! peasant & h&work] ought to feel t !y 7 able to spice _! food ) h>d labor :ile ! sp5d?rift & ! picture suff]$ ! pangs ( indige/ion or lack ( appetite4 ,^! commonplaces :i* old ,ro*[ ?\ght good en\gh = ! peasant *ildr5 ( 8 day h be5 elevat$ into ! absolute fundam5tal ( ! newe/ political economy by ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,value is def9$ z foll[s by ,h]r ,duehr+ ,value is :at economic goods & activities w fet* 9 ex*ange4 ,:at !y w fet* is %[n by ! price or "s o!r equival5t1 wages = example4 ,9 o!r words ,value is price4 ,or n to d ,h]r ,duehr+ an injury & to %[ ! absolute absurdity ( 8 def9ition 9 8 own language1 ,value is prices4 ,on page #ai he says ,value & its prices express$ 9 money & he also affirms t ! same value has v diff]5t prices & !re=e has diff]5t values4 ,if ,hegel _h n di$ long ago he w\ld hang himself out ( pure jeal\sy1 =1 ) all 8 !ology1 he c\ld n h produc$ ?is value :i* has z _m diff]5t values z x has prices4 ,"o w\ld h to possess ! confid5ce ( ,h]r ,duehr+ to beg9 a new & m pr(\nd treatm5t ( political economy ) ! decl>ation t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 value & price except t "o is express$ 9 t]ms ( money & ! o!r is n4 7,aft] g5tle raill]y ( ,duehr+'s /atem5ts ,engels proce$s47 ,! actual1 practical value ( an object accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+ consi/s 9 two ?+s1 fir/ 9 ! am\nt ( human labor conta9$ 9 x & secondly 9 a =cibly impos$ tax4 ,9 o!r words value z x exi/s to-day is a monopoly price4 ,if all w>es h ?is monopoly price1 z accord+ to ?is !ory1 only two ?+s are possible4 ,ei!r e buy]1 z buy]1 loses :at he made z sell]1 = prices h only *ang$ _! names1 !y are really ! same1 ev]y?+ rema9s z x 0 & ! mu* talk$ ( ex*ange value is m]ely imag9>y1 or ! impos$ co/ repres5ts real values1 values produc$ by ! work+ value-mak+ class1 b tak5 by ! monopolis+ class1 & ?is sum ( values is simply unpaid labor4 ,9 ?is latt] case we come1 9 spite ( ! =ce !ory1 & ! compulsory taxation !ory & ! special ex*ange value !ory back aga9 to ! ,m>xian !ory ( value4 ,! fix+ ( ! value ( a commodity by wages :i* is frequ5tly confus$ by ,adam ,smi? ) ! fix+ ( value by ! "t exp5d$ 9 labor has be51 s9ce ! "t ( ,ric>do1 d5\nc$ by political economi/s & only to-day p]si/s 9 popul> economics4 ,x is n[ ! sycophants ( ! exi/+ capitali/ic sy/em :o decl>e t value is fix$ by wages & !re=e decl>e ! pr(its ( ! capitali/s to be high] k9d ( wages1 wages ( ab/95ce1 9 t ! capitali/ has n dissipat$ 8 capital1 wages ( sup]9t5d5ce1 premiums on risks1 etc4 ,h]r ,duehr+ only diff]s f !m 9 t he calls pr(its robb]y4 ,9 o!r words ,h]r ,duehr+ f\nds 8 socialism on ! wor/ tea*+s ( ! popul> economi/s4 ,8 popul> economics & 8 socialism /& or fall toge!r4 ,x is cle> t :at a workman accompli%es & :at he co/s are diff]5t matt]s f :at a ma*9e makes & :at x co/s4 ,! value :i* a workman makes 9 a day ( twelve h\rs has no?+ 9 common ) ! value ( ! means ( life :i* he consumes 9 ?is work+ day & ! p]iods ( re/ 9 connection ) x4 ,!re may be "o1 ?ree1 f\r or sev5 h\rs ( labor "t incorporat$ 9 ^! means ( livelihood accord+ to ! /age ( ! productivity ( labor4 ,let u take sev5 h\rs z ! necess>y "t = ! production ( !m4 ,!n ,h]r ,duehr+ & ! vulg> economi/s decl>e t ! product ( twelve h\rs labor has ! value ( ! product ( sev5 h\rs labor or 9 o!r words twelve is equal to sev54 ,to make ! matt] m explicit1 a peasant produces say tw5ty hectolitres ( :eat 9 a ye>4 ,dur+ ?is "t he consumes a sum ( values :i* may be express$ by fifte5 hectolitres4 ,!n ! tw5ty hectolitres h ! same value z ! fifte5 9 ! same m>ket "u id5tical conditions4 ,9 o!r words #bj equals #ae4 ,& ?is is call$ political economy6 ,! entire developm5t ( human society f ! position ( savag]y began f ! day :5 ! labor ( a family result$ 9 ! production ( m ?an 0 necessity = its support1 f ! day :5 a "p ( ! labor 0 no long] exp5d$ on m]e means ( liv+ b 0 trans=m$ into means ( production4 ,a surplus ( labor product ov] & above ! co/ ( ! ma9t5ance ( labor1 & ! creation & increase ( a social production & res]ve fund out ( ?is surplus 0 & is ! f\ndation ( all social1 political & intellectual developm5t4 ,9 hi/ory up to ! pres5t "t ?is fund has be5 ! prop]ty ( a c]ta9 sup]ior class :i* has1 ) its possession1 also ! political ma/]y & ! spiritual supremacy4 ,! approa*+ social revolution w make ?is social production & res]ve fund t is ! entire mass ( raw mat]ial1 in/rum5ts ( production1 & means ( life = ! fir/ "t really social prop]ty1 9 t x w put an end to its monopolisation by ! sup]ior class & make x ! common possession ( ! entire society4 ,x is "o ( two ?+s4 ,suppose value %[s itself 9 ! co/ ( ma9t5ance ( ! necess>y labor1 t is 9 pres5t society 9 wages4 ,if su* is ! case e work] gets ! value ( 8 product 9 wages & ! robb]y ( ! work+ class by ! capitali/ic class is an impossibility4 ,let x be grant$ t ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ a work] 9 a giv5 society is ?ree m>ks4 ,!n ! daily product ( ! work] is1 accord+ to ! popul> economi/1 ( ! value ( ?ree m>ks4 ,n[ let u consid] t ! capitali/ :o employs ?is work] takes a pr(it on ?is product & sells x = f\r m>ks4 ,o!r capitali/s d ! same ?+4 ,b !reupon ! work] c no long] ma9ta9 himself ) ?ree m>ks a day1 x w co/ him f\r m>ks4 ,o!r conditions rema9+ ! same1 wages express$ 9 t]ms ( ! means ( life mu/ rema9 ! same & wages express$ 9 gold w rise !re=e f ?ree to f\r m>ks daily4 ,:at ! capitali/s ga9 9 ! =m ( pr(it on ! work+ class !y h to return 9 ! =m ( wages4 ,s we are j :]e we 7 at ! beg9n+4 ,if wages signify value1 no plund] ( ! work+ class by ! capitali/ is possible4 ,b ! creation ( a surplus is impossible if1 accord+ to our hypo!sis ! work]s consume z mu* z !y produce4 ,& s9ce ! capitali/s produce no value x is impossible to see h[ !y c live4 ,& if su* a surplus ( production ov] consumption does exi/1 if su* a production & res]ve fund exi/s 9 ! h&s ( ! capitali/s !re is no o!r explanation possible ?an t ! work+ class uses only en\gh values = its own ma9t5ance & turns ov] ! re/ ( ! goods :i* x produces to ! capitali/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ?is production & res]ve fund actually exi/s 9 ! h&s ( ! capitali/ class1 if x has really come into exi/5ce ?r\gh ! pil+ up ( pr(its1 7we w leave r5t out ( ! "q = ! pres5t72 x necess>ily comes f ! accumulat$ pr(its ( ! capitali/ class tak5 f ! work+ class ov] & above ! sums paid by ! capitali/ class to ! work+ class 9 ! =m ( wages4 ,value !re=e does n dep5d ^u wages1 b ^u am\nt ( labor4 ,! work+ class r5d]s to ! capitali/ class a great] am\nt ( value ?an x receives 9 wages & ?us ! pr(it ( capital z ( all o!r =ms ( ! appropriation ( unpaid = products ( labor is to be expla9$ on ! simple gr\nd ( ! surplus value discov]$ by ,m>x4 ,,vi4 ,simple & ,comp\nd ,labor4 7,! argum5t ( ,duehr+ aga9/ :i* ,engels "h directs 8 ef=ts may be be/ summ$ up 9 ,duehr+'s conclud+ words ,m>x 9 8 utt]ances on value _c escape ! lurk+ gho/ ( highly skill$ labor4 ,! preval5t notion ( ! intellectual classes has be5 a h9drance to him 9 ?is matt]1 = accord+ to ?is idea x is an enormity to reckon ! labor "t ( a b>r[ pu%] & an ar*itect z economic equival5ts47 ,engels !reupon says ! passage 9 ! works ( ,m>x :i* caus$ ?is outbreak on ! "p ( ,duehr+ is v %ort4 ,m>x is exam9+ ! "q z to ! basis ( ! value ( commodities & answ]s x by ! /atem5t t x is ! am\nt ( human labor conta9$ 9 !m4 ,?is he goes on is ! expression ( t simple labor =ce :i* belongs to ! av]age human be+ )\t any special developm5t4 ,skill$ labor is a p[] or r a multiple ( simple labor1 s t a small am\nt ( skill$ labor is equival5t to a l>g] am\nt ( unskill$ labor4 ,practice %[s t ?is r$uction to ! t]ms ( unskill$ labor takes place4 ,a commodity may be ! product ( skill$ labor1 its value may be equival5t to a product ( unskill$ labor skill$ labor4 ,! proportion 9 :i* diff]5t =ms ( labor are r$uc$ to _! g5]al /&>d 9 unskill$ labor is e/abli%$ by a social process go+ on beh9d ! backs ( ! produc]s1 & appe>s to !m m]ely cu/om>y4 ,"h ,m>x is only deal+ ) ! value ( commodities1 t is ( objects produc$ & ex*ang$ by private produc]s 9 a society consi/+ ( private produc]s produc+ = _! own pr(it4 ,he is !re=e n conc]n$ "h ) absolute value :atev] t may be b only ) ! value :i* is realis$ 9 a giv5 =m ( society4 ,?is value "u ! giv5 social conditions is %ap$ & measur$ by ! human labor incorporat$ 9 ! commodities & ?is human labor %[s itself z ! expression ( simple human en]gy4 ,b e piece ( "w is n m]ely an expression ( simple labor =ce4 ,v _m labor products require ! exp5diture ( m or less "t1 money1 tr\ble1 & acquir$ skill or k4 ,d ^! k9ds ( comp\nd labor %[ at ! same p]iod ( "t ! same commodity values z simple labor1 are !y ! expression ( m]ely simple labor =ce8 ,evid5tly n4 ,! product ( an h\r ( comp\nd labor is a commodity ( high]1 d\ble or ?ree times ! value ( a product ( an h\r ( simple labor4 ,! value ( ! product ( comp\nd labor c 9 ?is comp>ison be express$ ?r\gh ! measure ( simple labor2 & ?is r$uction ( comp\nd labor is c>ri$ on by means ( a social progress beh9d ! back ( ! produc]1 by means ( :i* c "h be e/abli%$ accord+ to ! !ory ( value b n expla9$4 ,! ?+ :i* ,m>x /ates "h is a simple fact :i* happ5s e day be=e our eyes 9 ! pres5t capitali/ic society4 7,aft] "s invective & satire hurl$ at ,duehr+ ,engels proce$s37 ,let u exam9e ) reg>d to equality ( value a little m closely4 ,all labor "t is ( equal value1 t ( ! b>r[ pu%] & t ( ! ar*itect4 ,!re=e labor "t & consequ5tly labor itself has a value4 ,b labor is ! creator ( all values4 ,x is ! only ?+ :i* gives ! orig9al products ( nature a value 9 ! economic s5se4 ,value 9 itself is no?+ b ! expression 9 a giv5 object ( necess>y1 social1 human labor4 ,"o might j z well speak ( & fix a value to labor z speak ( ! value ( value1 ( ! weight1 n ( a specific body1 b ( gravity itself4 ,h]r ,duehr+ calls p l ,ow51 ,/4 ,simon & ,f\ri]1 social al*emi/s4 ,:5 he inv5ts a value = labor "t1 t is = labor1 he %[s t he is f> bel[ ^! same al*emi/s4 ,= ,socialism1 :i* w emancipate human labor =ce f its place z a commodity1 ! und]/&+ t labor has no value & c h none is a matt] ( ! greate/ importance4 ,) an und]/&+ ( x1 all attempts made by ,h]r ,duehr+ by means ( 8 crude work]-socialism 7,arbeit]sozialismus7 to regulate ! division ( ! means ( exi/5ce1 z a k9d ( high] wages1 fall to ! gr\nd4 ,f x !re foll[s ! broad] view1 s9ce x is controll$ by purely economic motives1 t di/ribution regulates itself 9 ! int]e/s ( production1 & production is advanc$ 9 ! greate/ degree by a me?od ( di/ribution :i* p]mits all ! social dep>tm5ts to develop1 ma9ta91 & express _! capacities to ! fulle/ possible ext5t4 ,to ! ideas ( ! intellectuals :i* h come into ,h]r ,duehr+'s possession1 x mu/ always seem to be an enormity t x w aboli% b>r[ pu%+ & ar*itecture simultane\sly z pr(essions1 & t ! man :o has giv5 half an h\r to ar*itecture w also pu% ! c>t a little until 8 "w z ar*itect is aga9 9 dem&4 ,x w\ld be a pretty sort ( socialism :i* p]petuat$ ! bus9ess ( b>r[-pu%+4 ,if ! equality ( value ( labor "t has ! significance t work]s produce equal products 9 equal p]iods ( "t x is evid5tly false1 unless an av]age is fir/ tak54 ,( two workm5 at ! same bran* ( indu/ry ! value ( ! product ( _! labor "t w diff] accord+ to ! int5sity ( labor & _! respective ability4 ,no s*eme ( economic equality1 at lea/ on our planet1 c rem$y ?is un=tunate /ate ( affairs4 ,:at !n is left ( ! equality ( all & e sort ( labor8 ,no?+ b high s\nd+ phrases :i* h no economic value1 no?+ b ! evid5t inability ( ,h]r ,duehr+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! fix+ ( value by labor & ! fix+ ( value by ! wages ( labor1 only ! ukase1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! new social economy1 t wages %all be equal = equal am\nts ( labor "t4 ,really ! old ,fr5* communi/s & ,weitl+ _h mu* bett] gr\nds = _! equality ( wages !ories4 ,h[ !n d we solve ! :ole weighty "q ( ! high] wages ( comp\nd labor8 ,9 a society ( private produc]s1 private individuals or _! families h to be> ! co/ ( creat+ intellectual work]s4 ,an intellectual slave always comm&$ a bett] price1 an intellectual wage work] gets high] wages4 ,9 an organiz$ sociali/ society1 society be>s ! co/ & to x !re=e belong ! fruits1 ! great] value produc$ by intellectual labor4 ,! labor] himself has no fur!r claim4 ,:5ce x foll[s t !re are _m difficulties connect$ ) ! belov$ claim ( ! work] = ! full product ( 8 toil4 ,,vii4 ,capital & ,surplus ,value4 7,m>x does n h ! usual economic idea ( capital t x is means ( production already produc$1 b he seeks to end[ x ) a special dialectic hi/ory 9 ! metamorphosis ( a hi/orical idea4 ,capital is express$ 9 gold1 x creates an hi/orical p]iod :i* has its beg9n+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & ! e/abli%m5t ( a _w-m>ket4 ,any ke5 economic analysis is impossible ) su* a notion4 ,su* b>r5 conceptions :i* are half hi/orical & half logical de/roys ! possibility ( any prop] discrim9ation ) respect to ! matt]4 ,^! rem>ks ( ,duehr+ are answ]$ z foll[s by ,engels37 ,accord+ to ,m>x1 !n1 capital manife/$ itself z gold at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is j z if anybody 7 to say t specie _h express$ itself z cattle = ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 because =m]ly cattle _h p]=m$ ! gold functions along ) o!rs4 ,only ,h]r ,duehr+ c\ld be guilty ( su* a crude & di/ort$ expression4 ,m>x 9 8 analysis ( ! economic =ms 9 :i* ! process ( ! circulation ( commodities takes places simply decl>es gold to be ! la/ =m4 ,?is la/ product ( ! circulation ( commodities is ! =m 9 :i* capital fir/ appe>s4 ,hi/orically capital comes ) ! possession ( prop]ty 9 ! =m ( money1 z ho>ds ( money1 m]*ant-capital1 & usury-capital4444 ,?is hi/ory is go+ on e day be=e our eyes4 ,new capital comes on ! sc5e1 t is ! m>ket1--! m>ket = commodities1 ! labor m>ket or ! money m>ket1 simply z money1 money :i* is trans=m$ into capital by a def9ite process4 ,aga9 ,m>x /ates ! fact4 ,x is useless = y to /ruggle aga9/ x1 ,h]r ,duehr+1 ,capital mu/ express itself 9 gold4 ,m>x fur!r exam9es ! process by :i* money is trans=m$ into capital & discov]s t ! =m 9 :i* money circulates z capital is ! inv]sion ( ! =m 9 :i* x circulates z ! univ]sal equival5t4 ,! individual own] ( commodities sells to buy1 he sells :at he does n ne$1 & buys ) ! money ?us obta9$ :at he does ne$4 ,! budd+ capitali/ buys on ! contr>y :at he does n want himself1 he buys to sell1 & to sell = a high] money value ?an he put into ! bus9ess1 he makes a money pr(it1 & ?is pr(it ,m>x calls surplus value4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ?is surplus value8 ,ei!r ! buy] buys goods bel[ _! value or ! sell] sells !m above _! value4 ,9 bo? cases ga9 & loss w\ld balance "o ano!r1 s9ce e buy] is also a sell]4 ,x c also n arise f extortion1 = extortion might enri* "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!r b x c\ld n increase ! total sum ( money nei!r c\ld x increase ! am\nt ( commodities 9 circulation4 ,! entire capitali/ class ( a c\ntry _c ov]rea* itself4 ,n[1 we f9d t ! totality ( ! capitali/ class 9 e c\ntry gr[s ri*] be=e our v eyes1 by ! process ( sell+ de>] ?an x b\ght1 by appropriat+ surplus value4 ,s we are j at ! beg9n+ ( ! discussion4 ,:]e does ?is surplus value come f8 ,?is "q has to be answ]$ on purely economic gr\nds to ! exclusion ( all *eat+1 & all invasion ( =ce4 ,h[ is x possible to keep sell+ de>] ?an "o buys "u ! assumption t equal values are always ex*ang$ = equal values8 ,! solution ( ?is problem is ! cr[n+ glory ( ! "w ( ,m>x4 ,he %$s cle> daylight 9 economic places :]e ! e>li] sociali/s no less ?an ! b\rgeois economi/s h grop$ 9 utt] d>kness4 ,f 8 "w dates ! orig9 ( sci5tific socialism4 ,! solution is z foll[s4 ,! p[] ( increase 9 money :i* is trans=m$ into capital _c proce$ f ! money nei!r does x dep5d ^u trade1 s9ce ! money only realizes ! price ( ! commodities & ?is price is1 s9ce we hold t only equal values are ex*ang$1 no diff]5t f its value4 ,on ! same gr\nds ! p[] ( increase _c come f ! ex*ange ( commodities4 ,! *ange !re=e dep5ds ^u ! commodities :i* are ex*ang$1 b n ^u _! value1 s9ce !y are b\ght & sold at _! value4 ,x arises f _! consumption-value z su*2 t is ! *ange mu/ arise out ( ! consumption ( commodities4 ,9 ord] = a commodity to d]ive value f consumption our possessor ( money mu/ be =tunate en\gh to discov] a commodity ^: use-value has ! peculi> prop]ty ( be+ a s\rce ( value1 ^: consumption w\ld imply ! exp5diture ( labor & ?us be value-produc+4 ,& ! possessor ( money f9ds su* a specific commodity on ! m>ket 9 ! %ape ( labor-p[]4 ,if1 z we h se51 labor has no value ?is is by no means ! case ) labor-=ce4 ,?is has a value1 z x is a commodity1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is a commodity to-day & ?is value is fix$ l t ( e o!r commodity by ! am\nt ( labor "t necess>y = ! production & reproduction ( ?is specific commodity4 ,x is fix$ by ! labor "t :i* is necess>y = ! procur+ ( ! means ( livelihood requir$ to ma9ta9 ! labor] 9 a condition to cont9ue labor+ & reproduce 8 k9d4 ,let u suppose t ^! means ( livelihood repres5t1 tak+ "o day ) ano!r1 six h\rs labor-"t a day4 ,our budd+ capitali/ :o buys labor =ce = 8 bus9ess1 t is hires a labor]1 pays ?is labor] ! full daily value ( 8 labor =ce1 if he pays him a sum ( money :i* repres5ts six h\rs ( labor4 ,if ! labor] has only exp5d$ six h\rs 9 ! s]vice ( ! capitali/ he has got ! full return ( 8 exp5diture1 ! day's value ( 8 labor-=ce has be5 paid4 ,b money c\ld n be trans=m$ into capital 9 ?is fa%ion1 x w\ld h produc$ no surplus value4 ,! buy] ( labor-p[] has q ano!r view ( ! nature ( 8 bus9ess4 ,s9ce only six h\rs' "w is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! labor] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x does n foll[ t ! labor] _c "w twelve h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,! value ( labor =ce & its realization 9 ! labor-process are two diff]5t magnitudes4 ,! own] ( money pays out a day's value ( labor-=ce b !re belongs to him its use = ! day1 ! :ole day's labor4 ,t ! value :i* x produces 9 ! c\rse ( a day is d\ble its own value = ! day is =tunate = ! buy] b accord+ to ! laws ( ex*ange no inju/ice to ! sell]4 ,! labor] !n co/s ! own] ( money accord+ to our calculation ! value product ( six h\rs' labor1 b he gives him daily ! value product ( twelve h\rs' labor4 ,! diff]5ce to ! cr$it ( ! own] ( ! money is six h\rs' unpaid extra labor1 an unpaid = surplus product1 9 :i* ! labor ( six h\rs is incorporat$4 ,! trick is done4 ,surplus value is produc$1 money is trans=m$ into capital4 ,:ile ,m>x1 9 ?is way1 prov$ h[ surplus value exi/s & ! only possible way 9 :i* x c exi/1 "u ! laws :i* regulate ! ex*ange ( commodities he also expos$ ! pres5t capitali/ic me?ods ( production & ! me?ods ( appropriation re/+ ^u !m & unveil$ ! secret ^u :i* ! :ole arrangem5t ( ! society ( to-day dep5ds4 ,!re is a necess>y presupposition to ?is orig9 & bir? ( capital4 ,= ! trans=mation ( money into capital ! money own] mu/ fir/ f9d free labor]s 9 ! m>ket1 free 9 ! d\ble s5se t z a free p]son ! labor] c use 8 labor p[] z a commodity1 t he has no o!r w>es to sell1 t he is unemploy$ & t he is free ( ev]y?+ necess>y to ! realisation ( 8 labor p[]4 ,b ?is condition ( a possessor ( money or commodities on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! possessor ( no?+1 except 8 own labor =ce1 is no natural condition ( affairs nor is x common to all p]iods ( hi/ory2 x is cle>ly ! result ( a hi/orical developm5t1 ! product ( a :ole s]ies ( old] =ms ( social production4 ,& ?is free labor] fir/ /rikes our notice z a hi/orical ph5om5on at ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury z a result ( ! dissolution ( feudal society4 ,!reupon ) ! creation ( ! _w trade & ! _w m>ket :i* dates f ! same p]iod ! f\ndation 0 laid = ! mass ( moveable weal? to become m & m trans=m$ into capital & = ! capitali/ic sy/em1 direct$ m & m to ! production ( surplus value1 to become ! dom9ant sy/em4 ,,viii4 ,capital & ,surplus ,value 7,conclusion74 7,duehr+ hav+ said t ! t]m surplus value m]ely signifies 9 ord9>y language1 r5t1 pr(it & int]e/1 ,engels /ill fur!r expla9s7 ,we h already se5 t ,m>x does n say t ! surplus product ( ! indu/rial capitali/1 ( :i* he is ! fir/ own]1 is always ex*ang$ = its value1 z ,h]r ,duehr+ po9ts out4 ,m>x pla9ly says t trade pr(it only con/itutes a portion ( ! surplus value & "u ! =ego+ conditions ?is is only possible if ! factory proprietor sells 8 product "u value to ! trad] & ?us p>ts ) a portion ( ! booty4 ,m>x' cont5tion rationally put is ,h[ is surplus value trans=m$ into its subord9ate =ms1 pr(it1 int]e/1 trade-pr(its1 gr\nd r5ts etc48 & ?is "q ,m>x und]takes to answ] 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,capital4 ,b s9ce ,h]r ,duehr+ _c wait long en\gh = ! second volume to appe> he has 9 ! meantime to take a close look at ! fir/ volume4 ,he !reupon reads t ! imman5t laws ( capitali/ic production1 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( capitalism1 realise !mselves z ! necess>y laws ( competition & ?us are br\ght to ! consci\sness ( ! individual capitali/s z dom9ant motives4 ,t !re=e a sci5tific analysis ( competition is only possible :5 ! real nature ( capital is grasp$1 j z ! app>5t movem5t ( heav5ly bodies c only be und]/ood by appreh5d+ _! real movem5t1 & n m]ely ^? movem5ts :i* are p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,s ,m>x %[s h[ a c]ta9 law1 ! law ( value1 appe>s "u giv5 conditions 9 ! competitive sy/em & makes evid5t its impell+ =ce4 ,h]r ,duehr+ might h und]/ood t competition plays an important role 9 ! di/ribution ( surplus values1 &1 aft] suffici5t ?\ght1 might h grasp$ at lea/ ! outl9es ( ! trans=mation ( surplus value into its subord9ate =ms f ! examples giv5 9 ! fir/ volume4 ,h]r ,duehr+ f9ds competition to be ! /umbl+ block 9 ! way ( 8 compreh5sion4 ,he _c und]/& h[ compet+ entrepr5eurs c manage to sell ! entire product ( labor includ+ ! surplus product = s mu* m ?an ! natural co/ ( production4 ,"h aga9 t =ce ( 8 :i*1 9 8 e/imation1 is ! v evil ?+1 comes into play4 ,accord+ to ,m>x1 ! surplus product does n h any co/ ( production1 x is ! "p ( ! product :i* co/s ! capitali/ no?+4 ,if ! entrepr5eurs 7 to sell ! surplus product at its real co/ ( production !y w\ld h to give x away4 ,is x n a fact t ! compet+ entrepr5eurs really sell ! product ( labor e day at its natural co/ ( production8 ,accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+ ! co/ ( production consi/s 9 ! exp5diture ( labor or =ce & !re=e 9 ! la/ analysis mu/ be measur$ by co/ ( ma9t5ance1 & !re=e1 9 pres5t day society1 is to be e/imat$ at ! co/ ( ! raw mat]ial1 in/rum5ts ( labor & actual wages paid 9 di/9ction to taxation1 pr(it & compulsory rais+ ( prices4 ,x is well recognis$ t 9 mod]n society ! compet+ entrepr5eurs d n sell _! w>es at ! natural co/ ( production b calculate on a pr(it & g5]ally get x4 ,?is "q :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ fancies w level ! walls ( ,m>xism z ! bla/ ( ,jo%ua did ^? ( ,j]i*o is a "q :i* ! economic doctr9es ( ,duehr+ h to meet also4 ,capitali/ic prop]ty1 he says1 has no practical value & only realises itself because x implies ! ex]cise ( indirect p[] ov] man4 ,! te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( ?is =ce is capitali/ic pr(it1 & ! am\nt ( ?is latt] dep5ds ^u ! ext5t & int5sity ( ! p[] ( '=ce4'444 ,capitali/ic pr(it is a political & social in/itution :i* manife/s itself v /rongly z competition4 ,! entrepr5eurs take _! /& on ?is relation & ea* "o ( !m ma9ta9s 8 position4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( pr(it is a necessity ( ! dom9ant economic condition4 ,we "k q well t ! entrepr5eurs are 9 a position to sell ! products ( labor at a co/ above ! natural co/ ( production4 ,surely ,h]r ,duehr+ does n ?9k s meanly ( 8 public z to hold ! position t pr(it on capital /&s above competition z ! ,k+ ( ,prussia us$ to /& above ! law4 ,! proce$+ by :i* ! ,k+ ( ,prussia rea*$ 8 position ( sup]iority to ! law we all "k1 ! me?ods by :i* pr(it has come to be mighti] ?an competition is j :at ,h]r ,duehr+ has to expla9 & :at he /ubbornly refuses to expla94 ,x is no argum5t :5 he says t ! entrepr5eurs trade f ?is position & ea* "o ( !m ma9ta9s 8 own place4 ,if we take him at 8 ^w1 h[ is x possible = a numb] ( p ea* to be able to trade only on c]ta9 t]ms & yet ea* "o ( !m to keep 8 position8 ,! gildm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,fr5* nobility ( #aghi op]at$ f a decid$ly sup]ior position1 & yet !y came to grief4 ,! ,prussian army at ,j5a occupi$ an advantage\s position & yet x _h to ab&on x & surr5d] piecemeal4 ,x is n en\gh to tell u t a c]ta9 measure ( pr(it is a necess>y concomitant ( dom9ation 9 ! economic sph]e1 x is necess>y to tell u :y4 ,we d n get a /ep fur!r by ! /atem5t ( ,duehr+4 ,capitali/ic sup]iority is insep>able f l&lordism4 ,a portion ( ! peasantry is trans=m$ 9 ! cities into factory h&s & 9 ! f9al analysis into factory mat]ial4 ,pr(it appe>s z ano!r =m ( r5t4 ,?is is a m]e ass]tion & only repeats :at %\ld h be5 expla9$ & prov$4 ,we c come to no o!r conclusion1 !n1 except t ,h]r ,duehr+ does n l to tackle ! answ] to 8 own "q h[ ! capitali/s are 9 a position to sell products ( labor = m ?an ! natural co/ ( production1 9 %ort ,h]r ,duehr+ %irks an explanation ( pr(it4 ,he takes ! only pa? op5 to him1 a %ort cut1 & simply decl>es t pr(it is ! product ( =ce4 ,?is has be5 /at$ by ,h]r ,duehr+ 9 8 economic !ory "u ! /atem5t =ce di/ributes4 ,t is all v well2 b ! "q /ill p]si/s :at does =ce di/ribute8 ,!re mu/ be some?+ to di/ribute o!rwise =ce _c di/ribute x4 ,! pr(it :i* ! compet+ capitali/s pocket is some?+ actual & tangible4 ,=ce may take b x _c create4 ,& if ,h]r ,duehr+ /ill ob/9ately p]si/s 9 8 /atem5t t =ce takes ! pr(its = ! entrepr5eurs he is z sil5t z ! grave z to :5ce x takes x4 ,:]e !re is no?+ ! ,kais]1 z all o!r =ce1 ceases to op]ate4 ,f no?+ comes no?+1 p>ticul>ly no?+ 9 ! %ape ( pr(its4 ,if capitali/ic private prop]ty has n practical actuality1 & _c realize itself1 except by ! ex]cise ( indirect =ce ov] m51 ! "q /ill p]si/s1 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ did ! capitali/ gov]nm5t come into possession ( ?is =ce & 9 ! second place h[ has ?is =ce be5 trans=m$ into pr(its1 & 9 ! ?ird place :]e does x get ^! pr(its8 7,! rema9d] ( ?is section is m]ely fur!r elaboration ( ?is idea ) m cau/ic satire at ! exp5se ( ! antagoni/ ( ,engels47 ,,ix4 ,natural ,economic ,laws--,gr\nd ,r5t4 7,9 ?is *apt] ,engels proce$s to exam9e :at ,h]r ,duehr+ call$ ! fundam5tal laws ( 8 !ory ( economic sci5ce47 ,,law ,,no4 ,i4 ,! productivity ( economic in/rum5ts1 natural res\rces & human =ce are capable ( be+ increas$ by inv5tion & discov]y4 ,we are amaz$4 ,h]r ,duehr+ treats u l t joke ( ,moli]e on ! p>v5u :o 0 in=m$ t he _h talk$ prose all 8 life )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,t inv5tions & discov]ies increase ! productive =ce ( labor 9 _m cases 7b 9 _m cases n1 z ! pat5t records ev]y:]e %[7 we h be5 = a long "t aw>e4 ,,law ,,no4 ,,ii4 ,division ( ,labor4 ,! =mation ( bran*es ( "w & ! splitt+ up ( activities increases ! productivity ( labor4 ,z f> z ?is is true x is a m]e commonplace s9ce ! "t ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,h[ f> x is true w appe> 9 ! ?ird division ( ?is "w4 ,,law ,,no4 ,,iii4 ,di/ance & transportation are ! mo/ important causes ( ! advance or h9drance ( ! organization ( productive =ces4 ,,law ,,no4 ,,iv4 ,! indu/rial /ate has incomp>ably great] capacity = population ?an ! agricultural /ate4 ,,law ,,no4 ,v4 ,9 economics only mat]ial int]e/s c\nt4 ,^! are ! natural laws on :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ f\nds 8 new economics4 ,he rema9s true to 8 philosophic me?ods4 7,h]eupon ,engels proce$s to ! discussion ( ,duehr+'s op9ions on gr\nd-r5t47 ,h]r ,duehr+ def9es gr\nd-r5t z t income :i* ! l&[n] z su* d]ives f gr\nd & l&4 ,! economic idea ( gr\nd-r5t1 :i* ,h]r ,duehr+ und]takes to expla9 to u1 is trans=m$ "r away into ! juri/ic concept s t we are no fur!r ?an at fir/4 ,he comp>es ! leas+ ( a piece ( l& ) ! loan ( capital to an entrepr5eur b f9ds1 z is s (t5 ! case1 t ! comp>ison w n hold4 ,!n he says to pursue ! analogy ! pr(it :i* rema9s to ! lessee aft] ! paym5t ( gr\nd-r5t1 answ]s to t portion ( ! pr(it on capital :i* rema9s to ! entrepr5eur :o op]ates ) borr[$ capital aft] ! int]e/ on ! borr[$ capital has be5 paid4 7,to ^! argum5ts ,engels replies37 ,! !ory ( gr\nd-r5t is a special ,engli% economic matt]1 & ?is ( necessity because only 9 ,engl& does a mode ( production exi/ by :i* r5t is sep>at$ f pr(it & int]e/4 ,9 ,engl& !re prevail ! great] l&lordism & ! great] agriculture4 ,! individual l&lords lease _! l&s 9 great f>ms to lessees :o are able to cultivate !m 9 a capitali/ic fa%ion & d n1 l our peasants1 "w ) _! own h&s1 b employ labor]s j l capitali/ic entrepr5eurs4 ,we h "h !n ! ?ree classes ( b\rgeois society1 & ! income :i* ea* receives--! private l&lord 9 ! =m ( gr\nd-r5t1 ! capitali/ 9 t ( pr(it & ! labor] 9 ! =m ( wages4 ,no ,engli% economi/ has ev] reg>d$ ! pr(it ( ! lessee z ,h]r ,duehr+ does & /ill less w\ld he h to expla9 t ! pr(it ( ! lessee is :at x indubitably is1 pr(it on capital4 ,9 ,engl& !re is no use to discuss ?is "q = ! "q z well z its answ] are obvi\s f ! facts &1 s9ce ! "t ( ,adam ,smi?1 !re has be5 no d\bt at all ab\t x4 ,! case 9 :i* ! lessee cultivates 8 own l&1 z ! rule 9 ,g]many1 = ! pr(it ( ! gr\nd l&lord does n make any diff]5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,if ! l&lord cultivates ! l& = 8 own pr(it & furni%es ! capital he puts ! pr(it on capital 9 8 pocket z well z ! gr\nd-r5t = x _c be o!rwise "u exi/+ conditions4 ,& if ,h]r ,duehr+ ?9ks t r5t is some?+ diff]5t :5 ! lessee cultivates ! l& = himself x is n s & only %[s 8 ignorance ( ! matt]4 ,= example3-- ,! rev5ue d]iv$ f labor is call$ wages2 t d]iv$ f /ock by ! p]son :o manages or employs x is call$ pr(it4 ,! rev5ue :i* proce$s f l& is call$ r5t & belongs altoge!r to ! l&lord4 ,! rev5ue ( ! f>m] is d]iv$ p>tly f 8 labor & p>tly f 8 /ock4444 ,:5 ^? ?ree diff]5t sorts ( labor belong to diff]5t p]sons !y are readily di/+ui%$1 b :5 !y belong to ! same !y are sometimes conf\nd$ ) "o ano!r at lea/ 9 common language4 ,a g5tleman :o f>ms "p ( 8 own e/ate1 aft] pay+ ! exp5ses ( cultivation1 %\ld ga9 bo? ! r5t ( ! l&lord & ! pr(it ( ! f>m]4 ,he is apt to d5om9ate1 h[ev]1 8 :ole ga91 pr(it1 & ?us conf\nds r5t ) pr(it1 at lea/ 9 common language4 ,! great] "p ( our ,nor? ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian plant]s are 9 ?is situation4 ,!y f>m1 ! great] "p ( !m1 _! own e/ates1 & accord+ly we seldom he> ( ! r5t ( a plantation b frequ5tly ( its pr(it4444 ,a g>d5] :o cultivates 8 own g>d5 ) 8 own h&s1 unites 9 8 own p]son ! ?ree diff]5t *>act]s ( l&lord1 f>m]1 & labor]4 ,8 produce1 !re=e1 %\ld pay him ! r5t ( ! fir/1 ! pr(it ( ! second & ! wages ( ! ?ird4 ,! :ole1 h[ev]1 is commonly consid]$ z ! wages ( 8 labor4 ,bo? r5t & pr(it are 9 ?is case conf\nd$ ) wages4 ,?is passage is 9 ! six? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,! case ( ! l&hold] :o tills 8 own l& has be5 exam9$ a hundr$ ye>s ago & ! d\bts :i* p]plex ,h]r ,duehr+ s mu* are caus$ entirely by 8 own ignorance4 ,x4 ,) ,respect to ! ,critical ,hi/ory4 ,?is :i* is ! conclud+ portion ( ! ,second ,division ( ! "w & :i* deals ) ,h]r ,duehr+'s e/imates ( economic writ]s is omitt$ z be+ ( too limit$ & polemic a "* = g5]al int]e/4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,socialism ,! fir/ two *apt]s ( ?is ,division1 :i* deal respectively ) ! hi/orical & ! !oretical sides ( ,socialism1 are omitt$4 ,!y h be5 already translat$4 ,! well kn[n pamphlet ,socialism1 ,utopian & ,sci5tific conta9s bo? ( !m4 ,! second has also be5 translat$ by ,r4,c4,k4 ,ensor & publi%$ 9 8 ,mod]n ,socialism4 ,production4 ,= him 7,h]r ,duehr+7 socialism is by no means a necess>y product ( economic developm5t1 &1 /ill less1 a developm5t ( ! purely economic conditions ( ! pres5t day4 ,he kn[s bett] ?an t4 ,8 socialism is a f9al tru? ( ! la/ in/ance1 x is ! natural sy/em ( society4 ,he f9ds its root 9 a univ]sal sy/em ( ju/ice4 ,& if he _c take notice ( ! exi/+ conditions :i* are ! product ( ! s9ful hi/ory ( man up to ! pres5t "t 9 ord] to improve !m t is s mu* ! worse1 we mu/ look ^u x z a mis=tune = ! true pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,h]r ,duehr+ =ms 8 socialism z he does ev]y?+ else on ! basis ( 8 two fam\s m54 ,in/ead ( ^! two m>ionnetes1 z h]et(ore1 play+ ! game ( "l & slave !y are conv]t$ to t ( equality & ju/ice & ! ,duehr+ socialism is already f\nd$4 ,cle>ly 9 ! view ( ,h]r ,duehr+ ! p]iodic indu/rial crises h by no means ! same significance z we mu/ attribute to !m4 ,accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+ !y are only occasional dep>tures f normality & furni% a spl5did motive = ! in/itution ( a prop]ly regulat$ sy/em4 7,duehr+ attributes crises to und]consumption2 to :i* ,engels replies37 ,x is un=tunately true t ! und]consumption ( ! masses & ! limitation ( ! exp5ditures ( ! great majority to ! necessities ( life & ! reproduction !re( is n by any means a new ph5om5on4 ,x has exi/$ z long z ! appropriat+ & ! plund]$ classes h exi/$4 ,ev5 9 ^? hi/oric p]iods :]e ! condition ( ! masses 0 exceptionally prosp]\s1 z 9 ,engl& 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 !re 0 und]consumption2 m5 7 v f> f hav+ _! entire ye>ly product at _! own disposal4 ,al?\gh und]consumption has be5 a con/ant hi/orical ph5om5on = a ?\s& ye>s1 ! g5]al break d[n 9 trade1 due to ov]production1 has appe>$1 = ! fir/ "t1 )9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,yet ! vulg> political economy ( ,h]r ,duehr+ attempts to expla9 ! new ph5om5on1 n by means ( ! new factor ( ov]production1 b by means ( ! exce$+ly old factor ( und]consumption4 ,x is j z if "o 7 to try & expla9 a *ange 9 ! relation ( two ma!matical quantities1 "o ( :i* is con/ant & ! o!r v>iable1 n f ! fact t ! v>iable quantity has v>i$1 b t ! con/ant has rema9$ con/ant4 ,! und]consumption ( ! masses is a necess>y condition ( all =ms ( society 9 :i* robb]s & robb$ exi/1 & !re=e ( ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,b x is ! capitali/ sy/em :i* fir/ br+s ab\t ! economic crisis4 ,und]consumption is a pr]equisite ( crises & plays a v conspicu\s role 9 !m1 b x has no m to d ) ! economic crisis ( ! pres5t day ?an x _h ) ! =m] abs5ce ( su* crises4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 e society 9 :i* production has develop$ naturally1 to :i* class t ( to-day belongs1 ! produc]s d n ma/] ! means ( production b ! means ( production dom9ate ! produc]s4 ,9 su* a society e new lev]age ( production is conv]t$ into a new means ( subdu+ ! produc]s b5ea? ! means ( production4 ,?is 0 ! cause ( t in/rum5t ( production1 ! mightie/ up to ! "t ( ! introduction ( ! great] indu/ry1 ! division ( labor4 ,! fir/ great division ( labor1 ! sep>ation ( ! city & c\ntry1 doom$ ! inhabitants ( ! rural di/ricts to a ?\s& ye>s ( /upidity & ! p ( ! t[ns to be ! slaves ( _! own h&iwork4 ,x d5i$ ! *ance ( intellectual developm5t to ! "o & ( physical developm5t to ! o!r4 ,if ! peasant _h 8 l& & ! t[n dwell] 8 h&iwork1 x is j z true to say t ! l& _h ! peasant & ! h&iwork ! t[nsman4 ,z f> z !re 0 a division ( labor !re 0 also a division ( man4 ,! rise ( "o s+le fact slaught]$ all =m] intellectual & bodily capacities4 ,?is annexation ( man grew 9 proportion z ! division ( labor develop$ & rea*$ its culm9ation 9 manufacture4 ,manufacture di/ributes production into its sep>ate op]ations1 makes "o ( ^! op]ations ! function ( ! individual work]1 & imprisons ! work] = 8 :ole life to a giv5 function & to a giv5 tool4 ,x =ces ! work+man to become an abnormality1 s9ce x makes him conc5trate 8 ef=ts on detail at ! exp5se ( ! sacrifice ( a _w ( =ces & capacities4444 ,! individual himself becomes subdivid$1 he is trans=m$ into ! automatic tool ( ! division ( labor 7,m>x74 ,?is tool 9 _m cases f9ds its p]fection 9 ! lit]al crippl+ ( ! work]1 body & s\l4 ,! ma*9]y ( ! great] indu/ry degrades ! work+man f a ma*9e to be+ ! m]e app5dage ( a ma*9e4 ,f ! lifelong specialization ( look+ aft] a ma*9e !re comes ! lifelong specialization ( s]v+ a "p ( a ma*9e4 ,! abuse ( ma*9]y trans=ms ! work] f *ildhood into a portion ( a "p ( a ma*9e 7,m>x74 ,& n only ! work+man b ! classes :i* indirectly or directly plund] ! work+man are also !mselves involv$ 9 ! division ( labor & become ! slaves ( _! own tools4 ,! spiritually-b>r5 b\rgeois is ! slave ( 8 own capital & 8 own pr(it-gett+1 ! juri/ is dom9at$ by 8 ossifi$ notions ( ju/ice :i* rule him z a self-conta9$ =ce2 ! ref9$ classes are dom9at$ by ! local limitations & prejudices1 by _! own physical & spiritual a/igmatism1 by _! specialis$ education & _! lifelong bondage to ?is specialty1 ev5 ?\gh ! specialty be do+ no?+4 ,! ,utopi/s 7 ?or\ghly aw>e ( ! effects ( ! division ( labor1 ( ! effect on ! "o h& ( crippl+ ! work] & on ! o!r ( crippl+ ! "w1 ! unavoidable result ( ! lifelong1 monoton\s repetition ( "o & ! same act4 ,! rise ( ! antagonism betwe5 t[n & c\ntry 0 reg>d$ by ,f\ri] z well z ,ow5 z ! beg9n+ ( ! rise ( ! old division ( labor4 ,accord+ to bo? ( !m ! population %\ld be divid$ into gr\ps ( f six hundr$ to ?ree ?\s& ea*1 di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,ea* gr\p has an enorm\s h\se 9 ! mid/ ( its t]ritory & ! h\sekeep+ is done 9 common4 ,f\ri] occasionally speaks ( t[ns b ^! only consi/ ( f\r or five ( ! big communal h\ses 9 close proximity to ea* o!r4 ,by bo? ( !m ! "w ( society is divid$ into agriculture & indu/ry4 ,accord+ to ,f\ri]1 h&work & ma*9e manufacture 7 bo? includ$ 9 ! latt] :ile ,ow5 made ! great indu/ry play ! mo/ important "p1 & ! /eam eng9e & ma*9]y p]=m$ ! "w ( ! community4 ,b bo? 9 agriculture & manufacture ! two writ]s nam$ gave ! greate/ possible v>iety ( occupation to individuals1 & accord+ly ! education ( ! "y provid$ = ! mo/ univ]sal te*nical tra9+4 ,bo? ( !m ?9k t !re w be a univ]sal developm5t ( ! human race z a result ( a univ]sal practical p>ticipation 9 practical "w1 & t "w w recov] its old attractiv5ess1 :i* has be5 lo/ z a result ( ! division ( labor1 by virtue ( ?is v>iety & ! %ort5+ ( ! "t exp5d$ ^u x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j z f> z society obta9s ! dom9ation ( ! social means ( production 9 ord] to organize !m socially x aboli%es ! exi/+ s]vitude ( man to 8 own means ( production4 ,society _c be free )\t e memb] ( society be+ free4 ,! old me?ods ( production mu/ be completely revolutioniz$ & ! old =m ( ! division ( labor mu/ be done away ) above all4 ,9 its place an organization ( production w h to be made 9 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 no s+le individual w be able to %ift 8 %>e 9 productive labor1 9 provid+ ! ess5tials ( human exi/5ce1 ^u ano!r1 & on ! o!r h& productive labor in/ead ( be+ a means ( slav]y w be a means t[>ds human fre$om1 9 t x (f]s an opportunity to ev]yone to develop 8 full p[]s1 physical & intellectual1 9 e direction & to ex]cise !m s t x makes a pleasure out ( a burd54 ,?is is no long] at ! pres5t "t a phantasy1 a pi\s wi%4 ,ow+ to ! pres5t developm5t ( ! p[]s ( production1 production has proce$$ f> en\gh1 provid$ t society end[s itself ) ! possession ( ! social =ces & aboli%es ! *ecks & imp$im5ts1 z well z ! wa/e ( products & productive =ces1 :i* spr+s f ! capitali/ic me?ods1 to make a g5]al r$uction ( labor "t1 to an am\nt1 small z comp>$ ) pres5t day ideas4 ,! abolition ( ! old me?od ( division ( labor is n an advance :i* w\ld n be possible except at ! exp5se ( ! productivity ( labor1 q o!rwise4 ,x is a condition ( production :i* has come ab\t spontane\sly ?r\gh ! great indu/ry4 ,! ma*9e indu/ry does away ) ! necessity ( con/antly di/ribut+ gr\ps ( workm5 at ! diff]5t ma*9es by keep+ ! work] con/antly at ! same task4 ,s9ce ! total product ( ! factory1 proce$s n f ! work] b f ! ma*9e1 a cont9ual *ang+ ab\t ( individuals c\ld n exi/1 )\t an int]ruption ( ! labor-process4 ,f9ally ! spe$ ) :i* "w at ! ma*9e is le>nt ev5 by *ildr5 does away ) ! necessity ( tra9+ a di/9ct class ( workm5 exclusively z ma*9e labor]s4 ,b :ile ! capitali/ic me?od ( use ( ma*9]y does away ) ! old limit$ p>ticul>ity ( labor1 &1 9 spite ( ! fact1 t te*nique is r5d]$ sup]flu\s1 ma*9]y itself rebels aga9/ ! ana*ronism4 ,! te*nical basis ( ! great] indu/ry is revolution>y4 ,?r\gh ma*9]y1 *emical processes & o!r me?ods1 ! functions ( ! work+ class & ! social labor process are revolutioniz$ along ) ! te*nical basis ( production4 ,! division ( labor is also revolutioniz$ & masses ( capital & labor are hurl$ incont95tly f "o bran* ( indu/ry to ano!r4 ,! nature ( ! great] indu/ry dem&s mobility ( labor1 a fluidity ( functions & a complete adaptibility on ! "p ( ! labor]s4 ,we h se5 h[ ?is absolute contradiction %[s itself 9 ! cont9ual sacrifice ( ! work+ class1 ! mo/ complete wa/e ( labor =ce1 & ! dom9ance ( social an>*y4 ,b if ! mobility ( labor n[ appe>s to be a law ( nature beyond human control :i* realizes itself1 9 spite ( all ob/acles1 x also becomes a matt] ( life & dea? = ! great] indu/ry1 ow+ to its cata/rophic "*1 to recognise ! mobility ( labor & h5ce ! greate/ possible adaptibility ( ! work+ class1 z a univ]sal law ( social production1 & to accommodate circum/ances to its normal developm5t4 ,x becomes a "q ( life & dea? = ! great] indu/ry to keep an enorm\s numb] ( p on ! edge ( />vation always 9 res]ve1 9 ord] t !y may be able to be plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ne$s ( capital z ^! v>y4 ,:ile ! great] indu/ry has taught u h[ to trans=m molecul> movem5t into mass movem5t 9 ord] to fulfill te*nical ne$s1 x has1 9 ! same measure1 fre$ indu/rial production f local limits4 ,wat] p[] 0 local1 /eam p[] is free4 ,if wat] p[] belongs to ! c\ntry1 /eam p[] is by no means limit$ to ! t[n4 ,x is capitali/ic practice :i* causes conc5tration into cities & :i* makes manufactur+ t[ns ( manufactur+ villages4 ,b !reby at ! same "t x und]m9es ! ess5tials ( its own motive =ce4 ,! fir/ requisite ( ! /eam eng9e & a prime requisite ( all bran*es ( motive p[] is a suffici5t quantity ( pure wat]4 ,! factory t[n trans=ms all wat] into evil smell+ sewage4 ,!re=e1 9 proportion z ! conc5tration into cities is ! f\ndation ( capitali/ic production1 ea* individual capitali/ tries to get away f ! t[ns :i* h be5 necess>ily produc$ to ! motive =ces ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is process may be individually obs]v$ 9 ! textile di/ricts ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire4 ,! great] indu/ry creates new t[ns 9 ! c\rse ( its progress f ! t[n to ! c\ntry4 ,! same ph5om5on 0 to be obs]v$ 9 ! di/ricts ( ! metal indu/ry :]e some:at diff]5t causes produce id5tical results4 ,! capitali/ic "* ( ! great] indu/ry is responsible = ?is aimless blund]+ & ^! new contradictions4 ,only a society :i* organizes its indu/rial =ces accord+ to a s+le great h>moni\s plan1 c p]mit indu/ry to settle itself 9 su* a mann] ?r\gh\t ! l& z to secure its own developm5t & ! ret5tion & developm5t ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( production4 ,! abolition ( ! antagonism betwe5 t[n & c\ntry is n[ n only possible1 x has become an absolute necessity = indu/rial production itself4 ,x has also become a necessity = agricultural production1 & is1 above all1 ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( ! public heal?4 ,only ?r\gh ! amalgamation ( city & c\ntry c ! pres5t poison+ ( air1 wat]1 & localities1 be put at an end & ! wa/e fil? ( ! cities be us$ = ! cultivation ( vegetation r ?an ! spread+ ( disease4 ,! capitali/ic indu/ry has made itself relatively indep5d5t ( local limitations = its raw mat]ials4 ,! textile indu/ry works ) import$ raw mat]ials = ! mo/ "p4 ,spani% iron ores are work$ up 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 & ,s\? ,am]ican copp] ores 9 ,engl&4 ,e coal field supplies a ye>ly increas+ numb] ( places beyond its own conf9es4 ,! :ole coa/ ( ,europe has /eam eng9es driv5 by ,engli% &1 occasionally ,g]man & ,belgian1 coal4 ,a society fre$ f ! limits ( capitali/ic production c\ld make /ill fur!r advances4 ,:ile x makes a sort ( all r\nd skill$ produc]s1 :o are acqua9t$ ) ! sci5tific requirem5ts ( g5]al indu/rial production1 & by :om e new succession ( bran*es ( production is completely develop$ f beg9n+ to end1 x creates a new productive =ce :i* und]takes ! transportation ( a sup]abundance ( raw mat]ial or fuel4 ,! abolition ( ! sep>ation betwe5 t[n & c\ntry is no ,utopia1 x is an ess5tial condition ( ! proportionate di/ribution ( ! great] indu/ry ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,civilization has left u a numb] ( l>ge cities1 z an inh]itance1 :i* x w take mu* "t & tr\ble to aboli%4 ,b !y mu/ & w be done away )1 h[ev] mu* "t & tr\ble x may take4 ,:atev] fate may be 9 /ore = ! ,g]man nation1 ,bism>ck may h ! pr\d consci\sness t 8 de>e/ wi%1 ! d[nfall ( ! great city1 w be fulfill$4 ,& n[ we c see ! *ildi%ness ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s notion t society c obta9 possession ( ! means ( production )\t revolutioniz+ ! old me?ods ( production f ! gr\nd up & above all do+ away ) ! old =m ( ! division ( labor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is easy to see t ! revolution>y elem5ts :i* w aboli% ! old division ( labor toge!r ) ! sep>ation ( t[n & c\ntry & w revolutionize production z a :ole are already 9 embryo 9 ! me?ods ( production ( ! mod]n great indu/ry & _! unfold+ is only h9d]$ by ! capitali/ic me?ods ( production ( to-day4 ,b to see all ?is1 x is necess>y to h a broad] outlook ?an ! m]e limitations ( ! ,prussian ,code1 ! c\ntry :]e s*napps & beet sug> are ! /aple indu/ries1 & y h to /udy indu/rial crises by way ( ! book-trade4 7,?is is a sne] at "o ( ,duehr+'s illu/rations3 ,ed47 ,"o has to und]/& ! hi/ory & ! pres5t manife/ations ( ! great] indu/ry p>ticul>ly 9 t l& :]e x has its home & :]e x has _h its classic developm5t4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t mod]n sci5tific socialism c be done away ) by ! specific ,prussian ,socialism ( ,h]r ,duehr+4 ,di/ribution4 ,we h se5 t ,duehr+'s economics dep5d ^u ! /atem5t t ! capitali/ic me?od ( production is good en\gh & c be kept up1 b t ! capitali/ic me?od ( di/ribution is bad & mu/ be done away )4 ,we n[ discov] t ! sociality ( ,h]r ,duehr+ is m]ely ! imag9>y putt+ into =ce ( ?is /atem5t4 ,9 fact x appe>s t ,h]r ,duehr+ has no?+ to decl>e respect+ ! me?od ( production z su* 9 a capitali/ic society1 & t he w ma9ta9 ! old division ( labor 9 all its ess5tial features4 ,s he has h>dly a ^w to say ab\t production 9 8 social /ate4 ,production is too dang]\s a gr\nd = him to tread on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 8 e/imation1 di/ribution is n b\nd up ) production b c be settl$ by an act ( ! w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u consid] all ! ideas ( ,h]r ,duehr+ z realiz$4 ,let u !n assume t ! society pays ea* ( its memb]s = 8 "w a sum 9 gold 9 :i* are incorporat$ six h\rs ( labor1 say twelve m>ks4 ,let u n[ imag9e t prices & values are 9 full accord1 s t "u our hypo!sis only ! co/ ( raw mat]ials1 ! we> & te> ( ma*9]y1 ! use ( tools & wages are compreh5d$4 ,a society !n ( a hundr$ work+ memb]s produces daily goods ( ! value ( #abjj m>ks1 & 9 a ye> ( ?ree hundr$ work+ days ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& m>ks & exp5ds ! entire am\nt on its work+ memb]s & ?us ea* memb] has 8 %>e ( ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ m>ks a ye>4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> & at ! end ( a hundr$ ye>s ! society is no bett] (f ?an x 0 at ! beg9n+4 ,accumulation is entirely ov]look$4 ,worse ?an t1 s9ce accumulation is a social necessity & ! ho>d+ ( gold is an elem5t>y =m ( accumulation1 ! organization ( a society on ?is basis w necessitate private accumulation on ! "p ( its memb]s & consequ5tly ! de/ruction ( ! society4 ,h[ c ?is difficulty ) respect to ! economic society be ov]come8 ,refuge might be tak5 9 a =cible rais+ ( proce$s & ! produce ( ! society sold at f\r hundr$ & eighty ?\s& m>ks in/ead ( = ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s&4 ,b all o!r economic societies w\ld be 9 ! same fix & ea* w\ld h to make x out ( ! o!r ) ! result t !y w\ld only be extort+ tribute f _! own memb]s4 ,or x might f9d an easy way out by pay+ = six h\rs "w less ?an ! product ( six h\rs "w1 eight m>ks a day in/ead ( twelve1 prices rema9+ ! same4 ,x accompli%es 9 ?is way pla9ly & op5ly :at =m]ly x did secretly1 x adopts ! ,m>x surplus value notion to ! am\nt ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m>ks a ye>1 s9ce x pays ! memb]s "u ! value ( _! "w & reckons ! goods :i* !y are only able to buy by its means at _! full value4 ,8 economic society !re=e c only get a res]ve fund by adopt+ ! truck sy/em4 ,!re=e "o ( two ?+s is c]ta91 ei!r ! economic society practices equal "w = equal "w & !n x c get no funds = ! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( indu/ry except ?r\gh private s\rces1 or x does create su* a fund & ceases to practice equal "w = equal "w4 ,?is is ! fact ab\t ! ex*ange 9 ! economic society1 b :at ab\t ! =m ( x8 ,accord+ to ,h]r ,duehr+ 9 8 economic society money does n function z money betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,x s]ves m]ely z a labor c]tificate2 x corresponds ) ! expression ( ,m>x only ! %>e ( ! individual ( ! common labor1 & 8 individual claim to ! consumption ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! common product & 9 ?is function1 says ,h]r ,duehr+1 x is j z little money z a !at] ticket4 ,9 %ort x functions 9 ex*ange l ,ow5s labor-"t money4 ,z f> z ! m]e calculat+ betwe5 am\nt due = production & ! am\nt to be exp5d$ 9 consumption ( ! individual memb] ( ! society is conc]n$1 pap] m>k]s or gold w\ld s]ve ! purpose equally well4 ,b x w\ld n d = o!r purposes z w appe>4 ,if ! specie does n function z money among ! memb]s ( a giv5 society1 b z a m>k ( labor1 x functions /ill less z money 9 ! ex*ange betwe5 diff]5t economic societies4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,h]r ,duehr+1 !re=e1 specie z money is entirely sup]flu\s4 ,9 fact x w\ld be m]e bookkeep+ to set (f ! products ( equal labor aga9/ ! products ( equal labor1 accord+ to ! natural measure ( labor-"t1 tak+ ! labor-h\r z a unit--if ! labor h\rs are fir/ translat$ into t]ms ( money4 ,ex*ange is 9 reality only simple ex*ange2 all surpluses are easily & simply equaliz$ by means ( bills ( ex*ange on o!r societies4 ,b :5 "o community has a deficit 9 its deal+s ) ano!r community x c only make x up by increas+ its labor output1 if x is n to suff] disgrace 9 ! eyes ( o!r communities4 ,! read] w notice "h t ?is is no attempt at social recon/ruction4 ,we are simply tak+ ! notions ( ,h]r ,duehr+ & %[+ _! unavoidable conclusions4 ,!re=e nei!r 9 ex*ange among ! individual memb]s ( a society nor 9 ex*ange betwe5 diff]5t economic societies c gold realize itself z money4 ,yet ,h]r ,duehr+ says t ! function ( money is c>ri$ out ev5 9 8 sociality4 ,we mu/ !re=e discov] ano!r field ( activity = ?is money function4 ,h]r ,duehr+ pr$icates a quantitatively equal consumption4 ,b he _c compel t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he prides himself t 9 8 community "o c d ) 8 money z he w4 ,he _c prev5t "o man1 !re=e1 f sav+ money & ano!r f n mak+ 8 wages suffici5t4 ,?is is indisputable1 = he recognises ! common prop]ty ( ! family 9 inh]itance & talks ab\t ! duty ( p>5ts to provide = _! *ildr54 ,!reby 8 quantitatively equal consumption comes a cropp]4 ,! "y unm>ri$ man c get along spl5didly on twelve m>ks a day1 b ! wid[] ) eight "y *ildr5 has a h>d "t ( x4 ,on ! o!r h& ! community1 s9ce x takes money 9 paym5t )\t c]emony1 lets money be acquir$ o!rwise ?an by individual labor :5 ! opportunity (f]s4 ,non olet4 ,x does n "k :5ce x comes4 ,b n[ arises ! *ance = money :i* has up to n[ play$ ! role ( a /&>d ( "w p]=m$ to op]ate z real money4 ,! opportunities & ! motives arise = sav+ money on ! "o h& & squ&]+ x on ! o!r4 ,! ne$y borr[s f ! sav]4 ,! borr[$ money tak5 by ! community 9 paym5t = means ( liv+ becomes aga91 :at x is 9 pres5t day society1 ! social inc>nation ( human labor1 ! real measure ( labor1 ! univ]sal means ( circulation4 ,all ! laws 9 ! _w are p[]less aga9/ x1 j z p[]less z !y are aga9/ ! multiplication table or ! *emical composition ( wat]4 ,& ! sav] ( money is 9 a position to dem& int]e/ s t specie function+ z money aga9 becomes a bre$] ( int]e/4 ,s f> z we h only dealt ) ! op]ation ( specie inside ( ,h]r ,duehr+'s economic society4 ,b beyond ! conf9es ( t society ! _w goes peacefully along its old way4 ,gold & silv] rema9 9 ! _w-m>ket1 z _w money1 z ! univ]sal means ( pur*ase & paym5t1 z ! absolute social incorporation ( weal?4 ,& 9 ?is own]%ip ( ! preci\s metals ! individual societies f9d a new motive = sav+1 = gett+ ri*1 = increas+ _! supply1--! motive ( becom+ free & indep5d5t ( ! communities beyond _! bord]s & ( conv]t+ into money _! pil$ up weal? 9 ! _w m>ket4 ,! pr(it hunt]s trans=m !mselves into trad]s 9 ! means ( circulation1 into bank]s1 into controll]s ( ! means ( production1 ?\gh ^! may rema9 =ev] z ! prop]ty ( ! economic & trad+ communities 9 "n4 ,!re) ! sav]s & pr(it mong]s :o h be5 conv]t$ into bank]s become ! lords ( ! economic & trad+ communes4 ,! sociality ( ,h]r ,duehr+ is v di/9ct f ! cl\dy ideas ( ! e>li] sociali/s4 ,x has no o!r end ?an ! resurrection ( ! high f9ance4 ,! only value ) :i* political economy is acqua9t$ is ! value ( commodities4 ,:at are commodities8 ,products produc$ 9 a society compos$ ( m or less sep>at$ private produc]s & !re=e private products4 ,b ^! private products fir/ become commodities :5 !y are made n = private use b = ! use ( someone else1 t is = social use4 ,!y are conv]t$ into objects ( social use by means ( ex*ange4 ,! private produc]s are !re=e 9 a social relation%ip1 !y con/itute a society4 ,_! private products1 :ile ! private products ( ea* individual1 are at ! same "t1 unconsci\sly & inde$ involunt>ily1 social products also4 ,:]e9 does ! social "* ( ^! private products consi/8 ,pla9ly 9 two prop]ties1 9 ! fir/ place because !y satisfy human ne$s b h no use-value = ! produc]s1 & 9 ! second place t1 :ile !y are ! products ( individual private produc]s1 !y are at ! same "t pla9ly ! products ( human labor1 ( human labor 9 g5]al4 ,9 s f> z !y h a use-value = o!r p !y c be ex*ang$2 9 s f> z !y all possess ! common quality ( human labor 9 g5]al1 !y c be mutually comp>$ 9 ex*ange by means ( ?is labor4 ,9 two simil> products "u id5tical social conditions !re may be unequal am\nts ( private labor1 b equal am\nts ( human labor 9 g5]al4 ,an unskillful smi? might take z long to make five horse%oes z x w\ld take a skillful smi? to make t54 ,b society does n fix ! price accord+ to accid5tal lack ( skill ( ! "o1 x recognises only human labor 9 g5]al1 ! human labor ( ! ord9>y normal skill$ smi?4 ,ea* ( ! five horse%oes !n made by ! fir/ does n h any m value ?an ea* ( ! o!r t5 :i* 7 made 9 ! same "t z ! five4 ,only s f> z is socially necess>y does private labor compreh5d human labor 9 g5]al4 ,!re=e ,i ma9ta9 t a commodity has a c]ta9 value1 #a/4 because x is a socially useful product1 #bnd4 because x is produc$ by a private individual = private pr(it1 #c;d4 because :ile x is a product ( private labor1 x is1 at ! same "t1 unconsci\sly & involunt>ily a social product & ex*anges socially accord+ to a def9ite social /&>d1 #d?4 ?is /&>d is n express$ 9 t]ms ( labor1 9 s _m h\rs1 b 9 ano!r commodity4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i say t ?is clock is wor? ?is piece ( clo? & t !y are bo? wor? fifty m>ks1 ,i say t 9 ! clock1 ! clo? & ! gold !re is an equal am\nt ( social labor4 ,i also affirm t ! am\nts ( social labor "t 9 !m are socially measur$ & f\nd to be equal1 n directly & absolutely h[ev]1 z "o measures labor "t 9 h\rs or days1 b 9 a r\nd ab\t fa%ion1 relatively1 by means ( ex*ange4 ,i _c !re=e express ?is c]ta9 am\nt ( labor-"t 9 labor h\rs1 s9ce _! numb] is n kn[n to me1 b ,i c express x relatively 9 t]ms ( ano!r commodity1 :i* has ! same am\nt ( labor "t incorporat$ 9 x4 ,! clock is wor? z mu* z ! piece ( clo?4 ,b :ile ! production ( commodities & ! ex*ange ( commodities compel ! society re/+ ^u !m to take ?is r\ndab\t c\rse1 !y are impell$ to a %ort5+ ( ! process4 ,!y sep>ate f ! mass ( commodities "o sov]eign commodity1 9 :i* ! value ( all o!r commodities c be univ]sally express$1 a commodity :i* is ! complete inc>nation ( social labor1 &1 aga9/ :i*1 all o!r commodities may be set 9 direct comp>ison--gold4 ,gold already g]m9ates 9 ! idea ( value1 x is only develop$ value4 ,b s9ce ! commodity value exi/s 9 gold also1 itself be+ a commodity1 a new factor arises 9 ! society :i* produces & ex*anges commodities1 a factor ) new social functions & op]ations4 ,we c n[ exam9e ?is a little m closely4 ,! economy ( ! production ( commodities is by no means ! only sci5ce :i* has to reckon ) relatively kn[n factors4 ,ev5 9 physics1 we d n "k h[ _m s+le gas molecules !re are 9 a giv5 volume ( gas1 pressure & temp]ature be+ giv54 ,b we "k1 z f> z ,boyle's law is correct1 t a giv5 volume ( t gas has z _m molecules z a simil> volume ( ano!r select$ gas at ! same pressure & ! same temp]ature4 ,we c !re=e comp>e ! diff]5t volumes ( diff]5t gases ) respect to _! molecul> cont5t1 &1 if we take "o litre ( gas at #j deg4 ,fahr5heit z ! unit we c ref] ! molecul> cont5t ( ea* to ?is /&>d4 ,9 *emi/ry ! absolute atomic weights ( sep>ate elem5ts is unkn[n to u4 ,b we "k !m relatively :5 we "k _! mutual conditions4 ,& j z ! production ( commodities & _! economy has a relative expression = ! unkn[n quantities ( labor exi/+ 9 commodities1 s9ce x comp>es ^! commodities accord+ to ! relative am\nts ( labor :i* !y conta91 s *emi/ry makes a relative expression = ! am\nts ( atomic weights unkn[n to x1 s9ce x comp>es ! sep>ate elem5ts accord+ to _! atomic weights & expresses ! weight ( ! "o z multiples or factors ( ! o!r4 ,& j z ! production ( commodities elevates gold to ! position ( an absolute commodity1 to ! univ]sal equival5t = o!r commodities1 ! measure ( values1 s *emi/ry elevates hydrog5 to ! position ( a *emical gold-commodity1 s9ce x fixes ! atomic weight ( hydrog5 at #a & r$uces ! atomic weights ( all ! o!r elem5ts 9 t]ms ( hydrog5 & expresses !m z multiples ( its atomic weight4 ,! production ( commodities is by no means ! exclusive =m ( social production4 ,9 ! anci5t ,indian communities & ! family communities ( ! ,s\!rn ,slavs products 7 n trans=m$ into commodities4 ,! memb]s ( ! community 7 directly engag$ 9 social production1 ! "w 0 di/ribut$ z cu/om & circum/ances requir$ z 7 ! products z !y came into ! realm ( consumption4 ,direct social production & direct social consumption exclude all ex*ange ( commodities & h5ce ! trans=mation ( products into commodities 7at lea/ )9 ! conf9es ( ! society7 & !re) _! trans=mation into value4 ,z soon z society comes into direct possession ( ! means ( production & und]takes production z a society1 ! labor ( ea*1 h[ev] di/9ctive its special useful "* may be1 becomes direct social labor4 ,! am\nt ( social labor exi/+ 9 a product does n !n h to be e/abli%$ 9 a r\ndab\t way1 daily exp]i5ce %[s ! av]age am\nt ( human labor necess>y4 ,society c easily det]m9e h[ _m h\rs ( labor !re are 9 a /eam eng9e1 h[ _m 9 a hectolitre ( :eat ( la/ h>ve/1 h[ _m 9 a hundr$ squ>e y>ds ( clo? ( a giv5 quality4 ,x _c !re=e happ5 t ! quantities ( labor embodi$ 9 commodities1 :i* w !n be absolutely & directly kn[n1 w be express$ 9 t]ms ( a measure :i* is only relative1 fluctuat+1 inadequate & absolute1 9 a ?ird product1 & n 9 _! natural1 adequate & absolute measure1 "t4 ,?is w\ld n happ5 any m ?an 9 *emi/ry4 ,"o w\ld express ! atomic weights indirectly by means ( hydrog5 if x 7 possible to express !m absolutely 9 _! adequate measure1 t is 9 real weight1 t is 9 billions or quadrillions ( grammes4 ,"u ! =ego+ conditions1 !n1 society ascribes no value to products4 ,! simple fact t a hundr$ y>ds ( clo? h tak5 a ?\s& h\rs 9 _! production ne$ n be express$ 9 any di/ort$ or fooli% fa%ion1 !y w\ld be wor? a ?\s& labor h\rs4 ,society w\ld !n "k h[ mu* labor ea* object ( use requir$ = its creation4 ,x w\ld h to direct ! plan ( production 9 accordance ) ! means ( production to :i* labor-=ce also belongs4 ,! advantage\s effects ( ! diff]5t objects ( use & _! relations to ea* o!r & ! creation ( ! necess>y means ( labor w\ld be ! sole det]m9ants ( ! plan ( production4 ,p make ?+s v easily )\t any int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! mu* discuss$ value4 ,! value idea is ! mo/ univ]sal & ! mo/ compreh5sive expression ( ! economic conditions ( ! production ( commodities4 ,9 ! idea ( value !re is n only ! g]m ( gold b also ( ^? m highly develop$ =ms ( commodity production & ex*ange4 ,s9ce value is ! expression ( ! social labor incorporat$ 9 individual products1 !re lies ! possibility ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! individual labor embodi$ 9 ! same product4 ,?is diff]5ce becomes v app>5t to a private produc] :o abides by an old fa%ion$ me?od ( production :ile ! social me?od ( production has tak5 a /ep =w>d4 ,x !n appe>s t ! sum ( all ! private manufactur]s ( a giv5 commodity produce an am\nt 9 excess ( ! social ne$s4 ,!n1 s9ce ! value ( a commodity is express$ only 9 t]ms ( o!r commodities & c only be realis$ 9 ex*ange ) !m1 ! possibility arises t ei!r ex*ange w cease or t ! commodity w n realise its full value4 ,f9ally1 ! specific commodity labor-=ce f9ds its value l t ( o!r w>es 9 ! social labor "t necess>y = its production4 ,9 ! value =m ( ! product !re is already 9 embryo ! entire capitali/ic =m ( production1 ! antagonism betwe5 ! capitali/s & ! wage-work]s1 ! indu/rial res]ve army1 ! crisis4 ,! capitali/ic sy/em w be aboli%$ by ! re/oration ( true value 7j z ,ca?olicism w be aboli%$ by ! re/oration ( ! true ,pope71 or by ! re/oration ( a society 9 :i* ! produc] f9ally dom9ates 8 product1 by ! do+ away ( an economic category :i* is ! mo/ compreh5sive expression ( ! slav]y ( ! produc] to 8 own product4 ,:5 ! society produc+ commodities has develop$ ! inh]5t value =m ( ! commodities1 z su*1 to ! gold-=m1 v>i\s g]ms ( value hi!rto hidd5 !reupon beg9 to spr\t4 ,! next sub/antial /ep is ! g5]alis+ ( commodity =ms4 ,gold makes objects directly produc$ = use into commodities by driv+ !m into ex*ange4 ,!reupon ! commodity & ! gold smite ! community :i* is engag$ 9 social production1 break "o social tie aft] ano!r & f9ally dissolve ! society into a mass ( private produc]s4 ,gold e/abli%es1 z 9 ,india1 individual cultivation ( ! l& 9 ! place ( communal cultivation1 !n x de/roys ! sy/em ( regul> di/ribution ( communal l&s among individuals & makes own]%ip f9al1 & la/ly x leads to ! division ( ! communal wood l&4 ,:atev] o!r causes aris+ f ! indu/rial developm5t may "w along ) x1 gold is always ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t = ! de/ruction ( ! communal society4 ,! ,/ate1 ! ,family1 & ,education4 7,h]r ,duehr+ says ,9 ! free society !re w be no religion1 s9ce1 9 all its degrees1 x t5ds to de/roy ! orig9ality ( ! *ild1 9 t x places some?+ above nature or beh9d x1 :i* may be affect$ by means ( works or pray]s also a prop]ly con/itut$ sociali/ /ate w d away ) all ! p>aph]nalia ( spirituali/ic magic1 & all ! actual =ms ( religion4 ,engels proce$s--7 ,religion w be =bidd54 ,n[1 religion is no?+ b ! fanta/ic reflection 9 m5's m9ds ( ! ext]nal =ces :i* dom9ate _! e day exi/5ce1 a reflection 9 :i* e>?ly =ces take ! =m ( ! sup]-natural4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory x is ! =ces ( nature :i* fir/ produce ?is reflection & 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( diff]5t peoples give rise to manifold & v>i\s p]sonification4 ,?is fir/ process is capable ( be+ trac$1 at lea/ z f> z ! ,indo-,european peoples are conc]n$1 by comp>ative my?ology1 to its s\rce 9 ! ,indian ,v$as & its advance c be %[n among ! ,indians1 ,greeks1 ,p]sian1 ,romans1 & ,g]mans1 &1 z f> z ! mat]ial is available1 also among ! ,celts1 ,li?uanians1 & ,slavs4 ,b1 besides ! =ces ( nature1 ! social =ces dom9at$ m5 by _! app>5t necessity1 = ^! =ces 71 9 reality1 j z /range & unacc\ntable to m5 z 7 ! =ces ( nature4 ,! imag9>y =ms 9 :i*1 at fir/1 only ! secret =ces ( nature 7 reflect$1 became possess$ ( social attributes1 became ! repres5tatives ( hi/orical =ces4 ,by a /ill fur!r developm5t ! natural & social attributes ( a numb] ( gods 7 trans=m$ to "o all-p[]ful god1 :o is1 on 8 "p1 only ! reflection ( man 9 ! ab/ract4 ,s arose mono!ism1 :i* 0 hi/orically ! late/ product ( ! ,greek vulg> philosophy1 & f\nd its imp]sonation 9 ! ,hebrew exclusively national god1 ,jahve4 ,9 ?is conv5i5t1 h&y & adaptible =m religion c cont9ue to exi/ z ! direct1 t is1 ! emotional =m ( ! relations ( man to ! dom9at+ outside1 natural1 & social =ces1 z long z man is "u ! p[] ( ^! =ces4 ,b we h se5 ov] & ov] aga9 9 mod]n b\rgeois society t man is dom9at$ by ! conditions :i* he has himself creat$ & t he is controll$ by ! same means ( production :i* he himself has made4 ,! fundam5tal facts :i* give rise to ! reflection by religion !re=e /ill p]si/ & ) !m ! reflection p]si/s also4 ,& j because b\rgeois economy has a c]ta9 insight into ! relations ( ! orig9al causes ( ?is ph5om5on1 x does n alt] x a p>ticle4 ,b\rgeois economy c nei!r prev5t crises1 on ! :ole1 nor c x /op ! gre$ ( ! individual capitali/s1 _! disgrace & bankruptcy1 nor c x prev5t ! individual labor]s f suff]+ deprivation ( employm5t & pov]ty4 ,man proposes & ,god 7to wit1 ! outside =ce ( ! capitali/ic me?od ( production7 disposes4 ,m]e k ev5 ?\gh x be broad] & deep] ?an b\rgeois economics is ( no avail to upset ! social =ces ( ! ma/] ( society4 ,t is fundam5tally a social act4 ,let u suppose t ?is act is accompli%$ & society 9 all its grades fre$ f ! slav]y to ! means ( production :i* x has made b :i* n[ dom9ate x z an outside =ce4 ,let u suppose t man no long] m]ely proposes b t he also disposes4 ,"u su* conditions ! la/ ve/iges ( ! ext]nal =ce :i* n[ dom9ates man are de/roy$1 t =ce :i* is n[ reflect$ 9 religion4 ,!re)1 ! religi\s reflection itself is de/roy$ ow+ to ! simple fact t !re is no?+ m to reflect4 ,b ,h]r ,duehr+ _c wait until religion dies a natural dea?4 ,he treats x aft] a radical fa%ion4 ,he out ,bism>cks ,bism>ck1 he makes sev]e ,may laws n only aga9/ ,ca?olicism b aga9/ all religion4 ,he sets 8 g5d>mes ( ! future on religion & !reby gives x a long] lease ( life by m>tyrdom4 ,:]ev] we look we f9d t ,duehr+'s socialism has ! ,prussian br&4 ,aft] ,h]r ,duehr+ has bli!ly got rid ( religion he says ,man c n[1 s9ce he is dep5d5t ^u himself & nature alone1 intellig5tly direct ! social =ces 9 e way :i* op5 to him ! c\rse ( ?+s & 8 own exi/5ce4 ,let u look = a little :ile at t c\rse ( ?+s to :i* ! self-reliant human c give direction4 ,! fir/ 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s by :i* man becomes self-reliant is be+ born4 ,!n dur+ ! "t ( 8 immaturity 8 education is 9 ! h&s ( 8 "m4 ,?is p]iod may1 z 9 ! old ,roman law1 rea* to ! age ( pub]ty1 t is to ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,only :]e ! old] boys d n respect ! au?ority ( ! "m does ! fa!r's assi/ance play a "p & ! public me?od ( education robs ?is ( all h>m4 ,) pub]ty ! boy comes "u ! natural c>e ( 8 fa!r1 :]e ?is is ex]cis$ 9 a truly fa!rly mann]1 9 o!r cases society takes *>ge ( 8 education4 ,z ,h]r ,duehr+ has already ma9ta9$ ! position t x is possible to conv]t ! capitali/ic me?ods ( production into social me?ods )\t di/urb+ ! mode ( production itself1 s he "h seems to ?9k t "o c sep>ate ! mod]n b\rgeois family f its entire economic f\ndations )\t any *ange 9 ! :ole =m ( ! family4 ,?is =m is s p]man5t 9 8 e/imation t he ?9ks ( ! old ,roman jurisprud5ce1 9 an improv$ =m1 z ! model ( ! family = ev]1 & he does n conceive ( ! family o!rwise ?an z a p]man5t unit4 ,! ,utopi/s h ! sup]iority ov] ,h]r ,duehr+ "h4 ,9 _! e/imation a really free mutual condition w\ld arise 9 all ! family relations z a result ( ! free association & ! public own]%ip ( ! in/rum5ts ( production toge!r ) ! in/itution ( a sy/em ( public education4 ,& ,m>x has %[n fur!rmore 9 8 ,capital h[ ! great] indu/ry1 :i* takes wid[s1 "y p]sons & *ildr5 ( bo? sexes f ! home1 & employs !m 9 organiz$ social productive processes1 lays ! f\ndation = a high] =m ( ! family & bett] conditions = p ( bo? sexes4 ,,l&m>ks ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,socialism ,,app5dix ,! =ego+ pages w h giv5 ! read] "s idea ( ! inf9ite c>e :i* ,engels exp5d$ 9 ord] to keep abrea/ ( ! *ief sci5tific discov]ies ( 8 times4 ,he 0 z pa9/ak+ z a g5ius4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 mode/y 0 almo/ absurd1 = he nev] v5tur$ to claim any?+ = himself1 & su* ability z 0 display$ 9 ! lay+ ( ! economic political f\ndations ( ! sociali/ movem5t 0 inv>iably cr$it$ by him to ! sup]ior tal5t & compreh5sion ( ,m>x4 ,!re is no "q t ! "w con/itutes a mo/ effective reply to ! argum5ts ( ,duehr+1 ) :om1 poor fell[1 we ne$ no long] tr\ble ourselves4 ,x con/itutes1 moreov]1 a v =midable answ] to all ^? :o seek = a ju/ification ( ! sociali/ movem5t 9 ^? ab/ract conceptions :i* ! av]age man f9ds x s h>d to escape4 ,9 fact1 s remov$ is ! po9t ( view ( ! writ] ( ! =ego+ pages f t ( ! man 9 ! /reet t x is d\btful :e!r x is possible = m ?an a comp>atively few /ud5ts ?or\ghly to grasp ! significance ( ! dialectic & to apply x 9 a satisfactory & effective fa%ion4 ,/ill1 !re is no "q t ?is und]/&+ ( ! sociali/ movem5t1 z a movem5t1 is absolutely requir$ ( all :o c be consid]$ z tak+ an intellig5t & useful attitude ) reg>d to social & political que/ions4 ,! possession ( ?is key gave ! two f\nd]s ( ! mod]n sociali/ movem5t su* a compreh5sion ( ! t5d5cies ( mod]n civilization z enabl$ !m to make ^? economic & political pr$ictions :i* h be5 s completely fulfill$4 ,!re is little ne$ to call att5tion to ! fact t mu* ( ,engels' argum5t is n[ antiquat$ 9 face ( ! gr[? ( sci5ce & ! almo/ incr$ible developm5t ( me*anical inv5tion & ! mat]ial progress consequ5t ^u x4 ,x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,! wond]s ( ,engels' day are ! commonplaces ( our exi/5ce4 ,! ma*9es1 :i* he consid]$ s wond]ful & s *ange-compell+ h already be5 scrapp$ = new ma*9es ( great] p[] & capacity = production4 ,! rem>k t ! battle%ip _h 9 8 "t arriv$ at a po9t :]e x 0 z exp5sive z x 0 unfit = fight+ s\nds almo/ ridicul\s 9 face ( ! trem5d\s developm5t ( ! eng9es ( naval w>f>e s9ce he wrote1 & ! inv5tion & use ( ! subm>9e4 ,/ill x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re has be5 no really great te/ ( %ips ( w> s9ce ,engels' day & t ! exp5se ( mod]n navies is worry+ ! gov]nm5ts to di/raction4 ,only a few weeks ago ,"l ,*>les ,b]es=d refus$ to accept ! comm& ( ! ,*annel ,squadron unless provid$ ) an equipm5t ! exp5se ( :i* seem$ almo/ intol]able to ,great ,brita91 weal?y z t c\ntry is & dep5d5t z %e is on ! ma9t5ance ( ! sea p[]4 ,great armies are /ill on ! increase & ! exp5se ( _! support comb9$ ) ! unsatisfactor9ess ( _! p]=mances is by no means reassur+ to ^? :o h ! responsibility = national milit>y organization4 ,! ,bo] ,w> prov$ ! unreliability ( ! arm$ =ces ( "o p[]1 at all ev5ts1 & ! p]=mances ( great masses ( tra9$ m5 9 ! ,russo-,japanese conflict h n inspir$ any v great respect = ! effectiv5ess ( ^! colossal & exp5sive fight+ ma*9es4 ,toge!r ) ! breakd[n ( armies & navies1 z a mat]ial fact1 !re has gr[n up a /rong prejudice aga9/ _! employm5t1 & ! anti-w> attitude ( ! int]national prolet>iat has be5 supplem5t$ & /r5g!n$ by ! di/9ct gr[? ( an int]national peace _s 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! middle class4 ,s t 9 spite ( sup]ficial appe>ances x does n seem to be s v unlikely t ! action ( ! dialectic w be manife/ 9 ! de/ruction ( mod]n armam5ts1 at lea/ z f> z ! great] nations are conc]n$1 ?\gh !re is little d\bt t milit>y =ces w /ill be ma9ta9$ = ! purpose ( bully+ & ov]aw+ ! small] & weak] peoples4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! fact t ,engels nev] really dive/$ himself ( ! old =ty-eight _s4 ,! notion t a revolution w\ld break out some:]e 9 ! ne> future f9ds a curi\sly fix$1 if unexpress$1 lodgm5t 9 8 m9d4 ,"o _c help feel+ t he expect$ ?+s to mature e>li] ?an !y h done & t he anticipat$ t *anges 9 ! mode ( production & ! developm5t ( indu/ry w\ld h made a /rong] impression ^u ! m9d ( ! prolet>ian ?an hi/ory %[s to h be5 ! case4 ,?is lat5t1 b /ill p]si/5t1 notion is 9 curi\s contra/ to ! almo/ deta*$ way 9 :i*1 p>ticul>ly 9 8 lat] ye>s1 he views ! c\rse ( economic & political ev5ts4 ,he nev] really 9 fact dive/$ 8 m9d ( ! notion ( ! imm95ce ( social revolution1 = 9 8 #ahib preface to ,! ,condition ( ! ,work+ ,class 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdd he says1 ,i h tak5 c>e n to /rike out ( ! text ! _m prophecies1 among/ o!rs t ( an imm95t social revolution 9 ,engl&1 :i* my y\?ful ardor induc$ me to v5ture ^u4 ,8 y\?ful ardor seems nev] to h really abat$ 9 t respect4 ,! dreams ( boyhood seem to h haunt$ him & ! old fight] /irr$ uneasily 9 8 /udy *air at ! e*oes ( pa/ conflicts 9 :i* he also he>d ! bugles ( ! com+ fight4 ,to ^? :o h wat*$ ! developm5t ( ,engels' ?\ght1 z %[n 9 8 works1 ?is philosophic1 unemotional way ( look+ at ?+s proves ! effect ( exp]i5ce & age ^u ! fight]4 ,he />t$ ) a he>t inflam$ ) ! wrongs ( ! suff]+1 z ! damn+ pages ( ! "w above cit$ %[2 he ends ) a calm & dispassionate enquiry 7ap>t f :at he consid]$ to be ! exig5cies ( controv]sy7 into ! fundam5tal causes ( economic & social progress4 ,! burn+ en?usiasm & :ite-hot indignation _h di$ d[n 9 him ere he rea*$ ! /age ( ! ,duehr+ controv]sy4 ,he f9ds t al?\gh n ev]y?+ t is real is reasonable1 to use ! phrase aga9/ :i* he has fulm9at$ 9 ,feu]ba*1 nev]!less e /ep 9 human progress has be5 an ess5tial /ep & x is impossible to hurry ?+s4 ,to ! prolet>ian he looks ( c\rse z ! next great actor 9 ! drama ( social developm5t4 ,b ! prolet>ian1 :ile 8 de/9y is indubitable1 is /ill n a be+ ap>t f exi/+ conditions4 ,he exi/s 9 ! conditions1 is 9 fact "p ( ! conditions1 &1 :ile at w> ) !m1 takes on ! color ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! facts ( life h driv5 him to an unconsci\s rejection ( old fai?s & old philosophies b !y h n =c$ him to take up ! sword aga9/ ! actual realities ( mod]n life1 to :i* he appe>s1 9 fact1 to submit himself ) a humility :i* is at lea/ provok+ to ! eag] & en?usia/ic revolutioni/4 ,:at wond]s ( economic organization1 :at triumphs 9 me*anical production h be5 a*iev$ s9ce ,engels gave ! la/ revision to ?is book 9 #ahid we 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at lea/ h cause to "k4 ,! entire /ructure ( production has be5 modifi$ f top to bottom1 ! old individual doctr9e has fall5 victim to its dialectic1 & conc5trat$ indu/ry & collective capital n[ rise supreme ov] ! ru9s ( t individualism :i* gave !m bir? & to :i* !y owe _! exi/5ce4 ,9 ! "n ( ! individual ! individual is d5i$4 ,! c\rts h& d[n decisions 9 ! "n ( individual lib]ty :i* h = _! result ! de?ron+ & ext]m9ation ( ! individual4 ,! conglom]ation ( individual /ates :i* 0 consid]$ ! v f\ndation ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 & ! outw>d & visible sign ( collective sov]eignty is already 9 its dea? ?roes4 ,! dialectic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 c\rse ( developm5t & !re comes ab\t 9 consequ5ce ! bir? ( ! ,unit$ ,imp]ial ,republic1 a republic :i* is s only 9 "n1 :i* is1 9 fact1 z little ( a republic z 7 ^? olig>*ies ( ! ,middle ,ages ^: v exi/5ce defam$ ! "n ( republic4 ,! old ?+s h pass$ away1 all ?+s h become new4 ,/ill !re is "o factor :i* has n really appreciably *ang$1 "o factor :i* is always confront$ by ! same necessity1 ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ its exi/5ce4 ,?is factor is ! work+ class4 ,! dialectic is at "w ) ! work+ class also1 & t :i* accord+ to ! individuali/ic notion consi/$ ( isolat$ units seek+ _! daily bread 9 meek con=mity ) ! laws ( contract & prop]ty w disappe> into t great collective organiz$ body ( labor :i* spurns ! !ories ( contract & !reby makes itself no long] subject b ma/]4 ,,au/9 ,,lewis4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #dj3 socall$ replac$ ) s-call$ ,page #he3 ea* s+le ea* s+le replac$ ) ea* s+le ,page #hi3 self conta9$ replac$ ) self-conta9$ ,page #ajb3 any any replac$ ) any ,page #abf3 ,boyles replac$ ) ,boyle's ,page #abh3 prevailng replac$ ) prevail+ ,page #acd3 /puid replac$ ) /upid ,page #adj3 excepiton replac$ ) exception ,page #aed3 inaccurrate replac$ ) inaccurate ,page #aga3 s]ve x is a midwife replac$ ) s]ve x z a midwife ,page #agc3 a gra9 or b>ley replac$ ) a gra9 ( b>ley ,page #age3 discusion replac$ ) discussion ,page #aha3 unb]able replac$ ) unbe>able ,page #ahf3 fram]s replac$ ) f>m]s ,page #aib3 s s spl5didly replac$ ) s spl5didly ,page #aib3 b\rgeoise replac$ ) b\rgeoisie ,page #aic3 maunfacture replac$ ) manufacture ,page #aid3 inv5tivness replac$ ) inv5tiv5ess ,page #bje3 ^! peasant replac$ ) ^! peasants ,page #bag3 impossiblity replac$ ) impossibility ,page #bai3 devolpm5t replac$ ) developm5t ,page #bca3 on ! fir/ place replac$ ) 9 ! fir/ place ,page #bcc3 entrep5eurs replac$ ) entrepr5eurs ,page #bej3 communties replac$ ) communities ,page #bea3 hore%oes replac$ ) horse%oes ,page #beg3 himsel replac$ ) himself ,page #bfe3 develm5t replac$ ) developm5t ---------------------------------------- -------------------