,,! ,,next ,,/ep ,,9 ,,religion ,,an ,,essay ,,t[>d ,,! ,,com+ ,,r5aissance ,,by ,,roy ,,wood ,,sell>s1 ,ph4,d4 ,au?or ( ,critical ,realism1 ,! ,next ,/ep 9 ,democracy1 etc4 ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiah ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$1 ,augu/1 #aiah ,,to ,,hel5 ,,/alk] ,,sell>s ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,=eword ,! purpose ( ?is book is positive & con/ructive1 al?\gh x may n at fir/ appe> su* to ! read] ^: inh]it$ beliefs are freely *all5g$4 ,b let ! read] pond] ! fact t ! deepe/ spiritual life has always conc]n$ itself ) ! appreciation & ma9t5ance ( values4 ,he :o ackn[l$ges1 & wi%es to fur!r1 human values _c be said to be irreligi\s or unspiritual4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( religion has be5 op5ly *ang+ = "s "t n[ f sup]naturalism to :at may be/ be call$ a humani/ic naturalism4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is *ange is trac$ 9 _m ( ! *apt]s ( ! book4 ,!re h be5 _m /eps =w>d 9 ! pa/1 = e age mu/ possess its own religion1 a religion concordant ) its k & expressive ( its problems & aims4 ,! s9c]ity & adequacy ) :i* ?is necess>y task is done measures ! spiritual greatness ( ! p>ticul> age4 ,i h call$ ! book ,! ,next ,/ep 9 ,religion because ! "t is ripe = "o ( ! great /eps =w>d4 ,! sett+ ( religion mu/ be adju/$ to man's k4 ,let x n be fe>$ t man's spiritual life w be injur$ !reby4 ,r w x be made san]1 heal?i] & m creative4 ,! fir/ phase ( religion reflect$ man's helplessness & fe>4 ,he peopl$ 8 surr\nd+s ) consci\s p[]s1 sometimes adv]se1 sometimes fri5dly1 b always jeal\s4 ,man became _! slave4 ,z man became less ( a savage1 ^! gods ( 8 fancy became nobl]4 ,b !y /ill act$ l magnets to draw 8 att5tion away f 8 own problems4 ,! com+ phase ( religion w reflect man's p[] ov] nature & 8 moral c\rage 9 ! face ( ! facts & possibilities ( life4 ,x w be a religion ( action & passion1 a social religion1 a religion ( goals & prospects4 ,x w be a free man's religion1 a religion = an adult & aspir+ democracy4 ,a book mu/ 9 ! ma9 c>ry its own cr$5tials4 ,b !re may be ^? :o w wi% to c>ry ! que/ fur!r & deep]4 ,to ^? int]e/$ 9 my %>e 9 ?is l>g] "w ,i may m5tion my ,critical ,realism & ,! ,next ,/ep 9 ,democracy4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,sell>s4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*igan1 ,augu/ #e1 #aiah4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,sugge/ions 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,ii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,my? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ac ,,iii ,,/ories ,,( ,,creation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cj ,,iv ,,magic ,,& ,,ritual 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dd ,v ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( ,,*ri/ianity 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eh ,,vi ,,! ,,prophet ,,( ,,naz>e? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gb ,,vii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,*ri/ianity 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hd ,,viii ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,!ology 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ih ,,ix ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,ag5cy 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaj ,x ,,d ,,miracles ,,happ58 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abc ,,xi ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,immortality 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ach ,,xii ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,evil 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aec ,,xiii ,,religion ,,& ,,e?ics 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afi ,,xiv ,,! ,,*ur* ,,z ,,an ,,in/itution--,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur* 4 4 4 4 #ahg ,,xv ,,! ,,*ur* ,,z ,,an ,,in/itution--,,prote/antism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aih ,,xvi ,,! ,,humani/',s ,,religion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #baa #a ,,! ,,next ,,/ep ,,9 ,,religion ,,*apt] ,i ,,sugge/ions ,m ?an p are consci\sly aw>e1 a new view ( ! univ]se & ( man's place 9 x is =m+4 ,x is =m+ 9 ! laboratories ( sci5ti/s1 ! /udies ( ?9k]s1 ! congresses ( social work]s1 ! assemblies ( re=m]s1 ! /udios ( arti/s &1 ev5 m quietly1 9 ! circles ( _m homes4 ,?is new view is gr[+ b5ea? ! old z a bud gr[s b5ea? its cov]+1 & is sl[ly pu%+ x aside4 ,:ile ! inh]it$ outlook1 /ill app>5tly s /rong1 is los+ effectiv5ess & becom+ a ?+ ( conv5tions & phrases1 ! ideas & purposes :i* are replac+ x possess ! vigor & mom5tum ( contact ) ! liv+ t5d5cies & ne$s ( ! pres5t4 ,mank9d gr[s away f its traditional beliefs z inevitably z does ! boy or girl f *ildhood fancies1 & (t5 ) mu* ! same lack ( realization4 ,b ! "t is c]ta9 to come to bo? :5 ! *ange is press$ home & !re is ne$ = int]pretation & s]i\s self-commun+4 ,at su* a "t1 k9dly--yet uncompromis+ & v]aci\s--explanation ( ! nature & implications ( ! crisis is ! c\rse dictat$ by wisdom4 ,no?+ c be m cruel1 disorganiz+1 &1 9 a way1 insult+ ?an ! attempt to #b h>monize :at _c 9 ! long run be h>moniz$4 ,! agony is !n sure to be long drawn out & ! /r5g? ( s\l1 giv5 by fe>lessness1 is lo/4 ,i feel t ! fir/ law ( p]sonality is spiritual c\rage4 ,actions & me?ods f\nd$ on a d\bt ( ?is prim>y law lead to a blunt+ ( ! f9e edge ( ! self1 an injury great] ?an :i* c sc>cely be conceiv$4 ,9 ?is day ( te/+1 :5 s few h be5 f\nd lack+ 9 c\rage & ! capacity = self-sacrifice1 x seems peculi>ly fitt+ t spiritual values & beliefs be boldly ?r[n into ! ar5a1 !re to prove !mselves4 ,9 ! ye>s aft] ! ,great ,w>1 mank9d mu/ build its life afre% & x w be wise/ to see t ! f\ndation is a s\nd "o4 ,&1 z a matt] ( social psy*ology1 ,i d\bt t a p :i* is unwill+ to look c>efully to ! framework ( its social & spiritual edifice c build a noble mansion4 ,me*anical effici5cy & clev]ness w n be en\gh = ?is task ( spiritual creation4 ,we mu/ f9d la/+ values ar\nd :i* to build a humane life4 ,& ?is1 also1 is a k9d ( w>f>e4 ,"s h express$ to me a d\bt :e!r ,am]ica is prep>$ = ?is ef=t at recon/ruction ( a basic1 yet intangible1 sort4 ,i h hopes1 al?\gh n bl9d ones4 ,i refuse to take ! vulg>ities & ignorances ( popul> evangeli/s z completely diagno/ic ( ,am]ica's s\l4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 :i* are devot$ to a cle> /atem5t ( ! new view ( man & nature :i*1 9 its ess5tials1 has come to /ay1 ,i %all act accord+ to ?is law ( p]sonality1 to wit1 spiritual c\rage4 ,i %all expla9 ! spiritualiz$ naturalism to :i* we are asc5d+ 9 ! same _s t ! sci5ti/ pres5ts 8 facts--imp]sonally1 calmly1 & simply4 #c ,su*1 at lea/1 is my purpose & desire4 ,:at ,i write "h is 9 its way a confession ( fai?4 ,! values & loyalties :i* ,i %all proclaim z true1 r$emptive & invigorat+ are ^? :i* my own life & concrete reflection h select$4 ,9 !m ,i see ! possibility ( high spiritual atta9m5t4 ,! new view ( ! univ]se is f\nd$ ^u1 influ5c$ by1 & has = its necess>y sett+1 ! exact k :i* ! v>i\s special sci5ces1 m5tal z well z physical1 h be5 accumulat+4 ,?is k is r\nd+ into some?+ ( ! nature ( a :ole ^: int]pretation does n admit ( d\bt4 ,incomplete 9 detail ?\gh 8 k be1 man is no long] 9 ! d>k z to ! ma9 features ( ! _w & 8 own orig9 & de/9y4 ,he kn[s t he is an inhabitant ( a small planet 9 "o ( ! _m sol> sy/ems ( ! /ell> univ]se1 t he is ! product ( an age-long evolution 9 :i* v>iation & survival h be5 ! *ief me?ods ( advance1 t 8 m9d z well z 8 body has its natural ance/ry4 ,:ile x w always rema9 a wond]1 s to speak1 t !re is a univ]se 9 :i* & to :i* we awak51 x is equally c]ta9 t ! only s5sible ?+ to d is to seek to f9d out its "* & laws4 ,is x n l explor+ ! *amb]s & corridors ( a h\se 9 :i* "o %all live = a /at$ p]iod8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 man has always be5 curi\s ab\t 8 _w4 ,yet be=e he hit ^u ! prop] me?ods ( inve/igation1 he c\ld only guess & dream ab\t x1 "u ! sway ( hopes & fe>s :i* too easily ?rew !mselves l gigantic %ad[s be=e him4 ,! fire ( 8 untra9$ intellig5ce 0 feeble & unp5etrat+ &1 s1 di/ort$ ! _w :i* x #d dimly reveal$4 ,! result 0 :at mu/ be call$ ! old] religi\s view ( ! _w--a view :i* saw p]sonal & sup]-p]sonal ag5cy at ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,?is primitive int]pretation ( ! _w we %all be l$ to criticize1 b1 9 s do+1 we %all be ! s]vants ( tru? & ( a m adult spirituality4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! pati5tly acquir$ k1 obta9$ by sci5ce1 philosophy & a matur$ human wisdom1 has be5 f\nd to conflict ) ! fir/ int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,! recognition ( ?is conflict dates back n[ "s c5turies--! w>f>e betwe5 sci5ce & religion also has its hi/ory--b ea* g5]ation has se5 ! addition made ( "s new elem5t to ! cla% :i* is lead+ man to a new view ( ! _w4 ,:at is /rik+ ab\t ! pres5t situation is ! increase ( ! positive elem5ts 9 ! outlook :i* is =m+ 9 m5's m9ds4 ,9 ! pa/1 ! traditionali/ _h "s ju/ification 9 speak+ ( ! oppos$ ideas z l>gely negative4 ,:at positive doctr9e !re 0 9 ! physical sci5ce :i* !ology _h to meet1 to its discom=t1 _h only an indirect be>+ ^u life4 ,b ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! witness ( a di/9ct revolution 9 ?is reg>d4 ,i d n ref] m]ely to ! fact t ! idea ( evolution 0 appli$ to man4 ,t 0 prophetic & /rategic r ?an revolution>y4 ,x symboliz$ ! passage ( sci5ce f ! p]iph]y to ! c5t]1 f ! outly+ regions ( ! univ]se to man's v self4 ,all ! "t1 h[ev]1 a new p]spective _h be5 aris+ 9 man's int]e/s & values4 ,! possibilities & ne$s ( ?is life 7 replac+ ! dream ( ano!r life 9 #e ano!r _w4 ,a busy conc]n ) ! ?+s ( ?is _w 0 ev]y:]e evid5t4 ,man 0 seek+ to ma/] 8 environm5t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /age ( ?is revolution1 ! indu/rial & political *anges 7 ! mo/ prom95t4 ,a *ange 9 ! in/rum5talities ( life1 physical1 economic & political1 occupi$ m5's ?\ghts to a l>g] degree ?an ev] be=e4 ,b z ! n9ete5? c5tury circl$ to ! tw5tie?1 deep] notes became audible4 ,humanit>ianism1 con/ructive re=m1 social democracy became ! wat*words ( ! day4 ,i d n ?9k t x has yet be5 cle>ly realiz$ h[ completely ^! new aims & int]e/s fit 9 ) ! results ( sci5ce & yet pass beyond !m to ! s]vice ( human values4 ,! tru? seems to be t1 by an imp]ceptible process1 new values & hopes h be5 replac+ ! traditional ones1 & t ^! values & aims bo? f9d !mselves 9 h>mony ) ! new k & re/ ^u x4 ,9 spite ( ! conflict betwe5 ! ris+ view ( man & nature & ! traditional religi\s conception1 !re is yet1 ,i believe1 a pr(\nd cont9uity 9 ! g5u9ely spiritual a*ievem5ts ( humanity4 ,x is a pity to be s ridd5 by ! new t ! noble 9 ! old is =gott54 ,t5d]ness & love1 h[ev] obscur$ at times by =malism & bigotry1 owe mu* to _! nurture by ,*ri/ianity4 ,h5ce1 ! deep] & tru] int]pretation ( all pa/ movem5ts reg>ds !m z v>y+ expressions ( humanity's gr[? 9 social & m5tal /ature4 ,!re is1 9 o!r words1 no real discont9uity 9 human hi/ory4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t ! dynamic ( social conditions & intellectual h]itage has v>i$4 #f ,b ?is ackn[l$g$ cont9uity does n preclude t pres5ce ( g5u9e & effective newness :i* is revolution>y 9 its effects4 ,! p]spective1 int5tion1 & elem5ts ( religion are ab\t to alt]4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 ,i %all argue t ! atta*m5ts ( pa/ religion 7 det]m9$ by a my?ological1 & ess5tially magical1 idea ( man's environm5t4 ,su* attitudes & expectations z pray]1 ritual1 wor%ip1 immortality1 provid5ce1 are expressions ( ! pre-sci5tific view ( ! _w4 ,b z man p>tly outgr[s1 p>tly le>ns to reject1 ! primitive ?\ght ( ! _w1 ?is p]spective & ^! elem5ts w drop f religion4 ,t ?is alt]ation has1 9 surpris+ly l>ge measure1 already tak5 place c be se5 f ! foll[+ exc]pts f ! writ+s ( ! be/ kn[n ,am]ican au?ority on ,*ur* ,hi/ory3 ,traditional ,*ri/ian ideas1 9 fact1 are und]go+ ext5sive trans=mation z a result ( ! new social emphasis4 ,! individualism ( evangelicalism1 ) its prim>y conc]n = ! salvation ( ! individual s\l1 is widely discr$it$4 ,! old ascetic ideal is ev]y:]e giv+ way to ! social4 ,in/ead ( hold+ !mselves alo( f ! _w ,*ri/ians are ?r[+ !mselves into x & /riv+ to re=m x4 ,hol9ess 9 ! traditional s5se ( ab/95ce f s9 is less highly valu$ ?an x 04 ,! te/ ( virtue is m & m com+ to be ! social te/4 ,! virtu\s man is he :o makes 8 influ5ce tell = ! improvem5t ( society4 ,p]sonal probity & uprightness1 dissociat$ f ! active s]vice ( "o's fell[s1 is frequ5tly reg>d$ to-day z 'm]e morality' 0 by ! ,evangelicals4 ,z virtue _h value to !m only 9 union ) & subord9ation to piety1 s )\t ! _s ( s]vice #g p]sonal morality seems to _m a mod]n social re=m] a m]e empty husk4#a ,obvi\sly1 ! c5t] ( religi\s gravity has alt]$ trem5d\sly f :at x 0 9 ! ,victorian ,age4 ,we are on ! br9k ( a new p]iod1 ! p]iod ( a reali/ic1 & yet spiritual1 social democracy4 ,b1 ,i w be ask$1 d y advocate a religion ( humanity8 ,t is an old ef=t weigh$ 9 ! balance & f\nd want+4 ,comte's re=m 01 9 a way1 premature4 ,society _h n develop$ en\gh to give 8 ef=t a concrete basis4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1 8 mi/ake 0 t he did n see t ! elem5ts ( religion1 z well z its p]spective1 mu/ be alt]$4 ,humanity is n an object to be wor%ip$4 ,! v attitude & implications ( wor%ip mu/ be rel9qui%$4 ,9 _! place mu/ be put ! spiritually f\nd$ virtue ( loyalty to ^? ef=ts & values :i* elevate human be+s & give a quality ( nobility & significance to our human life "h & n[4 ,! positive note ( ! pres5t "w c n[ be giv5 9 a few words3 ,religion is loyalty to ! values ( life4 ,! idea ( ! spiritual mu/ be broad5$ & humaniz$ to include all ^? purposes1 exp]i5ces & activities :i* express man's nature4 ,! spiritual mu/ be se5 to be ! f9e fl[] ( liv+1 :i* requires no o!r sanctions ?an its own inh]5t wor? & appeal4 ,we mu/ outgr[ ! false notion t religion is insep>able f sup]natural objects1 & t ! spiritual is some?+ ali5 to man :i* mu/ be =c$ ^u him f ! outside4 ,! spiritual is man at 8 be/1 man lov+1 d>+1 creat+1 #h fight+ loyally & c\rage\sly = causes de> to him4 ,religion mu/ be concrete in/ead ( =mal1 & ca?olic 9 its c\nt ( values4 ,:]ev] !re is loyal endeavor1 ! pres5ce ( ! spiritual mu/ freely be ackn[l$g$4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ t religion w h objects only 9 ! s5se ( purposes to fulfill4 ,x w no long] h ne$ ( a special view ( ! _w4 ,! religion ( ! pa/ has _h mu* to say ab\t salvation4 ,salvation 0 only too (t5 some?+ :i* happ5$ to a man f outside4 ,x 0 some?+ caprici\s & uncontrollable l sudd5 =tune4 ,let u see :at ! religion ( ! pres5t ) its m reali/ic conception ( life has to say ab\t salvation4 ,i h writt5 9 ! book z foll[s3 ,only t s\l is sav$ :i* is wor? sav+1 & ! be+ wor? sav+ is its salvation4 ,salvation is no magical hocus-pocus ext]nal to ! rea* & timbre ( a man2 x is ! loyal union ( a man ) ^? values ( life :i* h come )9 8 k54 ,:atev] mixture ( magic1 fe>1 ritual1 & adoration religion may h be5 9 man's e>ly days ^u ?is e>?1 x is n[ increas+ly1 & h5ce=? mu/ be1 t :i* conc]ns 8 contact ) ! duties & possibilities ( life4 ,su* salvation is an a*ievem5t :i* has p]sonal & social conditions4 ,x is n a label nor a lucky numb] = admission into ano!r _w1 b some?+ b\ght & paid = by ef=t4 ,x is l "* & education1 = ^! are b special in/ances ( x4 ,! p]sonal conditions ( spiritual life are sanity1 heal?1 & a capacity to be fir$ by consum+ purposes4 ,no "o c be greatly sav$ :o has n a #i s\l capable ( be+ t\*$ 9 "s measure by :at is /]l+ & significant4 ,b "o ( ! discov]ies ( democracy is ! wide di/ribution ( ?is s5sitiv5ess4 ,! spiritual is n some?+ pa9ful1 b x is some?+ :i* conc]ns ! quality ( human life4 ,! social conditions ( salvation are j z necess>y4 ,!y are ! pres5ce ( in/itutions & arrangem5ts :i* give opportunity to ! individual to develop himself4 ,! individual mu/ h a c]ta9 am\nt ( leisure & a *ance = a vital education4 ,he %\ld h "s contact ) beautiful ?+s & ! /imulus ( association ) great causes4 ,a heal?y & sane society makes possible heal?y & sane individuals4 ,x is especially desirable t society put its emphasis on ! "r ?+s4 ,if x is p]missible to speak ( society's salvation1 we w\ld say t x consi/s 9 ! wise relation ( means to ends1 ! subord9ation ( ! economic side ( life to ! moral1 intellectual & arti/ic activities4 ,a society :i* does n ord] itself 9 ?is way is call$ mat]iali/ic2 & su* a society is c]ta9 to conta9 numb]less individuals :o live at a f> l[] spiritual level ?an !y %\ld4 ,x is ! v nature ( religion to condemn ?is fall+ %ort ( loyalty to ! f9] values ( life4 ,we h said t religion mu/ be ca?olic 9 its c\nt ( values4 ,moral s\ls may /ill be comp>atively />v$ s\ls4 ,"o ( ! great mi/akes religion has made 9 ! pa/ has be5 ?is v lack ( sympa?y = values ( all k9ds4 ,= ?is v reason1 religion has (t5 display$ a c]ta9 n>r[ness & h>%ness4 ,its loyalty has frequ5tly be5 a "o-sid$ loyalty :i* prid$ itself on its asceticism4 ,b ! day ( an irrational asceticism has pass$4 ,int5sity #aj is good1 b int5sity & bread? are bett] /ill4 ,a humane religion w prea* loyalty to _m values1 h>moniz$ toge!r by ! "w ( a concrete reason & a liv+ art4 ,:5 religion did n consid] itself ( ?is _w1 x 0 passive & acquiesc5t t[>d _m features ( human life4 ,b a tru] idea ( ! nature ( ! spiritual1 unit$ ) a decay ( ! old sup]naturali/ic sanctions1 w *ange all t4 ,religion w become active & militant1 int5sely conc]n$ ) ev]y?+ human1 a loyal en?usiasm = all ! significant phases ( life4 ,x w cease to be a matt] ( taboos1 ( ritual1 ( r conv5tional r\t9e & become a _s ( vigor\s se>* = :atev] elevates & ennobles human be+s 9 _! day ( life4 ,into ! s]vice ( su* a religion reason & art w gladly ent]4 ,b ?is int]pretation ( religion has its obv]se side4 ,x is 9 "p direct$ aga9/ ! age-old1 sup]naturali/ic p]spective :i* has done s mu* to r5d] religion a h9drance to ! gr[? ( spirituality4 ,! gr[? ( my own ?9k+ has l$ me to see1 ev] m cle>ly1 ! h>m done 9 ?is day & age by t emphasis on sanctions = conduct :i* are n ju/ifi$ by ! vital & concrete ne$s ( human life4 ,! appeal to tradition & au?ority ab/ract$ religion f t fre% contact ) ! movem5t ( ev5ts :i* makes ! great causes ( hi/ory s vivid & appeal+4 ,?is ab/raction divid$ ! spiritual life ( man aga9/ itself & l$ to ineffici5cy & confusion4 ,:at ! _w ne$s to-day is a rational en?usiasm = human values4 ,! ?\ght ( ano!r _w ) its melodramatic la/ judgm5t enc\rag$ individualism1 )drew #aa att5tion f social problems & aspirations1 made ! conception ( ! spiritual anmic & vague4 ,! (ficial spirituality ( ! ,*ur* lack$ ! happy /imulus ( a social sett+4 ,bad z ?is division ( man's spiritual life aga9/ itself 01 x 0 n all4 ,man _h be5 taught to despise reason1 almo/ 8 highe/ quality4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t reason pass$ into ! s]vice ( ! m]e te*nical arrangem5ts ( life4 ,man rationaliz$ nature & left himself irrational1 z c be se5 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,because religion ignor$ reason & slight$ _m sides ( man's nature1 x paid ! p5alty ( abortiv5ess4 ,x is n a m]e accid5t t ,*ri/ianity has be5 s helpless 9 ! pres5t crisis4 ,9 times ( d>kness1 x is natural = ! individual to seek ways ( escape f ! cru%+ load :i* has fall5 ^u him4 ,! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( religion kn[s t ! mo/ popul> way ( escape has be5 9 t]ms ( spiritualism & sup]naturalism4 ,b ! ?9k] kn[s t ?is is a se>* = a s$ative r ?an a rem$y4 ,moreov]1 ! gr[? ( human k has made su* a refuge m /ra9$ & artificial ?an x us$ to be4 ,^? few m5 ( /&+ 9 ! physical sci5ces :o h l5t ! pre/ige ( _! "n to fields 9 :i* !y h little compet5ce h done a grave diss]vice to mank9d4 ,man mu/ conqu] 8 problems2 he _c f9d salvation 9 a c[>dly flight f !m4 ,! tea*+ ( ?is book is t sup]naturalism has prev5t$ man f f9d+ himself1 & t ! spiritual task ( ! pres5t g5]ation is a re-int]pretation ( ! spiritual to take 9 all ! significant features ( human life4 ,we want a religion ( pres5t use1 a religion #ab n conc]n$ ) my?ological objects & hypo!tical /ates ( exi/5ce b ) ! tasks & ne$s ( human be+s 9 society4 ,w n ! next /ep 9 religion be ! rel9qui%m5t ( ! sup]natural & ! active appreciation ( virtues & values8 ,x is my hope t ! pres5t s9c]e discussion w assi/1 9 "s small measure1 ! com+ ( su* a religion4 #a ,mc,giffert1 ,! ,rise ( ,mod]n ,religi\s ,ideas1 p4 #bgb4 #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,my? ,we mu/1 p]=ce1 admit t our ance/ors awoke to consci\sness ( !mselves & _! surr\nd+s at a "t :5 !y knew practically no?+1 z we und]/& k4 ,!irs 0 a _w ( sights & s\nds1 a _w ( woods & /reams1 ( mov+ ?+s1 ( gr[+ ?+s1 ( ?+s to be eat51 ( ?+s good & evil4 ,x 0 a driv+1 fe>ful1 fasc9at+ _w4 ,unconsci\sly & inevitably1 man int]pret$ 8 surr\nd+s 9 t]ms ( 8 own eag]1 *ildi% life4 ,=ce & desire peep$ f e corn]4 ,! sky 0 n v high above him = x seem$ to t\* ! m\nta9 tops2 & yet he c\ld nev] hope to climb !re4 ,b he c\ld see v well t x 0 inhabit$4 ,& 0 x n a wond]ful place1 s9ce ! heat & light ( ! sun & ! w>m1 fructify+ ra9 came f x8 ,& :at 7 ! cl\ds t float$ across x l huge birds or /range1 gigantic creatures8 ,ev5 ! lu% grass ( ! spr+-"t seem$ full ( a hidd5 life4 ,ev]y:]e 0 =ce & w--! p[] = good & h>m4 ,p]haps only an imag9ative *ild1 or an adult ) some?+ ( ! poet's gift1 c appreciate vividly ! type ( _w 9 :i* ^! e>ly m5 f\nd !mselves4 ,! city-dwell] ( to-day lives 9 a subdu$ #ad & me*anically controll$ region ^: e clank & rattle speaks ( r\t9e & ord]4 ,! my?-mak+ faculty ( ! /reet-ur*9 has little to fe$ ^u--all is s obvi\s & op5 to inspection4 ,! ord9>y lad1 aga91 is s soon fill$ ) ! conv5tionaliz$ views ( 8 eld]s t ! h& ( fancy soon ceases to write ^u 8 s\l or give a t\* ( wond] to famili> ?+s4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t a consci\s ef=t is requir$ be=e a man ( to-day c give ev5 a fleet+ glimpse at ! caprici\s1 magical1 animat$1 & int5sely p]sonal _w ( 8 di/ant ance/ors4 ,& yet ! guesses & surmises ( ^! e>li] m5 7 ! s\rce ( m ( 8 beliefs ?an he w\ld c>e to admit4 ,9 ^! pages we %all see h[ mu* ( my?ology /ill l+]s ) u4 ,my?ology is a product ( ! social gr\p1 ( clans & tribes & peoples1 & is ( sl[ gr[?4 ,/ory add$ itself to /ory1 ?is feature to t4 ,h5ce x 0 (t5 a "w ( art1 ?\gh ( unconsci\s art4 ,x 0 an expression ( ! life ( gr\ps :o _h gods & totems4 ,x 0 inextricably b\nd up ) ! :ole savage outlook ^u nature2 & yet only rec5tly has ?is sett+ be5 adequately appreciat$4 ,until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 k ( my?ology 0 practically limit$ to ! poetiz$ my?ology ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,& s1 because x 0 f\nd 9 ! poets1 x 0 ?\ght ( z an artificial product1 z a s]ies ( /ories inv5t$ & embroid]$ by ! fancy ( b>ds & n>rators4 ,b ! wid] k due to exploration *ang$ ?is n>r[ approa*4 ,! discov]ies ( travel]s 9 ! ,am]icas1 ,africa1 & ,oceania gave pause to ?is too #ae civiliz$ & sup]ficial !ory ( my?4 ,gradually1 a m reali/ic view arose4 ,! idea ( evolution gave a g5etic way ( approa* & made inve/igators aw>e ( ! sl[ness ( human advance4 ,! next /eps foll[$ quickly4 ,social psy*ology replac$ ! individuali/ic & ov]ly rationali/ic psy*ology ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( primitive society 7 se5 to be ! products ( relatively non-reflective gr\ps :o felt & /umbl$ _! way into rituals & beliefs4 ,z ! mat]ial accumulat$1 comp>ative me?ods 7 appli$ 9 ! field4 ,! result has be5 a/\nd+4 ,9 place ( ! romantic conception ( primitive life1 :i* made ! savage ess5tially a civiliz$ *ild1 a grimm] picture unfold$ itself4 ,feti*ism1 %amanism1 magic1 human sacrifice1 totemism1 ritualism1 all 7 f\nd comb9$ & int]active 9 a s*eme ( life ali5 to our own enlight5$ outlook4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e x 0 t my?ology arose4 ,x arose z an acc\nt ( acts & beliefs1 &1 z ^! 7 purifi$ & deep5$1 x1 also1 advanc$ 9 purity & dep?4 ,yet1 always1 !re rema9$ ! trace ( ! savag]y f :i* x _h sprung4 ,:ile primitive religion & my?ology are n id5tical1 !y are closely b\nd up ) "o ano!r4 ,bo? re/ ^u animism1 totemism & magic z ^! are br\ght into relation ) man's ne$s & fe>s4 ,religion is *iefly an affair ( s5tim5t & cult1 actively guid$ by belief 9 sup]human p[]s capable ( help+ & hurt+ man4 ,my?ology1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s ( ! /ories told ab\t ^! dynamic p[]s z !y are m & m p]sonifi$ & giv5 a hi/ory & a "n4 ,& su* /ories are naturally #af built up ar\nd acts ^: significance has be5 =gott51 or ar\nd dramatiz$ int]pretations ( processes 9 nature4 ,my?s are explanations ( acts & ev5ts & names :i* ar\s$ curiosity & !re=e dem&$ "s explanation4 ,x 0 only aft] mod]n an?ropology _h une>!d ! *>act]i/ic beliefs ( primitive man t _m my?s became intelligible4 ,a few examples w make ?is relation%ip cle>]4 ,totemism is a sort ( cult r5d]$ to animals & plants :i* are reg>d$ z ak9 to ! tribe4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t primitive man 0 n ne>ly s conv9c$ ( 8 sup]iority z is mod]n man4 ,wolves & be>s & foxes are /rong & cunn+1 & seem to him to h a p[] & k ev5 sup]ior to 8 own4 ,/range z x appe>s to u to-day1 savages q (t5 assign _! orig9 to "s animal & reg>d t animal z ! possessor ( a =ce :i* is valuable to 8 k94 ,?is cult ( totemi/ic animals & plants is at ! base ( ! tales ( metamorphosis :i* we read 9 ,classic lit]ature or 9 our own fairy tales4 ,beauty & ! ,bea/ is an example ( ?is trans=mation1 :i* our ance/ors look$ ^u z q natural2 :ile ! savage tales ( ! w]ewolf g back to ! same outlook4 ,! s]p5t 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 is ano!r in/ance ( ! same cycle ( ideas4 ,! application ( our pres5t k ( totemism to my?ology has be5 v enlight5+4 ,/ud5ts ( ,greek lit]ature us$ to wond] :y all ! gods _h birds & animals z companions4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^! animals 7 once sacr$ totems4 ,! eagle & ! swan 7 gradually displac$ by ,zeus1 ! sky deity4 ,b s gradual 0 #ag ?is displacem5t t ! animals became attributes ( ! y\ng] deity1 :ile he 0 ?\ght to *ange himself at times back into ! totem animal4 ,! /ory ( ,l$a & ! swan c1 9 ?is way1 be easily und]/ood4 ,_m my?s are explanations ( rites :i* 7 no long] und]/ood4 ,su* my?s are call$ tiological4 ,!y are answ]s to que/ions :i* wor%ip]s 7 b\nd1 soon] or lat]1 to ask4 ,! my? ( ,prome!us1 ! ,titan :o /ole ! fire f heav5 to succor m51 0 connect$ ) ! use ( eagles on ! front ( temples to w>d (f lightn+4 ,orig9ally1 ! /ory conc]ns ! puni%m5t ( ! eagle1 b is lat] atta*$ to ,prome!us4 ,x is1 accord+ to ,re9a*1 ! developm5t ( ! foll[+ nave dialogue3 ,:y is ?is eagle crucifi$8 ,x is its puni%m5t = hav+ /ol5 ! fire f heav54 ,o!r examples ( tiological my?s are ! ,phae?on leg5d1 ! /ory ( ,hippolyte1 & "s ( ! /ories told ab\t ,h]acles4 ,ano!r s\rce ( my? is to be f\nd 9 ! sacrifice ( animal-gods :o are suppos$ to possess a secret /r5g?4 ,su* animal-gods are n an?ropomorphiz$ 9 e>ly times4 ,!y are simply reg>d$ z seats ( vital p[] or mana4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t savage man w\ld n h be5 %ock$ by ,d>w9ism z ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce 04 ,no di/9ction wor? m5tion+ 0 made betwe5 m5 & animals 9 ^? anci5t days4 ,engli%-lore1 writes ,&rew ,lang1 has its woman :o bore rabbits4 ,! religions ( ,greece & ( ,asia ,m9or _h rites & my?s :i* introduc$ ! sacr$ bull4 ,9 ,mi?raism1 a religion :i* almo/ won aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 ! sacrifice ( ! bull & ! consumption ( its #ah blood & fle% 9 a communion fea/ 7 prom95t features4 ,aga91 9 ! rites ( ,dionysus ,zagreus1 a bull 0 torn to pieces & eat54 ,f ?is arose ! my? ( ,dionysus ,zagreus z a son ( ,zeus & ,p]sephone *ang$ into a bull & eat5 by ! ,titans4 ,he is born aga9 "u ! "n ( ,dionysus1 yet c>ries horns on 8 =ehead1 evid5t signs ( 8 animal orig94 ,?us diff]5t /rata ( religion & belief meet & bl5d & necessitate ! gr[? ( explanatory my?s4 ,b we mu/ n all[ ! new] recognition ( ! "p play$ by mis9t]pretation 9 ! developm5t ( my?s to obscure ! g5u9e role ( nave reflection ^u ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,yet ! savage imag9ation 0 limit$ by ! exp]i5ce at its comm&4 ,! ,hom]ic hymn to ,helios looks on ! sun z a half-god1 almo/ a h]o1 :o _h once liv$ on e>?4 ,/ill m nave are leg5ds :i* make x a bea/ :i* has once be5 trapp$4 ,my?s arise to acc\nt = eclipses1 ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! moon1 sunset1 etc4 ,! explanation ( ! ra9b[ z a sign ( a cov5ant betwe5 ,yahweh & ,noah1 is an excell5t example ( a nature-my? introduc$ z a "p ( a leg5d4 ,!re are _m o!r s\rces ( my?s4 ,ar\nd all /rik+ ev5ts1 su* z ! fir/ puni%m5t ( homicide1 leg5ds arise4 ,bell]ophon & ,ixion are compell$ to flee into exile4 ,aga91 ! facts & ritual ( dea? are a fruitful c5t] = ! work+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,! %eol ( ! ,hebrews is fir/ ! grave2 & only lat] does x become ev5 ! %ad[y und]world :i* is pictur$ 9 ,isaiah4 ,b our purpose is n to pres5t an exhau/ive #ai analysis ( ! types ( my? :i* e>ly man wove ab\t ! _w 9 :i* he f\nd himself4 ,:at x is important to grasp is ! sl[ gr[? f an almo/ animal /ate ( ignorance to a m enlight5$1 moral1 & socially ord]$ life4 ,?is evolution took "t1 & su* progress z 0 made 0 always 9 dang] ( be+ ov]?r[n by ! h>d5+ ( my? & cult into a /rait-jacket ( sup]/ition & hy/]ical fe>4 ,?is dang] 0 always great j because reason c\ld secure no firm foo?old ^u reality4 ,man's life 0 "o ( con/ant fe>4 ,he felt himself assail$ by evil spirits & surr\nd$ by taboos & laws1 to violate :i* meant disa/]4 ,:5 we glance ov] hi/ory1 we f9d only two ?+s :i* h %[n promise ( p[] to raise man out ( ?is sl\gh ( fe>1--e?ical mono!ism & reason4 ,h[ f> is ?is a g5u9e anti!sis8 ,may x n be t ! real /r5g? & free+ p[] ( e?ical mono!ism is due to ! reason :i* creat$ x & speaks ?r\gh x8 ,^u "o set ( my?s ( extreme importance = religion we h1 h[ev]1 sc>cely t\*$4 ,yet ! /udy ( ?is gr\p & its explanation has be5 a signal triumph = ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religion4 ,x is a great pity t ! g5]al public kn[s1 z yet1 s little ab\t ! rese>*es made by s*ol>s into ! wide-spread ritual ( communion & purification1 by means ( :i* ! p>ticipant becomes "o ) 8 deity & is ev5 assur$ ( salvation & immortality4 ,! int]e/+ fact is1 t1 "h aga91 we f9d ideas :i* are ess5tially primitive & magical giv5 a new sett+4 ,:at 0 once social1 & l>gely a ritual conc]n$ ) ! re-bir? ( vegetation 9 ! ,spr+1 becomes p]sonal1 & a symbol ( ! resurrection ( a #bj believ] 9 ano!r _w4 ,9 its fir/ =m & motivation1 ?is set ( ideas turns ar\nd ! tribe's mat]ial ne$s4 ,only ) ! gr[? ( self-consci\sness is x appli$ to ! individual4 ,:y did ?is type ( ritual arise8 ,& :y 0 x celebrat$ ) su* f]vor8 ,^! que/ions lead u into ! v he>t ( e>ly religion4 ,religion 0 ! expression ( man's v real ne$1 9 ! light ( 8 view ( ! _w z ! seat ( spiritual ag5cies4 ,! extraord9>y security ( our mod]n life 9 times ( peace makes x h>d = u to realize1 except by a def9ite ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 ! con/ant prec>i\sness1 ! frightful proximity ( dea?1 t 0 usual 9 ^! weak anci5t communities4 ,!y 7 9 fe> ( wild bea/s2 !y 7 helpless aga9/ floods1 helpless aga9/ pe/il5ces4 ,_! food dep5d$ on ! crops ( "o t9y plot ( gr\nd2 & if ! ,savior 0 n reborn ) ! spr+1 !y sl[ly & mis]ably di$4 ,& all ! :ile !y knew almo/ no?+ ( ! real causes t made crops succe$ or fail4 ,!y only felt sure x 0 someh[ a matt] ( pollution1 ( unexpiat$ defilem5t4 ,x is ?is /ate ( ?+s t expla9s ! curi\s cruelty ( e>ly agricultural works1 ! human sacrifices1 ! scapegoats1 ! te>+ 9 pieces ( liv+ animals1 & p]haps ( liv+ m51 ! /eep+ ( ! fields 9 blood4 ,to m5 at ?is /age1 religion is ! mo/ natural ( attitudes4 ,x is ! *ild ( animism1 ( magic1 ( ignorance & ( ne$4 ,b to expla9 ! orig9 ( an attitude is n to expla9 x away4 ,may x n be t ^! s5tim5ts c be giv5 ano!r sett+ & o!r objects8 ,:ile all races h pass$ ?r\gh ?is my?-mak+ #ba /age1 c]ta9 races h be5 m gift$1 or else m favor$ by ! circum/ances ( _! developm5t4 ,a vivid imag9ation1 a relatively complex society ) diff]5t traditions1 a div]sifi$ l&scape1 an invit+ climate1 & a leisurely1 yet vigor\s life 7 necess>y to ! highe/ effloresc5ce ( ?is poetic p[] to weave human motives into nature & into ! conduct ( sup]natural p[]s conceiv$ aft] ! mann] ( m54 ,^! conditions 7 fulfill$ to a rem>kable degree among ! ,greeks1 ^: my?ology con/antly surprises u by its ri*ness1 v>iety & delicacy4 ,z ! ye>s roll$ by1 e /rik+ aspect ( nature or ( traditional ritual 0 int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( ! passion1 plan or caprice ( "s be+1 diff]5t f1 yet by no means ali5 to1 man4 ,! d>+ & beauty ( ! leg5ds wov5 by ?is race & ! imm5sity ( _! range h made !m ! admiration & wond] ( o!r times m giv5 to reflection ?an to phantasy4 ,! *ildhood ( ! race 0 productive 9 a memorable fa%ion :i* has made art & lit]ature =ev] its debtors4 ,9 our admiration = ,greek my?ology1 we mu/ n =get t o!r races & nations wove /ories to acc\nt = human life & to int]pret ^? features ( nature :i* ar\s$ _! fe>1 love or wond]4 ,our own ,nor!rn my?ology _h its beauties & wild rea*es ( imag9ation :i* made x1 9 c]ta9 reg>ds1 a fit rival ( t ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! /ory ( ,bald]1 ! joy\s & k9dly god :om all ?+s lov$1 is evid5tly ! my?ical =m ( ! pass+ ( summ] sun%9e & ! com+ ( w9t] ) its d>kness & gloom4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t our remote ance/ors int]pret$ _! _w concretely1 #bb & ma9ly 9 t]ms ( human life1 because !y _h no ab/ract ideas at _! comm&4 ,psy*ical & physical concepts 7 int]fus$ 9 _! m9ds3 prose & poetry1 fact & figure comb9$ toge!r )\t t feel+ ( di%>mony :i* is s di/9ctive ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,nature welcom$ p]sonification1 & to read ! conflict ( light & d>kness1 w>m? & cold1 9 t]ms ( human /ruggles & hates 0 ! inevitable c\rse = human ?\ght to take4 ,! simple gr&eur ( _m ( ^! tales ( ! gods comes f ! poignancy ( life itself4 ,^? ev5ts 9 nature :i* affect$ man int5sely receiv$ an int5se mean+4 ,we1 :o h conqu]$ nature 9 l>ge measure1 or c s pr$ict h] convulsions z to escape ! fir/ %ock ( h] rude =ces2 we1 :o ?9k ( h] processes z rul$ by imp]sonal laws1 _c appreciate ! directness & unveil$ imm$iacy ( ^? anci5t dramas :i* man saw ar\nd him4 ,d>kness is = u ! abs5ce ( light1 n a my/]i\s & ?reat5+ pres5ce :i* fills ! sky :ile ! k9dly god ( day sleeps4 ,light consi/s ( vibrations 9 e!r emitt$ f a trem5d\sly hot1 mat]ial sub/ance in/ead ( be+ a b5efic5t =ce "u ! control ( a radiant be+4 ,b o!r races ?an ! ,aryan 7 less incl9$ to embelli% & humanize nature4 ,! imag9ation work$ less freely to add to ! visible aspect ( ?+s4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is ?9ness ( reaction 01 t ! m9d re/$ 9 ?+s z !y appe>$1 al?\gh x c\ld n desi/ f assign+ to !m capacities & p[]s :i* 7 sup]human4 ,nature 0 at lea/ in/9ct ) w1 ev5 :ile ?is vaguely /irr+ w did n clo! itself 9 def9ite =ms4 ,man believ$ #bc himself surr\nd$ by =ces :i* affect$ him = good & evil2 he felt himself imm]s$ 9 an ocean ( life1 yet he c\ld n disc]n any =ms back ( t :i* he saw ) 8 bodily eyes4 ,p]haps ^! o!r races _h less ( ! dramatic 9 _! composition1 less ( t g5ial delight 9 f>-fet*$ analogies & ! free play ( ideas4 ,z "t pass$1 ! fir/ /age ( my?ology ) its simple naturalism & its relative lack ( imag9ative elem5ts gave way to a m human /age4 ,my?s ( ! next _w came to ! front1 & man became m & m conc]n$ ) 8 salvation 9 an aft]life4 ,comp>ative religion has prov5 h[ widespread 0 ! belief 9 "s sort ( immortality4 ,! ,orphic cults 9 ,greece1 ! ,osiris & ,isis cult 9 ,egypt1 ! wor%ip ( ,attis & ,adonis 9 ,syria1 ! purification & communion c]emonies ( ,mi?raism1 all turn$ ab\t ! idea ( a secret means ( salvation4 ,a common set ( ideas develop$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 & f\nd expression 9 liturgies & phrases ( a /rik+ simil>ity4 ,! god dies & is resurrect$2 ! virg9 goddess gives bir? to a son2 ! memb]s ( a religi\s community eat ( _! god & ga9 /r5g? f ! sacr$ meal4 ,! ,*ur* ,fa!rs 7 aw>e ( ^! simil>ities & s\ght to expla9 away _! resemblances ) ! ,*ri/ian ritual by means ( ! !ory t ! ,devil _h blasphem\sly imitat$ ,*ri/ian rites & doctr9es4 ,rese>* has %[n t ?is !ory ( p>ody is entirely unhi/orical4 ,! fact is1 t ,*ri/ianity borr[$ its ritual f ! cults among :i* x grew up4 ,= in/ance1 ! belief 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( a savior-god 0 v #bd preval5t 9 ,t>sus1 ,paul's own city4 ,! ,attis my/]ies 7 celebrat$ at a season :i* correspond$ to ! end ( our ,l5t5 p]iod & ! beg9n+ ( ,ea/]4 ,!y 7 prec$$ by fa/+ & began ) lam5tations1 ! vot>ies ga!r+ 9 sorr[ ar\nd ! bi] ( ! dead div9ity2 !n foll[$ ! resurrection1 & ! ris5 god gave hope ( salvation to ! my/ic bro!rhood1 & ! :ole s]vice clos$ ) ! fea/ ( rejoic+1 ! ,hil>ia4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is :ole cycle ( ideas repres5ts a developm5t ( ! primitive ritual ( eat+ ! sacr$ animal or plant 9 spr+ 9 ord] to fo/] ! re-bir? ( man's necessities4 ,f ?is g]m sprang reflective ideas ( atonem5t & communion & immortality4 ,along ) ! gr[? ( ! my/]ies w5t ! introduction ( m e?ical /&>ds ( conduct4 ,ritual purity sugge/$ ! idea ( spiritual purity4 ,?is e?iciz+ ( my? is v app>5t 9 ,greece4 ,by ! "t ( ! dramati/s1 moral judgm5ts _h become m sev]e1 & ! gods 7 look$ ^u z gu>dians ( ! moral law2 & yet ?is view 0 tragically ?w>t$ by mu* ( ! old tradition4 ,! savage inh]itance & ! lat] moral idealism f\nd !mselves 9 conflict4 ,! consequ5ce 0 ! gradual weak5+ ( ! old] my?s & ! welcom+ ( new cults4 ,e?ical gr[? is usually 9 l>ge measure unconsci\s4 ,man reads ideas into ! _w ar\nd him be=e he becomes consci\s t !y are 8 own4 ,8 own developm5t is ?us reflect$ 9 ! pan!on ) :i* he has peopl$ nature4 ,zeus is at fir/ ! ?und]] & ! cl\d-ga!r]2 f9ally he repres5ts #be ju/ice & ^? k+ly qualities :i* social gr[? /resses4 ,poets & philosoph]s ref9e away ! gross] my?s :i* %ock ! ta/e ( a m advanc$ social level4 ,:5 we comp>e ! conceptions ( ,euripides1 ( ,plato1 ( ,clean!s1 ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ) ! conduct ( ! ,hom]ic gods1 we realize ! di/ance travel$ by ! m9d ( man along e?ical l9es4 ,man is n[ a build] ( ideals4 ,yet ! cosmic sett+ = ^! ideals is virtually un*ang$2 ! framework ( man's univ]se has rema9$ mu* ! same4 ,x is at he>t a realm ( p]sonal ag5ts ) :i* man is 9 communication4 ,9 all ! nations :i* advanc$ 9 civilization1 ?is trans=mation )9 my?ology makes itself felt4 ,ormuzd1 ! ,p]sian god1 passes f a p]sonification ( ! sunlight 9 its battle ) d>kness to a spiritual deity :o is ! gu>dian ( all ! virtues4 ,indra1 ! ,v$ic god1 is likewise at fir/ ! sky ?r\gh :i* ! cl\ds move1 & is lat] conceiv$ z ! creator & su/a9] ( ! _w4 ,! same process reveals itself 9 ,egyptian my?ology = we pass f ,ra1 ! sun deity1 to ,neph & ,p?ah :o repres5t creative en]gies & to ,osiris1 ! god ( tru? & goodness4 ,?us !re is 9 my?ology a univ]sal movem5t1 f ! visible aspects ( nature z p]sonifi$1 to sup]nal be+s back ( nature1 protect+ :at is ?\ght ( z highe/ & noble/ 9 human conduct4 ,! sett+ rema9s con/ant :ile new w9e is p\r$ into ! old bottles4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is t man grew fa/] e?ically ?an he did intellectually4 ,philosophy & sci5ce 7 f> h>d] to a*ieve ?an glimpses ( ju/ice & k9dness4 ,! v gr[? ( society 9 numb]s =c$ man to adapt 8 conduct to a #bf social life & to h reg>d to 8 neighbors4 ,! ideals advocat$ by ,confucius1 ,buddha1 ,plato1 ,hosea & ,jesus are z noble z our own4 ,b advance 9 k & its presuppositions is m revolution>y & extraord9>y because m artificial & m ali5 to ! psy*ological prejudices ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,e?ics1 l religion1 rema9$ = ages peacefully )9 ! my?ological sett+ :i* primitive man unconsci\sly con/ruct$4 ,we h purposely omitt$ prior ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( religion among ! ,hebrews because _! religion has be5 s important = our own civilization4 ,! my?ological elem5t 9 x 0 relatively small = v>i\s reasons2 yet ?is is true only if we h reg>d to fable & /hetic tale4 ,_! _w 0 "o ( p]sonal ag5cy j z x 0 = o!r races4 ,b ! ,hebrews made a fre% />t long aft] !y _h isolat$ !mselves f ! g5]al ,semitic /ock4 ,_! migration f _! anci5t home c\ld n help b )] ! m local my?s1 & ?is t5d5cy 0 ren=c$ by ! adoption ( a new god1 ,yahweh1 ! ,god ( ! ,k5ites4 ,yahweh 0 a god ( ! lightn+ :o ?und]$ f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & he 0 a god ( battles1 j z 0 ,?or1 ! ?und]-god ( ! ,sc&9avians4 ,?is w> god naturally obta9$ _! allegiance dur+ ! ye>s ( conflict ) ! ,canaanites1 & ga9$ 9 pre/ige z "t elaps$4 ,! ,canaanites _h _! local ,baal cults & my?s1 & ^! 7 associat$ ) agricultural fe/ivals & ) t wor%ip ( f]tility :i* 0 s wide-spread among ! anci5ts4 ,! foll[]s ( ,yahweh1 on ! o!r h&1 7 hillm5 & %eph]ds & _! rites 7 closely connect$ ) sacrificial obs]vances4 #bg ,z "t pass$1 ! two races m+l$ & ! t5d5cy 0 t[>d an amalgamation ( _! respective cults4 ,b a /orm ( prote/ set 91 l$ by ! prophets & ! simpl]1 less concretely naturali/ic religion prevail$4 ,! v simplicity ( ! cult ( ,yahweh made x a fitt+ basis = t e?ical developm5t :i* we associate ) ! names ( ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,only an ignorance ( ! e?ical deep5+ ( o!r religions c excuse ! belief t ?is e?ical developm5t 0 absolutely unique4 ,probably x is ! aspect ( national mono!ism1 or h5o!ism1 z x %\ld m accurately be call$1 :i* impresses s _m1 :]eas ?is feature 0 an hi/orical accid5t4 ,to claim t ! ,hebrew developm5t 0 unique & !re=e sup]natural is to assume t ! relatively unique mu/ be sup]natural4 ,b su* an assumption has no f\ndation 9 exp]i5ce1 = diff]5ces 9 ! developm5t ( nations are ! rule r ?an ! exception4 ,%all we say t ,engli% con/itutional developm5t is sup]natural because no o!r nation a*iev$ su* a =m ( gov]nm5t by itself8 ,%all we ass]t t ,greek art 0 sup]natural because x 0 unique8 ,is x n evid5t t ! wi% has be5 fa!r to ! ?\ght 9 ?is case8 ,all e>ly peoples h look$ ^u !mselves z *os5 & ^u o!r peoples z g5tiles & b>b>ians4 ,we h accept$ ?is prejudice ( ! ,hebrews because we h adopt$ a modifi$ =m ( _! religion ) its racial traditions4 ,b :ile conditions 9 ,pale/9e 7 n favorable to ! fl[]+ ( a ri* & delicate my?ology1 x w\ld be false to d5y ! pres5ce ( a my?ological motive 9 ! ,hebrew outlook4 ,! :ole /ory ( ! #bh intimate relations ( ,yahweh to 8 p & to _! ance/ors is ?r\gh & ?r\gh my?ological4 ,milton's epic 0 made possible by ! folklore incorporat$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,!re are _m traces 9 ! ,bible ( a common ,semitic tradition 9 spite ( ! reactions :i* x und]w5t4 ,rec5t ,semitic s*ol>%ip has made x evid5t t ,babylonian beliefs _h p5etrat$ to ?is k9dr$ p4 ,!re are sun-my?s & tales ( semi-div9e h]oes4 ,aft] ! exile1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,p]sia & ,babylonia1 !re arose a belief 9 demons & angels z p[]s at "w 9 ! _w = good & evil4 ,^! my?ical creatures pass$ into ! outlook ( ! ,we/]n m9d by way ( ,*ri/ianity1 & (f]$ fruitful mat]ial = art & poetry1 & = ! gradual blossom+ ( new my?s ar\nd ! ,*ri/ian epic ( ! univ]se4 ,milton & ,dante unfold ! inn] mean+ ( life 9 t]ms :i* _c be und]/ood ap>t f beliefs :i* h _! ultimate roots 9 primitive conceptions ( ! _w4 ,*ri/ian my?ology1 l ,greek my?ology1 has its /hetic value1 b x is a mi/ake to assume t ?is value is remov$ :5 ! old cr$5ce has dep>t$4 ,to appreciate ! beauty ( ,botticelli's ,v5us1 x is n necess>y to believe t ,v5us arose f ?is sea-foam2 9 l mann]1 to enjoy ,*ri/ian art x is n requir$ t we accept ! lit]al tru? ( its symbols4 ,inde$1 x seems to me v d\btful :e!r _m educat$ p to-day take ! m9or *>act]s ( ! ,*ri/ian pan!on v s]i\sly4 ,we w\ld be m ?an surpris$ to he> angelic mess5g]s *ant+ 9 ! heav5s above u4 ,only because !y are b\nd up ) a sy/em ( attitudes & values de> to m51 are ^! my/ic be+s giv5 t half-belief :i* #bi prev5ts !m f fall+ into t limbo to :i* dragons & griff9s & nymphs h desc5d$4 ,t ?is w be _! ultimate fate is c]ta94 ,9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 9 :i* moral values control religion & s5su\s elem5ts ex]cise little attraction1 ^! figures h already retreat$ f> into ! backgr\nd4 ,yet ! av]age religi\s m9d likes to dally ) ! ?\ght ( !m1 mu* z ! *ild1 :o no long] believes 9 fairies1 /ill wi%es to indulge 9 make-believe :5 ! ev]yday _w becomes too b>e & well-ord]$4 ,! age ( my?1 !n1 corresponds to a nave ext5sion ( human *>act]i/ics to natural ph5om5a4 ,! _w becomes a drama to :i* man holds ! key 9 8 own life4 ,he feels himself surr\nd$ by my/]i\s =ces & ag5cies1 f> surpass+ 8 own puny /r5g?1 & inevitably conceives !m 9 analogy ) 8 own activities4 ,!y diff] n s mu* 9 h[ !y "w z 9 :at !y d4 ,9 ?is way1 ! gods 7 born into ! _w--& once born man has be5 unable to free himself f !m4 ,z he has gr[n 9 m5tal & moral /ature1 he has unconsci\sly reflect$ into !m ?is increas$ k & ^! high] ideals4 ,& ! process1 once begun1 has cont9u$ to ! pres5t4 ,n until he has outgr[n old fe>s & rel9qui%$ unw>rant$ hopes w ^! beliefs lose _! p[]4 ,!n & n till !n1 w reason be able to supplant my?ology by k4 #cj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,/ories ,,( ,,creation ,9 /ories ( creation we h ! imag9ation ( primitive man at "w1 try+ to answ] que/ions :i* x 0 no m prep>$ to answ] ?an a *ild ( sev5 is 9 a position to und]/& high] ma!matics4 ,! savage has an answ] = e "q because he has no idea ( ! difficulty ( ! problems involv$4 ,a "n or a /ory w completely satisfy him because he is uncritical4 ,n[ ! /ories ( creation1 or cosmogonies1 z !y are te*nically call$1 are peculi>ly int]e/+ because !y give u an insight into ! concrete t]ms :i* ! imag9ation 0 =c$ to use 9 its attempt to picture ! pa/ & ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,moreov]1 we c trace ! *anges ^! nave /ories und]w5t z man's exp]i5ce broad5$ & he 0 able to ?9k m ab/ractly4 ,we c become acqua9t$ ) ! mat]ials ) :i* ! poet-prie/ ( ! pre-sci5tific pa/ work$ to build himself a m>vel\s & s\l-satisfy+ tale2 & we are able1 z hi/ory unrolls1 to wat* my? gradually pass into !ology4 ,! desire to expla9 h[ nature came to be & h[ man arose 0 well-nigh univ]sal4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d acc\nts ( a di/ant pa/ :5 ! gods walk$ on e>?4 ,egyptians1 ,h9doos1 ,greeks1 ,japanese1 ,polynesians1 ,hebrews & ,am]ican ,indians _h tales ( ! orig9 ( ?+s to tell4 ,?is desire to acc\nt = #ca orig9s is n h>d to und]/&4 ,! same psy*ological t5d5cy is at "w to-day & gives ze/ to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,:y did ! ,desc5t ( ,man awak5 su* a /orm ?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n ,_w if n because x %ook ! /ory ( man's fir/ com+1 :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation s9ce ! mi/s ( antiquity8 ,man wants to "k ab\t himself1 h[ he came "h1 & :i!r he is go+4 ,! vogue ( ! ,rubaiyat ( ,om> ,khayyam is 9 l>ge measure due to ! haunt+ s5se ( man's ignorance ( 8 place 9 ! _w4 ,:o set ! /age & plac$ ! puppets on x8 ,primitive man always answ]$ 8 que/ions 9 t]ms ( ,be+s l himself1 al?\gh m p[]ful & long] liv$4 ,all ag5cy 0 = him p]sonal ag5cy4 ,& !re are1 ev5 n[1 a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( p :o c ?9k 9 no o!r t]ms4 ,! univ]se is = !m ! playgr\nd ( spirits :o "w _! w ^u x4 ,matt] & en]gy & ! sl[ gr[? ( ye>s are ideas :i* /rike !m cold4 ,_! view ( ! univ]se is dramatic & ev5 melodramatic2 x is p]sonal1 my?ical4 ,let u glance at "s ( ^! attempts to acc\nt = ! _w4 ,we %all n f9d !m v coh]5t or deep1 b we %all always f9d !m in/ructive = ! light !y ?r[ ^u man1 himself1 & ! limits set to 8 !ories ab\t orig9s by ! concrete ag5cy to :i* he p]=ce appeal$4 ,we %all !n realize h[ natural 7 ! que/ions :i* man ask$ & :i* he s\ght to answ]1 & h[ impossible x 0 = him to (f] any o!r solutions ?an ^? imag9ative ones :i* grew up 9 folk-lore & :i* h be5 develop$ & re-ca/ 9 ! v>i\s religions4 ,no e>ly race _h ! idea ( an absolute beg9n+4 #cb ,! attempt made 0 simply to c>ry ?+s back to diff]5t conditions1 to a less develop$ /ate ( ?+s1 & !n to trace ! l>g] /eps by means ( :i* ! lat] _w1 z !y saw x1 came ab\t4 ,^? races :i* _h little p[] = ab/ract ?9k+ & _h a*iev$ few imp]sonal ideas kept v ne> to concrete ph5om5a & expla9$ _! own orig9 9 t]ms ( a my?ical ance/or1 or animal magician1 :ile !y left ! e>? & ! sky v mu* z x 04 ,! ,iroquois ,indians1 = in/ance1 believ$ t _! orig9al female ance/ress fell f heav54 ,!re 0 no l& to receive h]1 b x sudd5ly bubbl$ up "u h] feet & wax$ bigg]1 s t ere long a :ole c\ntry 0 visible4 ,o!r bran*es ( ! tribe held t ott]s & beav]s ha/5$ to dig up en\gh e>? f b5ea? ! wat] to provide h] ) an isl& on :i* to dwell4 ,! ,a?apascans ( ,nor?we/]n ,canada ass]t$ t a rav51 ^: eyes 7 fire1 ^: glances 7 lightn+1 & ! clapp+ ( ^: w+s 0 ?und]1 desc5d$ to ! ocean4 ,in/antly1 ! e>? arose & rema9$ float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,x 0 f ?is ,be+ t ! tribe trac$ its desc5t4 ,we mu/ rememb] h[ ne> ak9 are animals & m5 at ?is /age ( human developm5t4 ,once ?r[ oneself into ! atmosph]e ( my? & x is n difficult to compreh5d h[ su* /ories grew up4 ,b we are m int]e/$ 9 trac+ ! developm5t ( /ories ( creation f primitive types to subtl] & m ab/ract =ms2 & a collection ( savage folk-lore on ! subject w\ld1 !re=e1 be ( little value4 ,let u pass1 !n1 to ! acc\nts giv5 by races :i* h play$ a "p 9 hi/ory4 #cc ,! ,egyptian acc\nt is z foll[s3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! primitive ocean1 a wild wa/e ( wat]s4 ,f ?is toss+ *aos sprang l& & sky1 & x 0 f _! embrace t o!r ?+s arose4 ,! g5]al idea pres5t 9 ?is acc\nt 0 probably d]iv$ f ! ,nile floods or f glimpses ( ! ocean4 ,! lift+ ( ! wat]y mi/s :i* are se5 ris+ ea* morn+ f ! ,nile1 ! p>t+ ( !m f ! e>? & ! rais+ ( !m to ! sky 0 a "w v>i\sly attribut$ to ,ra 7! sun7 or ,%u 7! atmosph]e74 ,gradually ! ,egyptians develop$ ideas ( v>i\s deities all ( :om d]ive f objects & activities 9 nature4 ,to ^! 7 !n assign$ ! "w ( creation4 ,at fir/ ?is "w 0 ?\ght ( z a %ap+ or fa%ion+ 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,ptah1 ! ,great ,artific]1 %apes ! sun & moon eggs on 8 pott]'s :eel2 ,osiris1 ! god ( vegetation1 =m$ ) 8 h& ! e>?1 its wat]s1 its air1 its plants1 all its cattle1 all its birds1 all its w+$ f[l1 all its reptiles1 all its quadrup$s4 ,is ?is view v f> diff]5t f ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! s-call$ second /ory ( creation beg9n+ ) v]se f\r ( ,g5esis8 ,!re x is writt53 ,& ! ,"l ,god =m$ man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life2 & man became a liv+ s\l4 ,some:at lat] develop$ ! m prie/ly1 or !ological1 acc\nt2 j z x did = ! ,hebrews4 ,creation 0 !n conceiv$ m my/ically z an act ( w issu+ 9 a ^w ( comm&4 ,we %\ld rememb] t1 = primitive ?\ght1 words 7 n m]e v]bal signs1 useful to man z means ( communication1 b 7 conceiv$1 m reali/ically & navely1 z ess5tial p>ts ( ?+s1 b\nd up ) _! exi/5ce4 #cd ,?is same fact w expla9 mu* ( ! ritual ( magic4 ,:5 ,god says1 ,let !re be light1 light is select$ &1 z x 71 co]c$ into exi/5ce by ! "n4 ,z "t pass$ man became reflective & critical4 ,he _h no?+ ess5tially new to (f]1 yet he felt dissatisfi$ ) ! crude imag]y ( tradition4 ,/ep by /ep ) ! gr[? ( society1 we always f9d ! passage f creation my?s built ar\nd ! idea ( spontane\s g5]ation to ! idea ( a god :o molds m5 z a pott] does 8 clay1 & !nce to a fiat 9 :i* ! creative w ( a sup]natural & transc5d5t deity f9ds expression4 ,!re is a rem>kable simil>ity 9 creation /ories1 j z we w\ld expect4 ,! same few motives repeat !mselves ) local v>iations4 ,! olde/ ( ! ,greek my?s ( creation are to be f\nd 9 ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,= ,hom]1 ,oceanus is ! fa!r ( ! gods1 :ile ,te?ys1 call$ ! suckl+ or nurs+ "o1 is ! "m4 ,back ( ^! augu/1 g5]ative p[]s1 h[ev]1 lies ,night :om ev5 ,zeus is afraid to (f5d4 ,we mu/ rememb] t d>kness is a pres5ce = e>ly man1 z real z wat] or air1 & t man fe>$ x z my/]i\s & ?reat5+4 ,always we mu/ put aside ! k :i* sci5ce has giv5 u & s9k d[n into ?is vague _w ( ! pa/1 fill$ ) trem5d\s %apes & =ces4 ,hesiod's view is be/ giv5 9 8 own words3 ,f *aos 7 g5]at$ ,erebos & black ,night1 ,& f ,night aga9 7 g5]at$ ,e!r & ,day1 ,:om %e br\ght =?1 hav+ conceiv$ f ! embrace ( ,erebos4 ,"h we h ! same sexual motive at "w z among ! ,egyptians2 a motive :i*1 z we %\ld expect1 #ce is well-nigh univ]sal4 ,dur+ ! six? c5tury !re 0 an effloresc5ce ( creation my?s among ! ,greeks4 ,^! are associat$ ) ! "n ( ,orpheus1 & are commonly class$ toge!r z ,orphic cosmogonies4 ,soon aft]1 philosophic speculation began to come into its own & ! ,greeks left (f tell+ tales4 ,burnet1 a fam\s /ud5t ( ,greek culture1 ass]ts t hi/ory tea*es t sci5ce has nev] exi/$ except among ^? peoples :i* ! ,greeks h influ5c$4 ,b we %all leave ! ,greeks = ! pres5t2 x may be t we %all meet !m1 & _! influ5ce aga94 ,! ,h9doos pass$ f crude views to m ab/ract & ref9$ concepts j z ! ,egyptians & ,greeks did4 ,9 ! ,v$ic p]iod1 !re are _m contradictory /atem5ts ab\t ! creation ( ! _w & ( ! gods4 ,heav5 & e>? are spok5 ( z ! p>5ts ( ! gods1 & at ! same "t ! gods are said to h built1 or wov51 ! :ole _w4 ,:5 we rememb] t !re 0 little di/9ction at fir/ betwe5 nature & ! gods1 we are n surpris$ at ?is contradiction4 ,moreov]1 z "o writ] sugge/s1 ?is contradiction seems only to h enhanc$ ! my/]y ( ! conception4 ,:5 religion ent]s1 logic is n always desir$4 ,ano!r conception :i* we f9d 9 ,h9doo ?\ght is t ( a _w-egg4 ,?is analogy is s natural t we are n surpris$ to discov] x4 ,let u glance at "o ( ! acc\nts giv5 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ?is univ]se 0 wat]1 no?+ b wat]4 ,! wat]s desir$1 ',h[ c we be reproduc$8' ,s say+1 !y toil$1 !y p]=m$ au/]ity4 ,:ile !y 7 p]=m+ au/]ity1 a gold5 egg came into exi/5ce4 ,be+ produc$1 #cf x !n became a ye>4 ,:]e=e ?is gold5 egg float$ ab\t = ! p]iod ( a ye>4 ,f x 9 a ye> a male came into exi/5ce1 :o 0 ,prajapati4444 ,he divid$ ?is gold5 egg4444 ,9 a ye> he desir$ to speak4 ,he utt]$ 'bhur1' :i* became ?is e>?2 'bhuvah1' :i* became ?is firmam5t2 & 'sv>1' :i* became t sky4444 ,desir+ prog5y1 he w5t on wor%ip+ & toil+4 ,he conceiv$ prog5y 9 himself2 ) 8 m\? he creat$ ! gods4444 ,?is acc\nt ( ! creation is *>act]i/ic ( ,h9doo ?\ght z x passes f ! frank admiration ( nature1 :i* di/+ui%es ! ,v$ic p]iod1 to :at m ne>ly approa*es !osophic speculation4 ,yet !re is no g5u9e break ) ! animism ( primitive times4 ,! wat]s are ?\ght ( z desir+1 t is1 !y are held to be alive & vaguely consci\s4 ,! belief t words are insep>able f ?+s %\ld aga9 be not$4 ,bhur becomes ! e>?1 & sv> becomes ! sky4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ,h9doo ?\ght became m ab/ract & sophi/icat$ )\t hav+ a*iev$ any me?od :i* w\ld lead to te/$ k4 ,an analogy may make cle>] to ! read] ! vici\s intellectual situation4 ,imag9e ! subtle m9ds ( ! ,m$ival s*ola/ics1 )\t ! mat]ial furni%$ !m by ! ,greek philosophy1 & oblig$ to ex]cise !mselves ^u magic1 my? & leg5d4 ,! v en]gy & subtlety ( _! intellects w\ld lead !m into all sorts ( phantasmagoria4 ,!osophy--& a l>ge %>e ( :at is call$ !ology--is simply a ref9+ & subtiliz+ ( my?ology4 ,! m difficult & ab/ract ! ?\ght1 ! m significance #cg x is assum$ to possess4 ,! p5etrative & explor+ p[] ( m]e unte/$ speculation is tak5 = grant$4 ,words ?r[ a spell ov] ! m9d because no?+ ( a m positive "* is be=e x to c\nt]act _! *>m4 ,ev5 to-day we all "k ( p :o l to employ su* t]ms z =ce1 & unity1 & _s1 & w4 ,! v vagu5ess ( ! words ex]cises a fasc9ation :i* smo!rs ! slight dem& = explanation4 ,j z ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion spoke ( ,wisdom z ! fir/-born creature ( ,god & gave ?is ab/raction an objective exi/5ce1 s ! ,h9doo poets & !osophi/s expla9$ ! _w 9 t]ms :i* seem to ! sci5tifically tra9$ m9d subjective & irrelevant4 ,= all its app>5t pr(undity1 su* an outlook repres5ts a l[] /age ?an t :i* sci5ce has rea*$4 ,subtlety is n en\gh2 x mu/ be a s]vant to ! "r me?ods ( inve/igation4 ,dialectic & imag9ative vividness _c give tru? to ideas n adapt$ to expla9 ! sort ( a _w we live 94 ,^? creation /ories develop$ by ! ,hebrews ) ! aid ( ! ,babylonians h _h mo/ influ5ce on ,we/]n ?\ght &1 !re=e1 des]ve consid]able att5tion4 ,! motives & m5tal processes at "w are1 h[ev]1 ess5tially ^? :i* we h already exam9$4 ,un=tunately1 we h only h9ts "h & !re 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! m primitive traditions :i* 7 work$ ov] & built ^u by ! prie/s & prophets4 ,moreov]1 ! ,yahweh religion seems to h be5 adopt$ q late & to h made easy a break ) ! old] tales4 ,probably few read]s ( ! ,bible1 :o h n made a sy/ematic /udy ( ,semitic lit]ature1 are aw>e t anci5t /r&s ( #ch folk-lore are scatt]$ ?r\gh x4 ,9 ,psalm #gd1 = in/ance1 !re is a good in/ance ( primitive views3 ,?\ did/ divide ! sea by ?y /r5g?2 ,?\ breake/ ! head ( ,levia?an 9 pieces4444 ,?\ did/ cleave f\nta9 & flood4 ,9 ,job1 likewise1 !re are ref]5ces to ^! de$s ( ,yahweh 9 ! f> pa/4 ,v few casual read]s ask !mselves :o ,rahab & ! ,fly+ ,s]p5t & ,levia?an 74 ,n[ inve/igation has %[n t we h1 9 ^! ref]5ces to ! de$s ( ,yahweh1 fragm5ts ( ! ,babylonian my? ( creation4 ,^! creatures are mon/]s :om ,yahweh makes captive be=e he ord]s ! orig9al *aos into a cosmos4 ,9 do+ ?is1 he is a c\nt]p>t ( ,m>duk1 ! ,babylonian creator4 ,^! mon/]s1 l ! gods :o conqu] !m1 are only p]sonifi$ =ms ( ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s above & ! e>? b5ea?4 ,let u n[ consid] ! /ories ( creation giv5 9 ,g5esis4 ,x is n widely en\gh kn[n t !re are two di/9ct acc\nts :i*1 al?\gh !y are ext]nally comb9$1 c easily be sep>at$ ev5 9 ! ,engli% translation4 ,! olde/ v]sion beg9s ) *apt] two1 v]se five4 ,?is v]sion is call$ ! prophetic acc\nt4 ,x assumes t ! _w already exi/s & conc]ns itself only ) man's appe>ance1 ! in/itution ( m>riage1 & ! g5]al features ( man's life4 ,god =ms man out ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 z a pott] molds 8 clay1 & brea!s into him ! brea? ( life4 ,he places him 9 a g>d5 to dress & keep x4 ,b ! incid5ts :i* foll[ are s famili> to e "o t !re is no ne$ to repeat !m4 ,s*ol>s h po9t$ out t ?is acc\nt is v simil> to t curr5t 9 ,babylonia4 ,! motives are l ^? f\nd 9 ! ,gilgami% & ,adapa #ci my?s4 ,! diff]5ces 9 g5]al tone & 9 geographical details c readily be expla9$ by ! lat] date--ab\t ! eigh? c5tury--& ! "* ( ! ,pale/9ian l&scape4 ,^? :o read ,hebrew w note ! diff]5ce 9 vocabul>y betwe5 ! second *apt] 9 ,g5esis & ! fir/1 :ile ^? :o are conf9$ to ! ,engli% translation %\ld especially note t ! two words1 ,"l & ,god1 are comb9$ 9 ! prophetic acc\nt4 ,!re are _m nave1 & obvi\sly primitive1 t\*es 9 ?is creation /ory :i* give x a qua9t *>m4 ,only ^?1 h[ev]1 :o are !mselves nave 9 _! outlook ^u ! _w c dream ( tak+ x z o!r ?an folk-lore4 ,i mu/ confess t x is a my/]y to me t s _m fairly educat$ m5 c take x z any?+ b :at x s obvi\sly is1 a creation my?4 ,! creation /ory1 told 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 is call$ by s*ol>s ! prie/ly acc\nt4 ,x is po/-exilic &1 s1 relatively late4 ,! f\ndation consi/s ( my?ical ideas :i* g back to ! mi/s ( antiquity4 ,f ^! 7 d]iv$ c]ta9 t]ms :i* are sc>cely translatable into ,engli%4 ,! read] has be5 fur!r confus$ by a poetic & inexact r5d]+ ( _m ,hebrew phrases4 ,! _s ( ,god is lit]ally ! w9d ( ,god1 an idea :i* probably is hi/orically connect$ ) ! ,babylonian tale ( h[ ,m>duk uses ! w9d z 8 in/rum5t 9 8 fight aga9/ ,tiamat1 ! mon/] ( ! deep4 ,tiamat has become ,tehom1 translat$ z ! deep4 ,9 spite ( ! lapse 9 v]se #bf1 into ! language ( poly!ism1 ! prie/ly acc\nt repres5ts a late !ological level 9 :i* creation is conceiv$ z ! passage ( w & ^w into exi/5ce4 ,! effect is #dj maje/ic & int5sely dramatic 9 its simplicity4 ,yet h[ else c critical ?\ght portray creation8 ,an omnipot5t1 p]sonal ,god is necess>ily conceiv$ z "o :o has ! p[] to call ?+s into be+4 ,to ask h[ he does ?is is mean+less1 = x ignores ! />k p[] :i* is assum$4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5ius ( ! ,semite1 !n1 ,god 0 pictur$ z a mon>* ^: v w br\ght =? )\t ef=t4 ,b a little reflection mu/ conv9ce u t ?is conception nei!r makes creation ?9kable 9 any g5u9e s5se nor proves its occurr5ce4 ,we h m]ely atta9$ ! idealization ( ! creation my?1 its mo/ p]fect =m4 ,! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! creation re/s l>gely ^u ! ,hebrew acc\nt4 ,! uncritical way 9 :i* ?is 0 /udi$ & accept$1 previ\s to ! rise ( mod]n sci5ce & ! high] criticism1 rema9s a m>vel to ^? :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! psy*ology ( religion4 ,sanction$ by religion1 idealiz$ my? naturally held its own until some?+ positive arose to dispute x4 ,! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 ! s*ola/ics1 & ! lead]s ( ! ,re=mation accept$ ! /ories 9 ,g5esis z revelations4 ,!y believ$ t !re 0 a ,god & t he _h reveal$ to man :at he _h done & :at 8 plan ( salvation 04 ,^! my?s fitt$ into _! view ( ! _w z an ess5tial & h>moni\s +r$i5t ( x4 ,:at motive w\ld !re be = skepticism8 ,lu!r /ates t ,moses is writ+ hi/ory & report+ ?+s t actually happ5$4 ,god 0 pleas$1 says ,calv91 t a hi/ory ( ! creation %\ld exi/4 ,( c\rse1 no really educat$ man ( to-day c accept ?is attitude unless he wi%es to s9 aga9/ 8 reason4 ,x is #da un=tunate t !re has n be5 suffici5t op5ness ( m9d to make possible a wid] ext5sion ( ! k :i* s*ol>s h be5 accumulat+4 ,! only c&id ?+ to d is to class ^! ,hebrew /ories ( ! creation ) ! my?s :i* grew up 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,all repres5t attempts to picture a beg9n+ ( ?+s z !y are1 by appeal to a magnifi$ & magical p]sonal ag5cy4 ,^? e>ly ?9k]s did ! be/ !y c\ld d ) ! ideas !y _h at h&4 ,!y 7 innoc5t ( our mod]n und]/&+ ( nature z a sc5e ( imp]sonal1 causal processes4 ,to try to f9d sci5ce 9 my?ology is l look+ ^u ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y z a tale ( real adv5ture4 ,x is int]e/+ to /udy ! speculations :i* ,*ri/ian ?9k]s h evolv$ ^u ! "q ( creation4 ,usually1 ! idea ( a creation ( ! physical _w out ( no?+ by a fiat has be5 favor$4 ,i am ! ,"l1 t make? all ?+s2 t /ret*es =? ! heav5s alone2 t spreade? abroad ! e>?4 ,su* is ! natural goal ( ! idea ( a creation4 ,yet a mom5t's reflection makes u realize t ! position is entirely d$uctive & )\t a %r$ ( evid5ce4 ,to assign to a hypo!tical ag5t call$ ,god p[]s suffici5t to produce :at exp]i5ce tells u exi/s expla9s no?+4 ,! prim>y assumption1 ( c\rse1 is t !re mu/ h be5 a creation4 ,b ! conception ( evolution has attack$ t assumption at its v f\ndation4 ,( late1 !re h be5 attempt$ compromises ) ! idea ( evolution4 ,may n ,god guide ! c\rse ( natural *ange8 ,b ?is outlook meets ) c]ta9 difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 0 ! physical #db _w creat$8 ,if s1 x mu/ h be5 ! be/ ( all possible physical worlds1 or else ,god is ei!r n omnipot5t or n omnisci5t or n ideally good4 ,& :5 ^! que/ions are rais$1 we pass imm$iately into a field ( m]e speculation4 ,! c5turies h be5 witnesses ( disputes betwe5 advocates ( diff]5t dogmas4 ,at pres5t1 !re seems to be a revival ( int]e/ 9 ! idea ( a limit$ & y\?ful deity /ruggl+ aga9/ odds to make ! _w livable4 ,b ,god becomes a "p ( ! univ]se 9 e s5se1 & s we are l$ to ! idea t ! physical _w 0 n creat$ b is1 r1 co-exi/5t ) deity4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m possible v>iations on ! !me1 & human +5uity w exhau/ itself 9 comb9+ ^! possibilities 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! tru? is1 t ^! !ological speculations c>ry u n[h]e4 ,my? & dialectical acut5ess1 h[ev] skillfully bl5d$1 _c add to our g5u9e k ( ! _w4 ,in/ead1 !y create new problems ( _! own :i* _c be settl$1 because !re is no way ( te/+ & v]ify+ ! v>i\s solutions4 ,9 %ort1 ! premises are at fault & mu/ be outgr[n & left beh9d4 ,our exp]i5ce no long] sugge/s to u ! idea ( a sup]natural ag5cy at "w1 nor are we s prone to ?9k ( an act ( creation "s few ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! pa/4 ,we h l>gely outgr[n ! my?ological sett+ out ( :i* !ology arose1 & x is tradition & ! lack ( a m positive view :i* enable x to reta9 = u any semblance ( plausibility4 ,!re is no?+ inh]5tly irrational 9 ! idea ( creation2 x simply be>s witness to a loos]1 m p]sonal _w 9 :i* annihilation & #dc orig9ation 7 famili> ev5ts1 because man saw only ! surface ( ?+s & 0 n able to foll[ ! cont9uities :i* b9d ?+s toge!r und]nea?4 ,! pr9ciple ( cons]vation1 :i* is "o ( ! gr& a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce1 is l a two-edg$ sword3 x de/roys n only ! belief 9 an absolute annihilation b1 likewise1 ! belief 9 an absolute beg9n+4 ,sl[ly1 b surely1 ?is new view ( nature w h its effect & und]m9e ! m nave hypo!sis ( a creation4 ,! emotional rev]b]ation ( ! accu/om$ =ms ( spee*1 ren=c$ by ! m5tal habits enc\rag$ by religion1 w die out only gradually4 ,man is in/9ctively romantic & t5ds to dramatize ! _w4 ,8 favorite categories are p]sonal1 & he has a pr(\nd di/a/e = ! imp]sonalism ( sci5ce4 ,only ! sl[ pressure ( actual k w lift him to a tru] view ( ! _w 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 #dd ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,magic ,,& ,,ritual ,e>ly man _h n ! conception ( natural law t we n[ possess4 ,9 ord] ev5 p>tially to und]/& 8 attitude t[>d ?+s1 ! man ( to-day mu/ ab/ract f ! idea ( law & regul>ity :i* he has %ot ?r\gh nature1 & ignore ! k ab\t ! antec$5ts ( ev5ts :i* close obs]vation & c>eful exp]im5t h furni%$ him )4 ,9 ! case ( magic1 j z 9 ! case ( my?ology1 he :o wi%es to see eye to eye ) ^? :o liv$ long ago mu/ rid himself = ! "t be+ bo? ( ! k :i* sci5ce has accumulat$ & ( ! m5tal habits ( enquiry & causal explanation :i* h be5 fo/]$ by x4 ,^! habits & ?is k h become su* a "p ( u t we are n fully consci\s ( !m & ( _! importance4 ,!y are l ! clo!s we we> or ! =ms ( polit5ess :i* we g ?r\gh ) automatically4 ,x is only aft] ! tw5tie?-c5tury man delves into folklore or reads acc\nts ( ! beliefs & practices ( ! pa/1 t he realizes t he /&s on ! %\ld]s ( innum]able g5]ations z ! inh]itor ( a long process ( m5tal evolution4 ,no?+1 p]haps1 c make him realize ?is fact m vividly ?an a /udy ( magic4 ,:at is magic8 ,! be/ answ] is to give examples #de ( magic4 ,9 ! ,malay ,p59sula ! magician makes an image l a corpse1 a foot/ep long4 ,if y want to cause sickness1 y pi]ce ! eye & bl9dness results2 or y pi]ce ! wai/ & ! /oma* gets sick4 ,if y want to cause dea?1 y transfix ! head ) a palm twig2 !n y en%r\d ! image z y w\ld a corpse & pray ov] x z if y 7 pray+ ov] ! dead2 !n y bury x 9 ! middle ( ! pa? :i* leads to ! place ( ! p]son :om y wi% to *>m1 s t he may /ep ov] x4 ,anci5t agriculture is full ( magic rites design$ to w>d (f evils4 ,to ?is day a ,transylvanian s[] ?9ks he c keep birds f ! corn by c>ry+ a lock 9 ! se$bag4 ,to ?is day1 aga91 9 ,r\mania1 ,s]bia & p>ts ( ,g]many1 ! peasants try to br+ on a ra9 by spr9kl+ wat] on a "y girl4 ,x is suppos$ t nature w foll[ suit1 & s5d a b5efic5t %[] ^u ! ?ir/y e>?4 ,magic is1 !n1 an +5i\s way ( mak+ or lead+ nature to d :at y want x to d4 ,z ,pr(essor ,murray writes3 ,agriculture us$ to be entirely a "q ( religion2 n[ x is almo/ entirely a "q ( sci5ce4 ,9 antiquity1 if a field 0 b>r51 ! own] ( x w\ld probably assume t ! b>r5ness 0 due to pollution1 or (f5se some:]e4 ,he w\ld run ?r\gh all 8 own possible (f5ses1 or at any rate ^? ( 8 neighbors & ance/ors1 & :5 he ev5tually decid$ ! cause ( ! tr\ble1 ! /eps t he w\ld take w\ld all be ( a k9d calculat$ n to affect ! *emical con/itution ( ! soil1 b to satisfy 8 own emotions ( guilt & t]ror1 or ! imag9>y be+ he _h (f5d$4 ,a mod]n man 9 ! same pr$icam5t w\ld probably n ?9k ( religion at all1 at any rate #df 9 ! e>li] /ages2 he w\ld say x 0 a case = deep] pl[+ or = basic slag4 ,magic is a way ( controll+ ?+s4 ,imitate ! act desir$1 9 a c]ta9 way1 & x w come to pass4 ,talismans & amulets1 aga91 possess a secret p[] = good & evil4 ,anci5t societies built up a lore ( ?is k9d1 add+ to mat]ial objects ! ag5cy ( demons "u ! control ( magicians4 ,?is lore is practically a feature ( ! pa/4 ,ev5 :ite magic is no long] good =m1 no long] accr$it$ by ! dom9ant social m9d4 ,x sl9ks into out-(-!-way places beyond ! public eye4 ,yet rese>* is %[+ t ^! seem+ly discr$it$ beliefs & po9ts ( view seldom completely disappe>4 ,!y smold] b5ea? ! surface & flame up n[ & !n 9 a />tl+ way to rem9d u t society 9 its evolution does n c>ry all its memb]s along at ! same rate4 ,! hi/orian is surpris$ to f9d t rites :i* are giv5 an exalt$ place 9 v>i\s religions are magical at he>t1 & g back to beliefs :i* h long be5 discr$it$ 9 o!r sett+s4 ,"s :o h specializ$ 9 folklore & an?ropology are v pessimi/ic z to ! degree 9 :i* ! sci5tific outlook ^u nature is replac+ ! m primitive attitude associat$ ) magic4 ,"o ( ! greate/ au?orities ^u primitive beliefs & cu/oms writes z foll[s3 ,we seem to move on a ?9 cru/ :i* may at any mom5t be r5t by ! subt]ranean =ces slumb]+ bel[4444 ,n[ & !n ! polite _w is />tl$ by a p>agraph 9 a newspap] :i* tells h[ 9 ,scotl& an image has be5 f\nd /uck full ( p9s = ! purpose ( kill+ an obnoxi\s laird or m9i/]1 h[ a woman has be5 sl[ly roa/$ #dg to dea? z a wit* 9 ,irel&1 or h[ a girl has be5 murd]$ & *opp$ up 9 ,russia to make ^? c&les ( human tall[ by ^: light ?ieves hope to pursue _! midnight trade unse54 ,! dang] to civilization =ese5 by ! speciali/ 9 unc\? cu/oms is und\bt$ly exagg]at$1 b 8 w>n+ %\ld rem9d u t education has a v valuable function to p]=m 9 tra9+ an ev] increas+ numb] 9 sci5tific habits ( ?\ght4 ,"o ( ! assumptions :i* und]lie magic is ! idea t two ?+s are connect$ 9 nature because !y are l "o ano!r4 ,space is n look$ ^u z a b>ri] to ?is connection4 ,s f> z c be se51 any?+ c affect any?+ else2 & ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( su* a relation leads to ! belief 9 its reality4 ,!re is almo/ entire abs5ce ( any conception ( sy/ematic te/+3 any accid5tal association may lead ! savage to be assur$ ( an important sign4 ,?us1 if a man w5t out hunt+ & saw a rabbit cross 8 pa?1 & !n _h bad luck1 he w\ld be sure t a rabbit is a sign ( bad luck4 ,moreov]1 s9ce individuals 7 on ! look\t = hoodoos1 !y w\ld n tempt provid5ce a second "t4 ,?is example illu/rates ! psy*ology r ?an ! sociology ( ! process4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t social gr\ps develop$ :at we call sup]/itions by way ( social contagion & sugge/ion4 ,! laugh+ acquiesc5ce ( ! pres5t 9 hoodoos1 mascots & lucky objects _c be trac$ back to ! cr$ulity ( any "o individual4 ,su* ?+s come to pass by a process ( accretion j z does ! belief t a p>ticul> h\se is haunt$4 ,mo/ writ]s on ! subject classify magic into two #dh k9ds1 imitative & contagi\s4 ,^! v>ieties are !n c>ri$ back to two pr9ciples :i* seem to gov]n ! association ( ideas4 ,imitative magic foll[s ! law ( association by simil>ity1 :ile contagi\s magic is bas$ on ! law ( contiguity4 ,to ^? :o h /udi$ psy*ology ?is classification w pres5t no difficulties4 ,to o!rs a ^w ( explanation is1 p]haps1 necess>y4 ,our m9ds connect ?+s or acts :i* are simil> 7! pr9ciple ( simil>ity7 & ^? :i* are exp]i5c$ or ?\ght ( toge!r 7pr9ciple ( contiguity74 ,connections are ?us made betwe5 ?+s &1 s9ce ! pr9ciples are s lib]al1 almo/ any?+ c be connect$ ) any?+ else4 ,x is ?is lib]ality :i* is ali5 to sci5ce4 ,let u glance at "s examples ( bo? k9ds ( magic4 ,! mo/ famili> in/ance ( imitative magic is ! device by means ( :i* an individual hopes to injure or kill an enemy4 ,a figure ( ! enemy is made & ?is is !n /uck full ( p9s or else burn$ be=e a sl[ fire4 ,9 anci5t ,babylonia x 0 a common practice to make an image ( clay1 pit*1 honey1 fat1 or o!r s(t mat]ial 9 ! lik5ess ( an enemy1 & to injure or kill him by burn+1 bury+1 or o!rwise ill-treat+ x4 ,?is practice occurs 9 ! highl&s ( ,scotl& to-day z well z 9 ,mexico1 ,italy1 ,*9a & o!r c\ntries4 ,rossetti's poem1 ,si/] ,hel51 has made ?is example ( imitative magic fairly famili> to ^? :o w\ld probably nev] o!rwise h he>d ( x4 ,:y did y melt y\r wax5 man1 ,si/] ,hel58 ,to-day is ! ?ird s9ce y began4 #di ,! "t 0 long1 yet ! "t ran1 ,little bro!r4 ,oh1 ! wax5 knave 0 plump to-day1 ,si/] ,hel52 ,n[ l dead folk he has dropp$ away6 ,nay n[1 ( ! dead :at c y say1 ,little bro!r8 ,!re are _m o!r curi\s in/ances ( imitative magic4 ,a ,bav>ian peasant 9 s[+ :eat w sometimes we> a gold5 r+1 9 ord] t ! corn may h a f9e yell[ color4 ,simil>ly1 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria1 ! peasant imag9es t he makes ! flax gr[ tall by danc+ or leap+ high1 or by jump+ backw>ds f a table4 ,telepa?ic action1 or action at a di/ance1 0 con/antly believ$ 94 ,! hunt]'s wife ab/a9$ f sp9n+ = fe> ! game %\ld turn & w9d l ! sp9dle & ! hunt] be unable to hit x4 ,:ile imitative magic works ?r\gh fanci$ resemblance1 contagi\s magic is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t :at has once be5 toge!r mu/ rema9 =ev] aft] 9 a sympa!tic relation1 s t :at is done to "o affects ! o!r4 ,9 ,sussex "s =ty ye>s ago a maid s]vant remon/rat$ /rongly aga9/ ! ?r[+ away ( *ildr5's ca/ tee?1 affirm+ t %\ld !y be f\nd & gnaw$ by any animal1 ! *ild's new too? w\ld be1 = all ! _w1 l ! tee? ( ! animal t _h bitt5 ! old "o4 ,x 0 q ! cu/om 9 =m] ye>s to ano9t ! sword :i* w\nd$ a man in/ead ( ! w\nd itself4 ,9 ,bryd5's play1 ,! ,tempe/1 ,ariel directs ,prosp]o to ano9t ! sword :i* w\nd$ ,hippolite & to wrap x up close f ! air4 ,footpr9ts1 pieces ( #ej clo?+1 pictures1 locks ( hair1 all are connect$ ) ! individual & :at is done to !m reacts on ! individual no matt] :]e he is4 ,at fir/1 mank9d resort$ to magic z naturally z we resort to ! in=mation giv5 u by sci5ce4 ,!re 0 no?+ nef>i\s ab\t x4 ,n to use all ! precautions 9 y\r p[] & employ all ! means y c\ld ?9k ( 0 simply fooli%4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 socially approv$ magic became di/+ui%$ f black magic or t :i* x 0 wrong to resort to4 ,b magic1 l e o!r activity1 t5d$ to become specializ$4 ,c]ta9 p]sons seem$ to possess m p[] ?an o!rs1 &1 s9ce no "o c\ld tell :at 0 impossible1 :at appe> to u ! mo/ absurd claims 7 put =?4 ,?+s 7 believ$ because !y 7 impossible4 ,x 0 "u ! enc\ragem5t ( ?is w to believe t magic fl\ri%$ until ! sl[ gr[? ( civilization & ! awak5+ reason ( man ca/ d\bts ^u x4 ,to /udy ! m te*nical developm5ts ( magic is extremely int]e/+4 ,magicians z a class evolv$ a lore :i* 0 look$ ^u by ! un9itiat$ z occult & my/]i\s4 ,! mass ( ! p did n "k ( any b\nds :i* c\ld be set to _! p[]4 ,!y & _! de$s 7 %r\d$ 9 d>kness & surr\nd$ by all ! gruesome associations :i* ! awe-/ruck imag9ation c\ld conjure up4 ,su* 0 ! case especially :5 magic became outlaw$ z an und]h& means ( obta9+ ?+s4 ,b magic _h by !n fall5 on evil days4 ,x 0 n yet disbeliev$ b simply condemn$ because x did n fit 9 ) ! dom9ant religi\s & social ord]4 ,! exact #ea relation ( religion & magic is a some:at complex problem :i* we mu/ po/pone = a :ile4 ,! ori5t 0 always ! f]tile home ( magic3 "h x rea*$ its m te*nical developm5ts4 ,9 ,lucian we read ( ! reput$ p[] ( ! ,*aldean wise m5 :o 7 able to recite spells :i* w\ld move ev5 ! gods4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,ea/ ?is esot]ic sci5ce exi/$4 ,9 ,egypt ! magicians claim$ to be able to compel ! highe/ gods to d _! bidd+4 ,by ?is "t magic _h1 h[ev]1 pass$ beyond its m primitive "*4 ,s f> z x involv$ signs & acts1 ^! 7 ( a highly symbolic type4 ,geometrical figures ( intricate con/ruction1 phrases consi/+ ( app>5tly mean+less words or ( words suppos$ to h a peculi> significance1 & ! names ( gods or demons 7 us$ ) appropriate c]emonies4 ,_m ( ^! magical =mulae h come d[n to u4 ,!y are spells :i* are suppos$ to con/ra9 ev5 ! highe/ gods4 ,! /ory ( ,fau/ reflects v well ! notion ( magic exi/+ 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! read] w call to m9d ! sc5e 9 :i* ,fau/ calls up ! ,e>?-,_s4 ,devotees ( ,victor ,hugo w rememb] ! description giv5 9 8 ,notre-,dame ( ,dom ,claude's cell & ?is ecclesia/'s unsuccessful attempts to use ! hamm] ( ,ezekiel4 ,! important ?+ 0 to discov] ! magic ^w :i* ?is fam\s rabbi pron\nc$ z he /ruck ^u ! nail ) 8 hamm]4 ,we h frequ5tly call$ att5tion to ! close connection suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 "n & ?+4 ,! "n is a g5u9e "p ( ! nature ( ! ?+4 #eb ,x 0 ?is assumption :i* lay at ! root ( ! m involv$ magic ( spells & incantations4 ,?is is :y e anci5t ,egyptian _h two names1 writes ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 "o by :i* 8 fell[s 9 ?is _w knew him1 & ! o!r1 8 true or great "n1 by :i* he 0 kn[n to ! sup]nal p[]s & 9 ! o!r _w4 ,he :o possess$ k ( ! "n ( ano!r _h him to t ext5t 9 8 p[]4 ,fe> ( su* an ev5tuality l$ _m nations to conceal ! true "n ( _! god4 ,t is :y ! real "n ( ! god ( ! ,hebrews is a matt] ( conjecture to u1 & :y ! ,romans _h an important deity ^: "n is completely lo/4 ,9 an old ,egyptian leg5d1 ! goddess ,isis asks h]self ?is "q1 ,_c ,i1 by virtue ( ! great "n ( ,ra1 make myself a goddess & reign l him 9 heav5 & e>?8 ,?is conception rem9ds u ( ! passage 9 ,mat!w1 ,_m w say to me 9 t day1 ,"l1 ,"l1 did we n prophesy by ?y "n1 & by ?y "n ca/ out devils1 & by ?y "n d mighty works8 ,& !n w ,i pr(ess unto !m1 ,i nev] knew y3 dep>t f me1 ye t "w iniquity4 ,aga91 9 ,m>k1 we h ?is correspond+ passage1 ,john said unto him1 ,tea*]1 we saw "o ca/+ out devils 9 ?y "n2 & we =bade him1 because he foll[$ u n4 ,?us names 7 ?+s to conjure ) 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,h[ few ( ^? :o read ^! v]ses und]/& _! real mean+1 t !y involv$ a belief 9 ! magic ( names6 ,9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ,pet] p]=ms a miracle simply by ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ,naz>e?4 ,is x necess>y to rem>k t su* cures z 7 possibly p]=m$ 7 due to #ec sugge/ion ( ! sort = :i* ec/atic religi\s fai? prep>es ! way8 ,9 pre-sci5tific times1 diseases 7 reg>d$ z ! effect ( spirits or demons4 ,dea?1 itself1 is consid]$ ! "w ( a malignant ag5t4 ,x is unnatural & magical4 ,savages (t5 address diseases respectfully z ,gr&fa!r ,smallpox4 ,jesus heals a woman & speaks ( h] z a daught] ( ,abraham :om ,satan has b\nd ^! eighte5 ye>s pa/4 ,?is address is 9 accord ) ! beliefs ( t day ev]y:]e4 ,t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians held simil> views is no matt] = surprise4 ,!y 7 *ildr5 ( _! age4 ,religion & magic 7 long b\nd up ) "o ano!r4 ,x is useless to ask :i* came fir/1 = !y are n mutually exclusive 9 ! beg9n+4 ,only z an e?ical mono!ism1 ) a high respect = ! p]sonality & p[] ( ! deity wor%ip$1 develops1 is ! magical elem5t reject$4 ,!re are few religions1 ev5 to-day1 :i* d n conta9 magical elem5ts1 & ! f>!r back 9 "t we g1 ! m conspicu\s is ! pres5ce ( incantations & ritual acts imput$ to h a my/]i\s efficacy4 ,man _h sore ne$ ( help1 & s he adopt$ all ! means :i* accid5t1 fancy & ignorance sugge/$4 ,if c]ta9 acts gave him ! mana ( 8 god or br\ght pressure to be> ^u a sup]natural ag5t1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,mu* ( e>ly liturgy is a m+l+ ( spell & pray]1 & x is /rictly true t mu* ( ,*ri/ian liturgy be>s traces ( ?is orig94 ,! foll[+ example %[s ?is int]tw9+ ( high] & l[] elem5ts3 ,9 ! bless+ ( ! baptismal wat] on ! eve ( ,epiphany1 a cu/om preval5t 9 ! e>li] ,*ur* #ed ( ,rome1 ! prie/1 :ile pray+ to ,god to sanctify ! wat]1 dipp$ a crucifix ?rice into x1 recall+ 9 8 pray] ! miracle describ$ 9 ,exodus1 ! sweet5+ ( ! bitt] wat] ) wood2 !n foll[$ antiphonal s++ describ+ ,*ri/'s baptism 9 ,jordan1 :i* sanctifi$ ! wat]4 ,we appe> to h "h1 writes ,l4 ,d4 ,f>nell1 a comb9ation ( ! great typical =ms ( ! immemorial religi\s en]gy1 pray] pure & simple1 ! pot5t use ( ! spiritually *>g$ object1 ! feti% 79 ?is case ! crucifix71 & an inton$ or *ant$ n>rative :i* has ! spell-value ( sugge/ion4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by c]ta9 inve/igators t magic is ne>] sci5ce ?an religion4 ,x is ! attempt ( man to compel ?+s to d :at he desires4 ,9 religion1 on ! o!r h&1 man proclaims 8 helplessness & 8 utt] dep5d5ce ^u spiritual p[]s4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is diff]5ce exi/s & comes m & m to ! front4 ,b x is n until religion evolves into spiritual pray] & communion & away f ritual processes t ! sep>ation takes place4 ,few ev5ts are m int]e/+ ?an ! gradual rejection ( magic by religion4 ,b does n ?is rejection involve a simil> rejection ( sci5ce8 ,"h1 aga91 we meet ! inevitable compromise4 ,:ite magic is di/+ui%$ f black magic4 ,we %all h m to say ( ?is relation%ip lat]4 ,only aft] c\ntless c5turies ( mi/ake did ! intellect ( man discov] ! actual relations 9 nature 9 su* a way z to be able to use !m ) c]ta9ty4 ,subjective associations 7 !n replac$ by te/$ causal connections4 ,fai? 9 m]e imitative acts 0 #ee lo/1 & x 0 f9ally realiz$ t pati5t rese>* 0 a pre-condition ( ! control ( man's environm5t4 ,"t1 alone1 c\ld %[ :at 0 possible & :at 0 impossible4 ,we h po9t$ out t1 z religion became m ideali/ic 9 its conception ( deity1 magic t5d$ to drop into ! backgr\nd4 ,moral motives 7 consid]$ ! sole motives capable ( mov+ him to b5efic5t action4 ,pray] came to be ?\ght ( z a petition = ! good1 & x 0 ev5 admitt$ t ?is omnisci5t be+ knew bett] ?an ! petition] :at 0 be/4 ,we :o h be5 br\ght up 9 ! ,*ri/ian belief h be5 too mu* incl9$ to belittle ! "* & intellect ( races ) a diff]5t h]itage4 ,x may be well1 !n1 to po9t out t problems :i* are be+ ?ra%$ ov] to-day 9 ,*ri/ian communities 7 discuss$ & answ]$ 9 mu* ! same way by o!r peoples 9 less enlight5$ times4 ,anci5t ,greece rea*$ ! spiritual level express$ 9 ! conclusion ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ,?y w be done4 ,! pray] ( ,socrates 03 ,grant me to become noble ( he>t4 ,! pray] ( ,epictetus 03 ,d ) me :at ?\ wilt3 my w is ?y w3 ,i appeal n aga9/ ?y judgm5ts4 ,is ?is n ! inevitable d$uction f an e?ical mono!ism8 ,any noble believ] 9 a good god w\ld look at pray] 9 ?is way4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t ! m philosophic adh]5ts ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity que/ion$ ! validity ( pray]s = favors4 ,take away ! support ( sci5ce1 ) its heal?y scot*+ ( sup]/ition1 f ! m9d ( ! mod]n ,*ri/ian & ,i d\bt :e!r he w\ld rise to high] e?ical levels ?an any ( 8 =be>s4 #ef ,b ! gr[? ( moral idealism 9 religion does n involve ! rational ov]?r[ ( magic4 ,s long z all ! ev5ts 9 ! _w are n assign$ directly to ,god z ! sole active ag5t at "w1 ! basis ( magic rema9s4 ,moral idealism condemns only black magic1 t is1 an immoral use ( magical p[]s4 ,b moral condemnation is n a rational d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( magic4 ,c>ri$ to its logical extreme1 e?ical mono!ism c\ld discr$it magic only by sub/itut+ p]sonal = imp]sonal ag5cy1 & !n proclaim+ a monopoly ( p]sonal ag5cy4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t sci5ce1 r ?an religion1 has be5 ! real foe ( magic1 because x grappl$ ) x empirically1 & 9 a detail$ fa%ion1 9 ! mid/ ( ! "h & n[ ( human ev5ts4 ,e?ical mono!ism is ab/ract1 d$uctive & dogmatic4 ,:at 0 necess>y 0 a critical movem5t at once concrete1 inductive & empirical4 ,religion develops only ! moral reason & t5ds to leave ! wid] rea*es ( reason an uncultivat$ field4 ,h5ce ! traitor ( sup]/ition 0 nev] f> f x1 ?und] z ! prea*] w\ld f ! pulpit4 ,victory ov] d>kness requires ! spread ( light into e nook & cranny ( ! human s\l4 ,! age-long conflict has pass$ its crisis4 ,yet all too few will+ly give _! :ole-he>t$ allegiance to ! ideals & me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,! /ruggle upw>d f primitive ignorance & sup]/ition to ! conception ( sl[-work+ imp]sonal ag5cy has be5 toilsome & tir+1 & ! g]ms ( sull5 revolt are 9 m brea/s ?an we (t5 suppose4 ,man's hold on ! good is frail2 let u seek to /r5g!n x & to wid5 its grasp4 ,laudation ( ! practical #eg applications ( sci5ce is n en\gh4 ,all are ready to be heal$ & to be made ! ma/]s ( nature4 ,too few are will+ to accept ! implications ( natural sci5ce & press on t[>d a philosophy conflict+ ) ! ideas ( ! univ]se *]i%$ by _! fa!rs4 #eh ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,let u n[ pass f ! /udy ( ! g5]al features ( ! anci5t outlook ^u nature to a /udy ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 ,is ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w insep>ably b\nd up ) ?is anci5t outlook1 or c x be purg$ ( x8 ,is ! moral f]vor & idealism ( ,*ri/ianity its ess5tial & p]man5t contribution1 a contribution to a rational appreciation ( human life8 ,prob+ /ill deep]1 let u n be afraid to ask ourselves :e!r ! surg]y :i* ?is !sis implies does n involve ! d>+ ( a break ) !ism z only a develop$ =m ( primitive animism8 ,9 e?ical mono!ism1 may n ! mono!ism be ! protect+ envelope f :i* ! butt]fly has already fl[n8 ,! "p play$ by ,*ri/ianity 9 ! developm5t ( ,we/]n civilization & its position z *ief repres5tative ( ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! univ]se makes our selection ( x = /udy natural4 ,to id5tify traditional religion ) a l[ /age ( its developm5t1 9 :i* x is inextricably b\nd up ) crude my? & rituali/ic magic1 is n a fair proc$ure4 ,we mu/ take !ology at its be/ & place x ov] aga9/ sci5ce & philosophy be=e we c rightly judge x4 ,only !n c we be c]ta9 :e!r x /&s = any?+ vital1 significant & true4 ,= ! ,we/]n #ei _w1 at lea/1 ,*ri/ian !ology is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to repres5t ! high-wat] m>k ( !ology4 ,if x is intr9sically inadequate & untrue to mod]n exp]i5ce1 ! only c\rse op5 to a morally & intellectually c\rage\s man is to resign x z a view outgr[n4 ,no matt] h[ mu* pa9 may arise f a break ) old associations & f ! rel9qui%m5t ( false hopes1 intellectual morality p]mits only "o c\rse4 ,x may be t social morality w ga9 new life :5 ! old =ms are brok51 = ! lett] kille?4 ,i mean t ,*ri/ian e?ics w op]ate m freely & creatively 9 ! _w :5 x is giv5 an entirely humani/ic sett+4 ,9 dream+ ( a sup]-mundane god1 man has only too (t5 =gott5 8 fell[ man4 ,9 ye>n+ = ! com+ ( ! div9e k+dom1 he has all[$ 8 h&s & feet to be idle1 or has ev5 /epp$ unhe$+ ov] ! pro/rate =ms ( m5 & *ildr5 brok5 9 ! m>t4 ,to remove !ology f ,*ri/ianity is to make ! k+dom ( ?is _w4 ,! cont5t ( ,*ri/ianity _c be sep>at$ f its orig94 ,to d s is to op5 ! door to private int]pretations ( all sorts & to facilitate duplicity & self-deception4 ,*ri/ianity is an hi/orical fact1 & has meant v>i\s pretty def9ite ?+s4 ,if we h outgr[n c]ta9 ( ^! ?+s & re-int]pret$ o!rs 9 a fundam5tal way1 we are n mak+ = cle>ness ( ?\ght by try+ to read our own outlook into ! pa/4 ,cont9uity ( a spiritual k9d !re has be51 b !re is also newness ( a basic import4 ,! k & atmosph]e :i* confront x to-day are va/ly diff]5t f ! !osophy 9 :i* x 0 born & n\ri%$4 #fj ,i ?9k we all feel t ,*ri/ianity /ood = an e?ical /imulus ( a v fruitful sort ^: effect c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,yet1 if we wi% to ga9 a prop] p]spective1 we mu/ n neglect to put 9 ! o!r balance ! t5d5cy to dogmatism & ! p]secut+ zeal :i* accompani$ x4 ,!re h be5 o!r ?an ,*ri/ian m>tyrs4 ,some?+ 0 faulty ) a movem5t :i* conta9$ s mu* obscurantism & bigotry4 ,!re 0 n en\gh ( sweet reason 9 its composition1 & too mu* ( ! old t]rors :i* accompani$ primitive ignorance & cruelty4 ,x ne$$ a san] & m :olesome p]spective & m tru/ 9 human reason4 ,= in/ance1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s sects1 :i* h sprung up f p]iod to p]iod ) su* clamor & dea?-defy+ en]gy1 h be5 diff]5ces ( /ress & ( =mulation ^: importance 0 grossly exagg]at$4 ,to ! mod]n /ud5t no?+ is m tragic & pitiful ?an ?is zeal ( ignorance4 ,s mu* to be done 9 ! _w to make x sweet] & m beautiful & m livable1 s mu* ne$ = sanity & *>ity2 & yet s mu* ( human en]gy wa/$ &1 m ?an wa/$1 turn$ to evil results4 ,! only way to ov]come ?is sect>ian mal-adju/m5t is to "k ! pa/ z x 0 & to *]i% no di/ort+ & bl9d+ illusions 9 reg>d to x4 ,man is s prone to see ! gold5 age 9 ! pa/ t x is necess>y to h a se>*light direct$ ^u x4 ,an hi/orical approa* is su* a se>*light4 ,!re is ano!r psy*ological advantage 9 an hi/orical approa*4 ,! reason is (t5 unconsci\sly b\nd by ! au?ority ( a suppos$ pa/4 ,= ! philosoph] ) 8 confid5ce 9 exp]im5tal reason1 #fa p]haps1 ?is inhibition does n exi/2 b ev5 p :o h e incl9ation to br+ _! total exp]i5ce to be>1 9 a free way1 ^u doctr9es & beliefs are re/ra9$ by :at !y h be5 taught1 & lose audacity4 ,! _s ( acquiesc5ce is always at "w 9 ! _w1 & no?+ ren=ces ?is _s m p[]fully ?an a traditionally-accept$ book ( sacr$ writ+s4 ,confront$ by ^! ) _! unhesitat+ affirmations & claims1 ! m9ds ( ! majority are intimidat$1 & su* reflections z !y all[ !mselves "w )9 ! prescrib$ b\nd>ies or w&] little beyond !m4 ,no?+ is bett] suit$ to unb9d ! m9d & to lead x to ?9k boldly ?an a /udy ( orig9s4 ,! individual ga9s p]spective z he sees ideas & s5tim5ts rise & fall & give way to o!rs4 ,he c no long] be intimidat$ by ! %ad[ ( a compact & seem+ly impregnable tradition4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t su* an hi/orical & comp>ative approa* c1 at its be/1 only break up ! my?ical simplicity ( a s5tim5taliz$ pa/ & reveal ! complexity ( ! _m-*annel$ =ces at "w2 x _c prove any p>ticul> doctr9e4 ,! creation mu/ come f ! _s ( ! pres5t1 z x c>ries ! /imulus ( ! pa/ & adds to x its own en]gies4 ,all develop$ religions h _! sacr$ books4 ,until ! translation ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 0 und]tak5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 few p realiz$ h[ _m su* books !re 74 ,& we ,am]icans h be5 ! unwill+ witnesses ( ! appe>ance ( two o!r collections ( writ+s mak+ ! same claims1 ,! ,book ( ,mormon & ,sci5ce & ,heal?4 ,n[ su* sacr$ books are #fb reg>d$ z revelations :i* c\ld n be obta9$ except by a my/]i\s contact ) div9e ?+s4 ,& ! religi\s fai? :i* has be5 call$ =? & direct$ by a tea*+ f\nd$ on ! scripture turns back its own w>m? ^u its s\rce4 ,no?+ is m natural ?an ?is int]action betwe5 a liv+ fai? & ! writ+s :i* are felt to be its gu>antee4 ,religion is notori\sly cons]vative & retrospective4 ,especially is ?is true ( religions :i* impute to !mselves a complete & f9al s\rce ( revelation 9 ! pa/4 ,fai? & book are associat$ 9 ! m9d s intimately t !y lose _! sep>at5ess4 ,to d\bt "o is l d\bt+ ! o!r4 ,?us fai? =ms an emotional envelope :i* protects ! lit]ature1 :ile ! concrete detail ( ! lit]ature reacts ^u ! m9d to /r5g!n ! fai?4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t ! cult ( ! book is a ph5om5on :i* is univ]sal 9 ! advanc$ religions4 ,! ,mohamm$an believes 9 ! v]bal inspiration ( ! ,koran j z fully z does ! ,jew 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! ,*ri/ian 9 ! inspiration ( ! accept$ canon call$ ! ,bible4 ,nor are ^! ! only examples4 ,b ?is psy*ological circle is a vici\s "o4 ,x involves ! sub/itution ( a subjective support to claims & !ories :i* require ! te/ ( human exp]i5ce z a :ole4 ,b j because sci5ce is ?is cord9ation ( ! :ole range ( exp]i5ce1 !re inevitably arises t conflict betwe5 sci5ce & !ology ( :i* we h he>d s mu* dur+ ! la/ few decades4 ,x is a conflict betwe5 a "p ( exp]i5ce1 int]pret$ too ha/ily1 & ! rationaliz$ :ole4 ,sci5ce arose at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance z a #fc consequ5ce ( man's awak5$ curiosity4 ,its fir/ conque/s 7 9 ! fields ( a/ronomy & physics4 ,^! 7 ( su* a /rik+ "* t !y gave ?is comp>atively new movem5t a pre/ige :i* /ood x 9 good /ead 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,gradually1 an assur$ te*nic 0 develop$1 & inductive te/s made ( e hypo!sis :i* sugge/$ itself4 ,= a consid]able "t1 sci5ce 0 conf9$ pretty def9itely to ! physical _w2 b x 0 inevitable t ! m5tal habits enc\rag$ w\ld soon] or lat] ext5d !mselves to o!r fields4 ,:ile !re 7 _m t5tative applications ( ! me?ods & ideals ( inductive sci5ce to ! field ( hi/ory 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 n until ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! sci5ce ( hi/ory 0 fully develop$4 ,our conception ( ! pa/ has become progressively deep] & tru]4 ,romanticism has be5 replac$ by a realism :i* calls an?ropology1 ar*eology1 & mod]n psy*ology to its aid4 ,we wi% to see ! m5 ( ! pa/ z !y actually 72 & we are q aw>e t we "k m ab\t ! _w ?an !y did4 ,9 ! doma9 ( biblical lit]ature & comp>ative religions1 ! me?od ( sci5ce 0 sl[ ( application4 ,!re 0 a trem5d\s in]tia to ov]come1 & a /rong _s ( positive antagonism to resi/4 ,! :ole sy/em ( hopes & fe>s1 sanctions & taboos1 :i* ! anci5t view ( ! _w _h fo/]$ )9 ! human brea/ cri$ out aga9/ ! sacrilege ( rational inve/igation4 ,humanity hugs illusion m fondly ?an x does tru? because x is m famili> ) x4 ,= a :ile1 all t or?odoxy _h to cont5d ) 0 a rationalism ( a skeptical ca/ :i* _h sc>cely a bett] hi/orical outlook at its #fd comm& ?an _h its oppon5t4 ,x c\ld ass]t t ^! /ories & beliefs h&$ d[n f ! pa/ c\ld n be true because !y conflict$ ) our exp]i5ce2 b x c\ld n expla9 :y p _h orig9at$ ^! ideas & :y !y _h believ$ 9 !m s implicitly4 ,9 o!r words1 x c\ld n let ! pa/ expla9 itself 9 su* a natural way t x w\ld disprove its own beliefs4 ,x is ?is t mod]n rese>* has done s ?or\ghly t !re is sc>ce ne$ = ! appeal to ! con/ructive sci5ces :i* skeptical rationalism makes4 ,! battle is no long] a drawn "o s f> z ! intellect is conc]n$4 ,x is m]ely a "q ( h[ long x w take be=e ! victory w be recogniz$ & proclaim$ by all educat$ p4 ,z ! evolution>y po9t ( view =c$ its way into recognition1 s*ol>s became aw>e ( ! real nature ( my? & leg5d2 !y realiz$ t beliefs ( ?is sort are products ( a creative gr\p-consci\sness saturat$ ) a view ( ! _w :i* we h sl[ly outgr[n2 !y s5s$ ! m5tal complexity ( ! pa/ & became suspici\s ( ! nave assumption t religions 7 =m$ 9 a g5]ation by ! %e] au?ority ( a s+le man or ( a small gr\p ( m54 ,! fir/ cle> /atem5t ( ?is *ang$ po9t ( view 0 ! "w ( ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss 9 8 fam\s ,life ( ,jesus4 ,/rauss develop$ ! idea t mu* ( religi\s lit]ature consi/s ( my?s & dogmas1 n creat$ out ( :ole clo? by w\ld-be deceiv]s1 b wov5 by ! /imulat$ fancy ( gr\ps work+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( traditions & attitudes :i* ! mo/ int5se rese>*1 alone1 c make liv+ #fe to ! s*ol>4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is /&po9t is ess5tially correct4 ,be=e x c\ld be appli$ satisfactorily1 h[ev]1 pa9/ak+ inve/igation ( ! lit]ature & record$ cu/oms ( ! p ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 _h to be c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,only by n[ has ?is task be5 s f> a*iev$ t ! ma9 features ( ! ,graeco-,syrian-,pale/9ian-,egyptian _w are op5 to a sympa!tic inspection4 ,no "o :o has n done "s "w 9 ?is field at fir/ or second h& c realize ! difficulties :i* confront$ inve/igators4 ,fragm5ts f\nd "h & !re 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 ! tea*+s ( ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria1 ! apocalyptic lit]ature discov]$ 9 remote places1 inscriptions une>!d "h & !re1 all 7 c>efully /udi$ & comp>$ & =c$ to yield _! quota ( in=mation4 ,x is a psy*ological pr9ciple :i* mu/ always be reckon$ ) t ! less an untra9$ individual kn[s ab\t ! pa/1 ! m c]ta9 ( ! correctness ( 8 assum$ k he is prone to be4 ,= example1 ! ,am]ican :o has read "o or m ( ! ov]-simplifi$ text-books deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 :i* are us$ 9 ! s*ools1 has a cle>-cut picture ( ! v>i\s ev5ts1 kn[s exactly h[ !y occurr$ & :o 0 9 ! "r4 ,! univ]sity tea*]1 on ! o!r h&1 has be=e him a weal? ( conflict+ data f :i* he mu/ pa9fully & t5tatively con/ruct a picture ( ! t5d5cies at "w at diff]5t p]iods4 ,he mu/ te/ ! g5u95ess ( 8 s\rces1 weigh ! prejudices ( ! writ]1 & decide :e!r he 0 9 a position to "k exactly #ff :at 0 happ5+4 ,consequ5tly1 he w speak 9 a qualifi$ language :]e ! av]age citiz5 w deliv] himself ( emphatic ass]tions4 ,yet ! inve/igator ( ,am]ican hi/ory is possess$ ( an abundance ( mat]ial & deals ) a "t = :i* pr9t+ exi/$4 ,! language 9 :i* ^! docum5ts are writt5 is 8 own or else a well-kn[n "o4 ,! /ud5t ( comp>ative religions has none ( ^! advantages4 ,= ! anci5t _w1 ! inscriptions are ar*aic & cond5s$4 ,9 ! case ( ! biblical lit]ature1 he may be deal+ ) acc\nts edit$ f old] manuscripts 9 o!r languages4 ,^! n>ratives conflict among !mselves & conta9 surpris+ly little in=mation on important po9ts4 ,h5ce1 ! inve/igator is almo/ ov]:elm$ by ! difficulty ( 8 task & ! fewness ( 8 c]ta9 results4 ,! ord9>y confess+ ,*ri/ian1 on ! contr>y1 is blissfully unaw>e ( ^! problems4 ,he op5s 8 ,engli% translation & reads ! famili> words 9 ! light ( inh]it$ dogmas :i* bl9d 8 eyes to all contradictions & discrepancies4 ,! tru? is1 t he is m5tally unprep>$ to comp>e passages & to see problems :i* />e ! tra9$ man 9 ! face4 ,he reads subjectively = edification4 ,! ecclesia/ical atmosph]e is su* t 8 spiritual advisors h ei!r desir$ to keep mod]n critical "w f 8 notice1 or h be5 afraid to ar\se ! bigotry ( _! keep]s1 or h !mselves lack$ a mod]n education4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! av]age ,*ri/ian has ! mo/ nave notions 9 reg>d to ! au?or%ip & au!nticity ( ! gospels & ( ! real mean+ ( _m ( ! v]ses4 ,pale/9e is conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( ! color-pr9ts :i* illu/rate 8 bible1 :ile ! m5tal #fg atmosph]e ( ! ,ye> ,"o is t ( ! pres5t day 9 ,am]ica )1 p]haps1 an exotic t\* "h & !re4 ,let u glance ov] "s ( ! facts :i* inve/igation is mak+ ev] cle>] & :i* are n z g5]ally kn[n z !y des]ve to be4 ,:at is said "h %\ld be read ) remembrance ( ! results ( ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,su* a bird's eye view ( ! =ces at "w 9 lat] ,hell5i/ic & ,roman times w be ! be/ prep>ation = a sane conception ( ! orig9 & tr5d ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,t>sus1 a ,greek city ( ,cilicia1 ,paul1 or ,saul1 0 born & educat$4 ,n[ ,t>sus 01 aft] ,alex&ria1 ! *ief seat ( late ,greek philosophy 9 ! ne>-ori5t4 ,_m ( ! m not$ ,/oic ?9k]s & tea*]s ( ! day came f ,cilicia & _h semitic blood 9 _! ve9s4 ,a!nodorus1 ! tea*] ( ,cic]o & ,augu/us1 came f ,t>sus1 itself2 & x is said t 8 grateful & admir+ fell[ citiz5s made him a h]o ^u 8 dea? & annually celebrat$ him 9 a memorial fea/1 a proc$ure v *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,!re is ! /ronge/ evid5ce 9 ,paul's epi/les t he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,/oicism4 ,! l>g] intellectual _w ( ,philo ( ,alex&ria & ,s5eca ( ! ,imp]ial ,city lies beh9d ^! epi/les4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,jew ( ! ,disp]sion diff]$ widely f ! ,jew ( ,pale/9e1 no matt] h[ desir\s he might be to id5tify himself ) ! wor%ip at ! ,temple4 ,b ,greek philosophy 0 n ! only elem5t ) :i* ! inhabitant ( ,t>sus w\ld come 9 contact4 ,:5 ,paul speaks ( my/]ies1 he is ref]r+ to ! v>i\s secret cults :i* p]meat$ ! ,roman _w4 ,h[ few ,*ri/ians are aw>e t ! anci5t _w #fh 01 at ?is "t1 9 a religi\s f]m5t almo/ )\t p>allel4 ,! ,greek civilization _h lo/ its n]ve4 ,x _h %ot its bolt & be5 ov]:elm$ by autocratic p[]s & %e] b>b>ism4 ,! conditions ( a progressive & broadly bas$ civilization _h n yet be5 a*iev$4 ,any "o :o turns f ! great writ]s ( classical ,a!ns1 say ,sophocles or ,ari/otle1 writes ,gilb]t ,murray1 to ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian era mu/ be consci\s ( a great diff]5ce 9 tone4 ,!re is a *ange 9 ! :ole relation ( ! writ] to ! _w ab\t him4 ,! new quality is n specifically ,*ri/ian3 x is j z m>k$ 9 ! ,gno/ics & ,mi?ra-wor%ip]s z 9 ! ,gospels & ! ,apocalypse1 9 ,julian & ,plot9us z 9 ,gregory & ,j]ome4 ,x is h>d to describe4 ,x is a rise ( asceticism1 ( my/icism1 9 a s5se1 ( pessimism2 a loss ( self-confid5ce1 ( hope 9 ?is life & ( fai? 9 normal human ef=t2 a despair ( pati5t inquiry1 a cry = infallible revelation2 an indiff]5ce to ! welf>e ( ! /ate2 a conv]sion ( ! s\l to ,god4 ,x is an atmosph]e 9 :i* ! aim ( ! good man is n s mu* to live ju/ly1 to help ! society to :i* he belongs & enjoy ! e/eem ( 8 fell[ creatures2 b r1 by means ( a burn+ fai?1 by contempt = ! _w & its /&>ds1 by ec/asy1 suff]+ & m>tyrdom1 to be grant$ p>don = 8 unspeakable unwor?9ess1 8 immeasurable s9s4 ,!re is an int5sify+ ( c]ta9 spiritual emotions2 an increase ( s5sitiv5ess1 a failure ( n]ve4 ,x 0 9 su* a /ate ( ! social m9d t ,*ri/ianity _h its bir?4 ,x 01 z we h be=e po9t$ out1 "o ( _m compet+ = dom9ance4 ,^! compet+ religions _h mu* 9 common1 #fi ?\gh x 0 ! advantage ( ,*ri/ianity to h inh]it$ ! e?ical mono!ism ( ! prophets4 ,^u ,paul1 ! ,hell5i/ & ,jew ( ! disp]sion1 0 focuss$ ?is augu/ tradition along ) traditions ( a m my/ical "*4 ,syria _h be5 ! home ( c]ta9 my/]ies f an e>ly day1 = we read 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( wom5 m\rn+ ! dea? ( ,tammuz1 ! god ( vegetation :o dies & is born aga94 ,n[ ,adonis or ,attis 0 ! correspond+ god ( ,phrygia1 & all p ( ,syria 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! cult :i* %[$ ! "m-goddess m\rn+ = h] son4 ,b ^! m primitive rites 7 be+ displac$ by a m develop$ & e?ical =m call$ ,mi?raism4 ,i well rememb] my surprise :51 visit+ "o ( ! old] *ur*es at ,rome1 ,i 0 %[n ! e>li] *ur* b5ea? & told t1 b5ea? t aga91 a *ur* d$icat$ to ,mi?ra _h be5 discov]$4 ,n[ ,t>sus 0 "o ( ! *ief seats ( ,mi?raism1 & x is practically c]ta9 t ,paul 0 acqua9t$ ) its ma9 rituals & beliefs4 ,let u try to realize ! importance ( ?is fact4 ,mi?raism _h an initiatory s]vice 9 :i* ! proselytes 7 admitt$ into ! fai?4 ,! liturgy ( ?is s]vice is /ill extant & we "k t x repres5t$ a my/ical dy+ & rebir? 9 :i* ! guilt ( ! old life is remov$ & a new immortal life is creat$ ?r\gh ! _s4 ,! initiates spoke ( !mselves z reborn = et]nity4 ,s /rik+1 writes ,pfleid]] ! ,g]man critic1 is ! connection ( ^! ideas ) ,paul's tea*+ ( ,*ri/ian baptism z a community ( dea? & resurrection ) ,*ri/ 7,romans #f7 t ! ?\ght ( hi/orical relation betwe5 ! two _c be evad$4444 ,mi?raism also #gj _h a sacram5t correspond+ to ! ,*ri/ian eu*>i/ at :i* ! sanctifi$ bread & a cup ( wat] or ev5 w9e s]v$ z my/ic symbols ( ! di/ribution ( ! div9e life to ,mi?ra-believ]s4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d h[ little importance ,paul atta*$ to ! actual life & e?ical tea*+ ( ,jesus1 we are n surpris$ at ! frequ5t sugge/ion t ,paul 0 ! real f\nd] ( bo? liturgical & !ological ,*ri/ianity4 ,he did n create ?is liturgy b f\nd x to h&4 ,! e>ly *ur* foll[$ ?is natural impulse & add$ to ! simpl] inh]it$ rites4 ,into ! psy*ology ( ,paul's conception ( ! ,*ri/ x is difficult to ent]4 ,he 0 probably an en?usia/ ) ! t5d5cy to exalt$ moods peculi> to epileptics & yet ) high m5tal ability4 ,he felt himself inspir$4 ,he gives u to und]/& t he 0 subject to visions1 & x is well kn[n t religi\s excitem5t is capable ( weld+ toge!r ! myriad sugge/ions :i* play ^u ! self4 ,we c compreh5d ! "w ( ,paul1 "o ( ! ma9 f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 only :5 we see him z ! my/ical int]pret] weav+ ! ,jewi% traditions ( ! sob]] type1 ! apocalyptic outlook ( su* books z ,daniel & ,ezra1 ! my/]y cults ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w & ! !ories ( ! ,/oic philosophy into "o :ole1 dom9antly sup]naturali/ic4 ,s*ol>s w cont9ue to diff] 9 reg>d to ! comp>ative proportions ( ! +r$i5ts he fus$ toge!r1 b few w ga9say t ,paul's tea*+ is a product ( _m s\rces4 ,9 ?is connection a v significant fact %\ld be not$3 al?\gh ! ,paul9e epi/les are ! e>lie/ records ( ,*ri/ianity1 aside f ! crucifixion1 n a s+le fact 9 ! life ( ,jesus c be glean$ f ^! #ga epi/les1 nor d !y record a s+le say+ ( ,jesus4 ,we %all next pass to a brief /udy ( ! ,jesus ( ! synoptic gospels1 ! figure :i* has become ende>$ to humanity & ) :i* ! ,we/]n _w has associat$ its noble/ s5tim5ts4 ,b ev5 ! pres5t /udy ( "s ( ! m my/ical elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity mu/ h p]suad$ ! read] t we h 9 ?is movem5t ! focuss+ ( ! complex life ( anci5t times4 ,! circle ( ideas passionately held by ! memb]s ( ! *ur* 0 n creat$ by any "o man or gr\p ( m54 ,x 0 ! fl[]+ out ( primitive ideas & e?ical aspirations4 ,moral idealism goes h& 9 h& ) cosmological my?4 ,we :o h rega9$ ! n]ve :i* t age _h lo/ may h ! gift & high adv5ture ( sep>at+ moral tru? f !ological illusion4 #gb ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,prophet ,,( ,,naz>e? ,( rec5t ye>s a /rong reaction aga9/ ! ,paul9e int]pretation ( ,*ri/ianity--or %all we say ! ,paul9e type ( ,*ri/ianity8--has set 94 ,we h s completely outgr[n ! primitive notions ( sacrifice1 & ! ,jewi% belief 9 ! necessity ( an atonem5t is s contr>y to our idea ( ,god1 t ,paul's rabb9ical !ology does n /rike a sympa!tic *ord4 ,aft] all is said1 we are desc5dants 9 ! _s ( ^? g5tiles = :om ,paul's message 0 nons5se4 ,intellectually1 we are ! sons ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ( ,ar*im$es & ,ju/9ian4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ideas ( ! p]iod ( ! ,graeco-,roman decl9e 7 m+l$ ) ! social ideas ( feudalism4 ,to-day1 sci5ce & philosophy h lift$ u back to ! s]5] heights ( classic times1 & bid fair to surpass t glori\s p]iod 9 solid con/ruction if n 9 delicacy ( inspiration4 ,! result is1 t ! social m9d is dropp+ ^? elem5ts f ,*ri/ianity :i* d n h>monize ) our moral & intellectual temp]4 ,n[1 ! synoptic gospels are ( a nature to l5d !mselves to ?is %ift+ ( int]e/ f ! !ological & ! sacrificial to ! m human & e?ical4 ,!y pres5t an idealiz$ picture ( ,jesus ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 :]eas ,paul prea*es only ! second ,adam1 ,jesus ,*ri/ aft] ! _s4 ,paul 0 #gc int]e/$ 9 ! _w to come & ! heav5ly _w above ! cl\ds :]e sit ! ons1 ! pr9cipalities1 & ! p[]s4 ,we are int]e/$ *iefly 9 ! _w "h & n[1 9 social ju/ice & democratic fell[%ip4 ,z humanit>ianism became aggressive1 ,*ri/ianity reflect$ ! *ange4 ,is !re any reason to suppose t its !ological envelope w be able to place a b\nd>y to ! ext5t ( ?is *ange8 ,! real =ces at "w are ^? ( to-day1 ^? ( our own _s & m9d4 ,only = a "t w !y seek to f9d !mselves 9 ! pa/4 ,only :ile !y are ga!r+ =ce & confid5ce w !y masqu]ade z a m]e revival ( a tru] primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is extremely sugge/ive t ! m democratic movem5ts )9 ,*ri/ianity h always /ress$ ! k9dli]1 m human1 & m homely phases ( ! bible4 ,! foll[]s ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi 71 at fir/1 tea*]s ( humility & bro!rly love2 & ,francis1 himself1 model$ 8 life aft] t ( ,jesus z he conceiv$ him4 ,! disciples ( ,wycliffe made _! home among ! peasantry & artisans ( ,m$ival ,engl&4 ,john ,ball is a good int]pret] to u ( ! social outlook !y n\ri%$4 ,x appe>s t !y ?\ght ( ,jesus z l "o ( !mselves1 read 8 life 9 t]ms ( _! own press+ problems4 ,pietism & me?odism h always incl9$ t[>d ! gospel ,jesus 9 pref]5ce to ! ,paul9e ,*ri/2 b _! social outlook 0 f> too negative & passive4 ,democracy mu/ be aggressive1 non-my/ical1 triumphant4 ,x mu/ exalt reason :ile n =gett+ t5d]ness4 ,) ! gr[? ( mod]n democracy ( a sociali/ic k9d1 ,jesus ! ,c>p5t] ) 8 k9dly ^w = ! poor & d[ntrodd5 & 8 scorn = #gd ! haughty & ri* has become ! symbol & sign ( a new social e?ics4 ,x is evid5t t religion is n indep5d5t ( ! social temp] ( an age4 ,religion po9ts to ! seat ( p[] z a compass po9ts to ! pole4 ,:5 man's sore ne$ made him cry out = m]cy & succor 9 ! primitive days1 8 ignorant helplessness inevitably peopl$ nature ) gods ( f]tility4 ,illusion & ne$ creat$ ! gods ( my? & ritual4 ,remove ?is sett+ ( ignorance & illusion1 & put 9 its place a s5se ( p[]1 & ne$ w po9t to ! prop] use ( t p[]4 ,ju/ice & m]cy & reason1 us$ socially = a social purpose1 w surely become ! religion ( an intellig5t democracy4 ,9 ! old] =ms ( religion1 man 0 a petition] hold+ out helpless h&s ( pray]2 9 ! religion to come1 man w be a creator bravely tak+ 8 de/9y into 8 own h&s4 ,:at a rev]sal6 ,yet x is no great] ?an ! contra/ betwe5 ! primitive _w we h be5 /udy+1 ) its mana & taboos & magic1 & ! mod]n _w ) its k ( *emi/ry & electricity & its deep prob+ into ! v s\l ( man4 ,b we mu/ return to ! explanation ( ! popul> t5d5cy to exalt ! man ,jesus ov] ! ,paul9e ,*ri/4 ,is ! explanation f> to seek8 ,!ology ( a recondite "* has always be5 ! expression ( reflection & leisure4 ,! religion ( ! masses has always be51 on ! contr>y1 9 t]ms ( pictures & emotions connect$ ) _! ev]yday ne$s4 ,! rabb9ical concepts ( ,paul 7 =eign to _! exp]i5ce1 :ile ! philosophical my/icism ( ,john 0 appreciat$ only by a few :o felt ! beauty ( ! language & ! /range *>m ( its figures ( spee*4 #ge ,to ! common p ,jesus 0 a lov+ fri5d :o com=t$ !m 9 _! sorr[s1 & ! witness to a heav5 9 :i* all te>s w\ld be wip$ away4 ,( c\rse1 we mu/ n be too romantic 9 our int]pretation ( ! outlook ( ! masses4 ,^! s5tim5ts (t5 atta*$ !mselves to ! giv5 !ology ) dogmatic fi]c5ess2 & 9 ! backgr\nd sup]/iti\s fe>s 7 only too apt to smold]4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 x is n false to say t ! gospel /ory ( ! life ( ,jesus ) its simple pa?os & vivid diction appeal$ to ! masses1 :ile 8 p]sonality met _! ideal ( nobility & moral gr&eur4 ,jesus1 ! man :o 0 also ! ,son ( ,god1 :o came ^u e>? = !m & = "s reason di$ = !m1 affect$ !m z no?+ else c\ld4 ,& is x n a wond]ful conception8 ,yes2 9 ! "r sett+1 !re has be5 none gr&] 9 all lit]ature4 ,x is a ma/]piece ( lyriciz$ my?ology4 ,b1 :5 we h outliv$ its sett+1 x c affect u only z great lit]>y ma/]pieces d1 :5 we cons5t to ?r[ ourselves into ! /hetic attitude4 ,! pragmatic & /hetic qualities ( a /ory d n gu>antee its hi/orical tru?4 ,9 fact1 rese>* has %[n t practically all ! mo/ *>m+ anecdotes :i* h come d[n to u w n /& critical exam9ation4 ,! hi/orian ( ,*ri/ianity is well aw>e ( ?is situation4 ,! g5]al movem5t ( enlight5$ religi\s ?\ght f ! m my?ical elem5t to ! c>e] ( ,jesus1 :ile x be>s witness to a m wide-spread int]e/ 9 8 p]sonality1 also te/ifies to a gr[+ d\bt ( ! validity ( ! !ological con/ructions :i* h be5 wov5 ar\nd 8 figure4 ,we wi% to "k1 if possible1 exactly :at he ?\ght #gf & taught4 ,7 we able to det]m9e ?is1 we feel t mu* ( ! di/ort+ atmosph]e w\ld be )drawn4 ,b is n ?is1 itself1 "o ( ^? delud+ hopes :i* ! attitude ( compromise fo/]s8 ,d we n "k 9 our he>t ( he>ts t ! beliefs ( ,jesus reflect$ ! beliefs ( 8 "t1 j z ! beliefs ( ,kant or ,lu!r are functions ( ! ages 9 :i* !y liv$8 ,b we h "h an hypo!sis :i* c be te/$ by hi/orical data4 ,7 ! views ( ,jesus l ^? ( 8 age8 ,no?+ has come out m cle>ly ?an j ?is fact4 ,let u see :at has result$ f ?is close /udy ( ! s\rces4 ,we mu/ rememb] t books 7 n publi%$ 9 anci5t days z !y are at pres5t4 ,manuscripts pass$ f h& to h&1 & individuals add$ to !m1 or alt]$ !m1 or comb9$ !m z !y saw fit4 ,plagi>ism did n h ! mean+ x has n[ :5 au?ors live on ! proce$s ( ! sale ( _! books4 ,besides1 x 0 q ! cu/om to atta* names to manuscripts at pleasure or 9 accordance ) tradition4 ,our mod]n critical attitude _h n aris5--= obvi\s reasons4 ,besides1 x 0 difficult to secure copies ( manuscripts4 ,= in/ance1 ,papias1 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis 9 ,phrygia t[>d ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 believ$ t !re 0 an ,aramaic gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 b he 0 unable to get a glimpse ( x & _h to tru/ to ! oral tradition ( 8 "t4 ,to br+ ?is situation home3 suppose we _h to rely on ! oral tradition /ill l+]+ 9 reg>d to ! life ( ,wa%+ton1 h[ c]ta9 w\ld we be ( its au!nticity8 ,:y1 !re are already my?s 9 reg>d to ! life ( ,m>y ,bak] ,eddy6 ,9 old5 days1 #gg my?s sprang up l mu%rooms4 ,only too _m v>ieties 7 at h& to *oose f4 ,s*ol>s are pretty c]ta9 t ! pres5t ,mat!w is n a translation ( an ,aramaic orig9al4 ,moreov]1 ! pres5t ,mat!w breaks up into sep>ate p>ts conflict+ ) "o ano!r q ext5sively1 & is full ( ins]tions ( a comp>atively late date4 ,only aft] ! gospel has be5 radically revis$ are we likely to be ne> an old tradition ( ! life & de$s ( ,jesus4 ,:ile we are on ! topic ( ! au!nticity ( ! gospels1 x may be wor? :ile to discuss ! o!r synoptics z briefly z possible4 ,! majority ( critics reg>d ,m>k z ! olde/ b ?is is m]e guesswork :5 all is said & done4 ,9 its pres5t =m x is brief] ?an ! o!rs & ?is fact has impress$ _m /ud5ts4 ,besides1 x does n conta9 an acc\nt ( ! infancy ( ,jesus4 ,b x1 itself1 is evid5tly a compilation ( o!r docum5ts s9ce x repeats ! same ev5t 9 slightly diff]5t =ms4 ,9 all probability1 x 0 writt5 9 ,greek = a ,hell5i/ic audi5ce & emphasizes ^? traditions :i* w\ld be ! mo/ likely to impress its read]s4 ,x is n kn[n :o wrote x or exactly :5 x 0 writt54 ,! gospel accord+ to ,luke did n orig9ally make any claim to h be5 writt5 by ,luke4 ,s*ol>s are agre$ f int]nal evid5ce t x c\ld n h be5 writt5 until long aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d4 ,! au?or ( ,luke 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,antiquities ( ,josephus & ?is %[s t he mu/ h made 8 compilation & free rework+ ( traditions 9 ! second c5tury4 #gh ,if1 !n1 our gospels 7 n writt5 by eye-witnesses1 & repres5t ! beliefs & traditions ( at lea/ ! next half-c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 to :at c we give cr$5ce8 ,:at is my? & leg5d & :at is hi/oric fact8 ,c we f9d a clew to guide u8 ,x is a canon among hi/orical critics to reg>d ^? passages z ! olde/ :i* conflict mo/ ) ! outlook ( ! lat] c5turies4 ,we c und]/& :y !y happ5 to be !re b !re w\ld be no good reason = _! lat] creation & ins]tion4 ,let u try to det]m9e :i!r ?is canon w lead u4 ,all s*ol>s agree t ! bir? /ories are a lat] addition4 ,!y are a product ( ,hell5i/ic beliefs1 p]haps ev5 ( ,h9doo influ5ces4 ,! ,virg9-,"m my? 0 v common 9 anci5t times & ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! /ory 0 und\bt$ly absorb$ f tales widely curr5t 9 ^? days4 ,= in/ance1 ! fa!r ( ,plato1 ! ,greek philosoph]1 0 w>n$ 9 a dream by ,apollo s t ,plato 0 virg9-born4 ,:at c we ?9k ( ! intellectual /ate ( ,*ur*es :i* excommunicate m9i/]s :o h ! dec5cy to in=m _! congregation :at dis9t]e/$ s*ol>%ip has det]m9$8 ,s f> z !re is intellectual di%one/y or incompet5ce "h1 x w br+ its own puni%m5t 9 ! attitude adopt$ by s9c]e m5 t[>d ! ,*ur*es4 ,! be/ we c say1 !n1 is t !re is no v good reason to d\bt t ,jesus 0 ! son ( a c>p5t]1 by ! "n ( ,joseph1 & 8 wife1 ,m>y4 ,he 0 n ! only *ild1 = ,m>k repres5ts 8 fell[ t[nsm5 z say+3 ,is n ?is ! c>p5t]1 ! son ( ,m>y1 & bro!r ( ,james & ,joses & ,judas & ,simon8 ,& are n 8 si/]s #gi "h ) u8 ,q a goodly family1 y see4 ,! ,ebionite ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,pale/9e & probably _h ! safe/ traditions on ?is po9t1 believ$ t ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,joseph & ,m>y accord+ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( human g5]ation4 ,8 k9sm5 7 ! lead]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community = sev]al g5]ations4 ,b !re is little use 9 labor+ a po9t :i* is s obvi\s4 ,( 8 e>ly life we "k practically no?+4 ,he 0 probably n tra9$ z a rabbi b work$ at ! trade ( 8 fa!r4 ,we may assume t he knew h[ to read & write1 s9ce an opportunity to le>n 0 usually (f]$ 9 ! synagogue4 ,x is likely t 8 read+ 0 l>gely conf9$ to ! religi\s lit]ature ( 8 p1 especially ! psalms & ! prophets4 ,8 _s 0 m 9 h>mony ) ! deep e?ical f]vor ( ^! *ampions ( righte\sness & lov]s ( ju/ice ?an ) ! =mal prescriptions ( ! ,law4 ,if we may judge f ! g5]al tone ( ! traditions1 he 0 a close /ud5t ( m5 & a lov] ( nature1 a sil5t1 reflective man :o not$ ! ev5ts pass+ ar\nd him4 ,8 y\? pass$ 9 ?is way )\t any ov]t /ep be+ tak52 &1 p]haps1 )\t any cle> message hav+ develop$ 9 8 m9d4 ,he 0 simply "o ( ! dissatisfi$ few :o are always to be f\nd4 ,n[ & !n1 x may be1 he spoke passionate words aga9/ ! evils t 7 app>5t on e h&1 quot$ ! prophets 9 _! outbur/s aga9/ simil> evils & subsid$ into a brood+ sil5ce4 ,!re are _m su* 9 our l& to-day1 s9c]e & passionate & k9dly m5 :o eat _! he>t out witness+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! ,jews ( ! day *]i%$ ! idea t a #hj ,messianic k+dom w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,jesus %>$ 9 ?is expectation2 b x is c]ta9 t he ?\ght ( x less z a re/oration ( ! ,jewi% /ate to p[] ?an a *ange 9 ! position ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,9 o!r words1 he infus$ ! belief ) a f9] e?ical mean+ m 9 accordance ) 8 concept ( ,god & 8 s5se ( :at 0 really valuable & important4 ,!re is no means ( kn[+ 8 entire attitude t[>d ?is popul> belief 9 a sup]natural k+dom to be e/abli%$ by ,god ^u e>?1 b he und\bt$ly reta9$ its ma9 outl9es4 ,he 0 a *ild ( 8 age al?\gh a notably s9c]e & high-m9d$ "o4 ,ab\t #bh ,a4 ,d4 ,john appe>$ & prea*$ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,jesus w5t to he> him because ( ! natural int]e/ he ar\s$4 ,x is q probable t he 0 baptiz$ by ,john4 ,we d n "k :e!r he associat$ himself ) ,john or n4 ,at any rate ,john's message cry/alliz$ 8 own ideas & he felt call$ ^u to cont9ue 8 mission4 ,he did n proclaim himself z ! ,messiah b simply prea*$ t ! k+dom ( ,god 0 at h& & t m5 7 to prep>e = x4 ,?is prep>ation 0 ( an e?ical sort & l>gely ascetic 9 "*4 ,pale/9e 0 9 a f]m5t at ?is "t & 8 appe>ance & prea*+ ar\s$ great int]e/4 ,l all prophets he 0 call$ ^u to heal ! sick &1 accept+ ! cu/om>y views ( sickness1 he proce$$ to exorcise ! evil spirits :i* possess$ ^? :o 7 br\ght to him4 ,i d n see h[ he c\ld h escap$ ?is task4 ,:at "p accid5t play$ 9 giv+ him confid5ce _c be kn[n1 b x 0 probably l>ge4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t !re is a gr\nd ( fact = ^! /ories ( heal+1 al?\gh #ha !y h be5 grossly exagg]at$ by lat] tradition :5 he 0 view$ z div9e4 ,we mu/ always rememb] h[ late & bias$ our s\rces are4 ,z "t w5t on1 he ga9$ m confid5ce 9 himself4 ,s9ce he 0 human1 he c\ld n help be+ mov$ by ! confid5ce ( ! p4 ,he felt t re=ms %\ld be made2 ev]y:]e 0 pov]ty & sickness & unhapp9ess4 ,c\ld ! ?\ght help com+ to him t p]haps he 0 ! "o to inaugurate ! k+dom8 ,! idea kept com+ back1 =c$ ^u him by 8 own reflection & by ! que/ions & assumptions ( 8 disciples4 ,x may be t he nev] made up 8 m9d b 0 =c$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts to g to ,j]usalem :]e 8 c>e] end$ all too soon4 ,mank9d w nev] "k ! details ( 8 inn] life2 8 d\bts1 hopes1 decisions1 indecisions are hidd5 f u 9 an obscurity t w nev] be completely lift$4 ,8 prea*+ became m revolution>y4 ,m & m he set himself 9 opposition to ! me*anical obs]vance ( ! law & ! fanatical wor%ip ( =ms & days4 ,! opposition ( ! cons]vative memb]s ( prie/hood increas$ 9 bitt]ness4 ,soon x 0 w> to ! knife betwe5 ?is new prophet1 ) 8 disreg>d = ! law1 & its *os5 repres5tatives4 ,?us ,jesus _h drift$ into a position :i* he _h probably n anticipat$ :5 he set out on 8 m9i/ry4 ,b ?is is always ! way4 ,mohamm$ began z a re=m]1 & ! antagonism ( ! keep]s ( ,caaba l$ to 8 aggressive campaign2 ,lu!r & ,huss & ,wycliffe *ang$ _! attitude & _! ideas at v>i\s mom5ts 9 _! c>e]4 ,no man's life is ! work+ out ( a fix$ & ready-made plan4 ,at any rate1 he det]m9$ to g to ,j]usalem--9 all #hb likelihood1 z ,pfleid]] sugge/s1 9 ord] to w9 a victory ov] ! hi]>*y & to realize ! prophetic ideal 9 ! c5t] ( ! religi\s life ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,! p receiv$ him en?usia/ically b 8 oppon5ts 7 too /rong & clev] = him4 ,he fe>$ only secret assass9ation :ile !y induc$ ! ,roman p[] to int]v5e4 ,! /ory draws to a close4 ,9 ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane ,jesus felt ! possibility ( a tragic end to 8 hopes ( an e>ly com+ ( ! ,k+dom4 ,! real situation %9es cle> ?r\gh all ! leg5d :i* a lat] age has wov5 ar\nd x4 ,:5 he saw himself surr\nd$ by a multitude ( arm$ m51 he knew t resi/ance 0 va94 ,he 0 deliv]$ into ! h&s ( 8 enemies4 ,?r\gh all ! humiliation & pa9 ( ^? days1 he seems to h hop$ t 8 ,god w\ld rescue him4 ,x 0 only on ! cross t he f9ally gave up hope4 ,! heav5s 7 dumb z !y always h be5 & always w be4 ,! body ( ,jesus 0 probably ?r[n into ! common pit res]v$ = malefactors1 z ,abb ,loisy sugge/s1 :ile ! /ory ( ! burial by ,joseph ( ,arima!a grew up to save him f ! t]rible di%onor ( su* a la/ re/+-place4 ,! re/ ( ! traditional n>rative is unque/ionably my?ical4 ,paul speaks ( him z buri$ & evid5tly ?9ks ( ! ris5 ,jesus z an incorruptible or spiritual man4 ,paul did n believe 9 a bodily resurrection4 ,! visions :i* l$ to a belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus 7 ec/atic 9 "*4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! anci5ts 7 f> less critical ?an we are 9 reg>d to dreams & illusions & did n consid] a return to life 9 "s %ad[y =m z v unusual4 ,i h n ! #hc slighte/ difficulty 9 my own m9d 9 acc\nt+ = ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus 9 an entirely natural way4 ,once ?is belief arose & became important z a "p ( a new religion1 ! rise ( leg5d>y details 0 simply inevitable4 ,! position ,i h tak5 is relatively cons]vative4 ,_m s*ol>s h ev5 become skeptical :e!r su* a p]son z ,jesus ev] liv$4 ,we _c be c]ta9 b x seems m plausible to give a relative cr$5ce to ! old] /r&s ( tradition 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,t su* an e?ical re=m] liv$ :o believ$ 9 ! com+ ( ! ,messianic k+dom1 t he 0 embroil$ ) ! prie/ly class & 0 done to dea? by !m ) ! aid ( ! ,roman gov]nor :o fe>$ a s$iti\s outbreak1 t 8 disciples aft] 8 dea? came to believe 9 8 resurrection & 8 com+ ,messiah%ip ^u e>?1 all ?is appe>s to me m ?an probable4 ,human life is a f]tile field = trag$y4 ,! m we rid ! n>ratives ( _! fairy-/ory accompanim5ts & see ,jesus1 n z a god :o =ekn[s 8 human life & plays x out gravely z an actor :o kn[s 8 role1 b z a human be+ hurri$ to issues he _h n at fir/ dream$ (1 ! m 8 c>e] becomes compreh5sible4 ,its pa?os is increas$ by ?is tru] p]spective1 :ile ! moral gr&eur ( 8 life ga9s by ! human atmosph]e :i* desc5ds ^u x4 ,he liv$ 8 life s9c]ely z o!r m5 h done & did n dream ( ! use hi/ory w\ld make ( 8 "n4 #hd ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,*ri/ianity did n arise 9 ! =m we associate ) x4 ,! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 aft] !y _h become conv9c$ t _! crucifi$ lead] _h aris5 f ! dead & _h become a spiritual ag5t1 gr\p$ !mselves toge!r 9 ,j]usalem & =m$ a religi\s congregation ^: di/+ui%+ t5et 0 a belief 9 ! ne> approa* ( ! e>?ly k+dom ( ,god1 ^: rul] w\ld be ,jesus4 ,9 8 p[]ful "n1 ! memb]s ( ! congregation c\ld p]=m miracles ( heal+ :]e ! fai? 0 suffici5t4 ,?is =m ( ,*ri/ianity did n diff] v widely f ,judaism 9 any?+ b ?is belief 9 ,jesus z ! expect$ ,messiah4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is diff]5ce has no ess5tial mean+ to u to-day :o "k ! orig9 & import ( ! ,messianic hope ( ! ,jews4 ,let u be frank ) ourselves & cle> our m9ds ( ^! dreams ( ! pa/4 ,^! e>ly ,*ri/ians deceiv$ !mselves2 _! hopes 7 n fulfill$2 ! e>?ly k+dom ( ,god did n come4 ,jesus 0 n ! ,messiah = ! simple reason t !re is no su* p]son4 ,he 0 n ! ,messiah any m ?an ,mohamm$ ,ahm$ 0 ! ,mahdi--& = ! v same reason4 ,mahdis & ,messiahs & ,buddhas are creations ( religi\s & race imag9ation j z ,k+ ,le> is ! product ( ! poetic imag9ation ( ,william ,%akespe>e4 ,! #he educat$ man ( ! pres5t mu/ classify ^! figures z trem5d\s fictions ^: p[] is wan+4 ,:5 he faces !m squ>ely & asks himself :at significance !y h = 8 life1 8 answ] mu/ be1 ,only hi/orical & arti/ic4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ,*ri/ianity 9 its fir/ =m has be5 outgr[n4 ,b ! ,messianic =m ( ,*ri/ianity gave x a vividness & concrete impressiv5ess t made x a =ce among ! m5 ( t age4 ,jesus 0 ! heav5ly ,messiah :o w\ld return 9 p[] & rule accord+ to righte\sness4 ,) him 0 b\nd up ! hope ( immortality & 9 8 h& 0 dom9ion ov] ! evils :i* beset "o's pa?4 ,a great _w-ev5t 0 imp5d+2 at any mom5t ! la/ trumpet might s\nd & ! dead & ! liv+ be deliv]$ to judgm5t4 ,moreov]1 ,jesus z ! ,*ri/ & ,"l 0 ev5 n[ at "w among m51 8 ,_s 0 active to guide & enc\rage ^? :o _h fai? 9 him4 ,9 ! congregation at ,j]usalem1 ?is belief 9 ,jesus z ! ,messiah 0 closely associat$ ) ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! race & did n involve a break ) ! ,law4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 se>*$ to f9d prophecies :i* w\ld ?r[ light ^u ?is app>5tly new dep>ture & soon passage aft] passage 0 f\nd :i* w\ld easily l5d itself to ! desir$ int]pretation4 ,"u ! guidance ( ^! passages & ( ! new outlook1 ! life ( ! prophet ( ,naz>e? 0 re-mold$ until x lo/ ! great] "p ( its m human features4 ,su* an important am5dm5t ( ! ,jewi% religion c\ld n keep itself hidd54 ,! ,jews ( ! disp]sion1 broad5$ by _! contact ) ! political1 #hf philosophical & religi\s movem5ts ( ! ,roman empire1 yet *]i%+ a s9c]e fai? 9 ! traditions ( _! fa!rs1 he>d ( ! new sect :i* _h aris5 9 ,pale/9e4 ,_! int]e/ 0 ar\s$4 ,sometimes !y felt sympa!tic1 sometimes !y 7 antagoni/ic4 ,sl[ly at fir/ & !n m rapidly ?r\gh ! "w ( ,paul1 !y came 9 m direct contact ) ?is new movem5t4 ,by ?is "t1 x _h already become ,hell5i/ic 9 its _s & attitude4 ,ar\nd ! nucleus ( ! life ( ,jesus & 8 resurrection1 ! see?+1 myriad-%ap$ ideas ( ! age atta*$ !mselves4 ,! ,pale/9ian congregation 0 left beh9d 9 its peaceful cons]vatism :ile ! movem5t :i* x _h inaugurat$ grew by leaps & b\nds & swept outw>d into ! toss+ ocean ( fai?s & philosophies :i* ext5d$ f ,india to ,gaul4 ,to suppose t x c\ld rema9 un*ang$ 9 su* fell[%ip is to und]value ! assimilative t5d5cies 9 ! social m9d4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans & ,egyptians & ,syrians c\ld n ?9k z ,jews4 ,!y inevitably int]pret$ x 9 t]ms ( _! own ideas & problems 9 ord] to compreh5d x4 ,we h already consid]$ ! int]pretation :i* ,paul gave to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 01 z we saw1 dom9at$ by ! apocalyptic notion ( a heav5ly1 or spiritual1 man :ile x gave ample recognition to ! desire = salvation f s9 & p>ticipation 9 ! div9e life4 ,?us ,*ri/ianity 0 br\ght into t\* ) ! my/]y-cults & respond$ to ! ye>n+ = "s gu>antee ( immortality s wide-spread at ?is "t4 ,b if ! ,_s ( him t rais$ up ,jesus f ! dead dwelle? 9 y1 he t rais$ up ,*ri/ ,jesus f ! dead %all quick5 also y\r mortal #hg bodies ?r\gh 8 ,_s :i* dwelle? 9 y4 ,we %\ld comp>e ?is passage f ,romans ) ! correspond+ discussion 9 ,cor9?ians 7#a1 #ae71 ,& if ,*ri/ ha? n be5 rais$1 !n is our prea*+ va91 our fai? also is va94 ,! message :i* he br\ght to ! ,hell5i/ic _w 0 9 its ess5tials a def9ite "o4 ,jesus1 a man :o rec5tly liv$ 9 ,pale/9e & did wond]s1 0 rais$ by ,god & has become a heav5ly man1 ! gu>antee ( immortality to ^? :o h fai? 9 him4 ,! la/ trumpet ( ! day ( judgm5t w s\nd & ! dead w be rais$ ) spiritual or incorruptible bodies1 & ^? :o are /ill alive w be *ang$ & giv5 ^! spiritual bodies s9ce fle% & blood _c ent] ! com+ k+dom ( ,god4 ,?is message is ! natural int]pretation ( ,*ri/ianity by a le>n$ ,hell5i/ic ,jew4 ,b ?is 0 m]ely ! beg9n+ ( ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! next phase involves its int]pretation by ! ,gno/ic movem5t4 ,let u see fir/ :at ?is ,gno/ic movem5t 0 be=e we try to det]m9e its direct & indirect influ5ce ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,s f> z c be made out1 ,gno/icism 0 a religi\s philosophy :i* grew up 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,roman empire4 ,t[>d ! mak+ ( ?is !osophy w5t _m /r&s ( ref9$ my?ology com+ f ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,alex&ria & ,pale/9e4 ,x 0 an esot]ic doctr9e repres5t+ t free m+l+ ( traditions f all s\rces s *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,^? traditions 7 work$ up by reflection into a fairly sy/ematic outlook ^u ! _w1 entirely cont9u\s ) my?ology yet f> m highly develop$4 ,gno/icism _c be call$ a philosophy 9 ! te*nical s5se ( t t]m s9ce its con/ructions did n #hh h a critical f\ndation4 ,s f> z x us$ ,greek philosophy1 x drew f ! m pictorial my?s ( ,plato & ! conception ( subord9ate p[]s or demons advanc$ by /oicism4 ,its int]e/ 0 n1 h[ev]1 philosophical b r !osophical 9 "*4 ,! relation ( ! individual s\l to ! _w-p[]s & ! way 9 :i* a future /ate ( happ9ess c\ld be rea*$ occupi$ its att5tion 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & ! !ology :i* x develop$ repres5t$ ! /age-sett+ = ?is p]sonal drama4 ,i d n ?9k x is say+ too mu* :5 ,i /ate t !re is no?+ 9 ,gno/icism :i* mod]n sci5ce & philosophy c recognize z hav+ a valid f\ndation4 ,we c und]/& :y x develop$1 j z we c und]/& :y my?ology arose1 b x 0 a mi/ak5 movem5t because x foll[$ ! old my?ological pa? ( explanation4 ,if ! direction tak5 by reflection is wrong1 ! mo/ /r5u\s endeavors _c lead to tru?4 ,gno/icism possess$ c]ta9 t5ets :i* 7 v wide-spread 9 anci5t civilization4 ,! fle% 0 look$ ^u z a ?+ ( evil :i* corrupt$ ! s\l4 ,! physical _w 0 9 fact giv5 ov] to ! p[]s ( d>kness :ile ! spiritual _w 0 rul$ by ! god ( light & purity4 ,?is dualism ) its accompany+ asceticism is to be f\nd 9 ! ,p]sian religion1 9 ,india1 9 lat] ,jewi% ?\ght1 9 ! ,orphic cults ( ,greece & ev5 9 ,plato4 ,x ent]$ into ,*ri/ianity z naturally z sci5ce does into our outlook to-day4 ,all ?r\gh ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ?is contra/ exi/$ & controll$ e?ics4 ,all ( :i* goes to %[ t ,*ri/ianity 0 n ! creation ( a s+le man b ! fl[]+ out ( religi\s my?ology4 #hi ,accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,gno/icism1 ! s\l 0 9 dang] ( de/ruction or ( dire calamities unless x possess$ ! prop] prep>ation = its j\rney aft] dea?4 ,! be/ means ( safety 0 ! p>ticipation 9 ! life ( "s savior-god :o _h vanqui%$ ! p[]s ( d>kness & evil4 ,x is evid5t t ! _w-sett+ ( ,gno/icism 0 n f> diff]5t f t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y 7 products ( ! same age1 outgr[?s ( a simil> soil4 ,! advantage :i* ,*ri/ianity _h 0 its connection ) a noble p]sonality & ! e?ical backgr\nd :i* ?is gave x4 ,gno/icism 0 ori5tal f> m ?an x 0 ,greek4 ,_h x be5 connect$ ) ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! classic ,greek tradition1 _h a my? ( ! resurrection ( "s noble tea*] l ,plato aris5 to control ! phantasy ( ! ori5tal m9d1 ! result w\ld n h be5 f> diff]5t f ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 only natural t ,gno/icism ) its belief 9 a savior-god %\ld feel itself drawn to ,*ri/ianity ) its simil> tea*+4 ,jesus 0 reg>d$ by ! ,*ri/ian gno/ics z div9e1 z an et]nal be+ :o _h manife/$ himself hi/orically 9 fulfillm5t ( 8 function ( m$iator4 ,! ,*ri/ian congregations 7 ?us =c$ to take ano!r /ep 9 ! deification ( ,jesus4 ,= ,paul1 he 0 /ill a man1 ! second or spiritual ,adam :o began a new disp5sation4 ,= ! e>li] ,*ri/ians1 he 0 ! ,god-select$ ,messiah4 ,he n[ became a god :o 0 also ! son ( ,god4 ,! evolution 0 inevitable 9 ! intellectual environm5t ( ! "t4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian congregations1 z repres5t$ by _! cle>e/ ?9k]s1 wi%$ to avoid gno/ic extremes & to keep ne> ! hi/orical basis & ! e?ical mono!ism ( ! be/ ,hebrew #ij tradition4 ,jesus 0 ,god1 b he 0 also man4 ,9 ?is way1 arose ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation4 ,in/ead ( be+ a monum5t ( my/ical insight z !ologians tell u1 x 0 ! consequ5ce ( a problem =c$ ^u ! ,*ur*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity is ! attempt to comb9e gno/ic poly!ism & mono!ism4 ,! only way ?ree c be made "o is by a my/]y1 s a my/]y x became4 ,x is a bit ( v]bal gymna/ic or a =mal solution ( an impossible problem :i* ! pressure ( ev5ts _h =c$ ^u ! ,*ur*4 ,*ri/ianity 0 n[ on ! high-road to a !ology4 ,to ent] ! ,hell5i/ic _w & n be =c$ to develop a !ology 0 simply impossible4 ,! fir/ fruit ( ?is entrance into ! intellectual _w ( ! "t 0 ! ,f\r? ,gospel or ! s-call$ ,gospel accord+ to ,john4 ,s*ol>s h begun to int]pret ?is gospel z an attempt to comb9e ! old] ,*ri/ian tradition ) ! !ological speculations ( ! age4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! gospel /rikes a new note :i* sep>ates x imm$iately f ! synoptics4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w 7,logos7 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,:at is ?is ,^w or ,logos ) :i* ! hi/orical ,jesus 0 id5tifi$8 ,= ,philo1 ! ,alex&rian ,jew :o play$ su* an important "p 9 ! !ological speculation ( ! "t1 ! ,logos 0 a second ,god1 ! reflection ( 8 glory1 ! only begott5 ,son1 ! actual creator ( ! _w1 8 active ag5t at "w 9 ev5ts4 ,x is n go+ too f> to ass]t t1 )\t ! speculations ( ,philo1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel c\ld n h be5 writt54 ,& yet ,philo 0 m]ely develop+ & apply+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t ! writ+s ( ! /oic philosophy & ! #ia tea*+ ( ,plato4 ,does x n foll[ t1 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 we h ! m !osophic portions ( anci5t philosophy atta*$ ext]nally to ! life ( ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?8 ,"u su* conditions ( orig91 h[ c we beg9 to sep>ate reason & revelation8 ,gno/icism1 /oicism1 platonism1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! /ories ( ! life ( ,jesus1 ! broad5+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 all w5t toge!r to make possible ! my/ic !ology ( ?is gospel4 ,b ! m ,jesus 0 trans=m$ into a god1 ! m he lo/ 8 human *>act]i/ics4 ,! figure ( ,jesus becomes elusive & %ad[y2 he lives among m5 b is n ( !m4 ,to make ,god a man or man a second ,god 0 an impossible task4 ,:5 all is said1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel p]=ms ?is task ab\t z well z x c\ld be done1 yet ,jesus is no long] a ,galilean peasant b a my/ic be+ :o speaks 9 riddles4 ,?is vital int]play ( ,*ri/ianity & ,hell5i/ic ?\ght l$ to ! pass+ away ( ! old] ,messianic idea ) its di/9ct limitations4 ,a noble mono!ism 0 ! result1 :ile ! concrete1 human elem5t :i* ! hi/orical orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity _h contribut$ to x prev5t$ ?is mono!ism f los+ sight ( human problems4 ,! value ( ,*ri/ianity lies 9 its e?ics b x is d\btful :e!r ! e?ics c\ld h become effective unless x _h be5 c>ri$ by ! m *aotic beliefs :i* we usually call religi\s4 ,!re c be little d\bt t "s religi\s sy/em w\ld h conqu]$ ! ,roman empire2 ! educational level 0 too l[ to enable ! bett] type ( philosophy to dom9ate ! life ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,magic & o!r-worldism 7 rampant because ! social & political organization 0 unsatisfactory & m5tal discipl9e #ib 0 n wide-spread4 ,9 brief1 ! _w 0 /ill at ! my?ological level & 0 n yet prep>$ = a high] plane4 ,?is be+ s1 ! success ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ! be/ ?+ :i* c\ld h happ5$4 ,lat] phases ( ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity =ce u to qualify ?is position t its success 0 ! be/ ?+ :i* c\ld h happ5$4 ,9 ord] to escape ! dang]s :i* free !osophiz+ br\ght1 ! lead]s ( ! ,*ri/ian congregations felt ! ne$ ( a firm] organization4 ,! result 0 ! gradual conc5tration ( moral & doctr9al au?ority 9 ! h&s ( bi%ops4 ,! e>ly ,*ur* _h be5 democratic 9 polity b ! times 7 n ripe = su* democracy & sl[ly eld]s 7 *os5 to be lead]s4 ,^! eld]s 7 %eph]ds or bi%ops1 t is1 spiritual ov]se]s4 ,soon !y claim$ & 7 grant$ life-t5ure & great] au?ority4 ,e analogy f ! ,old ,te/am5t & f ! l>g] political organization ( ! "t work$ 9 _! favor4 ,?is assumption ( au?ority on ! "p ( ! bi%ops is well repres5t$ by ! lett] ( w>n+ s5t out by ,bi%op ,ignatius ( ,antio*4 ,obey ! ,bi%op z ,jesus ,*ri/ ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,presbyt]s z ! ,apo/les1 b honor ! ,deacons z ! law ( ! ,"l4444 ,:oev] honors ! ,bi%op is honor$ ( ,god2 :oev] does aught beh9d ! ,bi%op's back1 s]ves ! devil4 ,! natural result ( ?is *ang$ organization 0 ! doctr9e ( ,apo/olic succession4 ,) ?is doctr9e w5t ano!r1 ! belief 9 ! ,apo/olic ,orig9 ( ! articles ( fai?4 ,! flexible gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity 0 at an end4 ,!re arose a s]ies ( dogmas enunciat$ by ,c\ncils ( bi%ops & ^! 7 =c$ ^u ,*ri/ianity z au?oritative4 ,free enquiry & #ic speculation 0 at an end4 ,a religion ) a cre$ _h appe>$1 a ?+ unkn[n be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t ?\ght4 ,:5 ,prote/antism arose1 x made a half-he>t$ appeal to ! _s ( free inquiry4 ,prote/antism 01 h[ev]1 a complex movem5t ) decid$ limitations 9 ! motives at "w & ! k on :i* to build4 ,! old *ur* organization1 mold$ on ! l9es ( ! ,roman empire1 0 disc>d$ & ! function ( ! prie/hood 0 *ang$1 b ! intellectual attitude & ! cre$ upheld rema9$ practically ! same4 ,"s ( ! m radical bran*es ( ! movem5t l ! bapti/s ( ,nor!rn ,italy 7 suppress$ too soon to all[ _! influ5ce to be felt4 ,on ! :ole1 ,prote/antism 0 hamp]$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t canon :i* x inh]it$ f ! lat] /ages ( ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x seldom w5t s]i\sly back ( ! /age at :i* ,jesus 0 deifi$4 ,its re=ms 7 social & political r ?an !ological4 ,! t5d5cy 0 to e/abli% ! bible z ultimate au?ority )\t inve/igation z to its orig94 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is e/abli%m5t ( ! bible z ! f9al c\rt ( appeal 0 decid$ly h>mful s9ce x set reason & exp]i5ce ov] aga9/ a suppos$ revelation4 ,s f> z ,prote/antism itself 0 conc]n$1 x did n h 9 x1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is bibliolatry1 ! intellectual vitality necess>y to a true evolution4 ,_h x n be5 = ! l>g] social1 sci5tific & philosophical developm5ts :i* sprang up at ! same "t & f\nd$ !mselves on reason & exp]i5ce1 ! prote/ant revolt w\ld h end$ 9 a bl9d alley4 ,!re is e reason to believe1 h[ev]1 t x help$ to break ! tyranny ( ! !ological #id view ( ! _w & to free ! human _s = new endeavors4 ,prote/antism1 j because x 0 a revolt1 c\ld n atta9 suffici5t unity & p[] to /amp out intellectual fre$om4 ,! mod]n _w 0 too complex to be dom9at$ by religion4 ,b we h already indicat$ ! conditions :i* gave rise to ! high] criticism ^: results we h be5 summ>iz+4 ,we mu/ frankly ask ourselves :at features ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity are congru5t ) our mod]n life4 ,! ,hell5i/ic _w to :i* dogma & ritual are ma9ly due is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 exi/5t = no "o b ! s*ol>4 ,ours is a new _w ) new ideas1 new problems & new possibilities4 ,does ! recognition ( hi/orical cont9uity preclude ! ackn[l$gm5t ( v radical *anges8 ,i am c]ta9 t ! deification ( ,jesus w be giv5 up /ep by /ep4 ,he 0 n born miracul\sly1 nor 0 he prexi/5t z ! ,^w or ,logos4 ,^! t]ms d n fit into an outlook dom9at$ by sci5ce4 ,to call him ! ,son ( ,god 9 an exclusive s5se is n w>rant$ by ! facts1 nor has x any cle> mean+ = ! pres5t age4 ,to ! old ,greek1 ,egyptian1 & ,roman1 ! idea 0 famili>2 _m ( ! patrician families trac$ _! desc5t to ,apollo or ,jupit]4 ,b su* a lit]al int]pretation ( ! phrase has no sanction = u1 & any o!r ?an a lit]al mean+ is ess5tially mean+less4 ,jesus 0 a noble & t5d]-he>t$ man ) ! beliefs ( 8 age4 ,to speak ( him z ideally p]fect & s9less is absurd j because ^! t]ms are absolutes :]e relatives alone h mean+4 ,l mo/ !ological t]ms !y cut !mselves loose #ie f _! necess>y sett+1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is human nature & society4 ,:5 ! necess>y critical "w has be5 done1 :at is left ( ! /ately !ology re>$ by ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 c\ncils & s*ola/ics8 ,app>5tly only a mell[$ religion ) a univ]sali/ic outlook & a /rong e?ical tr5d4 ,?is mell[ness & ?is univ]salism 7 n qualities pres5t 9 p]fection f ! />t1 al?\gh we _c say t ,*ri/ianity 0 antagoni/ic to !m4 ,mell[ness takes "t4 ,i _c b feel t m5 l ,/4 ,francis1 ,pascal1 ,bossuet1 ,f5elon1 ,melanc?on1 ,wesley1 on ! ecclesia/ical side1 & m5 l ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,fi*te1 ,d>w91 & ,mazz9i1 on ! laic side1 h contribut$ to ?is mell[ness4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 we c be/ describe mod]n ,*ri/ianity z an evolution ( ,hebrew e?ical mono!ism along t5d]] & m human l9es "u ! /imulus ( _m v noble p]sonalities4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,*ri/ianity pass$ ?r\gh a fire ( criticism :i* rock$ x to its f\ndation4 ,to ^? :o liv$ at t "t1 ! transition f ! old]1 & m dogmatic1 =m 0 accompani$ by spiritual & moral /ruggles :i* seem to u exagg]at$4 ,! v indiff]5ce ( ! pres5t age %[s t ! atmosph]e has cle>$ & t new values h come to ! front4 ,a %ort :ile s9ce1 ,i pick$ up ,hutton's once fam\s book1 ,mod]n ,guides ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ,matt]s ( ,fai?1 & read 8 analysis ( ! life ( ,c>d9al ,newman & 8 int]e/+ criticism ( ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,i mu/ confess t ! "t-_s ( :i* ,arnold #if made s mu* has done its "w4 ,! sc5e is %ift+ f a religion :i* /resses a peculi> =m ( salvation & a c>e] 9 ano!r _w to social & economic conditions & ideals4 ,is !re n some?+ ,byronic 9 mu* ( ,arnold's religi\s poetry8 ,is !re n too mu* ( ! pageant ( ! ble$+ he>t 9 8 sighs ( regret & f>ewell8 ,yet he realiz$ t ! old fai? 0 dy+ & t man _h n yet f\nd t :i* c\ld fill its place4 ,x takes "t to make an adju/m5t 9 ^! matt]s1 j z x is "t alone t s(t5s ! griefs ( unrequit$ love or ! loss ( de> ones4 ,& x is usually only ! next g5]ation1 :i* has be5 able to make a g5u9ely fre% />t1 t settles into a new way ( life4 ,*ange is a great physician because x is able to introduce new factors into ! situation1 & x has be5 at "w s9ce ,arnold's day4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 prophecies 9 8 poems ( ano!r _w :i* w\ld be=e long take ! place ( ! "o t 0 dy+2 & "s ( u believe t1 9 ! new democracy :i* is /irr+ into life ?r\gh\t ! e>?1 ?is new & m creative _w is be+ born3 ,! millions suff] /ill & grieve1 ,& :at c help]s heal ,) old-_w cures m5 half believe ,= woes !y :olly feel8 ,& yet m5 h su* ne$ ( joy6 ,b joy ^: gr\nds are true2 ,& joy t %\ld all he>ts employ ,z :5 ! pa/ 0 new4 ,9 ! figure ( ,jesus1 e?ical & /hetic idealization guid$ by religi\s emotion has creat$ a #ig p]sonality ( a peculi>ly appeal+ type well fitt$ to rema9 z an ideal to fo/] & /r5g!n ! noble/ t5d5cies4 ,b ?is ideal has become practically self-support+ ap>t f its my?ical scaffold+4 ,its real f\ndation to-day is 9 its appeal to sympa?ies1 natural to social be+s1 :i* ! spiritual evolution ( humanity has develop$ & giv5 cont5t to4 ,:5 man succe$s 9 apply+ ^! sympa?ies rationally1 9 a social fa%ion1 he may br+ ^u ?is sad old e>? "s measure ( t k+dom = :i* ,jesus long$4 ,b ,*ri/ianity has /ood &1 on ! :ole1 /ill /&s = c]ta9 beliefs 9 reg>d to ! univ]se z a :ole & ! relation ( man to x1 :i* only pati5t reflection & inductive inve/igation c settle4 ,by _! v nature1 ^! beliefs _c h an hi/orical ju/ification al?\gh !y h _h an hi/orical orig94 ,tak+ ^! beliefs 9 _! simple/ =m & sep>at+ !m f all connection ) ! figure ( ,jesus & ! develop$ e?ics ^: /imulus goes back to him1 !y become an acceptance ( an e?ical ,god1 a special provid5ce & immortality4 ,remove ^! po/ulates1 & x is d\btful :e!r !ology has n also disappe>$4 ,x behooves u to exam9e ! validity ( ^! po/ulates 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce & philosophy4 #ih ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,!ology ,! conviction t !re is a deep-seat$ conflict betwe5 ! religi\s view ! _w1 *>act]i/ic ( ! pa/1 & ! outlook :i* has be5 %ap+ "u ! guid+ h&s ( sci5ce & philosophy is held by an ev] increas+ numb]4 ,^? :o d5y ?is conflict are judg$ to be ei!r will+ self-deceiv]s or po/pon]s ( ! evil day ( confession4 ,_m books h be5 writt5 to detail ! w>f>e betwe5 ! *ampions ( or?odoxy & ! lead]s ( ! advance gu>d ( sci5ce4 ,! p]secution ( ,galileo1 ! burn+ ( ,bruno1 ! bitt] attacks ^u ! f\nd]s ( ! !ory ( organic evolution are cit$ z examples ( ! unavoidable w>f>e4 ,= ! nonce1 !re is a lull 9 ! battle :i* 0 wag$ s fi]cely by ,tyndall & ,huxley2 b ?is lull does n signify t a treaty ( peace has be5 sign$1 b only t ! combatants h %ift$ _! gr\nd4 ,! =ces ( or?odoxy h sull5ly retreat$ to ano!r l9e ( entr5*m5ts4 ,! objective obs]v] c ent]ta9 little d\bt t ! intellectual =ces ( or?odoxy h be5 wor/$ 9 ! op5 field & h become di%e>t5$ by ! gr[+ revelation ( ! numb] & /r5g? & p]si/5ce ( ! work]s 9 ! s]vice ( sci5ce4 ,! pre/ige ( sci5ce bids fair to equal1 if n to surpass1 #ii t ( ! *ur*4 ,h5ce1 ! desire ( ! !ologian is to avoid a r5ewal ( ! conflict1 or else to *ange ! mode ( ! w>f>e4 ,& "h ,i %all v5ture a prophecy4 ,! new battle w be wag$ ar\nd psy*ology & philosophy4 ,already ! l9es are be+ drawn betwe5 ! def5d]s ( an extra-organic s\l & ! exp]im5tal sapp]s 9 ! laboratories ( biology & psy*ology :o are seek+ to %[ t m9d & body are insep>able1 t1 inde$1 m9d is j a t]m = c]ta9 capacities ( control ex]cis$ by ! bra94 ,! crucial "* ( ?is gr[+ conflict1 :i* is yet n mu* beyond ! /atus ( a skirmi%1 leaps to ! eyes1 z ! ,fr5* say4 ,is n ev5 ! s\l to be sp>$ ! siege be=e :i* ! human body fell8 ,is x to be plac$ on ! dissection-table & teas$ ap>t into its compon5t /r&s8 ,ev5 s4 ,! process has already begun1 & f> m has be5 accompli%$ ?an is g5]ally kn[n4 ,! solution ( ! m9d-body problem is already 9 ! air4 ,&1 ) x1 w come !oretical consequ5ces by no means second>y to ^? associat$ ) ! !ory ( evolution4 ,) "s ( ^! consequ5ces we %all be conc]n$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,*ri/ianity has be5 b\nd up ) ! lett] & ev5 ) ! _s ( a sacr$ book4 ,naturally1 ?is book reflects ! view ( ! _w held by p ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x conta9s primitive notions ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 a nave conception ( ! relation ( ! sun to ! e>?1 a belief t demons are ! cause ( sickness1 a conviction t s\ls m]ely inhabit bodies tempor>ily1 & an apocalyptic idea ( ! end ( ! _w 9 a la/ judgm5t4 ,z we h se51 no "p ( ?is outlook 0 p>ticul>ly unique1 b x 0 #ajj accept$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z inspir$ because x 0 f\nd 9 ! canonical writ+s accr$it$ to prophets & apo/les4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ?is biblical view ( ! _w 0 unit$ ) ! a/ronomical & physical tea*+ ( ,ari/otle & h>d5$ into a sy/em4 ,s intimate 0 ?is union betwe5 ^! cosmological elem5ts & ,*ri/ianity felt to be t an attack ^u "o 0 tak5 z an attack ^u ! :ole4 ,to d\bt ! primitive notions ( ! _w & man's place !re91 0 to d\bt ! bible2 & to d\bt ! bible z an inspir$ comp5dium ( in=mation 0 to d\bt ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ! sake ( p]spective1 x w repay u to note ! ord] 9 :i* ^! primitive ideas 7 attack$ & replac$ by m adequate ones4 ,x w be notic$ t ! g5]al cosmological sett+ 0 fir/ recon/ruct$ & t ! gr[+ po9t pass$ !nce to ! c5t]1 ! nature & de/9y ( man4 ,z we indicat$ above1 ! replacem5t ( old] by new] & bett]-f\nd$ views is proce$+ mo/ rapidly at ?is crucial po9t4 ,hav+ obta9$ a diff]5t & va/] heav5 & e>?1 man has turn$ ! microscope ^u himself4 ,! suspicion is gr[+ ev] m insi/5t t he1 also1 is a natural "p ( ?is procession ( ?+s4 ,:51 at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 mod]n sci5ce 0 born1 ! fir/ field invad$ ) success 0 t ( a/ronomy4 ,cop]nicus became conv9c$ t ! curr5t !ory1 call$ ! ,ptolemaic1 0 unt5able because x l$ to insup]able complexities 9 ! int]pretation ( ! obs]v$ pa?s ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,he 0 l$ to sugge/ t ! sun 0 ! actual c5t] ( ! sy/em & t ! e>? revolv$ ar\nd x 9 ! #aja c\rse ( a ye>4 ,"o c easily imag9e ! furore su* a d>+ hypo!sis ar\s$4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory 0 sc(f$ at by le>n$ & ignorant alike1 = x upset ! :ole picture ( ! _w :i* _h be5 tranquilly accept$ f e>ly times1 except by su* a radical non-con=mi/ z ,ari/>*us ( ,samos4 ,to appreciate ! intellectual revolution ?reat5$1 "o has only to read ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y1 = ,dante j\rneys f planet to planet & ?9ks ( !m z arrang$ )9 cry/all9e sph]es revolv+ sl[ly ab\t ! e>?4 ,9 ! second canto ( ,p>adise1 he speaks ( ! bless$ motors :o make ! holy sph]es revolve4 ,^! motors are angels ( v>i\s ord]s resid5t 9 ! sph]es & transmitt+ to !m ! efficacy ( ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,?us infant sci5ce _h to *all5ge ! appe>ance ( ?+s to ! eye1 & a sy/em b\nd up ) ! religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,x is obvi\s t ! old geoc5tric view ( ! _w1 :i* ?\ght ( ! e>? z ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 0 no?+ m ?an a /atem5t ( ! app>5t relations ( ! visible heav5s to ! broad e>? :i* /ret*es out on ei!r h& z f> z eye c see4 ,t ?is natural view ( ?+s 0 tak5 up into ! religi\s picture ( ! univ]se 0 ! occurr5ce to be expect$4 ,_h x n be5 & _h ! prie/s & prophets enunciat$ ! ,cop]nican !ory1 !re w\ld be reason to suspect a hidd5 s\rce ( revelation4 ,ne$less to say su* a rev]sal ( ! natural sequ5ce nev] occurs4 ,x is only :5 we grasp ! nave outlook ( e>ly days t we c realize ! full significance ( _m ,*ri/ian doctr9es4 ,let u take ! articles ( ! #ajb cre$4 ,we are taught to believe t ,jesus desc5d$ into ,hell & !n asc5d$ into ,heav5 & sitte? on ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,:at is ?is ,hell into :i* ,jesus is suppos$ to h desc5d$8 ,x is ! ,%eol ( ! old ,hebrews1 a mi/y region bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?2 x is ! ,hades ( ! ,greeks1 ! place ( ! dep>t$ %ades2 x is ! ,av]nus ( ! ,romans1 ! l[] regions :]e gho/s flit & gibb]4 ,?is place ( ! dead is at fir/ ! grave & s9ks deep] into ! e>? z "t passes & ! my?-mak+ fancy has be5 direct$ ^u x4 ,b x is ?\ght ( lit]ally z 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,middle ages ?is nave view 0 held4 ,!re 0 an absolute d[n & a subt]ranean ,hell1 & e c\ntry told ( "s cav]n :i* 0 "o ( its _m m\?s4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,cop]nican view :at becomes ( ^! age-old ideas8 ,to save !m !y mu/ be trans=m$ & giv5 ano!r location or a m]ely symbolic mean+4 ,b :y save !m8 ,!y are z pure my?s z any o!rs to be f\nd 9 old5 days4 ,!y are bro!r to ,t>t>us & ! ,battle ( ! ,titans & ! ,slay+ ( ,rahab4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians believ$ 9 a lit]al ,hell b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,_! belief 0 wrong beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt4 ,we _c make x true by modify+ x out ( all recognition4 ,! asc5t into ,heav5 0 ?\ght ( z a lit]al asc5sion ( ! resurrect$ body by ! majority ( e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t ,paul did n tea* any su* doctr9e4 ,b ev5 = ,paul1 ,jesus1 z ! ,messiah1 0 lit]ally 9 ! heav5s directly above ! e>?4 ,into ?is region ,paul is caught up 9 ec/asy--ev5 to ! ?ird heav54 ,x is f #ajc ?is region1 n v f> above u1 t ! la/ trump w s\nd & ! day ( judgm5t dawn4 ,! acc\nt1 giv5 by ! s-call$ ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john ! ,div9e1 :i* has l$ to s mu* fooli% controv]sy among c]ta9 prote/ant sects1 is typical ( ! apocalyptic lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,no s*ol> to-day believes t x 0 writt5 by an apo/le or by any "o 9 direct relation to an apo/le4 ,x is simply an example ( ! curr5t religi\s phantasies ( ! age j be=e & aft] ! ,fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,:at factual basis c\ld !re be = su* my?s ( ! end ( ! _w8 ,to take ?is old picture ( ! days to come z hav+ any?+ b hi/orical int]e/ is to live 9 a mi/4 ,only ! s*ol> c und]/& ! allusions made & connect ! ideas ) ! beliefs ( ?is vani%$ _w4 ,x is poetry1 a creation ( g5]ations ( dream]s /eep$ 9 ! trem5d\s idea ( a com+ de/ruction prec$$ by port5ts & disa/]s4 ,we c und]/& h[ x arose 9 ! motley & *aotic press ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! ,ea/ ) its memories ( oppressions & conque/s & *ang+ k+doms2 b to reg>d x gravely z a revelation1 to be tak5 s]i\sly1 ( ! de/ruction ( ! _w is impossible4 ,! univ]se 0 a small affair = ! m5 ( t "t & ! little planet we call ! e>? & live ^u 0 ! c5t] ( all ?+s4 ,we :o ?9k 9 t]ms ( light-ye>s1 & nebulae 9 :i* our sol> sy/em c\ld be lo/1 & huge con/ellations f> (f 9 ! pa?less void1 realize t we h outgr[n ev5 ! imag]y ( ?is apocalyptic poem4 ,religion 0 lo? to give up ! simpl] & m *ild-l ideas ( ! univ]se & to displace ! e>? f its pr\d prem95ce z ! "o foot-/ool ( #ajd deity4 ,man feels loneli] 9 ! trem5d\s spaces & /ell> sy/ems :i* a/ronomy has reveal$ to 8 eye & m9d4 ,b ! facts pil$ up by sci5ce 9 its pati5t "w ( inve/igation 7 too /rong to be ignor$1 & religion _h to modify its tea*+ by at lea/ a passive acceptance ( ! new _w outlook :i* w\ld h be5 s /range to ,jesus & ,paul4 ,x is evid5t t ?is involves ! quiet giv+ up ( ! tru? ( ! /ory ( creation1 z well z ! doctr9e ( a day ( judgm5t4 ,:5 we once realize t ! e>? is a p9-po9t 9 ! physical univ]se1 ^! /ories1 wov5 9 days :5 x 0 reg>d$ z ! /able c5t] ( ?+s1 are se5 to be outgr[n my?s4 ,b a/ronomy 0 foll[$ by biology ) its hypo!sis ( evolution4 ,no soon] _h religion resign$ itself to a l>g] _w ?an its peace 0 aga9 brok5 by ! tea*+ t man 0 ! end-t]m ( an evolution ( animal life go+ f> back into ! dim pa/4 ,in/ead ( ! neat little tale :i* ,hebrew lit]ature _h pass$ on to ! ,*ur*1 m5 7 ask$ to believe t ages ( sl[ *ange _h elaps$ :ile "o =m ( life *ang$ to a m complex =m adapt$ to new conditions4 ,soon facts ra9$ 9 f all sides to make ?is new position impregnable4 ,geology /udi$ ! v>i\s /rata ( rock & f\nd fossil rema9s :i* c\ld only be dat$ back millions ( ye>s4 ,/range creatures unlike ^? to be f\nd n[ ^u ! e>? 7 br\ght to light4 ,reptiles ( mon/r\s size1 fi%es ( /range %apes1 huge trees resembl+ our f]ns1 botanically we$s1 yet t[]+ into ! heav5s1 7 une>!d until ! imag9ation caught glimpses ( pa/ ages teem+ ) life4 ,! tea*+ ( geology 0 ren=c$ by comp>ative anatomy1 :i* %[$ #aje ! simil>ity ( diff]5t animals :i* _h be5 ?\ght ( z q di/9ct4 ,man1 himself1 0 exam9$ & 0 f\nd to conta9 traces ( an old] mode ( life4 ,only 9 ?is way c\ld c]ta9 atrophi$ organs1 l ! app5dix1 be und]/ood4 ,be=e long1 comp>ative embryology arose & x 0 se5 t ! embryo passes ?r\gh c]ta9 /ages ( developm5t :i* r\ghly indicate ! pa/ life ( ! organism4 ,on all l9es1 inve/igation taught ! same conclusion4 ,t !re 0 evolution 9 nature1 s t new =ms ( life develop$ :ile old =ms pass$ away1 no "o :o knew ! facts d\bt$4 ,:at factors 7 at "w to produce ^! *anges 0 n entirely kn[n4 ,! new outlook 0 set 9 ! place ( ! old my?s2 b ! details ( ! evolution>y process requir$ c>eful work+ out by pati5t exp]im5ts & obs]vations4 ,! my?ical backgr\nd ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ?us aga9 attack$4 ,! /ruggle 0 viol5t & bitt]4 ,*ri/ians 7 s accu/om$ to ! primitive my? ( man's creation 9 a ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 z n>rat$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t !y refus$ = a long "t to consid] any o!r view4 ,bi%ops & laym5 d5\nc$ ,huxley & ,d>w9 & _! support]s1 & (t5 resort$ to p>odies ( _! position 9 ord] to awak5 ! prejudices ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,x 0 affirm$ t !y believ$ t man 0 desc5d$ f an ape or monkey4 ,b ! cl]gy 7 wag+ a los+ fight1 z is always ! case :5 ! facts are ov]:elm+ly aga9/ an old dogma4 ,! educat$ p ( to-day accept "s =m ( ! !ory ( evolution z naturally z !y accept ! automobile & electric /reet-c>4 ,!y see no reason to believe t #ajf primitive p :o made no /udy ( animal life knew m ab\t its orig9 ?an ^? :o h devot$ _! "t to c>eful & e>ne/ inve/igation4 ,facts speak = !mselves & conqu] :at opposes !m no matt] :at traditions bol/] x up4 ,! refuge :i* ,*ri/ianity has tak5 is ! usual "o resort$ to by religions :i* f9d !mselves 9 conflict ) views m adequate ?an ^? !y hold4 ,! my?s are ei!r allegoriz$ or ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd4 ,allegorization ( my? is only a "w ( fancy1 b x always implies a t5d5cy to self-deception4 ,s long z we see tales l ! /ories ( creation 9 a sanely hi/orical way1 we realize t ^! m5 ( ! pa/ 7 /at+ _! own nave beliefs & 7 n tea*+ our own views 9 ! guise ( a poetic v]sion4 ,! only way to be true to ourselves is to give up any attempt at compromise & ackn[l$ge t ! acc\nt ( man's creation giv5 9 ,g5esis has simply be5 outgr[n4 ,?us1 /ep by /ep1 ! framework ( nature & man's place 9 x z taught by ,*ri/ianity has come 9 conflict ) m ?or\ghly f\nd$ views & has _h to give way4 ,be=e sci5ce arose1 man guess$ at ?+s & appeal$ to ! gods at e /ep4 ,! gods1 z sup]human p[]s capable ( do+ any?+1 7 naturally introduc$ to acc\nt = orig9s & my/]i\s ev5ts4 ,su* an ag5t seem$ a suffici5t answ] to any problem4 ,h[ did man arise8 ,god creat$ him4 ,h[ did ! e>? come to be8 ,god creat$ x4 ,b sci5ce has come to see t an ag5t :i* answ]s e "q 9 ?is easy-go+ fa%ion does n really answ] any ( !m4 ,x is a v]bal answ] & does n give u any specific in=mation4 #ajg ,inve/igation is gradually %[+ j h[ m5 did arise & h[ ! e>? once =m$ "p ( a l>g] :ole f :i* x 0 :irl$ (f4 ,! only valid position to take 9 ! light ( ?is retreat ( ! biblical view ( ! _w is to accept ! evid5t conclusion t ^? :o wrote ! v>i\s books ( ! bible told ! beliefs ( _! "t4 ,"s half-he>t$ conv]ts to ?is conclusion try to take ! edge (f ! admission by say+ t ! bible does n tea* sci5ce4 ,let u put x frankly & say t ! bible taught ! k ( ! old5 days1 _! sci5ce1 b t ?is does n at all agree ) :at we h come to "k by real inve/igation4 ,:ile ! primitive view ( ! _w _h ! /r5g? :i* came to x f ! s9c]e belief ( ,*ri/ians1 x /ruggl$ valiantly aga9/ ! new k4 ,un=tunately1 ,*ri/ians 71 by _! tra9+1 dogmati/s & s\ght to sil5ce ! ris+ :isp]s ( d\bt by p]secution1 r ?an by frank appeal to fact & reason4 ,because ( ?is attitude1 !re develop$ ! tradition ( antagonism betwe5 sci5ce & religion :i* is s (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,! primitive view ( ! _w1 wov5 into hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 because %ot ?r\gh ! bible1 0 helpless 9 ! face ( ?is vigor\s enemy :i* 0 n\ri%$ by ! intellectual adul?ood ( man4 ,its p>tisans 7 %ock$ by ! d5ial ( beliefs t seem$ to !m b\nd up ) ! mo/ sacr$ & important facts4 ,:at c\ld be m natural ?an an appeal to =ce to put d[n su* impi\s sugge/ions6 ,! /ory is n a pleasant "o b x %\ld n be look$ ^u z unexpect$4 ,*ri/ianity us$ its p[] b 0 defeat$4 ,! fight is to all int5ts & purposes ov]2 ! primitive view ( ! #ajh _w has gone =ev] & ,*ri/ianity is 9 ! ?roes ( ! ef=t to loos5 itself f x1 z a swimm] tries to free himself f ! embrace ( a corpse :i* w\ld drag him d[n4 ,b ?is is n ! fir/ "t t ,*ri/ianity has be5 =c$ to give up a belief t w\ld n fit 9 ) ! facts ( a wid] exp]i5ce4 ,we saw t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians believ$ 9 ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god ^u e>? 9 _! own day & g5]ation4 ,?is hope 0 rel9qui%$ by ! ,*ur* z "t pass$ & x 0 n fulfill$4 ,! date ( ! great *ange 0 simply po/pon$ indef9itely4 ,b ! problem :i* ! gr[? ( mod]n sci5ce caus$ c\ld n be met s easily4 ,! conflict 0 /]n1 & x 0 only aft] defeat />$ h] 9 ! face t ,*ri/ianity tri$ to adapt h]self to ! new view ( ! _w4 ,7 ?is adaptation possible simply by giv+ up ! my?ical elem5ts 9 ! bible & 9 ! traditional !ology1 !re c be no d\bt t x w\ld be accompli%$4 ,_m prote/ant d5om9ations h practically gone ?us f>4 ,!re is reason to believe t1 soon] or lat]1 ! doctr9e ( ! virg9-bir?1 ) its only too evid5t dep5d5ce ^u classic my?ology & its obvi\s violation ( biological facts1 w be resign$ & ,jesus ackn[l$g$ to h be5 born z all m5 are4 ,we mod]ns see no %ame 9 su* biological facts4 ,s9ce hi/orical criticism & biology po9t 9 ! same direction1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt z to ! outcome4 ,h[ev] reluctantly1 ,*ri/ianity mu/ yield to k4 ,ev5 aft] ,*ri/ianity has surr5d]$ h] my?ical envelope & resign$ h]self to ! less dramatic & pictorial acc\nt ( ! beg9n+ & end ( ?+s1 #aji taught by mod]n sci5ce1 %e is n secure4 ,! /ruggle has only pass$ f ! out] works ( religion to its v citadel4 ,to yield ! noness5tials1 :i* 7 ! wrapp+s ( its e>ly manhood1 to ?is /]n seek] aft] k1 9 ! hope ( a treaty ( peace1 w only lead to disappo9tm5t4 ,because ( h] wor%ip ( ! book1 ,*ri/ianity has set too high a value ^u beliefs :i* 7 simply doom$ to de/ruction4 ,h5ce %e has no "r to look ^u h] surr5d] ( ^! beliefs z an act ( great m]it4 ,x is simply a prelim9>y /ep to ! basic conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,! "q :i* confronts ! human m9d at ! pres5t "t conc]ns ! problem ( ! h>mony or di%>mony ( ! views ( ! _w ess5tially connect$ ) religion & sci5ce respectively4 ,be=e ?is fundam5tal problem1 ^! m9or conflicts :i* h occupi$ s mu* att5tion %r9k into insignificance4 ,?is problem involves ! "* ( ! ag5cies at "w 9 ! univ]se4 ,c sci5ce admit ! reality ( a special provid5ce at "w 9 ! _w8 ,let u see to :at issues ?is problem leads4 #aaj ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,ag5cy ,religion 0 born f ne$ w$d$ to ignorance4 ,b ne$s *ange1 & illusions fade away & are replac$ by k4 ,t religion reflects ^! factors ( :i* x is a function _c be d\bt$4 ,"s ?9k]s1 :o h s9c]ely pond]$ ! problem1 decl>e t religion w only be trans=m$4 ,o!rs1 z e>ne/1 ass]t t x w disappe>1 & speak ( ! non-religion ( ! future4 ,is n ! "q 9 l>ge measure "o ( def9ition8 ,t man w cont9ue to evolve e?ically c sc>cely be d\bt$1 b x c be d\bt$ ) good "r t he w cont9ue to seek to fulfill 8 ne$s by rites design$ to enli/ sup]human ag5ts 9 8 behalf4 ,is !re n m ?an a note ( skepticism 9 t mu*-approv$ say+3 ,god helps ^? :o help !mselves8 ,already1 man is beg9n+ to classify 8 ne$s & to believe t 8 mat]ial ne$s1 at lea/1 c be/ be met by indu/ry & k4 ,he supplicates less & works m4 ,let u n =get :at trem5d\s economic & social *anges h occurr$ s9ce ! days ( ! little1 helpless communities t lift$ up pray+ h&s to _! gods le/ fam9e & w> de/roy !m completely4 ,to-day1 man does m h>m to man ?an does nature4 ,! face ( ?+s has *ang$ m radically ?an we are accu/om$ to realize4 ,social habits & beliefs #aaa _c fail to reflect ?is *ange4 ,x may v well be t we %all be =c$ to conclude t :at 71 9 a s5se1 ! by-products ( religion h become all t promises to survive :5 man has1 inde$1 eat5 ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( k4 ,we h se5 t primitive man read 8 surr\nd+s 9 ! light ( 8 own consci\sness4 ,ev]y:]e he saw ! evid5ce ( w & ang]1 desire & caprice4 ,! _w 0 ! !at] ( p]sonal ag5ts n s dissimil> to himself4 ,te*nically1 we %\ld speak ( ?is outlook z an?ropomorphic animism4 ,p]haps a /ill l[] /age exi/$ 9 :i* ?+s are full ( mana or a my/]i\s p[] = good & evil4 ,z man felt 8 own p[]lessness 9 ! mid/ ( trem5d\s1 & (t5 ho/ile ag5cies1 :i* ov]topp$ 8 own meag] p[]s1 he 0 l$ to feel ! desire to ally himself ) ^! ag5cies & propitiate !m 9 ord] t all might be well ) him4 ,man 0 ev] m conv9c$ t 8 own life 0 b\nd up ) ! plans ( ! gods4 ,to displease !m 0 to incur ! mo/ s]i\s dang]4 ,! ang] ( ,jove1 or ,neptune1 or ,as%ur1 or ,yahweh 0 n easily turn$ aside once x 0 k9dl$4 ,! w9ds :i* ?reat5 %ipwreck1 ! ra9s :i* give increase1 ! dr\? :i* dries up ! e>?1 ! plague :i* br+s dea? are "u ! control ( ! gods2 & x behooves man to walk w>ily 9 ord] n to (f5d !m4 ,?us 0 ! pa? set 9 :i* man 0 to travel until he rea*$ an e?ical mono!ism4 ,z "t pass$1 demons & gods gave way1 9 !ory at lea/1 to ! sov]eignty ( "o p[]ful deity :o ga!r$ to himself ! p[]s & activities ( ! old multiplicity ( ag5ts :om man _h wor%ipp$ & #aab placat$4 ,x is probable t ?is movem5t t[>d a consci\sly held mono!ism reflect$ ! *ang+ political organization ( society4 ,! old *aos ( sup]human ag5ts1 ea* do+ :at 0 "r 9 8 own eyes1 gave way to a gr[+ heav5ly ord] 9 :i* "o p[]ful ag5t ex]t$ 8 suz]a9ty ov] m9or pr9cipalities4 ,yet mono!ism has always be5 relative1 = ! "o god has 8 ag5ts ( subord9ate rank--ag5ts1 p[]s & int]cessors--j z ! mo/ absolute mon>* has 8 m9i/]s4 ,political imag9ation _c g beyond its s\rce4 ,*ri/ianity is usually reg>d$ z ! be/ type ( mono!ism2 yet ! e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs ?\ght ( ! old gods z demons work+ _! nef>i\s w ^u man4 ,x is notori\s t _m ( ! sa9ts ( ! cal5d> are only re-*ri/5$ pagan deities adopt$ by ! ,*ur* to meet popul> dem&s4 ,! peasantry w\ld believe 9 ! ag5cy ( local div9ities ^: reputation _h be5 great = ! heal+ ( sickness1 or ! grant+ ( *ildr5 to ! *ildless1 or ! caus+ ( ra9 to fall 9 seasons ( dr\?2 & ! ,*ur*1 wisely en\gh1 controll$ & adopt$ :at x c\ld n prev5t4 ,! old pluralism ( ag5cies refus$ to give way m ?an =mally to a s+le ag5t4 ,! psy*ology ( ?is resi/ance is simple en\gh4 ,j z ! k+ is unable to give 8 p]sonal att5tion to ! reque/s ( all 8 subjects b mu/ delegate au?ority to (fic]s to look aft] details1 s ! "o deity _c give e> & att5tion to ! incessant cries ( 8 myriads ( creatures4 ,i _c help feel+ t ! pi\s ca?olic has m psy*ological realism 9 ^! matt]s ?an ! prote/ant sect>ian :o we>ies 8 deity ) all sorts ( trivial matt]s4 ,surely a #aac million petitions at ! same "t w\ld di/ract any conceivable k9d ( p]sonal deity6 ,b1 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 we are n conc]n$ s mu* ) ! problem ( ! numb] & int]-relations ( ! sup]human ag5ts at "w 9 ! univ]se z ) ! idea ( p]sonal ag5cy itself4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to call att5tion to is t ! *ange f poly!ism to mono!ism did n involve any ess5tial modification ( ! accept$ notions ( ag5cy4 ,nature--& human life ) x--0 ?\ght ( z "u ! control ( a sup]p]sonal ag5t :o guid$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 accordance ) 8 purposes4 ,an e?ical ref9em5t ( ! idea ( deity _h sup]v5$ :i* lift$ x f> above ! crudities ( ! s-call$ nature-religions4 ,0 ?is n because man & human society _h evolv$ e?ically & socially8 ,b no m>k$ break 9 ! sett+ ( ! idea _h aris54 ,& ?is fact pres5ts ! ?9k] ) a problem4 ,9 its orig9s1 religion is innately ho/ile to ! ext5sion ( imp]sonal causation to ! cosmos1 = ! obvi\s reason t su* a conception conflicts ) ! op]ation ( special ag5cy4 ,religion beg9s ) ! po/ulation ( p[]ful ag5ts :om man c placate4 ,up to ! pres5t1 ! evolution ( religion has n involv$ a )drawal ( ?is prim>y assumption b only its e?ical ref9em5t & ! r$uction ( ! numb] ( ag5ts4 ,9 ! ,we/]n _w1 at lea/1 religion & ! idea ( an e?ical control ( ! c\rse ( nature h be5 insep>able4 ,?is latt] idea und]lies pray] = mat]ial bless+s1 miracles1 & ! v>i\s conceptions ( provid5ce4 ,c ?is prim>y assumption be tak5 f religion )\t de/roy+ x8 #aad ,! difficulties :i* confront ?is assumption = ! educat$ man ( to-day mu/ n bl9d u to its naturalness 9 ! pa/4 ,b t is ! v po9t to grasp4 ,! primitive view ( ! _w is n be+ s mu* refut$ z outgr[n4 ,sl[ly & pa9fully1 man has le>n$ t ev5ts are condition$ by antec$5ts ( an inflexible "*1 & t 8 wi%es & desires mu/ h h&s & feet work+ = !m be=e !y c affect ?+s4 ,he has bett]$ 8 condition ?r\gh inv5tion & discov]y & social organization4 ,( c\rse1 ! _w might h be5 diff]5t1 & moral categories might h be5 ! prop] ones to apply to nature2 b ! brute fact ( ! case is t our p>ticul> univ]se is n ( t sort4 ,once giv5 ! notion ( sup]human ag5ts ( a social "*1 ! aft]-developm5t ( religion is inevitable4 ,man adopts t[>d !m ! attitude t he takes t[>d 8 own rul]s4 ,to pray to ! gods is z natural z to pray to ^? :o h p[] & :o1 we hope1 may be mov$ by our pray]s4 ,psy*ologically1 !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! attitude involv$4 ,provid5ce is m]ely ! action ( an ag5t :o is m ?an human4 ,= primitive man x did n imply an int]v5tion ) nature1 = ! v good reason t ! gods 7 active 9 nature4 ,nature 0 ! sph]e ( ! activities ( ! gods 9 ! same way t x 01 9 a m9or degree1 ! sph]e ( ! activity ( m54 ,we mu/ rid ourselves ( ! mod]n conception1 n\ri%$ by sci5ce1 ( nature z a realm ( causal relations4 ,= ages1 man _h no su* conception2 all activities 7 ?\ght ( z acts4 ,nature1 man & ! gods act$ toge!r 9 a sort ( social :ole4 ,law1 z we und]/& ! t]m 9 sci5ce1 w\ld h _h no #aae mean+ to primitive man j z x has little mean+ = _m at ! pres5t day4 ,x is v int]e/+ to /udy ! developm5t ( ! idea ( provid5ce4 ,x means =esight & ! c>e :i* r5d]s =esight praisewor?y4 ,! m ! gods 7 giv5 "* & id5tifi$ ) ! life ( ! community1 ! m !y 7 ?\ght ( z gu>dians anxi\s = ! good ( _! p4 ,z sup]human1 !y 7 gift$ ) k ( ev5ts to come & ) plans = ! welf>e & happ9ess ( _! wor%ip]s4 ,! social relations ( ! gods inevitably br\ght !m into trans=m+ t\* ) ! e?ical progress ( humanity4 ,!y became ideals reflect+ back ! highe/ ( :i* man c\ld conceive4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity1 we h a mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is e?ical trans=mation ( ! "o deity :o is ! sup]human ag5t p> excell5ce4 ,he is ! fa!r1 k9dly & lov+1 m]ciful & b\ntiful1 :o looks aft] ! welf>e ( 8 *ildr5 & plans _! individual lives & ! c\rse ( civilization4 ,! evolution ( ,god on its e?ical side has rea*$ its high po9t4 ,f ! philosophical side1 ?is evolution 0 practically a =egone conclusion4 ,j because ,god 0 conceiv$ socially1 he c\ld n escape ?is goal4 ,hosea & ,jesus took ! direction :i* e?ical ideali/s c\ld n help b take4 ,let u exam9e ! consequ5ces ( ?is assumption ( an omnipot5t1 omnisci5t & e?ically p]fect ag5t :o acts 9 nature & 9 human hi/ory4 ,simply by d$uc+ ! implications ( ! concept1 we f9d t x involves a plan = ! _w4 ,su* a plan is call$ by !ology ,god's provid5ce4 ,= "o :o accepts ! assumption1 ! only sane attitude to take is t #aaf ( submission to ! c\rse ( ev5ts z manife/ations ( ,god's w & wisdom4 ,! he>t ( religion ?us becomes a joy\s acceptance ( life's portion ?r\gh a will$ union ) ! purposes ( ?is p]fect be+4 ,! mo/ religi\s s\ls 9 hi/ory h drawn ?is conclusion & act$ x out 9 _! lives4 ,9 ?is way1 !y ta/e ( an exaltation simil> to t :i* ! patriot exp]i5ces :5 he id5tifies himself1 )\t res]vation1 ) ! hopes & plans ( 8 c\ntry at "s "t ( crisis4 ,!y h1 moreov]1 ?is advantage t disappo9tm5t is impossible1 s9ce !y c nev] "k ! actual plans ( ,god nor ! "t :5 !y are to be fulfill$4 ,if !y anticipate & set _! he>t on "s ev5t :i* k9dles _! en?usiasm & x does n come to pass1 !y c assuage _! disappo9tm5t ) ! remembrance t ,god's ways are pa/ f9d+ out & t he has an et]nity 9 :i* to "w4 ,f ! v nature ( ! hypo!sis1 ! c\rse ( hi/ory c nev] disprove ?is outlook :i* is ! logical end-t]m ( ! god-idea4 ,?is impossibility ( te/ makes x1 h[ev]1 unsci5tific4 ,no?+ c be d$uc$ f x4 ,z an hypo!sis1 x mu/ always rema9 unfruitful4 ,:5 we come to treat ( ! problem ( good & evil1 we %all see o!r difficulties :i* x mu/ face4 ,b ! idea ( a gr& plan f :i* ,god _c be sw]v$ by int]cession & supplication is f> f ! ?\ght ( ! usual level ( religion4 ,x is ! creation ( reflective ?\ght1 & does n f9d a ready welcome 9 ! m9ds ( p at l>ge4 ,= !m1 !re is no su* ?+ z complete det]m9ation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,god is a p[]ful ag5t :o is able to br+ to pass :at he wills b he does n always #aag int]v5e 9 p>ticul> cases unless he is ask$4 ,x is ?is situation1 9 :i* ,god is only "o ( ! =ces at "w 9 nature1 t gives ! sett+ = ! idea ( a special provid5ce & ! answ] to pray]4 ,is x n evid5t t we h 9 ^! beliefs ! expression ( p]sonal ag5cy1 an idea cont9u\s ) my?ology8 ,!re are _m examples ( ! appeal to a special provid5ce :i* awak5 ! curiosity ( ! mod]n man4 ,9 cases ( sev]e sickness1 pray] = re/oration to heal? is (f]$ 9 ! *ur*es & homes4 ,if ,god is a p]sonal ag5t affect$ by ! desires ( 8 wor%ip]s1 ?is act is p]fectly logical4 ,yet ! nature ( sickness is n[ s well kn[n t we see 9 x a cause & effect relation ( a def9ite sort4 ,k ( imp]sonal ag5cy is und]m9+ ! fai? 9 sup]-human ag5cy4 ,p]haps ! fact t su* pray]s h nev] /ay$ a plague1 :ile active measures ( a sci5tific sort h done s1 has _h some?+ to d ) ! purely =mal & traditional "* ( su* pray]s among civiliz$ m54 ,ano!r in/ance :i* has caus$ _m cynical comm5ts is ! appeal to ,god to br+ victory to ! nation 9 "t ( w>4 ,bo? combatants pray to ! same deity ) ab\t equal f]v5cy &1 at ! same "t1 make z c>eful prep>ations z possible = ! actual w>f>e4 ,! religi\s c]emonies appe> to play ! "p ( an emotional accompanim5t = ! grimm] proce$+s on ! battle-field4 ,to ! soldi]1 ,god /&s = ! elem5t ( *ance2 o!rwise1 ! ma9 precept is to keep ! p[d] dry4 ,:5 we ent] ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 we at once realize t a diff]5t conception ( ag5cy is held4 ,! univ]se is reg>d$ z a clos$ sy/em ( causal #aah relations :i* spr+ f ! nature ( its p>ts4 ,x is a sy/ematic & self-conta9$ _w ^: activities c be expla9$ by ! discov]y ( laws :i* con/antly hold & :i* gr[ out ( ! /able prop]ties ( nature itself4 ,z ! result ( a close & accurate /udy ( ! v>i\s aspects ( nature1 sci5ce has come to ! conclusion t ! l>ge bulk ( ! _w is lifeless & t its p>ts react 9 habitual or me*anical ways :i* are inv>iable4 ,! planets circle ab\t ! sun 9 accordance ) ! pull & haul ( =ces :i* "w 9 ! same direction f ye> to ye> & lead to ! same ma!matically describable result4 ,by means ( measurem5ts & calculations1 cele/ial me*anics has be5 able to pr$ict eclipses c5turies ahead & to te/ hi/orical records 9 reg>d to ^? :i* happ5$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,! pa?s ( comets h be5 calculat$ & _! return to ! sol> sy/em =etold4 ,?us ! mass-movem5ts ( ! univ]se h be5 se5 to be me*anical 9 nature & expressive solely ( ! en]gies & configurations di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t its p>ts4 ,! ev5ts :i* happ5 are inevitable & arise out ( ! imp]sonal ag5cy ( spatially exi/5t ?+s4 ,9 :at %>p contra/ is ?is view ( nature to ! int]pretation primitive man made = himself :5 he read 8 own emotions & desires into ! ?+s ar\nd him4 ,caprice & :im h no place 9 ?is regul> procession ( ! heav5s4 ,imp]sonal ag5cy conqu]$1 n only 9 man's conception ( ! l>g] relations ( bodies to "o ano!r1 b also 9 8 idea ( ^? ev5ts1 l sickness & dea?1 :i* /rike ne>] home4 ,:ile ! ag5cies at "w may n be consid]$ me*anical1 !y are yet #aai se5 to be natural & regul> 9 _! work+4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! p]sonal ag5cy to :i* religion makes appeal is t x disreg>ds space2 x works "h & !re at its own w & leaps across int]v5+ di/ances z ?\gh !y _h no reality4 ,j because x is spaceless1 x is sup]natural4 ,x _c be localiz$1 & br\ght into def9ite relations ) o!r ?+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,! m we conceive ! univ]se z a spatial1 self-conta9$ sy/em ( ?+s & processes1 ! m x excludes ! pres5ce ( an ag5cy :i* int]v5es 9 x b is n really ( x4 ,s long z ev5ts c be expla9$ z ! effects ( ! natural work+ ( ?+s 9 nature1 ! assumption ( a sup]natural ag5t is unmotiv$4 ,! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion has ?us pass$ beyond ! /age :]e a primitive & *ildi% idea ( ! ext5t & orig9s ( ! visible _w /ruggl$ aga9/ a m rational & bett]-f\nd$ outlook4 ,no educat$ man to-day w\ld s]i\sly def5d ! cosmical !ories ( anci5t times4 ,x is simply absurd to d5y t we h outgr[n !m once & = all4 ,b ?is fir/ victory ( sci5ce only involv$ ! capture ( ! weake/ outpo/s ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,! he>t ( traditional religion seems to be ! belief 9 a p]sonal1 sup]human ag5cy at "w 9 nature or1 r1 ^u nature4 ,ev5 ! religi\s m9d1 h[ev]1 admits t inve/igation has %[n t !re is a r\t9e aspect to nature :i* cov]s ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! f9al crux ( ! problem comes1 !n1 to be :e!r !re is good reason to believe t !re are unusual ev5ts :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by natural conditions4 ,! victori\s c>e] ( sci5ce has und\bt$ly ca/ #abj suspicion ^u ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts :i* _c be expla9$ by means ( regul> *anges 9 nature4 ,! appeal to sup]human1 p]sonal ag5cy to acc\nt = su* ev5ts presupposes _! occurr5ce1 :ile ! belief 9 _! occurr5ce is psy*ologically bas$ ^u ! acceptance ( su* sup]natural ag5cy4 ,h5ce x is probable t bo? beliefs w fall toge!r4 ,9 ! meantime1 !y give "o ano!r mutual support4 ,he :o believes 9 sup]natural ag5cy is ! m likely to be cr$ul\s 9 reg>d to te/imony advanc$ 9 its favor4 ,nature 0 at fir/ reg>d$ z a realm 9 :i* p]sonal ag5cy rul$4 ,yahweh ?und]$ f ,s9ai & rode 9 ! tempe/4 ,apollo guid$ ! horses ( ! sun4 ,! gods did ?+s 9 nature directly1 mu* z man does !m1 only !y are able to d ?+s t man _c d4 ,by w & ^w ( comm&1 !y make ! m\nta9s tremble & ! hills to %ake4 ,b gradually man came to conceive nature z a self-conta9$ realm 9 :i* p>ts affect$ "o ano!r4 ,we owe ! beg9n+ ( ?is view to ! ,greeks4 ,!y develop$1 f ! fir/1 a way ( approa* to ev5ts :i* 0 absolutely oppos$ to ! old] outlook4 ,z nature became1 = man1 m & m self-suffici5t & capable ( expla9+ :at occurr$ )9 x1 !re 0 less ne$ to appeal to an ag5t ( ! old my?ical sort4 ,religion is rightly an?ropomorphic1 j z e?ics is4 ,man's welf>e & de/9y are prop]ly & inevitably ! important que/ions = man1 & he naturally approa*$ ! _w ) ^! problems 9 m9d4 ,he us$ p]sonal & social categories 9 8 vague ?9k+ ab\t 8 environm5t4 ,! discov]y t nature #aba did n "w t way 0 made sl[ly & only aft] comp>ative civilization _h br\ght leisure & safety4 ,ev5 to-day1 ! intellectual re/ra9t1 :i* ! application ( imp]sonal & non-moral concepts to nature dem&s1 is di/a/eful to ! majority4 ,b ?is re/ra9t w become less & less z man is introduc$ f *ildhood to a _w ( law & ord] to :i* he c adapt himself ) a fair measure ( success4 ,8 eyes w remove !mselves f f> horizons & turn to ! _w ar\nd him1 nor w he dream ( a transc5d5t realm ( :i* e>?ly ?+s are only ! appe>ance & veil4 ,he w seek 8 welf>e & f9d 8 de/9y among 8 fell[s dur+ ! normal "t allott$ to 8 species4 ,b&$ ) !m1 he w become an active & cle>-ey$ work] = ! f\r great bless+s :i*1 he f9ds1 are )9 8 grasp1 heal?1 k1 goodness & beauty4 ,_m virtues & ideals :i* religion has %elt]$ & enc\rag$ w f9d !mselves at home 9 ?is valiant & intellig5t _w1 b ! religion ( ! pa/ mu/ %$ _m ?+s be=e x w feel 9 h>mony ) its new sett+4 ,w suffici5t id5tity rema9 to make ! t]m /ill significant8 ,frankly1 x is v h>d to say--impossible to say ) c]ta9ty4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! limits ( p]sonal ag5cy8 ,! limits set to t inc>nat$ intellig5ce :i* organisms possess4 ,! ability to re-direct & di/ribute ! en]gies :i* surr\nd !m 9 accordance ) laws :i* /udy reveals1 ! ability to build dwell+s = %elt] & = adornm5t1 ! ability to use m$ic9es = heal+1 ! ability to dra9 m>%es1 dig canals1 girdle ! e>? ) iron roads1 ! ability to conceive ?+s ( beauty & to translate ^! #abb conceptions into s5su\s =m1 all ^! abilities are !irs4 ,su* ag5cy works )9 nature z a highly gift$ "p )9 a :ole to :i* x is n ali54 ,b exp]i5ce gives u no h9t ( a transc5d5t ag5t = :om ! e>? is z a foot/ool & :o :irls />s & planets ?r\gh space to _! appo9t$ orbits4 #abc ,,*apt] ,x ,,d ,,miracles ,,happ58 ,d miracles happ58 ,i am (t5 ask$ ?is "q by "y p :o are try+ to comb9e religi\s tradition ) mod]n ?\ght1 & f9d a di%>mony4 ,ecclesia/ical au?ority urges !m to ! acceptance ( miracles1 :ile ! pr9ciples & conclusions ( sci5ce z obvi\sly militate aga9/ any su* belief4 ,_m halt half-way betwe5 ^! two op9ions & drift ?r\gh life )\t hav+ be5 able to come to a decision4 ,9 _! mom5ts ( my/icism1 :5 ! pa/ religi\s view ( ! _w ) its pre/ige & emotional appeal ga9s ! upp] h&1 !y are p]suad$ t all ?+s are possible4 ,!y lose sight ( nature ) its massive con/ancy1 & float back into ! s5tim5t ( p]sonal ag5cy s natural to man4 ,z !y li/5 to ! poetry ( ! famili> passage read by ! cl]gyman1 _! memories awak51 & vague hopes = !y "k n :at are /irr$ to a re/less life4 ,all ! surr\nd+s & accompanim5ts ren=ce ^! sugge/ions1 = t is ! trans=m$ purpose ( mod]n rites4 ,! music ?robs 9 _! e>s1 n[ pla9tive & l[1 n[ bur/+ into triumphant peals4 ,inc5se fills ! air1 & ! lights burn dimly4 ,!n a new psy*ological _w is creat$ )9 !m4 ,! er/:ile solid e>? ) its bl9d driv+ p[] becomes transp>5t & a ?+ #abd to despise4 ,! ,"l reigne? to ,:om all ?+s are possible4 ,8 ! p[] to create or to de/roy1 to b9d or to loose1 to )] or to make :ole4 ,! next day 9 ! laboratory1 p]haps1 ! same individuals wat* ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! ?9 membrane ( a frog's foot1 or measure ! trans=mation ( en]gy 9 a *emical reaction1 or exam9e ! n]ve-tissue ( ! human bra91 & ano!r outlook =ms itself4 ,!y see a _w ( h>moni\s movem5ts1 ( gigantic =ces1 ( delicate adju/m5ts1 ( sl[ bir? & quick decay4 ,! s5tim5t ( law1 ! feel+ = fact1 ! s5se ( nature gr[ ^u !m4 ,= ! "t be+1 !y are ! consci\s spectators ( an imm5se reality x w\ld be mean+less to set aside4 ,! complexity & autonomy ( nature ?ru/s all ?\ght ( sup]p]sonal ag5cy into ! backgr\nd4 ,?us ! p5dulum sw+s back & =? f sup]naturalism to naturalism4 ,!y believe1 & yet disbelieve4 ,:at answ] mu/ be giv5 to ^! tr\bl$ m9ds8 ,n[ ! "q1 ,d miracles happ58 presupposes a s+le1 unambigu\s mean+ = ! t]m1 miracle4 ,yet to secure su* a s+le mean+ requires an ef=t4 ,x is s tempt+ = ! advocate ( miracles to make qualifications :5 ! argum5t goes aga9/ him1 to say t he did n mean an act ( a sup]natural ag5t b only an extraord9>y ev5t1 some?+ m>vel\s & n easily acc\nt$ =4 ,we %all conc]n ourselves prim>ily ) :at may be call$ a !ological miracle1 an occurr5ce confid5tly assign$ to ! w ( a div9e ag5t4 ,incid5tally1 h[ev]1 we %all discuss ! logical attitude to take t[>d m>vels :i* _c easily be fitt$ into ! usual s*eme ( ev5ts4 #abe ,to und]/& ! ideas & s5tim5ts associat$ ) our t]m1 we mu/ g back to ! pa/4 ,we are suffici5tly acqua9t$ by n[ ) ! sett+ ( ! religi\s view ( ! univ]se to "k t ! gods 7 at fir/ =ces 9 nature & only sl[ly became spiritual ag5ts outside ( nature4 ,we _c too (t5 rememb] t man _h no in/9ctive k ( :at en]gies op]at$ 9 ! _w & :at 7 ! conditions ( _! op]ation4 ,he peopl$ woods & fields & sky ) invisible ag5ts :o c\ld d almo/ all !y want$ to d1 & ) no h9drance f di/ance4 ,we may put x ?is way3 man _h no idea ( spatial process b ?\ght ( all ev5ts z acts ( w4 ,! gods _h mana1 or p[]1 j z ! m$ic9e man _h1 only great]4 ,& miracles 71 = ages1 only extraord9>y ev5ts due to ! p[] ( gods or o!r p[]-possess+ be+s4 ,s long z ?is primitive view ( ?+s 0 preval5t1 miracles 7 only especially significant ev5ts assign$ to ! w ( ! gods4 ,!y 7 ev5ts :i* transp>5tly reveal$ _! ang]1 or favor1 or purposes4 ,!re 0 no?+ illogical or puzzl+ ab\t !m4 ,! =ces :i* are s /rongly work+ aga9/ ! acceptance ( miracles are j ^? =ces :i* are antagoni/ic to ! primitive view ( ! _w4 ,if nature is a self-conta9$ spatial sy/em1 ! complete me*anism ( *ange %\ld be op5 to /udy4 ,ev5 human wills mu/ be connect$ ) human bodies1 & %[n to act 9 accordance ) psy*ological & physiological laws4 ,9 ! place ( su* vague t]ms z mana1 we h *emical & electrical prop]ties1 bact]ial infection1 hypnosis4 ,magic & miracle are closely connect$2 & ! replacem5t ( magic by #abf sci5ce put miracles on ! def5sive4 ,nature became a realm ( recurr5t processes4 ,! exceptional1 alone1 c\ld be assign$ to ! old type ( ag5cy4 ,?us ! contra/ came out m cle>ly1 z ! religi\s view ( ! _w f\nd itself oppos$ to an ord]ly conception ( natural process4 ,div9e ag5cy1 on ! "o h&2 uni=m processes1 on ! o!r4 ,etymologically1 a miracle is some?+ :i* awak5s wond] because ( its /rang5ess4 ,9 =m] days1 all ev5ts out ( ! ord9>y 7 naturally class$ z miracles1 t is1 z ev5ts to be wond]$ at4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 a r\t9e aspect to nature4 ,p expect$ ! sun to rise 9 ! morn+ & pass unwav]+ly ov] ! sky2 !y look$ = ! return ( ! seasons & _h fe/ivals to celebrate !m2 !y anticipat$ normal "y f _! animals4 ,?us ! r\t9e aspect ( ?+s 0 fairly conspicu\s1 & !y guid$ !mselves by ref]5ce to x4 ,b1 9 ^? days1 ?+s 7 less settl$ ?an !y are 9 our well-organiz$ society4 ,p 7 m n]v\s1 z x 71 m surr\nd$ by rumor1 m cr$ul\s4 ,bo? ! psy*ological & ! social situation favor$ tales ( m>vel\s ev5ts4 ,i _c help feel+ t ! religi\s cu/oms1 ! con/ant appeal to ! gods = favors & port5ts1 7 bo? effects & causes ( ?is s5se = ! miracul\s :i* we f9d s widespread 9 ! pa/4 ,sometimes mon/]s 7 born2 sometimes ! w9d blew f "o direction = an extraord9>y l5g? ( "t2 sometimes ! sun 0 d>k5$ at midday4 ,/ories 7 con/antly afloat ab\t wond]ful cures imput$ to gods or magicians4 ,cr$ulity awoke at ! lea/ enc\ragem5t4 ,prie/s1 prophets1 magicians1 k+s1 gods1 all 7 reg>d$ z #abg ! au?ors ( cures4 ,only ! common man 0 unable to d ^! wond]ful ?+s4 ,! idea t ! k+'s t\* _h wond]ful curative p[] l+]$ on into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we h po9t$ out1 m ?an once1 t ! be/ way to expla9 an idea away is to expla9 h[ x arose4 ,add to ?is a cle> /atem5t ( h[ ! old] view conflicts ) ! new outlook :i* has be5 born ( te/$ k1 & ! dispro( is z complete z may be4 ,let u apply ?is me?od to ! /ories told ( ,jesus 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,jesus 0 reput$ to h ! gifts ( an exorci/4 ,t ,jesus1 if he did actually live1 believ$ 9 demons _c be d\bt$4 ,9 ,m>k1 ! cr[d exclaims3 ,) au?ority he comm&s ev5 ! unclean spirits1 & !y obey him4 ,aga91 ! scribes f ,j]usalem say3 ,he ha? ,beelzebub4 ,by ! pr9ce ( ! devils he ca/e? out ! devils4 ,:]ev] ,jesus w5t1 cr[ds ( sick p flock$ to him to be heal$ ( _! v>i\s compla9ts4 ,b !y und\bt$ly did ! same to e prophet or m$ic9e-man :o came along4 ,a man c\ld n be a prophet if he did n h a special mana1 or p[]1 ei!r 9 8 own "r or z ! repres5tative ( 8 deity4 ,& we mu/ n ?9k ( ^! heal]s z *>latans or impo/ors4 ,ev]ybody believ$ t disease 0 a matt] = religion4 ,:y8 ,because !y did n "k any?+ ab\t tox9s & bact]ia & amoebic infection4 ,! demon-!ory ( disease 0 ev]y:]e dom9ant outside1 p]haps1 c]ta9 circles 9 ,greece4 ,x is beyond a d\bt1 writes ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 t ,jesus reg>d$ fev]1 epilepsy1 madness1 deafness1 bl9dness1 rheumatism1 & all ! o!r weaknesses to :i* fle% is heir1 z ! di/9ct "w ( evil #abh spirits4 ,! /orm-w9d :i* *urn$ ! sea or inl& lake into fury is equally an evil _s 9 ! ,gospel /ory4 ,9 ! ,v$ic poems x is ! same2 &1 inde$1 we h "h a commonplace ( all folklore4 ,! /ories told ab\t ,jesus 9 ! synoptic gospels c be p>allel$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! "t ?r\gh\t ! ,roman _w4 ,! use ( spittle z a sov]eign rem$y 0 univ]sal4 ,9 8 essay ^u miracles1 ,hume call$ att5tion to ! /ory told ab\t ! ,emp]or ,vespasian by ,tacitus4 ,vespasian 0 a little m c>eful ?an ,jesus1 = he _h physicians exam9e ! eyes ( ! bl9d suppliant be=e he ex]t$ 8 t\* & spittle z heal+ ag5ts4 ,b1 !n1 ,jesus c\ld n be s c>eful ab\t su* ?+s z an emp]or4 ,:5 we once cle>ly realize ! emotional atmosph]e ( ! times & ! complete lack ( ! sort ( intellectual backgr\nd we possess1 we are n surpris$ ei!r at ! record$ acts ( ,jesus or at ! my?s :i* grew up ar\nd 8 figure4 ,! abs5ce ( miracles f ! ,new ,te/am5t w\ld be f> m surpris+ ?an is _! pres5ce4 ,! miracles attribut$ to ,jesus are ( two ma9 k9ds1 ! expulsion ( demons z a means ( cur+ ills & allegorical fulfillm5ts ( suppos$ ,old ,te/am5t prophecies4 ,! fir/ k9d has be5 suffici5tly exam9$4 ,! second c be t\*$ ^u only briefly4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! ma9 contributions ( ! high] criticism to po9t out h[ mu* ( ! life ( ,jesus is built up ar\nd passages 9 ! ,septuag9t or ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,i d n ?9k t ,i am go+ too f> :5 ,i ass]t t ! pres5ce ( ^! tales 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ,*ri/ianity has done an incalculable am\nt ( #abi h>m4 ,!y h giv5 a sanction to all sorts ( sup]/iti\s beliefs & h help$ to c>ry ov] into our day an outlook :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 m quickly ca/ (f4 ,_h x n be5 = ! miracles relat$ 9 ! gospels1 !re w\ld h be5 no problem ( miracles to discuss4 ,! idea1 itself1 w\ld h be5 outgr[n & h di$ a natural dea?4 ,&1 9 ! long run1 t is :at mu/ take place4 ,z a san] view ( ,jesus is tak5 & a bett] k ( ! outlook ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$ is ga9$1 ! record$ miracles w be expla9$1 n z actual ev5ts1 b z actual beliefs4 ,ano!r p]iod des]ves /udy 9 ?is connection4 ,:5 "o exam9es ! lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages1 "o ga9s ! conviction t miracles =m$ ! /aple emotional diet ( ! p4 ,!y play$ ! "p t novels & detective /ories d n[4 ,man is naturally dramatic 9 8 int]pretation ( life1 & :at c be m ?rill+ ?an a miracle8 ,con/ance1 ! h]o9e ( ! ,man ( ,law's ,tale 9 ,*auc]1 is rescu$ f dea? :5 9 mo/ p]il\s plight by t ,unse5 ,h& :i* fru/rates ! plots ( ! wick$4 ,skepticism & realism are sl[ly acquir$ habits ( m9d4 ,! prim>y impulse is to believe4 ,&1 :5 religi\s motives & traditions ent] to /r5g!n ! sway ( ?is impulse1 x is h>d to c\nt]act4 ,:5 le>n$ !ologians enunciate ! pr9ciple1 ,i believe because x is absurd1 x is n to be wond]$ at t ! mass ( ! p believe because !y d n see t x is absurd4 ,= ages1 ! _w 0 a sort ( quicks&1 & x has tak5 f> m c\rage & %e] intellectual capacity & moral d>+ ?an ! mass ( ! p w ev] conceive to build dykes out into #acj ! unkn[n & rescue x = ! empire ( unsw]v+ law4 ,b we mu/ pass f ! hi/orical /udy ( miracles to ! sy/ematic1 or philosophical1 aspect ( ! matt]4 ,! philosophy ( miracles breaks up into two p>ts1 ! laws ( evid5ce & pro(1 & ! nature ( cause4 ,! fir/ "p may be call$ logical2 ! second1 metaphysical4 ,!ological miracles involve two elem5ts1 ! fact & ! !ory4 ,x is only aft] ! fact has be5 suffici5tly prov5 t its cause c come into "q4 ,x is absurd to expla9 facts ei!r by natural processes or by ! w ( ,god until y are c]ta9 t ^! ev5ts 7 actual occurr5ces4 ,if a *ild took ,alice 9 ,wond]l& too s]i\sly & ask$ me to expla9 ,:y ! sea is boil+ hot1 ,i w\ld be compell$ to disappo9t its crav+ = explanation4 ,n[ ,i am c]ta9 t ! situation 9 reg>d to miracles is n mu* o!rwise4 ,7 ! alleg$ facts to be prov5 beyond reasonable d\bt1 ! ne$ = a g5u9e explanation w\ld press ^u u4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! subject po9ts 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! logic ( evid5ce conc]ns itself ) ! te/s appli$ to /atem5ts :i* purport to be facts4 ,:at reason h we to believe 9 ^? /ories :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u f ! pa/1 or 9 ! tales ( m>vel\s cures & visions spread abroad 9 c]ta9 circles to-day8 ,is x n evid5t t we mu/ apply to !m ! same /r+5t te/s t ! sci5ti/ employs8 ,all ! canons ( evid5ce1 ext]nal & int]nal1 mu/ be br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,acc\nts ( cures 9 connection ) ! %r9es ( sa9ts & ! descriptions ( cases ( heal+ among ,*ri/ian #aca ,sci5ti/s %\ld be subject$ to rigor\s1 yet equitable1 exam9ation4 ,! nature ( ! sickness or injury %\ld be diagnos$1 & ! aft]-hi/ory kept "u obs]vation4 ,&1 unless ^! religi\s bodies wi% to incur ! suspicion ( abett+ fraud1 !y %\ld welcome ?or\gh inquiry4 ,until some?+ ( ?is k9d is done1 ! evid5tial value ( ! acc\nts is weak] ?an x mu/ be to rea* pro(4 ,! m ! adduc$ n>ratives conflict ) ! usual c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 ! m does ?is lack ( v5tilation weak5 _! evid5tial wor?4 ,f ! /&po9t ( logic1 ?is attitude is inconte/able4 ,ei!r we mu/ ma9ta9 x or we mu/ give up all s]i\s attempt to sift te/imony4 ,! advances made by hi/ory & psy*ology dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury h put u 9 a f> bett] position to h&le ! "q ( pa/ m>vels ?an ,hume 0 94 ,yet ?is m concrete outlook has simply ren=c$ ,hume's me?od ( criticism4 ,hume 01 p]haps1 a little too g5]\s4 ,! burd5 ( pro( re/s ^u ! believ] 9 m>vels1 r ?an ^u ! critic1 because ! regul>ity ( exp]i5ce has be5 increas+ly e/abli%$4 ,h5ce1 ! hi/orical evid5ce mu/ be v /rong1 /rong] ?an x has turn$ out to be4 ,:5 ! canons ( hi/orical evid5ce are appli$ to ! acc\nts ( m>vel\s ev5ts1 x is surpris+ h[ quickly !y lose _! impressiv5ess4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! a/\nd+ s]ies ( incid5ts told 9 ,exodus4 ,7 ?is book writt5 by ,moses1 an actual eye-witness & *ief actor on ! human side1 we w\ld be =c$ to ass]t t he 0 self-deceiv$1 or int5d$ to deceive1 or t ! ev5ts actually did #acb happ5 9 "s /range sort ( way4 ,b :5 we discov] t ! ,p5tateu* 0 n writt5 until long aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,k+dom1 & t x conta9s v>i\s /r&s ( popul> tradition & prie/ly con/ruction1 we realize t ! logical situation is v diff]5t4 ,! eye-witness has disappe>$4 ,9 o!r words1 we h to deal ) leg5ds in/ead ( ) hi/ory4 ,we are no long] r$uc$ to ! dilemma ( ei!r call+ ,moses a li> or accept+ ev5ts :i* /rike u z my?ical4 ,we are n ev5 call$ ^u to rationalize ^! leg5ds & to appeal1 say1 to ! influ5ce ( a high w9d1 long cont9u$1 ^u "s %all[ bran* ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,su* +5uity is n[ se5 to be misplac$4 ,:5 we pass f pa/ to pres5t1 we mu/ keep to ! same logical me?ods4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ (t5 pass f ! pres5t to ! pa/4 ,x 0 ,lyell1 ! fam\s geologi/1 :o e/abli%$ ! sci5tific canon t ! same =ces t are work+ to-day mu/ be us$ to expla9 :at occurr$ 9 o!r ages4 ,& ?is canon 0 ( imm5se value1 = x prev5t$ sci5ti/s f dream+ ( cata/rophes & =gett+ to /udy ! detail$ work+ ( common =ces4 ,h[ f> fai? 9 ,jesus z a religi\s heal]1 a p[]ful prophet s5t by ,god1 l$ to :at are call$ fai?-cures c be answ]$ only by analogy f ! pres5t4 ,! nature & rea* ( m5tal cures mu/ be /udi$ ) ! same c>e t is giv5 to o!r fields4 ,only lately is ?is be+ done4 ,physicians did n d ju/ice to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,_! mat]ialism 0 too nave1 too me*anical4 ,! individual is an organic :ole1 & ! m9d _c be sev]$ f ?is :ole )\t falsity4 ,put 9 physiological t]ms1 ! n]v\s sy/em #acc controls ! exp5diture ( en]gy ( ! organism1 &1 if x is wa/eful1 c soon exhau/ ! supply4 ,! resi/ance (f]$ by ! organism to disease is1 !n1 likely to v>y ) ! m5tal & n]v\s balance ( ! individual4 ,h[ effective an abnormal direction ( n]v\s en]gy t[>d c]ta9 p>ts ( ! organism may be _c be told be=eh&4 ,probably1 exp]im5tal "w ) hypnosis & psy*oanalysis w ?r[ light ^u ^! int]nal adju/m5ts4 ,! hi/orian ( religi\s hi/ory %\ld keep 8 eye ^u ! rec5t developm5ts ( psy*iatry4 ,he %\ld1 moreov]1 le>n 8 psy*ology f exp]ts & n be satisfi$ ) ! j>gon ( spirituali/s4 ,b logic alone w nev] be able to disprove !ological miracles4 ,i _c prove t !re are no fairies1 al?\gh ,i c %[ t !re is no good evid5ce = belief 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,! rationali/ :o und]takes to demon/rate ! impossibility ( miracles =gets t 8 ?9k+ works )9 a set ( po/ulates & pr9ciples :i* 8 adv]s>y w n accept4 ,all he c really %[ is t 8 po/ulates & pr9ciples fit 9 bett] ) exp]i5ce ?an d ^? ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,! f9al conflict is t betwe5 ! primitive view ( ! _w & ! sci5tific view4 ,! be/ t c be done is to /ress ! logical side & !n make ! contra/ betwe5 ! two views ( ! _w z di/9ct z possible4 ,:e!r an individual w1 or w n1 believe 9 religi\s miracles dep5ds ultimately ^u ! view ( ! _w :i* gr[s up 9 8 m9d4 ,& ?is m5tal outlook is a function ( 8 tra9+ & 8 psy*ological make-up4 ,! !ological miracle is m d$uctive ?an inductive4 ,i mean t x is a consequ5ce ( a dogma #acd r ?an an indep5d5tly giv5 fact4 ,! religi\s outlook comes fir/ 9 ord] & dom9ates ! fact4 ,j ! opposite is ! case 9 sci5ce4 ,!re ! fact comes fir/ & ! !ory aft]w>ds4 ,z ,i h writt5 9 my ,logic3 ,m]e speculation uncontroll$ by fact is almo/ c]ta9 to lose t\* ) reality4 ,x may lead to ! con/ruction ( beautiful sy/ems1 b ^! sy/ems1 = all _! spl5dor & subtlety1 are sure to lack value z means ( int]pret+ ! _w 9 :i* we actually live4 ,b is n ! !ological miracle an in/ance ( j su* uncontroll$ speculation8 ,an omnipot5t ,god c\ld d any?+ to1 or 91 8 foot/ool4 ,( c\rse he c\ld4 ,y are only develop+ ! implications ( y\r hypo!sis4 ,! te/ que/ions are1 fir/1 ,is x 8 nature to want to d ^! abrupt ?+s8 second1 ,is ?is conception ( an omnipot5t ,god ! mo/ satisfactory hypo!sis8 ,does x help u to meet ! facts & ev5ts ( human life8 ,we "k h[ ! idea arose1 & we "k t x 0 bas$ on int]pretations ( nature t seem to u n[ ess5tially illusory4 ,! rub ( ! matt] is1 t x is ( no assi/ance to sci5ce & creates ho/s ( artificial difficulties4 ,we h be5 discuss+ "o ( ^! artificial problems 9 ! pres5t *apt] & %all be engag$ 9 ! discussion ( o!rs 9 ! next two *apt]s4 ,a naturali/ic metaphysics & e?ics is f> easi] to =mulate ?an a !ological sy/em free f contradiction4 ,b suppose t c]ta9 m>vels :i* w\ld n fit into ! natural c\rse ( ?+s 7 e/abli%$4 ,h[ c\ld x be %[n t ^! peculi> ev5ts 7 ! acts ( a sup]natural ag5t8 ,/rictly speak+1 only revelation c\ld accompli% ?is feat4 ,b revelation #ace is1 itself1 a miracle :i* ne$s accr$it+4 ,& s y are1 once m1 9 a vici\s circle4 ,revelation might be a well-accr$it$ mode ( pro( if x _h an organ ( a public "*--a voice f heav51 = in/ance4 ,b su* a voice w\ld become a "p ( nature = u2 9 o!r words1 its assumption implies ano!r sort ( _w f ! "o we are 94 ,b1 until ?is organ is e/abli%$1 we h good "r to d\bt ! ipse dixit ( self-appo9t$ oracles4 ,:5 we exam9e ! :ole "q ( miracles inductively & d$uctively1 ,i ?9k t we mu/ ackn[l$ge t _! basis is exce$+ly weak4 ,already1 ! educat$ _w is 9 a fair way to outgr[ !m2 & ?is t5d5cy w und\bt$ly increase z sci5ce cont9ues to explore ! _w we live 94 ,9 conclusion1 x seems wor? :ile to call att5tion to ! fact t v few p realize :at !y are really believ+ :5 !y accept miracles4 ,!y d n "k en\gh ab\t nature to grasp ! real cont5t ( _! beliefs2 &1 until !y d1 _! belief repres5ts simply a po9t ( view :i* has n be5 confront$ ) its implications4 ,x expresses innoc5ce r ?an virtue4 ,let u glance at a c\ple ( ! biblical miracles to %[ :at !y involve4 ,tyndall has br\ght out1 v /rik+ly1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! miracle suppos$ to h aid$ ,jo%ua 9 8 battle ) ! ,amorites1 z ?is appe>$ 9 ! eyes ( an ,israelite ( old1 & z x appe>s to a man ( sci5ce4 ,= ! "o ! miracle probably consi/$ 9 ! /oppage ( a fi]y ball less ?an a y>d 9 diamet]1 :ile to ! o!r x w\ld be ! /oppage ( an orb f\rte5 ?\s& times ! e>? 9 size4 ,!re is1 he writes1 a sci5tific z well z a hi/oric #acf imag9ation2 & :51 by ! ex]cise ( ! =m]1 ! /oppage ( ! e>?'s rotation is cle>ly realiz$1 ! ev5t assumes proportions s va/1 9 comp>ison ) ! result to be obta9$ by x1 t belief reels "u ! reflection4 ,! en]gy "h involv$ is equal to t ( six trillion ( horses work+ = ! :ole ( ! "t employ$ by ,jo%ua 9 ! de/ruction ( 8 foes4 ,if we pass f ! great to ! small1 f ! employm5t ( trem5d\s =ces to ! recon/ruction ( endless1 m9ute relations1 ! same div]g5ce betwe5 sup]ficial appe>ance & ! reality />es u 9 ! face4 ,let u consid] ! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! n]v\s sy/em beg9s to dis9tegrate v quickly aft] dea?4 ,n[ rese>* has %[n t !re are ne>ly a billion ( cells 9 ! bra9 alone4 ,?9k ( ! disorganization :i* w\ld ensue 9 su* a complicat$ sy/em aft] a p]iod ( f\r days4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! delicacy ( organic comp\nds c realize ! condition ( ! bra9 :5 ! body 0 already beg9n+ to /9k4 ,b ! anci5ts did n ev5 "k t ! bra9 0 closely connect$ ) consci\sness1 let alone its /ructure4 ,( ! "* ( ! economy ( ! body1 !y knew practically no?+2 !y dealt ) :oles1 n ) p>ts4 ,h[ diff]5t ?is miracle appe>s f ^! two /&-po9ts6 ,x is ! same only 9 "n4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to note t ?is miracle1 *>act]i/ic ( ,john1 is v evid5tly relat$ to illu/rate ! pr9ciple t ,jesus z ! ,logos is ! resurrection & ! life4 ,x is a demon/ration miracle4 ,our answ] to ! "q1 ,d miracles happ58 mu/ be 9 ! negative4 ,:ile !re is no?+ #acg irrational 9 ! idea 9 itself1 x does n fit ! _w z exp]i5ce pres5ts x4 ,! ass]tion t ,god p]=ms miracles1 l ! simil> ass]tion t he creat$ ! _w1 is purely hypo!tical & unv]ifiable4 #ach ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,immortality ,! hope ( immortality is an ess5tial feature ( practically all mod]n religions4 ,ev5 ^? ori5tal religions :i* lack its cle> pres5ce po/ulate a dim k9d ( p]sonal cont9uity4 ,buddhism has always be5 a puzzle to ! optimi/ic ,we/]n] :o is 9 love ) himself & does all 8 ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( p]sonality & p]sonal relations4 ,! idea ( re-bir? 9 accordance ) a rigid moral law is ali5 to 8 traditions2 :ile ! imp]sonalism ( ! :ole process leaves him cold4 ,x is n untrue to ! facts to call ,buddhism an a!i/ic religion4 ,yet x is a religion because x po/ulates ! objective efficacy ( moral categories4 ,fre$om f ! :eel ( re-bir? is ga9$ by ! ,eightfold ,pa? ( "r beliefs & "r acts4 ,en\gh ( ! idea ( a s\l & en\gh ( ! idea ( immortality exi/s ev5 9 ?is religion to make ^! assumptions important4 ,b :at h mod]n sci5ce & philosophy to say ab\t ^! age-old ideas8 ,is ! s\l any long] 9 favor8 ,"h1 aga91 an hi/orical approa* is wor? :ile1 because x gives ! prop] p]spective4 ,if we c und]/& :y p 9 ! pa/ develop$ & fo/]$ ^! ideas1 we c judge _! reasons pretty objectively1 ev5 ?\gh we realize t we h be5 /rongly affect$ by ! beliefs erect$ ^u !m4 #aci ,de/roy ! roots ( a tree & ! foliage w )] be=e long4 ,has sci5ce dug s %>ply ar\nd ! roots ( ^! old beliefs t !y are b\nd to decay8 ,! subject is an extremely int]e/+ "o4 ,a belief 9 "s sort ( an aft]-life is wide-spread4 ,x is common k t ! ,am]ican ,indians spoke ( a happy hunt+-gr\nd 9 ! ,we/1 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! w>rior w\ld rejoice 9 abundance ( game4 ,o!r peoples ?\ght ( ! abode ( ! dead z 9 ! ,ea/ :]e ! sun arises4 ,/ill o!rs taught t x 0 9 ! sun or ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 or und]nea? ! e>? 9 a subt]ranean region4 ,we are seldom able to det]m9e ! motives :i* l$ to ^! v>y+ locations4 ,all sorts ( beliefs fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 a few c5turies be=e our era2 b ! drift ( religi\s ?\ght 0 mov+ rapidly t[>d a passionate acceptance ( ano!r life some:]e 9 ! heav5s4 ,immortality 0 tak+ on a m vivid color+ & 0 be+ trans=m$ f a passive survival to an ev5t ( m>k$ religi\s significance4 ,new e?ical motives 7 atta*+ !mselves to an old t5d5cy & modify+ x almo/ beyond recognition4 ,! s5tim5ts & rituals built up ar\nd ! ideas ( s9 & salvation 7 reflect$ into ! next _w & creat$ ! vision ( a heav5 & hell4 ,:at a ri* field ?is 0 = ! my?opeic imag9ation to exploit6 ,& :at an int]e/+ sociological fact is x t ! human imag9ation has always be5 m f]tile 9 its descriptions ( hell ?an 9 its descriptions ( p>adise6 ,b a few words ought to be said ab\t ! e>li] conceptions ( an aft]-life4 ,bo? ! ,greeks & ! #adj ,hebrews ?\ght ( ! o!r-_w z a joyless reflection ( ! pres5t4 ,dea? 01 to all int5ts1 ! end ( :at really c\nt$4 ,^? :o d5y t m5 c live nobly )\t ! hope ( immortality =get t m5 l ,p]icles 7 unaffect$ by t phantom dream4 ,ev5 ! great ,hebrew prophets extoll$ righte\sness )\t ! promise ( a rew>d 9 ! next _w4 ,:at m5 h done1 we c surely d aga94 ,! ,greek fa!r felt himself a memb] ( a family ^: traditions & loyalties he wi%$ to h& on intact4 ,= himself1 he desir$ only ! cu/om>y fun]al rites s t 8 %ade might re/ 9 peace4 ,9 ! h\se ( ,hades dwell ! s5seless dead1 ! phantoms ( m5 outworn4 ,! answ] ( ,a*illes to ,ulysses1 :5 t w&]] visits him 9 ! und]world1 expresses ?is %ad[y aft]-life admirably3 ,nay1 speak n com=tably to me ( dea?1 oh great ,ulysses4 ,r w\ld ,i live on gr\nd z ! hirel+ ( ano!r1 ) a l&less man :o _h no great livelihood1 !n be> sway among all ! dead t be dep>t$4 ,! ,hom]ic ,greeks rejoic$ 9 life l y\?s :om ev]y?+ pleases4 ,! %ad[y realm ( ,hades 0 felt to be a mock]y ( ! sunlit _w4 ,! hi/ory ( ! belief 9 an aft]-life among ! ,hebrews is v simil>4 ,yet x is surpris+ to notice h[ few rem>k ! paucity ( ref]5ce to ?is idea 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! book ( ,isaiah occurs t acc\nt ( ,%eol to :i* att5tion 0 call$ 9 an e>li] *apt]3 ,%eol f b5ea? is mov$ = !e to meet !e at ?is com+4444 ,all !y %all answ] & say unto !e1 ,art ?\ become weak z we8 ,! passage is a trem5d\s "o1 full ( ! mo/ bit+ irony & v9dictive hatr$4 ,?is #ada conception ( ,%eol evid5tly sc>cely diff]s f ! correspond+ "o ( ! ,hom]ic ,greek4 ,t[>d ! ,*ri/ian era1 z a result ( ! infiltration ( ! beliefs curr5t among surr\nd+ peoples1 ! idea ( a future life took hold ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,ph>isees1 ! popul> p>ty ( ! day1 /ress$ ! dogma1 :ile ! ,sadducees1 ! ,ari/ocratic p>ty1 d5i$ x4 ,e>ly religion 0 l>gely a /ate affair1 = x conc]n$ itself ) ! safety ( ! social gr\p2 b x 0 rapidly becom+ an engross+ conc]n = ! individual4 ,! religi\s imag9ation 0 busily pa9t+ ano!r _w & connect+ x ) ! relations ( ! individual to div9e p[]s4 ,giv5 ! religi\s view ( ! _w1 :at an in/rum5t ( appeal & ( dread ?is conception ( immortality 06 ,! %ad[ & sun%9e ( ano!r _w lay a?w>t ?is "o4 ,endless vi/as ( pa9 & pleasure /ret*$ into ! future4 ,no wond] t ! true means ( salvation became ! burn+ "q6 ,f ! beg9n+1 ,*ri/ianity emphasiz$ ! fact ( ano!r _w & its t]rific mean+ = ! s\l ( man1 adopt+ z an inh]itance ! curr5t views ) reg>d to a ,messianic k+dom & a place ( torm5t4 ,paul ev5 goes s f> z to proclaim ! cynical alt]native3 ,if ! dead are n rais$1 let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die4 ,! ideas ( immortality & salvation 7 ! c5tral features ( ! great religi\s revival :i* swept ov] ! ,roman ,empire ab\t ! "t ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! desire = p]sonal safety 9 ?is _w & ! next mov$ m54 ,fe> & hope work$ toge!r2 fe> ( ! t]rors await+ ! s\l aft] dea?1 hope ( a happy exi/5ce 9 "s p>adise4 #adb ,t e>ly ,*ri/ianity ow$ mu* ( its success to its doctr9es ( f9al ?+s _c be d5i$4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( a/rology1 !osophy1 my/icism1 cults ( saviors1 es*atologies4 ,few 7 able to keep _! heads above ?is tide ( oracul> my?ology & sup]/ition4 ,:at moor+s did !y h8 ,none ( t te/$ k ( ! physical _w :i* we possess1 & :i* keeps numb]s ( p fairly sane to-day 9 spite ( !mselves4 ,:5 we recall ! t]ror at ,salem a few c5turies ago1 we mu/ admit t ^! ,greeks1 & ,romans1 & ,jews1 & ,syrians did n conduct !mselves s badly 9 ! demon-ridd5 _w 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,yet1 :ile x w\ld be unfair to blame ^? :o embrac$ ! v>i\s cults1 x w\ld be equally unfair n to give praise to ^? few enlight5$ s\ls :o w\ld approve none ( ^! ?+s4 ,up to ! pres5t1 ! doctr9e ( immortality has be5 an ess5tial "p ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! cre$s :i* h come d[n to u proclaim ! fai? t ,*ri/ ,jesus w appe> aga9 to judge ! quick & ! dead4 ,to ! av]age man1 religion is absolutely committ$ to su* a belief4 ,x has gone h& 9 h& ) ! idea ( retribution & rew>d until ! two h gr[n toge!r4 ,x is n /range1 !n1 t ! suspicion t immortality is n ju/ifi$ by physiological & psy*ological facts is felt to h a grave be>+ ^u religion4 ,to ! va/ majority1 religion )\t immortality is l ,hamlet ) ,hamlet left out4 ,remove ! fai? 9 a special provid5ce1 likewise1 & ! edifice ar\nd :i* _m religi\s emotions & values h entw9$ !mselves is no m ?an a ru94 ,b ! idea ( a s\l always accompanies ! belief #adc 9 immortality4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* l$ to ! "o notion naturally enc\rag$ ! o!r4 ,if ! s\l c leave ! body1 x is obvi\sly indep5d5t1 9 l>ge measure1 ( ! latt]'s fate4 ,let u glance at "s ( ! exp]i5ces ^: false int]pretation is at ! f\ndation ( a belief 9 an immortal s\l inhabit+ ! body = a little space4 ,x is surpris+ :at an influ5ce 0 ex]cis$ by dreams4 ,we h s completely outgr[n ?is uncritical attitude t[>d !m t x takes "s ef=t to realize h[ natural x 04 ,= ! educat$ man ( to-day1 dreams are subjective exp]i5ces1 t is1 exp]i5ces :i* d n conta9 in=mation ab\t :at is happ5+ 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,9 ! j>gon ( psy*ology1 !y are c5trally ar\s$ ideas play+ ab\t "s organic /imulus or "s repress$ wi%4 ,b ! savage knew no?+ ab\t su* di/9ctions4 ,! dead appe>$ to ! liv+ & talk$ ) !m4 ,patroclus /&s be=e ,a*illes & *ides him4 ,d n ! dead1 !n1 h "s sort ( life8 ,_m psy*ological motives comb9$ to conv9ce primitive man ( at lea/ a %ad[y exi/5ce aft] dea?4 ,b !re 0 ano!r side to ! dream-life4 ,! liv+ w5t on long j\rneys1 do+ /range ?+s1 :ile _! bodies re/$ 9 ! t5t4 ,add$ to ^! sugge/ions1 s naturally l5d+ !mselves to a spiriti/ic int]pretation1 7 /ill o!rs4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( sickness are expla9$ by means ( ! idea ( possession4 ,invisible ag5ts are at "w 9 ! _w4 ,:at c a trance be if n ! tempor>y abs5ce ( j su* an ag5t8 ,among ! ,kayans ( ,borneo1 = example1 x is ! cu/om = an eld]ly p]son le>n$ 9 su* matt]s to sit beside ! corpse1 :]e ! s\l is #add suppos$ to hov] = "s days aft] dea?1 & to imp>t to ! latt] m9ute directions = its j\rney to ! l& ( ! dead4 ,we are 9 ! pres5ce1 "h1 ( natural illusions1 ( hypo!ses :i* inevitably arose4 ,man's fir/ guesses 7 mi/akes4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( sci5ce drives ?is fact home4 ,! v>i\s op9ions m5 h built up ar\nd ! idea ( a s\l are in/ructive4 ,h[ gravely m5 h writt5 ab\t su* hidd5 ?+s6 ,only v sl[ly h !y le>n$ to sep>ate an exp]i5ce f its int]pretation1 & to seek a wide range ( facts be=e erect+ ev5 an hypo!sis4 ,to expla9 by means ( ag5ts1 visible & invisible1 is ! plausible me?od to :i* man always resorts fir/4 ,x is only :5 he becomes m sophi/icat$ t he ?9ks 9 t]ms ( processes4 ,! foll[+ examples ( div]g5t op9ion ^u ! s\l1 ga!r$ by an able ,fr5* au?or1 %[ ! vagu5ess ( ! idea3 ,orig51 ! ,alex&rian !ologian3 ,! s\l is mat]ial & has a def9ite %ape4 ,/4 ,augu/9e3 ,! s\l is incorporeal & immortal4 ,a ,polynesian3 ,! s\l is a brea?1 & :5 ,i saw t ,i 0 on ! po9t ( expir+1 ,i p9*$ my nose 9 ord] to reta9 my s\l 9 my body4 ,b ,i did n grasp x tightly en\gh--& ,i am dead4 ,alb]tus ,magnus3 ,!re are ?irty argum5ts aga9/ ! immortality ( ! s\l & ?irty-six =1 :i* is a majority ( six argum5ts 9 favor ( ! affirmative4 ,rabbi ,maimonides3 ,x is writt53 ',! wick$ w be de/roy$ & !re w n re/ any?+ ( him4' #ade ,ecclesia/es3 ,m5 die z ! bea/s & _! fate is ! same4 ,!y h all "o brea?4 ,! s\l 0 at fir/ conceiv$ 9 v mat]ial ways4 ,! ideali/ic movem5t 9 ,greek philosophy is responsible = ! concept ( an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( my/ical1 religi\s motives ! s\l becomes m & m non-spatial & intangible4 ,! words us$ are negative & ab/ract4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ,plot9us 0 ! fir/ to describe ! s\l z an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,b ?is immat]ial sub/ance mu/ someh[ be br\ght into relation ) ! physical body4 ,x 0 ?is situation :i* gave rise to ! s\l-body problem 9 philosophy1 a problem :i* has gradually *ang$ into ! m9d-body problem4 ,?is trans=mation ( ! puzzle is significant4 ,! v t]ms h *ang$ & h become m concrete & empirical4 ,a quotation f ,william ,james--a man :o _h no bias aga9/ !ology--w br+ out ! ess5tial reasons = ?is significant *ange ( t]ms3 ,yet x is n = idle or fanta/ical reasons t ! notion ( ! sub/antial s\l1 s freely us$ by common m5 & ! m popul> philosophies1 has fall5 ^u su* evil days1 & has no pre/ige 9 ! eyes ( critical ?9k]s4 ,x only %>es ! fate ( o!r unrepres5table sub/ances & pr9ciples4 ,!y are )\t exception all s b>r5 t to s9c]e inquir]s !y appe> z little m ?an names masqu]ad+4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t1 to mo/ p1 to-day1 ! s\l means no m ?an ! p]sonality1 & ! conviction t ?is _c be r$uc$ to ! body4 ,x /&s = consci\sness & "* z someh[ root$ 9 some?+ p]man5t4 ,plato's idea ( ! #adf s\l z a simple1 inde/ructible sub/ance awak5s h>dly an e*o 9 _! m9ds--& :y %\ld x8 ,some?+ :i* gu>antees & makes possible ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( _! consci\s self aft] ! dea? ( ! body is ! association :i* is upp]mo/4 ,educat$ p1 at lea/1 h outgr[n ! gho/-s\l ( primitive times & h put _! hope 9 ! inability ( ! philosophic sci5ti/ to expla9 life & consci\sness )\t appeal to ag5cies :i* are inexplicable on naturali/ic t]ms4 ,b x is obvi\s t su* a basis is ov]hung by an ev]-?reat5+ dang]4 ,if ! m9d-body problem 7 solv$ 9 a concrete1 empirical way1 :at !n8 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to exam9e ! "q ( immortality f ?ree angles :i* may be call$1 respectively1 ! empirical1 ! e?ical & ! philosophical4 ,! m rec5t drift ( philosophy t[>d realism has t5d$ to br+ ! fir/ & ! ?ird me?ods ( approa* clos] toge!r4 ,x has increas+ly be5 felt t philosophy cop]ates ) ! special sci5ces & is insep>able f !m4 ,! e?ical argum5t 9 favor ( immortality is (t5] f\nd 9 poetry ?an 9 s]i\s books on e?ics4 ,x _c be said to h suffici5t =ce to sw+ ! balance e/abli%$ by sci5ce & a reali/ic philosophy 9 t\* ) sci5ce4 ,! empirical /atus ( immortality c be/ be br\ght out by a glance at ! facts ( abnormal psy*ology4 ,9 old5 days1 z we h se51 insanity 0 expla9$ z ! di/urb+ effect ( a demon4 ,to-day1 exp]im5t & c>eful obs]vation h prov5 t x is due to a functional disord] ( ! bra94 ,t1 :5ev] !re is a disord] ( ! m9d1 !re #adg is "s correspond+ anatomical or physiological flaw 9 ! bra9 has become a commonplace ( mod]n m$ic9e & psy*ology4 ,9 fact1 insanity is def9$ z a symptom ( disease ( ! bra9 induc+ disord]$ m5tal symptoms4 ,a multitude ( exp]i5ces po9t to ! v intimate connection betwe5 ! bra9 & consci\sness4 ,c>eful obs]vation ( cl9ical cases has1 = example1 %[n t a lesion 9 ! visual c5t] ( ! bra91 t is1 ! "p ( ! bra9 to :i* ! fib]s ( ! optic n]ve run1 induces ! disappe>ance ( bo? sight & visual imag]y4 ,psy*ology & physiology h be5 busily engag$ 9 discov]+ ^! correlations4 ,s ext5d$ are !y t ! sugge/ion t consci\sness is insep>able f ! bra9 =ces itself home ev] m ob/9ately4 ,m5tal capacity runs p>allel ) ! f9] developm5t ( ! bra94 ,is n1 !re=e1 ! v mean+ ( m5tal capacity connect$ ) ! ne$s & activities ( ! organism8 ,b ! case is /ill /rong] :5 we note :at happ5s to an individual :5 some?+ goes wrong ) ! bra94 ,c ?is poor lunatic1 :o has dropp$ f ! high level ( educat$ manhood to a condition m helpless ?an t ( an animal1 j because ( a relatively slight dis9tegration ( ! cortex1 be expect$ to recov] 8 intellect by means ( its total dis9tegration8 ,c x be d5i$ t ! burd5 ( pro( re/s on ^? :o ass]t immortality8 ,! s-call$ e?ical argum5t = immortality is associat$ ) ! "n ( ,immanuel ,kant4 ,kant's philosophy 0 agno/ic1 & x 0 ?is agno/icism :i* made 8 use ( ! e?ical argum5t possible4 ,if y c't make any assur$ !oretical /atem5t #adh ab\t ! nature ( ! self1 y c all[ dem&s1 :i* y reg>d z e?ical & prim>y1 to dictate y\r ultimate beliefs4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ,kant's argum5t savors ( ! popul> notion t ! virtu\s mu/ be rew>d$4 ,at its highe/1 ! e?ical argum5t signifies a dem& = a future life 9 ord] to c>ry out t developm5t ( "* :i* ! brief span ( e>?ly life is n equal to4 ,x is ?is argum5t :i* runs ?r\gh ,br[n+4 ,:at %all we say ( x8 ,!re are bo? factual & !oretical objections to ! e?ical argum5t = immortality4 ,! m we "k ab\t habit1 ! m we realize t "* is pretty well set by middle life4 ,! creative p]iod ( human life ends all too soon4 ,"* is n an ab/ract possession sep>able f human tasks & ne$s4 ,x is n l a "w ( art :i* c be poli%$ & re-poli%$4 ,b1 :5 all is said & done1 e?ics mu/ abide by ! facts ( ! case4 ,take "* ab/ractly en\gh & ap>t f its human & organic sett+1 & ! dream ( cont9u\s p]fect+ may h mean+2 b s w\ld ! dream ( cont9u\s intellectual advance4 ,yet ! s*ol> kn[s all too well ! judgm5t pass$ by ! com+ g5]ation ^u ! old] "o3 ,!y c't adju/ !mselves to ?is new po9t ( view4 ,w\ld progress come if ! g5]ations did n pass8 ,! philosophical aspect ( ! "q c be t\*$ ^u only briefly & 9 an unte*nical way4 ,! basic problem may be put 9 ?is way3 ,c human p]sonality be includ$ 9 nature 9 a !oretically satisfactory way8 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to /ress ! difficulties :i* confront su* an attempt #adi & to be sil5t 9 reg>d to ! problems :i* ! sep>ation ( body & p]sonality has always f\nd fac+ x4 ,yet ,i ?9k t few philosoph]s w\ld d5y t x is ! v irrationality ( ! traditional dualism :i* makes a liv+ monism ( m9d & body s desirable & s urg5tly s\ght aft]4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! p]si/5ce ( ! m9d-body puzzle has be5 due to two conditions1 ! lack ( an adequate !ory ( k1 & an ultra-me*anical1 or non-evolution>y1 view ( ! physical _w4 ,sci5ti/s & philosoph]s1 alike1 7 possess$ by an in]tia :i* prev5t$ !m f tak+ ! pr9ciple ( evolution s]i\sly4 ,!y refus$ to readju/ _! ideas s z to admit t organization ( a high grade1 su* z *>act]izes ! n]v\s sy/em1 has a syn!tic way ( act+ ( its own1 n r$ucible to ! m]e *a9-l action ( ext]nally relat$ units4 ,!re are _m signs po9t+ to ! conclusion t a broad] & m flexible naturalism is =m+ :i* w sweep away ! artificial problems & /]eotyp$ contra/s :i* h /ood 9 ! way ( a c&id inclusion ( human ?\ght & activity )9 nature4 ,:5 t day comes1 ! hesitations :i* h enc\rag$ ! fai? 9 immortality 9 ! face ( empirical difficulties ( an ev]-increas+ weight w pass away4 ,i am incl9$ to prophesy t psy*ology & physiology w rea* an adju/m5t ( _! pr9ciples be=e _m ye>s h pass$1 & t consci\sness & m9d w take _! places along ) mass & en]gy 9 ! sci5tific view ( nature4 ,! old dualism ( s\l & body w pass away & give place to a flexible naturalism4 ,! belief 9 immortality & ! wi% = x w die #aej out v sl[ly4 ,! vague appetite = ano!r life w p]si/ z an und]curr5t ( half-und]/ood desire = a good ^: nature has n be5 cle>ly ?\ght out4 ,:at m5 really want is an et]nal y\? 9 an environm5t :i* gives opportunity = self-expression & pleasant companion%ip4 ,x means re/ to ! we>y1 new horizons to ^? :o wi% to a*ieve1 a release f fett]s to ^? :o h felt !mselves oppress$4 ,:at a quiet *>m !re is 9 su* an uncritical play ( ! fancy6 ,b is x any?+ m ?an daydream+8 ,c our mus+s become def9ite )\t reveal+ !mselves z fancies8 ,alas6 our s\ls are old & writt5 ^u1 & we w\ld no long] be ! same 7 ^! m>ks remov$4 ,!y h a mean+ = u & we _c wi% !m away4 ,if1 = a =getful mom5t1 we envy ! smoo? *eeks ( a y\?1 ! envy is b mom5t>y4 ,:at we desire is 8 abundant en]gy & hopefulness ) our own humor\s & wis] self 9 comm&4 ,h[ completely we are p>ts ( life z x is liv$ ^u ?is planet6 ,desires1 affections1 passions1 ideas1 habits1 all1 :5 analyz$1 po9t to ! human organism & its environm5t4 ,our p]sonality is l a plant :i* draws its n\ri%m5t f :at surr\nds x4 ,remove ! old peasant f 8 fields & pl[-fell[s1 & he w lose int]e/ 9 life4 ,remove ! bus9ess man f ! m>t & c\nt]1 & he w become re/less4 ,h[ c we expect to revive a ze/ 9 life by cutt+ ! gr[n p]sonality loose f :at x has f$ ^u8 ,x is psy*ologically absurd & betrays t t5d5cy to ab/ract ?9k+ :i* is s widespread4 ,! human p]sonality is a function ( ?is sub-lun> life1 ( ?is organism1 ( ?is sky1 ( ?is #aea soil1 ( ?is re/less /ruggle ) nature4 ,immortality is an impossible surg]y4 ,at c]ta9 /ages ( social developm5t1 false beliefs are simply inevitable4 ,= example1 ! ,ptolemaic view ( ! sol> sy/em 0 b\nd to prec$e ! ,cop]nican4 ,& false beliefs d bo? good & h>m be=e !y are outgr[n4 ,h[ _m ( ! d[n-trodd5 h look$ to ano!r _w to "r _! wrongs6 ,x gave !m hope3 b x made !m passive & all too meek4 ,has n ! idea ( ano!r life enc\rag$ a false p]spective 9 reg>d to ?is "o8 ,i _c feel t ! belief 0 ev] a v heal?y "o = ! human race4 ,yet1 dur+ ! com+ p]iod ( transition1 _m :o h be5 tra9$ to hold false expectations w exp]i5ce griev\s pa94 ,p :o become us$ to a n>cotic recoil f ! idea ( giv+ x up4 ,_! n]v\s sy/em has be5 taught to dep5d ^u x4 ,is !re n some?+ p>allel to ?is 9 e?ics8 ,religi\s romanticism is a spiritual n>cotic :i* sub/itutes a dream _w = ! m humdrum _w ( e-day exi/5ce4 ,x develops a ta/e = ! m]etrici\s & s5tim5tal4 ,9 rev5ge1 ! en?usia/ fails to a*ieve insight into ! significance ( common ?+s4 ,life's real trag$ies & triumphs are veil$ f 8 untra9$ eye4 ,only a :ole-he>t$1 ev5 joy\s1 imm]sion 9 ! sea ( /ruggl+ human life gives ! imag9ation t iron vigor x ne$s4 ,! greate/ sa9ts h talk$ ! lea/ ( heav54 ,born into life6--:o li/s ,may :at is false hold de>1 ,& = himself make mi/s ,?r\gh :i* to see less cle>2 ,! _w is :at x is1 = all our du/ & d94 #aeb ,is x s small a ?+ ,to h enjoy'd ! sun1 ,to h liv$ light 9 ! spr+1 ,to h lov$1 to h ?\ght1 to h done2 ,to h advanc$ true fri5ds1 & beat d[n baffl+ foes-- ,let ^? :o c meet life bravely & joy\sly4 ,! /age has be5 plann$ by no ma/] arti/1 & ! actors are only amateurs compell$ to improvise _! p>ts2 b ! sunlight is sometimes gold5 & ! spok5 l9es (t5 surprise u ) _! beauty4 ,:at critic c pass assur$ judgm5t ^u ?is cont9u\s play8 #aec ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,evil ,x is notewor?y t !re has nev] be5 a problem ( good1 b always a problem ( evil4 ,man takes ! good 9 8 life = grant$1 :ile he bewails ! pres5ce ( evil 9 all its =ms4 ,! ,greeks _h ! my? ( ,p&ora's box to acc\nt = ! sorr[s & ills :i* afflict ! human race2 ! ,hebrews told ( ! ,fall ( man f 8 orig9al /ate ( bliss to a life ( toil & s9 ?r\gh ! weakness ( our fir/ p>5ts & ! wiles ( ! ,s]p5t2 ! ,sc&9avians sang ( ,loki1 ! ,_s ( ,deception1 ^: artful malice l$ to ! dea? ( ,bald]1 ! ,beautiful4 ,& ,*ri/ianity has be5 accu/om$ to connect evil ) a p]sonal devil :o ru%es ab\t l a ro>+ lion seek+ :om he may dev\r4 ,at 8 door1 popul> ?\ght has la9 ^? temptations & backslid+s t bewild] poor humanity4 ,ev5 ! m physical evils1 su* z fam9e1 sickness & bodily injury1 h be5 ascrib$ to 8 ag5cy4 ,is x necess>y to say t primitive man ?\ght ( all evils z due to my/]i\s pot5cies :i* surr\nd$ him on e h&8 ,8 ritual ( purification corresponds to ! signs :i* n[ surr\nd electrical ma*9]y4 ,irrational z _m ( ^! taboos 71 !y yet impli$ t ! actual _w 0 a /range mixture ( favorable & unfavorable pot5cies to #aed :i* man _h to adapt himself4 ,to ! primitive m9d no?+ 0 m uncanny ?an blood1 & !re are p /ill :o fa9t at ! sight ( x3 = '! blood is ! life1' life & dea? are ! great primeval my/]ies1 & all ! physical sub/ances t are associat$ ) ! inn] pr9ciple ( ei!r p>take ( ?is my/]i\sness4 ,?is e>ly idea ( a miasmic contagion sl[ly unites itself ) ! belief 9 demons1 z animi/ic religion evolves4 ,bad demons "w havoc1 :ile favorable spirits br+ bless+s to ! ne$y wor%ip]4 ,b1 z religion develop$ a m di/9ctly e?ical & p]sonal "*1 ! exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! _w became a problem4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 x 0 n s mu* a problem z a fact4 ,b a ,jew :o believ$ t ,yahweh controll$ ev]y?+ t occurr$ 9 ! ,k+dom _h to acc\nt = p]sonal & social disa/]s 9 a rational way4 ,:at 0 m natural ?an ! hypo!sis t ^? :om disa/]s ov]took _h be5 guilty ( "s secret wrong8 ,& x 0 ?is po9t ( view :i* 0 adopt$4 ,! ,book ( ,job repres5ts ! puzzl$ reflection ( a late p]iod ov] ! difficulty ( squ>+ ! hypo!sis ) ! facts4 ,&1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! puzzle is h&l$ z well z x c\ld be )9 ! accept$ sett+4 ,! :ole treatm5t is d$uctive r ?an inductive4 ,assume an omnipot5t1 omnisci5t & e?ically p]fect deity1 & x foll[s t1 :5 facts d n squ>e ) y\r s5se ( ju/ice1 y mu/ ei!r suspect ! individual ( secret s9s or proclaim t ,god's ways are pa/ f9d+ out4 ,9 o!r words1 ! se>* = a !odicy leads to agno/icism4 ,s9ce y don't really "k any?+ ab\t ! _w1 "o hypo!sis is z good z #aee ano!r4 ,b agno/icism is a *eap way ( e/abli%+ a position1 & is likely to sugge/ to ! reflective t ! :ole sett+ ( !odicy is at fault4 ,if ! religi\s view ( ! _w leads to ?is impasse1 may x n be bett] to take a m inductive way ( approa* to :at we call evil8 ,may n reality be ( su* a "* t evil is z natural z good8 ,:5 we glance a little m closely at ! ,*ri/ian tradition1 we f9d t ! popul> answ] to ! problem ( evil is by no means unambigu\s4 ,to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( evil by ! ag5cy ( ! devil 7,satan1 ,ahriman7 is a /raight=w>d answ]1 q 9 accordance ) ! appeal to p]sonal ag5cy s *>act]i/ic ( religion1 b x does n h>monize ) ! e?ical mono!ism :i* ,*ri/ianity inh]it$4 ,! qu]y w n d[n1 ,:y does ?is omnipot5t & e?ically p]fect deity p]mit su* a be+ to exi/ to "w havoc among/ 8 *ildr58 ,ev5 ^u a casual exam9ation1 x becomes evid5t t !re are _m /r&s ( tradition & doctr9e 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is ! classic mono!ism ( ! prophets1 & ! m poly!i/ic t5d5cies ( lat] times1 a contra/ p>allel to ! sanity ( classic ,greece z comp>$ ) ! flabb9ess ( ,hell5i/ic times4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 itself1 !re are _m evid5ces ( ! acceptance ( a duali/ic view ( ! _w4 ,satan is ! ,pr9ce ( ?is ,_w4 ,we h already po9t$ out t ! writ]s ( ! gospels ?9k ( ,jesus z ca/+ out demons :i* h infe/$ ! bodies ( m5 & wom5 & made !m sick4 ,yet1 /range to say1 we are told t n a sp>r[ falls to ! gr\nd )\t ,god's cons5t4 ,?is duali/ic /r& ( ?9k+ dom9at$ dur+ #aef ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! _w is giv5 ov] to ! devil = him to "w 8 w ^u x4 ,"h we h bo? a cause & an effect ( ! pessimism ( ! times4 ,= ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 society 0 corrupt & fill$ ) abom9ations2 ! only sure way to a*ieve salvation 0 to flee f its lure to des]ts & mona/]ies1 !re to purge ! s\l ( fle%ly desires4 ,no "o has pa9t$ ! situation m ke5ly & unfl9*+ly ?an ,anatole ,france 9 ,?ais4 ,humanity 0 sick4 ,a /rong wave ( asceticism spread f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/ & c>ri$ ) x doctr9es bas$ on ! metaphysical ext5sion ( ! contra/ betwe5 light & d>kness1 good & evil4 ,matt] is evil 9 its v nature & leagues itself ) ^? in/9cts 9 ! s\l :i* come f its contam9ation ) fle%4 ,! ta9t ( orig9al s9 is deep5$ by ! grossness ( ! mat]ial out ( :i* man's e>?ly tab]nacle is made4 ,! body ) its passions plays d\ble traitor to ! s\l4 ,only by pray]1 purification1 fa/+1 & ! grace ( ,god c ! son ( corruption save 8 s\l alive = ! heav5ly k+dom among ! />s4 ,! numb] ( my?ical elem5ts wov5 into ?is ascetic dualism is /rik+4 ,woman 0 ! temptress mo/ to be fe>$2 ! daught]s ( ,eve 7 consid]$ ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts ,satan _h at 8 comm&4 ,x 0 ev5 debat$ :e!r %e _h a s\l4 ,x 0 ev5 :isp]$ t a woman gu>d$ ! gates ( ,hell4 ,aga91 ,satan 0 pictur$ z a demon lead+ ! unw>y a/ray by ! desires ( ?is _w4 ,e?ics 0 an affair ( ext]nal fight+ = ! s\ls ( m54 ,! :ole sett+ 0 my?ical & sup]naturali/ic & full ( picture-?9k+4 #aeg ,we h already ref]r$ to ! doctr9e ( orig9al s94 ,?is doctr9e 0 tak5 up by ,/4 ,augu/9e :o _h be5 a ,mani*ean4 ,paul9e !ology1 ,augu/9ianism1 & ,mani*eism h mu* 9 common4 ,!y are all in/ances ( :at may be call$ my?ological metaphysics4 ,! dogma is1 t1 left to 8 own devices1 man t5ds to take ! pa? ( s94 ,he is1 moreov]1 ali5at$ f ,god1 :o1 because ( 8 p]fection1 _c condone imp]fection & dem&s an atonem5t :i* _c be made by man himself4 ,h5ce1 ! ne$ arises = a savior to m$iate betwe5 man & ,god4 ,:at a con/ruction is ?is 9 :i* my?1 rabb9ical !ology & pagan duali/ic cosmologies are drawn toge!r to furni% ! sett+ = a juridical drama6 ,h[ c ^? :o accept ! tea*+ ( mod]n sci5ce & realize ! m subjective & p]sonal _s ( mod]n e?ics cons]ve any portion ( ?is /range creation ( pa/ ages8 ,! idea ( evolution1 z appli$ to bo? nature & man1 und]m9es ! :ole fanta/ic drama4 ,man has aris5 pa9fully f a bruti% condition1 in/ead ( fall+ f a p]fect /ate4 ,! contra/ betwe5 fle% & _s c no long] be tak5 lit]ally z correspond+ to a sort ( physical division ( ! univ]se into sph]es ( good & evil :i* c h no comm]ce ) "o ano!r4 ,?is is e?ical poetry :i* is n suffici5tly aw>e t x is poetry4 ,in/ead ( seek+ to re-int]pret ! belief 9 an ext]nal1 sacrificial savior1 m$iat+ betwe5 ,god & man 9 vague1 my/ically symbolic language :i* sugge/s a dep? x does n possess1 ! s5sible ?+ is to drop ! :ole outlook frankly1 z outgr[n1 & z hav+ ess5tially lo/ its mean+4 ,we saw t ,jesus1 himself1 w\ld probably #aeh n h compreh5d$ its intricacies1 & c]ta9ly w\ld n h accept$ x z true ( 8 own mission4 ,in/ead1 x repres5ts ! !osophic speculations ( ! ,anci5t ,_w4 ,s long z ! ?9k] toys ) ^! imag9ative speculations :i* h no direct f\ndation 9 ! k & exp]i5ce ( to-day1 s long w he live 9 a m5tal fog unable to see ! really press+ social & e?ical problems ( ! pres5t4 ,:5 we once %ake ourselves loose f ^! my?ical1 gno/ic & rabb9ical ideas1 ) _! legal & poetical conceptions ( e?ics1 & _! nave picture ( ! _w z ! seat ( e?ical =ces /ruggl+ 9 a physical way aga9/ "o ano!r2 :5 we once realize t x is mean+less to apply e?ical di/9ctions to matt]1 we are l$ to press pa/ ^! ,hell5i/ic accretions to ! simpl] & nobl] traditions :i* ,*ri/ianity inh]it$ f ,jesus & ! great] ,hebrew prophets4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 religion is 9 a position to solve ! problem ( evil4 ,!re are passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* brea! ! same fai? z t held by ,deut]o-,isaiah1 a sort ( sublime religi\s optimism or w to believe4 ,= ! ,hebrew prophet ( ! exile1 ,god is ! creator & righte\s rul] ( ! e>?4 ,i am ! ,"l & !re is none else4 ,i =m ! light & create d>kness2 ,i make peace & create evil2 ,i am ! ,"l t doe? all ^! ?+s4 ,su* is mono!ism ( ! creationali/ic type 9 all its vigor & *all5g+ f]vor4 ,yet ! prophet speaks & ?9ks 9 t]ms ( _w-movem5ts & ! fate ( nations1 & 8 ?\ghts sc>cely drop f ?is va/ sett+ to consid] ! fates ( individuals4 ,we %\ld note fur!r ! abs5ce ( ! poly-demonism #aei ( lat] ,judaism & ! evid5t impati5ce ) ! anci5t my?s & ! belief 9 a ,satan or ,_s ( ,evil4 ,_h ,*ri/ianity tak5 its dep>ture f ?is high altitude1 x w\ld h be5 m truly mono!i/ic1 b x w\ld n h be5 ! *ild ( its age1 & w\ld n h be5 assimilat$ by ! ,m$it]ranean peoples4 ,let u exam9e ! implications ( ?is bold] & simpl] fai?4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! position adopt$ by ! second ,isaiah is ! logical t]m9us ( mono!ism4 ,if ,god be omnipot5t1 he mu/ be responsible = all ! evil 9 ! _w z well z = ! good4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is mu/ be ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,he :o is a k+1 & n a m>ionette1 _c beg (f f ! duties ( 8 /ation4 ,to introduce ,s9 z a sort ( helli% entity1 z did ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 is to m> our conception ( deity4 ,we no long] h t old ,roman's c\rti]-l sycophancy1 nor 8 non*alance :5 o!rs are condemn$ by div9e caprice to ! et]nal flames4 ,:at 0 to him a means ( manife/+ ,god's great] glory is to u a crime :i* w\ld sully our ideal ( goodness4 ,! educat$ _w ( to-day has at lea/ come up to ! level ( ! peasant-poet's indictm5t ( ! ,calv9ism ( two c5turies ago4 ,*ri/ianity is on ! horns ( a t]rible dilemma4 ,x has long wav]$ betwe5 ! bold attitude ( ,isaiah1 s(t5$ by su* devices z apologetic +5uity c\ld inv5t1 & ! my?ological dualism curr5t at ! "t ( its bir?4 ,god mu/ be totally responsible = all physical evils1 at lea/2 or else he mu/ be ?w>t$ by some?+ indep5d5t ( himself1 :e!r ?is be an evil _s or matt]4 ,n[ s*ol>s h po9t$ out t ! idea ( a prolong$ conflict betwe5 a #afj good & an evil p[] 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,p]sian religion1 & t ?is view t+$ lat] ,judaism & pass$ ov] into ,*ri/ianity4 ,"h x 0 met & ren=c$ by ,neo-,platonism 9 ! =m usually call$ ,gno/icism & ,mani*eism4 ,at pres5t1 ! tide has turn$ 9 favor ( mono!ism & aga9/ ! coexi/5ce ( an evil p[]4 ,we are incl9$ to smile at a p]sonal devil1 p]haps because sup]/ition has made him humor\s1 p]haps because we "k bett] ! seat & cause ( :at we call evil4 ,sci5ce has help$ to d away ) ! devil2 b1 9 s do+1 has x n also und]m9$ ! idea ( ,provid5ce8 ,mu/ n ! same arr[ transfix an effective ,god t does away ) an effective ,devil8 ,! ,god ( ! pa/ 0 a reali/ic ,god2 he c\nt$ = ev]y?+ 9 ! gov]nance ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,god ( mod]n !ology is fa/ becom+ an ideal ( p]sonality4 ,:5 ,god is ?\ght ( z a t5d]-he>t$ & p]fect g5tleman1 ! "q ( evil takes ! foll[+ =m3 ,c we h>monize ?is conception ) ! facts ( life8 ,is ,god an ag5t or an ideal8 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t ,god is an hypo!sis *>act]i/ic ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w1 & t1 l e o!r hypo!sis1 x %\ld help to expla9 ! facts to :i* x is relevant4 ,b does x d ?is8 ,is x fruitful8 ,i am free to confess t !odicies ( all sorts /rike me z pro(s ( ! inapplicability ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,yet imm5se dialectical ability has be5 display$ 9 ! tireless se>* = "s satisfactory !ory ( ,god's relation to ! univ]se4 ,a glance at ^! !ories reveals ! work+ ( ! "t-_s4 ,:5 man is h>%1 8 god is h>% & cruel4 ,:5 #afa man is t5d]1 8 god is b5evol5t4 ,& ?is correspond5ce does n complete ! /ory4 ,9 pa/ ages1 ! political organization 0 autocratic & unyield+4 ,! subjects ( ! mon>* did n dream ( que/ion+ ! ju/ice ( 8 rule4 ,x 0 n "r = common m5 to ?9k ( su* matt]s2 x 0 out ( _! sph]e ( control & und]/&+4 ,besides1 is n might ! sanction ( "r8 ,dur+ ^! mon>*ial p]iods1 ,god 0 ?\ght ( z a heav5ly k+ ^: p[] & glory & dom9ion 0 )\t end4 ,?is correspond5ce betwe5 ! political organization & ! !ological picture betrays ! sociological side ( !ology4 ,all ( man's ideas are human ideas1 & s 8 idea ( 8 ,god & ! v p]sonality & moral outlook ( t ,god reflect ! social /&>ds :i* are 9 =ce ar\nd ! individual4 ,if human ju/ice is cruel1 ,god's ju/ice is /rict & unyield+4 ,:at c\ld be m natural ?an ?is p>allelism8 ,b z punitive ju/ice yields to ideas ( m]cy & sympa?y1 a *ange comes ov] man's conception ( ?is heav5ly replica ( 8 own s5tim5ts & in/itutions4 ,irrational puni%m5t ) its brutal t]rors gives way to ?\ghts ( lov+k9dness4 ,b x is ?is v evolution ( human morality :i* br+s out ! problem ( evil 9 all its di/9ctness4 ,yahweh c\ld comm& :ole tribes to be slaught]$1 & no "o felt ! lea/ religi\s discom=t4 ,b ! man ( to-day1 :5 he all[s himself to ?9k1 revolts aga9/ su* he>tlessness4 ,god mu/ be at lea/ z m]ciful z man--& man w\ld n d ^! ?+s4 ,yet our exp]i5ce tells u t pa9 & disa/] are ev]y:]e rampant 9 ! _w4 ,h[ is x t an omnipot5t & noble ,god p]mits ^! #afb ?+s to be8 ,! l9e ( reason+ :i* leads to ! dem& = a !odicy is simple & direct4 ,god is a moral ag5t :o has ?is peculi>ity1 t he c d :at he wills & is !re=e responsible = all t happ5s4 ,b tragic ?+s happ54 ,:y did he p]mit !m8 ,! v>i\s =mulations ( ,god's relation to ! _w turn ab\t ?is problem4 ,! inh]5t possibilities are few 9 numb] & are soon grasp$ & develop$4 ,if ,god is a limit$ deity1 !n evil c be assign$ to some?+ else4 ,if ,god is unlimit$1 !n :atev] is1 is someh[ "r4 ,let u glance at typical developm5ts ( ^! two ma9 l9es ( approa*4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells has rec5tly />tl$ ! g5]al public by 8 advocacy ( a /ruggl+ deity4 ,x is n 9 accordance ) ,*ri/ian tradition1 he admits1 b x is tru] to ! facts z we "k !m4 ,b he might well h told ! public t ?is view ( 8 0 n a new "o4 ,long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,zoroa/rian ,p]sians held j su* a !ory ( a /ruggl+ deity combat+ ! evil ma*9ations ( ,ahriman4 ,! fai?ful 7 exhort$ to d all 9 _! p[] to assi/ ,ahura ,mazda 9 8 /]n fight ) d>kness & contam9ation4 ,?is duali/ic view f\nd its way ,we/ & appe>s 9 ,mani*eism4 ,x may n be well kn[n1 b x 0 ?is ,mani*ean conception ( ! _w t ,sa9t ,augu/9e gave up at 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,aga9 & aga91 x f\nd its way to ! surface ( ,we/]n society4 ,:o has n he>d ( ! ,ca?>s or ,albig5ses ( ! ,middle ,ages8 ,^! p 7 believ]s 9 a /ruggl+ deity engag$ ) ! p[]s ( evil4 ,"s ( !m id5tifi$ ! ,jehovah ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ) ?is cruel #afc & malignant _s4 ,9 s do+1 !y %[$ an abs5ce ( all hi/orical p]spective1 b1 also1 a ke5 e?ical judgm5t4 ,?is tribal god ( ! e>ly ,jews did n h>monize ) _! ideals ( goodness & m]cy4 ,:ile !irs 0 a d>k] & m sup]/iti\s outlook ?an an educat$ man ( to-day w\ld adopt1 ! logical basis ( ! sy/em is ess5tially ! same z ! "o :i* seems to be ris+ to ! surface 9 our own times z a revolt aga9/ ! smugness ( traditional ,*ri/ianity4 ,! atmosph]e ( religion 0 m somb] 9 ! pa/2 & ^! ,ca?>s w\ld h be5 %ock$ by ! f9e1 c>eless rapture ( ! mod]n noveli/2 b !y w\ld h recogniz$ t 8 view 0 ak9 to _! own4 ,x may n be amiss to m5tion ! fact t ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ! fam\s ,engli% philosoph] ( ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 sugge/$ t x w\ld be tru] to ! exp]i5ce ( human be+s to assume a ,god limit$ 9 p[]1 ?\gh p]fect 9 o!r respects4 ,x is impossible1 he ?\ght1 to h>monize ! attributes ( omnipot5ce & goodness 9 a div9e ag5t1 ) ! _w z x is4 ,?is prote/ aga9/ ! high1 d$uctive fai? ( ,*ri/ian mono!ism 0 due to ,mill's frank empiricism4 ,life mu/ speak = itself1 he held2 x mu/ ju/ify hypo!ses by _! agreem5t ) x4 ,! traditional ,*ri/ian me?od has be5 too dictatorial & too little inductive4 ,x has />t$ f a set ( dogmas 9 reg>d to ,god & spun out _! consequ5ces1 refus+ to qualify ^! dogmas :5 ! consequ5ces did n fit ! tragic "* ( life4 ,! treatm5t ( ! second logical possibility is famili> gr\nd4 ,*ri/ian e?ical mono!ism foll[$ #afd ,hebrew religi\s ?\ght 9 its ess5tials4 ,god is held to be an omnipot5t ag5t :o is also morally p]fect4 ,!ology kn[s two =ms ( ?is dogma1 ! ,calv9i/ic or ,augu/9ian1 & ! ,arm9ian4 ,calv9ism /&s flatly on ! !sis t ,god is j & t1 !re=e1 :at is done is j4 ,)9 ?is sett+ ) its easy appeal to ignorance1 x makes little diff]5ce :e!r ev5ts are "r because ,god does !m or :e!r ,god does !m because !y are "r4 ,arm9ianism turns out1 :5 exam9$1 to be l>gely an attempt to s(t5 ! absolutism ( ,calv9ism along c]ta9 l9es4 ,b ^! endless &1 9 ! ma91 /]ile !ological controv]sies reveal ! artificiality ( ! dogmas )9 :i* !y are c>ri$ on4 ,!y are1 :5 all is said1 only +5i\s modifications & r$ress+s ( ! prim>y assumptions ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,i *all5ge any "o to develop a really t5able sy/em ( !ology1 a sy/em :i* is self-consi/5t & relevant to ! _w z we "k x4 ,i am c]ta9 t x _c be done4 ,z a /ud5t ( e?ics1 my gr[+ conviction has = "s "t be5 t ^! traditional controv]sies & modes ( approa* to human life are b>r5 & irrelevant1 because !y ca/ absolutely no light ^u human problems1 social or p]sonal4 ,mod]n e?ics & !ology h ceas$ to h any g5u9e comm]ce4 ,! "o is 9 t\* ) ! sci5ces ( biology1 sociology1 psy*ology & crim9ology2 ! o!r1 by its v nature1 c ga9 no?+ f ^! sci5ces4 ,e?ics is concrete & inductive4 ,!ology is ab/ract & d$uctive4 ,i h n tri$ to /ate & criticize ! num]\s !odicies :i* man's re/less intellect has con/ruct$4 ,my/ics h taught t evil is an #afe illusion4 ,b illusions h a way ( be+ v real2 & a d]ogatory t]m does n alt] facts4 ,ideali/s h decl>$ t :at we call evil only increases ! div9e h>mony1 z a judici\s discord height5s ! effect ( symphonic comb9ations4 ,b ?is /hetic argum5t conflicts ) moral relations4 ,surely ,god w\ld n be s self-c5t]$4 ,?us !re are weighty objections to all ! +5i\s & pr(\nd apologies = ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,b :y are su* apologies felt to be necess>y8 ,simply & solely because ev5ts are assum$ to be "u ! control ( an intellig5t1 moral ag5t4 ,)draw ?is assumption1 & ! problem vani%es4 ,:5 we turn f ! religi\s view ( ! _w to ! sci5tific & philosophical1 we are imm$iately impress$ by ! diff]5t p]spective4 ,:at 7 !oretical problems ( ! mo/ absolute & inescapable k9d cease to exi/4 ,:ile ! religi\s view ( ! _w culm9ates 9 an attempt$ ju/ification ( ! ways ( ,god to man1 ! sci5tific /udies ! sy/em ( ?+s z a giv5 :ole to :i* all que/ions ( ju/ification are irrelevant4 ,! _w is z x is1 & ! category ( responsibility is inapplicable4 ,evil becomes a practical & relative problem4 ,!re is no ?\ght ( try+ to fix responsibility ^u "s p]sonal ag5t :o c\ld h done o!rwise & did n4 ,man is a "p ( nature1 al?\gh a self-directive organism adapt$ m or less adequately to 8 environm5t4 ,& j because he is an organism1 he mu/ ma9ta9 himself 9 ! face ( attacks & fluctuat+ *anges4 ,he is n able to claim exemption f ! consequ5ces ( cataclysms1 su* z e>?quakes & tornadoes1 :i* result f ! un/able balance ( physical #aff en]gies4 ,he p]i%es 9 ! same way t bea/s & plants d1 :5 8 intellig5ce is n able to f9d a way ( escape f a sudd5 dang]4 ,9 o!r words1 physical evil is evil only because x hurts man1 :o does n want to be hurt4 ,f ! objective /&po9t1 evil & good diff] n a jot f "o ano!r4 ,!y are bo? causal ev5ts baptis$ by man 9 accordance ) 8 sympa?ies & antipa?ies4 ,ev5ts are good to him or bad to him2 9 !mselves1 !y are nei!r good nor bad4 ,ra9 does n fall 9 summ] 9 ord] to n\ri% ! plants2 in/ead1 ! plants are n\ri%$ & cont9ue to exi/ because ! ra9 falls4 ,once1 x 0 h>d = man to admit ?is imp]sonalism4 ,he want$ to f9d an objective purpose focus+ ^u 8 c>e]4 ,b he is at la/ beg9n+ to realize t 8 w to live & create is ! s\rce ( all values4 ,nature is a ?+ to be us$ = 8 own desir$ ends4 ,!re are no problems h>d] ?an false problems4 ,! great a*ievem5t is to see t !y are false because !y fl[ f a false assumption4 ,remove ?is assumption1 & ! problem :i* tortur$ ! greate/ ?9k]s vani%es into ?9 air4 ,! problem ( evil becomes ! problem ( less5+ evil by conqu]+ nature & r5d]+ h] subs]vi5t to man4 ,x is a problem ( eng9e]+1 ( appli$ *emi/ry1 ( prev5tive m$ic9e1 ( social plann+4 ,man mu/ become ! ma/] ( 8 de/9y ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,b :at a diff]5t sett+ ?is pres5ts f ! "o 9 :i* primitive man exi/$6 ,!n man 0 ne$y & fe>ful & ignorant & helpless4 ,n[ he is weal?y1 +5i\s1 sure ( himself4 ,x is com+ to be t man is less hurt by #afg physical ag5cies ?an by himself4 ,he has fre$ himself f 8 environm5t2 he mu/ n[ free himself f 8 own passions & hatr$s4 ,he mu/ love righte\sness & peace1 & flee f diss5sion & all =ms ( inju/ice4 ,! problem ( evil has become a social problem4 ,x is ! task ( amelioration by intellig5t control4 ,b sci5ce1 alone1 w nev] be suffici5t to meet ! fact ( evil4 ,! mo/ optimi/ic believ] 9 ! possibilities ( intellig5t plann+ & control does n d5y t trag$ies ( all sorts w /ill be only too common4 ,let u hope t !re w be less ( tub]culosis1 less ( gr9d+ pov]ty1 less ( avoidable accid5ts4 ,b w !re be less ( secret disappo9tm5t ) life1 less ( w\nd$ affection8 ,m w live happy & noble lives 9 ! heal?i] society :i* is )9 our p[] ?an 0 possible 9 ! pa/2 b !re w be mal-adju/m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,individuals w seek to control ! lives ( o!rs1 & ?is control w be res5t$2 fri5ds w fall out ov] fanci$ or real wrongs2 lov]s w qu>rel2 misund]/&+s w arise4 ,none ( ,%akespe>e's great trag$ies turn ab\t sickness & natural calamities4 ,! motives are social & p]sonal 9 "*1 ! qu>rels ( rival h\ses1 ! s5ile pride ( an old man1 ! ambition ( pr9ces1 ! adult]\s love :i* leads to murd]4 ,m5 w ne$ /r5g? ( _s & broad sympa?y to meet ! situations :i* confront !m4 ,& _m w fail hopelessly 9 ! /ruggle1 9 ! future z !y h 9 ! pa/4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rank & file w lead vigor\s1 active lives ) a fair measure ( ^? rew>ds ( success & companion%ip :i* #afh sweet5 endeavor4 ,:at m is !re to say8 ,life is a haz>d1 & m5 mu/ take _! risk bravely4 ,c\rage on ! "p ( ! actor w d mu*2 sympa?y on ! "p ( ^? ne> him w also d mu*2 b risk !re w be always4 #afi ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,religion ,,& ,,e?ics ,:at 0 ! exact relation betwe5 religion & morality 9 ! pa/8 ,does morality any long] ne$ ! sanctions & sup]natural sett+ :i* help$ to support x 9 o!r days8 ,^! are que/ions ( prim>y importance ^: discussion %\ld ?r[ light ^u bo? religion & human morality4 ,h human values become self-support+ & self-ju/ify+8 ,d ! dec5cies ( life f9d suffici5t gr\nd 9 human nature = _! cont9uance & increase8 ,or is ! rescu+ h& ( a sup]natural grace necess>y to prev5t det]ioration8 ,su* que/ions are peculi>ly prop] to-day :5 e?ics is seek+ to build itself ^u a broad /udy ( human in/9cts4 ,let u try to p5etrate bel[ ! surface ( ! traditional contra/s betwe5 fle% & _s--contra/s :i* h9d]$ r ?an fur!r$ cle> analysis--& note ! actual basis ( ! spiritual life 9 man4 ,9 ord] to d s1 we mu/ read human nature z x manife/s itself 9 organiz$ society1 sanely & calmly1 expect+ nei!r too mu* nor too little1 & n be+ intimidat$ by ! ass]tions ( m5 :o h built _! lives ar\nd ! traditional !ological outlook4 ,^? :o h le>n$ to lean ^u a crut* or :o h ca/ _! spiritual exp]i5ces 9 a c]ta9 mold naturally feel at a loss :5 ?is is ?reat5$4 ,?is is to put x too #agj mildly1 p]haps1 = ! odium !ologicum has a reputation :i* _c be all une>n$4 ,yet1 compreh5sible z ! prote/ ( ! cons]vative is1 x mu/ be view$ 9 ! light ( ! psy*ological habits :i* x expresses4 ,x may well be t new times & new po9ts ( view w br+ new habits & new molds = spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,x may well be t ! traditional religi\s sanctions w gradually lose _! mean+ 9 ! new g5]ation1 born into a m social1 humane & sci5tific atmosph]e4 ,let u see :at indications !re are = ?is pr$iction4 ,9 e>ly times1 religion 0 ma9ly a community affair4 ,! tribe or /ate _h its gods :o protect$ x aga9/ its enemies 9 return = homage & sacrifice4 ,! tribal god 0 insep>able f 8 wor%ip]s4 ,a god )\t a nation 0 almo/ z badly (f z a nation )\t a div9e protector4 ,z memb]s ( ! community1 ! individuals1 sep>ately & collectively1 7 requir$ to p]=m e/abli%$ c]emonies :i* 7 pleas+ 9 ! eyes ( ! gods1 & to refra9 f act+ 9 ways displeas+ to !m4 ,gods & m5 =m$1 z x 71 "o society2 & s cu/oms & rituals always receiv$ ! fe>ful sanctions ( ^! div9e p[]s4 ,h[ naturally ?is outlook develop$ c readily be und]/ood4 ,& !re c be little d\bt t ! d\ble sanction ( social gr\p & div9e witnesses 0 ( advantage 9 ^? e>ly days :5 man 0 m impulsive & less rational ?an he is to-day4 ,a crime 01 at "o & ! same "t1 a crime & a s9 or act ( impiety2 & s close 0 ?\ght to be ! responsible connection ( ! individual & ! gr\p t ! tribe 0 held to be 9 dang] because ( ! de$s ( its memb]s4 #aga ,! gods 7 liv+ ag5ts quick to ang] & ready to puni% 9 ! dire/ ways4 ,w>n$ by ?is k ( ! jeal\sy ( ! gods1 ! fell[ tribesm5 ha/5$ to puni% ! (f5d] 9 ord] to w>d (f ! div9e ang]4 ,?us ! sanctions en=c+ ! cu/oms 7 bo? social & religi\s4 ,?is situation _h its bad side z well z its good4 ,:ile x help$ to en=ce ! tribal laws by means ( ! awe ( ! div9e witness :o c\ld n be escap$1 x t5d$ to m]ge valuable ) trivial ?+s4 ,society 0 q irrational z yet1 & 0 z likely to puni% ! violation ( accid5tal taboos z really s]i\s attacks ^u society4 ,x is a commonplace ( hi/ory t religions h /ress$ ritual obs]vances m ?an vital phases ( conduct4 ,! great] ,hebrew prophets /& out j because ( _! emphasis ^u human morality1 ^u ju/ice & righte\sness & love4 ,amos & ,hosea are social re=m]s :o conceive _! national god z a god ( righte\sness :o w turn 8 face away f ! do]s ( evil4 ,!y ?reat5 _! compatriots ) 8 wra? if !y cont9ue 9 _! evil ways4 ,seek good1 & n evil1 t ye may live3 & s ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ho/s1 %all be ) y1 z ye say4 ,hate ! evil & love ! good1 & e/abli% judgm5t 9 ! gate4 ,?us ! sett+ ( religion 0 us$ z ! lev]age = an attempt$ e?ical re=mation1 ! exalt$ re=m] conceiv+ himself z ! m\?piece ( 8 god4 ,b ! prophets 7 exceptions4 ,! prie/ly class1 ! class t has always held closely to traditional ways ( ?9k+1 br\ght ! usual multitude ( non-moral acts "u ?is impressive sanction4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 prie/ & prophet1 #agb traditionali/ & e?ical re=m]1 took place )9 ! religi\s view ( ! _w1 b ! conflict 01 aft] all1 a purely human process4 ,! prophets lov$ righte\sness because !y knew t x 0 good1 because !y fell repell$ by unm]it$ pov]ty & by c>eless weal?1 because !y admir$ ! dec5cies ( life4 ,!y c\ld n h giv5 ! ju/ification ( _! s5tim5ts z well z a !ori/ ( to-day1 b !y _h ^! s5tim5ts z ke5ly z to-day's prophet has !m4 ,:5 we read _! wond]ful disc\rses1 we are ?rill$ by ! dep? & int5sity ( _! e?ical life4 ,b we are too apt to =get t ! social situation 9 ,pale/9e 0 ! /imulus to _! d5unciations4 ,!y 7 noble en\gh to feel t conditions 7 intol]able1 & x 0 n a f> /ep to believe t ,yahweh w\ld n tol]ate !m4 ,a noble man has always a noble god4 ,t is ! reason :y ! god ( ,amos is noble4 ,! !ological view rev]ses ! true causal relation4 ,morality is always human morality1 expressive ( human nature & human conditions4 ,man may assign 8 ideals to "s sup]human s\rce because he is conv9c$ t ?is s\rce has select$ him z its int]pret]2 b ! fact t he has ?\ght & judg$ 9 ?is moral way is indubitable1 :ile 8 !ory t ,yahweh is speak+ ?r\gh him is m]ely an expression ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w common to ! "t4 ,:5 we /op a mom5t to ?9k1 we realize t ,amos & ,hosea 7 c]ta9 to put _! views "u ! sanction ( _! national god4 ,n to h done s w\ld h be5 f> /rang] psy*ologically ?an ! ideals :i* !y *ampion$4 ,did ! prophetic claim t social ju/ice 0 #agc sanction$ by ,yahweh help its advance8 ,probably4 ,i see no reason to d\bt t x did some:at--h[ mu* x is impossible to say4 ,s f> z ! claim 0 accept$ by ! nation1 x w\ld assi/ ! =ces work+ = re=m4 ,b religi\s sanctions are f> m p[]ful :5 !y are explicit & detail$1 z ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity has %[n4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t ! prophetic claims 7 n always accept$4 ,religion is usually cons]vative & m or less conv5tional4 ,! ritual elem5t plays a consid]able "p 9 religi\s morality4 ,x is z h>d to *ange ! p's ideas ( ,god z x is to *ange _! conceptions ( ju/ice & goodness4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i am n conv9c$ t ! religi\s sanction 0 ( mu* advantage 9 ! evolution ( morality4 ,! old has ev5 m ( ! use ( ! sanction ?an has ! new4 ,moral =ces ne$ to be vigor\sly bas$ ^u human nature & human relations if !y are to dom9ate society & control ! e?ical /&>ds :i* public op9ion dem&s4 ,! pres5ce ( religi\s sanctions simply becl\ds ! real factors at "w4 ,morality c nev]1 9 ! long run1 be some?+ press$ ^u man f outside2 x mu/ express 8 life & its ne$s4 ,x _c be d5i$ t sup]natural sanctions h (t5 be5 v effective = c]ta9 types ( p 9 c]ta9 an>*ic p]iods4 ,! robb] b>on ( ! ,middle ,ages1 cr$ul\s & sup]/iti\s1 0 re/ra9$ at times by 8 fe> ( ! p5alties ?reat5$ by ,"m ,*ur*4 ,b s is a burgl> by a pi/ol po9t$ at him1 ev5 if x is n load$4 ,9 ! pa/1 a code ( morality mu* 9 advance ( ! times has1 no d\bt1 (t5 be5 aid$ by religi\s sanctions4 ,b #agd x is fooli% to base "o's !ories ^u exceptional conditions4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! situation confront$ by ! ,*ri/ian tradition aft] ! breakd[n ( ! political & social life ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 abnormal4 ,a turbul5t mass ( b>b>ians fac$ ! e?ics & !ology ( an ov]?r[n civilization4 ,x _c too (t5 be po9t$ out t ?is situation 0 unheal?y 9 _m ways4 ,x is n good = a p to h codes ( morality ?ru/ ^u x f outside4 ,especially is x bad :5 ! code is 9 _m ways untrue to human nature "u normal conditions4 ,ascetic1 o!r-worldly ,*ri/ianity di/ort$ ! impulses ( m$ival man4 ,& x is c]ta9 t religi\s sanctions1 alone1 enabl$ x to control society4 ,we h se5 t religion & morality m>*$ toge!r z long z ! evolution ( ! society 0 heal?y & natural4 ,(t5 !re 0 a /ruggle ov] ! ritual & my?ical elem5ts 9 religi\s morality2 b1 z a rule1 ! civic type ( morality ga9$ ! upp] h&4 ,religi\s sanctions 7 call$ 9 because ( ! fai? 9 div9e p[]s int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! community1 b ^! sanctions soon ceas$ to be creative4 ,:ile ! gods rema9$1 ^! sanctions w\ld necess>ily rema92 yet !y t5d$ to become b5evol5t & second>y4 ,b ,*ri/ianity1 by reason ( ! =ces at "w at ! "t ( its orig91 n\ri%$ vici\s int]pretations ( morality4 ,! despair ( human nature :i* we note 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul t+$ ! outlook ( ,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,man is by nature evil2 only ! work+ 9 8 s\l ( a sup]natural grace c lead him to value ! ?+s :i* are pure & ( good #age repute4 ,?is pessimism _c be too %>ply spurn$4 ,man is nei!r angel nor devil2 he is j man4 ,& ! mod]n ?9k] is pretty well conv9c$ t morality is a purely human affair gr[+ out ( ! in/9ctive t5d5cies :i* man has inh]it$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution z ^! f9d !mselves 9 v>i\s situations4 ,moral problems are mean+less ap>t f _! sett+ on ?is e>?4 ,man is moral because he c pass judgm5ts ^u c\rses ( behavior & decide :at be/ conduces to 8 welf>e4 ,he is moral because he c build up /&>ds ( social & p]sonal conduct & adh]e to !m m or less completely4 ,! assumption t man is immoral is psy*ologically untrue4 ,! asceticism & pessimism ( m$ival ,*ri/ianity 0 a reflection ( false ideals & ( an unheal?y social sy/em4 ,!re 0 an elem5t ( /ra9 9 ! dem&s held up be=e ! individual4 ,! spiritual life 0 a task :i* he _h to accompli% because x possess$ a sup]natural sanction4 ,b ! inh]5t pessimism ( mu* ( ,*ri/ianity 0 n its only fault4 ,x taught m5 to suppose t morality 0 n some?+ :i* paid = itself4 ,s mu* did x /ress ! necessity ( sup]natural sanctions t x l$ ! majority to believe t no man w\ld be good unless he _h to1 unless he 0 afraid ( ! ext]nal consequ5ces :i* w\ld be met$ out to him at ! b> ( judgm5t4 ,b h[ false su* a view is4 ,we "k to-day t morality pays "h & n[1 9 ! specie ( a happy1 heal?y1 well-develop$ life4 ,any o!r view makes morality irrational & unnatural &1 consequ5tly1 dep5d5t ^u sanctions :i* re/ ^u ! w ( "s ag5t ap>t f #agf ?is concrete life ( act & fact4 ,to put ?is criticism 9 ! te*nical language ( e?ics1 ,*ri/ianity has t5d$ to ?9k ( conduct 9 t]ms ( het]onom\s e?ics1 i4e41 9 t]ms ( precepts & laws com+ f outside ( human life & press$ ^u x by au?ority1 r ?an 9 t]ms ( autonom\s e?ics = :i* ideals & cu/oms are wise adju/m5ts to ! natural relations 9 :i* man f9ds himself4 ,?is assumption t morality is a h>d%ip play$ into ! h&s ( a juridical notion ( ! sanctions ( conduct1 = :i* ! conception ( immortality furni%$ ! gr&iose opportunity4 ,! arm ( society is elud$ at dea?1 b dea? (f]s no escape = ! wick$ f ! outrag$ deity !y h (f5d$4 ,x is ! motive ( fe> :i* is "h employ$4 ,human be+s are to be sc>$ into be+ good4 ,morality is on ! def5sive because x has no real *>m & natural lovel9ess1 because x does n gr[ out ( a rational /udy ( human relations4 ,h[ tragically false ?is view 06 ,its exi/5ce c be expla9$ only z an expression ( an ill-organiz$ society 9 :i* impulsive viol5ce 0 n en\gh held 9 *eck4 ,sup]natural sanctions c\ld be us$ to re/ra9 malefactors ( great p[] 9 less happy times4 ,society has gr[n beyond ?is ne$4 ,c\rts ( law & outrag$ public op9ion are q able to deal ) crim9als4 ,if ! reason = puni%m5t is prev5tion1 x is c]ta9ly true t puni%m5t by society is m likely to be effective ?an ! po/pon$ pa9s ( an h]eaft]1 because ( its imm$iacy & p[] ( be+ repeat$4 ,b x is v d\btful :e!r fe> is a moral motive or :e!r x is a v effective det]r5t4 ,social ?9k]s are agre$ t puni%m5t is a v #agg bungl+ me?od at ! be/4 ,x does n %[ ! pres5ce ( a v con/ructive imag9ation4 ,hell has always be5 a magnifi$ torture *amb]4 ,x has be5 ! reflection on ! gigantic backgr\nd ( ! next _w ( ! p5al ideas ( ! "t4 ,t is :y x has always be5 m int]e/+ ?an heav54 ,man fe>$ to make a social utopia out ( heav5 because he conceiv$ x z a k+dom 9 :i* he 0 to play a v m9or role1 :ile he 0 q c]ta9 ( 8 importance 9 hell4 ,b ! morbid results ( 8 imag9+s 7 tragic 9 _! effects :5 connect$ ) su* damnable doctr9es z infant damnation & et]nal puni%m5t = lack ( belief 9 a p>ticul> cre$4 ,:at di/ort$ e?ical notions1 :at mixture ( horrible fe> be=e a _w-tyrant & call\s delight 9 ! puni%m5t ( o!rs are reveal$ 9 ^! pictures ( a place ( et]nal torm5t6 ,?ank goodness1 ! civiliz$ _w is outgr[+ ! :ole savage set ( ideas4 ,be=e we leave ^! juridical religi\s sanctions1 x may be well to call att5tion to ! fact t !ories ( puni%m5t h radically *ang$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,! purpose ( mod]n ju/ice is less to uphold ! maje/y ( an outrag$ law ?an to protect ! citiz5s ( a /ate & re=m ! "* ( ! crim9al4 ,crime is /udi$ g5etically & its conditions det]m9$ s f> z possible4 ,x is well kn[n t crim9als are products ( biological & social conditions ov] :i* !y h little control4 ,! mod]n ideal is com+ to be prev5tion by means ( ! bett]m5t ( social organization & negative eug5ics4 ,heal?y & capable p]sons 9 a dec5t society w\ld be unlikely to turn out crim9als4 ,i d #agh n see h[ we c escape ! conclusion t ! san] p5ology ( ! pres5t has completely und]m9$ ! :ole juri/ic basis ( ! next _w4 ,human e?ics & a sup]natural e?ics ( an es*atological sort _c be dovetail$ toge!r4 ,! sc5e & motives ( a crime _c be laid 9 "o _w ) t _w's peculi> conditions1 & ! puni%m5t disp5s$ 9 ano!r4 ,& a f9al puni%m5t is a v]itable absurdity4 ,is puni%m5t an end 9 itself8 ,are ! wick$ su* hopeless creatures8 ,or does x simply mean t m5 h nev] be=e ?\ght ( su* ?+s z indet]m9ate s5t5ces & re=mation8 ,prison]s 7 hu/l$ away & nev] se5 aft]w>ds4 ,puni%m5t & rew>d 7 easy matt]s 9 ! old days :5 ju/ice 0 ext]nal & t]rori/ic2 we see to-day t !y are ! mo/ difficult ( problems4 ,f9al judgm5ts by omnisci5t judges /rike u z romantic & ev5 melodramatic4 ,aga91 we d\bt su* facile divisions ( our mix$ humanity z t betwe5 sa9ts & s9n]s4 ,we h a ke5] & m democratic eye = ! good 9 ! mo/ unprepossess+ ( our fell[ creatures4 ,we "k :at he has be5 up aga9/ f 8 babyhood days1 :at 8 *ances1 temptations1 joys & sorr[s h be54 ,& we h ! deep conviction t gho/ly judgm5t aft] dea? w\ld be absolutely mean+less4 ,9 an e>li] *apt]1 we po9t$ out t ! belief 91 & desire =1 immortality is /rong] 9 p]iods ( social disorganization ?an 9 p]iods ( m>k$ social unity & happy creativ5ess4 ,*ri/ianity arose 9 j su* a "t ( pessimism & /ifl$ social life4 ,! ,roman ,empire _h become b>r5 ( joy\s hopefulness & spirit$ endeavor4 ,! citiz5 0 only a #agi unit 9 a dre>y & monoton\s :ole rul$ f above4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 some?+ ( ?is suspicion ( ! _w1 ?is long+ = release f e>?ly ?+s t+$ ! int]e/s & judgm5ts ( ! m spiritually-m9d$ m5 & wom54 ,! inevitable e?ical result 0 a disreg>d ( g5u9e human problems & a t5se exaltation ( attitudes ( self-control & negation4 ,discipl9es became ends 9 !mselves1 :i* reject$ all relation to ! life ( e day4 ,! direction ( e?ical life 0 away f creative activity & conc]n ) ! m homely ?+s1 & t[>d an ab/ract contemplation ( ideals seldom put to ! te/ ( positive application4 ,! religi\s sett+ ( life )drew human en]gies f _! rightful & fruitful sph]e ( activity & appli$ !m to tasks ( self-analysis & nev]-ceas+ self-criticism4 ,su* an approa* to life produc$ m5 :o 7 sa9ts1 m5 :o 7 unselfi% & admirable 9 almo/ e way2 b ?is sa9tl9ess grew at ! exp5se ( significant human a*ievem5t4 ,x 0 z ?\gh m5 =g$ spl5did in/rum5ts & did n "k h[ to use !m4 ,! pity ( x all is1 t ?is m$ival _w-view /imulat$ m5 to devotions ( s\l :i* look$ away f ! ar5a ( human life r ?an into x4 ,b religion only reveal$ :at human nature1 itself1 possess$4 ,^! capacities = sympa?y1 love1 p]si/5t self-discipl9e1 & devotion to ideals 7 natural to man4 ,! prim>y fault ) ,m$ivalism 0 ! inability to see ! wor? ( human ?+s & ! hypnotic fixation ( ! m9d ^u unreal relations & dem&s4 ,! mod]n man admires ^! cloi/]$ sa9ts &1 at ! same "t1 feels ! trag$y & #ahj futility ( ?is goodness :i* we>i$ itself out 9 vigil & pray]4 ,! human co/ ( ?is virtue 0 s high & its objective use s small4 ,x is only z an arti/ t ,i c enjoy read+ ! ,pray]s & ,m$itations ( ,?omas ,kempis4 ,:5 ?is mood is n ^u me1 ,i am repell$ by ! picture ( ?is :ite-fac$ monk 9 8 cell1 hold+ 9 re/ra9t all 8 natural impulses by means ( ! ?\ght ( a rew>d 9 p>adise aft] dea?4 ,virtue 0 ! w9n+ ( a goal set by 8 ,mak]1 = reasons :i* he did n dream ( que/ion+4 ,:5 ,i we>y ( ! long night vigils1 or ( ! ,lessons1 long] p]haps ?an usual1 give me grace to rememb] h[ great are ! rew>ds 9 heav5 :i* ,i h n[ a *ance ( ga9+4 ,:5 ! days ( ab/95ce f food & dr9k are _m1 give me ! p[] to fa/1 & good heal? to enable me to c>ry on my "w2 give me p>don = ! s9s :i* ,i h committ$1 keep me f fall+ into !m aga91 relieve me f ! puni%m5t !y h des]v$1 & give me a good hope ( ev]la/+ happ9ess ) ! elect 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,we feel t ?is e?ical en]gy %\ld h be5 us$ o!rwise & 9 ! s]vice ( human be+s4 ,bett] ,?omas ,kempis ?an ! man :o is mad = weal? & ! lu/s ( ! fle%2 b f> bett] ?an ei!r is ! sane work] = ?+s ( good repute4 ,8 goodness is a social goodness :i* makes life happi] & full] ( activities & ?+s wor? :ile4 ,! traditional religion has n only be51 frequ5tly en\gh1 anti-social1 b x has also be5 morally ineffici5t4 ,:y8 ,because x has made too mu* ( t5sion & too little ( intellig5ce4 ,in/ead ( po9t+ out t morality paid because x 0 only ! application #aha ( intellig5ce to human ne$s1 x set a /&>d ( moral discipl9e be=e p & !n s\ght to drive !m to its atta9m5t by %e] =ce ( w & subjectively ar\s$ emotion4 ,! mod]n e?ical ?9k] is conv9c$ t morality is b ! h>moni\s adju/m5t ( an individual to 8 social gr\p2 x is ! s5sible =esight :i* selects ! active values :i* attract & express man's nature4 ,?is r bl9d t5sion ( traditional religion appe>s q cle>ly 9 ! conception ( s94 ,! sett+ ( ?is idea has be5 mon>*ic & t]rori/ic4 ,x has exhal$ an atmosph]e ( %>p1 my/ic contra/s :i* 7 z unreal z !y 7 vici\s4 ,to set a goal too high is almo/ z bad psy*ologically z to set x too l[4 ,*ri/ianity vaguely felt ?is flaw 9 its dramatic e?ical s*eme & 0 l$ to br+ ! doctr9e ( ,god's sav+ grace to ! front to bridge ! fe>ful gulf caus$ by ! opposition ( ,god's p]fection to man's imp]fection4 ,b ! man ( to-day :o is s9c]e ) himself kn[s t ?is religi\s _w-e?ics is a mean+less fiction4 ,he c und]/& :y x arose 9 ! old5 days1 ) its sup]naturalism & juridical e?ics1 yet he feels t ?is absolutism is a product ( mon>*ism & pre-evolution>y ?9k+4 ,goodness is a human ideal ^: cont5t is always und]go+ *ange1 :ile x hov]s j beyond man's rea*4 ,i mu/ confess1 !n1 t ,i h little sympa?y ) ! gross exagg]ations associat$ ) ?is ^w s94 ,i "k t ,i (t5 fall %ort ( my bett] moral judgm5t &1 at su* mom5ts ( moral insight1 ,i exp]i5ce a ke5 regret & try to /r5g!n ^? t5d5cies & activities :i* w aid me to d bett] next "t4 ,b ,i "k too #ahb mu* ( p]sonality on its biological1 psy*ological & social sides1 too mu* ( its complexity & its f\ndations to reta9 ! old notion ( ! self z an entity :i*1 hav+ ! ability to be godlike1 *ooses evil4 ,paul's ,god 0 an ori5tal mon>*2 to ! mod]n1 he is a cad4 ,:y1 no s5sible tea*] asks ! impossible ( 8 pupils6 ,yet ?is /range relation conceiv$ to exi/ betwe5 an omnipot5t deity & 8 frail creatures1 :5 int5sifi$ by ! horizon ( ano!r & et]nal _w1 0 b\nd to develop ! t5se/ & mo/ p>alyz+ ( attitudes4 ,no novel has be5 able to unfold a plot :i* has su* psy*ological possibilities4 ,& ! morbid & exalt$ religi\s imag9ation has done m ?an ju/ice to !m4 ,:ile ,i d n = a mom5t d5y ! /r5g? & lev]age ?is ensemble ( ideas possesses :5 fai? is pres5t1 ,i d cont5d t ! :ole creation is unheal?y & bl9d+ & involves ineffici5cy z reg>ds ! real & press+ problems ( p]sonal & social developm5t4 ,! ecclesia/ic seldom has a normal p]spective4 ,take ,c>d9al ,newman1 = in/ance4 ,c "o d5y t ?is subtle p]sonality1 = all 8 gifts1 br\ght di/ort+ values into ! curr5t ( life8 ,su* a man is c]ta9 to misread movem5ts & activities & to magnify ! subjective at ! exp5se ( ! social4 ,! individual :o id5tifies himself ) social projects1 able to elicit 8 en]gy & en?usiasm1 is m apt to =get ! petti] int]e/s ( ! mom5t 9 ! broad sweep ( creative endeavor ?an is ! p]son :o morbidly cate*izes 8 consci5ce4 ,a =mal morality :i* looks inw>d & nev] outw>d is b\nd to be ineffici5t4 ,t5sion is no fit sub/itute = intellig5t insight4 #ahc ,_m !ologians assume t e?ics has a *oice only betwe5 reliance ^u "s sup]natural p[] = its sanctions1 & a sort ( h>% & haughty /oicism1 9 :i* ! individual /&s alone & by %e] =ce ( w e/abli%es & ma9ta9s ideals :i* are ali5 to 8 nature4 ,! fallacy 9 su* an assumption is n h>d to detect4 ,by 8 tra9+ 9 ! ascetic traditions ( ,*ri/ianity ) its acquiesc5ce 9 ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 ! !ologian is initiat$ into a di/ort$ conception ( human nature & ( human relations4 ,:ile man is a complex be+ ) _m in/9cts & possibilities to adju/ & organize 9 an effici5t & progressive way1 x is sl&]\s to ass]t t ^! in/9cts are evil or t man1 on ! :ole1 does n relate !m q satisfactorily to a plan ( life4 ,human nature is a sweet]1 san] ?+ ?an ! ascetic admits2 man is capable ( h]oic idealisms & ( f>-rea*+ sympa?ies :i* express !mselves 9 ! mold ( society4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! haughty /oicism ( :i* ! religi\s writ] speaks ) s mu* pity1 z ! only alt]native to sup]natural relations & sanctions1 is a product ( times ( social disruption :5 ! high-/rung individual is ?r[n back ^u himself4 ,to-day1 p live & ?9k 9 gr\ps1 ) common hopes1 /&>ds & plans4 ,_! consci5ce is a social consci5ce :i* f9ds its support+ e*o 9 ! de$s & s5tim5ts ( _! companions & fell[ work]s4 ,x is ! sup]naturali/ :o is an egoi/ at he>t4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,wells is s dom9at$ by ?is anti-social po9t ( view t he falsifies bo? psy*ology & fact 9 8 tirade ^u ! sane work] = human values4 ,no "o :o knew ! elem5ts ( mod]n e?ical ?\ght #ahd bas$1 z x is1 ^u an evolution>y social psy*ology w\ld subscribe to ! foll[+ nons5se3 ,! b5evol5t a!i/ /&s alone ^u 8 own good w1 )\t a ref]5ce1 )\t a /&>d1 tru/+ to 8 own impulse to goodness1 rely+ ^u 8 own moral /r5g?4 ,a c]ta9 immode/y1 a c]ta9 self-righte\sness1 hangs l a precipice above him4444 ,he has no "o to :om he c give himself4 ,he has no s\rce ( /r5g? beyond 8 own amiable s5tim5ts1 8 consci5ce speaks ) an unsupport$ voice1 & no "o wat*es :ile he sleeps4 ,he _c pray2 he c b ejaculate4 ,he has no real & liv+ l9k ) o!r m5 ( good w4 ,( c\rse1 "o c write su* ?+s if "o wi%es to4 ,b ! social re=m] kn[s t 8 problems are human problems ^: solution re/s ^u s5tim5ts ( sympa?y1 enlight5$ & direct$ by intellig5ce4 ,!y :o seek = ! adv5t ( a bett] day = humanity b& toge!r z naturally & loyally z ev] did ! believ]s 9 ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! rem>k is frequ5tly made t ! mod]n _w is t5d+ to return to ! ,greek view ( life4 ,if by ! ,greek view ( life is meant ! outlook *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greeks ( ! classic p]iod--! era ( ,plato1 ,p]icles1 & ,sophocles1--!re is mu* tru? 9 ! judgm5t4 ,human values are aga9 com+ upp]mo/ 9 m5's m9ds4 ,?is life is n a soj\rn 9 a vale ( te>s1 b ! sc5e ( ! attempts ( socially-m9d$1 consci\s organisms to a*ieve a temp]ate & fairly happy exi/5ce4 ,b ! c5turies int]v5+ h n be5 )\t _! effect2 man's moral horizon has be5 bo? deep5$ & enl>g$4 ,s9ce ^? halcyon days1 man has eat5 ( ! tree ( good & #ahe evil1 he has f\ght ) %ad[y mon/]s & w&]$ = ye>s 9 ! wild]ness ( helplessness & pessimism1 he has wor%ip$ at ! %r9e ( /range gods & pro/rat$ himself be=e ! t]rors ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,sl[ly he has come to /& erect & look ab\t him & see ! _w & himself z !y actually are4 ,k has become 8 mo/ tru/$ in/rum5t1 & democratic sympa?y ) human life 8 mo/ *]i%$ guide4 ,) su* a guide & ) su* an in/rum5t1 he w be=e long set ab\t to mold 8 life 9 accordance ) ^? mell[] ideals :i* h gr[n 9 8 he>t dur+ 8 long pilgrimage4 ,at la/1 man is becom+ an adult able to /& ^u 8 feet & to look ke5ly ar\nd ) a measur+ glance at ?+s z !y are4 ,w he n "w = ! sweet fruition ( ^? human values :i* are de> to 8 v s\l--home1 *ildr51 k9dly social int]c\rse1 "w :i* gives self-expression1 art1 k1 cont5tm5t1 all suffus$ ) ! vigor ( heal?y bodies & ! sleep ( quiet nights8 ,man w surely come to desire greatly1 & a*ieve magnific5tly1 & live c\rage\sly4 ,n[ t ! e?ical degradation ( ! indu/rial revolution has be5 /ay$ & society has turn$ its face f ! clatt] ( mass-production = its own sake1 n[ t e?ical reflection has be5 unit$ ) reason & sci5ce 9 a sane realism1 n[ t sympa?y is abroad 9 ! l&1 n[ t democracy ) its conception ( human bro!rhood is a/ir ?r\gh\t ! _w1 e?ics has secur$ a firm f\ndation 9 ! free aspirations ( free m54 ,if noble "* & rational conduct _c ma9ta9 !mselves 9 su* a society1 !n ! !ologian c rightly say t man is #ahf by nature corrupt4 ,b ! pres5t is a "t ( gr[+ loyalties to ! common good & ( vigor\s se>* = ! effici5t means to atta9 x 9 great] measure4 ,! great spiritual adv5tures ( ! future w surely be human & humane4 #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,*ur* ,,z ,,an ,,in/itution--,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur* ,ev5 a cursory glance at ! in/itutional hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity is in/ructive4 ,beg9n+ z an ess5tially democratic bro!rhood ( fell[-believ]s 9 :i* wisdom & exp]i5ce1 r ?an au?ority1 guid$ affairs1 ! ,*ri/ian community gradually adopt$ ! political =m ( ! society 9 :i* x f\nd itself4 ,! v names ( ! *ur* (ficials ( :om we read 9 ! lat] canonical epi/les are tak5 ov] f ! municipal gov]nm5ts ( ! "t4 ,! presbyt]s1 or eld]s1 7 old m5 select$ by common cons5t f ! memb]s ( ! congregation z a sort ( advisory c\ncil4 ,!y 7 committee-m51 ripe 9 exp]i5ce & capable ( deal+ s5sibly ) ! v>i\s problems sure to arise f "t to "t 9 ! social gr\p4 ,f among ^! eld]s1 ov]se]s1 or bi%ops1 7 *os5 :o _h adm9i/rative functions ( an indef9ite sort4 ,besides ^! (ficials1 !re 7 deacons1 prophets & tea*]s1 m5 :o took a m or less conspicu\s "p 9 ! life ( ! bro!rhood4 ,z "t elaps$1 ! ,*ri/ian communities took on a m =mal organization1 an evolution :i* 0 due to ! /ress ( problems :i* c\ld n be met )\t a m c5traliz$ /ructure4 ,new h]esies 7 #ahh con/antly aris+ & lead+ ! memb]s into confusion2 moral disord]s1 l ^? aga9/ :i* ,paul _h to ?und]1 7 cont9ually appe>+4 ,x 0 only too easy = memb]s ( unorganiz$ gr\ps to miss t s5se ( a common outlook :i* is s important & yet s difficult to ma9ta9 9 an age ( intellectual & moral turmoil4 ,?is situation 0 grasp$ by lead]s :o _h decid$ views ( _! own z to ! prop] doctr9es to be taught & ! prop] mode ( life to foll[4 ,"u _! guidance1 a c5tralization ( au?ority 0 evolv$4 ,! bi%op became ! head ( ! community ) p[] 9 matt]s ( doctr9e & morality4 ,naturally1 ! heads ( ! m important communities1 ,rome1 ,antio*1 ,alex&ria & ,con/ant9ople1 _h a pre/ige :i* gave _! op9ions diff]5tial weight4 ,be=e long1 c\ncils ( bi%ops 7 call$ to decide que/ions ( doctr9e4 ,! p]iod ( fix$ cre$s _h arriv$4 ,once ?is direction 0 tak51 x 0 no long /ep to ! =mation ( a *ur* organization comp>able 9 complexity to t ( ! ,roman ,empire & z undemocratic 9 "*4 ,su* a developm5t 0 mo/ natural2 & x w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 surpris+ _h x n occurr$4 ,in/itutions always possess ! impr9t ( _! age4 ,x is fooli%1 because unhi/orical1 to expect ideals out ( _! "t4 ,! primitive ,*ri/ian association 0 m ?an a *ur* 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,x 0 a loyal gr\p ( l-m9d$ p4 ,x 0 a /ate )9 ! /ate1 a social unit dom9at+ ! ma9 "p ( ! lives ( its memb]s1 & n m]ely a c5t] = wor%ip4 ,x is ?is aspect ( ! e>ly religi\s associations :i* ,i wi% to /ress2 = x is ! "q1 :e!r ?is phase #ahi ( ! *ur* /ill exi/s to ju/ify ! *ur* z an in/itution1 into :i* ,i wi% to enquire4 ,9 ! va/ lonel9ess ( ! ,roman ,empire1 m5 felt ! ne$ to draw toge!r 9 ord] to escape ! dre>9ess ( life4 ,! teem+ int]e/s & int5se loyalties ( ! old city-/ate _h disappe>$ & left m5 /r&$ 9 a cosmopolitan ,/ate1 ord]$ f above1 9 :i* !y _h no vital p>ticipation2 x 0 too gigantic & =mal to t\* !m 9 a p]sonal fa%ion & to k9dle ^? en?usiasms :i* lift m5 beyond economic c>es4 ,x 0 well to be a ,roman citiz51 b su* an honor did n suffice = ! m homely ne$s ( ev]yday exi/5ce4 ,9 ! days ( ,a!nian greatness1 ! individual 0 lo/ 9 ! citiz52 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ! citiz5 0 lo/ 9 ! individual4 ,man is a social animal--to adapt ,ari/otle's fam\s expression--& ! inhabitants ( ! v>i\s c\ntries s\ght to create associations ( v>i\s sorts to fill ?is gap caus$ by ! de/ruction ( ! old political int]e/s4 ,9 o!r words1 m5 tri$ to weave a new social tissue ( a private type to answ] _! crav+ = companion%ip & = ! *ance to d some?+ wor? do+4 ,remove ! bus9ess1 arti/ic1 political1 trades-union1 lit]>y & social int]e/s 9 _! pres5t free & v>i$ =m f mod]n life1 & we c ga9 "s idea ( ! unsatisfactor9ess ( human life "u ! ,empire = ! l[] & poor] classes4 ,monoton\s z village life is to-day1 x is ?robb+ ) life z comp>$ ) ! village or t5em5t di/rict ( anci5t days4 ,! f>m] has 8 newspap]1 ! f>m]'s wife ! magaz9e1 & ! piano1 & ! trip to t[n4 ,small wond] t ^! m5 & wom5 ( ! ,hell5i/ic & ,roman worlds #aij =m$ clubs & associations 9 :i* to escape f a di%e>t5+ lonel9ess & feel !mselves memb]s "o ( ano!r4 ,b ! ,empire essay$ to /amp out ^! bro!rhoods1 9 ord] t x might be all 9 all & receive ! loyalty & affection :i* ^! private organizations evok$4 ,! anci5t /ate 0 unable to conceive t division ( int]e/s into public & private :i* is s m>k$ a feature ( mod]n civilization4 ,z ,r5an po9ts out1 ! ,empire 0 try+1 out ( homage to an exagg]at$ idea ( ! ,/ate1 to isolate ! individual1 to snap e moral tie betwe5 man & man1 to defeat a legitimate desire ( ! poor1 ! desire to press toge!r 9 a little corn] ( _! own to keep "o ano!r w>m4 ,! intol]able sadness insep>able f su* a life seem$ worse ?an dea?4 ,associations1 or clubs1 9 :i* a complete equality reign$ sprang up on e side 9 spite ( ! laws aga9/ comb9ation4 ,human relations ( ! mo/ k9dly & intimate sort 7 e/abli%$ :i* sweet5$ life & made dea? less lonely4 ,n[ ! ,*ri/ian communities 7 j su* associations2 :ile !y add$ religi\s emotions & hopes to ! attractions ( companion%ip4 ,!y 7 social units ( a humble & spontane\s type )9 ! =mal /ructure ( ! ,empire4 ,!y ju/ifi$ !mselves 9 a human z well z 9 a sup]human way4 ,an adequate psy*ology ( religion rema9s to be writt54 ,religion has always _h its m>k$ly social side4 ,^u ! f\ndation ( ?is comb9$ social & religi\s function1 ! sup]/ructure ( ! ,*ur* 0 erect$1 mu* z on ! political nature ( man ! ,greek city-/ate arose4 ,cre$ & hi]>*y 7 #aia inevitable products ^: appe>ance c\ld h be5 pr$ict$1 b !y 7 expressive ( a c]ta9 gr[+ cumb]som5ess & a sl[+ up ( ! ?\ght & action ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,h5ce=?1 "o ( _! religi\s duties 0 to believe fanatically :at bi%ops & c\ncils promulgat$ & to obey ! advice ( _! sup]iors 9 matt]s ( conduct4 ,9 ?is way1 ,*ri/ianity became a religion ( au?ority4 ,we mu/ n ov]-idealize ! e>ly ,*ri/ians--a read+ ( ,paul's epi/les w\ld help to gu>d u aga9/ t t5d5cy--b ! _s ( ! primitive congregations 01 beyond mu* d\bt1 nobl] ?an t :i* *>act]iz$ ! mobs ( ,alex&ria & ( ,byzantium4 ,a p]usal ( ,hypatia1 = example1 is v apt to sob] "o's en?usiasm4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! b>s ( admission 7 l[]$ z ,*ri/ianity became p[]ful & popul>4 ,selection1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ attractive features ( a new movem5t1 no long] act$4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ,*ri/ianity develop$ its cult aspect4 ,x became a religion ( ! imag9ation1 ( ! s5su\s1 z well z ( ! w & ! intellect4 ,anci5t art & liturgy gave _! contributions & ,*ri/ianity mov$ f ! catacombs to ! basilica & ! ca!dral4 ,z ,*ur* & /ate became reconcil$1 ! e>ly brea* betwe5 public & private life 0 fill$4 ,! religi\s int]e/ & its duties jo9$ !mselves to ^? ( secul> life4 ,= ! mass ( ! p :o did n surr5d] !mselves to religion 9 ! int5sive way res]v$ = ! cl]gy1 ,*ri/ianity simply =c$ a new alignm5t ( social relations & values4 ,! ideal 0 a ,*ur*-direct$ civilization 9 :i* ! next _w ov]%ad[$ ?is4 ,= ord9>y life1 #aib h[ev]1 a practical adju/m5t 0 soon rea*$4 ,life 0 liv$ 9 a conv5tional en\gh way & ! compromise 0 balanc$ by ! efficacy ( sacram5ts adm9i/]$ by ! s]vants ( ! au?oritative ,*ur*1 ! cont9uation ( ! inc>nation ^u ! e>?4 ,9 ! *aotic ,we/1 ov]run by b>b>ians1 society lo/ its anci5t =m & became /ratifi$ 9 accordance ) a dec5traliz$1 milit>y rgime4 ,! /rongly organiz$1 int]national ,*ur* ma9ta9$ itself & saw an opportunity to realize its ideal1 a civilization1 or ord]1 guid$ by itself & ob$i5t to religi\s values4 ,%\ld n ! vice-reg5t ( ,god rule ^u ! e>? & make ! div9e law ! law ( ! nations8 ,9 ! conflict betwe5 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 z reorganiz$ by ,hildebr&1 & ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 we h a /rik+ in/ance ( t recurr5t /ruggle betwe5 ! sup]natural & ! secul> s peculi> to ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,_h n ! emp]ors possess$ "s religi\s sanction = _! claims & au?ority1 !y w\ld h be5 completely ov]ridd5 by ! popes4 ,x 0 ! gr[? f b5ea? ( national & human int]e/s & ( a m v>i$ & /imulat+ social life t ultimately defeat$ ! political aims ( ! ,*ur*4 ,humanism always fl\ri%es :5 peace & cont5tm5t are abroad1 & humanism is ! deadlie/ enemy t sup]naturalism has to meet4 ,?us ! tradition ( ! ,roman ,empire tid$ secul> au?ority ov] until ! rise ( vigor\s nations ) di/9ct cu/oms1 languages1 & loyalties ceas$ to make ! imp]ial & !ocratic aspirations ( ! ,*ur* practical4 ,b we mu/ nev] =get t ^! aspirations ( ! ,m$ival ,*ur* 7 natural outgr[?s ( ! #aic religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,if man is b a soj\rn] "h1 und]go+ 8 te/s = ! life to come1 :o c be a bett] guide 9 all ?+s ?an ! div9e in/itution e/abli%$ by ,god himself8 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( man's life falls outside ?is _w4 ,b social t5d5cies & relations are always m complex & uncontrollable ?an !ory or doctr9e wi%es to all[4 ,human values h a way ( ass]t+ !mselves 9 all sorts ( unexpect$ ways4 ,! v act ( liv+ =ces man to feel & a*ieve1 to /rive = ?is ?+ & = t1 to ent] into w>m human relations :i* lead out into ambitions & desires4 ,s1 9 spite ( ! (ficial1 & g5]ally accept$1 d5ial ( human values1 ^! sprang up at ! lea/ enc\ragem5t & fl[]$ 9 cu/om & art4 ,?us1 ev5 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 social activities _h _! inn+s & fair measure ( att5tion4 ,m5 lov$1 & s9n$1 & f\ght1 & dream$ mu* z !y did 9 o!r days & d n[4 ,! ?\ght ( ano!r _w only temp]$ _! mom5ts ( reflection & deep5$ _! p]iods ( contrition4 ,!re is good reason to believe1 moreov]1 t m5 alt]nat$ betwe5 extremes ( mood m ?an we d to-day ) our settl$ horizon4 ,! m$ival outlook did n favor t quiet temp]ance :i* ! ,greeks a*iev$ 9 _! happie/ days4 ,) ! rise ( ! cities & ! national /ates came ! revival ( le>n+ & a fre% int]e/ 9 all phases ( human life4 ,! complete control ( human life by a sup]naturali/ic religion 0 !n no long] ev5 a !oretical possibility4 ,life became a ?+ ( int]e/ = its own sake1 some?+ frankly to be enjoy$4 ,humanism _h once m appe>$ 9 ! _w4 #aid ,b ! ,*ur* _h an organiz$ bread? :i* w5t f> beyond ! purely religi\s functions :i* ,prote/antism is incl9$ to associate ) ! in/itution4 ,)9 ?is socially flexible organization arose ! mona/ic ord]s ^: ideals v>i$ f age to age4 ,to e/abli% indu/ries1 to cle> ! l&1 to prea* ! nobility ( "w & to fo/] comm]ce1 to nurse ! sick1 to f\nd s*ools & univ]sities1 to di/ribute *>ity1 to (f] hospitality to wayf>]s1 to n\ri% art & lit]ature1 all ^! activities grew out ( ! initiative ( noble m5 :o f\nd ! atmosph]e or associations ( organiz$ ,*ri/ianity favorable to _! endeavors4 ,x 0 "u ! %elt] ( religion t ! f9] phases ( morality manife/$ !mselves4 ,secul> life did n possess a /ability or organs adequate to ! tasks ( social e?ics4 ,:atev] new movem5t appe>$ naturally drift$ into contact ) ! ,*ur*1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,*ur* 0 n c]ta9 :at to d ) x4 ,sometimes ^! vital movem5ts1 9 :i* e?ical idealism ( a r>e type 0 display$1 almo/ ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( ! hi]>*ical body :i* 0 9 control ( ! organization ?r\gh :i* !y _h to "w4 ,?is 0 ! situation :i* develop$ z a result ( ! spread ( ! ideals ( ! m5dicant ord]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,su* an occurr5ce makes u realize t ! social life ( ! "t 0 creative1 & t ?is creativ5ess c\ld ) difficulty be kept )9 ! control ( ! =mal ,*ur*2 yet ! organs :i* 7 necess>y = ! application ( ^! ideas & en?usiasms 7 mold$ 9 accordance ) ecclesia/ical in/itutions1 because no o!r model 0 at h&4 ,secul> life 0 too n>r[ to give ei!r f9ancial support or sugge/ions4 ,x #aie _h s long be5 accu/om$ to assign ! moral field to religi\s in/itutions4 ,9 spite ( ! und]curr5t ( criticism aga9/ ! worldl9ess ( ! cl]gy :i* discov]s itself to ! hi/orian ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 ! social movem5ts connect$ ) incorporat$ ,*ri/ianity 7 vital en\gh to ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x act$ z ! traditional c5t] ( philan?ropy1 & its imm5se weal? made ?is feature a real =ce among ! poor4 ,b ! o!r associat$ functions 7 sl[ly sep>at+ !mselves f _! orig9al connection & /rik+ roots 9 ! secul> life ( ! "t4 ,9 place ( ! ca!dral t[ns clu/]$ ar\nd ! ca!dral & ! bi%op's palace1 ! comm]cial t[ns pu%$ to ! front bo? 9 weal? & importance4 ,! weal?y m]*ant or bank] vi$ 9 ri*es ) ! *ur*man4 ,art & lit]ature pass$ f ! h&s ( ! ,*ur* to ! laity4 ,?is process 0 v gradual1 b /eady & p]si/5t4 ,by ! "t ( ! re=mation1 x 0 9 full sw+4 ,b5ea? ! framework ( feudalism & ! ,m$ival ,*ur*1 a new society _h be5 =m+1 f> m complex ?an ! old & full ( pot5tialities :i* we are only n[ beg9n+ to measure4 ,indu/ry1 comm]ce1 geographical discov]y1 national lit]ature1 guilds1 municipal gov]nm5ts1 c\rts1 sci5ce1 secul> art1 philosophy1 all 7 pres5t ei!r 9 bud or 9 full fl[]4 ,out ( ! f]tile & fe>less life :i* came f ! int]play ( ^! t5d5cies & activities1 new ideas & values 7 born & soon f\nd or creat$ appropriate organs = _! expression ap>t f ! ,*ur*4 ,try z x w\ld1 ,"m ,*ur* c\ld n cov] !m ) h] w+s4 ,_m ( ^! activities 7 ali5 to #aif h] g5ius &1 z !y wax$ 9 /r5g? & confid5ce1 /epp$ boldly out into ! ar5a ( secul> life4 ,"o has only to take a broad survey ( mod]n society to realize h[ completely secul> life has f\nd means to p]=m functions :i* 7 =m]ly c>ri$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! v control :i* ! ,*ur* wi%$ to ex]cise repell$ !m & drove !m into ! _w ) its fre$om & tol]ance4 ,free association1 individual ent]prise1 ! creative f]vor ( g5ius1 &1 lat]1 gov]nm5tal policy h work$ wond]s 9 ov]com+ ! meag]ness ( secul> life4 ,education is n[ almo/ univ]sal1 & s ! masses live lives :i* t\* a myriad int]e/s nev] kn[n to !m 9 o!r days4 ,art has broad5$ its scope & n[ t\*es ) magic f+]s all phases ( human life1 nature & man be+ alike rais$ to a high] spiritual level by h] "w4 ,sci5ce has rea*$ out into all p>ts ( nature & ?r[n a trans=m+ light ^u all ?+s4 ,philosophy has left ! old s*ola/ic concepts & mat$ ) sci5ce to expla9 ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,*>ity is giv+ way to a broad] conception ( social ju/ice4 ,9 %ort1 ! old division ( life into two sph]es1 ! e>?ly & ! spiritual1 no long] has its old significance4 ,! spiritual has made its home 9 man's daily life1 9 8 read+1 8 art1 8 ?9k+ & 8 do+4 ,:]ev] !re are g5u9e values1 !re is ! spiritual4 ,is n loyalty to ^! spiritual values ( human life com+ to be ! sole mean+ ( religion8 ,is x )9 ! p[] ( an in/itution1 /ill dom9at$ by beliefs ho/ile to ?is frank humanism1 to *]i% & guide ! unfold+ ( ! spiritual life ( ! pres5t8 ,t is ! qu]y :i* ,i br+ ) me :5 ,i contemplate ! #aig ,*ur*4 ,has n ! free life ( ! pres5t outgr[n any c5traliz$ & in/itutionaliz$ control8 ,to-day1 ideas & en?usiasms f9d _! organs 9 ! teem+ secul> _w4 ,moral idealism is at home ^u ! e>? 9 fell[%ips & loyalties 9 :i* m5 discov] mu* ( _! reason = be+4 ,! pulse ( society beats "t to ! songs ( its true poets1 & ?robs at ! call to battle = "s noble a*ievem5t1 :ile ! ,*ur* dreams ( ! pa/ & ! days ( h] greatness1 or t5d]ly /oops to com=t ^? :o cl+ to h] sanctions & h] vision ( a heav5ly k+dom1 n ( ?is _w4 ,%e play$ h] "p1 & %e play$ x greatly--t mu* we mu/ av[1 ev5 :ile we po9t out h] pres5t limitations--b ! _w has pass$ beyond h] tutelage & runs li!somely & c\rage\sly into fields :]e %e _c br+ h]self to foll[4 ,?us is x1 & ?us has x always be5--in/itutions & ideas h _! p]iod ( usefulness :5 !y s]ve z organiz+ c5t]s = social t5d5cies2 b ! "t inevitably comes :5 !y lose _! creative p[] & are outgr[n by ! life :i* has made !m & is great] ?an !y4 ,& yet !re is hope4 ,w ! de?ron$ mon>* recognize ! inevitabl5ess ( ! massive revolution :i* is surg+ r\nd h] & give up h] outgr[n pret5sions1 will+ly cons5t+ to play a less] role 9 full h>mony ) ! _s ( ! "t8 ,n yet w ?is volunt>y abdication come4 ,b1 "s "t 9 ! future1 ! new loyalties w surely seep into ! ,*ur* & prep>e x = ! great sacrifice 9 :i* x w f9d its sav+ s]vice4 ,mod]nism c af=d to wait pati5tly1 = "t fights on its side4 #aih ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,*ur* ,,z ,,an ,,in/itution--,,prote/antism ,! rise ( ,prote/antism 0 ! consequ5ce ( _m factors :i* tempor>ily comb9$ & work$ 9 ! same direction4 ,!re are ^? :o ma9ta9 t x 0 an unhappy accid5t1 :i* ?rew back ! :eels ( progress "s hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,b ^? :o bewail ! division ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* =get t division is a sign ( incompatible t5d5cies )9 a body n flexible en\gh to conta9 !m4 ,/rife is irrational only :5 we cease to be reali/s4 ,! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism 9 ! sixte5? c5tury is only "o in/ance among _m ( ! inadequacy ( any "o in/itution to compreh5d ! life ( its "t4 ,7 we to call ! roll ( ! h]esies ( ! pa/1 ! names :i* w\ld appe> ^u ! li/ w\ld be f> m num]\s ?an popul> hi/ory records4 ,j because ,*ri/ians believ$ t !y possess$ a f9al tru? !y 7 intol]ant & p]secut+4 ,! natural desire ( an in/itution to ma9ta9 itself & its int]e/s intact add$ its =ce to ?is un=tunate *>act]i/ic4 ,b ! trag$y ( ! situation 01 t ?is f9al tru? c\ld n prove itself by an appeal to exp]i5ce & reason4 ,x _h1 !re=e1 to resort to viol5ce4 ,! logic ( revelation is ! logic ( ! auto da fe4 ,! logic ( sci5ce is ! logic ( te/$ #aii fact4 ,sci5ce c h hope ( agreem5t2 !ological religion has no "r to su* a hope4 ,prote/antism _h its e?ical1 political1 economic & doctr9al sides4 ,x 0 n m]ely a religi\s movem5t4 ,_h x be5 s1 x might m readily h run its c\rse z a re=m movem5t )9 ! in/itutional life ( ! "t4 ,_h ! ,nor!rn nations possess$ great] p[] 9 ! c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 x is j possible t ! *ange w\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t )\t ! occurr5ce ( an op5 rupture4 ,b ! ,*ur* 0 too c5traliz$ & too ri* to escape conflict ) ! gr[+ nationalism4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 ?is l>g] social sett+ ( ,prote/antism is n important4 ,:at we wi% to /udy is ! religi\s t5d5cies cov]$ by ?is t]m4 ,:at advance did !y conta98 ,:at 0 ! weakness ( ! movem5t8 ,! sett+ ( ,prote/antism 0 entirely sup]naturali/ic4 ,s f> z ! fundam5tal doctr9al assumptions are conc]n$1 !re is practically no diff]5ce betwe5 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant4 ,prote/antism repres5t$ a re=m1 & n a revolution4 ,or1 to put x m deeply1 human nature is su* t ! real revolutions take c5turies ( gr[? & come l ! ?ief 9 ! night4 ,! mod]n sci5tific view ( ! _w is revolution>y 9 ! philosophical & true s5se ( ! t]m2 :ile ! %>p sect>ian conflict is only a battle ov] second>y ?+s4 ,s9ce x has s commonly be5 assum$ t ! ,prote/ant re=mation repres5t$ a decisive break ) ! outlook ( ! ,middle ,ages & someh[ m>k$ a mile/one 9 man's intellectual progress1 x may be wor? :ile to consid] :e!r su* really 0 ! case4 ,a dis9t]e/$ /udy #bjj ( ! re=mation mu/1 ,i feel sure1 conv9ce ! /ud5t t ! crisis 9 ! ,*ur* 0 conc]n$ m ) matt]s ( !ological doctr9e & *ur* polity ?an ) ! ideas und]ly+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x br\ght no ess5tial *ange 9 ! inh]it$ & firmly entr5*$ tale ( ! pa/4 ,! puritan poet1 ,milton1 s+s ( man's fir/ disob$i5ce 9 mu* ! way t ,/4 ,augu/9e w\ld h done4 ,! weapons ( ! great advance _h n yet be5 =g$4 ,we are ! ones :o w be call$ ^u to face ! vision ( ! ,new ,spiritual ,_w & to be fai?ful to its dem&s ^u our loyalty & integrity4 ,! defection ( ! ,prote/ants f ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 writes ,pr(essor ,rob9son1 is n connect$ ) any decisive intellectual revision4 ,su* ard5t emphasis has be5 con/antly plac$ ^u ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicism by repres5tatives ( bo? p>ties t ! close intellectual resemblance ( ! two sy/ems1 inde$ _! id5tity 9 n9e p>ts out ( t51 has t5d$ to escape u4 ,! e>ly ,prote/ants1 ( c\rse1 accept$1 z did ! ,ca?olics1 ! :ole patri/ic outlook on ! _w2 _! hi/orical p]spective 0 simil>1 _! notions ( ! orig9 ( man1 ( ! ,bible1 ) its types1 prophecies & miracles1 ( heav5 & hell1 ( demons & angels1 are all id5tical4444 ,e>ly ,prote/antism is1 f an intellectual /&po9t1 ess5tially a phase ( m$ival hi/ory4 ,b :5 we look at ,prote/antism z a social & religi\s movem5t r ?an an intellectual movem5t1 we see t x /ood = c]ta9 relatively new emphases :i* did indicate a break+ loose f m$ivalism4 ,_m s9c]e m5 felt ! ne$ = a deep]1 m p]sonal assurance ( salvation ?an t #bja (f]$ by ! traditional1 sub/antial sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,religion seem$ to !m a m p]sonal affair ?an x _h ov]tly come to be4 ,by means ( an act ( fai?1 ! individual hop$ to secure a new relation to ,god 9 :i* 8 s9s 7 =giv5 & salvation atta9$4 ,salvation ?us became a m int]nal act ?an x _h be51 & p>ticul>ly "o 9 :i* ! ecclesia/ical in/itution play$ a f> less important "p4 ,! new t5d5cy emphasiz$ ! individual & p]sonal z aga9/ ! in/itutional & =mal4 ,ca?olicism _h inh]it$ too mu* rituali/ic & magical trapp+ to h>monize completely ) ! ke5 e?ical s5se ( ! y\ng] & simpl] p :o 7 gr[+ to adul?ood4 ,a new movem5t is on ! def5sive &1 :5 too completely e/rang$ f ! in/itutions ( :i* x is a re=m1 almo/ inevitably t5ds to be n>r[ & int5se4 ,n[ ,prote/antism 0 ess5tially an emphasis on ! s\l's salvation by meet+ c]ta9 requirem5ts ( a doctr9al & e?ical type1 & s x t5d$ to drop ^? functions & relations :i* ! ,m$ival ,*ur* includ$ )9 its scope4 ,x is ?is cle>-cut int5sification ( "o factor & ! exclusion ( o!rs :i* we mu/ be> 9 m9d :5 we comp>e ! e>ly ,prote/ant sects ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,deep religi\s f]vor easily leads to n>r[ness1 especially :5 ! spiritual values reg>d$ z ess5tial are subjective & r =mal4 ,because confessional ,prote/antism 0 z o!r-worldly z ! ,m$ival ,*ur*1 x cut itself loose f aspects ( life :i* might o!rwise h mell[$ x & sav$ x f =malism & h>dness4 ,we may laugh ) #bjb ,swift at ! freaks ( ,jack1 at 8 d\rness & savag]y1 8 /ra9$ int]pretation ( ! scriptures & 8 lack ( social tact1 b we mu/1 if we w\ld be j1 always be> 9 m9d ! outlook :i* ,jack _h inh]it$4 ,! ,prote/ant ( to-day does n usually realize h[ diff]5t ! ,prote/antism ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 0 f t :i* he sees ar\nd him4 ,prote/antism has mell[$ & absorb$ values & int]e/s :i* x w\ld once h repudiat$ z irrelevant to ! trem5d\s drama ( salvation4 ,take m$ival ,ca?olicism1 ) its ideal ( a ,*ur*-direct$ society1 its doctr9es ( s9 & r$emption1 its belief 9 ano!r _w ov]%ad[+ ?is "o1 its /ra9 ( asceticism1 & remove ! sacram5tal p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 & y h e>ly ,prote/antism be=e y4 ,in/ead ( flee+ ! _w & its temptations1 ! ,*ri/ian 0 ord]$ to live 9 x l a s5t9el on 8 gu>d4 ,he 0 n to set 8 he>t on creaturely com=ts nor love ! ?+s & int]e/s ( ?is life ov]mu*1 b r to trample !m und]foot :ile gaz+ upw>ds4 ,no wond] t ! e>ly ,prote/ants 7 a /]n p2 !y 7 a community ( secul> monks4 ,!y _h ! joy ( union ) ,god & assur$ r$emption f s91 b ?is _w 0 n _! true home4 ,:]eas ! ,m$ival ,*ur* _h temp]$ ! asceticism ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity by ! di/9ction betwe5 :at 0 impos$ ^u cl]gy & :at 0 dem&$ ( ! laity1 ,prote/antism 0 unable to cont9ue ?is di/9ction because all believ]s 7 prie/s4 ,all _h to come up to ! same high /&>d or risk damnation4 ,?is exaltation has 9 l>ge measure dep>t$ f ,prote/antism1 & we :o #bjc h gr[n into a mell[] idea ( salvation are incl9$ to judge ?is set ( ideals z n>r[ & ev5 morbid4 ,we =get t puritanism 0 ! expression ( an ascetic religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,x 0 9 ! sph]e ( *ur* gov]nm5t t ,prote/antism made its great *anges by attempt+ to return to ! polity ( ! e>ly associational =m ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! m radical =ms ( ,prote/antism1 especially1 inaugurat$ a movem5t 9 ! direction ( :at we n[ call democracy4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 9 fact1 t ^! waves ( religi\s individualism assi/$ ! gr[? ( democratic & republican =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is influ5ce 0 unplann$ & relatively accid5tal because religi\s individualism 0 m conc]n$ ) ! "r to wor%ip accord+ to ! dictates ( consci5ce ?an ) political rights4 ,b man is a psy*ological :ole1 & s a re=m along "o l9e is b\nd to affect o!r phases ( life4 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 ! alt]ations introduc$ on ! !ological side 7 by no means revolution>y f an intellectual /&po9t4 ,& yet ! _s & mood ( religion 0 deeply alt]$4 ,! process ( salvation 0 diff]5tly conceiv$1 & ?is l$ to ! ?\ght ( a m direct relation betwe5 man & ,god ?an _h be5 admitt$ 9 ! old] ,*ur*4 ,god 0 believ$ to h gu>ante$ r$emption to ^? :o _h fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! r$eem]4 ,?is t5et l$ to an emphasis on ! bible & on p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 ?r\gh a /udy ( ! bible t m5 7 l$ to ?is p]sonal fai?1 & ! bible 0 accord+ly conceiv$ z ! repres5tative ( ,god ^u e>?4 ,:at wond] t x 0 #bjd sub/itut$ = ! ,*ur* & tradition z an infallible & un*ang+ au?ority6 ,! logic ( ! movem5t is cle>4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by "o s*ol> t ,prote/antism introduc$ ! doctr9e ( infallibility be=e ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* did4 ,calv9ism select$ ! ,augu/9ian dogmas ( election & orig9al s9 z its f\ndation1 & us$ !m 9 su* a way z to become a fight+ *ur*1 a congregation ( ! elect1 fe>less & self-reliant4 ,bibliolatry soon fl\ri%$1 & sects sprang up on e h&1 ready to suff] p]secution = _! p>ticul> int]pretation ( passages4 ,!ology became a s]ies ( fanatically held dogmas support$ by copi\s quotations4 ,& ! intellectual atmosph]e )9 :i* ^! dogmatic !ories arose 0 ( ! mo/ conv5tional & limit$ sort4 ,broadness ( outlook ^u life 0 ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,! g5]al assumption ( ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( ! _w rema9$ un*all5g$1 :ile ! bitt]e/ disputes broke out 9 reg>d to po9ts :i* seem to ! educat$ man ( to-day q unimportant4 ,su* a c\rse ( ev5ts 0 to be expect$1 & c\ld n h be5 prev5t$4 ,p]haps x did m good ?an h>m1 because x enc\rag$ indep5d5ce on ! "p ( ! masses4 ,its only cure 0 n au?ority b education4 ,& ! _w 0 n yet ready = univ]sal education4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods1 a trem5d\s wa/e ( m5tal & moral en]gy is simply inevitable3 m5 _c help go+ ar\nd & ar\nd 9 ! same circle ( ideas 9 ! mo/ pa!tically e>ne/ fa%ion4 ,! conditions ( progress are n always ready4 ,take ! k ( ! cl]gy4 ,x 0 conf9$ to ! classics1 ! patri/ics1 to massive tomes ( !ology1 to #bje ! bible 9 its ,hebrew & ,greek orig9al4 ,x 0 n f ^! fields t enlight5m5t 0 to come4 ,! tru? is1 t ,prote/antism 0 sl[ly modifi$ & mell[$1 almo/ 9 spite ( itself1 by ! p]vasive influ5ce ( ! great _w civilization t grew up ar\nd x & to :i* x 0 m susceptible ?an 0 ! reorganiz$ ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,let u look at ?is po9t m closely4 ,! re=mation 0 an effect z mu* z a cause4 ,! nations 7 com+ to _! own 9 ! mid/ ( a m complex social life full ( human int]e/s & values4 ,! ,confessional ,*ur*es :i* sprang up 7 unable to e/abli% !mselves securely en\gh to dom9ate ! civil p[]s4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t secul> civilization 0 releas$ f ! sway ( religion & its sup]naturalism4 ,gov]nm5t1 sci5ce1 art1 indu/ry1 & lit]ature fl\ri%$ 9 a fre$om !y _h seldom be=e exp]i5c$4 ,! disorganization ( religi\s in/itutions enabl$ _m t5d5cies1 hi!rto kept 9 ! backgr\nd ( m5's consci\sness1 to pu% to ! front & reveal _! p[] ov] ! human s\l4 ,d we n "k t _m great m$ival doctors _h to fight aga9/ _! love ( lit]ature & art8 ,prote/antism may be said to h be5 an un9t5tional cause ( ! mod]n _w4 ,prote/antism broke up into an array ( sects & t5d5cies z x fell ^u ! prism ( human temp]am5t4 ,radical sects appe>$1 l ! ,indep5d5ts1 ! ,quak]s1 ! ,bapti/s1 ! ,pieti/s1 & ! ,congregationali/s4 ,^! 7 radical 9 a social way r ?an 9 an intellectual way4 ,!y 7 subjective v>iations ( ! inh]it$ motives4 ,l>gely1 !y repres5t$ a revolt aga9/ au?oritism1 & #bjf emphasiz$ ! inn] light or a v mild appeal to reason4 ,yet we mu/ call !m sects1 j because !y _h mu* ! same _s & assumptions1 & exagg]at$ :at mu/ be reg>d$ z slight diff]5ces4 ,/ill _! v numb] gave a mild] direction to religion & made ! idea ( tol]ation m natural4 ,!re 0 safety 9 numb]s4 ,on ! intellectual side1 ! ,unit>ian movem5t des]ves att5tion = its aid 9 ! de?ronem5t ( ! old dogmatic /ructure4 ,alongside ( ^! m subjective & emotional (f%oots ( ,prote/antism arose philosophical idealism to add a t\* ( vague pan!ism & a flavor ( k9dly my/icism4 ,9 %ort1 ! confessional type ( ,prote/antism mell[$ "u ! influ5ce ( a m rational social organization ) its g5tl] life4 ,reason 0 ga9+ 9 concret5ess & p[]1 & human values 7 ga9+ 9 attractiv5ess4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t gradually gave way to ! synoptic gospels ( ! ,new1 :ile asceticism dropp$ away l a mantle4 ,i1 myself1 well rememb] :5 religion 0 l>gely a matt] ( taboos on ! moral side4 ,?\ %alt n outbalanc$ by f> ! sugge/ion ( concrete l9es ( positive endeavor4 ,su* spiritualism 0 passive & suspici\s r ?an active & creative4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 ,prote/antism has pass$ ins5sibly into a g5tle religion ( ! _s1 s5tim5tally incl9$ t[>d life & p]meat$ ) popul> notions ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,! s]mon ( ! ,puritan conc]n$ itself ) ! two disp5sations2 ! s]mon ( ! mod]n m9i/] is full ( quotations f ! poets & reveals ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! social sci5ces4 ,! negative note is h>dly audible4 ,?is #bjg _w & its spiritual problems occupies ! focus ( att5tion4 ,mod]n ,prote/antism is n ov] c]ta9 ( its cre$4 ,9 fact1 s unc]ta9 is x ( ! doctr9es x wi%es to *ampion t x mu* pref]s to discuss human problems1 & to exp5d its en?usiasm 9 ! advance ( a g5tle code ( e?ics atta*$ to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,9 a v real s5se1 ?is attitude is to its cr$it1 = x is positive & g5u9ely spiritual4 ,moreov]1 x be>s witness to a consci\sness ( ! decay ( ! sup]naturali/ic p]spective :i* dom9at$ & misl$ ! _w = s _m c5turies4 ,! _s & k ( ! pres5t age has und]m9$ ! traditional beliefs1 & ! av]age prote/ant is too well educat$ & too mu* 9 t\* ) curr5t movem5ts to be unaw>e ( ?is situation4 ,he is n c]ta9 :i!r he is be+ l$ nor does he s v mu* c>e2 he is cont5t to drift ) ! tide ( human developm5t1 assur$ t ! _w is becom+ bett] & broad] 9 its purposes & possibilities4 ,cre$ & dogma are dropp+ into ! backgr\nd & w soon be disc>d$1 :ile ! spiritual values :i* gr[ out (1 & express1 human nature & life are /eadily =g+ to ! front4 ,! *ur* z an in/itution is only "o among _m4 ,& x mu/ fur!r be rememb]$ t ! life ( society rea*es beyond in/itutions1 mu* z ! life ( an organism is great] ?an ! habits & /ructure :i* x uses4 ,religi\s in/itutions did n create ! mod]n _w ) its gigantic advances 9 comm]ce1 its acute applications ( sci5ce1 its subtle art1 its d>+ adv5tures 9 liv+1 its bold philosophies1 its high #bjh level ( education1 its exp]im5ts 9 new social =ms4 ,!y h _h _! %>e 9 ! "w1 no d\bt2 b !y h be5 act$ ^u ev5 m ?an !y h act$4 ,because ( its lack ( int]nal unity & its antagonism to au?ority1 ,prote/antism c\ld (f] no effective b>ri] to ! gr[? ( ! new outlook4 ,(t5 suspici\s1 x yet f\ght 9 ! op54 ,! trial ( /r5g? w5t aga9/ x ultimately because its f\ndation 0 inadequate4 ,my? _c fight aga9/ sci5ce & hope to w94 ,! v]dict ( ! h>d-f\ght conte/ is becom+ evid5t to bo? w9n] & los]4 ,let u hope t ! los] w take 8 defeat manfully & gradually adapt himself to ! ,new ,_w t is dawn+4 ,! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es may !n become gr\ps ( volunt>y associations fill$ ) high spiritual purpose & m9i/]+ to ! gr[? ( a f9] social & economic life4 ,! ma9 necessity is to f9d a function t is real & vital 9 ! judgm5t & consci5ce ( ! "t4 ,x is und5iable t ! v>i\s *ur*es w long play a b5efic5t role 9 ! social economy1 b ! "q may well be ask$ :e!r ?is role w\ld n be m significant & sanely creative if ! hamp]+ traditions & beliefs ( ! pa/ 7 %ak5 (f4 ,= ^! traditions are ! %elt] ( int]pretations & social habits :i* are ill-adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! pres5t4 ,!y sl[ d[n ! en]gy ( in/itutions & cl\d _! vision4 ,!y lead ! s9c]e/ ( p to use tools :i* h lo/ edge4 ,= in/ance1 is n civic & moral education f> m effective ?an melodramatic revivals :i* /ir p's emotions & leave !m )\t *>t & compass be=e ! problems ( _! e-day life8 ,! *ur* mu/ #bji le>n prev5tion2 x mu/ g to s*ool to ! social & m5tal sci5ces4 ,only s w x conqu] t dilettantism :i* accompanies ! abs5ce ( me?odical intellig5ce4 ,b ! *ur*es h ! "r to respond t !y are n ! only s9n]s 9 ?is reg>d4 ,in/itutions ( all k9ds display ! same t5d5cy to ret>dation1 to cons]vatism1 to wa/e ( en]gy1 ! beliefs & habits ( ! pa/ cl++ heavily ab\t !m z imp$im5ta4 ,x is seldom t a new life wells up quickly en\gh )9 !m to break ?is in]tia4 ,p]haps all t ! y\ng] g5]ation has ! "r to ask is a _s ( tol]ance & ev5 respect = all loyalties :i* atta* !mselves to ?+s ( good repute1 & a m ca?olic admission ( all human values into ! class ( spiritual ?+s4 ,! sci5ti/ is work+ = ?+s ( ! _s1 & s is ! arti/1 & s is ! social re=m]1 & s is ! educator1 & s is ! day-labor] :o does 8 "w = ! sake ( "s de> "o4 ,! sea ( fai? ( :i* ,mat!w ,arnold sang is inde$ at its ebb2 b a new sea ( fai? is well+ up 9 ! human s\l1 fai? 9 humanity1 9 ?is life "h & n[1 a fai? 9 common ?+s & common p1 a fai? 9 noble ?+s & _! gift$ creators1 a fai? f\nd$ 9 sympa?y & 9 m5tal integrity & root$ 9 ! actualities ( life4 ,x is a fai? gr\nd$ on ! high w to assimilate & c>ry fur!r ! spiritual values :i* ! human race has sl[ly a*iev$ 9 its travail ( ! c5turies4 ,n to rel9qui% b to surpass1 n to d5y b to trans=m3 ?us w ! new day be won4 ,let ! spiritual =ces :i* h gr[n up ar\nd religion1 indu/ry1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 #baj citiz5%ip & art fall to ) a w1 to br+ "s full] measure ( ! long-dream$-( ,k+dom ^u ?is e>?1 :i* has be5 & =ev] w be man's sole home4 #baa ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,humani/',s ,,religion ,9 ! prec$+ pages we h no d\bt (t5 hurt--b we h hurt to heal4 ,! good surgeon probes deeply 9 ord] t he may n h ! op]ation to p]=m aga94 ,ev5 a m9ute am\nt ( diseas$ tissues left beh9d c prev5t ! return ( vigor\s & creative heal?4 ,?us :at may seem to ! anxi\s pati5t unnecess>y cruelty may be ! greate/ k9dness4 ,a s5tim5tal compromise is nev] welcom$ by ! mature judgm5t ( ! brave man4 ,& 9 ?is day :5 s _m h will+ly giv5 _! lives = ! sake ( a human ideal1 is x j & "r to fl9* 9 ! spiritual w>f>e :i* confronts our g5]ation8 ,we are seek+ no?+ less ?an a r5aissance 9 :i* m5's en]gies w be wisely & loyally direct$ to :at is greatly human & humanly great4 ,9 su* a s]vice we mu/ w to be h>d on ourselves & on o!rs4 ,9 ! pa/1 religion has only too (t5 be5 =mal & negative & _w-flee+4 ,x has said nay to life r ?an yea4 ,pa/ religion re/$ ^u man's s5se ( 8 own helplessness 9 a _w :i* he did n und]/&4 ,by ! v in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 he creat$ sup]natural p[]s :i* 7 to be on 8 side 9 ! grim & unequal /ruggle 9 :i* he 0 engag$4 ,b ?is subt]fuge by :i* he ?\ght to conqu] _h its trea*]\s effects1 = x turn$ man #bab f compreh5d+ & ma/]+ 8 _w4 ,he became b a pilgrim "h1 int5t on heav5ly joys & spl5dors1 :i* ?rew ?is _w into d>kness4 ,:at ^! joys & spl5dors 7 he h>dly knew3 yet he hugg$ ! ?\ght ( !m to 8 he>t & despis$ ?+s m]ely human4 ,& if1 z (t5 became ! case1 ! _w grew ^u him1 8 consci5ce 0 torn & torm5t$4 ,he 0 a man divid$ aga9/ himself1 unable to ?r[ himself :ole-he>t$ly into any ent]prise4 ,b ! humani/'s religion is ! religion ( "o :o says yea to life "h & n[1 ( "o :o is self-reliant & fe>less1 intellig5t & creative4 ,x is ! religion ( ! w to p[]1 ( "o :o is h>d on himself & yet joy\s 9 himself4 ,x is ! religion ( c\rage & purpose & trans=m+ en]gy4 ,its motto is1 ,:at ha? n man wr\ght8 ,its goal is ! ma/]y ( ?+s t !y may become s]vants & in/rum5talities to man's spiritual comrade%ip4 ,:atev] mixture ( magic1 fe>1 ritual & adoration religion may h be5 9 man's e>ly days1 x is n[1 & h5ce=? mu/ be1 t :i* conc]ns man's nobilities1 8 discov]y (1 & loyalty to1 ! p]vasive values ( life4 ,! religi\s man w n[ be he :o seeks out causes to be loyal to1 social mi/akes to correct1 w\nds to heal1 a*ievem5ts to fur!r4 ,he w be con/ructive1 fe>less1 loyal1 s5sitive to ! good :]ev] f\nd1 a believ] 9 mank9d1 a fight] = ?+s wor? :ile4 ,:5 old ideas become enfeebl$1 !y clog ! spiritual sy/em4 ,conv5tionality1 r\t9e & s5tim5talism take ! place ( ! fre% vigor :i* always accompanies pr(\nd conviction4 ,a gospel _c be #bac a h]itage enjoy$3 x mu/ be a portion e>n$4 ,& to-day1 especially1 !re is press+ ne$ = a brave criticism ( pa/ /&>ds1 succe$$ by an act ( intellig5t w :i* presses fe>lessly on to a re=mulation & reaffirmation ( values4 ,because ! old religions did n h ?is p[] to exalt significant human ideals1 relevant to ! *ang+ crisis ( ! times1 ! nations drift$ into ! mat]ialism ( comm]cialism & milit>ism4 ,& a religion insi/5t ^u a rational & wise int]pretation ( ! ways ( life w1 alone1 be able to rescue !m4 ,wat*words by !mselves1 if !y rema9 vague g5]alities untranslatable into new directions ( ef=t1 w fail4 ,:at is necess>y is a new goal1 or else a pragmatic developm5t ( pa/ dreams into programs :i* awak5 loyalty & hope4 ,b ! c5t] ( gravity & endeavor ( su* a religion w lie )9 society4 ,x w be1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a humani/'s religion4 ,x w save m5's s\ls by mak+ !m wor? sav+4 ,= x1 salvation w be no magical hocus-pocus ext]nal to ! rea* & timbre ( man's p]sonality3 x w be 8 loyal & intellig5t union ) ^? values & possibilities ( life :i* h come )9 8 k54 ,to conv]t w be to educate & r$irect ! en]gies ( ! s\l4 ,& society w ne$ conv]sion z press+ly z scatt]$ individuals 9 slums & t5em5ts4 ,does x to-day /ress ! mo/ important ?+s8 ,! ,/ate has be5 ! s]vant ( ?+s z !y are1 n ( ?+s z !y might be4 ,a humani/'s religion c admit no cunn+ division into ! ?+s :i* are ,god's & ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s4 ,human values are z jeal\s z ! ,yahweh ( ,moses4 ,to s9 aga9/ !m is to die spiritually4 #bad ,! common op9ion t critical "w is ev] m]ely negative is a great error4 ,x is ! will+ error ( a dogmatism :i* feels itself insecure4 ,x is ! error ( a spiritual plane :i* has settl$ into ease & hates to be di/urb$4 ,soon] or lat]1 criticism leads to some?+ positive1 to a new vision & a new goal4 ,all t is ne$$ is ! pati5ce :i* is f\nd$ ^u fai? & is will+ to try all ?+s 9 ! firm belief t ! tru? w prevail4 ,moreov]1 criticism has a positive psy*ological effect 9 t x calls att5tion to ! actual situation & directs att5tion to ! liv+ problems4 ,x is t spur to ! s\l :i* prev5ts x f go+ to sleep4 ,)\t x1 problems are avoid$ r ?an s\ght4 ,:o c d5y t ?is le?>gy has be5 ! di%e>t5+ temp] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 n[ :5 e doma9 ( life cries al\d = vigor\s ?\ght8 ,surely religion has to d ) m ?an ! common dec5cies ( life1 important z !y are4 ,its place is 9 ! van ( ! fight+2 x has to d ) la/ hopes & glimps$ visions1 ) :at is to come z well z ) :at is4 ,religion at its t5se/ has to d ) ultimate loyalties4 ,habit & tradition are helpless 9 su* matt]s1 :i* are ( ?+s hop$ =--^u ?is e>?4 ,b en\gh ( ! critical side4 ,we h said t ! com+ religion w say yea to human life4 ,yet x w n affirm x 9 a bl9d & s5tim5tal way4 ,x w be reali/ic & /riv+4 ,all great religions ( ! pa/ h recogniz$ ! tragic aspects ( human life1 its brevity1 its littl5esses1 its fussy selfi%ness1 its lack ( vision1 its suff]+2 b !y h too (t5 be5 l$ to despise humanity by see+ x on ! illimitable backgr\nd ( cele/ial omnipot5ces & p]fections4 #bae ,religion z loyalty to human values w lose no :it ( ?is tragic s5se1 & yet ! palsy+ backgr\nd ( sup]naturalism w disappe>4 ,"s measure ( trag$y w rema92 b its morbidity w h be5 sep>at$ out & c\rage\sly reject$4 ,social gr\ps w fall to ) a w to live l>gely & widely4 ,!y w seek a t+l+ welf>e wov5 ( ! ?reefold values ( tru?1 beauty & goodness4 ,! sa9t w n be ! grovel+ s9n]1 b ! man ( mell[ wisdom4 ,he w be imm]s$ 9 ! curr5ts ( life & yet ma/] ( himself4 ,he w be at once ! s]vant ( concrete & compassable ideals & _! possessor & enjoy]4 ,! %ad[ ( ! ,great ,w> w light5 to ! com+ g5]ation soon aft] peace is decl>$4 ,!n w come ! "t = ! tak+ ( /ock & ! revaluation ( human endeavor4 ,man mu/ ask himself m s]i\sly ?an ev] be=e :at ?+s are wor? :ile1 & !reupon b5d 8 political & economic in/rum5talities to _! fur!rance4 ,& "h ! religion ( human values mu/ be ! lead]4 ,does democracy yet accord ) su* a religion8 ,or is x /ill too timid1 negative1 ?9 & un9/ruct$8 ,am]ica1 = example1 has a s\l2 b x is a s\l :i* ne$s discipl9e1 in/ruction1 contemplation4 ,! religion ( human possibilities ne$s prophets :o w grip m5's s\ls ) _! description ( a society 9 :i* righte\sness1 wisdom & beauty w reign toge!r4 ,x is h>d to say :at ?\ght su* a society calls up be=e u4 ,yet does x n mean t1 m ?an n[ & increas+ly1 selfi% luxury w be scorn$1 prop]ty subord9at$ to welf>e1 economic fe> less5$ to ! utmo/1 k un5vi\sly exalt$1 & art call$ #baf into s]vice8 ,loyalty to su* an ideal w surely con/itute ! he>t ( ! humani/'s religion4 ,! ideals ( a religion c nev] be easy4 ,! prophets 7 /]n critics & h>d taskma/]s2 ,jesus knew t 8 true foll[]s w\ld f9d _! way no primrose pa?2 ! ,m$ival sa9ts 7 h>d on !mselves & _! disciples4 ,we c g5]alize ?is hi/ory = ! future4 ,& yet a l>g] measure ( joy & human satisfaction w play ar\nd religion 9 ! future ?an has be5 ! case 9 ! pa/4 ,because ( its sup]naturalisms & di/ortions1 religi\s dem&s h (t5 be5 morbid & full ( unnecess>y friction4 ,religion has s\ght to ?w>t & repress human nature r ?an to guide & express4 ,b a religion ( human loyalty c be k9dly z well z exig5t1 mir?-lov+ z well z /]n4 ,z nev] be=e1 spiritual values s+ to u f life4 ,!y s+ to u ( ! pati5t love ( ! p>5t = ! *ild1 ( ! conque/ ( nature by tra9$ intellect1 ( ! quiet labor ( ! skill$ workman1 ( ! /eady loyalties ( e-day life1 ( ! will+ cop]ation ( citiz5s1 ( ! sweetness ( music1 ( plans = great] social ju/ice1 & ( a _w made free f w>4 ,spiritual values are ev]y:]e ar\nd u invit+ our s]vice4 ,he :o asks :]e !y are is l a man :o asks = wat] :5 a spr+ is bubbl+ b5ea? 8 feet4 ,& yet we h be5 s bl9d$ by ! old ascetic sup]naturalisms t we are sl[ to realize t ^! simple human ?+s are nobly spiritual4 ,s long z !re are ?+s wor? :ile1 !re w be spiritual values4 ,is n ?is positive en\gh8 ,ne$ he :o has an inali5able treasure fe> robb]y8 #bag ,to put ! situation bluntly1 religion mu/ be sep>at$ f ! o!r-worldly pull ( ! traditional !ologies & be sanely gr\nd$ 9 ! outlook ( mod]n k4 ,!re is no ne$ = a rabid anti-!ism4 ,! tru? is1 r1 t mank9d is outgr[+ !ism 9 a g5tle & /eady way until x ceases to h any cle> mean+4 ,?is is a h>d say+ & requires ju/ification4 ,9 "p1 ,i h giv5 ! ju/ification 9 ! prec$+ pages2 9 "p1 ,i h giv5 x else:]e4#a ,b ! drift among ?9k+ p is unmi/akable4 ,) ! imm95t solution ( ! m9d-body problem1 ! la/ bulw>k ( ! old sup]naturalism w h fall54 ,man w be =c$ to ackn[l$ge t he is an e>?-*ild ^: drama has mean+ only ^u h] bosom4 ,x is my firm conviction t ! cle> realization ( ?is fact w />tle m5 into insights & dem&s ( f>-rea*+ import4 ,may x n remove a dead-weight ( inhibitions :i* has kept ! human _s "u bonds to pa/ attitudes & me?ods8 ,!re w no long] be a divid$ int]e/ & an unc]ta9 horizon4 ,to _m x w come l a plunge 9 cold wat]3 b may n su* a plunge d !m good by wak+ !m f _! dogmatic slumb]s8 ,! int]pretation ( ! physical _w ( :i* man is a "p mu/ be left to ! cop]ative "w ( #bah sci5ce & philosophy4 ,^! w give to u te/$ & critical k ( ! processes :i* g on ar\nd u1 ( ! drift ( ! />s 9 ! _w-spaces1 ( ! spiral movem5ts ( nebul> matt]1 ( ! evolution ( ! elem5ts1 ( ! integration ( organic =ms1 ( ! developm5t ( hi/oric life4 ,! univ]se is3 x is mean+less to ask :5ce x came1 = x always 01 & "t is b a t]m = ! *anges :i* g on )9 x4 ,b1 hav+ explor$ ! univ]se by telescope & microscope1 & hav+ ?us come to "s und]/&+ ( 8 _w1 man mu/ return aga9 to 8 own press+ problems & possibilities1 to 8 ne$ to int]pret 8 own good1 to 8 desire to fur!r & ma9ta9 ^? int]e/s & activities 9 :i* he f9ds self-expression4 ,8 own life1 z a realm ( affection & action1 mu/ rightly be = him ! significant c5t] ( ! univ]se4 ,^! urg5cies1 int]e/s1 possibilities1 satisfactions1 loyalties are inali5ably human & valid4 ,he c no m ignore !m ?an he c 8 hung] = food & 8 ?ir/ = wat]4 ,no?+ c rob him ( ! values :i* he has creat$1 nor c any "o take f him ! burd5 ( c\rage\s endeavor4 ,he is ! ma/] ( 8 own de/9y & ! prompt] 9 8 own drama4 ,9 8 t5s] mom5ts1 ! physical spaces ar\nd 8 planet w b conta9 ,! endless1 silly m]rim5t ( />s4 ,z religion le>ns to rel9qui% !ology & accept ! mod]n view ( ! _w1 ! spirituality :i* x has fo/]$ w mate ) reason4 ,reason by itself is n en\gh2 feel+ by itself is n en\gh4 ,:at ! _w awaits is ! sane & k9dly m9i/ry ( a #bai concrete reason to ! goods ( human life4 ,?9k+ & exp]im5tation mu/ be in/rum5tal to ! progressive bett]m5t ( life4 ,?is idea is n new4 ,_m h grasp$ x be=e 9 :ole or 9 "p2 b ! sett+ has n always be5 simple en\gh4 ,comte meant j su* a humanism 9 8 religion ( humanity1 b he 0 unable to cut himself loose f 8 associations ) organiz$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is no adequate motive = ! ret5tion ( ! ritualism & wor%ip ( ,comtism1 nor is !re any good reason = ! deification ( humanity4 ,humanity is n an entity1 nor is x a sort ( supreme p]sonality :i* may be wor%ip$4 ,religion w mean ! valu+ ( exp]i5ces & activities1 ! /riv+ = _! realization1 ! loyalty to _! call4 ,tak5 9 ?is way1 religion w agree ) & comm5d ! purpose express$ by ,huxley3 ,to promote ! increase ( natural k & to =w>d ! application ( sci5tific me?ods ( inve/igation to all ! problems ( life to ! be/ ( my ability1 9 ! conviction :i* has gr[n ) my gr[?1 & /r5g!n$ ) my /r5g?1 t !re is no alleviation = ! suff]+s ( mank9d except v]acity ( ?\ght & action1 & ! resolute fac+ ( ! _w z x is1 :5 ! g>m5t ( make-believe by :i* pi\s h&s h hidd5 its ugli] features is /ripp$ (f4 ,?is outlook has be5 call$ ! m>riage ( naturalism ) philan?ropy2 x is bett] to speak ( x z ! m>riage ( naturalism ) humanism4 ,x is ! belief t a rational spirituality is possible1 natural to man1 &1 above all ?+s1 desirable4 ,b if m5 f9d _! salvation 9 love =1 & loyalty to1 values ( v>i\s k9ds1 ! practical "q #bbj becomes t ( ! fur!rance & support ( ^! values4 ,:at are "s ( ! social conditions ( a noble life8 ,surely education1 opportunity & free association4 ,x is no long] grant$ to tru/ ! com+ ( a sup]natural grace :i* w illum9ate life4 ,su* subjective illum9ation is only too apt to reflect ! temp]am5t ( ! individual & to lack t tra9+ & bread? ( int]e/ :i* only education & opportunity = a v>i$ exp]i5ce c give4 ,_m ( ! values :i* we prize mo/ highly to-day ne$ ! soil ( culture & ( a complex civilization be=e !y w fl\ri%4 ,to di/ribute !m widely is ! de>e/ hope ( a democracy :i* looks beyond ! m]ely political aspects ( social in/itutions4 ,b su* a di/ribution is a goal :i* has conditions :i* mu/ be ma/]$ by ! b5d+ ( a ke5 social intellig5ce into ! s]vice ( a g5u9e desire = ! ext5sion ( well-us$ leisure4 ,i mean t ! task ( mod]n democracy is ! secur+ ( economic well-be+ & a fair degree ( leisure = ! mass ( ! citiz5s 9 ord] t !y may h ! "t1 ! en]gy1 & ! opportunity to develop !mselves & to put !mselves cop]atively into t\* ) ! pleasant & creative side ( life4 ,b ,i h already t\*$ ^u ^! problems ( social me?od & aim 9 ano!r volume4#b ,x is "t t ,i discuss$ a "q :i*1 ,i h no d\bt1 has be5 hov]+ 9 ! backgr\nd ( _m a read]'s m9d4 ,is x ju/ifiable to reta9 ! t]m religion :5 its anci5t sett+ has be5 s completely disc>d$8 ,i h myself ask$ ?is "q _m a #bba "t4 ,= _m ye>s1 ,i felt t x w\ld be bett] to give up ! ^w entirely z indissolubly b\nd up ) ^? ideas & beliefs :i* ! mod]n tra9$ m9d is outgr[+4 ,b ,i c\ld n hide f myself ! fact t ! consci\sness ( ! "t 0 beg9n+ to employ x 9 a fre] & m con/ructive way4 ,x _h s5s$ ! elem5t ( devotion & loyalty :i* religion _h1 9 spite ( its _m %ortcom+s1 n\ri%$4 ,h[ common ! phrase is t a man has made a religion ( "s int]e/6 ,! sociali/ is said to make a religion ( socialism1 ! social re=m] ( 8 "w ( con/ructive philan?ropy1 ! arti/ ( 8 art4 ,we mean t he has ?r[n himself :ole-he>t$ly into "s "o ( ^! fields4 ,&1 positively1 ?is means t he has f\nd t concrete & liv+ salvation :i* ideal ef=t always br+s to a man4 ,he is fill$ ) ! _s ( consum+ loyalty to :at he values4 ,he has left ! m]e conv5tionalities1 ! run ( use-&-wont beh9d & has exalt$ himself ) a liv+ purpose :i* illum9ates & conc5trates 8 be+4 ,i ?9k t ?is _s & attitude is com+ to be call$ religi\s1 no matt] to :at objects x atta*es itself4 ,h we n "h a m>k ( id5tity :i* ju/ifies ! ret5tion ( ! age-old ^w8 ,morality is too cold a ^w 9 ! e>s ( mo/ m54 ,besides1 moral values are only a "p ( ! imm5se ?rong ( appreciations to :i* man responds4 ,!re is ne$ ( a compreh5sive t]m1 able to take 9 all ^? int]e/s & activities :i* give life its v>iety & glory4 ,is !re a bett] t]m ?an religion8 ,b !re mu/ be no mi/ake ab\t ! new sett+ ( ! t]m2 no casui/ic ambiguity mu/ be enc\rag$4 ,we mu/ be firm 9 our negations ( ! old z #bbb well z con/ructive 9 our affirmation ( ! new4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! belief 9 sup]human spirits arose 9 primitive times :5 man knew little ab\t ! _w 9 :i* he f\nd himself4 ,inve/igators 9 ! hi/ory ( religion trace ! /eps f polydemonism to poly!ism & !nce to h5o!ism & mono!ism4 ,along ) ?is evolution1 :i* reflect$ *anges 9 social organization1 w5t a correspond+ moral trans=mation ( ^! div9e be+s4 ,yet ! sett+ ( ! outlook 0 l>gely ! same z 9 e>li] days4 ,social relations 7 suppos$ to control ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,nature recogniz$ h] ma/] 9 ,god mu* z ! subjects ( a k+ greet$ him z _! "l4 ,8 0 ! might1 maje/y1 dom9ion & glory4 ,!re is a pa!tic incid5t relat$ ( ,c>lyle :i* has mean+ 9 ?is connection4 ,mr4 ,fr\de told ,c>lyle1 n long be=e ! latt]'s dea?1 t he c\ld believe only 9 a ,god :o did some?+4 ,) a cry ( pa91 ,c>lyle answ]$1 ,he does no?+4 ,h[ c we h>monize ?is cry ) 8 e>li] fai? 9 an ,ev]la/+ ,w & a ,provid5tial ,gov]nm5t ( ! _w8 ,x is impossible to d s4 ,romantic spiritualism mu/ give way to a humani/ic naturalism :i* sees cle>ly ! place ( man 9 ! _w4 ,morality1 sci5ce & art are man's creation & di/9ctive possession4 ,:at he ne$s is a /able1 law-abid+ environm5t )9 :i* to "w4 ,he has ?is1 & has ga9$ "s ma/]y ( x4 ,! fur!r necess>y /ep is ma/]y ( himself & ( ^? huge in/itutions :i* h gr[n up & n[ ?reat5 to make him circle )9 _! orbits4 ,man has battles /ill to fight4 ,! religion ( ! future w increas+ly be conc]n$ ) two ?+s1 virtues & values4 ,! ,greek #bbc virtues h be5 made t5d]] by ! ,*ri/ian virtues & m /eadfa/ by t tra9+ ( ! w & "* :i* we associate ) puritanism4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ages has deep5$ & broad5$ man1 made him less ha/y 9 judgm5t1 m aw>e ( 8 limitations1 m reali/ic1 m effici5t4 ,at ! same "t1 x has add$ t t\* ( pa?os :i* spiritualizes ! beauty ( life4 ,we believe1 also1 t x has n\ri%$ t s5tim5t ( t5d]ness = ! homely fate ( ! av]age man t w "s day f9d expression 9 a full] democracy ?an has z yet dawn$ ^u ! e>?4 ,b1 above all1 religion mu/ be ca?olic 9 its c\nt ( values4 ,:]ev] !re is loyal endeavor1 x w ackn[l$ge ! pres5ce ( ! spiritual4 ,x w rev]5ce ! philosoph] :o has f\nd salvation 9 ! solution ( complex intellectual problems1 ! sci5ti/ :o has giv5 himself to ! :ole-he>t$ /udy ( nature1 ! mission>y :o has devot$ himself to ! spread ( an elevat+ conception ( life1 ! k9dly physician :o has s\ght to alleviate human suff]+1 ! social re=m] :o has sp5t 8 life 9 agitat+ = a san] social polity1 ! arti/ :o has _h a vision ( beauty & has labor$ to express x 9 su* a way t all m5 c\ld %>e x1 ! man & woman :o h met ! tasks ( e day ) c\rage & *>ity4 ,& x w seek to br+ ^! values to clos] acqua9tance ) ea* o!r ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,! guidance ( a k9dly & cle>-ey$ reason w n be reg>d$ ) suspicion1 = ?is human fai? w h no?+ to fe>1 because hav+ no tott]+ cre$ to su/a94 ,:at a relief x w be to h ! n>r[ sect>ianism1 ! cruel bigotry1 ! obscurantism ( #bbd sup]naturalism purg$ f religion6 ,^! unlovely features ( man's spiritual life _h _! rootage 9 ! di/ru/ ( human nature & ( human reason1 9 a c]ta9 slavi%ness ( s\l cont9u\s ) ! di/ant days ( man's ignorance & fe>4 ,!y w less5 & pass away z k increases1 z lib]ty becomes concrete & significant1 z a m spiritual c\rage gr[s among ! mass ( m54 ,&1 9 my op9ion1 !re is no?+ m calculat$ to ha/5 ! gr[? ( ?is buoyancy & moral c\rage ?an a l>g] measure ( social ju/ice 9 ! common affairs ( life4 ,&1 9 ?is mission ( adju/m5t & s]vice betwe5 ! v>i\s values ( life1 reason w h a co-equal z a help]4 ,surely1 art w come m & m to its own 9 ! life :i* is op5+ up be=e u6 ,man's s\l w crave graci\s surr\nd+s1 ! h>mony ( well-con/ruct$ dwell+s1 ! re/fulness ( dawn & fl[]s1 ! elevation ( noble build+s4 ,ugl9ess & squalor w be repugnant to him1 = he w "k _! spiritual co/4 ,b man w n only seek heal?y & beautiful surr\nd+s1 he w also be desir\s to int]pret all phases ( 8 life to himself4 ,& 9 ?is ef=t at int]pretation he w succe$ ev] m fully 9 see+ ! v>i\s sides ( 8 life z p>ts ( a :ole4 ,art w set itself ! task ( giv+ significance & dep? to nature1 to indu/ry1 to ! home1 to public life1 to sci5ce4 ,&1 z art beg9s to p]=m ?is mission ( int]pretation1 x w cease to be ?\ght ( z a m]e decoration1 ! play?+ ( ! ri*4 ,x w be conceiv$ z ! means = ! expression ( ^? v>i\s loyalties :i* w ennoble & spiritualize life4 ,z ! human race gr[s heal?i] #bbe & happi] x w employ to ! full t gift ( all gifts x has 9 its possession1 ! capacity to clo! ?+s ) graci\s =ms & give its deepe/ feel+s a human voice4 ,art w be ! high-prie/ ( ! religion ( loyalty to ! values ( life4 ,to ^? accu/om$ to ! old my?ological sett+ ( religion ) its glance away f human life z a :ole1 ?is prophecy w b confirm _! conviction ( ! revolution>y "* ( ! !sis :i* ?is book has s\ght to *ampion4 ,b ,i feel c]ta9 t1 if !y w p]mit !mselves a dispassionate /udy ( ! facts1 !y w1 soon] or lat]1 be =c$ to ackn[l$ge ! inevitabl5ess ( ! conclusion4 ,if religion is to survive1 x mu/ be human & social4 ,x is !y :o insi/ ^u a sup]natural f\ndation & object :o are its enemies4 ,man's life is spiritual 9 its own "r4 ,s long z he %all dream ( beauty & goodness & tru? 8 life w n lack religion4 #a ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 a con/ructive philosophical position :i* meets ! results ( mod]n sci5ce may be ref]r$ to my two books1 ,critical ,realism & ,! ,ess5tials ( ,philosophy4 ,i h !re %[n t ! m9d-body dualism has be5 due to a false way ( approa*4 ,psy*ology gives k ab\t ! functional capacities ( ! n]v\s sy/em additional to t giv5 by ! physical sci5ce1 & 9 no way conflict+ ) x1 & consci\sness is 9 ! bra94 #b ,see especially ,! ,next ,/ep 9 ,democracy1 *4 #e4 ,,! ,,end ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica #bbg ,,index ,ag5cy1 imp]sonal1 #aag f42 limits ( p]sonal1 #aba f4 ,agno/icism1 & !odicy1 #aed f4 ,albig5ses1 #afb ,arm9ianism1 #afa ,asceticism1 #aef2 prote/ant1 #bjb ,attis1 #bc ,attis my/]ies1 #bd ,bald]1 #ba ,biblical criticism1 #ff ,bibliolatry1 #bjd ,bra91 discussion (1 #acf ,buddhism1 #ach ,calv9ism1 #afd ,ca?>s1 #afb ,*ri/ianity1 orig9s (1 #eh f42 hi/orical approa* to1 #fj f42 sett+ (1 #fh f42 democratic movem5ts 91 #gc2 9 transition1 #ie f42 navet ( doctr9es1 #aja f4 ,*ri/ian my?ology1 #bh ,*ur*1 organization (1 #ib1 #ahg ,cop]nican !ory1 #ajj f4 ,creation1 /ories (1 #cj f4 ,criticism1 high]1 #abh1 #aca f4 ,demons1 ,jesus's belief 91 #abg ,devil1 a p]sonal1 #aee ,dionysus1 #ah ,dogmatism1 t5d5cy to1 #fe ,dreams1 influ5ce (1 #adc ,e?ics1 & e>ly religion1 #agj f42 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #agc f42 het]onom\s1 #age f42 mod]n1 #agg f42 #ahd f4 ,evil1 = primitive man1 #aec2 & ,satan1 #aef2 creat$ by ,god1 #aeh2 z illusion1 #afd f42 disappe>ance ( problem (1 #afe ,evolution1 & my?1 #da f42 biological1 #ajd f4 ,fai? cures1 #acb ,gno/icism1 #hg f4 ,god1 = ,*ri/ianity1 #aae f42 ideas (1 #aei f4 ,great ,w>1 #b1 #aa ,hades1 #adj ,hell1 #agg ,humanism1 #aib ,humanit>ianism1 #e ,immortality1 argum5ts =1 #adf f42 & e>ly peoples1 #aci f42 & ,*ri/ianity1 #adb2 philosophical aspect (1 #adh f4 ,inc>nation1 #ij ,infallibility1 #bjd ,insanity1 #adf f4 ,james1 ,wm41 #ade ,jesus1 #ge1 #gi f42 dea? (1 #hb2 z ,messiah1 #he2 become ,god1 #ia2 & ! ,hebrew prophets1 #aeh f4 ,job1 #aed4 ,kant1 ,immanuel1 #adg f4 ,kempis1 ,?omas 1 #ahj ,koran1 #fb ,lang1 ,&rew1 #ag ,laws1 univ]sal1 #aah ,lyell1 sci5tific canon (1 #acb ,magic1 #dd f4 ,magicians1 #ej ,mani*eism1 #afb ,mc,giffert1 quot$1 #g ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #afc ,miracles1 #abc f42 ( ,jesus1 #abg f2 evid5ce =1 #acj f42 & _! logic1 #acc ,mi?raism1 #bc1 #fi4 ,mona/ic ord]s1 #aid ,mono!ism1 e?ical1 #ia1 #aae2 ,*ri/ian1 #aaa f42 ( ,isaiah1 #aeh f4 ,morality1 #agc ,my?ology1 #ad f4 ,my?s1 & morality1 #bd f42 surr5d]+ (1 #ajh ,"n1 influ5ce (1 #ea f4 ,naturalism1 #b ,newman1 ,c>d9al1 #ahg ,orig9al s91 #aeg ,osiris1 #bc ,paul1 #gj1 #gc ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 #hf f4 ,philo1 #ij ,prome!us1 #ag ,prophets1 ,hebrew1 #aga f4 ,prote/antism1 beg9n+s (1 #ic2 aspects (1 #aii f42 sects (1 #bje ,provid5ce1 #add f4 ,re=mation1 #bje ,re9a*1 #ag ,religion1 new p]spective 91 #f1 #aj2 ( ! ,hebrews1 #bg2 & magic1 #ec f42 9 e>ly times1 #agj2 social side (1 #aij ,ritual1 #ai f42 & ,*ri/ianity1 #bc ,rob9son1 quot$1 #bjj ,roman ,empire1 #ahi1 #aib ,sacram5ts1 #aib ,salvation1 #h f42 & immortality1 #ada f41 #bja ,satan1 #aee ,savior1 #aeg ,sci5ce1 #fb f4 ,secul> life1 gr[? (1 #aie f4 ,%eol1 #ah1 #adj f4 ,skepticism1 #aaj ,social democracy1 #e ,spiritual1 !1 #aa1 #aif ,spiritual c\rage1 #b ,spiritualism1 #aa ,/4 ,augu/9e1 #aei1 #afb ,/4 ,francis1 #gc4 ,/rauss1 #fd ,synoptic gospels1 #gg f4 ,!ology1 & e?ics1 #afd ,totemism1 #ae f4 ,tradition1 h>m (1 #aj ,tyndall1 #ace ,unit>ian movem5t1 #bjf ,univ]se1 new view (1 #c f4 ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #afb1 #ahd f4 ,yahweh1 #bf f4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( a few ( ! ,macmillan books on k9dr$ subjects4 ,! ,bible at a ,s+le ,view ,) an ,app5dix on ,h[ to ,read ! ,bible ,,by ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,m\lton1 ,editor ( ,! ,mod]n ,read]'s ,bible ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,dr4 ,m\lton's purpose 9 ?is book is1 z indicat$ 9 8 title1 to pres5t a concise view ( ! ,bible1 a view :i* %all make cle> its g5]al "* & cont5t & prep>e ! read] = m detail$ /udy aft]w>d4 ,dr4 ,m\lton's tra9+ & rese>*--he is ! au?or ( _m books be>+ on ! ,bible & ! editor ( ,! ,mod]n ,read]'s ,bible--well fit him = ! task :i* he has *os54 ,?is pres5tation ( ! broad outl9es ( ! ,bible _c b lead to a m g5]al & cle>] appreciation ( ! cont5t & real _s ( ! greate/ book 9 ! _w4 ,! app5dix (f]s a c\rse 9 ,bible read+ calculat$ to cons]ve "t & en]gy & to br+ bett] results ?an disorganiz$ ,bible read+4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s -- #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue -- ,new ,york ,?is ,life & ! ,next ,,! ,,effect ,,on ,,?is ,,life ,,( ,,fai? ,,9 ,,ano!r ,,by ,p4 ,t4 ,,=sy? ,price1 #a4jj ,immortality ne$s to be mortaliz$ & br\ght home to our daily life )\t los+ its my/ic spell4 ,s _m h turn$ x f a practical task into a !oretical problem2 f a ,gospel to our w into a riddle to our wits2 f a matt] ( consci5ce & duty to a matt] ( poetry & speculation1 re/+ x n on ! free grace ( ,god b on ! dim presumption ( man4 ,! reaction ( a belief 9 immortality1 its moral reb\nd1 ^u ?is life--,! egoism ( ,*ri/ & ! egoism ( ! anti-egoi/s--,! egoism ( ,god1 ! bless+ ( ! _w--,immortality1 a vocation r ?an a problem--,immortality z a cru%+ crisis1 a se>*+ judgm5t on life's int]ior--,"t's sacram5tal secret--,! ,k+dom ( ,god z ! real gr\nd ( ,*ri/ian belief 9 ! s\l's future--,immortality1 n cont9u$ b r$eem$ life--,immortality z behavior 9 a new dim5sion4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s -- #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue -- ,new ,york ,religion1 ,its ,prophets & ,false ,prophets ,,by ,,james ,,bi%op ,,?omas1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,!ological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,s\?4 #a4ej ,! object ( ?is book1 z its title sugge/s1 is a /udy ( ! hi/oric conflict betwe5 ! two types ( religion1 :i* may be designat$ z ! prophetic & ! exploit+ type4 ,x fur!r seeks to asc]ta9 ! !ological aspects & implications ( ! conte/1 to d ju/ice to ! !ological p]man5ce1 v]acity & bread? ( vision ( prophetism & to %[ h[ ! !ologies or hi]>*ies & ecclesia/icism 7 influ5c$ or manipulat$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! w to exploit4 ,aga9 x may be said t ! au?or seeks 9 ?is volume to discov] & /ate j :at ,*ri/ianity is4 ,9 ord] to d ?is he di/+ui%es betwe5 hi/oric ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ri/ianity ( its f\nd]4 ,8 conclusion is t ,! _w's greate/ ne$ z 9 ! pa/ s today1 is to und]/& & foll[ ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,*ri/4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s -- #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue -- ,new ,york ,religi\s ,h& ,books ,ea* ,sixty ,c5ts ,new ,horizon ( ,/ate & ,*ur* ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,faunce ,broad1 pr(\nd s*ol>%ip1 close relation%ip ) progressive s5tim5t all ov] ! l&1 & unusual p[]s ( ke5 analysis & graphic /atem5t are =ceful elem5ts 9 ',! ,new ,horizon ( ,/ate & ,*ur*4'--,philadelphia ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,man1 ! ,*ur* & ! ,w> ,,by ,,rob]t ,e4 ,,spe] ,dr4 ,spe] "h discusses ! ess5tials ( a problem :i* has ex]cis$ ,*ri/ian m5 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! w>4 ,he deals ) x sanely & 9 a mann] t w be consid]$ di/9ctly helpful4 ,! ,assurance ( ,immortality ,,by ,,h>ry ,,em]son ,,fosdick ,w be welcom$ by ^? :o ne$ to be %[n h[ mu* x means to ?is _w to believe t ?is life is b "p ( a va/ =ev]4--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,man ,,by ,,donald ,,hankey ,fill$ ) ! wise s9c]ity ( a religi\s conviction t c>es little = cre$ & miracle1 t f9ds ! :ole vade mecum ( life 9 ! simple facts ( ,*ri/'s active "w among m54--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,are ,y ,human8 ,,by ,,william ,,dewitt ,,hyde ,l a /++ fre% breeze lad5 ) ! v salt ( life & vigor4444 ,e man ought to get & dige/ ?is book4--,pacific ,*ur*man4 ,! ,be/ ,man ,i ,"k ,,by ,,william ,,dewitt ,,hyde ,all ! virtues & ! graces t make = f9e quality ( life are includ$4 ,!y are pres5t$ ) a vigor t is l ! /+ ( salt w9ds1 brac+ & :olesome4--,*ri/ian ,regi/]4 ,x's ,all 9 ! ,day's ,"w ,,by ,,h5ry ,,*ur*ill ,,k+ ,good brac+ c\nsel 444 a book = all :o wi% to acquit !mselves well 9 ! battle ( life4--,! ,dial4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s -- #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue -- ,new ,york