#ff,,? ,,congress  #b;d ,session        
,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives   ,,docum5t 
,no4 #egb   ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior
  ,,frankl9 ,k4 ,,lane1 ,secret>y       
,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey   
,,george ,,otis ,,smi?1 ,director       
,bullet9 #gje   ,,cons]vation ,,?r\gh   
,,eng9e]+   ,,by   ,,frankl9 ,k4 ,,lane 
,extract f ! ,annual ,report ( !        
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior   ,illu/ration   
,,wa%+ton  ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice   
#aibj     ,,cont5ts4                    
,page4  ,! coal /rike                   
#a   ,national /ock-tak+                
#c   ,coal z a national asset           
#c   ,public responsibility             
#d   ,! m9]s' ye>                       
#e   ,h we too _m m9es & m9]s8          
#g   ,! long view                       
#g   ,sav+ coal                         
#i   ,coal & coal                       
#aj   ,expansion abroad                 
#aa   ,sav+ coal by sav+ electricity    
#aa ,:ite coal & black                  
#ab ,! age ( petroleum                  

#ac   ,oil %ale                         
#ae   ,save oil                         
#af   ,use ! ,diesel eng9e              
#ag   ,want$--a =eign supply            
#ah   ,by way ( summ>y                  
#bj ,l& developm5t                      
#bb   ,a program ( progress             
#bb   ,g>d5 homes = ! p                 
#bc   ,reclamation by di/rict           
organization      #bd                   
,soldi]-settlem5t legislation           
#bg ,alaska                             
#bi   ,matanuska coal                   
#cb ,save & develop ,am]icans           
#cb     ,,note4   ,! plea = con/ructive 
policies conta9$ 9 ! report ( !         
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior to ! ,presid5t   
des]ves a he>+ also by ! eng9e]s &      
bus9ess m5 :o are develop+ ! p[]        
res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,! l>ge/           
cons]vation = ! future c come only ?r\gh
 ! wise/ eng9e]+ ( ! pres5t4  ,!        
conditions "u :i* ! utilization (       
natural res\rces is dem&$ are outl9$ by 
,secret>y ,lane1 & x w be not$ t !      

program recomm5d$ calls = ! coop]ation (
 eng9e] & legislator4 ,to br+ ?is p[]   
inv5tory to ! att5tion ( ! m5 :o furni% 
! ,nation ) its coal & oil &            
electricity1 ?is extract f !            
adm9i/rative report ( ! ,secret>y ( !   
,int]ior is repr9t$ z a bullet9 ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4      
,,cons]vation ,,?r\gh ,,eng9e]+#a  ,by  
,,frankl9 ,k4 ,,lane4   ,9 an age (     
ma*9]y ! measure ( a p's indu/rial      
capacity seems to be surely fix$ by its 
motive p[] possibilities4 ,civiliz$     
nations reg>d an adequate fuel supply z 
! v f\ndation ( national                
prosp]ity--inde$1 almo/ z ! v f\ndation 
( national possibility4 ,i am conv9c$ t 
!re w be a reaction aga9/ ! int5se      
indu/rialism ( ! pres5t1 b z x mu/ be   
agre$ t ! race = indu/rial supremacy is 
on betwe5 ! nations ( ! _w1 ,am]ica may 
well take /ock ( h] own p[]             
possibilities & conc]n h]self m actively
 ) _! developm5t & wise/ use4   ,,!     
,,coal ,,/rike4  ,! coal /rike has      

br\ght concretely be=e u ! di/urb+ fact 
t mod]n society is s involv$ t we live  
virtually by unanim\s cons5t4 ,let less 
?an "o-half ( #a p] c5t ( our population
 quit _! "w ( digg+ coal & we are       
?reat5$ ) ! comb9$ horrors ( pe/il5ce & 
fam9e4  ,x did n take _m h\rs aft] x 0  
realiz$ t ! coal m9]s 7 9 e>ne/ = !     
,am]ican imag9ation to conceive :at     
might be ! /ate ( ! c\ntry 9 p]haps     
ano!r #cj days4 ,indu/ries clos$1       
railroads /opp$1 /reets d>k1 food cut   
(f1 h\ses freez+1 idle m5 by ! million  
hungry & 9 ! d>k--?is 0 ! picture1 & n a
 v pleasant "o to contemplate4 ,!re 0 an
 imm$iate dem& = facts4  ,h[ mu* coal is
 normally m9$ 9 ?is c\ntry8  ,by :om is 
x m9$8  ,:at is its quality8  ,to :at   
uses is x put8  ,:o gets x8  ,h[ mu*    
less c\ld be m9$ if coal 7 cons]v$      
in/ead ( wa/$8  ,:at bett] me?ods h be5 
develop$ = us+ coal ?an ^? ( anci5t     
cu/om8  ,:o is to blame t s small a     
supply is on ! surface8  ,:y %\ld we    
live f day to day 9 s vital a matt] z a 

fuel supply8  ,:at sub/itutes c be f\nd 
= coal & h[ quickly may ^! be made      
available8  ,?is is by no means an      
exhau/ive category ( ! que/ions :i* 7   
put to ?is dep>tm5t :5 ! /rike came4 ,& 
^! came tumbl+ 9 by wire1 by mail1 by   
h&1 f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 mix$ )       
disquisitions ^u ! duty ( ,gov]nm5t1 !  
rights ( individuals z aga9/ ! rights ( 
society1 ! ne$ = /r5g? 9 times ( crisis1
 calls = nationalization ( ! coal       
indu/ry1 = ! de/ruction ( labor unions1 
= troops to m9e coal1 & mu* else t 0 m  
or less g]mane to ! "q be=e ! c\ntry4   
,_m ( ^! que/ions we 7 able to answ]4 ,b
 if coal op]ators !mselves _h n c>ri$   
ov] ! /ati/ical ma*9]y develop$ dur+ !  
w>1 we w\ld h be5 =c$ to ! humiliat+    
confession t we did n "k facts :i* at ! 
"t 7 ( ! mo/ vital importance4  ,9 a "t 
( /ress x is n en\gh to be able to say t
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9s m ?an "o-half (
 ! kn[n _w supply ( coal2 t we1 :ile    
only #h p] c5t ( ! _w's population1     
produce annually #df p] c5t ( all coal t

 is tak5 f ! gr\nd2 t #ce p] c5t ( !    
railroad traffic is coal2 t 9 less ?an  
#ajj ye>s we h gr[n 9 production f      
#ajj1jjj tons to #gjj1jjj1jjj tons p]   
annum2 t if la/ ye>'s coal 7 us$ z      
con/ruction mat]ial x w\ld build a wall 
z huge z ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a ar\nd e  
b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,ma9e to     
,vanc\v]1 d[n ! ,pacific to ,san ,diego 
& ea/w>d foll[+ ! ,mexican bord] & !    
coa/ to ,ma9e aga92 & t ?is same coal   
conta9s lat5t p[] suffici5t to lift ?is 
same wall #bjj miles high 9 ! air1      
accord+ to "o ( our greate/ eng9e]s     
7,/e9metz74  ,su* facts are surely      
/>tl+4 ,!y s]ve to /imulate a c]ta9     
pride & give u a great confid5ce 9 our  
indu/rial future2 yet !y are n z        
imm$iately important1 :5 ! m9es ?reat5  
to close1 z w\ld be a few figures %[+ h[
 mu* coal we h 9 /ock piles & :]e x is6 
,& mon?s s9ce we call$ ^u ,congress to  
grant ! money t we might secure ^!      
figures1 b no notice 0 tak5 ( ! urg$    
reque/s until1 late 9 ! summ]1 a        

committee ( ! ,s5ate awoke to ?is ne$ & 
indors$ our petition4   ,,national      
,,/ock ,,tak+4  ,! ,gov]nm5t %\ld h a m 
complete k ( ! coal & ( o!r f\ndation   
indu/ries ?an c be f\nd else:]e1 & we   
%\ld n fe> national /ock tak+ z a       
cont9u+ process4 ,x is inde$ ! beg9n+ ( 
wisdom4 ,! w> reveal$ to u h[ del9qu5t 9
 ?is reg>d we _h be5 9 ! pa/4 ,"o day :5
 ! full /ory is told ( ! /ruggle ( !    
,army eng9e] to meet w> em]g5cy dem&s1 &
 ?is is supplem5t$ by ! tale ( ! ef=t   
made by ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se & 
! ,w> ,indu/ries ,bo>d1 x w be realiz$ m
 s]i\sly ?an n[ h[ little ( /ock tak+ we
 h done 9 ?is g5]\s1 optimi/ic l&4  ,:5 
any su* und]tak+ is propos$1 h[ev]1 x at
 once appe>s to ar\se ! fe> t x is      
someh[ ! beg9n+ ( a malevol5t policy    
call$ cons]vation1 & cons]vation has _h 
a mean mean+ to _m e>s4 ,x connot$      
/+9ess & a prov9cial ?rift1 spies 9 !   
guise ( ,gov]nm5t inspectors1 hateful   
int]f]5ces ) individual ent]prise &     
initiative1 gov]nm5tal halt+s &         

c[>dices1 & all ! con/rictions ( an     
arrogant1 n>r[1 & academic-m9d$         
bureaucracy :i* c n ?9k l>gely & feels  
no responsibility = national progress4  
,ne$less to say ?is fe> %\ld n1 ne$ n   
be4 ,! ^w %\ld mean helpfulness1 n      
h9drance--helpfulness to all :o wi% to  
use a res\rce & ?9k 9 l>g] t]ms ?an t ( 
! greate/ imm$iate pr(it2 h9drance only 
to ^? :o are sp5d?rift4 ,a cons]vation  
:i* results 9 a /alemate z betwe5 ! =ces
 ( progress & gov]nm5tal in]tia is      
crim9al1 :ile a cons]vation t is bas$ on
 ! full]1 ! m ess5tial use ( a res\rce  
is /atesman%ip4  ,to "k :at we h & :at  
we c d ) x--& :at we %\ld n d ) x1      
also6--is a policy ( wisdom1 a policy ( 
la/+ progress4 ,& 9 fur!rance ( su* a   
policy ! fir/ /ep is to "k our          
res\rces--our national weal? 9 ?+s & 9  
_! possibilities2 ! second /ep is to "k 
_! availability = imm$iate use2 ! ?ird  
/ep is to gu>d !m aga9/ wa/e ei!r ?r\gh 
ignorance or wantonness2 & ! f\r? /ep is
 to prolong _! life by inv5tion &       

discov]y4   ,,coal ,,z ,a ,,national    
,,asset4  ,en\gh has be5 said1 p]haps1  
to indicate h[ va/ are ! fields ( coal  
:i* ?is c\ntry holds4 ,x may be t any   
day "s g5ius w release f nature a p[] t 
w make ( little value our c>bonif]\s    
deposits save = _! *emical cont5t4 ,by !
 application ( ! sun's rays1 or ! use ( 
! unceas+ motion ( ! waves ( ! sea1 !   
:ole dep5d5ce ( ! _w ^u coal may be     
upset4 ,t day1 h[ev]1 has n yet come2 & 
until x does we may consid] our coal z !
 sure/ insurance :i* we c h t ,am]ica c 
meet ! sev]e/ conte/ t any indu/rial    
rival c pres5t4 ,x is m ?an insurance--x
 is an asset :i* c br+ to u ! c]ta9ty ( 
great weal?1 & if we c>e to ex]cise x1 a
 ma/]y ov] ! fate & =tunes ( o!r        
peoples4  ,next to ! f]tility ( our     
soil1 we h no physical asset z valuable 
z our coal deposits4 ,al?\gh we are     
sometimes al>m$ because ^? deposits     
ne>e/ to ! indu/rial c5t]s are rapidly  
decl9+ & we c already see )9 ?is c5tury 
! end ( ! an?racite field1 if x is made 

to yield z mu* cont9u\sly z at pres5t1  
yet x is a safe g5]alization t we h     
suffici5t coal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to la/ 
our p = c5turies to come4 ,an extra     
scuttleful on ! fire or %ovelful 9 !    
furnace does n ?reat5 ! life ( ! race1  
ev5 if "s ,russian or ,*9ese ( ! future 
does n resolve ! atom or h>ness ! hidd5 
=ces ( ! air4 ,:atev] fe>s o!r nations  
may ju/ifiably h z to _! ability to     
cont9ue 9 ! va/ ru% ( a ma*9e _w1 !re c 
be no "q ( our ability to la/4  ,!      
pres5t /rike1 h[ev]1 makes q cle>1      
p]haps = ! fir/ "t1 t x is n ! coal 9 ! 
m\nta9 t is ( value1 b t :i* is 9 ! y>d4
 ,& betwe5 ! two !re may be a great gulf
 fix$4 ,!re=e1 we are put to x to make !
 be/ ( :at we h4 ,we turn f tell+ h[ mu*
 coal we use to a /udy ( h[ little we c 
live ^u & d ! day's "w ( ! ,nation4 ,&  
?is is1 ,i believe1 z x %\ld be4 ,inde$ 
,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! problem ( ?is
 /rike is n to be solv$ 9 its deep]     
significances until we "k mu* m ab\t    
coal ?an we "k n[1 & ?is especially z to

 ! mann] 9 :i* x is tak5 f its b$ &     
br\ght to our cell>s4   ,,public        
,,responsibility4  ,?is transf] is      
effect$ by a k9d ( c>ri] *a91 ! l9ks (  
:i* are ! op]ator1 ! m9]1 ! railroad1 & 
! public4 ,we *oose1 to please          
ourselves1 ! l9k 9 ?is *a9 ^u :i* we    
place ! responsibility = its failure to 
"w2 b be=e indulg+ ourselves 9 abuse (  
arrogant coal b>ons or dictatorial labor
 unions1 x may lie z well to ask :e!r we
 ( ! public are n responsible 9 "s "p = 
?is failure to function4 ,i d n ref] n[ 
to ! failure ( society to provide me?ods
 ( indu/rial m$iation or o!r adju/m5t ( 
su* labor difficulties4 ,my "q is1 :e!r 
or n ! public is at all at fault :5 a   
nation weal?y beyond all o!rs 9 coal    
f9ds itself ) s small a supply on h& :5 
a /rike comes--b a few days remov$ f !  
grave/ tr\bles4 ,! answ]1 to my m9d1    
turns ^u ! mann] 9 :i* we h done        
bus9ess4  ,we h be5 cont5t to g )\t     
insurance z to a coal res]ve4 ,ea* day  
has br\ght its daily supply4 ,!re 0 no  

?\ght ( railroads /opp+ or m9es clos+   
d[n1 s t l>ge /orage facilities h n be5 
provid$1 &1 inde$1 we w\ld rebel at pay+
 = our coal ! add$ co/ ( c>+ = x outside
 its native w>eh\se4 ,we h n ?\ght 9    
t]ms ( appreh5sion1 b1 z always1 9 !    
calm c]ta9ty t ! /ream ( supply w\ld fl[
 )\t ceas+4 ,9 "s way !re w\ld be coal  
into :i* we c\ld drive our %ovels :5 !  
ne$ 0 felt4  ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t we are 
rudely di/urb$ :5 "o l9k 9 ! c>ri] *a9 f
 coal-9-place to coal-9-!-furnace       
breaks4 ,x simply is "o ( ^? ?+s :i*    
doesn't happ54 ,& n hav+ happ5$         
suffici5tly (t5 to give u fe>1 we h _h  
no ?\ght t we %\ld provide aga9/ x4 ,x  
is a mo/ het]odox ?+ to say1 b we may   
f9d t a bit m =esight on ! "p ( ! public
 w\ld c]ta9ly h made less sudd5 ! pres5t
 crisis4 ,let u look1 = in/ance1 into ! 
matt] ( ! coal m9]s' ye> & see if x is n
 fix$ 9 "s degree by ! habit ( ! public 
9 its pur*as+4   ,,! ,,m9]s' ,,ye>4  ,! 
record ye>1 #aiah1 ) ev]y?+ to /imulate 
production _h an av]age ( only #bdi     

work+ days = ! bitum9\s m9es ( ! c\ntry4
 ,?is av]age ( ! c\ntry includ$ a m9imum
 among ! pr9cipal coal-produc+ ,/ates ( 
#bjd days = ,arkansas & a maximum ( #cja
 = ,new ,mexico4 ,9 su* a ,/ate z ,ohio 
! av]age work+ ye> is "u #bjj days4 ,9  
#aiag ! m9]s ( ,new ,mexico rea*$ an    
av]age ( #cba days1 & 9 ! l>ge/ field1 !
 ,raton field1 x 0 actually             
#ccf--probably ! record = /eady         
op]ation4  ,?is %ort ye> 9 coal-m9e     
op]ation is due 9 "p to seasonal        
fluctuation 9 dem&4 ,! m9es av]ag$ only 
#bd h\rs a week dur+ ! spr+ mon?s4 ,!   
weekly report ( t date %[$ t #hj p] c5t 
( ! lo/ "t 0 due to no m>ket & only #ae 
p] c5t to labor %ortage1 :ile c> %ortage
 0 a negligible factor4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is
 %\ld be tak5 ! la/ week be=e ! /rike1  
:5 ! av]age h\rs op]at$ 7 #ci & no m>ket
 0 a negligible item 9 lo/ "t1 :ile c>  
%ortage 0 by f> ! l>ge/ item4 ,x foll[s 
t ! %ort ye> is a s\rce ( loss to bo?   
op]ator & m9e work] & is a tax on !     
consum]4#b  ,) sub/antially ! same numb]

 ( m9es & m9]s work+ ?is ye> z la/1 !   
accumulative production = ! fir/ #aj    
mon?s ( ?is ye> is #ajj1jjj1jjj tons    
less ?an t m9$ 9 ! same p]iod la/ ye>4  
,?is #be p] c5t loss 9 output means t   
bo? plant & labor h be5 less productive1
 &1 9 t]ms ( capital & labor1 coal co/ !
 ,nation m ?is ye> ?an la/4 ,= 9 ! long 
run bo? capital & labor require a liv+  
wage4  ,! public mu/ accept             
responsibility = ! coal indu/ry & pay = 
c>ry+ x on ! ye> r\nd4 ,m9e op]ators &  
m9e work]s ( :atev] m9es are necess>y to
 meet ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry mu/ be paid = a 
ye>'s "w4 ,! %ort] ! work+ ye> ! less   
coal is m9$ p] man & p] doll> inve/$ 9  
plant1 & ev5tually ! high] pric$ mu/ be 
! coal4 ,x is obvi\s t ! #bfd %ort tons 
( coal m9$ by ! av]age ,briti% m9] la/  
ye> c\ld n be z *eap p] ton z ! #idb    
tons m9$ by ! av]age ,am]ican m9e work]1
 back$ up z he 0 ) m effici5t plant4 7,a
 pr\d contra/67  ,x w\ld cle>ly appe> t 
! coal bus9ess may be /abiliz$1 n :olly1
 b 9 a v l>ge measure1 9 "s ( ! we/]n   

fields1#c if ! public does n reg>d its  
supply ( coal z x does its supply (     
dome/ic wat]1 :i* requires only t !     
faucet %all be op5$ to br+ =? a gu%+    
supply4 ,coal does n h pressure beh9d x 
:i* =ces x out ( ! m9e & into ! coal    
y>d4 ,x r mu/ be drawn out by ! suction 
( dem&4 ,& h]e9 ! public mu/ play its "p
 by keep+ t dem& z /eady & uni=m z      
possible4   ,,h ,,we ,,too ,,_m ,,m9es  
,,& ,,m9]s8  ,! problem ( ! m9] & 8     
indu/ry may be /at$ 9 ano!r way4 ,we    
consume all ! coal we produce4 ,we      
produce x ) labor t ^u social & economic
 gr\nds works z a rule too few days 9 ! 
ye>4 ,we !re=e mu/ h a long] m9]s' ye> &
 few] m9]s or a long] m9]s' ye> &       
additional m>kets4 ,"o or ! o!r is      
inevitable unless we are to c>ry on !   
indu/ry z a :ole z an em]g5cy indu/ry1  
hold+ m5 ready = "w :5 !y are n ne$$ 9  
ord] t !y may be ready = duty :5 ! ne$  
arises4 ,!re are too _m m9es to keep all
 ! m9]s employ$ all ( ! "t or to give !m
 a reasonable ye>'s "w4 ,?is conclusion 

is bas$ on ! assumption t we n[ produce 
only en\gh coal f all ! m9es to meet !  
c\ntry's dem&1 :i* is ! fact4 ,m coal   
produc$ w\ld n sell m coal1 b m coal    
dem&$ w\ld result 9 great] coal         
production4 ,) ! full dem& met by m5    
work+ two-?irds or less ( ! "t 9 ! ye>  
!re c n be a long] ye> giv5 to all !    
m9]s )\t m dem& = coal4 ,?is seems to be
 manife/4 ,!re=e ! m9]s mu/ rema9 work+ 
b "p "t z n[1 or few] m9]s mu/ "w m     
days1 or m>ket mu/ be f\nd = m coal &   
?us all ! m9]s giv5 a long] ye>4 ,if we 
work$ all ( our m9]s 9 all ( our m9es a 
reasonable ye>1 we w\ld h a great       
ov]production4 ,& to h all our m9es "w a
 long] p]iod means t we mu/ f9d "s place
 9 :i* to sell m coal1 ei!r at home or  
abroad4  ,:y h we s _m m9es work+ s _m  
m9]s8 ,!re c be no "o-^w reply to ?is   
"q4 ,x p5etrates into almo/ e social &  
economic condition ( ! c\ntry--!        
initiative ( capital1 ! size ( ! c\ntry1
 ! pride ( localities1 ! int5se         
competition betwe5 railroads1 _!        

inability to furni% c>s :5 ne$$1 ! mann]
 9 :i* c>s are apportion$ betwe5 m9es1 !
 mann] 9 :i* ! railroads are op]at$ s t 
movem5t is sl[ & equipm5t is %ort1 & ?is
 runs into ! ne$ = new facilities1 su* z
 m y>ds1 m tracks1 m equipm5t1 :i* br+s 
u into ! ne$ = m capital & s on & on4   
,we h none too _m m9es or too _m m9]s to
 supply our ne$ if ! m9es are op]at$ z  
at pres5t4 ,b we h too _m to fill t ne$ 
if !y are op]at$ on a basis ne>] to #ajj
 p] c5t ( possible production4   ,,!    
,,long ,,view4  ,pass+ f ! labor phase (
 ! coal situation to ! l>g] aspect ( our
 coal supply z relat$ to ! :ole problem 
( ! economical production ( light1 heat1
 & p[]1 :i* ,sir ,william ,crookes has  
*>act]iz$ z fir/ among ! imm$iate       
practical problems ( sci5ce1 we f9d     
ourselves bo? ri* & wa/eful1 foll[+ !   
primrose pa?1 he$less ( ! morr[ & n yet 
consci\s t ! morr[ is to be a day (     
battle4  ,9 ! fir/ place we treat coal z
 if x 7 a ?+ :i* 0 exclusively = home   
use1 a nonexportable commodity :i* mu/  

be us$ on ! f>m1 :]eas x %\ld be treat$ 
) pr(\nd respect1 because we "k f ,p>is 
t sacr$ treaties & national b\nd>ies    
turn on its pres5ce4 ,! _w wants our    
coal1 envies u = hav+ x1 fe>s u because 
( x4 ,x is n only useful to u1 b x has a
 ca% value 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,!re=e x  
%\ld be sav$4  ,9 ! next place we treat 
coal z if x 7 all alike1 n select$ by   
nature = specific uses2 :]eas we %\ld   
*oose our coal ) z sci5tific a judgm5t z
 we *oose our read+ glasses4 ,!re is    
coal = coke & coal = furnaces & coal =  
h\se use & coal adapt$ = "o k9d ( boil] 
& a diff]5t k9d ( coal = a diff]5t k9d (
 boil]4 ,!re=e we %\ld discrim9ate 9    
coal4  ,& aga9 we h %[n little will+ness
 to dignify coal by seek+ to draw out by
 improv$ me*anical processes all ! /or$ 
cont5t ( heat 9 ?is lump ( c>bon4       
,in/ead we cont5t ourselves by giv+ x a 
m]e paup] t\*1 driv+ (f ! great] volume 
( its value into ! air4 ,?is is a task =
 ! me*anical eng9e]4  ,!n1 too !re is ! 
problem ( us+ coal 9 ! =m ( /eam or 9 ! 

m exalt$ =m ( electric curr5t4 ,! lift+1
 bobb+ lid ( ,james ,watt's teakettle   
did n speak ! la/ ^w 9 p[]4 ,we are only
 beg9n+ to "k h[ we may move on f "o =m 
( motive p[] to ano!r4 ,! wa/efulness ( 
/eam p[] z contra/$ ) electric p[] is a 
real *all5g+ problem 9 cons]vation by   
itself4  ,& !n we naturally ask1 ,:y ?is
 long haul ov] m\nta9s & ?r\gh tunnels &
 across bridges & along /reets & into   
h\ses1 by railroad1 truck1 & on ! backs 
( m51 :5 at ! v pit m\?1 or )9 ! m9e    
itself1 ?is same coal might be trans=m$ 
into electricity & by wire s]v$ into    
factories & homes #ajj1 #bjj1 #cjj miles
 f ! m9e8 ,:y burd5 our conge/$         
railroads ) ?is traffic8 ,:y /rew our   
/reets ) ?is dirt8 ,?is may be a        
practicable ?+1 a wise ?+2 x des]ves    
/udy if coal is wor? cons]v+4  ,are !re 
no sub/itutes = coal :i* we c use & c n 
export8 ,?is "q imm$iately raises !     
wat]-p[] possibilities ( our l&1 ( :i*  
only ! mo/ sup]ficial /udy has be5 made4
 ,sell coal & use electricity w\ld appe>

 a ?rifty policy4  ,z petroleum is be+  
us$ z a sub/itute = coal--& inasmu* z ! 
:ole problem ( fuel supply is "o--we are
 ultimately compell$ to an inve/igation 
( ! ability ( our petroleum supply to   
meet its pres5t dra9 & to meet !        
expansion 9 its use1 :i* is ! mo/       
surpris+ developm5t ( our day 9 ! /udy (
 p[] creation4  ,?is spells a program ( 
developm5t & cons]vation :i* %\ld       
*all5ge ! ambitions ( ?is ,nation1 & on 
a few ( its features p]haps a few fur!r 
words w\ld be ju/ifi$4   ,,sav+ ,,coal4 
,! two ways by :i* coal 9 greate/ volume
 c be sav$ are ! discov]y ( ! me?od by  
:i* m p[] c be tak5 f ! ton & ! discov]y
 ( :at k9d ( coal is be/ fitt$ = any    
p>ticul> use4  ,x has be5 ev]yone's     
bus9ess to save coal1 h5ce4444 ,!       
railroads h exp]im5t$ ) "s success4 ,!y 
get p]haps #aj p] c5t ( ! heat en]gy f a
 ton %ovel$ b5ea? ! locomotive boil]1   
#aj p] c5t ( ! total 9 ! ton4 ,!y use   
"o-qu>t] ( all ! coal m9$4 ,next to     
labor ?is is ! greate/ exp5se :i* our   

railroads h4 ,?is %[s h[ great ! problem
 is to !m4 ,"s h adopt$ a sy/em ( pay+ a
 bonus = ! greate/ di/ance made on a    
giv5 quantity ( a giv5 coal4 ,b ?is     
laudable ef=t has n met ) ! coop]ation t
 w\ld be expect$ f ! firem51 = reasons t
 g f> afield4 ,indu/ries1 especially ^? 
:i* g5]ate electric p[]1 h made simil>  
ef=t to ga9 f _! fuel its greate/       
pot5tiality1 & ) v>y+ success4 ,we c    
ov]look ! /ok+ ( ! dome/ic furnace z a  
national conc]n1 = ! am\nt ( coal us$ 9 
?is way am\nts to n m ?an #ag p] c5t ( !
 national coal bill1 & ?is :ole *>ge    
c\ld be sav$1 x is e/imat$1 by giv+ c>e 
to ! #ge p] c5t ( our coal :i* is burn$ 
"u boil]s to make /eam4 ,"h !re is a    
maximum figure ( #ac p] c5t ( ! en]gy ( 
! coal put into h>ness1 & ! av]age is   
less ?an #aj p] c5t1 ev5 9 ! l>g]       
plants4  ,9 "o e/abli%m5t visit$ by !   
fuel eng9e]s ( ?is dep>tm5t dur+ ! w> a 
prev5table wa/e ( #dj1jjj tons a ye> 0  
discov]$4 ,by *anges 9 ! admission ( air
 to ! furnaces & 9 ! baffl+ ( ! boil]s !

 eng9e]s ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es are        
confid5t t !y h be5 able to increase !  
economy ( coal 9 ! %ips ( ! ,em]g5cy    
,fleet ,corporation by #af p] c5t1 mak+ 
#f p\nds ( coal d ! "w ( #g4 ,if su* a  
p]c5tage ( economy c\ld be g5]ally      
effect$ x w\ld mean ! sav+ ( z mu* coal 
z ,france & ,italy toge!r w ne$ 9 ?is   
ye> ( _! greate/ di/ress4   ,,coal ,,&  
,,coal4  ,! ,gov]nm5t %\ld sample &     
c]tify coal4 ,we d ?is z to :eat & meat2
 x is j z necess>y to avoid inju/ice 9 !
 case ( coal1 & x is ?or\ghly           
practicable4 ,! public %\ld "k ! k9d (  
coal x is buy+1 because x %\ld buy !    
coal x ne$s4 ,!re ne$ be no prohibition 
aga9/ ! m9+ or sell+ ( any coal1#d b    
coal %\ld sell 9 t]ms ( its capacity to 
deliv] heat4 ,"s coal t is only a p9t   
bottle is sell+ z a qu>t bottle4 ,& !   
qu>t is hurt by ! competition ( ! p9t4  
,a bill to effect su* fuel inspection   
has be5 draft$ & w be pres5t$ to        
,congress4 ,x is n a bill comm&+ any?+1 
b r gives to ^? :o are will+ an         

opportunity to h _! product inspect$ &  
atte/$ & ?us acquire m]it 9 ! eye ( ! _w
 z aga9/ ^? :o are n will+ to subject _!
 coal to ! (ficial te/ tube4 ,coal is   
coal 9 ! s5se ( ! classic traffic       
classification4 ,coal is1 h[ev]1 n      
always coal1 nor is x altoge!r coal :5  
put to ! pragmatic te/ ( ! furnace4 ,if 
su* a bill 7 pass$ x w\ld promote !     
int]e/s ( ^? :o s*$ule _! price ^u !    
m]it ( _! goods & make aga9/ ! haul+ (  
slate & dirt1 its /orage & h&l+ "u an   
assum$ "n4 ,! plan is n to puni% !      
malefactor :o attempts to impose ^u !   
public a sl5d] numb] ( !rmal units z a  
ton ( coal1 b r to give to ev] man an   
opportunity to adv]tise ! numb] ( su*   
units :i* 8 p>ticul> article conta9s1   
?us enabl+ ! injur$ public to /rike     
aga9/ an unfair m9e4  ,fur!rmore we are 
to become great export]s ( coal1 unless 
all signs fail1 & su* c]tification %\ld 
be requir$ z to e ton s5t abroad4       
,,expansion ,,abroad4  ,x has be5 said t
 we h too _m m9es 9 op]ation1 z we appe>

 to h too _m m9]s1 if we are to ma9ta9  
only our pres5t output4 ,rapid expansion
 9 ! developm5t ( indu/ry 9 g5]al may   
ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( su* m9es & s l>ge a  
corps ( work]s1 ev5 ) an adequate c>    
supply & m abundant local /orage        
facilities1 :i* are greatly ne$$ 9 almo/
 all places1 & a m ev5 dem&4 ,if1 h[ev]1
 ?is %\ld n be s1 !re is a =eign dem& = 
! be/ ( our bitum9\s coals1 :i* at      
pres5t we are altoge!r unable to meet = 
lack ( cr$its on ! "p ( ^? :o wi% !     
coal1 & lack ( %ips to c>ry x4 ,engl&'s 
annual production has fall5 #ajj1jjj1jjj
 tons1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,hoov]1 & !      
,european dem& next ye> w be m ?an      
#aej1jjj1jjj tons above h] production4  
,:atev] ! _w ne$1 x c n be suppli$4 ,x  
is too l>ge = any possible supply by    
%ip1 ev5 if all necess>y f9ancial       
arrangem5ts c\ld be made1 ei!r by loan  
or cr$it4 ,europe1 inde$1 w sadly le>n  
?r\gh ?is w9t] h[ little coal %e c live 
on & h[ m ?an p]il\s is ! /ate ( a p :o 
are %ort ( p[]1 light1 & heat4  ,z ?is  

c\ntry prior to ! w> sold abroad no m   
?an #d1ejj1jjj tons z aga9/ ,engl&'s    
#gg1jjj1jjj1 x is q manife/ t "h w be a 
new field = ,am]ican ent]prise1 !       
ent]prise be+ ne$$ n = ! w9n+ ( m>kets z
 mu* z = f9d+ ways ( deal+ ) ! l>g]     
phases ( a heavy ov]seas trade ) ^? :o  
are )\t imm$iate res\rces4   ,,sav+     
,,coal ,,by ,,sav+ ,,electricity4  ,x is
 ?ree ye>s s9ce ,congress 0 urg$ t we   
%\ld be emp[]$ to make a /udy ( ! p[]   
possibilities ( ! conge/$ indu/rial "p (
 ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 ) a view to       
develop+ n only ! fact t !re c\ld be    
effect$ a great sav+ 9 p[] & a mu* l>g] 
actual use secur$ out ( t n[ produc$1 b 
also t new supplies c\ld be obta9$ bo? f
 runn+ wat] & f ! conv]sion ( coal at ! 
m9es in/ead ( aft] a long rail haul4 ,a 
/ream ( p[] p>allel+ ! ,atlantic f      
,ri*mond to ,bo/on1 a ma9 *annel into   
:i* run _m m9or fe$+ /reams & f :i*     
div]ge an inf9ite numb] ( small deliv]+ 
l9es--! :ole an int]lock+ sy/em t w\ld  
take f ! coal m9e & ! railroad a "p ( _!

 pres5t burd5 & insure ! op]ation (     
/reet lights1 /reet c>s1 elevators1 &   
ess5tial indu/ries 9 ! face ( railroad  
del9qu5cies--?is is ! dream ( our       
eng9e]s1 & a v possible dream x has     
seem$ to me2 ( su* value1 inde$1 t we   
might well sp5d a few ?\s& doll>s 9     
/udy+ x1 n ) ! ?\ght t ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld 
con/ruct or op]ate ev5 ! trunk l9e1 b t 
x might s attract ! att5tion ( ! eng9e]+
 & f9ancial _w z to make x a reality4   
,to tie toge!r ! sep>at$ p[] plants (   
#aj ,/ates s t "o c give aid to ! o!r1 s
 t "o c take ! place ( ! o!r1 s t all   
may jo9 _! p[] = good 9 any great drive 
t may be project$--?is w\ld be ! prime  
purpose ( ! plan2 & f ?is w\ld evolve ! 
developm5t ( ! mo/ practicable me?od (  
supply+ ?is va/ int]dep5d5t sy/em ) m   
p[]--p]haps f ! conv]sion ( coal1 z x   
drops f ! v tipple1 us+ ! m9e z "o might
 use a wat]fall1 or by ! developm5t (   
great hydroelectric plants on ! _m      
/reams f ! ,&roscogg9 to ! ,james4      
,,:ite ,,coal ,,& ,,black4  ,?is w\ld be

 a plan = ! w$d+ ( ! /ream & ! m9e1 !   
:ite coal ) ! black4 ,:ite coal !y call 
x 9 imag9ative ,france1 ?is tumbl+ wat] 
:i* is conv]t$ into s _m =ms2 & a mu*   
clean]1 h&i] k9d ( coal x is ?an its    
black bro!r4 ,& *eap]1 = ! wat] goes on 
to return aga9 & fall once m & =ev] into
 ! pockets ( ! turb9e :i* :irls ! dynamo
 & s ga!rs or releases t my/]y :i* we "n
 b nev] def9e4 ,f>sight$1 purposeful    
,g]many f\ght f\r & a half ye>s ^u !    
/r5g? ( great p[] plants run by ! sn[s (
 ! ,alps4 ,%e did n rely on ^! alone =  
p[]1 nor 7 !y h] ma9 reliance1 b !y gave
 h] a la/+ p[] :i* o!rwise %e w\ld n h  
_h4 ,& we may expect h] to improve on t 
w>-"t exp]i5ce = ! conduct ( ! h>d fight
 %e is to make 9 ! indu/rial field4     
,france sav$ en\gh t]ritory f ! invad]  
to p]mit h] to make new adv5tures into  
?is field & s to "s degree (fset ! coal 
loss ( ,l5s4 ,italy f\nd t %e _h /ill   
left unus$ opportunities = hydroelectric
 developm5t suffici5t ) ! coal %e c\ld  
secure f ,engl& & ,am]ica to see h]     

?r\gh ! w>4 ,& ) coal conditions z !y   
are 9 ,europe we may expect a /ill      
great] pu% to make use ( wat] p[] to    
turn ! indu/rial :eels ( peace4 ,x mu/  
be s likewise "h4  ,& x is likely t !   
long-p5d+ p[] bill :i* w make available 
! dam & res]voir sites on )drawn public 
l&s & make feasible ! f9anc+ ( _m       
projects on bo? navigable & unnavigable 
/reams w soon h become law4 ,we %all !n 
h an opportunity t nev] be=e has be5    
giv5 u to develop ! hydroelectric       
possibilities ( ! c\ntry4 ,& ?is raises 
! "q z to _! ext5t4  ,! !oretical       
maximum quantity ( hydroelectric p[] t c
 be produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has       
rec5tly be5 e/imat$ by ,dr4 ,/e9metz1 :o
 calculates t if e /ream c\ld be fully  
utiliz$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? at all seasons1
 ! p[] obta9$ w\ld be #bcj1jjj1jjj      
kil[atts 7#cbj1jjj1jjj horsep[]74 ,x is 
cle> t only a fraction ( ?is absolute   
maximum c ev] be made available4 ,!     
,geological ,survey e/imates t ! wat]   
p[] 9 ?is c\ntry t is available =       

ultimate developm5t am\nts to           
#ed1jjj1jjj cont9u\s horsep[]4  ,! c5sus
 ( #aiab %[$ t ! c\ntry's develop$ wat] 
p[] 0 #d1hgj1jjj horsep[]1 ab\t #i p]   
c5t ( ! maximum p[] available = economic
 developm5t & less ?an #b p] c5t ( !    
total t may be suppli$ by ! /reams z    
e/imat$ by ,dr4 ,/e9metz4 ,accord+ to ! 
c5sus1 /ation>y prime mov]s repres5t+ a 
capacity ( m ?an #cj1jjj1jjj horsep[]1  
furni%$ by wat]1 /eam1 & gas1 7 9       
op]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiab4     
7,?is am\nt does n1 ( c\rse1 include p[]
 g5]at$ by locomotives1 m>9e eng9es1    
automobiles1 & simil> mobile app>atus47 
,! av]age p[] furni%$ by ^! /ation>y    
prime mov]s 0 probably n m ?an #bj p]   
c5t ( _! in/all$ capacity1 s t ! p[]    
produc$ 9 #aiab 0 equival5t to probably 
n m ?an #f1jjj1jjj cont9u\s horsep[]4   
,z ! e/imat$ available wat] p[] giv5    
above repres5ts cont9u\s p[] ! c\ntry   
evid5tly possesses mu* m wat] p[] ?an x 
n[ requires1 s t !re w\ld be an ample   
surplus = _m ye>s if ! p[] 7 s di/ribut$

 geographically t x c\ld be economically
 suppli$ to ! indu/ries t ne$ x4 ,b z a 
matt] ( fact ! wat]-p[] res\rces ( !    
c\ntry are by no means ev5ly di/ribut$4 
,ov] #gj p] c5t ( ! available wat] p[]  
is we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 :]eas ov] #gj  
p] c5t ( ! total horsep[] n[ in/all$ 9  
prime mov]s is ea/ ( ! riv]4 ,!re=e     
unless ! ,ea/ is to lose its indu/rial  
supremacy x mu/ press & press h>d = !   
developm5t ( all wat]-p[] possibilities6
   ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,petroleum4  ,= a full
 c5tury n[ we h be5 pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t 
phases ( indu/rial & comm]cial life :i* 
h be5 *>act]iz$ by "s =m ( p[]4 ,fir/ ! 
age ( /eam1 & !n ! age ( electricity4   
,we h pass$ out ( nei!r & yet we h come 
into ano!r age--t ( petroleum4 ,z a     
lubricant1 x has become ( su* univ]sal  
use t x has be5 call$ ! b>omet] (       
indu/ry1 & no d\bt aft] x has ceas$ to  
be a popul> illum9ant or a s\rce ( p[] x
 w live invaluable z ! ?+ :i* lets !    
:eels g r\nd4 ,its greate/ popul>ity n[ 
arises out ( its use 9 !                

int]nal-combu/ion eng9e1 & ( ! mak+ ( ^!
 !re is no end4 ,x draws railroad tra9s 
& drives /reet c>s4 ,x pumps wat]1 lifts
 heavy loads1 has tak5 ! place (        
millions ( horses1 & 9 #bj ye>s has     
become a f>m+1 indu/rial1 bus9ess1 &    
social necessity4 ,! naval & ! m]*ant   
%ips ( ?is c\ntry & ( ,engl& are fitt$ &
 be+ fitt$ to use x ei!r "u /eam boil]s 
z fuel or directly 9 ! ,diesel eng9e4 ,!
 airplane has be5 made possible by x4 ,x
 propels t mod]n jugg]naut1 ! tank4 ,9 !
 air x has no rival1 :ile on l& & sea x 
?reat5s ! supremacy ( its rivals :5ev] x
 appe>s4 ,!re has be5 no su* magician   
s9ce ! day ( ,aladd9 z ?is drop ( m9]al 
oil4 ,m$ic9es & dyes & high explosives  
are di/ill$ f x4 ,no "o kn[s :5ce x     
come? or :i!r x goe?4 ,m5 se>* = x ) !  
passion ( ! e>ly ,argonauts1 & ! promise
 n[ is t nations w yet fight to ga9 !   
fitful b$ 9 :i* x lies4  ,9 ,p]sia & 9  
,pale/9e1 9 ,java & 9 ,*9a1 9 s\!rn     
,russia & 9 ,rumania we "k t petroleum  
is1 = x has be5 f\nd !re4 ,h[ great ^!  

fields or o!rs 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 or     
,africa may be no "o w\ld d>e to say4 ,z
 yet1 h[ev]1 ! petroleum ( ! _w has come
 f ?is hemisph]e4  ,! oil spr+ :i*      
,george ,wa%+ton f\nd 9 we/]n ,virg9ia &
 by 8 la/ w call$ to ! especial         
consid]ation ( 8 tru/ees 0 ! promise ( a
 cont95tal well :i* la/ ye> yield$      
#cef1jjj1jjj b>rels4 ,ea* ye> has se5 ! 
prophecy unfulfill$ t ! peak ( !        
possible yield _h be5 rea*$4  ,f !      
m\nta9s ( we/]n ,p5nsylvania into ! v   
ocean b$ ( ! ,pacific & ev5 beyond &    
into ! brok5 /rata ( upturn$ ,alaska1 ! 
oil prospector bor$ ) 8 %>p too? ( /eel 
& f\nd oil4 ,h>dly has "o field fall5   
into a decl9e :5 ano!r has come ru%+    
into s]vice4 ,only ?ree ye>s ago & all  
hopes 7 c5t]$ 9 ,oklahoma1 & !n came    
,kansas1 & !n ! turn w5t s\? aga9 to    
,texas1 & n[ x looks t[>d ,l\isiana4    
,geologi/s h e/imat$ & e/imat$1 & !y d n
 diff] widely1 = few give m ?an ?irty   
ye>s ( life to ! petroleum s&s ( ?is    
c\ntry if ! pres5t yield is insi/$ ^u4  

,& yet !re is s mu* ( my/]y 9 ! hid+ (  
?is /range subt]ranean liquid t hone/ m5
 w n say b t x w become a p]man5t factor
 9 ! _w ( light1 heat1 & p[]4 ,if ?is is
 n s we are a fatu\s p1 = ) e fif? man 9
 ! c\ntry ! own] ( an automobile & !    
exp5diture ( hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s
 = roads fit only = _! use1 & ) %ips by 
! hundr$ specially con/ruct$ to burn    
oil1 we h surely giv5 a l>ge =tune 9    
pl$ge ( our fai? t our pools ( petroleum
 w n soon be dra9$ dry1 or t o!rs       
else:]e w come to our help4  ,9 #aijh ! 
c\ntry's production ( oil 0 #agh1ejj1jjj
 b>rels1 & !re 0 a surplus above        
consumption ( m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj b>rels  
available to g into /orage4 ,9 #aiah1   
#aj ye>s lat]1 ! oil wells ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates yield$ #cef1jjj1jjj b>rels--ne>ly
 twice ! yield ( #aijh--;b to meet !    
dem&s ( ! increas$ consumption m ?an    
#bd1jjj1jjj b>rels _h to be drawn f     
/orage4 ,! annual fuel-oil consumption (
 ! railroads alone has increas$ f       
#af-b_/c to #cf-c_/d million b>rels2 !  

annual gasol9e production f #edj1jjj1jjj
 gallons 9 #aiji to #c1ejj1jjj1jjj      
gallons 9 #aiah4 ,?is ref]5ce to !      
record ( ! pa/ may be tak5 n only z     
ju/ify+ ! e>li] appeal = ,f$]al action1 
b z w>rant+ delib]ate att5tion to ! oil 
problem ( to-day4  ,fuel oil1 gasol9e1  
lubricat+ oil--= ^! ?ree ess5tials are  
!re no practical sub/itutes or o!r      
adequate s\rces8 ,! obvi\s answ] is 9   
t]ms ( co/2 ! real answ] is 9 t]ms ( man
 p[]4 ,:e!r on l& or sea1 fuel oil is   
pref]r$ to coal because x requires few] 
firem51 & back ( t1 9 ! man p[] requir$ 
9 its m9+1 prep>ation1 & transportation 
! advantage on ! side ( oil is ev5      
great]4 ,s1 too1 ! sub/itute = gasol9e 9
 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 :e!r alcohol 
or b5zol1 means high] co/ & l>g]        
exp5diture ( labor 9 its production4    
,!re are l>ge bodies ( public l& n[     
)drawn1 :i*1 "u ! new leas+ bill :i*    
seems s ne> to f9al passage aft] sev5   
ye>s ( /ruggle & baffl$ hope1 w 9 all   
likelihood make a fur!r ri* contribution

 to ! ,am]ican supply4   ,,oil ,,%ale4  
,& beyond ^! 9 po9t ( "t lie ! va/      
deposits ( oil %ale :i* by a            
comp>atively *eap ref9+ process c be    
made to yield va/ly m oil ?an has yet   
be5 f\nd 9 pools or s&s4 ,! value ( ?is 
oil %ale w dep5d ^u ! *eapness ( its    
r$uction1 & ?is mu/ be greatly less5$ by
 ! value ( by-products be=e x c compete 
) coal or ! oil f wells4 ,!re is e      
reason to believe1 h[ev]1 t "s day !    
production ( oil f %ale w be a great & a
 p]man5t indu/ry4 ,& ! c\ntry c\ld make 
no bett] imm$iate inve/m5t ?an to give a
 l>ge appropriation = ! developm5t ( an 
economical %ale-r$uc+ plant4  ,s        
cons]vative an au?ority z ! ,geological 
,survey e/imates t ! oil %ales ( !      
,we/]n ,/ates alone conta9 _m times ov] 
! quantity ( oil t w be recov]$ f our   
oil wells4 ,! retort+ ( oil f oil %ale  
has be5 a comm]cial indu/ry = _m ye>s 9 
,scotl& & ,france2 9 fact1 oil 0 obta9$ 
f oil %ale "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e !  
fir/ oil well 0 drill$4 ,! indu/ry is 9 

process ( r$evelopm5t to-day & if       
successful w assure u ( a future supply1
 b at ! be/ x w take ye>s ( "t & a va/  
inve/m5t ( capital to build up ! indu/ry
 to su* a po9t t x c supply any         
consid]able proportion ( our ne$s4 ,x is
 imp]ative1 h[ev]1 t ! developm5t ( ?is 
lat5t res\rce be fur!r$ & br\ght to a   
/ate ( comm]cial developm5t z soon z    
possible4   ,,save ,,oil4  ,yet ) all ! 
optimism t c be ju/ifi$ ,i w\ld urge a  
policy ( sav+ z to petroleum t %\ld be  
rigid 9 ! extreme4 ,if we are to long   
enjoy ! b5efits ( a petroleum age1 :i*  
we mu/ frankly admit fits into !        
com=t-lov+ & ! spe$-lov+ side ( !       
,am]ican nature1 we mu/ save ?is oil4   
,we mu/ save x be=e x leaves ! well2    
keep x f be+ lo/2 keep x f be+ flood$   
out1 driv5 away by wat]4 ,?r\gh ! cem5t+
 ( wells 9 ! ,cu%+ field1 ,oklahoma1 !  
daily volume ( wat] lift$ f ! wells 0   
decreas$ f #g1ebj b>rels to #fbh b>rels1
 :ile ! daily volume ( oil produc$ 0    
increas$ f #dab b>rels to #d1gaf4 ,^!   

in/ances %[ :at c & %\ld be done 9 our  
kn[n oil fields4  ,we mu/ save ! oil    
aft] x leaves ! well1 save x f dra9+ (f 
& s9k+ into ! soil1 save x f leak+ away 
at pipe jo9+s1 save x f ! wa/es (       
imp]fect /orage4  ,!n we come to ! ref9+
 ( ! oil4 ,h[ welcome n[ w\ld be ! k t  
we c\ld recov] :at 0 ?r[n away :5 k]os5e
 0 petroleum's "o great fraction4 7,!   
loss 9 ref9]ies is /ill />tl+1 "s       
#ad1eef1jjj b>rels la/ ye>--#d-a_/b p]  
c5t ( ! crude run 9 ! ref9]ies47  ,!    
self-int]e/ ( ! ,am]ican ref9]1 notably 
! ,/&>d ,oil ,co41 has done a "w t      
probably no m]e sci5tific or            
noncomm]cial impulse c\ld h equal$1 9   
tortur+ out ( petroleum ! secrets ( its 
inmo/ nature4 ,& yet ! ?\ght w n        
altoge!r give place t 9 t residue :i*   
goes to ! mak+ ( roads or to be burn$ 9 
"s crude way !re may be ?+s *emical t w 
"w l>gely = man's bett]m5t4 ,?is is !   
fact1 too--t :]e ! oil is produc$ by "s 
small companies :i* h n ! f9ancial      
ability to make x yield its full ri*es  

!re is a great] dang] ( loss ( ?is k9d4 
,x w\ld be well inde$ if !re c\ld be su*
 regulation z w\ld require t all        
petroleum mu/ be ref9$4 ,t ?is is done  
g5]ally is n d5i$4 ,x %\ld be univ]sal4 
,& all ! skill & /udy & k ( ! able/ (   
*emi/s & me*anicians %\ld f9d !mselves  
*all5g$ by ! problem ( petroleum4  ,com+
 to ! use ( petroleum 9 its v>i\s =ms we
 f9d a field ( promise4 ,! eng9e t      
d\bles ! numb] ( miles t c be made on a 
gallon ( gasol9e d\bles our supply4 ,!re
 is :]e we c apply ! pr9ciple ( true    
cons]vation--f9d h[ little y ne$2 use   
:at y mu/1 b treat y\r res\rce )        
respect4 ,has ! la/ ^w be5 said z to !  
c>buretor8 ,me*anical eng9e]s d n ?9k s4
 ,h all possible mixtures :i* w save oil
 & sub/itute *eap] & less r>e           
combu/ibles !re= be5 tri$8 ,m5 by !     
hundr$ are mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1 & almo/   
daily ! quack or ! /ock promot] comes   
=w>d ) ! ann\ncem5t ( a discov]y :i*    
proves to be a revelation--a revelation 
( human /upidity or crim9al cupidity4   

,on ?is l9e ! m5 ( sci5ce d n s+ a song 
( ! ri*e/ hope2 !y %rug _! %\ld]s1      
exclaim+ ) uplift$ h&s3 ,well1 may be1  
may be4  ,!re are possible sub/itutes = 
"s petroleum products1 b n = ! :ole     
b>rel ( oil2 fur!rmore1 petroleum is !  
*eape/ mat]ial1 speak+ quantitatively1 f
 :i* liquid fuels & lubricants c be     
made2 !re=e1 any sub/itutes obta9$ 9    
quantity mu/ co/ m4 ,alcohol c be       
sub/itut$ = gasol9e1 b only 9 limit$    
quantity & at increas$ co/4 ,b5zol f    
byproduct cok+ ov5s also c be us$1 b    
quantitatively is totally inadequate4 ,=
 k]os5e no quantitative sub/itute is    
kn[n4 ,lubricants c be obta9$ f animal &
 vegetable fats1 b mo/ly are inf]ior 9  
quality1 & !re seems no hope ( obta9+ !m
 9 quantity4 ,fuel oil c be l>gely      
supplant$ by coal1 b = !                
int]nal-combu/ion eng9e !re is no       
quantitative sub/itute4   ,,use ,,!     
,,diesel ,,eng9e4  ,we h v5tur$ on a    
great %ipbuild+ program4 ,our p are to  
once aga9 respond to ! call ( ! sea4 ,on

 private ways & on ,gov]nm5t ways %ips  
are be+ built to g r\nd ! _w--%ips t are
 to burn oil "u boil]s & produce /eam4  
,i presume t !re is a ju/ification = ?is
 policy1 p]haps "o t is z good1 if n    
bett]1 ?an c be made = ! railroads ( !  
,we/ pursu+ ! same policy4 ,i submit1   
h[ev]1 t !re %\ld be ju/ification %[n = 
! con/ruction ( any oil-burn+ %ip :i*   
does n use an eng9e ( ! ,diesel type4   
,to burn oil "u a boil] & conv]t x into 
/eam releases b #aj p] c5t ( ! !rmal    
units 9 ! oil1 :]eas if ?is same fuel   
oil 7 us$ directly 9 a ,diesel eng9e1   
#cj to #ce p] c5t ( ! p[] 9 ! oil w\ld  
be secur$4 ,sub/itute !                 
int]nal-combu/ion eng9e = ! /eam boil] &
 we multiply by ?ree or ?ree & "o-half !
 supply ( fuel oil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4   
,in/ead ( our fuel-oil supply be+1 let u
 say1 #bjj1jjj1jjj b>rels1 x w\ld at    
once rise to #fjj1jjj1jjj b>rels or     
#gjj1jjj1jjj4 ,i recognize t ?is is an  
impractical & unrealizable hope z appli$
 to ?+s z !y are1 b !re is no reason :y 

?is %\ld n be a v def9ite policy z to   
?+s t are to be4  ,?is ,gov]nm5t might  
itself well und]take to develop an eng9e
 ( ?is type = use on its %ips1 tractors1
 & trucks4 ,we simply c n af=d to prea* 
economy 9 oil :5 we d n promote by e    
means ! use ( ! int]nal-combu/ion eng9e 
= its consumption4 ,no o!r "o ?+ t c be 
done by ! ,gov]nm5t1 our indu/ries1 or !
 p w save z mu* oil f be+ wa/$ & !reby  
multiply ! real production ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates4 ,if su* eng9es are delicate (   
h&l+ & ne$ specially tra9$ eng9e]s1 :i* 
appe>s to be ! fact1 !re %\ld be little 
difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 tra9+ m5 = su* "w4
 ,a nation t c\ld educate #aj1jjj       
automobile me*anics 9 #fj days might    
inde$ develop #a1jjj ,diesel eng9e]s 9 a
 ye>4 ,! matt] is ( too great mom5t =   
delay4 ,x t\*es ! int]e/ ( ev]yone4 ,we 
are 9 ! petroleum age1 & h[ long x w la/
 dep5ds ^u our own =esight1 inv5tiv5ess1
 & wisdom4   ,,want$--,a ,,=eign        
,,supply4  ,already we are import]s (   
petroleum4 ,we are to be l>g] import]s  

ye> by ye> if we cont9ue--& we w--to    
inv5t & build ma*9es :i* w rely ^u oil  
or its d]ivatives z fuel4 ,our bus9ess  
me?ods h be5 & d\btless w cont9ue to be 
develop$ along l9es t make a cont9u+ oil
 supply a necessity4 ,"s ( t oil mu/    
come f abroad1 z ne>ly #dj1jjj1jjj      
b>rels did la/ ye>1 & = t we mu/ compete
 ) ! _w4 ,= :ile we are ! discov]]s (   
oil & ( ! me?ods ( secur+ x & ref9+ x1  
pip+ x1 & us+ x1 our pione]+ is b a     
s]vice unto ! _w4  ,?is situation calls 
= a policy prompt1 det]m9$1 & look+ _m  
ye>s ahead4 ,= ! ,am]ican ,navy & !     
,am]ican m]*ant m>9e & ,am]ican trade   
abroad mu/ dep5d to "s ext5t ^u our be+ 
able to secure1 n m]ely = to-day b =    
to-morr[ z well1 an equal opportunity ) 
o!r nations to ga9 a petroleum supply f 
! fields ( ! _w4 ,we are n[ 9 ! _w & ( x
 9 e possible s5se1 o!rwise our ,navy & 
our m]*ant fleet w\ld h no excuse4 ,no  
"o ne$s to ju/ify !m--!y are !          
expression ( an ambition t c>ries no    
dang] to any p4 ,= _! support we c ask  

no pref]5ce1 b 9 _! ma9t5ance we c insi/
 t !y %all n be discrim9at$ aga9/4      
,sometime s9ce ,i pres5t$ to a bo>d (   
geologi/s1 eng9e]s1 & economi/s 9 ?is   
dep>tm5t ?is "q3       ,if 9 ! next five
 ye>s !re %\ld develop a new dem& =     
petroleum ov] & above t n[ exi/+1 :i*   
w\ld am\nt to      #ajj1jjj1jjj b>rels a
 ye>1 :]e c\ld su* a supply be f\nd1 &  
:at policy %\ld be adopt$ to secure x8  
,! conclusions ( ?is bo>d may be        
summ>iz$ z foll[s3       7#a7 ,su* an   
oil ne$ c\ld n be met f dome/ic s\rces (
      supply4       7#b7 ,x c\ld n be   
assur$ unless equal opportunities 7 giv5
      our nationals = comm]cial         
developm5t ( =eign oils4       7#c7     
,assurance ( ?is oil supply !re=e       
inevitably entails      political z well
 z comm]cial competition ) o!r          
nationals1      z o!r nationals         
controll+ =eign s\rces ( supply h       
adopt$ policies t discrim9ate aga9/1    
h9d]1 & ev5      prev5t our nationals   
ent]+ =eign fields4       7#d7 ,!       

enc\ragem5t ( & effective assi/ance to  
our nationals      9 develop+ =eign     
fields is ess5tial to secur+ ! oil      
ne$$4       7#e7 ,comm]cial control by  
our nationals ov] l>ge =eign s\rces     
( supply w be ess5tial if ! e/imat$     
requirem5ts are to be      assur$4      
7#f7 ,x is necess>y t all c\ntries be   
induc$ to ab&on or      adequately      
modify pres5t discrim9atory policies & t
 !      int]e/ ( our nationals be       
protect$4       7#g7 ,"s =m ( _w-wide   
oil-produc+1 pur*as+1 &      m>ket+     
ag5cy fo/]$ by ?is ,gov]nm5t seems      
ess5tial to      assure ! comm]cial     
control ov] suffici5t res\rces to meet !
      competition ( o!r nationals4      
,engl& has app>5tly adopt$ su*      a   
policy4  ,?is bo>d propos$ ! foll[+     
program ( action3       7#a7 ,to secure 
! removal ( all discrim9ations to ! end 
t      our nationals may enjoy 9 o!r    
c\ntries all ! privileges n[      enjoy$
 by o!r nationals 9 ours3       7a7 ,by 
appropriate diplomatic & trade measures4

       7b7 ,by secur+ equal rights to   
our nationals 9 c\ntries newly          
organiz$ z m&atories4       7#b7 ,to    
enc\rage our nationals to acquire1      
develop1 & m>ket oil      9 =eign       
c\ntries3       7a7 ,by assur$ adequate 
protection ( our citiz5s engag$ 9       
secur+ & develop+ =eign oil fields4     
7b7 ,by promotion ( syndication ( our   
nationals engag$ 9      =eign bus9ess1 9
 ord] to effectually conduct oil        
developm5t      & di/ribution (         
petroleum & its products abroad4        
7#c7 ,gov]nm5tal action--?r\gh special  
ag5cy or bo>d3       7a7 ,?r\gh !       
organization ( a subsidi>y gov]nm5tal   
corporation ) p[] to produce1 pur*ase1  
ref9e1 transport1      /ore1 & m>ket oil
 & oil products4       7b7 ,?r\gh !     
=mation ( a p]man5t petroleum           
adm9i/ration4       7#d7 ,to assure to  
our nationals ! exclusive opportunity to
      explore1 develop1 & m>ket ! oil   
res\rces ( ! ,philipp9e      ,isl&s1    
provid$ discrim9atory policies ( o!r    

nations aga9/      our nationals are n  
ab&on$ or satisfactorily modifi$4  ,i h 
giv5 mu* ?\ght dur+ ! pa/ ye> to ?is    
problem ( add+ to our petroleum supply1 
& x has seem$ to me b fair t we %\ld    
fir/ make e ef=t to increase ! dome/ic  
supply ?r\gh ! me?ods t h be5 indicat$--
  7#a7 ,! sav+ ( t :i* is n[ wa/$1 bel[ 
gr\nd & above gr\nd4  7#b7 ,! m int5sive
 use1 ?r\gh new ma*9]y & devices1 ( !   
supply :i* we h4  7#c7 ,! developm5t (  
oil fields on our )drawn t]ritory & 9   
new areas su* z ! ,philipp9es4  ,9      
addition1 we mu/ look abroad = a        
supplem5tal supply1 & ?is may be secur$ 
?r\gh ,am]ican ent]prise if we d ^! ?+s3
  7#a7 ,assure ,am]ican capital t if x  
goes into a =eign c\ntry & secures ! "r 
to drill = oil on a legal & fair basis  
7all ( :i* mu/ be %[n to ! ,/ate        
,dep>tm5t7 x w be protect$ aga9/        
confiscation or discrim9ation4 ,?is %\ld
 be a kn[n1 publi%$ policy4  7#b7       
,require e ,am]ican corporation produc+ 
oil 9 a =eign c\ntry to take out a      

,f$]al *>t] = su* ent]prise "u :i*      
:atev] oil x produces %\ld be subject to
 a pref]5tial "r on ! "p ( ?is ,gov]nm5t
 to take all ( its supply or a p]c5tage 
!re( at any "t on paym5t ( ! m>ket      
price4  7#c7 ,sell no oil to a vessel   
c>ry+ a *>t] f any =eign gov]nm5t ei!r  
at an ,am]ican port or at any ,am]ican  
bunk] :5 t gov]nm5t does n sell oil at a
 nondiscrim9atory price to our vessels  
at its bunk]s or ports4  ,! oil indu/ry 
is m di/9ctively ,am]ican ?an any o!r ( 
! great basic indu/ries4 ,x has be5 !   
creation ( no "o class or gr\p b ( _m m5
 ( _m k9ds--! h>dy1 ke5-ey$ prospector )
 a nose = oil :o sp5t 8 mon?s ^u !      
des]ts & 9 ! m\nta9s se>*+ = seepages & 
trac+ !m to _! s\rce2 ! r\gh & two-fi/$ 
drill]1 a man g5]ally ( unusual physical
 /r5g?1 :o h&l$ ! great tools ( 8 trade2
 ! v5turesome wildcatt]1 "p prospector1 
"p promot]1 "p op]ator1 ! m>9e ( !      
indu/ry1 soldi] & sailor too2 ! geologi/
 :o ?r\gh 8 /udy ( ! anatomy ( ! e>?    
cru/ c\ld map ! pools & s&s almo/ z if  

he saw !m2 ! inv5tor2 ! *emi/ ) /ill &  
furnace2 ! g5ius :o f\nd t oil w\ld run 
9 a pipe--^! & _m m1 9 mo/ ( ! sci5ces &
 9 ne>ly all ( ! crafts1 h creat$ ?is   
,am]ican indu/ry4 ,if !y are p]mitt$ !y 
w reveal ! _w supply ( oil4 ,& ^u t     
supply ! indu/ries ( our c\ntry w come  
to be increas+ly dep5d5t ye> by ye>4    
,,by ,,way ,,( ,,summ>y4  ,x w\ld seem  
to be our pla9 duty to discov] h[ little
 oil we ne$ to use4 ,to d ?is we mu/    
dignify coal by grad+ x 9 t]ms n m]ely (
 conv5i5ce z to size1 b 9 t]ms ( s]vice 
z to its p[]4 ,we %\ld save x1 if = no  
bett] reason ?an t we may sell x to a   
coal-hungry _w4 ,we %\ld develop wat]   
p[] z an inexhau/ible sub/itute = coal &
 if necess>y compel ! coord9ation ( all 
p[] plants :i* s]ve a common t]ritory4  
,new petroleum supplies h become a      
national necessity1 s quickly h we      
adapt$ ourselves to ?is new fuel & s    
extravagantly h we giv5 ourselves ov] to
 its adaptability4 ,to save t we may use
 abundantly1 to develop t we may nev] be

 weak1 to br+ toge!r into great]        
effectiv5ess all p[] possibilities--^!  
w\ld seem to be national duties1 dictat$
 by a l>ge self-int]e/4  ,i h gone only 
suffici5tly f> into ?is :ole "q to      
realize t x is z fundam5tal & ( z deep  
public conc]n z ! railroad "q & t x is  
ev5 m complex4 ,no "o1 s f> z ,i c le>n1
 has ma/]$ all ( its v>i\s phases2 9    
fact1 !re are few :o "k ev5 "o sector ( 
! great battle front ( p[]4 ,a ,fo* is  
ne$$1 "o 9 :om w\ld c5t] a k ( all !    
activities & ! inactivities ( ^! ?ree   
great indu/ries1 :i* 9 reality are b a  
s+le indu/ry4 ,we %\ld "k m ?an we d1 f>
 m ab\t ! ways & means by :i* our       
unequal$ weal? 9 all ?ree divisions c be
 us$ & made int]dep5d5t1 & ! moral & !  
legal /r5g? ( ! ,nation %\ld be beh9d a 
/udi$1 fact-bas$1 long-view$ plan to    
make ,am]ica ! home ( ! *eape/ & ! mo/  
abundant & ! mo/ imm$iately & intimately
 s]viceable p[] supply 9 ! _w4 ,if we d 
?is1 we c release labor & light5 ne>ly e
 task4 ,we w n ne$ to s5d ! call to o!r 

c\ntries = m51 & we c di/ribute our     
indu/ries 9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e labor is
 less abundant & :]e homes w take !     
place ( t5em5ts4 ,"o c\ld exp& ^u !     
b5efits t w\ld come to ?is l& if a r\nd$
 program su* z has be5 b skeletoniz$ "h 
c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,i am conv9c$ t )9 a 
g5]ation x w be effect$1 because x w be 
necess>y4  ,! simple /eps n[ obvi\sly   
ne$$ are to pass ^? prim>y bills :i* are
 already be=e ,congress or are "h       
sugge/$4 ,b beyond ?is !re is imp]ative 
ne$ t "s "o man 7an assi/ant secret>y 9 
?is dep>tm5t w\ld s]ve7--"s "o man ) a  
compet5t /aff & comm&+ all ! res\rces ( 
?is & o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t %all  
be giv5 ! task ( tak+ a _w view z well z
 a national view ( ?is :ole involv$ &   
gr[+ problem1 t he may recomm5d policies
 & induce activities & promote          
coop]ative relation%ips :i* w effect !  
mo/ economical production ( light1 heat1
 & p[]1 :i* is m ?an ! fir/ among !     
imm$iate practical problems ( sci5ce1 z 
,sir ,william ,crookes said1 = x is     

=emo/ among ! imm$iate practical        
problems ( national & int]national      
/atesman%ip4   ,,l& ,,developm5t4  ,i   
wi% n[ to ask consid]ation = ano!r matt]
 ( home conc]n to :i* ,i gave att5tion 9
 my la/ report & z to :i* ! int]v5+ ye> 
has /r5g!n$ & p]haps broad5$ my ideas--!
 developm5t ( our unus$ l&s4  ,x 0 nev] 
m vital to ! welf>e ( our p t a creative
 & out-rea*+ plan ( develop+ & utiliz+  
our natural res\rces %\ld g bravely =w>d
 ?an x is to-day4 ,ours is a gr[+       
c\ntry1 & z its social & indu/rial      
sup]/ructure exp&s its agricultural     
f\ndation mu/ be broad5$ 9 proportion4  
,! normal gr[? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[     
requires an addition ( #f1cjj1jjj acres 
to its cultivable area ea* ye>1 :i*     
means an av]age increase ( #ag1jjj acres
 a day4  ,=tunately1 ! opportunity = ?is
 ess5tial expansion exi/s n only 9 !    
,we/1 :]e mu* ( ! public doma9 is yet   
unoccupi$1 b 9 e "p ( ! ,republic4 ,we h
 a great fund ( natural res\rces 9 ! v  
olde/ ,/ates1 f ,ma9e to ,l\isiana1 :i* 

invite & w\ld ri*ly rew>d ! con/ructive 
g5ius ( ! ,nation4 ,x is claim$ by ^? :o
 h specializ$ = ye>s on ! subject (     
reclamation t ! control & utilization ( 
flood wat]s n[ wa/$ w\ld produce )9 !   
next #aj ye>s m weal? ?an ! entire co/  
to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! w> ) ,g]many4    
,aft] e o!r w> 9 our hi/ory ! "w (      
int]nal developm5t has gone =w>d by     
leaps & b\nds1 & our p h ?us quickly    
made good ! economic wa/es ( ! conflict4
 ,! ne$s ( to-day are diff]5t f ^? ( !  
pa/ & require diff]5t treatm5t1 b !y are
 by no means beyond ! rea* ( enlight5$  
?\ght & action4  ,m ?an a ye> ago we    
began an e>ne/ discussion (             
recon/ruction policies1 p>ticul>ly )    
respect to ! l&4 ,b no?+ has be5 done4  
,n "o l9e ( legislation1 n "o doll> (   
money has be5 provid$ except 9 ! way (  
prelim9>y inve/igation4 ,we /& voiceless
 9 ! pres5ce ( opportunity & idle 9 !   
face ( urg5t national ne$4   ,a         
,,program ,,( ,,progress4  ,! great "w (
 mat]ial developm5t accompli%$ 9 ! pa/  

has be5 done v l>gely by private capital
 & ent]prise4 ,d\btless ?is mu/ be !    
*ief reliance = progress 9 ! future4 ,we
 %\ld realize1 h[ev]1 t ?is me?od has   
involv$ losses z well z ga9s1 = !       
,nation has sometimes be5 too prodigal 9
 (f]+ its natural res\rces z an         
inducem5t to private ef=t4 ,n only s1 b 
) ! exhau/ion ( ! free public l&s 9 our 
great c5tral valleys--! mo/ rem>kable   
natural h]itage t ev] fell into ! lap ( 
a "y nation--conditions ( home mak+ &   
settlem5t h radically *ang$4  ,!re c be 
d d\bt t !re is an important sph]e (    
action :i* ! ,gov]nm5t mu/ occupy if we 
are to g /eadily =w>d ) ! "w ( cont95tal
 conque/1 & all x implies to ! future ( 
! ,nation1 b 9 sugge/+ practicable /eps 
( progress at ?is "t ,i d n =get ! burd5
 ( taxation :i* confronts our p nor !   
delicate & difficult task :i* ,congress 
is call$ ^u to p]=m 9 try+ to keep !    
national outgo )9 ! national income4    
,h5ce1 ,i am n[ sugge/+ su* con/ructive 
?+s z ! ,gov]nm5t may be able to d ?r\gh

 ! ex]cise ( its p[]s ( sup]vision &    
direction & ) ! smalle/ possible outlay 
( money4  ,"u ?is head ,i put1 fir/1 !  
matt] ( suburban homes = wage e>n]s2    
second1 reclamation ( des]t1 ov]fl[1 &  
cut-ov] areas1 toge!r ) improvem5t (    
ab&on$ f>ms1 "u a sy/em ( di/rict       
organization :i* may be made to f9ance  
itself2 ?ird1 coop]ation ) v>i\s ,/ates 
9 ! "w ( int]nal developm5t4   ,,g>d5   
,,homes ,,= ,,! ,,p4  ,!re is no m      
baffl+ problem ?an t pres5t$ by !       
cont9u$ gr[? ( great cities1 b x is a   
problem ) :i* we mu/ sometime deal4 ,x  
be>s directly on ! high co/ ( liv+ & is1
 inde$1 l>gely responsible = x4 ,r5t is 
bas$ on l& values4 ,l& values rise )    
increas+ population4 ,! price ( food is 
closely relat$ to ! gr[+ disproportion  
betwe5 consum]s & produc]s1 result+ f   
urban conge/ion4  ,"h is ,wa%+ton1 a    
city ( "s #djj1jjj p1 d\btless de/9$    
/eadily to gr[ until--a ,memb] (        
,congress pr$icts--x may t\* #b1jjj1jjj 
tw5ty ye>s h5ce4 ,already ! h\s+ problem

 is acute1 z x is 9 almo/ e o!r l>ge    
,am]ican city4 ,x w\ld be a pitiful ?+  
if ! provision ( m h\s+ facilities to   
meet ! ne$s ( gr[+ population meant     
m]ely m conge/ion & high] r5ts1 ) an    
ev]-decreas+ degree ( l&$ proprietor%ip 
& true individual indep5d5ce4 ,su*      
conditions1 x seems to me1 und]m9e !    
,am]ican he>?/one & c>ry a deep m5ace to
 ! future ( our in/itutions4 ,i believe 
!re mu/ be a bett] way1 & t ! "t has    
come :5 we %\ld make an e>ne/ ef=t to   
f9d x4  ,)9 a #aj-mile circle drawn     
ar\nd ! ,capitol dome are ?\s&s ( acres 
( good agricultural l&1 ( :i* ! m]e/    
fraction has be5 r$uc$ to int5sive      
cultivation4 ,mu* ( x is wa/efully us$1 
& mu* ( x is n us$ at all4 ,conditions (
 soil1 climate1 & wat] supply are good &
 repres5t a fair av]age = ! ,unit$      
,/ates4 ,suburban transportation is a   
s]i\s problem 9 "s localities & less s 9
 o!rs1 b t5ds to become m simple ) !    
ext5sion ( good roads & increas+ use (  
motor vehicles1 includ+ ! auto bus4     

,some:]e & sometime1 x seems to me1 a   
new sy/em mu/ be devis$ to disp]se ! p (
 great cities on ! vacant l&s surr\nd+  
!m1 to give ! masses a real hold ^u !   
soil1 & to replace ! ap>tm5t h\se ) !   
home 9 a g>d54 ,su* a sy/em %\ld enable 
! ambiti\s & ?rifty family n only to    
save ! entire co/ ( r5t1 b possibly half
 ! co/ ( food1 :ile at ! same "t enhanc+
 its /&>d ( liv+ socially & spiritually1
 z well z economically4  ,x has be5     
sugge/$ t !re is no bett] place to      
demon/rate a new =m ( suburban life ?an 
"h at ! ,national ,capital1 :]e we may  
freely draw ^u all ! res\rces ( !       
gov]nm5tal dep>tm5ts = exp]t k & advice 
& :]e ! demon/ration c readily comm&    
wide publicity & come "u ! obs]vation ( 
! ,nation's lawmak]s4 ,& ,i am expect+ t
 ?is exp]im5t w be made4 ,su* a plan (  
t[n or community life1 r ?an city life1 
%\ld be ext5d$ to e o!r l>ge city 9 !   
,nation4 ,a simple act ( legislation1   
accompani$ by a mod]ate appropriation = 
organization & educational "w1 w\ld     

enable ! dep>tm5t to put its facilities 
at ! s]vice ( local communities & ( !   
indu/ries ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is 
=m ( national lead]%ip w\ld be ( value  
bo? to inve/ors 9 ! local securities &  
to ! home build]s !mselves4 ,if ! "w (  
l& acquisition & con/ruction1 toge!r ) !
 organization ( community settlem5ts    
result+ !refrom1 7 conduct$ "u !        
sup]vision ( ! ,/ate or ! ,f$]al        
,gov]nm5t x w\ld safegu>d ! "* ( !      
movem5t f e po9t ( view4  ,!re=e1 ,i put
 fir/ among ! con/ructive ?+s :i* may be
 done by ! ex]cise ( ! ,gov]nm5t's p[] (
 sup]vision & direction1 ) ! smalle/    
outlay ( money1 ?is matt] ( provid+     
suburban homes = our millions ( wage    
e>n]s4   ,,reclamation ,,by ,,di/rict   
,,organization4  ,! provision ( g>d5    
homes = millions ( city work]s w        
contribute l>gely to ! ,nation's food   
supply & become 9 "t a mo/ effective    
influ5ce 9 r$uc+ excessive co/ ( liv+ = 
_m ( our p4 ,x w n1 ( c\rse1 solve !    
problem ( increas+ ! numb] ( f>ms & !   

area ( cultivation to meet ! ne$s ( gr[+
 population4 ,nei!r w x enable u to exp&
 our home m>ket rapidly & l>gely en\gh  
to keep ! c\ntry on an ev5 keel (       
prosp]ity4  ,we mu/ g =w>d ) !          
developm5t ( natural res\rces z we h    
done = ! pa/ ?ree c5turies4 ,& we mu/   
recognize at ! outset t conditions h    
*ang$ ) ! depletion ( ! public doma9 to 
! po9t :]e x (f]s comp>atively little 9 
! way ( cultivable l&s4  ,we h n[ to    
deal pr9cipally ) l&s 9 private own]%ip4
 ,?is calls = a new po9t ( view & = !   
application ( a some:at diff]5t pr9ciple
 ?an t :i* has gov]n$ our reclamation   
policy h]et(ore4 ,moreov]1 reclamation  
is no long] an affair ( "o section ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! day has come :5 x mu/ 
be nationaliz$ & ext5d$ to all p>ts ( ! 
,republic4  ,to ! des]ts ( ! ,we/ we h  
br\ght ! creative t\* ( wat]1 & we mu/  
f9d a way to g on ) ?is "w4 ,b x is (   
equal importance t we %\ld lib]ate ri*  
areas n[ held 9 bondage by ! swamp1     
conv]t millions ( acres ( idle cut-ov]  

l&s to pr(itable use1 & raise f ! dead !
 once vigor\s agricultural life ( our   
ab&on$ f>ms4  ,"o m fundam5tal          
consid]ation--we h outliv$ our day (    
small ?+s4 ,:e!r we w\ld or n1 we are   
compell$ by ! inexorable law ( necessity
 aris+ out ( exi/+ physical conditions  
to coop]ate1 to "w toge!r1 & to employ  
l>ge-scale op]ations1 & on ?is pr9ciple 
we %\ld move3 ,n :at ! ,gov]nm5t c d = !
 p1 b :at ! p c d = !mselves "u !       
intellig5t & k9dly lead]%ip ( !         
,gov]nm5t4  ,we h an in/rum5t at h& 9 ! 
,reclamation ,s]vice :i* has dealt ) e  
phase ( ! problem :i* n[ confronts u1 & 
) su* high av]age success z to comm& !  
entire confid5ce ( ,congress & ! c\ntry4
 ,x has turn$ riv]s out ( _! natural    
b$s1 re>$ ! highe/ dams 9 exi/5ce1      
transport$ wat] long di/ances by e =m ( 
canal1 conduit1 & tunnel1 in/all$       
electric p[] plants1 cle>$ l&1 provid$  
dra9age sy/ems1 con/ruct$ highways & ev5
 railroads1 platt$ t[nsites1 & erect$   
build+s ( v>i\s sorts4 ,9 ?is exp]i5ce1 

obta9$ "u a v>iety ( physical & climatic
 conditions1 x has develop$ a body (    
tra9$ m5 equal to any con/ructive task  
:i* may be assign$ to x 9 connection )  
reclamation & settlem5t 9 any "p ( !    
c\ntry4  ,true economic reclamation is a
 process ( conv]t+ liabilities into     
assets--( trans=m+ dormant natural      
res\rces into ag5cies ( liv+ production4
 ,:5 su* a process is intellig5tly      
appli$ x %\ld be able to pay its own    
bills )\t plac+ fre% burd5s on !        
national treasury4 ,x is 9 ! confid5t   
belief t su* is actually ! case t ,i    
sugge/ ! policy ( reclamation by means (
 local di/ricts1 f9anc$ on ! basis ( _! 
own cr$it b ) ! fulle/ measure (        
enc\ragem5t & moral support ( !         
,gov]nm5t1 practically express$ ?r\gh ! 
,reclamation ,s]vice4  ,9 ?is connection
 x seems wor? :ile to recall t ) a net  
exp5diture ( #aai1jjj1jjj ! ,reclamation
 ,s]vice has creat$ taxable values (    
#ejj1jjj1jjj 9 ! ,/ates :]e x has       
op]at$4 ,! ratio is bett] ?an ?ree to   

"o1 & t is a wid] m>g9 ( security ?an is
 usually dem&$ by ! mo/ cons]vative     
bank+ me?ods4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt 
t ! ov]fl[ l&s ( ! ,s\?1 ! cut-ov] areas
 ( ! ,nor?we/1 & ! ab&on$ f>m di/ricts (
 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york & o!r ,/ates  
w\ld d q z well z ! des]ts ( ! ,we/ if  
h&l$ by su* an organization4  ,:at is ! 
legitimate function ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9     
connection ) reclamation di/ricts to be 
f9anc$ entirely ^u _! own cr$its )\t !  
aid ( national appropriations8 ,i %\ld  
say t ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) great advantage to 
! inve/or1 ! l&[n]1 ! future settl]1 & !
 g5]al public1 might d ^! ?+s3  #a4     
,employ its tra9$1 exp]i5c$ eng9e]s1    
attorneys1 & economi/s 9 mak+ a ?or\gh  
inve/igation ( all ! factors involv$ 9 a
 giv5 situation1 to be foll[$ by a      
?or\gh (ficial report ^u ! di/rict      
propos$ to be =m$4  #b4 ,(f] ! di/rict  
securities = public subscription 9 ! op5
 m>ket4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld foll[ !     
actual organization ( ! di/rict & !     
approval ( its proce$+s by ! ,gov]nm5t's

 legal exp]ts4  #c4 ,con/ruct ! works ( 
reclamation ) proce$s ( di/rict bond    
sales1 & adm9i/] ! sy/em until x becomes
 a go+ conc]n1 :5 x may be safely       
confid$ to its local (fic]s4  ,! mo/    
obvi\s advantage ( ,gov]nm5t coop]ation 
is ! fact t x w\ld assure ! s]vice ( a  
body ( eng9e]s1 build]s1 & adm9i/rators 
tra9$ 9 ! actual "w ( reclamation4 ,?is 
advantage1 z comp>$ ) ! managem5t t     
might be _h 9 a sp>sely settl$ local    
di/rict1 w\ld (t5 make all ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 success & failure4 ,unque/ionably
 x w\ld mat]ially r$uce ! int]e/ rate on
 di/rict bonds & greatly facilitate _!  
sale 9 ! op5 m>ket4  ,!re are o!r       
advantages less obvi\s b really m       
important4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t great    
ent]prises c be/ be h&l$ "u c5traliz$   
control4 ,?is control1 to be effective1 
mu/ ext5d f ! initiation to ! completion
 ( ! project4 ,!re c be no assurance (  
?is :5 ! managem5t is left to !         
electorate ( a local di/rict1 & )\t su* 
assurance x is difficult to comm& !     

support1 fir/1 ( ! l&[n]s ^: cons5t is  
ess5tial to ! =mation ( ! di/rict2 next1
 ( ! inve/ors :o mu/ supply ! money2    
f9ally1 ( ! settl]s :o mu/ pur*ase &    
develop ! l& 9 ord] t ! object ( !      
ent]prise may be realiz$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t c
 give ! assurance ( precisely t quality 
( unifi$1 c5traliz$1 p]man5t1 &         
responsible control t is requir$ to     
comm& ! confid5ce ( all ! factors 9 !   
situation4  ,!re is ano!r advantage (   
,gov]nm5t coop]ation t w inure greatly  
to ! b5efit ( ! settl]4 ,! ,gov]nm5t may
 readily apply ! policy x n[ uses 9     
connection ) privately own$ l&s )9      
reclamation projects4 ,x requires !     
own]s to ent] into a contract by :i* !y 
agree to accept a c]ta9 maximum price = 
_! l& if sold )9 a giv5 p]iod ( ye>s4   
,?is price is bas$ ^u ! value ( ! l&    
be=e reclamation4 ,!re are _m in/ances1 
p>ticul>ly ( swamp & cut-ov] areas1 :]e 
l& t may be b\ght = #aj an acre &       
reclaim$ at a co/ ( #be to #ej p] acre1 
has an actual m>ket value ( #ajj to #bjj

 p] acre ! mom5t x is put into %ape =   
cultivation4 ,if ! ,gov]nm5t1 by means (
 a contract ) ! local di/rict1 und]takes
 ! "w ( reclamation & settlem5t & does  
?is "w at actual co/1 ! settl] w g5]ally
 save en\gh to pay = all 8 improvem5ts &
 equipm5t4  ,! cr[n+ consid]ation is !  
fact t1 because ( all ^! advantages1 !  
"w ( reclamation w\ld actually be       
accompli%$1 :ile to-day x is n be+ done 
except 9 ! f> ,we/1 & accompli%$ )\t !  
aid ( ,gov]nm5t appropriations4         
,,soldi]-,,settlem5t ,,legislation4  ,9 
! =ego+1 att5tion has be5 call$ to ^?   
?+s :i* may be accompli%$ by ! ex]cise (
 ! ,gov]nm5t's p[]s ( sup]vision &      
direction ) ! smalle/ outlay ( money4 ,9
 all ?is ,i h be5 speak+ ( reclamation =
 ! sake ( reclamation4  ,! propos$      
soldi]-settlem5t legislation /&s on an  
entirely diff]5t foot+4 ,! prim>y object
 is n to reclaim l& b to rew>d our      
return$ soldi]s ) ! opportunity to obta9
 employm5t & l>g] int]e/ 9 !            
proprietor%ip ( ! c\ntry4 ,! policy is  

bas$ on a s5se ( gratitude = h]oic      
s]vice1 n on economic consid]ations4    
,?is is ! answ] to ^? :o h criticiz$ x z
 class legislation or ! proposal to     
grant special privileges to "o elem5t ( 
our citiz5%ip or z a plunge into        
socialism4 ,frankly1 we av[ our purpose 
to d = ! soldi] :at we w\ld n ?9k ( do+ 
= anybody else & :at w\ld n be ju/ifi$  
solely z a matt] ( reclamation4  ,_m    
measures ( soldi] legislation h be5     
introduc$ into ,congress4 ,only "o ( ^! 
has be5 favorably report$4 ,?is 0       
introduc$ by ,repres5tative ,mondell1 ( 
,wyom+1 on ! fir/ day ( ! pres5t special
 session1 embody+ ! plan ( reclamation &
 community settlem5t br\ght =w>d by ?is 
dep>tm5t 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah4  ,! measure  
has be5 mu* misund]/ood & sometimes     
delib]ately misrepres5t$4 ,9 ! fir/     
place1 x 0 n put =w>d z ! complete      
solution ( ! soldi] problem4 ,x 0 at no 
"t suppos$ or expect$ t all ( !         
#d1hjj1jjj m5 & wom5 engag$ 9 ! w> )    
,g]many w\ld or c\ld take advantage (   

its provisions4 ,x =tunately happ5s t ! 
va/ majority quickly f\nd _! places 9 ! 
national life4 ,( ! rema9d]1 a v l>ge   
proportion may be classifi$ z city m9d$4
 ,!y h no ta/e = f>m life b w\ld be     
bett] s]v$ by vocational tra9+ &        
opportunities to ent] ^u remun]ative    
trades or pr(essions4 ,!re is an elem5t 
( c\ntry m9d$1 & ( ^! "s #aej1jjj h made
 application = opportunities ( employm5t
 & home-mak+ "u ! t]ms ( ?is bill4      
,l>gely !y are m5 :o h _h agricultural  
exp]i5ce b :o c n obta9 f>ms ( _! own   
)\t v consid]able ca% advances & o!r    
assi/ance :i* ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld r5d]4 ,x 
is = ?is elem5t t ! policy is design$4  
,x has (t5 be5 said t ! plan w\ld be    
appli$ only 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?4 ,! tru? is 
t x has be5 ! purpose f ! fir/ to ext5d 
x to e ,/ate :]e feasible projects c\ld 
be f\nd1 & t our prelim9>y inve/igations
 lead u to believe ?is w include e ,/ate
 9 ! ,union4  ,! wide discussion ( !    
measure has be5 highly educational to ! 
c\ntry1 & "s ( ! criticism is (         

con/ructive "*4 ,= example1 att5tion has
 be5 %>ply call$ to ! fact t 9 c]ta9    
localities !re are individual f>ms well 
suit$ to our purpose :i* may (t5 be _h  
at a price repres5t+ r less ?an ! value 
( _! improvem5ts4 ,^! are ! s-call$     
ab&on$ f>ms s num]\s 9 ! ,nor!a/]n      
,/ates4 ,9 "s cases !y are int]sp]s$ )  
l& n[ cultivat$1 s situat$ t x is n     
possible to br+ toge!r a l>ge numb] (   
contigu\s f>ms z ! basis ( a ,gov]nm5t  
project4  ,9 ,new ,engl& & else:]e      
public s5tim5t /rongly favors a         
modification ( ! p5d+ measure :i* w     
enable ! pur*ase ( individual f>ms r ?an
 community settlem5t4 ,?is w\ld be      
practicable only 9 localities :]e a     
suffici5t numb] ( f>ms1 ev5 if n        
contigu\s1 c\ld be _h to make possible !
 necess>y sup]vision & in/ruction1      
toge!r ) coop]ative organization = !    
pur*ase ( supplies & sale ( products4   
,)\t ^! advantages ! plan ( soldi]      
settlem5t w\ld fail 9 _m in/ances4 ,my  
in=mation is t ^! conditions c\ld be    

met4 ,n only s1 b x is urg$ t exi/+ f>m 
communities w\ld be inspir$ by ! pres5ce
 ( soldi] settl]s & b5efit$ by ! pres5ce
 ( soldi] settl]s by _! coop]ative buy+ 
& sell+ ag5cies4  ,ano!r criticism ( !  
p5d+ measure is direct$ to ! am\nt ( !  
fir/ paym5t ! soldi] settl] is requir$  
to make4 ,z ! bill n[ /&s x calls = #e  
p] c5t on ! l&1 #be p] c5t on           
improvem5ts & live /ock1 & #dj p] c5t on
 implem5ts & o!r equipm5t4 ,x has be5   
urg$ by "s fri5ds ( soldi] settlem5t t  
no fir/ paym5t %\ld be requir$1 b t !   
,gov]nm5t %\ld make advances ( #ajj p]  
c5t 9 view ( ! soldi]s' peculi> claim ^u
 national consid]ation4 ,x might be     
feasible to d ?is 9 ! case ( community  
settlem5ts4 ,b x c\ld n be done 9 ! case
 ( scatt]$ & individual f>ms1 at lea/   
)\t ab&on+ ! pr9ciples ( s\nd bus9ess4  
,9 ! case ( community settlem5t ! soldi]
 lit]ally gets 9 on ! gr\nd floor4 ,/>t+
 ) a t]ritory t is entirely blank s f> z
 homes & improvem5ts are conc]n$1 he    
f9ds himself 9 a place :]e community    

values rema9 to be creat$4 ,:5 he buys  
an improv$ f>m 9 a settl$ neighborhood !
 situation is precisely rev]s$4 ,9 bo?  
cases !re is or w be une>n$ increm5t1 or
 society-creat$ values2 b 9 ! "o case he
 gets ! increm5t1 :ile 9 ! o!r case he  
pays x4 ,obvi\sly1 a l>g] advance w\ld  
be ju/ifi$ 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4       
,,alaska4  ,"o ( ! fir/ recomm5dations  
made by me 9 my report ( sev5 ye>s ago 0
 t ! ,gov]nm5t build a railroad f ,sew>d
 to ,fairbanks 9 ,alaska4 ,five ye>s ago
 y intru/$ to me ! direction ( ?is "w4  
,! road is n[ m ?an two-?irds built1 &  
,congress at ?is session1 aft]          
exhau/ively exam9+ into ! "w1 has       
au?oriz$ an additional appropriation    
suffici5t = its completion4 ,! %[+ made 
be=e ,congress 0 t ! road _h be5 built  
)\t graft3 e doll> has gone into actual 
"w or mat]ial4 ,x has be5 built )\t giv+
 pr(its to any l>ge contractors1 = x has
 be5 con/ruct$ entirely by small        
contractors or by day's labor4 ,x has   
be5 built )\t t\* ( politics3 e man on !

 road has be5 *os5 exclusively = ability
 & exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 well & solidly  
built z a p]man5t road1 n an exploit+   
road4 ,x has be5 built = z little money 
z private p>ties c\ld h built x1 z all  
compet5t indep5d5t eng9e]s :o h se5 !   
road advise4  ,edw9 ,f4 ,w5dt1 ( !      
,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 9 *>ge (
 valuation ( ! railroads ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates f ,pittsburgh to ,bo/on1 aft] an 
inve/igation into ! mann] 9 :i* !       
,alaskan ,railroad 0 con/ruct$ & its    
co/1 report$ to me z foll[s3       ,9   
conclud+1 x is n amiss to aga9 /ate t   
aft] ! full      /udy :i* 0 giv5 to !   
prop]ty dur+ our trip1 we are           
satisfi$ t ! project is be+ execut$     
rapidly &      effici5tly by m5 (       
exp]i5ce & ability4 ,x is believ$ t     
x is be+ h&l$ z *eaply z private        
contractors c\ld h&le      x "u !       
circum/ances4  ,! road has n be5 built z
 soon z expect$ because ea* ye> we h    
exhau/$ our appropriation be=e ! "w     
contemplat$ _h be5 done4 ,we c\ld n say 

9 ,octob] ( "o ye> :at ! co/ ( any?+ a  
ye> or m lat] w\ld be1 & we ran out (   
money e>li] ?an anticipat$4 ,x has n be5
 built z *eaply z expect$ because x has 
be5 built on a ris+ m>ket = ev]y?+ t w5t
 into its con/ruction--f labor1 lumb]1  
food supplies1 ma*9]y1 & /eel to rail & 
ocean transportation4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1
 x c safely be said t no o!r piece (    
,gov]nm5t con/ruction or private        
con/ruction done dur+ ! w> w %[ a less  
p]c5tage ( increase ov] a co/ t 0       
e/imat$ m ?an f\r ye>s ago4  ,! m5 h be5
 well h\s$ & well f$4 ,_! wages h be5   
good & promptly paid2 !re has be5 b "o  
/rike1 & t 0 f\r ye>s ago & 0 settl$ by 
,dep>tm5t ( ,labor exp]ts fix+ ! scale (
 wages4 ,! m5 h _h ! b5efit ( a sy/em ( 
comp5sation = damages l t 9 !           
,reclamation ,s]vice & ,panama ,canal4  
,!y h _h excell5t hospital s]vice1 & our
 camps & t[ns h be5 free ( typhoid fev] 
& mal>ia4 ,t ! m5 l ! "w is te/ifi$ by !
 fact t hundr$s :o came out ! pa/ two   
ye>s1 attract$ by ! high wages ( w>     

indu/ries1 are n[ anxi\s to return to   
,alaska4  ,!re has be5 b "o setback 9 ! 
con/ruction1 & t 0 ! wa%+ out ( #ab     
miles ( tracks along ! ,n5ana ,riv]4    
,?is is a glacial /ream :i*1 :5 ! sn[s  
melt1 comes d[n at times ) irresi/ible  
=ce4 ,9 ?is in/ance x ab&on$ its long   
accu/om$ way & cut into a new b$ & ?r\gh
 trees t _h be5 /&+ = sev]al g5]ations1 
te>+ out "p ( ! track :i* _h be5 laid4  
,! "w ( locat+ & con/ruct+ ! road has   
be5 left 9 ! h&s ( ! eng9e]s appo9t$ by 
y\rself4 ,! only in/ruction :i* !y      
receiv$ f me 0 t !y %\ld build ! road z 
if !y 7 work+ = a private conc]n1       
select+ ! be/ m5 = ! "w irrespective (  
politics or pressure ( any k9d4 ,z a    
result1 we h a =ce t has be5 ga!r$ f !  
con/ruction camps ( ! we/]n railroads1  
made up ( m5 ( exp]i5ce & prov$         
capacity4 ,t !y h done _! "w effici5tly1
 hone/ly1 & at reasonable co/ is my     
belief4  ,x is n possible dur+ !        
con/ruction ( a railroad to tell :at x  
co/s p] mile because all ! f\ndation "w1

 ! con/ruction ( bases f :i* to "w1 !   
equipm5t = con/ruction1 & mu* ( !       
mat]ial is a *>ge :i* mu/ be spread ov] 
! entire complet$ l9e4 ,! be/ e/imate t 
c be made to-day z to ! newly con/ruct$ 
road is t x has co/ betwe5 #gj1jjj &    
#hj1jjj p] ma9-l9e mile1 or betwe5      
#fj1jjj & #gj1jjj p] mile ( track4  ,?is
 co/ p] mile includes ! build+ ( ! mo/  
difficult & exp5sive /ret* ( l9e along !
 entire r\te f ,sew>d to ,fairbanks--t  
runn+ along ,turnaga9 ,arm1 :i* is %e]  
rock ris+ precipit\sly f ! sea = ne>ly  
#cj miles4 ,!re are miles ( ?is road :i*
 h co/ #bjj1jjj p] mile4 ,ev5 to bla/ a 
mule trail 9 "o portion ( ?is r\te co/  
#be1jjj a mile4  ,! only ,gov]nm5t-built
 railroad--t across ! ,i/hmus (         
,panama--co/ #bba1jeb p] mile4 ,! only  
two rec5tly built railroads 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates are 7#a7 ! ,virg9ian1 built by   
,h4,h4 ,rog]s1 :i* co/ exclusive (      
equipm5t #aea1jjj p] mile1 ) labor at f 
#a4ce to #a4ge p] day & all ma*9]y1     
fuel1 rails1 & supplies at its door1 &  

7#b7 ! ,milwaukee l9e to ,puget ,s\nd1  
:i* is e/imat$ z hav+ co/ #acj1jjj p]   
mile exclusive ( equipm5t4  ,! "w has   
be5 conduct$ ) its ma9 base at          
,an*orage1 :i* is at ! head ( ,cook     
,inlet4 ,! po9t 0 *os5 z ! ne>e/ po9t f 
:i* to con/ruct a railroad into !       
,matanuska coal fields4 ,t 0 ! prim>y   
objective ( ! railroad1 to get at !     
,matanuska coal4 ,f ,an*orage x 0 also  
int5d$ to drive f>!r nor? ?r\gh !       
,susitna ,valley & across ,broad ,pass1 
& to ! s\? along ,turnaga9 ,arm t[>d !  
,alaska ,nor!rn track4 ,to secure coal =
 ,alaska 0 ! fir/ ne$4 ,s 9 addition to 
,an*orage z a base1 "o 0 also />t$ at   
,n5ana1 on ! ,tanana ,riv]1 f :i* to    
rea* ! ,n5ana coal fields ly+ to ! s\?4 
,if ^! two fields 7 op51 "o w\ld supply 
! coa/ ( ,alaska & "o ! int]ior4 ,?is   
program has be5 act$ ^u1 ) ! result t ! 
,matanuska field is op5 to tidewat] ) a 
d[ngrade road all ! way4 ,! ,n5ana road 
has be5 pu%$ f> en\gh s\? to t\* a coal 
m9e ne> ! track1 :i* may obviate !      

imm$iate necessity = rea*+ into ! ,n5ana
 field prop]4  ,!re is an op5 /ret*     
across ,broad ,pass to connect !        
,susitna ,valley ) ! road com+ d[n f    
,n5ana4 ,?is gap clos$1 !re w be ?r\gh  
connection betwe5 ,sew>d & ,fairbanks4  
,,matanuska ,,coal4  ,by decisions ( !  
,commission] ( ! ,l& ,(fice all ( !     
claims 9 ! ,matanuska coal field 7 set  
aside1 & by act ( ,congress a leas+ bill
 0 put into effect ov] ! entire field4  
,"u ?is law a numb] ( claims mu/ be     
res]v$ to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! field 0       
survey$1 & "s ( ! mo/ promis+ portions (
 ! field h be5 s res]v$4  ,two leases h 
be5 ent]$ into by ! ,gov]nm5t1 "o ) ,l>s
 ,netl&1 a m9]1 :o has a back]1 ,mr4    
,fontana1 a bus9ess man ( ,san          
,francisco1 & ! o!r ) ,oliv] ,la ,duke &
 associates4 ,!re are _m ?\s&s ( acres 9
 ?is field :i* are op5 = lease & :i* w  
be leas$ to any responsible p>ties :o w 
und]take _! developm5t4 ,gov]nm5t exp]ts
 :o h exam9$ ?is field d n promise )\t  
fur!r explor+ a l>g] output ( coal f ?is

 field ?an #aej1jjj tons a ye>4  ,!     
population ( ,alaska has fall5 (f dur+ !
 w>4 ,%e s5t1 ,i am told1 #e1jjj m5 into
 ! ,army1 ! l>ge/ proportion to         
population s5t by any "p ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,! high co/ ( labor & mat]ials  
clos$ "s ( ! gold m9es1 & ! attractive  
wages (f]$ by w> indu/ries drew labor f 
,alaska to ! ma9l&4 ,all prospect+      
practically clos$4 ,b ) ! return ( peace
 !re is evid5ce ( a new movem5t t[>d t  
,t]ritory :i* %\ld be giv5 add$         
confid5ce 9 its future by ! completion (
 ! ,alaskan ,railroad4 ,!re is en\gh    
arable l& 9 ,alaska to ma9ta9 a         
population ! equal ( all ^? n[ liv+ 9   
,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,f9l&1 & all t c be   
produc$ 9 ^? c\ntries c be produc$ 9    
,alaska4 ,! great ne$ is a m>ket1 & ?is 
w be f\nd only z ! m9+ & fi%+ indu/ries 
( ! c\ntry develop4   ,,save ,,&        
,,develop ,,am]icans4  ,:5 ! :ole /ory  
is told ( ,am]ican a*ievem5t & ! picture
 is pa9t$ ( our mat]ial res\rces1 we    
come back to ! pla9 b all-significant   

fact t f> beyond all our possessions 9  
l& & coal & wat]s & oil & indu/ries is !
 ,am]ican man4 ,to him1 to 8 _s & to 8  
"*1 to 8 skill & to 8 intellig5ce is due
 all ! cr$it = ! l& 9 :i* we live4 ,& t 
res\rce we are neglect+4 ,he may be !   
be/ nurtur$ & ! be/ clo!d & ! be/ h\s$ (
 all m5 on ?is great globe4 ,he may h m 
*ances to become indep5d5t & ev5 ri*4   
,he may h opportunities = s*ool+ n[h]e  
else af=d$4 ,he may h a fre$om to speak 
& to wor%ip & to ex]cise 8 judgm5t ov] !
 affairs ( ! ,nation4 ,& yet he is ! mo/
 neglect$ ( our res\rces because he does
 n "k h[ ri* he is1 h[ ri* beyond all   
o!r m5 he is4 ,n ri* 9 money--,i d n    
speak ( t--b ri* 9 ! end[m5t ( p[]s &   
possibilities no o!r man ev] 0 giv54    
,tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! #a1fjj1jjj m5    
betwe5 #ba & #ca ye>s ( age :o 7 fir/   
draft$ into our ,army c\ld n read nor   
write our language1 & t5s ( ?\s&s c\ld n
 speak x nor und]/& x4 ,to !m ! daily   
pap] tell+ :at ,von ,h9d5b]g 0 do+ 0 a  
blur4 ,to !m ! appeals ( ,hoov] came by 

^w ( m\?1 if at all4 ,to !m ! messages (
 _! comm&] 9 *ief 7 z s mu* blank pap]4 
,to !m ! ^w ( "m or swee!>t came filt]+ 
9 ?r\gh o!r eyes t _h to read _! lett]s4
  ,n[ ?is is wrong4 ,!re is some?+ lack+
 9 ! s5se ( a society t w\ld p]mit x 9 a
 l& ( public s*ools t assumes lead]%ip 9
 ! _w4  ,"h is raw mat]ial truly1 ( !   
mo/ important k9d & ! greate/           
possibility = good z well z = ill4      
,save6 ,save6 ,save6 ,?is has be5 !     
m&ate = ! pa/ two ye>s4 ,x is a ^w ) :i*
 ?is report is replete4 ,b we h be5     
talk+ ( food & l& & oil :ile ! boys & "y
 m5 t are ab\t u :o c>ry ! =tune ( !    
democracy 9 _! h&s are )\t a prim>y k ( 
our in/itutions1 our hi/ory1 our w>s &  
:at we h f\ght =1 our m5 & :at !y h /ood
 =1 our c\ntry & :at its place 9 ! _w   
is4  ,! m>vel\s =ce ( public op9ion & ! 
r>e absorb+ quality ( ! ,am]ican m9d    
nev] 0 %[n m cle>ly ?an by ! fact t out 
( ^! m5 came a loyalty & a /]n devotion 
to ,am]ica :5 ! day ( te/ came4 ,_h     
,g]many kn[n :at we "k n[1 x w\ld h be5 

beyond h] to believe t ,am]ica c\ld     
draft an army to adv5ture into w> 9     
,europe4 ,!re %\ld n be a man :o 0 9 our
 ,army or our ,navy :o has ! ambition = 
an education :o %\ld n be giv5 t        
opportunity--inde$1 induc$ to take x--n 
m]ely out ( appreciation b out ( !      
great] value to ! ,nation t he w\ld be  
if ! tools ( life 7 put into 8 h&4 ,!re 
is no ^w to say ^u ?is !me (            
,am]icanization t has n be5 said1 &     
,congress1 x is n[ hop$1 w believe ^?   
figures :i*1 :5 pres5t$ ne>ly two ye>s  
ago1 7 fl\t$ z untrue4 ,! ,nation is    
humiliat$ at its own indiff]5ce1 &      
action mu/ be ! result4  ,to save & to  
develop1 ,i h said1 7 equally !         
expression ( a true cons]vation4 ,:at is
 true z to mat]ial ?+s is true z to     
human be+s4 ,& once giv5 a f\ndation (  
heal? !re is no o!r c\rse by :i* ?is    
policy may be effect$ ?an to place at ! 
comm& ( e "o ! means ( acquir+ k4 ,!    
:ole p mu/ turn 9 t direction4 ,we %\ld 
enable all1 )\t di/9ction1 to h t tra9+ 

= :i* !y are fitt$ by _! own natural    
end[m5t4 ,!n we c draw out ( hid+ !     
tal5ts t h be5 hidd54 ,! s*ool w yet    
come to be ! fir/ in/itution ( our l&1 9
 ackn[l$g$ preem95ce 9 ! mak+ (         
,am]icans :o und]/& :y !y are ,am]icans 
& :y to be "o is wor? :ile4#e           
,,footnotes  #a ,extract f ! annual     
report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior = !   
fiscal ye> end$ ,june #cj1 #aiai4 ,!    
page numb]s are ! same z ^? 9 ! report4 
#b ,9 spite ( ! /rike ord]1 effective ! 
la/ day ( ! week1 ! production ( s(t    
coal dur+ ! sev5 days ,oct4 #bf-,nov4 #a
 0 great] ?an 9 any week ?is ye> save   
"o4 ,! exception 0 ! prec$+ week1 t (   
,oct4 #be1 :i* full reports n[ confirm z
 ! record 9 ! hi/ory ( coal m9+ 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! total production dur+ 
! week end$ ,nov4 #a 7includ+ lignite & 
coal made into coke7 is e/imat$ at      
#ab1adb1jjj net tons1 an av]age p] work+
 day ( #b1jbd1jjj tons4  ,inde$ _h x n  
be5 = ! /rike1 curtail+ ! output (      
,saturday1 ! week ( ,nov4 #a w\ld h f>  

out/ripp$ its pr$ecessor4 ,! extraord9>y
 ef=ts made by ! railroads to provide   
c>s bore fruit 9 a rate ( production    
dur+ ! fir/ five days ( ! week :i*1 if  
ma9ta9$ = ! #cjd work+ days ( full-"t   
ye>1 w\ld yield #gae1jjj1jjj tons (     
coal4 ,x is wor? not+ t ?is figure is   
almo/ id5tical ) ! #gjj1jjj1jjj tons    
accept$ e>ly 9 #aiah by ! ,geological   
,survey & ! ,railroad ,adm9i/ration z   
repres5t+ ! c\ntry's annual capacity4   
,dur+ ^! five days1 !re=e1 ! s(t-coal   
m9es 7 work+ close to actual capacity4  
,!re c be little d\bt t ! output on     
,monday1 ,oct4 #bg1 0 ! l>ge/ ev] atta9$
 9 a s+le day4 7,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey   
,bull47  #c ,x is ! we/]n & s\!rn fields
 t are mo/ affect$ by ! seasonal dem&4  
,z a typical example1 ,ill9ois may be   
cit$1 ) #ah p] c5t ( ! ye>'s production 
9 #be p] c5t ( ! "t1 ,april1 ,may1 &    
,june1 9 #aiae1 & #ae p] c5t 9 #aiaf4   
,retail deal]s receiv$ #bg p] c5t ( !   
coal f ,ill9ois 9 ! p]iod f ,augu/1     
#aiah1 to ,febru>y1 #aiai1 comp>$ ) #d  

p] c5t f ! ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 field4  #d
 ,9 e tra9load ( coal haul$ f ! m9es to 
our coal b9s1 #a c>load out ( e #e is   
go+ n[h]e4 ,9 a tra9 ( #dj c>s1 ! la/ #h
 are dead load t might bett] h be5 left 
9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,no less an au?ority 
?an ,m>t9 ,a4 ,rooney /ates3 ,e fif?    
%ovel full ( coal t ! av]age fireman    
?r[s into 8 furnace s]ves no m useful   
purpose ?an to decorate ! atmosph]e ) a 
long black /ream ( preci\s soot4 ,at be/
 "o-fif? ( all our coal is wa/$4  ,!    
fir/ requisite t[>d effect+ fuel economy
 is to secure coop]ation betwe5 own]s1  
manag]s1 & ! m5 :o fire ! coal4         
,me*anical devices to increase effici5cy
 9 ! use ( coal c n produce satisfactory
 results unless ! op]ators :o h&le !m   
are impress$ ) ! importance ( _! duties4
  ,x is n ess5tial = ! plant manag] to  
be a fuel exp]t1 b he %\ld be famili> ) 
! in/rum5ts t give a *eck on ! daily    
op]ations4 ,x is a mi/ake n to provide  
prop] in/rum5ts1 = !y guide ! firem5 &  
%[ ! managem5t :at has tak5 place daily4

 ,in/rum5ts provid$ = ! boil] room      
manife/ ! int]e/ tak5 by ! managem5t    
t[>d cons]v+ fuel4 ,x indicates         
coop]ation & enc\rages ! firem5 to "w   
h>d] to increase ! effici5cy4  ,a second
 factor effect+ fuel economy is !       
selection ( fuel = ! p>ticul> plant4 ,x 
is n expect$ ( a plant manag] t he %\ld 
be ?or\ghly in=m$ z to ! "* ( all fuels2
 b he c enli/ ! s]vices ( a man :o is   
?or\ghly tra9$ ,9 ?is field4 ,! ,bureau 
( ,m9es has compil$ valuable in=mation  
on ! "* & analyses ( coal f almo/ e     
field 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,in=mation     
conc]n+ ! "* & *emical con/itu5ts ( !   
coal1 toge!r ) k p]ta9+ to ! equipm5t ( 
! plant1 makes x possible to select a   
fuel adapt$ to ! equipm5t1 !reby insur+ 
bett] combu/ion4 ,hundr$s ( boil] plants
 op]ate at no great] ?an #fj p] c5t     
effici5cy1 & x w\ld be a comp>atively   
simple matt] to br+ !m up to #gj p] c5t 
effici5cy4 ,! sav+ 9 tonnage w\ld be m  
?an ! comb9$ ye>ly coal-c>ry+ capacity (
 ! ,baltimore  ,ohio & ! ,s\!rn ,railway

 sy/ems4 ,! direct sav+ to our indu/ries
 at #e p] ton w\ld am\nt to #bjj1jjj1jjj
 wor? ( coal p] ye>4  #e ,assi/ant      
,secret>y ,h]b]t ,kaufman be=e ! ,s5ate 
,committee on ,education pres5t$ facts &
 figures :i* acc5tuate ! s]i\sness ( !  
national situation4 ,among o!r ?+s he   
said3  ,! ,s\? leads 9 illit]acy1 b !   
,nor? leads 9 non-,engli% speak+4 ,ov]  
#ag p] c5t ( ! p]sons 9 ! ea/-s\?       
,c5tral ,/ates h nev] be5 to s*ool4     
,approximately #af p] c5t ( ! p (       
,passaic1 ,n4,j41 mu/ deal ) _! fell[   
work]s & employ]s ?r\gh int]pret]s4 ,&  
#ac p] c5t ( ! folk 9 ,lawr5ce & ,fall  
,riv]1 ,mass41 are utt] /rang]s 9 a     
/range l&4  ,! ext5t to :i* our         
indu/ries are dep5d5t ^u ?is labor is   
p]il\s to all /&>ds ( effici5cy4 ,_!    
ignorance n only ret>ds production &    
confuses adm9i/ration1 b con/antly piles
 up a junk heap ( brok5 humans & damag$ 
ma*9es :i* co/ ! ,nation incalculably4  
,x is our duty to int]pret ,am]ica to   
all pot5tial ,am]icans 9 t]ms (         

protection z well z ( opportunity2 &    
nei!r ! opportunities ( ?is cont95t nor 
t humanity :i* is ! g5ius ( ,am]ican    
democracy c be r5d]$ intelligible to ^! 
#h1jjj1jjj until !y c talk & read &     
write our language4  ,/eel & iron       
manufactur]s employ #eh p] c5t (        
=eign-born help]s2 ! slaught]+ &        
meat-pack+ trades1 #fa p] c5t2 bitum9\s 
coal m9+1 #fb p] c5t2 ! silk & dye      
trade1 #cd p] c5t2 glass-mak+           
ent]prises1 #ch p] c5t2 wool5 mills1 #fb
 p] c5t2 cotton factories1 #fi p] c5t2 !
 clo?+ bus9ess1 #gb p] c5t2 boot & %oe  
manufactur]s1 #bg p] c5t2 lea!r tann]s1 
#eg p] c5t2 furniture factories1 #ei p] 
c5t2 glove manufactur]s1 #cc p] c5t2    
cig> & tobacco trades1 #cc p] c5t2 oil  
ref9]s1 #fg p] c5t2 & sug> ref9]s1 #he  
p] c5t4  ,y w agree ) me t future       
security compels att5tion to su*        
conc5trations ( unread1 unsocializ$     
masses ?us conv5i5tly & p]il\sly gr\p$ =
 misguidance4  ,!y live 9 ,am]ica1 b    
,am]ica does n live 9 !m4 ,h[ c all be  

'free & equal' until !y h free access to
 ! same s\rces ( self-help & an equal   
*ance to secure !m8  ,illit]acy is a    
pick-&-%ovel e/ate1 a life s5t5ce to    
m5iality4 ,democracy may n h fix$       
classes & survive4 ,! fir/ duty (       
,congress is to pres]ve opportunity = ! 
:ole p1 & opportunity c n exi/ :]e !re  
is no means ( in=mation4  ,x is a %abby 
economy1 an ungrateful economy t )holds 
funds = _! bett]m5t4 ,! fields ( ,france
 cry %ame ^u ^? :o are cont5t to ab&on  
!m to _! h&icap4  ,! loyal s]vice (     
immigrant soldi]s & sailors commit u to 
in/ruct & nationalize _! bro!rs 9 bre$4 
,! _s 9 :i* ^! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 conceiv$ 
insi/s t ! ,republic remove ! cruel     
disadvantage "u :i* s _m native borns   
despair+ly c>ry on4  ,h[ may !y reason  
s\ndly or plan sagely8 ,! man :o kn[s   
no?+ ( ! pa/ c f9d little 9 ! future4 ,!
 less he has glean$ f human exp]i5ce ! m
 he may be expect$ to duplicate its     
signal errors4 ,no argum5t is too       
ridicul\s = acceptance2 no sophi/ry c   

seem f>-fet*$ to a p]son )\t ! s5se to  
conf\nd x4  ,an>*y %all nev] want = mobs
 :ile ! un9=m$ are left at ! m]cy (     
false prophets4 ,^? :o h no way to      
e/imate ! wor? ( ,am]ica are unlikely to
 value its in/itutions fairly4 ,bl9d to 
facts1 ! wilde/ "o-ey$ argum5t c sway   
!m4  ,n until we c tea* our illit]ate   
millions ! tru?s ab\t ! l& to :i* !y h  
come & 9 :i* !y 7 born %all its _s rea* 
!m--n until !y c read c we set !m "r &  
emp[] !m to inh]it _! e/ate4  ,if we    
cont9ue to neglect !m1 !re are influ5ces
 at "w t w soon] or lat] conv9ce !m :o  
n[ fail to appreciate ! wor? ( our      
,gov]nm5t t ! ,gov]nm5t itself has      
fail$--cr[d ! melt+ pot ) class hates & 
viol5ce & bef\l its yield4  ,we mu/ n be
 tri$ by inque/4 ,we dem& ! "r to       
v9dicate ! m]it ( our sy/ems :]ev] _!   
integrity is que/ion$ or malign$4  ,we  
dem& ! "r to regulate ! *eat+ scales ^u 
:i* ! ,republic is weigh$ by its        
ill-wi%]s4  ,we dem& ! "r to protect    
un9tellig5ce f ,esau b>ga9s ) huck/]s ( 

traitor\s cre$s4  ,we dem& ! "r to      
pres5t our case & our cause to !        
unlett]$ mass1 ^: b5ight$ness & ready   
prejudices cont9ually invite            
exploitation4  ,we dem& ! "r to vacc9ate
 cr$ul\s inexp]i5ce aga9/ ,bol%evism &  
k9dr$ plagues4  ,we dem& ! "r to r5d]   
all ^: k9d we deem fit to fight = our   
flag fit to vote & prosp] "u its folds4 
,we dem& ! "r to br+ ! ,am]ican language
 to e ,am]ican1 to qualify ea*          
inhabitant ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates =         
self-det]m9ation1 self-uplift1 &        
self-def5se4  ,dr4 ,phil&] ,p4 ,claxton1
 ,commission] ( ,education1 9 8 analysis
 ( ! illit]acy figures ( ! c5sus1 said3 
,illit]acy is n conf9$ to any "o race or
 class or section4 ,( ! #e1ejj1jjj      
illit]ates z report$ by ! c5sus ( #aiaj1
 ne>ly #c1bbe1jjj 7 :ites1 & m ?an      
#a1ejj1jjj 7 native-born :ites4  ,t     
illit]acy is n a problem ( any "o       
section alone is %[n by ! fact t 9 #aiaj
 ,massa*usetts _h #g1dfi m illit]ate m5 
( vot+ age ?an ,arkansas2 ,mi*igan1     

#b1ffc m ?an ,we/ ,virg9ia2 ,m>yl&1     
#b1ceb m ?an ,florida2 ,ohio1 m ?an     
twice z _m z ,new ,mexico & ,arizona    
comb9$2 ,p5nsylvania1 #e1fhi m ?an      
,t5nessee & ,k5tucky comb9$4 ,bo/on _h m
 illit]ates ?an ,baltimore1 ,pittsburgh 
m ?an ,new ,orleans1 ,fall ,riv] m ?an  
,birm+ham1 ,provid5ce ne>ly twice z _m z
 ,na%ville1 & ! city ( ,wa%+ton #e1jjj m
 ?an ! city ( ,memphis4  ,x is          
especially significant t ( ! #a1ecd1bgb 
native-born :ite illit]ates report$ 9 ! 
#aiaj c5sus #a1cdb1cgb1 ab\t #hg4e p]   
c5t1 7 9 ! op5 c\ntry & small t[ns1 &   
only #aia1ijj1 or #ab4e p] c5t1 7 9     
cities hav+ a population ( #b1ejj & ov]4
 ,( ! #b1bbg1gca illit]ate negroes      
#a1hcd1deh1 or #hb4c p] c5t1 7 9 !      
c\ntry1 & only #cic1bgc1 or #ag4g p]    
c5t1 7 9 ! cities4   ,,additional       
,,copies  ,,( ,,?is ,,publication ,,may 
,,be ,,procur$ ,,f  ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,(
 ,,docum5ts  ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice 
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4  ,,at  #aj ,,c5ts ,,p]
 ,,copy