,biblio?que nationale de ,france        
7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at                    
http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr7                
,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution--,,bureau ,,( 
,,e?nology4    ,,anci5t ,,pott]y    ,,( 
,,!    ,,mississippi ,,valley4    ,,by  
,,william ,h4 ,,holmes4         99      
99       99       99       99           
,,cont5ts4                              
,page4   ,introductory                  
#cfg   ,c]amic gr\ps                    
#cfi     ,middle ,mississippi prov9ce   
#cfi         ,di/ribution               
#cfi         ,h[ f\nd                   
#cgj         ,age                       
#cga         ,use                       
#cga         ,con/ruction               
#cgb         ,mat]ial                   
#cgb         ,color                     
#cgc         ,=m                        
#cgc         ,f9i%                      
#cgc         ,ornam5t                   
#cgc         ,modification ( %ape       
#cgc         ,relief ornam5t            
#cgd         ,intaglio designs          

#cgd         ,designs 9 color           
#cgd         ,classification ( =ms      
#cge         ,orig9 ( =m                
#cgf       ,b[ls                        
#cgf         ,=m                        
#cgf         ,ornam5t                   
#cgg         ,illu/rations              
#cgh         ,ord9>y =ms                
#cgh         ,ecc5tric =ms              
#chj         ,life =ms                  
#chc       ,pot-%ap$ vessels            
#cib         ,mat]ial                   
#cic         ,=m                        
#cic         ,h&les                     
#cic         ,orig9 ( h&les             
#cic         ,ornam5t                   
#cid         ,illu/rations              
#cid       ,wide-m\!d bottles or j>s    
#cih         ,=m                        
#cii         ,ornam5t                   
#cii         ,illu/rations              
#cii         ,ord9>y =ms                
#cii         ,ecc5tric =ms              
#djc         ,life =ms                  
#djd       ,high-neck$ bottles          

#daa         ,=m                        
#daa         ,ornam5t                   
#dab         ,illu/rations              
#dac         ,ord9>y =ms                
#dac         ,ecc5tric =ms              
#dbj         ,life =ms                  
#dbb     ,upp] ,mississippi prov9ce     
#dbf     ,gulf prov9ce                  
#dca     ,rsum                          
#dcd   ,,illu/rations4                  
,page4   ,,fig4 #cfa4--,scale ( =ms     
#cgf        #cfb4--;,=ms ( b[ls         
#cgf        #cfc4--,rim modification    
#cgg        #cfd4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas     
#cgh        #cfe4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas     
#cgh        #cff4--;,cup3 ,arkansas     
#cgi        #cfg4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas     
#cgi        #cfh4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas     
#chj        #cfi4--;,cup3 ,arkansas     
#chj        #cgj4--;,cup3 ,arkansas     
#chj        #cga4--,rectangul> b[l3     
,arkansas              #cha             
#cgb4--;,burial casket3 ,t5nessee       
#cha        #cgc4--,tr\gh-%ap$ vessel3  
,arkansas          #chb                 

#cgd4--;,clay vessels imitat+ %ell      
#chd        #cge4--;,b[l imitat+ a con* 
%ell            #chd                    
#cgf4--;,frog-%ap$ b[l3 ,arkansas       
#che        #cgg4--;,frog-%ap$ b[l3     
,arkansas              #che             
#cgh4--;,animal-%ap$ b[l3 ,arkansas     
#che        #cgi4--;,bird-%ap$ b[l3     
,arkansas              #chf             
#chj4--;,bird-%ap$ b[l3 ,arkansas       
#chf        #cha4--;,bird-%ap$ b[l3     
,arkansas              #chg             
#chb4--;,b[l ) grotesque heads3         
,arkansas     #chg        #chc4--;,heads
 ( birds                          #chh  
#chd4--;,grotesque heads                
#chh        #che4--;,b[l ) grotesque    
head3 ,arkansas      #chi               
#chf4--;,b[l ) grotesque head3 ,arkansas
      #chi        #chg4--;,b[l )        
grotesque h&le3 ,arkansas    #cij       
#chh4--;,animal-%ap$ b[l3 ,arkansas     
#cij        #chi4--;,animal-%ap$ b[l3   
,arkansas            #cia               
#cij4--;,b[l ) bat's head3 ,arkansas    

#cib        #cia4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas     
#cib        #cib4--;,=ms ( pots         
#cic        #cic4--;,h&les              
#cic        #cid4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cid        #cie4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cie        #cif4--,pot3 ,t5nessee      
#cie        #cig4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cie        #cih4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cie        #cii4--,pot3 ,alabama       
#cif        #djj4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cif        #dja4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cif        #djb4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cif        #djc4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cig        #djd4--,pot3 ,t5nessee      
#cig        #dje4--,pot3 ,arkansas      
#cih        #djf4--;,=ms ( j>-%ap$      
bottles             #cii                
#djg4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas              
#cii        #djh4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas  
#djj        #dji4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas  
#djj        #daj4--;,engrav$ bottle3    
,arkansas               #dja            
#daa4--;,engrav$ bottle3 ,arkansas      
#dja        #dab4--;,engrav$ design     
#djb        #dac4--,teapot-%ap$ vessel3 

,arkansas          #djc                 
#dad4--,vessel ( ecc5tric =m3 ,arkansas 
#djc        #dae4--,vessel ( ecc5tric   
=m3 ,arkansas      #djd                 
#daf4--;,animal-%ap$ vase3 ,arkansas    
#djd        #dag4--,sun-fi% vase3       
,arkansas                 #dje          
#dah4--,opossum vase3 ,arkansas         
#dje        #dai4--;,animal-%ap$ vase3  
,arkansas            #djf               
#dbj4--;,head-%ap$ vase3 ,arkansas      
#djg        #dba4--;,engrav$ figures    
#djh        #dbb4--;,head cov]+         
#djh        #dbc4--;,head-%ap$ vase3    
,arkansas              #dji             
#dbd4--;,head-%ap$ vase3 ,arkansas      
#daj        #dbe4--,scale ( =ms         
#daa        #dbf4--,tripods             
#daa        #dbg4--,/&s                 
#dab        #dbh4--;,comp\nd =ms (      
vessels               #dab              
#dbi4--;,adaptation ( ! human =m        
#dab        #dcj4--;,bottle3 ,t5nessee  
#dac        #dca4--;,g\rd-%ap$ vessel3  
,t5nessee          #dac                 

#dcb4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas              
#dad        #dcc4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas  
#dad        #dcd4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas  
#dae        #dce4--;,engrav$ bottle3    
,arkansas               #daf            
#dcf4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas              
#dag        #dcg4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas  
#dag        #dch4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas  
#dah        #dci4--;,flut$ bottle3      
,arkansas                 #dai          
#ddj4--;,engrav$ bottle3 ,arkansas      
#dai        #dda4--,tripod bottle3      
,arkansas                 #dbj          
#ddb4--,tripod bottle3 ,arkansas        
#dba        #ddc4--,tripod bottle3      
,arkansas                 #dba          
#ddd4--;,bottle ( ecc5tric =m3 ,arkansas
      #dbb        #dde4--,owl-%ap$      
bottle3 ,arkansas             #dbb      
#ddf4--;,be>-%ap$ bottle3 ,t5nessee     
#dbc        #ddg4--;,be>-%ap$ bottle3   
,arkansas            #dbc               
#ddh4--;,bottle ) human head3 ,arkansas 
#dbd        #ddi4--;,bottle ) human     
head3 ,arkansas        #dbd             

#dej4--;,bottle ) human head3 ,arkansas 
#dbd        #dea4--;,bottle ) human     
head3 ,arkansas        #dbd             
#deb4--;,bottle ) human head3 ,arkansas 
#dbe        #dec4--,position ( feet     
#dbe        #ded4--;,bottle ) human =m3 
,arkansas        #dbf                   
#dee4--;,bottle ) human =m3 ,arkansas   
#dbf        #def4--,vase3 ,i[a          
#dbh        #deg4--,vase3 ,wiscons9     
#dbi        #deh4--,vase3 ,ill9ois      
#dcj        #dei4--;,cup3 ,alabama      
#dca        #dfj4--;,b[l3 ,alabama      
#dcb        #dfa4--;,bottle3            
,mississippi                     #dcb   
#dfb4--;,bottle3 ,alabama               
#dcc        #dfc4--,pa9t$ design        
#dcd     ,,anci5t ,,pott]y ,,( ,,!      
,,mississippi ,,valley4   ,by ,,william 
,h4 ,,holmes4   ,,introductory4  ,?is   
pap] is ! ?ird ( a s]ies ( prelim9>y    
/udies ( aborig9al c]amic art :i* are   
int5d$ to be absorb$ into a f9al "w ( a 
compreh5sive "*4  ,! gr\ps ( relics     
select$ = ^! /udies are 9 all cases (   

limit$ ext5t1 & are su* z c lay claim to
 a consid]able degree ( complet5ess4 ,x 
is true t no s]ies ( ar*ologic objects c
 ev] be consid]$ complete1 b 9          
exceptional cases ! s\rces ( supply may 
be s ?or\ghly explor$ t ! developm5t (  
new features ( importance _c reasonably 
be expect$4 ,if any s]ies ( ,am]ican    
c]amic products has rea*$ su* a         
condition1 x is t ( ! middle portions ( 
! ,mississippi ,valley2 yet1 ev5 9 ?is  
case1 ,i consid] x unwise to attempt a  
monographic /udy1 & pref] to s+le out a 
p>ticul> collection1 mak+ x ! subject ( 
a ?or\gh inve/igation4  ,:5 ! idea (    
prep>+ su* a pap] 0 fir/ conceiv$1 !    
collection pres5t+ ! greate/ advantages 
0 t ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at 
,dav5port1 ,i[a1 :i* 01 !re=e1 *os54    
,o!r museums1 especially ^? at          
,cambridge1 ,sa9t ,l\is1 & ,wa%+ton1 7  
ri* 9 mat]ial f ?is region1 b none ( ^! 
collections 7 s homog5e\s &             
satisfactory4  ,! ,national ,museum has 
rec5tly receiv$ important accessions f !

 ,mississippi ,valley1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( !
 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 & ere !           
publication ( ?is pap] w probably excel 
all o!rs 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( its m\nd  
relics4 ,"s ( its mat]ial has already   
be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,*>les ,rau1 ,pr(4  
,c4 ,c4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,jones1 &  
myself1 & sev]al additional examples are
 giv5 9 ?is pap]4  ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4    
,putnam has describ$ & illu/rat$ _m     
pieces belong+ to ! ,peabody ,museum1 & 
,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,pott] & ,dr4 ,edw>d  
,ev]s h issu$ an important "w on ! ,sa9t
 ,l\is collections1 9 ,contributions to 
! ,ar*ology ( ,miss\ri4  ,?is /udy is   
int5d$ to pave ! way to a ?or\gh        
classification ( ! multitude ( relics1 &
 to ! discov]y ( a me?od ( proc$ure     
suit$ to a broad & exhau/ive treatm5t ( 
! c]amic art4  ,i d n expect to discuss 
e?nical que/ions1 al?\gh c]amic /udies w
 ev5tually be ( assi/ance 9 det]m9+ !   
di/ribution & migrations ( peoples1 & 9 
fix+ ! *ronology ( v remote ev5ts 9 !   
hi/ory ( pott]y-mak+ races4  ,"s ( !    

results ( my /udies ( ! evolution>y     
phase ( ! subject are embodi$ 9 an      
accompany+ pap] ^u ! ,orig9 &           
,developm5t ( ,=m & ,ornam5t1 & a second
 pap] w soon foll[4 ,be=e ! f9al "w is  
issu$ ,i hope to make close /udies ( all
 ! pr9cipal collections1 public &       
private4 ,9 su* a "w ! importance (     
great numb]s ( examples _c be           
ov]e/imat$4 ,facts c be le>n$ f a few   
specim5s1 b relation%ips & pr9ciples c  
only be d]iv$ f ! /udy ( multitudes4  ,i
 %all probably h occasion to modify _m (
 ! views advanc$ 9 ^! prelim9>y pap]s1 b
 x is only by pu%+ out su* advance gu>ds
 t ! f9al goal c be rea*$4  ,s9ce !     
orig9al issue ( ?is pap] 9 ! ,proce$+s (
 ! ,dav5port ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 a     
c>eful revision ( ! text has be5 made & 
mu* additional matt] & a numb] (        
illu/rations h be5 add$4  ,i wi% 9 ?is  
place to express my obligations to !    
(fic]s & memb]s ( ! ,dav5port ,academy (
 ,sci5ces1 & especially to ,mrs4 ,m4 ,l4
 ,d4 ,putnam & ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pratt1 ^: 

g5]\s aid has be5 ( ! greate/ s]vice to 
me4   ,,c]amic ,,gr\ps4  ,9 /udy+ !     
collections f ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ,i
 f9d x conv5i5t to classify ! c]amic    
products 9 ?ree great gr\ps1 :i* belong 
to z _m pretty well-def9$ di/ricts2 ^!  
,i h nam$1 = conv5i5ce ( treatm5t1 !    
,upp] ,mississippi1 ! ,middle           
,mississippi1 & ! ,l[] ,mississippi or  
,gulf prov9ces4 ,o!r pott]y occurs )9 ! 
limits ( ^! areas1 b ! examples f\nd 9 !
 museums are s few t v little (         
importance c be le>n$ f !m4  ,! ?ree    
gr\ps enum]at$ are n equally repres5t$4 
,! great body ( our collections is f !  
middle prov9ce4 ,! w>e ( ! ,l[]         
,mississippi or ,gulf di/rict1 ( :i* we 
h b a small numb] ( pieces1 has _m      
features 9 common ) ! pott]y ( ! middle 
di/rict1 & at ! same "t is id5tical 9   
mo/ respects ) t ( ! ,gulf coa/ to !    
ea/4 ,no well-def9$ l9e c be drawn      
betwe5 !m2 b ! w>e ( ! nor? is :olly    
di/9ct & ne$ nev] be conf\nd$ ) ! o!r   
gr\ps4   ,,middle ,,mississippi         

,,prov9ce4  ,,di/ribution4--,x mu/ n be 
inf]r$ t !re is p]fect uni=mity 9 !     
pott]y ( ?is1 or any o!r1 ext5d$ region2
 local peculi>ities are always to be    
f\nd4 ,! products ( contigu\s di/ricts1 
su*1 = example1 z ^? ( ,mississippi     
,c\nty1 ,arkansas1 & ,new ,madrid       
,c\nty1 ,miss\ri1 h mu* 9 common1 & w at
 once be recogniz$ z belong+ to ! same  
family1 yet ! diff]5ces are s m>k$ t !  
unskill$ obs]v] c\ld po9t !m out ) ease4
  ,z indicat$ by decid$ family          
resemblances1 ! w>es ( ?is gr\p ext5d   
ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,/ates ( ,miss\ri1  
,arkansas1 & ,t5nessee1 cov] l>ge       
portions ( ,mississippi1 ,k5tucky1 &    
,ill9ois1 & rea* some:at into ,i[a1     
,indiana1 ,alabama1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas4
 ,! types are bett] m>k$ & ! products m 
abundant ab\t ! c5t] ( ?is area1 :i* may
 be def9$ r\ghly z includ+ contigu\s    
p>ts ( ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 & ,t5nessee1
 ) a pretty decid$ focal c5t]1 at lea/ 9
 ! abundance ( relics1 at ,pecan ,po9t1 
,arkansas4  ,! bord]s ( ! di/rict are   

necess>ily n cle>ly def9$4 ,! *>act]s ( 
! art products bl5d m or less ) ^? (    
neighbor+ sections4 ,?is is a usual     
ph5om5on1 & is probably due to a v>iety 
( causes4 ,! m]e contact ( peoples leads
 to ! ex*ange ( ideas1 &1 consequ5tly1  
to simil>ities 9 ! products ( indu/ry4  
,a *ange ( habitat1 ) its consequ5t     
*ange ( environm5t1 is capable ( modify+
 art to a great ext5t4 ,gr\ps ( relics &
 rema9s attribut$ by ar*ologi/s to      
di/9ct /ocks ( p1 may1 9 cases1 be ! "w 
( "o & ! same p execut$ "u ! influ5ce ( 
diff]5t environm5ts & at widely sep>at$ 
p]iods ( "t4  ,mix$ conditions 9 !      
rema9s ( a locality are (t5 due to !    
pres5ce ( diff]5t peoples1 syn*ron\sly  
or o!rwise4 ,?is occurs 9 _m places on !
 outskirts ( ?is di/rict1 a good        
illu/ration be+ f\nd 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1  
:]e ?ree or f\r di/9ct gr\ps ( w>e are  
int]m+l$4 ,z w\ld naturally be expect$1 
! di/ribution is gov]n$ some:at by !    
great wat]-ways1 & pott]y ( ?is prov9ce 
is f\nd f> up ! ,ohio1 ,t5nessee1 &     

,arkansas ,riv]s4  ,,h[ ,,f\nd4--,all   
peoples h resort$1 at "s p]iod ( _!     
hi/ory1 to ! practice ( bury+ articles (
 use or value ) ! dead4 ,x is to ?is    
cu/om t we owe ! pres]vation ( s _m     
entire pieces ( ^! fragile ut5sils4 ,!y 
are exhum$ f burial m\nds 9 great       
numb]s1 & to an equal ext5t1 p]haps1 f  
simple1 unm>k$ graves :i* are con/antly 
be+ br\ght to light by ! pl[%>e4        
,fragm5t>y w>e is f\nd also 9 refuse    
heaps1 on h\se & village sites1 &       
scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! face ( ! l&4     
,?is pott]y1 at its be/1 0 probably n   
greatly sup]ior 9 h>dness to our own s(t
 e>!nw>e1 & ! dis9tegrat+ ag5cies ( !   
soil h (t5 r$uc$ x to a v fragile /ate4 
,"s writ] has express$ ! belief t a     
consid]able portion ( ! w>e ( ?is       
prov9ce 0 sun-bak$ m]ely4 ,?is view is  
h>dly a safe "o1 h[ev]1 z clay1 unmix$ )
 lime or o!r l indurat+ +r$i5t1 no matt]
 h[ long expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 w\ld1
 f ages ( contact ) ! moi/ e>?1 c]ta9ly 
return to its orig9al condition4 ,i h   

se5 b few pieces t1 ev5 aft] ! blea*+ ( 
c5turies1 did n %[ traces ( ! d>k       
mottl+s t result f imp]fect fir+4 ,!re  
probably 0 a p]iod ( unbak$ clay prec$+ 
! t]ra-cotta epo*1 b we _c expect to f9d
 def9ite traces ( its exi/5ce except1   
p]haps1 9 cases :]e l>ge masses1 su* z  
m\nds or =tifications1 7 employ$4  ,!   
relations ( ! v>i\s articles ( pott]y to
 ! bodies ) :i* !y 7 associat$ seem to  
be q v>i$4 ,! position ( ea* vessel 0   
det]m9$ by its cont5ts1 by its symbolic 
use1 or by ! pleasure ( ! depositor4    
,uni=mity _c be expect$ 9 ?is m ?an 9   
o!r features ( burial4 ,9 o!r sections (
 ! c\ntry ! pieces ( pott]y are said to 
h be5 brok5 be=e f9al inhumation took   
place1 b su* 0 c]ta9ly n ! practice 9   
?is prov9ce4  ,,age4--,!re c be no      
reasonable d\bt t ! manufacture ( ?is   
w>e began _m c5turies be=e ! adv5t ( !  
:ite race1 b x is equally c]ta9 t ! art 
0 ext5sively practic$ until q rec5t     
times4 ,! e>ly explor]s ( ,l\isiana saw 
x 9 use1 & ! processes ( manufacture are

 describ$ by ,dumont & o!rs4  ,possibly 
,du ,pratz _h 9 m9d "s ( ! id5tical     
vessels n[ ^u our museum %elves :5 he   
said t ! wom5 make pots ( an extraord9>y
 size1 j>s ) a m$ium-siz$ op5+1 b[ls1   
two-p9t bottles ) long necks1 pots or   
jugs = conta9+ be>'s oil1 :i* hold z mu*
 z =ty p9ts1 & f9ally plates & di%es 9 !
 ,fr5* fa%ion4#a  ,vessels 7 c]ta9ly    
made 9 great numb]s by ! ,nat*ez & o!r  
tribes )9 our p]iod1 & x is reasonable  
to suppose t !y belong$ to ! great gr\p 
"u discussion4 ,if n1 x w be necess>y to
 seek ! cause ( _! total disappe>ance1  
s9ce1 z ,i h already said1 ! pott]y (   
?is di/rict1 z %[n by ! relics1 is      
practically a unit4  ,! introduction (  
metal ut5sils 0 a dea?-bl[ to ! native  
indu/ry1 al?\gh "s ( ! s\!rn tribes1 !  
,*]okees1 = example1 seem to h practic$ 
! art cont9u\sly1 9 a v limit$ way1 d[n 
to ! pres5t "t4 ,!re is b little evid5ce
 ( ! influ5ce ( ! art ( ! :ites ^u !    
c]amic products ( ?is prov9ce1 al?\gh ! 
=ms are sometimes ?\ght to be sugge/ive 

( ,european models4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 
t ! art _h rea*$ its highe/ /age )\t !  
aid ( civiliz$ h&s1 & 9 ! /udy ( its _m 
int]e/+ features we c feel assur$ t we  
are deal+ ) purely aborig9al ideas4  ,! 
pott]y ( ?is prov9ce is rem>kably       
homog5e\s 9 "*1 & we are w>rant$ 9      
assign+ x to a s+le p]iod ( culture1 &1 
9 conclud+1 t ! peoples :o develop$ &   
practic$ ! art belong$ to a gr\p (      
closely-alli$ tribes4 ,we c also /ate   
)\t fe> ( precipitat+ a controv]sy t ! p
 :o made ?is pott]y 7 m\nd-build]s4 ,at 
! same "t1 !y 7 n necess>ily ( ! same p 
z ! build]s ( ! m\nds ( ,wiscons91      
,ohio1 or ,georgia or contemporane\s )  
!m4      ,footnote #a3 ,du ,pratz3      
,hi/oire de la ,l\isiane1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4
     #agi4  ,,use4--,x is difficult to  
det]m9e ! functions ( ! v>i\s =ms (     
vessels4 ,we are safe 9 /at+ t 9 v      
primitive times ne>ly all 7 int5d$ = use
 9 ! dome/ic arts1 & t z "t w5t on uses 
7 diff]5tiat$--=m1 z a consequ5ce1      
und]go+ _m *anges4 ,e>ly writ]s on !    

,s\!rn ,/ates m5tion a numb] ( ord9>y   
uses1 su* z cook+1 ! c>ry+ & boil+ (    
wat]1 ! manufacture ( sug> & salt1 & !  
pres]vation ( honey1 oil1 & pa9t4  ,only
 a small p]c5tage ( ! vessels1 & ^!     
g5]ally ( ! pot-%ap$ v>iety1 %[         
indications ( use ov] fire4 ,x is well  
kn[n t ) mo/ peoples p>ticul> =ms 7     
devot$ to especial c]emonial uses4 ,!   
con/ruction ( vases exclusively =       
mortu>y purposes 0 probably n g5]ally   
practic$1 al?\gh a few examples1 notably
 ^? illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #cgb & #dbj1 po9t
 decid$ly 9 ?is direction4  ,! simple   
conditions ( life ) ^! p are indicat$ by
 ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 =ms4 ,lamps1 :i/les1  
toys1 bricks1 tiles1 & o!r articles 9   
common use ) _m b>b>ic nations1 are n   
f\nd 9 ?is prov9ce4 ,pipes1 s neatly    
%ap$ by o!r m\nd-build+ peoples1 are "h 
( a v rude "*1 a po9t indicat+ decid$   
di/9ctions betwe5 ! tribes ( ?is prov9ce
 & ^? ( neighbor+ sections4             
,,con/ruction4--,! me?ods ( manufacture 
h evid5tly be5 ( a primitive "*4 ,! :eel

 or la! has n be5 us$4 ,at ! adv5t ( !  
:ites1 ! natives 7 obs]v$ to build _!   
vessels by a process kn[n z coil+1 & by 
model+ ov] g\rds1 & ov] blocks ( wood & 
masses ( indurat$ clay %ap$ = ! purpose4
  ,x is probable t 9 _m cases ! support 
0 n a mold 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b 0 simply a
 r\nd$ object ( small size held 9 "o h& 
:ile ! base ( ! vessel 0 =m$ ov] x by ! 
o!r4 ,r\nd$ pebbles1 or ! mu%room-%ap$  
objects ( clay sometimes f\nd 9 ! m\nds1
 w\ld h s]v$ ! purpose p]fectly4        
,tr[els1 paddles1 /amps1 poli%+-/ones1 &
 o!r implem5ts 7 us$ 9 f9i%+4  ,baskets 
7 also us$ z molds1 & pliable fabrics1  
su* z nets & co>se clo?s1 7 employ$ 9 "s
 sections4 ,! me?ods ( bak+ h app>5tly n
 be5 describ$ 9 mu* detail by e>ly      
writ]s1 b ! w>e itself be>s ! m>ks ( ^? 
simple processes kn[n to our mod]n      
tribes4 ,x is highly probable t ! "w 0  
done by ! wom51 & t ea* community _h its
 skill$ pott]s1 :o built & bak$ ! w>e 9 
! op5 air1 go+ ?r\gh ^? simple mumm]ies 
t accompany ! "w among mo/ primitive    

peoples4  ,,mat]ial4--,! mat]ial employ$
 0 usually a mod]ately f9e-gra9$ clay1  
temp]$1 9 a great majority ( cases1 )   
pulv]iz$ %ells4 ,! %ells us$ 7 d\btless 
obta9$ f ! neighbor+ riv]s4 ,9 _m ( !   
vessels ! p>ticles are l>ge1 measur+ z  
mu* z "o-f\r? or ev5 "o-half ( an in* 9 
wid?1 b 9 ! m elegant vases ! %ell has  
be5 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,p[d]$ pot%]ds 
7 also us$4 ,! clay 01 app>5tly1 (t5    
impure or loamy4 ,x 01 probably1 at     
times1 obta9$ f rec5t alluvial deposits 
( ! bay\s--! s$im5t ( ov]fl[s--z 0 !    
pott]'s clay ( ! ,nile4 ,!re is no      
reason = believ+ t ! f9] processes (    
p[d]+ & levigation 7 kn[n4 ,a slip or   
wa% ( v f9ely comm9ut$ clay 0 sometimes 
appli$ to ! surface ( ! vessel4 ,! walls
 ( ! vessels are (t5 ?ick & unev51 & are
 always q por\s1 a feature ( no little  
importance 9 ! /orage ( dr9k+-wat]1 b "o
 result+ f accid5t r ?an f design4      
,,color4--,! pa/e ( ?is w>e pres5ts two 
m>k$ v>ieties ( color1 a d>k & a light  
hue4 ,9 a majority ( cases x is d>k1    

rang+ f a ri* black to all %ades ( br[n 
& gray4 ,! light] t9ts are usually w>m  
o*rey grays1 r>ely approa*+ r$di% or    
t]ra-cotta hues4 ,x is highly probable t
 ! diff]5ces ( color 71 to "s ext5t1    
int5tionally produc$1 & t ! mat]ial or  
me?ods ( fir+ 7 regulat$ 9 a way to     
produce "o t9t or ano!r at pleasure4    
,?is !ory is confirm$ by ! fact t c]ta9 
=ms ( vases are pretty g5]ally d>k1 :ile
 c]ta9 o!r =ms are z uni=mly light--!   
latt] 9 ne>ly all cases be+ us$ = !     
application ( color1 or ( designs 9     
color4  ,,=m4--,?is w>e exhibits a great
 v>iety ( =ms1 _m ( :i* are extremely   
pleas+4 ,9 ?is respect x is f> sup]ior  
to ! o!r prehi/oric gr\ps ( ! ea/]n     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! %apes are z v>i$ &    
elegant z ^? ( ! anci5t ,pueblo pott]y1 
b are inf]ior to ^? ( ,mexico1 ,c5tral  
,am]ica1 & ,p]u4 ,!y take a high] rank  
?an ! prehi/oric w>es ( c5tral & nor!rn 
,europe1 b z a matt] ( c\rse lack !     
symmetry & ref9em5t ( outl9e t *>act]ize
 ! :eel-made w>es ( ,m$it]ranean        

c\ntries4  ,z ,i classify by =m f>!r on1
 & discuss ! orig9 ( =m z ea* =m-gr\p is
 pres5t$1 ,i %all n make fur!r ref]5ce  
to ?is topic "h4  ,,f9i%4--,! f9i%1 z   
comp>$ ) ! "w ( civiliz$ nations1 is    
rude4 ,! surface is (t5 simply h& or    
tr[el smoo!d4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 x 0 m or 
less c>efully poli%$ by rubb+ ) an      
implem5t ( /one1 %ell1 bone1 or o!r     
suitable sub/ance1 ! m>k+s ( ^! tools   
be+ di/9ctly visible4 ,no?+ resembl+ a  
glaze has be5 f\nd on pieces kn[n to be 
anci5t4 ,! surface 0 sometimes wa%$ or  
coat$ ) a slip or film ( f9e clay :i*   
facilitat$ ! poli%+1 & 9 v _m cases a   
coat ( ?ick r$ o*] 0 appli$4            
,,ornam5t4--,! anci5t pott] ( ! middle  
prov9ce has tak5 especial delight 9 !   
embelli%m5t ( 8 w>es1 & ! devices us$   
are v>i$ & int]e/+4 ,!y include1 fir/1  
fanciful modifications ( =m2 second1    
relief ornam5t2 ?ird1 intaglio figures2 
&1 f\r?1 designs 9 color4  ,modification
 ( %ape4--,x c h>dly be claim$ t !      
anci5t peoples ( ?is region _h a v ref9$

 appreciation ( elegance ( outl9e1 yet !
 simple1 ess5tial =ms ( cups & pots 7 by
 no means satisfactory to !m4 ,!re are  
_m modifications ( %ape t indicate a    
ta/e = high] types ( beauty1 & a con/ant
 attempt to realize !m4 ,! /hetic       
s5tim5t 0 consid]ably develop$4  ,!re is
 also a decid$ t5d5cy t[>d ! grotesque4 
,to su* an extreme h ! dictates ( fancy 
be5 foll[$1 9 ?is respect1 t utility1 ! 
true (fice ( ! ut5sil1 has (t5 tak5 a   
second>y place1 al?\gh x is nev] lo/    
sight ( entirely4 ,b[ls h be5 fa%ion$   
into ! %apes ( birds1 fi%es1 & reptiles1
 & vases & bottles into a multitude (   
animal & vegetable =ms )\t app>5t reg>d 
to conv5i5ce4 ,all ( ^! modifications ( 
ess5tial =ms 7 d\btless look$ ^u z1 9 a 
s5se1 ornam5tal4 ,s f> z ,i c det]m9e !y
 7 9 no case int5d$ to be humor\s4      
,relief ornam5t4--,decorative ideas ( a 
purely conv5tional "* are (t5 work$ out 
9 bo? l[ & sali5t relief4 ,?is is       
g5]ally accompli%$ by ! addition ( nodes
 & fillets ( clay to ! pla9 surfaces ( !

 vessel4 ,fillets are appli$ 9 v>i\s    
ways ov] ! body1 =m+ horizontal1        
oblique1 & v]tical b&s or ribs4 ,:5     
plac$ ab\t ! rim or base1 ^! fillets are
 (t5 ind5t$ ) ! f+] or an implem5t 9 a  
way to imitate1 rudely1 a heavy twi/$   
cord--a feature evid5tly borr[$ f       
basketry4 ,nodes are likewise atta*$ 9  
v>i\s ways to ! neck & body ( ! vessel4 
,9 "s cases ! entire surface ( ! l>g]   
vessels is v>i$ by p9*+ up small bits ( 
! clay betwe5 ! nails ( ! f+]s & ?umb4  
,an implem5t is sometimes us$ to produce
 a simil> result4  ,intaglio            
designs4--,! /hetic t5d5cies ( ^! pott]s
 are well %[n by _! essays 9 engrav+4   
,!y work$ ) po9ts ^u bo? ! pla/ic & !   
sun-dri$ clay1 z well z at times ^u !   
fire-bak$ surface4 ,figures ?us produc$ 
exhibit a wide range ( arti/ic          
a*ievem5t4 ,!y illu/rate all /ages (    
progress f ! mo/ ar*aic type (          
ornam5t--! use ( dots & /raight l9es--to
 ! mo/ elegant comb9ations ( curves2 &1 
f9ally1 to ! del9eation ( life =ms &    

fanciful conceptions4  ,g5]ally1 :5 a   
blunt implem5t is employ$1 ! l9e is     
produc$ by a movem5t t ,i %all call     
trail+1 9 contradi/9ction to incision1 9
 :i* a %>p po9t is us$1 & excision or   
excavation1 :i* is m easily accompli%$ )
 ! end ( a holl[ re$ or bone4 ,impress$ 
or /amp$ ornam5t is ( r>e occurr5ce1 &  
any?+ l rep\sse "w is practically       
unkn[n4 ,! practice ( impress+ cords &  
fabrics 0 common among _m ( ! nor!rn    
tribes1 & nets h be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture
 & ornam5tation ( vases at _m po9ts )9  
?is prov9ce4 ,! use ( /amps1 especially 
prep>$1 0 9 vogue 9 mo/ ( ! ,gulf       
,/ates1 & to a limit$ ext5t 9 nor!rn    
localities4  ,designs 9 color4--,!      
colors us$ 9 pa9t+ are :ite1 r$1 br[n1 &
 black1 & h g5]ally consi/$ ( ?ick1     
opaque1 clayey pa/e1 :ite or color$ )   
o*]s4 ,occasionally ! colors us$ seem to
 h be5 m]e /a9s4 ,all 7 probably laid on
 ) co>se bru%es ( hair1 fea!rs1 or      
vegetable fib]4 ,! figures are 9 mo/    
cases simple1 & are appli$ 9 broad1 bold

 l9es1 indicative ( a /rong tal5t =     
decoration4 ,! =ms are1 to a great      
ext5t1 curvil9e>1 & embrace me&]s1      
scrolls1 circles1 & comb9ations & gr\p+s
 ( curv$ l9es 9 great v>iety4 ,(        
rectil9e> =ms1 loz5ges1 guillo*es1      
zigzags1 & *eck]s are be/ kn[n4  ,!     
decid$ preval5ce ( curv$ =ms is wor?y ( 
rem>k4 ,) all _! f]tility ( inv5tion1 ! 
inhabitants ( ?is valley seem nev] to h 
a*iev$ ! rectangul> l9k$ me&]1 or any?+ 
m ne>ly approa*+ x ?an ! curr5t scroll  
or ! angul> guillo*e1 :ile o!r peoples1 
su* z ! ,pueblos ( ! ,s\?we/ & ! anci5t 
nations ( ,mexico & ,p]u f\nd 9 x a *ief
 res\rce4 ,! reasons = ?is1 z well z =  
o!r peculi>ities ( ! decorative art ( ! 
m\nd-build]s z embodi$ 9 pott]y1 mu/ be 
s\ght = 9 ! antec$5t & coxi/5t arts ( ^!
 tribes4 ,^! peoples 7 c]ta9ly n highly 
accompli%$ 9 ! textile arts1 nor _h !y  
felt ! influ5ce ( advanc$ ar*itecture   
su* z t ( ,mexico4 ,! influ5ce ( su*    
arts inevitably gives rise to angul>    
geometric figures4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 !    

rema9s ( ! m\nd-build]s w\ld seem to    
po9t to a hyp]borean orig9 = bo? ! p &  
_! arts4  ,! orig9 ( decorative ideas1 !
 processes by :i* !y are acquir$ by !   
v>i\s arts1 & _! subsequ5t mutations (  
=m & significance are matt]s ( ! greate/
 int]e/1 & a sep>ate pap] w be devot$ to
 _! consid]ation4  ,,classification ,,( 
,,=ms4--,=m _c be made a satisfactory   
basis ( classification1 yet )9 a giv5   
gr\p ( products1 def9$ by g5]al *>act]s1
 a classification by %ape w be f\nd to  
facilitate description4 ,9 mak+ su* a   
classification we mu/ di/+ui% ess5tial f
 non-ess5tial features1 t is to say1 =  
example1 t b[ls mu/ be plac$ ) b[ls1    
bottles ) bottles1 etc41 disreg>d+ !    
v>i\s fanciful modifications giv5 to    
rims1 necks1 & bodies = ! sake (        
embelli%m5t4 ,to recognize ^! adv5titi\s
 features1 :i* are almo/ inf9ite 9      
v>iety1 w\ld be to greatly emb>rass =m  
classification4  ,!re is also ano!r     
difficulty 9 ! employm5t ( =m 9         
classification--! nom5clature is v      

imp]fect4 ,we _c use ,greek names1 z our
 =ms correspond 9 a v few in/ances only 
) ! highly develop$ =ms kn[n to classic 
art4 ,our own pla9 t]ms1 al?\gh         
defective1 are bett] & f> m appropriate4
 ,all necess>y correlations ( =m c      
readily be made :5 ! comp>ative /udy ( !
 pott]y ( ! _w is und]tak54  ,if we take
 a full set ( ^! primitive vessels &    
arrange !m 9 ! ord] ( increas+          
complexity we h an unbrok5 s]ies rang+ f
 ! simple/ cup to ! high-neck$ bottle ) 
p]=at$ foot or ) tripod4 ,a p>tial s]ies
 is %[n 9 ! upp] l9e1 ,fig #cfa4 ,a     
multitude ( v>iations f ^! outl9es are  
f\nd1 a few ( :i* are sugge/$ 9 ! l[]   
l9e4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfa4--,scale
 ( =ms4  ,comp\nd1 ecc5tric1 & life =ms 
are giv5 else:]e4  ,9 decid+ ^u ! ord] (
 arrangem5t = ! v>i\s =m gr\ps1 ,i %all 
be gov]n$ by :at appe>s to be ! natural 
ord] ( evolution--a progress f simple to
 complex4 ,fir/ !n we h bas9-l vessels1 
su* z di%es1 cups1 & b[ls4 ,second1     
vases ) wide m\?s & some:at globul>     

bodies1 ! l>g] ( :i* w\ld be v g5]ally  
recogniz$ z pots4 ,?ird1 vases ) full   
bodies & n>r[ m\?s1 su* z are (t5 t]m$  
j>s1 b :i* are z prop]ly call$ bottles4 
,f\r?1 vessels ) high1 n>r[ necks1      
univ]sally d5om9at$ bottles4 ,vessels t 
_c be gr\p$ ) ei!r ( ^! classes w h to  
be describ$ 9 sub-gr\ps1 arrang$ 9 !    
ord] ( _! complexity or importance4     
,,orig9 ,,( ,,=m4--,! d]ivation &       
subsequ5t mutations ( =m w be treat$    
some:at 9 detail z ! v>i\s =ms come up1 
& a subsequ5t pap] w dwell ^u ! topic at
 consid]able l5g?4   ,,b[ls4  ,bas9 or  
b[l-%ap$ vessels exhibit great div]sity 
( %ape & ornam5t4 ,9 size !y range f    
less ?an "o in* 9 diamet] & dep? to m   
?an tw5ty in*es 9 diamet] & a foot 9    
dep?4 ,9 color & f9i% !y are uni=m )    
vessels ( ! o!r classes4 ,_! uses 7     
d\btless *iefly dome/ic4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #cfb4--;,=ms ( b[ls4  ,,=m4--,!  
=ms are greatly v>i$1 z w be se5 9 ,fig4
 #cfb4 ,_m are simply segm5ts ( sph]es &
 v>y f a %all[ sauc] to a holl[ p]=at$  

globe4 ,o!rs h elongat$1 compress$1 or  
conical bodies1 ) r\nd or flatt5$ bases4
 ,rectangul> & irregul> =ms are         
sometimes f\nd4 ,/&s & legs are b r>ely 
atta*$1 & h&les1 except+ ^? ( a         
grotesque "*1 are exceptional4  ,x w    
probably be safe to assume t "s =m (    
%all[ vessel--a di%1 cup1 or b[l1 0 !   
fir/ artificial =m produc$4 ,su* a      
vessel w\ld be mo/ easily fa%ion$ 9 clay
 & may h be5 sugge/$ by accid5t1 or by  
natural or artificial vessels4  ,:atev] 
! orig9 or :i*ev] ! me?od ( con/ruction1
 ! difficulties enc\nt]$ w\ld at fir/   
prev5t ! manufacture ( o!r ?an ! simple/
 =ms4  ,,ornam5t4--,! ornam5tation (    
b[ls 0 accompli%$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,^!
 h be5 already describ$ 9 a g5]al way1  
"u ! head ( ornam5t4 ,rim modifications 
con/itute an important feature4 ,! m>g9 
or lip may be squ>e1 oblique1 r\nd1 or  
groov$1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cfc a1 b1 c1
 & d4 ,! scallop may be employ$ z 9 e & 
f1 & relief ornam5t may be add$1 su* z  
fillets & nodes1 & v>i\s horizontal     

projections1 z %[n 9 ! second l9e1 ,fig4
 #cfc1 to say no?+ ( incis$ l9es &      
ind5tations1 :i* are ! h]itage (        
wick]-"w4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#cfc4--,modification ( rims4  ,n        
satisfi$ ) ^! simple ideas ( decoration1
 ! fancy ( ! pott] l$ him to add        
embelli%m5ts ( mo/ v>i$ & (t5 (         
extraord9>y "*4 ,! nodes & ridges h be5 
enl>g$ & prolong$1 & fa%ion$ into a ?\s&
 natural & fanciful =ms4 ,%ells1 fi%1   
birds1 bea/s1 human & impossible        
creatures h be5 utiliz$ 9 a multitude ( 
ways4 ,_m illu/rations ( ^! are giv5 on 
subsequ5t pages4  ,! body ( ! b[l is    
some:at less pr(usely ornam5t$ ?an !    
rim4 ,! int]ior1 z well z ! ext]ior1 has
 receiv$ pa9t$1 reliev$1 & intaglio     
designs4 ,9 ! pa9t$ ones ! favorite idea
 = ! int]ior is a s]ies ( volutes1 9    
broad l9es1 radiat+ f ! c5t] ( ! bas94  
,gr\ps ( fe/oon$ l9es1 ei!r pa9t$ or    
engrav$1 & arrang$ to give ! effect (   
imbricate scales1 =m also a favorite    
motive4 ,! ext]ior surface ( ! incurv$  

rims ( globul> vessels (f]s a tempt+    
surface to ! arti/ & is (t5 ta/efully   
decorat$ 9 all ! /yles4                 
,,illu/rations4--,ord9>y =ms4--,i h n   
?\ght x necess>y to pres5t _m cuts (    
simple undecorat$ vessels1 z _! %apes   
are repeat$ numb]less times 9 elaborat$ 
=ms4 ,! crude examples tea* no?+ z to   
/age ( culture4 ,!y are ( ! same "t & p 
z ! f9] specim5s4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#cfd4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,!    
small b[l giv5 9 ,fig4 #cfd is unusually
 well made1 & is peculi> 9 hav+ its     
int]ior surface decorat$ ) a r *a/e     
incis$ design consi/+ ( fe/oon$ l9es4   
,?is 0 a favorite idea ) ! anci5t pott]s
 & may be se5 on bo? ext]ior & int]ior  
surfaces ( a v>iety ( vessels4 ,! rim is
 bevel$ on ! inn] edge & has a bead$ or 
ind5t$ fillet encircl+ ! out] m>g94 ,!  
bottom is some:at flatt5$4 ,?is specim5 
is f ,arkansas4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#cfe4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,9    
,fig4 #cfe we h a good example ( ! d>k1 
nicely-f9i%$ w>e ( ,arkansas4 ,! widely 

exp&+ rim is neatly scallop$ on ! m>g9 &
 is f9i%$ on ! inside ) a patt]n (      
incis$ l9es4 ,^! l9es appe> to h be5    
engrav$ 9 ! h>d5$ clay4 ,! =m is r5d]$  
graceful by a %all[ encircl+ depression 
or groove at ! base ( ! rim4 ,! bottom  
is some:at flatt5$4  ,occasionally we   
f9d v deep b[ls ) slop+ sides & flat    
bottoms resembl+ our common fl[] pots4  
,"o example f ,arkansas is sev5 in*es 9 
diamet] at ! top & f\r at ! base1 & five
 in*es deep4 ,a heavy b& ( clay has be5 
add$ to ! out] m>g9 ( ! rim1 leav+ a    
*annel above & b5ea?4 ,a numb] (        
p]=ations occur 9 ?is rim1 z if made = !
 passage ( ?ongs or filam5ts4 ,a simil> 
specim5 ( l>g] dim5sions may be se5 9 ! 
,national ,museum4  ,we h a numb] ( b[ls
 ) incurv$ rims4 ,?is =m is m *>act]i/ic
 ( ! s\? & is common along ! ,gulf coa/4
  ,a v small example is %[n 9 ,fig4     
#cff4 ,! l[] "p ( ! body is ne>ly       
hemisph]ical :ile ! rim contracts       
slightly1 giv+ a r graceful outl9e4 ,!  
ext]ior is embelli%$ ) a simple figure  

consi/+ ( f\r l9k$ scrolls :i* h be5    
trac$ ) a blunt po9t 9 ! moi/ clay4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cff4--;,cup3      
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,a mu* l>g] vessel  
resembl+ ! above 9 %ape is giv5 9 ,fig4 
#cfg4 ,x is ( ! d>k br[ni% %ell-temp]$  
w>e1 *>act]i/ic ( ,arkansas4 ,! lip is  
mu* incurv$ & ! base consid]ably        
flatt5$1 s t ! =m is t ( a greatly      
compress$ oblate sph]oid4 ,! out]       
surface has be5 mod]ately well poli%$1 &
 is ornam5t$ 9 a v effective mann] by a 
s]ies ( figures1 outl9$ by incis$ l9es1 
alt]nate spaces be+ fill$ 9 ) m9ute     
punctures4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#cfg4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas4 787--#a_/c4  ,a
 favorite =m is a b[l ) full deep body &
 incurv$ lip4 ,a vessel ( ?is class is  
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cfh4 ,! rim is b     
slightly incurv$1 :ile ! body is        
consid]ably con/rict$ bel[ ! greate/    
circumf]5ce4 ,x is a unique & h&some    
specim54 ,! color ( ! slip is a pale1   
r$di%-gray1 a little d>k] ?an an ord9>y 
fle% t9t4 ,! pa/e is se5 to be yell[i%  

:]e ! surface has be5 injur$4 ,! ornam5t
 is a simple me&]1 consi/+ ( ?ree incis$
 l9es4 ,x is said to h be5 f\nd 9       
,arkansas4 ,o!r b[ls ( l =m & ( elegant 
f9i% are f\nd 9 ! collection4 ,!y are   
g5]ally d>k 9 color1 & h l>ge ap]tures1 
l[ walls & flatt5$ bases4 ,! me&]1 mo/ly
 9 its m simple =ms1 is ! favorite      
decoration4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#cfh4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,!re  
are _m r$ vessels ( ! class "u          
consid]ation1 b ! majority are less     
contract$ at ! ap]ture & ?us are some:at
 pot-%ap$4 ,!y are r rudely con/ruct$ & 
f9i%$1 & b = ! color1 w\ld seem to be   
int5d$ = ord9>y cook+ purposes4 ,i      
obs]ve 9 a numb] ( cases t circul>      
m$allion-l ornam5ts h be5 set ar\nd !   
rim4 ,^! are f "o-half to "o in* 9      
diamet]1 & are g5]ally p]=at$ or        
punctur$ 9 two or ?ree places1 app>5tly 
) ! idea ( repres5t+ a face4 ,! effect  
is v mu* l t ( ! small p]=at$ disks1    
rivet$ ^u ! ext]ior ( copp] or t9       
kettles = ! purpose ( atta*+ h&les4     

,occasionally a tail-l app5dage is add$ 
to ! "u side ( ^! discoidal heads1      
sugge/+ ! tadpole figures ^u ! sacr$    
wat] vessels ( ! ,pueblo ,indians4  ,"o 
l>ge bas9 ) slightly incurv$ rim has a  
s]ies ( triangul> figures 9 r$ & br[n ^u
 bo? ! inn] & ! out] surfaces4 ,x is    
rudely f9i%$ & ( l>ge size1 be+ elev5   
in*es 9 diamet] & sev5 & a half 9       
height4  ,ecc5tric =ms4--,be=e proce$+ )
 ! discussion ( life-=ms z exhibit$ 9   
b[ls1 ,i mu/ pres5t a few unique %apes4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfi4 ,,fig4 #cgj4 
,cups3 ,arkansas 7874--#a_/c4  ,^!      
consi/ ( ladle-%ap$ vessels1 & ( b[ls or
 bas9s ) rectangul>1 oval1 or           
unsymmetrical outl9es4 ,ladles are ( r>e
 occurr5ce4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,annual ,report (
 ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology ,i h illu/rat$ ! 
be/ example t has come to my notice4 ,! 
,dav5port collection conta9s b "o       
specim5--a rude %all[ cup ) a %ort ?ick 
h&le4 ,! =m sugge/s ! wood5 & horn      
spoons ( ! mod]n tribes & may h orig9at$
 9 _! ar*aic prototypes4  ,fig4 #cfi    

illu/rates a m9ute cup rudely made (    
co>se clay4 ,! outl9e is oval & slightly
 po9t$ at "o end1 z if int5d$ = p\r+    
liquids4  ,9 ,fig4 #cgj we h ano!r small
 vessel ( rude f9i% ) two po9t$ lips4 ,a
 mu* l>g] vessel ( simil> %ape may be   
se5 9 ! ,dav5port collection4 ,!        
project+ po9t$ lip is r>ely f\nd 9      
aborig9al pott]y1 al?\gh ,i see no      
reason :y su* a feature may n readily h 
be5 sugge/$ to ! savage by ! prolong$   
m>g9s ( 8 vessels ( %ell4  ,rectangul>  
vessels are ( ! rude %ell-temp]$ w>e1 &1
 al?\gh r>e1 are widely di/ribut$4      
,fig4 #cga illu/rates a specim5 f ,pecan
 ,po9t1 ,arkansas4 ,! surface is rudely 
f9i%$ & )\t poli%4 ,! color is a d>k    
gray1 mu* fleck$ ) l>ge p>ticles ( :ite 
%ell4 ,ano!r example has a squ>e rim b a
 r\nd$ bottom1 & is cov]$ ) a coat or   
slip ( d>k r$ clay4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #cga4--,rectangul> b[l3 ,pecan   
,po9t1 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,a small     
vessel f ! same region z ! prec$+ has ! 
rim press$ 9 on ! f\r sides1 leav+ %>p1 

project+ corn]s4  ,"o ( ! mo/ notable   
vessels 9 ! collection is illu/rat$ 9   
,fig4 #cgb4 ,x is a heavy casket consi/+
 ( two p>ts1 body & lid1 & is made z    
usual ( clay & co>sely pulv]iz$ %ell4 ,x
 is br[ni% gray 9 color & be>s "s m>ks (
 ! bak+4 ,x 0 obta9$ by ,capta9 ,w4 ,p4 
,hall f a l[ m\nd at ,hale's ,po9t1     
,t5nessee1 & is describ$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4
 ,pratt1 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,x is (   
rude1 irregul>1 quadrangul> =m1 made 9  
two p>ts4 ,! l[]1 or case prop]1 is #ab 
in*es long1 #g in*es wide1 & #e in*es   
deep1 inside measure1 ! upp] edge be+   
slightly b5t inw>d all ar\nd4 ,! upp] "p
 or lid is ( simil> =m & dim5sions1 be+ 
v slightly l>g]1 s z to close d[n ov] ! 
o!r "p1 ab\t "o & a half in*es1 & is    
some:at m %all[4 ,z ! lid does n fit v  
p]fectly1 ! jo9t ar\nd ! edge _h be5    
pla/]$ up ) clay4 ,:5 f\nd1 x conta9$ ! 
rema9s ( a v small *ild r$uc$ to du/1   
except t "s ( ! bones ( ! skull1 jaws1 &
 limbs reta9$ _! =m1 crumbl+ rapidly1   
h[ev]1 ^u removal & exposure to ! air4  

,!re 7 also f\nd two or ?ree doz5 small 
%ell beads4 ,except+ ! rema9s describ$1 
! case 0 entirely empty4 ,! case weighs 
six & a qu>t]1 & ! lid j six p\nds4 ,?is
 is "o ( ! v few vessels t w\ld seem to 
h be5 con/ruct$ especially = mortu>y    
purposes4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#cgb4--;,burial casket3 ,hale's ,po9t1  
,t5nessee4--#a_/d4  ,i wi% to add to !  
li/ ( ecc5tric =ms a s+ul> example f !  
collection ( ,j4 ,r4 ,?ibault1 ( ,little
 ,rock1 ,arkansas4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgc x
 is an oblong1 tr\gh-l vessel ) flat    
project+ w+s at ! ends4 ,x is extremely 
well-f9i%$1 ) ?9 walls1 symmetrical =m1 
& high poli%4 ,! color is q d>k & !     
mat]ial is z usual4 ,! engrav$ design   
consi/s ( incis$ l9es1 :i* =m a numb] ( 
rectangul> comp>tm5ts ext5d+ ar\nd !    
ext]ior surface ( ! body4 ,! w+s are    
p]=at$4 ,! =m ( ?is vessel sugge/s !    
wood5 trays ( "s mod]n tribes4 ,a simil>
 example1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ! ,?ird    
,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1
 is ( mu* inf]ior int]e/1 be+ pla9 &    

rude4  ,life =ms4--,a v l>ge p]c5tage ( 
! b[ls ( ?is di/rict are modifi$ 9 su* a
 way z to resemble1 m or less closely1 !
 =m ( "s liv+ creature--bird1 bea/1 or  
reptile4 ,especial att5tion has be5 giv5
 to ! heads4 ,^! are model$ 9 ! r\nd &  
atta*$ to ! rim or side1 :ile o!r p>ts (
 ! animal appe> ^u diff]5t portions ( ! 
vessel4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#cgc4--,tr\gh-%ap$ vessel3              
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,national ,museum4  
,x w be difficult to det]m9e ! orig9 (  
?is curi\s practice4 ,we %all n be able 
to say t x came f ! elaboration ( h&les1
 simply to please fancy1 = ! reason t   
vessels ( ?is class are r>ely kn[n to h 
_h simple h&les2 nor f ! modification ( 
simple ornam5ts1 z su* 7 b little us$4  
,x is /ill less probable t animal =ms 7 
fir/ model$ indep5d5tly1 & aft]w>ds     
*ang$ 9 su* a way z to s]ve z vessels4  
,!re are no examples ( animal =ms 9 clay
 indep5d5t ( vessels4 ,x w\ld n be      
consi/5t ) primitive me?ods ( proc$ure  
to copy nature direct1 at lea/ until "s 

my/ic significance _h become atta*$ to !
 =m employ$4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! 
orig9 ( ?is practice is n to be f\nd )9 
! pla/ic art itself1 b 9 ! %apes (      
antec$5t & co-exi/5t vessels ( o!r      
mat]ials 9 :i* life =ms _h be5 employ$2 
or 9 ! use ( natural objects !mselves z 
ut5sils1 ! orig9al =ms n hav+ be5 lo/   
sight ( & hav+ 9 "t sugge/$ ! employm5t 
( o!r natural =ms4 ,examples ( ! latt]  
class may be cit$4  ,%ells 7 primitive  
vessels4 ,! h>d cases ( se$s & fruits 7 
also mu* us$4 ,^! 7 d\btless antec$5t to
 vessels ( clay4 ,!y 7 ! natural models 
= ! pott]1 ! c>v] 9 wood or /one1 & _!  
employm5t z su* s]v$ to lead up         
gradually to a m reali/ic & g5]al use ( 
natural %apes 9 works ( art to :i* !y 7 
n ess5tial features4 ,! importance ( !  
v>i\s animal =ms 0 increas$ by _!       
association ) religi\s ideas4 ,ne>ly all
 ! vessels ( ?is class pres5t$ 9 !      
foll[+ illu/rations come f ! vic9ity (  
,pecan ,po9t1 ,arkansas4  ,clay vessels 
imitat+ bo? m>9e & fre%-wat] %ells are  

occasionally obta9$ f ! m\nds & graves (
 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! con* %ell   
appe>s to h be5 a favorite model1       
especially 9 its modifi$ =m1 ,fig4 #cgd1
 a & b4 ,! clam %ell is also imitat$ 9 c
 & d4 ,! m conv5tional =ms ( ^! vessels 
are exce$+ly int]e/+1 z !y po9t out !   
t5d5cies & possibilities ( modification4
 ,an in/ructive example illu/rat$ 9 e   
has f\r gr\ps ( nodes1 ea*1 consi/+ ( a 
l>ge c5tral node ) f\r or five small]   
ones1 surr\nd+ x1 set ab\t ! rim1 !     
conception be+ t ( f\r %ells jo9$ 9 "o  
vessel1 ) ! nod$ apexes turn$ outw>d & !
 bases inw>d4  ,a /ill m highly         
conv5tionaliz$ =m is %[n 9 f4 ,! cup is 
unsymmetrical 9 outl9e1 & has a few     
imp]fect nodes ne> "o corn]1 b its      
resemblance to a %ell w\ld h>dly be     
recogniz$ by "o unacqua9t$ ) m reali/ic 
r5d]+s ( l subjects4 ,9 g we h an       
imitation ( a %ell cup plac$ )9 a pla9  
cup4  ,illu/rations3 ,,fig4             
#cgd4--;,clay vessels imitat+ %ells4  ,a
 v good illu/ration ( ?is class ( vessel

 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #cge4 ,x is evid5tly   
int5d$ to imitate a trimm$ con* %ell4 ,!
 apex & a few ( ! surr\nd+ nodes are %[n
 at ! "r1 :ile ! base or sp9e =ms a     
project+ lip at ! left4 ,a coil ( clay  
=ms ! apex4 ,?is is c>ri$ outw>d 9 a    
s9i/ral spiral to ! nod$ %\ld]4 ,we h "h
 a sugge/ion ( ! orig9 ( a favorite     
decorative motive1 ! scroll1 a clew1    
h[ev]1 :i* ! paucity ( examples makes x 
difficult to foll[ up satisfactorily4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cge4--;,b[l       
imitat+ a modifi$ con* %ell4--#a_/c4    
,al?\gh we may n be able to arrive at   
any def9ite conclusion 9 reg>d to !     
orig9 & significance ( ! practice (     
model+ life =ms 9 clay1 we are c]ta9 (  
"o ?+1 t x became an important feature 9
 ! pott]'s art1 & t 9 due c\rse ( "t !  
practice broke loose f ! re/ra9ts ( bir?
 & tradition & ass]t$ its fre$om 9 !    
production ( any =m t sup]/ition or     
fancy happ5$ to select4  ,! arti/       
probably did n foll[ nature ) great     
accuracy 9 all ! details ( species &    

v>ieties1 b "s def9ite model mu/ h be5 9
 view1 9 ne>ly all cases1 & su* *>act]s 
z came to be reg>d$ z ess5tial to t     
creature 7 nev] lo/ sight (1 consi/5cy  
be+ a mo/ notable *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( a
 savage or b>b>ic p4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #cgf4--;,frog-%ap$ b[l3          
,craig%ead ,po9t1 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgg4--;,frog-%ap$ 
b[l3 ,pecan ,po9t1 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#cgh4--;,animal-%ap$ b[l3               
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,! sun-fi% 0 a      
favorite model1 b its =m 0 g5]ally      
employ$ 9 vessels ) upright necks4 ,a   
numb] ( examples occur 9 ! next section4
 ,( reptilian =ms ! frog seems to h be5 
! favorite4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#cgi4--;,bird-%ap$ b[l3                 
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #chj4--;,bird-%ap$ b[l3                
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,few examples occur1
 h[ev]1 9 ! %all[] vessels4 ,9 ! b[l    
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cgf1 ! v>i\s memb]s (
 ! body are boldly model$1 & appe> ab\t 

! mo/ exp&$ portion ( ! vessel4 ,! rim  
is ornam5t$ ) a s]ies ( not*es1 & two   
small loops connect ! rim ) ! head &    
tail ( ! creature4 ,! legs are          
*>act]i/ic1 & ! long toes ext5d b5ea? ! 
body4 ,! bottom ( ! vessel is flat4 ,!  
make & f9i% are z usual1 b ! surface has
 be5 pa9t$ r$4 ,a simil> vessel is %[n 9
 ,fig4 #cgg1 ! view be+ tak5 f ! front4 
,x is well poli%$ & has a r\nd$ bottom4 
,! color is d>k4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#cha4--;,bird-%ap$ b[l3                 
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #chb4--;,b[l ) grotesque heads3        
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,ano!r rem>kable    
example ( ?is use ( animal =ms is se5 9 
! vessel pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cgh4 ,a deep  
globul> b[l ( d>k1 well-poli%$ w>e is   
made to repres5t ! head ( an animal4 ,a 
long sn\t1 ) tee? & no/rils & accompani$
 by a pair ( knobs = eyes1 embelli%es ! 
"r side--z se5 9 ! cut--e>s appe> at !  
front & back1 & a circul> node /&+1     
p]haps1 = ! sev]$ neck1 is plac$ at !   
left4 ,! head has a decid$ly porc9e     

look1 yet x may h be5 int5d$ = a raccoon
 or an opossum4  ,fig4 #cgi illu/rates a
 l>ge %all[ b[l or pan ( ord9>y =m &    
f9i%4 ,! head ( a bird resembl+ a turkey
 is atta*$ to "o side1 ) ! bill turn$   
inw>d4 ,on ! opposite side !re is a     
small h&le-l projection t repres5ts !   
bird's tail4  ,a vessel ( some:at       
extraord9>y =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #chj4 ,!  
b[l is small] & deep] ?an ! la/1 & s]ves
 z ! body ( a bird1 ! head & tail ( :i* 
are ( unusual proportions4 ,! neck is v 
long & ?ick & is gracefully curv$1 b !  
head is n model$ ) suffici5t c>e to make
 app>5t ! species int5d$4  ,! vessel %[n
 9 ,fig4 #cha is also f9i%$ 9 imitation 
( a bird4 ,9 ?is case ! bird is plac$ ^u
 its back1 ! neck & head be+ loop$ up to
 =m a sort ( h&le on "o side1 :ile !    
legs answ] a l purpose on ! opposite    
side4 ,! w+s are repres5t$ by a numb] ( 
l9es rudely engrav$ ^u ! sides ( !      
vessel4 ,! resemblance ( ?is b[l to !   
wood5 bas9s made by ,nor?we/ ,coa/      
,indians is v /rik+4  ,! vessel %[n 9   

,fig4 #chb is "o ( ! mo/ unique yet     
br\ght to light4 ,x is a heavy1 r rudely
 f9i%$ b[l1 to ! rim ( :i* two grotesque
 heads1 app>5tly ( nondescript "*1 h be5
 atta*$4 ,"o resembles ! (t-occurr+     
plum$ s]p5t ( aborig9al ,am]ican art 9 a
 numb] ( its *>act]s4 ,! o!r has a d\ble
 comb some:at resembl+ t ( a dome/ic    
f[l4 ,no description c convey z cle> a  
conception ( ^! mon/rosities z !        
accompany+ illu/ration4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #chc4--;,heads ( birds4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chd4--;,grotesque 
heads4  ,a good degree ( skill is %[n 9 
! model+ ( v>ieties ( birds4 ,a fair    
idea ( ! accuracy ( ^! pott]s 9 ?is     
direction w be convey$ by ! s]ies (     
heads %[n 9 ,fig4 #chc4 ,sev]al species 
( ducks are app>5tly diff]5tiat$1 "o (  
:i*1 resembl+ ! summ] duck closely1 is  
giv5 9 a1 :ile ! head giv5 9 b1 al?\gh  
possibly also int5d$ = a duck1 is mu* l 
a gr\se or p>tridge4 ,! pigeon or dove  
is se5 9 c1 ! vulture or eagle 9 d1 & ! 
owl 9 e4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          

#che4--;,b[l ) grotesque head3 ,pecan   
,po9t1 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #chf4--;,b[l ) grotesque head3  
,pecan ,po9t1 ,arkansas4--#a_/b4  ,x    
w\ld be difficult to imag9e m grotesque 
& outl&i% heads ?an ^? atta*$ to ! b[ls 
illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #che & #chf4 ,!      
vessels !mselves are ( ! usual type1    
rudely model$ & f9i%$ & v heavy4 ,! fir/
 is d>k 9 color1 ! o!r r$4 ,! /range    
animal "h repres5t$ is c]ta9ly n a close
 copy ( any?+ 9 nature4 ,x is *>act]iz$ 
by upright e>s1 a high bulb\s sn\t & a  
gr9n+ m\?4 ,! tee? 9 "s cases resemble !
 fangs ( a s]p5t4 ,! eyes consi/ ( r\nd$
 nodes2 & (t5 curv$ l9es1 incis$ or 9   
relief1 ext5d f !m or ! m\? d[n ! sides 
( ! neck4 ,! tail at ! opposite end ( ! 
vessel is turn$ upw>d & coil$4 ,! type  
specim5s ( ?is =m are f ,pecan ,po9t1   
,arkansas4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#chg4--;,b[l ) grotesque h&le3          
,scanlon's ,l&+1 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#chh4--;,animal-%ap$ b[l3               

,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,! peculi> "* ( ?is 
class ( heads is well %[n 9 ! s]ies giv5
 9 ,fig4 #chd4 ,my obs]vations h l$ me  
to suspect t !y may be ! result (       
attempts to model 9 clay ! my?ical plum$
 s]p5t :i* is s graphically del9eat$ 9 !
 engrav+ ^u ! little vase %[n 9 ,fig4   
#djg4 ,! fact t 9 "o case legs h be5    
add$ to ! base ( ! body militates aga9/ 
?is !ory4 ,_! resemblance to ! g>goyle  
heads ( m$ival ar*itecture sugge/s !    
possibility ( e>ly ,european influ5ce4  
,if possible1 a /ill m novel conceit is 
embodi$ 9 ! h&le ( ! vessel %[n 9 ,fig4 
#chg4 ,x c be lik5$ to no?+ 9 nature m  
readily ?an to ! antl] ( an elk4 ,?is   
vessel is ( a d>k br[ni% color1 & is b  
slightly poli%$4 ,a duplicate specim5 ( 
inf]ior size & f9i% has rec5tly be5 add$
 to ! ,national ,museum f a grave at    
,pecan ,po9t4  ,simil> to ! prec$+ 9    
g5]al appe>ance are a numb] ( b[ls or   
deep pans1 embelli%$ ) ! heads (        
animals4 ,a v good example is giv5 9    
,fig4 #chh4 ,! head has a decid$        

resemblance to t ( a female de] or fawn4
 ,! tail appe>s ^u ! opposite side ( !  
bas91 & is p5dant1 z 9 nature4 ,legs h  
be5 add$ to ! base ( ! b[l2 ^! t]m9ate  
b5ea? ! body 9 clov5 ho(s4  ,! small    
b[l1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #chi1 is ne>ly         
hemisph]ical 9 %ape4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #chi4--;,animal-%ap$ b[l3        
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,a small head1      
repres5t+ "s animal1 has be5 atta*$ to !
 rim4 ,! ext]ior surface is cov]$ ) a   
numb] ( gr\ps ( r\ghly-work$ conc5tric  
ridges1 :i* may be meant to imitate     
hair4 ,^! ridges h app>5tly be5 made by 
p9*+ up ! clay betwe5 ! nails ( ! f+]s &
 ?umb4 ,figures ( simil> =m are g5]ally 
incis$4 ,?is vessel is probably f !     
vic9ity ( ,pecan ,po9t4  ,! creature    
repres5t$ by ! head1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cij1  
w\ld n be recogniz$ f ! cut1 or p]haps n
 ev5 ) c]ta9ty f any s+le specim51 b ) a
 numb] ( examples 9 view1 !re ne$ be no 
hesitation4 ,! animal int5d$ is a bat4  
,9 a numb] ( features ! lik5ess is      
/rik+4 ,! high top head1 ! angul> e>s1 &

 ! small eyes cr[d$ d[n ^u ! m\? are    
*>act]i/ic4 ,! tail is flat1 curv$ a    
little upw>d1 & ridg$ along ! middle 9  
imitation ( ! att5uat$ caudal column4 ,!
 g5]al consi/5cy ( ?is "w is demon/rat$ 
by ! fact t ?is p>ticul> =m ( tail      
accompanies ?is =m ( head 9 all cases1 &
 is n associat$ ) any o!r4 ,! face ( !  
bat is always turn$ t[>d ! vessel2 9    
imitation ( o!r v>ieties ( animals1 x is
 ne>ly always turn$ out4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #cij4--;,b[l ) bat's head3 ,pecan
 ,po9t1 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,9 "o case1 
,fig4 #cia1 we h1 :at appe>s to be1 a   
human head atta*$ to ! side ( ! b[l4    
,?is head is furni%$ ) a triangul> cre/1
 not*$ on ! edges1 & enl>g$ at ! top4 ,!
 case is a p]plex+ "o1 especially z a   
tail l t atta*$ to ! bird b[ls occurs on
 ! side opposite ! head4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #cia4--;,b[l3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4 
,,pot-,,%ap$ ,,vessels4  ,!re is no h>d 
l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! class (       
vessels n[ to be consid]$ & ^? already  
describ$4 ,! di/9ction is made *iefly = 

conv5i5ce ( treatm5t4  ,,mat]ial1       
,,etc4--,z a rule1 pot-%ap$ vessels are 
( co>s] mat]ials & ( rud] f9i% ?an o!r  
=ms1 indicat+1 p]haps1 _! exclusive     
relegation to ! cul9>y arts1 :]e nice   
f9i% 0 n ess5tial4 ,9 _m cases !y %[ use
 ov] fire4  ,9 size1 !y h a wide range4 
,! l>g] are (t5 z mu* z fifte5 in*es 9  
diamet]1 & tw5ty 9 height4 ,!re are a   
score or m ( v l>ge size 9 ! ,dav5port  
museum4  ,,=m4--,! =m *>act]i/ics are a 
full globul> body--sometimes elongat$1  
sometimes compress$ v]tically--a l[     
neck1 & a wide ap]ture4 ,! bottom is v  
g5]ally r\nd$4 ,a few ( ! =m            
modifications are %[n 9 ,fig4 #cib4 ,!  
rim or neck is always %ort1 & is upright
 or slightly recurv$4 ,_m vessels       
resembl+ ! %apes "h pres5t$ are plac$ ) 
! succe$+ gr\p1 z !y appe> to be        
functionally di/9ct f ?is4 ,!re are no  
examples ) legs or /&s4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #cib4--;,=ms ( pots4             
,,h&les4--,loop$ h&les are conf9$ almo/ 
:olly to ?is class ( vessels4 ,!y are   

g5]ally rang$ ab\t ! rim or neck4 ,9 a  
majority ( cases !re are f\r h&les to a 
vessel4 ,we r>ely f9d less ?an t numb]1 
b (t5 m4 ,x is a usual ?+ to see fifte5 
or tw5ty h&les set ab\t ! rim4          
,orig9ally ! h&les may h be5 exclusively
 functional 9 "*2 !y 7 s at lea/ 9      
antec$5t =ms4 ,^! pott]s h c]ta9ly1 at  
times1 employ$ !m = purposes (          
embelli%m5t4 ,9 "s cases !y are too     
fragile = use1 9 o!rs !y are flatt5$ out
 aga9/ ! neck ( ! vessel & unit$ ) x    
?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,aga91 !y h       
deg5]at$ into m]e ridges1 not*$ &       
o!rwise modifi$ to suit ! fancy4 ,9 _m  
in/ances _! place is tak5 by incis$ l9es
 or ind5tations :i* =m effective &      
appropriate ornam5tal figures4 ,a s]ies 
( vessels %[+ gradations f p]fect h&les 
to _! atrophi$ repres5tatives is %[n 9  
,fig4 #cic4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#cic4--;,h&les4  ,,orig9 ,,(            
,,h&les4--,h&les 7 d\btless orig9ally   
atta*$ to facilitate ! susp5sion & h&l+ 
( vessels & o!r articles4 ,!y probably  

_h _! typical developm5t 9 basketry1 &  
!re are good reasons = suppos+ t c]ta9  
=ms ( ! h&les ^u pott]y owe _! exi/5ce  
to contact ) ! si/] art4 ,?is idea is   
confirm$ by _! %apes1 & by ! fact t a   
l>ge p]c5tage ( ! pott]y h&les are      
useless z aids to susp5sion or          
transportation4  ,,ornam5t4--,rim m>g9s 
are modifi$ = decorative purposes1 v mu*
 z !y are 9 b[ls4 ,see ,fig4 #cfc4  ,!  
bodies ( ^! vessels are (t5 elaborately 
ornam5t$1 mo/ly by incis$ figures1 b (t5
 by punctures1 nodes & ribs4 ,! incis$  
l9es are arrang$ pr9cipally 9 gr\ps (   
/raight l9es =m+ angul> figures--a v    
ar*aic /yle--& 9 gr\ps ( fe/oon$ l9es s 
plac$ z to resemble scales4 ,! punctures
 are made ) a %>p po9t1 & =m encircl+   
l9es & v>i\s c>elessly execut$ patt]ns4 
,a rude sort ( ornam5tation is produc$  
by p9*+ up ! s(t clay ( ! surface betwe5
 ! nails ( ! f+]s & ?umb4 ,relief       
ornam5t consi/s *iefly ( appli$ fillets 
( clay1 arrang$ to =m v]tical ribs4 ,r[s
 ( nodes are sometimes se51 & 9 a few   

cases ! :ole body is cov]$ ) rude nodes4
  ,,illu/rations4--,! specim5s select$ =
 illu/ration are int5d$ to epitomize !  
=ms & decorations ( a v great numb] (   
vessels1 & are n always ! mo/ %[y       
examples to be f\nd4  ,a vessel ( r     
exceptional %ape is giv5 9 ,fig4 #cid4  
,x c\ld z well be class$ ) b[ls z )     
pots4 ,! w>e is ( ! rude k9d g5]ally us$
 ov] ! fire4 ,! body is high &          
cyl9drical1 ! rim fl>+1 & ! bottom q    
flat4 ,! =m is sugge/ive ( our dome/ic  
crock]y4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#cid4--,pot3 ,arkansas 7874--#a_/c4     
,ano!r b[l-l pot is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4   
#cie4 ,x is ( ! d>k1 rudely h&-poli%$   
v>iety4 ,! body is globul>1 ! neck is v 
%ort & is ornam5t$ ) a d5tate b&4 ,bel[ 
?is are two pairs ( p]=ations1 probably 
us$ = susp5d+ ! vessel4 ,!re are a numb]
 ( vessels ( ?is v>iety1 mo/ly small]   
?an ! example giv54  ,! vessel %[n 9    
,fig4 #cif is /ill m pot-l4 ,! neck is  
high] ?an ! prec$+ & is slightly        
con/rict$4 ,x is ( v rude con/ruction & 

f9i%4 ,! rim is furni%$ ) two small     
horizontal projections1 & ! body is     
some:at obscurely lob$4 ,x repres5ts a v
 num]\s class1 especially pl5tiful 9    
,s\!a/ ,miss\ri4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#cie4--,pot3 ,arkansas 7874--#a_/c4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cif4--,pot3       
,wav]ly1 ,t5nessee4--#a_/c4  ,! little  
pot pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cig has ! body     
cov]$ ) rude nodes4 ,! neck is surr\nd$ 
by a heavy fillet1 not*$ obliquely 9    
imitation ( a twi/$ cord4 ,f\r rude     
h&les h also be5 atta*$4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #cig4--,pot3 ,arkansas           
7874--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#cih4--,pot3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,9     
,fig4 #cih we h "o ( ! rude/ examples 9 
! collection4 ,! neck is furni%$ ) f\r  
h&les1 :i* alt]nate ) f\r v]tical ribs4 
,! body is mis%ap5 & r\gh1 & is ornam5t$
 ) a s]ies ( ne>ly v]tical ridges1 a r  
usual device1 & "o :i* is sometimes v   
neatly execut$4  ,! body ( ! nicely     
f9i%$ pot %[n 9 ,fig4 #cii is embelli%$ 
) %ort1 incis$ m>k+s1 arrang$ 9 v]tical 

l9es4 ,! neck is furni%$ ) a heavy      
ind5t$ b& & f\r /rong h&les4 ,! locality
 giv5 is ,f\r-,mile ,bay\1 ,alabama4  ,!
 specim5 giv5 9 ,fig4 #djj illu/rates ! 
use ( great numb]s ( h&les4 ,9 ?is case 
!re are sixte54 ,!y are gracefully =m$ &
 add mu* to ! appe>ance ( ! vessel1 :i* 
is really a b[l ) wide1 fl>+ rim4 ,9 mo/
 ( its *>act]s x resembles ! pots4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cii4--,pot3       
,alabama 7874--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #djj4--,pot3 ,arkansas           
7874--#a_/c4  ,ano!r curi\s v>iation 9 !
 %ape ( h&les is %[n 9 ! little cup giv5
 9 ,fig4 #dja4 ,?is c h>dly be call$ a  
usual feature1 al?\gh occurr+ 9 vessels 
( v>i\s localities4 ,i h se5 an example 
f ! ,miss\ri ,valley 9 :i* a great numb]
 ( p]=at$ h&les 7 set ab\t ! rim1 &     
ano!r 9 :i* !re 0 a cont9u\s1 p>tially  
free1 coll> p]=at$ at int]vals4 ,!re is 
a specim5 ( ?is class 9 ! ,dav5port     
,academy collection 9 :i* ! flatt5$     
h&les are s plac$ ab\t ! neck z to =m a 
s]ies ( ar*es4 ,^!1 ,i take x1 are      

p>tially atrophi$ =ms4 ,! body is       
ornam5t$ by a scale-l patt]n ( incis$   
l9es--a favorite me?od ( decoration ) ! 
anci5t pott]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#dja4--,pot3 ,arkansas 7874--#a_/c4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djb4--,pot3       
,arkansas 7874--#a_/c4  ,9 ,fig4 #djb we
 h an illu/ration ( total atrophy4 ,!   
h&les are repres5t$ by simple incis$    
l9es4 ,!re is no relief :atev]4 ,9 _m   
cases ! =m ( ! h&les is %[n 9 l[ relief1
 ! out] surface be+ pla9 or ornam5t$ )  
incis$ l9es or punctures4 ,! body ( !   
vessel la/ m5tion$ is cov]$ ) rudely    
incis$ scroll designs4  ,ano!r good     
illu/ration ( ?is class ( vessels is %[n
 9 ,fig4 #djc4  ,! cut is tak5 f my pap]
 9 ! ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau (
 ,e?nology4 ,! h&les are indicat$ by    
incis$ l9es4 ,! body 0 ornam5t$ by p9*+ 
up ! clay betwe5 ! nails ( ! ?umb &     
=ef+]4 ,locality3 ,pecan ,po9t1         
,arkansas4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#djc4--,pot3 ,pecan ,po9t1              
,arkansas4--#a_/c4 ,national ,museum    

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djd4--,pot3       
,hale's ,po9t1 ,t5nessee4--#a_/c4  ,a   
good example ( ! l>g] pots is illu/rat$ 
9 ,fig4 #djd4 ,x is engrav$ a little    
less ?an "o-f\r? ! dim5sions ( !        
orig9al4 ,! height is sev5te5 in*es & ! 
greate/ diamet] eighte5 in*es4 ,x is v  
well made4 ,! walls are ev5 & only      
mod]ately ?ick4 ,! d>k1 unpoli%$ surface
 is pr(usely speckl$ ) fragm5ts ( :ite  
%ell4 ,!re are f\r wide1 /rong h&les4 ,!
 rim & neck are ornam5t$ ) encircl+ l9es
 ( f+]-nail ind5tations4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #dje4--,pot3 ,pecan ,po9t1       
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,a ma/]piece ( ?is  
class ( "w is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dje4 ,x 0    
obta9$ at ,pecan ,po9t4 ,x is n q       
symmetrical 9 =m b is c>efully f9i%$4 ,!
 color is gray1 ) mottl+s ( d>k spots1 !
 result ( fir+4 ,! height is elev5      
in*es1 & ! ap]ture is t5 in*es 9        
diamet]4 ,!re are t5 /rong1             
well-proportion$ h&les1 ea* hav+ a knob 
resembl+ a rivet head1 ne> ! upp] end4  
,! m>g9 ( ! rim has a circle (          

ind5tations4 ,!re are a few r$ vessels (
 ?is %ape :i* h figures ( reptiles      
atta*$ to ! neck4   ,,wide-,,m\!d       
,,bottles ,,or ,,j>s4  ,vessels ( ?is   
class 7 probably n devot$ to ! ord9>y   
uses ( cook+ & s]v+ food4 ,!y are h&some
 9 %ape1 ta/eful 9 decoration1 & g5]ally
 ( small dim5sions4 ,!y are f\nd1 z are 
all o!r =ms1 buri$ ) ! dead1 plac$ by ! 
head or feet1 or )9 rea* ( ! h&s4 ,_!   
appe>ance is n sugge/ive ( _! orig9al   
(fice1 z !re is no indication ( we>1 or 
( use ov] fire4  ,,=m4--,i include "u   
?is head a s]ies ( =ms rea*+ f !        
wide-m\!d pot to ! well-develop$ bottle4
 ,!y really correspond closely to !     
high-neck$ bottles 9 all respects save 9
 height ( neck1 & ! sep>ation is !re=e =
 conv5i5ce ( treatm5t only4 ,! foll[+   
illu/ration 7,fig4 #djf7 w give a good  
idea ( ! =ms includ$4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #djf4--;,=ms ( j>-%ap$ bottles4  
,!re are also _m ecc5tric & _m extremely
 int]e/+ life =ms includ$ 9 ?is gr\p4 ,a
 numb] ( vases1 model$ aft] ! human     

head1 are1 by _! g5]al outl9e1 prop]ly  
includ$4  ,,ornam5tation4--,! rims1     
bodies1 & bases are embelli%$ mu* aft] !
 fa%ion ( ! vessels already describ$1 ) 
! exception t h&les or h&le-l app5dages 
or ornam5ts seldom appe>4 ,! pa9t$      
designs are 9 "o1 two1 or ?ree colors1 &
 ! incis$ figures h be5 execut$ bo? 9 ! 
s(t & 9 ! ?or\ghly dri$ clay4  ,! /yle (
 execution is (t5 ( a v high ord]1      
especially 9 "s ( ! m s\!rly examples1 a
 numb] ( :i* are f ! m\nds (            
,mississippi & ,l\isiana4 ,we note !    
fact t 9 a few ( ! designs !re is a     
slight sugge/ion ( ,mexican =ms4  ,9    
illu/rat+ ?is gr\p1 ,i am compell$1 = ! 
want ( space to omit _m int]e/+         
examples4 ,i pres5t only su* z seem to  
me especially in/ructive4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #djg4--;,bottle3 ,pecan ,po9t1  
,arkansas4  ,,illu/rations4--,ord9>y    
=ms4--,! vessel %[n 9 ,fig4 #djg may be 
tak5 z a type ( a v l>ge class4 ,x is   
mo/ readily describ$ z a %ort-neck$1    
wide-m\!d bottle4 ,x is symmetrical 9   

%ape & v nicely f9i%$4 ,! lip is suppli$
 ) a n>r[1 horizontal rim4 ,! body exp&s
 some:at abruptly f ! base ( ! upright  
neck to ! squ>i% %\ld]1 & contracts bel[
 9 an ev5 curve1 giv+ a hemisph]ical    
base4 ,!re are a multitude ( v>iations f
 ?is outl9e1 a few ( :i* are sugge/$ 9  
,fig4 #djf4 ,^! vessels are ne>ly all ( 
! d>k1 grayi%-br[n1 fire-mottl$ w>e4 ,a 
few are yell[i%1 & su* are (t5 pa9t$ r$ 
or decorat$ ) designs 9 r$ & :ite4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djh4--;,bottle3   
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #dji4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4    
,two *>m+ vases are %[n 9 ,figs4 #djh & 
#dji4 ,! surface f9i% is 9 bo? cases v  
sup]ior4 ,! l9es ( ! figures are        
c>efully drawn1 & seem to h be5 produc$ 
by ! trail+1 "u ev5 pressure1 ( a smoo? 
r blunt po9t4 ,x is difficult to get s  
nicely f9i%$ & ev5 a l9e by simple      
incision1 or by excavat+ ! clay4 ,!     
design 9 ,fig4 #djh consi/s ( eight     
gr\ps ( curv$ l9es arrang$ 9 pairs1 :i* 
are sep>at$ by pla9 v]tical b&s4 ,x     

might be consid]$ an int]rupt$ or       
imp]fectly connect$ =m ( ! runn+ scroll4
 ,?is gr\p+ ( l9es is frequ5tly met ) 9 
! decorative designs ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 
,! design ^u ! o!r vase1 ,fig4 #dji1 is 
/ill m *>act]i/ic ( ! ,s\?4 ,x consi/s (
 an encircl+ r[ ( r\nd1 %all[           
ind5tations1 ab\t :i* s]ies ( incis$    
scrolls are l9k$1 & ( two additional r[s
 ( depressions1 "o above & ! o!r bel[1  
?r\gh :i* p>allel l9es are drawn4  ,_m  
o!r int]e/+ illu/rations ( ! simpl] =ms 
c\ld be giv51 b ne>ly all are v simil> 9
 _! m important features to ! examples t
 prec$e or foll[4  ,z skill$ z ^!       
peoples 7 9 model+ life =ms1 & 9 engrav+
 geometric devices1 !y seem r>ely to h  
attempt$ ! l9e> repres5tation ( life    
=ms4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 two v good examples4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daj4--;,engrav$   
bottle3 ,arkansas4  ,! fir/ ( ^! is %[n 
9 outl9e 9 ,fig4 #daj4 ,x is a l>ge     
bottle embelli%$ ) f\r rude draw+s ( !  
human figure1 execut$ ) a %>p po9t 9 !  
s(t clay4 ,height ( vessel1 eight in*es4

  ,! "w is *>act]i/ic ( a v e>ly /age ( 
art4 ,! figures c\ld be duplicat$ 9 ! "w
 ( ! anci5t ,pueblos1 & 9 ! pictographic
 art ( _m ( our savage tribes4 ,!y are  
probably d]iv$ f symbolic art1 &        
possibly relate to ! gu>dians ( ! f\r   
po9ts ( ! compass1 or to "s simil>      
my?ical *>act]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#daa4--;,engrav$ bottle3                
,arkansas4--#c_/d4  ,! "w ^u ! neat     
little bottle1 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #daa1 is 
( ! same class z ! above b ( a mu* high]
 grade1 bo? 9 execution & conception4 ,!
 engrav$ design is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 
ev] obta9$ f ! m\nds4 ,x consi/s ( two  
w+$ & cre/$ rattlesnakes1 :i* encircle !
 mo/ exp&$ "p ( ! vessel1 & ( two       
sunfl[]-l figures1 alt]nat+ ) !m4 ,^!   
designs are v c>efully engrav$ ) a      
ne$le-l po9t1 & are adju/$ to ! =m ( !  
vase 9 a way t sugge/s =e?\ght & an     
appreciation ( ! decorative value ( !   
figures4 ,by d9t ( rubb+s1 photographs &
 sket*es1 ,i h obta9$ ! complete draw+ (
 ! v>i\s figures :i* are giv5 9 ,fig4   

#dab on a scale ( "o-half ! orig9al4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dab4--;,engrav$   
design4--#a_/b4  ,! s]p5t1 especially ! 
rattlesnake1 has always tak5 a lead+    
place 9 ! my?ology & ! art ( ! m cultur$
 ,am]ican races1 & cre/-plumes1 & w+s h 
(t5 be5 consid]$ its prop] attributes4  
,! conv5tional me?od ( repres5tation is 
also *>act]i/ically aborig9al4 ,!       
plumes1 ! figure connect$ ) ! eye1 ! b&s
 ^u ! neck1 ! /epp$ figures ( ! body1 & 
! semi-circul> pat*es on ! w+s are all  
*>act]s t appe> aga9 & aga9 9 ! anci5t  
art ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! peculi>       
emblematic treatm5t ( ! he>t is almo/   
univ]sal 9 temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,& j 
"h ,i may be p]mitt$ to sugge/ t !      
rem>kable feature ( ! great e>?-"w s]p5t
 ( ,adams c\nty1 ,ohio1 :i* has be5     
reg>d$ z ! symbolic egg1 & :i* 9 its    
late/ phase has become ! issue ( a frog 
& ! prey ( ! s]p5t1 is possibly int5d$ =
 ! he>t ( ! s]p5t1 ! s-call$ frog be+ ! 
head4 ,! rosette figures are n (t5      
duplicat$ 9 ,indian art4 ,!re c be      

little d\bt t ! figures ( ?is design are
 d]iv$ f my?ology4  ,ecc5tric =ms4--,a  
=m ( vessel ( :i* civiliz$ m5 make      
peculi> use is depict$ 9 ,fig4 #dac4    
,!re is a m>k$ resemblance to a common  
tea-pot4 ,a v few examples h be5 f\nd1  
two ( :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ! ,?ird       
,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4
 ,! specim5 "h giv5 is well made &      
c>efully f9i%$4 ,! neck is l[ & wide1 & 
! body is a compress$ sph]e4 ,! sp\t is 
plac$ ^u "o side & a l[ knob ^u ! o!r4  
,! abs5ce ( a h&le = grasp+ indicates t 
! vessel 0 probably n int5d$ = boil+    
wat]4 ,^! *>act]s are uni=m 9 all !     
specim5s t h come to my notice4 ,two    
small circul> depressions occur on !    
sides ( ! vessel alt]nat+ ) ! sp\t & !  
knob & ) ^! features =m c5t]s = f\r     
rosettes ( involute incis$ l9es4 ,!     
orig9 ( ?is =m ( vessel is sugge/$ by a 
f9e r$ piece f ,mississippi1 n[ 9 !     
national collection4 ,! knob is ! head (
 a turtle or o!r full-bodi$ reptile1 & !
 sp\t takes ! place ( ! creature's tail4

 ,_m ( ! animal-%ap$ vases w\ld resemble
 ?is =m closely if an op5+ 7 made ?r\gh 
! top ( ! body & ?r\gh ! tail4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dac4--,teapot-%ap$
 vessel3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dad4--,vessel (   
ecc5tric =m3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,9     
connection ) ! teapot-l vessels x w be  
well to describe ano!r novel =m n :olly 
unlike !m 9 appe>ance1 an example be+   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #dad4 ,! %\ld] is elongat$  
on opposite sides into two curv$1 horn-l
 cones1 :i* give to ! body a some:at    
cresc5t-%ap$ outl9e4 ,x is ( ! ord9>y   
pla91 d>k w>e1 & has _h a l[ /& or base 
:i* is n[ brok5 away4  ,! specim5 giv5 9
 ,fig4 #dae has be5 consid]ably         
mutilat$1 b evid5tly belongs to ! same  
class z ! prec$+4 ,x probably also      
resembl$ ! vessel :i* foll[s2 x s]ves at
 lea/ z a l9k betwe5 ! two4 ,! body is  
ornam5t$ ) c>elessly drawn1 deeply      
incis$1 involute designs4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #dae4--,vessel ( ecc5tric =m3   
,pecan ,po9t1 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4        

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#daf4--;,animal-%ap$ vase3 ,pecan ,po9t1
 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,life =ms4--,a     
fur!r elaboration ( ! prec$+ =ms is     
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #daf4 ,on "o side !   
conical projection is greatly elongat$ &
 fa%ion$ to resemble ! head ( "s        
grotesque bea/1 ) horns1 exp&$ no/rils1 
& gr9n+ m\?4 ,! opposite po9t is        
elongat$ & loop$1 =m+ a tail1 :ile !    
base ( ! body is furni%$ ) f\r feet4 ,on
 ! sides ( ! vessel are engrav$ figures1
 consi/+ ( clu/]s ( involute l9es1 z 9 !
 specim5 j giv54 ,x is ( ! ord9>y d>k   
pott]y1 & 0 obta9$ at ,pecan ,po9t4     
,equally notewor?y z pla/ic             
repres5tations are ! two examples t     
foll[4 ,! vessel %[n 9 ,fig4 #dag is    
model$ 9 imitation ( a sunfi%4 ,! body  
is mu* flatt5$ & is neatly poli%$4 ,!   
head is well model$1 z are also ! f9s & 
tail4 ,_m examples ( ?is =m are f\nd1 "s
 ( :i* are elaborately treat$1 ! scales 
be+ m9utely %[n4 ,! body ( ! fi% is     
sometimes plac$ 9 ! natural upright     

position1 ! neck ( ! vessel ris+ f !    
back1 produc+ a l5ticul> %ape4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dag4--,sunfi%     
vase3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,! animal s   
c>efully model$ 9 ! vessel giv5 9 ,fig4 
#dah resembles a raccoon or an opossum4 
,! m\? ( ! vessel is wide & ! neck      
upright & %ort4 ,! body is ornam5t$ ) a 
patt]n made up ( triangul> gr\ps (      
incis$ l9es1 :i* may or may n be meant =
 hair4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#dah4--,opossum vase3 ,arkansas4--#b_/c4
  ,! love ( model+ life =ms %[s itself  
aga9 9 ! little vase illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4  
#dai4 ,! head ( "s animal1 rudely       
sugge/$1 projects f "o side1 :ile a     
curv$ tail on ! o!r c>ries out ! idea ( 
! complete creature4 ,! r\nd body is    
decorat$ ) broad v]tical l9es 9 d>k r$4 
,a r$ l9e encircles ! rim4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#dai4--;,animal-%ap$ vase3              
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,x is n /range t a p
 :o _h successfully engag$ 9 ! model+ ( 
life =ms1 & especially ! heads (        

animals1 %\ld attempt ! human head4 ,_! 
rem>kable success 9 ?is direction is %[n
 9 a numb] ( vases1 "o ( :i* is giv5 9  
,fig4 #dbj4 ,?is & k9dr$ peoples _h made
 consid]able progress 9 c>v+ 9 /one &   
o!r mat]ials1 ev9c+ a decid$ tal5t =    
sculpture2 b clay is s mu* m readily    
manipulat$ ?an ei!r wood1 /one1 or %ell1
 t we are n surpris$ to f9d _! be/ "w 9 
t mat]ial4  ,x is an int]e/+ fact t )   
all ?is clev]ness 9 ! h&l+ ( clay1 & 9 !
 del9eation ( v>i$ models1 ! art _h n   
fre$ itself f ! p>5t /em--! vessel--&   
laun*$ out into an indep5d5t field4 ,9 a
 few cases su* an end seems to h be5    
a*iev$ by c]ta9 gr\ps ( m\nd build]s1   
notably ^? ^: works at ,madisonville1   
,ohio1 h rec5tly be5 explor$ by         
,pr(essor ,putnam4 ,model+ 9 clay 0     
probably conf9$ to vessels = ! reason t1
 ?r\gh _! humble ag5cy1 ! art 0         
develop$4  ,up to ! pres5t "t ,i h met )
 b eight ( ^! curi\s head-%ap$ vases4   
,all 7 obta9$ f ! vic9ity ( ,pecan      
,po9t1 ,arkansas1 &1 l o!r vessels1 h   

be5 associat$ ) human rema9s 9 graves or
 m\nds4 ,x is true t 9 all cases ! bones
 ( ! dead h n be5 f\nd1 b ?is only      
indicates _! complete decay4 ,! "q z to 
:e!r or n ^! vases 7 made exclusively = 
sepul*ral purposes mu/ rema9 unansw]$2  
!re is no s\rce ( in=mation ^u !        
subject4 ,su* a purpose is1 h[ev]1      
sugge/$ 9 ?is case by ! semblance ( dea?
 giv5 to ! faces4  ,! f9e/ example yet  
f\nd is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dbj4 ,9 =m x is a  
simple head1 five in*es 9 height & five 
in*es wide f e> to e>4 ,! ap]ture ( !   
vase is 9 ! cr[n1 & is surr\nd$ by a l[1
 upright rim1 slightly recurv$4 ,!      
cavity is r\ghly f9i%$1 & foll[s pretty 
closely ! cont\r ( ! ext]ior surface1   
except+ 9 project+ features su* z ! e>s1
 lips1 & nose4 ,! walls are g5]ally f   
"o-eigh?1 to "o-f\r? ( an in* 9         
?ickness1 ! base be+ ab\t ?ree-eigh?s4  
,! bottom is flat1 & takes ! level ( !  
*9 & jaws4  ,! mat]ial does n diff] f t 
( ! o!r vessels ( ! same locality4 ,!re 
is a l>ge p]c5tage ( %ell1 "s p>ticles (

 :i* are q l>ge4 ,! pa/e is yell[i% gray
 9 color & r co>se 9 texture4 ,! vase 0 
model$ 9 ! pla9 clay & p]mitt$ to h>d5  
be=e ! devices 7 engrav$4 ,aft] ?is a   
?ick film ( f9e yell[i%-gray clay 0     
appli$ to ! face1 p>tially fill+ up !   
engrav$ l9es4 ,! rema9d] ( ! surface1   
includ+ ! lips1 receiv$ a ?ick coat (   
d>k r$ pa9t4 ,! :ole surface 0 !n highly
 poli%$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#dbj4--;,head-%ap$ vase3 ,pecan ,po9t1  
,arkansas4--#a_/b4  ,! illu/ration w    
convey a m vivid conception ( ?is /rik+ 
head ?an any description t c be giv54 ,!
 face _c be said to h a s+le feature    
/rongly *>act]i/ic ( ,indian            
physiognomy4 ,we h in/ead ! r\nd =ehead 
& ! project+ m\? ( ! ,african4 ,! nose1 
h[ev]1 is small & ! no/rils are n>r[4 ,!
 face w\ld seem to be t ( a y\ngi%      
p]son1 p]haps a female4 ,! features are 
all well model$1 & are s decid$ly       
individual 9 "* t ! arti/ mu/ h _h 9 8  
m9d a pretty def9ite conception ( ! face
 to be produc$ z well z ( ! expression  

appropriate to x1 be=e beg9n+ 8 "w4 ,x w
 be impossible1 h[ev]1 to prove t !     
portrait ( a p>ticul> p]sonage 0 int5d$4
 ,! clos$ eyes1 ! r sunk5 nose1 & ! p>t$
 lips 7 c]ta9ly int5d$ to give ! effect 
( dea?4 ,! e>s are l>ge1 correctly      
plac$1 & well model$2 !y are p]=at$ all 
along ! m>g91 ?us reveal+ a practice ( !
 p to :om !y ref]r$4 ,! septum ( ! nose 
appe>s to h be5 pi]c$1 & ! horizontal   
depression across ! upp] lip may        
indicate ! =m] pres5ce ( a susp5d$      
ornam5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dba4--,!
 engrav$ figures4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#dbb4--;,head cov]+4  ,p]haps ! mo/     
unique & /rik+ feature is ! patt]n (    
incis$ l9es t cov]s ! great] "p ( !     
face4 ,! l9es are deeply engrav$ &      
some:at scrat*y1 & 7 app>5tly execut$ 9 
! h>d5$ clay be=e ! slip 0 appli$4 ,!   
left side ( ! face is pla91 ) !         
exception ( a figure some:at resembl+ a 
grappl+ hook 9 outl9e :i* p>tially      
surr\nds ! eye4 ,! "r side is cov]$ ) a 
comb-l patt]n1 plac$ v]tically1 ) ! tee?

 upw>ds4 ,! middle ( ! =ehead has a     
s]ies ( v]tical l9es & a few %ort       
horizontal ones j above ! root ( ! nose4
 ,!re are also ?ree curv$ l9es ne> !    
corn] ( ! m\? n %[n 9 ! cut4  ,! diagram
 pres5t$ h]e) 7,fig4 #dba7 gives 9 dott$
 l9es ! correct outl9e ( ! front face1 &
 %[s project$ 9 solid l9es ! engrav$    
figures4 ,! significance ( ^! m>k+s c   
only be surmis$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al way4 ,_!  
function is probably ! same z t ( !     
tattoo$ & pa9t$ figures ^u ! faces (    
liv+ races4  ,x w be well to obs]ve t ^u
 ! =ehead1 at ! top1 !re is a small     
p]=at$ knob or loop4 ,simil> app5dages  
may be se5 ^u _m ( ! clay human heads f 
?is valley4 ,a ,mexican t]ra-cotta head 
n[ 9 ! museum at ,mexico has a l        
feature1 &1 at ! same "t1 has clos$ eyes
 & an op5 m\?4  ,! head dress %\ld be   
notic$4 ,x seems to h be5 model$ aft] a 
clo? or sk9 cap4 ,x ext5ds ov] ! =ehead1
 falls back ov] ! back ( ! head1 &      
t]m9ates 9 po9ts beh9d1 z se5 9 ,fig4   
#dbb4 ,two lay]s ( ! mat]ial are        

repres5t$1 ! "o broad1 ! o!r n>r[ &     
po9t$1 bo? be+ rais$ a little above !   
surface ^u :i* !y re/4 ,?is vase head is
 some:at small] ?an ! av]age human head4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                  
#dbc4--;,head-%ap$ vase3 ,pecan ,po9t1  
,arkansas4--#a_/b4  ,national ,museum4  
,ano!r ( a v simil> "* n[ 9 ! ,dav5port 
,museum is ab\t "o-half ! size ( ?is4 ,!
 face is mu* mutilat$4  ,a ?ird is      
some:at l>g] ?an ! "o illu/rat$1 b is   
ne>ly ! same 9 f9i% & color4 ,! face    
also has ! semblance ( dea?1 b !        
features are diff]5t1 possess+ v decid$ 
,indian *>act]i/ics4 ,!re is no tattoo+4
  ,all ( ^! heads1 includ+ also "s ( ^? 
9 ! ,national ,museum1 are mu* alike 9  
conception & execution4  ,?is fact w be 
=cibly impress$ ^u ! m9d by a /udy (    
,fig4 #dbc1 :i* repres5ts a specim5     
rec5tly exhum$ at ,pecan ,po9t by ag5ts 
( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,9 size1 =m1   
color1 f9i%1 model+ ( features1 &       
expression1 ?is head closely resembles !
 "o fir/ describ$4 ,! "w is n q s       

c>efully execut$ & ! head has probably n
 su* pron\nc$ individuality4 ,! curi\s  
device t 9 ! o!r example appe>$ ne> !   
left eye "h occurs on bo? sides4 ,! l[] 
"p ( ! face is elaborately engrav$4     
,?ree l9es cross ! upp] lip & *eeks1    
rea*+ to ! e>2 a b& ( fret-l devices    
ext5ds across ! m\? to ! base ( ! e>s1 &
 ano!r b& fill$ 9 ) oblique reticulat$  
l9es passes ar\nd ! *9 & along ! jaws4  
,! e>s are p]=at$ z 9 ! o!r case & !    
septum ( ! nose is p>tially brok5 away z
 if x _h once held a r+4 ,a p]=at$ knob 
has occupi$ ! top ( ! =ehead z 9 ! o!r  
case4 ,! face is coat$ ) a light yell[i%
 gray slip1 & ! rema9d] ( ! surface is  
r$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4               
#dbd4--;,head-%ap$ vase3                
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,?ibault            
,collection4  ,fig4 #dbd illu/rates a v 
int]e/+ specim5 ( ! r$ pott]y (         
,arkansas4 ,x belongs to ! collection ( 
,mr4 ,?ibault1 ( ,little ,rock1 & 0     
obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( t city4 ,!
 body is slightly l5ticul> & ! human    

face1 :i* is model$ ^u "o side1 int]f]es
 b little ) ! outl9e4 ,! face is        
slightly reliev$ & ext5ds f ! neck ( !  
vase to ! wide/ "p ( ! body1 & lat]ally 
occupies ab\t "o-?ird ( ! circumf]5ce4  
,! middle portion ( ! face is f9i%$ ) a 
light fle%-color$ slip1 ! rema9d] ( !   
surface ( ! vessel be+ pa9t$ a bright   
ri* r$4 ,l ! prec$+ example1 ! c\nt5ance
 is made to give ! appe>ance ( dea? or  
sleep4 ,o!r face-vessels ( sc>cely less 
int]e/ are f\nd 9 ! ,?ibault collection4
   ,,high-,,neck$ ,,bottles4            
,high-neck$1 full-bodi$ bottles =m a    
decid$ feature 9 ! pott]y ( ?is prov9ce4
 ,simil> vessels are r>ely f\nd 9 o!r   
sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b occur 9   
,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! =ms are n[h]e
 else s pron\nc$4 ,!y sugge/ ! well-kn[n
 wat] bottles ( ea/]n c\ntries4  ,9     
mat]ial1 f9i%1 & decorative treatm5t !y 
d n diff] greatly f ! vases describ$ 9 !
 prec$+ section4  ,,=m4--,_! =ms are    
greatly & (t5 happily v>i$ z w be se5 f 
! s]ies ( outl9es giv5 9 ,fig4 #dbe4    

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbe4--,scale (    
=ms4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4              
#dbf4--,tripods4  ,a /rik+ feature is   
f\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( legs & /&s4 ,! =m]   
exhibit globul>1 conical1 cyl9drical1 & 
t]rac$ =ms1 ,fig4 #dbf4 ,no example has 
any /rik+ resemblance to ,european =ms4 
,all are tripods1 & are atta*$ to ord9>y
 =ms ( vessels 9 a way to sugge/ t !y   
are sup]add$ features probably r rec5tly
 acquir$2 at ! same "t legs 7 d\btless  
employ$ by ! precolumbian peoples4 ,?is 
is kn[n to be true ( ,mexico1 & ,c5tral 
& ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!re is no reason :y !  
m\nd-build]s ( ! ,mississippi %\ld n h  
discov]$ ! use ( su* a device1 readily  
sugge/$ by ! use ( supports 9 build+1 9 
bak+1 or 9 us+ ! vessels1 & x w\ld      
necess>ily foll[ ! model+ ( life =ms4 ,x
 is true t quadrup$s w\ld n directly    
sugge/ ! tripod1 b birds model$ 9 clay 7
 made to re/ ^u ! feet & tail1 ?us giv+ 
?ree supports2 besides x w\ld readily be
 discov]$ t m ?an ?ree supports are     
unnecess>y4  ,! /&s atta*$ to ^! bottles

 are n ess5tially diff]5t f ^? describ$ 
9 ! prec$+ section4 ,!y take ! =m (     
simple b&s1 z se5 at a1 ,fig4 #dbg2     
d\ble b&s1 z %[n 9 b & c2 or p]=at$     
feet1 z se5 9 d4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#dbg4--,/&s4  ,comp\nd vessels are r    
r>e1 ne>ly all ( ! v>ieties be+ outl9$ 9
 ,fig4 #dbh4 ,"s ( ^! are =m$ by unit+  
two or ev5 ?ree simple =ms 9 "o4 ,o!rs  
are only p>tially comp\nd & resemble !  
askoidal %apes ( ,greek art4 ,att5tion w
 be call$ to ! probable orig9 ( all ^!  
%apes else:]e4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#dbh4--;,comp\nd =ms4  ,life =ms are    
f\nd 9 all ! gr\ps ( w>e1 b diff] 9 !   
mann] 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,fig4 #dbi  
%[s ! usual me?ods ( adapt+ ! human =m  
to high-neck$ bottles4 ,quadrup$s1      
fi%es1 & birds are treat$ 9 some:at     
simil> ways4 ,! vessels repres5t$ 9 ?is 
& ! f\r prec$+ illu/rations belong to ! 
v>i\s museums ( ! c\ntry4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #dbi4--;,adaptation ( ! human   
=m4  ,,ornam5t4--,! /yles ( decoration  
are n di/9ct f ^? ( o!r classes (       

vessels4 ,! incis$ scroll patt]ns are   
sometimes v elaborate1 & ! designs 9    
color are p]haps execut$ ) great] c>e   
?an 9 o!r gr\ps4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#dcj4--;,bottle3 ,t5nessee4--#a_/c4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dca4--;,g\rd-%ap$ 
vessel3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,national   
,museum4  ,,illu/rations4--,ord9>y      
=ms4--,i h n ?\ght x advisable to figure
 _m specim5s ( pla9 bottles1 z all !    
v>ieties ( outl9e are repeat$ 9 ! m     
highly elaborat$ or embelli%$ pieces4   
,fig4 #dcj repres5ts a pla9 bottle ( !  
ord9>y d>k por\s w>e4 ,! neck is n>r[   
above & exp&s abruptly bel[4 ,! body is 
globul>4 ,look+ at ?is vessel ) ref]5ce 
to a possible orig91 we obs]ve its      
resemblance to a common =m ( g\rd4 ,by a
 review ( ! collection1 we f9d t !re are
 _m simil> vessels actually model$ 9    
imitation ( g\rds4 ,good examples are   
giv5 9 ! ,?ird ,annual ,report ( !      
,bureau ( ,e?nology1 f :i* ,fig4 #dca is
 tak51 & 9 a pap] by ,edw>d ,ev]s 9     
,contributions to ! ,ar*ology (         

,miss\ri4 ,! m>k+s ( ! orig9al are (t5  
%[n ) a great deal ( tru?fulness 9 !    
e>!nw>e reproductions4  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #dcb4--;,bottle3                 
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #dcc4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4    
,national ,museum4  ,q di/9ct 9 outl9e f
 ! prec$+ =ms is ! bottle %[n 9 ,fig4   
#dcb4 ,! neck is high & cyl9drical & !  
body resembles a slightly-flatt5$ globe4
 ,set ab\t ! %\ld] are f\r m$allion-l   
faces1 ! features ( :i* are model$      
r\ghly 9 l[ relief4 ,! w>e is ( ! ord9>y
 d>k1 slightly poli%$ v>iety4  ,we h 9  
,fig4 #dcc a good example ( bottle-%ap$ 
vessels1 ! neck ( :i* is wide & %ort1 & 
! body mu* compress$ v]tically4 ,!re are
 a numb] ( duplicates ( x 9 ! ,museum4  
,! specim5 illu/rat$ is 9 ! national    
collection1 & 0 obta9$ 9 ,arkansas4 ,x  
is a h&some vase1 symmetrical 9 =m1 q   
d>k 9 color1 & highly poli%$4 ,! upp]   
surface ( ! body is ornam5t$ ) a coll>  
=m$ ( a broad fillet ( clay1 or r ( two 
fillets1 ! po9t$ ends ( :i* unite on    

opposite sides ( ! vase4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #dcd4--;,bottle3                 
,arkansas4--#a_/b4  ,national ,museum4  
,! h&some vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #dcd is ( a  
some:at diff]5t type f ! prec$+4 ,x 0   
obta9$1 along ) _m o!r f9e specim5s1 f  
m\nds ne> ,little ,rock1 ,arkansas4 ,x  
is ( ! d>k poli%$ w>e ) ! usual fire    
mottl+s4 ,! =m is symmetrical &         
graceful4 ,! neck is ornam5t$ ) a b& (  
incis$ *evrons & ! slop+ upp] surface ( 
! body1 view$ f above1 has a cruci=m    
arrangem5t ( /epp$ figures engrav$ 9 !  
pla/ic clay4  ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( !     
bottle-%ap$ vases is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dce4  
,x is symmetrical 9 %ape1 well          
proportion$ & well f9i%$4 ,! color is n[
 q d>k & ! surface is r\gh5$ by a       
multitude ( pits :i* h result$ f ! decay
 ( %ell p>ticles4 ,! pa/e crumbles into 
a br[ni% du/ :5 /ruck or press$ =cibly4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dce4--;,engrav$   
bottle3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,national   
,museum4  ,by f> ! mo/ rem>kable feature
 ( ! piece is ! broad1 convex hood-l    

coll> t encircles ! neck & spreads out  
ov] ! body l an inv]t$ sauc]4 ,?is coll>
 is curi\sly wr\ght 9 incis$ l9es & l[  
ridges by means ( :i* two grotesque     
faces are produc$4 ,! eyes are readily  
detect$1 be+ indicat$ by l[ knobs )     
c5tral pits surr\nd$ ea* by ?ree        
conc5tric circles4 ,!y are arrang$ 9    
pairs on opposite sides4 ,betwe5 ! eyes 
( ea* pair an incipi5t nose & m\? may be
 made out4 ,! face is outl9$ bel[ by !  
l[] edge ( ! coll> & above1 by a l[     
ind5t$ ridge cross+ ! coll> tang5t to ! 
base ( ! neck4  ,! mo/ exp&$ "p ( ! body
 is encircl$ by an incis$ patt]n consi/+
 ( five sets ( p>tially int]lock$       
scrolls--an ornam5t *>act]i/ic ( !      
pott]y ( ,arkansas4  ,modifications ( ! 
simple outl9es ( bottles exhibit _m     
int]e/+ peculi>ities4 ,comp\nd =ms are n
 unusual & consi/ g5]ally ( imitations (
 two vessels1 ! "o sup]impos$ ^u or set 
9 ! m\? ( ano!r4 ,a good example 9 !    
ord9>y pla9 d>k w>e is giv5 9 ,fig4     
#dcf4 ,simil> %apes are sugge/$ by lob$ 

=ms ( ! g\rd4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#dcf4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4     
,o!r specim5s may be se5 9 :i* !re is   
only a g5tle swell+ ( ! neck1 b all     
gradations occur betwe5 ?is condition & 
t 9 :i* =ms ( two vessels di/9ctly      
appe>4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#dcg4--;,bottle3 ,pecan ,po9t1          
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,a v usual =m is    
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dcg4 ,bel[ ! ov]hang+
 lip ! neck contracts & !n exp&s until q
 full1 & at ! base contracts aga94 ,?is 
feature corresponds to ! upp] vessel    
sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,f\r flatt5$   
h&les are plac$ ab\t ! upp] "p ( ! neck 
& ?ree r[s ( small conical pits encircle
 ! mo/ exp&$ portion4 ,! body is pla9 & 
mu* compress$ v]tically4 ,a l[ wide /&  
is atta*$ to ! base4 ,a numb] ( good    
examples1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum1 7   
f\nd 9 ,arkansas4  ,! vase %[n 9 ,fig4  
#dch has also ! d\ble body1 ! vessels   
copi$ hav+ be5 some:at m elaborately    
model$ ?an 9 ! prec$+ cases4 ,a bottle  
is set )9 ! m\? ( a pot4 ,! neck is     

high1 wide1 & fl>+ & re/s ^u ! back ( a 
rudely model$ frog1 :i* lies ext5d$ ^u !
 upp] surface ( ! body4 ,! not*$        
encircl+ ridge b5ea? ! feet ( ! reptile 
repres5ts ! rim ( ! l[] vessel1 :i* is a
 pot ) compress$ globul> body & %ort1   
wide neck4 ,?is vase is ( ! d>k1        
dead-surfac$ w>e & is q pla94 ,f\r      
v]tical ridges take ! place ( h&les4 ,i 
h obs]v$ o!r examples 9 :i* two vessels1
 comb9$ 9 ?is way1 s]v$ z models = !    
pott]2 "o1 a %ell set )9 a cup1 is      
illu/rat$ 9 ! ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! 
,bureau ( ,e?nology2 ano!r is giv5 9    
,contributions to ! ,ar*ology (         
,miss\ri4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#dch4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4     
,fig4 #dci illu/rates a r graceful =m ( 
bottle4 ,x is furni%$ ) a r high p]=at$ 
/& or foot1 & ! body is flut$ v]tically 
) n>r[1 widely sep>at$ *annels4 ,! neck 
is high & fl>+ & has a n>r[ not*$ coll> 
at ! base4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#dci4--;,flut$ bottle3                  
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4

 #ddj4--;,engrav$ bottle3               
,arkansas4787--#a_/c4  ,!re are _m good 
examples ( engrav$ geometric designs ^u 
bottle-%ap$ vessels4 ,"o ( ! mo/        
elaborate is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ddj4 ,?is 
vessel has a full1 wide neck1 a heavy1  
flatt5$ body1 & a broad rudim5t>y foot4 
,! color is q d>k1 & ! surface well     
poli%$4 ,! engrav$ design consi/s ( f\r 
elaborate1 int]l9k$ scrolls1 compris+ a 
numb] ( l9es1 & bord]$ by w+-l1         
triangul> figures1 fill$ 9 ) reticulat$ 
l9es4 ,?is latt] feature is (t5         
associat$ ) native del9eations ( my?ic  
reptiles1 & x is n impossible t ?is     
scroll "w is a highly conv5tionaliz$ =m 
( "s su* conception4 ,! f\r volute c5t]s
 are slightly concave4  ,?ree excell5t  
examples ( tripod bottles are illu/rat$ 
9 ! accompany+ figures4 ,! fir/1 ,fig4  
#dda1 is a l>ge-neck$1 r clumsy vessel (
 ord9>y workman%ip1 :i* re/s ^u ?ree    
globul> legs4 ,^! are holl[ & ! cavities
 connect ) t ( ! body ( ! vessel4 ,!    
:ole surface is well poli%$ & v d>k4    

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dda4--,tripod     
bottle3 ,arkansas4787--#a_/c4  ,! vessel
 depict$ 9 ,fig4 #ddb has a numb] (     
notewor?y features4 ,9 %ape1 x resembles
 ! prec$+ ) ! exception ( ! legs1 :i*   
are flat & h /epp$ or t]rac$ m>g9s4 ,!  
:ole surface ( ! vessel is decorat$ )   
*>act]i/ic designs 9 r$ & :ite ^u a w>m 
gray gr\nd4 ,a /epp$ figure1 resembl+ ! 
,pueblo emblematic rim ( ! sky1         
encircles ! neck1 & semicircul> figures 
9 :ite appe> on opposite sides at ! top 
& base4 ,! body is cov]$ ) scroll "w 9  
broad r$ l9es1 ! spaces be+ fill$ 9 )   
:ite 9 ! =m ( a ?ick e>?y pa/e4 ,ea* ( !
 legs has "o-half r$ & ! o!r :ite4  ,!  
vessel illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ddc is (      
ord9>y1 d>k1 poli%$ w>e1 & is entirely  
pla94 ,x is peculi> 9 ! %ape ( its      
extremities4 ,! neck resembles a long   
truncat$ cone1 & ! legs are heavy &     
conical1 be+ n unlike ^? ( a common iron
 pot4  ,ecc5tric =ms4--,9 ?is place ,i  
am able to give b "o example ( :at ,i h 
d5om9at$ ecc5tric =ms4 ,o!rs h be5      

indicat$ on prec$+ pages4 ,! vase giv5 9
 ,fig4 #ddd has a flatti%1 ovoidal body 
f ! opposite ends ( :i* spr+s a holl[   
ar*--a sort ( d\ble neck4 ,?is has be5  
p]=at$ at ! highe/ po9t1 & a l[ recurv+ 
rim1 :i* s]ves z ! m\? ( ! vessel1 has  
be5 atta*$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#ddb4--,tripod bottle3                  
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #ddc4--,tripod bottle3                 
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #ddd4--;,bottle ( ecc5tric =m3 ,pecan  
,po9t1 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,ano!r       
example ( ?is =m has rec5tly be5 receiv$
 at ! ,dav5port ,museum4 ,x is 9        
fragm5ts1 b 0 orig9ally nicely f9i%$ &  
pa9t$4 ,illu/rations ( o!rs may be se5 9
 ! ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau (  
,e?nology1 & 9 ,contributions to !      
,ar*ology ( ,miss\ri4 ,! specim5        
illu/rat$ 0 f\nd at ! foot ( a skeleton 
9 a grave at ,pecan ,po9t4  ,?is %ape is
 common to ! art ( _m c\ntries1 & 0 a   
great favorite 9 anci5t ,p]u4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dde4--,owl-%ap$   

bottle3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,life       
=ms4--,9 ! introduction to ?is section1 
,i h indicat$ ! _m ways 9 :i* ! human =m
 is employ$ 9 ! embelli%m5t or !        
elaboration ( bottles4 ,birds1 bea/s1   
fi%es1 & reptiles are treat$ 9 a simil> 
mann]4  ,! owl 0 a favorite subject ) ! 
pott]1 probably on acc\nt ( ! upright1  
compact figure ( ! body1 or possibly    
because ( "s especial reg>d 9 :i* ?is   
bird 0 held4  ,a r h&some specim5 is %[n
 9 ,fig4 #dde4 ,! model+ is m ?an       
usually successful1 & ! surface is      
c>efully f9i%$4 ,! w+s are treat$ 9 a   
pleas+ b highly conv5tional mann]4 ,!   
plumage is indicat$ by alt]nate b&s (   
pale-r$ & yell[-gray1 ! latt] be+ !     
gr\nd color4 ,^! b&s are outl9$ by f9e  
incis$ l9es4 ,! rema9d] ( ! body is     
pa9t$ r$4 ,! vessel re/s ^u ! feet &    
tail--a natural tripod4 ,9 _m cases !   
head ( ! bird =ms ! top ( ! neck ( !    
bottle--! body ( ! vessel itself be+    
pla9 & globul>4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#ddf4--;,hale's ,po9t1                  

,t5nessee4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #ddg4--;,arkansas 7874--#a_/c4  ,!     
heads ( animals are treat$ 9 ! same     
mann]1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ,figs4
 #ddf & #ddg4  ,! head %[n 9 ,fig4 #ddf 
is cle>ly t ( a be>4 ,! :ole vessel is  
pa9t$ r$4 ,fig4 #ddg illu/rates a small 
d>k bottle1 surm\nt$ by a head (        
nondescript "*4 ,! ap]ture 9 ^! vessels 
is g5]ally at ! back ( ! head4  ,fi% &  
reptiles appe> some:at m r>ely 9        
connection ) high-neck$ bottles4 ,!     
,dav5port ,museum has rec5tly acquir$ a 
f9e example1 pa9t$ 9 r$ & :ite1 :i* has 
! head & o!r features ( a fi%1 model$ 9 
relief ^u ! sides & bottom ( ! body4 ,a 
small1 d>k vessel ( l "* is illu/rat$ 9 
! ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau (   
,e?nology4  ,9 ! example giv5 9 ,figs4  
#ddh & #ddi ! upp] "p ( ! neck has be5  
modifi$ 9 su* a way z to accommodate a  
curi\s1 m$allion-l relievo ( ! human    
face1 :ile 9 ,figs4 #dej & #dea ! neck  
is replac$ by grotesque heads1 ! latt]  
be+ int5d$ app>5tly = an owl4  ,^!      

pott]s dealt ) ! human figure 9 a v bold
 mann] = savages4 ,!y 7 evid5tly capable
 ( repres5t+ _m creatures ) accuracy1 b 
pref]r$ grotesque or conv5tional =ms4 ,a
 man or a woman is g5]ally model$ ) a   
l>ge body & a curi\s hun*$ back1 !      
v]tebr appe>+ along ! prom95t ridge4 ,! 
%\ld] blades are usually %[n )          
anatomical di/9ctness1 if n ) precision2
 ! arms are long & sl5d] & ! h&s re/ ^u 
! knees or ! sides4 ,! position assum$  
is mo/ly t ( kneel+ or squatt+1 ! feet  
be+ d\bl$ up b5ea? & unit+ ) ! bottom ( 
! vessel4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#ddh4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddi4--;,bottle3   
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #dej4--;,bottle3 ,arkansas4--#a_/c4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dea4--;,bottle3   
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,^! effigy vases are
 num]\s1 & greatly v>i$ 9 size & color4 
,!y are mo/ly ( ! d>k w>e1 b are f\nd   
pa9t$ pla9 r$ or 9 r$ & :ite figures1 "s
 ( :i* repres5t p>ts ( ! co/ume1 o!rs1  
emblematic devices4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 )  

:i* ,i am acqua9t$ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 
#deb4 ,x is well model$1 a good deal (  
att5tion hav+ be5 giv5 to ! details (   
anatomy4 ,! back is v mu* hump$1 & !    
v]tebr are repres5t$ by a s]ies ( knobs4
 ,! position ( ! feet b5ea? ! body is1  
p]haps1 wor?y ( notice4 ,?is is %[n 9   
,fig4 #dec;b4 ,x w be se5 t ! knees1    
calves1 ankles1 & ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! feet 
are indicat$ ) an approa* to accuracy4  
,! project+ back is se5 bel[4 ,! bottom 
( ! vessel is ne>ly flat1 & ! legs are  
model$ 9 l[ relief ^u x4 ,o!r positions 
are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dec4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #deb4--;,effigy bottle3          
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,fig4 #ded          
illu/rates a *>act]i/ic pr(ile4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dec4--,positions (
 feet4  ,"o ( ^! vases has a cross pa9t$
 ^u ! brea/ ( ! p]sonage repres5t$4 ,!  
kneel+ position1 tak5 9 connection ) !  
cross1 leads to ! ?\ght t p]haps ! pott]
 liv$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,fr5* mission>y1 &  
attempt$ to model him 9 clay4 ,!re is1  
h[ev]1 no indication ( co/ume1 & !      

pa9t+1 ) ! exception ( ! cross1 is 9 a  
purely aborig9al /yle ( design4 ,! gr\nd
 color ( ! vase is1 z usual1 a mod]ately
 d>k gray br[n1 & ! pa9t$ figures are   
laid on 9 ?ick1 blacki% pa9t4 ,l9es     
p>tially encircle ! eyes1 & ext5d d[n   
ov] ! *eek to ! neck1 & a l9e passes    
ar\nd ! m\? & ext5ds d[n ov] ! *91 neck1
 & *e/ to ! base ( ! body4 ,! horizontal
 b> ( ! cross connects ! nipples4 ,!    
%\ld] blades & ! h&s are also pa9t$     
black4 ,! back is v curi\sly model$ &   
pa9t$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#ded4--;,effigy bottle3                 
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #dee4--;,effigy bottle3                
,arkansas4--#a_/c4  ,!re are 9 !        
collection a numb] ( specim5s t d n come
 "u ei!r ( ! prec$+ heads4 ,( ^! ,i may 
m5tion ?ree small figures f ,paducah1   
,k5tucky1 :i* repres5t a snake1 a man1 &
 a de]4 ,!y are v rudely done1 & are    
possibly mod]n "w4  ,att5tion %\ld be   
call$ to "s small specim5s resembl+     
toad/ools or mu%rooms 9 %ape1 "s ( :i*  

may h be5 /opp]s = bottles1 :ile o!rs   
c\ld h s]v$ z implem5ts 9 "s ( ! arts4  
,"o ( ^! pieces has a di/9ctly vitrifi$ 
surface4 ,its age1 h[ev]1 _c be det]m9$4
  ,!re are a few rude pipes ( usual =ms 
& ( no special int]e/4  ,! comp>ative   
sc>city ( ^! articles1 s pl5tiful 9 "s (
 ! m\nd di/ricts1 is c]ta9ly wor?y ( !  
att5tion ( ar*ologi/s4   ,,upp]         
,,mississippi ,,prov9ce3  ,i h already  
po9t$ out ! fact t mo/ ( ! pott]y ( !   
,upp] ,mississippi region belongs to a  
di/9ct family4 ,x has nev] be5 z        
abundant z ! pott]y ( ! m s\!rn sections
 ( ! c\ntry & is n well repres5t$ 9 our 
museums4 ,!re are only a few pieces 9 ! 
,dav5port collection & ^! are all 9 a m 
or less fragm5t>y /ate4 ,a majority are 
f a m\nd ne> ! city ( ,dav5port1 b a    
limit$ numb] came f ,wiscons94  ,at ?is 
"t x is impossible to def9e1 ) any      
degree ( precision1 ! geographical      
limits ( ?is class ( w>e4 ,! tribes by  
:om x 0 manufactur$ h evid5tly1 at "o "t
 or ano!r1 occupi$ ! great] "p ( !      

,mississippi bas9 nor? ( ! m\? ( !      
,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,simil>ities ( mat]ial1 
%ape1 me?ods ( manufacture1 &           
ornam5tation1 t5d to %[ t we mu/ include
 ! great] p>ts ( ! ,/ates ( ,i[a1       
,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1
 & ,ohio1 9 ! area cov]$ by ?is or      
closely relat$ c]amic gr\ps1 &          
indications ( its pres5ce are discov]$  
f> beyond ^! limits4 ,! m\nds (         
,manitoba h rec5tly furni%$ examples (  
?is class ( w>e1 & x has decid$         
relation%ips ) ! w>e ( ! ,ea/]n &       
,nor!a/]n ,/ates4 ,x is n yet "t to draw
 close di/9ctions1 z suffici5tly detail$
 /udies ( ! products ( ! v>i\s di/ricts 
h n be5 made4  ,on ! %elves ( our       
museums ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two great   
families ( ! middle & ,upp] ,mississippi
 are /rik+ly manife/4 ,! w>e ( ! =m]    
di/rict1 z already %[n1 exhibits v>i\sly
 t9t$ pa/es temp]$ ) co>sely pulv]iz$   
%ells or pot%]ds2 ! vases1 z a rule1    
hav+ full bodies1 well r\nd$ bases1 & 9 
v _m cases1 n>r[ necks4 ,!y exhibit     

great v>iety ( decoration & no little   
c>e 9 f9i%4 ,! nor!rn family %[s a d>k  
pa/e temp]$ ) s&1 (t5 app>5tly granitic2
 a r\gh fracture1 & g5]ally a rude f9i%4
 ,! %apes are comp>atively simple1 (t5  
long1 tap]+ bel[1 & flat bottom$4 ,!    
ornam5tation is totally unlike t ( !    
s\!rn v>iety4 ,x consi/s ( cord         
impressions1 incis$ l9es1 & implem5t    
ind5tations arrang$ 9 figures peculi> to
 ! di/rict4 ,!re are _m o!r features t1 
l ! subtile *>act]s ( human physiognomy1
 _c easily be describ$1 b :i* are ( fir/
 importance z indices ( relation%ip or !
 lack ( x4  ,! be/ pres]v$ ( ! ,dav5port
 specim5s 0 describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 !    
fir/ volume ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,dav5port  
,academy4 ,?is vessel1 ,fig4 #def1 0    
f\nd 9 a m\nd ne> ,dav5port along )     
human rema9s1 & closely associat$ ) o!r 
relics1 among :i* 7 sev]al copp]        
implem5ts cov]$ ) co>se wov5 fabrics4   
,its height is elev5 in*es1 wid? (      
ap]ture sev5 & a half in*es1 & diamet] (
 base f\r in*es4 ,x is e/imat$ to conta9

 a little ov] "o gallon4  ,!re is a     
broad1 %all[ con/riction at ! neck4 ,!  
walls are f "o-f\r? to ?ree-eigh?s ( an 
in* ?ick1 & ! m>g9 ( ! rim is squ>$ (f1 
%[+ ! full ?ickness--a /rong *>act]i/ic 
( ! nor!rn pott]y4 ,! =m is ne>ly       
symmetrical1 & ! surface is h&-smoo!d b 
n poli%$4 ,! pa/e is n[ d>k & crumbl+1 &
 %[s a r\gh fracture4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage (
 s& 0 us$ 9 temp]+4 ,! color is a d>k   
gray-br[n4 ,! entire surface1 ) !       
exception ( a n>r[ b& ab\t ! base1 has  
be5 cov]$ ) ornam5tation4 ,?is is       
execut$ ) consid]able c>e1 & %[s a great
 deal ( +5uity & "s ta/e4 ,!re is       
app>5tly no feature copi$ f nature or f 
ideographic art4 ,two or ?ree di/9ct    
implem5ts h be5 us$4 ,a "p ( ! neck     
ornam5t 0 made by roll+ back & =? a     
circul> tool1 a r\lette1 ! edge ( :i* 0 
not*$4 ,a r[ ( ind5t$ nodes has be5     
produc$ ^u ! ext]ior surface ( ! neck by
 impress+ ^u ! inside ! end ( a re$ or  
holl[ bone ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* 9      
diamet]4 ,patt]ns ( bold1 r c>elessly   

drawn l9es cov] ! body & seem to h be5  
made by trail+1 "u pretty /rong         
pressure1 ! smoo? po9t ( a              
/ylus--probably ! bone or re$ already   
sugge/$4 ,"s ( ! l>g] ind5tations ^u !  
l[] "p ( ! neck may h be5 made by ! same
 implem5t held 9 an oblique position4 ,!
 use to :i* ?is vessel 0 appli$ c h>dly 
be guess$4 ,x 0 f\nd ) ! rema9s ( its   
own]1 & probably conta9$ food or dr9k4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #def4--,vase3      
,dav5port1 ,i[a4--#a_/c4  ,ano!r small] 
vessel f ! same locality & f\nd "u      
simil> conditions %[s ! same *>act]i/ics
 ( mat]ial1 =m1 & ornam5t4 ,!re are also
 a few o!r fragm5ts ( ! same w>e f ?is  
gr\p ( m\nds4 ,"o ( ^! %[s t decoration 
by ! ind5tation ( twi/$ cords 0 practic$
 "h z else:]e4 ,a simil> vase ta/efully 
decorat$ ) ind5t$ l9es ab\t ! neck1 & a 
b& ( decoration consi/+ ( broad1 pla91  
s9u\s b&s ^u ! body1 comes f a m\nd 9   
,scott ,c\nty1 ,i[a4 ,height six in*es1 
diamet] ! same4 ,! rims ( all ^! vessels
 are squ>e on ! edge1 %[+ ! full        

?ickness ( ! walls4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #deg4--,vase3 ,wiscons94--#a_/b4 
,national ,museum4  ,a v int]e/+ vessel 
obta9$ by ,capta9 ,hall f a m\nd 9      
,wiscons9 is repres5t$ by a numb] ( l>ge
 fragm5ts1 probably compris+ ab\t       
"o-half ( ! walls4 ,x mu/ h be5 some:at 
l>g] ?an ! vase giv5 9 ,fig4 #def1 & 9 a
 g5]al way resembles x closely4 ,x      
appe>s to be m po9t$ bel[ ?an ! o!r1 &  
has a slightly fl>+ rim4 ,! walls are   
"o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick4 ,! pa/e is co>se 
& is temp]$ ) s&1 z 9 ! cases already   
describ$4 ,! l[] "p ( ! body is cov]$ ) 
ne>ly v]tical cord m>ks4 ,! upp] "p 0   
smoo!d1 r rudely1 = ! reception (       
additional decoration1 :i* consi/s (    
sev]al b&s ( ind5t$ figures4 ,! pr9cipal
 implem5t us$ 0 app>5tly a /iff cord1 or
 a sl5d] osi] wrapp$ ) f9e ?read1 :i*   
has be5 laid on & impress$ ) ! f+]s1 =m+
 ne>ly cont9u\s encircl+ l9es4 ,b&s (   
%ort oblique l9es made 9 ! same mann]   
also occur4 ,j bel[ ! m>g9 !re is a l9e 
( annul> ind5tations made f ! ext]ior1  

leav+ nodes on ! inside--! rev]se ( !   
treatm5t notic$ 9 ! vessel already      
illu/rat$4 ,fragm5ts ( id5tically m>k$  
w>e f ! vic9ity ( ,prairie du ,*i5 may  
be se5 9 ! ,national ,museum4  ,a l>ge  
fragm5t f ,b>aboo ,c\nty1 ,wiscons91 %[s
 a full body & a slightly fl>+ rim4 ,!  
upp] "p is ornam5t$ ) horizontal l9es ( 
annul> ind5tations1 & ! body is cov]$ ) 
r rude patt]ns made by roll+ a not*$    
:eel or r\lette back & =? 9 zigzag l9es4
  ,two h&some pieces ( ?is w>e 7 rec5tly
 obta9$ by ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology f a    
m\nd 9 ,v]non ,c\nty1 ,wiscons94 ,! f9e/
 ( ^!1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #deg1 is six &
 a half in*es 9 height1 & 9 symmetry &  
f9i% rivals ! be/ "w ( ! s\?4 ,! pa/e is
 d>k1 compact1 & f9e gra9$1 & temp]$    
app>5tly ) s&4 ,! color ( ! surface is a
 ri*1 mottl$ br[n4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature 
( ! decoration consi/s ( a numb] (      
poli%$ b&s1 ext5d+ 9 div]s directions   
ov] ! surface1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ 9 )
 ind5t$ figures4 ,! lip is smoo? & !    
m>g9 r\nd$4 ,! ext]ior surface ( ! n>r[ 

coll> is ornam5t$ ) oblique l9es made by
 a r\lette1 & cross$ at int]vals ) f9e  
incis$ l9es4 ,! neck is slightly        
con/rict$1 & is encircl$ by a poli%$    
zone "o & "o-f\r? in*es wide1 hav+ a l9e
 ( ind5tations along ! upp] edge4 ,!    
body is sep>at$ into f\r lobes by f\r   
v]tical1 depress$1 poli%$ b&s ab\t "o   
in* wide4 ,two ( ^! lobes are cross$    
obliquely by simil> poli%$ b&s4 ,^! b&s 
7 all f9i%$ ) a poli%+ implem5t1 & are  
some:at depress$1 probably ! result (   
/rong pressure ) ?is tool4 ,!y are      
bord]$ by wide incis$ l9es4 ,! int]v5+  
spaces are ind5t$ ) a r\lette4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #deh4--,vase2      
,ill9ois4--#c_/d4  ,a h&some little     
vessel1 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,albany1     
,:itesides ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 is         
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #deh4 ,x app>5tly     
belongs to ! silici\s w>e ( ! nor?4 ,!  
%ape & ornam5tation are some:at novel4  
,f\r l>ge flatti% lobes occur ab\t !    
body1 on ea* ( :i* a figure some:at     
resembl+ a ,maltese cross has be5 made  

by incis+ or impress+ broad1 %all[ l9es4
 ,! rema9d] ( ! body is cov]$ ) m>ks t  
resemble impressions ( a co>se osi]     
basket4 ,?is specim5 0 collect$ by ,mr4 
,c4 ,a4 ,dodge1 & a %ort description 0  
publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pratt 9 ! ?ird
 volume ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,dav5port      
,academy4   ,,gulf ,,prov9ce4  ,our     
museums conta9 b few pieces ( pott]y f !
 ,l[] ,mississippi1 & 9 ! ,dav5port     
,academy collection !re are probably n m
 ?an a doz5 typical examples ( ! lead+  
v>ieties ( w>e ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4        
,l\isiana & ,mississippi h furni%$ "s v 
f9e specim5s ( ! pott]y ( ! middle      
prov9ce1 m ref9$1 p]haps1 9 =m1 mat]ial1
 & f9i% ?an ! w>e ( ,arkansas &         
,miss\ri1 b /ill diff]+ decid$ly f !    
typical pott]y ( ,alabama & ,georgia4 ,n
 wi%+ at pres5t to ent] ^u ! detail$    
/udy ( ! latt] class ( w>e1 ,i %all     
pres5t only ! few examples conta9$ 9 !  
,dav5port collection4 ,! s\!rn w>e is   
*>act]iz$ by ref9em5t ( outl9e1 color1  
f9i% & ornam5t1 & is di/+ui%$ f t ( !   

,middle ,mississippi by its mat]ial1 :i*
 is a f9e-gra9$ pa/e1 temp]$ ) v f9e    
silici\s matt] in/ead ( pulv]iz$ %ells4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dei4--;,cup3      
,alabama4--#a_/c4  ,! little cup giv5 9 
,fig4 #dei is f ,mobile1 ,alabama4 ,x is
 po9t$ at opposite ends & 0 probably    
model$ aft] or )9 "s basket or fruit    
%ell1 ! impressions f :i* are se5 on !  
surface4 ,! pa/e conta9s no p]ceptible  
temp]+ mat]ial4  ,! l>ge/ & mo/ pleas+  
vessel ( ?is class is f ,alabama1 & is  
%[n 9 ,fig4 #dfj4  ,! ap]ture is t5 & a 
half in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! height n9e &  
"o-half in*es4 ,! =m is full above &    
some:at conical bel[4 ,! walls are ?9 & 
ev5 & ! surface well poli%$4  ,! color  
is d>k & %[s ! usual fire mottl+s4 ,!re 
is no admixture ( %ell mat]ial1 f9ely   
pulv]iz$ micace\s matt] appe>+ 9 its    
place4 ,! ornam5tation is simple1 b is  
appli$ 9 a way to greatly enhance !     
beauty ( ! vessel4 ,x consi/s ( a s+le  
broad zone ( incis$ figures4 ,?ree      
zigzag l9es me&] ! middle ( ! b& & !    

int]v5+ triangles are fill$ 9 ) gr\ps ( 
/raight l9es4 ,all ! l9es are well drawn
 & appe> to h be5 cut ) a %>p po9t 9 !  
dry clay4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#dfj4--;,b[l3 ,alabama4--#a_/c4         
,bottle-%ap$ vases are n f\nd to any    
great ext5t outside ( ! ,mississippi    
,valley1 & are q r>e 9 ,alabama1        
,georgia1 & ,florida4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #dfa4--;,bottle3                 
,mississippi4--#a_/c4  ,! piece         
illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dfa is f             
,mississippi1 & 9 mo/ respects is       
id5tical ) ! w>e ( ! ,gulf ,prov9ce4 ,! 
pa/e is silici\s1 f9e-gra9$1 & q h>d4 ,!
 color is slightly f]rug9\s & cl\d$ )   
fire /a9s f ! bak+4 ,! body is ornam5t$ 
) ! engrav$ figure ( a bird app>5tly    
int5d$ = an eagle4 ,! head1 ) its not*$ 
& /rongly curv$ beak & conv5tionaliz$   
cre/1 occupies "o side4 ,! w+s may be   
se5 at ! "r & left1 :ile ! tail appe>s  
on ! side opposite ! head4 ,! flatt5$   
base ( ! vessel occupies ! place ( !    
body4 ,! l9es h be5 scrat*$ ) a %>p po9t

 9 ! h>d5$ clay4 ,c]ta9 spaces 9 !      
plumes1 w+s1 & tail are fill$ 9 )       
reticulat$ l9es4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#dfb4--;,bottle3 ,alabama4--#a_/c4  ,!  
bottle pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dfb is embelli%$
 ) a r rem>kable design 9 color4 ,!     
mat]ial is f9e gra9$ & )\t admixture (  
%ell4 ,! color ( ! pa/e is a pale1      
salmon gray4 ,! surface is coat$ ) a    
?ick slip or enamel ( :iti% clay1 v f9e 
gra9$ & smoo?2 ^u ?is ! design 0 pa9t$1 
n 9 ! ?ick e>?y color employ$ f>!r nor?1
 b 9 :at appe>s to be a d>k purpli%-gray
 /a94 ,! design ^u ! body is :olly      
unlike any?+ yet describ$4 ,x is        
develop$ 9 ! light gr\nd t9t by fill+ 9 
! int]/ices ) ! d>k color4 ,! peculi> "*
 ( ?is design incl9es me to ! view t x  
probably _h an ideographic orig91 al?\gh
 possibly treat$ "h z pure decoration4  
,! op5 h& is sometimes se51 9 bo? !     
decorative & ! symbolic "w ( ! ,gulf    
coa/ tribes1 & is n unkn[n else:]e4 ,!  
figures alt]nat+ ) ! h&s are sugge/ive (
 a highly conv5tionaliz$ face1 ! eyes   

be+ indicat$ by ! volutes & ! m\? & tee?
 by ! l[] "p ( ! figure1 z w be se5 9 ! 
fully project$ design1 ,fig4 #dfc4 ,!   
neck has two indi/9ct b&s ( triangul>   
d5tate figures app>5tly pa9t$ 9 ! d>k   
color4 ,! bottom is flatti% & )\t !     
coat+ ( light clay4 ,bo? pa/e & slip c  
be readily scrat*$ ) ! f+] nail4 ,?is   
vase 0 f\nd 9 ,frankl9 ,c\nty1 ,alabama1
 ne> ! ,mississippi l9e4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #dfb4--,pa9t$ design4   ,r,,sum4 
,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! great      
numb]s ( pieces ( e>!nw>e recov]$ f !   
m\nds & graves ( ! middle prov9ce ( !   
,mississippi ,valley4 ,9 c]ta9          
di/ricts--z rem>k$ by "o ( our          
collectors--we h b to dig to fill       
museums4 ,su* di/ricts mu/ h be5 occupi$
 = a long p]iod by a num]\s p :o        
recogniz$ ! claims ( ! dead ^u _!       
worldly treasures4 ,! burial gr\nds ( _m
 o!r sections ( ! ,am]ican cont95t are  
correspond+ly ri* 9 c]amic rema9s4  ,!  
vessels 7 n to any ext5t c9]>y1 &       
probably n ev5 mortu>y 9 ! s5se ( hav+  

be5 con/ruct$ especially = inhumation ) 
! dead4 ,!y 7 receptacles = food1 dr9k1 
pa9t1 & ! l1 plac$ 9 ! grave along ) o!r
 possessions ( ! dep>t$ 9 ob$i5ce to !  
dem&s ( an almo/ univ]sal cu/om4  ,!    
mat]ial employ$ 9 manufacture embrac$   
clay 9 all grades ( ref9em5t1 f co>se   
loamy e>?s to ! ref9$ slips us$ 9       
surface f9i%4 ,! temp]+ mat]ials--us$ 9 
great] or less] quantity accord+ to ! "*
 ( ! vessel to be made--consi/$ ( %ell1 
s&1 & pot%]ds r$uc$ to v>i\s degrees (  
pulv]ul5ce4  ,! /age ( ! art repres5t$  
by ?is w>e is "o ( h& build+ purely4 ,no
 la! or o!r revolv+ device 0 kn[n1      
al?\gh v>ieties ( improvis$             
molds--baskets1 g\rds1 & ! l1 su* z are 
kn[n to ne>ly all pott]y-mak+ peoples--7
 frequ5tly employ$4  ,! highe/ degree ( 
f9i% kn[n 0 atta9$ by ! application ( a 
slip or wa% ( f9e clay :i* 0 giv5 a good
 degree ( me*anical poli% by means ( a  
smoo? implem5t held 9 ! h&4 ,ornam5t 0  
produc$ by bo? flat & pla/ic me?ods4 ,! 
colors us$ 9 pa9t+ 7 :ite1 black1 & r$  

e>?s4 ,! pla/ic subjects 7 incis$1      
/amp$1 reliev$1 & model$ 9 ! r\nd4  ,!  
p]iod 0 "o ( op5-air bak+1 a mod]ate    
degree ( h>dness be+ secur$4 ,! texture 
0 por\s & ! vessels 7 )\t resonance4 ,! 
pa/e exhibits two di/9ct v>ieties (     
color :i* may be describ$ r\ghly z light
 & d>k4 ,a c]ta9 range ( d>k            
hues--blacks1 br[ns1 & grays--7 probably
 produc$ by smo!r bak+4 ,ano!r set (    
colors embrac+ light r$di% & yell[i%    
grays result$ f *anges 9 ! clay produc$ 
by simple op5 air bak+4  ,a feature     
wor?y ( especial note is ! great        
div]sity ( =m--indicat+ a long practice 
( ! art1 a high specialization ( uses1 &
 a consid]able v>iety 9 ! orig9als      
copi$4 ,! manual skill exhibit$ is ( no 
mean ord]4 ,symmetry ( =m comb9$ )      
consid]able grace ( outl9e has be5      
a*iev$ )\t ! :eel--a result atta9$ 9    
/ill great] p]fection by o!r ,am]ican   
races4 ,not)/&+ ! great div]sity ( ! =ms
 ( vessels1 ! v primitive condition ( ! 
art is indicat$ by ! abs5ce ( bricks1   

tiles1 :i/les1 lamps1 sp9dle-:orls1     
toys1 & /atuettes4 ,! models f :i* !    
vessels 7 copi$ mu/ h be5 q v>i$1       
compris+ %ells ( mollusks--m>9e &       
fre%-wat]--g\rd %ells ( v>y+ %apes1 &   
vessels ( wick]1 b>k1 horn1 & wood1 su* 
z are 9 common use ) our we/]n & nor!rn 
tribes4  ,! execution ( ! ornam5tal     
designs indicates a r l[ grade ( skill4 
,?is is especially true ( "w 9 color1   
:i* has ! appe>ance ( a newly acquir$   
art4 ,intaglio & relief "w ev9ces mu*   
great] skill--! incis$ =ms especially   
giv+ evid5ce ( long exp]i5ce4  ,9       
subject-matt] ! ornam5t employ$ bespeaks
 no?+ high] p]haps ?an c\ld be expect$ (
 our hi/oric tribes4 ,! great body ( !  
devices are geometric1 & comprise su*   
motives z c\ld h develop$ )9 ! art or t 
might h be5 borr[$ f closely associat$  
arts4 ,a small p]c5tage ( incis$ l9e>   
designs come1 app>5tly1 f my?ologic     
s\rces1 & del9eate1 9 a rude way1 bo? m5
 & animals4  ,! model+ ( life =ms 9     
connection ) e>!n vessels con/itutes a  

feature ( consid]able int]e/1 ! highe/  
kn[n a*ievem5t be+ repres5t$ by a s]ies 
( vases imitat+ human heads4 ,animal =ms
 are g5]ally rudely model$1 ! imitation 
( nature hav+ be5 app>5tly a second>y   
consid]ation--! associat$ idea or !     
fancy = ! grotesque be+ ! /rong] motive4
 ,! animal =ms are inf]ior to ^? c>v$ 9 
/one by "s ( ! m\nd-build+ peoples4  ,t 
any ( ^! images 7 idols 9 ! ord9>y      
acceptation ( ! t]m is an idea t _c be  
ent]ta9$4 ,!y are always associat$      
directly ) vessels1 & c\ld n be m ?an   
repres5tations ( ! tutel>y deities      
suppos$ to be int]e/$ 9 ! uses or       
c]emonies to :i* ! vessels 7 assign$4   
,9 =m !re are _m sugge/ions ( !         
*>act]i/ic ut5sils ( ! nor?1 9 ornam5t  
!re are occasional h9ts ( ! s\?--(      
,c>ibbean & ,mexican art4  ,) ! ,pueblo 
peoples1 not)/&+ _! proximity1 !re is   
h>dly a h9t ( relation%ip ( any k9d4    
,unlike ! ,pueblos1 ! e?nical environm5t
 ( ! ,mississippi ,valley races w\ld    
seem to h be5 consid]ably div]sifi$2 !re

 0 less isolation2 yet !re are /rong    
indications t ! art is ma9ly ( indig5\s 
gr[?1 z !re is unity & consi/5cy 9 all  
its features4  ,9 ref]5ce to ! p]iod (  
culture repres5t$ by ?is w>e1 a few     
words may be add$4 ,!re is no feature 9 
x t c\ld n reasonably be expect$ ( ! m  
advanc$ hi/oric tribes ( ! ,valley4 ,x  
indicates a culture diff]+ 9 _m ways f t
 ( ! ,pueblos1 anci5t & mod]n1 b on !   
:ole r inf]ior to x4 ,! "w ( ,mexico1   
,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica is decid$ly      
sup]ior 9 e ess5tial feature4  ,!re are 
_m difficulties 9 ! way ( in/itut+ a    
comp>ison ( ?is "w ) t ( ! primitive "w 
( ! ,old ,_w4 ,^! ,i %all n /op to      
pres5t 9 ?is place4 ,9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 
,i may say t ! c]amic art ( ! ,middle   
,mississippi is app>5tly sup]ior to t ( 
! /one age 9 ,europe1 b little c be     
inf]r$ 9 reg>d to relative grades (     
culture4 ,9 classic c\ntries x is       
difficult to f9d its true equival5t4 ,to
 rea* a /age ( art correspond+ly l[ we  
%all h to g beh9d ! h]oic age--to pass  

d[n ?r\gh m ?an ! five prehi/oric cities
 ( ! hill ( ,hiss>lik & desc5d into !   
l[e/ ar*ologic sub/ratum4 ,ev5 ?is1     
unless x repres5t ! fir/ a*ievem5t ( t  
grade ( art ^u ! cont95t1 w\ld af=d     
unc]ta9 data = comp>ative /udy4  ,a giv5
 grade ( c]amic a*ievem5t runs s freely 
up & d[n ! scale ( culture t alone its  
evid5ce is ( little value 9 det]m9+     
culture /atus4     ,index    ,adams     
,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,s]p5t e>?work 9 #djb    
,age ( pott]y 9 ,mississippi ,valley    
#cga   ,alabama1 ,pott]y f #cie1 #cif1  
#dca1 #dcd   ,albany1 ,ill9ois1 ,pott]y 
f #dcj   ,anci5t pott]y ( ! ,mississippi
 ,valley1 ,william ,h4 ,holmes #cfa-dcf 
,animal =ms 9 pott]y #chc-cib           
,arkansas1 ,pott]y f #cgh-cib1 #cid-cih1
 #cii-daj1 #dac-dbf    ,b>aboo ,c\nty1  
,wiscons91 ,pott]y f #dcj   ,basket     
molds = pott]y #cgb   ,bottles or j>s1  
,wide-m\!d #cih-daa   ,burial gr\nds1   
,pott]y 9 #dcd     m\nds1 ,pott]y 9 #cgj
   ,burn+ pott]y #dcd-dce    ,c]amic art
 gr\ps #cfi   ,*ange ( habitat modifies 

ideas #cgj   ,*]okee pott]y #cga        
,color 9 ,mississippi ,valley pott]y    
#cgc1 #cgd   ,classification ( =m       
,mississippi ,valley pott]y #cge        
,comp\nd vessels #dab   ,contact ( p    
modifies ideas #cgj   ,con/ruction (    
pott]y 9 ,mississippi ,valley #cgb      
,contributions to ! ,ar*ology ( ,miss\ri
 #cfg1 #dad1 #dah1 #dbb   ,culture      
repres5t$ 9 pott]y #dcj   ,curv$ =ms    
#cge    ,dav5port1 ,i[a1 ,pott]y f      
vic9ity ( #dbg1 #dbh   ,diff]5ces 9     
pott]y ( diff]5t regions #dbg1 #dca     
,dodge1 ,c4 ,a41 collect$ pott]y #dca   
,du ,pratz describes pott]y #cga        
,ev]s1 ,dr4 ,edw>d1 ,publication by     
#cfg1 #dad    ,f9i% ( ,mississippi      
,valley pott]y #cgc   ,=m 9 ,mississippi
 ,valley pott]y #cgc   ,frankl9 ,c\nty1 
,alabama1 ,pott]y 9 #dcd    ,gulf       
,prov9ce 9 pott]y #dca    ,habitat      
modifies ideas1 ,*ange ( #cgj   ,hall1  
,capta91 ,pott]y obta9$ by #cha1 #dbi   
,holmes1 ,w4 ,h42 ,anci5t pott]y ( !    
,mississippi ,valley #cfa-dcf    ,ideas 

modifi$ by c]ta9 influ5ces #cgj         
,ill9ois1 ,pott]y f #dcj   ,i[a1 ,pott]y
 f #dbg1 #dbh1 #dbi    ,j>s1 ,wide-m\!d 
bottles or #cih-daa   ,jones1 ,dr4      
,joseph1 ,publication by #cfg           
,k5tucky1 ,pott]y f #dbf    ,little     
,rock1 ,ark41 ,collection ( pott]y at   
7,see ,?ibault74     ,pott]y f m\nd ne> 
#dae   ,l\isiana1 ,pott]y f #cii1 #dca  
,madisonville1 ,ohio1 ,m\nds at #djf    
,mexican pott]y head #dji1 #daa         
,middle ,mississippi prov9ce 9 pott]y   
#cfi-dbf   ,mississippi1 ,pott]y f #cii1
 #djc1 #dca1 #dcb     prov9ce 9 pott]y1 
,middle #cfi-dbf     prov9ce 9 pott]y1  
,upp] #dbf-dca     ,valley1 ,anci5t     
pott]y ( ! 7,w4 ,h4 ,holmes7 #cfa-dcf   
,miss\ri1 ,pott]y f #cie1 #cif          
,mobile1 ,pott]y f #dca   ,modification 
( =m 9 pott]y #cgc   ,m\nd-build]s #djf1
 #dce   ,m\nds1 ,pott]y f #cgj1 #dae1   
#dbi1 #dca    ,nat*ez pott]y #cga       
,ohio1 ,m\nds at ,madisonville #djf     
,s]p5t e>?work 9 ,adams ,c\nty #djb     
,paducah1 ,pott]y f #dbf   ,peabody     

,museum collections #cfg   ,pecan ,po9t1
 ,pott]y f #cfi1 #cha1 #cij1 #cia1 #cib1
 #cif1 #cig1 #cih1       #cii1 #djd1    
#djh-dji1 #daj1 #dag1 #dbb   ,pot-%ap$  
vessels #cib-cih   ,pott]1 ,pr(4 ,w4    
,b41 ,publication by #cfg   ,pott]y     
buri$ ) ! dead #cgj1 #dcd     f         
,arkansas #cid-cih     ( ! ,mississippi 
,valley1 ,anci5t #cfa-dcf   ,pratt1     
,pr(4 ,w4 ,h41 ,aid ( #cfh1 #cha1 #dca  
,prairie du ,*i51 ,pott]y f vic9ity (   
#dcj   ,putnam1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,l4 ,d41 ,aid 
( #cfh    ,scott ,c\nty1 ,i[a1 ,pott]y  
f4 7,see ,dav5port74   ,s]p5t 9 pott]y  
#djb   ,%ells z primitive vessels #chc  
us$ 9 pott]y #cgb   ,s\? ,am]ican pott]y
 #daa   ,/orage vessels ( pott]y #cga   
,te*nique modifies ornam5t #djj-dfe     
,t5nessee1 ,pott]y f #cha-chb1 #cie1    
#cig1 #dac1 #dbc   ,?ibault1 ,j4 ,h41   
,pott]y collection ( #chb1 #daj         
,tripod bottles #dbj1 #dba    ,upp]     
,mississippi prov9ce 9 pott]y #dbf-dcj  
,v]non ,c\nty1 ,wiscons91 ,pott]y f #dcj
    ,:itesides ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 ,pott]y

 f #dcj   ,wiscons91 ,pott]y f #dbi1    
#dcj         99       99       99       
99       99     ,transcrib]'s ,note     
,errata   ,miss+ & illegible_/damag$    
punctuation has be5 repair$4   ,page    
#cff3 '#dbj' correct$ to '#dbb'3        
#dde4--,owl-%ap$ bottle3 ,arkansas4     
7,page7 #dbb  ,page #dcd3 'enploy$'     
correct$ to 'employ$'3 kn[n to ne>ly all
 pott]y-mak+ peoples--7 frequ5tly       
employ$4  ,sundry page numb]s 9 ! ,index
 h also be5 correct$4