,transcriber's ,notes3 ,greek words and some characters may not display properly--in that case1 try another version4 ,transliterations of ,greek words can be found in the ascii and html files4 ,words surrounded by underscores are in italics in the original4 ,characters superscripted in the original are enclosed in braces4 ,ellipses match the original4 ,a row of asterisks represents a thought break4 ,variations in spelling and hyphenation have been left as in the original4 ,a complete list of corrections follows the text4 ,the original sometimes uses two numbered columns for comparisons4 ,this text has the contents of the right column indented like a block quote below the contents of the left column4 ,other notes follow the text4 ,,bible ,,myths ,,and ,,their ,,parallels ,,in ,,other ,,religions ,,being ,a ,,comparison ,,of ,,the ,old and ,new ,testament ,myths and ,miracles ,,with ,,those ,,of ,,heathen ,,nations ,,of ,,antiquity ,,considering ,,also ,,their ,,origin ,,and ,,meaning ,,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,doane ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations ,,seventh ,,edition ,he who knows only one religion knows none4--,,prof4 ,,max ,,muller4 ,the same thing which is now called ,,christian ,,religion existed among the ,ancients4 ,they have begun to call ,christian the true religion which existed before4--,,st4 ,,augustine4 ,our love for what is old1 our reverence for what our fathers used1 makes us keep still in the church1 and on the very altar cloths1 symbols which would excite the smile of an ,oriental1 and lead him to wonder why we send missionaries to his land1 while cherishing his faith in ours4--,,james ,,bonwick4 ,,copyright1 #ahhb4 ,,copyright ,,renewed1 #aiaj ,printed in ,u4,s4,a4 ,,introduction4 ,the idea of publishing the work here presented did not suggest itself until a large portion of the material it contains had been accumulated for the private use and personal gratification of the author4 ,in pursuing the study of the ,bible ,myths1 facts pertaining thereto1 in a condensed form1 seemed to be greatly needed1 and nowhere to be found4 ,widely scattered through hundreds of ancient and modern volumes1 most of the contents of this book may indeed be found2 but any previous attempt to trace exclusively the myths and legends of the ,old and ,new ,testament to their origin1 published as a separate work1 is not known to the writer of this4 ,many able writers have shown our so-called ,sacred ,scriptures to be unhistorical1 and have pronounced them largely legendary1 but have there left the matter1 evidently aware of the great extent of the subject lying beyond4 ,as ,thomas ,scott remarks1 in his ,english ,life of ,jesus3 ,how these narratives 7i4 e41 the ,new ,testament narratives71 unhistorical as they have been shown to be1 came into existence1 it is not our business to explain2 and once again1 at the end of the task1 as at the beginning and throughout1 we must emphatically disclaim the obligation4 ,to pursue the subject from the point at which it is abandoned by this and many other distinguished writers1 has been the labor of the author of this volume for a number of years4 ,the result of this labor is herewith submitted to the reader1 but not without a painful consciousness of its many imperfections4 ,the work naturally begins with the ,eden myth1 and is followed by a consideration of the principal ,old ,testament legends1 showing their universality1 origin and meaning4 ,next will be found the account of the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 with his history until the close of his life upon earth1 showing1 in connection therewith1 the universality of the myth of the ,virgin-born1 ,crucified and ,resurrected ,saviour4 ,before showing the origin and meaning of the myth 7which is done in ,chapter ,,xxxix471 we have considered the ,miracles of ,christ ,jesus1 the ,eucharist1 ,baptism1 the ,worship of the ,virgin1 ,christian ,symbols1 the ,birthday of ,christ ,jesus1 the ,doctrine of the ,trinity1 ,why ,christianity ,prospered1 and the ,antiquity of ,pagan ,religions1 besides making a comparison of the legendary histories of ,crishna and ,jesus1 and ,buddha and ,jesus4 ,the concluding chapter relates to the question1 ,what do we really know about ,jesus8 ,in the words of ,prof4 ,max ,mller 7,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #aa73 ,a comparison of all the religions of the world1 in which none can claim a privileged position1 will no doubt seem to many dangerous and reprehensible1 because ignoring that peculiar reverence which everybody1 down to the mere fetish worshiper1 feels for his own religion1 and for his own god4 ,let me say1 then1 at once1 that ,i myself have shared these misgivings1 but that ,i have tried to overcome them1 because ,i would not and could not allow myself to surrender either what ,i hold to be the truth1 or what ,i hold still dearer than truth1 the right of testing truth4 ,nor do ,i regret it4 ,i do not say that the ,science of ,religion is all gain4 ,no1 it entails losses1 and losses of many things which we hold dear4 ,but this ,i will say1 that1 as far as my humble judgment goes1 it does not entail the loss of anything that is essential to true religion1 and that1 if we strike the balance honestly1 the gain is immeasurably greater than the loss4 ,all truth is safe1 and nothing else is safe2 and he who keeps back the truth1 or withholds it from men1 from motives of expediency1 is either a coward or a criminal1 or both4 ,but little beyond the arrangement of this work is claimed as original4 ,ideas1 phrases1 and even whole paragraphs have been taken from the writings of others1 and in most1 if not in all cases1 acknowledged2 but with the thought in mind of the many hours of research this book may save the student in this particular line of study2 with the consciousness of having done for others that which ,i would have been thankful to have found done for myself2 and more than all1 with the hope that it may in some way help to hasten the day when the mist of superstition shall be dispelled by the light of reason2 with all its defects1 it is most cheerfully committed to its fate by the author4 ,,boston1 ,,mass41 ,november1 #ahhb4 ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4 ,,page ,,introduction iii ,,list ,,of ,,authorities1 ,,and ,,books ,,quoted ,,from xi ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,creation ,,and ,,fall ,,of ,,man #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,deluge #ai ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,tower ,,of ,,babel #cc ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,trial ,,of ,,abraham',s ,,faith #cf ,,chapter ,v4 ,,jacob',s ,,vision ,,of ,,the ,,ladder #db ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,exodus ,,from ,,egypt #dh ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,receiving ,,the ,,ten ,,commandments #eh ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,samson ,,and ,,his ,,exploits #fb ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,jonah ,,swallowed ,,by ,a ,,big ,,fish #gg ,,chapter ,x4 ,,circumcision #he ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,conclusion ,,of ,,part ,,first #hh ,,part ,,ii4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,miraculous ,,birth ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus #aaa ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,bethlehem #adj ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,heavenly ,,host #adg ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,divine ,,child ,,recognized1 ,,and ,,presented ,,with ,,gifts #aej ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,birth-,,place ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus #aed ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,genealogy ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus #afj ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,slaughter ,,of ,,the ,,innocents #afe ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,the ,,temptation1 ,,and ,,fast ,,of ,,forty ,,days #age ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,the ,,crucifixion ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus #aha ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,darkness ,,at ,,the ,,crucifixion #bjf ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,he ,,descended ,,into ,,hell4 #baa ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,resurrection ,,and ,,ascension ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus #bae ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,second ,,coming ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus1 ,,and ,,the ,,millennium #bcc ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,christ ,,jesus ,,as ,,judge ,,of ,,the ,,dead #bdd ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,christ ,,jesus ,,as ,,creator1 ,,and ,,alpha ,,and ,,omega #bdg ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,miracles ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus1 ,,and ,,the ,,primitive ,,christians #beb ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,,christ ,,crishna ,,and ,,christ ,,jesus #bgh ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,,christ ,,buddha ,,and ,,christ ,,jesus #bhi ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,eucharist ,,or ,,lord',s ,,supper #cje ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,,baptism #caf ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,,the ,,worship ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,,mother #cbf ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4 ,,christian ,,symbols #cci ,,chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,,the ,,birth-,,day ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus #cei ,,chapter ,,xxxv4 ,,the ,,trinity #cfh ,,chapter ,,xxxvi4 ,,paganism ,,in ,,christianity #chd ,,chapter ,,xxxvii4 ,,why ,,christianity ,,prospered #dai ,,chapter ,,xxxviii4 ,,the ,,antiquity ,,of ,,pagan ,,religions #dej ,,chapter ,,xxxix4 ,,explanation #dff ,,chapter ,,xl4 ,,conclusion #ejh ,,appendix #eca ,,list ,,of ,,authors ,,and ,,books ,,quoted ,,in ,,this ,,work4 ,,abbot 7,,lyman74 ,a ,dictionary of ,religious ,knowledge1 for ,popular and ,professional ,use2 comprising full information on ,biblical1 ,theological1 and ,ecclesiastical ,subjects4 ,edited by ,rev4 ,lyman ,abbott1 assisted by ,rev4 ,t4 ,j4 ,conant1 ,d4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,bros41 #ahhj4 ,,acosta 7,,rev4 ,,joseph ,,de74 ,the ,natural and ,moral ,history of the ,indies1 by ,father ,joseph ,de ,acosta4 ,translated by ,edward ,grimston4 ,london3 #afjd4 ,,schylus4 ,the ,poems of schylus4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,potter1 ,m4 ,a4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,bros41 #ahcf4 ,,allen 7,,rev4 ,d4 ,o474 ,india1 ,ancient and ,modern1 by ,david ,o4 ,allen1 ,d4 ,d41 ,missionary of the ,american ,board for twenty-five years in ,india4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co41 #ahef4 ,,amberly 7,,viscount74 ,an ,analysis of ,religious ,belief1 by ,viscount ,amberly1 from the late ,london ,edition4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,m4 ,bennett1 #ahgi4 ,,asiatic ,,researches4 ,asiatic ,researches1 or ,transactions of the ,society instituted in ,bengal1 for inquiring in the ,history and ,antiquities1 the ,arts1 ,sciences1 and ,literature of ,asia4 ,london3 ,j4 ,swain1 #ahja4 ,,baring-,,gould 7,,rev4 ,s474 ,curious ,myths of the ,middle ,ages1 by ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould1 ,m4 ,a4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,bros41 #ahhj4 ----4 ,legends of the ,patriarchs and ,prophets1 and other ,old ,testament ,characters1 from various sources1 by ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould1 ,m4 ,a4 ,new ,york3 ,holt ,williams1 #ahgb4 ----4 ,the ,origin and ,development of ,religious ,belief1 by ,s4 ,baring-,gould1 ,m4 ,a41 in #b vols4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgj4 ,,barnabas4 ,the ,general ,epistle of ,barnabas1 a companion and fellow-preacher with ,paul4 ,,barnes 7,,albert74 ,notes1 ,explanatory and ,practical1 on the ,gospels1 by ,rev4 ,albert ,barnes1 in #b vols4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,bros41 #ahfj4 ,,beal 7,,samuel74 ,the ,romantic ,legend of ,skya ,buddha1 from the ,chinese ,sanscrit 7being a translation of the ,fo-pen-hing71 by ,samuel ,beal4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co41 #ahge4 ,,bell 7,j474 ,bell's ,new ,pantheon1 or ,historical ,dictionary of the ,gods1 ,demi-,gods1 ,heroes1 and ,fabulous ,personages of ,antiquity2 also of the ,images and ,idols1 adored in the ,pagan ,world1 together with their ,temples1 ,priests1 ,altars1 ,oracles1 ,fasts1 ,festivals1 c41 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,j4 ,bell1 #agij4 ,,bhagavat-,,geeta4 ,the ,bhagavat-,geeta1 or ,dialogues of ,crishna and ,arjoon1 in #ah ,lectures1 with notes4 ,translated from the original ,sanscrit by ,charles ,wilkes4 ,london3 ,c4 ,nourse1 #aghe4 ,,blavatsky 7,h4 ,p474 ,isis ,unveiled3 ,a ,master ,key to the ,mysteries of ,ancient and ,modern ,science and ,theology1 by ,h4 ,p4 ,blavatsky1 in #b vols4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,w4 ,bouton1 #ahgg4 ,,bonwick 7,,james74 ,egyptian ,belief and ,modern ,thought1 by ,james ,bonwick1 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 ,london3 ,c4 ,kegan ,paul ,co41 #ahgh4 ,,brinton 7,,daniel74 ,the ,myths of the ,new ,world3 ,a ,treatise on the ,symbolism and ,mythology of the ,red ,race of ,america1 by ,daniel ,brinton1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,l4 ,holt ,co41 #ahfh4 ,,britannica 7,,encyclo474 ,the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,ninth ,edition4 ,,buckley 7,t4 ,a474 ,the ,great ,cities of the ,ancient ,world1 in their ,glory and their ,desolation1 by ,theodore ,a4 ,buckley1 ,m4 ,a4 ,london3 ,g4 ,routledge ,co41 #aheb4 ,,bulfinch 7,,thomas74 ,the ,age of ,fable1 or ,beauties of ,mythology1 by ,thomas ,bulfinch4 ,boston3 ,j4 ,e4 ,tilton ,co41 #ahgj4 ,,bunce 7,,john ,t474 ,fairy ,tales3 ,their ,origin and ,meaning1 with some account of ,dwellers in ,fairy-land1 by ,john ,thackary ,bunce4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgh4 ,,bunsen 7,,ernest ,,de74 ,the ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 or the ,house of ,rochab1 connected with the ,history of ,symbolism and ,idolatry1 by ,ernest de ,bunsen4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahfg4 ----4 ,the ,angel-,messiah of ,buddhists1 ,essenes1 and ,christians1 by ,ernest de ,bunsen4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahhj4 ----4 ,the ,chronology of the ,bible1 connected with contemporaneous events in the history of ,babylonians1 ,assyrians1 and ,egyptians1 by ,ernest de ,bunsen4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahgd4 ,,calmet4 ,calmet's ,dictionary of the ,holy ,bible 7,taylor's74 ,london3 #agih4 ,,chadwick 7,j4 ,w474 ,the ,bible of ,to-day3 ,a ,course of ,lectures by ,john ,w4 ,chadwick1 ,minister of the ,second ,unitarian ,church in ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam ,sons1 #ahgh4 ,,chambers4 ,chambers' ,encyclopdia3 ,a ,dictionary of ,universal ,knowledge for the ,people4 ,american ,revised ,edition4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,lippincott ,co41 #ahgg4 ,,champollion 7,m474 ,prcis du systme ,hiroglyphique des ,anciens gyptiens ou recherches sur les lmens premiers dec ette ecriture sacre1 c41 par ,m4 ,champollion ,le ,jeune4 ,seconde ,edit4 ,paris3 #ahbh4 ,,child 7,l4 ,m474 ,the ,progress of ,religious ,ideas through ,successive ,ages1 by ,l4 ,maria ,child1 in #c vols4 ,new ,york3 ,c4 ,s4 ,francis ,co41 #ahee4 ,,clement4 ,the ,first ,epistle of ,clement to the ,corinthians4 ,,colenso 7,,rev4 ,j4 ,w474 ,the ,pentateuch and ,book of ,joshua critically examined1 by the ,right ,rev4 ,john ,william ,colenso1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop of ,natal4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahfc4 ----4 ,lectures on the ,pentateuch and ,moabite ,stone1 by the ,right ,rev4 ,john ,william ,colenso1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop of ,natal4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahgc4 ,,constantine 7,,the ,,emperor74 ,the ,emperor ,constantine's ,oration to the ,holy ,congregation of the ,clergy4 ,london3 ,thos4 ,coates1 #afcg4 ,,conway 7,m4 ,d474 ,the ,sacred ,anthology3 ,a ,book of ,ethnical ,scriptures1 collated and edited by ,moncure ,d4 ,conway4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co41 #ahgd4 ,,cory4 ,cory's ,ancient ,fragments of the ,phenician1 ,carthagenian1 ,babylonian1 ,egyptian1 and other ,authors4 ,a new and enlarged edition1 carefully revised by ,e4 ,richard ,hodges1 ,m4 ,c4 ,p4 ,london3 ,reeves ,turner1 #ahgf4 ,,coulanges 7,f4 ,,de74 ,the ,ancient ,city3 ,a ,study on the ,religion1 ,laws1 and ,institutions of ,greece and ,rome1 by ,fustel de ,coulanges4 ,translated from the latest ,french ,edition by ,williard ,small4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepherd1 #ahgd4 ,,cox 7,,rev4 ,g4 ,w474 ,the ,myths of the ,aryan ,nations1 by ,george ,w4 ,cox1 ,m4 ,a41 late ,scholar of ,trinity1 ,oxford1 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahgj4 ----4 ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 by ,rev4 ,george ,w4 ,cox1 ,m4 ,a41 ,bart4 ,london3 ,c4 ,kegan ,paul ,co41 #ahhj4 ,,darwin 7,,charles74 ,journal of ,researches into the ,natural ,history and ,geology of the ,countries visited during the ,voyage of ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,beagle ,round the ,world1 by ,charles ,darwin1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 #b;d ,edit4 ,london3 ,john ,murray1 #ahde4 ----4 ,the ,descent of ,man1 and ,selection in ,relation to ,sex1 by ,charles ,darwin1 ,m4 ,a4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgf4 ,,davies 7,,edward74 ,the ,myths and ,rites of the ,british ,druids compared with ,customs and ,traditions of ,heathen ,nations1 by ,edward ,davies1 ,rector of ,brampton4 ,london3 ,j4 ,booth1 #ahji4 ,,davis 7,j4 ,f474 ,the ,chinese3 ,a ,general ,description of the ,empire of ,china and its ,inhabitants1 by ,john ,francis ,davis1 ,esq4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 in #b vols4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,bros41 #ahcf4 ,,delitch 7,f474 ,see ,keil 7,c4 ,f474 ,,dillaway 7,c4 ,k474 ,roman ,antiquities and ,ancient ,mythology1 by ,charles ,k4 ,dillaway4 ,boston3 ,gould1 ,kendall ,lincoln1 #ahdj4 ,,draper 7,j4 ,w474 ,history of the ,conflict between ,religion and ,science1 by ,john ,w4 ,draper1 ,m4 ,d4 #hth ,edit4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgf4 ,,dunlap 7,s4 ,f474 ,vestiges of the ,spirit ,history of ,man1 by ,s4 ,f4 ,dunlap1 ,member of the ,american ,oriental ,soc41 ,new ,haven4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #aheh4 ----4 ,the ,mysteries of ,adoni1 by ,s4 ,f4 ,dunlap ,london3 ,williams ,northgate1 #ahfa4 ----4 ,sod1 the ,son of the ,man1 by ,s4 ,f4 ,dunlap4 ,london3 ,williams ,northgate1 #ahfa4 ,,dupuis4 ,the ,origin of all ,religious ,worship1 translated from the ,french of ,mons4 ,dupuis4 ,new ,orleans3 #ahgb4 ,,eusebius4 ,the ,life of ,constantine1 in ,four ,books1 by ,eusebius ,pamphilius1 ,bishop of ,cesarea4 ,london3 ,thomas ,coates1 #afcg4 ----4 ,the ,ancient ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,eusebius ,pamphilius1 ,bishop of ,cesarea in ,palestine1 in ,ten ,books4 ,london3 ,george ,miller1 #afcf4 ,,farrar 7,f4 ,w474 ,the ,life of ,christ1 by ,frederick ,w4 ,farrar1 ,d4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 late ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,albany3 ,rufus ,wendell1 #ahgf4 ,,fergusson 7,,james74 ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 or ,illustrations of ,mythology and ,art in ,india1 by ,james ,fergusson4 ,london3 #ahfh4 ,,fiske 7,,john74 ,myths and ,myth-,makers2 ,old ,tales and ,superstitions ,interpreted by ,comparative ,mythology1 by ,john ,fiske1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,ll4 ,b41 ,harvard ,university4 ,boston3 ,j4 ,r4 ,osgood ,co41 #ahgg4 ,,frothingham 7,o4 ,b474 ,the ,cradle of the ,christ3 ,a ,study in ,primitive ,christianity1 by ,octavius ,brooks ,frothingham4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam ,sons1 #ahgg4 ,,gaugooly 7,j4 ,c474 ,life and ,religion of the ,hindoos1 by ,joguth ,chunder ,gaugooly4 ,boston3 ,crosby1 ,nichols ,co41 #ahfj4 ,,geikie 7,c47 ,the ,life and ,words of ,christ1 by ,cunningham ,geikie1 ,d4 ,d41 in #b vols4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co1 #ahhj4 ,,gerbet 7,l',,abb74 ,the ,lily of ,israel1 or the life of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 ,mother of ,god4 ,from the ,french of the ,abb ,gerbet ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,j4 ,kennedy1 #ahgh4 ,,gibbon 7,,edward74 ,the ,history of the ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire1 by ,edward ,gibbon1 ,esq41 in #f vols4 ,philadelphia3 ,claxton1 ,remsen ,hoffelfinger1 #ahgf4 ,,giles4 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records3 ,an ,historical ,enquiry concerning the ,age and ,authorship of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co41 #ahgg4 ,,ginsburgh 7,c4 ,d47 ,the ,essenes3 ,their ,history and ,doctrines2 an ,essay1 by ,charles ,d4 ,ginsburgh4 ,london3 ,longman1 ,green1 ,roberts ,green1 #ahfd4 ,,goldzhier 7,i474 ,mythology among the ,hebrews1 and its ,historical ,development1 by ,ignaz ,goldzhier1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,member of the ,hungarian ,academy of ,sciences4 ,translated from the ,german by ,russel ,martineau4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahgg4 ,,gori4 ,etrurische ,alterthmer4 ,mrnburg3 ,g4 ,lichtensleger1 #aggj4 ,,greg 7,w4 ,r474 ,the ,creed of ,christendom3 ,its ,foundations contrasted with its ,superstructure1 by ,william ,rathbone ,greg4 ,detroit3 ,rose-,belford ,pub4 ,co41 #ahgh4 ,,gross 7,j4 ,b474 ,the ,heathen ,religion in its ,popular and ,symbolical ,development1 by ,rev4 ,joseph ,b4 ,gross4 ,boston2 ,j4 ,p4 ,jewett ,co41 #ahef4 ,,gutzlaff4 ,the ,journal of ,two ,voyages along the ,coast of ,china 7in #ahca-b71 and ,remarks on the ,policy1 ,religion1 c41 of ,china1 by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gutzlaff4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,p4 ,haven1 #ahcc4 ,,hardy 7,r4 ,s474 ,the ,legends and ,theories of the ,buddhists compared with ,history and ,science1 with ,introductory ,notices of the ,life of ,gautama ,buddha1 by ,r4 ,spence ,hardy1 ,hon4 ,m4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,london3 ,williams ,northgate1 #ahff4 ----4 ,eastern ,monachism3 ,an ,account of the ,origin1 ,laws1 ,discipline1 c41 of the ,order of ,mendicants founded by ,gautama ,buddha1 by ,r4 ,spence ,hardy4 ,london3 ,williams ,northgate1 #ahfj4 ----4 ,a ,manual of ,buddhism in its ,modern ,development4 ,translated from the ,singalese ,,mss4 by ,r4 ,s4 ,hardy4 ,london3 ,williams ,northgate1 #ahfj4 ,,hermas4 ,the ,first ,book of ,hermas1 ,brother of ,pius1 ,bishop of ,rome1 which is called his ,vision4 ,,herodotus4 ,the ,history of ,herodotus1 the ,greek ,historian3 ,a ,new and ,literal ,version1 from the ,text of ,baehr1 by ,henry ,cary1 ,m4 ,a4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,bros41 #ahga4 ,,higgins 7,,godfrey74 ,the ,celtic ,druids1 by ,godfrey ,higgins1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,london3 ,hunter ,co41 #ahbg4 ----4 ,anacalypsis3 ,an ,enquiry into the ,origin of ,languages1 ,nations1 and ,religions1 by ,godfrey ,higgins1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,f4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,longman1 ,rees1 ,orne1 ,brown ,longman4 ,,hooykaas 7,i474 ,see ,oort 7,h474 ,,huc 7,l',,abb74 ,christianity in ,china1 ,tartary and ,thibet1 by ,m4 ,l',abb ,huc1 formerly ,missionary ,apostolic in ,china1 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,longman1 ,brown ,co41 #aheg4 ,,humboldt 7,a4 ,,de74 ,researches concerning the ,institutions and ,monuments of the ,ancient ,inhabitants of ,mexico1 by ,alexander de ,humboldt1 in #b vols4 7,translated by ,helen ,maria ,williams47 ,london3 ,longman1 ,rees ,co41 #ahad4 ----4 ,political ,essay on the ,kingdom of ,new ,spain1 by ,alexander de ,humboldt1 in #b vols4 7,translated by ,john ,black47 ,london3 ,longman1 ,hurst ,co41 #ahbb4 ,,hume 7,,david74 ,essays and ,treaties on ,various ,subjects1 by ,david ,hume 7author of ,hume's ,history of ,england74 ,boston3 ,from the ,london ,edit4 ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum4 ,,huxley 7,t4 ,h474 ,evidence as to ,man's ,place in ,nature1 by ,thomas ,h4 ,huxley1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgc4 ,,ignatius4 ,the ,epistle of ,ignatius1 ,bishop of ,antioch in ,syria1 to the ,ephesians4 ----4 ,the ,epistle of ,ignatius to the ,magnesians4 ----4 ,the ,epistle of ,ignatius to the ,trallians4 ----4 ,the ,epistle of ,ignatius to the ,philadelphians4 ,,infancy 7,,apoc474 ,the ,gospel of the ,infancy of ,jesus ,christ 7,apocryphal74 ,,inman 7,,thomas74 ,ancient ,pagan and ,modern ,christian ,symbolism ,exposed and ,explained1 by ,thomas ,inman1 ,m4 ,d41 ,physician to the ,royal ,infirmary1 c4 ,london3 #ahfi4 ----4 ,ancient ,faiths ,embodied in ,ancient ,names1 or ,an ,attempt to ,trace the ,religious ,belief1 ,sacred ,rites1 and ,holy ,emblems of certain ,nations1 by ,thomas ,inman1 ,m4 ,d4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co41 #ahgb4 ----4 ,ancient ,faiths and ,modern3 ,a ,dissertation upon ,worship1 ,legends1 and ,divinities in ,central and ,western ,asia1 ,europe1 and ,elsewhere1 before the ,christian ,era1 by ,thomas ,inman1 ,m4 ,d4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co4 #ahgf4 ,,jameson4 ,the ,history of ,our ,lord as ,exemplified in ,works of ,art2 commenced by the late ,mrs4 ,jameson1 continued and completed by ,lady ,eastlake1 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahfd4 ,,jennings 7,h474 ,the ,rosicrucians3 ,their ,rites and ,mysteries4 ,second ,edit4 revised by ,hargrave ,jennings4 ,london3 ,catto ,windus1 #ahgi4 ,,johnson 7,,samuel74 ,oriental ,religions1 and their ,relation to ,universal ,religion 7,india71 by ,samuel ,johnson4 ,boston3 ,j4 ,r4 ,osgood1 #ahgb4 ,,josephus 7,,flavius74 ,antiquities of the ,jews1 in ,twenty ,books1 by ,flavius ,josephus1 the learned and authentic ,jewish ,historian and celebrated ,warrior4 ,translated by ,william ,whiston1 ,a4 ,m4 ,baltimore3 ,armstrong ,berry1 #ahci4 ----4 ,the ,wars of the ,jews1 or the ,history of the ,destruction of ,jerusalem1 in ,seven ,books1 by ,flavius ,josephus4 ,baltimore3 #ahci4 ----4 ,flavius ,josephus ,against ,apion1 in ,two ,books4 ,baltimore3 #ahci4 ,,keightley 7,t474 ,the ,mythology of ,ancient ,greece and ,italy1 by ,thomas ,keightley4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahdc4 ,,keil 7,c4 ,f474 ,biblical ,commentary on the ,old ,testament1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,keil1 ,d4 ,d41 and ,f4 ,delitch1 ,d4 ,d41 ,professors in ,theology1 in #c vols4 ,translated from the ,german by ,rev4 ,james ,martin1 ,b4 ,a4 ,edinboro'3 ,t4 ,t4 ,clarke1 #ahgb4 ,,kenrick 7,j474 ,ancient ,egypt under the ,pharaohs1 by ,john ,kenrick1 ,m4 ,a41 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,b4 ,fellows1 #ahej4 ,,king 7,c4 ,w474 ,the ,gnostics and their ,remains1 ,ancient and ,medival1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,king1 ,m4 ,a41 ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,london3 ,bell ,dudley1 #ahfd4 ,,kingsborough 7,,lord74 ,antiquities of ,mexico1 comprising ,fac-similes of ,ancient ,mexican ,paintings and ,hieroglyphics1 preserved in the ,royal ,libraries of ,paris1 ,berlin1 and ,dresden1 in the ,imperial ,library of ,vienna1 c41 c41 together with the ,monuments of ,new ,spain1 by ,lord ,kingsborough1 in #g vols4 ,london3 ,robert ,havill ,coyglen1 ,son ,co41 #ahca4 ,,knappert 7,j474 ,the ,religion of ,israel1 a ,manual3 ,translated from the ,dutch of ,j4 ,knappert1 pastor at ,leiden1 by ,richard ,a4 ,armstrong1 ,b4 ,a4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,bros41 #ahgh4 ,,knight 7,r4 ,p474 ,the ,symbolical ,language of ,ancient ,art and ,mythology4 ,an ,enquiry1 by ,richard ,payne ,knight1 author of ,the ,worship of ,priapus1 c4 ,a new ,edit4 with ,introduction1 ,notes and ,additions1 by ,alexander ,wilder1 ,m4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,w4 ,bouton1 #ahgf4 ,,koran4 ,the ,koran1 commonly called the ,al ,coran of ,mohammed2 translated into ,english immediately from the original ,arabic1 by ,geo4 ,sale1 ,gent4 ,,kunen 7,a474 ,see ,oort 7,h474 ,,lardner 7,n474 ,the ,works of ,nathaniel ,lardner1 ,d4 ,d41 with a ,life1 by ,dr4 ,kipps1 in #aj vols4 ,london3 ,wm4 ,ball4 #ahch4 ,,leland 7,,chas4 ,g474 ,fusang3 or the ,discovery of ,america by ,buddhist ,priests in the #eth ,century1 by ,chas4 ,c4 ,leland4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co41 #ahge4 ,,lillie 7,,arthur74 ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 by ,arthur ,lillie4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co41 #ahha4 ,,lubbock 7,,john74 ,pre-historic ,times1 as ,illustrated by ,ancient ,remains1 and the ,manners and ,customs of ,modern ,savages1 by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,london3 ,williams ,northgate1 #ahfe4 ,,lundy 7,j4 ,p474 ,monumental ,christianity1 or the ,art and ,symbolism of the ,primitive ,church as ,witness and ,teachers of the ,one ,catholic ,faith and ,practice1 by ,john ,p4 ,lundy1 ,presbyter4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,w4 ,bouton1 #ahgf4 ,,mahaffy 7,j4 ,p474 ,prolegomena to ,ancient ,history1 by ,john ,p4 ,mahaffy1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,r4 ,i4 ,a41 ,fellow and ,tutor in ,trinity ,college1 and ,lecturer in ,ancient ,history in the ,university of ,dublin4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahga4 ,,mallet4 ,northern ,antiquities2 or an ,historical ,account of the ,manners1 ,customs1 ,religion and ,laws of the ,ancient ,scandinavians1 by ,m4 ,mallet4 ,translated from the ,french by ,bishop ,percy4 ,london3 ,h4 ,s4 ,bohn1 #ahdg4 ,,marsh 7,,herbert74 ,a ,course of ,lectures1 containing a ,description and ,systematic ,arrangement of the several ,branches of ,divinity by ,herbert ,marsh1 ,d4 ,d4 ,cambridge3 ,w4 ,hillard1 #ahab4 ,,mary 7,,apoc474 ,the ,gospel of the ,birth of ,mary1 attributed to ,st4 ,matthew4 ,translated from the ,works of ,st4 ,jerome4 ,,maurice 7,,thomas74 ,indian ,antiquities3 or ,dissertations on the ,geographical ,division1 ,theology1 ,laws1 ,government and ,literature of ,hindostan1 compared with those of ,persia1 ,egypt and ,greece1 by ,thomas ,maurice1 in #f vols4 ,london3 ,w4 ,richardson1 #agid4 ----4 ,the ,history of ,hindostan2 ,its ,arts and its ,sciences1 as connected with the ,history of the other ,great ,empires of ,asia1 during the most ,ancient ,periods of the ,world1 in #b vols41 by ,thomas ,maurice4 ,london3 ,printed by ,h4 ,l4 ,galabin1 #agih4 ,,maurice 7,f4 ,d474 ,the ,religions of the ,world1 and ,their ,relation to ,christianity1 by ,frederick ,denison ,maurice1 ,m4 ,a41 ,professor of ,divinity in ,kings' ,college4 ,london3 ,j4 ,w4 ,parker1 #ahdg4 ,,middleton 7,c474 ,the ,miscellaneous ,works of ,conyers ,middleton1 ,d4 ,d41 ,principal ,librarian of the ,university of ,cambridge1 in #d vols4 7,free ,enquiry vol4 ,i41 ,letters from ,rome vol4 ,,iii474 ,london3 ,richard ,manby1 #ageb4 ,,montfaucon 7,b474 ,l',antiquit ,explique2 par ,dom ,bernard de ,montfaucon4 ,second edit4 ,paris3 #agbb4 ,,moor 7,,edward74 ,plates illustrating the ,hindoo ,pantheon1 reprinted from the work of ,major ,edward ,moor1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 edited by ,rev4 ,allen ,moor1 ,m4 ,a4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate1 #ahaf4 ,,morton 7,s4 ,g474 ,types of ,mankind3 or ,ethnological ,researches based upon the ,ancient ,monuments1 ,paintings1 ,sculptures1 and ,crania of ,races1 by ,samuel ,george ,morton1 ,m4 ,d4 ,philadelphia3 ,lippincott1 ,grambo ,co41 #ahed4 ,m,,ller 7,,max74 ,a ,history of ,ancient ,sanscrit ,literature1 so far as it illustrates the ,primitive ,religion of the ,brahmins1 by ,max ,mller1 ,m4 ,a4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate1 #ahfj4 ----4 ,introduction to the ,science of ,religion2 ,four ,lectures delivered at the ,royal ,institution1 with ,two ,essays on ,false ,analogies1 and the ,philosophy of ,mythology1 by 7,f47 ,max ,mller1 ,m4 ,a4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahgc4 ----4 ,chips from a ,german ,workshop2 by ,max ,mller1 ,m4 ,a41 in #c vols4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahgf4 ----4 ,lectures on the ,origin and ,growth of ,religion1 as ,illustrated by the ,religious of ,india4 ,delivered in the ,chapel ,house1 ,westminster ,abbey1 by 7,f47 ,max ,mller1 ,m4 ,a4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 #ahgh4 ,,murray 7,a4 ,s474 ,manual of ,mythology1 by ,alexander ,s4 ,murray1 ,department of ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities1 ,british ,museum1 #b;d ,edit4 ,new ,york3 ,armstrong ,co41 #ahgf4 ,,nicodemus 7,,apoc474 ,the ,gospel of ,nicodemus the ,disciple1 concerning the ,sufferings and ,resurrection of ,our ,master and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4 ,,oort 7,h474 ,the ,bible for ,learners1 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,oort1 ,prof4 of ,oriental ,languages1 c41 at ,amsterdam1 and ,dr4 ,i4 ,hooykaas1 pastor at ,rotterdam1 with the assistance of ,dr4 ,a4 ,kunen1 ,prof4 of ,theology at ,leiden1 in #c vols4 ,translated from the ,dutch by ,philip ,a4 ,wicksteed1 ,m4 ,a4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,bros41 #ahgh4 ,,orton 7,,james74 ,the ,andes and the ,amazon2 or ,across the ,continent of ,south ,america1 by ,james ,orton1 ,m4 ,a41 #c;d ,edit4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,bros41 #ahgf4 ,,owen 7,,richard74 ,man's ,earliest ,history1 an ,address delivered before the ,international ,congress of ,orientalists1 by ,prof4 ,richard ,owen4 ,tribune ,extra1 ,no4 #bc4 ,new ,york ,tribune ,pub4 ,co41 #ahgd4 ,,peschel 7,,oscar74 ,the ,races of ,man1 and their ,geographical ,distribution from the ,german of ,oscar ,peschel4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgf4 ,,polycarp4 ,the ,epistle of ,polycarp to the ,philippians1 translated by ,archbishop ,wake4 ,,porter 7,,sir ,r4 ,k474 ,travels in ,georgia1 ,persia1 ,armenia1 ,ancient ,babylonia1 c41 by ,sir ,robert ,kir ,porter1 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,hurst1 ,rees1 ,orm ,brown1 #ahba4 ,,prescott 7,,wm4 ,h474 ,history of the ,conquest of ,mexico1 with a preliminary view of the ,ancient ,mexican ,civilization1 and the life of the conqueror1 ,hernando ,cortez1 by ,wm4 ,h4 ,prescott1 in #c vols4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,p4 ,lippincott ,co41 #ahgc4 ,,prichard 7,j4 ,c474 ,an ,analysis of the ,historical ,records of ,ancient ,egypt1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,prichard1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,london3 ,sherwood1 ,gilbert ,piper1 #ahch4 ----4 ,an ,analysis of ,egyptian ,mythology1 and the ,philosophy of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 compared with those of the ,indians and others1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,prichard1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,london3 ,sherwood1 ,gilbert ,piper1 #ahch4 ,,priestley 7,,joseph74 ,a ,comparison of the ,institutions of ,moses with those of the ,hindoos and other ,ancient ,nations1 by ,joseph ,priestley1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,northumberland3 ,a4 ,kennedy1 #agii4 ,,protevangelion ,,apoc4 ,the ,protevangelion1 or1 ,an ,historical ,account of the ,birth of ,christ1 and the perpetual ,virgin ,mary1 ,his ,mother1 by ,james the ,lesser1 ,cousin and ,brother to the ,lord ,jesus4 ,,reber 7,,geo474 ,the ,christ of ,paul1 or the ,enigmas of ,christianity1 by ,geo4 ,reber4 ,new ,york3 ,c4 ,p4 ,somerby1 #ahgf4 ,,renan 7,,ernest74 ,lectures on the ,influence of the ,institutions1 ,thought and ,culture of ,rome on ,christianity1 and the ,development of the ,catholic ,church1 by ,ernest ,renan1 of the ,french ,academy4 ,translated by ,charles ,beard1 ,b4 ,a4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate1 #ahhj4 ,,renouf 7,p4 ,,le ,,page74 ,lectures on the ,origin and ,growth of ,religion as ,illustrated by the ,religion of ,ancient ,egypt1 by ,p4 ,le ,page ,renouf4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate1 #ahhj4 ,,reville 7,,albert74 ,history of the ,dogma of the ,deity of ,jesus ,christ1 by ,albert ,reville4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate1 #ahgj4 ,,rhys-,,davids 7,t4 ,w47 ,buddhism3 ,being a ,sketch of the ,life and ,teachings of ,gautama1 the ,buddha1 by ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys-,davids1 of the ,middle ,temple1 ,barrister-at-,law1 and late of the ,ceylon ,civil ,service4 ,london3 ,soc4 for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge4 ,,scott 7,,thomas74 ,the ,english ,life of ,jesus1 by ,thomas ,scott4 ,published by the ,author4 ,london3 #ahgb4 ,,septchenes 7,m4 ,,le ,,clerc ,,de74 ,the ,religion of the ,ancient ,greeks1 ,illustrated by an ,explanation of their ,mythology4 ,translated from the ,french of ,m4 ,le ,clerc de ,septchenes4 ,london3 #aghh4 ,,sharpe 7,,samuel74 ,egyptian ,mythology and ,egyptian ,christianity1 with their ,influence on the ,opinions of ,modern ,christendom1 by ,samuel ,sharpe4 ,london3 ,j4 ,r4 ,smith1 #ahfc4 ,,shih-,,king 7,,the74 ,the ,shih-,king1 or ,book of ,poetry4 ,translated from the ,chinese by ,james ,legge4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahgi4 ,,shobeil 7,f474 ,persia2 containing a description of the ,country1 with an account of its ,government1 ,laws1 and ,religion1 by ,frederick ,shobeil4 ,philadelphia3 ,john ,grigg1 #ahbh4 ,,smith4 ,smith's ,comprehensive ,dictionary of the ,bible1 with many important ,additions and ,improvements4 ,edited by ,rev4 ,samuel ,barnum4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgi4 ,,smith 7,,george74 ,assyrian ,discoveries3 ,an account of ,explorations and ,discoveries on the ,site of ,nineveh during #ahgc and #ahgd1 by ,george ,smith1 of the ,department of ,oriental ,antiquity1 ,british ,museum4 ,now ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co41 #ahge4 ----4 ,the ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 containing the description of the ,creation1 the ,fall of ,man1 the ,deluge1 the ,tower of ,babel1 the ,times of the ,patriarchs and ,nimrod2 ,babylonian ,fables1 and ,legends of the ,gods1 from the ,cuneiform ,inscriptions1 by ,george ,smith1 of the ,british ,museum4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co41 #ahgf4 ,,socrates4 ,the ,ancient ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,socrates ,scholasticus1 of ,constantinople1 in ,seven ,books4 ,translated out of the ,greek ,tongue by ,meredith ,hanmer1 ,d4 ,d4 ,london3 ,george ,miller1 #afcf4 ,,spencer 7,,herbert74 ,the ,principles of ,sociology1 by ,herbert ,spencer1 in #b vols4 ,new ,york2 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgg4 ,,squire 7,e4 ,g474 ,the ,serpent ,symbol1 and the ,worship of the ,reciprocal ,principles of ,nature in ,america1 by ,e4 ,g4 ,squire1 ,a4 ,m4 ,new ,york3 ,george ,p4 ,putnam1 #ahfa4 ,,stanley 7,a4 ,p474 ,lectures on the ,history of the ,jewish ,church1 by ,arthur ,p4 ,stanley1 ,d4 ,d41 ,dean of ,westminster4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner1 #ahfc4 ----4 ,in a ,sermon preached in ,westminster ,abbey on ,february #bhth1 #ahhj1 after the funeral of ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 entitled3 ,the ,religious ,aspect of ,geology4 ,,steinthal 7,h474 ,the ,legend of ,samson3 ,an ,essay1 by ,h4 ,steinthal1 ,professor of the ,university of ,berlin4 ,appendix to ,goldzhier's ,hebrew ,mythology4 ,,synchronology4 ,synchronology of the ,principal ,events in ,sacred and ,profane ,history from the ,creation to the ,present ,time4 ,boston3 ,s4 ,hawes1 #ahgj4 ,,tacitus 7,c474 ,the ,annals of ,cornelius ,tacitus1 the ,roman ,historian4 ,translated by ,arthur ,murphy1 ,esq4 ,london3 ,jones ,co41 #ahca4 ----4 ,the ,history of ,cornelius ,tacitus4 ,translated by ,arthur ,murphy4 ,london3 ,jones ,co41 #ahca4 ----4 ,treatise on the ,situation1 ,manners1 and ,people of ,germany1 by ,cornelius ,tacitus4 ,translated by ,arthur ,murphy4 ,london3 ,jones ,co41 #ahca4 ,,taylor 7,,charles74 ,taylor's ,fragments3 ,being ,illustrations of the ,manners1 ,incidents1 and ,phraseology of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,intended as an ,appendix to ,calmet's ,dictionary of the ,bible4 ,london3 ,w4 ,stratford1 #ahja4 ,,taylor 7,,robert74 ,the ,diegesis3 ,being a ,discovery of the ,origin1 ,evidences1 and ,early ,history of ,christianity1 by ,rev4 ,robert ,taylor1 ,a4 ,b4 7,from the ,london ,edit47 ,boston3 ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum1 #ahgc4 ----4 ,syntagma of the evidences of the ,christian ,religion1 by ,rev4 ,robert ,taylor1 ,a4 ,b41 with a brief ,memoir of the ,author4 7,from the ,london ,edit47 ,boston3 ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum1 #ahgf4 ,,taylor 7,,thomas74 ,taylor's ,mysteries2 ,a ,dissertation on the ,eleusinian and ,bacchic ,mysteries1 by ,thomas ,taylor4 ,amsterdam4 ,,thornton 7,,thomas74 ,a ,history of ,china1 from the ,earliest ,records to the ,treaty with ,great ,britain in #ahdb1 by ,thomas ,thornton1 ,esq41 ,member of the ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,london3 ,william ,h4 ,allen ,co41 #ahdd4 ,,tylor 7,e4 ,b474 ,researches ,into the ,early ,history of ,mankind1 and the ,development of ,civilization1 by ,edward ,b4 ,tylor4 #b;d ,edit4 ,london3 ,john ,murray1 #ahgj4 ----4 ,primitive ,culture2 ,researches into the ,development of ,mythology1 ,philosophy1 ,religion1 c41 by ,edward ,b4 ,tylor1 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,john ,murray1 #ahga4 ,,vishnu ,,purana4 ,the ,vishnu ,purana1 ,a ,system of ,hindoo ,mythology and ,tradition1 ,translated from the ,original ,sanscrit1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,london3 #ahdj4 ,,volney 7,c4 ,f474 ,new ,researches in ,ancient ,history1 ,translated from the ,french of ,c4 ,f4 ,volney1 ,count and ,peer of ,france4 7,from the ,london ,edit47 ,boston3 ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum1 #ahgd4 ----4 ,the ,ruins2 or1 ,meditations on the ,revolutions of ,empires1 by ,count de ,volney1 ,translated under the immediate inspection of the ,author4 7,from the latest ,paris ,edit47 ,boston3 ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum1 #ahgb4 ,,wake 7,c4 ,s474 ,see ,westropp4 ,,westropp 7,h4 ,m474 ,ancient ,symbol ,worship4 ,influence of the ,phallic ,ideas in the ,religions of ,antiquity1 by ,hodder ,m4 ,westropp and ,c4 ,s4 ,wake1 with ,appendix by ,alexander ,wilder1 ,m4 ,d4 ,london3 ,trbner ,co41 #ahgd4 ,,williams 7,,monier74 ,indian ,wisdom2 or ,examples of the ,religious1 ,philosophical1 and ,ethnical ,doctrines of the ,hindoos1 by ,monier ,williams1 ,m4 ,a41 ,prof4 of ,sanscrit in the ,university of ,oxford4 ,london3 ,w4 ,h4 ,allen1 #ahge4 ----4 ,hinduism2 by ,monier ,williams1 ,m4 ,a41 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 ,published under the ,direction of the ,committee of ,general ,literature and ,education ,appointed by the ,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge4 ,london3 #ahgg4 ,,wisdom 7,,apoc474 ,the ,book of ,wisdom1 ,attributed to ,solomon1 ,king of ,israel4 ,,wise 7,,isaac ,m474 ,the ,martyrdom of ,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,a ,historic ,treatise on the ,last ,chapters of the ,gospel1 by ,dr ,isaac ,m4 ,wise4 ,cincinnati4 ,,additions ,,to ,,third ,,edition4 ,beausobre's ,histoire ,critique de ,maniche et du ,manicheisme1 ,amsterdam #agcd2 ,baronius' ,annales ,ecclesiastici2 ,hydes' ,historia ,religionis ,veterum ,persarum2 ,rawlinson's ,herodotus2 ,lenormant's ,the ,beginnings of ,history2 ,hardwick's ,christ and other ,masters2 ,daill's ,treatise on the ,right ,use of the ,fathers1 ,london1 #ahda2 ,apollonius de ,tyana1 sa vie1 ses voyages1 et ses prodiges1 par ,philostrate1 ,paris1 #ahfb2 ,sir ,john ,malcolm's ,history of ,persia1 in #b vols41 ,london1 #ahae2 ,michaelis' ,introduction to the ,new ,testament1 in #d vols4 edited by ,dr4 ,herbert ,marsh1 ,london1 #ahbh2 ,archbishop ,wake's ,genuine ,epistles of the ,apostolical ,fathers1 ,london1 #agai2 ,jeremiah ,jones' ,canon of the ,new ,testament1 in #c vols41 ,oxford1 #agic2 ,milman's ,history of ,christianity2 ,barrow's ,travels in ,china1 ,london1 #ahdj2 ,deane's ,worship of the ,serpent1 ,london1 #ahhc2 ,baring-,gould's ,lost and ,hostile ,gospels1 ,london1 #ahgd2 ,b4 ,f4 ,westcott's ,survey of the ,history of the ,canon of the ,new ,testament1 #dth ,edit41 ,london1 #ahge2 ,mosheim's ,ecclesiastical ,history1 in #f vols41 ,amer4 ed4 #ahaj2 ,j4 ,w4 ,rosses' ,tacitus and ,bracciolini1 ,london1 #ahgh2 and the writings of the ,christian ,fathers1 ,justin ,martyr1 ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 ,irenus1 ,origen1 ,tertullian and ,minucius ,felix4 ,,bible ,,myths4 ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,old ,,testament4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,creation ,,and ,,fall ,,of ,,man4 ,the ,old ,testament commences with one of its most interesting myths1 that of the ,creation and ,fall of ,man4 ,the story is to be found in the first three chapters of ,genesis1 the substance of which is as follows3 ,after ,god created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 he said3 ,let there be light1 and there was light1 and after calling the light ,day1 and the darkness ,night1 the first day's work was ended4 ,god then made the ,firmament1 which completed the second day's work4 ,then ,god caused the dry land to appear1 which he called ,earth1 and the waters he called ,seas4 ,after this the earth was made to bring forth grass1 trees1 c41 which completed the third day's work4 ,the next things ,god created were the ,sun1#a3a ,moon and ,stars1 and after he had set them in the ,firmament1 the fourth day's work was ended4#b3a ,after these1 ,god created great whales1 and other creatures which inhabit the water1 also winged fowls4 ,this brought the fifth day to a close4 ,the work of creation was finally completed on the sixth day1#b3b when ,god made beasts of every kind1 cattle1 creeping things1 and lastly man1 whom he created male and female1 in his own image4#b3c ,thus the heavens and the earth were finished1 and all the host of them4 ,and on the seventh#b3d day ,god ended his work which he had made3 and he rested on the seventh day1 from all his work which he had made4 ,and ,god blessed the seventh day1 and sanctified it1 because that in it he had rested from all his work which ,god created and made4 ,after this information1 which concludes at the third verse of ,genesis ii41 strange though it may appear1 another account of the ,creation commences1 which is altogether different from the one we have just related4 ,this account commences thus3 ,these are the generations of the heavens and the earth when they were created1 in the day 7not days7 that the ,lord ,god made the earth and the heavens4 ,it then goes on to say that the ,lord ,god formed man of the dust of the ground1#b3e which appears to be the first thing he made4 ,after planting a garden eastward in ,eden1#b3f the ,lord ,god put the man therein1 and out of the ground made the ,lord ,god to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight1 and good for food2 the ,tree of ,life1#b3g also in the midst of the garden1 and the ,tree of ,knowledge of good and evil4 ,and a river went out of ,eden to water the garden1 and from thence it was parted1 and became into four heads4 ,these four rivers were called1 first ,pison1 second ,gihon1 third ,hiddekel1 and the fourth ,euphrates4#c3a ,after the ,lord ,god had made the ,tree of ,life1 and the ,tree of ,knowledge1 he said unto the man3 ,of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat1 but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil1 thou shalt not eat of it1 for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die4 ,then the ,lord ,god1 thinking that it would not be well for man to live alone1 formed--out of the ground--every beast of the field1 and every fowl of the air2 and brought them unto ,adam to see what he would call them1 and whatever ,adam called every living creature1 that was the name thereof4 ,after ,adam had given names to all cattle1 and to the fowls of the air1 and to every beast of the field1 the ,lord ,god caused a deep sleep to fall upon ,adam1 and he slept1 and he 7the ,lord ,god7 took one of his 7,adam's7 ribs1 and closed up the flesh instead thereof4 ,and of the rib1 which the ,lord ,god had taken from man1 made he a woman1 and brought her unto ,adam4 ,and they were both naked1 the man and his wife1 and they were not ashamed4 ,after this everything is supposed to have gone harmoniously1 until a serpent appeared before the woman#c3b--who was afterwards called ,eve--and said to her3 ,hath ,god said1 ,ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden8 ,the woman1 answering the serpent1 said3 ,we may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden1 ,god hath said1 ,ye shall not eat of it1 lest ye die4 ,whereupon the serpent said to her3 ,ye shall not surely die 7which1 according to the narrative1 was the truth74 ,he then told her that1 upon eating the fruit1 their eyes would be opened1 and that they would be as gods1 knowing good from evil4 ,the woman then looked upon the tree1 and as the fruit was tempting1 she took of the fruit1 and did eat1 and gave also unto her husband1 and he did eat4 ,the result was not death 7as the ,lord ,god had told them71 but1 as the serpent had said1 the eyes of both were opened1 and they knew they were naked1 and they sewed fig leaves together1 and made themselves aprons4 ,towards evening 7i4 e41 in the cool of the day71 ,adam and his wife heard the voice of the ,lord ,god walking in the garden1 and being afraid1 they hid themselves among the trees of the garden4 ,the ,lord ,god not finding ,adam and his wife1 said3 ,where art thou8 ,adam answering1 said3 ,i heard thy voice in the garden1 and ,i was afraid1 because ,i was naked1 and ,i hid myself4 ,the ,lord ,god then told ,adam that he had eaten of the tree which he had commanded him not to eat1 whereupon ,adam said3 ,the woman whom thou gavest to be with me1 she gave me of the tree and ,i did eat4 ,when the ,lord ,god spoke to the woman concerning her transgression1 she blamed the serpent1 which she said beguiled her4 ,this sealed the serpent's fate1 for the ,lord ,god cursed him and said3 ,upon thy belly shalt thou go1 and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life4#d3a ,unto the woman the ,lord ,god said3 ,i will greatly multiply thy sorrow1 and thy conception2 in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children1 and thy desire shall be to thy husband1 and he shall rule over thee4 ,unto ,adam he said3 ,because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife1 and hast eaten of the tree1 of which ,i commanded thee1 saying1 ,thou shalt not eat of it3 cursed is the ground for thy sake2 in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life4 ,thorns also1 and thistles shall it bring forth to thee2 and thou shalt eat the herb of the field4 ,in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread1 till thou return unto the ground1 for out of it wast thou taken2 for dust thou art1 and unto dust shalt thou return4 ,the ,lord ,god then made coats of skin for ,adam and his wife1 with which he clothed them1 after which he said3 ,behold1 the man is become as one of us1#e3a to know good and evil2 and now1 lest he put forth his hand1 and take also of the tree of life1 and eat1 and live forever 7he must be sent forth from ,eden74 ,so he 7the ,lord ,god7 drove out the man 7and the woman72 and he placed at the east of the garden of ,eden1 ,cherubims1 and a flaming sword which turned every way1 to keep the way of the ,tree of ,life4 ,thus ends the narrative4 ,before proceeding to show from whence this legend1 or legends1 had their origin1 we will notice a feature which is very prominent in the narrative1 and which cannot escape the eye of an observing reader1 i4 e41 the two different and contradictory accounts of the creation4 ,the first of these commences at the first verse of chapter first1 and ends at the third verse of chapter second4 ,the second account commences at the fourth verse of chapter second1 and continues to the end of the chapter4 ,in speaking of these contradictory accounts of the ,creation1 ,dean ,stanley says3 ,it is now clear to diligent students of the ,bible1 that the first and second chapters of ,genesis contain two narratives of the ,creation1 side by side1 differing from each other in most every particular of time and place and order4#e3b ,bishop ,colenso1 in his very learned work on the ,pentateuch1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,the following are the most noticeable points of difference between the two cosmogonies3 #a4 ,in the first1 the earth emerges from the waters and is1 therefore1 saturated with moisture4#e3c ,in the second1 the 'whole face of the ground' requires to be moistened4#e3d #b4 ,in the first1 the birds and the beasts are created before man4#f3a ,in the second1 man is created before the birds and the beasts4#f3b #c4 ,in the first1 'all fowls that fly' are made out of the waters4#f3c ,in the second 'the fowls of the air' are made out of the ground4#f3d #d4 ,in the first1 man is created in the image of ,god4#f3e ,in the second1 man is made of the dust of the ground1 and merely animated with the breath of life2 and it is only after his eating the forbidden fruit that 'the ,lord ,god said1 ,behold1 the man has become as one of us1 to know good and evil4'#f3f #e4 ,in the first1 man is made lord of the whole earth4#f3g ,in the second1 he is merely placed in the garden of ,eden1 'to dress it and to keep it4'#f3h #f4 ,in the first1 the man and the woman are created together1 as the closing and completing work of the whole creation1--created also1 as is evidently implied1 in the same kind of way1 to be the complement of one another1 and1 thus created1 they are blessed together4#f3i ,in the second1 the beasts and birds are created between the man and the woman4 ,first1 the man is made of the dust of the ground2 he is placed by himself in the garden1 charged with a solemn command1 and threatened with a curse if he breaks it2 then the beasts and birds are made1 and the man gives names to them1 and1 lastly1 after all this1 the woman is made out of one of his ribs1 but merely as a helpmate for the man4#f3aj ,the fact is1 that the second account of the ,creation1#f3aa together with the story of the ,fall1#f3ab is manifestly composed by a different writer altogether from him who wrote the first4#f3ac ,this is suggested at once by the circumstance that1 throughout the first narrative1 the ,creator is always spoken of by the name ,elohim 7,god71 whereas1 throughout the second account1 as well as the story of the ,fall1 he is always called ,jehovah ,elohim 7,lord ,god71 except when the writer seems to abstain1 for some reason1 from placing the name ,jehovah in the mouth of the serpent4#f3ad ,this accounts naturally for the above contradictions4 ,it would appear that1 for some reason1 the productions of two pens have been here united1 without any reference to their inconsistencies4#f3ae ,dr4 ,kalisch1 who does his utmost to maintain--as far as his knowledge of the truth will allow--the general historical veracity of this narrative1 after speaking of the first account of the ,creation1 says3 ,but now the narrative seems not only to pause1 but to go backward4 ,the grand and powerful climax seems at once broken off1 and a languid repetition appears to follow4 ,another cosmogony is introduced1 which1 to complete the perplexity1 is1 in many important features1 in direct contradiction to the former4 ,it would be dishonesty to conceal these difficulties4 ,it would be weakmindedness and cowardice4 ,it would be flight instead of combat4 ,it would be an ignoble retreat1 instead of victory4 ,we confess there is an apparent dissonance4#f3af ,dr4 ,knappert says3#g3a ,the account of the ,creation from the hand of the ,priestly author is utterly different from the other narrative1 beginning at the fourth verse of ,genesis ii4 ,here we are told that ,god created ,heaven and ,earth in six days1 and rested on the seventh day1 obviously with a view to bring out the holiness of the ,sabbath in a strong light4 ,now that we have seen there are two different and contradictory accounts of the ,creation1 to be found in the first two chapters of ,genesis1 we will endeavor to learn if there is sufficient reason to believe they are copies of more ancient legends4 ,we have seen that1 according to the first account1 ,god divided the work of creation into six days4 ,this idea agrees with that of the ancient ,persians4 ,the ,zend-,avesta--the sacred writings of the ,parsees--states that the ,supreme being ,ahuramazd 7,ormuzd71 created the universe and man in six successive periods of time1 in the following order3 ,first1 the ,heavens2 second1 the ,waters2 third1 the ,earth2 fourth1 the ,trees and ,plants2 fifth1 ,animals2 and sixth1 ,man4 ,after the ,creator had finished his work1 he rested4#g3b ,the ,avesta account of the ,creation is limited to this announcement1 but we find a more detailed history of the origin of the human species in the book entitled ,bundehesh1 dedicated to the exposition of a complete cosmogony4 ,this book states that ,ahuramazd created the first man and women joined together at the back4 ,after dividing them1 he endowed them with motion and activity1 placed within them an intelligent soul1 and bade them to be humble of heart2 to observe the law2 to be pure in their thoughts1 pure in their speech1 pure in their actions4 ,thus were born ,mashya and ,mashyna1 the pair from which all human beings are descended4#g3c ,the idea brought out in this story of the first human pair having originally formed a single androgynous being with two faces1 separated later into two personalities by the ,creator1 is to be found in the ,genesis account 7v4 #b74 ,male and female created he them1 and blessed them1 and named their name ,adam4 ,jewish tradition in the ,targum and ,talmud1 as well as among learned rabbis1 allege that ,adam was created man and woman at the same time1 having two faces turned in two opposite directions1 and that the ,creator separated the feminine half from him1 in order to make of her a distinct person4#g3d ,the ancient ,etruscan legend1 according to ,delitzsch1 is almost the same as the ,persian4 ,they relate that ,god created the world in six thousand years4 ,in the first thousand he created the ,heaven and ,earth2 in the second1 the ,firmament2 in the third1 the ,waters of the ,earth2 in the fourth1 the ,sun1 ,moon and ,stars2 in the fifth1 the ,animals belonging to air1 water and land2 and in the sixth1 ,man alone4#h3a ,dr4 ,delitzsch1 who maintains to the utmost the historical truth of the ,scripture story in ,genesis1 yet says3 ,whence comes the surprising agreement of the ,etruscan and ,persian legends with this section8 ,how comes it that the ,babylonian cosmogony in ,berosus1 and the ,phoenician in ,sanchoniathon1 in spite of their fantastical oddity1 come in contact with it in remarkable details8 ,after showing some of the similarities in the legends of these different nations1 he continues3 ,these are only instances of that which they have in common4 ,for such an account outside of ,israel1 we must1 however1 conclude1 that the author of ,genesis i4 has no vision before him1 but a tradition4#h3b ,von ,bohlen tells us that the old ,chaldan cosmogony is also the same4#h3c ,to continue the ,persian legend2 we will now show that according to it1 after the ,creation man was tempted1 and fell4 ,kalisch#h3d and ,bishop ,colenso#h3e tell us of the ,persian legend that the first couple lived originally in purity and innocence4 ,perpetual happiness was promised them by the ,creator if they persevered in their virtue4 ,but an evil demon came to them in the form of a serpent1 sent by ,ahriman1 the prince of devils1 and gave them fruit of a wonderful tree1 which imparted immortality4 ,evil inclinations then entered their hearts1 and all their moral excellence was destroyed4 ,consequently they fell1 and forfeited the eternal happiness for which they were destined4 ,they killed beasts1 and clothed themselves in their skins4 ,the evil demon obtained still more perfect power over their minds1 and called forth envy1 hatred1 discord1 and rebellion1 which raged in the bosom of the families4 ,since the above was written1 ,mr4 ,george ,smith1 of the ,british ,museum1 has discovered cuneiform inscriptions1 which show conclusively that the ,babylonians had this legend of the ,creation and ,fall of ,man1 some #a1ejj years or more before the ,hebrews heard of it4#i3a ,the cuneiform inscriptions relating to the ,babylonian legend of the ,creation and ,fall of ,man1 which have been discovered by ,english archologists1 are not1 however1 complete4 ,the portions which relate to the ,tree and ,serpent have not been found1 but ,babylonian gem engravings show that these incidents were evidently a part of the original legend4#i3b ,the ,tree of ,life in the ,genesis account appears to correspond with the sacred grove of ,anu1 which was guarded by a sword turning to all the four points of the compass4#i3c ,a representation of this ,sacred ,tree1 with attendant cherubim1 copied from an ,assyrian cylinder1 may be seen in ,mr4 ,george ,smith's ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis4#i3d ,figure ,no4 #a1 which we have taken from the same work1#i3e shows the tree of knowledge1 fruit1 and the serpent4 ,mr4 ,smith says of it3 ,one striking and important specimen of early type in the ,british ,museum collection1 has two figures sitting one on each side of a tree1 holding out their hands to the fruit1 while at the back of one 7the woman7 is scratched a serpent4 ,we know well that in these early sculptures none of these figures were chance devices1 but all represented events1 or supposed events1 and figures in their legends2 thus it is evident that a form of the story of the ,fall1 similar to that of ,genesis1 was known in early times in ,babylonia4#i3e ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #a ,this illustration might be used to illustrate the narrative of ,genesis1 and as ,friedrich ,delitzsch has remarked 7,g4 ,smith's ,chaldische ,genesis7 is capable of no other explanation4 ,m4 ,renan does not hesitate to join forces with the ancient commentators1 in seeking to recover a trace of the same tradition among the ,phenicians in the fragments of ,sanchoniathon1 translated into ,greek by ,philo of ,byblos4 ,in fact1 it is there said1 in speaking of the first human pair1 and of on1 which seems to be the translation of ,havvh 7in ,phenician ,havth7 and stands in her relation to the other members of the pair1 that this personage has found out how to obtain nourishment from the fruits of the tree4 ,the idea of the ,edenic happiness of the first human beings constitutes one of the universal traditions4 ,among the ,egyptians1 the terrestrial reign of the god ,r1 who inaugurated the existence of the world and of human life1 was a golden age to which they continually looked back with regret and envy4 ,its like has never been seen since4 ,the ancient ,greeks boasted of their ,golden ,age1 when sorrow and trouble were not known4 ,hesiod1 an ancient ,grecian poet1 describes it thus3 ,men lived like ,gods1 without vices or passions1 vexation or toil4 ,in happy companionship with divine beings1 they passed their days in tranquillity and joy1 living together in perfect equality1 united by mutual confidence and love4 ,the earth was more beautiful than now1 and spontaneously yielded an abundant variety of fruits4 ,human beings and animals spoke the same language and conversed with each other4 ,men were considered mere boys at a hundred years old4 ,they had none of the infirmities of age to trouble them1 and when they passed to regions of superior life1 it was in a gentle slumber4 ,in the course of time1 however1 all the sorrows and troubles came to man4 ,they were caused by inquisitiveness4 ,the story is as follows3 ,epimetheus received a gift from ,zeus 7,god71 in the form of a beautiful woman 7,pandora74 ,she brought with her a vase1 the lid of which was 7by the command of ,god71 to remain closed4 ,the curiosity of her husband1 however1 tempted him to open it1 and suddenly there escaped from it troubles1 weariness and illness from which mankind was never afterwards free4 ,all that remained was hope4#aj3a ,among the ,thibetans1 the paradisiacal condition was more complete and spiritual4 ,the desire to eat of a certain sweet herb deprived men of their spiritual life4 ,there arose a sense of shame1 and the need to clothe themselves4 ,necessity compelled them to agriculture2 the virtues disappeared1 and murder1 adultery and other vices1 stepped into their place4#aj3b ,the idea that the ,fall of the human race is connected with agriculture is found to be also often represented in the legends of the ,east ,african negroes1 especially in the ,calabar legend of the ,creation1 which presents many interesting points of comparison with the biblical story of the ,fall4 ,the first human pair are called by a bell at meal-times to ,abasi 7the ,calabar ,god71 in heaven2 and in place of the forbidden tree of ,genesis are put agriculture and propagation1 which ,abasi strictly denies to the first pair4 ,the ,fall is denoted by the transgression of both these commands1 especially through the use of implements of tillage1 to which the woman is tempted by a female friend who is given to her4 ,from that moment man fell and became mortal1 so that1 as the ,bible story has it1 he can eat bread only in the sweat of his face4 ,there agriculture is a curse1 a fall from a more perfect stage to a lower and imperfect one4#aa3a ,dr4 ,kalisch1 writing of the ,garden of ,eden1 says3 ,the ,paradise is no exclusive feature of the early history of the ,hebrews4 ,most of the ancient nations have similar narratives about a happy abode1 which care does not approach1 and which re-echoes with the sounds of the purest bliss4#aa3b ,the ,persians supposed that a region of bliss and delight called ,heden1 more beautiful than all the rest of the world1 traversed by a mighty river1 was the original abode of the first men1 before they were tempted by the evil spirit in the form of a serpent1 to partake of the fruit of the forbidden tree ,hm4#aa3c ,dr4 ,delitzsch1 writing of the ,persian legend1 observes3 ,innumerable attendants of the ,holy ,one keep watch against the attempts of ,ahriman1 over the tree ,hm1 which contains in itself the power of the resurrection4#aa3d ,the ancient ,greeks had a tradition concerning the ,islands of the ,blessed1 the ,elysium1 on the borders of the earth1 abounding in every charm of life1 and the ,garden of the ,hesperides1 the ,paradise1 in which grew a tree bearing the golden apples of ,immortality4 ,it was guarded by three nymphs1 and a ,serpent1 or ,dragon1 the ever-watchful ,ladon4 ,it was one of the labors of ,hercules to gather some of these apples of life4 ,when he arrived there he found the garden protected by a ,dragon4 ,ancient medallions represent a tree with a serpent twined around it4 ,hercules has gathered an apple1 and near him stand the three nymphs1 called ,hesperides4#aa3e ,this is simply a parallel of the ,eden myth4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,faber1 speaking of ,hercules1 says3 ,on the ,sphere he is represented in the act of contending with the ,serpent1 the head of which is placed under his foot2 and this ,serpent1 we are told1 is that which guarded the tree with golden fruit in the midst of the garden of the ,hesperides4 ,but the garden of the ,hesperides was none other than the garden of ,paradise2 consequently the serpent of that garden1 the head of which is crushed beneath the heel of ,hercules1 and which itself is described as encircling with its folds the trunk of the mysterious tree1 must necessarily be a transcript of that ,serpent whose form was assumed by the tempter of our first parents4 ,we may observe the same ancient tradition in the ,phoenician fable representing ,ophion or ,ophioneus4#ab3a ,and ,professor ,fergusson says3 ,hercules' adventures in the garden of the ,hesperides1 is the ,pagan form of the myth that most resembles the precious ,serpent-guarded fruit of the ,garden of ,eden1 though the moral of the fable is so widely different4#ab3b ,the ancient ,egyptians also had the legend of the ,tree of ,life4 ,it is mentioned in their sacred books that ,osiris ordered the names of some souls to be written on this ,tree of ,life1 the fruit of which made those who ate it to become as gods4#ab3c ,among the most ancient traditions of the ,hindoos1 is that of the ,tree of ,life--called ,sma in ,sanskrit--the juice of which imparted immortality4 ,this most wonderful tree was guarded by spirits4#ab3d ,still more striking is the ,hindoo legend of the ,elysium or ,paradise1 which is as follows3 ,in the sacred mountain ,meru1 which is perpetually clothed in the golden rays of the ,sun1 and whose lofty summit reaches into heaven1 no sinful man can exist4 ,it is guarded by a dreadful dragon4 ,it is adorned with many celestial plants and trees1 and is watered by four rivers1 which thence separate and flow to the four chief directions4#ab3e ,the ,hindoos1 like the philosophers of the ,ionic school 7,thales1 for instance71 held water to be the first existing and all-pervading principle1 at the same time allowing the co-operation and influence of an immaterial intelligence in the work of creation4#ab3f ,a ,vedic poet1 meditating on the ,creation1 uses the following expressions3 ,nothing that is was then1 even what is not1 did not exist then4 ,there was no space1 no life1 and lastly there was no time1 no difference between day and night1 no solar torch by which morning might have been told from evening4 ,darkness there was1 and all at first was veiled in gloom profound1 as ocean without light4#ab3g ,the ,hindoo legend approaches very nearly to that preserved in the ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,thus1 it is said that ,siva1 as the ,supreme ,being1 desired to tempt ,brahm 7who had taken human form1 and was called ,swayambhura--son of the self-existent71 and for this object he dropped from heaven a blossom of the sacred fig tree4 ,swayambhura1 instigated by his wife1 ,satarupa1 endeavors to obtain this blossom1 thinking its possession will render him immortal and divine2 but when he has succeeded in doing so1 he is cursed by ,siva1 and doomed to misery and degradation4#ac3a ,the sacred ,indian fig is endowed by the ,brahmins and the ,buddhists with mysterious significance1 as the ,tree of ,knowledge or ,intelligence4#ac3b ,there is no ,hindoo legend of the ,creation similar to the ,persian and ,hebrew accounts1 and ,ceylon was never believed to have been the ,paradise or home of our first parents1 although such stories are in circulation4#ac3c ,the ,hindoo religion states--as we have already seen--,mount ,meru to be the ,paradise1 out of which went four rivers4 ,we have noticed that the ,gardens of ,paradise are said to have been guarded by ,dragons1 and that1 according to the ,genesis account1 it was ,cherubim that protected ,eden4 ,this apparent difference in the legends is owing to the fact that we have come in our modern times to speak of ,cherub as though it were an other name for an ,angel4 ,but the ,cherub of the writer of ,genesis1 the ,cherub of ,assyria1 the ,cherub of ,babylon1 the ,cherub of the entire ,orient1 at the time the ,eden story was written1 was not at all an ,angel1 but an animal1 and a mythological one at that4 ,the ,cherub had1 in some cases1 the body of a lion1 with the head of an other animal1 or a man1 and the wings of a bird4 ,in ,ezekiel they have the body of a man1 whose head1 besides a human countenance1 has also that of a ,lion1 an ,ox and an ,eagle4 ,they are provided with four wings1 and the whole body is spangled with innumerable eyes4 ,in ,assyria and ,babylon they appear as winged bulls with human faces1 and are placed at the gateways of palaces and temples as guardian genii who watch over the dwelling1 as the ,cherubim in ,genesis watch the ,tree of ,life4 ,most ,jewish writers and ,christian ,fathers conceived the ,cherubim as ,angels4 ,most theologians also considered them as ,angels1 until ,michaelis showed them to be a mythological animal1 a poetical creation4#ac3d ,we see then1 that our ,cherub is simply a ,dragon4 ,to continue our inquiry regarding the prevalence of the ,eden-myth among nations of antiquity4 ,the ,chinese have their ,age of ,virtue1 when nature furnished abundant food1 and man lived peacefully1 surrounded by all the beasts4 ,in their sacred books there is a story concerning a mysterious garden1 where grew a tree bearing apples of immortality1 guarded by a winged serpent1 called a ,dragon4 ,they describe a primitive age of the world1 when the earth yielded abundance of delicious fruits without cultivation1 and the seasons were untroubled by wind and storms4 ,there was no calamity1 sickness1 or death4 ,men were then good without effort2 for the human heart was in harmony with the peacefulness and beauty of nature4 ,the ,golden ,age of the past is much dwelt upon by their ancient commentators4 ,one of them says3 ,all places were then equally the native county of every man4 ,flocks wandered in the fields without any guide2 birds filled the air with their melodious voices2 and the fruits grew of their own accord4 ,men lived pleasantly with the animals1 and all creatures were members of the same family4 ,ignorant of evil1 man lived in simplicity and perfect innocence4 ,another commentator says3 ,in the first age of perfect purity1 all was in harmony1 and the passions did not occasion the slightest murmur4 ,man1 united to sovereign reason within1 conformed his outward actions to sovereign justice4 ,far from all duplicity and falsehood1 his soul received marvelous felicity from heaven1 and the purest delights from earth4 ,another says3 ,a delicious garden refreshed with zephyrs1 and planted with odoriferous trees1 was situated in the middle of a mountain1 which was the avenue of heaven4 ,the waters that moistened it flowed from a source called the ',fountain of ,immortality'4 ,he who drinks of it never dies4 ,thence flowed four rivers4 ,a ,golden ,river1 betwixt the ,south and ,east1 a ,red ,river1 between the ,north and ,east1 the ,river of the ,lamb between the ,north and ,west4 ,the animal ,kaiming guards the entrance4 ,partly by an undue thirst for knowledge1 and partly by increasing sensuality1 and the seduction of woman1 man fell4 ,then passion and lust ruled in the human mind1 and war with the animals began4 ,in one of the ,chinese sacred volumes1 called the ,chi-,king1 it is said that3 ,all was subject to man at first1 but a woman threw us into slavery4 ,the wise husband raised up a bulwark of walls1 but the woman1 by an ambitious desire of knowledge1 demolished them4 ,our misery did not come from heaven1 but from a woman4 ,she lost the human race4 ,ah1 unhappy ,poo ,see6 thou kindled the fire that consumes us1 and which is every day augmenting4 ,our misery has lasted many ages4 ,the world is lost4 ,vice overflows all things like a mortal poison4#ae3a ,thus we see that the ,chinese are no strangers to the doctrine of original sin4 ,it is their invariable belief that man is a fallen being2 admitted by them from time immemorial4 ,the inhabitants of ,madagascar had a legend similar to the ,eden story1 which is related as follows3 ,the first man was created of the dust of the earth1 and was placed in a garden1 where he was subject to none of the ills which now affect mortality2 he was also free from all bodily appetites1 and though surrounded by delicious fruit and limpid streams yet felt no desire to taste of the fruit or to quaff the water4 ,the ,creator had1 moreover1 strictly forbid him either to eat or to drink4 ,the great enemy1 however1 came to him1 and painted to him1 in glowing colors1 the sweetness of the apple1 and the lusciousness of the date1 and the succulence of the orange4 ,after resisting the temptations for a while1 he at last ate of the fruit1 and consequently fell4#ae3b ,a legend of the ,creation1 similar to the ,hebrew1 was found by ,mr4 ,ellis among the ,tahitians1 and appeared in his ,polynesian ,researches4 ,it is as follows3 ,after ,taarao had formed the world1 he created man out of ara1 red earth1 which was also the food of man until bread was made4 ,taarao one day called for the man by name4 ,when he came1 he caused him to fall asleep1 and while he slept1 he took out one of his ivi1 or bones1 and with it made a woman1 whom he gave to the man as his wife1 and they became the progenitors of mankind4 ,the woman's name was ,ivi1 which signifies a bone4#ae3c ,the prose ,edda1 of the ancient ,scandinavians1 speaks of the ,golden ,age when all was pure and harmonious4 ,this age lasted until the arrival of woman out of ,jotunheim--the region of the giants1 a sort of land of ,nod--who corrupted it4#ae3d ,in the annals of the ,mexicans1 the first woman1 whose name was translated by the old ,spanish writers1 the woman of our flesh1 is always represented as accompanied by a great male serpent1 who seems to be talking to her4 ,some writers believe this to be the tempter speaking to the primeval mother1 and others that it is intended to represent the father of the human race4 ,this ,mexican ,eve is represented on their monuments as the mother of twins4#ae3e ,mr4 ,franklin1 in his ,buddhists and ,jeynes1 says3 ,a striking instance is recorded by the very intelligent traveler 7,wilson71 regarding a representation of the ,fall of our first parents1 sculptured in the magnificent temple of ,ipsambul1 in ,nubia4 ,he says that a very exact representation of ,adam and ,eve in the garden of ,eden is to be seen in that cave1 and that the serpent climbing round the tree is especially delineated1 and the whole subject of the tempting of our first parents most accurately exhibited4#af3a ,nearly the same thing was found by ,colonel ,coombs in the ,south of ,india4 ,colonel ,tod1 in his ,hist4 ,rajapoutana1 says3 ,a drawing1 brought by ,colonel ,coombs from a sculptured column in a cave-temple in the ,south of ,india1 represents the first pair at the foot of the ambrosial tree1 and a serpent entwined among the heavily-laden boughs1 presenting to them some of the fruit from his mouth4 ,the tempter appears to be at that part of his discourse1 when '----his words1 replete with guile1 ,into her heart too easy entrance won3 ,fixed on the fruit she gazed4' ,this is a curious subject to be engraved on an ancient ,pagan temple4#af3b ,so the ,colonel thought1 no doubt1 but it is not so very curious after all4 ,it is the same myth which we have found--with but such small variations only as time and circumstances may be expected to produce--among different nations1 in both the ,old and ,new ,worlds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #b ,fig4 ,no4 #b1 taken from the work of ,montfaucon1#af3c represents one of these ancient ,pagan sculptures4 ,can any one doubt that it is allusive to the myth of which we have been treating in this chapter8 ,that man was originally created a perfect being1 and is now only a fallen and broken remnant of what he once was1 we have seen to be a piece of mythology1 not only unfounded in fact1 but1 beyond intelligent question1 proved untrue4 ,what1 then1 is the significance of the exposure of this myth8 ,what does its loss as a scientific fact1 and as a portion of ,christian dogma1 imply8 ,it implies that with it--although many ,christian divines who admit this to be a legend1 do not1 or do not profess1 to see it--must fall the whole ,orthodox scheme1 for upon this ,,myth the theology of ,christendom is built4 ,the doctrine of the inspiration of the ,scriptures1 the ,fall of man1 his total depravity1 the ,incarnation1 the ,atonement1 the devil1 hell1 in fact1 the entire theology of the ,christian church1 falls to pieces with the historical inaccuracy of this story1 for upon it is it built2 'tis the foundation of the whole structure4#ag3a ,according to ,christian dogma1 the ,incarnation of ,christ ,jesus had become necessary1 merely because he had to redeem the evil introduced into the world by the ,fall of man4 ,these two dogmas cannot be separated from each other4 ,if there was no ,fall1 there is no need of an atonement1 and no ,redeemer is required4 ,those1 then1 who consent in recognizing in ,christ ,jesus a ,god and ,redeemer1 and who1 notwithstanding1 cannot resolve upon admitting the story of the ,fall of man to be historical1 should exculpate themselves from the reproach of inconsistency4 ,there are a great number1 however1 in this position at the present day4 ,although1 as we have said1 many ,christian divines do not1 or do not profess to1 see the force of the above argument1 there are many who do2 and they1 regardless of their scientific learning1 cling to these old myths1 professing to believe them1 well knowing what must follow with their fall4 ,the following1 though written some years ago1 will serve to illustrate this style of reasoning4 ,the ,bishop of ,manchester 7,england7 writing in the ,manchester ,examiner and ,times1 said3 ,the very foundation of our faith1 the very basis of our hopes1 the very nearest and dearest of our consolations are taken from us1 when one line of that sacred volume1 on which we base everything1 is declared to be untruthful and untrustworthy4 ,the ,english ,churchman1 speaking of clergymen who have doubts1 said1 that any who are not throughly persuaded that the ,scriptures cannot in any particular be untrue1 should leave the ,church4 ,the ,rev4 ,e4 ,garbett1 ,m4 ,a41 in a sermon preached before the ,university of ,oxford1 speaking of the historical truth of the ,bible1 said3 ,it is the clear teaching of those doctrinal formularies1 to which we of the ,church of ,england have expressed our solemn assent1 and no honest interpretation of her language can get rid of it4 ,and that3 ,in all consistent reason1 we must accept the whole of the inspired autographs1 or reject the whole4 ,dr4 ,baylee1 ,principal of a theological university--,st4 ,aiden's ,college--at ,birkenhead1 ,england1 and author of a ,manual1 called ,baylee's ,verbal ,inspiration1 written chiefly for the youths of ,st4 ,aiden's ,college1 makes use of the following words1 in that work3 ,the whole ,bible1 as a revelation1 is a declaration of the mind of ,god towards his creatures on all the subjects of which the ,bible treats4 ,the ,bible is ,god's word1 in the same sense as if he had made use of no human agent1 but had ,himself spoken it4 ,the ,bible cannot be less than verbally inspired4 ,every word1 every syllable1 every letter1 is just what it would be1 had ,god spoken from heaven without any human intervention4 ,every scientific statement is infallibly correct1 all its history and narrations of every kind1 are without any inaccuracy4#ah3a ,a whole volume might be filled with such quotations1 not only from religious works and journals published in ,england1 but from those published in the ,united ,states of ,america4#ah3b ,,footnotes3 #a3a ,the idea that the sun1 moon and stars were set in the firmament was entertained by most nations of antiquity1 but1 as strange as it may appear1 ,pythagoras1 the ,grecian philosopher1 who flourished from #edj to #eaj ,b4 ,c4--as well as other ,grecian philosophers--taught that the sun was placed in the centre of the universe1 with the planets roving round it in a circle1 thus making day and night4 7,see ,knight's ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #ei1 and note47 ,the ,buddhists anciently taught that the universe is composed of limitless systems or worlds1 called sakwalas4 ,they are scattered throughout space1 and each sakwala has a sun and moon4 7,see ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,legends1 pp4 #hj and #hg47 #b3a ,origen1 a ,christian ,father who flourished about ,a4 ,d4 #bcj1 says3 ,what man of sense will agree with the statement that the first1 second1 and third days1 in which the evening is named and the morning1 were without sun1 moon and stars8 7,quoted in ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #agf47 #b3b ,the geologist reckons not by days or by years2 the whole six thousand years1 which were until lately looked on as the sum of the world's age1 are to him but as a unit of measurement in the long succession of past ages4 7,sir ,john ,lubbock47 ,it is now certain that the vast epochs of time demanded by scientific observation are incompatible both with the six thousand years of the ,mosaic chronology1 and the six days of the ,mosaic creation4 7,dean ,stanley47 #b3c ,let us make man in our own likeness1 was said by ,ormuzd1 the ,persian ,god of ,gods1 to his ,,word4 7,see ,bunsen's ,angel ,messiah1 p4 #ajd47 #b3d ,the number ,,seven was sacred among almost every nation of antiquity4 7,see ch4 ii47 #b3e ,according to ,grecian ,mythology1 the ,god ,prometheus created men1 in the image of the gods1 out of clay 7see ,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #bf2 and ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,myths1 p4 #cgc71 and the ,god ,hephaistos was commanded by ,zeus to mold of clay the figure of a maiden1 into which ,athn1 the dawn-goddess1 breathed the breath of life4 ,this is ,pandora--the gift of all the gods--who is presented to ,epimetheus4 7,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bjh47 #b3f ,what man is found such an idiot as to suppose that ,god planted trees in ,paradise1 in ,eden1 like a husbandman4 7,origen3 quoted in ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #agf47 ,there is no way of preserving the literal sense of the first chapter of ,genesis1 without impiety1 and attributing things to ,god unworthy of him4 7,st4 ,augustine47 #b3g ,the records about the ',tree of ,life' are the sublimest proofs of the unity and continuity of tradition1 and of its ,eastern origin4 ,the earliest records of the most ancient ,oriental tradition refer to a ',tree of ,life1' which was guarded by spirits4 ,the juice of the fruit of this sacred tree1 like the tree itself1 was called ,sma in ,sanscrit1 and ,hama in ,zend2 it was revered as the life preserving essence4 7,bunsen3 ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #dad7 #c3a ,according to the ,persian account of ,paradise1 four great rivers came from ,mount ,alborj2 two are in the ,north1 and two go towards the ,south4 ,the river ,arduisir nourishes the ,tree of ,immortality1 the ,holy ,hom4 7,stiefelhagen3 quoted in ,mysteries of ,adoni p4 #adi47 ,according to the ,chinese myth1 the waters of the ,garden of ,paradise issue from the fountain of immortality1 which divides itself into four rivers4 7,ibid41 p4 #aej1 and ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i41 p4 #baj47 ,the ,hindoos call their ,mount ,meru the ,paradise1 out of which went four rivers4 7,anacalypsis1 vol4 i41 p4 #ceg47 #c3b ,according to ,persian legend1 ,arimanes1 the ,evil ,spirit1 by eating a certain kind of fruit1 transformed himself into a serpent1 and went gliding about on the earth to tempt human beings4 ,his ,devs entered the bodies of men and produced all manner of diseases4 ,they entered into their minds1 and incited them to sensuality1 falsehood1 slander and revenge4 ,into every department of the world they introduced discord and death4 #d3a ,inasmuch as the physical construction of the serpent never could admit of its moving in any other way1 and inasmuch as it does not eat dust1 does not the narrator of this myth reflect unpleasantly upon the wisdom of such a ,god as ,jehovah is claimed to be1 as well as upon the ineffectualness of his first curse8 #e3a ,our writer unmistakably recognizes the existence of many gods2 for he makes ,yahweh say3 ',see1 the man has become as ,,one ,,of ,,us1 knowing good and evil2' and so he evidently implies the existence of other similar beings1 to whom he attributes immortality and insight into the difference between good and evil4 ,yahweh1 then1 was1 in his eyes1 the god of gods1 indeed1 but not the only god4 7,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #ea47 #e3b ,in his memorial sermon1 preached in ,westminster ,abbey1 after the funeral of ,sir ,charles ,lyell4 ,he further said in this address3-- ,it is well known that when the science of geology first arose1 it was involved in endless schemes of attempted reconciliation with the letter of ,scripture4 ,there was1 there are perhaps still1 two modes of reconciliation of ,scripture and science1 which have been each in their day attempted1 and each have totally and deservedly failed4 ,one is the endeavor to wrest the words of the ,bible from their natural meaning1 and force it to speak the language of science4 ,after speaking of the earliest known example1 which was the interpolation of the word not in ,leviticus xi4 #f1 he continues3 ,this is the earliest instance of the falsification of ,scripture to meet the demands of science2 and it has been followed in later times by the various efforts which have been made to twist the earlier chapters of the book of ,genesis into apparent agreement with the last results of geology--representing days not to be days1 morning and evening not to be morning and evening1 the deluge not to be the deluge1 and the ark not to be the ark4 #e3c ,gen4 i4 #i1 #aj4 #e3d ,gen4 ii4 #f4 #f3a ,gen4 i4 #bj1 #bd1 #bf4 #f3b ,gen4 ii4 #g1 #i4 #f3c ,gen4 i4 #bj4 #f3d ,gen4 ii4 #ai4 #f3e ,gen4 i4 #bg4 #f3f ,gen4 ii4 #g3 iii4 #bb4 #f3g ,gen4 i4 #bh4 #f3h ,gen4 ii4 #h1 #ae4 #f3i ,gen4 i4 #bh4 #f3aj ,gen4 ii4 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #bb4 #f3aa ,gen4 ii4 #d-be4 #f3ab ,gen4 iii4 #f3ac ,gen4 i4 #a-;ii4 #h4 #f3ad ,gen4 iii4 #a1 #c1 #e4 #f3ae ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aga-agc4 #f3af ,com4 on ,old ,test4 vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 #g3a ,the ,relig4 of ,israel1 p4 #ahf4 #g3b ,von ,bohlen3 ,intro4 to ,gen4 vol4 ii4 p4 #d4 #g3c ,lenormant3 ,beginning of ,hist4 vol4 i4 p4 #f4 #g3d ,see ,ibid4 p4 #fd2 and ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 p4 #ca4 #h3a ,the ,etruscans believed in a creation of six thousand years1 and in the successive production of different beings1 the last of which was man4 7,dunlap3 ,spirit ,hist4 p4 #ceg47 #h3b ,quoted by ,bishop ,colenso3 ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aae4 #h3c ,intro4 to ,genesis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #d4 #h3d ,com4 on ,old ,test4 vol4 i4 p4 #fc4 #h3e ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aeh4 #i3a ,see ,chapter xi4 #i3b ,mr4 ,smith says1 ,whatever the primitive account may have been from which the earlier part of the ,book of ,genesis was copied1 it is evident that the brief narration given in the ,pentateuch omits a number of incidents and explanations--for instance1 as to the origin of evil1 the fall of the angels1 the wickedness of the serpent1 c4 ,such points as these are included in the cuneiform narrative4 7,smith3 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 pp4 #ac1 #ad47 #i3c ,smith3 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #hh4 #i3d ,ibid4 p4 #hi4 #i3e ,ibid4 p4 #ia4 #aj3a ,murray's ,mythology1 p4 #bjh4 #aj3b ,kalisch's ,com4 vol4 i4 p4 #fd4 #aa3a ,goldziher3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #hg4 #aa3b ,com4 on the ,old ,test4 vol4 i4 p4 #gj4 #aa3c ,ibid4 #aa3d ,ibid4 ,the fruit1 and sap of this ',tree of ,life' begat immortality4 7,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bdj47 #aa3e ,see ,montfaucon3 ,l',antiquit ,explique1 vol4 i4 p4 #baa1 and ,pl4 cxxxiii4 #ab3a ,faber3 ,origin ,pagan ,idolatry1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddc2 in ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcg4 #ab3b ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 p4 #ac4 #ab3c ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #aei4 #ab3d ,see ,bunsen's ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #dad4 #ab3e ,colenso3 ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aec4 #ab3f ,buckley3 ,cities of the ,ancient ,world1 p4 #adh4 #ab3g ,mller3 ,hist4 ,sanskrit ,literature1 p4 #eei4 #ac3a ,see ,wake3 ,phallism in ,ancient ,religions1 pp4 #df1 #dg2 and ,maurice3 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 i4 p4 #djh4 #ac3b ,hardwick3 ,christ and ,other ,masters1 p4 #bae4 #ac3c ,see ,jacolliot's ,bible in ,india1 which ,john ,fisk calls a very discreditable performance1 and a disgraceful piece of charlatanry 7,myths1 c4 p4 #bje74 ,this writer also states that according to ,hindoo legend1 the first man and woman were called ,adima and ,heva1 which is certainly not the case4 ,the bridge of ,adima which he speaks of as connecting the island of ,ceylon with the mainland1 is called ,rama's bridge2 and the ,adam's footprints are called ,buddha's footprints4 ,the ,portuguese1 who called the mountain ,pico d' ,adama 7,adam's ,peak71 evidently invented these other names4 7,see ,maurice's ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cja1 #cfb1 and vol4 ii4 p4 #bdb74 #ac3d ,see ,smith's ,bible ,dic4 ,art4 ,cherubim1 and ,lenormant's ,beginning of ,history1 ch4 iii4 #ae3a ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bjf-baj1 ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #aeb1 #aec1 and ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 p4 #ch4 #ae3b ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 p4 #ca4 #ae3c ,quoted by ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,relig41 p4 #cjb4 #ae3d ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #dji4 #ae3e ,see ,baring ,gould's ,legends of the ,patriarchs2 ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #afa1 and ,wake's ,phallism in ,ancient ,religions1 p4 #da4 #af3a ,quoted by ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #djc4 #af3b ,tod's ,hist4 ,raj41 p4 #eha1 quoted by ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #djd4 #af3c ,l',antiquit ,explique1 vol4 i4 #ag3a ,sir ,william ,jones1 the first president of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 saw this when he said3 ,either the first eleven chapters of ,genesis1 all due allowance being made for a figurative ,eastern style1 are true1 or the whole fabric of our religion is false4 7,in ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbe47 ,and so also did the learned ,thomas ,maurice1 for he says3 ,if the ,mosaic ,history be indeed a fable1 the whole fabric of the national religion is false1 since the main pillar of ,christianity rests upon that important original promise1 that the seed of the woman should bruise the head of the serpent4 7,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 i4 p4 #bj47 #ah3a ,the above extracts are quoted by ,bishop ,colenso1 in ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aj-ab1 from which we take them4 #ah3b ,cosmogony is the title of a volume lately written by ,prof4 ,thomas ,mitchell1 and published by the ,american ,news ,co41 in which the author attacks all the modern scientists in regard to the geological antiquity of the world1 evolution1 atheism1 pantheism1 c4 ,he believes--and rightly too--that1 if the account of ,creation in ,genesis falls1 ,christ and the apostles follow3 if the book of ,genesis is erroneous1 so also are the ,gospels4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,deluge4#ai3a ,after man's shameful fall1 the earth began to be populated at a very rapid rate4 ,the sons of ,god saw the daughters of men that they were fair2 and they took them wives of all which they chose4 4 4 4 4 ,there were giants in the earth in those days1#ai3b and also 4 4 4 mighty men 4 4 4 men of renown4 ,but these giants and mighty men were very wicked1 and ,god saw the wickedness of man 4 4 4 and it repented the ,lord that he had made man upon the earth1#ai3c and it grieved him at his heart4 ,and the ,lord said2 ,i will destroy man whom ,i have created from the face of the earth1 both man and beast1 and the creeping thing1 and the fowls of the air1 for it repenteth me that ,i have made them4 ,but ,noah found grace in the eyes of the ,lord 7for7 ,noah was a just man 4 4 4 and walked with ,god4 4 4 4 ,and ,god said unto ,noah1 ,the end of all flesh is come before me1 for the earth is filled with violence through them1 and1 behold1 ,i will destroy them with the earth4 ,make thee an ark of gopher wood1 rooms shalt thou make in the ark1 7and7 a window shalt thou make to the ark2 4 4 4 4 ,and behold ,i1 even ,i1 do bring a flood of waters upon the earth1 to destroy all flesh1 wherein is the breath of life1 from under heaven1 and every thing that is in the earth shall die4 ,but with thee shall ,i establish my covenant2 and thou shalt come into the ark1 thou1 and thy sons1 and thy wife1 and thy sons' wives1 with thee4 ,and of every living thing of all flesh1 two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark1 to keep them alive with thee2 they shall be male and female4 ,of fowls after their kind1 and of cattle after their kind1 of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind1 two of every sort shall come in to thee1 to keep them alive4 ,and take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten1 and thou shalt gather it to thee2 and it shall be for food for thee and for them4 ,thus did ,noah1 according to all that ,god commanded him4#bj3a ,when the ark was finished1 the ,lord said unto ,noah3 ,come thou and all thy house into the ark4 4 4 4 ,of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens1 the male and his female2 and of beasts that are not clean by two1 the male and his female4 ,of fowls also of the air by sevens1 the male and the female4#bj3b ,here1 again1 as in the ,eden myth1 there is a contradiction4 ,we have seen that the ,lord told ,noah to bring into the ark of every living thing1 of all flesh1 two of every sort1 and now that the ark is finished1 we are told that he said to him3 ,of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens1 and1 of fowls also of the air by sevens4 ,this is owing to the story having been written by two different writers--the ,jehovistic1 and the ,elohistic--one of which took from1 and added to the narrative of the other4#bj3c ,the account goes on to say1 that3 ,noah went in1 and his sons1 and his wife1 and his sons' wives with him1 into the ark4 4 4 4 ,of clean beasts1 and of beasts that are not clean1 and of fowls1 and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth1 there went in two and two1 unto ,noah into the ark1 the male and the female1 as ,god had commanded ,noah4#bj3d ,we see1 then1 that ,noah took into the ark of all kinds of beasts1 of fowls1 and of every thing that creepeth1 two of every sort1 and that this was as ,god had commanded ,noah4 ,this clearly shows that the writer of these words knew nothing of the command to take in clean beasts1 and fowls of the air1 by sevens4 ,we are further assured1 that1 ,noah did according to all that the ,lord commanded him4 ,after ,noah and his family1 and every beast after his kind1 and all the cattle after their kind1 the fowls of the air1 and every creeping thing1 had entered the ark1 the ,lord shut them in4 ,then were all the fountains of the great deep broken up1 and the windows of heaven were opened4 ,and the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights4 4 4 4 4 ,and the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth2 and all the hills1 that were under the whole heaven1 were covered4 ,fifteen cubits upwards did the waters prevail2 and the mountains were covered4 ,and all flesh died that moved upon the earth1 both of fowl and of cattle1 and of beast1 and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth1 and every man4 ,and ,noah only remained alive1 and they that were with him in the ark4#ba3a ,the object of the flood was now accomplished1 all flesh died that moved upon the earth4 ,the ,lord1 therefore1 made a wind to pass over the earth1 and the waters assuaged4 ,the fountains of the deep1 and the windows of heaven1 were stopped1 and the rain from heaven was restrained4 ,and the waters decreased continually4 4 4 4 4 ,and it came to pass at the end of forty days1 that ,noah opened the window of the ark1 which he had made4 ,and he sent forth a raven1 which went forth to and fro1 until the waters were dried up from off the earth4 ,he also sent forth a dove1 4 4 4 but the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot1 and she returned unto him into the ark4 4 4 4 ,at the end of seven days he again sent forth the dove out of the ark1 and the dove came in to him in the evening1 and lo1 in her mouth was an olive leaf1 plucked off4 ,at the end of another seven days1 he again sent forth the dove1 which returned not again to him any more4 ,and the ark rested in the seventh month1 on the seventeenth day of the month1 upon the mountains of ,ararat4 ,then ,noah and his wife1 and his sons1 and his sons' wives1 and every living thing that was in the ark1 went forth out of the ark4 ,and ,noah builded an altar unto the ,lord1 4 4 4 and offered burnt offerings on the altar4 ,and the ,lord smelled a sweet savour1 and the ,lord said in his heart1 ,i will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake4#ba3b ,we shall now see that there is scarcely any considerable race of men among whom there does not exist1 in some form1 the tradition of a great deluge1 which destroyed all the human race1 except their own progenitors4 ,the first of these which we shall notice1 and the one with which the ,hebrew agrees most closely1 having been copied from it1#bb3a is the ,chaldean1 as given by ,berosus1 the ,chaldean historian4#bb3b ,it is as follows3 ,after the death of ,ardates 7the ninth king of the ,chaldeans71 his son ,xisuthrus reigned eighteen sari4 ,in his time happened a great deluge1 the history of which is thus described3 ,the deity ,cronos appeared to him 7,xisuthrus7 in a vision1 and warned him that upon the fifteenth day of the month ,desius there would be a flood1 by which mankind would be destroyed4 ,he therefore enjoined him to write a history of the beginning1 procedure1 and conclusion of all things1 and to bury it in the ,city of the ,sun at ,sippara2 and to build a vessel1 and take with him into it his friends and relations1 and to convey on board everything necessary to sustain life1 together with all the different animals1 both birds and quadrupeds1 and trust himself fearlessly to the deep4 ,having asked the deity whither he was to sail1 he was answered3 ',to the ,gods2' upon which he offered up a prayer for the good of mankind4 ,he then obeyed the divine admonition1 and built a vessel five stadia in length1 and two in breadth4 ,into this he put everything which he had prepared1 and last of all conveyed into it his wife1 his children1 and his friends4 ,after the flood had been upon the earth1 and was in time abated1 ,xisuthrus sent out birds from the vessel2 which not finding any food1 nor any place whereupon they might rest their feet1 returned to him again4 ,after an interval of some days1 he sent them forth a second time2 and they now returned with their feet tinged with mud4 ,he made a trial a third time with these birds2 but they returned to him no more3 from whence he judged that the surface of the earth had appeared above the waters4 ,he therefore made an opening in the vessel1 and upon looking out found that it was stranded upon the side of some mountain2 upon which he immediately quitted it with his wife1 his daughter1 and the pilot4 ,xisuthrus then paid his adoration to the earth1 and1 having constructed an altar1 offered sacrifices to the gods4#bb3c ,this account1 given by ,berosus1 which agrees in almost every particular with that found in ,genesis1 and with that found by ,george ,smith of the ,british ,museum on terra cotta tablets in ,assyria1 is nevertheless different in some respects4 ,but1 says ,mr4 ,smith3 ,when we consider the difference between the two countries of ,palestine and ,babylonia1 these variations do not appear greater than we should expect4 4 4 4 ,it was only natural that1 in relating the same stories1 each nation should color them in accordance with its own ideas1 and stress would naturally in each case be laid upon points with which they were familiar4 ,thus we should expect beforehand that there would be differences in the narrative such as we actually find1 and we may also notice that the cuneiform account does not always coincide even with the account of the same events given by ,berosus from ,chaldean sources4#bc3a ,the most important points are the same however1 i4 e41 in both cases the virtuous man is informed by the ,lord that a flood is about to take place1 which would destroy mankind4 ,in both cases they are commanded to build a vessel or ark1 to enter it with their families1 and to take in beasts1 birds1 and everything that creepeth1 also to provide themselves with food4 ,in both cases they send out a bird from the ark three times--the third time it failed to return4 ,in both cases they land on a mountain1 and upon leaving the ark they offer up a sacrifice to the gods4 ,xisuthrus was the tenth king1#bc3b and ,noah the tenth patriarch4#bc3c ,xisuthrus had three sons 7,zerovanos1 ,titan and ,japetosthes71#bc3d and ,noah had three sons 7,shem1 ,ham and ,japhet74#bc3e ,as ,cory remarks in his ,ancient ,fragments1 the history of the flood1 as given by ,berosus1 so remarkably corresponds with the ,biblical account of the ,noachian ,deluge1 that no one can doubt that both proceeded from one source--they are evidently transcriptions1 except the names1 from some ancient document4#bc3f ,this legend became known to the ,jews from ,chaldean sources1#bc3g it was not known in the country 7,egypt7 out of which they evidently came4#bc3h ,egyptian history1 it is said1 had gone on uninterrupted for ten thousand years before the time assigned for the birth of ,jesus4#bd3a ,and it is known as absolute fact that the land of ,egypt was never visited by other than its annual beneficent overflow of the river ,nile4#bd3b ,the ,egyptian ,bible1 which is by far the most ancient of all holy books#bd3c1 knew nothing of the ,deluge4#bd3d ,the ,phra 7or ,pharaoh7 ,khoufou-,cheops was building his pyramid1 according to ,egyptian chronicle1 when the whole world was under the waters of a universal deluge1 according to the ,hebrew chronicle4#bd3e ,a number of other nations of antiquity are found destitute of any story of a flood1#bd3f which they certainly would have had if a universal deluge had ever happened4 ,whether this legend is of high antiquity in ,india has even been doubted by distinguished scholars4#bd3g ,the ,hindoo legend of the ,deluge is as follows3 ,many ages after the creation of the world1 ,brahma resolved to destroy it with a deluge1 on account of the wickedness of the people4 ,there lived at that time a pious man named ,satyavrata1 and as the lord of the universe loved this pious man1 and wished to preserve him from the sea of destruction which was to appear on account of the depravity of the age1 he appeared before him in the form of ,vishnu 7the ,preserver7 and said3 ,in seven days from the present time 4 4 4 the worlds will be plunged in an ocean of death1 but in the midst of the destroying waves1 a large vessel1 sent by me for thy use1 shall stand before thee4 ,then shalt thou take all medicinal herbs1 all the variety of feeds1 and1 accompanied by seven saints1 encircled by pairs of all brute animals1 thou shalt enter the spacious ark1 and continue in it1 secure from the flood1 on one immense ocean without light1 except the radiance of thy holy companions4 ,when the ship shall be agitated by an impetuous wind1 thou shalt fasten it with a large sea-serpent on my horn2 for ,i will be near thee 7in the form of a fish71 drawing the vessel1 with thee and thy attendants4 ,i will remain on the ocean1 ,o chief of men1 until a night of ,brahma shall be completely ended4 ,thou shalt then know my true greatness1 rightly named the ,supreme ,godhead2 by my favor1 all thy questions shall be answered1 and thy mind abundantly instructed4 ,being thus directed1 ,satyavrata humbly waited for the time which the ruler of our senses had appointed4 ,it was not long1 however1 before the sea1 overwhelming its shores1 began to deluge the whole earth1 and it was soon perceived to be augmented by showers from immense clouds4 ,he1 still meditating on the commands of the ,lord1 saw a vessel advancing1 and entered it with the saints1 after having carried into effect the instructions which had been given him4 ,vishnu then appeared before them1 in the form of a fish1 as he had said1 and ,satyavrata fastened a cable to his horn4 ,the deluge in time abated1 and ,satyavrata1 instructed in all divine and human knowledge1 was appointed1 by the favor of ,vishnu1 the ,seventh ,menu4 ,after coming forth from the ark he offers up a sacrifice to ,brahma4#be3a ,the ancient temples of ,hindostan contain representations of ,vishnu sustaining the earth while overwhelmed by the waters of the deluge4 ,a rainbow is seen on the surface of the subsiding waters4#be3b ,the ,chinese believe the earth to have been at one time covered with water1 which they described as flowing abundantly and then subsiding4 ,this great flood divided the higher from the lower age of man4 ,it happened during the reign of ,yaou4 ,this inundation1 which is termed hung-shwuy 7great water71 almost ruined the country1 and is spoken of by ,chinese writers with sentiments of horror4 ,the ,shoo-,king1 one of their sacred books1 describes the waters as reaching to the tops of some of the mountains1 covering the hills1 and expanding as wide as the vault of heaven4#be3c ,the ,parsees say that by the temptation of the evil spirit men became wicked1 and ,god destroyed them with a deluge1 except a few1 from whom the world was peopled anew4#be3d ,in the ,zend-,avesta1 the oldest sacred book of the ,persians1 of whom the ,parsees are direct descendants1 there are sixteen countries spoken of as having been given by ,ormuzd1 the ,good ,deity1 for the ,aryans to live in2 and these countries are described as a land of delight1 which was turned by ,ahriman1 the ,evil ,deity1 into a land of death and cold1 partly1 it is said1 by a great flood1 which is described as being like ,noah's flood recorded in the ,book of ,genesis4#bf3a ,the ancient ,greeks had records of a flood which destroyed nearly the whole human race4#bf3b ,the story is as follows3 ,from his throne in the high ,olympos1 ,zeus looked down on the children of men1 and saw that everywhere they followed only their lusts1 and cared nothing for right or for law4 ,and ever1 as their hearts waxed grosser in their wickedness1 they devised for themselves new rites to appease the anger of the gods1 till the whole earth was filled with blood4 ,far away in the hidden glens of the ,arcadian hills the sons of ,lykaon feasted and spake proud words against the majesty of ,zeus1 and ,zeus himself came down from his throne to see their way and their doings4 4 4 4 ,then ,zeus returned to his home on ,olympos1 and he gave the word that a flood of waters should be let loose upon the earth1 that the sons of men might die for their great wickedness4 ,so the west wind rose in its might1 and the dark rain-clouds veiled the whole heaven1 for the winds of the north which drive away the mists and vapors were shut up in their prison house4 ,on hill and valley burst the merciless rain1 and the rivers1 loosened from their courses1 rushed over the whole plains and up the mountain-side4 ,from his home on the highlands of ,phthia1 ,deukalion looked forth on the angry sky1 and1 when he saw the waters swelling in the valleys beneath1 he called ,pyrrha1 his wife1 and said to her3 ',the time has come of which my father1 the wise ,prometheus1 forewarned me4 ,make ready1 therefore1 the ark which ,i have built1 and place in it all that we may need for food while the flood of waters is out upon the earth4' 4 4 4 ,then ,pyrrha hastened to make all things ready1 and they waited till the waters rose up to the highlands of ,phthia and floated away the ark of ,deukalion4 ,the fishes swam amidst the old elm-groves1 and twined amongst the gnarled boughs on the oaks1 while on the face of the waters were tossed the bodies of men2 and ,deukalion looked on the dead faces of stalwart warriors1 of maidens1 and of babes1 as they rose and fell upon the heavy waves4 ,when the flood began to abate1 the ark rested on ,mount ,parnassus1 and ,deucalion1 with his wife ,pyrrha1 stepped forth upon the desolate earth4 ,they then immediately constructed an altar1 and offered up thanks to ,zeus1 the mighty being who sent the flood and saved them from its waters4#bf3c ,according to ,ovid 7a ,grecian writer born #dc ,b4 ,c471 ,deucalion does not venture out of the ark until a dove which he sent out returns to him with an olive branch4#bf3d ,it was at one time extensively believed1 even by intelligent scholars1 that the myth of ,deucalion was a corrupted tradition of the ,noachian deluge1 but this untenable opinion is now all but universally abandoned4#bg3a ,the legend was found in the ,west among the ,kelts4 ,they believed that a great deluge overwhelmed the world and drowned all men except ,drayan and ,droyvach1 who escaped in a boat1 and colonized ,britain4 ,this boat was supposed to have been built by the ,heavenly ,lord1 and it received into it a pair of every kind of beasts4#bg3b ,the ancient ,scandinavians had their legend of a deluge4 ,the ,edda describes this deluge1 from which only one man escapes1 with his family1 by means of a bark4#bg3c ,it was also found among the ancient ,mexicans4 ,they believed that a man named ,coxcox1 and his wife1 survived the deluge4 ,lord ,kingsborough1 speaking of this legend1#bg3d informs us that the person who answered to ,noah entered the ark with six others2 and that the story of sending birds out of the ark1 c41 is the same in general character with that of the ,bible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,brinton also speaks of the ,mexican tradition4#bg3e ,they had not only the story of sending out the bird1 but related that the ark landed on a mountain4 ,the tradition of a deluge was also found among the ,brazilians1 and among many ,indian tribes4#bg3f ,the mountain upon which the ark is supposed to have rested1 was pointed to by the residents in nearly every quarter of the globe4 ,the mountain-chain of ,ararat was considered to be--by the ,chaldeans and ,hebrews--the place where the ark landed4 ,the ,greeks pointed to ,mount ,parnassus2 the ,hindoos to the ,himalayas2 and in ,armenia numberless heights were pointed out with becoming reverence1 as those on which the few survivors of the dreadful scenes of the deluge were preserved4 ,on the ,red ,river 7in ,america71 near the village of the ,caddoes1 there was an eminence to which the ,indian tribes for a great distance around paid devout homage4 ,the ,cerro ,naztarny on the ,rio ,grande1 the peak of ,old ,zuni in ,new ,mexico1 that of ,colhuacan on the ,pacific coast1 ,mount ,apoala in ,upper ,mixteca1 and ,mount ,neba in the province of ,guaymi1 are some of many elevations asserted by the neighboring nations to have been places of refuge for their ancestors when the fountains of the great deep broke forth4 ,the question now may naturally be asked1 ,how could such a story have originated unless there was some foundation for it8 ,in answer to this question we will say that we do not think such a story could have originated without some foundation for it1 and that most1 if not all1 legends1 have a basis of truth underlying the fabulous1 although not always discernible4 ,this story may have an astronomical basis1 as some suppose1#bh3a or it may not4 ,at any rate1 it would be very easy to transmit by memory the fact of the sinking of an island1 or that of an earthquake1 or a great flood1 caused by overflows of rivers1 c41 which1 in the course of time1 would be added to1 and enlarged upon1 and1 in this way1 made into quite a lengthy tale4 ,according to one of the most ancient accounts of the deluge1 we are told that at that time the forest trees were dashed against each other2 the mountains were involved with smoke and flame2 that there was fire1 and smoke1 and wind1 which ascended in thick clouds replete with lightning4 ,the roaring of the ocean1 whilst violently agitated with the whirling of the mountains1 was like the bellowing of a mighty cloud1 c4#bh3b ,a violent earthquake1 with eruptions from volcanic mountains1 and the sinking of land into the sea1 would evidently produce such a scene as this4 ,we know that at one period in the earth's history1 such scenes must have been of frequent occurrence4 ,the science of geology demonstrates this fact to us4 ,local deluges were of frequent occurrence1 and that some persons may have been saved on one1 or perhaps many1 such occasions1 by means of a raft or boat1 and that they may have sought refuge on an eminence1 or mountain1 does not seem at all improbable4 ,during the ,champlain period in the history of the world--which came after the ,glacial period--the climate became warmer1 the continents sank1 and there were1 consequently1 continued local floods which must have destroyed considerable animal life1 including man4 ,the foundation of the deluge myth may have been laid at this time4 ,some may suppose that this is dating the history of man too far back1 making his history too remote2 but such is not the case4 ,there is every reason to believe that man existed for ages before the ,glacial epoch4 ,it must not be supposed that we have yet found remains of the earliest human beings2 there is evidence1 however1 that man existed during the ,pliocene1 if not during the ,miocene periods1 when hoofed quadrupeds1 and ,proboscidians abounded1 human remains and implements having been found mingled with remains of these animals4#bi3a ,charles ,darwin believed that the animal called man1 might have been properly called by that name at an epoch as remote as the ,eocene period4#bi3b ,man had probably lost his hairy covering by that time1 and had begun to look human4 ,prof4 ,draper1 speaking of the antiquity of man1 says3 ,so far as investigations have gone1 they indisputably refer the existence of man to a date remote from us by many hundreds of thousands of years1 and that1 it is difficult to assign a shorter date from the last glaciation of ,europe than a quarter of a million of years1 and human existence antedates that4#bi3c ,again he says3 ,recent researches give reason to believe that1 under low and base grades1 the existence of man can be traced back into the ,tertiary times4 ,he was contemporary with the ,southern ,elephant1 the ,rhinoceros-leptorhinus1 the great ,hippopotamus1 perhaps even in the ,miocene1 contemporary with the ,mastodon4#bi3d ,prof4 ,huxley closes his ,evidence as to ,man's ,place in ,nature1 by saying3 ,where must we look for primeval man8 ,was the oldest ,homo ,sapiens ,pliocene or ,miocene1 or yet more ancient8 4 4 4 ,if any form of the doctrine of progressive development is correct1 we must extend by long epochs the most liberal estimate that has yet been made of the antiquity of man4#cj3a ,prof4 ,oscar ,paschel1 in his work on ,mankind1 speaking of the deposits of human remains which have been discovered in caves1 mingled with the bones of wild animals1 says3 ,the examination of one of these caves at ,brixham1 by a geologist as trustworthy as ,dr4 ,falconer1 convinced the specialists of ,great ,britain1 as early as #aheh1 that man was a contemporary of the ,mammoth1 the ,woolly ,rhinoceros1 the ,cave-lion1 the ,cave-hyena1 the ,cave-bear1 and therefore of the ,mammalia of the ,geological period antecedent to our own4#cj3b ,the positive evidence of man's existence during the ,tertiary period1 are facts which must firmly convince every one--who is willing to be convinced--of the great antiquity of man4 ,we might multiply our authorities1 but deem it unnecessary4 ,the observation of shells1 corals1 and other remains of aquatic animals1 in places above the level of the sea1 and even on high mountains1 may have given rise to legends of a great flood4 ,fossils found imbedded in high ground have been appealed to1 both in ancient and modern times1 both by savage and civilized man1 as evidence in support of their traditions of a flood2 and1 moreover1 the argument1 apparently unconnected with any tradition1 is to be found1 that because there are marine fossils in places away from the sea1 therefore the sea must once have been there4 ,it is only quite recently that the presence of fossil shells1 c41 on high mountains1 has been abandoned as evidence of the ,noachic flood4 ,mr4 ,tylor tells us that in the ninth edition of ,horne's ,introduction to the ,scriptures1 published in #ahdf1 the evidence of fossils is confidently held to prove the universality of the ,deluge2 but the argument disappears from the next edition1 published ten years later4#cj3c ,besides fossil remains of aquatic animals1 boats have been found on tops of mountains4#cj3d ,a discovery of this kind may have given rise to the story of an ark having been made in which to preserve the favored ones from the waters1 and of its landing on a mountain4#cj3e ,before closing this chapter1 it may be well to notice a striking incident in the legend we have been treating1 i4 e41 the frequent occurrence of the number seven in the narrative4 ,for instance3 the ,lord commands ,noah to take into the ark clean beasts by sevens1 and fowls also by sevens1 and tells him that in seven days he will cause it to rain upon the earth4 ,we are also told that the ark rested in the seventh month1 and the seventeenth day of the month1 upon the mountains of ,ararat4 ,after sending the dove out of the ark the first time1 ,noah waited seven days before sending it out again4 ,after sending the dove out the second time1 he stayed yet another seven days ere he again sent forth the dove4 ,this coincidence arises from the mystic power attached to the number seven1 derived from its frequent occurrence in astrology4 ,we find that in all religions of antiquity the number seven--which applied to the sun1 moon and the five planets known to the ancients--is a sacred number1 represented in all kinds and sorts of forms2#ca3a for instance3 ,the candlestick with seven branches in the temple of ,jerusalem4 ,the seven inclosures of the temple4 ,the seven doors of the cave of ,mithras4 ,the seven stories of the tower of ,babylon4#ca3b ,the seven gates of ,thebes4#ca3c ,the flute of seven pipes generally put into the hand of the god ,pan4 ,the lyre of seven strings touched by ,apollo4 ,the book of ,fate1 composed of seven books4 ,the seven prophetic rings of the ,brahmans4#ca3d ,the seven stones--consecrated to the seven planets--in ,laconia4#ca3e ,the division into seven castes adopted by the ,egyptians and ,indians4 ,the seven idols of the ,bonzes4 ,the seven altars of the monument of ,mithras4 ,the seven great spirits invoked by the ,persians4 ,the seven archangels of the ,chaldeans4 ,the seven archangels of the ,jews4#ca3f ,the seven days in the week4#cb3a ,the seven sacraments of the ,christians4 ,the seven wicked spirits of the ,babylonians4 ,the sprinkling of blood seven times upon the altars of the ,egyptians4 ,the seven mortal sins of the ,egyptians4 ,the hymn of seven vowels chanted by the ,egyptian priests4#cb3b ,the seven branches of the ,assyrian ,tree of ,life4 ,agni1 the ,hindoo god1 is represented with seven arms4 ,sura's#cb3c horse was represented with seven heads4 ,seven churches are spoken of in the ,apocalypse4 ,balaam builded seven altars1 and offered seven bullocks and seven rams on each altar4 ,pharaoh saw seven kine1 c41 in his dream4 ,the ,priest of ,midian had seven daughters4 ,jacob served seven years4 ,before ,jericho seven priests bare seven horns4 ,samson was bound with seven green withes1 and his marriage feast lasted seven days1 c41 c4 ,we might continue with as much more1 but enough has been shown to verify the statement that1 in all religions of antiquity1 the number ,,seven is a sacred number4 ,,footnotes3 #ai3a ,see ,the ,deluge in the ,light of ,modern ,science1 by ,prof4 ,wm4 ,denton3 ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum1 ,boston4 #ai3b ,there were giants in the earth in those days4 ,it is a scientific fact that most races of men1 in former ages1 instead of being larger1 were smaller than at the present time4 ,there is hardly a suit of armor in the ,tower of ,london1 or in the old castles1 that is large enough for the average ,englishman of to-day to put on4 ,man has grown in stature as well as intellect1 and there is no proof whatever--in fact1 the opposite is certain--that there ever was a race of what might properly be called giants1 inhabiting the earth4 ,fossil remains of large animals having been found by primitive man1 and a legend invented to account for them1 it would naturally be that3 ,there were giants in the earth in those days4 ,as an illustration we may mention the story1 recorded by the traveller ,james ,orton1 we believe 7in ,the ,andes and the ,amazon71 that1 near ,punin1 in ,south ,america1 was found the remains of an extinct species of the horse1 the mastodon1 and other large animals4 ,this discovery was made1 owing to the assurance of the natives that giants at one time had lived in that country1 and that they had seen their remains at this certain place4 ,many legends have had a similar origin4 ,but the originals of all the ,ogres and ,giants to be found in the mythology of almost all nations of antiquity1 are the famous ,hindoo demons1 the ,rakshasas of our ,aryan ancestors4 ,the ,rakshasas were very terrible creatures indeed1 and in the minds of many people1 in ,india1 are so still4 ,their natural form1 so the stories say1 is that of huge1 unshapely giants1 like clouds1 with hair and beard of the color of the red lightning4 ,this description explains their origin4 ,they are the dark1 wicked and cruel clouds1 personified4 #ai3c ,and it repented the ,lord that he had made man4 7,gen4 iv47 ,god is not a man that he should lie1 neither the son of man that he should repent4 7,numb4 xxiii4 #ai47 #bj3a ,gen4 iv4 #bj3b ,gen4 vi4 #a-c4 #bj3c ,see chapter xi4 #bj3d ,the image of ,osiris of ,egypt was by the priests shut up in a sacred ark on the #agth of ,athyr 7,nov4 #acth71 the very day and month on which ,noah is said to have entered his ark1 7,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afe1 and ,bunsen's ,angel ,messiah1 p4 #bb47 #ba3a ,gen4 vi4 #ba3b ,gen4 viii4 #bb3a ,see chapter xi4 #bb3b ,josephus1 the ,jewish historian1 speaking of the flood of ,noah 7,antiq4 bk4 #a1 ch4 iii471 says3 ,all the writers of the ,babylonian histories make mention of this flood and this ark4 #bb3c ,quoted by ,george ,smith3 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 pp4 #dc-dd2 see also1 ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #baa2 ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist4 p4 #ach2 ,cory's ,ancient ,fragments1 p4 #fa1 et seq4 for similar accounts4 #bc3a ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 pp4 #bhe1 #bhf4 #bc3b ,volney3 ,new ,researches1 p4 #aai2 ,chaldean ,acct4 of ,genesis1 p4 #bij2 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 i4 p4 #dag1 and ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist4 p4 #bgg4 #bc3c ,ibid4 #bc3d ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 pp4 #aji1 #aaj4 #bc3e ,gen4 vi4 #h4 #bc3f ,the ,hindoo ark-preserved ,menu had three sons2 ,sama1 ,cama1 and ,pra-,japati4 7,faber3 ,orig4 ,pagan ,idol47 ,the ,bhattias1 who live between ,delli and the ,panjab1 insist that they are descended from a certain king called ,salivahana1 who had three sons1 ,bhat1 ,maha and ,thamaz4 7,col4 ,wilford1 in vol4 ix4 ,asiatic ,researches47 ,the ,iranian hero ,thraetona had three sons4 ,the ,iranian ,sethite ,lamech had three sons1 and ,hellen1 the son of ,deucalion1 during whose time the flood is said to have happened1 had three sons4 7,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #gj1 #ga47 ,all the ancient nations of ,europe also describe their origin from the three sons of some king or patriarch4 ,the ,germans said that ,mannus 7son of the god ,tuisco7 had three sons1 who were the original ancestors of the three principal nations of ,germany4 ,the ,scythians said that ,targytagus1 the founder of their nation1 had three sons1 from whom they were descended4 ,a tradition among the ,romans was that the ,cyclop ,polyphemus had by ,galatea three sons4 ,saturn had three sons1 ,jupiter1 ,neptune1 and ,pluto2 and ,hesiod speaks of the three sons which sprung from the marriage of heaven and earth4 7,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #eji47 #bc3g ,see chap4 xi4 #bc3h ,it is of no slight moment that the ,egyptians1 with whom the ,hebrews are represented as in earliest and closest intercourse1 had no traditions of a flood1 while the ,babylonian and ,hellenic tales bear a strong resemblance in many points to the narrative in ,genesis4 7,rev4 ,george ,w4 ,cox3 ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 #cdj4 ,see also ,owen3 ,man's ,earliest ,history1 p4 #bh1 and ch4 xi4 this work47 #bd3a ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aih1 and ,knight's ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #ajg4 ,plato was told that ,egypt had hymns dating back ten thousand years before his time4 7,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ahe47 ,plato lived #dbi ,b4 ,c4 ,herodotus relates that the priests of ,egypt informed him that from the first king to the present priest of ,vulcan who last reigned1 were three hundred forty and one generations of men1 and during these generations there were the same number of chief priests and kings4 ,now 7says he7 three hundred generations are equal to ten thousand years1 for three generations of men are one hundred years2 and the forty-one remaining generations that were over the three hundred1 make one thousand three hundred and forty years1 making eleven thousand three hundred and forty years4 ,conducting me into the interior of an edifice that was spacious1 and showing me wooden colossuses to the number ,i have mentioned1 they reckoned them up2 for every high priest places an image of himself there during his life-time2 the priests1 therefore1 reckoning them and showing them to me1 pointed out that each was the son of his own father2 going through them all1 from the image of him who died last until they had pointed them all out4 7,herodotus1 book ii4 chs4 #adb1 #adc47 ,the discovery of mummies of royal and priestly personages1 made at ,deir-el-,bahari 7,aug41 #ahha71 near ,thebes1 in ,egypt1 would seem to confirm this statement made by ,herodotus4 ,of the thirty-nine mummies discovered1 one--that of ,king ,raskenen--is about three thousand seven hundred years old4 7,see a ,cairo ,aug4 #hth1 ,letter to the ,london ,times47 #bd3b ,owen3 ,man's ,earliest ,history1 p4 #bh4 #bd3c ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ahe4 #bd3d ,ibid4 p4 #daa4 #bd3e ,owen3 ,man's ,earliest ,history1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 #bd3f ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mytho4 p4 #cai4 #bd3g ,ibid4 p4 #cbj4 #be3a ,translated from the ,bhagavat by ,sir ,wm4 ,jones1 and published in the first volume of the ,asiatic ,researches1 p4 #bcj1 et seq4 ,see also ,maurice3 ,ind4 ,ant4 ii4 #bgg1 et seq41 and ,prof4 ,max ,mller's ,hist4 ,ancient ,sanskrit ,literature1 p4 #dbe1 et seq4 #be3b ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ee4 #be3c ,see ,thornton's ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 p4 #cj1 ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bje1 and ,priestley1 p4 #da4 #be3d ,priestley1 p4 #db4 #bf3a ,bunce3 ,fairy ,tales1 ,origin and ,meaning1 p4 #ah4 #bf3b ,the oldest ,greek mythology1 however1 has no such idea2 it cannot be proved to have been known to the ,greeks earlier than the #fth century ,b4 ,c4 7,see ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mytho41 p4 #cai47 ,this could not have been the case had there ever been a universal deluge4 #bf3c ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 pp4 #gb-gd4 ,apollodorus--a ,grecian mythologist1 born #adj ,b4 ,c41--having mentioned ,deucalion consigned to the ark1 takes notice1 upon his quitting it1 of his offering up an immediate sacrifice to ,god4 7,chambers' ,encyclo41 art1 ,deluge47 #bf3d ,in ,lundy's ,monumental ,christianity 7p4 #bji1 ,fig4 #acg7 may be seen a representation of ,deucalion and ,pyrrha landing from the ark4 ,a dove and olive branch are depicted in the scene4 #bg3a ,chambers' ,encyclo41 art4 ,deucalion4 #bg3b ,baring-,gould3 ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 p4 #aad4 ,see also ,myths of the ,british ,druids1 p4 #ie4 #bg3c ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #ii4 #bg3d ,mex4 ,antiq4 vol4 viii4 #bg3e ,myths of the ,new ,world1 pp4 #bjc1 #bjd4 #bg3f ,see ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 pp4 #ahi1 #aij4 #bh3a ,count de ,volney says3 ,the ,deluge mentioned by ,jews1 ,chaldeans1 ,greeks and ,indians1 as having destroyed the world1 are one and the same physico-astronomical event which is still repeated every year1 and that all those personages that figure in the ,deluge of ,noah and ,xisuthrus1 are still in the celestial sphere4 ,it was a real picture of the calendar4 7,researches in ,ancient ,hist41 p4 #abd47 ,it was on the same day that ,noah is said to have shut himself up in the ark1 that the priests of ,egypt shut up in their sacred coffer or ark the image of ,osiris1 a personification of the ,sun4 ,this was on the #agth of the month ,athor1 in which the ,sun enters the ,scorpion4 7,see ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #daj47 ,the history of ,noah also corresponds1 in some respects1 with that of ,bacchus1 another personification of the ,sun4 #bh3b ,see ,maurice's ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfh4 #bi3a ,in ,america1 along with the bones of the ,mastodon imbedded in the alluvium of the ,bourbense1 were found arrow heads and other traces of the savages who had killed this member of an order no longer represented in that part of the world4 7,herbert ,spencer3 ,principles of ,sociology1 vol4 i4 p4 #ag47 #bi3b ,darwin3 ,descent of ,man1 p4 #aef4 ,we think it may not be out of place to insert here what might properly be called3 ,the ,drama of ,life1 which is as follows3 ,act i4 ,azoic3 ,conflict of ,inorganic ,forces4 ,act ii4 ,paleozoic3 ,age of ,invertebrates4 ,scene i4 ,eozoic3 ,enter ,protozoans and ,protophytes4 ii4 ,silurian3 ,enter the ,army of ,invertebrates4 ,primary iii4 ,devonian3 ,enter ,fishes4 iv4 ,carboniferous3 7,age of ,coal ,plants7 ,enter ,first ,air breathers4 ,act iii4 ,mesozoic3 ,enter ,reptiles4 ,scene i4 ,triassic3 ,enter ,batrachians4 ,secondary ii4 ,jurassic3 ,enter huge ,reptiles of ,sea1 ,land and ,air4 iii4 ,cretaceous3 7,age of ,chalk7 ,enter ,ammonites4 ,act iv4 ,cenozoic3 7,age of ,mammals47 ,scene i4 ,eocene3 ,enter ,marine ,mammals1 and probably ,man4 ,tertiary ii4 ,miocene3 ,enter ,hoofed ,quadrupeds4 iii4 ,pliocene3 ,enter ,proboscidians and ,edentates4 ,act v4 ,post ,tertiary3 ,positive ,age of ,man4 ,scene i4 ,glacial3 ,ice and ,drift ,periods4 ii4 ,champlain3 ,sinking ,continents2 ,warmer2 ,tropical ,animals go ,north4 ,post ,tertiary iii4 ,terrace3 ,rising ,continents2 ,colder4 iv4 ,present3 ,enter ,science1 ,iconoclasts1 c41 c4 #bi3c ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 p4 #aii4 #bi3d ,ibid4 pp4 #aie1 #aif4 #cj3a ,huxley3 ,man's ,place in ,nature1 p4 #ahd4 #cj3b ,paschel3 ,races of ,man1 p4 #cf4 #cj3c ,tylor3 ,early ,history of ,mankind1 p4 #cbh4 #cj3d ,ibid4 pp4 #cbi1 #ccj #cj3e ,we know that many legends have originated in this way4 ,for example1 ,dr4 ,robinson1 in his ,travels in ,palestine 7ii4 #ehf71 mentions a tradition that a city had once stood in a desert between ,petra and ,hebron1 the people of which had perished for their vices1 and been converted into stone4 ,mr4 ,seetzen1 who went to the spot1 found no traces of ruins1 but a number of stony concretions1 resembling in form and size the human head4 ,they had been ignorantly supposed to be petrified heads1 and a legend framed to account for their owners suffering so terrible a fate4 ,another illustration is as follows3--,the ,kamchadals believe that volcanic mountains are the abode of devils1 who1 after they have cooked their meals1 fling the fire-brands out of the chimney4 ,being asked what these devils eat1 they said whales4 ,here we see1 first1 a story invented to account for the volcanic eruptions from the mountains2 and1 second1 a story invented to account for the remains of whales found on the mountains4 ,the savages knew that this was true1 because their old people had said so1 and believed it themselves4 7,related by ,mr4 ,tylor1 in his ,early ,history of ,mankind1 p4 #cbf47 #ca3a ,everything of importance was calculated by1 and fitted into1 this number 7,,seven7 by the ,aryan philosophers1--ideas as well as localities4 7,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djg74 #ca3b ,each one being consecrated to a planet4 ,first1 to ,saturn2 second1 to ,jupiter2 third1 to ,mars2 fourth1 to the ,sun2 fifth1 to ,venus2 sixth1 to ,mercury2 seventh1 to the ,moon4 7,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bfi4 ,see also ,the ,angel ,messiah1 p4 #ajf47 #ca3c ,each of which had the name of a planet4 #ca3d ,on each of which the name of a planet was engraved4 #ca3e ,there was to be seen in ,laconia1 seven columns erected in honor of the seven planets4 7,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #cd47 #ca3f ,the ,jews believed that the ,throne of ,jehovah was surrounded by his seven high chiefs3 ,gabriel1 ,michael1 ,raphael1 ,uriel1 c4 7,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #df47 #cb3a ,each one being consecrated to a planet1 and the ,sun and ,moon4 ,sunday1 ,dies ,solis1 sacred to the ,,sun4 ,monday1 ,dies ,lunae1 sacred to the ,,moon4 ,tuesday1 sacred to ,tuiso or ,,mars4 ,wednesday1 sacred to ,odin or ,woden1 and to ,,mercury4 ,thursday1 sacred to ,thor and others4 ,friday1 sacred to ,freia and ,,venus4 ,saturday1 sacred to ,,saturn4 ,the 7ancient7 ,egyptians assigned a day of the week to the ,,sun1 ,,moon1 and five planets1 and the number ,,seven was held there in great reverence4 7,kenrick3 ,egypt1 i4 #bch47 #cb3b ,the ,egyptian priests chanted the seven vowels as a hymn addressed to ,serapis4 7,the ,rosicrucians1 p4 #adc47 #cb3c ,sura3 the ,sun-god of the ,hindoos4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,tower ,,of ,,babel4 ,we are informed that1 at one time1 the whole earth was of one language1 and of one speech4 ,and it came to pass1 as they 7the inhabitants of the earth7 journeyed from the ,east1 that they found a plain in the land of ,shinar1 and they dwelt there4 ,and they said one to another1 ,go to1 let us make brick1 and burn them thoroughly4 ,and they had brick for stone1 and slime had they for mortar4 ,and they said1 ,go to1 let us build us a city1 and a tower1 whose top may reach unto heaven1 and let us make us a name1 lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth4 ,and the ,lord came down to see the city and the tower1 which the children of men builded4 ,and the ,lord said1 ,behold1 the people is one1 and they have all one language2 and this they begin to do3 and now nothing will be restrained from them1 which they have imagined to do4 ,go to1 let us go down1 and there confound their language1 that they may not understand one another's speech4 ,so the ,lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth3 and they left off to build the city4 ,therefore is the name of it called ,babel1 because the ,lord did there confound the language of all the earth2 and from thence did the ,lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth4#cc3a ,such is the ,scripture account of the origin of languages1 which differs somewhat from the ideas of ,prof4 ,max ,mller and other philologists4 ,bishop ,colenso tells us that3 ,the story of the dispensation of tongues is connected by the ,jehovistic writer with the famous unfinished temple of ,belus1 of which probably some wonderful reports had reached him4 4 4 4 ,the derivation of the name ,babel from the ,hebrew word babal 7confound7 which seems to be the connecting point between the story and the tower of ,babel1 is altogether incorrect4#cc3b ,the literal meaning of the word being house1 or court1 or gate of ,bel1 or gate of ,god4#cd3a ,john ,fiske confirms this statement by saying3 ,the name ',babel' is really ',bab-il'1 or ',the ,gate of ,god'2 but the ,hebrew writer erroneously derives the word from the root 'babal'--to confuse--and hence arises the mystical explanation1 that ,babel was a place where human speech became confused4#cd3b ,the wonderful reports that reached the ,jehovistic writer who inserted this tale into the ,hebrew ,scriptures1 were from the ,chaldean account of the confusion of tongues4 ,it is related by ,berosus as follows3 ,the first inhabitants of the earth1 glorying in their strength and size1#cd3c and despising the gods1 undertook to raise a tower whose top should reach the sky1 in the place where ,babylon now stands4 ,but when it approached the heavens1 the winds assisted the gods1 and overthrew the work of the contrivers1 and also introduced a diversity of tongues among men1 who till that time had all spoken the same language4 ,the ruins of this tower are said to be still in ,babylon4#cd3d ,josephus1 the ,jewish historian1 says that it was ,nimrod who built the tower1 that he was a very wicked man1 and that the tower was built in case the ,lord should have a mind to drown the world again4 ,he continues his account by saying that when ,nimrod proposed the building of this tower1 the multitude were very ready to follow the proposition1 as they could then avenge themselves on ,god for destroying their forefathers4 ,and they built a tower1 neither sparing any pains nor being in any degree negligent about the work4 ,and by reason of the multitude of hands employed on it1 it grew very high1 sooner than any one could expect4 4 4 4 4 ,it was built of burnt brick1 cemented together1 with mortar made of bitumen1 that it might not be liable to admit water4 ,when ,god saw that they had acted so madly1 he did not resolve to destroy them utterly1 since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners1 but he caused a tumult among them1 by producing in them divers languages1 and causing1 that through the multitude of those languages they should not be able to understand one another4 ,the place where they built the tower is now called ,babylon4#cd3e ,the tower in ,babylonia1 which seems to have been a foundation for the legend of the confusion of tongues to be built upon1 was evidently originally built for astronomical purposes4#ce3a ,this is clearly seen from the fact that it was called the ,stages of the ,seven ,spheres1#ce3b and that each one of these stages was consecrated to the ,sun1 ,moon1 ,saturn1 ,jupiter1 ,mars1 ,venus1 and ,mercury4#ce3c ,nebuchadnezzar says of it in his cylinders3 ,the building named the ',stages of the ,seven ,spheres1' which was the tower of ,borsippa 7,babel71 had been built by a former king4 ,he had completed forty-two cubits1 but he did not finish its head4 ,from the lapse of time1 it had become ruined2 they had not taken care of the exits of the waters1 so the rain and wet had penetrated into the brick-work2 the casing of burnt brick had bulged out1 and the terraces of crude brick lay scattered in heaps4 ,merobach1 my great ,lord1 inclined my heart to repair the building4 ,i did not change its site1 nor did ,i destroy its foundation1 but1 in a fortunate month1 and upon an auspicious day1 ,i undertook the rebuilding of the crude brick terraces and burnt brick casing1 c41 c4#ce3d ,there is not a word said here in these cylinders about the confusion of tongues1 nor anything pertaining to it4 ,the ruins of this ancient tower being there in ,babylonia1 and a legend of how the gods confused the speech of mankind also being among them1 it was very convenient to point to these ruins as evidence that the story was true1 just as the ancient ,mexicans pointed to the ruins of the tower of ,cholula1 as evidence of the truth of the similar story which they had among them1 and just as many nations pointed to the remains of aquatic animals on the tops of mountains1 as evidence of the truth of the deluge story4 ,the ,armenian tradition of the ,confusion of ,tongues was to this effect3 ,the world was formerly inhabited by men with strong bodies and huge size 7giants74 ,these men being full of pride and envy1 they formed a godless resolve to build a high tower2 but whilst they were engaged on the undertaking1 a fearful wind overthrew it1 which the wrath of ,god had sent against it4 ,unknown words were at the same time blown about among men1 wherefore arose strife and confusion4#ce3e ,the ,hindoo legend of the ,confusion of ,tongues1 is as follows3 ,there grew in the centre of the earth1 the wonderful ,world ,tree1 or the ,knowledge ,tree4 ,it was so tall that it reached almost to heaven4 ,it said in its heart3 ',i shall hold my head in heaven1 and spread my branches over all the earth1 and gather all men together under my shadow1 and protect them1 and prevent them from separating4' ,but ,brahma1 to punish the pride of the tree1 cut off its branches and cast them down on the earth1 when they sprang up as ,wata trees1 and made differences of belief1 and speech1 and customs1 to prevail on the earth1 to disperse men over its surface4#cf3a ,traces of a somewhat similar story have also been met with among the ,mongolian ,tharus in the north of ,india1 and1 according to ,dr4 ,livingston1 among the ,africans of ,lake ,nganu4#cf3b ,the ancient ,esthonians#cf3c had a similar myth which they called ,the ,cooking of ,languages2 so also had the ancient inhabitants of the continent of ,australia4#cf3d ,the story was found among the ancient ,mexicans1 and was related as follows3 ,those1 with their descendants1 who were saved from the deluge which destroyed all mankind1 excepting the few saved in the ark1 resolved to build a tower which would reach to the skies4 ,the object of this was to see what was going on in ,heaven1 and also to have a place of refuge in case of another deluge4#cf3e ,the job was superintended by one of the seven who were saved from the flood4#cf3f ,he was a giant called ,xelhua1 surnamed the ,architect4#cf3g ,xelhua ordered bricks to be made in the province of ,tlamanalco1 at the foot of the ,sierra of ,cocotl1 and to be conveyed to ,cholula1 where the tower was to be built4 ,for this purpose1 he placed a file of men reaching from the ,sierra to ,cholula1 who passed the bricks from hand to hand4#cf3h ,the gods beheld with wrath this edifice1--the top of which was nearing the clouds1--and were much irritated at the daring attempt of ,xelhua4 ,they therefore hurled fire from ,heaven upon the pyramid1 which threw it down1 and killed many of the workmen4 ,the work was then discontinued1#cf3i as each family interested in the building of the tower1 received a language of their own1#cf3aj and the builders could not understand each other4 ,dr4 ,delitzsch must have been astonished upon coming across this legend2 for he says3 ,actually the ,mexicans had a legend of a tower-building as well as of a flood4 ,xelhua1 one of the seven giants rescued from the flood1 built the great pyramid of ,cholula1 in order to reach heaven1 until the gods1 angry at his audacity1 threw fire upon the building and broke it down1 whereupon every separate family received a language of its own4#cg3a ,the ancient ,mexicans pointed to the ruins of a tower at ,cholula as evidence of the truth of their story4 ,this tower was seen by ,humboldt and ,lord ,kingsborough1 and described by them4#cg3b ,we may say then1 with ,dr4 ,kalisch1 that3 ,most of the ancient nations possessed myths concerning impious giants who attempted to storm heaven1 either to share it with the immortal gods1 or to expel them from it4 ,in some of these fables the confusion of tongues is represented as the punishment inflicted by the deities for such wickedness4#cg3c ,,footnotes3 #cc3a ,genesis xi4 #a-i4 #cc3b ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bfh4 #cd3a ,ibid4 p4 #bfh4 ,see also ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #ij4 #cd3b ,myths and ,myth-makers1 p4 #gb4 ,see also ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 art4 ,babel4 #cd3c ,there were giants in the earth in those days4 7,genesis vi4 #d47 #cd3d ,quoted by ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould3 ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 p4 #adg4 ,see also ,smith3 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #dh1 and ,volney's ,researches in ,ancient ,history1 pp4 #acj1 #aca4 #cd3e ,jewish ,antiquities1 book #a1 ch4 iv4 p4 #cj4 #ce3a ,diodorus states that the great tower of the temple of ,belus was used by the ,chaldeans as an observatory4 7,smith's ,bible ,dictionary1 art4 ,babel47 #ce3b ,the ,hindoos had a sacred ,mount ,meru1 the abode of the gods4 ,this mountain was supposed to consist of seven stages1 increasing in sanctity as they ascended4 ,many of the ,hindoo temples1 or rather altars1 were studied transcripts of the sacred ,mount ,meru2 that is1 they were built1 like the tower of ,babel1 in seven stages4 ,within the upper dwelt ,brahm4 7,see ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #ajg47 ,herodotus tells us that the upper stage of the tower of ,babel was the abode of the god ,belus4 #ce3c ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bfi4 ,see also ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel ,messiah1 p4 #ajf4 #ce3d ,rawlinson's ,herodotus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhd4 #ce3e ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 pp4 #adh1 #adi4 #cf3a ,ibid4 p4 #adh4 ,the ancient ,scandinavians had a legend of a somewhat similar tree4 ,the ,mundane ,tree1 called ,yggdrasill1 was in the centre of the earth2 its branches covered over the surface of the earth1 and its top reached to the highest heaven4 7,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities47 #cf3b ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 art4 ,babel4 #cf3c ,esthonia is one of the three ,baltic1 or so-called1 provinces of ,russia4 #cf3d ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 art4 ,babel4 #cf3e ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bg4 #cf3f ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #bjd4 #cf3g ,humboldt3 ,american ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #if4 #cf3h ,ibid4 #cf3i ,ibid41 and ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #bjd4 #cf3aj ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bgb4 #cg3a ,quoted by ,bishop ,colenso3 ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bgb4 #cg3b ,humboldt3 ,american ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #ig4 ,lord ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities4 #cg3c ,com4 on ,old ,test4 vol4 i4 p4 #aif4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,trial ,,of ,,abraham',s ,,faith4 ,the story of the trial of ,abraham's faith--when he is ordered by the ,lord to sacrifice his only son ,isaac--is to be found in ,genesis xxii4 #a-ai1 and is as follows3 ,and it came to pass 4 4 4 that ,god did tempt ,abraham1 and said unto him3 ',abraham1' and he said3 ',behold1 here ,i am4' ,and he 7,god7 said3 ',take now thy son1 thine only son1 ,isaac1 whom thou lovest1 and get thee into the land of ,moriah1 and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which ,i will tell thee of4' ,and ,abraham rose up early in the morning1 and saddled his ass1 and took two of his young men with him1 and ,isaac his son1 and clave the wood for the burnt offering1 and rose up and went into the place which ,god had told him4 4 4 4 7,when ,abraham was near the appointed place7 he said unto his young men3 ',abide ye here with the ass1 and ,i and the lad will go yonder and worship1 and come again to thee4 ,and ,abraham took the wood for the burnt offering1 and laid it upon 7the shoulders of7 ,isaac his son1 and he took the fire in his hand1 and a knife1 and they went both of them together4 ,and ,isaac spake unto ,abraham his father1 and said3 ',behold the fire and the wood1 but where is the lamb for the burnt offering8' ,and ,abraham said3 ',my son1 ,god will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering4' ,so they went both of them together1 and they came to the place which ,god had told him of4 ,and ,abraham built an altar there1 and laid the wood in order1 and bound ,isaac his son1 and laid him on the altar upon the wood4 ,and ,abraham stretched forth his hand1 and took the knife to slay his son4 ,and the angel of the ,lord called unto him out of heaven1 and said3 ',abraham6 ,abraham6 lay not thine hand upon the lad1 neither do thou anything unto him1 for now ,i know that thou fearest ,god1 seeing that thou hast not withheld thy son1 thine only son from me4' ,and ,abraham lifted up his eyes1 and looked1 and behold behind him a ram caught in a thicket by his horns1 and ,abraham went and took the ram1 and offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his son4 4 4 4 ,and the angel of the ,lord called unto ,abraham1 out of heaven1 the second time1 and said3 ',by myself have ,i sworn saith the ,lord1 for because thou hast done this thing1 and hast not withheld thy son1 thine only son1 4 4 4 ,i will bless thee1 and 4 4 4 ,i will multiply thy seed as the stars in the heaven1 and as the sand which is upon the sea shore1 and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies4 ,and in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blest1 because thou hast obeyed my voice4' ,so ,abraham returned unto his young men1 and they rose up and went together to ,beer-sheba1 and ,abraham dwelt at ,beer-sheba4 ,there is a ,hindoo story related to the ,snkhyana-stras1 which1 in substance1 is as follows3 ,king ,hariscandra had no son2 he then prayed to ,varuna1 promising1 that if a son were born to him1 he would sacrifice the child to the god4 ,then a son was born to him1 called ,rohita4 ,when ,rohita was grown up his father one day told him of the vow he had made to ,varuna1 and bade him prepare to be sacrificed4 ,the son objected to being killed and ran away from his father's house4 ,for six years he wandered in the forest1 and at last met a starving ,brahman4 ,him he persuaded to sell one of his sons named ,sunahsepha1 for a hundred cows4 ,this boy was bought by ,rohita and taken to ,hariscandra and about to be sacrificed to ,varuna as a substitute for ,rohita1 when1 on praying to the gods with verses from the ,veda1 he was released by them4#ci3a ,there was an ancient ,phenician story1 written by ,sanchoniathon1 who wrote about #acjj years before our era1 which is as follows3 ,saturn1 whom the ,phoenicians call ,israel1 had by a nymph of the country a male child whom he named ,jeoud1 that is1 one and only4 ,on the breaking out of a war1 which brought the country into imminent danger1 ,saturn erected an altar1 brought to it his son1 clothed in royal garments1 and sacrificed him4#ci3b ,there is also a ,grecian fable to the effect that one ,agamemnon had a daughter whom he dearly loved1 and she was deserving of his affection4 ,he was commanded by ,god1 through the ,delphic ,oracle1 to offer her up as a sacrifice4 ,her father long resisted the demand1 but finally succumbed4 ,before the fatal blow had been struck1 however1 the goddess ,artemis or ,ashtoreth interfered1 and carried the maiden away1 whilst in her place was substituted a stag4#ci3c ,another similar ,grecian fable relates that3 ,when the ,greek army was detained at ,aulis1 by contrary winds1 the augurs being consulted1 declared that one of the kings had offended ,diana1 and she demanded the sacrifice of his daughter ,iphigenia4 ,it was like taking the father's life-blood1 but he was persuaded that it was his duty to submit for the good of his country4 ,the maiden was brought forth for sacrifice1 in spite of her tears and supplications2 but just as the priest was about to strike the fatal blow1 ,iphigenia suddenly disappeared1 and a goat of uncommon beauty stood in her place4#ci3d ,there is yet still another1 which belongs to the same country1 and is related thus3 ,in ,sparta1 it being declared upon one occasion that the gods demanded a human victim1 the choice was made by lot1 and fell on a damsel named ,helena4 ,but when all was in readiness1 an eagle descended1 carried away the priest's knife1 and laid it on the head of a heifer1 which was sacrificed in her stead4#dj3a ,the story of ,abraham and ,isaac was written at a time when the ,mosaic party in ,israel was endeavoring to abolish idolatry among their people4 ,they were offering up human sacrifices to their gods ,moloch1 ,baal1 and ,chemosh1 and the priestly author of this story was trying to make the people think that the ,lord had abolished such offerings1 as far back as the time of ,abraham4 ,the ,grecian legends1 which he had evidently heard1 may have given him the idea4#dj3b ,human offerings to the gods were at one time almost universal4 ,in the earliest ages the offerings were simple1 and such as shepherds and rustics could present4 ,they loaded the altars of the gods with the first fruits of their crops1 and the choicest products of the earth4 ,afterwards they sacrificed animals4 ,when they had once laid it down as a principle that the effusion of the blood of these animals appeased the anger of the gods1 and that their justice turned aside upon the victims those strokes which were destined for men1 their great care was for nothing more than to conciliate their favor by so easy a method4 ,it is the nature of violent desires and excessive fear to know no bounds1 and therefore1 when they would ask for any favor which they ardently wished for1 or would deprecate some public calamity which they feared1 the blood of animals was not deemed a price sufficient1 but they began to shed that of men4 ,it is probable1 as we have said1 that this barbarous practice was formerly almost universal1 and that it is of very remote antiquity4 ,in time of war the captives were chosen for this purpose1 but in time of peace they took the slaves4 ,the choice was partly regulated by the opinion of the bystanders1 and partly by lot4 ,but they did not always sacrifice such mean persons4 ,in great calamities1 in a pressing famine1 for example1 if the people thought they had some pretext to impute the cause of it to their king1 they even sacrificed him without hesitation1 as the highest price with which they could purchase the ,divine favor4 ,in this manner1 the first ,king of ,vermaland 7a province of ,sweden7 was burnt in honor of ,odin1 the ,supreme ,god1 to put an end to a great dearth2 as we read in the history of ,norway4 ,the kings1 in their turn1 did not spare the blood of their subjects2 and many of them even shed that of their children4 ,earl ,hakon1 of ,norway1 offered his son in sacrifice1 to obtain of ,odin the victory over the ,jomsburg pirates4 ,aun1 ,king of ,sweden1 devoted to ,odin the blood of his nine sons1 to prevail on that god to prolong his life4 ,some of the kings of ,israel offered up their first-born sons as a sacrifice to the god ,baal or ,moloch4 ,the altar of ,moloch reeked with blood4 ,children were sacrificed and burned in the fire to him1 while trumpets and flutes drowned their screams1 and the mothers looked on1 and were bound to restrain their tears4 ,the ,phenicians offered to the gods1 in times of war and drought1 the fairest of their children4 ,the books of ,sanchoniathon and ,byblian ,philo are full of accounts of such sacrifices4 ,in ,byblos boys were immolated to ,adonis2 and1 on the founding of a city or colony1 a sacrifice of a vast number of children was solemnized1 in the hopes of thereby averting misfortune from the new settlement4 ,the ,phenicians1 according to ,eusebius1 yearly sacrificed their dearest1 and even their only children1 to ,saturn4 ,the bones of the victims were preserved in the temple of ,moloch1 in a golden ark1 which was carried by the ,phenicians with them to war4#da3a ,like the ,fijians of the present day1 those people considered their gods as beings like themselves4 ,they loved and they hated2 they were proud and revengeful2 they were1 in fact1 savages like themselves4 ,if the eldest born of the family of ,athamas entered the temple of the ,laphystian ,jupiter1 at ,alos1 in ,achaia1 he was sacrificed1 crowned with garlands1 like an animal victim4#da3b ,the offering of human sacrifices to the ,sun was extensively practiced in ,mexico and ,peru1 before the establishment of ,christianity4#da3c ,,footnotes3 #ci3a ,see ,mller's ,hist4 ,sanscrit ,literature2 and ,williams' ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #bi4 #ci3b ,quoted by ,count de ,volney2 ,new ,researches in ,anc't ,hist41 p4 #add4 #ci3c ,see ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajd4 #ci3d ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjb4 #dj3a ,ibid4 #dj3b ,see chapter xi4 #da3a ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfh4 #da3b ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddh4 #da3c ,see ,acosta3 ,hist4 ,indies1 vol4 ii4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,jacob',s ,,vision ,,of ,,the ,,ladder4 ,in the #bhth chapter of ,genesis1 we are told that ,isaac1 after blessing his son ,jacob1 sent him to ,padan-aram1 to take a daughter of ,laban's 7his mother's brother7 to wife4 ,jacob1 obeying his father1 went out from ,beer-sheba 7where he dwelt71 and went towards ,haran4 ,and he lighted upon a certain place1 and tarried there all night1 because the sun was set4 ,and he took of the stones of the place1 and put them for his pillow1 and lay down in that place to sleep4 ,and he dreamed1 and behold1 a ladder set upon the earth1 and the top of it reached to heaven4 ,and he beheld the angels of ,god ascending and descending on it4 ,and1 behold1 the ,lord stood above it1 and said3 ',i am the ,lord ,god of ,abraham thy father1 and the ,god of ,isaac1 the land whereon thou liest1 to thee will ,i give it1 and to thy seed4' 4 4 4 ,and ,jacob awoke out of his sleep1 and he said3 ',surely the ,lord is in this place1 and ,i know it not4' ,and he was afraid1 and said3 ',how dreadful is this place1 this is none other than the house of ,god1 and this is the gate of ,heaven4' ,and ,jacob rose up early in the morning1 and took the stone that he had put for his pillow1 and set it up for a pillar1 and poured oil upon the top of it4 ,and he called the name of that place ,beth-el4 ,the doctrine of ,metempsychosis has evidently something to do with this legend4 ,it means1 in the theological acceptation of the term1 the supposed transition of the soul after death1 into another substance or body than that which it occupied before4 ,the belief in such a transition was common to the most civilized1 and the most uncivilized1 nations of the earth4#db3a ,it was believed in1 and taught by1 the ,brahminical ,hindoos1#db3b the ,buddhists1#db3c the natives of ,egypt1#db3d several philosophers of ancient ,greece1#dc3a the ancient ,druids1#dc3b the natives of ,madagascar1#dc3c several tribes of ,africa1#dc3d and ,north ,america1#dc3e the ancient ,mexicans1#dc3d and by some ,jewish and ,christian sects4#dc3e ,it deserves notice1 that in both of these religions 7i4 e41 ,jewish and ,christian71 it found adherents as well in ancient as in modern times4 ,among the ,jews1 the doctrine of transmigration--the ,gilgul ,neshamoth--was taught in the mystical system of the ,kabbala4#dc3f ,all the souls1 the spiritual code of this system says1 are subject to the trials of transmigration2 and men do not know which are the ways of the ,most ,high in their regard4 ,the principle1 in short1 of the ,kabbala1 is the same as that of ,brahmanism4 ,on the ground of this doctrine1 which was shared in by ,rabbis of the highest renown1 it was held1 for instance1 that the soul of ,adam migrated into ,david1 and will come in the ,messiah2 that the soul of ,japhet is the same as that of ,simeon1 and the soul of ,terah1 migrated into ,job4 ,of all these transmigrations1 biblical instances are adduced according to their mode of interpretation--in the writings of ,rabbi ,manasse ben ,israel1 ,rabbi ,naphtali1 ,rabbi ,meyer ben ,gabbai1 ,rabbi ,ruben1 in the ,jalkut ,khadash1 and other works of a similar character4#dc3d ,the doctrine is thus described by ,ovid1 in the language of ,dryden3 ,what feels the body when the soul expires1 ,by time corrupted1 or consumed by fires8 ,nor dies the spirit1 but new life repeats ,into other forms1 and only changes seats4 ,ev'n ,i1 who these mysterious truths declare1 ,was once ,euphorbus in the ,trojan war2 ,my name and lineage ,i remember well1 ,and how in fight by ,spartan's ,king ,i fell4 ,in ,argive ,juno's fame ,i late beheld ,my buckler hung on high1 and own'd my former shield ,then death1 so called1 is but old matter dressed ,in some new figure1 and a varied vest4 ,thus all things are but alter'd1 nothing dies1 ,and here and there the unbodied spirit flies4 ,the ,jews undoubtedly learned this doctrine after they had been subdued by1 and become acquainted with other nations2 and the writer of this story1 whoever he may have been1 was evidently endeavoring to strengthen the belief in this doctrine--he being an advocate of it--by inventing this story1 and making ,jacob a witness to the truth of it4 ,jacob would have been looked upon at the time the story was written 7i4 e41 after the ,babylonian captivity71 as of great authority4 ,we know that several writers of portions of the ,old ,testament have written for similar purposes4 ,as an illustration1 we may mention the book of ,esther4 ,this book was written for the purpose of explaining the origin of the festival of ,purim1 and to encourage the ,israelites to adopt it4 ,the writer1 who was an advocate of the feast1 lived long after the ,babylonish captivity1 and is quite unknown4#dd3a ,the writer of the seventeenth chapter of ,matthew has made ,jesus a teacher of the doctrine of ,transmigration4 ,the ,lord had promised that he would send ,elijah 7,elias7 the prophet1 before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the ,lord1#dd3b and ,jesus is made to say that he had already come1 or1 that his soul had transmigrated unto the body of ,john the ,baptist1 and they knew it not4#dd3c ,and in ,mark 7viii4 #bg7 we are told that ,jesus asked his disciples1 saying unto them2 ,whom do men say that ,i am8 whereupon they answer3 ,some say ,elias2 and others1 one of the prophets2 or1 in other words1 that the soul of ,elias1 or one of the prophets1 had transmigrated into the body of ,jesus4 ,in ,john 7ix4 #a1 #b71 we are told that ,jesus and his disciples seeing a man which was blind from his birth1 the disciples asked him1 saying2 ,master1 who did sin1 this man 7in some former state7 or his parents4 ,being born blind1 how else could he sin1 unless in some former state8 ,these passages result from the fact1 which we have already noticed1 that some of the ,jewish and ,christian sects believed in the doctrine of ,metempsychosis4 ,according to some ,jewish authors1 ,adam was re-produced in ,noah1 ,elijah1 and other ,bible celebrities4#dd3d ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,faber says3 ,adam1 and ,enoch1 and ,noah1 might in outward appearance be different men1 but they were really the self-same divine persons who had been promised as the seed of the woman1 successively animating various human bodies4#dd3e ,we have stated as our belief that the vision which the writer of the twenty-eighth chapter of ,genesis has made ,jacob to witness1 was intended to strengthen the belief in the doctrine of the ,metempsychosis1 that he was simply seeing the souls of men ascending and descending from heaven on a ladder1 during their transmigrations4 ,we will now give our reasons for thinking so4 ,the learned ,thomas ,maurice tells us that3 ,the ,indians had1 in remote ages1 in their system of theology1 the sidereal ladder of seven gates1 which described1 in a symbolical manner1 the ascending and descending of the souls of men4#de3a ,we are also informed by ,origen that3 ,this descent 7i4 e41 the descent of souls from heaven to enter into some body71 was described in a symbolical manner1 by a ladder which was represented as reaching from heaven to earth1 and divided into seven stages1 at each of which was figured a gate2 the eighth gate was at the top of the ladder1 which belonged to the sphere of the celestial firmament4#de3b ,that souls dwell in the ,galaxy was a thought familiar to the ,pythagoreans1 who gave it on their master's word1 that the souls that crowd there1 descend and appear to men as dreams4#de3c ,the fancy of the ,manicheans also transferred pure souls to this column of light1 whence they could come down to earth and again return4#de3d ,paintings representing a scene of this kind may be seen in works of art illustrative of ,indian ,mythology4 ,maurice speaks of one1 in which he says3 ,the souls of men are represented as ascending and descending 7on a ladder71 according to the received opinion of the sidereal ,metempsychosis in ,asia4#de3e ,mons4 ,dupuis tells us that3 ,among the mysterious pictures of the ,initiation1 in the cave of the ,persian ,god ,mithras1 there was exposed to the view the descent of the souls to the earth1 and their return to heaven1 through the seven planetary spheres4#de3f ,and ,count de ,volney says3 ,in the cave of ,mithra was a ladder with seven steps1 representing the seven spheres of the planets by means of which souls ascended and descended4 ,this is precisely the ladder of ,jacob's vision4 ,there is in the ,royal ,library 7of ,france7 a superb volume of pictures of the ,indian gods1 in which the ladder is represented with the souls of men ascending it4#de3g ,in several of the ,egyptian sculptures also1 the ,transmigration of ,souls is represented by the ascending and descending of souls from heaven to earth1 on a flight of steps1 and1 as the souls of wicked men were supposed to enter pigs and other animals1 therefore pigs1 monkeys1 c41 are to be seen on the steps1 descending from heaven4#de3h ,and he dreamed1 and behold a ladder set up on the earth1 and the top of it reached to heaven2 and behold the angels of ,god ascending and descending on it4 ,these are the words of the sacred text4 ,can anything be more convincing8 ,it continues thus3 ,and ,jacob awoke out of his sleep 4 4 4 and he was afraid1 and said 4 4 4 this is none other but the house of ,god1 and this is the gate of heaven4 ,here we have the gate of heaven1 mentioned by ,origen in describing the ,metempsychosis4 ,according to the ancients1 the top of this ladder was supposed to reach the throne of the most high ,god4 ,this corresponds exactly with the vision of ,jacob4 ,the ladder which he is made to see reached unto heaven1 and the ,lord stood above it4#df3a ,and ,jacob rose up early in the morning1 and took the stone that he had put for his pillow1 and set it up for a pillar1 and poured oil upon the top of it4#df3b ,this concluding portion to the story has evidently an allusion to ,phallic#df3c worship4 ,there is scarcely a nation of antiquity which did not set up these stones 7as emblems of the reproductive power of nature7 and worship them4 ,dr4 ,oort1 speaking of this1 says3 ,few forms of worship were so universal in ancient times as the homage paid to sacred stones4 ,in the history of the religion of even the most civilized peoples1 such as the ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,hindoos1 ,arabs and ,germans1 we find traces of this form of worship4#df3d ,the ancient ,druids of ,britain also worshiped sacred stones1 which were set up on end4#df3e ,pausanias1 an eminent ,greek historian1 says3 ,the ,hermiac statue1 which they venerate in ,cyllen above other symbols1 is an erect ,phallus on a pedestal4#df3f ,this was nothing more than a smooth1 oblong stone1 set erect on a flat one4#df3g ,the learned ,dr4 ,ginsburg1 in his ,life of ,levita1 alludes to the ancient mode of worship offered to the heathen deity ,hermes1 or ,mercury4 ,a ,hermes 7i4 e41 a stone7 was frequently set up on the road-side1 and each traveller1 as he passed by1 paid his homage to the deity by either throwing a stone on the heap 7which was thus collected71 or by anointing it4 ,this ,hermes was the symbol of ,phallus4#df3h ,now1 when we find that this form of worship was very prevalent among the ,israelites1#dg3a that these sacred stones which were set up1 were called 7by the heathen71 ,b,,ty-,,li1#dg3b 7which is not unlike ,,beth-,,el71 and that they were anointed with oil1#dg3c ,i think we have reasons for believing that the story of ,jacob's setting up a stone1 pouring oil upon it1 and calling the place ,beth-el1 has evidently an allusion to ,phallic worship4#dg3d ,the male and female powers of nature were denoted respectively by an upright and an oval emblem1 and the conjunction of the two furnished at once the altar and the ,ashera1 or grove1 against which the ,hebrew prophets lifted up their voices in earnest protest4 ,in the kingdoms1 both of ,judah and ,israel1 the rites connected with these emblems assumed their most corrupting form4 ,even in the temple itself1 stood the ,ashera1 or the upright emblem1 on the circular altar of ,baal-,peor1 the ,priapos of the ,jews1 thus reproducing the ,linga1 and ,yoni of the ,hindu4#dg3e ,for this symbol1 the women wove hangings1 as the ,athenian maidens embroidered the sacred peplos for the ship presented to ,athn1 at the great ,dionysiac festival4 ,this ,ashera1 which1 in the authorized ,english version of the ,old ,testament is translated grove1 was1 in fact1 a pole1 or stem of a tree4 ,it is reproduced in our modern ,maypole1 around which maidens dance1 as maidens did of yore4#dg3f ,,footnotes3 #db3a ,see ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,transmigration4 #db3b ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,transmigration4 ,prichard's ,mythology1 p4 #bac1 and ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 #db3c ,ibid4 ,ernest de ,bunsen says3 ,the first traces of the doctrine of ,transmigration of souls is to be found among the ,brahmins and ,buddhists4 7,the ,angel ,messiah1 pp4 #fc1 #fd47 #db3d ,prichard's ,mythology1 pp4 #bac1 #bad4 #dc3a ,gross3 ,the ,heathen ,religion4 ,also ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,transmigration4 #dc3b ,ibid4 ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #ac2 and ,myths of the ,british ,druids1 p4 #ae4 #dc3c ,chambers's ,encyclo4 #dc3d ,ibid4 #dc3e ,ibid4 ,see also ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 ,dupuis1 p4 #ceg4 ,josephus3 ,jewish ,antiquities1 book xviii4 ch4 #ac4 ,dunlap3 ,son of the ,man1 p4 #id2 and ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha4 #dc3f ,chambers1 art4 ,transmigration4 #dd3a ,see ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #ah4 #dd3b ,malachi iv4 #e4 #dd3c ,matthew xvii4 #ab1 #ac4 #dd3d ,see ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #gh4 #dd3e ,faber3 ,orig4 ,pagan ,idol1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fab2 in ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #baj4 #de3a ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjb4 #de3b ,contra ,celsus1 lib4 vi4 c4 xxii4 #de3c ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbd4 #de3d ,ibid4 #de3e ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfb4 #de3f ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,beliefs1 p4 #cdd4 #de3g ,volney's ,ruins1 p4 #adg1 note4 #de3h ,see ,child's ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 pp4 #afj1 #afb4 #df3a ,genesis xxviii4 #ab1 #ac4 #df3b ,genesis xxviii4 #ah1 #ai4 #df3c ,phallic1 from ,phallus1 a representation of the male generative organs4 ,for further information on this subject1 see the works of ,r4 ,payne ,knight1 and ,dr4 ,thomas ,inman4 #df3d ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 pp4 #age1 #bgf4 ,see1 also1 ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology2 and ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 and ii4 #df3e ,see ,myths of the ,british ,druids1 p4 #cjj2 and ,higgins3 ,celtic ,druids4 #df3f ,quoted by ,r4 ,payne ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #aad1 note4 #df3g ,see ,illustrations in ,dr4 ,inman's ,pagan and ,christian ,symbolism4 #df3h ,see ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 pp4 #edc1 #edd4 #dg3a ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 pp4 #agg1 #agh1 #cag1 #cba1 #cbb4 #dg3b ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cef4 #dg3c ,ibid4 #dg3d ,we read in ,bell's ,pantheon of the ,gods and ,demi-,gods of ,antiquity1 under the head of ,,baelylion1 ,,baelylia or ,,baetylos1 that they are ,anointed ,stones1 worshiped among the ,greeks1 ,phrygians1 and other nations of the ,east2 that these ,baetylia were greatly venerated by the ancient ,heathen1 many of their idols being no other2 and that1 in reality no sort of idol was more common in the ,east1 than that of oblong stones erected1 and hence termed by the ,greeks pillars4 ,the ,rev4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,cox1 in his ,aryan ,mythology 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aac71 says3 ,the erection of these stone columns or pillars1 the forms of which in most cases tell their own story1 are common throughout the ,east1 some of the most elaborate being found near ,ghizni4 ,and ,mr4 ,wake 7,phallism in ,ancient ,religions1 p4 #fj71 says3 ,kiyun1 or ,kivan1 the name of the deity said by ,amos 7v4 #bf71 to have been worshiped in the wilderness by the ,hebrews1 signifies ,,god ,,of ,,the ,,pillar4 #dg3e ,we find that there was nothing gross or immoral in the worship of the male and female generative organs among the ancients1 when the subject is properly understood4 ,being the most intimately connected with the reproduction of life on earth1 the ,linga became the symbol under which the ,sun1 invoked with a thousand names1 has been worshiped throughout the world as the restorer of the powers of nature after the long sleep or death of winter4 ,but if the ,linga is the ,sun-god in his majesty1 the ,yoni is the earth who yields her fruit under his fertilizing warmth4 ,the ,phallic tree is introduced into the narrative of the book of ,genesis3 but it is here called a tree1 not of life1 but of the knowledge of good and evil1 that knowledge which dawns in the mind with the first consciousness of difference between man and woman4 ,in contrast with this tree of carnal indulgence1 tending to death1 is the tree of life1 denoting the higher existence for which man was designed1 and which would bring with it the happiness and the freedom of the children of ,god4 ,in the brazen serpent of the ,pentateuch1 the two emblems of the cross and serpent1 the quiescent and energising ,phallos1 are united4 7,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aac1 #aaf1 #aah47 #dg3f ,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 ii4 #aab1 #aac4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,exodus ,,from ,,egypt1 ,,and ,,passage ,,through ,,the ,,red ,,sea4 ,the children of ,israel1 who were in bondage in ,egypt1 making bricks1 and working in the field1#dh3a were looked upon with compassion by the ,lord4#dh3b ,he heard their groaning1 and remembered his covenant with ,abraham1#dh3c with ,isaac1 and with ,jacob4 ,he1 therefore1 chose ,moses 7an ,israelite1 who had murdered an ,egyptian1#dh3d and who1 therefore1 was obliged to flee from ,egypt1 as ,pharaoh sought to punish him71 as his servant1 to carry out his plans4 ,moses was at this time keeping the flock of ,jeruth1 his father-in-law1 in the land of ,midian4 ,the angel of the ,lord1 or the ,lord himself1 appeared to him there1 and said unto him3 ,i am the ,god of thy ,father1 the ,god of ,abraham1 the ,god of ,isaac1 and the ,god of ,jacob4 4 4 4 ,i have seen the affliction of my people which are in ,egypt1 and have heard their cry by reason of their tormentors2 for ,i know their sorrows4 ,and ,i am come down to deliver them out of the hands of the ,egyptians1 and to bring them up out of that land into a good land and a large1 unto a land flowing with milk and honey4 ,i will send thee unto ,pharaoh1 that thou mayest bring forth my people1 the children of ,israel1 out of ,egypt4 ,then ,moses said unto the ,lord3 ,behold1 when ,i come unto the children of ,israel1 and shall say unto them1 the ,god of your fathers hath sent me unto you1 and they shall say unto me3 ,what is his name8 ,what shall ,i say unto them8 ,then ,god said unto ,moses3 ,i ,,am ,,that ,i ,,am4#dh3e ,thus shalt thou say unto the children of ,israel1 ,i ,,am hath sent me unto you4#dh3f ,and ,god said1 moreover1 unto ,moses3 ,go and gather the ,elders of ,israel together1 and say unto them3 the ,lord ,god of your fathers 4 4 4 appeared unto me1 saying3 ',i have surely visited you1 and seen that which is done to you in ,egypt4 ,and ,i have said1 ,i will bring you up out of the affliction of ,egypt 4 4 4 unto a land flowing with milk and honey4' ,and they shall hearken to thy voice1 and thou shall come1 thou and the ,elders of ,israel1 unto the king of ,egypt1 and ye shall say unto him3 'the ,lord ,god of the ,hebrews hath met with us1 and now let us go1 we beseech thee1 three days journey in the wilderness1 that we may sacrifice to the ,lord our ,god4'#di3a ,i am sure that the king of ,egypt will not let you go1 no1 not by a mighty hand4 ,and ,i will stretch out my hand1 and smite ,egypt with all my wonders1 which ,i will do in the midst thereof3 and after that he will let you go4 ,and ,i will give this people 7the ,hebrews7 favor in the sight of the ,egyptians1 and it shall come to pass1 that when ye go1 ye shall not go empty4 ,but every woman shall borrow of her neighbor1 and of her that sojourneth in her house1 jewels of silver and jewels of gold1 and raiment4 ,and ye shall put them upon your sons and upon your daughters1 and ye shall spoil the ,egyptians4#di3b ,the ,lord again appeared unto ,moses1 in ,midian1 and said3 ,go1 return into ,egypt1 for all the men are dead which sought thy life4 ,and ,moses took his wife1 and his son1 and set them upon an ass1 and he returned to the land of ,egypt4 ,and ,moses took the rod of ,god 7which the ,lord had given him7 in his hand4#di3c ,upon arriving in ,egypt1 ,moses tells his brother ,aaron1 all the words of the ,lord1 and ,aaron tells all the children of ,israel4 ,moses1 who was not eloquent1 but had a slow speech1#di3d uses ,aaron as his spokesman4#di3e ,they then appear unto ,pharaoh1 and falsify1 according to the commands of the ,lord1 saying3 ,let us go1 we pray thee1 three days' journey in the desert1 and sacrifice unto the ,lord our ,god4#di3f ,the ,lord hardens ,pharaoh's heart1 so that he does not let the children of ,israel go to sacrifice unto their ,god1 in the desert4 ,moses and ,aaron continue interceding with him1 however1 and1 for the purpose of showing their miraculous powers1 they change their rods into serpents1 the river into blood1 cause a plague of frogs and lice1 and a swarm of flies1 c41 c41 to appear4 ,most of these feats were imitated by the magicians of ,egypt4 ,finally1 the first-born of ,egypt are slain1 when ,pharaoh1 after having had his heart hardened1 by the ,lord1 over and over again1 consents to let ,moses and the children of ,israel go to serve their ,god1 as they had said1 that is1 for three days4 ,the ,lord having given the people favor in the sight of the ,egyptians1 they borrowed of them jewels of silver1 jewels of gold1 and raiment1 according to the commands of the ,lord4 ,and they journeyed toward ,succoth1 there being six hundred thousand1 besides children4#ej3a ,and they took their journey from ,succoth1 and encamped in ,etham1 in the edge of the wilderness4 ,and the ,lord went before them by day1 in a pillar of a cloud1 to lead them the way2 and by night in a pillar of fire1 to give them light to go by day and night4#ej3b ,and it was told the king of ,egypt1 that the people fled4 4 4 4 ,and he made ready his chariot1 and took his people with him4 ,and he took six hundred chosen chariots1 and all the chariots of ,egypt1 4 4 4 and he pursued after the children of ,israel1 and overtook them encamping beside the sea4 4 4 4 ,and when ,pharaoh drew nigh1 the children of ,israel 4 4 4 were sore afraid1 and 4 4 4 7they7 cried out unto the ,lord4 4 4 4 ,and the ,lord said unto ,moses1 4 4 4 speak unto the children of ,israel1 that they go forward4 ,but lift thou up thy rod1 and stretch out thine hand over the ,red ,sea1 and divide it1 and the children of ,israel shall go on dry ground through the midst of the sea4 4 4 4 ,and ,moses stretched out his hand over the sea1#ej3c and the ,lord caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind that night1 and made the sea dry land1 and the waters were divided4 ,and the children of ,israel went into the midst of the sea upon the dry ground2 and the waters were a wall unto them upon the right hand1 and on their left4 ,and the ,egyptians pursued1 and went in after them to the midst of the sea1 even all ,pharaoh's horses1 and his chariots1 and his horse-men4 ,after the children of ,israel had landed on the other side of the sea1 the ,lord said unto ,moses3 ,stretch out thine hand over the sea1 that the waters may come again upon the ,egyptians1 upon their chariots1 and upon their horse-men4 ,and ,moses stretched forth his hand over the sea1 and the sea returned to his strength4 4 4 4 ,and the ,lord overthrew the ,egyptians in the midst of the sea4 ,and the waters returned1 and covered the chariots1 and the horse-men1 and all the host of ,pharaoh that came into the sea after them2 there remained not so much as one of them4 ,but the children of ,israel walked upon dry land in the midst of the sea1 and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand1 and on their left4 4 4 4 ,and ,israel saw the great work which the ,lord did upon the ,egyptians1 and the people feared the ,lord1 and believed the ,lord and his servant ,moses4#ea3a ,the writer of this story1 whoever he may have been1 was evidently familiar with the legends related of the ,sun-god1 ,bacchus1 as he has given ,moses the credit of performing some of the miracles which were attributed to that god4 ,it is related in the hymns of ,orpheus1#ea3b that ,bacchus had a rod with which he performed miracles1 and which he could change into a serpent at pleasure4 ,he passed the ,red ,sea1 dry shod1 at the head of his army4 ,he divided the waters of the rivers ,orontes and ,hydaspus1 by the touch of his rod1 and passed through them dry-shod4#ea3c ,by the same mighty wand1 he drew water from the rock1#ea3d and wherever they marched1 the land flowed with wine1 milk and honey4#ea3e ,professor ,steinthal1 speaking of ,dionysus 7,bacchus71 says3 ,like ,moses1 he strikes fountains of wine and water out of the rock4 ,almost all the acts of ,moses correspond to those of the ,sun-gods4#ea3f ,mons4 ,dupuis says3 ,among the different miracles of ,bacchus and his ,bacchantes1 there are prodigies very similar to those which are attributed to ,moses2 for instance1 such as the sources of water which the former caused to sprout from the innermost of the rocks4#ea3g ,in ,bell's ,pantheon of the ,gods and ,heroes of ,antiquity1#ea3h an account of the prodigies attributed to ,bacchus is given2 among these1 are mentioned his striking water from the rock1 with his magic wand1 his turning a twig of ivy into a snake1 his passing through the ,red ,sea and the rivers ,orontes and ,hydaspus1 and of his enjoying the light of the ,sun 7while marching with his army in ,india71 when the day was spent1 and it was dark to others4 ,all these are parallels too striking to be accidental4 ,we might also mention the fact1 that ,bacchus1 as well as ,moses was called the ,law-giver1 and that it was said of ,bacchus1 as well as of ,moses1 that his laws were written on two tables of stone4#eb3a ,bacchus was represented horned1 and so was ,moses4#eb3b ,bacchus was picked up in a box1 that floated on the water1#eb3c and so was ,moses4#eb3d ,bacchus had two mothers1 one by nature1 and one by adoption1#eb3e and so had ,moses4#eb3f ,and1 as we have already seen1 ,bacchus and his army enjoyed the light of the ,sun1 during the night time1 and ,moses and his army enjoyed the light of a pillar of fire1 by night4#eb3g ,in regard to the children of ,israel going out from the land of ,egypt1 we have no doubt that such an occurrence took place1 although not in the manner1 and not for such reasons1 as is recorded by the sacred historian4 ,we find1 from other sources1 what is evidently nearer the truth4 ,it is related by the historian ,choeremon1 that1 at one time1 the land of ,egypt was infested with disease1 and through the advice of the sacred scribe ,phritiphantes1 the king caused the infected people 7who were none other than the brick-making slaves1 known as the children of ,israel71 to be collected1 and driven out of the country4#eb3h ,lysimachus relates that3 ,a filthy disease broke out in ,egypt1 and the ,oracle of ,ammon1 being consulted on the occasion1 commanded the king to purify the land by driving out the ,jews 7who were infected with leprosy1 c471 a race of men who were hateful to the ,gods4#eb3i ,the whole multitude of the people were accordingly collected and driven out into the wilderness4#eb3aj ,diodorus ,siculus1 referring to this event1 says3 ,in ancient times ,egypt was afflicted with a great plague1 which was attributed to the anger of ,god1 on account of the multitude of foreigners in ,egypt3 by whom the rites of the native religion were neglected4 ,the ,egyptians accordingly drove them out4 ,the most noble of them went under ,cadmus and ,danaus to ,greece1 but the greater number followed ,moses1 a wise and valiant leader1 to ,palestine4#eb3aa ,after giving the different opinions concerning the origin of the ,jewish nation1 ,tacitus1 the ,roman historian1 says3 ,in this clash of opinions1 one point seems to be universally admitted4 ,a pestilential disease1 disfiguring the race of man1 and making the body an object of loathsome deformity1 spread all over ,egypt4 ,bocchoris1 at that time the reigning monarch1 consulted the oracle of ,jupiter ,hammon1 and received for answer1 that the kingdom must be purified1 by exterminating the infected multitude1 as a race of men detested by the gods4 ,after diligent search1 the wretched sufferers were collected together1 and in a wild and barren desert abandoned to their misery4 ,in that distress1 while the vulgar herd was sunk in deep despair1 ,moses1 one of their number1 reminded them1 that1 by the wisdom of his councils1 they had been already rescued out of impending danger4 ,deserted as they were by men and gods1 he told them1 that if they did not repose their confidence in him1 as their chief by divine commission1 they had no resource left4 ,his offer was accepted4 ,their march began1 they knew not whither4 ,want of water was their chief distress4 ,worn out with fatigue1 they lay stretched on the bare earth1 heart broken1 ready to expire1 when a troop of wild asses1 returning from pasture1 went up the steep ascent of a rock covered with a grove of trees4 ,the verdure of the herbage round the place suggested the idea of springs near at hand4 ,moses traced the steps of the animals1 and discovered a plentiful vein of water4 ,by this relief the fainting multitude was raised from despair4 ,they pursued their journey for six days without intermission4 ,on the seventh day they made halt1 and1 having expelled the natives1 took possession of the country1 where they built their city1 and dedicated their temple4#ec3a ,other accounts1 similar to these1 might be added1 among which may be mentioned that given by ,manetho1 an ,egyptian priest1 which is referred to by ,josephus1 the ,jewish historian4 ,although the accounts quoted above are not exactly alike1 yet the main points are the same1 which are to the effect that ,egypt was infected with disease owing to the foreigners 7among whom were those who were afterwards styled the children of ,israel7 that were in the country1 and who were an unclean people1 and that they were accordingly driven out into the wilderness4 ,when we compare this statement with that recorded in ,genesis1 it does not take long to decide which of the two is nearest the truth4 ,everything putrid1 or that had a tendency to putridity1 was carefully avoided by the ancient ,egyptians1 and so strict were the ,egyptian priests on this point1 that they wore no garments made of any animal substance1 circumcised themselves1 and shaved their whole bodies1 even to their eyebrows1 lest they should unknowingly harbor any filth1 excrement or vermin1 supposed to be bred from putrefaction4#ec3b ,we know from the laws set down in ,leviticus1 that the ,hebrews were not a remarkably clean race4 ,jewish priests1 in making a history for their race1 have given us but a shadow of truth here and there2 it is almost wholly mythical4 ,the author of ,the ,religion of ,israel1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,the history of the religion of ,israel must start from the sojourn of the ,israelites in ,egypt4 ,formerly it was usual to take a much earlier starting-point1 and to begin with a religious discussion of the religious ideas of the ,patriarchs4 ,and this was perfectly right1 so long as the accounts of ,abraham1 ,isaac and ,jacob were considered historical4 ,but now that a strict investigation has shown us that all these stories are entirely unhistorical1 of course we have to begin the history later on4#ed3a ,the author of ,the ,spirit ,history of ,man1 says3 ,the ,hebrews came out of ,egypt and settled among the ,canaanites4 ,they need not be traced beyond the ,exodus4 ,that is their historical beginning4 ,it was very easy to cover up this remote event by the recital of mythical traditions1 and to prefix to it an account of their origin in which the gods 7,patriarchs71 should figure as their ancestors4#ed3b ,professor ,goldzhier says3 ,the residence of the ,hebrews in ,egypt1 and their exodus thence under the guidance and training of an enthusiast for the freedom of his tribe1 form a series of strictly historical facts1 which find confirmation even in the documents of ancient ,egypt 7which we have just shown74 ,but the traditional narratives of these events 7were7 elaborated by the ,hebrew people4#ed3c ,count de ,volney also observes that3 ,what ,exodus says of their 7the ,israelites7 servitude under the king of ,heliopolis1 and of the oppression of their hosts1 the ,egyptians1 is extremely probable4 ,it is here their history begins4 ,all that precedes 4 4 4 is nothing but mythology and cosmogony4#ed3d ,in speaking of the sojourn of the ,israelites in ,egypt1 ,dr4 ,knappert says3 ,according to the tradition preserved in ,genesis1 it was the promotion of ,jacob's son1 ,joseph1 to be viceroy of ,egypt1 that brought about the migration of the sons of ,israel from ,canaan to ,goshen4 ,the story goes that this ,joseph was sold as a slave by his brothers1 and after many changes of fortune received the vice-regal office at ,pharaoh's hands through his skill in interpreting dreams4 ,famine drives his brothers--and afterwards his father--to him1 and the ,egyptian prince gives them the land of ,goshen to live in4 ,it is by imagining all this that the legend tries to account for the fact that ,israel passed some time in ,egypt4 ,but we must look for the real explanation in a migration of certain tribes which could not establish or maintain themselves in ,canaan1 and were forced to move further on4 ,we find a passage in ,flavius ,josephus1 from which it appears that in ,egypt1 too1 a recollection survived of the sojourn of some foreign tribes in the north-eastern district of the country4 ,for this writer gives us two fragments out of a lost work by ,manetho1 a priest1 who lived about #bej ,b4 ,c4 ,in one of these we have a statement that pretty nearly agrees with the ,israelitish tradition about a sojourn in ,goshen4 ,but the ,israelites were looked down on by the ,egyptians as foreigners1 and they are represented as lepers and unclean4 ,moses himself is mentioned by name1 and we are told that he was a priest and joined himself to these lepers and gave them laws4#ee3a ,to return now to the story of the ,red ,sea being divided to let ,moses and his followers pass through--of which we have already seen one counterpart in the legend related of ,bacchus and his army passing through the same sea dry-shod--there is another similar story concerning ,alexander the ,great4 ,the histories of ,alexander relate that the ,pamphylian ,sea was divided to let him and his army pass through4 ,josephus1 after speaking of the ,red ,sea being divided for the passage of the ,israelites1 says3 ,for the sake of those who accompanied ,alexander1 king of ,macedonia1 who yet lived comparatively but a little while ago1 the ,pamphylian ,sea retired and offered them a passage through itself1 when they had no other way to go 4 4 4 and this is confessed to be true by all who have written about the actions of ,alexander4#ee3b ,he seems to consider both legends of the same authority1 quoting the latter to substantiate the former4 ,callisthenes1 who himself accompanied ,alexander in the expedition1 wrote1 how the ,pamphylian ,sea did not only open a passage for ,alexander1 but1 rising and elevating its waters1 did pay him homage as its king4#ee3c ,it is related in ,egyptian mythology that ,isis was at one time on a journey with the eldest child of the king of ,byblos1 when coming to the river ,phoedrus1 which was in a rough air1 and wishing to cross1 she commanded the stream to be dried up4 ,this being done she crossed without trouble4#ef3a ,there is a ,hindoo fable to the effect that when the infant ,crishna was being sought by the reigning tyrant of ,madura 7,king ,kansa7#ef3b his foster-father took him and departed out of the country4 ,coming to the river ,yumna1 and wishing to cross1 it was divided for them by the ,lord1 and they passed through4 ,the story is related by ,thomas ,maurice1 in his ,history of ,hindostan1 who has taken it from the ,bhagavat ,pooraun4 ,it is as follows3 ,yasodha took the child ,crishna1 and carried him off 7from where he was born71 but1 coming to the river ,yumna1 directly opposite to ,gokul1 ,crishna's father perceiving the current to be very strong1 it being in the midst of the rainy season1 and not knowing which way to pass it1 ,crishna commanded the water to give way on both sides to his father1 who accordingly passed dry-footed1 across the river4#ef3c ,this incident is illustrated in ,plate #eh of ,moore's ,hindu ,pantheon4 ,there is another ,hindoo legend1 recorded in the ,rig ,veda1 and quoted by ,viscount ,amberly1 from whose work we take it1#ef3d to the effect that an ,indian sage called ,visvimati1 having arrived at a river which he wished to cross1 that holy man said to it3 ,listen to the ,bard who has come to you from afar with wagon and chariot4 ,sink down1 become fordable1 and reach not up to our chariot axles4 ,the river answers3 ,i will bow down to thee like a woman with full breast 7suckling her child71 as a maid to a man1 will ,i throw myself open to thee4 ,this is accordingly done1 and the sage passes through4 ,we have also an ,indian legend which relates that a courtesan named ,bindumati1 turned back the streams of the river ,ganges4#ef3e ,we see then1 that the idea of seas and rivers being divided for the purpose of letting some chosen one of ,god pass through is an old one peculiar to other peoples beside the ,hebrews1 and the probability is that many nations had legends of this kind4 ,that ,pharaoh and his host should have been drowned in the ,red ,sea1 and the fact not mentioned by any historian1 is simply impossible1 especially when they have1 as we have seen1 noticed the fact of the ,israelites being driven out of ,egypt4#ef3f ,dr4 ,inman1 speaking of this1 says3 ,we seek in vain amongst the ,egyptian hieroglyphs for scenes which recall such cruelties as those we read of in the ,hebrew records2 and in the writings which have hitherto been translated1 we find nothing resembling the wholesale destructions described and applauded by the ,jewish historians1 as perpetrated by their own people4#eg3a ,that ,pharaoh should have pursued a tribe of diseased slaves1 whom he had driven out of his country1 is altogether improbable4 ,in the words of ,dr4 ,knappert1 we may conclude1 by saying that3 ,this story1 which was not written until more than five hundred years after the exodus itself1 can lay no claim to be considered historical4#eg3b ,,footnotes3 #dh3a ,exodus i4 #ad4 #dh3b ,exodus ii4 #bd1 #be4 #dh3c ,see chapter x4 #dh3d ,exodus ii4 #ab4 #dh3e ,the ,egyptian name for ,god was ,nuk-,pa-,nuk1 or ,i ,,am ,,that ,i ,,am4 7,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #cie47 ,this name was found on a temple in ,egypt4 7,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ag47 ',i ,,am' was a ,divine name understood by all the initiated among the ,egyptians4 ,the ',i ,,am' of the ,hebrews1 and the ',i ,,am' of the ,egyptians are identical4 7,bunsen3 ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #ch47 ,the name ,jehovah1 which was adopted by the ,hebrews1 was a name esteemed sacred among the ,egyptians4 ,they called it ,y-,,ha-,,ho1 or ,y-,,ah-,,weh4 7,see the ,religion of ,israel1 pp4 #db1 #dc2 and ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbi1 and vol4 ii4 p4 #ag47 ,none dare to enter the temple of ,serapis1 who did not bear on his breast or forehead the name of ,,jao1 or ,j-,,ha-,,ho1 a name almost equivalent in sound to that of the ,hebrew ,jehovah1 and probably of identical import2 and no name was uttered in ,egypt with more reverence than this ,,iao4 7,trans4 from the ,ger4 of ,schiller1 in ,monthly ,repos41 vol4 xx42 and ,voltaire3 ,commentary on ,exodus2 ,higgins' ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #cbi2 vol4 ii4 p4 #ag47 ,that this divine name was well-known to the ,heathen there can be no doubt4 7,parkhurst3 ,hebrew ,lex4 in ,anac41 i4 #cbg47 ,so also with the name ,el ,shaddai4 ,the extremely common ,egyptian expression ,nutar ,nutra exactly corresponds in sense to the ,hebrew ,el ,shaddai1 the very title by which ,god tells ,moses he was known to ,abraham and ,isaac and ,jacob4 7,prof4 ,renouf3 ,relig4 of ,anc't ,egypt1 p4 #ii47 #dh3f ,exodus iii4 #a1 #ad4 #di3a ,exodus iii4 #ae-ah4 #di3b ,exodus iii4 #ai-bb4 ,here is a command from the ,lord to deceive1 and lie1 and steal1 which1 according to the narrative1 was carried out to the letter 7,ex4 xii4 #ce1 #cf72 and yet we are told that this same ,lord said3 ,thou shalt not steal4 7,ex4 xx4 #ae47 ,again he says3 ,that shalt not defraud thy neighbor1 neither rob him4 7,leviticus xix4 #ah47 ,surely this is inconsistency4 #di3c ,exodus iv4 #ai1 #bj4 #di3d ,exodus iv4 #aj4 #di3e ,exodus iv4 #af4 #di3f ,exodus v4 #c4 #ej3a ,exodus vii4 #ce-cg4 ,bishop ,colenso shows1 in his ,pentateuch ,examined1 how ridiculous this statement is4 #ej3b ,exodus xiii4 #bj1 #ba4 #ej3c ,the sea over which ,moses stretches out his hand with the staff1 and which he divides1 so that the waters stand up on either side like walls while he passes through1 must surely have been originally the ,sea of ,clouds4 4 4 4 ,a ,german story presents a perfectly similar feature4 ,the conception of the cloud as sea1 rock and wall1 recurs very frequently in mythology4 7,prof4 ,steinthal3 ,the ,legend of ,samson1 p4 #dbi47 #ea3a ,exodus xiv4 #e-ac4 #ea3b ,orpheus is said to have been the earliest poet of ,greece1 where he first introduced the rites of ,bacchus1 which he brought from ,egypt4 7,see ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #acd47 #ea3c ,the ,hebrew fable writers not wishing to be outdone1 have made the waters of the river ,jordan to be divided to let ,elijah and ,elisha pass through 7#b ,kings ii4 #h71 and also the children of ,israel4 7,joshua iii4 #ae-ag47 #ea3d ,moses1 with his rod1 drew water from the rock4 7,exodus xvii4 #f47 #ea3e ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aia1 and ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #ea3f ,the ,legend of ,samson1 p4 #dbi4 #ea3g ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,beliefs1 p4 #ace4 #ea3h ,vol4 i4 p4 #abb4 #eb3a ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #abb2 and ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #eb3b ,ibid4 and ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #agd4 #eb3c ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aij2 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 under ,bacchus2 and ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis ii4 #ai4 #eb3d ,exodus ii4 #a-aa4 #eb3e ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aia2 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 under ,bacchus2 and ,higgins3 p4 #ai1 vol4 ii4 #eb3f ,exodus ii4 #a-aa4 #eb3g ,exodus xiii4 #bj1 #ba4 #eb3h ,see ,prichard's ,historical ,records1 p4 #gd2 also ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #dj2 and ,cory's ,ancient ,fragments1 pp4 #hj1 #ha1 for similar accounts4 #eb3i ,all persons afflicted with leprosy were considered displeasing in the sight of the ,sun-god1 by the ,egyptians4 7,dunlap3 ,spirit4 ,hist4 p4 #dj47 #eb3aj ,prichard's ,historical ,records1 p4 #ge4 #eb3aa ,ibid4 p4 #gh4 #ec3a ,tacitus3 ,hist4 book v4 ch4 iii4 #ec3b ,knight3 ,anc't ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #hi1 and ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddg4 ,the cleanliness of the ,egyptian priests was extreme4 ,they shaved their heads1 and every three days shaved their whole bodies4 ,they bathed two or three times a day1 often in the night also4 ,they wore garments of white linen1 deeming it more cleanly than cloth made from the hair of animals4 ,if they had occasion to wear a woolen cloth or mantle1 they put it off before entering a temple2 so scrupulous were they that nothing impure should come into the presence of the gods4 7,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 i4 #afh47 ,thinking it better to be clean than handsome1 the 7,egyptian7 priests shave their whole body every third day1 that neither lice nor any other impurity may be found upon them when engaged in the service of the gods4 7,herodotus3 book ii4 ch4 #cg47 #ed3a ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #bg4 #ed3b ,dunlap3 ,spirit ,hist4 of ,man1 p4 #bff4 #ed3c ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #bc4 #ed3d ,researches in ,ancient ,history1 p4 #adf4 #ee3a ,the ,religion of ,israel1 pp4 #ca1 #cb4 #ee3b ,jewish ,antiq4 bk4 ii4 ch4 xvi4 #ee3c ,ibid4 note4 ,it was said that the waters of the ,pamphylian ,sea miraculously opened a passage for the army of ,alexander the ,great4 ,admiral ,beaufort1 however1 tells us that1 'though there are no tides in this part of the ,mediterranean1 considerable depression of the sea is caused by long-continued north winds2 and ,alexander1 taking advantage of such a moment1 may have dashed on without impediment2' and we accept the explanation as a matter of course4 ,but the waters of the ,red ,sea are said to have miraculously opened a passage for the children of ,israel2 and we insist on the literal truth of this story1 and reject natural explanations as monstrous4 7,matthew ,arnold47 #ef3a ,see ,prichard's ,egyptian ,mytho4 p4 #fj4 #ef3b ,see ch4 xviii4 #ef3c ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cab4 #ef3d ,analysis ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #eeb4 #ef3e ,see ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,legends1 p4 #adj4 #ef3f ,in a cave discovered at ,deir-el-,bahari 7,aug41 #ahha71 near ,thebes1 in ,egypt1 was found thirty-nine mummies of royal and priestly personages4 ,among these was ,king ,ramses ,,ii41 the third king of the ,nineteenth ,dynasty1 and the veritable ,pharaoh of the ,jewish captivity4 ,it is very strange that he should be here1 among a number of other kings1 if he had been lost in the ,red ,sea4 ,the mummy is wrapped in rose-colored and yellow linen of a texture finer than the finest ,indian muslin1 upon which lotus flowers are strewn4 ,it is in a perfect state of preservation4 7,see a ,cairo ,aug4 #hth letter to the ,london ,times47 #eg3a ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eh4 #eg3b ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #da4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,receiving ,,the ,,ten ,,commandments4 ,the receiving of the ,ten ,commandments by ,moses1 from the ,lord1 is recorded in the following manner3 ,in the third month1 when the children of ,israel were gone forth out of the land of ,egypt1 the same day came they into the wilderness of ,sinai1 4 4 4 and there ,israel camped before the ,mount4 4 4 4 ,and it came to pass on the third day that there were thunders and lightnings1 and a thick cloud upon the ,mount1 and the voice of the tempest exceedingly loud1 so that all the people that was in the camp trembled4 4 4 4 ,and ,mount ,sinai was altogether on a smoke1 because the ,lord descended upon it in fire1 and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace1 and the whole ,mount quaked greatly4 ,and when the voice of the tempest sounded long1 and waxed louder and louder1 ,moses spake1 and ,god answered him by a voice4 ,and the ,lord came down upon the ,mount1 and called ,moses up to the top of the ,mount1 and ,moses went up4#eh3a ,the ,lord there communed with him1 and he gave unto ,moses 4 4 4 4 two tables of testimony1 tables of stone1 written with the finger of ,god4#eh3b ,when ,moses came down from off the ,mount1 he found the children of ,israel dancing around a golden calf1 which his brother ,aaron had made1 and1 as his anger waxed hot1 he cast the tables of stone on the ground1 and broke them4#eh3c ,moses again saw the ,lord on the ,mount1 however1 and received two more tables of stone4#eh3d ,when he came down this time from off ,mount ,sinai1 the skin of his face did shine4#eh3e ,these two tables of stone contained the ,ten ,commandments1#ei3a so it is said1 which the ,jews and ,christians of the present day are supposed to take for their standard4 ,they are1 in substance1 as follows3 #a--,to have no other ,god but ,jehovah4 #b--,to make no image for purpose of worship4 #c--,not to take ,jehovah's name in vain4 #d--,not to work on the ,sabbath-day4 #e--,to honor their parents4 #f--,not to kill4 #g--,not to commit adultery4 #h--,not to steal4 #i--,not to bear false witness against a neighbor4 #aj--,not to covet4#ei3b ,we have already seen1 in the last chapter1 that ,bacchus was called the ,law-giver1 and that his laws were written on two tables of stone4#ei3c ,this feature in the ,hebrew legend was evidently copied from that related of ,bacchus1 but1 the idea of his 7,moses7 receiving the commandments from the ,lord on a mountain was obviously taken from the ,persian legend related of ,zoroaster4 ,prof4 ,max ,mller says3 ,what applies to the religion of ,moses applies to that of ,zoroaster4 ,it is placed before us as a complete system from the first1 revealed by ,ahuramazda 7,ormuzd71 proclaimed by ,zoroaster4#ei3d ,the disciples of ,zoroaster1 in their profusion of legends of the master1 relate that one day1 as he prayed on a high mountain1 in the midst of thunders and lightnings 7fire from heaven71 the ,lord himself appeared before him1 and delivered unto him the ,book of the ,law4 ,while the ,king of ,persia and the people were assembled together1 ,zoroaster came down from the mountain unharmed1 bringing with him the ,book of the ,law1 which had been revealed to him by ,ormuzd4 ,they call this book the ,zend-,avesta1 which signifies the ,living ,word4#ei3e ,according to the religion of the ,cretans1 ,minos1 their law-giver1 ascended a mountain 7,mount ,dicta7 and there received from the ,supreme ,lord 7,zeus7 the sacred laws which he brought down with him4#fj3a ,almost all nations of antiquity have legends of their holy men ascending a mountain to ask counsel of the gods1 such places being invested with peculiar sanctity1 and deemed nearer to the deities than other portions of the earth4#fj3b ,according to ,egyptian belief1 it is ,thoth1 the ,deity itself1 that speaks and reveals to his elect among men the will of ,god and the arcana of divine things4 ,portions of them are expressly stated to have been written by the very finger of ,thoth himself2 to have been the work and composition of the great god4#fj3c ,diodorus1 the ,grecian historian1 says3 ,the idea promulgated by the ancient ,egyptians that their laws were received direct from the ,most ,high ,god1 has been adopted with success by many other law-givers1 who have thus insured respect for their institutions4#fj3d ,the ,supreme ,god of the ancient ,mexicans was ,tezcatlipoca4 ,he occupied a position corresponding to the ,jehovah of the ,jews1 the ,brahma of ,india1 the ,zeus of the ,greeks1 and the ,odin of the ,scandinavians4 ,his name is compounded of ,tezcatepec1 the name of a mountain 7upon which he is said to have manifested himself to man7 tlil1 dark1 and poca1 smoke4 ,the explanation of this designation is given in the ,codex ,vaticanus1 as follows3 ,tezcatlipoca was one of their most potent deities2 they say he once appeared on the top of a mountain4 ,they paid him great reverence and adoration1 and addressed him1 in their prayers1 as ,lord1 whose servant we are4 ,no man ever saw his face1 for he appeared only as a shade4 ,indeed1 the ,mexican idea of the godhead was similar to that of the ,jews4 ,like ,jehovah1 ,tezcatlipoca dwelt in the midst of thick darkness4 ,when he descended upon the mount of ,tezcatepec1 darkness overshadowed the earth1 while fire and water1 in mingled streams1 flowed from beneath his feet1 from its summit4#fa3a ,thus1 we see that other nations1 beside the ,hebrews1 believed that their laws were actually received from ,god1 that they had legends to that effect1 and that a mountain figures conspicuously in the stories4 ,professor ,oort1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,no one who has any knowledge of antiquity will be surprised at this1 for similar beliefs were very common4 ,all peoples who had issued from a life of barbarism and acquired regular political institutions1 more or less elaborate laws1 and established worship1 and maxims of morality1 attributed all this--their birth as a nation1 so to speak--to one or more great men1 all of whom1 without exception1 were supposed to have received their knowledge from some deity4 ,whence did ,zoroaster1 the prophet of the ,persians1 derive his religion8 ,according to the beliefs of his followers1 and the doctrines of their sacred writings1 it was from ,ahuramazda1 the ,god of light4 ,why did the ,egyptians represent the god ,thoth with a writing tablet and a pencil in his hand1 and honor him especially as the god of the priests8 ,because he was 'the ,lord of the divine ,word1' the foundation of all wisdom1 from whose inspiration the priests1 who were the scholars1 the lawyers1 and the religious teachers of the people1 derived all their wisdom4 ,was not ,minos1 the law-giver of the ,cretans1 the friend of ,zeus1 the highest of the gods8 ,nay1 was he not even his son1 and did he not ascend to the sacred cave on ,mount ,dicte to bring down the laws which his god had placed there for him8 ,from whom did the ,spartan law-giver1 ,lycurgus1 himself say that he had obtained his laws8 ,from no other than the god ,apollo4 ,the ,roman legend1 too1 in honoring ,numa ,pompilius as the people's instructor1 at the same time ascribed all his wisdom to his intercourse with the nymph ,egeria4 ,it was the same elsewhere2 and to make one more example1--this from later times--,mohammed not only believed himself to have been called immediately by ,god to be the prophet of the ,arabs1 but declared that he had received every page of the ,koran from the hand of the angel ,gabriel4#fa3b ,,footnotes3 #eh3a ,exodus xix4 #eh3b ,exodus xxxi4 #ah4 #eh3c ,exodus xxii4 #ai4 #eh3d ,exodus xxxiv4 #eh3e ,ibid4 ,it was a common belief among ancient ,pagan nations that the gods appeared and conversed with men4 ,as an illustration we may cite the following1 related by ,herodotus1 the ,grecian historian1 who1 in speaking of ,egypt and the ,egyptians1 says3 ,there is a large city called ,chemmis1 situated in the ,thebaic district1 near ,neapolis1 in which is a quadrangular temple dedicated to 7the god7 ,perseus1 son of 7the ,virgin7 ,danae2 palm-trees grow round it1 and the portico is of stone1 very spacious1 and over it are placed two large stone statues4 ,in this inclosure is a temple1 and in it is placed a statue of ,perseus4 ,the ,chemmit 7or inhabitants of ,chemmis71 affirm that ,perseus has frequently appeared to them on earth1 and frequently within the temple4 7,herodotus1 bk4 ii4 ch4 #ia47 #ei3a ,buddha1 the founder of ,buddhism1 had ,,ten commandments4 #a4 ,not to kill4 #b4 ,not to steal4 #c4 ,to be chaste4 #d ,not to bear false witness4 #e4 ,not to lie4 #f4 ,not to swear4 #g4 ,to avoid impure words4 #h4 ,to be disinterested4 #i4 ,not to avenge one's-self4 #aj4 ,not to be superstitious4 7,see ,huc's ,travels1 p4 #cbh1 vol4 i47 #ei3b ,exodus xx4 ,dr4 ,oort says3 ,the original ten commandments probably ran as follows3 ,i ,yahwah am your ,god4 ,worship no other gods beside me4 ,make no image of a god4 ,commit no perjury4 ,remember to keep holy the ,sabbath day4 ,honor your father and your mother4 ,commit no murder4 ,break not the marriage vow4 ,steal not4 ,bear no false witness4 ,covet not4 7,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #ah47 #ei3c ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #abb4 ,higgins1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bie4 #ei3d ,mller3 ,origin of ,religion1 p4 #acj4 #ei3e ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 pp4 #beg1 #beh4 ,this book1 the ,zend-,avesta1 is similar1 in many respects1 to the ,vedas of the ,hindoos4 ,this has led many to believe that ,zoroaster was a ,brahman2 among these are ,rawlinson 7,see ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hca7 and ,thomas ,maurice4 7,see ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bai47 ,the ,persians themselves had a tradition that he came from some country to the ,east of them4 ,that he was a foreigner is indicated by a passage in the ,zend-,avesta which represents ,ormuzd as saying to him3 ,thou1 ,o ,zoroaster1 by the promulgation of my law1 shalt restore to me my former glory1 which was pure light4 ,up6 haste thee to the land of ,iran1 which thirsteth after the law1 and say1 thus said ,ormuzd1 c4 7,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfc47 #fj3a ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #cja4 #fj3b ,the deities of the ,hindoo ,pantheon dwell on the sacred ,mount ,meru2 the gods of ,persia ruled from ,albordj2 the ,greek ,jove thundered from ,olympus1 and the ,scandinavian gods made ,asgard awful with their presence4 4 4 4 ,profane history is full of examples attesting the attachment to high places for purpose of sacrifice4 7,squire3 ,serpent ,symbols1 p4 #gh47 ,the offerings of the ,chinese to the deities were generally on the summits of high mountains1 as they seemed to them to be nearer heaven1 to the majesty of which they were to be offered4 7,christmas's ,mytho4 p4 #bej1 in ,ibid47 ,in the infancy of civilization1 high places were chosen by the people to offer sacrifices to the gods4 ,the first altars1 the first temples1 were erected on mountains4 7,humboldt3 ,american ,researches47 ,the ,himalayas are the ,heavenly mountains4 ,in ,sanscrit ,himala1 corresponding to the ,m4 ,gothic1 ,himins2 ,alem41 ,himil2 ,ger41 ,swed41 and ,dan41 ,himmel2 ,old ,norse1 ,himin2 ,dutch1 ,hemel2 ,ang4-,sax41 ,heofon2 ,eng41 ,heaven4 7,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #db47 #fj3c ,bunsen's ,egypt1 quoted in ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfg4 ,mrs4 ,child says3 ,the laws of ,egypt were handed down from the earliest times1 and regarded with the utmost veneration as a portion of religion4 ,their first legislator represented them as dictated by the gods themselves and framed expressly for the benefit of mankind by their secretary ,thoth4 7,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #agc47 #fj3d ,quoted in ,ibid4 #fa3a ,see ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #age4 #fa3b ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #cja4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,samson ,,and ,,his ,,exploits4 ,this ,israelite hero is said to have been born at a time when the children of ,israel were in the hands of the ,philistines4 ,his mother1 who had been barren for a number of years1 is entertained by an angel1 who informs her that she shall conceive1 and bear a son1#fb3a and that the child shall be a ,nazarite unto ,god1 from the womb1 and he shall begin to deliver ,israel out of the hands of the ,philistines4 ,according to the prediction of the angel1 the woman bore a son1 and called his name ,samson2 and the child grew1 and the ,lord blessed him4 ,and ,samson 7after he had grown to man's estate71 went down to ,timnath1 and saw a woman in ,timnath of the daughters of the ,philistines4 ,and he came up and told his father and his mother1 and said1 ,i have seen a woman in ,timnath of the daughters of the ,philistines2 now therefore get her for me to wife4 ,samson's father and mother preferred that he should take a woman among the daughters of their own tribe1 but ,samson wished for the maid of the ,philistines1 for1 said he1 she pleaseth me well4 ,the parents1 after coming to the conclusion that it was the will of the ,lord1 that he should marry the maid of the ,philistines1 consented4 ,then went ,samson down1 and his father and his mother1 to ,timnath1 and came to the vineyards of ,timnath1 and1 behold1 a young lion roared against him 7,samson74 ,and the spirit of the ,lord came mightily upon him1 and he rent him 7the lion7 as he would have rent a kid1 and he had nothing in his hand4 ,this was ,samson's first exploit1 which he told not to any one1 not even his father1 or his mother4 ,he then continued on his way1 and went down and talked with the woman1 and she pleased him well4 ,and1 after a time1 he returned to take her1 and he turned aside to see the carcass of the lion1 and behold1 there was a swarm of bees1 and honey1 in the carcass of the lion4 ,samson made a feast at his wedding1 which lasted for seven days4 ,at this feast1 there were brought thirty companions to be with him1 unto whom he said3 ,i will now put forth a riddle unto you1 if ye can certainly declare it me1 within the seven days of the feast1 and find it out1 then ,i will give you thirty sheets1 and thirty changes of garments4 ,but1 if ye cannot declare it me1 then shall ye give me thirty sheets1 and thirty changes of garments4 ,and they said unto him1 ,put forth thy riddle1 that we may hear it4 ,and he answered them3 ,out of the eater came forth meat1 and out of the strong came forth sweetness4 ,this riddle the thirty companions could not solve4 ,and it came to pass1 on the seventh day1 that they said unto ,samson's wife3 ',entice thy husband1 that he may declare unto us the riddle4' ,she accordingly went to ,samson1 and told him that he could not love her2 if it were so1 he would tell her the answer to the riddle4 ,after she had wept and entreated of him1 he finally told her1 and she gave the answer to the children of her people4 ,and the men of the city said unto him1 on the seventh day1 before the sun went down1 ',what is sweeter than honey1 and what is stronger than a lion8' ,samson1 upon hearing this1 suspected how they managed to find out the answer1 whereupon he said unto them3 ,if ye had not ploughed with my heifer1 ye had not found out my riddle4 ,samson was then at a loss to know where to get the thirty sheets1 and the thirty changes of garments2 but1 the spirit of the ,lord came upon him1 and he went down to ,ashkelon1 and slew thirty men of them1 and took their spoil1 and gave change of garments unto them which expounded the riddle4 ,this was the hero's second exploit4 ,his anger being kindled1 he went up to his father's house1 instead of returning to his wife4#fd3a ,but it came to pass1 that1 after a while1 ,samson repented of his actions1 and returned to his wife's house1 and wished to go in to his wife in the chamber2 but her father would not suffer him to go4 ,and her father said3 ,i verily thought that thou hadst utterly hated her1 therefore1 ,i gave her to thy companion4 ,is not her younger sister fairer than she8 ,take her1 ,i pray thee1 instead of her4 ,this did not seem to please ,samson1 even though the younger was fairer than the older1 for he went and caught three hundred foxes1 and took firebrands1 and turned 7the foxes7 tail to tail1 and put a firebrand in the midst between two tails4 ,and when he had set the brands on fire1 he let them go into the standing corn of the ,philistines1 and burned up both the shocks and also the standing corn1 with the vineyards and olives4 ,this was ,samson's third exploit4 ,when the ,philistines found their corn1 their vineyards1 and their olives burned1 they said3 ,who hath done this8 ,and they answered1 ',samson1 the son-in-law of the ,timnite1 because he had taken his wife1 and given her to his companion4' ,and the ,philistines came up1 and burned her and her father with fire4 ,and ,samson said unto them3 ',though ye have done this1 yet will ,i be avenged of you1 and after that ,i will cease4' ,and he smote them hip and thigh with a great slaughter1 and he went and dwelt in the top of the rock ,etam4 ,this great slaughter was ,samson's fourth exploit4 ,then the ,philistines went up1 and pitched in ,judah1 and spread themselves in ,lehi4 ,and the men of ,judah said3 ',why are ye come up against us8' ,and they answered3 ',to bind ,samson are we come up1 and to do to him as he hath done to us4' ,then three thousand men of ,judah went up to the top of the rock ,etam1 and said to ,samson3 ',knowest thou not that the ,philistines are rulers over us8 ,what is this that thou hast done unto us8' ,and he said unto them3 ',as they did unto me1 so have ,i done unto them4' ,and they said unto him3 ',we are come down to bind thee1 that we may deliver thee into the hands of the ,philistines4' ,and ,samson said unto them3 ',swear unto me that ye will not fall upon me yourselves4' ,and they spake unto him1 saying1 ',no2 but we will bind thee fast1 and deliver thee into their hands3 but surely we will not kill thee4' ,and they bound him with two new cords1 and brought him up from the rock4 ,and when he came unto ,lehi1 the ,philistines shouted against him2 and the spirit of the ,lord came mightily upon him1 and the cords that were upon his arms became as flax that was burned with fire1 and his bands loosed from off his hands4 ,and he found a new jaw-bone of an ass1 and put forth his hand and took it1 and slew a thousand men with it4 ,this was ,samson's fifth exploit4 ,after slaying a thousand men he was sore athirst1 and called unto the ,lord4 ,and ,god clave a hollow place that was in the jaw1 and there came water thereout1 and when he had drunk1 his spirit came again1 and he revived4#fe3a ,then went ,samson to ,gaza and saw there a harlot1 and went in unto her4 ,and it was told the ,gazites1 saying1 ',samson is come hither4' ,and they compassed him in1 and laid wait for him all night in the gate of the city1 and were quiet all the night1 saying3 ',in the morning1 when it is day1 we shall kill him4' ,and ,samson lay 7with the harlot7 till midnight1 and arose at midnight1 and took the doors of the gate of the city1 and the two posts1 and went away with them1 bar and all1 and put them upon his shoulders1 and carried them up to the top of a hill that is in ,hebron4 ,this was ,samson's sixth exploit4 ,and it came to pass afterward1 that he loved a woman in the valley of ,soreck1 whose name was ,delilah4 ,and the lords of the ,philistines came up unto her1 and said unto her3 ',entice him1 and see wherein his great strength lieth1 and by what means we may prevail against him4' ,delilah then began to entice ,samson to tell her wherein his strength lay4 ,she pressed him daily with her words1 and urged him1 so that his soul was vexed unto death4 ,then he told her all his heart1 and said unto her3 ',there hath not come a razor upon mine head1 for ,i have been a ,nazarite unto ,god from my mother's womb4 ,if ,i be shaven1 then my strength will go from me1 and ,i shall become weak1 and be like any other man4' ,and when ,delilah saw that he had told her all his heart1 she went and called for the lords of the ,philistines1 saying3 ',come up this once1 for he hath showed me all his heart4' ,then the lords of the ,philistines came up unto her1 and brought money in their hands 7for her74 ,and she made him 7,samson7 sleep upon her knees2 and she called for a man1 and she caused him to shave off the seven locks of his head2 and she began to afflict him1 and his strength went from him4 ,the ,philistines then took him1 put out his eyes1 and put him in prison4 ,and being gathered together at a great sacrifice in honor of their ,god1 ,dagon1 they said3 ,call for ,samson1 that he may make us sport4 ,and they called for ,samson1 and he made them sport4 ,and ,samson said unto the lad that held him by the hand4 ,suffer me that ,i may feel the pillars whereupon the house standeth1 that ,i may lean upon them4 ,now the house was full of men and women2 and all the lords of the ,philistines were there2 and there were upon the roof about three thousand men and women1 that beheld while ,samson made sport4 ,and ,samson called unto the ,lord1 and said3 ',o ,lord ,god1 remember me1 ,i pray thee1 and strengthen me1 ,i pray thee1 only this once1 ,o ,god1 that ,i may be at once avenged of the ,philistines for my two eyes4' ,and ,samson took hold of the two middle pillars upon which the house stood and on which it was borne up1 of the one with his right hand1 and of the other with his left4 ,and ,samson said3 ',let me die with the ,philistines4' ,and he bowed himself with all his might2 and 7having regained his strength7 the house fell upon the lords1 and upon the people that were therein4 ,so the dead which he slew at his death1 were more than they which he slew in his life4#ff3a ,thus ended the career of the strong man of the ,hebrews4 ,that this story is a copy of the legends related of ,hercules1 or that they have both been copied from similar legends existing among some other nations1#ff3b is too evident to be disputed4 ,many churchmen have noticed the similarity between the history of ,samson and that of ,hercules4 ,in ,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 under ,samson1 we read as follows3 ,it has been matter of most contradictory speculations1 how far his existence is to be taken as a reality1 or1 in other words1 what substratum of historical truth there may be in this supposed circle of popular legends1 artistically rounded off1 in the four chapters of ,judges which treat of him4 4 4 4 ,the miraculous deeds he performed have taxed the ingenuity of many commentators1 and the text has been twisted and turned in all directions1 to explain1 rationally1 his slaying those prodigious numbers single-handed2 his carrying the gates of ,gaza1 in one night1 a distance of about fifty miles1 c41 c4 ,that this is simply a ,solar myth1 no one will doubt1 we believe1 who will take the trouble to investigate it4 ,prof4 ,goldziher1 who has made ,comparative ,mythology a special study1 says of this story3 ,the most complete and rounded-off ,solar myth extant in ,hebrew1 is that of ,shimshn 7,samson71 a cycle of mythical conceptions fully comparable with the ,greek myth of ,hercules4#ff3c ,we shall now endeavor to ascertain if such is the case1 by comparing the exploits of ,samson with those of ,hercules4 ,the first wonderful act performed by ,samson was1 as we have seen1 that of slaying a lion4 ,this is said to have happened when he was but a youth4 ,so likewise was it with ,hercules4 ,at the age of eighteen1 he slew an enormous lion4#ff3d ,the valley of ,nemea was infested by a terrible lion2 ,eurystheus ordered ,hercules to bring him the skin of this monster4 ,after using in vain his club and arrows against the lion1 ,hercules strangled the animal with his hands4 ,he returned1 carrying the dead lion on his shoulders2 but ,eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of it1 and at this proof of the prodigious strength of the hero1 that he ordered him to deliver the accounts of his exploits in the future outside the town4#fg3a ,to show the courage of ,hercules1 it is said that he entered the cave where the lion's lair was1 closed the entrance behind him1 and at once grappled with the monster4#fg3b ,samson is said to have torn asunder the jaws of the lion1 and we find him generally represented slaying the beast in that manner4 ,so likewise1 was this the manner in which ,hercules disposed of the ,nemean lion4#fg3c ,the skin of the lion1 ,hercules tore off with his fingers1 and knowing it to be impenetrable1 resolved to wear it henceforth4#fg3d ,the statues and paintings of ,hercules either represent him carrying the lion's skin over his arm1 or wearing it hanging down his back1 the skin of its head fitting to his crown like a cap1 and the fore-legs knotted under his chin4#fg3e ,samson's second exploit was when he went down to ,ashkelon and slew thirty men4 ,hercules1 when returning to ,thebes from the lion-hunt1 and wearing its skin hanging from his shoulders1 as a sign of his success1 met the heralds of the ,king of the ,miny1 coming from ,orchomenos to claim the annual tribute of a hundred cattle1 levied on ,thebes4 ,hercules cut off the ears and noses of the heralds1 bound their hands1 and sent them home4#fg3f ,samson's third exploit was when he caught three hundred foxes1 and took fire-brands1 and turned them tail to tail1 and put a fire-brand in the midst between two tails1 and let them go into the standing corn of the ,philistines4 ,there is no such feature as this in the legends of ,hercules1 the nearest to it in resemblance is when he encounters and kills the ,learnean ,hydra4#fg3g ,during this encounter a fire-brand figures conspicuously1 and the neighboring wood is set on fire4#fg3h ,we have1 however1 an explanation of this portion of the legend1 in the following from ,prof4 ,steinthal3 ,at the festival of ,ceres1 held at ,rome1 in the month of ,april1 a fox-hunt through the circus was indulged in1 in which burning torches were bound to the foxes' tails4 ,this was intended to be a symbolical reminder of the damage done to the fields by mildew1 called the red fox1 which was exorcised in various ways at this momentous season 7the last third of ,april74 ,it is the time of the ,dog-,star1 at which the mildew was most to be feared2 if at that time great solar heat follows too close upon the hoar-frost or dew of the cold nights1 this mischief rages like a burning fox through the corn-fields4#fh3a ,he also says that3 ,this is the sense of the story of the foxes1 which ,samson caught and sent into the ,philistines' fields1 with fire-brands fastened to their tails1 to burn the crops4 ,like the lion1 the fox is an animal that indicated the solar heat1 being well suited for this both by its color and by its long-haired tail4#fh3b ,bouchart1 in his ,hierozoicon1 observes that3 ,at this period 7i4 e41 the last third of ,april7 they cut the corn in ,palestine and ,lower ,egypt1 and a few days after the setting of the ,hyads arose the ,fox1 in whose train or tail comes the fires or torches of the dog-days1 represented among the ,egyptians by red marks painted on the backs of their animals4#fh3c ,count de ,volney also tells us that3 ,the inhabitants of ,carseoles1 an ancient city of ,latium1 every year1 in a religious festival1 burned a number of foxes with torches tied to their tails4 ,they gave1 as the reason for this whimsical ceremony1 that their corn had been formerly burnt by a fox to whose tail a young man had fastened a bundle of lighted straw4#fh3d ,he concludes his account of this peculiar religious festival1 by saying3 ,this is exactly the story of ,samson with the ,philistines1 but it is a ,phenician tale4 ,car-,seol is a compound word in that tongue1 signifying town of foxes4 ,the ,philistines1 originally from ,egypt1 do not appear to have had any colonies4 ,the ,phenicians had a great many2 and it can scarcely be admitted that they borrowed this story from the ,hebrews1 as obscure as the ,druses are in our own times1 or that a simple adventure gave rise to a religious ceremony2 it evidently can only be a mythological and allegorical narration4#fh3d ,so much1 then1 for the foxes and fire-brands4 ,samson's fourth exploit was when he smote the ,philistines hip and thigh1 with great slaughter4 ,it is related of ,hercules that he had a combat with an army of ,centaurs1 who were armed with pine sticks1 rocks1 axes1 c4 ,they flocked in wild confusion1 and surrounded the cave of ,pholos1 where ,hercules was1 when a violent fight ensued4 ,hercules was obliged to contend against this large armed force single-handed1 but he came off victorious1 and slew a great number of them4#fi3a ,hercules also encountered and fought against an army of giants1 at the ,phlegraean fields1 near ,cumae4#fi3b ,samson's next wonderful exploit was when three thousand men of ,judah bound him with cords and brought him up into ,lehi1 when the ,philistines were about to take his life4 ,the cords with which he was bound immediately became as flax1 and loosened from off his hands4 ,he then1 with the jaw-bone of an ass1 slew one thousand ,philistines4#fi3c ,a very similar feature to this is found in the history of ,hercules4 ,he is made prisoner by the ,egyptians1 who wish to take his life1 but while they are preparing to slay him1 he breaks loose his bonds--having been tied with cords--and kills ,buseris1 the leader of the band1 and the whole retinue4#fi3d ,on another occasion1 being refused shelter from a storm at ,kos1 he was enraged at the inhabitants1 and accordingly destroyed the whole town4#fi3e ,samson1 after he had slain a thousand ,philistines1 was sore athirst1 and called upon ,jehovah1 his father in heaven1 to succor him1 whereupon1 water immediately gushed forth from a hollow place that was in the jaw-bone4 ,hercules1 departing from the ,indies 7or rather ,ethiopia71 and conducting his army through the desert of ,lybia1 feels a burning thirst1 and conjures ,ihou1 his father1 to succor him in his danger4 ,instantly the 7celestial7 ,ram appears4 ,hercules follows him and arrives at a place where the ,ram scrapes with his foot1 and there instantly comes forth a spring of water4#gj3a ,samson's sixth exploit happened when he went to ,gaza to visit a harlot4 ,the ,gazites1 who wished to take his life1 laid wait for him all night1 but ,samson left the town at midnight1 and took with him the gates of the city1 and the two posts1 on his shoulders4 ,he carried them to the top of a hill1 some fifty miles away1 and left them there4 ,this story very much resembles that of the ,pillars of ,hercules1 called the ,gates of ,cadiz4#gj3b ,count de ,volney tells us that3 ,hercules was represented naked1 carrying on his shoulders two columns called the ,gates of ,cadiz4#gj3c ,the ,pillars of ,hercules was the name given by the ancients to the two rocks forming the entrance or gate to the ,mediterranean at the ,strait of ,gibraltar4#gj3d ,their erection was ascribed by the ,greeks to ,hercules1 on the occasion of his journey to the kingdom of ,geryon4 ,according to one version of the story1 they had been united1 but ,hercules tore them asunder4#gj3e ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #c4 ,fig4 ,no4 #c is a representation of ,hercules with the two posts or pillars on his shoulders1 as alluded to by ,count de ,volney4 ,we have taken it from ,montfaucon's ,l',antiquit ,explique4#gj3f ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy says of this3 ,hercules carrying his two columns to erect at the ,straits of ,gibraltar1 may have some reference to the ,hebrew story4#ga3a ,we think there is no doubt of it4 ,by changing the name ,hercules into ,samson1 the legend is complete4 ,sir ,william ,drummond tells us1 in his ,o,edipus ,judaicus1 that3 ,gaza signifies a ,goat1 and was the type of the ,sun in ,capricorn4 ,the ,gates of the ,sun were feigned by the ancient ,astronomers to be in ,capricorn and ,cancer 7that is1 in ,gaza71 from which signs the tropics are named4 ,samson carried away the gates from ,gaza to ,hebron1 the city of conjunction4 ,now1 ,count ,gebelin tells us that at ,cadiz1 where ,hercules was anciently worshiped1 there was a representation of him1 with a gate on his shoulders4#ga3b ,the stories of the amours of ,samson with ,delilah and other females1 are simply counterparts of those of ,hercules with ,omphale and ,iole4 ,montfaucon1 speaking of this1 says3 ,nothing is better known in the fables 7related of ,hercules7 than his amours with ,omphale and ,iole4#ga3c ,prof4 ,steinthal says3 ,the circumstance that ,samson is so addicted to sexual pleasure1 has its origin in the remembrance that the ,solar god is the god of fruitfulness and procreation4 ,we have as examples1 the amours of ,hercules and ,omphale2 ,ninyas1 in ,assyria1 with ,semiramis2 ,samson1 in ,philistia1 with ,delila1 whilst among the ,phenicians1 ,melkart pursues ,dido-,anna4#ga3d ,samson is said to have had long hair4 ,there hath not come a razor upon my head1 says he1 for ,i have been a ,nazarite unto ,god from my mother's womb4 ,now1 strange as it may appear1 ,hercules is said to have had long hair also1 and he was often represented that way4 ,in ,montfaucon's ,l',antiquit ,explique#ga3e may be seen a representation of ,hercules with hair reaching almost to his waist4 ,almost all ,sun-gods are represented thus4#ga3f ,prof4 ,goldzhier says3 ,long locks of hair and a long beard are mythological attributes of the ,sun4 ,the ,sun's rays are compared with locks of hair on the face or head of the ,sun4 ,when the sun sets and leaves his place to the darkness1 or when the powerful ,summer ,sun is succeeded by the weak rays of the ,winter ,sun1 then ,samson's long locks1 in which alone his strength lies1 are cut off through the treachery of his deceitful concubine1 ,delilah1 the 'languishing1 languid1' according to the meaning of the name 7,delilah74 ,the ,beaming ,apollo1 moreover1 is called the ,unshaven2 and ,minos cannot conquer the solar hero ,nisos1 till the latter loses his golden hair4#gb3a ,through the influence of ,delilah1 ,samson is at last made a prisoner4 ,he tells her the secret of his strength1 the seven locks of hair are shaven off1 and his strength leaves him4 ,the shearing of the locks of the ,sun must be followed by darkness and ruin4 ,from the shoulders of ,phoibos ,lykgnes flow the sacred locks1 over which no razor might pass1 and on the head of ,nisos they become a palladium1 invested with a mysterious power4#gb3b ,the long locks of hair which flow over his shoulders are taken from his head by ,skylla1 while he is asleep1 and1 like another ,delilah1 she thus delivers him and his people into the power of ,minos4#gb3c ,prof4 ,steinthal says of ,samson3 ,his hair is a figure of increase and luxuriant fullness4 ,in ,winter1 when nature appears to have lost all strength1 the god of growing young life has lost his hair4 ,in the ,spring the hair grows again1 and nature returns to life again4 ,of this original conception the ,bible story still preserves a trace4 ,samson's hair1 after being cut off1 grows again1 and his strength comes back with it4#gb3d ,towards the end of his career1 ,samson's eyes are put out4 ,even here1 the ,hebrew writes with a singular fidelity to the old mythical speech4 ,the tender light of evening is blotted out by the dark vapors2 the light of the ,sun is quenched in gloom4 ,samson's eyes are put out4 ,o,edipus1 whose history resembles that of ,samson and ,hercules in many respects1 tears out his eyes1 towards the end of his career4 ,in other words1 the ,sun has blinded himself4 ,clouds and darkness have closed in about him1 and the clear light is blotted out of the heaven4#gb3e ,the final act1 ,samson's death1 reminds us clearly and decisively of the ,phenician ,hercules1 as ,sun-god1 who died at the ,winter ,solstice in the furthest ,west1 where his two pillars are set up to mark the end of his wanderings4 ,samson also died at the two pillars1 but in his case they are not the ,pillars of the ,world1 but are only set up in the middle of a great banqueting-hall4 ,a feast was being held in honor of ,dagon1 the ,fish-god2 the ,sun was in the sign of the ,waterman1 ,samson1 the ,sun-god1 died4#gc3a ,the ethnology of the name of ,samson1 as well as his adventures1 are very closely connected with the ,solar ,hercules4 ,samson was the name of the ,sun4#gc3b ,in ,arabic1 ,shams-on means the ,sun4#gc3c ,samson had seven locks of hair1 the number of the planetary bodies4#gc3d ,the author of ,the ,religion of ,israel1 speaking of ,samson1 says3 ,the story of ,samson and his deeds originated in a ,solar myth1 which was afterwards transformed by the narrator into a saga about a mighty hero and deliverer of ,israel4 ,the very name ',samson1' is derived from the ,hebrew word1 and means ',sun4' ,the hero's flowing locks were originally the rays of the sun1 and other traces of the old myth have been preserved4#gc3e ,prof4 ,oort says3 ,the story of ,samson is simply a solar myth4 ,in some of the features of the story the original meaning may be traced quite clearly1 but in others the myth can no longer be recognized4 ,the exploits of some ,danite hero1 such as ,shamgar1 who 'slew six hundred ,philistines with an ox-goad' 7,judges iii4 #ca71 have been woven into it2 the whole has been remodeled after the ideas of the prophets of later ages1 and finally1 it has been fitted into the framework of the period of the ,judges1 as conceived by the writer of the book called after them4#gc3f ,again he says3 ,the myth that lies at the foundation of this story is a description of the sun's course during the six winter months4 ,the god is gradually encompassed by his enemies1 mist and darkness4 ,at first he easily maintains his freedom1 and gives glorious proofs of his strength2 but the fetters grow stronger and stronger1 until at last he is robbed of his crown of rays1 and loses all his power and glory4 ,such is the ,sun in ,winter4 ,but he has not lost his splendor forever4 ,gradually his strength returns1 at last he reappears2 and though he still seems to allow himself to be mocked1 yet the power of avenging himself has returned1 and in the end he triumphs over his enemies once more4#gc3g ,other nations beside the ,hebrews and ,greeks had their mighty men and lion-killers4 ,the ,hindoos had their ,samson4 ,his name was ,bala-,rama1 the ,strong ,rama4 ,he was considered by some an incarnation of ,vishnu4#gc3h ,captain ,wilford says1 in ,asiatic ,researches3 ,the ,indian ,hercules1 according to ,cicero1 was called ,belus4 ,he is the same as ,bala1 the brother of ,crishna1 and both are conjointly worshiped at ,mutra2 indeed1 they are considered as one ,avatar or ,incarnation of ,vishnou4 ,bala is represented as a stout man1 with a club in his hand4 ,he is also called ,bala-rama4#gd3a ,there is a ,hindoo legend which relates that ,sevah had an encounter with a tiger1 whose mouth expanded like a cave1 and whose voice resembled thunder4 ,he slew the monster1 and1 like ,hercules1 covered himself with the skin4#gd3b ,the ,assyrians and ,lydians1 both ,semitic nations1 worshiped a ,sun-god named ,sandan or ,sandon4 ,he also was believed to be a lion-killer1 and frequently figured struggling with the lion1 or standing upon the slain lion4#gd3c ,ninevah1 too1 had her mighty hero and king1 who slew a lion and other monsters4 ,layard1 in his excavations1 discovered a bas-relief representation of this hero triumphing over the lion and wild bull4#gd3d ,the ,ancient ,babylonians had a hero lion-slayer1 ,izdubar by name4 ,the destruction of the lion1 and other monsters1 by ,izdubar1 is often depicted on the cylinders and engraved gems belonging to the early ,babylonian monarchy4#gd3e ,izdubar is represented as a great or mighty man1 who1 in the early days after the flood1 destroyed wild animals1 and conquered a number of petty kings4#gd3f ,izdubar resembles the ,grecian hero1 ,hercules1 in other respects than as a destroyer of wild animals1 c4 ,we are told that he wandered to the regions where gigantic composite monsters held and controlled the rising and setting sun1 from these learned the road to the region of the blessed1 and passing across a great waste of land1 he arrived at a region where splendid trees were laden with jewels4#gd3g ,he also resembles ,hercules1 ,samson1 and other solar-gods1 in the particular of long flowing locks of hair4 ,in the ,babylonian and ,assyrian sculptures he is always represented with a marked physiognomy1 and always indicated as a man with masses of curls over his head and a large curly beard4#gd3h ,here1 evidently1 is the ,babylonian legend of ,hercules4 ,he too was a wanderer1 going from the furthest ,east to the furthest ,west4 ,he crossed a great waste of land 7the desert of ,lybia71 visited the region of the blessed1 where there were splendid trees laden with jewels 7golden apples74 ,the ancient ,egyptians had their ,hercules4 ,according to ,herodotus1 he was known several thousand years before the ,grecian hero of that name4 ,this the ,egyptians affirmed1 and that he was born in their country4#ge3a ,the story of ,hercules was known in the ,island of ,thasos1 by the ,phenician colony settled there1 five centuries before he was known in ,greece4#ge3b ,fig4 ,no4 #d is from an ancient representation of ,hercules in conflict with the lion1 taken from ,gorio4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #d ,another mighty hero was the ,grecian ,bellerophon4 ,the minstrels sang of the beauty and the great deeds of ,bellerophon throughout all the land of ,argos4 ,his arm was strong in battle2 his feet were swift in the chase4 ,none that were poor and weak and wretched feared the might of ,bellerophon4 ,to them the sight of his beautiful form brought only joy and gladness2 but the proud and boastful1 the slanderer and the robber1 dreaded the glance of his keen eye4 ,for a long time he fought the ,solymi and the ,amazons1 until all his enemies shrank from the stroke of his mighty arm1 and sought for mercy4#ge3c ,the second of the principal gods of the ,ancient ,scandinavians was named ,thor1 and was no less known than ,odin among the ,teutonic nations4 ,the ,edda calls him expressly the most valiant of the sons of ,odin4 ,he was considered the defender and avenger4 ,he always carried a mallet1 which1 as often as he discharged it1 returned to his hand of itself2 he grasped it with gauntlets of iron1 and was further possessed of a girdle which had the virtue of renewing his strength as often as was needful4 ,it was with these formidable arms that he overthrew to the ground the monsters and giants1 when he was sent by the gods to oppose their enemies4 ,he was represented of gigantic size1 and as the stoutest and strongest of the gods4#gf3a ,thor was simply the ,hercules of the ,northern nations4 ,he was the ,sun personified4#gf3b ,without enumerating them1 we can safely say1 that there was not a nation of antiquity1 from the remotest ,east to the furthest ,west1 that did not have its mighty hero1 and counterpart of ,hercules and ,samson4#gf3c ,,footnotes3 #fb3a ,the idea of a woman conceiving1 and bearing a son in her old age1 seems to have been a ,hebrew peculiarity1 as a number of their remarkable personages were born1 so it is said1 of parents well advanced in years1 or of a woman who was supposed to have been barren4 ,as illustrations1 we may mention this case of ,samson1 and that of ,joseph being born of ,rachel4 ,the beautiful ,rachel1 who was so much beloved by ,jacob1 her husband1 was barren1 and she bore him no sons4 ,this caused grief and discontent on her part1 and anger on the part of her husband4 ,in her old age1 however1 she bore the wonderful child ,joseph4 7,see ,genesis1 xxx4 #a-bi47 ,isaac was born of a woman 7,sarah7 who had been barren many years4 ,an angel appeared to her when her lord 7,abraham7 was ninety years old and nine1 and informed her that she would conceive and bear a son4 7,see ,gen4 xvi47 ,samuel1 the holy man1 was also born of a woman 7,hannah7 who had been barren many years4 ,in grief1 she prayed to the ,lord for a child1 and was finally comforted by receiving her wish4 7,see #a ,samuel1 i4 #a-bj47 ,john the ,baptist was also a miraculously conceived infant4 ,his mother1 ,elizabeth1 bore him in her old age4 ,an angel also informed her and her husband ,zachariah1 that this event would take place4 7,see ,luke1 i4 #a-be47 ,mary1 the mother of ,jesus1 was born of a woman 7,anna7 who was old and stricken in years1 and who had been barren all her life4 ,an angel appeared to ,anna and her husband 7,joachim71 and told them what was about to take place4 7,see ,the ,gospel of ,mary1 ,apoc47 ,thus we see1 that the idea of a wonderful child being born of a woman who had passed the age which nature had destined for her to bear children1 and who had been barren all her life1 was a favorite one among the ,hebrews4 ,the idea that the ancestors of a race lived to a fabulous old age1 is also a familiar one among the ancients4 ,most ancient nations relate in their fables that their ancestors lived to be very old men4 ,for instance2 the ,persian patriarch ,kaiomaras reigned #efj years2 ,jemshid reigned #cjj years2 ,jahmurash reigned #gjj years2 ,dahk reigned #ajjj years2 ,feridun reigned #abj years2 ,manugeher reigned #ejj years2 ,kaikans reigned #aej years2 and ,bahaman reigned #aab years4 7,see ,dunlap3 ,son of the ,man1 p4 #aee1 note47 #fd3a ,judges1 xiv4 #fe3a ,judges1 xv4 #ff3a ,judges1 xvi4 #ff3b ,perhaps that of ,izdubar4 ,see chapter xi4 #ff3c ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #bdh4 #ff3d ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #bdh4 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #bjj4 #fg3a ,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #bjj4 #fg3b ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #bdi4 #fg3c ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #abd2 and ,montfaucon1 vol4 i4 plate cxxvi4 #fg3d ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #bdi4 #fg3e ,see ,ibid4 ,greek and ,italian ,mythology1 p4 #abi1 and ,montfaucon1 vol4 i4 plate cxxv4 and cxxvi4 #fg3f ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #bdg4 #fg3g ,it has many heads1 one being immortal1 as the storm must constantly supply new clouds while the vapors are driven off by the ,sun into space4 ,hence the story went that although ,herakles could burn away its mortal heads1 as the ,sun burns up the clouds1 still he can but hide away the mist or vapor itself1 which at its appointed time must again darken the sky4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh47 #fg3h ,see ,manual of ,mytho41 p4 #bej4 #fh3a ,steinthal3 ,the ,legend of ,samson1 p4 #cih4 ,see1 also1 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdj1 and ,volney3 ,researches in ,anc't ,history1 p4 #db4 #fh3b ,ibid4 #fh3c ,quoted by ,count de ,volney3 ,researches in ,ancient ,history1 p4 #db1 note4 #fh3d ,volney3 ,researches in ,ancient ,history1 p4 #db4 #fi3a ,see ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #bea4 ,the slaughter of the ,centaurs by ,hercules is the conquest and dispersion of the vapors by the ,sun as he rises in the heaven4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dg47 #fi3b ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #beg4 #fi3c ,shamgar also slew six hundred ,philistines with an ox goad4 7,see ,judges1 iii4 #ca47 ,it is scarcely necessary to say that these weapons are the heritage of all the ,solar heroes1 that they are found in the hands of ,phebus and ,herakles1 of ,o,edipus1 ,achilleus1 ,philoktetes1 of ,siguard1 ,rustem1 ,indra1 ,isfendujar1 of ,telephos1 ,meleagros1 ,theseus1 ,kadmos1 ,bellerophon1 and all other slayers of noxious and fearful things4 7,rev4 ,geo4 ,cox3 ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 xxvii47 #fi3d ,see ,volney3 ,researches in ,ancient ,history1 p4 #da4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bci2 ,montfaucon3 ,l',antiquit ,explique1 vol4 i4 p4 #bac1 and ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 pp4 #bei-bfb4 ,it is evident that ,herodotus1 the ,grecian historian1 was somewhat of a skeptic1 for he says3 ,the ,grecians say that ',when ,hercules arrived in ,egypt1 the ,egyptians1 having crowned him with a garland1 led him in procession1 as designing to sacrifice him to ,jupiter1 and that for some time he remained quiet1 but when they began the preparatory ceremonies upon him at the altar1 he set about defending himself and slew every one of them4' ,now1 since ,hercules was but one1 and1 besides1 a mere man1 as they confess1 how is it possible that he should slay many thousands8 7,herodotus1 book ii4 ch4 #de74 #fi3e ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #bfc4 #gj3a ,volney3 ,researches in ,anc't ,history1 pp4 #da1 #db4 ,in ,bell's ,pantheon of the ,gods and ,demi-,gods of ,antiquity1 we read1 under the head of ,ammon or ,hammon 7the name of the ,egyptian ,jupiter1 worshiped under the figure of a ,ram71 that3 ,bacchus having subdued ,asia1 and passing with his army through the deserts of ,africa1 was in great want of water2 but ,jupiter1 his father1 assuming the shape of a ,ram1 led him to a fountain1 where he refreshed himself and his army2 in requital of which favor1 ,bacchus built there a temple to ,jupiter1 under the title of ,ammon4 #gj3b ,cadiz 7ancient ,gades71 being situated near the mouth of the ,mediterranean4 ,the first author who mentions the ,pillars of ,hercules is ,pindar1 and he places them there4 7,chambers's ,encyclo4 ,hercules47 #gj3c ,volney's ,researches1 p4 #da4 ,see also ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #ceg4 #gj3d ,see ,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 ,art4 ,hercules4 ,cory's ,ancient ,fragments1 p4 #cf1 note2 and ,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #bja4 #gj3e ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,hercules4 #gj3f ,vol4 i4 plate cxxvii4 #ga3a ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #cii4 #ga3b ,o,ed4 ,jud4 p4 #cfj1 in ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bci4 #ga3c ,rien de plus connu dans la fable que ses amours avec ,omphale et ,iole4--,l',antiquit ,explique1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbd4 #ga3d ,the ,legend of ,samson1 p4 #djd4 #ga3e ,vol4 i4 plate cxxvii4 #ga3f ,samson was remarkable for his long hair4 ,the meaning of this trait in the original myth is easy to guess1 and appears also from representations of the ,sun-god amongst other peoples4 ,these long hairs are the rays of the ,sun4 7,bible for ,learners1 i4 #daf47 ,the beauty of the sun's rays is signified by the golden locks of ,phoibos1 over which no razor has ever passed2 by the flowing hair which streams from the head of ,kephalos1 and falls over the shoulders of ,perseus and ,bellerophon4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 i4 p4 #ajg47 #gb3a ,hebrew ,mytho41 pp4 #acg1 #ach4 #gb3b ,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 i4 p4 #hd4 #gb3c ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 xxix4 #gb3d ,the ,legend of ,samson1 p4 #djh4 #gb3e ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #gb4 #gc3a ,the ,legend of ,samson1 p4 #djf4 #gc3b ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcg4 ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #bb4 ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #fa4 ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #dah4 ,volney's ,ruins1 p4 #da1 and ,stanley3 ,history of the ,jewish ,church1 where he says3 ,his name1 which ,josephus interprets in the sense of 'strong1' was still more characteristic4 ,he was 'the ,sunny'--the bright and beaming1 though wayward1 likeness of the great luminary4 #gc3c ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcg1 and ,volney's ,researches1 p4 #dc1 note4 #gc3d ,see chapter ii4 #gc3e ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #fa4 ,the yellow hair of ,apollo was a symbol of the solar rays4 7,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fgi47 #gc3f ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #dad4 #gc3g ,ibid4 p4 #dbb4 #gc3h ,williams' ,hinduism1 pp4 #ajh and #afg4 #gd3a ,vol4 v4 p4 #bgj4 #gd3b ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aee4 #gd3c ,steinthal3 ,the ,legend of ,samson1 p4 #chf4 #gd3d ,buckley3 ,cities of the ,world1 #da1 #db4 #gd3e ,smith3 ,assyrian ,discoveries1 p4 #afg1 and ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #agd4 #gd3f ,assyrian ,discoveries1 p4 #bje1 and ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #agd4 #gd3g ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #caj4 #gd3h ,ibid4 pp4 #aic1 #aid1 #agd4 #ge3a ,see ,tacitus3 ,annals1 book ii4 ch4 lix4 #ge3b ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #ib4 #ge3c ,see ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 #aec4 #gf3a ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 pp4 #id1 #dag1 and #ead4 #gf3b ,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology4 #gf3c ,see vol4 i4 of ,aryan ,mythology1 by ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox4 ,besides the fabulous ,hercules1 the son of ,jupiter and ,alcmena1 there was1 in ancient times1 no warlike nation who did not boast of its own particular ,hercules4 7,arthur ,murphy1 ,translator of ,tacitus47 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,jonah ,,swallowed ,,by ,a ,,big ,,fish4 ,in the book of ,jonah1 containing four chapters1 we are told the word of the ,lord came unto ,jonah1 saying3 ,arise1 go to ,ninevah1 that great city1 and cry against it1 for their wickedness is come up against me4 ,instead of obeying this command ,jonah sought to flee from the presence of the ,lord1 by going to ,tarshish4 ,for this purpose he went to ,joppa1 and there took ship for ,tarshish4 ,but the ,lord sent a great wind1 and there was a mighty tempest1 so that the ship was likely to be broken4 ,the mariners being afraid1 they cried every one unto his ,god2 and casting lots--that they might know which of them was the cause of the storm--the lot fell upon ,jonah1 showing him to be the guilty man4 ,the mariners then said unto him2 ,what shall we do unto thee8 ,jonah in reply said1 ,take me up and cast me forth into the sea1 for ,i know that for my sake this great tempest is upon you4 ,so they took up ,jonah1 and cast him into the sea1 and the sea ceased raging4 ,and the ,lord prepared a great fish to swallow up ,jonah1 and ,jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights4 ,then ,jonah prayed unto the ,lord out of the fish's belly4 ,and the ,lord spake unto the fish1 and it vomited out ,jonah upon the dry land4 ,the ,lord again spake unto ,jonah and said3 ,go unto ,ninevah and preach unto it4 ,so ,jonah arose and went unto ,ninevah1 according to the command of the ,lord1 and preached unto it4 ,there is a ,hindoo fable1 very much resembling this1 to be found in the ,somadeva ,bhatta1 of a person by the name of ,saktideva who was swallowed by a huge fish1 and finally came out unhurt4 ,the story is as follows3 ,there was once a king's daughter who would marry no one but the man who had seen the ,golden ,city--of legendary fame--and ,saktideva was in love with her2 so he went travelling about the world seeking some one who could tell him where this ,golden ,city was4 ,in the course of his journeys he embarked on board a ship bound for the ,island of ,utsthala1 where lived the ,king of the ,fishermen1 who1 ,saktideva hoped1 would set him on his way4 ,on the voyage there arose a great storm and the ship went to pieces1 and a great fish swallowed ,saktideva whole4 ,then1 driven by the force of fate1 the fish went to the ,island of ,utsthala1 and there the servants of the ,king of the ,fishermen caught it1 and the king1 wondering at its size1 had it cut open1 and ,saktideva came out unhurt4#gh3a ,in ,grecian fable1 ,hercules is said to have been swallowed by a whale1 at a place called ,joppa1 and to have lain three days in his entrails4 ,bernard de ,montfaucon1 speaking of ,jonah being swallowed by a whale1 and describing a piece of ,grecian sculpture representing ,hercules standing by a huge sea monster1 says3 ,some ancients relate to the effect that ,hercules was also swallowed by the whale that was watching ,hesione1 that he remained three days in his belly1 and that he came out bald-pated after his sojourn there4#gh3b ,bouchet1 in his ,hist4 d',animal1 tells us that3 ,the great fish which swallowed up ,jonah1 although it be called a whale 7,matt4 xii4 #dj71 yet it was not a whale1 properly so called1 but a ,dog-fish1 called ,carcharias4 ,therefore in the ,grecian fable ,hercules is said to have been swallowed up of a ,dag1 and to have lain three days in his entrails4#gh3c ,godfrey ,higgins says1 on this subject3 ,the story of ,jonas swallowed up by a whale1 is nothing but part of the fiction of ,hercules1 described in the ,heracleid or ,labors of ,hercules1 of whom the same story was told1 and who was swallowed up at the very same place1 ,joppa1 and for the same period of time1 three days4 ,lycophron says that ,hercules was three nights in the belly of a fish4#gh3d ,we have still another similar story in that of ,arion the ,musician1 who1 being thrown overboard1 was caught on the back of a ,dolphin and landed safe on shore4 ,the story is related in ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 as follows3 ,arion was a ,corinthian harper who had travelled in ,sicily and ,italy1 and had accumulated great wealth4 ,being desirous of again seeing his native city1 he set sail from ,taras for ,corinth4 ,the sailors in the ship1 having seen the large boxes full of money which ,arion had brought with him into the ship1 made up their minds to kill him and take his gold and silver4 ,so one day when he was sitting on the bow of the ship1 and looking down on the dark blue sea1 three or four of the sailors came to him and said they were going to kill him4 ,now ,arion knew they said this because they wanted his money2 so he promised to give them all he had if they would spare his life4 ,but they would not4 ,then he asked them to let him jump into the sea4 ,when they had given him leave to do this1 ,arion took one last look at the bright and sunny sky1 and then leaped into the sea1 and the sailors saw him no more4 ,but ,arion was not drowned in the sea1 for a great fish called a dolphin was swimming by the ship when ,arion leaped over2 and it caught him on its back and swam away with him towards ,corinth4 ,so presently the fish came close to the shore and left ,arion on the beach1 and swam away again into the deep sea4#gi3a ,there is also a ,persian legend to the effect that ,jemshid was devoured by a great monster waiting for him at the bottom of the sea1 but afterwards rises again out of the sea1 like ,jonah in the ,hebrew1 and ,hercules in the ,phenician myth4#gi3b ,this legend was also found in the myths of the ,new ,world4#gi3c ,it was urged1 many years ago1 by ,rosenmller--an eminent ,german divine and professor of theology--and other critics1 that the miracle recorded in the book of ,jonah is not to be regarded as an historical fact1 but only as an allegory1 founded on the ,phenician myth of ,hercules rescuing ,hesione from the sea monster by leaping himself into its jaws1 and for three days and three nights continuing to tear its entrails4#gi3d ,that the story is an allegory1 and that it1 as well as that of ,saktideva1 ,hercules and the rest1 are simply different versions of the same myth1 the significance of which is the alternate swallowing up and casting forth of ,day1 or the ,sun1 by ,night1 is now all but universally admitted by scholars4 ,the ,day1 or the ,sun1 is swallowed up by ,night1 to be set free again at dawn1 and from time to time suffers a like but shorter durance in the maw of the eclipse and the storm-cloud4#gi3e ,professor ,goldzhier says3 ,the most prominent mythical characteristic of the story of ,jonah is his celebrated abode in the sea in the belly of a whale4 ,this trait is eminently ,solar4 4 4 4 ,as on occasion of the storm the storm-dragon or the storm-serpent swallows the ,sun1 so when he sets1 he 7,jonah1 as a personification of the ,sun7 is swallowed by a mighty fish1 waiting for him at the bottom of the sea4 ,then1 when he appears again on the horizon1 he is spit out on the shore by the sea-monster4#hj3a ,the ,sun was called ,jona1 as appears from ,gruter's inscriptions1 and other sources4#hj3b ,in the ,vedas--the four sacred books of the ,hindoos--when ,day and ,night1 ,sun and ,darkness1 are opposed to each other1 the one is designated ,red1 the other ,black4#hj3c ,the ,red ,sun being swallowed up by the ,dark ,earth at ,night--as it apparently is when it sets in the west--to be cast forth again at ,day1 is also illustrated in like manner4 ,jonah1 ,hercules and others personify the ,sun1 and a huge ,fish represents the ,earth4#hj3d ,the ,earth represented as a huge ,fish is one of the most prominent ideas of the ,polynesian mythology4#hj3e ,at other times1 instead of a ,fish1 we have a great raving ,wolf1 who comes to devour its victim and extinguish the ,sun-light4#hj3f ,the ,wolf is particularly distinguished in ancient ,scandinavian mythology1 being employed as an emblem of the ,destroying ,power1 which attempts to destroy the ,sun4#hj3g ,this is illustrated in the story of ,little ,red ,riding-,hood 7the ,sun7#hj3h who is devoured by the great ,black ,wolf 7,night7 and afterwards comes out unhurt4#hj3i ,the story of ,little ,red ,riding-,hood is mutilated in the ,english version4 ,the original story was that the little maid1 in her shining ,red ,cloak1 was swallowed by the great ,black ,wolf1 and that she came out safe and sound when the hunters cut open the sleeping beast4#hj3aj ,in regard to these heroes remaining three days and three nights in the bowels of the ,fish1 they represent the ,sun at the ,winter ,solstice4 ,from ,december #bb;d to the #beth--that is1 for three days and three nights--the ,sun remains in the ,lowest ,regions1 in the bowels of the ,earth1 in the belly of the ,fish2 it is then cast forth and renews its career4 ,thus1 we see that the story of ,jonah being swallowed by a big fish1 meant originally the ,sun swallowed up by ,night1 and that it is identical with the well-known nursery-tale4 ,how such legends are transformed from intelligible into unintelligible myths1 is very clearly illustrated by ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 who1 in speaking of the comparison of the different forms of ,aryan ,religion and ,mythology1 in ,india1 ,persia1 ,greece1 ,italy and ,germany1 says3 ,in each of these nations there was a tendency to change the original conception of divine powers2 to misunderstand the many names given to these powers1 and to misinterpret the praises addressed to them4 ,in this manner some of the divine names were changed into half-divine1 half-human heroes1 and at last the myths which were true and intelligible as told originally of the ,sun1 or the ,dawn1 or the ,storms1 were turned into legends or fables too marvellous to be believed of common mortals4 ,this process can be watched in ,india1 in ,greece1 and in ,germany4 ,the same story1 or nearly the same1 is told of gods1 of heroes1 and of men4 ,the divine myth became an heroic legend1 and the heroic legend fades away into a nursery tale4 ,our nursery tales have well been called the modern patois of the ancient sacred mythology of the ,aryan race4#ha3a ,how striking are these words2 how plainly they illustrate the process by which the story1 that was true and intelligible as told originally of the ,day being swallowed up by ,night1 or the ,sun being swallowed up by the ,earth1 was transformed into a legend or fable1 too marvellous to be believed by common mortals4 ,how the divine myth became an heroic legend1 and how the heroic legend faded away into a nursery tale4 ,in regard to ,jonah's going to the city of ,ninevah1 and preaching unto the inhabitants1 we believe that the old ,myth of ,civilization1 so called1#hb3a is partly interwoven here1 and that1 in this respect1 he is nothing more than the ,indian ,fish ,avatar of ,vishnou1 or the ,chaldean ,oannes4 ,at his first ,avatar1 ,vishnou is alleged to have appeared to humanity in form like a fish1#hb3b or half-man and half-fish1 just as ,oannes and ,dagon were represented among the ,chaldeans and other nations4 ,in the temple of ,rama1 in ,india1 there is a representation of ,vishnou which answers perfectly to that of ,dagon4#hb3c ,mr4 ,maurice1 in his ,hist4 ,hindostan1 has proved the identity of the ,syrian ,dagon and the ,indian ,fish ,avatar1 and concludes by saying3 ,from the foregoing and a variety of parallel circumstances1 ,i am inclined to think that the ,chaldean ,oannes1 the ,phenician and ,philistian ,dagon1 and the ,pisces of the ,syrian and ,egyptian ,zodiac1 were the same deity with the ,indian ,vishnu4#hb3d ,in the old mythological remains of the ,chaldeans1 compiled by ,berosus1 ,abydenus1 and ,polyhistor1 there is an account of one ,oannes1 a fish-god1 who rendered great service to mankind4#hb3e ,this being is said to have come out of the ,erythraean ,sea4#hb3f ,this is evidently the ,sun rising out of the sea1 as it apparently does1 in the ,east4#hb3g ,prof4 ,goldzhier1 speaking of ,oannes1 says3 ,that this founder of civilization has a ,solar character1 like similar heroes in all other nations1 is shown 4 4 4 in the words of ,berosus1 who says3 ',during the day-time ,oannes held intercourse with man1 but when the ,sun set1 ,oannes fell into the sea1 where he used to pass the night4' ,here1 evidently1 only the ,sun can be meant1 who1 in the evening1 dips into the sea1 and comes forth again in the morning1 and passes the day on the dry land in the company of men4#hb3h ,dagon was sometimes represented as a man emerging from a fish's mouth1 and sometimes as half-man and half-fish4#hb3i ,it was believed that he came in a ship1 and taught the people4 ,ancient history abounds with such mythological personages4#hb3aj ,there was also a ,durga1 a fish deity1 among the ,hindoos1 represented as a full grown man emerging from a fish's mouth#hb3i ,the ,philistines worshiped ,dagon1 and in ,babylonian ,mythology ,odakon is applied to a fish-like being1 who rose from the waters of the ,red ,sea as one of the benefactors of men4#hc3a ,on the coins of ,ascalon1 where she was held in great honor1 the goddess ,derceto or ,atergatis is represented as a woman with her lower extremities like a fish4 ,this is ,semiramis1 who appeared at ,joppa as a mermaid4 ,she is simply a personification of the ,moon1 who follows the course of the ,sun4 ,at times she manifests herself to the eyes of men1 at others she seeks concealment in the ,western flood4#hc3b ,the ,sun-god ,phoibos traverses the sea in the form of a fish1 and imparts lessons of wisdom and goodness when he has come forth from the green depths4 ,all these powers or qualities are shared by ,proteus in ,hellenic story1 as well as by the fish-god1 ,dagon or ,oannes4#hc3c ,in the ,iliad and ,odyssey1 ,atlas is brought into close connection with ,helios1 the bright god1 the ,latin ,sol1 and our ,sun4 ,in these poems he rises every morning from a beautiful lake by the deep-flowing stream of ,ocean1 and having accomplished his journey across the heavens1 plunges again into the ,western waters4#hc3d ,the ancient ,mexicans and ,peruvians had likewise semi-fish gods4#hc3e ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #e ,jonah then1 is like these other personages1 in so far as they are all personifications of the ,sun2 they all come out of the sea2 they are all represented as a man emerging from a fish's mouth2 and they are all benefactors of mankind4 ,we believe1 therefore1 that it is one and the same myth1 whether ,oannes1 ,joannes1 or ,jonas1#hc3f differing to a certain extent among different nations1 just as we find to be the case with other legends4 ,this we have just seen illustrated in the story of ,little ,red ,riding-,hood1 which is considerably mutilated in the ,english version4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #f ,fig4 ,no4 #e is a representation of ,dagon1 intended to illustrate a creature half-man and half-fish2 or1 perhaps1 a man emerging from a fish's mouth4 ,it is taken from ,layard4 ,fig4 ,no4 #fhd3a is a representation of the ,indian ,avatar of ,vishnou1 coming forth from the fish4#hd3b ,it would answer just as well for a representation of ,jonah1 as it does for the ,hindoo divinity4 ,it should be noticed that in both of these1 the god has a crown on his head1 surmounted with a triple ornament1 both of which had evidently the same meaning1 i4 e41 an emblem of the trinity4#hd3c ,the ,indian ,avatar being represented with four arms1 evidently means that he is god of the whole world1 his four arms extending to the four corners of the world4 ,the circle1 which is seen in one hand1 is an emblem of eternal reward4 ,the shell1 with its eight convolutions1 is intended to show the place in the number of the cycles which he occupied4 ,the book and sword are to show that he ruled both in the right of the book and of the sword4#hd3d ,,footnotes3 #gh3a ,tylor3 ,early ,hist4 ,mankind1 pp4 #cdd1 #cde4 #gh3b ,en effet1 quelques anciens disent qu' ,hercule fut aussi devor par la beleine qui gurdoit ,hesione1 qu'il demeura trois jours dans son ventre1 et qu'il sortit chauve de ce sejour4 7,l',antiquit ,explique1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjd47 #gh3c ,bouchet3 ,hist4 d',animal1 in ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #bdj4 #gh3d ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fch4 ,see also ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjf1 and ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,jonah4 #gi3a ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 #bif4 #gi3b ,see ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #bjc4 #gi3c ,see ,tylor's ,early ,hist4 ,mankind1 and ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 #gi3d ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,jonah4 #gi3e ,see ,fiske3 ,myths and ,myth ,makers1 p4 #gg1 and note2 and ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cjb4 #hj3a ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc4 #hj3b ,this is seen from the following1 taken from ,pictet3 ,du ,culte des ,carabi1 p4 #ajd1 and quoted by ,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #fej3 ,vallancy dit que ,ionn toit le mme que ,baal4 ,en ,gallois ,jon1 le ,seigneur1 ,dieu1 la cause prmire4 ,en ,basque ,jawna1 ,jon1 ,jona1 c41 ,dieu1 et ,seigneur1 ,matre4 ,les ,scandinaves appeloient le ,soleil ,john4 4 4 4 ,une des inscriptions de ,gruter montre ques les ,troyens adoroient le mme astre sous le nom de ,jona4 ,en ,persan le ,soleil est appel ,jawnah4 ,thus we see that the ,sun was called ,jonah1 by different nations of antiquity4 #hj3c ,see ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #adh4 #hj3d ,see ,tylor3 ,early ,history of ,mankind1 p4 #hde1 and ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc4 #hj3e ,see ,tylor3 ,early ,history of ,mankind1 p4 #cde4 #hj3f ,fiske3 ,myths and ,myth ,makers1 p4 #gg4 #hj3g ,see ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 pp4 #hh1 #hi1 and ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities4 #hj3h ,in ancient ,scandinavian mythology1 the ,sun is personified in the form of a beautiful maiden4 7,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #deh47 #hj3i ,see ,fiske3 ,myths and ,myth ,makers1 p4 #gg4 ,bunce3 ,fairy ,tales1 #afa4 #hj3aj ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjg4 ,the story of ,little ,red ,riding-,hood1 as we call her1 or ,little ,red-,cap1 came from the same 7i4 e41 the ancient ,aryan7 source1 and refers to the ,sun and the ,night4 ,one of the fancies of the most ancient ,aryan or ,hindoo stories was that there was a great dragon that was trying to devour the ,sun1 and to prevent him from shining upon the earth and filling it with brightness and life and beauty1 and that ,indra1 the ,sun-god1 killed the dragon4 ,now1 this is the meaning of ,little ,red ,riding-,hood1 as it is told in our nursery tales4 ,little ,red ,riding-,hood is the evening ,sun1 which is always described as red or golden2 the old grandmother is the earth1 to whom the rays of the ,sun bring warmth and comfort4 ,the wolf--which is a well-known figure for the clouds and darkness of night--is the dragon in another form4 ,first he devours the grandmother2 that is1 he wraps the earth in thick clouds1 which the evening ,sun is not strong enough to pierce through4 ,then1 with the darkness of night1 he swallows up the evening ,sun itself1 and all is dark and desolate4 ,then1 as in the ,german tale1 the night-thunder and the storm-winds are represented by the loud snoring of the wolf2 and then the huntsman1 the morning ,sun1 comes in all his strength and majesty1 and chases away the night-clouds and kills the wolf1 and revives old ,grandmother ,earth1 and brings ,little ,red ,riding-,hood to life again4 7,bunce1 ,fairy ,tales1 their ,origin and ,meaning1 p4 #afa47 #ha3a ,mller's ,chips1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfj4 #hb3a ,see ,goldzhier's ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #aih1 et seq4 #hb3b ,see ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgg4 #hb3c ,see ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bei4 ,also1 ,fig4 ,no4 #e1 next page4 #hb3d ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dah-dai4 #hb3e ,see ,pilchard's ,egyptian ,mythology1 p4 #aij4 ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #hg4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fdf4 ,cory's ,ancient ,fragments1 p4 #eg4 #hb3f ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fdf4 ,smith3 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #ci1 and ,cory's ,ancient ,fragments1 p4 #eg4 #hb3g ,civilizing gods1 who diffuse intelligence and instruct barbarians1 are also ,solar ,deities4 ,among these ,oannes takes his place1 as the ,sun-god1 giving knowledge and civilization4 7,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould3 ,curious ,myths1 p4 #cfg47 #hb3h ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 pp4 #bad1 #bae4 #hb3i ,see ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaa4 #hb3aj ,see ,chamber's ,encyclo41 art ,dagon4 #hc3a ,see ,smith's ,dictionary of the ,bible1 and ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,dagon in both4 #hc3b ,see ,baring-,gould's ,curious ,myths4 #hc3c ,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bf4 #hc3d ,ibid4 p4 #ch4 #hc3e ,curious ,myths1 p4 #cgb4 #hc3f ,since writing the above we find that ,mr4 ,bryant1 in his ,analysis of ,ancient ,mythology 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bia71 speaking of the mystical nature of the name ,john1 which is the same as ,jonah1 says3 ,the prophet who was sent upon an embassy to the ,ninevites1 is styled ,ionas3 a title probably bestowed upon him as a messenger of the ,deity4 ,the great ,patriarch who preached righteousness to the ,antediluvians1 is styled ,oan and ,oannes1 which is the same as ,jonah4 #hd3a ,from ,maurice3 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 i4 p4 #die4 #hd3b ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fcd4 ,see also1 ,calmet's ,fragments1 #b;d ,hundred1 p4 #gh4 #hd3c ,see the chapter on ,the ,trinity1 in part second4 #hd3d ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fdj4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,circumcision4 ,in the words of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles3 ,the rite of circumcision must not be passed over in any work that concerns the religion and literature of that 7the ,jewish7 people4#he3a ,the first mention of ,circumcision1 in the ,bible1 occurs in ,genesis1#he3b where ,god is said to have commanded the ,israelites to perform this rite1 and thereby establish a covenant between him and his chosen people3 ,this is my covenant 7said the ,lord71 which ye shall keep1 between me and you and thy seed after thee2 every male child among you shall be circumcised4 ,we need not doubt1 says the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 that a ,divine command was given to ,abraham that all his posterity should practice the rite of circumcision4#he3c ,such may be the case4 ,if we believe that the ,lord of the ,universe communes with man1 we need not doubt this2 yet1 we are compelled to admit that nations other than the ,hebrews practiced this rite4 ,the origin of it1 however1 as practiced among other nations1 has never been clearly ascertained4 ,it has been maintained by some scholars that this rite drew its origin from considerations of health and cleanliness1 which seems very probable1 although doubted by many4#he3d ,whatever may have been its origin1 it is certain that it was practiced by many of the ancient ,eastern nations1 who never came in contact with the ,hebrews1 in early times1 and1 therefore1 could not have learned it from them4 ,the ,egyptians practiced circumcision at a very early period1#he3e at least as early as the fourth dynasty--pyramid one--and therefore1 long before the time assigned for ,joseph's entry into ,egypt1 from whom some writers have claimed the ,egyptians learned it4#hf3a ,in the decorative pictures of ,egyptian tombs1 one frequently meets with persons on whom the denudation of the prepuce is manifested4#hf3b ,on a stone found at ,thebes1 there is a representation of the circumcision of ,ramses ,,ii4 ,a mother is seen holding her boy's arms back1 while the operator kneels in front4#hf3c ,all ,egyptian priests were obliged to be circumcised1#hf3d and ,pythagoras had to submit to it before being admitted to the ,egyptian sacerdotal mysteries4#hf3e ,herodotus1 the ,greek historian1 says3 ,as this practice can be traced both in ,egypt and ,ethiopia1 to the remotest antiquity1 it is not possible to say which first introduced it4 ,the ,phenicians and ,syrians of ,palestine acknowledge that they borrowed it from ,egypt4#hf3f ,it has been recognized among the ,kaffirs and other tribes of ,africa4#hf3g ,it was practiced among the ,fijians and ,samoans of ,polynesia1 and some races of ,australia4#hf3h ,the ,suzees and the ,mandingoes circumcise their women4#hf3i ,the ,assyrians1 ,colchins1 ,phenicians1 and others1 practiced it4#hf3aj ,it has been from time immemorial a custom among the ,abyssinians1 though1 at the present time1 ,christians4#hf3aa ,the antiquity of the custom may be assured from the fact of the ,new ,hollanders1 7never known to civilized nations until a few years ago7 having practiced it4#hf3ab ,the ,troglodytes on the shore of the ,red ,sea1 the ,idumeans1 ,ammonites1 ,moabites and ,ishmaelites1 had the practice of circumcision4#hf3aa ,the ancient ,mexicans also practiced this rite4#hf3ac ,it was also found among the ,amazon tribes of ,south ,america4#hg3a ,these ,indians1 as well as some ,african tribes1 were in the habit of circumcising their women4 ,among the ,campas1 the women circumcised themselves1 and a man would not marry a woman who was not circumcised4#hg3b ,they performed this singular rite upon arriving at the age of puberty4#hg3c ,jesus of ,nazareth was circumcised1#hg3d and had he been really the founder of the ,christian religion1 so-called1 it would certainly be incumbent on all ,christians to be circumcised as he was1 and to observe that ,jewish law which he observed1 and which he was so far from abrogating1 that he declared3 heaven and earth shall pass away ere one jot or one tittle of that law should be dispensed with4#hg3e ,but the ,christians are not followers of the religion of ,jesus4#hg3f ,they are followers of the religion of the ,pagans4 ,this1 we believe1 we shall be able to show in ,part ,second of this work4 ,,footnotes3 #he3a ,giles3 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdi4 #he3b ,genesis1 xvii4 #aj4 #he3c ,giles3 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 i4 p4 #bea4 #he3d ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer shows 7,principles of ,sociology1 pp4 #bij1 #bie7 that the sacrificing of a part of the body as a religious offering to their deity1 was1 and is a common practice among savage tribes4 ,circumcision may have originated in this way4 ,and ,mr4 ,wake1 speaking of it1 says3 ,the origin of this custom has not yet1 so far as ,i am aware1 been satisfactorily explained4 ,the idea that1 under certain climatic conditions1 circumcision is necessary for cleanliness and comfort1 does not appear to be well founded1 as the custom is not universal even within the tropics4 7,phallism in ,ancient ,religs41 p4 #cf47 #he3e ,other men leave their private parts as they are formed by nature1 except those who have learned otherwise from them2 but the ,egyptians are circumcised4 4 4 4 ,they are circumcised for the sake of cleanliness1 thinking it better to be clean than handsome4 7,herodotus1 ,book ii4 ch4 #cf47 #hf3a ,we have it also on the authority of ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilkinson1 that3 this custom was established long before the arrival of ,joseph in ,egypt1 and that this is proved by the ancient monuments4 #hf3b ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 pp4 #dad1 #dae4 #hf3c ,ibid4 p4 #dae4 #hf3d ,ibid4 and ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #hi4 #hf3e ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #dae4 #hf3f ,herodotus3 ,book ii4 ch4 #cf4 #hf3g ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aad4 ,amberly3 ,analysis ,religious ,belief1 p4 #fg1 and ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cji4 #hf3h ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #dad1 and ,amberly's ,analysis1 pp4 #fc1 #gc4 #hf3i ,amberly3 ,analysis of ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #gc4 #hf3aj ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #dad3 ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #fc2 ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #afc1 and ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ah1 #ai4 #hf3aa ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #dad4 #hf3ab ,kendrick's ,egypt1 quoted by ,dunlap2 ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #adf4 #hf3ac ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #fc1 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cji1 and ,acosta1 ii4 #cfi4 #hg3a ,orton3 ,the ,andes and the ,amazon1 p4 #cbb4 #hg3b ,this was done by cutting off the clytoris4 #hg3c ,orton3 ,the ,andes and the ,amazon1 p4 #cbb4 ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iv4 p4 #efc1 and ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #cai4 ,at the time of the conquest1 the ,spaniards found circumcised nations in ,central ,america1 and on the ,amazon1 the ,tecuna and ,manaos tribes still observe this practice4 ,in the ,south ,seas it has been met with among three different races1 but it is performed in a somewhat different manner4 ,on the ,australian continent1 not all1 but the majority of tribes1 practiced circumcision4 ,among the ,papuans1 the inhabitants of ,new ,caledonia and the ,new ,hebrides adhere to this custom4 ,in his third voyage1 ,captain ,cook found it among the inhabitants of the ,friendly ,islands1 in particular at ,tongataboo1 and the younger ,pritchard bears witness to its practice in the ,samoa or ,fiji groups4 7,oscar ,peschel3 ,the ,races of ,man1 p4 #bb47 #hg3d ,luke1 ii4 #ba4 #hg3e ,matthew1 v4 #ah4 #hg3f ,in using the words the religion of ,jesus1 we mean simply the religion of ,israel4 ,we believe that ,jesus of ,nazareth was a ,jew1 in every sense of the word1 and that he did not establish a new religion1 or preach a new doctrine1 in any way1 shape1 or form4 ,the preacher from the ,mount1 the prophet of the ,beatitudes1 does but repeat with persuasive lips what the law-givers of his race proclaimed in mighty tones of command4 7,see chap4 xi47 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,conclusion ,,of ,,part ,,first4 ,there are many other legends recorded in the ,old ,testament which might be treated at length1 but1 as we have considered the principal and most important1 and as we have so much to examine in ,part ,second1 which treats of the ,new ,testament1 we shall take but a passing glance at a few others4 ,in ,genesis xli4 is to be found the story of ,,pharaoh',s ,,two ,,dreams1 which is to the effect that ,pharaoh dreamed that he stood by a river1 and saw come up out of it seven fat kine1 and seven lean kine1 which devoured the fat ones4 ,he then dreamed that he saw seven good ears of corn1 on one stalk1 spring up out of the ground4 ,this was followed by seven poor ears1 which sprang up after them1 and devoured the good ears4 ,pharaoh1 upon awaking from his sleep1 and recalling the dreams which he dreamed1 was greatly troubled1 and he sent and called for all the magicians of ,egypt1 and all the wise men thereof1 and ,pharaoh told them his dreams1 but there was none that could interpret them unto ,pharaoh4 ,finally1 his chief butler tells him of one ,joseph1 who was skilled in interpreting dreams1 and ,pharaoh orders him to be brought before his presence4 ,he then repeats his dreams to ,joseph1 who immediately interprets them to the great satisfaction of the king4 ,a very similar story is related in the ,buddhist ,fo-pen-hing--one of their sacred books1 which has been translated by ,prof4 ,samuel ,beal--which1 in substance1 is as follows3 ,suddhdana ,raja dreamed seven different dreams in one night1 when1 awaking from his sleep1 and recalling the visions he had seen1 was greatly troubled1 so that the very hair on his body stood erect1 and his limbs trembled4 ,he forthwith summoned to his side1 within his palace1 all the great ministers of his council1 and exhorted them in these words3 ,most honorable ,sirs6 be it known to you that during the present night ,i have seen in my dreams strange and potent visions--there were seven distinct dreams1 which ,i will now recite 7he recites the dreams74 ,i pray you1 honorable ,sirs6 let not these dreams escape your memories1 but in the morning1 when ,i am seated in my palace1 and surrounded by my attendants1 let them be brought to my mind 7that they may be interpreted47 ,at morning light1 the king1 seated in the midst of his attendants1 issued his commands to all the ,brahmans1 interpreters of dreams1 within his kingdom1 in these terms1 ,all ye men of wisdom1 explain for me by interpretation the meaning of the dreams ,i have dreamed in my sleep4 ,then all the wise ,brahmans1 interpreters of dreams1 began to consider1 each one in his own heart1 what the meaning of these visions could be2 till at last they addressed the king1 and said3 ,mah-raja6 be it known to you that we never before have heard such dreams as these1 and we cannot interpret their meaning4 ,on hearing this1 ,suddhdana was very troubled in his heart1 and exceeding distressed4 ,he thought within himself3 ,who is there that can satisfy these doubts of mine8 ,finally a holy one1 called ,t'so-,ping1 being present in the inner palace1 and perceiving the sorrow and distress of the king1 assumed the appearance of a ,brahman1 and under this form he stood at the gate of the king's palace1 and cried out1 saying3 ,i am able fully to interpret the dreams of ,suddhdana ,rja1 and with certainty to satisfy all the doubts4 ,the king ordered him to be brought before his presence1 and then related to him his dreams4 ,upon hearing them1 ,t'so-,ping immediately interpreted them1 to the great satisfaction of the king4#hi3a ,in the second chapter of ,exodus we read of ,,moses ,,thrown ,,into ,,the ,,nile1 which is done by command of the king4 ,there are many counterparts to this in ancient mythology2 among them may be mentioned that of the infant ,perseus1 who was1 by command of the king 7,acrisius of ,argos71 shut up in a chest1 and cast into the sea4 ,he was found by one ,dictys1 who took great care of the child1 and--as ,pharaoh's daughter did with the child ,moses--educated him4#hi3b ,the infant ,bacchus was confined in a chest1 by order of ,cadmus1 ,king of ,thebes1 and thrown into the ,nile4#ij3a ,he1 like ,moses1 had two mothers1 one by nature1 the other by adoption4#ij3b ,he was also1 like ,moses1 represented horned4#ij3c ,osiris was also confined in a chest1 and thrown into the river ,nile4#ij3d ,when ,osiris was shut into the coffer1 and cast into the river1 he floated to ,phenicia1 and was there received under the name of ,adonis4 ,isis 7his mother1 or wife7 wandered in quest of him1 came to ,byblos1 and seated herself by a fountain in silence and tears4 ,she was then taken by the servants of the royal palace1 and made to attend on the young prince of the land4 ,in like manner1 ,demeter1 after ,aidoneus had ravished her daughter1 went in pursuit1 reached ,eleusis1 seated herself by a well1 conversed with the daughters of the queen1 and became nurse to her son4#ij3e ,so likewise1 when ,moses was put into the ark made of bulrushes1 and cast into the ,nile1 he was found by the daughters of ,pharaoh1 and his own mother became his nurse4#ij3f ,this is simply another version of the same myth4 ,in the second chapter of the second book of ,kings1 we read of ,,elijah ,,ascending ,,to ,,heaven4 ,there are many counterparts to this1 in heathen mythology4 ,hindoo sacred writings relate many such stories--how some of their ,holy ,ones were taken up alive into heaven--and impressions on rocks are shown1 said to be foot-prints1 made when they ascended4#ij3g ,according to ,babylonian mythology1 ,xisuthrus was translated to heaven4#ij3h ,the story of ,elijah ascending to heaven in a chariot of fire may also be compared to the fiery1 flame-red chariot of ,ushas4#ij3i ,this idea of some ,holy ,one ascending to heaven without dying was found in the ancient mythology of the ,chinese4#ij3aj ,the story of ,,david ,,killing ,,goliath1 by throwing a stone and hitting him in the forehead1#ij3aa may be compared to the story of ,thor1 the ,scandinavian hero1 throwing a hammer at ,hrungnir1 and striking him in the forehead4#ia3a ,we read in ,numbers#ia3b that ,,balaam',s ,,ass ,,spoke to his master1 and reproved him4 ,in ancient fables or stories in which animals play prominent parts1 each creature is endowed with the power of speech4 ,this idea was common in the whole of ,western ,asia and ,egypt4 ,it is found in various ,egyptian and ,chaldean stories4#ia3c ,homer has recorded that the horse of ,achilles spoke to him4#ia3d ,we have also a very wonderful story in that of ,,joshua',s ,,command ,,to ,,the ,,sun4 ,this story is related in the tenth chapter of the book of ,joshua1 and is to the effect that the ,israelites1 who were at battle with the ,amorites1 wished the day to be lengthened that they might continue their slaughter1 whereupon ,joshua said3 ,sun1 stand thou still upon ,gibeon1 and thou1 ,moon1 in the valley of ,ajalon4 ,and the sun stood still1 and the moon stayed1 until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies4 4 4 4 ,and there was no day like that before it or after it4 ,there are many stories similar to this1 to be found among other nations of antiquity4 ,we have1 as an example1 that which is related of ,bacchus in the ,orphic hymns1 wherein it says that this god-man arrested the course of the sun and the moon4#ia3e ,an ,indian legend relates that the sun stood still to hear the pious ejaculations of ,arjouan after the death of ,crishna4#ia3f ,a holy ,buddhist by the name of ,mtanga prevented the sun1 at his command1 from rising1 and bisected the moon4#ia3g ,arresting the course of the sun was a common thing among the disciples of ,buddha4#ia3h ,the ,chinese also1 had a legend of the sun standing still1#ia3i and a legend was found among the ,ancient ,mexicans to the effect that one of their holy persons commanded the sun to stand still1 which command was obeyed4#ia3aj ,we shall now endeavor to answer the question which must naturally arise in the minds of all who see1 for the first time1 the similarity in the legends of the ,hebrews and those of other nations1 namely3 have the ,hebrews copied from other nations1 or1 have other nations copied from the ,hebrews8 ,to answer this question we shall2 first1 give a brief account or history of the ,pentateuch and other books of the ,old ,testament from which we have taken legends1 and show about what time they were written2 and1 second1 show that other nations were possessed of these legends long before that time1 and that the ,jews copied from them4 ,the ,pentateuch is ascribed1 in our modern translations1 to ,moses1 and he is generally supposed to be the author4 ,this is altogether erroneous1 as ,moses had nothing whatever to do with these five books4 ,bishop ,colenso1 speaking of this1 says3 ,the books of the ,pentateuch are never ascribed to ,moses in the inscriptions of ,hebrew manuscripts1 or in printed copies of the ,hebrew ,bible4 ,nor are they styled the ',books of ,moses' in the ,septuagint#ib3a or ,vulgate1#ib3b but only in our modern translations1 after the example of many eminent ,fathers of the ,church1 who1 with the exception of ,jerome1 and1 perhaps1 ,origen1 were1 one and all of them1 very little acquainted with the ,hebrew language1 and still less with its criticism4#ib3c ,the author of ,the ,religion of ,israel1 referring to this subject1 says3 ,the ,jews who lived after the ,babylonish ,captivity1 and the ,christians following their examples1 ascribed these books 7the ,pentateuch7 to ,moses2 and for many centuries the notion was cherished that he had really written them4 ,but strict and impartial investigation has shown that this opinion must be given up2 and that nothing in the whole ,law really comes from ,moses himself except the ,ten ,commandments4 ,and even these were not delivered by him in the same form as we find them now4 ,if we still call these books by his name1 it is only because the ,israelites always thought of him as their first and greatest law-giver1 and the actual authors grouped all their narratives and laws around his figure1 and associated them with his name4#ib3d ,as we cannot go into an extended account1 and show how this is known1 we will simply say that it is principally by internal evidence that these facts are ascertained4#ib3e ,now that we have seen that ,moses did not write the books of the ,pentateuch1 our next endeavor will be to ascertain when they were written1 and by whom4 ,we can say that they were not written by any one person1 nor were they written at the same time4 ,we can trace three principal redactions of the ,pentateuch1 that is to say1 the material was worked over1 and re-edited1 with modifications and additions1 by different people1 at three distinct epochs4#ic3a ,the two principal writers are generally known as the ,jehovistic and the ,elohistic4 ,we have--in speaking of the ,eden ,myth and the legend of the ,deluge--already alluded to this fact1 and have illustrated how these writers' narratives conflict with each other4 ,the ,jehovistic writer is supposed to have been a prophet1 who1 it would seem1 was anxious to give ,israel a history4 ,he begins at ,genesis1 ii4 #d1 with a short account1 of the ,creation1 and then he carries the story on regularly until the ,israelites enter ,canaan4 ,it is to him that we are indebted for the charming pictures of the patriarchs4 ,he took these from other writings1 or from the popular legends4#ic3b ,about #gbe ,b4 ,c4 the ,israelites were conquered by ,salmanassar1 ,king of ,assyria1 and many of them were carried away captives4 ,their place was supplied by ,assyrian colonists from ,babylon1 ,persia1 and other places4#ic3c ,this fact is of the greatest importance1 and should not be forgotten1 as we find that the first of the three writers of the ,pentateuch1 spoken of above1 wrote about this time1 and the ,israelites heard1 from the colonists from ,babylon1 ,persia1 and other places--for the first time--many of the legends which this writer wove into the fabulous history which he wrote1 especially the accounts of the ,creation and the ,deluge4 ,the ,pentateuch remained in this1 its first form1 until the year #fbj ,b4 ,c4 ,then a certain priest of marked prophetic sympathies wrote a book of law which has come down to us in ,deuteronomy1 iv4 #dd1 to xxvi41 and xxviii4 ,here we find the demands which the ,mosaic party at that day were making thrown into the form of laws4 ,it was by ,king ,josiah that this book was first introduced and proclaimed as authoritative4#ic3d ,it was soon afterwards wove into the work of the first ,pentateuchian writer1 and at the same time a few new passages were added1 some of which related to ,joshua1 the successor of ,moses4#id3a ,at this period in ,israel's history1 ,jehovah had become almost forgotten1 and other gods had taken his place4#id3b ,the ,mosaic party1 so called--who worshiped ,jehovah exclusively--were in the minority1 but when ,king ,amon--who was a worshiper of ,moloch--died1 and was succeeded by his son ,josiah1 a change immediately took place4 ,this young prince1 who was only eight years old at the death of his father1 the ,mosaic party succeeded in winning over to their interests4 ,in the year #fba ,b4 ,c41 ,josiah1 now in the eighteenth year of his reign1 began a thorough reformation which completely answered to the ideas of the ,mosaic party4#id3c ,it was during this time that the second ,pentateuchian writer wrote1 and he makes ,moses speak as the law-giver4 ,this writer was probably ,hilkiah1 who claimed to have found a book1 written by ,moses1 in the temple1#id3d although it had only just been drawn up4#id3e ,the principal objections which were brought against the claims of ,hilkiah1 but which are not needed in the present age of inquiry1 was that ,shaphan and ,josiah read it off1 not as if it were an old book1 but as though it had been recently written1 when any person who is acquainted1 in the slightest degree1 with language1 must know that a man could not read off1 at once1 a book written eight hundred years before4 ,the phraseology would necessarily be so altered by time as to render it comparatively unintelligible4 ,we must now turn to the third ,pentateuchian writer1 whose writings were published #ddd ,b4 ,c4 ,at that time ,ezra 7or ,ezdras7 added to the work of his two predecessors a series of laws and narratives which had been drawn up by some of the priests in ,babylon4#id3f ,this series of laws and narratives1 which was written by some of the 7,israelitish7 priests in ,babylon1 was called ,the ,book of ,origins 7probably containing the ,babylonian account of the ,origin of ,things1 or the ,creation74 ,ezra brought the book from ,babylon to ,jerusalem4 ,he made some modifications in it and constituted it a code of law for ,israel1 dove-tailing it into those parts of the ,pentateuch which existed before4 ,a few alterations and additions were subsequently made1 but these are of minor importance1 and we may fairly say that ,ezra put the ,pentateuch into the form in which we have it 7about #ddd ,b4 ,c474 ,these priestly passages are partly occupied with historical matter1 comprising a very free account of things from the creation of the world to the arrival of ,israel in ,canaan4 ,everything is here presented from the priestly point of view2 some events1 elsewhere recorded1 are touched up in the priestly spirit1 and others are entirely invented4#ie3a ,it was the belief of the ,jews1 asserted by the ,pirke ,aboth 7,sayings of the ,fathers71 one of the oldest books of the ,talmud1#ie3b as well as other ,jewish records1 that ,ezra1 acting in accordance with a divine commission1 re-wrote the ,old ,testament1 the manuscripts of which were said to have been lost in the destruction of the first temple1 when ,nebuchadnezzar took ,jerusalem4#ie3c ,this we know could not have been the case4 ,the fact that ,ezra wrote--adding to1 and taking from the already existing books of the ,pentateuch--was probably the foundation for this tradition4 ,the account of it is to be found in the ,apocryphal book of ,esdras1 a book deemed authentic by the ,greek ,church4 ,dr4 ,knappert1 speaking of this1 says3 ,for many centuries1 both the ,christians and the ,jews supposed that ,ezra had brought together the sacred writings of his people1 united them in one whole1 and introduced them as a book given by the ,spirit of ,god--a ,holy ,scripture4 ,the only authority for this supposition was a very modern and altogether untrustworthy tradition4 ,the historical and critical studies of our times have been emancipated from the influence of this tradition1 and the most ancient statements with regard to the subject have been hunted up and compared together4 ,these statements are1 indeed1 scanty and incomplete1 and many a detail is still obscure2 but the main facts have been completely ascertained4 ,before the ,babylonish captivity1 ,israel had no sacred writings4 ,there were certain laws1 prophetic writings1 and a few historical books1 but no one had ever thought of ascribing binding and divine authority to these documents4 ,ezra brought the priestly law with him from ,babylon1 altering it and amalgamating it with the narratives and laws already in existence1 and thus produced the ,pentateuch in pretty much the same form 7though not quite1 as we shall show7 as we still have it4 ,these books got the name of the ',law of ,moses1' or simply the ',law4' ,ezra introduced them into ,israel 7,b4 ,c4 #ddd71 and gave them binding authority1 and from that time forward they were considered divine4#ie3d ,from the time of ,ezra until the year #bhg ,b4 ,c41 when the ,pentateuch was translated into ,greek by order of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ,king of ,egypt1 these books evidently underwent some changes4 ,this the writer quoted above admits1 in saying3 ,later still 7viz41 after the time of ,ezra71 a few more changes and additions were made1 and so the ,pentateuch grew into its present form4#if3a ,in answer to those who claim that the ,pentateuch was written by one person1 ,bishop ,colenso says3 ,it is certainly inconceivable that if the ,pentateuch be the production of one and the same hand throughout1 it should contain such a number of glaring inconsistencies4 4 4 4 ,no single author could have been guilty of such absurdities2 but it is quite possible1 and what was almost sure to happen in such a case1 that1 if the ,pentateuch be the work of different authors in different ages1 this fact should betray itself by the existence of contradictions in the narrative4#if3b ,having ascertained the origin of the ,pentateuch1 or first five books of the ,old ,testament1 it will be unnecessary to refer to the others here1 as we have nothing to do with them in our investigations4 ,suffice it to say then1 that3 ,in the earlier period after ,ezra1 none of the other books which already existed1 enjoyed the same authority as the ,pentateuch4#if3c ,it is probable#if3d that ,nehemiah made a collection of historical and prophetic books1 songs1 and letters from ,persian kings1 not to form a second collection1 but for the purpose of saving them from being lost4 ,the scribes of ,jerusalem1 followers of ,ezra1 who were known as the men of the ,great ,synagogue1 were the collectors of the second and third divisions of the ,old ,testament4 ,they collected together the historical and prophetic books1 songs1 c41 which were then in existence1 and after altering many of them1 they were added to the collection of sacred books4 ,it must not be supposed that any fixed plan was pursued in this work1 or that the idea was entertained from the first1 that these books would one day stand on the same level with the ,pentateuch4#if3e ,in the course of time1 however1 many of the ,jews began to consider some of these books as sacred4 ,the ,alexandrian ,jews adopted books into the canon which those of ,jerusalem did not1 and this difference of opinion lasted for a long time1 even till the second century after ,christ4 ,it was not until this time that all the books of the ,old ,testament acquired divine authority4#if3f ,it is not known1 however1 just when the canon of the ,old ,testament was closed4 ,the time and manner in which it was done is altogether obscure4#ig3a ,jewish tradition indicates that the full canonicity of several books was not free from doubt till the time of the famous ,rabbi ,akiba1#ig3b who flourished about the beginning of the second century after ,christ4#ig3c ,after giving a history of the books of the ,old ,testament1 the author of ,the ,religion of ,israel1 whom we have followed in this investigation1 says3 ,the great majority of the writers of the ,old ,testament had no other source of information about the past history of ,israel than simple tradition4 ,indeed1 it could not have been otherwise1 for in primitive times no one used to record anything in writing1 and the only way of preserving a knowledge of the past was to hand it down by word of mouth4 ,the father told the son what his elders had told him1 and the son handed it on to the next generation4 ,not only did the historian of ,israel draw from tradition with perfect freedom1 and write down without hesitation anything they heard and what was current in the mouths of the people1 but they did not shrink from modifying their representation of the past in any way that they thought would be good and useful4 ,it is difficult for us to look at things from this point of view1 because our ideas of historical good faith are so utterly different4 ,when we write history1 we know that we ought to be guided solely by a desire to represent facts exactly as they really happened4 ,all that we are concerned with is reality2 we want to make the old times live again1 and we take all possible pains not to remodel the past from the point of view of to-day4 ,all we want to know is what happened1 and how men lived1 thought1 and worked in those days4 ,the ,israelites had a very different notion of the nature of historical composition4 ,when a prophet or a priest related something about bygone times1 his object was not to convey knowledge about those times2 on the contrary1 he used history merely as a vehicle for the conveyance of instruction and exhortation4 ,not only did he confine his narrative to such matters as he thought would serve his purpose but he never hesitated to modify what he knew of the past1 and he did not think twice about touching it up from his own imagination1 simply that it might be more conducive to the end he had in view and chime in better with his opinions4 ,all the past became colored through and through with the tinge of his own mind4 ,our own notions of honor and good faith would never permit all this2 but we must not measure ancient writers by our own standard2 they considered that they were acting quite within their rights and in strict accordance with duty and conscience4#ig3d ,it will be noticed that1 in our investigations on the authority of the ,pentateuch1 we have followed1 principally1 ,dr4 ,knappert's ideas as set forth in ,the ,religion of ,israel4 ,this we have done because we could not go into an extended investigation1 and because his words are very expressive1 and just to the point4 ,to those who may think that his ideas are not the same as those entertained by other ,biblical scholars of the present day1 we subjoin1 in a note below1 a list of works to which they are referred4#ih3a ,we shall now1 after giving a brief history of the ,pentateuch1 refer to the legends of which we have been treating1 and endeavor to show from whence the ,hebrews borrowed them4 ,the first of these is ,the ,creation and ,fall of ,man4 ,egypt1 the country out of which the ,israelites came1 had no story of the ,creation and ,fall of ,man1 such as we have found among the ,hebrews2 they therefore could not have learned it from them4 ,the ,chaldeans1 however1 as we saw in our first chapter1 had this legend1 and it is from them that the ,hebrews borrowed it4 ,the account which we have given of the ,chaldean story of the ,creation and ,fall of ,man1 was taken1 as we stated1 from the writings of ,berosus1 the ,chaldean historian1 who lived in the time of ,alexander the ,great 7#cef-cbe ,b4 ,c471 and as the ,jews were acquainted with the story some centuries earlier than this1 his works did not prove that these traditions were in ,babylonia before the ,jewish captivity1 and could not afford testimony in favor of the statement that the ,jews borrowed this legend from the ,babylonians at that time4 ,it was left for ,mr4 ,george ,smith1 of the ,british ,museum1 to establish1 without a doubt1 the fact that this legend was known to the ,babylonians at least two thousand years before the time assigned for the birth of ,jesus4 ,the cuneiform inscriptions discovered by him1 while on an expedition to ,assyria1 organized by the ,london ,daily ,telegraph1 was the means of doing this1 and although by far the greatest number of these tablets belong to the age of ,assurbanipal1 who reigned over ,assyria ,b4 ,c4 #fgj1 it is acknowledged on all hands that these tablets are not the originals1 but are only copies from earlier texts4 ,the ,assyrians acknowledge themselves that this literature was borrowed from ,babylonian sources1 and of course it is to ,babylonia we have to look to ascertain the approximate dates of the original documents4#ih3b ,mr4 ,smith then shows1 from fragments of the ,cuneiform account of the ,creation and ,fall which have been discovered1 that1 in the period from ,b4 ,c4 #bjjj to #aejj1 the ,babylonians believed in a story similar to that in ,genesis4 ,it is probable1 however1 says ,mr4 ,smith1 that this legend existed as traditions in the country long before it was committed to writing1 and some of these traditions exhibited great difference in details1 showing that they had passed through many changes4#ii3a ,professor ,james ,fergusson1 in his celebrated work on ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 says3 ,the two chapters which refer to this 7i4 e41 the ,garden1 the ,tree1 and the ,serpent71 as indeed the whole of the first eight of ,genesis1 are now generally admitted by scholars to be made up of fragments of earlier books or earlier traditions1 belonging1 properly speaking1 to ,mesopotamia rather than to ,jewish history1 the exact meaning of which the writers of the ,pentateuch seem hardly to have appreciated when they transcribed them in the form in which they are now found4#ii3b ,john ,fiske says3 ,the story of the ,serpent in ,eden is an ,aryan story in every particular4 ,the notion of ,satan as the author of evil appears only in the later books1 composed after the ,jews had come into close contact with ,persian ideas4#ii3c ,prof4 ,john ,w4 ,draper says3 ,in the old legends of dualism1 the evil spirit was said to have sent a serpent to ruin ,paradise4 ,these legends became known to the ,jews during their ,babylonian captivity4#ii3d ,professor ,goldziher also shows1 in his ,mythology ,among the ,hebrews1#ii3e that the story of the creation was borrowed by the ,hebrews from the ,babylonians4 ,he also informs us that the notion of the br and ysr1 ,creator 7the term used in the cosmogony in ,genesis7 as an integral part of the idea of ,god1 are first brought into use by the prophets of the captivity4 ,thus also the story of the ,garden of ,eden1 as a supplement to the history of the ,creation1 was written down at ,babylon4 ,strange as it may appear1 after the ,genesis account1 we may pass through the whole ,pentateuch1 and other books of the ,old ,testament1 clear to the end1 and will find that the story of the ,garden of ,eden and ,fall of ,man1 is hardly alluded to1 if at all4 ,lengkerke says3 ,one single certain trace of the employment of the story of ,adam's fall is entirely wanting in the ,hebrew ,canon 7after the ,genesis account74 ,adam1 ,eve1 the ,serpent1 the woman's seduction of her husband1 c41 are all images1 to which the remaining words of the ,israelites never again recur4#ajj3a ,this circumstance can only be explained by the fact that the first chapters of ,genesis were not written until after the other portions had been written4 ,it is worthy of notice1 that this story of the ,fall of ,man1 upon which the whole orthodox scheme of a divine ,saviour or ,redeemer is based1 was not considered by the learned ,israelites as fact4 ,they simply looked upon it as a story which satisfied the ignorant1 but which should be considered as allegory by the learned4#ajj3b ,rabbi ,maimonides 7,moses ,ben ,maimon71 one of the most celebrated of the ,rabbis1 says on this subject3-- ,we must not understand1 or take in a literal sense1 what is written in the book on the ,creation1 nor form of it the same ideas which are participated by the generality of mankind2 otherwise our ancient sages would not have so much recommended to us1 to hide the real meaning of it1 and not to lift the allegorical veil1 which covers the truth contained therein4 ,when taken in its literal sense1 the work gives the most absurd and most extravagant ideas of the ,deity4 ',whosoever should divine its true meaning ought to take great care in not divulging it4' ,this is a maxim repeated to us by all our sages1 principally concerning the understanding of the work of the six days4#ajj3c ,philo1 a ,jewish writer contemporary with ,jesus1 held the same opinion of the character of the sacred books of the ,hebrews4 ,he has made two particular treatises1 bearing the title of ,the ,allegories1 and he traces back to the allegorical sense the ,tree of ,life1 the ,rivers of ,paradise1 and the other fictions of the ,genesis4#ajj3d ,many of the early ,christian ,fathers declared that1 in the story of the ,creation and ,fall of ,man1 there was but an allegorical fiction4 ,among these may be mentioned ,st4 ,augustine1 who speaks of it in his ,city of ,god1 and also ,origen1 who says3 ,what man of sense will agree with the statement that the first1 second1 and third days1 in which the evening is named and the morning1 were without sun1 moon and stars8 ,what man is found such an idiot as to suppose that ,god planted trees in ,paradise like an husbandman8 ,i believe that every man must hold these things for images under which a hidden sense is concealed4#ajj3e ,origen believed aright1 as it is now almost universally admitted1 that the stories of the ,garden of ,eden1 the ,elysian ,fields1 the ,garden of the ,blessed1 c41 which were the abode of the blessed1 where grief and sorrow could not approach them1 where plague and sickness could not touch them1 were founded on allegory4 ,these abodes of delight were far away in the ,west1 where the sun goes down beyond the bounds of the earth4 ,they were the ,golden ,islands sailing in a sea of blue--the burnished clouds floating in the pure ether4 ,in a word1 the ,elysian ,fields are the clouds at eventide4 ,the picture was suggested by the images drawn from the phenomena of sunset and twilight4#aja3a ,eating of the forbidden fruit was simply a figurative mode of expressing the performance of the act necessary to the perpetuation of the human race4 ,the ,tree of ,knowledge was a ,phallic tree1 and the fruit which grew upon it was ,phallic fruit4#aja3b ,in regard to the story of ,the ,deluge1 we have already seen#aja3c that ,egyptian records tell nothing of a cataclysmal deluge1 and that1 the land was never visited by other than its annual beneficent overflow of the river ,nile4 ,also1 that the ,pharaoh ,khoufou-cheops was building his pyramid1 according to ,egyptian chronicle1 when the whole world was under the waters of a universal deluge1 according to the ,hebrew chronicle4 ,this is sufficient evidence that the ,hebrews did not borrow the legend from the ,egyptians4 ,we have also seen1 in the chapter that treated of this legend1 that it corresponded in all the principal features with the ,chaldean account4 ,we shall now show that it was taken from this4 ,mr4 ,smith discovered1 on the site of ,ninevah1 during the years #ahgc-d1 cylinders belonging to the early ,babylonian monarchy1 7from #bejj to #aejj ,b4 ,c47 which contained the legend of the flood1#aja3d and which we gave in ,chapter ,,ii4 ,this was the foundation for the ,hebrew legend1 and they learned it at the time of the ,captivity4#aja3e ,the myth of ,deucalion1 the ,grecian hero1 was also taken from the same source4 ,the ,greeks learned it from the ,chaldeans4 ,we read in ,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 that3 ,it was at one time extensively believed1 even by intelligent scholars1 that the myth of ,deucalion was a corrupted tradition of the ,noachian deluge1 but this untenable opinion is now all but universally abandoned4#ajb3a ,this idea was abandoned after it was found that the ,deucalion myth was older than the ,hebrew4 ,what was said in regard to the ,eden story not being mentioned in other portions of the ,old ,testament save in ,genesis1 also applies to this story of the ,deluge4 ,nowhere in the other books of the ,old ,testament is found any reference to this story1 except in ,isaiah1 where the waters of ,noah are mentioned1 and in ,ezekiel1 where simply the name of ,noah is mentioned4 ,we stated in ,chapter ,,ii4 that some persons saw in this story an astronomical myth4 ,although not generally admitted1 yet there are very strong reasons for believing this to be the case4 ,according to the ,chaldean account--which is the oldest one known--there were seven persons saved in the ark4#ajb3b ,there were also seven persons saved1 according to some of the ,hindoo accounts4#ajb3c ,that this referred to the sun1 moon1 and five planets looks very probable4 ,we have also seen that ,noah was the tenth patriarch1 and ,xisuthrus 7who is the ,chaldean hero7 was the tenth king4#ajb3d ,now1 according to the ,babylonian table1 their ,zodiac contained ten gods called the ,ten ,zodiac gods4#ajb3e ,they also believed that whenever all the planets met in the sign of ,capricorn1 the whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge of water4#ajb3f ,the ,hindoos and other nations had a similar belief4#ajb3g ,it is well known that the ,chaldeans were great astronomers4 ,when ,alexander the ,great conquered the city of ,babylon1 the ,chaldean priests boasted to the ,greek philosophers1 who followed his army1 that they had continued their astronomical calculations through a period of more than forty thousand years4#ajb3h ,although this statement cannot be credited1 yet the great antiquity of ,chaldea cannot be doubted1 and its immediate connection with ,hindostan1 or ,egypt1 is abundantly proved by the little that is known concerning its religion1 and by the few fragments that remain of its former grandeur4 ,in regard to the story of ,the ,tower of ,babel little need be said4 ,this1 as well as the story of the ,creation and ,fall of ,man1 and the ,deluge1 was borrowed from the ,babylonians4#ajb3i ,it seems1 says ,george ,smith1 from the indications in the 7cuneiform7 inscriptions1 that there happened in the interval between #bjjj and #ahej ,b4 ,c4 a general collection of the development of the various traditions of the ,creation1 ,flood1 ,tower of ,babel1 and other similar legends4 ,these legends were1 however1 traditions before they were committed to writing1 and were common in some form to all the country4#ajc3a ,the ,tower of ,babel1 or the confusion of tongues1 is nowhere alluded to in the ,old ,testament outside of ,genesis1 where the story is related4 ,the next story in order is ,the ,trial of ,abraham's ,faith4 ,in this connection we have shown similar legends taken from ,grecian mythology1 which legends may have given the idea to the writer of the ,hebrew story4 ,it may appear strange that the ,hebrews should have been acquainted with ,grecian mythology1 yet we know this was the case4 ,the fact is accounted for in the following manner3 ,many of the ,jews taken captive at the ,edomite sack of ,jerusalem were sold to the ,grecians1#ajc3b who took them to their country4 ,while there1 they became acquainted with ,grecian legends1 and when they returned from the ,islands of the ,sea--as they called the ,western countries--they brought them to ,jerusalem4#ajc3c ,this legend1 as we stated in the chapter which treated of it1 was written at the time when the ,mosaic party in ,israel were endeavoring to abolish human sacrifices and other abominations1 and the author of the story invented it to make it appear that the ,lord had abolished them in the time of ,abraham4 ,the earliest ,targum#ajc3d knows nothing about the legend1 showing that the story was not in the ,pentateuch at the time this ,targum was written4 ,we have also seen that a story written by ,sanchoniathon 7about ,b4 ,c4 #acjj7 of one ,saturn1 whom the ,phenicians called ,israel1 bore a resemblance to the ,hebrew legend of ,abraham4 ,now1 ,count de ,volney tells us that a similar tradition prevailed among the ,chaldeans1 and that they had the history of one ,zerban--which means rich-in-gold#ajc3e--that corresponded in many respects with the history of ,abraham4#ajc3f ,it may1 then1 have been from the ,chaldean story that the ,hebrew fable writer got his idea4 ,the next legend which we examined was that of ,jacob's ,vision of the ,ladder4 ,we claimed that it probably referred to the doctrine of the transmigration of souls from one body into another1 and also gave the apparent reason for the invention of the story4 ,the next story was ,the ,exodus from ,egypt1 and ,passage through the ,red ,sea1 in which we showed1 from ,egyptian history1 that the ,israelites were turned out of the country on account of their uncleanness1 and that the wonderful exploits recorded of ,moses were simply copies of legends related of the sun-god ,bacchus4 ,these legends came from the ,islands of the ,sea1 and came in very handy for the ,hebrew fable writers2 they saved them the trouble of inventing4 ,we now come to the story relating to ,the ,receiving of the ,ten ,commandments by ,moses from the ,lord1 on the top of a mountain1 'mid thunders and lightnings4 ,all that is likely to be historical in this account1 is that ,moses assembled1 not1 indeed1 the whole of the people1 but the heads of the tribes1 and gave them the code which he had prepared4#ajd3a ,the marvellous portion of the story was evidently copied from that related of the law-giver ,zoroaster1 by the ,persians1 and the idea that there were two tables of stone with the ,law written thereon was evidently taken from the story of ,bacchus1 the ,law-giver1 who had his laws written on two tables of stone4#ajd3b ,the next legend treated was that of ,samson and his ,exploits4 ,those who1 like the learned of the last century1 maintain that the ,pagans copied from the ,hebrews1 may say that ,samson was the model of all their similar stories1 but now that our ideas concerning antiquity are enlarged1 and when we know that ,hercules is well known to have been the ,god ,sol1 whose allegorical history was spread among many nations long before the ,hebrews were ever heard of1 we are authorized to believe and to say that some ,jewish mythologist--for what else are their so-called historians--composed the anecdote of ,samson1 by partly disfiguring the popular traditions of the ,greeks1 ,phenicians and ,chaldeans1 and claiming that hero for his own nation4#ajd3c ,the ,babylonian story of ,izdubar1 the lion-killer1 who wandered to the regions of the blessed 7the ,grecian ,elysium71 who crossed a great waste of land 7the desert of ,lybia1 according to the ,grecian mythos71 and arrived at a region where splendid trees were laden with jewels 7the ,grecian ,garden of the ,hesperides71 is probably the foundation for the ,hercules and other corresponding myths4 ,this conclusion is drawn from the fact that1 although the story of ,hercules was known in the island of ,thasus1 by the ,phenician colony settled there1 five centuries before he was known in ,greece1#aje3a yet its antiquity among the ,babylonians antedates that4 ,the age of the legends of ,izdubar among the ,babylonians cannot be placed with certainty1 yet1 the cuneiform inscriptions relating to this hero1 which have been found1 may be placed at about #bjjj years ,b4 ,c4#aje3b ,as these stories were traditions1 says ,mr4 ,smith1 the discoverer of the cylinders1 before they were committed to writing1 their antiquity as tradition is probably much greater than that4#aje3c ,with these legends before them1 the ,jewish priests in ,babylon had no difficulty in arranging the story of ,samson1 and adding it to their already fabulous history4 ,as the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise remarks1 in speaking of the ancient ,hebrews3 ,they adopted forms1 terms1 ideas and myths of all nations with whom they came in contact1 and1 like the ,greeks1 in their way1 cast them all in a peculiar ,jewish religious mold4 ,we have seen1 in the chapter which treats of this legend1 that it is recorded in the book of ,judges4 ,this book was not written till after the first set of ,israelites had been carried into captivity1 and perhaps still later4#aje3d ,after this we have ,jonah swallowed by a ,big ,fish1 which is the last legend treated4 ,we saw that it was a solar myth1 known to many nations of antiquity4 ,the writer of the book--whoever he may have been--lived in the fifth century before ,christ--after the ,jews had become acquainted and had mixed with other nations4 ,the writer of this wholly fictitious story1 taking the prophet ,jonah--who was evidently an historical personage--for his hero1 was perhaps intending to show the loving-kindness of ,jehovah4#aje3e ,we have now examined all the principal ,old ,testament legends1 and1 after what has been seen1 we think that no impartial person can still consider them historical facts4 ,that so great a number of educated persons still do so seems astonishing1 in our way of thinking4 ,they have repudiated ,greek and ,roman mythology with disdain2 why then admit with respect the mythology of the ,jews8 ,ought the miracles of ,jehovah to impress us more than those of ,jupiter8 ,we think not2 they should all be looked upon as relics of the past4 ,that ,christian writers are beginning to be aroused to the idea that another tack should be taken1 differing from the old1 is very evident4 ,this is clearly seen by the words of ,prof4 ,richard ,a4 ,armstrong1 the translator of ,dr4 ,knappert's ,religion of ,israel into ,english4 ,in the ,preface of this work1 he says3 ,it appears to me to be profoundly important that the youthful ,english mind should be faithfully and accurately informed of the results of modern research into the early development of the ,israelitish religion4 ,deplorable and irreparable mischief will be done to the generation1 now passing into manhood and womanhood1 if their educators leave them ignorant or loosely informed on these topics2 for they will then be rudely awakened by the enemies of ,christianity from a blind and unreasoning faith in the supernatural inspiration of the ,scriptures2 and being suddenly and bluntly made aware that ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,david1 and the rest did not say1 do1 or write what has been ascribed to them1 they will fling away all care for the venerable religion of ,israel and all hope that it can nourish their own religious life4 ,how much happier will those of our children and young people be who learn what is now known of the actual origin of the ,pentateuch and the ,writings1 from the same lips which have taught them that the ,prophets indeed prepared the way for ,jesus1 and that ,god is indeed our ,heavenly ,father4 ,for these will1 without difficulty1 perceive that ,god's love is none the feebler and that the ,bible is no less precious1 because ,moses knew nothing of the ,levitical legislation1 or because it was not the warrior monarch on his semi-barbaric throne1 but some far later son of ,israel1 who breathed forth the immortal hymn of faith1 ',the ,lord is my ,shepherd2 ,i shall not want4' ,for the benefit of those who may think that the evidence of plagiarism on the part of the ,hebrew writers has not been sufficiently substantiated1 we will quote a few words from ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 who is one of the best ,english authorities on this subject that can be produced4 ,in speaking of this he says3 ,the opinion that the ,pagan religions were mere corruptions of the religion of the ,old ,testament1 once supported by men of high authority and great learning1 is now as completely surrendered as the attempts of explaining ,greek and ,latin as the corruptions of ,hebrew4#ajf3a ,again he says3 ,as soon as the ancient language and religion of ,india became known in ,europe it was asserted that ,sanskrit1 like all other languages1 was to be derived from ,hebrew1 and the ancient religion of the ,brahmans from the ,old ,testament4 ,there was at that time an enthusiasm among ,oriental scholars1 particularly at ,calcutta1 and an interest for ,oriental antiquities in the public at large1 of which we1 in these days of apathy for ,eastern literature1 can hardly form an adequate idea4 ,everybody wished to be first in the field1 and to bring to light some of the treasures which were supposed to be hidden in the sacred literature of the ,brahmans4 4 4 4 ,no doubt the temptation was great4 ,no one could look down for a moment into the rich mine of religious and mythological lore that was suddenly opened before the eyes of scholars and theologians1 without being struck by a host of similarities1 not only in the languages1 but also in the ancient traditions of the ,hindoos1 the ,greeks1 and the ,romans2 and if at that time the ,greeks and ,romans were still supposed to have borrowed their language and their religion from ,jewish quarters1 the same conclusion could hardly be avoided with regard to the language and the religion of the ,brahmans of ,india4 4 4 4 ,the student of ,pagan religion as well as ,christian missionaries were bent on discovering more striking and more startling coincidences1 in order to use them in confirmation of their favorite theory that some rays of a primeval revelation1 or some reflection of the ,jewish religion1 had reached the uttermost ends of the world4#ajg3a ,the result of all this is summed up by ,prof4 ,mller as follows3 ,it was the fate of all 7these7 pioneers1 not only to be left behind in the assault which they had planned1 but to find that many of their approaches were made in a false direction1 and had to be abandoned4#ajg3b ,before closing this chapter1 we shall say a few words on the religion of ,israel4 ,it is supposed by many--in fact1 we have heard it asserted by those who should know better--that the ,israelites were always monotheists1 that they worshiped ,one ,god only--,jehovah4#ajg3c ,this is altogether erroneous2 they were not different from their neighbors--the ,heathen1 so-called--in regard to their religion4 ,in the first place1 we know that they revered and worshiped a ,bull1 called ,apis1#ajg3d just as the ancient ,egyptians did4 ,they worshiped the sun1#ajh3a the moon1#ajh3b the stars and all the host of heaven4#ajh3c ,they worshiped fire1 and kept it burning on an altar1 just as the ,persians and other nations4#ajh3d ,they worshiped stones1#ajh3e revered an oak tree1#ajh3f and bowed down to images4#ajh3g ,they worshiped a ,queen of ,heaven called the goddess ,astarte or ,mylitta1 and burned incense to her4#ajh3h ,they worshiped ,baal1#ajh3i ,moloch1#ajh3aj and ,chemosh1#ajh3aa and offered up human sacrifices to them1#ajh3ab after which in some instances1 they ate the victim4#ajh3ac ,it was during the ,captivity that idolatry ceased among the ,israelites4#ajh3ad ,the ,babylonian ,captivity is clearly referred to in the book of ,deuteronomy1 as the close of ,israel's idolatry4#ajh3ae ,there is reason to believe that the real genius of the people was first called into full exercise1 and put on its career of development at this time2 that ,babylon was a forcing nursery1 not a prison cell2 creating instead of stifling a nation4 ,the astonishing outburst of intellectual and moral energy that accompanied the return from the ,babylonish ,captivity1 attests the spiritual activity of that mysterious and momentous time4 ,as ,prof4 ,goldziher says3 ,the intellect of ,babylon and ,assyria exerted a more than passing influence on that of the ,hebrews1 not merely touching it1 but entering deep into it1 and leaving its own impression upon it4#ajh3af ,this impression we have already partly seen in the legends which they borrowed1 and it may also be seen in the religious ideas which they imbibed4 ,the ,assyrian colonies which came and occupied the land of the tribes of ,israel filled the kingdom of ,samaria with the dogma of the ,magi1 which very soon penetrated into the kingdom of ,judah4 ,afterward1 ,jerusalem being subjugated1 the defenseless country was entered by persons of different nationalities1 who introduced their opinions1 and in this way1 the religion of ,israel was doubly mutilated4 ,besides1 the priests and great men1 who were transported to ,babylon1 were educated in the sciences of the ,chaldeans1 and imbibed1 during a residence of fifty years1 nearly the whole of their theology4 ,it was not until this time that the dogmas of the hostile genius 7,satan71 the angels ,michael1 ,uriel1 ,yar1 ,nisan1 c41 the rebel angels1 the battle in heaven1 the immortality of the soul1 and the resurrection1 were introduced and naturalized among the ,jews4#aji3a 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,it is not generally known that the ,jews were removed from their own land until the time of the ,babylonian ,nebuchadnezzar1 but there is evidence that ,jerusalem was plundered by the ,edomites about #hjj ,b4 ,c41 who sold some of the captive ,jews to the ,greeks 7,joel1 iii4 #f74 ,when the captives returned to their country from the ,islands which are beyond the sea 7,jer4 xxv4 #ah1 #bb71 they would naturally bring back with them much of the ,hellenic lore of their conquerors4 ,in ,isaiah 7xi4 #aa71 we find a reference to this first captivity in the following words3 ,in that day the ,lord shall set his hand again the second time to recover the remnant of his people1 which shall be left1 from ,assyria1 and from ,egypt1 and from ,pathros1 and from ,cush1 and from ,elam1 and from ,shinar1 and from ,hamath1 and from the ,islands of the sea2 i4 e41 ,,greece4 ,,footnotes3 #hi3a ,see ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #aaa1 et seq4 #hi3b ,bell's ,pantheon1 under ,perseus2 ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #agh1 and ,bulfinch3 ,age of ,fables1 p4 #afa4 #ij3a ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #aah4 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aij4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #ij3b ,ibid4 #ij3c ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #abb4 ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #agd4 ,goldziher3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #agi4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #ij3d ,bell's ,pantheon1 art4 ,osiris2 and ,bulfinch3 ,age of ,fable1 p4 #cia #ij3e ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 i4 #aei4 #ij3f ,exodus1 ii4 #ij3g ,see ,child3 ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #f1 and most any work on ,buddhism4 #ij3h ,see ,smith3 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis4 #ij3i ,see ,goldziher3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #abh1 note4 #ij3aj ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bac1 #bad4 #ij3aa ,i4 ,samuel1 xvii4 #ia3a ,see ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #dcj1 and ,bulfinch3 ,age of ,fable1 #ddj4 #ia3b ,chapter xxii4 #ia3c ,see ,smith's ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #ahh1 et seq4 #ia3d ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbc4 #ia3e ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #ia3f ,ibid4 i4 #aia1 and ii4 #bda2 ,franklin3 ,bud4 ,jeynes1 #agd4 #ia3g ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,legends1 pp4 #ej1 #ec1 and #adj4 #ia3h ,see ,ibid4 #ia3i ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aia4 #ia3aj ,ibid4 p4 #ci4 #ib3a ,septuagint4--,the ,old ,greek version of the ,old ,testament4 #ib3b ,vulgate4--,the ,latin version of the ,old ,testament4 #ib3c ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 #ib3d ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #i4 #ib3e ,besides the many other facts which show that the ,pentateuch was not composed until long after the time of ,moses and ,joshua1 the following may be mentioned as examples3 ,gilgal1 mentioned in ,deut4 xi4 #cj1 was not given as the name of that place till after the entrance into ,canaan4 ,dan1 mentioned in ,genesis xiv4 #ad1 was not so called till long after the time of ,moses4 ,in ,gen4 xxxvi4 #ca1 the beginning of the reign of the kings over ,israel is spoken of historically1 an event which did not occur before the time of ,samuel4 7,see1 for further information1 ,bishop ,colenso's ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 ii4 ch4 v4 and vi47 #ic3a ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #i4 #ic3b ,ibid4 p4 #aj4 #ic3c ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,jews4 #ic3d ,the ,religion of ,israel1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #id3a ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #aa4 #id3b ,see ,ibid4 pp4 #abj1 #abb4 #id3c ,see ,ibid4 p4 #abb4 #id3d ,the account of the finding of this book by ,hilkiah is to be found in ,,ii4 ,chronicles1 ch4 xxxiv4 #id3e ,see ,religion of ,israel1 pp4 #abd1 #abe4 #id3f ,ibid4 p4 #aa4 #ie3a ,the ,religion of ,israel1 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 #ie3b ,talmud4--,the books containing the ,jewish traditions4 #ie3c ,see ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,bible4 #ie3d ,the ,religion of ,israel1 pp4 #bdj1 #bda4 #if3a ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #aa4 #if3b ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agh4 #if3c ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #bda4 #if3d ,on the strength of ,,ii4 ,maccabees1 ii4 #ab4 #if3e ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #bdb4 #if3f ,ibid4 p4 #bdc4 #ig3a ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,bible4 #ig3b ,ibid4 #ig3c ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,akiba4 #ig3d ,the ,religion of ,israel1 pp4 #ai1 #bc4 #ih3a ,what is the ,bible1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,sunderland4 ,the ,bible of ,to-day1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,chadwick4 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 #b vols4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smith's article on ,the ,bible1 in the last edition of the ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,introduction to the ,old ,testament1 by ,davidson4 ,the ,pentateuch and the ,book of ,joshua ,examined1 by ,bishop ,colenso4 ,prof4 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman's ,hebrew ,monarchy4 ,the ,bible for ,learners 7vols4 i4 and ii471 by ,prof4 ,oort and others4 ,the ,old ,testament in the ,jewish ,church1 by ,prof4 ,robertson ,smith1 and ,kuenen's ,religion of ,israel4 #ih3b ,smith3 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 pp4 #bb1 #bi4 #ii3a ,ibid4 pp4 #bi1 #ajj4 ,also1 ,assyrian ,discoveries1 p4 #cig4 #ii3b ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 pp4 #f1 #g4 #ii3c ,myths and ,myth-,makers1 p4 #aab4 #ii3d ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 p4 #fb4 #ii3e ,goldziher3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #cbh1 et seq4 #ajj3a ,quoted by ,bishop ,colenso3 ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 iv4 #bhc4 #ajj3b ,much of the ,old ,testament which ,christian divines1 in their ignorance of ,jewish lore1 have insisted on receiving and interpreting literally1 the informed ,rabbis never dreamed of regarding as anything but allegorical4 ,the 'literalists' they called fools4 ,the account of the ,creation was one of the portions which the unlearned were specially forbidden to meddle with4 7,greg3 ,the ,creed of ,christendom1 p4 #hj47 #ajj3c ,quoted by ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bbf4 #ajj3d ,see ,ibid4 p4 #bbg4 #ajj3e ,quoted by ,dunlap3 ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #agf4 ,see also1 ,bunsen3 ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #djf4 #aja3a ,see ,appendix1 c4 #aja3b ,see ,westropp ,wakes1 ,phallic ,worship4 #aja3c ,in chap4 ii4 #aja3d ,see ,assyrian ,discoveries1 pp4 #afg1 #afh1 and ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis4 #aja3e ,upon the carrying away of the ,jews to ,babylon1 they were brought into contact with a flood of ,iranian as well as ,chaldean myths1 and adopted them without hesitation4 7,s4 ,baring-,gould2 ,curious ,myths1 p4 #caf47 #ajb3a ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,deucalion4 #ajb3b ,see chapter ii4 #ajb3c ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahe1 and ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgg4 #ajb3d ,chapter ii4 #ajb3e ,see ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #aec1 note4 #ajb3f ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bed4 #ajb3g ,see ,ibid4 p4 #cfg4 #ajb3h ,see ,ibid4 p4 #beb4 #ajb3i ,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 pp4 #acj-ace1 and ,smith's ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis4 #ajc3a ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 #ajc3b ,see ,note1 p4 #aji4 #ajc3c ,see ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fhe4 #ajc3d ,targum4--,the general term for the ,aramaic versions of the ,old ,testament4 #ajc3e ,in ,genesis xxiii4 #b1 ,abraham is called rich in gold and in silver4 #ajc3f ,see ,volney's ,researches in ,ancient ,history1 pp4 #add-adg4 #ajd3a ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #di4 #ajd3b ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #abb4 ,higgins3 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #ajd3c ,in claiming the mighty man and lion-killer as one of their own race1 the ,jews were simply doing what other nations had done before them4 ,the ,greeks claimed ,hercules as their countryman2 stated where he was born1 and showed his tomb4 ,the ,egyptians affirmed that he was born in their country 7see ,tacitus1 ,annals1 b4 ii4 ch4 lix471 and so did many other nations4 #aje3a ,see ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 pp4 #ib1 #ic4 #aje3b ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 pp4 #afh and #agd2 and ,assyrian ,discoveries1 p4 #afg4 #aje3c ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #afh4 #aje3d ,see ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #ab2 and ,chadwick's ,bible of ,to-,day1 p4 #ee4 #aje3e ,see ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #da1 and ,chadwick's ,bible of ,to-,day1 p4 #bd4 #ajf3a ,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #dh4 #ajg3a ,they even claimed that one of the lost tribes of ,israel had found their way to ,america1 and had taught the natives ,hebrew4 #ajg3b ,the ,science of ,religion1 pp4 #bhe1 #bib4 #ajg3c ,it is an assumption of the popular theology1 and an almost universal belief in the popular mind1 that the ,jewish nation was selected by the ,almighty to preserve and carry down to later ages a knowledge of the ,one and true ,god--that the ,patriarchs possessed this knowledge--that ,moses delivered and enforced this doctrine as the fundamental tenet of the national creed2 and that it was1 in fact1 the received and distinctive dogma of the ,hebrew people4 ,this alleged possession of the true faith by one only people1 while all surrounding tribes were lost in ,polytheism1 or something worse1 has been adduced by divines in general as a proof of the truth of the sacred history1 and of the divine origin of the ,mosaic dispensation4 7,greg3 ,the ,creed of ,christendom1 p4 #ade47 ,even such authorities as ,paley and ,milman have written in this strain4 7,see quotations from ,paley's ,evidences of ,christianity1 and ,dean ,milman's ,history of the ,jews1 made by ,mr4 ,greg in his ,creed of ,christendom1 p4 #ade47 #ajg3d ,see the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #cba1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb2 and ,dunlap3 ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #ajh4 #ajh3a ,see the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cag1 #dah2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cja4 ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #c1 and his ,spirit ,hist41 pp4 #fh and #ahb4 ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ghb1 #ghc2 and ,goldziher3 ,hebrew ,mythol41 pp4 #bbg1 #bdj1 #bdb4 #ajh3b ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #cag4 ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #c2 and ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #fh4 ,also1 ,goldziher3 ,hebrew ,mythol41 p4 #aei4 #ajh3c ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #bf1 and #cag2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cja and #cbh4 ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #c4 ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 #fh2 ,mysteries of ,adoni1 pp4 xvii4 and #ajh2 and ,the ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #ch4 #ajh3d ,bunsen3 ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 pp4 #aja1 #ajb4 #ajh3e ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 pp4 #age-agh1 #cag1 #cbb1 #ddh4 #ajh3f ,ibid4 #aae4 #ajh3g ,ibid4 i4 #bc1 #cba2 ii4 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aji1 #bfd1 #bgd4 ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #ajh4 ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #dch2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cj4 #ajh3h ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 pp4 #hh1 #cah2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajb1 #aac1 #cjj4 ,dunlap3 ,son of the ,man1 p4 #c2 and ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 xvii4 ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bfa4 #ajh3i ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ba-be1 #aje1 #cia2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajb1 #acf-ach4 ,dunlap3 ,son of the ,man1 p4 #c4 ,mysteries of ,adoni1 pp4 #ajf1 #agg4 ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ghb1 #ghc4 ,bunsen3 ,the ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #ia4 ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #aha4 ,bal1 ,bel or ,belus was an idol of the ,chaldeans and ,phenicians or ,canaanites4 ,the word ,bal1 in the ,punic language1 signifies ,lord or ,master4 ,the name ,bal is often joined with some other1 as ,bal-berith1 ,bal-peor1 ,bal-zephon1 c4 ,the ,israelites made him their god1 and erected altars to him on which they offered human sacrifices1 and what is still more unnatural1 they ate of the victims they offered4 7,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aac1 #aad47 #ajh3aj ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ag1 #bf2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajb1 #bii1 #cjj4 ,bunsen3 ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #aaj4 ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bhe4 ,moloch was a god of the ,ammonites1 also worshiped among the ,israelites4 ,solomon built a temple to him1 on the ,mount of ,olives1 and human sacrifices were offered to him4 7,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hd1 #he47 #ajh3aa ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #aec2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ga1 #hc1 #abe4 ,smith's ,bible ,dictionary art4 ,chemosh4 #ajh3ab ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bf1 #aag1 #adh1 #cai1 #cbj2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #af1 #ag1 #bii1 #cjj4 ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 pp4 #ajh1 #bbb4 ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajj1 #aja4 ,mller3 ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bfa4 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 #aac1 #aad2 vol4 ii4 #hd1 #he4 #ajh3ac ,see note #i above4 #ajh3ad ,see ,bunsen3 ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 #bia4 #ajh3ae ,ibid4 p4 #bg4 #ajh3af ,goldziher3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #cai #aji3a ,the ,talmud of ,jerusalem expressly states that the names of the angels and the months1 such as ,gabriel1 ,michael1 ,yar1 ,nisan1 c41 came from ,babylon with the ,jews4 7,goldziher1 p4 #cai47 ,there is no trace of the doctrine of ,angels in the ,hebrew ,scriptures composed or written before the exile4 7,bunsen3 ,the ,angel ,messiah1 p4 #bhe7 ,the ,jews adopted1 during the ,captivity1 the idea of angels1 ,michael1 ,raphael1 ,uriel1 ,gabriel1 c4 7,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #ed47 ,see1 for further information on this subject1 ,dr4 ,knappert's ,religion of ,israel1 or ,prof4 ,kuenen's ,religion of ,israel4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,the ,,new ,,testament4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,miraculous ,,birth ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus4 ,according to the dogma of the deity of ,jesus1 he who is said to have lived on earth some eighteen centuries ago1 as ,jesus of ,nazareth1 is second of the three persons in the ,trinity1 the ,,son1 ,god as absolutely as the ,father and the ,holy ,spirit1 except as eternally deriving his existence from the ,father4 ,what1 however1 especially characterizes the ,son1 and distinguishes him from the two other persons united with him in the unity of the ,deity1 is this1 that the ,son1 at a given moment of time1 became incarnate1 and that1 without losing anything of his divine nature1 he thus became possessed of a complete human nature2 so that he is at the same time1 without injury to the unity of his person1 truly man and truly ,god4 ,the story of the miraculous birth of ,jesus is told by the ,matthew narrator as follows3#aaa3a ,now the birth of ,jesus ,christ was on this wise3 ,when as his mother ,mary was espoused to ,joseph1 before they came together1 she was found with child of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,then ,joseph1 her husband1 being a just man1 and not willing to make her a public example1 was minded to put her away privily4 ,but while he thought on these things1 behold1 the angel of the ,lord appeared unto him in a dream1 saying1 ,joseph1 thou son of ,david1 fear not to take unto thee ,mary thy wife3 for that which is conceived in her is of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,and she shall bring forth a son1 and thou shalt call his name ,jesus1 for he shall save his people from their sins4 ,now all this was done1 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the ,lord by the prophet1 saying3 ,behold1 a virgin shall be with child1 and shall bring forth a son1 and they shall call his name ,emmanuel1 which being interpreted is1 ,god with us4#aaa3b ,a ,deliverer was hoped for1 expected1 prophesied1 in the time of ,jewish misery#aab3a 7and ,cyrus was perhaps the first referred to72 but as no one appeared who did what the ,messiah1 according to prophecy1 should do1 they went on degrading each successive conqueror and hero from the ,messianic dignity1 and are still expecting the true ,deliverer4 ,hebrew and ,christian divines both start from the same assumed unproven premises1 viz43 that a ,messiah1 having been foretold1 must appear2 but there they diverge1 and the ,jews show themselves to be the sounder logicians of the two3 the ,christians assuming that ,jesus was the ,messiah intended 7though not the one expected71 wrest the obvious meaning of the prophecies to show that they were fulfilled in him2 while the ,jews1 assuming the obvious meaning of the prophecies to be their real meaning1 argue that they were not fulfilled in ,christ ,jesus1 and therefore that the ,messiah is yet to come4 ,we shall now see1 in the words of ,bishop ,hawes3 that ,god should1 in some extraordinary manner1 visit and dwell with man1 is an idea which1 as we read the writings of the ancient ,heathens1 meets us in a thousand different forms4 ,immaculate conceptions and celestial descents were so currently received among the ancients1 that whoever had greatly distinguished himself in the affairs of men was thought to be of supernatural lineage4 ,gods descended from heaven and were made incarnate in men1 and men ascended from earth1 and took their seat among the gods1 so that these incarnations and apotheosises were fast filling ,olympus with divinities4 ,in our inquiries on this subject we shall turn first to ,asia1 where1 as the learned ,thomas ,maurice remarks in his ,indian ,antiquities1 in every age1 and in almost every region of the ,asiatic world1 there seems uniformly to have flourished an immemorial tradition that one god had1 from all eternity1 begotten another god4#aab3b ,in ,india1 there have been several ,avatars1 or incarnations of ,vishnu1#aab3c the most important of which is ,heri ,crishna1#aab3d or ,crishna the ,saviour4 ,in the ,maha-bharata1 an ,indian epic poem1 written about the sixth century ,b4 ,c41 ,crishna is associated or identified with ,vishnu the ,preserving god or ,saviour4#aac3a ,sir ,william ,jones1 first ,president of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 instituted in ,bengal1 says of him3 ,crishna continues to this hour the darling god of the ,indian woman4 ,the sect of ,hindoos who adore him with enthusiastic1 and almost exclusive devotion1 have broached a doctrine1 which they maintain with eagerness1 and which seems general in these provinces1 that he was distinct from all the ,avatars 7incarnations7 who had only an ansa1 or a portion1 of his 7,vishnu's7 divinity1 while ,crishna was the person of ,vishnu himself in human form4#aac3b ,the ,rev4 ,d4 ,o4 ,allen1 ,missionary of the ,american ,board1 for twenty-five years in ,india1 speaking of ,crishna1 says3 ,he was greater than1 and distinct from1 all the ,avatars which had only a portion of the divinity in them1 while he was the very person of ,vishnu himself in human form4#aac3c ,thomas ,maurice1 in speaking of ,mathura1 says3 ,it is particularly celebrated for having been the birth-place of ,crishna1 who is esteemed in ,india1 not so much an incarnation of the divine ,vishnu1 as the deity himself in human form4#aac3d ,again1 in his ,history of ,hindostan1 he says3 ,it appears to me that the ,hindoos1 idolizing some eminent character of antiquity1 distinguished1 in the early annals of their nation1 by heroic fortitude and exalted piety1 have applied to that character those ancient traditional accounts of an incarnate ,god1 or1 as they not improperly term it1 an ,avatar1 which had been delivered down to them from their ancestors1 the virtuous ,noachid1 to descend amidst the darkness and ignorance of succeeding ages1 at once to reform and instruct mankind4 ,we have the more solid reason to affirm this of the ,avatar of ,crishna1 because it is allowed to be the most illustrious of them all2 since we have learned1 that1 in the seven preceding ,avatars1 the deity brought only an ansa1 or portion of his divinity2 but1 in the eighth1 he descended in all the plentitude of the ,godhead1 and was ,vishnu himself in a human form4#aac3e ,crishna was born of a chaste virgin1#aac3f called ,devaki1 who1 on account of her purity1 was selected to become the mother of ,god4 ,according to the ,,bhagavat ,,pooraun1 ,vishnu said3 ,i will become incarnate at ,mathura in the house of ,yadu1 and will issue forth to mortal birth from the womb of ,devaki4 4 4 4 ,it is time ,i should display my power1 and relieve the oppressed earth from its load4#aad3a ,then a chorus of angels exclaimed3 ,in the delivery of this favored woman1 all nature shall have cause to exult4#aad3b ,in the sacred book of the ,hindoos1 called ,vishnu ,purana1 we read as follows3 ,eulogized by the gods1 ,devaki bore in her womb the lotus-eyed deity1 the protector of the world4 4 4 4 ,no person could bear to gaze upon ,devaki1 from the light that invested her1 and those who contemplated her radiance felt their minds disturbed4 ,the gods1 invisible to mortals1 celebrated her praises continually from the time that ,vishnu was contained in her person4#aad3c ,again we read3 ,the divine ,vishnu himself1 the root of the vast universal tree1 inscrutable by the understandings of all gods1 demons1 sages1 and men1 past1 present1 or to come1 adored by ,brahma and all the deities1 he who is without beginning1 middle1 or end1 being moved to relieve the earth of her load1 descended into the womb of ,devaki1 and was born as her son1 ,vasudeva1 i4 e41 ,crishna4#aad3d ,again3 ,crishna is the very ,supreme ,brahma1 though it be a mystery#aad3e how the ,supreme should assume the form of a man4#aad3f ,the ,hindoo belief in a divine incarnation has at least1 above many others1 its logical side of conceiving that ,god manifests himself on earth whenever the weakness or the errors of humanity render his presence necessary4 ,we find this idea expressed in one of their sacred books called the ,bhgavat ,geeta1 wherein it says3 ,i 7the ,supreme ,one said71 ,i am made evident by my own power1 and as often as there is a decline of virtue1 and an insurrection of vice and injustice in the world1 ,i make myself evident1 and thus ,i appear from age to age1 for the preservation of the just1 the destruction of the wicked1 and the establishment of virtue4#aad3g ,crishna is recorded in the ,bhgavat ,geeta as saying to his beloved disciple ,arjouna3 ,he1 ,o ,arjoun1 who1 from conviction1 acknowledgeth my divine birth 7upon quitting his mortal form71 entereth into me4#aae3a ,again1 he says3 ,the foolish1 being unacquainted with my supreme and divine nature1 as ,lord of all things1 despise me in this human form1 trusting to the evil1 diabolic1 and deceitful principle within them4 ,they are of vain hope1 of vain endeavors1 of vain wisdom1 and void of reason2 whilst men of great minds1 trusting to their divine natures1 discover that ,i am before all things and incorruptible1 and serve me with their hearts undiverted by other gods4#aae3b ,the next in importance among the ,god-begotten and ,virgin-born ,saviours of ,india1 is ,buddha#aae3c who was born of the ,virgin ,maya or ,mary4 ,he in mercy left ,paradise1 and came down to earth because he was filled with compassion for the sins and miseries of mankind4 ,he sought to lead them into better paths1 and took their sufferings upon himself1 that he might expiate their crimes1 and mitigate the punishment they must otherwise inevitably undergo4#aae3d ,according to the ,fo-pen-hing1#aae3e when ,buddha was about to descend from heaven1 to be born into the world1 the angels in heaven1 calling to the inhabitants of the earth1 said3 ,ye mortals6 adorn your earth6 for ,bdhisatwa1 the great ,mahsatwa1 not long hence shall descend from ,tusita to be born amongst you6 make ready and prepare6 ,buddha is about to descend and be born6#aae3f ,the womb that bears a ,buddha is like a casket in which a relic is placed2 no other being can be conceived in the same receptacle2 the usual secretions are not formed2 and from the time of conception1 ,maha-maya was free from passion1 and lived in the strictest continence4#aae3g ,the resemblance between this legend and the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of ,mary the mother of ,jesus1 cannot but be remarked4 ,the opinion that she had ever borne other children was called heresy by ,epiphanius and ,jerome1 long before she had been exalted to the station of supremacy she now occupies4#aae3h ,m4 l',abb ,huc1 a ,french ,missionary1 in speaking of ,buddha1 says3 ,in the eyes of the ,buddhists1 this personage is sometimes a man and sometimes a god1 or rather both one and the other1 a divine incarnation1 a man-god2 who came into the world to enlighten men1 to redeem them1 and to indicate to them the way of safety4 ,this idea of redemption by a divine incarnation is so general and popular among the ,buddhists1 that during our travels in ,upper ,asia1 we everywhere found it expressed in a neat formula4 ,if we addressed to a ,mongol or a ,thibetan the question1 ',who is ,buddha8' he would immediately reply3 ',the ,saviour of ,men4'#aaf3a ,he further says3 ,the miraculous birth of ,buddha1 his life and instructions1 contain a great number of the moral and dogmatic truths professed in ,christianity4#aaf3b ,this ,angel-,messiah was regarded as the divinely chosen and incarnate messenger1 the vicar of ,god4 ,he is addressed as ,god of ,gods1 ,father of the ,world1 ,almighty and ,all-knowing ,ruler1 and ,redeemer of ,all4#aaf3c ,he is called also ,the ,holy ,one1 ,the ,author of ,happiness1 ,the ,lord1 ,the ,possessor of ,all1 ,he who is ,omnipotent and ,everlastingly to be ,contemplated1 ,the ,supreme ,being1 the ,eternal ,one1 ,the ,divinity worthy to be ,adored by the most praiseworthy of ,mankind4#aaf3d ,he is addressed by ,amora--one of his followers--thus3 ,reverence be unto thee in the form of ,buddha6 ,reverence be unto thee1 the ,lord of the ,earth6 ,reverence be unto thee1 an incarnation of the ,deity6 ,of the ,eternal ,one6 ,reverence be unto thee1 ,o ,god1 in the form of the ,god of ,mercy2 the dispeller of pain and trouble1 the ,lord of all things1 the deity1 the guardian of the universe1 the emblem of mercy4#aaf3e ,the incarnation of ,gautama ,buddha is recorded to have been brought about by the descent of the divine power called ,the ,holy ,ghost upon the ,virgin ,maya4#aaf3f ,this ,holy ,ghost1 or ,spirit1 descended in the form of a white elephant4 ,the ,tikas explain this as indicating power and wisdom4#aag3a ,the incarnation of the angel destined to become ,buddha took place in a spiritual manner4 ,the ,elephant is the symbol of power and wisdom2 and ,buddha was considered the organ of divine power and wisdom1 as he is called in the ,tikas4 ,for these reasons ,buddha is described by ,buddhistic legends as having descended from heaven in the form of an ,elephant to the place where the ,virgin ,maya was4 ,but according to ,chinese ,buddhistic writings1 it was the ,holy ,ghost1 or ,shing-,shin1 who descended on the ,virgin ,maya4#aag3b ,the ,fo-pen-hing says3 ,if a mother1 in her dream1 behold ,a white elephant enter her right side1 ,that mother1 when she bears a son1 ,shall bear one chief of all the world 7,buddha72 ,able to profit all flesh2 ,equally poised between preference and dislike2 ,able to save and deliver the world and men ,from the deep sea of misery and grief4#aag3c ,in ,prof4 ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship may be seen 7,plate xxxiii47 a representation of ,maya1 the mother of ,buddha1 asleep1 and dreaming that a white elephant appeared to her1 and entered her womb4 ,this dream being interpreted by the ,brahmans learned in the ,rig ,veda1 was considered as announcing the incarnation of him who was to be in future the deliverer of mankind from pain and sorrow4 ,it is1 in fact1 the form which the ,annunciation took in ,buddhist legends4#aag3d ----,awaked1 ,bliss beyond mortal mother's filled her breast1 ,and over half the earth a lovely light ,forewent the morn4 ,the strong hills shook2 the waves ,sank lulled2 all flowers that blow by day came forth ,as 'twere high noon2 down to the farthest hells ,passed the ,queen's joy1 as when warm sunshine thrills ,wood-glooms to gold1 and into all the deeps ,a tender whisper pierced4 ',oh ye1' it said1 ',the dead that are to live1 the live who die1 ,uprise1 and hear1 and hope6 ,buddha is come6' ,whereat in ,limbos numberless much peace ,spread1 and the world's heart throbbed1 and a wind blew ,with unknown freshness over land and seas4 ,and when the morning dawned1 and this was told1 ,the grey dream-readers said1 ',the dream is good6 ,the ,crab is in conjunction with the ,sun2 ,the ,queen shall bear a boy1 a holy child ,of wondrous wisdom1 profiting all flesh1 ,who shall deliver men from ignorance1 ,or rule the world1 if he will deign to rule4' ,in this wise was the holy ,buddha born4 ,in ,fig4 #d1 ,plate xci41 the same subject is also illustrated4 ,prof4 ,fergusson1 referring to it1 says3 ,fig4 #d is another edition of a legend more frequently repeated than almost any other in ,buddhist ,scriptures4 ,it was1 with their artists1 as great a favorite as the ,annunciation and ,nativity were with ,christian painters4#aah3a ,when ,buddha avatar descended from the regions of the souls1 and entered the body of the ,virgin ,maya1 her womb suddenly assumed the appearance of clear1 transparent crystal1 in which ,buddha appeared1 beautiful as a flower1 kneeling and reclining on his hands4#aah3b ,buddha's representative on earth is the ,dalai ,lama1 or ,grand ,lama1 the ,high ,priest of the ,tartars4 ,he is regarded as the vicegerent of ,god1 with power to dispense divine blessings on whomsoever he will1 and is considered among the ,buddhists to be a sort of divine being4 ,he is the ,pope of ,buddhism4#aah3c ,the ,siamese had a ,virgin-born ,god and ,saviour whom they called ,codom4 ,his mother1 a beautiful young virgin1 being inspired from heaven1 quitted the society of men and wandered into the most unfrequented parts of a great forest1 there to await the coming of a god which had long been announced to mankind4 ,while she was one day prostrate in prayer1 she was impregnated by the sunbeams4 ,she thereupon retired to the borders of a lake1 between ,siam and ,cambodia1 where she was delivered of a heavenly boy1 which she placed within the folds of a lotus1 that opened to receive him4 ,when the boy grew up1 he became a prodigy of wisdom1 performed miracles1 c4#aah3d ,the first ,europeans who visited ,cape ,comorin1 the most southerly extremity of the peninsula of ,hindostan1 were surprised to find the inhabitants worshiping a ,lord and ,saviour whom they called ,salivahana4 ,they related that his father's name was ,taishaca1 but that he was a divine child horn of a ,virgin1 in fact1 an incarnation of the ,supreme ,vishnu4#aai3a ,the belief in a virgin-born god-man is found in the religions of ,china4 ,as ,sir ,john ,francis ,davis remarks1#aai3b ,china has her mythology in common with all other nations1 and under this head we must range the persons styled ,fo-hi 7or ,fuh-he71 ,shin-noong1 ,hoang-ty and their immediate successors1 who1 like the demi gods and heroes of ,grecian fable1 rescued mankind by their ability or enterprise from the most primitive barbarism1 and have since been invested with superhuman attributes4 ,the most extravagant prodigies are related of these persons1 and the most incongruous qualities attributed to them4 ,dean ,milman1 in his ,history of ,christianity 7,vol4 i4 p4 #ig71 refers to the tradition1 found among the ,chinese1 that ,fo-hi was born of a virgin2 and remarks that1 the first ,jesuit missionaries who went to ,china were appalled at finding1 in the mythology of that country1 a counterpart of the story of the virgin of ,judea4 ,fo-hi is said to have been born #cdfc years ,b4 ,c41 and1 according to some ,chinese writers1 with him begins the historical era and the foundation of the empire4 ,when his mother conceived him in her womb1 a rainbow was seen to surround her4#aai3c ,the ,chinese traditions concerning the birth of ,fo-hi are1 some of them1 highly poetical4 ,that which has received the widest acceptance is as follows3 ,three nymphs came down from heaven to wash themselves in a river2 but scarce had they got there before the herb lotus appeared on one of their garments1 with its coral fruit upon it4 ,they could not imagine whence it proceeded1 and one was tempted to taste it1 whereby she became pregnant and was delivered of a boy1 who afterwards became a great man1 a founder of religion1 a conqueror1 and legislator4#aai3d ,the sect of ,xaca1 which is evidently a corruption of ,buddhism1 claim that their master was also of supernatural origin4 ,alvarez ,semedo1 speaking of them1 says3 ,the third religious sect among the ,chinese is from ,india1 from the parts of ,hindostan1 which sect they call ,xaca1 from the founder of it1 concerning whom they fable--that he was conceived by his mother ,maya1 from a white elephant1 which she saw in her sleep1 and for more purity she brought him from one of her sides4#abj3a ,lao-kiun1 sometimes celled ,lao-tsze1 who is said to have been born in the third year of the emperor ,ting-wang1 of the ,chow dynasty 7#fjd ,b4 ,c471 was another miraculously-born man4 ,he acquired great reputation for sanctity1 and marvelous stories were told of his birth4 ,it was said that he had existed from all eternity2 that he had descended on earth and was born of a virgin1 black in complexion1 described marvelous and beautiful as jasper4 ,splendid temples were erected to him1 and he was worshiped as a god4 ,his disciples were called ,heavenly ,teachers4 ,they inculcated great tenderness toward animals1 and considered strict celibacy necessary for the attainment of perfect holiness4 ,lao-kiun believed in ,one ,god whom he called ,tao1 and the sect which he formed is called ,tao-tse1 or ,sect of ,reason4 ,sir ,thomas ,thornton1 speaking of him1 says3 ,the mythological history of this 'prince of the doctrine of the ,taou1' which is current amongst his followers1 represents him as a divine emanation incarnate in a human form4 ,they term him the 'most high and venerable prince of the portals of gold of the palace of the genii1' and say that he condescended to a contact with humanity when he became incorporated with the 'miraculous and excellent ,virgin of jasper4' ,like ,buddha1 he came out of his mother's side1 and was born under a tree4 ,the legends of the ,taou-tse declare their founder to have existed antecedent to the birth of the elements1 in the ,great ,absolute2 that he is the 'pure essence of the ten2' that he is the 'original ancestor of the prime breath of life2' and that he gave form to the heavens and the earth4#abj3b ,m4 ,le ,compte says3 ,those who have made this 7the religion of ,taou-tsze7 their professed business1 are called ,tien-se1 that is1 ',heavenly ,doctors2' they have houses 7,monasteries7 given them to live together in society2 they erect1 in divers parts1 temples to their master1 and king and people honor him with divine worship4 ,yu was another virgin-born ,chinese sage1 who is said to have lived upon earth many ages ago4 ,confucius--as though he had been questioned about him--says3 ,i see no defect in the character of ,yu4 ,he was sober in eating and drinking1 and eminently pious toward spirits and ancestors4#abj3c ,hu-ki1 the ,chinese hero1 was of supernatural origin4 ,the following is the history of his birth1 according to the ,shih-,king3 ,his mother1 who was childless1 had presented a pure offering and sacrificed1 that her childlessness might be taken away4 ,she then trod on a toe-print made by ,god1 and was moved1#aba3a in the large place where she rested4 ,she became pregnant2 she dwelt retired2 she gave birth to and nourished a son1 who was ,hu-ki4 ,when she had fulfilled her months1 her first-born son came forth like a lamb4 ,there was no bursting1 no rending1 no injury1 no hurt2 showing how wonderful he would be4 ,did not ,god give her comfort8 ,had he not accepted her pure offering and sacrifice1 so that thus easily she brought forth her son8#aba3b ,even the sober ,confucius 7born ,b4 ,c4 #eja7 was of supernatural origin4 ,the most important event in ,chinese literary and ethical history is the birth of ,kung-foo-tsze 7,confucius71 both in its effects on the moral organization of this great empire1 and the study of ,chinese philosophy in ,europe4 ,kung-foo-tsze 7meaning the sage ,kung or the wise excellence7 was of royal descent2 and his family the most ancient in the empire1 as his genealogy was traceable directly up to ,hwang-te1 the reputed organizer of the state1 the first emperor of the semi-historical period 7beginning #bfif ,b4 ,c474 ,at his birth a prodigious quadruped1 called the ,ke-lin1 appeared and prophesied that the new-born infant would be a king without throne or territory4 ,two dragons hovered about the couch of ,yen-she 7his mother71 and five celestial sages1 or angels1 entered at the moment of the birth of the wondrous child2 heavenly strains were heard in the air1 and harmonious chords followed each other1 fast and full4 ,thus was ,confucius ushered into the world4 ,his disciples1 who were to expound his precepts1 were seventy-two in number1 twelve of whom were his ordinary companions1 the depositories of his thoughts1 and the witnesses of all his actions4 ,to them he minutely explained his doctrines1 and charged them with their propagation after his death4 ,,yan-,,hwuy was his favorite disciple1 who1 in his opinion1 had attained the highest degree of moral perfection4 ,confucius addressed him in terms of great affection1 which denoted that he relied mainly upon him for the accomplishment of his work4#aba3c ,even as late as the seventeenth century of our era1 do we find the myth of the virgin-born ,god in ,china4#aba3d ,all these god-begotten and virgin-born men were called ,tien-tse1 i4 e41 ,sons of ,heaven4 ,if from ,china we should turn to ,egypt we would find that1 for ages before the time of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 the mediating deity1 born of a virgin1 and without a worldly father1 was a portion of the ,egyptian belief4#abb3a ,horus1 who had the epithet of ,saviour1 was born of the virgin ,isis4 ,his birth was one of the greatest ,mysteries of the ,egyptian religion4 ,pictures representing it appear on the walls of temples4#abb3b ,he is the second emanation of ,amon1 the son whom he begot4#abb3c ,egyptian monuments represent the infant ,saviour in the arms of his virgin mother1 or sitting on her knee4#abb3d ,an inscription on a monument1 translated by ,champollion1 reads thus3 ,o thou avenger1 ,god1 son of a ,god2 ,o thou avenger1 ,horus1 manifested by ,osiris1 engendered of the goddess ,isis4#abb3e ,the ,egyptian god ,ra was born from the side of his mother1 but was not engendered4#abb3f ,the ancient ,egyptians also deified kings and heroes1 in the same manner as the ancient ,greeks and ,romans4 ,an ,egyptian king became1 in a sense1 the vicar of ,god on earth1 the infallible1 and the personated deity4#abb3g ,p4 ,le ,page ,renouf1 in his ,hibbert ,lectures on the ,religion of ,ancient ,egypt1 says3 ,i must not quit this part of my subject without a reference to the belief that the ruling sovereign of ,egypt was the living image and vicegerent of the ,sun-god 7,ra74 ,he was invested with the attributes of divinity1 and that in the earliest times of which we possess monumental evidence4#abb3h ,menes1 who is said to have been the first king of ,egypt1 was believed to be a god4#abb3i ,almost all the temples of the left bank of the ,nile1 at ,thebes1 had been constructed in view of the worship rendered to the ,pharaohs1 their founders1 after their death4#abb3aj ,on the wall of one of these ,theban temples is to be seen a picture representing the god ,thoth--the messenger of ,god--telling the maiden1 ,queen ,mautmes1 that she is to give birth to a divine son1 who is to be ,king ,amunothph ,,iii4#abc3a ,an inscription found in ,egypt makes the god ,ra say to his son ,ramses ,,iii43 ,i am thy father2 by me are begotten all thy members as divine2 ,i have formed thy shape like the ,mendesian god2 ,i have begotten thee1 impregnating thy venerable mother4#abc3b ,raam-ses1 or ,ra-m-ses1 means ,son of the ,sun1 and ,ramses ,hek ,an1 a name of ,ramses ,,iii41 means engendered by ,ra 7the ,sun71 ,prince of ,an 7,heliopolis74#abc3c ,thotmes ,,iii41 on the tablet of ,karnak1 presents offerings to his predecessors2 so does ,ramses on the tablet of ,abydos4 ,even during his life-time the ,egyptian king was denominated ',beneficent ,god4'#abc3d ,the ancient ,babylonians also believed that their kings were gods upon earth4 ,a passage from ,mnaut's translation of the great inscription of ,nebuchadnezzar1 reads thus3 ,i am ,nabu-kuder-usur 4 4 4 the first-born son of ,nebu-pal-usur1 ,king of ,babylon4 ,the god ,bel himself created me1 the god ,marduk engendered me1 and deposited himself the germ of my life in the womb of my mother4#abc3e ,in the life of ,zoroaster1 the law-giver of the ,persians1 the common mythos is apparent4 ,he was born in innocence1 of an immaculate conception1 of a ray of the ,divine ,reason4 ,as soon as he was born the glory from his body enlightened the whole room4#abc3f ,plato informs us that ,zoroaster was said to be the son of ,oromasdes1 which was the name the ,persians gave to the ,supreme ,god#abc3g--therefore he was the ,son of ,god4 ,from the ,east we will turn to the ,west1 and shall find that many of the ancient heroes of ,grecian and ,roman mythology were regarded as of divine origin1 were represented as men1 possessed of god-like form1 strength and courage2 were believed to have lived on earth in the remote1 dim ages of the nation's history2 to have been occupied in their life-time with thrilling adventures and extraordinary services in the cause of human civilization1 and to have been after death in some cases translated to a life among the gods1 and entitled to sacrifice and worship4 ,in the hospitable ,pantheon of the ,greeks and ,romans1 a niche was always in readiness for every new divinity who could produce respectable credentials4 ,the ,christian ,father ,justin ,martyr1 says3 ,it having reached the ,devil's ears that the prophets had foretold the coming of ,christ 7the ,son of ,god71 he set the ,heathen ,poets to bring forward a great many who should be called the sons of ,jove4 ,the ,devil laying his scheme in this1 to get men to imagine that the true history of ,christ was of the same character as the prodigious fables related of the sons of ,jove4 ,among these sons of ,jove may be mentioned the following3 ,hercules was the son of ,jupiter by a mortal mother1 ,alcmene1 ,queen of ,thebes4#abd3a ,zeus1 the god of gods1 spake of ,hercules1 his son1 and said3 ,this day shall a child be born of the race of ,perseus1 who shall be the mightiest of the sons of men4#abd3b ,bacchus was the son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother1 ,semele1 daughter of ,kadmus1 ,king of ,thebes4#abd3c ,as ,montfaucon says1 ,it is the son of ,jupiter and ,semele which the poets celebrate1 and which the monuments represent4#abd3d ,bacchus is made to say3 ,i1 son of ,deus1 am come to this land of the ,thebans1 ,bacchus1 whom formerly ,semele the daughter of ,kadmus brings forth1 being delivered by the lightning-bearing flame3 and having taken a mortal form instead of a god's1 ,i have arrived at the fountains of ,dirce and the water of ,ismenus4#abd3e ,amphion was the son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother1 ,antiope1 daughter of ,nicetus1 ,king of ,boeotia4#abd3f ,prometheus1 whose name is derived from a ,greek word signifying foresight and providence1 was a deity who united the divine and human nature in one person1 and was confessedly both man and god4#abd3g ,perseus was the son of ,jupiter by the virgin ,danae1 daughter of ,acrisius1 ,king of ,argos4#abd3h ,divine honors were paid him1 and a temple was erected to him in ,athens4#abd3i ,justin ,martyr 7,a4 ,d4 #adj71 in his ,apology to the ,emperor ,adrian1 says3 ,by declaring the ,logos1 the first-begotten of ,god1 our ,master1 ,jesus ,christ1 to be born of a virgin1 without any human mixture1 we 7,christians7 say no more in this than what you 7,pagans7 say of those whom you style the ,sons of ,jove4 ,for you need not be told what a parcel of sons the writers most in vogue among you assign to ,jove4 4 4 4 ,as to the ,son of ,god1 called ,jesus1 should we allow him to be nothing more than man1 yet the title of 'the ,son of ,god' is very justifiable1 upon the account of his wisdom1 considering that you 7,pagans7 have your ,mercury in worship under the title of the ,word1 a messenger of ,god4 4 4 4 ,as to his 7,jesus ,christ's7 being born of a virgin1 you have your ,perseus to balance that4#abe3a ,mercury was the son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother1 ,maia1 daughter of ,atlas4 ,cyllene1 in ,arcadia1 is said to have been the scene of his birth and education1 and a magnificent temple was erected to him there4#abe3b olus1 king of the ,lipari ,islands1 near ,sicily1 was the son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother1 ,acasta4#abe3c ,apollo was the son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother1 ,latona4#abe3d ,like ,buddha and ,lao-,kiun1 ,apollo1 so the ,ephesians said1 was born under a tree2 ,latona1 taking shelter under an olive-tree1 was delivered there4#abe3e ,then there was joy among the undying gods in ,olympus1 and the ,earth laughed beneath the smile of ,heaven4#abe3f ,aethlius1 who is said to have been one of the institutors of the ,orphic games1 was the son of ,jupiter by a mortal mother1 ,protogenia4#abe3g ,arcas was the son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother4#abe3h ,aroclus was the son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother4#abe3i ,we might continue and give the names of many more sons of ,jove1 but sufficient has been seen1 we believe1 to show1 in the words of ,justin1 that ,jove had a great parcel of sons4 ,the images of self-restraint1 of power used for the good of others1 are prominent in the lives of all or almost all the ,zeus-born heroes4#abe3aj ,this ,jupiter1 who begat so many sons1 was the supreme god of the ,pagans4 ,in the words of ,orpheus3 ,jupiter is omnipotent2 the first and the last1 the head and the midst2 ,jupiter1 the giver of all things1 the foundation of the earth1 and the starry heavens4#abe3aa ,the ancient ,romans were in the habit of deifying their living and departed emperors1 and gave to them the title of ,,divus1 or the ,divine ,one4 ,it was required throughout the whole empire that divine honors should be paid to the emperors4#abe3ab ,they had a ceremony called ,apotheosis1 or deification4 ,after this ceremony1 temples1 altars1 and images1 with attributes of divinity1 were erected to the new deity4 ,it is related by ,eusebius1 ,tertullian1 and ,chrysostom1 that ,tiberius proposed to the ,roman ,senate the ,apotheosis or deification of ,jesus ,christ4#abf3a lius ,lampridius1 in his ,life of ,alexander ,severus 7who reigned ,a4 ,d4 #bbb-bce71 says3 ,this emperor had two private chapels1 one more honorable than the other2 and in the former were placed the deified emperors1 and also some eminent good men1 among them ,abraham1 ,christ1 and ,orpheus4#abf3b ,romulus1 who is said to have been the founder of ,rome1 was believed to have been the son of ,god by a pure virgin1 ,rhea-,sylvia4#abf3c ,one ,julius ,proculus took a solemn oath1 that ,romulus himself appeared to him and ordered him to inform the ,senate of his being called up to the assembly of the gods1 under the name of ,quirinus4#abf3d ,julius ,csar was supposed to have had a god for a father4#abf3e ,augustus ,csar was also believed to have been of celestial origin1 and had all the honors paid to him as to a divine person4#abf3f ,his divinity is expressed by ,virgil1 in the following lines3 ----,turn1 turn thine eyes1 see here thy race divine1 ,behold thy own imperial ,roman ,sine3 ,csar1 with all the ,julian name survey2 ,see where the glorious ranks ascend to-day6-- ,this--this is he--the chief so long foretold1 ,to bless the land where ,saturn ruled of old1 ,and give the ,learnean realms a second eye of gold6 ,the promised prince1 ,augustus the divine1 ,of ,csar's race1 and ,jove's immortal line4#abf3g ,the honors due to the gods1 says ,tacitus1 were no longer sacred3 ,augustus claimed equal worship4 ,temples were built1 and statues were erected1 to him2 a mortal man was adored1 and priests and pontiffs were appointed to pay him impious homage4#abf3h ,divine honors were declared to the memory of ,claudius1 after his death1 and he was added to the number of the gods4 ,the titles ,our ,lord1 ,our ,master1 and ,our ,god1 were given to the ,emperors of ,rome1 even while living4#abf3i ,in the deification of the ,csars1 a testimony upon oath1 of an eagle's flying out of the funeral pile1 toward heaven1 which was supposed to convey the soul of the deceased1 was the established proof of their divinity4#abg3a ,alexander the ,great1 ,king of ,macedonia 7born #cef ,b4 ,c471 whom genius and uncommon success had raised above ordinary men1 was believed to have been a god upon earth4#abg3b ,he was believed to have been the son of ,jupiter by a mortal mother1 ,olympias4 ,alexander at one time visited the temple of ,jupiter ,ammon1 which was situated in an oasis in the ,libyan desert1 and the ,oracle there declared him to be a son of the god4 ,he afterwards issued his orders1 letters1 decrees1 c41 styling himself ,alexander1 son of ,jupiter ,ammon4#abg3c ,the words of the oracle which declared him to be divine were as follows1 says ,socrates3 ,let altars burn and incense pour1 please ,jove ,minerva eke2 ,the potent ,prince though nature frail1 his favor you must seek1 ,for ,jove from heaven to earth him sent1 lo6 ,alexander king1 ,as ,god he comes the earth to rule1 and just laws for to bring4#abg3d ,ptolemy1 who was one of ,alexander's generals in his ,eastern campaigns1 and into whose hands ,egypt fell at the death of ,alexander1 was also believed to have been of divine origin4 ,at the siege of ,rhodes1 ,ptolemy had been of such signal service to its citizens that in gratitude they paid divine honors to him1 and saluted him with the title of ,soter1 i4 e41 ,saviour4 ,by that designation1 ,ptolemy ,soter1 he is distinguished from the succeeding kings of the ,macedonian dynasty in ,egypt4#abg3e ,cyrus1 ,king of ,persia1 was believed to have been of divine origin2 he was called the ,christ1 or the ,anointed of ,god1 and ,god's messenger4#abg3f ,plato1 born at ,athens #dbi ,b4 ,c41 was believed to have been the son of ,god by a pure virgin1 called ,perictione4#abg3g ,the reputed father of ,plato 7,aris7 was admonished in a dream to respect the person of his wife until after the birth of the child of which she was then pregnant by a god4#abg3h ,prof4 ,draper1 speaking of ,plato1 says3 ,the ,egyptian disciples of ,plato would have looked with anger on those who rejected the legend that ,perictione1 the mother of that great philosopher1 a pure virgin1 had suffered an immaculate conception through the influences of 7the god7 ,apollo1 and that the god had declared to ,aris1 to whom she was betrothed1 the parentage of the child4#abh3a ,here we have the legend of the angel appearing to ,joseph--to whom ,mary was betrothed--believed in by the disciples of ,plato for centuries before the time of ,christ ,jesus1 the only difference being that the virgin's name was ,perictione instead of ,mary1 and the confiding husband's name ,aris instead of ,joseph4 ,we have another similar case4 ,the mother of ,apollonius 7,b4 ,c4 #da7 was informed by a god1 who appeared to her1 that he himself should be born of her4#abh3b ,in the course of time she gave birth to ,apollonius1 who became a great religious teacher1 and performer of miracles4#abh3c ,pythagoras1 born about #egj ,b4 ,c41 had divine honors paid him4 ,his mother is said to have become impregnated through a spectre1 or ,holy ,ghost4 ,his father--or foster-father--was also informed that his wife should bring forth a son1 who should be a benefactor to mankind4#abh3d sculapius1 the great performer of miracles1#abh3e was supposed to be the son of a god and a worldly mother1 ,coronis4 ,the ,messenians1 who consulted the oracle at ,delphi to know where sculapius was born1 and of what parents1 were informed that a god was his father1 ,coronis his mother1 and that their son was born at ,epidaurus4 ,coronis1 to conceal her pregnancy from her father1 went to ,epidaurus1 where she was delivered of a son1 whom she exposed on a mountain4 ,aristhenes1 a goat-herd1 going in search of a goat and a dog missing from his fold1 discovered the child1 whom he would have carried to his home1 had he not1 upon approaching to lift him from the earth1 perceived his head encircled with fiery rays1 which made him believe the child was divine4 ,the voice of fame soon published the birth of a miraculous infant1 upon which the people flocked from all quarters to behold this heaven-born child4#abh3f ,being honored as a god in ,phenicia and ,egypt1 his worship passed into ,greece and ,rome4#abh3g ,simon the ,samaritan1 surnamed ,magus or the ,magician1 who was contemporary with ,jesus1 was believed to be a god4 ,in ,rome1 where he performed wonderful miracles1 he was honored as a god1 and his picture placed among the gods4#abi3a ,justin ,martyr1 quoted by ,eusebius1 tells us that ,simon ,magus attained great honor among the ,romans4 ,that he was believed to be a god1 and that he was worshiped as such4 ,between two bridges upon the ,river ,tibris1 was to be seen this inscription3 ,simoni ,deo ,sancto1 i4 e4 ,to ,simon the ,holy ,god4#abi3b ,it was customary with all the heroes of the northern nations 7,danes1 ,swedes1 ,norwegians and ,icelanders71 to speak of themselves as sprung from their supreme deity1 ,odin4 ,the historians of those times1 that is to say1 the poets1 never failed to bestow the same honor on all those whose praises they sang2 and thus they multiplied the descendants of ,odin as much as they found convenient4 ,the first-begotten son of ,odin was ,thor1 whom the ,eddas call the most valiant of his sons4 ,baldur the ,good1 the ,beneficent ,saviour1 was the son of the ,supreme ,odin and the goddess ,frigga1 whose worship was transferred to that of the ,virgin ,mary4#abi3c ,in the mythological systems of ,america1 a virgin-born god was not less clearly recognized than in those of the ,old ,world4 ,among the savage tribes his origin and character were1 for obvious reasons1 much confused2 but among the more advanced nations he occupied a well-defined position4 ,among the nations of ,anahuac1 he bore the name of ,quetzalcoatle1 and was regarded with the highest veneration4 ,for ages before the landing of ,columbus on its shores1 the inhabitants of ancient ,mexico worshiped a ,saviour--as they called him--7,quetzalcoatle7 who was born of a pure virgin4#abi3d ,a messenger from heaven announced to his mother that she should bear a son without connection with man4#abi3e ,lord ,kingsborough tells us that the annunciation of the virgin ,sochiquetzal1 mother of ,quetzalcoatle1--who was styled the ,queen of ,heaven#abi3f--was the subject of a ,mexican hieroglyph4#abi3g ,the embassador was sent from heaven to this virgin1 who had two sisters1 ,tzochitlique and ,conatlique4 ,these three being alone in the house1 two of them1 on perceiving the embassador from heaven1 died of fright1 ,sochiquetzal remaining alive1 to whom the ambassador announced that it was the will of ,god that she should conceive a son4#acj3a ,she therefore1 according to the prediction1 conceived a son1 without connection with man1 who was called ,quetzalcoatle4#acj3b ,dr4 ,daniel ,brinton1 in his ,myths of the ,new ,world1 says3 ,the ,central figure of ,toltec mythology is ,quetzalcoatle4 ,not an author on ancient ,mexico1 but has something to say about the glorious days when he ruled over the land4 ,no one denies him to have been a god4 ,he was born of a virgin in the land of ,tula or ,tlopallan4#acj3c ,the ,mayas of ,yucatan had a virgin-born god1 corresponding entirely with ,quetzalcoatle1 if he was not the same under a different name1 a conjecture very well sustained by the evident relationship between the ,mexican and ,mayan mythologies4 ,he was named ,zama1 and was the only-begotten son of their supreme god1 ,kinchahan4#acj3d ,the ,muyscas of ,columbia had a similar hero-god4 ,according to their traditionary history1 he bore the name of ,bochica4 ,he was the incarnation of the ,great ,father1 whose sovereignty and paternal care he emblematized4#acj3e ,the inhabitants of ,nicaragua called their principal god ,thomathoyo2 and said that he had a son1 who came down to earth1 whose name was ,theotbilahe1 and that he was their general instructor4#acj3f ,we find a corresponding character in the traditionary history of ,peru4 ,the ,sun--the god of the ,peruvians--deploring their miserable condition1 sent down his son1 ,manco ,capac1 to instruct them in religion1 c4#acj3g ,we have also traces of a similar personage in the traditionary ,votan of ,guatemala2 but our accounts concerning him are more vague than in the cases above mentioned4 ,we find this traditional character in countries and among tribes where we would be least apt to suspect its existence4 ,in ,brazil1 besides the common belief in an age of violence1 during which the world was destroyed by water1 there is a tradition of a supernatural personage called ,zome1 whose history is similar1 in some respects1 to that of ,quetzalcoatle4#acj3h ,the semi-civilized agricultural tribes of ,florida had like traditions4 ,the ,cherokees1 in particular1 had a priest and law-giver essentially corresponding to ,quetzalcoatle and ,bochica4 ,he was their great prophet1 and bore the name of ,wasi4 ,he told them what had been from the beginning of the world1 and what would be1 and gave the people in all things directions what to do4 ,he appointed their feasts and fasts1 and all the ceremonies of their religion1 and enjoined upon them to obey his directions from generation to generation4#aca3a ,among the savage tribes the same notions prevailed4 ,the ,edues of the ,californians taught that there was a supreme ,creator1 ,niparaga1 and that his son1 ,quaagagp1 came down upon the earth and instructed the ,indians in religion1 c4 ,finally1 through hatred1 the ,indians killed him2 but although dead1 he is incorruptible and beautiful4 ,to him they pay adoration1 as the mediatory power between earth and the ,supreme ,niparaga4#aca3b ,the ,iroquois also had a beneficent being1 uniting in himself the character of a god and man1 who was called ,tarengawagan4 ,he imparted to them the knowledge of the laws of the ,great ,spirit1 established their form of government1 c4#aca3c ,among the ,algonquins1 and particularly among the ,ojibways and other remnants of that stock of the ,north-west1 this intermediate great teacher 7denominated1 by ,mr4 ,schoolcraft1 in his ,notes of the ,iroquois1 the great incarnation of the ,north-west7 is fully recognized4 ,he bears the name of ,michabou1 and is represented as the first-born son of a great celestial ,manitou1 or ,spirit1 by an earthly mother1 and is esteemed the friend and protector of the human race4#aca3d ,i think we can now say with ,m4 ,dupuis1 that the idea of a ,god1 who came down on earth to save mankind1 is neither new nor peculiar to the ,christians1 and with ,cicero1 the great ,roman orator and philosopher1 that brave1 famous or powerful men1 after death1 came to be gods1 and they are the very ones whom we are accustomed to worship1 pray to and venerate4 ,taking for granted that the synoptic ,gospels are historical1 there is no proof that ,jesus ever claimed to be either ,god1 or a god2 on the other hand1 it is quite the contrary4#aca3e ,as ,viscount ,amberly says3 ,the best proof of this is that ,jesus never1 at any period of his life1 desired his followers to worship him1 either as ,god1 or as the ,son of ,god1 in the sense in which it is now understood4 ,had he believed of himself what his followers subsequently believed of him1 that he was one of the constituent persons in a divine ,trinity1 he must have enjoined his ,apostles both to address him in prayer themselves1 and to desire their converts to do likewise4 ,it is quite plain that he did nothing of the kind1 and that they never supposed him to have done so4 ,belief in ,jesus as the ,messiah was taught as the first dogma of ,christianity1 but adoration of ,jesus as ,god was not taught at all4 ,but we are not left in this matter to depend on conjectural inferences4 ,the words put into the mouth of ,jesus are plain4 ,whenever occasion arose1 he asserted his inferiority to the ,father1 though1 as no one had then dreamt of his equality1 it is natural that the occasions should not have been frequent4 ,he made himself inferior in knowledge when he said that of the day and hour of the day of judgment no one knew1 neither the angels in heaven nor the ,son2 no one except the ,father4#acb3a ,he made himself inferior in power when he said that seats on his right hand and on his left in the kingdom of heaven were not his to give4#acb3b ,he made himself inferior in virtue when he desired a certain man not to address him as ,good ,master1 for there was none good but ,god4#acb3c ,the words of his prayer at ,gethsemane1 all things are possible unto thee1 imply that all things were not possible to him1 while its conclusion not what ,i will1 but what thou wilt1 indicates submission to a superior1 not the mere execution of a purpose of his own4#acb3d ,indeed1 the whole prayer would have been a mockery1 useless for any purpose but the deception of his disciples1 if he had himself been identical with the ,being to whom he prayed1 and had merely been giving effect by his death to their common counsels4 ,while the cry of agony from the cross1 ,my ,god1 my ,god6 why hast thou forsaken me8#acb3e would have been quite unmeaning if the person forsaken1 and the person forsaking1 had been one and the same4 ,either1 then1 we must assume that the language of ,jesus has been misreported1 or we must admit that he never for a moment pretended to be co-equal1 co-eternal or consubstantial with ,god4 ,it also follows of necessity from both the genealogies1#acc3a that their compilers entertained no doubt that ,joseph was the father of ,jesus4 ,otherwise the descent of ,joseph would not have been in the least to the point4 ,all attempts to reconcile this inconsistency with the doctrine of the ,angel-,messiah has been without avail1 although the most learned ,christian divines1 for many generations past1 have endeavored to do so4 ,so1 too1 of the stories of the ,presentation in the ,temple1#acc3b and of the child ,jesus at ,jerusalem1#acc3c ,joseph is called his father4 ,jesus is repeatedly described as the son of the carpenter1#acc3d or the son of ,joseph1 without the least indication that the expression is not strictly in accordance with the fact4#acc3e ,if his parents fail to understand him when he says1 at twelve years old1 that he must be about his ,father's business2#acc3f if he afterwards declares that he finds no faith among his nearest relations2#acc3g if he exalts his faithful disciples above his unbelieving mother and brothers2#acc3h above all1 if ,mary and her other sons put down his prophetic enthusiasm to insanity2#acc3i--then the untrustworthy nature of these stories of his birth is absolutely certain4 ,if even a little of what they tell us had been true1 then ,mary at least would have believed in ,jesus1 and would not have failed so utterly to understand him4#acc3aj ,the ,gospel of ,mark--which1 in this respect1 at least1 abides most faithfully by the old apostolic tradition--says not a word about ,bethlehem or the miraculous birth4 ,the congregation of ,jerusalem to which ,mary and the brothers of ,jesus belonged1#acc3aa and over which the eldest of them1 ,james1 presided1#acc3ab can have known nothing of it2 for the later ,jewish-,christian communities1 the so-called ,ebionites1 who were descended from the congregation at ,jerusalem1 called ,jesus the son of ,joseph4 ,nay1 the story that the ,holy ,spirit was the father of ,jesus1 must have risen among the ,greeks1 or elsewhere1 and not among the first believers1 who were ,jews1 for the ,hebrew word for spirit is of the feminine gender4#acd3a ,the immediate successors of the congregation at ,jerusalem--to which ,mary1 the mother of ,jesus1 and his brothers belonged--were1 as we have seen1 the ,ebionites4 ,eusebius1 the first ecclesiastical historian 7born ,a4 ,d4 #bfd71 speaking of the ,ebionites 7i4 e4 poor men71 tell us that they believed ,jesus to be a simple and common man1 born as other men1 of ,mary and her husband4#acd3b ,the views held by the ,ebionites of ,jesus were1 it is said1 derived from the ,gospel of ,matthew1 and what they learned direct from the ,apostles4 ,matthew had been a hearer of ,jesus1 a companion of the ,apostles1 and had seen and no doubt conversed with ,mary4 ,when he wrote his ,gospel everything was fresh in his mind1 and there could be no object1 on his part1 in writing the life of ,jesus1 to state falsehoods or omit important truths in order to deceive his countrymen4 ,if what is stated in the interpolated first two chapters1 concerning the miraculous birth of ,jesus1 were true1 ,matthew would have known of it2 and1 knowing it1 why should he omit it in giving an account of the life of ,jesus8#acd3c ,the ,ebionites1 or ,nazarenes1 as they were previously called were rejected by the ,jews as apostates1 and by the ,egyptian and ,roman ,christians as heretics1 therefore1 until they completely disappear1 their history is one of tyrannical persecution4 ,although some traces of that obsolete sect may be discovered as late as the fourth century1 they insensibly melted away1 either into the ,roman ,christian ,church1 or into the ,jewish ,synagogue1#acd3d and with them perished the original ,gospel of ,matthew1 the only ,gospel written by an apostle4 ,who1 where masses of men are burning to burst the bonds of time and sense1 to deify and to adore1 wants what seems earth-born1 prosaic fact8 ,woe to the man that dares to interpose it6 ,woe to the sect of faithful ,ebionites even1 and on the very soil of ,palestine1 that dare to maintain the earlier1 humbler tradition6 ,swiftly do they become heretics1 revilers1 blasphemers1 though sanctioned by a ,james1 brother of the ,lord4 ,edward ,gibbon1 speaking of this most unfortunate sect1 says3 ,a laudable regard for the honor of the first proselytes has countenanced the belief1 the hope1 the wish1 that the ,ebionites1 or at least the ,nazarenes1 were distinguished only by their obstinate perseverance in the practice of the ,mosaic rites4 ,their churches have disappeared1 their books are obliterated1 their obscure freedom might allow a latitude of faith1 and the softness of their infant creed would be variously moulded by the zeal of prejudice of three hundred years4 ,yet the most charitable criticism must refuse these sectaries any knowledge of the pure and proper divinity of ,christ4 ,educated in the school of ,jewish prophecy and prejudice1 they had never been taught to elevate their hope above a human and temporal ,messiah4 ,if they had courage to hail their king when he appeared in a plebeian garb1 their grosser apprehensions were incapable of discerning their ,god1 who had studiously disguised his celestial character under the name and person of a mortal4 ,the familiar companions of ,jesus of ,nazareth conversed with their friend and countryman1 who1 in all the actions of rational and human life1 appeared of the same species with themselves4 ,his progress from infancy to youth and manhood was marked by a regular increase in stature and wisdom2 and after a painful agony of mind and body1 he expired on the cross4#ace3a ,the ,jewish ,christians then--the congregation of ,jerusalem1 and their immediate successors1 the ,ebionites or ,nazarenes--saw in their master nothing more than a man4 ,from this1 and the other facts which we have seen in this chapter1 it is evident that the man ,jesus of ,nazareth was deified long after his death1 just as many other men had been deified centuries before his time1 and even after4 ,until it had been settled by a council of bishops that ,jesus was not only a ,god1 but ,god himself in human form1 who appeared on earth1 as did ,crishna of old1 to redeem and save mankind1 there were many theories concerning his nature4 ,among the early ,christians there were a certain class called by the later ,christians ,heretics4 ,among these may be mentioned the ,carpocratians1 named after one ,carpocrates4 ,they maintained that ,jesus was a mere man1 born of ,joseph and ,mary1 like other men1 but that he was good and virtuous4 ,some of them have the vanity1 says ,irenus1 to think that they may equal1 or in some respects exceed1 ,jesus himself4#ace3b ,these are called by the general name of ,gnostics1 and comprehend almost all the sects of the first two ages4#ace3c ,they said that all the ancients1 and even the ,apostles themselves1 received and taught the same things which they held2 and that the truth of the ,gospel had been preserved till the time of ,victor1 the thirteenth ,bishop of ,rome1 but by his successor1 ,zephyrinus1 the truth had been corrupted4#ace3d ,eusebius1 speaking of ,artemon and his followers1 who denied the divinity of ,christ1 says3 ,they affirm that all our ancestors1 yea1 and the ,apostles themselves1 were of the same opinion1 and taught the same with them1 and that this their true doctrine 7for so they call it7 was preached and embraced unto the time of ,victor1 the thirteenth ,bishop of ,rome after ,peter1 and corrupted by his successor ,zephyrinus4#acf3a ,there were also the ,cerinthians1 named after one ,cerinthus1 who maintained that ,jesus was not born of a virgin1 which to them appeared impossible1 but that he was the son of ,joseph and ,mary1 born altogether as other men are2 but he excelled all men in virtue1 knowledge and wisdom4 ,at the time of his baptism1 the ,christ came down upon him in the shape of a dove1 and left him at the time of his crucifixion4#acf3b ,irenus1 speaking of ,cerinthus and his doctrines1 says3 ,he represents ,jesus as the son of ,joseph and ,mary1 according to the ordinary course of human generation1 and not as having been born of a virgin4 ,he believed nevertheless that he was more righteous1 prudent and wise than most men1 and that the ,christ descended upon1 and entered into him1 at the time of his baptism4#acf3c ,the ,docetes were a numerous and learned sect of ,asiatic ,christians who invented the ,phantastic system1 which was afterwards promulgated by the ,marcionites1 the ,manicheans1 and various other sects4 ,they denied the truth and authenticity of the ,gospels1 as far as they related to the conception of ,mary1 the birth of ,jesus1 and the thirty years that preceded the exercise of his ministry4 ,bordering upon the ,jewish and ,gentile world1 the ,cerinthians labored to reconcile the ,gnostic and the ,ebionite1 by confessing in the same ,messiah the supernatural union of a man and a god2 and this mystic doctrine was adopted1 with many fanciful improvements1 by many sects4 ,the hypothesis was this3 that ,jesus of ,nazareth was a mere mortal1 the legitimate son of ,joseph and ,mary1 but he was the best and wisest of the human race1 selected as the worthy instrument to restore upon earth the worship of the true and supreme ,deity4 ,when he was baptized in the ,jordan1 and not till then1 he became more than man4 ,at that time1 the ,christ1 the first of the ons1 the ,son of ,god himself1 descended on ,jesus in the form of a dove1 to inhabit his mind1 and direct his actions during the allotted period of his ministry4 ,when he was delivered into the hands of the ,jews1 the ,christ forsook him1 flew back to the world of spirits1 and left the solitary ,jesus to suffer1 to complain1 and to die4 ,this is why he said1 while hanging on the cross3 ,my ,god6 ,my ,god6 why hast thou forsaken me8#acg3a ,here1 then1 we see the first budding out of--what was termed by the true followers of ,jesus--heretical doctrines4 ,the time had not yet come to make ,jesus a god1 to claim that he had been born of a virgin4 ,as he must1 however1 have been different from other mortals--throughout the period of his ministry1 at least--the ,christ must have entered into him at the time of his baptism1 and as mysteriously disappeared when he was delivered into the hands of the ,jews4 ,in the course of time1 the seeds of the faith1 which had slowly arisen in the rocky and ungrateful soil of ,judea1 were transplanted1 in full maturity1 to the happier climes of the ,gentiles2 and the strangers of ,rome and ,alexandria1 who had never beheld the manhood1 were more ready to embrace the divinity of ,jesus4 ,the polytheist and the philosopher1 the ,greek and the barbarian1 were alike accustomed to receive--as we have seen in this chapter--a long succession and infinite chain of angels1 or deities1 or ons1 or emanations1 issuing from the throne of light4 ,nor could it seem strange and incredible to them1 that the first of the ons1 the ,logos1 or ,word of ,god1 of the same substance with the ,father1 should descend upon earth1 to deliver the human race from vice and error4 ,the histories of their countries1 their odes1 and their religions were teeming with such ideas1 as happening in the past1 and they were also looking for and expecting an ,angel-,messiah4#acg3b ,centuries rolled by1 however1 before the doctrine of ,christ ,jesus1 the ,angel-,messiah1 became a settled question1 an established tenet in the ,christian faith4 ,the dignity of ,christ ,jesus was measured by private judgment1 according to the indefinite rule of ,scripture1 or tradition or reason4 ,but when his pure and proper divinity had been established on the ruins of ,arianism1 the faith of the ,catholics trembled on the edge of a precipice where it was impossible to recede1 dangerous to stand1 dreadful to fall2 and the manifold inconveniences of their creed were aggravated by the sublime character of their theology4 ,they hesitated to pronounce that ,god himself1 the second person of an equal and consubstantial ,trinity1 was manifested in the flesh1#acg3c that the ,being who pervades the universe had been confined in the womb of ,mary2 that his eternal duration had been marked by the days1 and months1 and years of human existence2 that the ,almighty ,god had been scourged and crucified2 that his impassible essence had felt pain and anguish2 that his omniscience was not exempt from ignorance2 and that the source of life and immortality expired on ,mount ,calvary4 ,these alarming consequences were affirmed with unblushing simplicity by ,apollinaris1 ,bishop of ,laodicea1 and one of the luminaries of the ,church4 ,the son of a learned grammarian1 he was skilled in all the sciences of ,greece2 eloquence1 erudition1 and philosophy1 conspicuous in the volumes of ,apollinaris1 were humbly devoted to the service of religion4 ,the worthy friend of ,athanasius1 the worthy antagonist of ,julian1 he bravely wrestled with the ,arians and polytheists1 and though he affected the rigor of geometrical demonstration1 his commentaries revealed the literal and allegorical sense of the ,scriptures4 ,a mystery1 which had long floated in the looseness of popular belief1 was defined by his perverse diligence in a technical form1 and he first proclaimed the memorable words1 ,one incarnate nature of ,christ4#ach3a ,this was about ,a4 ,d4 #cfb1 he being ,bishop of ,laodicea1 in ,syria1 at that time4#ach3b ,the recent zeal against the errors of ,apollinaris reduced the ,catholics to a seeming agreement with the double-nature of ,cerinthus4 ,but instead of a temporary and occasional alliance1 they established1 and ,christians still embrace1 the substantial1 indissoluble1 and everlasting union of a perfect ,god with a perfect man1 of the second person of the ,trinity with a reasonable soul and human flesh4 ,in the beginning of the fifth century1 the unity of the two natures was the prevailing doctrine of the church4#ach3c ,from that time1 until a comparatively recent period1 the cry was3 ,may those who divide ,christ#ach3d be divided with the sword2 may they be hewn in pieces1 may they be burned alive6 ,these were actually the words of a ,christian synod4#aci3a ,is it any wonder that after this came the dark ages8 ,how appropriate is the name which has been applied to the centuries which followed6 ,dark indeed they were4 ,now and then1 however1 a ray of light was seen1 which gave evidence of the coming morn1 whose glorious light we now enjoy4 ,but what a grand light is yet to come from the noon-day sun1 which must shed its glorious rays over the whole earth1 ere it sets4 ,,footnotes3 #aaa3a ,matthew1 i4 #ah-be4 #aaa3b ,the ,luke narrator tells the story in a different manner4 ,his account is more like that recorded in the ,,koran1 which says that ,gabriel appeared unto ,mary in the shape of a perfect man1 that ,mary1 upon seeing him1 and seeming to understand his intentions1 said3 ,if thou fearest ,god1 thou wilt not approach me4 ,gabriel answering said3 ,verily1 ,i am the messenger of the ,lord1 and am sent to give thee a holy son4 7,koran1 ch4 xix47 #aab3a ,instead1 however1 of the benevolent ,jesus1 the ,prince of ,peace--as ,christian writers make him out to be--the ,jews were expecting a daring and irresistible warrior and conqueror1 who1 armed with greater power than ,csar1 was to come upon earth to rend the fetters in which their hapless nation had so long groaned1 to avenge them upon their haughty oppressors1 and to re-establish the kingdom of ,judah4 #aab3b ,vol4 v4 p4 #bid4 #aab3c ,moor1 in his ,pantheon1 tells us that a learned ,pandit once observed to him that the ,english were a new people1 and had only the record of one ,avatara1 but the ,hindoos were an ancient people1 and had accounts of a great many4 #aab3d ,this name has been spelled in many different ways1 such as ,krishna1 ,khrishna1 ,krishnu1 ,chrisna1 ,cristna1 ,christna1 c4 ,we have followed ,sir ,wm4 ,jones's way of spelling it1 and shall do so throughout4 #aac3a ,see ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bei-bge4 #aac3b ,ibid4 p4 #bfj4 ,we may say that1 ,in him dwelt the fulness of the ,godhead bodily4 7,colossians1 ii4 #i47 #aac3c ,allen's ,india1 p4 #cig4 #aac3d ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 iii4 p4 #de4 #aac3e ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgj4 #aac3f ,like ,mary1 the mother of ,jesus1 ,devaki is called the ,virgin ,mother1 although she1 as well as ,mary1 is said to have had other children4 #aad3a ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbg4 #aad3b ,ibid4 p4 #cbi4 #aad3c ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #ejb4 #aad3d ,ibid4 p4 #ddj4 #aad3e ,now to him that is of power to establish you according to my gospel1 and the preaching of ,jesus ,christ1 according to the revelation of the mystery1 which was kept secret since the world began4 7,romans1 xvi4 #ae47 ,and without controversy1 great is the mystery of godliness3 ,god was manifest in the flesh1 justified in the spirit1 seen of angels1 preached unto the ,gentiles1 believed on in the world1 received up into glory4 7#a ,timothy1 iii4 #af47 #aad3f ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #dib1 note #c4 #aad3g ,geeta1 ch4 iv4 #aae3a ,bhagavat ,geeta1 ,lecture iv4 p4 #eb4 #aae3b ,ibid41 ,lecture iv4 p4 #gi4 #aae3c ,it is said that there have been several ,buddhas 7see ch4 xxix74 ,we speak of ,gautama4 ,buddha is variously pronounced and expressed ,boudh1 ,bod1 ,bot1 ,but1 ,bud1 ,budd1 ,buddou1 ,bouttu1 ,bota1 ,budso1 ,pot1 ,pout1 ,pota1 ,poti1 and ,pouti4 ,the ,siamese make the final t or d quiescent1 and sound the word ,po2 whence the ,chinese still further vary it to ,pho or ,fo4 ,,buddha--which means awakened or enlightened 7see ,mller3 ,sci4 of ,relig41 p4 #cjh7--;is the proper way in which to spell the name4 ,we have adopted this throughout this work1 regardless of the manner in which the writer from which we quote spells it4 #aae3d ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #hf4 #aae3e ,,fo-,,pen-,,hing is the life of ,gautama ,buddha1 translated from the ,chinese ,sanskrit by ,prof4 ,samuel ,beal4 #aae3f ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #be4 #aae3g ,hardy3 ,manual of ,buddhism1 p4 #ada4 #aae3h ,a ,christian sect called ,collyridians believed that ,mary was born of a virgin1 as ,christ is related to have been born of her 7,see note to the ,gospel of the ,birth of ,mary ,apocryphal2 also ,king3 ,the ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #ia1 and ,gibbon's ,hist4 of ,rome1 vol4 v4 p4 #ajh1 note74 ,this idea has been recently adopted by the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,they now claim that ,mary was born as immaculate as her son4 7,see ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #ge1 and ,the ,lily of ,israel1 pp4 #f-ae2 also fig4 #ag1 ch4 xxxii47 ,the gradual deification of ,mary1 though slower in its progress1 follows1 in the ,romish ,church1 a course analogous to that which the ,church of the first centuries followed1 in elaborating the deity of ,jesus4 ,with almost all the ,catholic writers of our day1 ,mary is the universal mediatrix2 all power has been given to her in heaven and upon earth4 ,indeed1 more than one serious attempt has been already made in the ,ultramontane camp to unite ,mary in some way to the ,trinity2 and if ,mariolatry lasts much longer1 this will probably be accomplished in the end4 7,albert ,rville47 #aaf3a ,huc's ,travels1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cbf1 #cbg4 #aaf3b ,ibid4 p4 #cbg4 #aaf3c ,oriental ,religions1 p4 #fjd4 #aaf3d ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah4 #aaf3e ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cji1 and ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #afg4 #aaf3f ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #aj1 #be and #dd4 #aag3a ,see ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #cf1 note4 ,ganesa1 the ,indian ,god of ,wisdom1 is either represented as an elephant or a man with an elephant's head4 7,see ,moore's ,hindu ,pantheon1 and vol4 i4 of ,asiatic ,researches47 #aag3b ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #hc4 #aag3c ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #ch1 #ci4 #aag3d ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 p4 #aca4 #aah3a ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 p4 #bab4 #aah3b ,king3 ,the ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #afh1 and ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dhe4 ,r4 ,spence ,hardy says3 ,the body of the ,queen was transparent1 and the child could be distinctly seen1 like a priest seated upon a throne in the act of saying bana1 or like a golden image enclosed in a vase of crystal2 so that it could be known how much he grew every succeeding day4 7,hardy3 ,manual of ,buddhism1 p4 #add47 ,the same thing was said of ,mary1 the mother of ,jesus4 ,early art represented the infant distinctly visible in her womb4 7,see ,inman's ,ancient ,pagan and ,modern ,christian ,symbolism1 and chap4 xxix4 this work47 #aah3c ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cd4 #aah3d ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #ahe4 ,see also ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #afb and #cjh4 #aai3a ,see ,asiatic ,res41 vol4 x41 and ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #ffb4 #aai3b ,davis3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 p4 #afa4 #aai3c ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 #aai3d ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #ahd4 #abj3a ,semedo3 ,hist4 ,china1 p4 #hi1 in ,anac41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbg4 #abj3b ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 pp4 #acd-acg4 ,see also ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,lao-tsze4 #abj3c ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bjd1 #bje4 #aba3a ,the 'toe-print made by ,god' has occasioned much speculation of the critics4 ,we may simply draw the conclusion that the poet meant to have his readers believe with him that the conception of his hero was ,,supernatural4 7,james ,legge47 #aba3b ,the ,shih-,king1 ,decade ii4 ,ode #a4 #aba3c ,see ,thornton's ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aii1 #bjj1 and ,buckley's ,cities of the ,ancient ,world1 pp4 #afh-agj4 #aba3d ,le ,dieu ,,la des ,,lamas est n d'une ,vierge3 plusieurs princes de l',asie1 entr'autres l',empereur ,kienlong1 aujourd'hui regnant la ,chine1 et qui est de la race de ces ,tartares ,mandhuis1 qui conquirent cet empire en #afdd1 croit1 et assure lui-mme1 tre descendu d'une ,vierge4 7,d',hancarville3 ,res4 ,sur l',orig41 p4 #ahf1 in ,anac41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ig47 #abb3a ,see ,mahaffy3 ,proleg4 to ,anct4 ,hist41 p4 #daf1 and ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #djf4 #abb3b ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aeg4 #abb3c ,renouf3 ,relig4 ,anct4 ,egypt1 p4 #afb4 #abb3d ,see the chapter on ,the ,worship of the ,virgin ,mother4 #abb3e ,o toi vengeur1 ,dieu fils d'un ,dieu2 ,o toi vengeur1 ,horus1 manifest par ,osiris1 engendr d',isis desee4 7,champollion1 p4 #aij47 #abb3f ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #djf4 #abb3g ,ibid4 p4 #bdg4 #abb3h ,renouf3 ,religion of ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #afa4 #abb3i ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fg and #adg4 #abb3aj ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bdh4 #abc3a ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #djg4 #abc3b ,renouf3 ,relig4 of ,anct4 ,egypt1 p4 #afc4 #abc3c ,see ,herbert ,spencer's ,principles of ,sociology1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbj4 #abc3d ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #dca4 #abc3e ,spencer's ,principles of ,sociology1 vol4 i4 p4 #dba4 #abc3f ,malcolm3 ,hist4 ,persia1 vol4 i4 p4 #did4 #abc3g ,anac4 vol4 i4 p4 #aag4 #abd3a ,roman ,antiq41 p4 #abd4 ,bell's ,panth41 i4 #abh4 ,dupuis1 p4 #beh4 #abd3b ,tales of ,anct4 ,greece1 p4 #ee4 #abd3c ,greek and ,italian ,mytho41 p4 #ha4 ,bell's ,panth41 i4 #aag4 ,roman ,antiq41 p4 #ga1 and ,murray's ,manual ,mytho41 p4 #aah4 #abd3d ,l',antiquit ,explique1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 #abd3e ,euripides3 ,bacchae4 ,quoted by ,dunlap3 ,spirit ,hist4 of ,man1 p4 #bjj4 #abd3f ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #eh4 ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #acc4 #abd3g ,see the chapter on ,the ,crucifixion of ,jesus1 and ,bell's ,pantheon1 ii4 #aie4 #abd3h ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agj4 ,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #afa4 #abd3i ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aga4 #abe3a ,apol4 #a1 ch4 xxii4 #abe3b ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fg4 ,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #ai4 #abe3c ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #be4 #abe3d ,ibid4 p4 #gd1 and ,bulfinch3 p4 #bdh4 #abe3e ,tacitus3 ,annals1 iii4 lxi4 #abe3f ,tales of ,anct4 ,greece1 p4 #d4 #abe3g ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #ca4 #abe3h ,ibid4 p4 #ha4 #abe3i ,ibid4 p4 #af4 #abe3aj ,bell's ,pantheon1 ii4 p4 #cj4 #abe3aa ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 ii4 #de4 #abe3ab ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #c4 #abf3a ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #gh4 #abf3b ,quoted by ,lardner1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aeg4 #abf3c ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 p4 #h4 #abf3d ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #cg4 ,in the case of ,jesus1 one ,saul of ,tarsus1 said to be of a worthy and upright character1 declared most solemnly1 that ,jesus himself appeared to him while on his way to ,damascus1 and again while praying in the temple at ,jerusalem4 7,acts xxii47 #abf3e ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cde4 ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #abf3f ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #faa4 #abf3g neid1 lib4 iv4 #abf3h ,tacitus3 ,annals1 bk4 i4 ch4 x4 #abf3i ,ibid4 bk4 ii1 ch4 lxxxii4 and bk4 xiii4 ch4 ii4 #abg3a ,see ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 #abg3b ,see ,religion of the ,ancient ,greeks1 p4 #ha1 and ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 pp4 #hd1 #he4 #abg3c ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 p4 #h4 #abg3d ,socrates3 ,eccl4 ,hist4 ,lib4 #c1 ch4 xix4 #abg3e ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 p4 #ag4 #abg3f ,see ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #dah4 ,bunsen3 ,bible ,chronology1 p4 #e1 and ,the ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #hj and #bih4 #abg3g ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aac1 and ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 p4 #h4 #abg3h ,hardy3 ,manual ,budd41 p4 #ada4 ,higgins3 ,anac41 i4 #fah4 #abh3a ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 p4 #h4 ,compare ,luke i4 #bf-ce4 #abh3b ,philostratus1 p4 #e4 #abh3c ,see the chapter on ,miracles4 #abh3d ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aea4 #abh3e ,see the chapter on ,miracles4 #abh3f ,bell's ,pantheon1 i4 #bg4 ,roman ,ant41 #acf4 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aej4 #abh3g ,ibid4 #abi3a ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #b1 ch4 xiii4 #abi3b ,ibid4 ch4 xiii4 #abi3c ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities4 #abi3d ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb1 ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 #aff and #age-f4 #abi3e ,ibid4 #abi3f ,see ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #agf4 #abi3g ,ibid4 p4 #age4 #acj3a ,see ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #agf4 #acj3b ,ibid4 p4 #aff4 #acj3c ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 pp4 #ahj1 #aha4 #acj3d ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #ahg4 #acj3e ,ibid4 p4 #ahh4 #acj3f ,ibid4 #acj3g ,ibid4 #acj3h ,ibid4 p4 #aij4 #aca3a ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #aia4 #aca3b ,ibid4 #aca3c ,ibid4 #aca3d ,ibid4 p4 #aib4 #aca3e ,if we seek1 in the first three ,gospels1 to know what his biographers thought of ,jesus1 we find his true humanity plainly stated1 and if we possessed only the ,gospel of ,mark and the discourses of the ,apostles in the ,acts1 the whole ,christology of the ,new ,testament would be reduced to this3 that ,jesus of ,nazareth was 'a prophet mighty in deeds and in words1 made by ,god ,christ and ,lord4' 7,albert ,rville47 #acb3a ,mark1 xiii4 #cb4 #acb3b ,mark1 x4 #dj4 #acb3c ,mark1 x4 #ah4 #acb3d ,mark1 xiv4 #cf4 #acb3e ,mark1 xv4 #cd4 #acc3a ,matt4 and ,luke4 ,the passages which appear most confirmatory of ,christ's ,deity1 or ,divine nature1 are1 in the first place1 the narratives of the ,incarnation and of the ,miraculous ,conception1 as given by ,matthew and ,luke4 ,now1 the two narratives do not harmonize with each other2 they neutralize and negative the genealogies on which depend so large a portion of the proof of ,jesus being the ,messiah--the marvellous statement they contain is not referred to in any subsequent portion of the two ,gospels1 and is tacitly but positively negatived by several passages--it is never mentioned in the ,acts or in the ,epistles1 and was evidently unknown to all the ,apostles--and1 finally1 the tone of the narrative1 especially in ,luke1 is poetical and legendary1 and bears a marked similarity to the stories contained in the ,apocryphal ,gospels4 7,w4 ,r4 ,greg3 ,the ,creed of ,christendom1 p4 #bbi47 #acc3b ,luke1 ii4 #bg4 #acc3c ,luke1 ii4 #da-dh4 #acc3d ,matt4 xiii4 #ee4 #acc3e ,luke1 iv4 #bb4 ,john1 i4 #df2 vi4 #db4 ,luke1 iii4 #bc4 #acc3f ,luke1 ii4 #ej4 #acc3g ,matt4 xiii4 #eg4 ,mark1 vi4 #d4 #acc3h ,matt4 xii4 #dh-ej4 ,mark1 iii4 #cc-ce4 #acc3i ,mark1 iii4 #ba4 #acc3aj ,dr4 ,hooykaas4 #acc3aa ,acts1 i4 #ad4 #acc3ab ,acts1 xxi4 #ah4 ,gal4 ii4 #ai-ba4 #acd3a ,see ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eg4 #acd3b ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #c1 ch4 xxiv4 #acd3c ,mr4 ,george ,reber has thoroughly investigated this subject in his ,christ of ,paul1 to which the reader is referred4 #acd3d ,see ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 pp4 #eae-eag4 #ace3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #dhh1 #dhi4 #ace3b ,see ,lardner's ,works1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #cie1 #cif4 #ace3c ,ibid4 p4 #cjf4 #ace3d ,ibid4 p4 #ega4 #acf3a ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #e1 ch4 xxv4 #acf3b ,lardner3 vol4 viii4 p4 #djd4 #acf3c ,irenus3 ,against ,heresies1 bk4 i4 c4 xxiv4 #acg3a ,see ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #dib-die4 #acg3b ,not a worldly ,messiah1 as the ,jews looked for1 but an ,angel-,messiah1 such an one as always came at the end of a cycle4 ,we shall treat of this subject anon1 when we answer the question why ,jesus was believed to be an ,avatar1 by the ,gentiles1 and not by the ,jews2 why1 in fact1 the doctrine of ,christ incarnate in ,jesus succeeded and prospered4 #acg3c ,this strong expression might be justified by the language of ,st4 ,paul 7,god was manifest in the flesh1 justified in the spirit1 seen of angels1 c4 ,i4 ,timothy1 iii4 #af71 but we are deceived by our modern ,bibles4 ,the word which was altered to ,god at ,constantinople in the beginning of the sixth century3 the true meaning1 which is visible in the ,latin and ,syriac versions1 still exists in the reasoning of the ,greek1 as well as of the ,latin fathers2 and this fraud1 with that of the three witnesses of ,st4 ,john 7,i4 ,john1 v4 #g71 is admirably detected by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 7,gibbon's ,rome1 iv4 #dif1 note47 ,dean ,milman says3 ,the weight of authority is so much against the common reading of both these points 7i4 e41 ,i4 ,tim4 iii4 #af1 and ,i4 ,john1 v4 #g71 that they are no longer urged by prudent controversialists4 7,note in ,ibid47 #ach3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #dib-dig4 #ach3b ,see ,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 art4 ,apollinaris4 #ach3c ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dih4 #ach3d ,that is1 separate him from ,god the ,father1 by saying that he1 ,jesus of ,nazareth1 was not really and truly ,god ,almighty himself in human form4 #aci3a ,see ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iv4 p4 #eaf4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,bethlehem4 ,being born in a miraculous manner1 as other great personages had been1 it was necessary that the miracles attending the births of these virgin-born gods should be added to the history of ,christ ,jesus1 otherwise the legend would not be complete4 ,the first which we shall notice is the story of the star which is said to have heralded his birth1 and which was designated his star4 ,it is related by the ,matthew narrator as follows3#adj3a ,when ,jesus was born in ,bethlehem1 of ,judea1 in the days of ,herod the king1 behold1 there came wise men from the east to ,jerusalem1 saying3 ',where is he that is born ,king of the ,jews8 for we have seen his star in the east1 and are come to worship him4' ,herod the king1 having heard these things1 he privately called the wise men1 and inquired of them what time the star appeared1 at the same time sending them to ,bethlehem to search diligently for the young child4 ,the wise men1 accordingly1 departed and went on their way towards ,bethlehem4 ,the star which they saw in the east went before them1 till it came and stood over where the young child was4 ,the general legendary character of this narrative--its similarity in style with those contained in the apocryphal gospels--and more especially its conformity with those astrological notions which1 though prevalent in the time of the ,matthew narrator1 have been exploded by the sounder scientific knowledge of our days--all unite to stamp upon the story the impress of poetic or mythic fiction4 ,the fact that the writer of this story speaks not of a star but of his star1 shows that it was the popular belief of the people among whom he lived1 that each and every person was born under a star1 and that this one which had been seen was his star4 ,all ancient nations were very superstitious in regard to the influence of the stars upon human affairs1 and this ridiculous idea has been handed down1 in some places1 even to the present day4 ,dr4 ,hooykaas1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,in ancient times the ,jews1 like other peoples1 might very well believe that there was some immediate connection between the stars and the life of man--an idea which we still preserve in the forms of speech that so-and-so was born under a lucky or under an evil star4 ,they might therefore suppose that the birth of great men1 such as ,abraham1 for instance1 was announced in the heavens4 ,in our century1 however1 if not before1 all serious belief in astrology has ceased1 and it would be regarded as an act of the grossest superstition for any one to have his horoscope drawn2 for the course1 the appearance and the disappearance of the heavenly bodies have been long determined with mathematical precision by science4#ada3a ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,geikie says1 in his ,life of ,christ3#ada3b ,the ,jews had already1 long before ,christ's day1 dabbled in astrology1 and the various forms of magic which became connected with it4 4 4 4 ,they were much given to cast horoscopes from the numerical value of a name4 ,everywhere throughout the whole ,roman ,empire1 ,jewish magicians1 dream expounders1 and sorcerers1 were found4 ',the life and portion of children1' says the ,talmud1 'hang not on righteousness1 but on their star4' ',the planet of the day has no virtue1 but the planet of the hour 7of nativity7 has much4' ',when the ,messiah is to be revealed1' says the book ,sohar1 'a star will rise in the east1 shining in great brightness1 and seven other stars round it will fight against it on every side4' ',a star will rise in the east1 which is the star of the ,messiah1 and will remain in the east fifteen days4' ,the moment of every man's birth being supposed to determine every circumstance in his life1 it was only necessary to find out in what mode the celestial bodies--supposed to be the primary wheels to the universal machine--operated at that moment1 in order to discover all that would happen to him afterward4 ,the regularity of the risings and settings of the fixed stars1 though it announced the changes of the seasons and the orderly variations of nature1 could not be adapted to the capricious mutability of human actions1 fortunes1 and adventures3 wherefore the astrologers had recourse to the planets1 whose more complicated revolutions offered more varied and more extended combinations4 ,their different returns to certain points of the ,zodiac1 their relative positions and conjunctions with each other1 were supposed to influence the affairs of men2 whence daring impostors presumed to foretell1 not only the destinies of individuals1 but also the rise and fall of empires1 and the fate of the world itself4#ada3c ,the inhabitants of ,india are1 and have always been1 very superstitious concerning the stars4 ,the ,rev4 ,d4 ,o4 ,allen1 who resided in ,india for twenty-five years1 and who undoubtedly became thoroughly acquainted with the superstitions of the inhabitants1 says on this subject3 ,so strong are the superstitious feelings of many1 concerning the supposed influence of the stars on human affairs1 that some days are lucky1 and others again are unlucky1 that no arguments or promises would induce them to deviate from the course which these stars1 signs1 c41 indicate1 as the way of safety1 prosperity1 and happiness4 ,the evils and inconveniences of these superstitions and prejudices are among the things that press heavily upon the people of ,india4#adb3a ,the ,nakshatias--twenty-seven constellations which in ,indian astronomy separate the moon's path into twenty-seven divisions1 as the signs of the ,zodiac do that of the sun into twelve--are regarded as deities who exert a vast influence on the destiny of men1 not only at the moment of their entrance into the world1 but during their whole passage through it4 ,these formidable constellations are consulted at births1 marriages1 and on all occasions of family rejoicing1 distress or calamity4 ,no one undertakes a journey or any important matter except on days which the aspect of the ,nakshatias renders lucky and auspicious4 ,if any constellation is unfavorable1 it must by all means be propitiated by a ceremony called ,s'anti4 ,the ,chinese were very superstitious concerning the stars4 ,they annually published astronomical calculations of the motions of the planets1 for every hour and minute of the year4 ,they considered it important to be very exact1 because the hours1 and even the minutes1 are lucky or unlucky1 according to the aspect of the stars4 ,some days were considered peculiarly fortunate for marrying1 or beginning to build a house2 and the gods are better pleased with sacrifice offered at certain hours than they are with the same ceremony performed at other times4#adb3b ,the ancient ,persians were also great astrologers1 and held the stars in great reverence4 ,they believed and taught that the destinies of men were intimately connected with their motions1 and therefore it was important to know under the influence of what star a human soul made its advent into this world4 ,astrologers swarmed throughout the country1 and were consulted upon all important occasions4#adb3c ,the ancient ,egyptians were exactly the same in this respect4 ,according to ,champollion1 the tomb of ,ramses ,v41 at ,thebes1 contains tables of the constellations1 and of their influence on human beings1 for every hour of every month of the year4#adb3d ,the ,buddhists' sacred books relate that the birth of ,buddha was announced in the heavens by an asterim which was seen rising on the horizon4 ,it is called the ,messianic star4#adc3a ,the ,fo-pen-hing says3 ,the time of ,bdhisatwa's incarnation is1 when the constellation ,kwei is in conjunction with the ,sun4#adc3b ,wise men1 known as ,holy ,rishis1 were informed by these celestial signs that the ,messiah was born4#adc3c ,in the ,ramayana 7one of the sacred books of the ,hindoos7 the horoscope of ,rama's birth is given4 ,he is said to have been born on the #ith ,tithi of the month ,caitra4 ,the planet ,jupiter figured at his birth2 it being in ,cancer at that time4#adc3d ,rama was an incarnation of ,vishnu4 ,when ,crishna was born his stars were to be seen in the heavens4 ,they were pointed out by one ,nared1 a great prophet and astrologer4#adc3e ,without going through the list1 we can say that the birth of every ,indian ,avatar was foretold by celestial signs4#adc3f ,the same myth is to be found in the legends of ,china4 ,among others they relate that a star figured at the birth of ,yu1 the founder of the first dynasty which reigned in ,china1#adc3g who--as we saw in the last chapter--was of heavenly origin1 having been born of a virgin4 ,it is also said that a star figured at the birth of ,laou-tsze1 the ,chinese sage4#adc3h ,in the legends of the ,jewish patriarchs and prophets1 it is stated that a brilliant star shone at the time of the birth of ,moses4 ,it was seen by the ,magi of ,egypt1 who immediately informed the king4#adc3i ,when ,abraham was born his star shone in the heavens1 if we may believe the popular legends1 and its brilliancy outshone all the other stars4#adc3aj ,rabbinic traditions relate the following3 ,abraham was the son of ,terah1 general of ,nimrod's army4 ,he was born at ,ur of the ,chaldees #aidh years after the ,creation4 ,on the night of his birth1 ,terah's friends--among whom were many of ,nimrod's councillors and soothsayers--were feasting in his house4 ,on leaving1 late at night1 they observed an unusual star in the east1 it seemed to run from one quarter of the heavens to the other1 and to devour four stars which were there4 ,all amazed in astonishment at this wondrous sight1 ',truly1' said they1 'this can signify nothing else but that ,terah's new-born son will become great and powerful4'#add3a ,it is also related that ,nimrod1 in a dream1 saw a star rising above the horizon1 which was very brilliant4 ,the soothsayers being consulted in regard to it1 foretold that a child was born who would become a great prince4#add3b ,a brilliant star1 which eclipsed all the other stars1 was also to be seen at the birth of the ,csars2 in fact1 as ,canon ,farrar remarks1 ,the ,greeks and ,romans had always considered that the births and deaths of great men were symbolized by the appearance and disappearance of heavenly bodies1 and the same belief has continued down to comparatively modern times4#add3c ,tacitus1 the ,roman historian1 speaking of the reign of the ,emperor ,nero1 says3 ,a comet having appeared1 in this juncture1 the phenomenon1 according to the popular opinion1 announced that governments were to be changed1 and kings dethroned4 ,in the imaginations of men1 ,nero was already dethroned1 and who should be his successor was the question4#add3d ,according to ,moslem authorities1 the birth of ,ali--,mohammed's great disciple1 and the chief of one of the two principal sects into which ,islam is divided--was foretold by celestial signs4 ,a light was distinctly visible1 resembling a bright column1 extending from the earth to the firmament4#add3e ,even during the reign of the ,emperor ,hadrian1 a hundred years after the time assigned for the death of ,jesus1 a certain ,jew who gave himself out as the ,messiah1 and headed the last great insurrection of his country1 assumed the name of ,bar-,cochba--that is1 ,son of a ,star4#add3f ,this myth evidently extended to the ,new ,world1 as we find that the symbol of ,quetzalcoatle1 the virgin-born ,saviour1 was the ,morning ,star4#add3g ,we see1 then1 that among the ancients there seems to have been a very general idea that the birth of a great person would be announced by a star4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,geikie1 who maintains to his utmost the truth of the ,gospel narrative1 is yet constrained to admit that3 ,it was1 indeed1 universally believed1 that extraordinary events1 especially the birth and death of great men1 were heralded by appearances of stars1 and still more of comets1 or by conjunctions of the heavenly bodies4#ade3a ,the whole tenor of the narrative recorded by the ,matthew narrator is the most complete justification of the science of astrology2 that the first intimation of the birth of the ,son of ,god was given to the worshipers of ,ormuzd1 who have the power of distinguishing with certainty his peculiar star2 that from these heathen the tidings of his birth are received by the ,jews at ,jerusalem1 and therefore that the theory must be right which connects great events in the life of men with phenomena in the starry heavens4 ,if this divine sanction of astrology is contested on the ground that this was an exceptional event1 in which1 simply to bring the ,magi to ,jerusalem1 ,god caused the star to appear in accordance with their superstitious science1 the difficulty is only pushed one degree backwards1 for in this case ,god1 it is asserted1 wrought an event which was perfectly certain to strengthen the belief of the ,magi1 of ,herod1 of the ,jewish priests1 and of the ,jews generally1 in the truth of astrology4 ,if1 to avoid the alternative1 recourse be had to the notion that the star appeared by chance1 or that this chance or accident directed the ,magi aright1 is the position really improved8 ,is chance consistent with any notion of supernatural interposition8 ,we may also ask the question1 why were the ,magi brought to ,jerusalem at all8 ,if they knew that the star which they saw was the star of ,christ ,jesus--as the narrative states#ade3b--;and were by this knowledge conducted to ,jerusalem1 why did it not suffice to guide them straight to ,bethlehem1 and thus prevent the ,slaughter of the ,innocents8 ,why did the star desert them after its first appearance1 not to be seen again till they issued from ,jerusalem8 or1 if it did not desert them1 why did they ask of ,herod and the priests the road which they should take1 when1 by the hypothesis1 the star was ready to guide them8#ade3c ,it is said that in the oracles of ,zoroaster there is to be found a prophecy to the effect that1 in the latter days1 a virgin would conceive and bear a son1 and that1 at the time of his birth1 a star would shine at noonday4 ,christian divines have seen in this a prophecy of the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 but when critically examined1 it does not stand the test4 ,the drift of the story is this3 ,ormuzd1 the ,lord of ,light1 who created the universe in six periods of time1 accomplished his work by making the first man and woman1 and infusing into them the breath of life4 ,it was not long before ,ahriman1 the evil one1 contrived to seduce the first parents of mankind by persuading them to eat of the forbidden fruit4 ,sin and death are now in the world2 the principles of good and evil are now in deadly strife4 ,ormuzd then reveals to mankind his law through his prophet ,zoroaster2 the strife between the two principles continues1 however1 and will continue until the end of a destined term4 ,during the last three thousand years of the period ,ahriman is predominant4 ,the world now hastens to its doom2 religion and virtue are nowhere to be found2 mankind are plunged in sin and misery4 ,sosiosh is born of a virgin1 and redeems them1 subdues the ,devs1 awakens the dead1 and holds the last judgment4 ,a comet sets the world in flames2 the ,genii of ,light combat against the ,genii of ,darkness1 and cast them into ,duzakh1 where ,ahriman and the ,devs and the souls of the wicked are thoroughly cleansed and purified by fire4 ,ahriman then submits to ,ormuzd2 evil is absorbed into goodness2 the unrighteous1 thoroughly purified1 are united with the righteous1 and a new earth and a new heaven arise1 free from all evil1 where peace and innocence will forever dwell4 ,who can fail to see that this virgin-born ,sosiosh was to come1 not eighteen hundred years ago1 but1 in the latter days1 when the world is to be set on fire by a comet1 the judgment to take place1 and the new heaven and new earth is to be established8 ,who can fail to see also1 by a perusal of the ,new ,testament1 that the idea of a temporal ,messiah 7a mighty king and warrior1 who should liberate and rule over his people ,israel71 and the idea of an ,angel-,messiah 7who had come to announce that the kingdom of heaven was at hand1 that the stars should fall from heaven1 and that all men would shortly be judged according to their deeds71 are both jumbled together in a heap8 ,,footnotes3 #adj3a ,matthew1 ch4 ii4 #ada3a ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gb4 #ada3b ,vol4 i4 p4 #ade4 #ada3c ,see ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #eb4 #adb3a ,allen's ,india1 p4 #def4 #adb3b ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bba4 #adb3c ,ibid4 p4 #bfa4 #adb3d ,see ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #def4 #adc3a ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #bb1 #bc1 #ch4 #adc3b ,see ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #bc1 #cc1 #ce4 #adc3c ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #cf4 #adc3d ,williams's ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #cdg4 #adc3e ,see ,hist4 ,hindostan1 ii4 #ccf4 #adc3f ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #efa4 ,for that of ,crishna1 see ,vishnu ,purana1 book v4 ch4 iii4 #adc3g ,see ,ibid4 p4 #fah4 #adc3h ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 p4 #acg4 #adc3i ,see ,anac41 i4 p4 #efj1 and ,geikie's ,life of ,christ1 i4 #eei4 #adc3aj ,see ,ibid41 and ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gb1 and ,calmet's ,fragments1 art4 ,abraham4 #add3a ,baring-,gould3 ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 p4 #adi4 #add3b ,calmet's ,fragments1 art4 ,abraham4 #add3c ,farrar's ,life of ,christ1 p4 #eb4 #add3d ,tacitus3 ,annals1 bk4 xiv4 ch4 xxii4 #add3e ,amberly's ,analysis of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bbg4 #add3f ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gc4 #add3g ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 pp4 #ahj1 #aha1 and ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol4 #ade3a ,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 p4 #add4 #ade3b ,matthew ii4 #b4 #ade3c ,see ,thomas ,scott's ,english ,life of ,jesus for a full investigation of this subject4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,heavenly ,,host4 ,the story of the ,song of the ,heavenly ,host belongs exclusively to the ,luke narrator1 and1 in substance1 is as follows3 ,at the time of the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 there were shepherds abiding in the fields1 keeping watch over their flock by night4 ,and the angel of the ,lord appeared among them1 and the glory of the ,lord shone round about them1 and the angel said3 ,i bring you good tidings of great joy1 which shall be to all people2 for unto you is born this day in the city of ,david1 a ,saviour1 which is ,christ the ,lord4 ,and suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the ,heavenly ,host1 praising ,god in song1 saying3 ,glory to ,god in the highest2 and on earth peace1 good will towards men4 ,after this the angels went into heaven4#adg3a ,it is recorded in the ,vishnu ,purana#adg3b that while the virgin ,devaki bore ,crishna1 the protector of the world1 in her womb1 she was eulogized by the gods1 and on the day of ,crishna's birth1 the quarters of the horizon were irradiate with joy1 as if moonlight was diffused over the whole earth4 ,the spirits and the nymphs of heaven danced and sang1 and1 at midnight1#adg3c when the support of all was born1 the clouds emitted low pleasing sounds1 and poured down rain of flowers4#adg3d ,similar demonstrations of celestial delight were not wanting at the birth of ,buddha4 ,all beings everywhere were full of joy4 ,music was to be heard all over the land1 and1 as in the case of ,crishna1 there fell from the skies a gentle shower of flowers and perfumes4 ,caressing breezes blew1 and a marvellous light was produced4#adg3e ,the ,fo-pen-hing relates that3 ,the attending spirits1 who surrounded the ,virgin ,maya and the infant ,saviour1 singing praises of 'the ,blessed ,one1' said3 ',all joy be to you1 ,queen ,maya1 rejoice and be glad1 for the child you have borne is holy4' ,then the ,rishis and ,devas who dwelt on earth exclaimed with great joy3 ',this day ,buddha is born for the good of men1 to dispel the darkness of their ignorance4' ,then the four heavenly kings took up the strain and said3 ',now because ,bdhisatwa is born1 to give joy and bring peace to the world1 therefore is there this brightness4' ,then the gods of the thirty-three heavens took up the burden of the strain1 and the ,yama ,devas and the ,tsita ,devas1 and so forth1 through all the heavens of the ,kama1 ,rupa1 and ,arupa worlds1 even up to the ,akanishta heavens1 all the ,devas joined in this song1 and said3 ',to-day ,bdhisatwa is born on earth1 to give joy and peace to men and ,devas1 to shed light in the dark places1 and to give sight to the blind4#adh3a ,even the sober philosopher ,confucius did not enter the world1 if we may believe ,chinese tradition1 without premonitory symptoms of his greatness4#adh3b ,sir ,john ,francis ,davis1 speaking of ,confucius1 says3 ,various prodigies1 as in other instances1 were the forerunners of the birth of this extraordinary person4 ,on the eve of his appearance upon earth1 celestial music sounded in the ears of his mother2 and when he was born1 this inscription appeared on his breast3 ',the maker of a rule for setting the ,world4'#adh3c ,in the case of ,osiris1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 at his birth1 a voice was heard proclaiming that3 ,the ,ruler of all the ,earth is born4#adh3d ,in ,plutarch's ,isis occurs the following3 ,at the birth of ,osiris1 there was heard a voice that the ,lord of all the ,earth was coming in being2 and some say that a woman named ,pamgle1 as she was going to carry water to the temple of ,ammon1 in the city of ,thebes1 heard that voice1 which commanded her to proclaim it with a loud voice1 that the great beneficent god ,osiris was born4#adh3e ,wonderful demonstrations of delight also attended the birth of the heavenly-born ,apollonius4 ,according to ,flavius ,philostratus1 who wrote the life of this remarkable man1 a flock of swans surrounded his mother1 and clapping their wings1 as is their custom1 they sang in unison1 while the air was fanned by gentle breezes4 ,when the god ,apollo was born of the virgin ,latona in the ,island of ,delos1 there was joy among the undying gods in ,olympus1 and the ,earth laughed beneath the smile of ,heaven4#adh3f ,at the time of the birth of ,hercules the ,saviour1 his father ,zeus1 the god of gods1 spake from heaven and said3 ,this day shall a child be born of the race of ,perseus1 who shall be the mightiest of the sons of men4#adi3a ,when sculapius was a helpless infant1 and when he was about to be put to death1 a voice from the god ,apollo was heard1 saying3 ,slay not the child with the mother2 he is born to do great things2 but bear him to the wise centaur ,cheiron1 and bid him train the boy in all his wisdom and teach him to do brave deeds1 that men may praise his name in the generations that shall be hereafter4#adi3b ,as we stated above1 the story of the ,song of the ,heavenly ,host belongs exclusively to the ,luke narrator2 none of the other writers of the synoptic ,gospels know anything about it1 which1 if it really happened1 seems very strange4 ,if the reader will turn to the apocryphal ,gospel called ,protevangelion 7chapter xiii471 he will there see one of the reasons why it was thought best to leave this ,gospel out of the canon of the ,new ,testament4 ,it relates the ,miracles at ,mary's labor1 similar to the ,luke narrator1 but in a still more wonderful form4 ,it is probably from this apocryphal ,gospel that the ,luke narrator copied4 ,,footnotes3 #adg3a ,luke1 ii4 #h-ae4 #adg3b ,translated from the original ,sanscrit by ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 #adg3c ,all the virgin-born ,saviours are born at midnight or early dawn4 #adg3d ,vishnu ,purana1 book v4 ch4 iii4 p4 #ejb4 #adg3e ,see ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #bbf4 ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #de1 #df1 #dg1 and ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ce4 #adh3a ,see ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #dc1 #ee1 #ef1 and ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ce4 #adh3b ,see ,amberly3 ,analysis of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #hd4 #adh3c ,davis3 ,history of ,china1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh4 ,see also ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 i4 #aeb4 #adh3d ,see ,prichard's ,egyptian ,mythology1 p4 #ef1 and ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #djh4 #adh3e ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #dbd1 and ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #djh4 #adh3f ,see ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 #d4 #adi3a ,see ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 #ee4 #adi3b ,ibid4 p4 #de4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,divine ,,child ,,recognized ,,and ,,presented ,,with ,,gifts4 ,the next in order of the wonderful events which are related to have happened at the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 is the recognition of the divine child1 and the presentation of gifts4 ,we are informed by the ,matthew narrator1 that being guided by a star1 the ,magi#aej3a from the east came to where the young child was4 ,and when they were come into the house 7not stable7 they saw the young child1 with ,mary his mother1 and fell down and worshiped him4 ,and when they had opened their treasures1 they presented unto him gifts1 gold1 frankincense1 and myrrh4#aej3b ,the ,luke narrator--who seems to know nothing about the ,magi from the east--informs us that shepherds came and worshiped the young child4 ,they were keeping their flocks by night when the angel of the ,lord appeared before them1 saying3 ,behold1 ,i bring you good tidings--for unto you is born this day in the city of ,david a ,saviour1 which is ,christ the ,lord4 ,after the angel had left them1 they said one to another3 ,let us go unto ,bethlehem and see this thing which is come to pass1 which the ,lord hath made known to us4 ,and they came with haste1 and found ,mary and ,joseph1 and the babe lying in a manger4#aej3c ,the ,luke narrator evidently borrowed this story of the shepherds from the ,gospel of the ,egyptians 7of which we shall speak in another chapter71 or from other sacred records of the biographies of ,crishna or ,buddha4 ,it is related in the legends of ,crishna that the divine child was cradled among shepherds1 to whom were first made known the stupendous feats which stamped his character with marks of the divinity4 ,he was recognized as the promised ,saviour by ,nanda1 a shepherd1 or cowherd1 and his companions1 who prostrated themselves before the heaven-born child4 ,after the birth of ,crishna1 the ,indian prophet ,nared1 having heard of his fame1 visited his father and mother at ,gokool1 examined the stars1 c41 and declared him to be of celestial descent4#aea3a ,not only was ,crishna adored by the shepherds and ,magi1 and received with divine honors1 but he was also presented with gifts4 ,these gifts were sandal wood and perfumes4#aea3b 7,why not frankincense and myrrh87 ,similar stories are related of the infant ,buddha4 ,he was visited1 at the time of his birth1 by wise men1 who at once recognized in the marvellous infant all the characters of the divinity1 and he had scarcely seen the day before he was hailed god of gods4#aea3c ',mongst the strangers came ,a grey-haired saint1 ,asita1 one whose ears1 ,long closed to earthly things1 caught heavenly sounds1 ,and heard at prayer beneath his peepul-tree1 ,the ,devas singing songs at ,buddha's birth4 ,viscount ,amberly1 speaking of him1 says3#aea3d ,he was visited and adored by a very eminent ,rishi1 or hermit1 known as ,asita1 who predicted his future greatness1 but wept at the thought that he himself was too old to see the day when the law of salvation would be taught by the infant whom he had come to contemplate4 ,i weep 7said ,asita71 because ,i am old and stricken in years1 and shall not see all that is about to come to pass4 ,the ,buddha ,bhagavat 7,god ,almighty ,buddha7 comes to the world only after many kalpas4 ,this bright boy will be ,buddha4 ,for the salvation of the world he will teach the law4 ,he will succor the old1 the sick1 the afflicted1 the dying4 ,he will release those who are bound in the meshes of natural corruption4 ,he will quicken the spiritual vision of those whose eyes are darkened by the thick darkness of ignorance4 ,hundreds of thousands of millions of beings will be carried by him to the 'other shore'--will put on immortality4 ,and ,i shall not see this perfect ,buddha--this is why ,i weep4#aea3e ,he returns rejoicing1 however1 to his mountain-home1 for his eyes had seen the promised and expected ,saviour4#aea3f ,paintings in the cave of ,ajunta represent ,asita with the infant ,buddha in his arms4#aeb3a ,the marvelous gifts of this child had become known to this eminent ascetic by supernatural signs4#aeb3b ,buddha1 as well as ,crishna and ,jesus1 was presented with costly jewels and precious substances4#aeb3c 7,why not gold and perfumes87 ,rama--the seventh incarnation of ,vishnu for human deliverance from evil--is also hailed by aged saints--7why not wise men87--who die gladly when their eyes see the long-expected one4#aeb3d ,how-tseich1 who was one of those personages styled1 in ,china1 ,tien-,tse1 or ,sons of ,heaven1#aeb3e and who came into the world in a miraculous manner1 was laid in a narrow lane4 ,when his mother had fulfilled her time3 ,her first-born son 7came forth7 like a lamb4 ,there was no bursting1 no rending1 ,no injury1 no hurt-- ,showing how wonderful he would be4 ,when born1 the sheep and oxen protected him with loving care4#aeb3f ,the birth of ,confucius 7,b4 ,c4 #eea71 like that of all the demi-gods and saints of antiquity1 is fabled to have been attended with allegorical prodigies1 amongst which was the appearance of the ,ke-lin1 a miraculous quadruped1 prophetic of happiness and virtue1 which announced that the child would be a king without a throne or territory4 ,five celestial sages1 or wise men entered the house at the time of the child's birth1 whilst vocal and instrumental music filed the air4#aeb3g ,mithras1 the ,persian ,saviour1 and mediator between ,god and man1 was also visited by wise men called ,magi1 at the time of his birth4#aeb3h ,he was presented with gifts consisting of gold1 frankincense and myrrh4'#aeb3i ,according to ,plato1 at the birth of ,socrates 7#dfi ,b4 ,c47 there came three ,magi from the east to worship him1 bringing gifts of gold1 frankincense and myrrh4#aeb3aj sculapius1 the virgin-born ,saviour1 was protected by goatherds 7why not shepherds871 who1 upon seeing the child1 knew at once that he was divine4 ,the voice of fame soon published the birth of this miraculous infant1 upon which people flocked from all quarters to behold and worship this heaven-born child4#aec3a ,many of the ,grecian and ,roman demi-gods and heroes were either fostered by or worshiped by shepherds4 ,amongst these may be mentioned ,bacchus1 who was educated among shepherds1#aec3b and ,romulus1 who was found on the banks of the ,tiber1 and educated by shepherds4#aec3c ,paris1 son of ,priam1 was educated among shepherds1#aec3d and gisthus was exposed1 like sculapius1 by his mother1 found by shepherds and educated among them4#aec3e ,viscount ,amberly has well said that3 ,prognostications of greatness in infancy are1 indeed1 among the stock incidents in the mythical or semi-mythical lives of eminent persons4 ,we have seen that the ,matthew narrator speaks of the infant ,jesus1 and ,mary1 his mother1 being in a house--implying that he had been born there2 and that the ,luke narrator speaks of the infant lying in a manger--implying that he was born in a stable4 ,we will now show that there is still another story related of the place in which he was born4 ,,footnotes3 #aej3a ,the original word here is ',magoi1' from which comes our word ',magician4' 4 4 4 ,the persons here denoted were philosophers1 priests1 or astronomers4 ,they dwelt chiefly in ,persia and ,arabia4 ,they were the learned men of the ,eastern nations1 devoted to astronomy1 to religion1 and to medicine4 ,they were held in high esteem by the ,persian court2 were admitted as councilors1 and followed the camps in war to give advice4 7,barnes's ,notes1 vol4 i4 p4 #be47 #aej3b ,matthew1 ii4 #b4 #aej3c ,luke1 ii4 #h-af4 #aea3a ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #abi1 #acj1 and ,maurice3 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bef1 #beg and #cag4 ,also1 ,the ,vishnu ,purana4 #aea3b ,oriental ,religions1 pp4 #ejj1 #eja4 ,see also1 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cec4 #aea3c ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeg4 #aea3d ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #agg4 ,see also1 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #cf4 #aea3e ,lillie3 ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 p4 #gf4 #aea3f ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #f1 and ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #eh1 #fj4 #aeb3a ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #cf4 #aeb3b ,see ,amberly's ,analysis p4 #bca1 and ,bunsen's ,angel ,messiah1 p4 #cf4 #aeb3c ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #eh4 #aeb3d ,oriental ,religions1 p4 #dia4 #aeb3e ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjj4 #aeb3f ,see ,amberly's ,analysis of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bbf4 #aeb3g ,see ,thornton's ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeb4 #aeb3h ,king3 ,the ,gnostics and their ,remains1 pp4 #acd and #adi4 #aeb3i ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cec4 #aeb3aj ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #if4 #aec3a ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aej4 ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #acf1 and ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 #aec3b ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 #aec3c ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bac4 #aec3d ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #dg4 #aec3e ,ibid4 p4 #bj4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,birth-,,place ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus4 ,the writer of that portion of the ,gospel according to ,matthew which treats of the place in which ,jesus was born1 implies1 as we stated in our last chapter1 that he was born in a house4 ,his words are these3 ,now when ,jesus was born in ,bethlehem of ,judea in the days of ,herod the king1 behold1 there came wise men from the east to worship him4 ,and when they were come into the house1 they saw the young child with ,mary his mother4#aed3a ,the writer of the ,luke version implies that he was born in a stable1 as the following statement will show3 ,the days being accomplished that she 7,mary7 should be delivered 4 4 4 she brought forth her first-born son1 and wrapped him in swaddling clothes1 and laid him in a manger1 there being no room for him in the inn4#aed3b ,if these accounts were contained in these ,gospels in the time of ,eusebius1 the first ecclesiastical historian1 who flourished during the ,council of ,nice 7,a4 ,d4 #cbg71 it is very strange that1 in speaking of the birth of ,jesus1 he should have omitted even mentioning them1 and should have given an altogether different version4 ,he tells us that ,jesus was neither born in a house1 nor in a stable1 but in a cave1 and that at the time of ,constantine a magnificent temple was erected on the spot1 so that the ,christians might worship in the place where their ,saviour's feet had stood4#aed3c ,in the apocryphal ,gospel called ,protevangelion1 attributed to ,james1 the brother of ,jesus1 we are informed that ,mary and her husband1 being away from their home in ,nazareth1 and when within three miles of ,bethlehem1 to which city they were going1 ,mary said to ,joseph3 ,take me down from the ass1 for that which is in me presses to come forth4 ,joseph1 replying1 said3 ,whither shall ,i take thee1 for the place is desert8 ,then said ,mary again to ,joseph3 ,take me down1 for that which is within me mightily presses me4 ,joseph then took her down from off the ass1 and he found there a cave and put her into it4 ,joseph then left ,mary in the cave1 and started toward ,bethlehem for a midwife1 whom he found and brought back with him4 ,when they neared the spot a bright cloud overshadowed the cave4 ,but on a sudden the cloud became a great light in the cave1 so their eyes could not bear it4 ,but the light gradually decreased1 until the infant appeared and sucked the breast of his mother4#aee3a ,tertullian 7,a4 ,d4 #bjj71 ,jerome 7,a4 ,d4 #cge7 and other ,fathers of the ,church1 also state that ,jesus was born in a cave1 and that the heathen celebrated1 in their day1 the birth and ,mysteries of their ,lord and ,saviour ,adonis in this very cave near ,bethlehem4#aee3b ,canon ,farrar says3 ,that the actual place of ,christ's birth was a cave1 is a very ancient tradition1 and this cave used to be shown as the scene of the event even so early as the time of ,justin ,martyr 7,a4 ,d4 #aej74aee3c ,mr4 ,king says3 ,the place yet shown as the scene of their 7the ,magi's7 adoration at ,bethlehem is a cave4#aee3d ,the ,christian ceremonies in the ,church of the ,nativity at ,bethlehem are celebrated to this day in a cave1#aee3e and are undoubtedly nearly the same as were celebrated1 in the same place1 in honor of ,adonis1 in the time of ,tertullian and ,jerome2 and as are yet celebrated in ,rome every ,christmas-day1 very early in the morning4 ,we see1 then1 that there are three different accounts concerning the place in which ,jesus was born4 ,the first1 and evidently true one1 was that which is recorded by the ,matthew narrator1 namely1 that he was born in a house4 ,the stories about his being born in a stable or in a cave#aee3f were later inventions1 caused from the desire to place him in as humble a position as possible in his infancy1 and from the fact that the virgin-born ,saviours who had preceded him had almost all been born in a position the most humiliating--such as a cave1 a cow-shed1 a sheep-fold1 c4--or had been placed there after birth4 ,this was a part of the universal mythos4 ,as illustrations we may mention the following3 ,crishna1 the ,hindoo virgin-born ,saviour1 was born in a cave1#aef3a fostered by an honest herdsman1#aef3b and1 it is said1 placed in a sheep-fold shortly after his birth4 ,how-,tseih1 the ,chinese ,son of ,heaven1 when an infant1 was left unprotected by his mother1 but the sheep and oxen protected him with loving care4#aef3c ,abraham1 the ,father of ,patriarchs1 is said to have been born in a cave4#aef3d ,bacchus1 who was the son of ,god by the virgin ,semele1 is said to have been born in a cave1 or placed in one shortly after his birth4#aef3e ,philostratus1 the ,greek sophist and rhetorician1 says1 the inhabitants of ,india had a tradition that ,bacchus was born at ,nisa1 and was brought up in a cave on ,mount ,meros4 sculapius1 who was the son of ,god by the virgin ,coronis1 was left exposed1 when an infant1 on a mountain1 where he was found and cared for by a goatherd4#aef3f ,romulus1 who was the son of ,god by the virgin ,rhea-,sylvia1 was left exposed1 when an infant1 on the banks of the river ,tiber1 where he was found and cared for by a shepherd4#aef3g ,adonis1 the ,lord and ,saviour1 was placed in a cave shortly after his birth4#aef3h ,apollo 7,phoibos71 son of the ,almighty ,zeus1 was born in a cave at early dawn4#aef3i ,mithras1 the ,persian ,saviour1 was born in a cave or grotto1#aef3aj at early dawn4 ,hermes1 the son of ,god by the mortal ,maia1 was born early in the morning1 in a cave or grotto of the ,kyllemian hill4#aef3aa ,attys1 the god of the ,phrygians1#aef3ab was born in a cave or grotto4#aef3ac ,the object is the same in all of these stories1 however they may differ in detail1 which is to place the heaven-born infant in the most humiliating position in infancy4 ,we have seen it is recorded that1 at the time of the birth of ,jesus there was a great light in the cave1 so that the eyes of ,joseph and the midwife could not bear it4 ,this feature is also represented in early ,christian art4 ,early ,christian painters have represented the infant ,jesus as welcoming three ,kings of the ,east1 and shining as brilliantly as if covered with phosphuretted oil4#aeg3a ,in all pictures of the ,nativity1 the light is made to arise from the body of the infant1 and the father and mother are often depicted with glories round their heads4 ,this too was a part of the old mythos1 as we shall now see4 ,the moment ,crishna was born1 his mother became beautiful1 and her form brilliant4 ,the whole cave was splendidly illuminated1 being filled with a heavenly light1 and the countenances of his father and his mother emitted rays of glory4#aeg3b ,so likewise1 it is recorded that1 at the time of the birth of ,buddha1 the ,saviour of the ,world1 which1 according to one account1 took place in an inn1 a divine light diffused around his person1 so that the ,blessed ,one was heralded into the world by a supernatural light4#aeg3c ,when ,bacchus was born1 a bright light shone round him1#aeg3d so that1 there was a brilliant light in the cave4 ,when ,apollo was born1 a halo of serene light encircled his cradle1 the nymphs of heaven attended1 and bathed him in pure water1 and girded a broad golden band around his form4#aeg3e ,when the ,saviour sculapius was born1 his countenance shone like the sun1 and he was surrounded by a fiery ray4#aeg3f ,in the life of ,zoroaster the common mythos is apparent4 ,he was born in innocence of an immaculate conception of a ,ray of the ,divine ,reason4 ,as soon as he was born1 the glory arising from his body enlightened the whole room1 and he laughed at his mother4#aeg3g ,it is stated in the legends of the ,hebrew ,patriarchs that1 at the birth of ,moses1 a bright light appeared and shone around4#aeg3h ,there is still another feature which we must notice in these narratives1 that is1 the contradictory statements concerning the time when ,jesus was born4 ,as we shall treat of this subject more fully in the chapter on ,the ,birthday of ,christ ,jesus1 we shall allude to it here simply as far as necessary4 ,the ,matthew narrator informs us that ,jesus was born in the days of ,herod the ,king1 and the ,luke narrator says he was born when ,cyrenius was ,governor of ,syria1 or later4 ,this is a very awkward and unfortunate statement1 as ,cyrenius was not ,governor of ,syria until some ten years after the time of ,herod4#aeh3a ,the cause of this dilemma is owing to the fact that the ,luke narrator1 after having interwoven into his story1 of the birth of ,jesus1 the old myth of the tax or tribute1 which is said to have taken place at the time of the birth of some previous virgin-born ,saviours1 looked among the records to see if a taxing had ever taken place in ,judea1 so that he might refer to it in support of his statement4 ,he found the account of the taxing1 referred to above1 and without stopping to consider when this taxing took place1 or whether or not it would conflict with the statement that ,jesus was born in the days of ,herod1 he added to his narrative the words3 ,and this taxing was first made when ,cyrenius was governor of ,syria4#aeh3b ,we will now show the ancient myth of the taxing4 ,according to the ,vishnu ,purana1 when the infant ,saviour ,crishna was born1 his foster father1 ,nanda1 had come to the city to pay his tax or yearly tribute to the king4 ,it distinctly speaks of ,nanda1 and other cowherds1 bringing tribute or tax to ,kansa the reigning monarch4#aeh3c ,it also describes a scene which took place after the taxes had been paid4 ,vasudeva1 an acquaintance of ,nanda's1 went to the wagon of ,nanda1 and found ,nanda there1 rejoicing that a son 7,crishna7 had been born to him4 ,vasudeva spoke to him kindly1 and congratulated him on having a son in his old age4#aeh3d ',thy yearly tribute1' he added1 'has been paid to the king 4 4 4 why do you delay1 now that your affairs are settled8 ,up1 ,nanda1 quickly1 and set off to your own pastures4' 4 4 4 ,accordingly ,nanda and the other cowherds returned to their village4#aeh3e ,now1 in regard to ,buddha1 the same myth is found4 ,among the thirty-two signs which were to be fulfilled by the mother of the expected ,messiah 7,buddha71 the fifth sign was recorded to be1 that she would be on a journey at the time of her child's birth4 ,therefore1 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets1 the virgin ,maya1 in the tenth month after her heavenly conception1 was on a journey to her father1 when lo1 the birth of the ,messiah took place under a tree4 ,one account says that she had alighted at an inn when ,buddha was born4#aei3a ,the mother of ,lao-tsze1 the ,virgin-born ,chinese sage1 was away from home when her child was born4 ,she stopped to rest under a tree1 and there1 like the virgin ,maya1 gave birth to her son4#aei3b ,pythagoras 7,b4 ,c4 #egj71 whose real father was the ,holy ,ghost1#aei3c was also born at a time when his mother was away from home on a journey4 ,she was travelling with her husband1 who was about his mercantile concerns1 from ,samos to ,sidon4#aei3d ,apollo was born when his mother was away from home4 ,the ,ionian legend tells the simple tale that ,leto1 the mother of the unborn ,apollo1 could find no place to receive her in her hour of travail until she came to ,delos4 ,the child was born like ,buddha and ,lao-tsze--under a tree4#aei3e ,the mother knew that he was destined to be a being of mighty power1 ruling among the undying gods and mortal men4#aei3f ,thus we see that the stories1 one after another1 relating to the birth and infancy of ,jesus1 are simply old myths1 and are therefore not historical4 ,,footnotes3 #aed3a ,matthew1 ii4 #aed3b ,luke1 ii4 #aed3c ,eusebius's ,life of ,constantine1 lib4 #c1 chs4 xl41 xli4 and xlii4 #aee3a ,protevangelion4 ,apoc4 chs4 xii41 xiii41 and xiv41 and ,lily of ,israel1 p4 #ie4 #aee3b ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ih1 #ii4 #aee3c ,farrar's ,life of ,christ1 p4 #ch1 and note4 ,see also1 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 ii4 #caa4 #aee3d ,king3 ,the ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #acd4 #aee3e ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ie4 #aee3f ,some writers have tried to connect these by saying that it was a cave-stable1 but why should a stable be in a desert place1 as the narrative states8 #aef3a ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajg4 #aef3b ,see ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei4 #aef3c ,see ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #bbf4 #aef3d ,see ,calmet's ,fragments1 art4 ,abraham4 #aef3e ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cba4 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #aah1 and ,dupuis1 p4 #bhd4 #aef3f ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aej1 and ,bell's ,pantheon under sculapius4 #aef3g ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bah4 #aef3h ,see ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #ab4 #aef3i ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #gb1 #aeh4 #aef3aj ,see ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #abd1 and ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acd4 #aef3aa ,ibid4 #aef3ab ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,beliefs1 p4 #bee4 #aef3ac ,see ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #abd4 #aeg3a ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfj4 #aeg3b ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acc4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #acj4 ,see also1 ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #ejb1 where it says3 ,no person could bear to gaze upon ,devaki from the light that invested her4 #aeg3c ,see ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #dc1 #df1 or ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #cd1 #ce4 #aeg3d ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb1 and ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #aai4 #aeg3e ,tales of ,anct4 ,greece1 p4 xviii4 #aeg3f ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #acf4 #aeg3g ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfj4 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fdi4 #aeg3h ,see ,hardy3 ,manual of ,buddhism1 p4 #ade4 #aeh3a ,see the chapter on ,christmas4 #aeh3b ,it may be that this verse was added by another hand some time after the narrative was written4 ,we have seen it stated somewhere that1 in the manuscript1 this verse is in brackets4 #aeh3c ,see ,vishnu ,purana1 book v4 chap4 iii4 #aeh3d ,here is an exact counterpart to the story of ,joseph--the foster-father1 so-called--of ,jesus4 ,he too1 had a son in his old age4 #aeh3e ,vishnu ,purana1 book v4 chap4 v4 #aei3a ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #cd4 ,see also1 ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #cb1 and ,lillie3 ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 p4 #gc4 #aei3b ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 i4 #ach4 #aei3c ,as we saw in ,chapter ,,xii4 #aei3d ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aej4 #aei3e ,see ,rhys ,david's ,buddhism1 p4 #be4 #aei3f ,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,genealogy ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus4 ,the biographers of ,jesus1 although they have placed him in a position the most humiliating in his infancy1 and although they have given him poor and humble parents1 have notwithstanding made him to be of royal descent4 ,the reasons for doing this were twofold4 ,first1 because1 according to the ,old ,testament1 the expected ,messiah was to be of the seed of ,abraham1#afj3a and second1 because the ,angel-,messiahs who had previously been on earth to redeem and save mankind had been of royal descent1 therefore ,christ ,jesus must be so4 ,the following story1 taken from ,colebrooke's ,miscellaneous ,essays1#afj3b clearly shows that this idea was general3 ,the last of the ,jinas1 ,vardhamna1 was at first conceived by ,devananda1 a ,brahmana4 ,the conception was announced to her by a dream4 ,sekra1 being apprised of his incarnation1 prostrated himself and worshiped the future saint 7who was in the womb of ,devananda72 but reflecting that no great saint was ever born in an indigent or mendicant family1 as that of a ,brahmana1 ,sekra commanded his chief attendant to remove the child from the womb of ,devananda to that of ,trisala1 wife of ,siddhartha1 a prince of the race of ,jeswaca1 of the ,kasyapa family4 ,in their attempts to accomplish their object1 the biographers of ,jesus have made such poor work of it1 that all the ingenuity ,christianity has yet produced1 has not been able to repair their blunders4 ,the genealogies are contained in the first and third ,gospels1 and although they do not agree1 yet1 if either is right1 then ,jesus was not the son of ,god1 engendered by the ,holy ,ghost1 but the legitimate son of ,joseph and ,mary4 ,in any other sense they amount to nothing4 ,that ,jesus can be of royal descent1 and yet be the ,son of ,god1 in the sense in which these words are used1 is a conclusion which can be acceptable to those only who believe in alleged historical narratives on no other ground than that they wish them to be true1 and dare not call them into question4 ,the ,matthew narrator states that all the generations from ,abraham to ,david are fourteen1 from ,david until the carrying away into ,babylon are fourteen1 and from the carrying away into ,babylon unto ,jesus are fourteen generations4#afa3a ,surely nothing can have a more mythological appearance than this4 ,but1 when we confine our attention to the genealogy itself1 we find that the generations in the third stage1 including ,jesus himself1 amount to only thirteen4 ,all attempts to get over this difficulty have been without success2 the genealogies are1 and have always been1 hard nuts for theologians to crack4 ,some of the early ,christian fathers saw this1 and they very wisely put an allegorical interpretation to them4 ,dr4 ,south says1 in ,kitto's ,biblical ,encyclopdia3 ,christ's being the true ,messiah depends upon his being the son of ,david and king of the ,jews4 ,so that unless this be evinced the whole foundation of ,christianity must totter and fall4 ,another writer in the same work says3 ,in these two documents 7,matthew and ,luke71 which profess to give us the genealogy of ,christ1 there is no notice whatever of the connection of his only earthly parent with the stock of ,david4 ,on the contrary1 both the genealogies profess to give us the descent of ,joseph1 to connect our ,lord with whom by natural generation1 would be to falsify the whole story of his miraculous birth1 and overthrow the ,christian faith4 ,again1 when the idea that one of the genealogies is ,mary's is spoken of3 ,one thing is certain1 that our belief in ,mary's descent from ,david is grounded on inference and tradition and not on any direct statement of the sacred writings4 ,and there has been a ceaseless endeavor1 both among ancients and moderns1 to gratify the natural cravings for knowledge on this subject4 ,thomas ,scott1 speaking of the genealogies1 says3 ,it is a favorite saying with those who seek to defend the history of the ,pentateuch against the scrutiny of modern criticism1 that the objections urged against it were known long ago4 ,the objections to the genealogy were known long ago1 indeed2 and perhaps nothing shows more conclusively than this knowledge1 the disgraceful dishonesty and willful deception of the most illustrious of ,christian doctors4#afa3b ,referring to the two genealogies1 ,albert ,barnes says3 ,no two passages of ,scripture have caused more difficulty than these1 and various attempts have been made to explain them4 4 4 4 ,most interpreters have supposed that ,matthew gives the genealogy of ,joseph1 and ,luke that of ,mary4 ,but though this solution is plausible and may be true1 yet it wants evidence4 ,barnes furthermore admits the fallibility of the ,bible in his remarks upon the genealogies2 #ast1 by comparing them to our fallible family records2 and #b;d1 by the remark that the only inquiry which can now be fairly made is whether they copied these tables correctly4 ,alford1 ,ellicott1 ,hervey1 ,meyer1 ,mill1 ,patritius and ,wordsworth hold that both genealogies are ,joseph's2 and ,aubertin1 ,ebrard1 ,greswell1 ,kurtz1 ,lange1 ,lightfoot and others1 hold that one is ,joseph's1 and the other ,mary's4 ,when the genealogy contained in ,matthew is compared with the ,old ,testament they are found to disagree2 there are omissions which any writer with the least claim to historical sense would never have made4 ,when the genealogy of the third ,gospel is turned to1 the difficulties greatly increase1 instead of diminish4 ,it not only contradicts the statements made by the ,matthew narrator1 but it does not agree with the ,old ,testament4 ,what1 according to the three first evangelists1 did ,jesus think of himself8 ,in the first place he made no allusion to any miraculous circumstances connected with his birth4 ,he looked upon himself as belonging to ,nazareth1 not as the child of ,bethlehem2#afb3a he reproved the scribes for teaching that the ,messiah must necessarily be a descendant of ,david1#afb3b and did not himself make any express claim to such descent4#afb3c ,as we cannot go into an extended inquiry concerning the genealogies1 and as there is no real necessity for so doing1 as many others have already done so in a masterly manner1#afb3d we will continue our investigations in another direction1 and show that ,jesus was not the only ,messiah who was claimed to be of royal descent4 ,to commence with ,crishna1 the ,hindoo ,saviour1 he was of royal descent1 although born in a state the most abject and humiliating4#afc3a ,thomas ,maurice says of him3 ,crishna1 in the male line1 was of royal descent1 being of the ,yadava line1 the oldest and noblest of ,india2 and nephew1 by his mother's side1 to the reigning sovereign2 but1 though royally descended1 he was actually born in a state the most abject and humiliating2 and1 though not in a stable1 yet in a dungeon4#afc3b ,buddha was of royal descent1 having descended from the house of ,sakya1 the most illustrious of the caste of ,brahmans1 which reigned in ,india over the powerful empire of ,mogadha1 in the ,southern ,bahr4#afc3c ,r4 ,spence ,hardy says1 in his ,manual of ,buddhism3 ,the ancestry of ,gotama ,buddha is traced from his father1 ,sodhdana1 through various individuals and races1 all of royal dignity1 to ,maha ,sammata1 the first monarch of the world4 ,several of the names1 and some of the events1 are met with in the ,puranas of the ,brahmins1 but it is not possible to reconcile one order of statement with the other2 and it would appear that the ,buddhist historians have introduced races1 and invented names1 that they may invest their venerated sage with all the honors of heraldry1 in addition to the attributes of divinity4 ,how remarkably these words compare with what we have just seen concerning the genealogies of ,jesus6 ,rama1 another ,indian avatar--the seventh incarnation of ,vishnu--was also of royal descent4#afc3d ,fo-hi2 or ,fuh-he1 the virgin-born ,son of ,heaven1 was of royal descent4 ,he belonged to the oldest family of monarchs who ruled in ,china4#afc3e ,confucius was of royal descent4 ,his pedigree is traced back in a summary manner to the monarch ,hoang-ty1 who is said to have lived and ruled more than two thousand years before the time of ,christ ,jesus4#afc3f ,horus1 the ,egyptian virgin-born ,saviour1 was of royal descent1 having descended from a line of kings4#afc3g ,he had the title of ,royal ,good ,shepherd4#afc3h ,hercules1 the ,saviour1 was of royal descent4#afc3i ,bacchus1 although the ,son of ,god1 was of royal descent4#afd3a ,perseus1 son of the virgin ,danae1 was of royal descent4#afd3b sculapius1 the great performer of miracles1 although a son of ,god1 was notwithstanding of royal descent4#afd3c ,many more such cases might be mentioned1 as may be seen by referring to the histories of the virgin-born gods and demi-gods spoken of in ,chapter ,,xii4 ,,footnotes3 #afj3a ,that is1 a passage in the ,old ,testament was construed to mean this1 although another and more plausible meaning might be inferred4 ,it is when ,abraham is blessed by the ,lord1 who is made to say3 ,in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed1 because thou hast obeyed my voice4 7,genesis1 xxii4 #ah47 #afj3b ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bad4 #afa3a ,matthew1 i4 #ag4 #afa3b ,scott's ,english ,life of ,jesus4 #afb3a ,matthew1 xiii4 #ed2 ,luke1 iv4 #bd4 #afb3b ,mark1 ii4 #ce4 #afb3c ,there is no doubt that the authors of the genealogies regarded him 7,jesus71 as did his countrymen and contemporaries generally1 as the eldest son of ,joseph1 ,mary's husband1 and that they had no idea of anything miraculous connected with his birth4 ,all the attempts of the old commentators to reconcile the inconsistencies of the evangelical narratives are of no avail4 7,albert ,rville3 ,hist4 ,dogma1 ,deity1 ,jesus1 p4 #ae47 #afb3d ,the reader is referred to ,thomas ,scott's ,english ,life of ,jesus1 ,strauss's ,life of ,jesus1 ,the ,genealogies of ,our ,lord1 by ,lord ,arthur ,hervey1 ,kitto's ,biblical ,encyclopdia1 and ,barnes' ,notes4 #afc3a ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #acj4 ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei1 and ,allen's ,india1 p4 #cgi4 #afc3b ,hist4 ,hindostan1 ii4 p4 #caj4 #afc3c ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeg4 ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah4 ,davis3 ,hist4 of ,china1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hj1 and ,huc's ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbg4 #afc3d ,allen's ,india1 p4 #cgi4 #afc3e ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjj1 and ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,fuh-he4 #afc3f ,davis3 ,history of ,china1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh1 and ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 p4 #aea4 #afc3g ,see almost any work on ,egyptian history or the religions of ,egypt4 #afc3h ,see ,lundy3 ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #djc4 #afc3i ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aeb4 ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #abd1 and ,bell's ,pantheon1 i4 #chb4 #afd3a ,see ,greek and ,italian ,mythology1 p4 #ha4 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #aag4 ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #aah1 and ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #ga4 #afd3b ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agj1 and ,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #afa4 #afd3c ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #acf1 and ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aej4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,slaughter ,,of ,,the ,,innocents4 ,interwoven with the miraculous conception and birth of ,jesus1 the star1 the visit of the ,magi1 c41 we have a myth which belongs to a common form1 and which1 in this instance1 is merely adapted to the special circumstances of the age and place4 ,this has been termed the myth of the dangerous child4 ,its general outline is this3 ,a child is born concerning whose future greatness some prophetic indications have been given4 ,but the life of the child is fraught with danger to some powerful individual1 generally a monarch4 ,in alarm at his threatened fate1 this person endeavors to take the child's life1 but it is preserved by divine care4 ,escaping the measures directed against it1 and generally remaining long unknown1 it at length fulfills the prophecies concerning its career1 while the fate which he has vainly sought to shun falls upon him who had desired to slay it4 ,there is a departure from the ordinary type1 in the case of ,jesus1 inasmuch as ,herod does not actually die or suffer any calamity through his agency4 ,but this failure is due to the fact that ,jesus did not fulfill the conditions of the ,messiahship1 according to the ,jewish conception which ,matthew has here in mind4 ,had he--as was expected of the ,messiah--become the actual sovereign of the ,jews1 he must have dethroned the reigning dynasty1 whether represented by ,herod or his successors4 ,but as his subsequent career belied the expectations1 the evangelist was obliged to postpone to a future time his accession to that throne of temporal dominion which the incredulity of his countrymen had withheld from him during his earthly life4 ,the story of the slaughter of the infants which is said to have taken place in ,judea about the time of the birth of ,jesus1 is to be found in the second chapter of ,matthew1 and is as follows3 ,when ,jesus was born in ,bethlehem of ,judea1 in the days of ,herod the king1 there came wise men from the ,east to ,jerusalem1 saying3 ',where is he that is born king of the ,jews8 for we have seen his star in the ,east and have come to worship him4' ,when ,herod the king had heard these things1 he was troubled and all ,jerusalem with him4 ,then ,herod1 when he had privately called the wise men1 enquired of them diligently what time the star appeared4 ,and he sent them to ,bethlehem1 and said3 ',go and search diligently for the young child2 and when ye have found him1 bring me word4' ,the wise men went to ,bethlehem and found the young child1 but instead of returning to ,herod as he had told them1 they departed into their own country another way1 having been warned of ,god in a dream1 that they should not return to ,herod4 ,then ,herod1 when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men1 was exceeding wroth1 and sent forth1 and slew all the children that were in ,bethlehem1 and in all the coasts thereof1 from two years old and under4 ,we have in this story1 told by the ,matthew narrator--which the writers of the other gospels seem to know nothing about1--almost a counterpart1 if not an exact one1 to that related of ,crishna of ,india1 which shows how closely the mythological history of ,jesus has been copied from that of the ,hindoo ,saviour4 ,joguth ,chunder ,gangooly1 a ,hindoo convert to ,christ1 tells us1 in his ,life and ,religion of the ,hindoos1 that3 ,a heavenly voice whispered to the foster father of ,crishna and told him to fly with the child across the river ,jumna1 which was immediately done4#aff3a ,this was owing to the fact that the reigning monarch1 ,king ,kansa1 sought the life of the infant ,saviour1 and to accomplish his purpose1 he sent messengers 'to kill all the infants in the neighboring places4'#aff3b ,mr4 ,higgins says3 ,soon after ,crishna's birth he was carried away by night and concealed in a region remote from his natal place1 for fear of a tyrant whose destroyer it was foretold he would become2 and who had1 for that reason1 ordered all the male children born at that period to be slain4#aff3c ,sir ,william ,jones says of ,crishna3 ,he passed a life1 according to the ,indians1 of a most extraordinary and incomprehensible nature4 ,his birth was concealed through fear of the reigning tyrant ,kansa1 who1 at the time of his birth1 ordered all new-born males to be slain1 yet this wonderful babe was preserved4#aff3d ,in the ,epic poem ,mahabarata1 composed more than two thousand years ago1 we have the whole story of this incarnate deity1 born of a virgin1 and miraculously escaping in his infancy from the reigning tyrant of his country1 related in its original form4 ,representations of this flight with the babe at midnight are sculptured on the walls of ancient ,hindoo temples4#afg3a ,this story is also the subject of an immense sculpture in the cave-temple at ,elephanta1 where the children are represented as being slain4 ,the date of this sculpture is lost in the most remote antiquity4 ,it represents a person holding a drawn sword1 surrounded by slaughtered infant boys4 ,figures of men and women are also represented who are supposed to be supplicating for their children4#afg3b ,thomas ,maurice1 speaking of this sculpture1 says3 ,the event of ,crishna's birth1 and the attempt to destroy him1 took place by night1 and therefore the shadowy mantle of darkness1 upon which mutilated figures of infants are engraved1 darkness 7at once congenial with his crime and the season of its perpetration71 involves the tyrant's bust2 the string of death heads marks the multitude of infants slain by his savage mandate2 and every object in the sculpture illustrates the events of that ,avatar4#afg3c ,another feature which connects these stories is the following3 ,sir ,wm4 ,jones tells us that when ,crishna was taken out of reach of the tyrant ,kansa who sought to slay him1 he was fostered at ,mathura by ,nanda1 the herdsman2#afg3d and ,canon ,farrar1 speaking of the sojourn of the ,holy ,family in ,egypt1 says3 ,st4 ,matthew neither tells us where the ,holy ,family abode in ,egypt1 nor how long their exile continued2 but ancient legends say that they remained two years absent from ,palestine1 and lived at ,matarh1 a few miles north-east of ,cairo4#afg3e ,chemnitius1 out of ,stipulensis1 who had it from ,peter ,martyr1 ,bishop of ,alexandria1 in the third century1 says1 that the place in ,egypt where ,jesus was banished1 is now called ,matarea1 about ten miles beyond ,cairo1 that the inhabitants constantly burn a lamp in remembrance of it1 and that there is a garden of trees yielding a balsam1 which was planted by ,jesus when a boy4#afg3f ,here is evidently one and the same legend4 ,salivahana1 the virgin-born ,saviour1 anciently worshiped near ,cape ,comorin1 the southerly part of the ,peninsula of ,india1 had the same history4 ,it was attempted to destroy him in infancy by a tyrant who was afterward killed by him4 ,most of the other circumstances1 with slight variations1 are the same as those told of ,crishna and ,jesus4#afg3g ,buddha's life was also in danger when an infant4 ,in the southern country of ,magadha1 there lived a king by the name of ,bimbasara1 who1 being fearful of some enemy arising that might overturn his kingdom1 frequently assembled his principal ministers together to hold discussion with them on the subject4 ,on one of these occasions they told him that away to the north there was a respectable tribe of people called the ,skyas1 and that belonging to this race there was a youth newly-born1 the first-begotten of his mother1 c4 ,this youth1 who was ,buddha1 they said was liable to overturn him1 they therefore advised him to at once raise an army and destroy the child4#afh3a ,in the chronicles of the ,east ,mongols1 the same tale is to be found repeated in the following story3 ,a certain king of a people called ,patsala1 had a son whose peculiar appearance led the ,brahmins at court to prophesy that he would bring evil upon his father1 and to advise his destruction4 ,various modes of execution having failed1 the boy was laid in a copper chest and thrown into the ,ganges4 ,rescued by an old peasant who brought him up as his son1 he1 in due time1 learned the story of his escape1 and returned to seize upon the kingdom destined for him from his birth4#afh3b ,hau-ki1 the ,chinese hero of supernatural origin1 was exposed in infancy1 as the ,shih-king says3 ,he was placed in a narrow lane1 but the sheep and oxen protected him with loving care4 ,he was placed in a wide forest1 where he was met with by the wood-cutters4 ,he was placed on the cold ice1 and a bird screened and supported him with its wings1 c4#afh3c ,mr4 ,legge draws a comparison with this to the ,roman legend of ,romulus4 ,horus1 according to the ,egyptian story1 was born in the winter1 and brought up secretly in the ,isle of ,buto1 for fear of ,typhon1 who sought his life4 ,typhon at first schemed to prevent his birth and then sought to destroy him when born4#afh3d ,within historical times1 ,cyrus1 king of ,persia 7#fth cent4 ,b4 ,c471 is the hero of a similar tale4 ,his grandfather1 ,astyages1 had dreamed certain dreams which were interpreted by the ,magi to mean that the offspring of his daughter ,mandane would expel him from his kingdom4 ,alarmed at the prophecy1 he handed the child to his kinsman ,harpagos to be slain2 but this man having entrusted it to a shepherd to be exposed1 the latter contrived to save it by exhibiting to the emissaries of ,harpagos the body of a still-born child of which his own wife had just been delivered4 ,grown to man's estate ,cyrus of course justified the prediction of the ,magi by his successful revolt against ,astyages and assumption of the monarchy4 ,herodotus1 the ,grecian ,historian 7,b4 ,c4 #dhd71 relates that ,astyages1 in a vision1 appeared to see a vine grow up from ,mandane's womb1 which covered all ,asia4 ,having seen this and communicated it to the interpreters of dreams1 he put her under guard1 resolving to destroy whatever should be born of her2 for the ,magian interpreters had signified to him from his vision that the child born of ,mandane would reign in his stead4 ,astyages therefore1 guarding against this1 as soon as ,cyrus was born sought to have him destroyed4 ,the story of his exposure on the mountain1 and his subsequent good fortune1 is then related4#afi3a ,abraham was also a dangerous child4 ,at the time of his birth1 ,nimrod1 king of ,babylon1 was informed by his soothsayers that a child should be born in ,babylonia1 who would shortly become a great prince1 and that he had reason to fear him4 ,the result of this was that ,nimrod then issued orders that all women with child should be guarded with great care1 and all children born of them should be put to death4#afi3b ,the mother of ,abraham was at that time with child1 but1 of course1 he escaped from being put to death1 although many children were slaughtered4 ,zoroaster1 the chief of the religion of the ,magi1 was a dangerous child4 ,prodigies had announced his birth2 he was exposed to dangers from the time of his infancy1 and was obliged to fly into ,persia1 like ,jesus into ,egypt4 ,like him1 he was pursued by a king1 his enemy1 who wanted to get rid of him4#afi3c ,his mother had alarming dreams of evil spirits seeking to destroy the child to whom she was about to give birth4 ,but a good spirit came to comfort her and said3 ,fear nothing6 ,ormuzd will protect this infant4 ,he has sent him as a prophet to the people4 ,the world is waiting for him4#afi3d ,perseus1 son of the ,virgin ,danae1 was also a dangerous child4 ,acrisius1 king of ,argos1 being told by the oracle that a son born of his virgin daughter would destroy him1 immured his daughter ,danae in a tower1 where no man could approach her1 and by this means hoped to keep his daughter from becoming enceinte4 ,the god ,jupiter1 however1 visited her there1 as it is related of the ,angel ,gabriel visiting the ,virgin ,mary1#agj3a the result of which was that she bore a son--,perseus4 ,acrisius1 on hearing of his daughter's disgrace1 caused both her and the infant to be shut up in a chest and cast into the sea4 ,they were discovered by one ,dictys1 and liberated from what must have been anything but a pleasant position4#agj3b sculapius1 when an infant1 was exposed on the ,mount of ,myrtles1 and left there to die1 but escaped the death which was intended for him1 having been found and cared for by shepherds4#agj3c ,hercules1 son of the virgin ,leto1 was left to die on a plain1 but was found and rescued by a maiden4#agj3d ,o,edipous was a dangerous child4 ,laios1 ,king of ,thebes1 having been told by the ,delphic ,oracle that ,o,edipous would be his destroyer1 no sooner is ,o,edipous born than the decree goes forth that the child must be slain3 but the servant to whom he is intrusted contents himself with exposing the babe on the slopes of ,mount ,kithairon1 where a shepherd finds him1 and carries him1 like ,cyrus or ,romulus1 to his wife1 who cherishes the child with a mother's care4#agj3e ,the ,theban myth of ,o,edipous is repeated substantially in the ,arcadian tradition of ,telephos4 ,he is exposed1 when a babe1 on ,mount ,parthenon1 and is suckled by a doe1 which represents the wolf in the myth of ,romulus1 and the dog of the ,persian story of ,cyrus4 ,like ,moses1 he is brought up in the palace of a king4#agj3f ,as we read the story of ,telephos1 we can scarcely fail to think of the story of the ,trojan ,paris1 for1 like ,telephos1 ,paris is exposed as a babe on the mountain-side4#agj3g ,before he is born1 there are portents of the ruin which he is to bring upon his house and people4 ,priam1 the ruling monarch1 therefore decrees that the child shall be left to die on the hill-side4 ,but the babe lies on the slopes of ,ida and is nourished by a she-bear4 ,he is fostered1 like ,crishna and others1 by shepherds1 among whom he grows up4#agj3h ,iamos was left to die among the bushes and violets4 ,aipytos1 the chieftain of ,phaisana1 had learned at ,delphi that a child had been born who should become the greatest of all the seers and prophets of the earth1 and he asked all his people where the babe was3 but none had heard or seen him1 for he lay away amid the thick bushes1 with his soft body bathed in the golden and pure rays of the violets4 ,so when he was found1 they called him ,iamos1 the violet child2 and as he grew in years and strength1 he went down into the ,alpheian stream1 and prayed to his father that he would glorify his son4 ,then the voice of ,zeus was heard1 bidding him come to the heights of ,olympus1 where he should receive the gift of prophecy4#aga3a ,chandragupta was also a dangerous child4 ,he is exposed to great dangers in his infancy at the hands of a tributary chief who has defeated and slain his suzerain4 ,his mother1 relinquishing him to the protection of the ,devas1 places him in a vase1 and deposits him at the door of a cattle pen4 ,a herdsman takes the child and rears it as his own4#aga3b ,jason is another hero of the same kind4 ,pelias1 the chief of ,iolkos1 had been told that one of the children of ,aiolos would be his destroyer1 and decreed1 therefore1 that all should be slain4 ,jason only is preserved1 and brought up by ,cheiron4#aga3c ,bacchus1 son of the virgin ,semele1 was destined to bring ruin upon ,cadmus1 ,king of ,thebes1 who therefore orders the infant to be put into a chest and thrown into a river4 ,he is found1 and taken from the water by loving hands1 and lives to fulfill his mission4#aga3d ,herodotus relates a similar story1 which is as follows3 ,the constitution of the ,corinthians was formerly of this kind2 it was an oligarchy1 7a government in the hands of a selected few71 and those who were called ,bacchiad governed the city4 ,about this time one ,eetion1 who had been married to a maiden called ,labda1 and having no children by her1 went to ,delphi to inquire of the oracle about having offspring4 ,upon entering the temple he was immediately saluted as follows2 ',eetion1 no one honors thee1 though worthy of much honor4 ,labda is pregnant and will bring forth a round stone2 it will fall on monarchs1 and vindicate ,corinth4' ,this oracle1 pronounced to ,eetion1 was by chance reported to the ,bacchiad1 who well knew that it prophesied the birth of a son to ,eetion who would overthrow them1 and reign in their stead2 and though they comprehended1 they kept it secret1 purposing to destroy the offspring that should be born to ,eetion4 ,as soon as the woman brought forth1 they sent ten persons to the district where ,eetion lived1 to put the child to death2 but1 the child1 by a divine providence1 was saved4 ,his mother hid him in a chest1 and as they could not find the child they resolved to depart1 and tell those who sent them that they had done all that they had commanded4 ,after this1 ,eetion's son grew up1 and having escaped this danger1 the name of ,cypselus was given him1 from the chest4 ,when ,cypselus reached man's estate1 and consulted the oracle1 an ambiguous answer was given him at ,delphi2 relying on which he attacked and got possession of ,corinth4#aga3e ,romulus and ,remus1 the founders of ,rome1 were exposed on the banks of the ,tiber1 when infants1 and left there to die1 but escaped the death intended for them4 ,the story of the dangerous child was well known in ancient ,rome1 and several of their emperors1 so it is said1 were threatened with death at their birth1 or when mere infants4 ,julius ,marathus1 in his life of the ,emperor ,augustus ,csar1 says that before his birth there was a prophecy in ,rome that a king over the ,roman people would soon be born4 ,to obviate this danger to the republic1 the ,senate ordered that all the male children born in that year should be abandoned or exposed4#agb3a ,the flight of the virgin-mother with her babe is also illustrated in the story of ,astrea when beset by ,orion1 and of ,latona1 the mother of ,apollo1 when pursued by the monster4#agb3b ,it is simply the same old story1 over and over again4 ,someone has predicted that a child born at a certain time shall be great1 he is therefore a dangerous child1 and the reigning monarch1 or some other interested party1 attempts to have the child destroyed1 but he invariably escapes and grows to manhood1 and generally accomplishes the purpose for which he was intended4 ,this almost universal mythos was added to the fictitious history of ,jesus by its fictitious authors1 who have made him escape in his infancy from the reigning tyrant with the usual good fortune4 ,when a marvellous occurrence is said to have happened everywhere1 we may feel sure that it never happened anywhere4 ,popular fancies propagate themselves indefinitely1 but historical events1 especially the striking and dramatic ones1 are rarely repeated4 ,that this is a fictitious story is seen from the narratives of the birth of ,jesus1 which are recorded by the first and third ,gospel writers1 without any other evidence4 ,in the one--that related by the ,matthew narrator--we have a birth at ,bethlehem--implying the ordinary residence of the parents there--and a hurried flight--almost immediately after the birth--from that place into ,egypt1#agb3c the slaughter of the infants1 and a journey1 after many months1 from ,egypt to ,nazareth in ,galilee4 ,in the other story--that told by the ,luke narrator--the parents1 who have lived in ,nazareth1 came to ,bethlehem only for business of the ,state1 and the casual birth in the cave or stable is followed by a quiet sojourn1 during which the child is circumcised1 and by a leisurely journey to ,jerusalem2 whence1 everything having gone off peaceably and happily1 they return naturally to their own former place of abode1 full1 it is said over and over again1 of wonder at the things that had happened1 and deeply impressed with the conviction that their child had a special work to do1 and was specially gifted for it4 ,there is no fear of ,herod1 who seems never to trouble himself about the child1 or even to have any knowledge of him4 ,there is no trouble or misery at ,bethlehem1 and certainly no mourning for children slain4 ,far from flying hurriedly away by night1 his parents celebrate openly1 and at the usual time1 the circumcision of the child2 and when he is presented in the temple1 there is not only no sign that enemies seek his life1 but the devout saints give public thanks for the manifestation of the ,saviour4 ,dr4 ,hooykaas1 speaking of the slaughter of the innocents1 says3 ,antiquity in general delighted in representing great men1 such as ,romulus1 ,cyrus1 and many more1 as having been threatened in their childhood by fearful dangers4 ,this served to bring into clear relief both the lofty significance of their future lives1 and the special protection of the deity who watched over them4 ,the brow of many a theologian has been bent over this 7,matthew7 narrative6 ,for1 as long as people believed in the miraculous inspiration of the ,holy ,scriptures1 of course they accepted every page as literally true1 and thought that there could not be any contradiction between the different accounts or representations of ,scripture4 ,the worst of all such pre-conceived ideas is1 that they compel those who hold them to do violence to their own sense of truth4 ,for when these so-called religious prejudices come into play1 people are afraid to call things by their right names1 and1 without knowing it themselves1 become guilty of all kinds of evasive and arbitrary practices2 for what would be thought quite unjustifiable in any other case is here considered a duty1 inasmuch as it is supposed to tend toward the maintenance of faith and the glory of ,god6#agc3a ,as we stated above1 this story is to be found in the fictitious gospel according to ,matthew only2 contemporary history has nowhere recorded this audacious crime4 ,it is mentioned neither by ,jewish nor ,roman historians4 ,tacitus1 who has stamped forever the crimes of despots with the brand of reprobation1 it would seem then1 did not think such infamies worthy of his condemnation4 ,josephus also1 who gives us a minute account of the atrocities perpetrated by ,herod up to even the very last moment of his life1 does not say a single word about this unheard-of crime1 which must have been so notorious4 ,surely he must have known of it1 and must have mentioned it1 had it ever been committed4 ,we can readily imagine the ,pagans1 says ,mr4 ,reber1 who composed the learned and intelligent men of their day1 at work in exposing the story of ,herod's cruelty1 by showing that1 considering the extent of territory embraced in the order1 and the population within it1 the assumed destruction of life stamped the story false and ridiculous4 ,a governor of a ,roman province who dared make such an order would be so speedily overtaken by the vengeance of the ,roman people1 that his head would fall from his body before the blood of his victims had time to dry4 ,archelaus1 his son1 was deposed for offenses not to be spoken of when compared with this massacre of the infants4 ,no wonder that there is no trace at all in the ,roman catacombs1 nor in ,christian art1 of this fictitious story1 until about the beginning of the fifth century4#agd3a ,never would ,herod dared to have taken upon himself the odium and responsibility of such a sacrifice4 ,such a crime could never have happened at the epoch of its professed perpetration4 ,to such lengths were the early ,fathers led1 by the servile adaptation of the ancient traditions of the ,east1 they required a second edition of the tyrant ,kansa1 and their holy wrath fell upon ,herod4 ,the ,apostles of ,jesus counted too much upon human credulity1 they trusted too much that the future might not unravel their maneuvers1 the sanctity of their object made them too reckless4 ,they destroyed all the evidence against themselves which they could lay their hands upon1 but they did not destroy it all4 ,,footnotes3 #aff3a ,a heavenly voice whispered to the foster-father of ,jesus1 and told him to fly with the child into ,egypt1 which was immediately done4 7,see ,matthew1 ii4 #ac47 #aff3b ,life and ,relig4 of the ,hindoos1 p4 #acd4 #aff3c ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #abi4 ,see also1 ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acd1 and ,maurice3 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cca4 #aff3d ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bgc and #bei4 #afg3a ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #fa4 #afg3b ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 #acj1 #ac-1 and ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aab1 #aac1 and vol4 iii4 pp4 #de1 #ie4 #afg3c ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 #afg3d ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei4 #afg3e ,farrar's ,life of ,christ1 p4 #eh4 #afg3f ,see ,introduction to ,gospel of ,infancy1 ,apoc4 #afg3g ,see vol4 x4 ,asiatic ,researches4 #afh3a ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd4 #afh3b ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #bbi4 #afh3c ,the ,shih-king4 ,decade ii1 ode #a4 #afh3d ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 pp4 #aeh and #ahf4 #afi3a ,herodotus1 bk4 #a1 ch4 #aaj4 #afi3b ,calmet's ,fragments1 art4 ,abraham4 #afi3c ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bdj4 #afi3d ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 ,religions of ,persia4 #agj3a ,in the ,apocryphal ,gospel of the ,birth of ,mary and ,protevangelion4 #agj3b ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #i4 ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eh1 and ,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #afa4 #agj3c ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cd4 #agj3d ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dd4 #agj3e ,ibid4 p4 #fi1 and ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 xlii4 #agj3f ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ad4 #agj3g ,ibid4 p4 #ge4 #agj3h ,ibid4 p4 #gh4 #aga3a ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho4 ii4 p4 #ha4 #aga3b ,ibid4 p4 #hd4 #aga3c ,ibid4 p4 #aej4 #aga3d ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahh4 ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bif4 #aga3e ,herodotus3 bk4 v4 ch4 #ib4 #agb3a ,see ,farrar's ,life of ,christ1 p4 #fj4 #agb3b ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afh4 #agb3c ,there are no very early examples in ,christian art of the flight of the ,holy ,family into ,egypt4 7,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bhi47 #agc3a ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ga-gd4 #agd3a ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bch4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,the ,,temptation1 ,,and ,,fast ,,of ,,forty ,,days4 ,we are informed by the ,matthew narrator that1 after being baptized by ,john in the river ,jordan1 ,jesus was led by the spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil4 ,and when he had fasted forty days and forty nights1 he was afterward an hungered4 ,and when the tempter came to him he said3 ',if thou be the ,son of ,god1 command that these stones be made bread4' 4 4 4 ,then the devil taketh him up into the holy city1 and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple1 and saith unto him3 ',if thou be the ,son of ,god1 cast thyself down4' 4 4 4 ,again1 the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain1 and showeth him all the kingdoms of the world1 and the glory of them1 and saith unto him3' ,all these things will ,i give thee if thou wilt fall down and worship me4' ,then saith ,jesus unto him1 ',get thee hence1 ,satan3 for it is written1 ,thou shalt worship the ,lord thy ,god1 and him only shalt thou serve4' ,then the devil leaveth him1 and1 behold1 angels came and ministered unto him4#age3a ,this is really a very peculiar story2 it is therefore not to be wondered at that many of the early ,christian ,fathers rejected it as being fabulous1#age3b but this1 according to orthodox teaching1 cannot be done2 because1 in all consistent reason1 we must accept the whole of the inspired autographs or reject the whole1#age3c and1 because1 the very foundations of our faith1 the very basis of our hopes1 the very nearest and dearest of our consolations1 are taken from us1 when one line of that sacred volume1 on which we base everything1 is declared to be untruthful and untrustworthy4#age3d ,the reason why we have this story in the ,new ,testament is because the writer wished to show that ,christ ,jesus was proof against all temptations1 that he too1 as well as ,buddha and others1 could resist the powers of the prince of evil4 ,this ,angel-,messiah was tempted by the devil1 and he fasted for forty-seven days and nights1 without taking an atom of food4#age3e ,the story of ,buddha's temptation1 presented below1 is taken from the ,siamese ,life of ,buddha1 by ,moncure ,d4 ,conway1 and published in his ,sacred ,anthology1 from which we take it4#agf3a ,it is also to be found in the ,fo-pen-hing1#agf3b and other works on ,buddha and ,buddhism4 ,buddha went through a more lengthy and severe trial than did ,jesus1 having been tempted in many different ways4 ,the portion which most resembles that recorded by the ,matthew narrator is the following3 ,the ,grand ,being 7,buddha7 applied himself to practice asceticism of the extremest nature4 ,he ceased to eat 7that is1 he fasted7 and held his breath4 4 4 4 ,then it was that the royal ,mara 7the ,prince of ,evil7 sought occasion to tempt him4 ,pretending compassion1 he said3 ',beware1 ,o ,grand ,being1 your state is pitiable to look on2 you are attenuated beyond measure1 4 4 4 you are practicing this mortification in vain2 ,i can see that you will not live through it4 4 4 4 ,lord1 that art capable of such vast endurance1 go not forth to adopt a religious life1 but return to thy kingdom1 and in seven days thou shalt become the ,emperor of the ,world1 riding over the four great continents4' ,to this the ,grand ,being1 ,buddha1 replied3 ',take heed1 ,o ,mara2 ,i also know that in seven days ,i might gain universal empire1 but ,i desire not such possessions4 ,i know that the pursuit of religion is better than the empire of the world4 ,you1 thinking only of evil lusts1 would force me to leave all beings without guidance into your power4 ,avaunt6 ,get thou away from me6' ,the ,lord 7then7 rode onwards1 intent on his purpose4 ,the skies rained flowers1 and delicious odors pervaded the air4#agf3c ,now1 mark the similarity between these two legends4 ,was ,jesus about beginning to preach when he was tempted by the evil spirit8 ,so was ,buddha about to go forth to adopt a religious life1 when he was tempted by the evil spirit4 ,did ,jesus fast1 and was he afterwards an hungered8 ,so did ,buddha cease to eat1 and was attenuated beyond measure4 ,did the evil spirit take ,jesus and show him all the kingdoms of the world1 which he promised to give him1 provided he did not lead the life he contemplated1 but follow him8 ,so did the evil spirit say to ,buddha3 ,go not forth to adopt a religious life1 and in seven days thou shalt become an emperor of the world4 ,did not ,jesus resist these temptations1 and say unto the evil one1 ,get thee behind me1 ,satan8 ,so did ,buddha resist the temptations1 and said unto the evil one1 ,get thee away from me4 ,after the evil spirit left ,jesus did not angels come and minister unto him8 ,so with ,buddha4 ,after the evil one had left him the skies rained flowers1 and delicious odors pervaded the air4 ,these parallels are too striking to be accidental4 ,zoroaster1 the founder of the religion of the ,persians1 was tempted by the devil1 who made him magnificent promises1 in order to induce him to become his servant and to be dependent on him1 but the temptations were in vain4#agg3a ,his temptation by the devil1 forms the subject of many traditional reports and legends4#agg3b ,quetzalcoatle1 the virgin-born ,mexican ,saviour1 was also tempted by the devil1 and the forty days' fast was found among them4#agg3c ,fasting and self-denial were observances practiced by all nations of antiquity4 ,the ,hindoos have days set apart for fasting on many different occasions throughout the year1 one of which is when the birth-day of their ,lord and ,saviour ,crishna is celebrated4 ,on this occasion1 the day is spent in fasting and worship4 ,they abstain entirely from food and drink for more than thirty hours1 at the end of which ,crishna's image is worshiped1 and the story of his miraculous birth is read to his hungry worshipers4#agg3d ,among the ancient ,egyptians1 there were times when the priests submitted to abstinence of the most severe description1 being forbidden to eat even bread1 and at other times they only ate it mingled with hyssop4 ,the priests in ,heliopolis1 says ,plutarch1 have many fasts1 during which they meditate on divine things4#agg3e ,among the ,sabians1 fasting was insisted on as an essential act of religion4 ,during the month ,tammuz1 they were in the habit of fasting from sunrise to sunset1 without allowing a morsel of food or drop of liquid to pass their lips4#agg3f ,the ,jews also had their fasts1 and on special occasions they gave themselves up to prolonged fasts and mortifications4 ,fasting and self-denial were observances required of the ,greeks who desired initiation into the ,mysteries4 ,abstinence from food1 chastity and hard couches prepared the neophyte1 who broke his fast on the third and fourth day only1 on consecrated food4#agg3g ,the same practice was found among the ancient ,mexicans and ,peruvians4 ,acosta1 speaking of them1 says3 ,these priests and religious men used great fastings1 of five and ten days together1 before any of their great feasts1 and they were unto them as our four ember weeks4 4 4 4 ,they drank no wine1 and slept little1 for the greatest part of their exercises 7of penance7 were at night1 committing great cruelties and martyring themselves for the devil1 and all to be reputed great fasters and penitents4#agh3a ,in regard to the number of days which ,jesus is said to have fasted being specified as forty1 this is simply owing to the fact that the number forty as well as seven was a sacred one among most nations of antiquity1 particularly among the ,jews1 and because others had fasted that number of days4 ,for instance2 it is related#agh3b that ,moses went up into a mountain1 and he was there with the ,lord forty days and forty nights1 and he did neither eat bread1 nor drink water1 which is to say that he fasted4 ,in ,deuteronomy#agh3c ,moses is made to say--for he did not write it1 ,when ,i was gone up into the mount to receive the tables of stone1 4 4 4 then ,i abode in the mount forty days and forty nights1 ,i neither did eat bread nor drink water4 ,elijah also had a long fast1 which1 of course1 was continued for a period of forty days and forty nights4#agh3d ,st4 ,joachim1 father of the ever-blessed ,virgin ,mary1 had a long fast1 which was also continued for a period of forty days and forty nights4 ,the story is to be found in the apocryphal gospel ,protevangelion4#agh3e ,the ancient ,persians had a religious festival which they annually celebrated1 and which they called the ,salutation of ,mithras4 ,during this festival1 forty days were set apart for thanksgiving and sacrifice4#agh3f ,the forty days' fast was found in the ,new ,world4 ,godfrey ,higgins tells us that3 ,the ancient ,mexicans had a forty days' fast1 in memory of one of their sacred persons 7,quetzalcoatle7 who was tempted 7and fasted7 forty days on a mountain4#agh3g ,lord ,kingsborough says3 ,the temptation of ,quetzalcoatle1 and the fast of forty days1 4 4 4 are very curious and mysterious4#agh3h ,the ancient ,mexicans were also in the habit of making their prisoners of war fast for a term of forty days before they were put to death4#agi3a ,mr4 ,bonwick says3 ,the ,spaniards were surprised to see the ,mexicans keep the vernal forty days' fast4 ,the ,tammuz month of ,syria was in the spring4 ,the forty days were kept for ,proserpine4 ,thus does history repeat itself4#agi3b ,the ,spanish monks accounted for what ,lord ,kingsborough calls very curious and mysterious circumstances1 by the agency of the devil1 and burned all the books containing them1 whenever it was in their power4 ,the forty days' fast was also found among some of the ,indian tribes in the ,new ,world4 ,dr4 ,daniel ,brinton tells us that the females of the ,orinoco tribes fasted forty days before marriage1#agi3c and ,prof4 ,max ,mller informs us that it was customary for some of the females of the ,south ,american tribes of ,indians to fast before and after the birth of a child1 and that1 among the ,carib-,coudave tribe1 in the ,west ,indies1 when a child is born the mother goes presently to work1 but the father begins to complain1 and takes to his hammock1 and there he is visited as though he were sick4 ,he then fasts for forty days4#agi3d ,the females belonging to the tribes of the ,upper ,mississippi1 were held unclean for forty days after childbirth4#agi3e ,the prince of the ,tezcuca tribes fasted forty days when he wished an heir to his throne1 and the ,mandanas supposed it required forty days and forty nights to wash clean the earth at the deluge4#agi3f ,the number forty is to be found in a great many instances in the ,old ,testament2 for instance1 at the end of forty days ,noah sent out a raven from the ark4#agi3g ,isaac and ,esau were each forty years old when they married4#agi3h ,forty days were fulfilled for the embalming of ,jacob4#agi3i ,the spies were forty days in search of the land of ,canaan4#agi3aj ,the ,israelites wandered forty years in the wilderness4#agi3aa ,the land had rest forty years on three occasions4#agi3ab ,the land was delivered into the hand of the ,philistines forty years4#agi3ac ,eli judged ,israel forty years4#agi3ad ,king ,david reigned forty years4#agi3ae ,king ,solomon reigned forty years4#ahj3a ,goliath presented himself forty days4#ahj3b ,the rain was upon the earth forty days at the time of the deluge4#ahj3c ,and1 as we saw above1 ,moses was on the mount forty days and forty nights on each occasion4#ahj3d ,can anything be more mythological than this8 ,the number forty was used by the ancients in constructing temples4 ,there were forty pillars around the temple of ,chilminar1 in ,persia2 the temple at ,baalbec had forty pillars2 on the frontiers of ,china1 in ,tartary1 there is to be seen the ,temple of the forty pillars4 ,forty is one of the most common numbers in the ,druidical temples1 and in the plan of the temple of ,ezekiel1 the four oblong buildings in the middle of the courts have each forty pillars4#ahj3e ,most temples of antiquity were imitative--were microcosms of the ,celestial ,templum--and on this account they were surrounded with pillars recording astronomical subjects1 and intended both to do honor to these subjects1 and to keep them in perpetual remembrance4 ,in the ,abury temples were to be seen the cycles of #fej-fjh-fjj-fj-dj-cj-ai-ab1 etc4#ahj3f ,,footnotes3 #age3a ,matthew1 iv4 #a-aa4 #age3b ,see ,lardner's ,works1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dia4 #age3c ,words of the ,rev4 ,e4 ,garbett1 ,m4 ,a41 in a sermon preached before the ,university of ,oxford1 ,england4 #age3d ,the ,bishop of ,manchester 7,england71 in the ,manchester ,examiner and ,times4 #age3e ,see ,lillie's ,buddhism1 p4 #ajj4 #agf3a ,pp4 #dd and #agb1 #agc4 #agf3b ,translated by ,prof4 ,samuel ,beal4 #agf3c ,see also ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #ch1 #ci4 ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 xxviii41 xxix41 and #aij1 and ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,legends1 p4 xvii4 #agg3a ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bdj4 #agg3b ,chambers's ,encyclo4 art4 ,zoroaster4 #agg3c ,see ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bjj4 #agg3d ,life and ,relig4 of the ,hindoos1 p4 #acd4 #agg3e ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cda4 #agg3f ,ibid4 #agg3g ,ibid4 p4 #cdj4 #agh3a ,acosta3 ,hist4 ,indies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cci4 #agh3b ,exodus1 xxiv4 #bh4 #agh3c ,deut4 ix4 #ah4 #agh3d #a ,kings1 xix4 #h4 #agh3e ,chapter i4 #agh3f ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgb4 #agh3g ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #agh3h ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #aig-bjj4 #agi3a ,see ,kingsborough's ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bbc4 #agi3b ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #cgj4 #agi3c ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #id4 #agi3d ,max ,mller's ,chips1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgi4 #agi3e ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #id4 #agi3f ,ibid4 ,according to ,genesis1 vii4 #ab1 the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights at the time of the flood4 #agi3g ,genesis1 viii4 #f4 #agi3h ,gen4 xxv4 #bj-xxvi4 #cd4 #agi3i ,gen4 i4 #c4 #agi3aj ,numbers1 xiii4 #be4 #agi3aa ,numbers1 xiii4 #ac4 #agi3ab ,jud4 iii4 #aa2 v4 #ca2 viii4 #bh4 #agi3ac ,jud4 xiii4 #a4 #agi3ad ,i4 ,samuel1 iv4 #ah4 #agi3ae ,i4 ,kings1 ii4 #aa4 #ahj3a ,i4 ,kings1 xi4 #db4 #ahj3b ,i4 ,samuel1 xvii4 #af4 #ahj3c ,gen4 vii4 #ab4 #ahj3d ,exodus1 xxiv4 #ah-xxxiv4 #bh4 #ahj3e ,see ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #gih2 vol4 ii4 p4 #djb4 #ahj3f ,see ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #gjh4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,the ,,crucifixion ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus4 ,the punishment of an individual by crucifixion1 for claiming to be ,king of the ,jews1 ,son of ,god1 or ,the ,christ2 which are the causes assigned by the ,evangelists for the ,crucifixion of ,jesus1 would need but a passing glance in our inquiry1 were it not for the fact that there is much attached to it of a dogmatic and heathenish nature1 which demands considerably more than a passing glance4 ,the doctrine of atonement for sin had been preached long before the doctrine was deduced from the ,christian ,scriptures1 long before these ,scriptures are pretended to have been written4 ,before the period assigned for the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 the poet ,ovid had assailed the demoralizing delusion with the most powerful shafts of philosophic scorn3 ,when thou thyself art guilty1 says he1 why should a victim die for thee8 ,what folly it is to expect salvation from the death of another4 ,the idea of expiation by the sacrifice of a god was to be found among the ,hindoos even in ,vedic times4 ,the sacrificer was mystically identified with the victim1 which was regarded as the ransom for sin1 and the instrument of its annulment4 ,the ,rig-,veda represents the gods as sacrificing ,purusha1 the primeval male1 supposed to be coeval with the ,creator4 ,this idea is even more remarkably developed in the ,tandya-brahmanas1 thus3 ,the lord of creatures 7praja-pati7 offered himself a sacrifice for the gods4 ,and again1 in the ,satapatha-brahmana3 ,he who1 knowing this1 sacrifices the ,purusha-medha1 or sacrifice of the primeval male1 becomes everything4#aha3a ,prof4 ,monier ,williams1 from whose work on ,hindooism we quote the above1 says3 ,surely1 in these mystical allusions to the sacrifice of a representative man1 we may perceive traces of the original institution of sacrifice as a divinely-appointed ordinance typical of the one great sacrifice of the ,son of ,god for the sins of the world4#ahb3a ,this idea of redemption from sin through the sufferings and death of a ,divine ,incarnate ,saviour1 is simply the crowning-point of the idea entertained by primitive man that the gods demanded a sacrifice of some kind1 to atone for some sin1 or avert some calamity4 ,in primitive ages1 when men lived mostly on vegetables1 they offered only grain1 water1 salt1 fruit1 and flowers to the gods1 to propitiate them and thereby obtain temporal blessings4 ,but when they began to eat meat and spices1 and drink wine1 they offered the same2 naturally supposing the deities would be pleased with whatever was useful or agreeable to themselves4 ,they imagined that some gods were partial to animals1 others to fruits1 flowers1 etc4 ,to the celestial gods they offered white victims at sunrise1 or at open day4 ,to the infernal deities they sacrificed black animals in the night4 ,each god had some creature peculiarly devoted to his worship4 ,they sacrificed a bull to ,mars1 a dove to ,venus1 and to ,minerva1 a heifer without blemish1 which had never been put to the yoke4 ,if a man was too poor to sacrifice a living animal1 he offered an image of one made of bread4 ,in the course of time1 it began to be imagined that the gods demanded something more sacred as offerings or atonements for sin4 ,this led to the sacrifice of human beings1 principally slaves and those taken in war1 then1 their own children1 even their most beloved first-born4 ,it came to be an idea that every sin must have its prescribed amount of punishment1 and that the gods would accept the life of one person as atonement for the sins of others4 ,this idea prevailed even in ,greece and ,rome3 but there it mainly took the form of heroic self-sacrifice for the public good4 ,cicero says3 ,the force of religion was so great among our ancestors1 that some of their commanders have1 with their faces veiled1 and with the strongest expressions of sincerity1 sacrificed themselves to the immortal gods to save their country4#ahb3b ,in ,egypt1 offerings of human sacrifices1 for the atonement of sin1 became so general that if the eldest born of the family of ,athamas entered the temple of the ,laphystan ,jupiter at ,alos in ,achaia1 he was sacrificed1 crowned with garlands like an animal victim4#ahb3c ,when the ,egyptian priests offered up a sacrifice to the gods1 they pronounced the following imprecations on the head of the victim3 ,if any evil is about to befall either those who now sacrifice1 or ,egypt in general1 may it be averted on this head4#ahc3a ,this idea of atonement finally resulted in the belief that the incarnate ,christ1 the ,anointed1 the ,god among us1 was to save mankind from a curse by ,god imposed4 ,man had sinned1 and ,god could not and did not forgive without a propitiatory sacrifice4 ,the curse of ,god must be removed from the sinful1 and the sinless must bear the load of that curse4 ,it was asserted that divine justice required ,,blood4#ahc3b ,the belief of redemption from sin by the sufferings of a ,divine ,incarnation1 whether by death on the cross or otherwise1 was general and popular among the heathen1 centuries before the time of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 and this dogma1 no matter how sacred it may have become1 or how consoling it may be1 must fall along with the rest of the material of which the ,christian church is built4 ,julius ,firmicius1 referring to this popular belief among the ,pagans1 says3 ,the devil has his ,christs4#ahc3c ,this was the general off-hand manner in which the ,christian ,fathers disposed of such matters4 ,everything in the religion of the ,pagans which corresponded to their religion was of the devil4 ,most ,protestant divines have resorted to the type theory1 of which we shall speak anon4 ,as we have done heretofore in our inquiries1 we will first turn to ,india1 where we shall find1 in the words of ,m4 l',abb ,huc1 that the idea of redemption by a divine incarnation1 who came into the world for the express purpose of redeeming mankind1 was general and popular4#ahc3d ,a sense of original corruption1 says ,prof4 ,monier ,williams1 seems to be felt by all classes of ,hindoos1 as indicated by the following prayer used after the ,gayatri by some ,vaishnavas3 ',i am sinful1 ,i commit sin1 my nature is sinful1 ,i am conceived in sin4 ,save me1 ,o thou lotus-eyed ,heri 7,saviour71 the remover of sin4'#ahd3a ,moreover1 the doctrine of bhakti 7salvation by faith7 existed among the ,hindoos from the earliest times4#ahd3b ,crishna1 the virgin-born1 the ,divine ,vishnu himself1#ahd3c he who is without beginning1 middle or end1#ahd3d being moved to relieve the earth of her load1#ahd3e came upon earth and redeemed man by his sufferings--to save him4 ,the accounts of the deaths of most all the virgin-born ,saviours of whom we shall speak1 are conflicting4 ,it is stated in one place that such an one died in such a manner1 and in another place we may find it stated altogether differently4 ,even the accounts of the death of ,jesus1 as we shall hereafter see1 are conflicting2 therefore1 until the chapter on ,explanation is read1 these myths cannot really be thoroughly understood4 ,as the ,rev4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,cox remarks1 in his ,aryan ,mythology1 ,crishna is described1 in one of his aspects1 as a self-sacrificing and unselfish hero1 a being who is filled with divine wisdom and love1 who offers up a sacrifice which he alone can make4#ahd3f ,the ,vishnu ,purana#ahd3g speaks of ,crishna being shot in the foot with an arrow1 and states that this was the cause of his death4 ,other accounts1 however1 state that he was suspended on a tree1 or in other words1 crucified4 ,mons4 ,guigniaut1 in his ,religion de l',antiquit says3 ,the death of ,crishna is very differently related4 ,one remarkable and convincing tradition makes him perish on a tree1 to which he was nailed by the stroke of an arrow4#ahd3h ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy alludes to this passage of ,guigniaut's in his ,monumental ,christianity1 and translates the passage un bois fatal 7see note below7 a cross4 ,although we do not think he is justified in doing this1 as ,m4 ,guigniaut has distinctly stated that this bois fatal 7which is applied to a gibbet1 a cross1 a scaffold1 etc47 was un arbre 7a tree71 yet1 he is justified in doing so on other accounts1 for we find that ,crishna is represented hanging on a cross1 and we know that a cross was frequently called the accursed tree4 ,it was an ancient custom to use trees as gibbets for crucifixion1 or1 if artificial1 to call the cross a tree4#ahe3a ,a writer in ,deuteronomy#ahe3b speaks of hanging criminals upon a tree1 as though it was a general custom1 and says3 ,he that is hanged 7on a tree7 is accursed of ,god4 ,and ,paul undoubtedly refers to this text when he says3 ,christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law1 being made a curse for us2 for it is written1 ',cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree4'#ahe3c ,it is evident1 then1 that to be hung on a cross was anciently called hanging on a tree1 and to be hung on a tree was called crucifixion4 ,we may therefore conclude from this1 and from what we shall now see1 that ,crishna was said to have been crucified4 ,in the earlier copies of ,moor's ,hindu ,pantheon1 is to be seen representations of ,crishna 7as ,wittoba71#ahe3d with marks of holes in both feet1 and in others1 of holes in the hands4 ,in ,figures #d and #e of ,plate #aa 7,moor's work71 the figures have nail-holes in both feet4 ,figure #f has a round hole in the side2 to his collar or shirt hangs the emblem of a heart 7which we often see in pictures of ,christ ,jesus7 and on his head he has a ,yoni-,linga 7which we do not see in pictures of ,christ ,jesus47 ,our ,figure ,no4 #g 7next page71 is a pre-,christian crucifix of ,asiatic origin1#ahe3e evidently intended to represent ,crishna crucified4 ,figure ,no4 #h we can speak more positively of1 it is surely ,crishna crucified4 ,it is unlike any ,christian crucifix ever made1 and1 with that described above with the ,yoni-,linga attached to the head1 would probably not be claimed as such4 ,instead of the crown of thorns usually put on the head of the ,christian ,saviour1 it has the turreted coronet of the ,ephesian ,diana1 the ankles are tied together by a cord1 and the dress about the loins is exactly the style with which ,crishna is almost always represented4#ahe3f ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy1 speaking of the ,christian crucifix1 says3 ,i object to the crucifix because it is an image1 and liable to gross abuse1 just as the old ,hindoo crucifix was an idol4#ahf3a ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #g ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #h ,and ,dr4 ,inman says3 ,crishna1 whose history so closely resembles our ,lord's1 was also like him in his being crucified4#ahf3b ,the ,evangelist#ahf3c relates that when ,jesus was crucified two others 7malefactors7 were crucified with him1 one of whom1 through his favor1 went to heaven4 ,one of the malefactors reviled him1 but the other said to ,jesus3 ,lord1 remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom4 ,and ,jesus said unto him3 ,verily ,i say unto thee1 to-day shalt thou be with me in paradise4 ,according to the ,vishnu ,purana1 the hunter who shot the arrow at ,crishna afterwards said unto him3 ,have pity upon me1 who am consumed by my crime1 for thou art able to consume me6 ,crishna replied3 ,fear not thou in the least4 ,go1 hunter1 through my favor1 to heaven1 the abode of the gods4 ,as soon as he had thus spoken1 a celestial car appeared1 and the hunter1 ascending it1 forthwith proceeded to heaven4 ,then the illustrious ,crishna1 having united himself with his own pure1 spiritual1 inexhaustible1 inconceivable1 unborn1 undecaying1 imperishable and universal spirit1 which is one with ,vasudeva 7,god71#ahf3d abandoned his mortal body1 and the condition of the threefold equalities4#ahf3e ,one of the titles of ,crishna is ,pardoner of sins1 another is ,liberator from the ,serpent of death4#ahg3a ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #i ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #aj ,the monk ,georgius1 in his ,tibetinum ,alphabetum 7p4 #bjc71 has given plates of a crucified god who was worshiped in ,nepal4 ,these crucifixes were to be seen at the corners of roads and on eminences4 ,he calls it the god ,indra4 ,figures ,no4 #i and ,no4 #aj are taken from this work4 ,they are also different from any ,christian crucifix yet produced4 ,georgius says3 ,if the matter stands as ,beausobre thinks1 then the inhabitants of ,india1 and the ,buddhists1 whose religion is the same as that of the inhabitants of ,thibet1 have received these new portents of fanatics nowhere else than from the ,manicheans4 ,for those nations1 especially in the city of ,nepal1 in the month of ,august1 being about to celebrate the festival days of the god ,indra1 erect crosses1 wreathed with ,abrotono1 to his memory1 everywhere4 ,you have the description of these in letter ,b1 the picture following after2 for ,a is the representation of ,indra himself crucified1 bearing on his forehead1 hands and feet the signs ,telech4#ahg3b ,p4 ,andrada la ,crozius1 one of the first ,europeans who went to ,nepal and ,thibet1 in speaking of the god whom they worshiped there--,indra--tells us that they said he spilt his blood for the salvation of the human race1 and that he was pierced through the body with nails4 ,he further says that1 although they do not say he suffered the penalty of the cross1 yet they find1 nevertheless1 figures of it in their books4#ahh3a ,in regard to ,beausobre's ideas that the religion of ,india is corrupted ,christianity1 obtained from the ,manicheans1 little need be said1 as all scholars of the present day know that the religion of ,india is many centuries older than ,mani or the ,manicheans4#ahh3b ,in the promontory of ,india1 in the ,south1 at ,tanjore1 and in the ,north1 at ,oude or ,ayoudia1 was found the worship of the crucified god ,bal-li4 ,this god1 who was believed to have been an incarnation of ,vishnu1 was represented with holes in his hands and side4#ahh3c ,the incarnate god ,buddha1 although said to have expired peacefully at the foot of a tree1 is nevertheless described as a suffering ,saviour1 who1 when his mind was moved by pity 7for the human race7 gave his life like grass for the sake of others4#ahh3d ,a hymn1 addressed to ,buddha1 says3 ,persecutions without end1 ,revilings and many prisons1 ,death and murder1 ,these hast thou suffered with love and patience 7,to secure the happiness of mankind71 ,forgiving thine executioners4#ahh3e ,he was called the ,great ,physician1#ahh3f the ,saviour of the ,world1#ahh3g the ,blessed ,one1#ahh3h the ,god among ,gods1#ahh3i the ,anointed1 or the ,christ1#ahh3aj the ,messiah1#ahh3aa the ,only ,begotten1#ahh3ab etc4 ,he is described by the author of the ,cambridge ,key#ahh3ac as sacrificing his life to wash away the offenses of mankind1 and thereby to make them partakers of the kingdom of heaven4 ,this induces him to say ,can a ,christian doubt that this ,buddha was the ,,type of the ,saviour of the ,world4#ahi3a ,as a spirit in the fourth heaven1 he resolves to give up all that glory1 in order to be born into the world1 to rescue all men from their misery and every future consequence of it4 ,he vows to deliver all men1 who are left as it were without a ,saviour4#ahi3b ,while in the realms of the blest1 and when about to descend upon earth to be born as man1 he said3 ,i am now about to assume a body2 not for the sake of gaining wealth1 or enjoying the pleasures of sense1 but ,i am about to descend and be born1 among men1 simply to give peace and rest to all flesh2 to remove all sorrow and grief from the world4#ahi3c ,m4 l',abb ,huc says3 ,in the eyes of the ,buddhists1 this personage 7,buddha7 is sometimes a man and sometimes a god1 or rather both one and the other--a divine incarnation1 a man-god--who came into the world to enlighten men1 to redeem them1 and to indicate to them the way of safety4 ,this idea of redemption by a divine incarnation is so general and popular among the ,buddhists1 that during our travels in ,upper ,asia we everywhere found it expressed in a neat formula4 ,if we addressed to a ,mongol or a ,thibetan the question ',who is ,buddha8' he would immediately reply3 ',the ,saviour of ,men6'#ahi3d ,according to ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 ,buddha is reported as saying3 ,let all the sins that were committed in this world fall on me1 that the world may be delivered4#ahi3e ,the ,indians are no strangers to the doctrine of original sin4 ,it is their invariable belief that man is a fallen being2 admitted by them from time immemorial4#ahi3f ,and what we have seen concerning their beliefs in ,crishna and ,buddha unmistakably shows a belief in a divine ,saviour1 who redeems man1 and takes upon himself the sins of the world2 so that ,baddha paid it all1 all to him is due4#ahi3g ,the idea of redemption through the sufferings and death of a ,divine ,saviour1 is to be found even in the ancient religions of ,china4 ,one of their five sacred volumes1 called the ,y-,king1 says1 in speaking of ,tien1 the ,holy ,one3 ,the ,holy ,one will unite in himself all the virtues of heaven and earth4 ,by his justice the world will be re-established in the ways of righteousness4 ,he will labor and suffer much4 ,he must pass the great torrent1 whose waves shall enter into his soul2 but he alone can offer up to the ,lord a sacrifice worthy of him4#aij3a ,an ancient commentator says3 ,the common people sacrifice their lives to gain bread2 the philosophers to gain reputation2 the nobility to perpetuate their families4 ,the ,holy ,one 7,tien7 does not seek himself1 but the good of others4 ,he dies to save the world4#aij3b ,tien1 the ,holy ,one1 is always spoken of as one with ,god1 existing with him from all eternity1 before anything was made4 ,osiris and ,horus1 the ,egyptian virgin-born gods1 suffered death4#aij3c ,mr4 ,bonwick1 speaking of ,osiris1 says3 ,he is one of the ,saviours or deliverers of humanity1 to be found in almost all lands4 ,in his efforts to do good1 he encounters evil2 in struggling with that he is overcome2 he is killed4#aij3d ,alexander ,murray says3 ,the ,egyptian ,saviour ,osiris was gratefully regarded as the great exemplar of self-sacrifice1 in giving his life for others4#aij3e ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilkinson says of him3 ,the sufferings and death of ,osiris were the great ,mystery of the ,egyptian religion1 and some traces of it are perceptible among other peoples of antiquity4 ,his being the ,divine ,goodness1 and the abstract idea of 'good1' his manifestation upon earth 7like a ,hindoo god71 his death and resurrection1 and his office as judge of the dead in a future state1 look like the early revelation of a future manifestation of the deity converted into a mythological fable4#aij3f ,horus was also called ,the ,saviour4 ,as ,horus ,sneb1 he is the ,redeemer4 ,he is the ,lord of ,life and the ,eternal ,one4#aij3g ,he is also called ,the ,only-,begotten4#aij3h ,attys1 who was called the ,only ,begotten ,son#aij3i and ,saviour1 was worshiped by the ,phrygians 7who were regarded as one of the oldest races of ,asia ,minor74 ,he was represented by them as a man tied to a tree1 at the foot of which was a lamb1#aia3a and1 without doubt1 also as a man nailed to the tree1 or stake1 for we find ,lactantius making this ,apollo of ,miletus 7anciently1 the greatest and most flourishing city of ,ionia1 in ,asia ,minor7 say that3 ,he was a mortal according to the flesh2 wise in miraculous works2 but1 being arrested by an armed force by command of the ,chaldean judges1 he suffered a death made bitter with nails and stakes4#aia3b ,in this god of the ,phrygians1 we again have the myth of the crucified ,saviour of ,paganism4 ,by referring to ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art1#aia3c or to illustrations in chapter xl4 this work1 it will be seen that a common mode of representing a crucifixion was that of a man1 tied with cords by the hands and feet1 to an upright beam or stake4 ,the lamb1 spoken of above1 which signifies considerable1 we shall speak of in its proper place4 ,tammuz1 or ,adonis1 the ,syrian and ,jewish ,adonai 7in ,hebrew ,our ,lord71 was another virgin-born god1 who suffered for mankind1 and who had the title of ,saviour4 ,the accounts of his death are conflicting1 just as it is with almost all of the so-called ,saviours of mankind 7including the ,christian ,saviour1 as we shall hereafter see7 one account1 however1 makes him a crucified ,saviour4#aia3d ,it is certain1 however1 that the ancients who honored him as their ,lord and ,saviour1 celebrated1 annually1 a feast in commemoration of his death4 ,an image1 intended as a representation of their ,lord1 was laid on a bed or bier1 and bewailed in mournful ditties--just as the ,roman ,catholics do at the present day in their ,good ,friday mass4 ,during this ceremony the priest murmured3 ,trust ye in your ,lord1 for the pains which he endured1 our salvation have procured4#aia3e ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,parkhurst1 in his ,hebrew ,lexicon1 after referring to what we have just stated above1 says3 ,i find myself obliged to refer ,tammuz to that class of idols which were originally designed to represent the promised ,saviour1 the ,desire of all ,nations4 ,his other name1 ,adonis1 is almost the very ,hebrew ,adoni or ,lord1 a well-known title of ,christ4#aia3f ,prometheus was a crucified ,saviour4 ,he was an immortal god1 a friend of the human race1 who does not shrink even from sacrificing himself for their salvation4#aib3a ,the tragedy of the crucifixion of ,prometheus1 written by schylus1 was acted in ,athens five hundred years before the ,christian ,era1 and is by many considered to be the most ancient dramatic poem now in existence4 ,the plot was derived from materials even at that time of an infinitely remote antiquity4 ,nothing was ever so exquisitely calculated to work upon the feelings of the spectators4 ,no author ever displayed greater powers of poetry1 with equal strength of judgment1 in supporting through the piece the august character of the ,divine ,sufferer4 ,the spectators themselves were unconsciously made a party to the interest of the scene3 its hero was their friend1 their benefactor1 their creator1 and their ,saviour2 his wrongs were incurred in their quarrel--his sorrows were endured for their salvation2 he was wounded for their transgressions1 and bruised for their iniquities2 the chastisement of their peace was upon him1 and by his stripes they were healed2 he was oppressed and afflicted1 yet he opened not his mouth4 ,the majesty of his silence1 whilst the ministers of an offended god were nailing him by the hands and feet to ,mount ,caucasus1#aib3b could be only equaled by the modesty with which he relates1 while hanging with arms extended in the form of a cross1 his services to the human race1 which had brought on him that horrible crucifixion4#aib3c ,none1 save myself1 says he1 opposed his 7,jove's7 will1 ,i dared2 ,and boldly pleading saved them from destruction1 ,saved them from sinking to the realms of night4 ,for this offense ,i bend beneath these pains1 ,dreadful to suffer1 piteous to behold3 ,for mercy to mankind ,i am not deem'd ,worthy of mercy2 but with ruthless hate ,in this uncouth appointment am fix'd here ,a spectacle dishonorable to ,jove4#aib3d ,in the catastrophe of the plot1 his especially professed friend1 ,oceanus1 the ,fisherman--as his name ,petrus indicates1#aic3a--;being unable to prevail on him to make his peace with ,jupiter1 by throwing the cause of human redemption out of his hands1#aic3b forsook him and fled4 ,none remained to be witness of his dying agonies but the chorus of ever-amiable and ever-faithful which also bewailed and lamented him1#aic3c but were unable to subdue his inflexible philanthropy4#aic3d ,in the words of ,justin ,martyr3 ,suffering was common to all the sons of ,jove4 ,they were called the ,slain ,ones1 ,saviours1 ,redeemers1 c4 ,bacchus1 the offspring of ,jupiter and ,semele1#aic3e was called the ,saviour4#aic3f ,he was called the ,only ,begotten ,son1#aic3g the ,slain ,one1#aic3h the ,sin ,bearer1#aic3i the ,redeemer1#aic3aj c4 ,evil having spread itself over the earth1 through the inquisitiveness of ,pandora1 the ,lord of the gods is begged to come to the relief of mankind4 ,jupiter lends a willing ear to the entreaties1 and wishes that his son should be the redeemer of the misfortunes of the world2 ,the ,bacchus ,saviour4 ,he promises to the earth a ,liberator 4 4 ,the universe shall worship him1 and shall praise in songs his blessings4 ,in order to execute his purpose1 ,jupiter overshadows the beautiful young maiden--the virgin ,semele--who becomes the mother of the ,redeemer4#aic3aa ,it is ,i 7says the lord ,bacchus to mankind71 who guides you2 it is ,i who protects you1 and who saves you2 ,i who am ,alpha and ,omega4#aic3ab ,hercules1 the son of ,zeus1 was called ,the ,saviour4#aic3ac ,the words ,hercules the ,saviour were engraven on ancient coins and monuments4#aic3ad ,he was also called ,the ,only ,begotten1 and the ,universal ,word4 ,he was re-absorbed into ,god4 ,he was said by ,ovid to be the ,self-produced1 the ,generator and ,ruler of all things1 and the ,father of time4#aic3ae sculapius was distinguished by the epithet ,the ,saviour4#aid3a ,the temple erected to his memory in the city of ,athens was called3 ,the ,temple of the ,saviour4#aid3b ,apollo was distinguished by the epithet ,the ,saviour4#aid3c ,in a hymn to ,apollo he is called3 ,the willing ,saviour of distressed mankind4#aid3d ,serapis was called ,the ,saviour4#aid3e ,he was considered by ,hadrian1 the ,roman emperor 7#aag-ach ,a4 ,d471 and the ,gentiles1 to be the peculiar god of the ,christians4#aid3f ,a cross was found under the ruins of his temple in ,alexandria in ,egypt4#aid3g ,fig4 ,no4 #aa is a representation of this ,egyptian ,saviour1 taken from ,murray's ,manual of ,mythology4 ,it certainly resembles the pictures of the peculiar ,god of the ,christians4 ,it is very evident that the pictures of ,christ ,jesus1 as we know them to-day1 are simply the pictures of some of the ,pagan gods1 who were1 for certain reasons which we shall speak of in a subsequent chapter1 always represented with long yellow or red hair1 and a florid complexion4 ,if such a person as ,jesus of ,nazareth ever lived in the flesh1 he was undoubtedly a ,jew1 and would therefore have ,jewish features2 this his pictures do not betray4#aid3h ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #aa ,mithras1 who was ,mediator between ,god and man1#aid3i was called ,the ,saviour4 ,he was the peculiar god of the ,persians1 who believed that he had1 by his sufferings1 worked their salvation1 and on this account he was called their ,saviour4#aid3aj ,he was also called ,the ,logos4#aid3aa ,the ,persians believed that they were tainted with original sin1 owing to the fall of their first parents who were tempted by the evil one in the form of a serpent4#aid3ab ,they considered their law-giver ,zoroaster to be also a ,divine ,messenger1 sent to redeem men from their evil ways1 and they always worshiped his memory4 ,to this day his followers mention him with the greatest reverence1 calling him ,the ,immortal ,zoroaster1 ,the ,blessed ,zoroaster1 ,the ,first-,born of the ,eternal ,one1 c4#aie3a ,in the life of ,zoroaster the common mythos is apparent4 ,he was born in innocence1 of an immaculate conception1 of a ray of the ,divine ,reason4 ,as soon as he was born1 the glory arising from his body enlightened the room1 and he laughed at his mother4 ,he was called a ,splendid ,light from the ,tree of ,knowledge1 and1 in fine1 he or his soul was suspensus a lingo1 hung upon a tree1 and this was the ,tree of ,knowledge4#aie3b ,how much this resembles the mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations1 but now is made manifest to his saints4#aie3c ,hermes was called ,the ,saviour4 ,on the altar of ,pepi 7,b4 ,c4 #cejj7 are to be found prayers to ,hermes--,he who is the good ,saviour4#aie3d ,he was also called ,the ,logos4 ,the church fathers1 ,hippolytus1 ,justin ,martyr1 and ,plutarch 7de ,iside et ,osir7 assert that the ,logos is ,hermes4#aie3e ,the term ,logos is ,greek1 and signifies literally ,word4#aie3f ,he was also ,the ,messenger of ,god4#aie3g ,dr4 ,inman says3 ,there are few words which strike more strongly upon the senses of an inquirer into the nature of ancient faiths1 than ,salvation and ,saviour4 ,both were used long before the birth of ,christ1 and they are still common among those who never heard of ,jesus1 or of that which is known among us as the ,gospels4#aie3h ,he also tells us that there is a very remarkable figure copied in ,payne ,knight's work1 in which we see on a man's shoulders a cock's head1 whilst on the pediment are placed the words3 ,the ,saviour of the ,world4#aie3i ,besides the titles of ,god's ,first-,born1 ,only ,begotten1 the ,mediator1 the ,shepherd1 the ,advocate1 the ,paraclete or ,comforter1 the ,son of ,god1 the ,logos1 c41#aie3aj being applied to heathen virgin-born gods1 before the time assigned for the birth of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 we have also that of ,christ and ,jesus4 ,cyrus1 ,king of ,persia1 was called the ,christ1 or the ,anointed of ,god4#aif3a ,as ,dr4 ,giles says1 ,christ is a name having no spiritual signification1 and importing nothing more than an ordinary surname4#aif3b ,the worshipers of ,serapis were called ,christians1 and those devoted to ,serapis were called ,bishops of ,christ4#aif3c ,eusebius1 the ecclesiastical historian1 says1 that the names of ,jesus and ,christ1 were both known and honored among the ancients4#aif3d ,mithras was called the ,anointed or the ,christ2#aif3e and ,horus1 ,mano1 ,mithras1 ,bel-,minor1 ,iao1 ,adoni1 c41 were each of them ,god of ,light1 ,light of the ,world1 the ,anointed1 or the ,christ4#aif3f ,it is said that ,peter called his ,master the ,christ1 whereupon he straightway charged them 7the disciples71 and commanded them to tell no man that thing4#aif3g ,the title of ,christ or ,the ,anointed1 was held by the kings of ,israel4 ,touch not my ,christ and do my prophets no harm1 says the ,psalmist4#aif3h ,the term ,christ was applied to religious teachers1 leaders of factions1 necromancers or wonder-workers1 c4 ,this is seen by the passage in ,matthew1 where the writer says3 ,there shall arise false ,christs and false prophets1 and shall show great signs and wonders1 insomuch that1 if it were possible1 they shall deceive the very elect4#aif3i ,the virgin-born ,crishna and ,buddha were incarnations of ,vishnu1 called ,avatars4 ,an ,avatar is an ,angel-,messiah1 a ,god-man1 a ,,christ2 for the word ,christ is from the ,greek ,christos1 an ,anointed ,one1 a ,messiah4 ,the name ,jesus1 which is pronounced in ,hebrew ,yezua1 and is sometimes ,grecized into ,jason1 was very common4 ,after the ,captivity it occurs quite frequently1 and is interchanged with the name ,joshua4 ,indeed ,joshua1 the successor of ,moses1 is called ,jesus in the ,new ,testament more than once1#aif3aj though the meaning of the two names is not really quite the same4 ,we know of a ,jesus1 son of ,sirach1 a writer of proverbs1 whose collection is preserved among the apocryphal books of the ,old ,testament4 ,the notorious ,barabbas#aig3a or son of ,abbas1 was himself called ,jesus4 ,among ,paul's opponents we find a magician called ,elymas1 the ,son of ,jesus4 ,among the early ,christians a certain ,jesus1 also called ,justus1 appears4 ,flavius ,josephus mentions more than ten distinct persons--priests1 robbers1 peasants1 and others--who bore the name of ,jesus1 all of whom lived during the last century of the ,jewish state4#aig3b ,to return now to our theme--crucified gods before the time of ,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,the holy ,father ,minucius ,felix1 in his ,octavius1 written as late as ,a4 ,d4 #baa1 indignantly resents the supposition that the sign of the cross should be considered exclusively as a ,christian symbol1 and represents his advocate of the ,christian argument as retorting on an infidel opponent4 ,his words are3 ,as for the adoration of crosses which you 7,pagans7 object against us 7,christians71 ,i must tell you1 that we neither adore crosses nor desire them2 you it is1 ye ,pagans 4 4 4 who are the most likely people to adore wooden crosses 4 4 4 for what else are your ensigns1 flags1 and standards1 but crosses gilt and beautiful4 ,your victorious trophies not only represent a simple cross1 but a cross with a man upon it4#aig3c ,the existence1 in the writings of ,minucius ,felix1 of this passage1 is probably owing to an oversight of the destroyers of all evidences against the ,christian religion that could be had4 ,the practice of the ,romans1 here alluded to1 of carrying a cross with a man on it1 or1 in other words1 a crucifix1 has evidently been concealed from us by the careful destruction of such of their works as alluded to it4 ,the priests had everything their own way for centuries1 and to destroy what was evidence against their claims was a very simple matter4 ,it is very evident that this celebrated ,christian ,father alludes to some ,gentile mystery1 of which the prudence of his successors has deprived us4 ,when we compare this with the fact that for centuries after the time assigned for the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 he was not represented as a man on a cross1 and that the ,christians did not have such a thing as a crucifix1 we are inclined to think that the effigies of a black or dark-skinned crucified man1 which were to be seen in many places in ,italy even during the last century1 may have had something to do with it4#aig3d ,while speaking of a cross with a man on it as being carried by the ,pagan ,romans as a standard1 we might mention the fact1 related by ,arrian the historian1#aih3a that the troops of ,porus1 in their war with ,alexander the ,great1 carried on their standards the figure of a man4#aih3b ,here is evidently the crucifix standard again4 ,this must have been 7says ,mr4 ,higgins7 a ,staurobates or ,salivahana1 and looks very like the figure of a man carried on their standards by the ,romans4 ,this was similar to the dove carried on the standards of the ,assyrians4 ,this must have been the crucifix of ,nepaul4#aih3c ,tertullian1 a ,christian ,father of the second and third centuries1 writing to the ,pagans1 says3 ,the origin of your gods is derived from figures moulded on a cross4 ,all those rows of images on your standards are the appendages of crosses2 those hangings on your standards and banners are the robes of crosses4#aih3d ,we have it then1 on the authority of a ,christian ,father1 as late as ,a4 ,d4 #baa1 that the ,christians neither adored crosses nor desired them1 but that the ,pagans adored crosses1 and not that alone1 but a cross with a man upon it4 ,this we shall presently find to be the case4 ,jesus1 in those days1 nor for centuries after1 was not represented as a man on a cross4 ,he was represented as a lamb1 and the adoration of the crucifix1 by the ,christians1 was a later addition to their religion4 ,but this we shall treat of in its place4 ,we may now ask the question1 who was this crucified man whom the ,pagans adored before and after the time of ,jesus of ,nazareth8 ,who did the crucifix represent8 ,it was1 undoubtedly1 the ,saviour crucified for the salvation of mankind1 long before the ,christian ,era1 whose effigies were to be seen in many places all over ,italy4 ,these ,pagan crucifixes were either destroyed1 corrupted1 or adopted2 the latter was the case with many ancient paintings of the ,bambino1#aih3e on which may be seen the words ,deo ,soli4 ,now1 these two words can never apply to ,christ ,jesus4 ,he was not ,deus ,solus1 in any sense1 according to the idiom of the ,latin language1 and the ,romish faith4 ,whether we construe the words to the only ,god1 or ,god alone1 they are equally heretical4 ,no priest1 in any age of the ,church1 would have thought of putting them there1 but finding them there1 they tolerated them4 ,in the ,celtic ,druids1 ,mr4 ,higgins describes a crucifix1 a lamb1 and an elephant1 which was cut upon the fire tower--so-called--at ,brechin1 a town of ,forfarshire1 in ,scotland4 ,although they appeared to be of very ancient date1 he supposed1 at that time1 that they were modern1 and belonged to ,christianity1 but some years afterwards1 he wrote as follows3 ,i now doubt 7the modern date of the tower71 for we have1 over and over again1 seen the crucified man before ,christ4 ,we have also found ',the ,lamb that taketh away the sins of the world1' among the ,carnutes of ,gaul1 before the time of ,christ2 and when ,i contemplate these1 and the ,elephant or ,ganesa1#aii3a and the ,ring#aii3b and its ,cobra1#aii3c ,linga1#aii3d ,iona1#aii3e and ,nandies1 found not far from the tower1 on the estate of ,lord ,castles1 with the ,colidei1 the island of ,iona1 and ,ii1 4 4 4 ,i am induced to doubt my former conclusions4 ,the ,elephant1 the ,ganesa of ,india1 is a very stubborn fellow to be found here4 ,the ,ring1 too1 when joined with other matters1 ,i cannot get over4 ,all these superstitions must have come from ,india4#aii3f ,on one of the ,irish round towers is to be seen a crucifix of unmistakable ,asiatic origin4#aii3g ,if we turn to the ,new ,world1 we shall find strange though it may appear1 that the ancient ,mexicans and ,peruvians worshiped a crucified ,saviour4 ,this was the virgin-born ,quetzalcoatle whose crucifixion is represented in the paintings of the ,codex ,borgianus1 and the ,codex ,vaticanus4 ,these paintings illustrate the religious opinions of the ancient ,mexicans1 and were copied from the hieroglyphics found in ,mexico4 ,the ,spaniards destroyed nearly all the books1 ancient monuments and paintings which they could find2 had it not been for this1 much more regarding the religion of the ancient ,mexicans would have been handed down to us4 ,many chapters were also taken--by the ,spanish authorities--from the writings of the first historians who wrote on ancient ,mexico4 ,all manuscripts had to be inspected previous to being published4 ,anything found among these heathens resembling the religion of the ,christians1 was destroyed when possible4#aii3h ,the first ,spanish monks who went to ,mexico were surprised to find the crucifix among the heathen inhabitants1 and upon inquiring what it meant1 were told that it was a representation of ,bacob 7,quetzalcoatle71 the ,son of ,god1 who was put to death by ,eopuco4 ,they said that he was placed on a beam of wood1 with his arms stretched out1 and that he died there4#bjj3a ,lord ,kingsborough1 from whose very learned and elaborate work we have taken the above1 says3 ,being questioned as to the manner in which they became acquainted with these things1 they replied that the lords instructed their sons in them1 and that thus this doctrine descended from one to another4#bjj3b ,sometimes ,quetzalcoatle or ,bacob is represented as tied to the cross--just as we have seen that ,attys was represented by the ,phrygians--and at other times he is represented in the attitude of a person crucified1 with impressions of nail-holes in his hands and feet1 but not actually upon a cross--just as we have found the ,hindoo ,crishna1 and as he is represented in ,fig4 ,no4 #h4 ,beneath this representation of ,quetzalcoatle crucified1 is an image of ,death1 which an angry serpent seems threatening to devour4#bjj3c ,on the #gc;d page of the ,borgian ,,ms41 he is represented crucified on a cross of the ,greek form4 ,in this print there are also impressions of nails to be seen on the feet and hands1 and his body is strangely covered with suns4#bjj3d ,in vol4 ii4 plate #ge1 the god is crucified in a circle of nineteen figures1 and a serpent is depriving him of the organs of generation4 ,lord ,kingsborough1 commenting on these paintings1 says3 ,it is remarkable that in these ,mexican paintings the faces of many of the figures are black1 and that the visage of ,quetzalcoatle is frequently painted in a very deformed manner4#bjj3e ,his lordship further tells us that 7according to the belief of the ancient ,mexicans71 the death of ,quetzalcoatle upon the cross was an atonement for the sins of mankind4#bjj3f ,dr4 ,daniel ,brinton1 in his ,myths of the ,new ,world1 tells us that the ,aztecs had a feast which they celebrated in the early spring1 when victims were nailed to a cross and shot with an arrow4#bjj3g ,alexander ,von ,humboldt1 in his ,american ,researches1 also speaks of this feast1 when the ,mexicans crucified a man1 and pierced him with an arrow4#bjj3h ,the author of ,monumental ,christianity1 speaking of this1 says3 ,here is the old story of the ,prometheus crucified on the ,caucasus1 and of all other ,pagan crucifixions of the young incarnate divinities of ,india1 ,persia1 ,asia ,minor and ,egypt4#bja3a ,this we believe2 but how did this myth get there8 ,he does not say1 but we shall attempt to show1 in a future chapter1 how this and other myths of ,eastern origin became known in the ,new ,world4#bja3b ,it must not be forgotten1 in connection with what we have seen concerning the ,mexican crucified god being sometimes represented as black1 and the feast when the crucified man was shot with an arrow1 that effigies of a black crucified man were found in ,italy2 that ,crishna1 the crucified1 is very often represented black2 and that ,crishna was shot with an arrow4 ,crosses were also found in ,yucatan1 as well as ,mexico1 with a man upon them4#bja3c ,cogolludo1 in his ,history of ,yucatan1 speaking of a crucifix found there1 says3 ,don ,eugenio de ,alcantara 7one of the true teachers of the ,gospel71 told me1 not only once1 that ,i might safely write that the ,indians of ,cozumel possessed this holy cross in the time of their paganism2 and that some years had elapsed since it was brought to ,medira2 for having heard from many persons what was reported of it1 he had made particular inquiries of some very old ,indians who resided there1 who assured him that it was the fact4 ,he then speaks of the difficulty in accounting for this crucifix being found among the ,indians of ,cozumel1 and ends by saying3 ,but if it be considered that these ,indians believed that the ,son of ,god1 whom they called ,bacob1 had died upon a cross1 with his arms stretched out upon it1 it cannot appear so difficult a matter to comprehend that they should have formed his image according to the religious creed which they possessed4#bja3d ,we shall find1 in another chapter1 that these virgin-born ,saviours and ,slain ,ones2 ,crishna1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,attys1 ,adonis1 ,bacchus1 c4--whether torn in pieces1 killed by a boar1 or crucified--will all melt into ,,one4 ,we now come to a very important fact not generally known1 namely3 ,there are no early representations of ,christ ,jesus suffering on the cross4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy1 speaking of this1 says3 ,why should a fact so well known to the heathen as the crucifixion be concealed8 ,and yet its actual realistic representation never once occurs in the monuments of ,christianity1 for more than six or seven centuries4#bjb3a ,mrs4 ,jameson1 in her ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art1 says3 ,the crucifixion is not one of the subjects of early ,christianity4 ,the death of our ,lord was represented by various types1 but never in its actual form4 ,the earliest instances of the crucifixion are found in illustrated manuscripts of various countries1 and in those ivory and enameled forms which are described in the ,introduction4 ,some of these are ascertained1 by historical or by internal evidence1 to have been executed in the ninth century1 there is one also1 of an extraordinary rude and fantastic character1 in a ,,ms4 in the ancient library of ,st4 ,galle1 which is ascertained to be of the eighth century4 ,at all events1 there seems no just grounds at present for assigning an earlier date4#bjb3b ,early ,christian art1 such as it appears in the bas-reliefs on sarcophagi1 gave but one solitary incident from the story of ,our ,lord's ,passion1 and that utterly divested of all circumstances of suffering4 ,our ,lord is represented as young and beautiful1 free from bonds1 with no 'accursed tree' on his shoulders4#bjb3c ,the oldest representation of ,christ ,jesus was a figure of a lamb1#bjb3d to which sometimes a vase was added1 into which his blood flowed1 and at other times couched at the foot of a cross4 ,this custom subsisted up to the year #fhj1 and until the pontificate of ,agathon1 during the reign of ,constantine ,pogonat4 ,by the sixth synod of ,constantinople 7canon #hb7 it was ordained that instead of the ancient symbol1 which had been the ,,lamb1 the figure of a man fastened to a cross 7such as the ,pagans had adored71 should be represented4 ,all this was confirmed by ,pope ,adrian ,i4#bjb3e ,a simple cross1 which was the symbol of eternal life1 or of salvation1 among the ancients1 was sometimes1 as we have seen1 placed alongside of the ,lamb4 ,in the course of time1 the ,lamb was put on the cross1 as the ancient ,israelites had put the paschal lamb centuries before1#bjb3f and then1 as we have seen1 they put a man upon it4 ,christ ,jesus is also represented in early art as the ,good ,shepherd1 that is1 as a young man with a lamb on his shoulders4#bjb3g ,this is just the manner in which the ,pagan ,apollo1 ,mercury and others were represented centuries before4#bjc3a ,mrs4 ,jameson says3 ,mercury attired as a shepherd1 with a ram on his shoulders1 borne in the same manner as in many of the ,christian representations1 was no unfrequent object 7in ancient art7 and in some instances led to a difficulty in distinguishing between the two1#bjc3b that is1 between ,mercury and ,christ ,jesus4 ,m4 ,renan says3 ,the ,good ,shepherd of the catacombs in ,rome is a copy from the ,aristeus1 or from the ,apollo ,nomius1 which figured in the same posture on the ,pagan sarcophagi2 and still carries the flute of ,pan1 in the midst of the four half-naked seasons4#bjc3c ,the ,egyptian ,saviour ,horus was called the ,shepherd of the ,people4#bjc3d ,the ,hindoo ,saviour ,crishna was called the ,royal ,good ,shepherd4#bjc3e ,we have seen1 then1 on the authority of a ,christian writer who has made the subject a special study1 that1 there seems no just grounds at present for assigning an earlier date1 for the earliest instances of the crucifixion of ,christ ,jesus1 represented in art1 than the eighth or ninth century4 ,now1 a few words in regard to what these crucifixes looked like4 ,if the reader imagines that the crucifixes which are familiar to us at the present day are similar to those early ones1 we would inform him that such is not the case4 ,the earliest artists of the crucifixion represent the ,christian ,saviour as young and beardless1 always without the crown of thorns1 alive1 and erect1 apparently elate2 no signs of bodily suffering are there4#bjc3f ,on page #aea1 plate #aha1 of ,jameson's ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art 7vol4 ii471 he is represented standing on a foot-rest on the cross1 alive1 and eyes open4 ,again1 on page #ccj1 plate #bec1 he is represented standing with body upright and arms extended straight1 with no nails1 no wounds1 no crown of thorns--frequently clothed1 and with a regal crown--a ,god1 young and beautiful1 hanging1 as it were1 without compulsion or pain4 ,on page #afg1 plate #ahh1 are to be seen the thieves bound to their cross 7which is simply an upright beam1 without cross-bars71 with the figure of the ,lord standing between them4 ,he is not bound nor nailed to a cross2 no cross is there4 ,he is simply standing erect in the form of a cross4 ,this is a representation of what is styled1 ,early crucifixion with thieves4 ,on page #agc1 plate #aij1 we have a representation of the crucifixion1 in which ,jesus and the thieves are represented crucified on the ,egyptian tau 7see ,fig4 ,no4 #ab74 ,the thieves are tied1 but the man-god is nailed to the cross4 ,a similar representation may be seen on page #ahi1 plate #aih4 ,on page #aee1 plate #ahc1 there is a representation of what is called ,virgin and ,st4 ,john at foot of cross1 but this cross is simply an upright beam 7as ,fig4 ,no4 #ac74 ,there are no cross-bars attached4 ,on page #afg1 plate #ahh1 the thieves are tied to an upright beam 7as ,fig4 #ac71 and ,jesus stands between them1 with arms extended in the form of a cross1 as the ,hindoo ,crishna is to be seen in ,fig4 ,no4 #h4 ,on page #aeg1 plate #ahe1 ,jesus is represented crucified on the ,egyptian cross 7as ,no4 #ab74 ,some ancient crucifixes represent the ,christian ,saviour crucified on a cross similar in form to the ,roman figure which stands for the number ten 7see ,fig4 ,no4 #ad74 ,thus we see that there was no uniformity in representing the cross of ,christ1 among the early ,christians2 even the cross which ,constantine put on his ,labarum1 or sacred banner1 was nothing more than the monogram of the ,pagan god ,osiris 7,fig4 ,no4 #ae71bjd3a as we shall see in a subsequent chapter4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ab1 ,no4 #ac1 ,no4 #ad1 ,no4 #ae ,the dogma of the vicarious atonement has met with no success whatever among the ,jews4 ,the reason for this is very evident4 ,the idea of vicarious atonement1 in any form1 is contrary to ,jewish ethics1 but it is in full accord with the ,gentile4 ,the law ordains that#bje3a every man shall be put to death for his own sin1 and not for the sin or crime committed by any other person4 ,no ransom should protect the murderer against the arm of justice4#bje3b ,the principle of equal rights and equal responsibilities is fundamental in the law4 ,if the law of ,god--for as such it is received--denounces the vicarious atonement1 viz41 to slaughter an innocent person to atone for the crimes of others1 then ,god must abhor it4 ,what is more1 ,jesus is said to have sanctioned this law1 for is he not made to say3 ,think not that ,i am come to destroy the law1 or the prophets3 ,i am not come to destroy1 but to fulfill4 ,for verily ,i say unto you1 ,till heaven and earth pass1 one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law4#bje3c ,salvation is and can be nothing else than learning the laws of life and keeping them4 ,there is1 in the modern world1 neither place nor need for any of the theological 'schemes of salvation' or theological ',saviours4' ,no wrath of either ,god or devil stands in man's way2 and therefore no 'sacrifice' is needed to get them out of the way4 ,jesus saves only as he helps men know and keep ,god's laws4 ,thousands of other men1 in their degree1 are ,saviours in precisely the same way4 ,as there has been no 'fall of man1' all the hundreds of theological devices for obviating its supposed effects are only imaginary cures for imaginary ills4 ,what man does need is to be taught the necessary laws of life1 and have brought to bear upon him adequate motives for obeying them4 ,to know and keep ,god's laws is being reconciled to him4 ,this is health2 and out of health--that is1 the perfect condition of the whole man1 called holiness or wholeness--comes happiness1 in this world and in all worlds4 ,,footnotes3 #aha3a ,monier ,williams3 ,hinduism1 pp4 #cf-dj4 #ahb3a ,monier ,williams3 ,hinduism1 p4 #cf4 #ahb3b ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjc4 #ahb3c ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddc4 #ahc3a ,herodotus3 bk4 ii4 ch4 #ci4 #ahc3b ,in the trial of ,dr4 ,thomas 7at ,chicago7 for doctrinal heresy1 one of the charges made against him 7,sept4 #h1 #ahha7 was that he had said the ,,blood of the ,lamb had nothing to do with salvation4 ,and in a sermon preached in ,boston1 ,sept4 #b1 #ahha1 at the ,columbus ,avenue ,presbyterian ,church1 by the ,rev4 ,andrew ,a4 ,bonar4 ,d4 ,d41 the preacher said3 ,no sinner dares to meet the holy ,god until his sin has been forgiven1 or until he has received remission4 ,the penalty of sin is death1 and this penalty is not remitted by anything the sinner can do for himself1 but only through the ,,blood of ,jesus4 ,if you have accepted ,jesus as your ,saviour1 you can take the blood of ,jesus1 and with boldness present it to the ,father as payment in full of the penalties of all your sins4 ,sinful man has no right to the benefits and the beauties and glories of nature4 ,these were all lost to him through ,adam's sin1 but to the blood of ,christ's sacrifice he has a right2 it was shed for him4 ,it is ,christ's death that does the blessed work of salvation for us4 ,it was not his life nor his ,incarnation4 ,his ,incarnation could not pay a farthing of our debt1 but his blood shed in redeeming love1 pays it all4 7,see ,boston ,advertiser1 ,sept4 #c1 #ahha47 #ahc3c ,habet ergo ,diabolus ,christos suos4 #ahc3d ,huc's ,travels1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cbf and #cbg4 #ahd3a ,hinduism1 p4 #bad4 #ahd3b ,ibid4 p4 #aae4 #ahd3c ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #ddj4 #ahd3d ,ibid4 #ahd3e ,ibid4 #ahd3f ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acb4 #ahd3g ,pages #bgd and #fab4 #ahd3h ,on reconte fort diversement la mort de ,crishna4 ,une tradition remarquable et avre le fait prir sur un bois fatal 7un arbre71 ou il fut clou d'un coup de flche4 7,quoted by ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #add47 #ahe3a ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #dii1 and ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art1 ii4 #cag1 where the cross is called the accursed tree4 #ahe3b ,chap4 xxi4 #bb1 #bc3 ,if a man have committed a sin worthy of death1 and he be to be put to death1 and thou hang him on a tree3 his body shall not remain all night upon the tree1 but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day2 7for he that is hanged is accursed of ,god27 that thy land be not defiled1 which the ,lord thy ,god giveth thee for an inheritance4 #ahe3c ,galatians1 iii4 #ac4 #ahe3d ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #adf1 and ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #djb4 ,the crucified god ,wittoba is also called ,bal4 ,he is worshiped in a marked manner at ,pander-poor or ,bunder-poor1 near ,poonah4 7,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #gej1 note #a47 ,a form of ,vishnu 7,crishna71 called ,viththal or ,vithoba1 is the popular god at ,pandharpur in ,maha-rshtr1 the favorite of the celebrated ,marathi poet ,tukarama4 7,prof4 ,monier ,williams3 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 xlviii47 #ahe3e ,see ,lundy3 ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #afj4 #ahe3f ,this can be seen by referring to ,calmet1 ,sonnerat1 or ,higgins1 vol4 ii41 which contain plates representing ,crishna4 #ahf3a ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #abh4 #ahf3b ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #daa4 #ahf3c ,luke1 xxiii4 #ci-dc4 #ahf3d ,vasudeva means ,god4 ,see ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #bgd4 #ahf3e ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #fab4 #ahg3a ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #gb4 #ahg3b ,si ita se res habet1 ut existimat ,beausobrius1 ,indi1 et ,budist quorum religio1 eadem est ac ,tibetana1 nonnisi a ,manichis nova hc deliriorum portenta acceperunt4 ,hnamque gentes prsertim in urbe ,nepal1 ,luna ,,xii4 ,badr seu ,bhadon ,augusti mensis1 dies festos auspicatur ,dei ,indr1 erigunt ad illius memoriam ubique locorum cruces amictas ,abrotono4 ,earum figuram descriptam habes ad lit4 ,b1 ,tabula pone sequenti4 ,nam ,a effigies est ipsius ,indr crucifixi signa ,telech in fronte manibus pedibusque gerentis4 7,alph ,tibet1 p4 #bjc4 ,quoted in ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #acj47 #ahh3a ,ils conviennent qu'il a rpandu son sang pour le salut du genre humain1 ayant t perc de clous par tout son corps4 ,quoiqu'ils ne disent pas qu'il a souffert le supplice de la croix1 ou en trouve pourtant la figure dans leurs livres4 7,quoted in ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aah47 #ahh3b ,although the nations of ,europe have changed their religions during the past eighteen centuries1 the ,hindoo has not done so1 except very partially4 4 4 4 ,the religious creeds1 rites1 customs1 and habits of thought of the ,hindoos generally1 have altered little since the days of ,manu1 #ejj years ,b4 ,c4 7,prof4 ,monier ,williams3 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 iv47 #ahh3c ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #adg1 #egb1 #ffg and #gej2 vol4 ii4 p4 #abb1 and note #d1 p4 #ahe1 this chapter4 #ahh3d ,see ,max ,mller's ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bbd4 #ahh3e ,quoted in ,lillie's ,buddhism1 p4 #ic4 #ahh3f ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bj4 #ahh3g ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #bj1 #be1 #he4 ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdg4 ,huc's ,travels1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cbf1 #cbg1 and almost any work on ,buddhism4 #ahh3h ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bj4 #ahh3i ,ibid4 ,johnson's ,oriental ,religions1 p4 #fjd4 ,see also ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 iii41 or chapter xii4 of this work4 #ahh3aj ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ah4 #ahh3aa ,ibid4 #ahh3ab ,ibid4 #ahh3ac ,vol4 i4 p4 #aah4 #ahi3a ,quoted in ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aah4 #ahi3b ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bj4 #ahi3c ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #cc4 #ahi3d ,huc's ,travels1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cbf1 #ccg4 #ahi3e ,mller3 ,hist4 ,sanscrit ,literature1 p4 #hj4 #ahi3f ,see ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 v4 p4 #ie1 and ,williams3 ,hinduism1 p4 #bad4 #ahi3g ,he in mercy left paradise1 and came down to earth1 because he was filled with compassion for the sins and miseries of mankind4 ,he sought to lead them into better paths1 and took their sufferings upon himself1 that he might expiate their crimes1 and mitigate the punishment they must otherwise inevitably undergo4 7,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hf47 ,the object of his mission on earth was to instruct those who were straying from the right path1 expiate the sins of mortals by his own sufferings1 and produce for them a happy entrance into another existence by obedience to his precepts and prayers in his name4 ,they always speak of him as one with ,god from all eternity4 ,his most common title is ',the ,saviour of the ,world4' 7,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdg47 #aij3a ,quoted in ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #baa4 #aij3b ,ibid4 #aij3c ,see ,renouf3 ,religions of ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #agh4 #aij3d ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aee4 #aij3e ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #hdh4 #aij3f ,in ,rawlinson's ,herodotus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aga4 ,quoted in ,knight's ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #ga4 #aij3g ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ahe4 #aij3h ,see ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #hh4 #aij3i ,see ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 xxii4 note4 #aia3a ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bee4 #aia3b ,vol4 ii4 #aia3c ,lactant4 ,inst41 div4 iv4 chap4 xiii4 ,in ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #edd4 #aia3d ,see chapter xxxix4 this work4 #aia3e ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aad1 and ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #afc4 #aia3f ,see the chapter on ,the ,resurrection of ,jesus4 #aib3a ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,prometheus4 #aib3b ,prometheus has been a favorite subject with the poets4 ,he is represented as the friend of mankind1 who interposed in their behalf when ,jove was incensed against them4 7,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #cb47 ,in the mythos relating to ,prometheus1 he always appears as the friend of the human race1 suffering in its behalf the most fearful tortures4 7,john ,fiske3 ,myths and ,myth-makers1 pp4 #fd1 #fe47 ,prometheus was nailed to the rocks on ,mount ,caucasus1 with arms extended4 7,alexander ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #hb47 ,prometheus is said to have been nailed up with arms extended1 near the ,caspian ,straits1 on ,mount ,caucasus4 ,the history of ,prometheus on the ,cathedral at ,bordeaux 7,france7 here receives its explanation4 7,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aac47 #aib3c ,see schylus' ,prometheus ,chained4 ,translated by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,potter3 ,harper ,bros41 ,n4 ,y4 #aib3d ,ibid4 p4 #hb4 #aic3a ,petrus was an interchangeable synonym of the name ,oceanus4 #aic3b ,then ,peter took him1 and began to rebuke him1 saying3 ,be it far from thee1 ,lord2 this shall not be unto thee4 7,matt4 xvi4 #bb47 #aic3c ,and there followed him a great company of people1 and of women1 which also bewailed and lamented him4 7,luke1 xxiii4 #bg47 #aic3d ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 pp4 #aic1 #aid1 or ,potter's schylus4 #aic3e ,they say that the god 7,bacchus71 the offspring of ,zeus and ,demeter1 was torn to pieces4 7,diodorus ,siculus1 in ,knight1 p4 #aef1 note47 #aic3f ,see ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #ih1 note4 ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 #beh4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 #aic3g ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 xxii4 note4 #aic3h ,ibid4 #aic3i ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afi4 #aic3aj ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #ace4 #aic3aa ,ibid4 #aic3ab ,beausobre quotes the inscription on a monument of ,bacchus1 thus3 ,c'est moi1 dit il1 qui vous conduis1 ,c'est moi1 qui vous conserve1 ou qui vous sauve2 ,je sui ,alpha et ,omega1 c4 7,see chap4 xxxix this work47 #aic3ac ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #aie4 ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aeb4 ,dunlap3 ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #id4 #aic3ad ,see ,celtic ,druids1 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aec1 and ,montfaucon1 vol4 i4 #aic3ae ,see ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #ia1 and ,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 #aid3a ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aec4 #aid3b ,see the chapter on ,miracles of ,jesus4 #aid3c ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bed4 #aid3d ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #ahf4 #aid3e ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #aid3f ,see ,giles3 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hf4 #aid3g ,see ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ae1 and our chapter on ,christian ,symbols4 #aid3h ,this subject will be referred to again in chapter xxxix4 #aid3i ,see ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 pp4 #bcg1 #bda1 #bdb1 and ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #abc1 note4 #aid3aj ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ii4 #aid3aa ,see ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #bj4 ,according to the most ancient tradition of the ,east-,iranians recorded in the ,zend-,avesta1 the ,god of ,light 7,ormuzd7 communicated his mysteries to some men through his ,word4 7,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ge47 #aid3ab ,wake3 ,phallism1 c41 p4 #dg4 #aie3a ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 pp4 #beh1 #bei4 #aie3b ,malcolm3 ,hist4 ,persia1 vol4 i4 ,ap4 p4 #did2 ,nimrod1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fdi4 #aie3c ,col4 i4 #bf4 #aie3d ,see ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ajb4 #aie3e ,see ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #hi1 marginal note4 #aie3f ,in the beginning was the ,word1 and the ,word was with ,god1 and the ,word was ,god4 7,john1 i4 #a47 #aie3g ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 #fi and #ga4 #aie3h ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #feb4 #aie3i ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #ecg4 #aie3aj ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #aai4 ,knight's ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 pp4 xxii4 and #ih4 ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #ga1 and ,spirit ,history1 pp4 #ahc1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bdi4 ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 ii4 p4 #be4 ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aie1 #bcg1 #eaf1 besides the authorities already cited4 #aif3a ,see ,bunsen's ,bible ,chronology1 p4 #e4 ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 #ace4 ,volney's ,ruins1 p4 #afh4 #aif3b ,giles3 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 p4 #fd1 vol4 ii4 #aif3c ,ibid4 p4 #hf1 and ,taylor's ,diegesis1 pp4 #bjb1 #bjf1 #djg4 ,dupuis3 p4 #bfg4 #aif3d ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #a1 ch4 iv4 #aif3e ,see ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #gh4 #aif3f ,see ,ibid4 p4 #ci4 #aif3g ,luke1 iv4 #ba4 #aif3h ,psalm1 cv4 #ae4 ,the term an ,anointed ,one1 which we use in ,english1 is ,christos in ,greek1 and ,messiah in ,hebrew4 7,see ,bible for ,learners1 and ,religion of ,israel1 p4 #adg47 #aif3i ,matthew1 xxiv4 #bd4 #aif3aj ,acts1 vii4 #de2 ,hebrews1 iv4 #h2 compare ,nehemiah1 viii4 #ag4 #aig3a ,he who1 it is said1 was liberated at the time of the crucifixion of ,jesus of ,nazareth4 #aig3b ,see ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fj4 #aig3c ,octavius1 c4 xxix4 #aig3d ,see ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaf4 #aih3a ,in his ,history of the ,campaigns of ,alexander4 #aih3b ,see ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aah4 #aih3c ,ibid4 #aih3d ,apol4 c4 #af2 ,ad ,nationes1 c4 xii4 #aih3e ,see the chapter on ,the ,worship of the ,virgin4 #aii3a ,ganesa is the ,indian ,god of ,wisdom4 7,see ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i47 #aii3b ,the ,ring and circle was an emblem of god1 or eternity1 among the ,hindoos4 7,see ,lundy3 ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #hg47 #aii3c ,the ,cobra1 or hooded snake1 is a native of the ,east ,indies1 where it is held as sacred4 7,see ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #af1 and ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship47 #aii3d ,linga denotes1 in the sectarian worship of the ,hindoos1 the ,phallus1 an emblem of the male or generative power of nature4 #aii3e ,iona1 or ,yoni1 is the counterpart of ,linga1 i4 e41 an emblem of the female generative power4 ,we have seen that these were attached to the effigies of the ,hindoo crucified ,saviour1 ,crishna4 #aii3f ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acj4 #aii3g ,see ,lundy3 ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #bec1 #bed1 #bee4 #aii3h ,see ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #afe and #agi4 #bjj3a ,see ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aff4 #bjj3b ,ibid4 p4 #afb4 #bjj3c ,ibid4 p4 #afa4 #bjj3d ,ibid4 p4 #afg4 #bjj3e ,ibid4 p4 #afg4 #bjj3f ,ibid4 p4 #aff4 #bjj3g ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #ie4 #bjj3h ,see1 also1 ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #cic4 ,once a year the ancient ,mexicans made an image of one of their gods1 which was pierced by an arrow1 shot by a priest of ,quetzalcoatle4 7,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 #bjg47 #bja3a ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #cic4 #bja3b ,see ,appendix ,a4 #bja3c ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #cij1 and ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #afi4 #bja3d ,quoted by ,lord ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #agb4 #bjb3a ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bdf4 #bjb3b ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acg4 #bjb3c ,ibid4 p4 #cag4 #bjb3d ,see ,illustrations in ,ibid4 vol4 i4 #bjb3e ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #beb4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 #aaa1 and ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bdf1 et seq4 #bjb3f ,the paschal lamb was roasted on a cross1 by ancient ,israel1 and is still so done by the ,samaritans at ,nablous4 7,see ,lundy's ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #ai and #bdg47 ,the lamb slain 7at the feast of the passover7 was roasted whole1 with two spits thrust through it--one lengthwise1 and one transversely--crossing each other near the fore legs2 so that the animal was1 in a manner1 crucified4 ,not a bone of it might be broken--a circumstance strongly representing the sufferings of our ,lord ,jesus1 the passover slain for us4 7,barnes's ,notes1 vol4 i4 p4 #bib47 #bjb3g ,see ,king3 ,the ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #ach4 ,also1 ,monumental ,christianity1 and ,jameson's ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art1 for illustrations4 #bjc3a ,see ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #agh4 ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 xxii41 and ,jameson's ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art1 ii4 #cdj4 #bjc3b ,jameson3 ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 p4 #cdj1 vol4 ii4 #bjc3c ,quoted in ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 xxii4 note4 #bjc3d ,dunlap3 ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #ahe4 #bjc3e ,see chapter xvii4 and vol4 ii4 ,hist4 ,hindostan4 #bjc3f ,see ,jameson's ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adb4 #bjd3a ,it would be difficult to prove that the cross of ,constantine was of the simple construction as now understood4 4 4 4 ,as regards the ,labarum1 the coins of the time1 in which it is especially set forth1 prove that the so-called cross upon it was nothing else than the same ever-recurring monogram of ,christ 7that is1 the ,,xp74 7,history of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caj4 ,see also1 ,smith's ,bible ,dictionary1 art4 ,labarum47 #bje3a ,deut4 xxiv4 #af4 #bje3b ,num4 xxv4 #ca-cd4 #bje3c ,matt4 v4 #ag1 #ah4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,darkness ,,at ,,the ,,crucifixion4 ,the ,luke narrator informs us that at the time of the death of ,christ ,jesus1 the sun was darkened1 and there was darkness over the earth from the sixth until the ninth hour2 also the veil of the temple was rent in the midst4#bjf3a ,the ,matthew narrator1 in addition to this1 tells us that3 ,the earth did quake1 and the rocks were rent1 and the graves were opened1 and many bodies of the saints which slept arose1 and came out of their graves 4 4 4 and went into the holy city and appeared unto many4#bjf3b ,his star having shone at the time of his birth1 and his having been born in a miraculous manner1 it was necessary that at the death of ,christ ,jesus1 something miraculous should happen4 ,something of an unusual nature had happened at the time of the death of other supernatural beings1 therefore something must happen at his death2 the myth would not have been complete without it4 ,in the words of ,viscount ,amberly3 ,the darkness from the sixth to the ninth hour1 the rending of the temple veil1 the earthquake1 the rending of the rocks1 are altogether like the prodigies attending the decease of other great men4#bjf3c ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,geikie1 one of the most orthodox writers1 says3#bjf3d ,it is impossible to explain the origin of this darkness4 ,the passover moon was then at the full1 so that it could not have been an eclipse4 ,the early ,fathers1 relying on a notice of an eclipse that seemed to coincide in time1 though it really did not1 fancied that the darkness was caused by it1 but incorrectly4 ,perhaps the origin of this darkness may be explained from what we shall now see4 ,at the time of the death of the ,hindoo ,saviour ,crishna1 there came calamities and bad omens of every kind4 ,a black circle surrounded the moon1 and the sun was darkened at noon-day2 the sky rained fire and ashes2 flames burned dusky and livid2 demons committed depredations on earth2 at sunrise and sunset1 thousands of figures were seen skirmishing in the air2 spirits were to be seen on all sides4#bjg3a ,when the conflict began between ,buddha1 the ,saviour of the ,world1 and the ,prince of ,evil1 a thousand appalling meteors fell2 clouds and darkness prevailed4 ,even this earth1 with the oceans and mountains it contains1 though it is unconscious1 quaked like a conscious being--like a fond bride when forcibly torn from her bridegroom--like the festoons of a vine shaken under the blast of a whirlwind4 ,the ocean rose under the vibration of this earthquake2 rivers flowed back toward their sources2 peaks of lofty mountains1 where countless trees had grown for ages1 rolled crumbling to the earth2 a fierce storm howled all around2 the roar of the concussion became terrific2 the very sun enveloped itself in awful darkness1 and a host of headless spirits filled the air4#bjg3b ,when ,prometheus was crucified on ,mount ,caucasus1 the whole frame of nature became convulsed4 ,the earth did quake1 thunder roared1 lightning flashed1 the wild winds rent the vexed air1 the boisterous billows rose1 and the dissolution of the universe seemed to be threatened4#bjg3c ,the ancient ,greeks and ,romans1 says ,canon ,farrar1#bjg3d had always considered that the births and deaths of great men were announced by celestial signs4 ,we therefore find that at the death of ,romulus1 the founder of ,rome1 the sun was darkened1 and there was darkness over the face of the earth for the space of six hours4#bjg3e ,when ,julius ,csar1 who was the son of a god1 was murdered1 there was a darkness over the earth1 the sun being eclipsed for the space of six hours4#bjg3f ,this is spoken of by ,virgil1 where he says3 ,he 7the ,sun7 covered his luminous head with a sooty darkness1 ,and the impious ages feared eternal night4#bjg3g ,it is also referred to by ,tibullus1 ,ovid1 and ,lucian 7poets71 ,pliny1 ,appian1 ,dion ,cassius1 and ,julius ,obsequenes 7historians47#bjg3h ,when sculapius the ,saviour was put to death1 the sun shone dimly from the heavens2 the birds were silent in the darkened groves2 the trees bowed down their heads in sorrow2 and the hearts of all the sons of men fainted within them1 because the healer of their pains and sickness lived no more upon the earth4#bjh3a ,when ,hercules was dying1 he said to the faithful female 7,iole7 who followed him to the last spot on earth on which he trod1 ,weep not1 my toil is done1 and now is the time for rest4 ,i shall see thee again in the bright land which is never trodden by the feet of night4 ,then1 as the dying god expired1 darkness was on the face of the earth2 from the high heaven came down the thick cloud1 and the din of its thunder crashed through the air4 ,in this manner1 ,zeus1 the god of gods1 carried his son home1 and the halls of ,olympus were opened to welcome the bright hero who rested from his mighty toil4 ,there he now sits1 clothed in a white robe1 with a crown upon his head4#bjh3b ,when ,o,edipus was about to leave this world of pain and sorrow1 he bade ,antigone farewell1 and said1 ,weep not1 my child1 ,i am going to my home1 and ,i rejoice to lay down the burden of my woe4 ,then there were signs in the heaven above and on the earth beneath1 that the end was nigh at hand1 for the earth did quake1 and the thunder roared and echoed again and again through the sky4#bjh3c ,the ,romans had a god called ,quirinius4 ,his soul emanated from the sun1 and was restored to it4 ,he was begotten by the god of armies upon a virgin of the royal blood1 and exposed by order of the jealous tyrant ,amulius1 and was preserved and educated among shepherds4 ,he was torn to pieces at his death1 when he ascended into heaven2 upon which the sun was eclipsed or darkened4#bjh3d ,when ,alexander the ,great died1 similar prodigies are said to have happened2 again1 when foul murders were committed1 it is said that the sun seemed to hide its face4 ,this is illustrated in the story of ,atreus1 ,king of ,mycenae1 who foully murdered the children of his brother ,thyestes4 ,at that time1 the sun1 unable to endure a sight so horrible1 turned his course backward and withdrew his light4#bjh3e ,at the time of the death of the virgin-born ,quetzalcoatle1 the ,mexican crucified ,saviour1 the sun was darkened1 and withheld its light4#bji3a ,lord ,kingsborough1 speaking of this event1 considers it very strange that the ,mexicans should have preserved an account of it among their records1 when the great eclipse which sacred history records is not recorded in profane history4 ,gibbon1 the historian1 speaking of this phenomenon1 says3 ,under the reign of ,tiberius1 the whole earth1#bji3b or at least a celebrated province of the ,roman empire1#bji3c was involved in a perpetual darkness of three hours4 ,even this miraculous event1 which ought to have excited the wonder1 the curiosity1 and the devotion of mankind1 passed without notice in an age of science and history4 ,it happened during the life-time of ,seneca#bji3d and the elder ,pliny1#bji3e who must have experienced the immediate effects1 or received the earliest intelligence1 of the prodigy4 ,each of these philosophers1 in a laborious work1 has recorded all the great phenomena of nature1 earthquakes1 meteors1 comets and eclipses1 which his indefatigable curiosity could collect4#bji3f ,but the one and the other have omitted to mention the greatest phenomenon to which the mortal eye has been witness since the creation of the globe4#bji3g ,this account of the darkness at the time of the death of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 is one of the prodigies related in the ,new ,testament which no ,christian commentator has been able to make appear reasonable4 ,the favorite theory is that it was a natural eclipse of the sun1 which happened to take place at that particular time1 but1 if this was the case1 there was nothing supernatural in the event1 and it had nothing whatever to do with the death of ,jesus4 ,again1 it would be necessary to prove from other sources that such an event happened at that time1 but this cannot be done4 ,the argument from the duration of the darkness--three hours--is also of great force against such an occurrence having happened1 for an eclipse seldom lasts in great intensity more than six minutes4 ,even if it could be proved that an eclipse really happened at the time assigned for the crucifixion of ,jesus1 how about the earthquake1 when the rocks were rent and the graves opened8 and how about the saints which slept rising bodily and walking in the streets of the ,holy ,city and appearing to many8 ,surely1 the faith that would remove mountains1#bji3h is required here4 ,shakespeare has embalmed some traditions of the kind exactly analogous to the present case3 ,in the most high and palmy state of ,rome1 ,a little ere the mightiest ,julius fell1 ,the graves stood tenantless1 and the sheeted dead ,did squeak and gibber in the ,roman streets4#baj3a ,belief in the influence of the stars over life and death1 and in special portents at the death of great men1 survived1 indeed1 to recent times4 ,chaucer abounds in allusions to it1 and still later ,shakespeare tells us3 ,when beggars die there are no comets seen2 ,the heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes4 ,it would seem that this superstition survives even to the present day1 for it is well known that the dark and yellow atmosphere which settled over so much of the country1 on the day of the removal of ,president ,garfield from ,washington to ,long ,branch1 was sincerely held by hundreds of persons to be a death-warning sent from heaven1 and there were numerous predictions that dissolution would take place before the train arrived at its destination4 ,as ,mr4 ,greg remarks1 there can1 we think1 remain little doubt in unprepossessed minds1 that the whole legend in question was one of those intended to magnify ,christ ,jesus1 which were current in great numbers at the time the ,matthew narrator wrote1 and which he1 with the usual want of discrimination and somewhat omnivorous tendency1 which distinguished him as a compiler1 admitted into his ,gospel4 ,,footnotes3 #bjf3a ,luke1 xxiii4 #dd1 #de4 #bjf3b ,matthew1 xxvii4 #ea-ec4 #bjf3c ,amberly3 ,analysis of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bfh4 #bjf3d ,life of ,christ1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fdc4 #bjg3a ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ga4 #bjg3b ,rhys ,david's ,buddhism1 pp4 #cf1 #cg4 #bjg3c ,see ,potter's schylus1 ,prometheus ,chained1 last stanza4 #bjg3d ,farrar's ,life of ,christ1 p4 #eb4 #bjg3e ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #faf1 #fag4 #bjg3f ,see ,ibid4 and ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aei and #eij1 also ,josephus3 ,jewish ,antiquities1 book xiv4 ch4 xii4 and note4 #bjg3g ,cum caput obscura nitidum ferrugine texit ,impiaqu ternam timuerunt scula noctem4 #bjg3h ,see ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aei and #eij4 #bjh3a ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 #df4 #bjh3b ,ibid4 pp4 #fa1 #fb4 #bjh3c ,ibid4 p4 #bgj4 #bjh3d ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #hbb4 #bjh3e ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajf4 #bji3a ,see ,kingsborough's ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #e4 #bji3b ,the ,fathers of the ,church seem to cover the whole earth with darkness1 in which they are followed by most of the moderns4 7,gibbon4 ,luke1 xxiii4 #dd1 says over all the earth47 #bji3c ,origen 7a ,father of the third century7 and a few modern critics1 are desirous of confining it to the land of ,judea4 7,gibbon47 #bji3d ,seneca1 a celebrated philosopher and historian1 born in ,spain a few years ,b4 ,c41 but educated in ,rome1 and became a ,roman4 #bji3e ,pliny the elder1 a celebrated ,roman philosopher and historian1 born about #bc ,a4 ,d4 #bji3f ,seneca3 ,quaest4 ,natur4 l4 i4 #ae1 vi4 l4 vii4 #ag4 ,pliny3 ,hist4 ,natur4 l4 ii4 #bji3g ,gibbon's ,rome1 i4 #ehi1 #eij4 #bji3h ,matt4 xvi4 #bj4 #baj3a ,hamlet1 act #a1 s4 #a4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,he ,,descended ,,into ,,hell4 ,the doctrine of ,christ ,jesus' descent into hell is emphatically part of the ,christian belief1 although not alluded to by ,christian divines excepting when unavoidable4 ,in the first place1 it is taught in the ,creed of the ,christians1 wherein it says3 ,he descended into hell1 and on the third day he rose again from the dead4 ,the doctrine was also taught by the ,fathers of the ,church4 ,st4 ,chrysostom 7born #cdg ,a4 ,d47 asks3 ,who but an infidel would deny that ,christ was in hell8#baa3a ,and ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 who flourished at the beginning of the third century1 is equally clear and emphatic as to ,jesus' descent into hell4 ,he says3 ,the ,lord preached the gospel to those in ,hades1 as well as to all in earth1 in order that all might believe and be saved1 wherever they were4 ,if1 then1 the ,lord descended to ,hades for no other end but to preach the gospel1 as ,he did descend1 it was either to preach the gospel to all1 or to the ,hebrews only4 ,if accordingly to all1 then all who believe shall be saved1 although they may be of the ,gentiles1 on making their profession there4#baa3b ,origen1 who flourished during the latter part of the second1 and beginning of the third centuries1 also emphatically declares that ,christ ,jesus descended into hell4#baa3c ,ancient ,christian works of art represent his descent into hell4#baa3d ,the apocryphal gospels teach the doctrine of ,christ ,jesus' descent into hell1 the object of which was to preach to those in bondage there1 and to liberate the saints who had died before his advent on earth4 ,on account of the sin committed by ,adam in the ,garden of ,eden1 all mankind were doomed1 all had gone to hell--excepting those who had been translated to heaven--even those persons who were after ,god's own heart1 and who had belonged to his chosen people4 ,the coming of ,christ ,jesus into the world1 however1 made a change in the affairs of man4 ,the saints were then liberated from their prison1 and all those who believe in the efficacy of his name1 shall escape hereafter the tortures of hell4 ,this is the doctrine to be found in the apocryphal gospels1 and was taught by the ,fathers of the ,church4#bab3a ,in the ,gospel of ,nicodemus 7apoc47 is to be found the whole story of ,christ ,jesus' descent into hell1 and of his liberating the saints4 ,satan1 and the ,prince of ,hell1 having heard that ,jesus of ,nazareth was about to descend to their domain1 began to talk the matter over1 as to what they should do1 c4 ,while thus engaged1 on a sudden1 there was a voice as of thunder and the rushing of winds1 saying3 ,lift up your gates1 ,o ye ,princes1 and be ye lifted up1 ,o ye everlasting gates1 and the ,king of ,glory shall come in4 ,when the ,prince of ,hell heard this1 he said to his impious officers3 ,shut the brass gates 4 4 4 and make them fast with iron bars1 and fight courageously4 ,the saints having heard what had been said on both sides1 immediately spoke with a loud voice1 saying3 ,open thy gates1 that the ,king of ,glory may come in4 ,the divine prophets1 ,david and ,isaiah1 were particularly conspicuous in this protest against the intentions of the ,prince of ,hell4 ,again the voice of ,jesus was heard saying3 ,lift up your gates1 ,o ,prince2 and be ye lifted up1 ye gates of hell1 and the ,king of ,glory will enter in4 ,the ,prince of ,hell then cried out3 ,who is the ,king of ,glory8 upon which the prophet ,david commenced to reply to him1 but while he was speaking1 the mighty ,lord ,jesus appeared in the form of a man1 and broke asunder the fetters which before could not be broken1 and crying aloud1 said3 ,come to me1 all ye saints1 who were created in my image1 who were condemned by the tree of the forbidden fruit 4 4 4 live now by the word of my cross4 ,then presently all the saints were joined together1 hand in hand1 and the ,lord ,jesus laid hold on ,adam's hand1 and ascended from hell1 and all the saints of ,god followed him4#bab3b ,when the saints arrived in paradise1 two very ancient men met them1 and were asked by the saints3 ,who are ye1 who have not been with us in hell1 and have had your bodies placed in paradise8 ,one of these very ancient men answered and said3 ,i am ,enoch1 who was translated by the word of ,god1 and this man who is with me is ,elijah the ,tishbite1 who was translated in a fiery chariot4#bac3a ,the doctrine of the descent into hell may be found alluded to in the canonical books2 thus1 for instance1 in ,i4 ,peter3 ,it is better1 if the will of ,god be so1 that ye suffer for well doing1 than for evil doing4 ,for ,christ also hath suffered for sins1 the just for the unjust1 that he might bring us to ,god1 being put to death in the flesh1 but quickened by the spirit3 by which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison4#bac3b ,again1 in ,acts1 where the writer is speaking of ,david as a prophet1 he says3 ,he1 seeing this before1 spake of the resurrection of ,christ1 that his soul was not left in hell1 neither his flesh did see corruption4#bac3c ,the reason why ,christ ,jesus has been made to descend into hell1 is because it is a part of the universal mythos1 even the three days' duration4 ,the ,saviours of mankind had all done so1 he must therefore do likewise4 ,crishna1 the ,hindoo ,saviour1 descended into hell1 for the purpose of raising the dead 7the doomed71#bac3d before he returned to his heavenly seat4 ,zoroaster1 of the ,persians1 descended into hell4#bac3e ,osiris1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 descended into hell4#bac3f ,horus1 the virgin-born ,saviour1 descended into hell4#bac3g ,adonis1 the virgin-born ,saviour1 descended into hell4#bac3h ,bacchus1 the virgin-born ,saviour1 descended into hell4#bac3i ,hercules1 the virgin-born ,saviour1 descended into hell4#bac3aj ,mercury1 the ,word and ,messenger of ,god1 descended into hell4#bac3aa ,baldur1 the ,scandinavian god1 after being killed1 descended into hell4#bad3a ,quetzalcoatle1 the ,mexican crucified ,saviour1 descended into hell4#bad3b ,all these gods1 and many others that might be mentioned1 remained in hell for the space of three days and three nights4 ,they descended into hell1 and on the third day rose again4#bad3c ,,footnotes3 #baa3a ,quoted by ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #df4 #baa3b ,strom1 vi4 c4 #f4 #baa3c ,contra ,celsus1 bk4 ii4 c4 #dc4 #baa3d ,see ,jameson's ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ced1 #cee4 #bab3a ,see ,jameson's ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bej1 #bea4 #bab3b ,nicodemus3 ,apoc4 ch4 xvi4 and xix4 #bac3a ,nicodemus3 ,apoc4 ch4 xx4 #bac3b ,i4 ,peter1 iii4 #ag-ai4 #bac3c ,acts1 ii4 #ca4 #bac3d ,see ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcg4 ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afh1 and ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #he4 #bac3e ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bhf4 #bac3f ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bef1 ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 and ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 pp4 #abe1 #aeb4 #bac3g ,see ,chap4 ,,xxxix4 #bac3h ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #ab4 #bac3i ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #beg1 and ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #cc4 #bac3aj ,see ,taylor's ,mysteries1 p4 #dj1 and ,mysteries of ,adoni1 pp4 #id-if4 #bac3aa ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gb4 ,our ,christian writers discover considerable apprehension1 and a jealous caution in their language1 when the resemblance between ,paganism and ,christianity might be apt to strike the mind too cogently4 ,in quoting ,horace's account of ,mercury's descent into hell1 and his causing a cessation of the sufferings there1 ,mr4 ,spence1 in ,bell's ,pantheon1 says3 ,as this1 perhaps1 may be a mythical part of his character1 we had better let it alone4 #bad3a ,see ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afi1 and ,mallet1 p4 #ddh4 #bad3b ,see ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aff4 #bad3c ,see the chapter on ,explanation4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,resurrection ,,and ,,ascension ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus4 ,the story of the resurrection of ,christ ,jesus is related by the four ,gospel narrators1 and is to the effect that1 after being crucified1 his body was wrapped in a linen cloth1 laid in a tomb1 and a great stone rolled to the door4 ,the sepulchre was then made sure by sealing the stone and setting a watch4 ,on the first day of the week some of ,jesus' followers came to see the sepulchre1 when they found that1 in spite of the sealing and the watch1 the angel of the ,lord had descended from heaven1 had rolled back the stone from the door1 and that ,jesus had risen from the dead4#bae3a ,the story of his ascension is told by the ,mark#bae3b narrator1 who says he was received up into heaven1 and sat on the right hand of ,god2 by ,luke1#bae3c who says he was carried up into heaven2 and by the writer of the ,acts1#bae3d who says he was taken up 7to heaven7 and a cloud received him out of sight4 ,we will find1 in stripping ,christianity of its robes of ,paganism1 that these miraculous events must be put on the same level with those we have already examined4 ,crishna1 the crucified ,hindoo ,saviour1 rose from the dead1#bae3e and ascended bodily into heaven4#bae3f ,at that time a great light enveloped the earth and illuminated the whole expanse of heaven4 ,attended by celestial spirits1 and luminous as on that night when he was born in the house of ,vasudeva1 ,crishna pursued1 by his own light1 the journey between earth and heaven1 to the bright paradise from whence he had descended4 ,all men saw him1 and exclaimed1 ,lo1 ,crishna's soul ascends its native skies6#bae3g ,samuel ,johnson1 in his ,oriental ,religions1 tells us that ,rma--an incarnation of ,vishnu--after his manifestations on earth1 at last ascended to heaven1 resuming his divine essence4 ,by the blessings of ,rma's name1 and through previous faith in him1 all sins are remitted1 and every one who shall at death pronounce his name with sincere worship shall be forgiven4#baf3a ,the mythological account of ,buddha1 the son of the ,virgin ,maya1 who1 as the ,god of ,love1 is named ,cam-deo1 ,cam1 and ,cama1 is of the same character as that of other virgin-born gods4 ,when he died there were tears and lamentations4 ,heaven and earth are said equally to have lamented the loss of ,divine ,love1 insomuch that ,maha-deo 7the supreme god7 was moved to pity1 and exclaimed1 ,rise1 holy love6 on which ,cama was restored and the lamentations changed into the most enthusiastic joy4 ,the heavens are said to have echoed back the exulting sound2 then the deity1 supposed to be lost 7dead71 was restored1 hell's great dread and heaven's eternal admiration4#baf3b ,the coverings of the body unrolled themselves1 and the lid of his coffin was opened by supernatural powers4#baf3c ,buddha also ascended bodily to the celestial regions when his mission on earth was fulfilled1 and marks on the rocks of a high mountain are shown1 and believed to be the last impression of his footsteps on this earth4 ,by prayers in his name his followers expect to receive the rewards of paradise1 and finally to become one with him1 as he became one with the ,source of ,life4#baf3d ,lao-,kiun1 the virgin-born1 he who had existed from all eternity1 when his mission of benevolence was completed on earth1 ascended bodily into the paradise above4 ,since this time he has been worshiped as a god1 and splendid temples erected to his memory4#baf3e ,zoroaster1 the founder of the religion of the ancient ,persians1 who was considered a divine messenger sent to redeem men from their evil ways1 ascended to heaven at the end of his earthly career4 ,to this day his followers mention him with the greatest reverence1 calling him ,the ,immortal ,zoroaster1 ,the ,blessed ,zoroaster1 ,the ,living ,star1 c4#baf3f sculapius1 the ,son of ,god1 the ,saviour1 after being put to death1 rose from the dead4 ,his history is portrayed in the following lines of ,ovid's1 which are prophecies foretelling his life and actions3 ,once1 as the sacred infant she surveyed1 ,the god was kindled in the raving maid2 ,and thus she uttered her prophetic tale3 ,hail1 great ,physician of the world6 all hail6 ,hail1 mighty infant1 who in years to come ,shalt heal the nations1 and defraud the tomb6 ,swift be thy growth1 thy triumphs unconfined1 ,make kingdoms thicker1 and increase mankind4 ,thy daring art shall animate the dead1 ,and draw the thunder on thy guilty head2 ,then shalt thou die1 but from the dark abode ,shalt rise victorious1 and be twice a god4#bag3a ,the ,saviour ,adonis or ,tammuz1 after being put to death1 rose from the dead4 ,the following is an account given of the rites of ,tammuz or of ,adonis by ,julius ,firmicius 7who lived during the reign of ,constantine73 ,on a certain night 7while the ceremony of the ,adonia1 or religious rites in honor of ,adonis1 lasted71 an image was laid upon a bed 7or bier7 and bewailed in doleful ditties4 ,after they had satiated themselves with fictitious lamentations1 light was brought in3 then the mouths of all the mourners were anointed by the priests 7with oil71 upon which he1 with a gentle murmur1 whispered3 ',trust1 ye ,saints1 your ,god restored4 ,trust ye1 in your risen ,lord2 ,for the pains which he endured ,our salvation have procured4' ,literally1 ',trust1 ye communicants3 the ,god having been saved1 there shall be to us out of pain1 ,salvation4'#bag3b ,upon which their sorrow was turned into joy4 ,godwyn renders it3 ,trust ye in ,god1 for out of pains1 ,salvation is come unto us4#bag3c ,dr4 ,prichard1 in his ,egyptian ,mythology1 tells us that the ,syrians celebrated1 in the early spring1 this ceremony in honor of the resurrection of ,adonis4 ,after lamentations1 his restoration was commemorated with joy and festivity4#bag3d ,mons4 ,dupuis says3 ,the obsequies of ,adonis were celebrated at ,alexandria 7in ,egypt7 with the utmost display4 ,his image was carried with great solemnity to a tomb1 which served the purpose of rendering him the last honors4 ,before singing his return to life1 there were mournful rites celebrated in honor of his suffering and his death4 ,the large wound he had received was shown1 just as the wound was shown which was made to ,christ by the thrust of the spear4 ,the feast of his resurrection was fixed at the #beth of ,march4#bah3a ,in ,calmet's ,fragments1 the resurrection of ,adonis is referred to as follows3 ,in these mysteries1 after the attendants had for a long time bewailed the death of this just person1 he was at length understood to be restored to life1 to have experienced a resurrection2 signified by the re-admission of light4 ,on this the priest addressed the company1 saying1 ',comfort yourselves1 all ye who have been partakers of the mysteries of the deity1 thus preserved3 for we shall now enjoy some respite from our labors3' to which were added these words3 ',i have scaped a sad calamity1 and my lot is greatly mended4' ,the people answered by the invocation3 ',hail to the ,dove6 the ,restorer of ,light6'#bah3b ,alexander ,murray tells us that the ancient ,greeks also celebrated this festival in honor of the resurrection of ,adonis1 in the course of which a figure of him was produced1 and the ceremony of burial1 with weeping and songs of wailing1 gone through4 ,after these a joyful shout was raised3 ,adonis lives and is risen again4#bah3c ,plutarch1 in his life of ,alcibiades and of ,nicias1 tells us that it was at the time of the celebration of the death of ,adonis that the ,athenian fleet set sail for its unlucky expedition to ,sicily2 that nothing but images of dead ,adonises were to be met with in the streets1 and that they were carried to the sepulchre in the midst of an immense train of women1 crying and beating their breasts1 and imitating in every particular the lugubrious pomp of interments4 ,sinister omens were drawn from it1 which were only too much realized by subsequent events4#bah3d ,it was in an oration or address delivered to the ,emperors ,constans and ,constantius that ,julius ,firmicius wrote concerning the rites celebrated by the heathens in commemoration of the resurrection of ,adonis4 ,in his tide of eloquence he breaks away into indignant objurgation of the priest who officiated in those heathen mysteries1 which1 he admitted1 resembled the ,christian sacrament in honor of the death and resurrection of ,christ ,jesus1 so closely that there was really no difference between them1 except that no sufficient proof had been given to the world of the resurrection of ,adonis1 and no divine oracle had borne witness to his resurrection1 nor had he shown himself alive after his death to those who were concerned to have assurance of the fact that they might believe4 ,the divine oracle1 be it observed1 which ,julius ,firmicius says had borne testimony to ,christ ,jesus' resurrection1 was none other than the answer of the god ,apollo1 whom the ,pagans worshiped at ,delphos1 which this writer derived from ,porphyry's books ,on the ,philosophy of ,oracles4#bai3a ,eusebius1 the celebrated ecclesiastical historian1 has also condescended to quote this claimed testimony from a ,pagan oracle1 as furnishing one of the most convincing proofs that could be adduced in favor of the resurrection of ,christ ,jesus4 ,but thou at least 7says he to the ,pagans71 listen to thine own gods1 to thy oracular deities themselves1 who have borne witness1 and ascribed to our ,saviour 7,jesus ,christ7 not imposture1 but piety and wisdom1 and ascent into heaven4 ,this was vastly obliging and liberal of the god ,apollo1 but1 it happens awkwardly enough1 that the whole work 7consisting of several books7 ascribed to ,porphyry1 in which this and other admissions equally honorable to the evidences of the ,christian religion are made1 was not written by ,porphyry1 but is altogether the pious fraud of ,christian hands1 who have kindly fathered the great philosopher with admissions1 which1 as he would certainly never have made himself1 they have very charitably made for him4#bai3b ,the festival in honor of the resurrection of ,adonis was observed in ,alexandria in ,egypt--the cradle of ,christianity--in the time of ,st4 ,cyril1 ,bishop of ,alexandria 7,a4 ,d4 #dab71 and at ,antioch--the ancient capital of the ,greek ,kings of ,syria--even as late as the time of the ,emperor ,julian 7,a4 ,d4 #cfa-cfc71 whose arrival there1 during the solemnity of the festival1 was taken as an ill omen4#bai3c ,it is most curious that the arrival of the ,emperor ,julian at ,antioch--where the followers of ,christ ,jesus1 it is said1 were first called ,christians--at that time1 should be considered an ill omen4 ,why should it have been so8 ,he was not a ,christian1 but a known apostate from the ,christian religion1 and a zealous patron of ,paganism4 ,the evidence is very conclusive2 the celebration in honor of the resurrection of ,adonis had become to be known as a ,christian festival1 which has not been abolished even unto this day4 ,the ceremonies held in ,roman ,catholic countries on ,good ,friday and on ,easter ,sunday1 are nothing more than the festival of the death and resurrection of ,adonis1 as we shall presently see4 ,even as late as the year ,a4 ,d4 #chf1 the resurrection of ,adonis was celebrated in ,judea4 ,st4 ,jerome says3 ,over ,bethlehem 7in the year #chf after ,christ7 the grove of ,tammuz1 that is1 of ,adonis1 was casting its shadow6 ,and in the grotto where formerly the infant ,anointed 7i4 e41 ,christ ,jesus7 cried1 the lover of ,venus was being mourned4#bbj3a ,in the idolatrous worship practiced by the children of ,israel was that of the worship of ,adonis4 ,under the designation of ,tammuz1 this god was worshiped1 and had his altar even in the ,temple of the ,lord which was at ,jerusalem4 ,several of the ,psalms of ,david were parts of the liturgical service employed in his worship2 the #aajth1 in particular1 is an account of a friendly alliance between the two gods1 ,jehovah and ,adonis1 in which ,jehovah adorns ,adonis for his priest1 as sitting at his right hand1 and promises to fight for him against his enemies4 ,this god was worshiped at ,byblis in ,phoenicia with precisely the same ceremonies3 the same articles of faith as to his mystical incarnation1 his precious death and burial1 and his glorious resurrection and ascension1 and even in the very same words of religious adoration and homage which are now1 with the slightest degree of variation that could well be conceived1 addressed to the ,christ of the ,gospel4 ,the prophet ,ezekiel1 when an exile1 painted once more the scene he had so often witnessed of the ,israelitish women in the ,temple court bewailing the death of ,tammuz4#bbj3b ,dr4 ,parkhurst says1 in his ,hebrew ,lexicon3 ,i find myself obliged to refer ,tammuz1 as well as the ,greek and ,roman ,hercules1 to that class of idols which were originally designed to represent the promised ,saviour 7,christ ,jesus71 the desire of all nations4 ,his other name1 ,adonis1 is almost the very ,hebrew word ',our ,lord1' a well-known title of ,christ4#bbj3c ,so it seems that the ingenious and most learned orthodox ,dr4 ,parkhurst was obliged to consider ,adonis a type of the promised ,saviour 7,christ ,jesus71 the desire of all nations4 ,this is a very favorite way for ,christian divines to express themselves1 when pushed thereto1 by the striking resemblance between the ,pagan1 virgin-born1 crucified1 and resurrected gods and ,christ ,jesus4 ,if the reader is satisfied that all these things are types or symbols of what the real ,saviour was to do and suffer1 he is welcome to such food4 ,the doctrine of ,dr4 ,parkhurst and others comes with but an ill grace1 however1 from ,roman ,catholic priests1 who have never ceased to suppress information when possible1 and when it was impossible for them to do so1 they claimed these things to be the work of the devil1 in imitation of their predecessors1 the ,christian ,fathers4 ,julius ,firmicius has said3 ,the devil has his ,christs1 and does not deny that ,adonis was one4 ,tertullian and ,st4 ,justin explain all the conformity which exists between ,christianity and ,paganism1 by asserting that a long time before there were ,christians in existence1 the devil had taken pleasure to have their future mysteries and ceremonies copied by his worshipers4#bba3a ,osiris1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 after being put to death1 rose from the dead1#bba3b and bore the title of ,the ,resurrected ,one4#bba3c ,prof4 ,mahaffy1 lecturer on ancient history in the ,university of ,dublin1 observes that3 ,the ,resurrection and reign over an eternal kingdom1 by an incarnate mediating deity born of a virgin1 was a theological conception which pervaded the oldest religion of ,egypt4#bba3d ,the ancient ,egyptians celebrated annually1 in early spring1 about the time known in ,christian countries as ,easter1 the resurrection and ascension of ,osiris4 ,during these mysteries the misfortunes and tragical death of the ,saviour were celebrated in a species of drama1 in which all the particulars were exhibited1 accompanied with loud lamentations and every mark of sorrow4 ,at this time his image was carried in a procession1 covered--as were those in the temples--with black veils4 ,on the #beth of ,march his resurrection from the dead was celebrated with great festivity and rejoicings4#bba3e ,alexander ,murray says3 ,the worship of ,osiris was universal throughout ,egypt1 where he was gratefully regarded as the great exemplar of self-sacrifice--in giving his life for others--as the manifestor of good1 as the opener of truth1 and as being full of goodness and truth4 ,after being dead1 he was restored to life4#bba3f ,mons4 ,dupuis says on this subject3 ,the ,fathers of the ,church1 and the writers of the ,christian sect1 speak frequently of these feasts1 celebrated in honor of ,osiris1 who died and arose from the dead1 and they draw a parallel with the adventurers of their ,christ4 ,athanasius1 ,augustin1 ,theophilus1 ,athenagoras1 ,minucius ,felix1 ,lactantius1 ,firmicius1 as also the ancient authors who have spoken of ,osiris 4 4 4 all agree in the description of the universal mourning of the ,egyptians at the festival1 when the commemoration of that death took place4 ,they describe the ceremonies which were practiced at his sepulchre1 the tears1 which were there shed during several days1 and the festivities and rejoicings1 which followed after that mourning1 at the moment when his resurrection was announced4#bbb3a ,mr4 ,bonwick remarks1 in his ,egyptian ,belief1 that3 ,it is astonishing to find that1 at least1 five thousand years ago1 men trusted an ,osiris as the ',risen ,saviour1' and confidently hoped to rise1 as he arose1 from the grave4#bbb3b ,again he says3 ,osiris was1 unquestionably1 the popular god of ,egypt4 4 4 4 ,osiris was dear to the hearts of the people4 ,he was pre-eminently 'good4' ,he was in life and death their friend4 ,his birth1 death1 burial1 resurrection and ascension1 embraced the leading points of ,egyptian theology4 ,in his efforts to do good1 he encounters evil4 ,in struggling with that1 he is overcome4 ,he is killed4 ,the story1 entered into in the account of the ,osiris myth1 is a circumstantial one4 ,osiris is buried4 ,his tomb was the object of pilgrimage for thousands of years4 ,but he did not rest in his grave4 ,at the end of three days1 or forty1 he arose again1 and ascended to heaven4 ,this is the story of his humanity4 ,as the invictus ,osiris1 his tomb was illuminated1 as is the holy sepulchre of ,jerusalem now4 ,the mourning song1 whose plaintive tones were noted by ,herodotus1 and has been compared to the 'miserere' of ,rome1 was followed1 in three days1 by the language of triumph4#bbb3c ,herodotus1 who had been initiated into the ,egyptian and ,grecian ,mysteries1 speaks thus of them3 ,at ,sais 7in ,egypt71 in the sacred precinct of ,minerva2 behind the chapel and joining the wall1 is the tomb of one whose name ,i consider it impious to divulge on such an occasion2 and in the inclosure stand large stone obelisks1 and there is a lake near1 ornamented with a stone margin1 formed in a circle1 and in size1 as appeared to me1 much the same as that in ,delos1 which is called the circular4 ,in this lake they perform by night the representation of that person's adventures1 which they call mysteries4 ,on these matters1 however1 though accurately acquainted with the particulars of them1 ,i must observe a discreet silence2 and respecting the sacred rites of ,ceres1 which the ,greeks call ,thesmyphoria1 although ,i am acquainted with them1 ,i must observe silence except so far as is lawful for me to speak of them4#bbb3d ,horus1 son of the virgin ,isis1 experienced similar misfortunes4 ,the principal features of this sacred romance are to be found in the writings of the ,christian ,fathers4 ,they give us a description of the grief which was manifested at his death1 and of the rejoicings at his resurrection1 which are similar to those spoken of above4#bbb3e ,atys1 the ,phrygian ,saviour1 was put to death1 and rose again from the dead4 ,various histories were given of him in various places1 but all accounts terminated in the usual manner4 ,he was one of the ,slain ,ones who rose to life again on the #beth of ,march1 or the ,hilaria or primitive ,easter4#bbc3a ,mithras1 the ,persian ,saviour1 and mediator between ,god and man1 was believed by the inhabitants of ,persia1 ,asia ,minor and ,armenia1 to have been put to death1 and to have risen again from the dead4 ,in their mysteries1 the body of a young man1 apparently dead1 was exhibited1 which was feigned to be restored to life4 ,by his sufferings he was believed to have worked their salvation1 and on this account he was called their ,saviour4 ,his priests watched his tomb to the midnight of the veil of the #beth of ,march1 with loud cries1 and in darkness2 when all at once the lights burst forth from all parts1 and the priest cried3 ,rejoice1 ,oh sacred ,initiated1 your god is risen4 ,his death1 his pains1 his sufferings1 have worked our salvation4#bbc3b ,mons4 ,dupuis1 speaking of the resurrection of this god1 says3 ,it is chiefly in the religion of ,mithras4 4 4 4 that we find mostly these features of analogy with the death and resurrection of ,christ1 and with the mysteries of the ,christians4 ,mithras1 who was also born on the #beth of ,december1 like ,christ1 died as he did2 and he had his sepulchre1 over which his disciples came to shed tears4 ,during the night1 the priests carried his image to a tomb1 expressly prepared for him2 he was laid out on a litter1 like the ,phoenician ,adonis4 ,these funeral ceremonies1 like those on ,good ,friday 7in ,roman ,catholic churches71 were accompanied with funeral dirges and groans of the priests2 after having spent some time with these expressions of feigned grief2 after having lighted the sacred flambeau1 or their paschal candle1 and anointed the image with chrism or perfumes1 one of them came forward and pronounced with the gravest mien these words3 ',be of good cheer1 sacred band of ,initiates1 your god has risen from the dead4 ,his pains and his sufferings shall be your salvation4'#bbc3c ,in ,king's ,gnostics and their ,remains 7,plate ,,xi471 may be seen the representation of a bronze medal1 or rather disk1 engraved in the coarsest manner1 on which is to be seen a female figure1 standing in the attitude of adoration1 the object of which is expressed by the inscription--,,ortvs ,,salvat1 ,the ,rising of the ,saviour--i4 e41 of ,mithras4#bbd3a ,this medal 7says ,mr4 ,king71 doubtless had accompanied the interment of some individual initiated into the ,mithraic mysteries2 and is certainly the most curious relic of that faith that has come under my notice4#bbd3b ,bacchus1 the ,saviour1 son of the virgin ,semele1 after being put to death1 also arose from the dead4 ,during the commemoration of the ceremonies of this event the dead body of a young man was exhibited with great lamentations1 in the same manner as the cases cited above1 and at dawn on the #beth of ,march his resurrection from the dead was celebrated with great rejoicings4#bbd3c ,after having brought solace to the misfortunes of mankind1 he1 after his resurrection1 ascended into heaven4#bbd3d ,hercules1 the ,saviour1 the son of ,zeus by a mortal mother1 was put to death1 but arose from the funeral pile1 and ascended into heaven in a cloud1 'mid peals of thunder4 ,his followers manifested gratitude to his memory by erecting an altar on the spot from whence be ascended4#bbd3e ,memnon is put to death1 but rises again to life and immortality4 ,his mother ,eos weeps tears at the death of her son--as ,mary does for ,christ ,jesus--but her prayers avail to bring him back1 like ,adonis or ,tammuz1 and ,jesus1 from the shadowy region1 to dwell always in ,olympus4#bbd3f ,the ancient ,greeks also believed that ,amphiaraus--one of their most celebrated prophets and demi-gods--rose from the dead4 ,they even pointed to the place of his resurrection4#bbd3g ,baldur1 the ,scandinavian ,lord and ,saviour1 is put to death1 but does not rest in his grave4 ,he too rises again to life and immortality4#bbd3h ,when ,baldur the ,good1 the beneficent god1 descended into hell1 ,hela 7,death7 said to ,hermod 7who mourned for ,baldur73 ,if all things in the world1 both living and lifeless1 weep for him1 then shall he return to the sir 7the gods74 ,upon hearing this1 messengers were dispatched throughout the world to beg everything to weep in order that ,baldur might be delivered from hell4 ,all things everywhere willingly complied with this request1 both men and every other living being1 so that wailing was heard in all quarters4#bbe3a ,thus we see the same myth among the northern nations4 ,as ,bunsen says3 ,the tragedy of the murdered and risen god is familiar to us from the days of ancient ,egypt3 must it not be of equally primeval origin here8 ,in ,teutonic tradition4 ,the ancient ,scandinavians also worshiped a god called ,frey1 who was put to death1 and rose again from the dead4#bbe3b ,the ancient ,druids celebrated1 in the ,british ,isles1 in heathen times1 the rites of the resurrected ,bacchus1 and other ceremonies1 similar to the ,greeks and ,romans4#bbe3c ,quetzalcoatle1 the ,mexican crucified ,saviour1 after being put to death1 rose from the dead4 ,his resurrection was represented in ,mexican hieroglyphics1 and may be seen in the ,codex ,borgianus4#bbe3d ,the ,jews in ,palestine celebrated their ,passover on the same day that the ,pagans celebrated the resurrection of their gods4 ,besides the resurrected gods mentioned in this chapter1 who were believed in for centuries before the time assigned for the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 many others might be named1 as we shall see in our chapter on ,explanation4 ,in the words of ,dunbar ,t4 ,heath3 ,we find men taught everywhere1 from ,southern ,arabia to ,greece1 by hundreds of symbolisms1 the birth1 death1 and resurrection of deities1 and a resurrection too1 apparently after the second day1 i4 e41 on the third4#bbe3e ,and now1 to conclude all1 another god is said to have been born on the same day#bbe3f as these ,pagan deities2 he is crucified and buried1 and on the same day#bbe3g rises again from the dead4 ,christians of ,europe and ,america celebrate annually the resurrection of their ,saviour in almost the identical manner in which the ,pagans celebrated the resurrection of their ,saviours1 centuries before the ,god of the ,christians is said to have been born4 ,in ,roman ,catholic churches1 in ,catholic countries1 the body of a young man is laid on a bier1 and placed before the altar2 the wound in his side is to be seen1 and his death is bewailed in mournful dirges1 and the verse1 ,gloria ,patri1 is discontinued in the mass4 ,all the images in the churches and the altar are covered with black1 and the priest and attendants are robed in black2 nearly all lights are put out1 and the windows are darkened4 ,this is the ,agonie1 the ,miserere1 the ,good ,friday mass4 ,on ,easter ,sunday#bbf3a all the drapery has disappeared2 the church is illuminated1 and rejoicing1 in place of sorrow1 is manifest4 ,the ,easter hymns partake of the following expression3 ,rejoice1 ,oh sacred ,initiated1 your ,god is risen4 ,his death1 his pains1 his sufferings1 have worked our salvation4 ,cedrenus 7a celebrated ,byzantine writer71 speaking of the #beth of ,march1 says3 ,the first day of the first month1 is the first of the month ,nisan2 it corresponds to the #beth of ,march of the ,romans1 and the ,phamenot of the ,egyptians4 ,on that day ,gabriel saluted ,mary1 in order to make her conceive the ,saviour4 ,i observe that it is the same month1 ,phamenot1 that ,osiris gave fecundity to ,isis1 according to the ,egyptian theology4 ,on the very same day1 our ,god ,saviour 7,christ ,jesus71 after the termination of his career1 arose from the dead2 that is1 what our forefathers called the ,pass-over1 or the passage of the ,lord4 ,it is also on the same day1 that our ancient theologians have fixed his return1 or his second advent4#bbf3b ,we have seen1 then1 that a festival celebrating the resurrection of their several gods was annually held among the ,pagans1 before the time of ,christ ,jesus1 and that it was almost universal4 ,that it dates to a period of great antiquity is very certain4 ,the adventures of these incarnate gods1 exposed in their infancy1 put to death1 and rising again from the grave to life and immortality1 were acted on the ,deisuls and in the sacred theatres of the ancient ,pagans1#bbf3c just as the ,passion ,play is acted to-day4 ,eusebius relates a tale to the effect that1 at one time1 the ,christians were about to celebrate the solemn vigils of ,easter1 when1 to their dismay1 they found that oil was wanted4 ,narcissus1 ,bishop of ,jerusalem1 who was among the number1 commanded that such as had charge of the lights1 speedily to bring unto him water1 drawn up out of the next well4 ,this water ,narcissus1 by the wonderful power of ,god1 changed into oil1 and the celebration was continued4#bbg3a ,this tells the whole story4 ,here we see the oil--which the ,pagans had in their ceremonies1 and with which the priests anointed the lips of the ,initiates--and the lights1 which were suddenly lighted when the god was feigned to have risen from the dead4 ,with her usual policy1 the ,christian ,church endeavored to give a ,christian significance to the rites borrowed from ,paganism1 and in this case1 as in many others1 the conversion was particularly easy4 ,in the earliest times1 the ,christians did not celebrate the resurrection of their ,lord from the grave4 ,they made the ,jewish ,passover their chief festival1 celebrating it on the same day as the ,jews1 the #adth of ,nisan1 no matter in what part of the week that day might fall4 ,believing1 according to the tradition1 that ,jesus on the eve of his death had eaten the ,passover with his disciples1 they regarded such a solemnity as a commemoration of the ,supper and not as a memorial of the ,resurrection4 ,but in proportion as ,christianity more and more separated itself from ,judaism and imbibed paganism1 this way of looking at the matter became less easy4 ,a new tradition gained currency among the ,roman ,christians to the effect that ,jesus before his death had not eaten the ,passover1 but had died on the very day of the ,passover1 thus substituting himself for the ,paschal ,lamb4 ,the great ,christian festival was then made the ,resurrection of ,jesus1 and was celebrated on the first pagan holiday--,sun-day--after the ,passover4 ,this ,easter celebration was observed in ,china1 and called a ,festival of ,gratitude to ,tien4 ,from there it extended over the then known world to the extreme ,west4 ,the ancient ,pagan inhabitants of ,europe celebrated annually this same feast1 which is yet continued over all the ,christian world4 ,this festival began with a week's indulgence in all kinds of sports1 called the carne-vale1 or the taking a farewell to animal food1 because it was followed by a fast of forty days4 ,this was in honor of the ,saxon goddess ,ostrt or ,eostre of the ,germans1 whence our ,easter4#bbg3b ,the most characteristic ,easter rite1 and the one most widely diffused1 is the use of ,easter eggs4 ,they are usually stained of various colors with dye-woods or herbs1 and people mutually make presents of them2 sometimes they are kept as amulets1 sometimes eaten4 ,now1 dyed eggs were sacred ,easter offerings in ,egypt2#bbh3a the ancient ,persians1 when they kept the festival of the solar new year 7in ,march71 mutually presented each other with colored eggs2#bbh3b the ,jews used eggs in the feast of the ,passover2 and the custom prevailed in ,western countries4#bbh3c ,the stories of the resurrection written by the ,gospel narrators are altogether different4 ,this is owing to the fact that the story1 as related by one1 was written to correct the mistakes and to endeavor to reconcile with common sense the absurdities of the other4 ,for instance1 the ,matthew narrator says3 ,and when they saw him 7after he had risen from the dead7 they worshiped him2 but some doubted4#bbh3d ,to leave the question where this writer leaves it would be fatal4 ,in such a case there must be no doubt4 ,therefore1 the ,mark narrator makes ,jesus appear three times1 under such circumstances as to render a mistake next to impossible1 and to silence the most obstinate skepticism4 ,he is first made to appear to ,mary ,magdalene1 who was convinced that it was ,jesus1 because she went and told the disciples that he had risen1 and that she had seen him4 ,they--notwithstanding that ,jesus had foretold them of his resurrection#bbh3e--;disbelieved1 nor could they be convinced until he appeared to them4 ,they in turn told it to the other disciples1 who were also skeptical2 and1 that they might be convinced1 ,jesus also appeared to them as they sat at meat1 when he upbraided them for their unbelief4 ,this story is much improved in the hands of the ,mark narrator1 but1 in the anxiety to make a clear case1 it is overdone1 as often happens when the object is to remedy or correct an oversight or mistake previously made4 ,in relating that the disciples doubted the words of ,mary ,magdalene1 he had probably forgotten ,jesus had promised them that he should rise1 for1 if he had told them this1 why did they doubt8 ,neither the ,matthew nor the ,mark narrator says in what way ,jesus made his appearance--whether it was in the body or only in the spirit4 ,if in the latter1 it would be fatal to the whole theory of the resurrection1 as it is a material resurrection that ,christianity taught--just like their neighbors the ,persians--and not a spiritual4#bbi3a ,to put this disputed question in its true light1 and to silence the objections which must naturally have arisen against it1 was the object which the ,luke narrator had in view4 ,he says that when ,jesus appeared and spoke to the disciples they were afraid3 ,but they were terrified and affrighted1 and supposed they had seen a spirit4#bbi3b ,jesus then--to show that he was not a spirit--showed the wounds in his hands and feet4 ,and they gave him a piece of a broiled fish1 and of a honeycomb4 ,and he took it1 and did eat before them4#bbi3c ,after this1 who is there that can doubt8 but1 if the fish and honeycomb story was true1 why did the ,matthew and ,mark narrators fail to mention it8 ,the ,luke narrator1 like his predecessors1 had also overdone the matter1 and instead of convincing the skeptical1 he only excited their ridicule4 ,the ,john narrator now comes1 and endeavors to set matters right4 ,he does not omit entirely the story of ,jesus eating fish1 for that would not do1 after there had been so much said about it4 ,he might leave it to be inferred that the ,luke narrator made a mistake1 so he modifies the story and omits the ridiculous part4 ,the scene is laid on the shores of the ,sea of ,tiberias4 ,under the direction of ,jesus1 ,peter drew his net to land1 full of fish4 ,jesus said unto them3 ,come and dine4 ,and none of the disciples durst ask him1 ,who art thou8 knowing that it was the ,lord4 ,jesus then cometh1 and taketh bread1 and giveth them1 and fish likewise4#bbi3d ,it does not appear from this account that ,jesus ate the fish at all4 ,he took the fish and gave to the disciples2 the inference is that they were the ones that ate4 ,in the ,luke narrator's account the statement is reversed2 the disciples gave the fish to ,jesus1 and he ate4 ,the ,john narrator has taken out of the story that which was absurd1 but he leaves us to infer that the ,luke narrator was careless in stating the account of what took place4 ,if we leave out of the ,luke narrator's account the part that relates to the fish and honeycomb1 he fails to prove what it really was which appeared to the disciples1 as it seems from this that the disciples could not be convinced that ,jesus was not a spirit until he had actually eaten something4 ,now1 if the eating part is struck out--which the ,john narrator does1 and which1 no doubt1 the ridicule cast upon it drove him to do--the ,luke narrator leaves the question just where he found it4 ,it was the business of the ,john narrator to attempt to leave it clean1 and put an end to all cavil4 ,jesus appeared to the disciples when they assembled at ,jerusalem4 ,and when he had so said1 he shewed unto them his hands and his side4#bcj3a ,they were satisfied1 and no doubts were expressed4 ,but ,thomas was not present1 and when he was told by the brethren that ,jesus had appeared to them1 he refused to believe2 nor would he1 ,except ,i shall see in his hands the print of the nails1 and put my finger into the print of the nails1 and thrust my hand into his side1 ,i will not believe4#bcj3b ,now1 if ,thomas could be convinced1 with all his doubts1 it would be foolish after that to deny that ,jesus was not in the body when he appeared to his disciples4 ,after eight days ,jesus again appears1 for no other purpose--as it would seem--but to convince the doubting disciple ,thomas4 ,then said he to ,thomas3 ,reach hither thy finger1 and behold my hands2 and reach hither thy hand1 and thrust it into my side2 and be not faithless1 but believing4#bcj3c ,this convinced ,thomas1 and he exclaimed3 ,my ,lord and my ,god4 ,after this evidence1 if there were still unbelievers1 they were even more skeptical than ,thomas himself4 ,we should be at a loss to understand why the writers of the first three ,gospels entirely omitted the story of ,thomas1 if we were not aware that when the ,john narrator wrote the state of the public mind was such that proof of the most unquestionable character was demanded that ,christ ,jesus had risen in the body4 ,the ,john narrator selected a person who claimed he was hard to convince1 and if the evidence was such as to satisfy him1 it ought to satisfy the balance of the world4#bcj3d ,the first that we knew of the fourth ,gospel--attributed to ,john--is from the writings of ,irenus 7,a4 ,d4 #agg-bjb71 and the evidence is that he is the author of it4#bcj3e ,that controversies were rife in his day concerning the resurrection of ,jesus1 is very evident from other sources4 ,we find that at this time the resurrection of the dead 7according to the accounts of the ,christian forgers7 was very far from being esteemed an uncommon event2 that the miracle was frequently performed on necessary occasions by great fasting and the joint supplication of the church of the place1 and that the persons thus restored by their prayers had lived afterwards among them many years4 ,at such a period1 when faith could boast of so many wonderful victories over death1 it seems difficult to account for the skepticism of those philosophers1 who still rejected and derided the doctrine of the resurrection4 ,a noble ,grecian had rested on this important ground the whole controversy1 and promised ,theophilus1 bishop of ,antioch1 that if he could be gratified by the sight of a single person who had been actually raised from the dead1 he would immediately embrace the ,christian religion4 ,it is somewhat remarkable1 says ,gibbon1 the historian1 from whom we take the above1 that the prelate of the first ,eastern ,church1 however anxious for the conversion of his friend1 thought proper to decline this fair and reasonable challenge4#bca3a ,this ,christian saint1 ,irenus1 had invented many stories of others being raised from the dead1 for the purpose of attempting to strengthen the belief in the resurrection of ,jesus4 ,in the words of the ,rev4 ,jeremiah ,jones3 ,such pious frauds were very common among ,christians even in the first three centuries2 and a forgery of this nature1 with the view above-mentioned1 seems natural and probable4 ,one of these pious frauds is the ,gospel of ,nicodemus the ,disciple1 concerning the ,sufferings and ,resurrection of our ,master and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4 ,although attributed to ,nicodemus1 a disciple of ,jesus1 it has been shown to be a forgery1 written towards the close of the second century--during the time of ,irenus1 the well-known pious forger4 ,in this book we find the following3 ,and now hear me a little4 ,we all know the blessed ,simeon1 the high-priest1 who took ,jesus when an infant into his arms in the temple4 ,this same ,simeon had two sons of his own1 and we were all present at their death and funeral4 ,go therefore and see their tombs1 for these are open1 and they are risen2 and behold1 they are in the city of ,arimatha1 spending their time together in offices of devotion4#bca3b ,the purpose of this story is very evident4 ,some zealous believer1 observing the appeals for proof of the resurrection1 wishing to make it appear that resurrections from the dead were common occurrences1 invented this story towards the close of the second century1 and fathered it upon ,nicodemus4 ,we shall speak1 anon1 more fully on the subject of the frauds of the early ,christians1 the lying and deceiving for the cause of ,christ1 which is carried on even to the present day4 ,as ,president ,cheney of ,bates ,college has lately remarked1 ,the resurrection is the doctrine of ,christianity and the foundation of the entire system1#bcb3a but outside of the four spurious gospels this greatest of all recorded miracles is hardly mentioned4 ,we have epistles from ,peter1 ,james1 ,john1 and ,jude--all of whom are said by the evangelists to have seen ,jesus after he rose from the dead1 in none of which epistles is the fact of the resurrection even stated1 much less that ,jesus was seen by the writer after his resurrection4#bcb3b ,many of the early ,christian sects denied the resurrection of ,christ ,jesus1 but taught that he will rise1 when there shall be a general resurrection4 ,no actual representation of the resurrection of the ,christian's ,saviour has yet been found among the monuments of early ,christianity4 ,the earliest representation of this event that has been found is an ivory carving1 and belongs to the fifth or sixth century4#bcb3c ,,footnotes3 #bae3a ,see ,matthew1 xxviii4 ,mark1 xvi4 ,luke1 xxiv4 and ,john1 xx4 #bae3b ,mark1 xvi4 #ai4 #bae3c ,luke1 xxiv4 #ea4 #bae3d ,acts1 i4 #i4 #bae3e ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bdj4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #adb and #ade4 #bae3f ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aca4 ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afh4 ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bei and #bfa4 #bae3g ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #gb4 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 ii4 pp4 #dff and #dgc4 ,in ,hindu pictures1 ,vishnu1 who is identified with ,crishna1 is often seen mounted on the ,eagle ,garuda4 7,moore3 ,hindu ,panth4 p4 #bad47 ,and ,m4 ,sonnerat noticed two basso-relievos placed at the entrance of the choir of ,bordeaux ,cathedral1 one of which represents the ascension of our ,saviour to heaven on an ,eagle4 7,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #bgc47 #baf3a ,oriental ,religions1 pp4 #did1 #die4 #baf3b ,asiatic ,res41 vol4 x4 p4 #abi4 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajc4 #baf3c ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #di4 #baf3d ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #hf4 ,see also1 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aei4 #baf3e ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 #baf3f ,ibid4 p4 #beh4 #bag3a ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 as rendered by ,addison4 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #adh4 #bag3b ,quoted by ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aad4 ,see also1 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 pp4 #afc1 #afd4 #bag3c ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #afd4 #bag3d ,prichard's ,egyptian ,mythology1 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #bah3a ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #afa4 ,see also1 ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #bc1 and ,spirit ,hist4 of ,man1 p4 #baf4 #bah3b ,calmet's ,fragments1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ba4 #bah3c ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #hf4 #bah3d ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,beliefs1 p4 #bfa4 #bai3a ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,beliefs1 p4 #bdg1 and ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #afd4 #bai3b ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #afd4 ,we shall speak of ,christian forgeries anon4 #bai3c ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #b4 #bbj3a ,quoted in ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 vii4 ,see also1 ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 xxvii4 ,from the days of the prophet ,daniel1 down to the time when the red cross knights gave no quarter 7fighting for the ,christ7 in the streets of ,jerusalem1 the ,anointed was worshiped in ,babylon1 ,basan1 ,galilee and ,palestine4 7,son of the ,man1 p4 #ch47 #bbj3b ,ezekiel1 viii4 #ad4 #bbj3c ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #afb1 and ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aad4 #bba3a ,see ,justin3 ,cum4 ,typho1 and ,tertullian3 ,de ,bap4 #bba3b ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #af1 and vol4 i4 p4 #eai4 ,also1 ,prichard's ,egyptian ,mythology1 p4 #ff1 and ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afc4 #bba3c ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aff1 and ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 pp4 #abd1 #abe4 #bba3d ,prolegomena to ,ancient ,history4 #bba3e ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 #bba3f ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 pp4 #cdg1 #cdh4 #bbb3a ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bef4 #bbb3b ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 vi4 #bbb3c ,ibid4 pp4 #aej-aee1 #agh4 #bbb3d ,herodotus1 bk4 ii4 chs4 #agj1 #aga4 #bbb3e ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bfc1 and ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 #ajh4 #bbc3a ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afi4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajd4 ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bee4 ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #aaj1 and ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #hf4 #bbc3b ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ii4 ,mithras remained in the grave a period of three days1 as did ,christ ,jesus1 and the other ,christs4 ,the ,persians believed that the soul of man remained yet three days in the world after its separation from the body4 7,dunlap3 ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #fc47 ,in the ,zoroastrian religion1 after soul and body have separated1 the souls1 in the third night after death--as soon as the shining sun ascends--come over the ,mount ,berezaiti upon the bridge ,tshinavat which leads to ,garonmana1 the dwelling of the good gods4 7,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #baf1 and ,mysteries of ,adoni1 #fj47 ,the ,ghost of ,polydore says3 ,being raised up this third day--light1 ,having deserted my body6 7,euripides1 ,hecuba1 #ca1 #cb47 #bbc3c ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,beliefs1 pp4 #bdf1 #bdg4 #bbd3a ,king's ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #bbe4 #bbd3b ,ibid4 p4 #bbf4 #bbd3c ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 pp4 #bef1 #beg1 and ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afi4 #bbd3d ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #ace1 and ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 #cbb4 #bbd3e ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bid4 ,see also1 ,goldzhier's ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #abg4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb1 and ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,hercules4 #bbd3f ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ij4 #bbd3g ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #ef4 #bbd3h ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii p4 #id4 #bbe3a ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #ddi4 #bbe3b ,see ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #he4 #bbe3c ,see ,davies3 ,myths and ,rites of the ,british ,druids1 pp4 #hi and #bjh4 #bbe3d ,see ,kingsborough's ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aff4 #bbe3e ,quoted in ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #agd4 #bbe3f ,as we shall see in the chapter on ,the ,birth-day of ,christ ,jesus4 #bbe3g ,easter1 the triumph of ,christ1 was originally solemnized on the #beth of ,march1 the very day upon which the ,pagan gods were believed to have risen from the dead4 7,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 pp4 #bdd1 #bee47 ,a very long and terrible schism took place in the ,christian ,church upon the question whether ,easter1 the day of the resurrection1 was to be celebrated on the #adth day of the first month1 after the ,jewish custom1 or on the ,lord's day afterward2 and it was at last decided in favor of the ,lord's day4 7,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ij1 and ,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 art4 ,easter47 ,the day upon which ,easter should be celebrated was not settled until the ,council of ,nice4 7,see ,euseb4 ,life of ,constantine1 lib4 #c1 ch4 xvii4 ,also1 ,socrates' ,eccl4 ,hist4 lib4 #a1 ch4 vi47 #bbf3a ,even the name of ,,easter is derived from the heathen goddess1 ,ostrt1 of the ,saxons1 and the ,eostre of the ,germans4 ,many of the popular observances connected with ,easter are clearly of ,pagan origin4 ,the goddess ,ostara or ,eastre seems to have been the personification of the morning or ,east1 and also of the opening year or ,spring4 4 4 4 ,with her usual policy1 the church endeavored to give a ,christian significance to such of the rites as could not be rooted out2 and in this case the conversion was practically easy4 7,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,easter47 #bbf3b ,quoted in ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bdd4 #bbf3c ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdj4 #bbg3a ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #f1 c4 viii4 #bbg3b ,anacalypsis1 ii4 #ei4 #bbh3a ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bd4 #bbh3b ,see ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,easter4 #bbh3c ,ibid4 #bbh3d ,matthew1 xxviii4 #ag4 #bbh3e ,see xii4 #dj2 xvi4 #ba2 ,mark1 ix4 #ca2 xiv4 #bc2 ,john1 ii4 #aj4 #bbi3a ,and let not any one among you say1 that this very flesh is not judged1 neither raised up4 ,consider1 in what were ye saved8 in what did ye look up1 if not whilst ye were in this flesh8 ,we must1 therefore1 keep our flesh as the temple of ,god4 ,for in like manner as ye were called in the flesh1 ye shall also come to judgment in the flesh4 ,our one ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who has saved us1 being first a spirit1 was made flesh1 and so called us3 even so we also in this flesh1 shall receive the reward 7of heaven74 7,,ii4 ,corinthians1 ch4 iv4 ,apoc4 ,see also the ,christian ,creed3 ,i believe in the resurrection of the body47 #bbi3b ,luke1 xxiv4 #cg4 #bbi3c ,luke1 xxiv4 #db1 #dc4 #bbi3d ,john1 xxi4 #ab1 #ac4 #bcj3a ,john1 xx4 #bj4 #bcj3b ,john1 xx4 #be4 #bcj3c ,john1 xx4 #bg4 #bcj3d ,see1 for a further account of the resurrection1 ,reber's ,christ of ,paul2 ,scott's ,english ,life of ,jesus2 and ,greg's ,creed of ,christendom4 #bcj3e ,see the ,chapter xxxviii4 #bca3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 p4 #eda4 #bca3b ,nicodemus1 ,apoc4 ch4 xii4 #bcb3a ,baccalaureate ,sermon1 ,june #bfth1 #ahha4 #bcb3b ,greg3 ,the ,creed of ,christendom1 p4 #bhd4 #bcb3c ,see ,jameson's ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii41 and ,lundy's ,monumental ,christianity4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,second ,,coming ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus1 ,,and ,,the ,,millennium4 ,the second coming of ,christ ,jesus is clearly taught in the canonical1 as well as in the apocryphal1 books of the ,new ,testament4 ,paul teaches1 or is made to teach it1#bcc3a in the following words3 ,if we believe that ,jesus died and rose again1 even so them also which sleep in ,jesus will ,god bring with him4 ,for this we say unto you by the word of the ,lord1 that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the ,lord1 shall not prevent them which are asleep4 ,for the ,lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout1 with the voice of the archangel1 and with the trump of ,god1 and the dead in ,christ shall rise first3 ,then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds1 to meet the ,lord in the air3 and so shall we ever be with the ,lord4#bcc3b ,he further tells the ,thessalonians to abstain from all appearance of evil1 and to be preserved blameless unto the coming of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4#bcc3c ,james1#bcc3d in his epistle to the brethren1 tells them not to be in too great a hurry for the coming of their ,lord1 but to be patient and wait for the coming of the ,lord1 as the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the earth4 ,but still he assures them that the coming of the ,lord draweth nigh4#bcc3e ,peter1 in his first epistle1 tells his brethren that the end of all things is at hand1#bcc3f and that when the chief shepherd does appear1 they shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away4#bcc3g ,john1 in his first epistle1 tells the ,christian community to abide in him 7,christ71 so that1 when he shall appear1 we may have confidence1 and not be ashamed before him4#bcd3a ,he further says3 ,behold1 now are we the sons of ,god1 and it doth not yet appear what we shall be1 but we know that1 when he shall appear1 we shall be like him1 for we shall see him as he is4#bcd3b ,according to the writer of the book of ,the ,acts1 when ,jesus ascended into heaven1 the ,apostles stood looking up towards heaven1 where he had gone1 and while thus engaged3 behold1 two men stood by them 7dressed7 in white apparel1 who said unto them3 ,ye men of ,galilee1 why stand ye gazing up into heaven8 ,this same ,jesus which is taken up from you into heaven1 shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go 7up7 into heaven4#bcd3c ,the one great object which the writer of the book of ,revelations wished to present to view1 was the second coming of ,christ4 ,this writer1 who seems to have been anxious for that time1 which was surely to come quickly2 ends his book by saying3 ,even so1 come ,lord ,jesus4#bcd3d ,the two men1 dressed in white apparel1 who had told the ,apostles that ,jesus should come again1 were not the only persons whom they looked to for authority4 ,he himself 7according to the ,gospel7 had told them so3 ,the ,son of man shall come 7again7 in the glory of his ,father with his angels4 ,and1 as if to impress upon their minds that his second coming should not be at a distant day1 he further said3 ,verily ,i say unto you1 there be some standing here1 which shall not taste of death1 till they see the ,son of man coming in his kingdom4#bcd3e ,this1 surely1 is very explicit1 but it is not the only time he speaks of his second advent4 ,when foretelling the destruction of the temple1 his disciples came unto him1 saying3 ,tell us when shall these things be1 and what shall be the sign of thy coming8#bcd3f ,his answer to this is very plain3 ,verily ,i say unto you1 this generation shall not pass till all these things be fulfilled 7i4 e1 the destruction of the temple and his second coming71 but of that day and hour knoweth no man1 no1 not the angels of heaven1 but my ,father only4#bcd3g ,in the second ,epistle attributed to ,peter1 which was written after that generation had passed away1#bce3a there had begun to be some impatience manifest among the believers1 on account of the long delay of ,christ ,jesus' second coming4 ,where is the promise of his coming8 say they1 for since the fathers fell asleep all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation4#bce3b ,in attempting to smoothe over matters1 this writer says3 ,there shall come in the last days scoffers1 saying3 ',where is the promise of his coming8' to which he replies by telling them that they were ignorant of all the ways of the ,lord1 and that3 ,one day is with the ,lord as a thousand years1 and a thousand years as one day4 ,he further says3 ,the ,lord is not slack concerning his promise2 and that the day of the ,lord will come4 ,this coming is to be as a thief in the night1 that is1 when they least expect it4#bce3c ,no wonder there should have been scoffers--as this writer calls them--the generation which was not to have passed away before his coming1 had passed away2 all those who stood there had been dead many years2 the sun had not yet been darkened2 the stars were still in the heavens1 and the moon still continued to reflect light4 ,none of the predictions had yet been fulfilled4 ,some of the early ,christian ,fathers have tried to account for the words of ,jesus1 where he says3 ,verily ,i say unto you1 there be some standing here which shall not taste of death1 till they see the ,son of man coming in his kingdom1 by saying that he referred to ,john only1 and that that ,apostle was not dead1 but sleeping4 ,this fictitious story is related by ,saint ,augustin1 from the report1 as he says1 of credible persons1 and is to the effect that3 ,at ,ephesus1 where ,st4 ,john the ,apostle lay buried1 he was not believed to be dead1 but to be sleeping only in the grave1 which he had provided for himself till our ,saviour's second coming3 in proof of which1 they affirm1 that the earth1 under which he lay1 was seen to heave up and down perpetually1 in conformity to the motion of his body1 in the act of breathing4#bce3d ,this story clearly illustrates the stupid credulity and superstition of the primitive age of the church1 and the faculty of imposing any fictions upon the people1 which their leaders saw fit to inculcate4 ,the doctrine of the millennium designates a certain period in the history of the world1 lasting for a long1 indefinite space 7vaguely a thousand years1 as the word millennium implies7 during which the kingdom of ,christ ,jesus will be visibly established on the earth4 ,the idea undoubtedly originated proximately in the ,messianic expectation of the ,jews 7as ,jesus did not sit on the throne of ,david and become an earthly ruler1 it must be that he is coming again for this purpose71 but more remotely in the ,pagan doctrine of the final triumph of the several ,christs over their adversaries4 ,in the first century of the ,church1 millenarianism was a whispered belief1 to which the book of ,daniel1 and more particularly the predictions of the ,apocalypse#bcf3a gave an apostolical authority1 but1 when the church imbibed ,paganism1 their belief on this subject lent it a more vivid coloring and imagery4 ,the unanimity which the early ,christian teachers exhibit in regard to millenarianism1 proves how strongly it had laid hold of the imagination of the ,church1 to which1 in this early stage1 immortality and future rewards were to a great extent things of this world as yet4 ,not only did ,cerinthus1 but even the orthodox doctors--such as ,papias 7,bishop of ,hierapolis71 ,irenus1 ,justin ,martyr and others--delighted themselves with dreams of the glory and magnificence of the millennial kingdom4 ,papias1 in his collection of traditional sayings of ,christ ,jesus1 indulges in the most monstrous representations of the re-building of ,jerusalem1 and the colossal vines and grapes of the millennial reign4 ,according to the general opinion1 the millennium was to be preceded by great calamities1 after which the ,messiah1 ,christ ,jesus1 would appear1 and would bind ,satan for a thousand years1 annihilate the godless heathen1 or make them slaves of the believers1 overturn the ,roman empire1 from the ruins of which a new order of things would spring forth1 in which the dead in ,christ would rise1 and along with the surviving saints enjoy an incomparable felicity in the city of the ,new ,jerusalem4 ,finally1 all nations would bend their knee to him1 and acknowledge him only to be the ,christ--his religion would reign supreme4 ,this is the ,golden ,age of the future1 which all nations of antiquity believed in and looked forward to4 ,we will first turn to ,india1 and shall there find that the ,hindoos believed their ,saviour1 or ,preserver ,vishnu1 who appeared in mortal form as ,crishna1 is to come again in the latter days4 ,their sacred books declare that in the last days1 when the fixed stars have all apparently returned to the point whence they started1 at the beginning of all things1 in the month ,scorpio1 ,vishnu will appear among mortals1 in the form of an armed warrior1 riding a winged white horse4#bcf3b ,in one hand he will carry a scimitar1 blazing like a comet1 to destroy all the impure who shall then dwell on the face of the earth4 ,in the other hand he will carry a large shining ring1 to signify that the great circle of ,yugas 7ages7 is completed1 and that the end has come4 ,at his approach the sun and moon will be darkened1 the earth will tremble1 and the stars fall from the firmament4#bcg3a ,the ,buddhists believe that ,buddha has repeatedly assumed a human form to facilitate the reunion of men with his own universal soul1 so they believe that in the latter days he will come again4 ,their sacred books predict this coming1 and relate that his mission will be to restore the world to order and happiness4#bcg3b ,this is exactly the ,christian idea of the millennium4 ,the ,chinese also believe that in the latter days there is to be a millennium upon earth4 ,their five sacred volumes are full of prophesies concerning this ,golden ,age of the ,future4 ,it is the universal belief among them that a ,divine ,man will establish himself on earth1 and everywhere restore peace and happiness4#bcg3c ,the ancient ,persians believed that in the last days1 there would be a millennium on earth1 when the religion of ,zoroaster would be accepted by all mankind4 ,the ,parsees of to-day1 who are the remnants of the once mighty ,persians1 have a tradition that a holy personage is waiting in a region called ,kanguedez1 for a summons from the ,ized ,serosch1 who in the last days will bring him to ,persia1 to restore the ancient dominion of that country1 and spread the religion of ,zoroaster over the whole earth4#bcg3d ,the ,rev4 ,joseph ,b4 ,gross1 in his ,heathen ,religion1#bcg3e speaking of the belief of the ancient ,persians in the millennium1 says3 ,the dead would be raised1#bcg3f and he who has made all things1 cause the earth and the sea to return again the remains of the departed4#bcg3g ,then ,ormuzd shall clothe them with flesh and blood1 while they that live at the time of the resurrection1 must die in order to likewise participate in its advantage4 ,before this momentous event takes place1 three illustrious prophets shall appear1 who will announce their presence by the performance of miracles4 ,during this period of its existence1 and till its final removal1 the earth will be afflicted with pestilence1 tempests1 war1 famine1 and various other baneful calamities4#bcg3h ,after the resurrection1 every one will be apprised of the good or evil which he may have done1 and the righteous and the wicked will be separated from each other4#bch3a ,those of the latter whose offenses have not yet been expiated1 will be cast into hell during the term of three days and three nights1#bch3b in the presence of an assembled world1 in order to be purified in the burning stream of liquid ore4#bch3c ,after this1 they enjoy endless felicity in the society of the blessed1 and the pernicious empire of ,ahriman 7the devil71 is fairly exterminated4#bch3d ,even this lying spirit will be under the necessity to avail himself of this fiery ordeal1 and made to rejoice in its expurgating and cleansing efficacy4 ,nay1 hell itself is purged of its mephitic impurities1 and washed clean in the flames of a universal regeneration4#bch3e ,the earth is now the habitation of bliss1 all nature glows in light2 and the equitable and benignant laws of ,ormuzd reign supremely through the illimitable universe4#bch3f ,finally1 after the resurrection1 mankind will recognize each other again2 wants1 cares1 and passions will cease2#bch3g and everything in the paradisian and all-embracing empire of light1 shall rebound to the praise of the benificent ,god4#bch3h ,the disciples of ,bacchus expected his second advent4 ,they hoped he would assume at some future day the government of the universe1 and that he would restore to man his primary felicity4#bch3i ,the ,esthonian from the time of the ,german invasion lived a life of bondage under a foreign yoke1 and the iron of his slavery entered into his soul4 ,he told how the ancient hero ,kalewipoeg sits in the realms of shadows1 waiting until his country is in its extremity of distress1 when he will return to earth to avenge the injuries of the ,esths1 and elevate the poor crushed people into a mighty power4#bch3aj ,the suffering ,celt has his ,brian ,boroihme1 or ,arthur1 who will come again1 the first to inaugurate a ,fenian millennium1 the second to regenerate ,wales4 ,olger ,dansk waits till the time arrives when he is to start from sleep to the assistance of the ,dane against the hated ,prussian4 ,the ,messiah is to come and restore the kingdom of the ,jews4 ,charlemagne was the ,messiah of medival ,teutondom4 ,he it was who founded the great ,german empire1 and shed over it the blaze of ,christian truth1 and now he sleeps in the ,kyffhauserberg1 waiting till ,german heresy has reached its climax and ,germany is wasted through internal conflicts1 to rush to earth once more1 and revive the great empire and restore the ,catholic faith4#bci3a ,the ancient ,scandinavians believed that in the latter days great calamities would befall mankind4 ,the earth would tremble1 and the stars fall from heaven4 ,after which1 the great serpent would be chained1 and the religion of ,odin would reign supreme4#bci3b ,the disciples of ,quetzalcoatle1 the ,mexican ,saviour1 expected his second advent4 ,before he departed this life1 he told the inhabitants of ,cholula that he would return again to govern them4#bci3c ,this remarkable tradition was so deeply cherished in their hearts1 says ,mr4 ,prescott in his ,conquest of ,mexico1 that the ,mexicans looked confidently to the return of their benevolent deity4#bci3d ,so implicitly was this believed by the subjects1 that when the ,spaniards appeared on the coast1 they were joyfully hailed as the returning god and his companions4 ,montezuma's messengers reported to the ,inca that it was ,quetzalcoatle who was coming1 bringing his temples 7ships7 with him4 ,all throughout ,new ,spain they expected the reappearance of this ,son of the ,great ,god into the world1 who would renew all things4#bci3e ,acosta alludes to this1 in his ,history of the ,indies1 as follows3 ,in the beginning of the year #aeah1 they 7the ,mexicans71 discovered a fleet at sea1 in the which was the ,marques del ,valle1 ,don ,fernando ,cortez1 with his companions1 a news which much troubled ,montezuma1 and conferring with his council1 they all said1 that without doubt1 their great and ancient lord ,quetzalcoatle was come1 who had said that he would return from the ,east1 whither he had gone4#bci3f ,the doctrine of the millennium and the second advent of ,christ ,jesus1 has been a very important one in the ,christian church4 ,the ancient ,christians were animated by a contempt for their present existence1 and by a just confidence of immortality1 of which the doubtful and imperfect faith of modern ages cannot give us any adequate notion4 ,in the primitive church1 the influence of truth was powerfully strengthened by an opinion1 which1 however much it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity1 has not been found agreeable to experience4 ,it was universally believed1 that the end of the world and the kingdom of heaven were at hand4#bdj3a ,the near approach of this wonderful event had been predicted1 as we have seen1 by the ,apostles2 the tradition of it was preserved by their earliest disciples1 and those who believed that the discourses attributed to ,jesus were really uttered by him1 were obliged to expect the second and glorious coming of the ,son of ,man in the clouds1 before that generation was totally extinguished which had beheld his humble condition upon earth1 and which might still witness the calamities of the ,jews under ,vespasian or ,hadrian4 ,the revolution of seventeen centuries has instructed us not to press too closely the mysterious language of prophecy and revelation2 but as long as this error was permitted to subsist in the church1 it was productive of the most salutary effects on the faith and practice of ,christians1 who lived in the awful expectation of that moment when the globe itself and all the various races of mankind1 should tremble at the appearance of their divine judge4 ,this expectation was countenanced--as we have seen--by the twenty-fourth chapter of ,st4 ,matthew1 and by the first epistle of ,paul to the ,thessalonians4 ,erasmus 7one of the most vigorous promoters of the ,reformation7 removes the difficulty by the help of allegory and metaphor2 and the learned ,grotius 7a learned theologian of the #afth century7 ventures to insinuate1 that1 for wise purposes1 the pious deception was permitted to take place4 ,the ancient and popular doctrine of the millennium was intimately connected with the second coming of ,christ ,jesus4 ,as the works of the creation had been fixed in six days1 their duration in the present state1 according to a tradition which was attributed to the prophet ,elijah1 was fixed to six thousand years4#bdj3b ,by the same analogy it was inferred1 that this long period of labor and contention1 which had now almost elapsed1 would be succeeded by a joyful ,sabbath of a thousand years1 and that ,christ ,jesus1 with the triumphant band of the saints and the elect who had escaped death1 or who had been miraculously revived1 would reign upon earth until the time appointed for the last and general resurrection4 ,so pleasing was this hope to the mind of the believers1 that the ,new ,jerusalem1 the seat of this blissful kingdom1 was quickly adorned with all the gayest colors of the imagination4 ,a felicity consisting only of pure and spiritual pleasure would have been too refined for its inhabitants1 who were still supposed to possess their human nature and senses4 ,a ,garden of ,eden1 with the amusements of the pastoral life1 was no longer suited to the advanced state of society which prevailed under the ,roman empire4 ,a city was therefore erected of gold and precious stones1 and a supernatural plenty of corn and wine was bestowed on the adjacent territory2 in the free enjoyment of whose spontaneous productions1 the happy and benevolent people were never to be restrained by any jealous laws of exclusive property4 ,most of these pictures were borrowed from a misrepresentation of ,isaiah1 ,daniel1 and the ,apocalypse4 ,one of the grossest images may be found in ,irenus 7l4 v47 the disciple of ,papias1 who had seen the ,apostle ,st4 ,john4 ,though it might not be universally received1 it appears to have been the reigning sentiment of the orthodox believers2 and it seems so well adapted to the desires and apprehensions of mankind1 that it must have contributed in a very considerable degree to the progress of the ,christian faith4 ,but when the edifice of the church was almost completed1 the temporary support was laid aside4 ,the doctrine of ,christ ,jesus' reign upon earth was at first treated as a profound allegory1 was considered by degrees as a doubtful and useless opinion1 and was at length rejected as the absurd invention of heresy and fanaticism4 ,but although this doctrine had been laid aside1 and rejected1 it was again resurrected1 and is alive and rife at the present day1 even among those who stand as the leaders of the orthodox faith4 ,the expectation of the last day in the year #ajjj ,a4 ,d41 reinvested the doctrine with a transitory importance2 but it lost all credit again when the hopes so keenly excited by the crusades faded away before the stern reality of ,saracenic success1 and the predictions of the ,everlasting ,gospel1 a work of ,joachim de ,floris1 a ,franciscan abbot1 remained unfulfilled4#bda3a ,at the period of the ,reformation1 millenarianism once more experienced a partial revival1 because it was not a difficult matter to apply some of its symbolism to the papacy4 ,the ,pope1 for example1 was ,antichrist--a belief still adhered to by some extreme ,protestants4 ,yet the doctrine was not adopted by the great body of the reformers1 but by some fanatical sects1 such as the ,anabaptists1 and by the ,theosophists of the seventeenth century4 ,during the civil and religious wars in ,france and ,england1 when great excitement prevailed1 it was also prominent4 ,the ,fifth ,monarchy ,men of ,cromwell's time were millenarians of the most exaggerated and dangerous sort4 ,their peculiar tenet was that the millennium had come1 and that they were the saints who were to inherit the earth4 ,the excesses of the ,french ,roman ,catholic ,mystics and ,quietists terminated in chiliastic#bdb3a views4 ,among the ,protestants it was during the ,thirty ,years' ,war that the most enthusiastic and learned chiliasts flourished4 ,the awful suffering and wide-spread desolation of that time led pious hearts to solace themselves with the hope of a peaceful and glorious future4 ,since then the penchant which has sprung up for expounding the prophetical books of the ,bible1 and particularly the ,apocalypse1 with a view to present events1 has given the doctrine a faint semi-theological life1 very different1 however1 from the earnest faith of the first ,christians4 ,among the foremost chiliastic teachers of modern centuries are to be mentioned ,ezechiel ,meth1 ,paul ,felgenhauer1 ,bishop ,comenius1 ,professor ,jurien1 ,seraris1 ,poiret1 ,j4 ,mede2 while ,thomas ,burnet and ,william ,whiston endeavored to give chiliasm a geological foundation1 but without finding much favor4 ,latterly1 especially since the rise and extension of missionary enterprise1 the opinion has obtained a wide currency1 that after the conversion of the whole world to ,christianity1 a blissful and glorious era will ensue2 but not much stress--except by extreme literalists--is now laid on the nature or duration of this far-off felicity4 ,great eagerness1 and not a little ingenuity have been exhibited by many persons in fixing a date for the commencement of the millennium4 ,the celebrated theologian1 ,johann ,albrecht ,bengel1 who1 in the eighteenth century1 revived an earnest interest in the subject amongst orthodox ,protestants1 asserted from a study of the prophecies that the millennium would begin in #ahcf4 ,this date was long popular4 ,swedenborg held that the last judgment took place in #ageg1 and that the new church1 or ,church of the ,new ,jerusalem1 as his followers designate themselves--in other words1 the millennial era--then began4 ,in ,america1 considerable agitation was excited by the preaching of one ,william ,miller1 who fixed the second advent of ,christ ,jesus about #ahdc4 ,of late years1 the most noted ,english millenarian was ,dr4 ,john ,cumming1 who placed the end of the present dispensation in #ahff or #ahfg2 but as that time passed without any millennial symptoms1 he modified his original views considerably1 before he died1 and conjectured that the beginning of the millennium would not differ so much after all from the years immediately preceding it1 as people commonly suppose4 ,,footnotes3 #bcc3a ,we say is made to teach it1 for the probability is that ,paul never wrote this passage4 ,the authority of both the ,letters to the ,thessalonians1 attributed to ,paul1 is undoubtedly spurious4 7,see ,the ,bible of ,to-,day1 pp4 #baa1 #bab47 #bcc3b ,i4 ,thessalonians1 iv4 #ad-ag4 #bcc3c ,ibid4 v4 #bb1 #bc4 #bcc3d ,we say ,james1 but1 it is probable that we have1 in this epistle of ,james1 another pseudonymous writing which appeared after the time that ,james must have lived4 7,see ,the ,bible of ,to-,day1 p4 #bbe47 #bcc3e ,james1 v4 #g1 #h4 #bcc3f ,i4 ,peter1 iv4 #g4 #bcc3g ,i4 ,peter1 v4 #g4 ,this ,epistle is not authentic4 7,see ,the ,bible of ,to-,day1 pp4 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh47 #bcd3a ,i4 ,john1 ii4 #bf4 ,this epistle is not authentic4 7,see ,ibid4 p4 #bca47 #bcd3b ,i4 ,john1 v4 #b4 #bcd3c ,acts1 i4 #aj1 #aa4 #bcd3d ,rev4 xxii4 #bj4 #bcd3e ,matt4 xvi4 #bg1 #bh4 #bcd3f ,ibid4 xxiv4 #c4 #bcd3g ,ibid4 xxiv4 #cd-cf4 #bce3a ,towards the close of the second century4 7,see ,bible of ,to-,day47 #bce3b ,,ii4 ,peter1 iii4 #d4 #bce3c ,,ii4 ,peter1 iii4 #h-aj4 #bce3d ,see ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahh4 #bcf3a ,chapters xx4 and xxi4 in particular4 #bcf3b ,the ,christian ,saviour1 as well as the ,hindoo ,saviour1 will appear in the latter days among mortals in the form of an armed warrior1 riding a white horse4 ,st4 ,john sees this in his vision1 and prophecies it in his ,revelation thus3 ,and ,i saw1 and behold a white horse3 and he that sat on him had a bow2 and a crown was given unto him3 and he went forth conquering1 and to conquer4 7,rev4 vi4 #b47 #bcg3a ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ge4 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dig-ejc4 ,see also1 ,williams3 ,hinduism1 p4 #ajh4 #bcg3b ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 i4 #bdg1 and ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #dh4 #bcg3c ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bji4 #bcg3d ,see ,ibid4 p4 #bgi4 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bhg1 and chap4 xiii4 this work4 #bcg3e ,pp4 #abb1 #abc4 #bcg3f ,and ,i saw the dead1 small and great1 stand before ,god4 7,rev4 xx4 #ab47 #bcg3g ,and the sea gave up the dead which were in it4 7,rev4 xx4 #ac47 #bcg3h ,and ye shall hear of wars1 and rumors of wars4 ,nation shall rise against nation1 and kingdom against kingdom1 and there shall be famines1 pestilences1 and earthquakes in divers places4 7,matt4 xxiv4 #f1 #g47 #bch3a ,and before him shall be gathered all nations3 and he shall separate them one from another1 as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats4 7,matt4 xxv4 #cb1 #cc47 #bch3b ,he descended into hell1 the third day he rose 7again7 from the dead4 7,apostles' ,creed47 #bch3c ,purgatory--a place in which souls are supposed by the papists to be purged by fire from carnal impurities1 before they are received into heaven4 #bch3d ,and he laid hold on the dragon1 that old serpent1 which is the ,devil1 and ,satan1 and bound him a thousand years4 7,rev4 xx4 #b47 #bch3e ,and death and hell were cast into the lake of fire4 7,rev4 xx4 #ad47 #bch3f ,and ,i saw a new heaven and a new earth2 for the first earth1 and the first heaven were passed away4 7,rev4 xxi4 #a47 #bch3g ,and ,god shall wipe away all tears from their eyes2 and there shall be no more death1 neither sorrow1 nor crying1 neither shall there be any more pain3 for the former things are passed away4 7,rev4 xxi4 #a47 #bch3h ,and after these things ,i heard a great voice of much people in heaven1 saying1 ',alleluia2 salvation1 and glory1 and honor1 and power1 unto the ,lord1 our ,god4' 7,rev4 xix4 #a47 ,for the ,lord ,god omnipotent reigneth4 7,rev4 xix4 #f47 #bch3i ,dupuis3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief4 #bch3aj ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #djg4 #bci3a ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #djg4 #bci3b ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities4 #bci3c ,humboldt3 ,amer4 ,res41 vol4 i4 p4 #ia4 #bci3d ,prescott3 ,con4 of ,mexico1 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 #bci3e ,fergusson3 ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 p4 #hg4 ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #ahg4 #bci3f ,acosta3 ,hist4 ,indies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eac4 #bdj3a ,over all the ,higher ,asia there seems to have been diffused an immemorial tradition relative to a second grand convulsion of nature1 and the final dissolution of the earth by the terrible agency of ,,fire1 as the first is said to have been by that of ,,water4 ,it was taught by the ,hindoos1 the ,egyptians1 ,plato1 ,pythagoras1 ,zoroaster1 the ,stoics1 and others1 and was afterwards adopted by the ,christians4 7,,ii4 ,peter1 iii4 #i4 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dih-ejj47 #bdj3b ,and ,god made1 in six days1 the works of his hands1 4 4 4 the meaning of it is this2 that in six thousand years the ,lord will bring all things to an end4 7,barnabas4 ,apoc4 c4 xiii47 #bda3a ,after the devotees and followers of the new gospel had in vain expected the ,holy ,one who was to come1 they at last pitched upon ,st4 ,francis as having been the expected one1 and1 of course1 the most surprising and absurd miracles were said to have been performed by him4 ,some of the fanatics who believed in this man1 maintained that ,st4 ,francis was wholly and entirely transformed into the person of ,christ--,totum ,christo configuratum4 ,some of them maintained that the gospel of ,joachim was expressly preferred to the gospel of ,christ4 7,mosheim3 ,hist4 ,cent41 xiii4 pt4 ii4 sects4 xxxiv4 and xxxvi4 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #fie47 #bdb3a ,chiliasm--the thousand years when ,satan is bound4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,christ ,,jesus ,,as ,,judge ,,of ,,the ,,dead4 ,according to ,christian dogma1 ,god the ,father is not to be the judge at the last day1 but this very important office is to be held by ,god the ,son4 ,this is taught by the writer of ,the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,john--whoever he may have been--when he says3 ,for the ,father judgeth no man1 but hath committed all judgment unto the ,son4#bdd3a ,paul also1 in his ,epistle to the ,romans 7or some other person who has interpolated the passage71 tells us that3 ,in the day when ,god shall judge the secrets of men1 this judgment shall be done by ,jesus ,christ1 his son4#bdd3b ,again1 in his ,epistle to ,timothy1#bdd3c he says3 ,the ,lord ,jesus ,christ shall judge the quick and the dead1 at his appearing and his kingdom4#bdd3d ,the writer of the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,matthew1 also describes ,christ ,jesus as judge at the last day4#bdd3e ,now1 the question arises1 is this doctrine original with ,christianity8 ,to this we must answer no4 ,it was taught1 for ages before the time of ,christ ,jesus or ,christianity1 that the ,supreme ,being--whether ,brahm1 ,zerun ,akern1 ,jupiter1 or ,yahweh1#bdd3f--was not to be the judge at the last day1 but that their sons were to hold this position4 ,the sectarians of ,buddha taught that he 7who was the ,son of ,god 7,brahm7 and the ,holy ,virgin ,maya71 is to be the judge of the dead4#bdd3g ,according to the religion of the ,hindoos1 ,crishna 7who was the ,son of ,god1 and the ,holy ,virgin ,devaki71 is to be the judge at the last day4#bde3a ,and ,yama is the god of the departed spirits1 and the judge of the dead1 according to the ,vedas4#bde3b ,osiris1 the ,egyptian ,saviour and son of the ,immaculate ,virgin ,neith or ,nout1 was believed by the ancient ,egyptians to be the judge of the dead4#bde3c ,he is represented on ,egyptian monuments1 seated on his throne of judgment1 bearing a staff1 and carrying the crux ansata1 or cross with a handle4#bde3d ,st4 ,andrew's cross is upon his breast4 ,his throne is in checkers1 to denote the good and evil over which he presides1 or to indicate the good and evil who appear before him as the judge4#bde3e ,among the many hieroglyphic titles which accompany his figure in these sculptures1 and in many other places on the walls of temples and tombs1 are ,lord of ,life1 ,the ,eternal ,ruler1 ,manifester of ,good1 ,revealer of ,truth1 ,full of ,goodness and ,truth1 c4#bde3f ,mr4 ,bonwick1 speaking of the ,egyptian belief in the last judgment1 says3 ,a perusal of the twenty-fifth chapter of ,matthew will prepare the reader for the investigation of the ,egyptian notion of the last judgment4#bde3g ,prof4 ,carpenter1 referring to the ,egyptian ,bible--which is by far the most ancient of all holy books#bde3h--says3 ,in the ',book of the ,dead1' there are used the very phrases we find in the ,new ,testament1 in connection with the day of judgment4#bde3i ,according to the religion of the ,persians1 it is ,ormuzd1 ,the ,first ,born of the ,eternal ,one1 who is judge of the dead4 ,he had the title of ,the ,all-,seeing1 and ,the ,just ,judge4#bde3aj ,zerun ,akern is the name of him who corresponds to ,god the ,father among other nations4 ,he was the ,one ,supreme essence1 the ,invisible and ,incomprehensible4#bde3aa ,among the ancient ,greeks1 it was ,aeacus--,son of the ,most ,high ,god--who was to be judge of the dead4#bde3ab ,the ,christian ,emperor ,constantine1 in his oration to the clergy1 speaking of the ancient poets of ,greece1 says3 ,they affirm that men who are the sons of the gods1 do judge departed souls4#bdf3a ,strange as it may seem1 there are no examples of ,christ ,jesus conceived as judge1 or the last judgment1 in the early art of ,christianity4#bdf3b ,the author from whom we quote the above1 says1 ,it would be difficult to define the cause of this1 though many may be conjectured4#bdf3c ,would it be unreasonable to conjecture that the early ,christians did not teach this doctrine1 but that it was imbibed1 in after years1 with many other heathen ideas8 ,,footnotes3 #bdd3a ,john1 v4 #bb4 #bdd3b ,romans1 ii4 #af4 #bdd3c ,not authentic4 7,see ,the ,bible of ,to-,day1 p4 #bab47 #bdd3d ,,ii4 ,timothy1 iv4 #a4 #bdd3e ,matt4 xxv4 #ca-df4 #bdd3f ,through an error we pronounce this name ,jehovah4 #bdd3g ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #cff4 #bde3a ,see ,samuel ,johnson's ,oriental ,religions1 p4 #ejd4 #bde3b ,see ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #be4 #bde3c ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #abj4 ,renouf3 ,religions of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 p4 #aaj1 and ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeb4 #bde3d ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aea1 and ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeb4 #bde3e ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aea4 #bde3f ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #aed4 #bde3g ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #dai4 #bde3h ,see ,ibid4 p4 #ahe4 #bde3i ,quoted in ,ibid4 p4 #dai4 #bde3aj ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei4 #bde3aa ,ibid4 p4 #beh4 #bde3ab ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #af4 #bdf3a ,constantine's ,oration to the ,clergy1 ch4 x4 #bdf3b ,jameson3 ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cib4 #bdf3c ,ibid4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,christ ,,jesus ,,as ,,creator1 ,,and ,,alpha ,,and ,,omega4 ,christian dogma also teaches that it was not ,god the ,father1 but ,god the ,son who created the heavens1 the earth1 and all that therein is4 ,the writer of the fourth ,gospel says3 ,all things were made by him1 and without him was not anything made that was made4#bdg3a ,again3 ,he was in the world and the world was made by him1 and the world knew him not4#bdg3b ,in the ,epistle to the ,colossians1 we read that3 ,by him were all things created that are in heaven and that are in earth1 visible and invisible1 whether they be thrones1 or dominions1 or principalities1 or powers2 all things were created by him4#bdg3c ,again1 in the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 we are told that3 ,god hath spoken unto us by his son1 whom he hath appointed heir of all things1 by whom also he made the world4#bdg3d ,samuel ,johnson1 ,d4 ,o4 ,allen1#bdg3e and ,thomas ,maurice1#bdg3f tell us that1 according to the religion of the ,hindoos1 it is ,crishna1 the ,son1 and the second person in the ever blessed ,trinity1#bdg3g who is the origin and end of all the worlds2 all this universe1 came into being through him1 the eternal maker4#bdg3h ,in the holy book of the ,hindoos1 called the ,bhagvat ,geeta1 may be found the following words of ,crishna1 addressed to his beloved disciple ,ar-jouan3 ,i am the ,lord of all created beings4#bdg3i ,mankind was created by me of four kinds1 distinct in their principles and in their duties2 know me then to be the ,creator of mankind1 uncreated1 and without decay4#bdg3aj ,in ,lecture ,,vii41 entitled3 ,of the ,principles of ,nature1 and the ,vital ,spirit1 he also says3 ,i am the creation and the dissolution of the whole universe4 ,there is not anything greater than ,i1 and all things hang on me4 ,again1 in ,lecture ,,ix41 entitled1 ,of the ,chief of ,secrets and ,prince of ,science1 ,crishna says3 ,the whole world was spread abroad by me in my invisible form4 ,all things are dependent on me4 ,i am the ,father and the ,mother of this world1 the ,grandsire and the ,preserver4 ,i am the ,holy ,one worthy to be known2 the mystic figure ,,om4#bdh3a 4 4 4 ,i am the journey of the good2 the ,comforter2 the ,creator2 the ,witness2 the ,resting-place2 the ,asylum and the ,friend4#bdh3b ,in ,lecture ,x41 entitled1 ,of the diversity of the ,divine ,nature1 he says3 ,i am the ,creator of all things1 and all things proceed from me4 ,those who are endued with spiritual wisdom1 believe this and worship me2 their very hearts and minds are in me2 they rejoice amongst themselves1 and delight in speaking of my name1 and teaching one another my doctrine4#bdh3c ,innumerable texts1 similar to these1 might be produced from the ,hindoo ,scriptures1 but these we deem sufficient to show1 in the words of ,samuel ,johnson quoted above1 that1 ,according to the religion of the ,hindoos1 it is ,crishna who is the origin and the end of all the worlds2 and that all this universe came into being through him1 the ,eternal ,maker4 ,the ,chinese believed in ,one ,supreme ,god1 to whose honor they burnt incense1 but of whom they had no image4 ,this ,god the ,father was not the ,creator1 according to their theology or mythology2 but they had another god1 of whom they had statues or idols1 called ,natigai1 who was the god of all terrestrial things2 in fact1 ,god1 the ,creator of this world--inferior or subordinate to the ,supreme ,being--from whom they petition for fine weather1 or whatever else they want--a sort of mediator4#bdh3d ,lanthu1 who was born of a pure1 spotless virgin1 is believed by his followers or disciples to be the ,creator of all things2#bdh3e and ,taou1 a deified hero1 who is mentioned about #efj ,b4 ,c41 is believed by some sects and affirmed by their books1 to be the original source and first productive cause of all things4#bdh3f ,in the ,chaldean oracles1 the doctrine of the ,only ,begotten ,son1 ,i ,a ,o1 as ,creator1 is plainly taught4 ,according to ancient ,persian mythology1 there is one supreme essence1 invisible and incomprehensible1 named ,zerun ,akern which signifies unlimited time1 or the eternal4 ,from him emanated ,ormuzd1 the ,king of ,light1 the ,first-born of the ,eternal ,one1 c4 ,now1 this ,first-born of the ,eternal ,one is he by whom all things were made1 all things came into being through him2 he is the ,creator4#bdi3a ,a large portion of the ,zend-,avesta--the ,persian ,sacred ,book or ,bible--is filled with prayers to ,ormuzd1 ,god's ,first-,born4 ,the following are samples3 ,i address my prayer to ,ormuzd1 ,creator of all things2 who always has been1 who is1 and who will be forever2 who is wise and powerful2 who made the great arch of heaven1 the sun1 the moon1 stars1 winds1 clouds1 waters1 earth1 fire1 trees1 animals and men1 whom ,zoroaster adored4 ,zoroaster1 who brought to the world knowledge of the law1 who knew by natural intelligence1 and by the ear1 what ought to be done1 all that has been1 all that is1 and all that will be2 the science of sciences1 the excellent word1 by which souls pass the luminous and radiant bridge1 separate themselves from the evil regions1 and go to light and holy dwellings1 full of fragrance4 ,o ,creator1 ,i obey thy laws1 ,i think1 act1 speak1 according to thy orders4 ,i separate myself from all sin4 ,i do good works according to my power4 ,i adore thee with purity of thought1 word1 and action4 ,i pray to ,ormuzd1 who recompenses good works1 who delivers unto the end all those who obey his laws4 ,grant that ,i may arrive at paradise1 where all is fragrance1 light1 and happiness4#bdi3b ,according to the religion of the ancient ,assyrians1 it was ,narduk1 the ,logos1 the ,,word1 the eldest son of ,hea1 the ,merciful ,one1 the ,life-giver1 c41 who created the heavens1 the earth1 and all that therein is4#bdi3c ,adonis1 the ,lord and ,saviour1 was believed to be the ,creator of men1 and god of the resurrection of the dead4#bdi3d ,prometheus1 the ,crucified ,saviour1 is the divine forethought1 existing before the souls of men1 and the creator ,hominium4#bdi3e ,the writer of ,the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,john1 has made ,christ ,jesus co-eternal with ,god1 as well as ,creator1 in these words3 ,in the beginning was the ,word1 and the ,word was with ,god4 ,the same was in the beginning with ,god4#bdi3f ,again1 in praying to his ,father1 he makes ,jesus say3 ,and now1 ,o ,father1 glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which ,i had with thee before the world was4#bdi3g ,paul is made to say3 ,and he 7,christ7 is before all things4#bej3a ,again3 ,jesus ,christ1 the same yesterday1 to-day1 and forever4#bej3b ,st4 ,john the ,divine1 in his ,revelation1 has made ,christ ,jesus say3 ,i am ,alpha and ,omega1 the beginning and the end--which is1 and which was1 and which is to come1 the ,almighty1#bej3c the first and the last4#bej3d ,hindoo scripture also makes ,crishna the first and the last1 the beginning and the end4 ,we read in the ,geeta1 where ,crishna is reported to have said3 ,i myself never was not4#bej3e ,learn that he by whom all things were formed 7meaning himself7 is incorruptible4#bej3f ,i am eternity and non-eternity4#bej3g ,i am before all things1 and the mighty ruler of the universe4#bej3h ,i am the beginning1 the middle and the end of all things4#bej3i ,arjouan1 his disciple1 addresses him thus3 ,thou art the ,supreme ,being1 incorruptible1 worthy to be known2 thou art prime supporter of the universal orb2 thou art the never-failing and eternal guardian of religion2 thou art from all beginning1 and ,i esteem thee4#bej3aj ,thou art the ,divine ,being1 before all other gods4#bej3aa ,again he says3 ,reverence6 ,reverence be unto thee1 before and behind6 ,reverence be unto thee on all sides1 ,o thou who art all in all6 ,infinite in thy power and thy glory6 ,thou includest all things1 wherefore thou art all things4#bej3ab ,in another ,holy ,book of the ,hindoos1 called the ,vishnu ,purana1 we also read that ,vishnu--in the form of ,crishna--who descended into the womb of the 7virgin7 ,devaki1 and was born as her son was without beginning1 middle or end4#bej3ac ,buddha is also ,alpha and ,omega1 without beginning or end1 ,the ,lord1 the ,possessor of ,all1 ,he who is ,omnipotent and ,everlastingly to be ,contemplated1 the ,supreme ,being1 the ,eternal ,one4#bej3ad ,lao-kiun1 the ,chinese virgin-born ,god1 who came upon earth about six hundred years before ,jesus1 was without beginning4 ,it was said that he had existed from all eternity4#bej3ae ,the legends of the ,taou-tsze sect in ,china declare their founder to have existed antecedent to the birth of the elements1 in the ,great ,absolute2 that he is the pure essence of the ten2 that he is the original ancestor of the prime breath of life2 that he gave form to the heavens and the earth1 and caused creations and annihilations to succeed each other1 in an endless series1 during innumerable periods of the world4 ,he himself is made to say3 ,i was in existence prior to the manifestation of any corporeal shape2 ,i appeared anterior to the supreme being1 or first motion of creation4#bea3a ,according to the ,zend ,avesta1 ,ormuzd1 the first-born of the ,eternal ,one1 is he who is1 always has been1 and who will be forever4#bea3b ,zeus was ,alpha and ,omega4 ,an ,orphic line runs thus3 ,zeus is the beginning1 ,zeus is the middle1 out of ,zeus all things have been made4#bea3c ,bacchus was without beginning or end4 ,an inscription on an ancient medal1 referring to him1 reads thus3 ,it is ,i who leads you2 it is ,i who protects you1 and who saves you1 ,i am ,alpha and ,omega4 ,beneath this inscription is a serpent1 with his tail in his mouth1 thus forming a circle1 which was an emblem of eternity among the ancients4#bea3d ,without enumerating them1 we may say that the majority of the virgin-born gods spoken of in ,chapter ,,xii4 were like ,christ ,jesus--without beginning or end--and that many of them were considered ,creators of all things4 ,this has led ,m4 ,dridon to remark 7in his ,hist4 de ,dieu71 that in early works of art1 ,christ ,jesus is made to take the place of his ,father in creation and in similar labors1 just as in heathen religions an inferior deity does the work under a superior one4 ,,footnotes3 #bdg3a ,john1 i4 #c4 #bdg3b ,john1 i4 #aj4 #bdg3c ,colossians1 i4 #bdg3d ,hebrews1 i4 #b4 #bdg3e ,allen's ,india1 pp4 #acg and #chj4 #bdg3f ,indian ,antiq41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhh4 #bdg3g ,see the chapter on the ,trinity4 #bdg3h ,oriental ,religions1 p4 #ejb4 #bdg3i ,lecture iv4 p4 #ea4 #bdg3aj ,geeta1 p4 #eb4 #bdh3a ,o4 ,m4 or ,a4 ,u4 ,m4 is the ,hindoo ineffable name2 the mystic emblem of the deity4 ,it is never uttered aloud1 but only mentally by the devout4 ,it signifies ,brahma1 ,vishnou1 and ,siva1 the ,hindoo ,trinity4 7,see ,charles ,wilkes in ,geeta1 p4 #adb1 and ,king's ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #afc47 #bdh3b ,geeta1 p4 #hj4 #bdh3c ,geeta1 p4 #hd4 #bdh3d ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #dh4 #bdh3e ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ce4 #bdh3f ,see ,davis3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aji and #aac1 and ,thornton1 vol4 i4 p4 #acg4 #bdi3a ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei4 ,in the most ancient parts of the ,zend-,avesta1 ,ormuzd is said to have created the world by his ,,word4 7,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ajd1 and ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjb1 ,note by ,guizot47 ,in the beginning was the ,,word1 and the ,,word was with ,god1 and the ,,word was ,god4 7,john1 i4 #a47 #bdi3b ,quoted in ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfg4 #bdi3c ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #djd4 #bdi3d ,see ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #aef4 #bdi3e ,see ,ibid4 p4 #aef1 and ,bulfinch1 ,age of ,fable4 #bdi3f ,john1 i4 #a1 #b4 #bdi3g ,john1 xvii4 #e4 #bej3a ,col4 i4 #ag4 #bej3b ,hebrews1 xiii4 #h4 #bej3c ,rev4 i4 #h1 #bc1 #ac4 #bej3d ,rev4 i4 #ag2 xii4 #ac4 #bej3e ,geeta1 p4 #ce4 #bej3f ,geeta1 p4 #cf4 #bej3g ,lecture ix4 p4 #hj4 #bej3h ,lecture x4 p4 #hc4 #bej3i ,lecture x4 p4 #he4 #bej3aj ,lecture ix4 p4 #ia4 #bej3aa ,lecture x4 p4 #hd4 #bej3ab ,lecture xi4 p4 #ie4 #bej3ac ,see ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #ddj4 #bej3ad ,see chapter xii4 #bej3ae ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjj4 #bea3a ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 p4 #acg4 #bea3b ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 ii4 p4 #bfg4 #bea3c ,mller's ,chips1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #bea3d ,c'est moi qui vous conduis1 vous et tout ce qui vous regarde4 ,c'est moi1 qui vous conserve1 on qui vous sauve4 ,je suis ,alpha et ,omega4 ,il y a au dessous de l'inscription un serpent qui tient sa queue dans sa gueule et dans la cercle qu'il dcrit1 cest trois lettre ,greques ,,greek ,,capital ,,letter ,,tau,,greek ,,capital ,,letter ,,xi,,greek ,,capital ,,letter ,,epsilon1 qui sont le nombre #cfe4 ,le serpent1 qui est'ordinaire un emblme de l'ternit est ici celui de soleil et de ses revolutions4 ,beausobre3 ,hist4 de ,manichee1 ,tom4 ii4 p4 #ef4 ,i say that ,i am immortal1 ,dionysus 7,bacchus71 son of ,deus4 ,aristophanes1 in ,myst4 ,of ,adoni1 pp4 #hj1 and #aje4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,miracles ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus ,,and ,,the ,,primitive ,,christians4 ,the legendary history of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 contained in the books of the ,new ,testament1 is full of prodigies and wonders4 ,these alleged prodigies1 and the faith which the people seem to have put in such a tissue of falsehoods1 indicate the prevalent disposition of the people to believe in everything1 and it was among such a class that ,christianity was propagated4 ,all leaders of religion had the reputation of having performed miracles2 the biographers of ,jesus1 therefore1 not wishing their ,master to be outdone1 have made him also a wonder-worker1 and a performer of miracles2 without them ,christianity could not prosper4 ,miracles were needed in those days1 on all special occasions4 ,there is not a single historian of antiquity1 whether ,greek or ,latin1 who has not recorded oracles1 prodigies1 prophecies1 and miracles1 on the occasion of some memorable events1 or revolutions of states and kingdoms4 ,many of these are attested in the gravest manner by the gravest writers1 and were firmly believed at the time by the people4#beb3a ,hindoo sacred books represent ,crishna1 their ,saviour and ,redeemer1 as in constant strife against the evil spirit4 ,he surmounts extraordinary dangers2 strews his way with miracles2 raising the dead1 healing the sick1 restoring the maimed1 the deaf and the blind2 everywhere supporting the weak against the strong1 the oppressed against the powerful4 ,the people crowded his way and adored him as a ,,god1 and these miracles were the evidences of his divinity for centuries before the time of ,jesus4 ,the learned ,thomas ,maurice1 speaking of ,crishna1 tells us that he passed his innocent hours at the home of his foster-father1 in rural diversions1 his divine origin not being suspected1 until repeated miracles soon discovered his celestial origin2#beb3b and ,sir ,william ,jones speaks of his raising the dead1 and saving multitudes by his miraculous powers4#bec3a ,to enumerate the miracles of ,crishna would be useless and tedious2 we shall therefore mention but a few1 of which the ,hindoo sacred books are teeming4 ,when ,crishna was born1 his life was sought by the reigning monarch1 ,kansa1 who had the infant ,saviour and his father and mother locked in a dungeon1 guarded1 and barred by seven iron doors4 ,while in this dungeon the father heard a secret voice distinctly utter these words3 ,son of ,yadu1 take up this child and carry it to ,gokool1 to the house of ,nanda4 ,vasudeva1 struck with astonishment1 answered3 ,how shall ,i obey this injunction1 thus vigilantly guarded and barred by seven iron doors that prohibit all egress8 ,the unknown voice replied3 ,the doors shall open of themselves to let thee pass1 and behold1 ,i have caused a deep slumber to fall upon thy guards1 which shall continue till thy journey be accomplished4 ,vasudeva immediately felt his chains miraculously loosened1 and1 taking up the child in his arms1 hurried with it through all the doors1 the guards being buried in profound sleep4 ,when he came to the river ,yumna1 which he was obliged to cross to get to ,gokool1 the waters immediately rose up to kiss the child's feet1 and then respectfully retired on each side to make way for its transportation1 so that ,vasudeva passed dry-shod to the opposite shore4#bec3b ,when ,crishna came to man's estate1 one of his first miracles was the cure of a leper4 ,a passionate ,brahman1 having received a slight insult from a certain ,rajah1 on going out of his doors1 uttered this curse3 ,that he should1 from head to foot1 be covered with boils and leprosy2 which being fulfilled in an instant upon the unfortunate king1 he prayed to ,crishna to deliver him from his evil4 ,at first1 ,crishna did not heed his request1 but finally he appeared to him1 asking what his request was8 ,he replied1 ,to be freed from my distemper4 ,the ,saviour then cured him of his distemper4#bec3c ,crishna was one day walking with his disciples1 when they met a poor cripple or lame woman1 having a vessel filled with spices1 sweet-scented oils1 sandal-wood1 saffron1 civet and other perfumes4 ,crishna making a halt1 she made a certain sign with her finger on his forehead1 casting the rest upon his head4 ,crishna asking her what it was she would request of him1 the woman replied1 nothing but the use of my limbs4 ,crishna1 then1 setting his foot upon hers1 and taking her by the hand1 raised her from the ground1 and not only restored her limbs1 but renewed her age1 so that1 instead of a wrinkled1 tawny skin1 she received a fresh and fair one in an instant4 ,at her request1 ,crishna and his company lodged in her house4#bed3a ,on another occasion1 ,crishna having requested a learned ,brahman to ask of him whatever boon he most desired1 the ,brahman said1 ,above all things1 ,i desire to have my two dead sons restored to life4 ,crishna assured him that this should be done1 and immediately the two young men were restored to life and brought to their father4#bed3b ,the learned ,orientalist1 ,thomas ,maurice1 after speaking of the miracles performed by ,crishna1 says3 ,in regard to the numerous miracles wrought by ,crishna1 it should be remembered that miracles are never wanting to the decoration of an ,indian romance2 they are1 in fact1 the life and soul of the vast machine2 nor is it at all a subject of wonder that the dead should be raised to life in a history expressly intended1 like all other sacred fables of ,indian fabrication1 for the propagation and support of the whimsical doctrine of the ,metempsychosis4#bed3c ,to speak thus of the miracles of ,christ ,jesus1 would1 of course1 be heresy--although what applies to the miracles of ,crishna apply to those of ,jesus--we1 therefore1 find this gentleman branding as infidel a learned ,french orientalist who was guilty of doing this thing4 ,buddha performed great miracles for the good of mankind1 and the legends concerning him are full of the most extravagant prodigies and wonders4#bed3d ,by miracles and preaching1 says ,burnouf1 was the religion of ,buddha established4 ,r4 ,spence ,hardy says of ,buddha3 ,all the principal events of his life are represented as being attended by incredible prodigies4 ,he could pass through the air at will1 and know the thoughts of all beings4#bed3e ,prof4 ,max ,mller says3 ,the ,buddhist legends teem with miracles attributed to ,buddha and his disciples--miracles which in wonderfulness certainly surpass the miracles of any other religion4#bed3f ,buddha was at one time going from the city of ,rohita-vastu to the city of ,benares1 when1 coming to the banks of the river ,ganges1 and wishing to go across1 he addressed himself to the owner of a ferry-boat1 thus2 ,hail6 respectable sir6 ,i pray you take me across the river in your boat6 ,to this the boatman replied1 ,if you can pay me the fare1 ,i will willingly take you across the river4 ,buddha said1 ,whence shall ,i procure money to pay you your fare1 ,i1 who have given up all worldly wealth and riches1 c4 ,the boatman still refusing to take him across1 ,buddha1 pointing to a flock of geese flying from the south to the north banks of the ,ganges1 said3 ,see yonder geese in fellowship passing o'er the ,ganges1 ,they ask not as to fare of any boatman1 ,but each by his inherent strength of body ,flies through the air as pleases him4 ,so1 by my power of spiritual energy1 ,will ,i transport myself across the river1 ,even though the waters on this southern bank ,stood up as high and firm as 7,mount7 ,semeru4#bee3a ,he then floats through the air across the stream4 ,in the ,lalita ,vistara ,buddha is called the ,great ,physician who is to dull all human pain4 ,at his appearance the sick are healed1 the deaf are cured1 the blind see1 the poor are relieved4 ,he visits the sick man1 ,su-ta1 and heals soul as well as body4 ,at ,vaisali1 a pest like modern cholera was depopulating the kingdom1 due to an accumulation of festering corpses4 ,buddha1 summoned1 caused a strong rain which carried away the dead bodies and cured every one4 ,at ,gaudhr was an old mendicant afflicted with a disease so loathsome that none of his brother monks could go near him on account of his fetid humors and stinking condition4 ,the ,great ,physician was1 however1 not to be deterred2 he washed the poor old man and attended to his maladies4 ,a disciple had his feet hacked off by an unjust king1 and ,buddha cured even him4 ,to convert certain skeptical villagers near ,srvast1 ,buddha showed them a man walking across the deep and rapid river without immersing his feet4 ,prna1 one of ,buddha's disciples1 had a brother in imminent danger of shipwreck in a black storm4 ,the spirits that are favorable to ,prna and ,arya apprised him of this and he at once performed the miracle of transporting himself to the deck of the ship4 ,immediately the black tempest ceased1 as if ,sumera arrested it4#bee3b ,when ,buddha was told that a woman was suffering in severe labor1 unable to bring forth1 he said1 ,go and say3 ,i have never knowingly put any creature to death since ,i was born2 by the virtue of this obedience may you be free from pain6 ,when these words were repeated in the presence of the mother1 the child was instantly born with ease4#bef3a ,innumerable are the miracles ascribed to ,buddhist saints1 and to others who followed their example4 ,their garments1 and the staffs with which they walked1 are supposed to imbibe some mysterious power1 and blessed are they who are allowed to touch them4#bef3b ,a ,buddhist saint who attains the power called perfection1 is able to rise and float along through the air4#bef3c ,having this power1 the saint exercises it by mere determination of his will1 his body becoming imponderous1 as when a man in the common human state determines to leap1 and leaps4 ,buddhist annals relate the performance of the miraculous suspension by ,gautama ,buddha1 himself1 as well as by other saints4#bef3d ,in the year #bag ,b4 ,c41 a ,buddhist missionary priest1 called by the ,chinese historians ,shih-le-fang1 came from the west into ,shan-se1 accompanied by eighteen other priests1 with their sacred books1 in order to propagate the faith of ,buddha4 ,the emperor1 disliking foreigners and exotic customs1 imprisoned the missionaries2 but an angel1 genii1 or spirit1 came and opened the prison door1 and liberated them4#bef3e ,here is a third edition of ,peter in prison1 for we have already seen that the ,hindoo sage ,vasudeva was liberated from prison in like manner4 ,zoroaster1 the founder of the religion of the ,persians1 opposed his persecutors by performing miracles1 in order to confirm his divine mission4#bef3f ,bochia of the ,persians also performed miracles2 the places where he performed them were consecrated1 and people flocked in crowds to visit them4#bef3g ,horus1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 performed great miracles1 among which was that of raising the dead to life4#bef3h ,osiris of ,egypt also performed great miracles2#bef3i and so did the virgin goddess ,isis4 ,pilgrimages were made to the temples of ,isis1 in ,egypt1 by the sick4 ,diodorus1 the ,grecian historian1 says that3 ,those who go to consult in dreams the goddess ,isis recover perfect health4 ,many whose cure has been despaired of by physicians have by this means been saved1 and others who have long been deprived of sight1 or of some other part of the body1 by taking refuge1 so to speak1 in the arms of the goddess1 have been restored to the enjoyment of their faculties4#beg3a ,serapis1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 performed great miracles1 principally those of healing the sick4 ,he was called ,the ,healer of the ,world4#beg3b ,marduk1 the ,assyrian ,god1 the ,logos1 the ,eldest ,son of ,hea2 ,he who made ,heaven and ,earth2 the ,merciful ,one2 the ,life-,giver1 c41 performed great miracles1 among which was that of raising the dead to life4#beg3c ,bacchus1 son of ,zeus by the virgin ,semele1 was a great performer of miracles1 among which may be mentioned his changing water into wine1#beg3d as it is recorded of ,jesus in the ,gospels4 ,in his gentler aspects he is the giver of joy1 the healer of sicknesses1 the guardian against plagues4 ,as such he is even a law-giver and a promoter of peace and concord4 ,as kindling new or strange thoughts in the mind1 he is a giver of wisdom and the revealer of hidden secrets of the future4#beg3e ,the legends related of this god state that on one occasion ,pantheus1 ,king of ,thebes1 sent his attendants to seize ,bacchus1 the vagabond leader of a faction--as he called him4 ,this they were unable to do1 as the multitude who followed him were too numerous4 ,they succeeded1 however1 in capturing one of his disciples1 ,acetes1 who was led away and shut up fast in prison2 but while they were getting ready the instruments of execution1 the prison doors came open of their own accord1 and the chains fell from his limbs1 and when they looked for him he was nowhere to be found4#beg3f ,here is still another edition of ,peter in prison4 sculapius was another great performer of miracles4 ,the ancient ,greeks said of him that he not only cured the sick of the most malignant diseases1 but even raised the dead4 ,a writer in ,bell's ,pantheon says3 ,as the ,greeks always carried the encomiums of their great men beyond the truth1 so they feigned that sculapius was so expert in medicine as not only to cure the sick1 but even to raise the dead4#beh3a ,eusebius1 the ecclesiastical historian1 speaking of sculapius1 says3 ,he sometimes appeared unto them 7the ,cilicians7 in dreams and visions1 and sometimes restored the sick to health4 ,he claims1 however1 that this was the work of the ,,devil1 who by this means did withdraw the minds of men from the knowledge of the true ,,saviour4#beh3b ,for many years after the death of sculapius1 miracles continued to be performed by the efficacy of faith in his name4 ,patients were conveyed to the temple of sculapius1 and there cured of their disease4 ,a short statement of the symptoms of each case1 and the remedy employed1 were inscribed on tablets and hung up in the temples4#beh3c ,there were also a multitude of eyes1 ears1 hands1 feet1 and other members of the human body1 made of wax1 silver1 or gold1 and presented by those whom the god had cured of blindness1 deafness1 and other diseases4#beh3d ,marinus1 a scholar of the philosopher ,proclus1 relates one of these remarkable cures1 in the life of his master4 ,he says3 ,asclipigenia1 a young maiden who had lived with her parents1 was seized with a grievous distemper1 incurable by the physicians4 ,all help from the physicians failing1 the father applied to the philosopher1 earnestly entreating him to pray for his daughter4 ,proclus1 full of faith1 went to the temple of sculapius1 intending to pray for the sick young woman to the god--for the city 7,athens7 was at that time blessed in him1 and still enjoyed the undemolished temple of ,,the ,,saviour--but while he was praying1 a sudden change appeared in the damsel1 and she immediately became convalescent1 for the ,saviour1 sculapius1 as being ,god1 easily healed her4#beh3e ,dr4 ,conyers ,middleton says3 ,whatever proof the primitive 7,christian7 ,church might have among themselves1 of the miraculous gift1 yet it could have but little effect towards making proselytes among those who pretended to the same gift--possessed more largely and exerted more openly1 than in the private assemblies of the ,christians4 ,for in the temples of sculapius1 all kinds of diseases were believed to be publicly cured1 by the pretended help of that deity1 in proof of which there were erected in each temple1 columns or tables of brass or marble1 on which a distinct narrative of each particular cure was inscribed4 ,pausanias#beh3f writes that in the temple at ,epidaurus there were many columns anciently of this kind1 and six of them remaining to his time1 inscribed with the names of men and women who had been cured by the god1 with an account of their several cases1 and the method of their cure2 and that there was an old pillar besides1 which stood apart1 dedicated to the memory of ,hippolytus1 who had been raised from the dead4 ,strabo1 also1 another grave writer1 informs us that these temples were constantly filled with the sick1 imploring the help of the god1 and that they had tables hanging around them1 in which all the miraculous cures were described4 ,there is a remarkable fragment of one of these tables still extant1 and exhibited by ,gruter in his collection1 as it was found in the ruins of sculapius's temple in the ,island of the ,tiber1 in ,rome1 which gives an account of two blind men restored to sight by sculapius1 in the open view1#bei3a and with the loud acclamation of the people1 acknowledging the manifest power of the god4#bei3b ,livy1 the most illustrious of ,roman historians 7born ,b4 ,c4 #fa71 tells us that temples of heathen gods were rich in the number of offerings which the people used to make in return for the cures and benefits which they received from them4#bei3c ,a writer in ,bell's ,pantheon says3 ,making presents to the gods was a custom even from the earliest times1 either to deprecate their wrath1 obtain some benefit1 or acknowledge some favor4 ,these donations consisted of garlands1 garments1 cups of gold1 or whatever conduced to the decoration or splendor of their temples4 ,they were sometimes laid on the floor1 sometimes hung upon the walls1 doors1 pillars1 roof1 or any other conspicuous place4 ,sometimes the occasion of the dedication was inscribed1 either upon the thing itself1 or upon a tablet hung up with it4#bei3d ,no one custom of antiquity is so frequently mentioned by ancient historians1 as the practice which was so common among the heathens1 of making votive offerings to their deities1 and hanging them up in their temples1 many of which are preserved to this day1 viz41 images of metal1 stone1 or clay1 as well as legs1 arms1 and other parts of the body1 in testimony of some divine cure effected in that particular member4#bei3e ,horace says3 ----,me tabula sacer ,votiv paries indicat humida ,suspendisse potenti ,vestimenta maris ,deo4 7,lib4 #a1 ,ode ,v47 ,it was the custom of offering ex-votos of ,priapic forms1 at the church of ,isernia1 in the ,christian kingdom of ,naples1 during the last century1 which induced ,mr4 ,r4 ,payne ,knight to compile his remarkable work on ,phallic ,worship4 ,juvenal1 who wrote ,a4 ,d4 #ha-if1 says of the goddess ,isis1 whose religion was at that time in the greatest vogue at ,rome1 that the painters get their livelihood out of her4 ,this was because the most common of all offerings 7made by the heathen to their deities7 were pictures presenting the history of the miraculous cure or deliverance1 vouchsafed upon the vow of the donor4#bfj3a ,one of their prayers ran thus3 ,now1 ,goddess1 help1 for thou canst help bestow1 ,as all these pictures round thy altars show4#bfj3b ,in ,chambers's ,encyclopdia may be found the following3 ,patients that were cured of their ailments 7by sculapius1 or through faith in him7 hung up a tablet in his temple1 recording the name1 the disease1 and the manner of cure4 ,many of these votive tablets are still extant4#bfj3c ,alexander ,s4 ,murray1 of the department of ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities in the ,british ,museum1 speaking of the miracles performed by sculapius1 says3 ,a person who had recovered from a local illness would dictate a sculptured representation of the part that had been affected4 ,of such sculptures there are a number of examples in the ,british ,museum4#bfj3d ,justin ,martyr1 in his ,apology for the ,christian religion1 addressed to the ,emperor ,hadrian1 says3 ,as to our ,jesus curing the lame1 and the paralytic1 and such as were crippled from birth1 this is little more than what you say of your sculapius4#bfj3e ,at a time when the ,romans were infested with the plague1 having consulted their sacred books1 they learned that in order to be delivered from it1 they were to go in quest of sculapius at ,epidaurus2 accordingly1 an embassy was appointed of ten senators1 at the head of whom was ,quintus ,ogulnius1 and the worship of sculapius was established at ,rome1 ,a4 ,u4 ,c4 #dfb1 that is1 ,b4 ,c4 #bhh4 ,but the most remarkable coincidence is that the worship of this god continued with scarcely any diminished splendor1 for several hundred years after the establishment of ,christianity4#bfj3f ,hermes or ,mercury1 the ,lord's ,messenger1 was a wonder-worker4 ,the staff or rod which ,hermes received from ,phoibos 7,apollo71 and which connects this myth with the special emblem of ,vishnu 7the ,hindoo ,saviour71 was regarded as denoting his heraldic office4 ,it was1 however1 always endowed with magic properties1 and had the power even of raising the dead4#bfa3a ,herodotus1 the ,grecian historian1 relates a wonderful miracle which happened among the ,spartans1 many centuries before the time assigned for the birth of ,christ ,jesus4 ,the story is as follows3 ,a ,spartan couple of great wealth and influence1 had a daughter born to them who was a cripple from birth4 ,her nurse1 perceiving that she was misshapen1 and knowing her to be the daughter of opulent persons1 and deformed1 and seeing1 moreover1 that her parents considered her form a great misfortune1 considering these several circumstances1 devised the following plan4 ,she carried her every day to the temple of the ,goddess ,helen1 and standing before her image1 prayed to the goddess to free the child from its deformity4 ,one day1 as the nurse was going out of the temple1 a woman appeared to her1 and having appeared1 asked what she was carrying in her arms2 and she answered that she was carrying an infant2 whereupon she bid her show it to her1 but the nurse refused1 for she had been forbidden by the parents to show the child to any one4 ,the woman1 however--who was none other than the ,goddess herself--urged her by all means to show it to her1 and the nurse1 seeing that the woman was so very anxious to see the child1 at length showed it2 upon which she1 stroking the head of the child with her hands1 said that she would surpass all the women in ,sparta in beauty4 ,from that day her appearance began to change1 her deformed limbs became symmetrical1 and when she reached the age for marriage she was the most beautiful woman in all ,sparta4#bfa3b ,apollonius of ,tyana1 in ,cappadocia1 who was born in the latter part of the reign of ,augustus1 about four years before the time assigned for the birth of ,jesus1 and who was therefore contemporary with him1 was celebrated for the wonderful miracles he performed4 ,oracles in various places declared that he was endowed with a portion of ,apollo's power to cure diseases1 and foretell events2 and those who were affected were commanded to apply to him4 ,the priests of ,iona made over the diseased to his care1 and his cures were considered so remarkable1 that divine honors were decreed to him4#bfa3c ,he at one time went to ,ephesus1 but as the inhabitants did not hearken to his preaching1 he left there and went to ,smyrna1 where he was well received by the inhabitants4 ,while there1 ambassadors came from ,ephesus1 begging him to return to that city1 where a terrible plague was raging1 as he had prophesied4 ,he went immediately1 and as soon as he arrived1 he said to the ,ephesians3 ,be not dejected1 ,i will this day put a stop to the disease4 ,according to his words1 the pestilence was stayed1 and the people erected a statue to him1 in token of their gratitude4#bfb3a ,in the city of ,athens1 there was one of the dissipated young citizens1 who laughed and cried by turns1 and talked and sang to himself1 without apparent cause4 ,his friends supposed these habits were the effects of early intemperance1 but ,apollonius1 who happened to meet the young man1 told him he was possessed of a demon2 and1 as soon as he fixed his eyes upon him1 the demon broke out into all those horrid1 violent expressions used by people on the rack1 and then swore he would depart out of the youth1 and never enter another4#bfb3b ,the young man had not been aware that he was possessed by a devil1 but from that moment1 his wild1 disturbed looks changed1 he became very temperate1 and assumed the garb of a ,pythagorean philosopher4 ,apollonius went to ,rome1 and arrived there after the emperor ,nero had passed very severe laws against magicians4 ,he was met on the way by a person who advised him to turn back and not enter the city1 saying that all who wore the philosopher's garb were in danger of being arrested as magicians4 ,he heeded not these words of warning1 but proceeded on his way1 and entered the city4 ,it was not long before he became an object of suspicion1 was closely watched1 and finally arrested1 but when his accusers appeared before the tribunal and unrolled the parchment on which the charges against him had been written1 they found that all the characters had disappeared4 ,apollonius made such an impression on the magistrates by the bold tone he assumed1 that he was allowed to go where he pleased4#bfb3c ,many miracles were performed by him while in ,rome1 among others may be mentioned his restoring a dead maiden to life4 ,she belonged to a family of rank1 and was just about to be married1 when she died suddenly4 ,apollonius met the funeral procession that was conveying her body to the tomb4 ,he asked them to set down the bier1 saying to her betrothed3 ,i will dry up the tears you are shedding for this maiden4 ,they supposed he was going to pronounce a funeral oration1 but he merely took her hand1 bent over her1 and uttered a few words in a low tone4 ,she opened her eyes1 and began to speak1 and was carried back alive and well to her father's house4#bfc3a ,passing through ,tarsus1 in his travels1 a young man was pointed out to him who had been bitten thirty days before by a mad dog1 and who was then running on all fours1 barking and howling4 ,apollonius took his case in hand1 and it was not long before the young man was restored to his right mind4#bfc3b ,domitian1 ,emperor of ,rome1 caused ,apollonius to be arrested1 during one of his visits to that city1 on charge of allowing himself to be worshiped 7the people having given him divine honors71 speaking against the reigning powers1 and pretending that his words were inspired by the gods4 ,he was taken1 loaded with irons1 and cast into prison4 ,i have bound you1 said the emperor1 and you will not escape me4 ,apollonius was one day visited in his prison by his steadfast disciple1 ,damus1 who asked him when he thought he should recover his liberty1 whereupon he answered3 ,this instant1 if it depended upon myself1 and drawing his legs out of the shackles1 he added3 ,keep up your spirits1 you see the freedom ,i enjoy4 ,he was brought to trial not long after1 and so defended himself1 that the emperor was induced to acquit him1 but forbade him to leave ,rome4 ,apollonius then addressed the emperor1 and ended by saying3 ,you cannot kill me1 because ,i am not mortal2 and as soon as he had said these words1 he vanished from the tribunal4#bfc3c ,damus 7the disciple who had visited him in prison7 had previously been sent away from ,rome1 with the promise of his master that he would soon rejoin him4 ,apollonius vanished from the presence of the emperor 7at ,rome7 at noon4 ,on the evening of the same day1 he suddenly appeared before ,damus and some other friends who were at ,puteoli1 more than a hundred miles from ,rome4 ,they started1 being doubtful whether or not it was his spirit1 but he stretched out his hand1 saying3 ,take it1 and if ,i escape from you regard me as an apparition4#bfc3d ,when ,apollonius had told his disciples that he had made his defense in ,rome1 only a few hours before1 they marveled how he could have performed the journey so rapidly4 ,he1 in reply1 said that they must ascribe it to a god4#bfd3a ,the ,empress ,julia1 wife of ,alexander ,severus1 was so much interested in the history of ,apollonius1 that she requested ,flavius ,philostratus1 an ,athenian author of reputation1 to write an account of him4 ,the early ,christian ,fathers1 alluding to this life of ,apollonius1 do not deny the miracles it recounts1 but attribute to them the aid of evil spirits4#bfd3b ,justin ,martyr was one of the believers in the miracles performed by ,apollonius1 and by others through him1 for he says3 ,how is it that the talismans of ,apollonius have power in certain members of creation8 for they prevent1 as we see1 the fury of the waves1 and the violence of the winds1 and the attacks of wild beasts1 and whilst our ,lord's miracles are preserved by tradition alone1 those of ,apollonius are most numerous1 and actually manifested in present facts1 so as to lead astray all beholders4#bfd3c ,so much for ,apollonius4 ,we will now speak of another miracle performer1 ,simon ,magus4 ,simon the ,samaritan1 generally called ,simon ,magus1 produced marked effects on the times succeeding him2 being the progenitor of a large class of sects1 which long troubled the ,christian churches4 ,in the time of ,jesus and ,simon ,magus it was almost universally believed that men could foretell events1 cure diseases1 and obtain control over the forces of nature1 by the aid of spirits1 if they knew how to invoke them4 ,it was ,simon's proficiency in this occult science which gained him the surname of ,magus1 or ,magician4 ,the writer of the eighth chapter of ,the ,acts of the ,apostles informs us that when ,philip went into ,samaria1 to preach ,christ unto them1 he found there a certain man called ,simon1 which beforetime in the same city used sorcery1 and bewitched the people of ,samaria1 giving out that himself was some great one4 ,to whom they all gave heed1 from the least to the greatest1 saying3 ,this man is the great power of ,god4#bfd3d ,simon traveled about preaching1 and made many proselytes4 ,he professed to be ,the ,wisdom of ,god1 ,the ,word of ,god1 ,the ,paraclete1 or ,comforter1 ,the ,image of the ,eternal ,father1 ,manifested in the ,flesh1 and his followers claimed that he was ,the ,first ,born of the ,supreme4#bfe3a ,all of these are titles1 which1 in after years1 were applied to ,christ ,jesus4 ,his followers had a gospel called ,the ,four ,corners of the ,world1 which reminds us of the reason given by ,irenus1 for there being four ,gospels among the ,christians4 ,he says3 ,it is impossible that there could be more or less than four4 ,for there are four climates1 and four cardinal winds2 but the ,gospel is the pillar and foundation of the ,church1 and its breath of life4 ,the ,church1 therefore1 was to have four pillars1 blowing immortality from every quarter1 and giving life to men4#bfe3b ,simon also composed some works1 of which but slight fragments remain1 ,christian authority having evidently destroyed them4 ,that he made a lively impression on his contemporaries is indicated by the subsequent extension of his doctrines1 under varied forms1 by the wonderful stories which the ,christian ,fathers relate of him1 and by the strong dislike they manifested toward him4 ,eusebius1 the ecclesiastical historian1 says of him3 ,the malicious power of ,satan1 enemy to all honesty1 and foe to all human salvation1 brought forth at that time this monster ,simon1 a father and worker of all such mischiefs1 as a great adversary unto the mighty and holy ,apostles4 ,coming into the city of ,rome1 he was so aided by that power which prevaileth in this world1 that in short time he brought his purpose to such a pass1 that his picture was there placed with others1 and he honored as a god4#bfe3c ,justin ,martyr says of him3 ,after the ascension of our ,savior into heaven1 the ,,devil brought forth certain men which called themselves gods1 who not only suffered no vexation of you 7,romans71 but attained unto honor amongst you1 by name one ,simon1 a ,samaritan1 born in the village of ,gitton1 who 7under ,claudius ,csar7 by the art of devils1 through whom he dealt1 wrought devilish enchantments1 was esteemed and counted in your regal city of ,rome for a god1 and honored by you as a god1 with a picture between two bridges upon the river ,tibris1 having this ,roman inscription3 ',simoni deo ,sancto' 7,to ,simon the ,holy ,god74 ,and in manner all the ,samaritans1 and certain also of other nations1 do worship him1 acknowledging him for their chief god4#bfe3d ,according to accounts given by several other ,christian ,fathers1 he could make his appearance wherever he pleased to be at any moment2 could poise himself on the air2 make inanimate things move without visible assistance2 produce trees from the earth suddenly2 cause a stick to reap without hands2 change himself into the likeness of any other person1 or even into the forms of animals2 fling himself from high precipices unhurt1 walk through the streets accompanied by spirits of the dead2 and many other such like performances4#bff3a ,simon went to ,rome1 where he gave himself out to be an ,incarnate ,spirit of ,god4#bff3b ,he became a favorite with the ,emperor ,claudius1 and afterwards with ,nero4 ,his ,christian opponents1 as we have seen in the cases cited above1 did not deny the miracles attributed to him1 but said they were done through the agency of evil spirits1 which was a common opinion among the ,fathers4 ,they claimed that every magician had an attendant evil spirit1 who came when summoned1 obeyed his commands1 and taught him ceremonies and forms of words1 by which he was able to do supernatural things4 ,in this way they were accustomed to account for all the miracles performed by ,gentiles and heretics4#bff3c ,menander--who was called the ,wonder-,worker--was another great performer of miracles4 ,eusebius1 speaking of him1 says that he was skilled in magical art1 and performed devilish operations2 and that as yet there be divers which can testify the same of him4#bff3d ,dr4 ,conyers ,middleton1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,it was universally received and believed through all ages of the primitive church1 that there was a number of magicians1 necromancers1 or conjurors1 both among the ,gentiles1 and the heretical ,christians1 who had each their peculiar demon or evil spirit1 for their associates1 perpetually attending on their persons and obsequious to their commands1 by whose help they could perform miracles1 foretell future events1 call up the souls of the dead1 exhibit them to open view1 and infuse into people whatever dreams or visions they saw fit1 all which is constantly affirmed by the primitive writers and apologists1 and commonly applied by them to prove the immortality of the soul4#bff3e ,after quoting from ,justin ,martyr1 who says that these magicians could convince any one that the souls of men exist still after death1 he continues by saying3 ,lactantius1 speaking of certain philosophers who held that the soul perished with the body1 says3 'they durst not have declared such an opinion1 in the presence of any magician1 for if they had done it1 he would have confuted them upon the spot1 by sensible experiments2 by calling up souls from the dead1 and rendering them visible to human eyes1 and making them speak and foretell future events4#bfg3a ,the ,christian ,father ,theophilus1 ,bishop of ,antioch1 who was contemporary with ,irenus 7,a4 ,d4 #agg-bjb71 went so far as to declare that it was evil spirits who inspired the old poets and prophets of ,greece and ,rome4 ,he says3 ,the truth of this is manifestly shown2 because those who are possessed by devils1 even at this day1 are sometimes exorcised by us in the name of ,god2 and the seducing spirits confess themselves to be the same demons who before inspired the ,gentile poets4#bfg3b ,even in the second century after ,christianity1 foreign conjurors were professing to exhibit miracles among the ,greeks4 ,lucian gives an account of one of these foreign barbarians--as he calls them#bfg3c--;and says3 ,i believed and was overcome in spite of my resistance1 for what was ,i to do when ,i saw him carried through the air in daylight1 and walking on the water1#bfg3d and passing leisurely and slowly through the fire8#bfg3e ,he further tells us that this foreign barbarian was able to raise the dead to life4#bfg3f ,athenagoras1 a ,christian ,father who flourished during the latter part of the second century1 says on this subject3 ,we 7,christians7 do not deny that in several places1 cities1 and countries1 there are some extraordinary works performed in the name of idols1 i4 e41 heathen gods4#bfg3g ,miracles were not uncommon things among the ,jews before and during the time of ,christ ,jesus4 ,casting out devils was an every-day occurrence1#bfg3h and miracles frequently happened to confirm the sayings of ,rabbis4 ,one cried out1 when his opinion was disputed1 ,may this tree prove that ,i am right6 and forthwith the tree was torn up by the roots1 and hurled a hundred ells off4 ,but his opponents declared that a tree could prove nothing4 ,may this stream1 then1 witness for me6 cried ,eliezar1 and at once it flowed the opposite way4#bfh3a ,josephus1 the ,jewish historian1 tells us that ,king ,solomon was expert in casting out devils who had taken possession of the body of mortals4 ,this gift was also possessed by many ,jews throughout different ages4 ,he 7,josephus7 relates that he saw one of his own countrymen 7,eleazar7 casting out devils1 in the presence of a vast multitude4#bfh3b ,dr4 ,conyers ,middleton says3 ,it is remarkable that all the ,christian ,fathers1 who lay so great a stress on the particular gift of casting out devils1 allow the same power both to the ,jews and the ,gentiles1 as well before as after our ,saviour's coming4#bfh3c ,vespasian1 who was born about ten years after the time assigned for the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 performed wonderful miracles1 for the good of mankind4 ,tacitus1 the ,roman historian1 informs us that he cured a blind man in ,alexandria1 by means of his spittle1 and a lame man by the mere touch of his foot4 ,the words of ,tacitus are as follows3 ,vespasian passed some months at ,alexandria1 having resolved to defer his voyage to ,italy till the return of summer1 when the winds1 blowing in a regular direction1 afford a safe and pleasant navigation4 ,during his residence in that city1 a number of incidents1 out of the ordinary course of nature1 seemed to mark him as the peculiar favorite of the gods4 ,a man of mean condition1 born at ,alexandria1 had lost his sight by a defluxion on his eyes4 ,he presented himself before ,vespasian1 and1 falling prostrate on the ground1 implored the emperor to administer a cure for his blindness4 ,he came1 he said1 by the admonition of ,serapis1 the god whom the superstition of the ,egyptians holds in the highest veneration4 ,the request was1 that the emperor1 with his spittle1 would condescend to moisten the poor man's face and the balls of his eyes4#bfh3d ,another1 who had lost the use of his hand1 inspired by the same god1 begged that he would tread on the part affected4 4 4 4 ,in the presence of a prodigious multitude1 all erect with expectation1 he advanced with an air of serenity1 and hazarded the experiment4 ,the paralytic hand recovered its functions1 and the blind man saw the light of the sun4#bfh3e ,by living witnesses1 who were actually on the spot1 both events are confirmed at this hour1 when deceit and flattery can hope for no reward4#bfh3f ,the striking resemblance between the account of these miracles1 and those attributed to ,jesus in the ,gospels according to ,matthew and ,mark1 would lead us to think that one had been copied from the other1 but when we find that ,tacitus wrote his history ,a4 ,d4 #ih1bfi3a and that the ,matthew and ,mark narrators' works were not known until after that time1#bfi3b the evidence certainly is that ,tacitus was not the plagiarist1 but that this charge must fall on the shoulders of the ,christian writers1 whoever they may have been4 ,to come down to earlier times1 even the religion of the ,mahometans is a religion of miracles and wonders4 ,mahomet1 like ,jesus of ,nazareth1 did not claim to perform miracles1 but the votaries of ,mahomet are more assured than himself of his miraculous gifts2 and their confidence and credulity increase as they are farther removed from the time and place of his spiritual exploits4 ,they believe or affirm that trees went forth to meet him2 that he was saluted by stones2 that water gushed from his fingers2 that he fed the hungry1 cured the sick1 and raised the dead2 that a beam groaned to him2 that a camel complained to him2 that a shoulder of mutton informed him of its being poisoned2 and that both animate and inanimate nature were equally subject to the apostle of ,god4 ,his dream of a nocturnal journey is seriously described as a real and corporeal transaction4 ,a mysterious animal1 the ,borak1 conveyed him from the temple of ,mecca to that of ,jerusalem2 with his companion ,gabriel he successively ascended the seven heavens1 and received and repaid the salutations of the patriarchs1 the prophets1 and the angels in their respective mansions4 ,beyond the seventh heaven1 ,mahomet alone was permitted to proceed2 he passed the veil of unity1 approached within two bow-shots of the throne1 and felt a cold that pierced him to the heart1 when his shoulder was touched by the hand of ,god4 ,after a familiar1 though important conversation1 he descended to ,jerusalem1 remounted the ,borak1 returned to ,mecca1 and performed in the tenth part of a night the journey of many thousand years4 ,his resistless word split asunder the orb of the moon1 and the obedient planet stooped from her station in the sky4#bfi3c ,these and many other wonders1 similar in character to the story of ,jesus sending the demons into the swine1 are related of ,mahomet by his followers4 ,it is very certain that the same circumstances which are claimed to have taken place with respect to the ,christian religion1 are also claimed to have taken place in the religions of ,crishna1 ,buddha1 ,zoroaster1 sculapius1 ,bacchus1 ,apollonius1 ,simon ,magus1 c4 ,histories of these persons1 with miracles1 relics1 circumstances of locality1 suitable to them1 were as common1 as well authenticated 7if not better71 and as much believed by the devotees as were those relating to ,jesus4 ,all the ,christian theologians which the world has yet produced have not been able to procure any evidence of the miracles recorded in the ,gospels1 half so strong as can be procured in evidence of miracles performed by heathens and heathen gods1 both before and after the time of ,jesus2 and1 as they cannot do this1 let them give us a reason why we should reject the one and receive the other4 ,and if they cannot do this1 let them candidly confess that we must either admit them all1 or reject them all1 for they all stand on the same footing4 ,in the early times of the ,roman republic1 in the war with the ,latins1 the gods ,castor and ,pollux are said to have appeared on white horses in the ,roman army1 which by their assistance gained a complete victory3 in memory of which1 the ,general ,posthumius vowed and built a temple to these deities2 and for a proof of the fact1 there was shown1 we find1 in ,cicero's time 7#ajf to #dc ,b4 ,c471 the marks of the horses' hoofs on a rock at ,regillum1 where they first appeared4#bgj3a ,now this miracle1 with those which have already been mentioned1 and many others of the same kind which could be mentioned1 has as authentic an attestation1 if not more so1 as any of the ,gospel miracles4 ,it has1 for instance3 ,the decree of a senate to confirm it2 visible marks on the spot where it was transacted2 and all this supported by the best authors of antiquity1 amongst whom ,dionysius1 of ,halicarnassus1 who says that there was subsisting in his time at ,rome many evident proofs of its reality1 besides a yearly festival1 with a solemn sacrifice and procession1 in memory of it4#bgj3b ,with all these evidences in favor of this miracle having really happened1 it seems to us so ridiculous1 that we wonder how there could ever have been any so simple as to believe it1 yet we should believe that ,jesus raised ,lazarus from the dead1 after he had been in the tomb four days1 our only authority being that anonymous book known as the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,john1 which was not known until after ,a4 ,d4 #agc4 ,albert ,barnes1 in his ,lectures on the ,evidences of ,christianity1 speaking of the authenticity of the ,gospel miracles1 makes the following damaging confession3 ,an important question is1 whether there is any stronger evidence in favor of miracles1 than there is in favor of witchcraft1 or sorcery1 or the re-appearance of the dead1 of ghosts1 of apparitions8 ,is not the evidence in favor of these as strong as any that can be adduced in favor of miracles8 ,have not these things been matters of universal belief8 ,in what respect is the evidence in favor of the miracles of the ,bible stronger than that which can be adduced in favor of witchcraft and sorcery8 ,does it differ in nature and degrees2 and if it differs1 is it not in favor of witchcraft and sorcery8 ,has not the evidence in favor of the latter been derived from as competent and reliable witnesses8 ,has it not been brought to us from those who saw the facts alleged8 ,has it not been subjected to a close scrutiny in the courts of justice1 to cross-examination1 to tortures8 ,has it not convinced those of highest legal attainments2 those accustomed to sift testimony2 those who understood the true principles of evidence8 ,has not the evidence in favor of witchcraft and sorcery had1 what the evidence in favor of miracles has not had1 the advantage of strict judicial investigation8 and been subjected to trial1 where evidence should be1 before courts of law8 ,have not the most eminent judges in the most civilized and enlightened courts of ,europe and ,america admitted the force of such evidence1 and on the ground of it committed great numbers of innocent persons to the gallows and to the stake8 ,i confess that of all the questions ever asked on the subject of miracles1 this is the most perplexing and the most difficult to answer4 ,it is rather to be wondered at that it has not been pressed with more zeal by those who deny the reality of miracles1 and that they have placed their objections so extensively on other grounds4 ,it was a common adage among the ,greeks1 ,miracles for fools1 and the same proverb obtained among the shrewder ,romans1 in the saying3 ,the common people like to be deceived--deceived let them be4 ,st4 ,chrysostom declares that miracles are proper only to excite sluggish and vulgar minds1 men of sense have no occasion for them2 and that they frequently carry some untoward suspicion along with them2 and ,saint ,chrysostom1 ,jerome1 ,euthemius1 and ,theophylact1 prove by several instances1 that real miracles had been performed by those who were not ,catholic1 but heretic1 ,christians4#bga3a ,celsus 7an ,epicurean philosopher1 towards the close of the second century71 the first writer who entered the lists against the claims of the ,christians1 in speaking of the miracles which were claimed to have been performed by ,jesus1 says3 ,his miracles1 granted to be true1 were nothing more than the common works of those enchanters1 who1 for a few oboli1 will perform greater deeds in the midst of the ,forum1 calling up the souls of heroes1 exhibiting sumptuous banquets1 and tables covered with food1 which have no reality4 ,such things do not prove these jugglers to be sons of ,god2 nor do ,christ's miracles4#bga3b ,celsus1 in common with most of the ,grecians1 looked upon ,christianity as a blind faith1 that shunned the light of reason4 ,in speaking of the ,christians1 he says3 ,they are forever repeating3 ',do not examine4 ,only believe1 and thy faith will make thee blessed4 ,wisdom is a bad thing in life2 foolishness is to be preferred4'#bgb3a ,he jeers at the fact that ignorant men were allowed to preach1 and says that weavers1 tailors1 fullers1 and the most illiterate and rustic fellows1 set up to teach strange paradoxes4 ,they openly declared that none but the ignorant 7were7 fit disciples for the ,god they worshiped1 and that one of their rules was1 let no man that is learned come among us4#bgb3b ,the miracles claimed to have been performed by the ,christians1 he attributed to magic1#bgb3c and considered--as we have seen above--their miracle performers to be on the same level with all ,gentile magicians4 ,he says that the wonder-workers among the ,christians rambled about to play tricks at fairs and markets1 that they never appeared in the circles of the wiser and better sort1 but always took care to intrude themselves among the ignorant and uncultured4#bgb3d ,the magicians in ,egypt 7says he71 cast out evil spirits1 cure diseases by a breath1 call up the spirits of the dead1 make inanimate things move as if they were alive1 and so influence some uncultured men1 that they produce in them whatever sights and sounds they please4 ,but because they do such things shall we consider them the sons of ,god8 ,or shall we call such things the tricks of pitiable and wicked men8#bgb3e ,he believed that ,jesus was like all these other wonder-workers1 that is1 simply a necromancer1 and that he learned his magical arts in ,egypt4#bgb3f ,all philosophers1 during the time of the ,early ,fathers1 answered the claims that ,jesus performed miracles1 in the same manner4 ,they even ventured to call him a magician and a deceiver of the people1 says ,justin ,martyr1#bgb3g and ,st4 ,augustine asserted that it was generally believed that ,jesus had been initiated in magical art in ,egypt1 and that he had written books concerning magic1 one of which was called ,magia ,jesu ,christi4#bgb3h ,in the ,clementine ,recognitions1 the charge is brought against ,jesus that he did not perform his miracles as a ,jewish prophet1 but as a magician1 an initiate of the heathen temples4#bgb3i ,the casting out of devils was the most frequent and among the most striking and the oftenest appealed to of the miracles of ,jesus2 yet1 in the conversation between himself and the ,pharisees 7,matt4 xii4 #bd-bg71 he speaks of it as one that was constantly and habitually performed by their own exorcists2 and1 so far from insinuating any difference between the two cases1 expressly puts them on a level4 ,one of the best proofs1 and most unquestionable1 that ,jesus was accused of being a magician1 or that some of the early ,christians believed him to have been such1 may be found in the representations of him performing miracles4 ,on a sarcophagus to be found in the ,museo ,gregoriano1 which is paneled with bas-reliefs1 is to be seen a representation of ,jesus raising ,lazarus from the grave4 ,he is represented as a young man1 beardless1 and equipped with a wand in the received guise of a necromancer1 whilst the corpse of ,lazarus is swathed in bandages exactly as an ,egyptian mummy4#bgc3a ,on other ,christian monuments representing the miracles of ,jesus1 he is pictured in the same manner4 ,for instance1 when he is represented as turning the water into wine1 and multiplying the bread in the wilderness1 he is a necromancer with a wand in his hand4#bgc3b ,horus1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 is represented on the ancient monuments of ,egypt1 with a wand in his hand raising the dead to life1 just as we see ,christ doing the same thing1 says ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy1 in the same way1 to ,lazarus1 in our ,christian monuments4#bgc3c ,dr4 ,conyers ,middleton1 speaking of the primitive ,christians1 says3 ,in the performance of their miracles1 they were always charged with fraud and imposture1 by their adversaries4 ,lucian 7who flourished during the second century71 tells us that whenever any crafty juggler1 expert in his trade1 and who knew how to make a right use of things1 went over to the ,christians1 he was sure to grow rich immediately1 by making a prey of their simplicity4 ,and ,celsus represents all the ,christian wonder-workers as mere vagabonds and common cheats1 who rambled about to play their tricks at fairs and markets2 not in the circles of the wiser and the better sort1 for among such they never ventured to appear1 but wherever they observed a set of raw young fellows1 slaves or fools1 there they took care to intrude themselves1 and to display all their arts4#bgc3d ,the same charge was constantly urged against them by ,julian1 ,porphyry and others4 ,similar sentiments were entertained by ,polybius1 the ,pagan philosopher1 who considered all miracles as fables1 invented to preserve in the unlearned a due sense of respect for the deity4#bgc3e ,edward ,gibbon1 speaking of the miracles of the ,christians1 writes in his familiar style as follows3 ,how shall we excuse the supine inattention of the ,pagan and philosophic world1 to those evidences which were represented by the hand of ,omnipotence1 not to their reason1 but to their senses8 ,during the age of ,christ1 of his apostles1 and of their first disciples1 the doctrine which they preached was confirmed by innumerable prodigies4 ,the lame walked1 the blind saw1 the sick were healed1 the dead were raised1 demons were expelled1 and the laws of nature were frequently suspended for the benefit of the church4 ,but the sages of ,greece and ,rome turned aside from the awful spectacle1 and1 pursuing the ordinary occupations of life and study1 appeared unconscious of any alterations in the moral or physical government of the world4#bgd3a ,the learned ,dr4 ,middleton1 whom we have quoted on a preceding page1 after a searching inquiry into the miraculous powers of the ,christians1 says3 ,from these short hints and characters of the primitive wonder-workers1 as given both by friends and enemies1 we may fairly conclude1 that the celebrated gifts of these ages were generally engrossed and exercised by the primitive ,christians1 chiefly of the laity1 who used to travel about from city to city1 to assist the ordinary pastors of the church1 and preachers of the ,gospel1 in the conversion of ,pagans1 by the extraordinary gifts with which they were supposed to be indued by the spirit of ,god1 and the miraculous works which they pretended to perform4 4 4 4 ,we have just reason to suspect that there was some original fraud in the case2 and that the strolling wonder-workers1 by a dexterity of jugglery which art1 not heaven1 had taught them1 imposed upon the credulity of the pious ,fathers1 whose strong prejudices and ardent zeal for the interest of ,christianity would dispose them to embrace1 without examination1 whatever seemed to promote so good a cause4 ,that this was really the case in some instances1 is certain and notorious1 and that it was so in all1 will appear still more probable1 when we have considered the particular characters of the several ,fathers1 on whose testimony the credit of these wonderful narratives depends4#bgd3b ,again he says3 ,the pretended miracles of the primitive church were all mere fictions1 which the pious and zealous ,fathers1 partly from a weak credulity1 and partly from reasons of policy1 believing some perhaps to be true1 and knowing all of them to be useful1 were induced to espouse and propagate1 for the support of a righteous cause4#bgd3c ,origen1 a ,christian ,father of the third century1 uses the following words in his answer to ,celsus3 ,a vast number of persons who have left those horrid debaucheries in which they formerly wallowed1 and have professed to embrace the ,christian religion1 shall receive a bright and massive crown when this frail and short life is ended1 though they don't stand to examine the grounds on which their faith is built1 nor defer their conversion till they have a fair opportunity and capacity to apply themselves to rational and learned studies4 ,and since our adversaries are continually making such a stir about our taking things on trust1 ,i answer1 that we1 who see plainly and have found the vast advantage that the common people do manifestly and frequently reap thereby 7who make up by far the greater number71 ,i say1 we 7the ,christian clergy71 who are so well advised of these things1 do professedly teach men to believe without examination4#bge3a ,origen flourished and wrote ,a4 ,d4 #bbe-bce1 which shows that at that early day there was no rational evidence for ,christianity1 but it was professedly taught1 and men were supposed to believe these things 7i4 e4 the ,christian legends7 without severe examination4 ,the primitive ,christians were perpetually reproached for their gross credulity1 by all their enemies4 ,celsus1 as we have already seen1 declares that they cared neither to receive nor give any reason for their faith1 and that it was a usual saying with them3 ,do not examine1 but believe only1 and thy faith will save thee2 and ,julian affirms that1 the sum of all their wisdom was comprised in the single precept1 'believe4' ,arnobius1 speaking of this1 says3 ,the ,gentiles make it their constant business to laugh at our faith1 and to lash our credulity with their facetious jokes4 ,the ,christian ,fathers defended themselves against these charges by declaring that they did nothing more than the heathens themselves had always done2 and reminds them that they too had found the same method useful with the uneducated or common people1 who were not at leisure to examine things1 and whom they taught therefore1 to believe without reason4#bge3b ,this believing without reason is illustrated in the following words of ,tertullian1 a ,christian ,father of the second century1 who reasons on the evidence of ,christianity as follows3 ,i find no other means to prove myself to be impudent with success1 and happily a fool1 than by my contempt of shame2 as1 for instance--,i maintain that the son of ,god was born3 why am ,i not ashamed of maintaining such a thing8 ,why6 but because it is a shameful thing4 ,i maintain that the son of ,god died3 well1 that is wholly credible because it is monstrously absurd4 ,i maintain that after having been buried1 he rose again3 and that ,i take to be absolutely true1 because it was manifestly impossible4#bge3c ,according to the very books which record the miracles of ,jesus1 he never claimed to perform such deeds1 and ,paul declares that the great reason why ,israel did not believe ,jesus to be the ,messiah was that the ,jews required a sign4#bgf3a ,he meant3 ,signs and wonders are the only proofs they will admit that any one is sent by ,god and is preaching the truth4 ,if they cannot have this palpable1 external proof1 they withhold their faith4 ,a writer of the second century 7,john1 in ch4 iv4 #ah7 makes ,jesus aim at his fellow-countrymen and contemporaries1 the reproach3 ,unless you see signs and wonders1 you do not believe4 ,in connection with ,paul's declaration1 given above1 these words might be paraphrased3 ,the reason why the ,jews never believed in ,jesus was that they never saw him do signs and wonders4 ,listen to the reply he 7,jesus7 made when told that if he wanted people to believe in him he must first prove his claim by a miracle3 ,a wicked and adulterous generation asks for a sign1 and no sign shall be given it except the sign of the prophet ,jonas4#bgf3b ,of course1 this answer did not in the least degree satisfy the questioners2 so they presently came to him again with a more direct request3 ,if the kingdom of ,god is1 as you say1 close at hand1 show us at least some one of the signs in heaven which are to precede the ,messianic age4 ,what could appear more reasonable than such a request8 ,every one knew that the end of the present age was to be heralded by fearful signs in heaven4 ,the light of the sun was to be put out1 the moon turned to blood1 the stars robbed of their brightness1 and many other fearful signs were to be shown6#bgf3c ,if any one of these could be produced1 they would be content2 but if not1 they must decline to surrender themselves to an idle joy which must end in a bitter disappointment2 and surely ,jesus himself could hardly expect them to believe in him on his bare word4 ,historians have recorded miracles said to have been performed by other persons1 but not a word is said by them about the miracles claimed to have been performed by ,jesus4 ,justus of ,tiberias1 who was born about five years after the time assigned for the crucifixion of ,jesus1 wrote a ,jewish ,history4 ,now1 if the miracles attributed to ,christ ,jesus1 and his death and resurrection1 had taken place in the manner described by the ,gospel narrators1 he could not have failed to allude to them4 ,but ,photius1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 tells us that it contained no mention of the coming of ,christ1 nor of the events concerning him1 nor of the prodigies he wrought4 ,as ,theodore ,parker has remarked3 ,the miracle is of a most fluctuating character4 ,the miracle-worker of to-day is a matter-of-fact juggler to-morrow4 ,science each year adds new wonders to our store4 ,the master of a locomotive steam-engine would have been thought greater than ,jupiter ,tonans1 or the ,elohim1 thirty centuries ago4 ,in the words of ,dr4 ,oort3 ,our increased knowledge of nature has gradually undermined the belief in the possibility of miracles1 and the time is not far distant when in the mind of every man1 of any culture1 all accounts of miracles will be banished together to their proper region--that of legend4 ,what had been said to have been done in ,india was said by the half ,jew#bgg3a writers of the ,gospels to have been done in ,palestine4 ,the change of names and places1 with the mixing up of various sketches of ,egyptian1 ,phenician1 ,greek and ,roman mythology1 was all that was necessary4 ,they had an abundance of material1 and with it they built4 ,a long-continued habit of imposing upon others would in time subdue the minds of the impostors themselves1 and cause them to become at length the dupes of their own deception4 ,,footnotes3 #beb3a ,dr4 ,conyers ,middleton3 ,free ,enquiry1 p4 #agg4 #beb3b ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 iii4 p4 #df4 #bec3a ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcg4 #bec3b ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cca4 #bec3c ,ibid4 p4 #cai4 #bed3a ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbj4 ,vishnu ,parana1 bk4 v4 ch4 xx4 #bed3b ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #fh4 #bed3c ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfi4 #bed3d ,see ,hardy's ,buddhist ,legends1 and ,eastern ,monachism4 ,beal's ,romantic ,hist4 ,buddha4 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 and ,huc's ,travels1 c4 #bed3e ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,legends1 pp4 xxi4 xxii4 #bed3f ,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bg4 #bee3a ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #bdf1 #bdg4 #bee3b ,dhammapada1 pp4 #dg1 #ej and #ij4 ,bigandet1 pp4 #ahf and #aib4 ,bournouf3 ,intro4 p4 #aef4 ,in ,lillie's ,buddhism1 pp4 #aci1 #adj4 #bef3a ,hardy3 ,manual of ,buddhism4 #bef3b ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 #bef3c ,see ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #ace1 and ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,legends1 pp4 #ih1 #abf1 #acg4 #bef3d ,see ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #ace4 #bef3e ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 p4 #cda4 #bef3f ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bdj1 and ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfj4 #bef3g ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cd4 #bef3h ,see ,lundy3 ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #cjc-dje4 #bef3i ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief4 #beg3a ,quoted by ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cig4 #beg3b ,see ,prichard's ,mythology1 p4 #cdg4 #beg3c ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #djd4 #beg3d ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 #beh1 and ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 ,compare ,john1 ii4 #g4 ,a ,grecian festival called ,,thyia was observed by the ,eleans in honor of ,bacchus4 ,the priests conveyed three empty vessels into a chapel1 in the presence of a large assembly1 after which the doors were shut and sealed4 ,on the morrow the company returned1 and after every man had looked upon his own seal1 and seen that it was unbroken1 the doors being opened1 the vessels were found full of wine4 ,the god himself is said to have appeared in person and filled the vessels4 7,bell's ,pantheon47 #beg3e ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bie4 #beg3f ,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #bbe4 ,and they laid their hands on the apostles1 and put them in the common prison2 but the angel of the ,lord by night opened the prison doors1 and brought them forth4 7,acts1 v4 #ah1 #ai47 #beh3a ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bh4 #beh3b ,eusebius3 ,life of ,constantine1 lib4 #c1 ch4 liv4 sculapius1 the son of ,apollo1 was endowed by his father with such skill in the healing art that he even restored the dead to life4 7,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #bdf47 #beh3c ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 pp4 #agi1 #ahj4 #beh3d ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjd4 #beh3e ,marinus3 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aea4 #beh3f ,pausanias was one of the most eminent ,greek geographers and historians4 #bei3a ,and when ,jesus departed thence1 two blind men followed him1 crying and saying3 thou son of ,david1 have mercy on us4 4 4 4 ,and ,jesus said unto them3 ,believe ye that ,i am able to do this8 ,they said unto him1 ,yea1 ,lord4 ,then touched he their eyes1 saying3 ,according to your faith be it unto you1 and their eyes were opened4 7,matt4 ix4 #bg-cj47 #bei3b ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fc1 #fd4 #bei3c ,ibid4 p4 #dh4 #bei3d ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #fb4 #bei3e ,see ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #gf4 #bfj3a ,see ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #gf4 #bfj3b ,nunc ,dea1 nunc succurre mihi1 nam posse mederi ,picta docet temptes multa tabella tuis4 7,horace3 ,tibull4 lib4 #a1 ,eleg4 iii4 ,in ,ibid47 #bfj3c ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 sculapius4 #bfj3d ,murray3 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #ahj4 #bfj3e ,apol4 #a1 ch4 xxii4 #bfj3f ,deane3 ,serp4 ,wor4 p4 #bjd4 ,see also1 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bi4 ,there were numerous oracles of sculapius1 but the most celebrated one was at ,epidaurus4 ,here the sick sought responses and the recovery of their health by sleeping in the temple4 4 4 4 ,the worship of sculapius was introduced into ,rome in a time of great sickness1 and an embassy sent to the temple ,epidaurus to entreat the aid of the god4 7,bulfinch3 ,the ,age of ,fable1 p4 #cig47 #bfa3a ,aryan ,mytho4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bch4 #bfa3b ,herodotus3 bk4 vi4 ch4 #fa4 #bfa3c ,see ,philostratus3 ,vie d',apo4 ,gibbon1 the historian1 says of him3 ,apollonius of ,tyana1 born about the same time as ,jesus ,christ4 ,his life 7that of the former7 is related in so fabulous a manner by his disciples1 that we are at a loss to discover whether he was a sage1 an impostor1 or a fanatic4 7,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 p4 #cec1 note47 ,what this learned historian says of ,apollonius applies to ,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,his disciples have related his life in so fabulous a manner1 that some consider him to have been an impostor1 others a fanatic1 others a sage1 and others a ,,god4 #bfb3a ,see ,philostratus1 p4 #adf4 #bfb3b ,ibid4 p4 #aeh4 #bfb3c ,see ,ibid4 p4 #ahb4 #bfc3a ,compare ,matt4 ix4 #ah-be4 ,there came a certain ruler and worshiped him1 saying3 ',my daughter is even now dead1 but come and lay thy hand upon her1 and she shall live4' ,and ,jesus arose and followed him1 and so did his disciples4 4 4 4 ,and when ,jesus came into the ruler's house1 and saw the minstrels and the people making a noise1 he said unto them3 ',give peace1 for the maid is not dead1 but sleepeth4' ,and they laughed him to scorn4 ,but when the people were put forth1 he went in1 and took her by the hand1 and the maid arose4 #bfc3b ,see ,philostratus1 pp4 #bhe-bhf4 #bfc3c ,he could render himself invisible1 evoke departed spirits1 utter predictions1 and discover the thoughts of other men4 7,hardy3 ,eastern ,monachism1 p4 #chj47 #bfc3d ,and as they thus spoke1 ,jesus himself stood in the midst of them1 and said unto them3 ',peace be unto you4' ,but they were terrified and affrighted1 and supposed that they had seen a spirit4 ,and he said unto them3 ',why are ye troubled8 and why do thoughts arise in your hearts8 ,behold my hands and my feet1 that it is myself2 handle me and see2 for a spirit hath not flesh and bones1 as ye see me have4 7,luke1 xxiv4 #cf-ci47 #bfd3a ,see ,philostratus1 p4 #cdb4 #bfd3b ,ibid4 p4 #e4 #bfd3c ,justin ,martyr's ,qust4 xxiv4 ,quoted in ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #bdb4 #bfd3d ,acts1 viii4 #i1 #aj4 #bfe3a ,see ,mosheim1 vol4 i4 pp4 #acg1 #adj4 #bfe3b ,irenus3 ,against ,heresies1 bk4 iii4 ch4 xi4 ,the authorship of the fourth gospel1 attributed to ,john1 has been traced to this same ,irenus4 ,he is the first person who speaks of it2 and adding this fact to the statement that it is impossible that there could be more or less than four1 certainly makes it appear very suspicious4 ,we shall allude to this again4 #bfe3c ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist4 lib4 #b1 ch4 xiv4 #bfe3d ,apol4 #a1 ch4 xxiv4 #bff3a ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bda1 #bdb4 #bff3b ,according to ,hieronymus 7a ,christian ,father1 born ,a4 ,d4 #cdh71 ,simon ,magus applied to himself these words3 ,i am the ,word 7or ,logos7 of ,god2 ,i am the ,beautiful1 ,i the ,advocate1 ,i the ,omnipotent2 ,i am all things that belong to ,god4 7,see ,son of the ,man1 p4 #fg47 #bff3c ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caf1 and ,middleton's ,free ,inquiry1 p4 #fb4 #bff3d ,eusebius3 ,ecc4 ,hist41 lib4 #c1 ch4 xiv4 #bff3e ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed4 #bfg3a ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed4 #bfg3b ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cab1 and ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #aj4 #bfg3c ,the ,egyptians call all men 'barbarians' who do not speak the same language as themselves4 7,herodotus1 book ii4 ch4 #aeh47 ,by 'barbarians' the ,greeks meant all who were not sprung from themselves--all foreigners4 7,henry ,cary1 translator of ,herodotus47 ,the ,chinese call the ,english1 and all foreigners from western countries1 western barbarians2 the ,japanese were called by them the eastern barbarians4 7,see ,thornton's ,history of ,china1 vol4 i47 ,the ,jews considered all who did not belong to their race to be heathens and barbarians4 ,the ,christians consider those who are not followers of ,christ ,jesus to be heathens and barbarians4 ,the ,mohammedans consider all others to be dogs1 infidels1 and barbarians4 #bfg3d ,and in the fourth watch of the night1 ,jesus went unto them1 walking on the sea4 7,matt4 xiv4 #be47 #bfg3e ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcf4 ,we have it on the authority of ,strabo that ,roman priests walked barefoot over burning coals1 without receiving the slightest injury4 ,this was done in the presence of crowds of people4 ,pliny also relates the same story4 #bfg3f ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcf4 #bfg3g ,athenagoras1 ,apolog4 p4 #be4 ,quoted in ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #fb4 #bfg3h ,geikie3 ,life of ,christ1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fai4 #bfh3a ,geikie3 ,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 p4 #ge4 #bfh3b ,jewish ,antiquities1 bk4 viii4 ch4 ii4 #bfh3c ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #fh4 #bfh3d ,and he cometh to ,bethsaida1 and they bring a blind man unto him1 and besought him to touch him4 ,and he took the blind man by the hand 4 4 4 and when he had spit on his eyes1 4 4 4 he looked up and said3 ',i see men and trees1' 4 4 4 and he was restored4 7,mark1 viii4 #bb-be47 #bfh3e ,and behold there was a man which had his hand withered4 4 4 4 ,then said he unto the man1 ',stretch forth thine hand2' and he stretched it forth1 and it was restored whole1 like as the other4 7,matt4 xii4 #aj-ac47 #bfh3f ,tacitus3 ,hist41 lib4 iv4 ch4 lxxxi4 #bfi3a ,see ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,tacitus4 #bfi3b ,see ,the ,bible of ,to-,day1 pp4 #bgc1 #bgh4 #bfi3c ,see ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 pp4 #eci-eda4 #bgj3a ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #ajb4 ,see also1 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #af4 #bgj3b ,dionysius of ,halicarnassus1 one of the most accurate historians of antiquity1 says3 ,in the war with the ,latins1 ,castor and ,pollux appeared visibly on white horses1 and fought on the side of the ,romans1 who by their assistance gained a complete victory4 ,as a perpetual memorial of it1 a temple was erected and a yearly festival instituted in honor of these deities4 7,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbc1 and ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #ajc47 #bga3a ,see ,prefatory ,discourse to vol4 iii4 ,middleton's ,works1 p4 #ed4 #bga3b ,see ,origen3 ,contra ,celsus1 bk4 #a1 ch4 lxviii4 #bgb3a ,see ,origen3 ,contra ,celsus1 bk4 #a1 ch4 ix4 #bgb3b ,ibid4 bk4 iii4 ch4 xliv4 #bgb3c ,ibid4 #bgb3d ,ibid4 bk4 #a1 ch4 lxviii4 #bgb3e ,ibid4 #bgb3f ,ibid4 #bgb3g ,dial4 ,cum4 ,typho4 ch4 lxix4 #bgb3h ,see ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adh4 #bgb3i ,see ,baring-,gould's ,lost and ,hostile ,gospels4 ,a knowledge of magic had spread from ,central ,asia into ,syria1 by means of the return of the ,jews from ,babylon1 and had afterwards extended widely1 through the mixing of nations produced by ,alexander's conquests4 #bgc3a ,see ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #ade4 ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #ajj and #djb1 and ,jameson's ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 i4 p4 #af4 #bgc3b ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #djb1 and ,hist4 of ,our ,lord1 vol4 i4 p4 #af4 #bgc3c ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #djc-dje4 #bgc3d ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #ai4 #bgc3e ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #ei4 #bgd3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 p4 #ehh4 ,an eminent heathen challenged his ,christian friend ,theophilus1 ,bishop of ,antioch1 a champion of the ,gospel1 to show him but one person who had been raised from the dead1 on the condition of turning ,christian himself upon it4 ,the ,christian bishop was unable to give him that satisfaction4 7,see ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 p4 #eda1 and ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #fj47 #bgd3b ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 #bgd3c ,ibid4 p4 #fb4 ,the ,christian ,fathers are noted for their frauds4 ,their writings are full of falsehoods and deceit4 #bge3a ,contra ,celsus1 bk4 #a1 ch4 ix4 x4 #bge3b ,see ,middleton's ,works1 pp4 #fb1 #fc1 #fd4 #bge3c ,on ,the ,flesh of ,christ1 ch4 v4 #bgf3a ,i4 ,corinthians1 i4 #bb1 #bc4 #bgf3b ,matt4 xii4 #bi4 #bgf3c ,see for example1 ,joel1 ii4 #aj1 #ca2 iii4 #ae2 ,matt4 xxiv4 #bi1 #cj2 ,acts1 ii4 #ai1 #bj2 ,revelations1 vi4 #ab1 #ac2 xvi4 #ah1 et seq4 #bgg3a ,the writers of the ,gospels were ,i know not what sort of half ,jews1 not even agreeing with themselves4 7,bishop ,faustus47 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,,christ ,,crishna ,,and ,,christ ,,jesus ,,compared4 ,believing and affirming1 that the mythological portion of the history of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 contained in the books forming the ,canon of the ,new ,testament1 is nothing more or less than a copy of the mythological histories of the ,hindoo ,saviour ,crishna1 and the ,buddhist ,saviour ,buddha1#bgh3a with a mixture of mythology borrowed from the ,persians and other nations1 we shall in this and the chapter following1 compare the histories of these ,christs1 side by side with that of ,christ ,jesus1 the ,christian ,saviour4 ,in comparing the history of ,crishna with that of ,jesus1 we have the following remarkable parallels3 #a4 ,crishna was born of a chaste virgin1 called ,devaki1 who was selected by the ,lord for this purpose on account of her purity4#bgh3b #a4 ,jesus was born of a chaste virgin1 called ,mary1 who was selected by the ,lord for this purpose1 on account of her purity4#bgh3c #b4 ,a chorus of ,devatas celebrated with song the praise of ,devaki1 exclaiming3 ,in the delivery of this favored woman all nature shall have cause to exult4#bgh3d #b4 ,the angel of the ,lord saluted ,mary1 and said3 ,hail ,mary6 the ,lord is with you1 you are blessed above all women1 4 4 4 for thou hast found favor with the ,lord4#bgh3e #c4 ,the birth of ,crishna was announced in the heavens by his star4#bgh3f #c4 ,the birth of ,jesus was announced in the heavens by his star4#bgh3g #d4 ,on the morn of ,crishna's birth1 the quarters of the horizon were irradiate with joy1 as if moonlight was diffused over the whole earth2 the spirits and nymphs of heaven danced and sang1 and the clouds emitted low pleasing sounds4#bgi3a #d4 ,when ,jesus was born1 the angels of heaven sang with joy1 and from the clouds there came pleasing sounds4#bgi3b #e4 ,crishna1 though royally descended1 was actually born in a state the most abject and humiliating1 having been brought into the world in a cave4#bgi3c #e4 ,the birth of ,jesus1 the ,king of ,israel1 took place under circumstances of extreme indigence2 and the place of his nativity1 according to the united voice of the ancients1 and of oriental travelers1 was in a cave4#bgi3d #f4 ,the moment ,crishna was born1 the whole cave was splendidly illuminated1 and the countenances of his father and his mother emitted rays of glory4#bgi3e #f4 ,the moment ,jesus was born1 there was a great light in the cave1 so that the eyes of ,joseph and the midwife could not bear it4#bgi3f #g4 ,soon after ,crishna's mother was delivered of him1 and while she was weeping over him and lamenting his unhappy destiny1 the compassionate infant assumed the power of speech1 and soothed and comforted his afflicted parent4#bgi3g #g4 ,jesus spake even when he was in his cradle1 and said to his mother3 ',mary1 ,i am ,jesus1 the ,son of ,god1 that ,word which thou didst bring forth according to the declaration of the ,angel ,gabriel unto thee1 and my ,father hath sent me for the salvation of the world4'#bgi3h #h4 ,the divine child--,crishna--was recognized1 and adored by cowherds1 who prostrated themselves before the heaven-born child4#bgi3i #h4 ,the divine child--,jesus--was recognized1 and adored by shepherds1 who prostrated themselves before the heaven-born child4#bgi3aj #i4 ,crishna was received with divine honors1 and presented with gifts of sandal-wood and perfumes4#bgi3aa #i4 ,jesus was received with divine honors1 and presented with gifts of frankincense and myrrh4#bgi3ab #aj4 ,soon after the birth of ,crishna1 the holy ,indian prophet ,nared1 hearing of the fame of the infant ,crishna1 pays him a visit at ,gokul1 examines the stars1 and declares him to be of celestial descent4#bgi3ac #aj4 ,now when ,jesus was born in ,bethlehem of ,judea1 behold1 there came wise men from the ,east1 saying3 ,where is he that is born ,king of the ,jews1 for we have seen his star in the ,east and have come to worship him4#bgi3ad #aa4 ,crishna was born at a time when ,nanda--his foster-father--was away from home1 having come to the city to pay his tax or yearly tribute1 to the king4#bgi3ae #aa4 ,jesus was born at a time when ,joseph--his foster-father--was away from home1 having come to the city to pay his tax or tribute to the governor4#bgi3af #ab4 ,crishna1 although born in a state the most abject and humiliating1 was of royal descent4#bhj3a #ab4 ,jesus1 although born in a state the most abject and humiliating1 was of royal descent4#bhj3b #ac4 ,crishna's father was warned by a heavenly voice1 to fly with the child to ,gacool1 across the river ,jumna1 as the reigning monarch sought his life4#bhj3c #ac4 ,jesus' father was warned in a dream to take the young child and his mother1 and flee into ,egypt1 as the reigning monarch sought his life4#bhj3d #ad4 ,the ruler of the country in which ,crishna was born1 having been informed of the birth of the divine child1 sought to destroy him4 ,for this purpose1 he ordered the massacre in all his states1 of all the children of the male sex1 born during the night of the birth of ,crishna4#bhj3e #ad4 ,the ruler of the country in which ,jesus was born1 having been informed of the birth of the divine child1 sought to destroy him4 ,for this purpose1 he ordered all the children that were in ,bethlehem1 and in all the coasts thereof1 to be slain4#bhj3f #ae4 ,mathura 7pronounced ,mattra71 was the city in which ,crishna was born1 where his most extraordinary miracles were performed1 and which continues at this day the place where his name and ,avatar are held in the most sacred veneration of any province in ,hindostan4#bhj3g #ae4 ,matarea1 near ,hermopolis1 in ,egypt1 is said to have been the place where ,jesus resided during his absence from the land of ,judea4 ,at this place he is reported to have wrought many miracles4#bhj3h #af4 ,crishna was preceded by ,rama1 who was born a short time before him1 and whose life was sought by ,kansa1 the ruling monarch1 at the time he attempted to destroy the infant ,crishna4#bhj3i #af4 ,jesus was preceded by ,john the divine herald1 who was born a short time before him1 and whose life was sought by ,herod1 the ruling monarch1 at the time he attempted to destroy the infant ,jesus4#bhj3aj #ag4 ,crishna1 being brought up among shepherds1 wanted the advantage of a preceptor to teach him the sciences4 ,afterwards1 when he went to ,mathura1 a tutor1 profoundly learned1 was obtained for him2 but1 in a very short time1 he became such a scholar as utterly to astonish and perplex his master with a variety of the most intricate questions in ,sanscrit science4#bhj3aa #ag4 ,jesus was sent to ,zaccheus the schoolmaster1 who wrote out an alphabet for him1 and bade him say ,aleph4 ,then the ,lord ,jesus said to him1 ,tell me first the meaning of the letter ,aleph1 and then ,i will pronounce ,beth1 and when the master threatened to whip him1 the ,lord ,jesus explained to him the meaning of the letters ,aleph and ,beth2 also which where the straight figures of the letters1 which the oblique1 and what letters had double figures2 which had points1 and which had none2 why one letter went before another2 and many other things he began to tell him and explain1 of which the master himself had never heard1 nor read in any book4#bha3a #ah4 ,at a certain time1 ,crishna1 taking a walk with the other cowherds1 they chose him their ,king1 and every one had his place assigned him under the new ,king4#bha3b #ah4 ,in the month ,adar1 ,jesus gathered together the boys1 and ranked them as though he had been a ,,king4 4 4 4 ,and if any one happened to pass by1 they took him by force1 and said1 ,come hither1 and worship the ,king4#bha3c #ai4 ,some of ,crishna's play-fellows were stung by a serpent1 and he1 filled with compassion at their untimely fate1 and casting upon them an eye of divine mercy1 they immediately rose1 and were restored4#bha3d #ai4 ,when ,jesus was at play1 a boy was stung by a serpent1 and he 7,jesus7 touched the boy with his hand1 and he was restored to his former health4#bha3e #bj4 ,crishna's companions1 with some calves1 were stolen1 and hid in a cave1 whereupon ,crishna1 by his power1 created other calves and boys1 in all things1 perfect resemblances of the others4#bha3f #bj4 ,jesus' companions1 who had hid themselves in a furnace1 were turned into kids1 whereupon ,jesus said3 ,come hither1 ,o boys1 that we may go and play2 and immediately the kids were changed into the shape of boys4#bha3g #ba4 ,one of the first miracles performed by ,crishna1 when mature1 was the curing of a leper4#bha3h #ba4 ,one of the first miracles performed by ,jesus1 when mature1 was the curing of a leper4#bha3i #bb4 ,a poor cripple1 or lame woman1 came1 with a vessel filled with spices1 sweet-scented oils1 sandal-wood1 saffron1 civet1 and other perfumes1 and made a certain sign on his 7,crishna's7 forehead1 casting the rest upon his head4#bha3aj #bb4 ,now1 when ,jesus was in ,bethany1 in the house of ,simon the leper1 there came unto him a woman having an alabaster box of very precious ointment1 and poured it on his head1 as he sat at meat4#bha3aa #bc4 ,crishna was crucified1 and he is represented with arms extended1 hanging on a cross4#bha3ab #bc4 ,jesus was crucified1 and he is represented with arms extended1 hanging on a cross4 #bd4 ,at the time of the death of ,crishna1 there came calamities and bad omens of every kind4 ,a black circle surrounded the moon1 and the sun was darkened at noon-day2 the sky rained fire and ashes2 flames burned dusky and livid2 demons committed depredations on earth2 at sunrise and sunset1 thousands of figures were seen skirmishing in the air2 spirits were to be seen on all sides4#bhb3a #bd4 ,at the time of the death of ,jesus1 there came calamities of many kinds4 ,the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom1 the sun was darkened from the sixth to the ninth hour1 and the graves were opened1 and many bodies of the saints which slept arose and came out of their graves4#bhb3b #be4 ,crishna was pierced with an arrow4#bhb3c #be4 ,jesus was pierced with a spear4#bhb3d #bf4 ,crishna said to the hunter who shot him3 ,go1 hunter1 through my favor1 to heaven1 the abode of the gods4#bhb3e #bf4 ,jesus said to one of the malefactors who was crucified with him3 ,verily ,i say unto thee1 this day shalt thou be with me in paradise4#bhb3f #bg4 ,crishna descended into hell4#bhb3g #bg4 ,jesus descended into hell4#bhb3h #bh4 ,crishna1 after being put to death1 rose again from the dead4#bhb3i #bh4 ,jesus1 after being put to death1 rose again from the dead4#bhb3aj #bi4 ,crishna ascended bodily into heaven1 and many persons witnessed his ascent4#bhb3aa #bi4 ,jesus ascended bodily into heaven1 and many persons witnessed his ascent4#bhb3ab #cj4 ,crishna is to come again on earth in the latter days4 ,he will appear among mortals as an armed warrior1 riding a white horse4 ,at his approach the sun and moon will be darkened1 the earth will tremble1 and the stars fall from the firmament4#bhb3ac #cj4 ,jesus is to come again on earth in the latter days4 ,he will appear among mortals as an armed warrior1 riding a white horse4 ,at his approach1 the sun and moon will be darkened1 the earth will tremble1 and the stars fall from the firmament4#bhb3ad #ca4 ,crishna is to be judge of the dead at the last day4#bhb3ae #ca4 ,jesus is to be judge of the dead at the last day4#bhb3af #cb4 ,crishna is the creator of all things visible and invisible2 all this universe came into being through him1 the eternal maker4#bhb3ag #cb4 ,jesus is the creator of all things visible and invisible2 all this universe came into being through him1 the eternal maker4#bhb3ah #cc4 ,crishna is ,alpha and ,omega1 the beginning1 the middle1 and the end of all things4#bhb3ai #cc4 ,jesus is ,alpha and ,omega1 the beginning1 the middle1 and the end of all things4#bhb3bj #cd4 ,crishna1 when on earth1 was in constant strife against the evil spirit4#bhb3ba ,he surmounts extraordinary dangers1 strews his way with miracles1 raising the dead1 healing the sick1 restoring the maimed1 the deaf and the blind1 everywhere supporting the weak against the strong1 the oppressed against the powerful4 ,the people crowded his way1 and adored him as a ,god4#bhc3a #cd4 ,jesus1 when on earth1 was in constant strife against the evil spirit4#bhb3bb ,he surmounts extraordinary dangers1 strews his way with miracles1 raising the dead1 healing the sick1 restoring the maimed1 the deaf and the blind1 everywhere supporting the weak against the strong1 the oppressed against the powerful4 ,the people crowded his way and adored him as a ,god4#bhc3b #ce4 ,crishna had a beloved disciple--,arjuna4#bhc3c #ce4 ,jesus had a beloved disciple--,john4#bhc3d #cf4 ,crishna was transfigured before his disciple ,arjuna4 ,all in an instant1 with a thousand suns1 blazing with dazzling luster1 so beheld he the glories of the universe collected in the one person of the ,god of ,gods4#bhc3e ,arjuna bows his head at this vision1 and folding his hands in reverence1 says3 ,now that ,i see thee as thou really art1 ,i thrill with terror6 ,mercy6 ,lord of ,lords1 once more display to me thy human form1 thou habitation of the universe4#bhc3f #cf4 ,and after six days1 ,jesus taketh ,peter1 ,james1 and ,john his brother1 and bringeth them up into a high mountain apart1 and was transfigured before them4 ,and his face did shine as the sun1 and his raiment was white as the light4 4 4 ,while he yet spake1 behold1 a bright cloud overshadowed them1 and behold1 a voice out of the cloud1 which said3 c4 ,and when the disciples heard it1 they fell on their faces1 and were sore afraid4#bhc3g #cg4 ,crishna was the meekest and best tempered of beings4 ,he preached very nobly indeed1 and sublimely4 ,he was pure and chaste in reality1#bhc3h and1 as a lesson of humility1 he even condescended to wash the feet of the ,brahmins4#bhc3i #cg4 ,jesus was the meekest and best tempered of beings4 ,he preached very nobly indeed1 and sublimely4 ,he was pure and chaste1 and he even condescended to wash the feet of his disciples1 to whom he taught a lesson of humility4#bhc3aj #ch4 ,crishna is the very ,supreme ,brahma1 though it be a mystery how the ,supreme should assume the form of a man4#bhc3aa #ch4 ,jesus is the very ,supreme ,jehovah1 though it be a mystery how the ,supreme should assume the form of a man1 for ,great is the mystery of ,godliness4#bhc3ab #ci4 ,crishna is the second person in the ,hindoo ,trinity4#bhc3ac #ci4 ,jesus is the second person in the ,christian ,trinity4#bhc3ad #dj4 ,crishna said3 ,let him if seeking ,god by deep abstraction1 abandon his possessions and his hopes1 betake himself to some secluded spot1 and fix his heart and thoughts on ,god alone4#bhd3a #dj4 ,jesus said3 ,but thou1 when thou prayest1 enter into thy closet1 and when then hast shut thy door1 pray to thy ,father1 which is in secret4#bhd3b #da4 ,crishna said3 ,whate'er thou dost perform1 whate'er thou eatest1 whate'er thou givest to the poor1 whate'er thou offerest in sacrifice1 whate'er thou doest as an act of holy presence1 do all as if to me1 ,o ,arjuna4 ,i am the great ,sage1 without beginning2 ,i am the ,ruler and the ,all-sustainer4#bhd3c #da4 ,jesus said3 ,whether therefore ye eat1 or drink1 or whatsoever ye do1 do all to the glory of ,god#bhd3d who is the great ,sage1 without beginning2 the ,ruler and the ,all-sustainer4 #db4 ,crishna said3 ,i am the cause of the whole universe2 through me it is created and dissolved2 on me all things within it hang and suspend1 like pearls upon a string4#bhd3e #db4 ,of him1 and through him1 and unto him1 are all things4 ,all things were made by him2 and without him was not anything made that was made4#bhd3f #dc4 ,crishna said3 ,i am the light in the ,sun and ,moon1 far1 far beyond the darkness4 ,i am the brilliancy in flame1 the radiance in all that's radiant1 and the light of lights4#bhd3g #dc4 ,then spoke ,jesus again unto them1 saying3 ,i am the light of the world2 he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness1 but shall have the light of life4#bhd3h #dd4 ,crishna said3 ,i am the sustainer of the world1 its friend and ,lord4 ,i am its way and refuge4#bhd3i #dd4 ,jesus said unto them1 ,i am the way1 the truth1 and the life4 ,no man cometh unto the ,father1 but by me4#bhd3aj #de4 ,crishna said3 ,i am the ,goodness of the good2 ,i am ,beginning1 ,middle1 ,end1 ,eternal ,time1 the ,birth1 the ,death of all4#bhd3aa #de4 ,i am the first and the last2 and have the keys of hell and of death4#bhd3ab #df4 ,crishna said3 ,then be not sorrowful1 from all thy sins ,i will deliver thee4 ,think thou on me1 have faith in me1 adore and worship me1 and join thyself in meditation to me2 thus shalt thou come to me1 ,o ,arjuna2 thus shalt thou rise to my supreme abode1 where neither sun nor moon hath need to shine1 for know that all the lustre they possess is mine4#bhd3ac #df4 ,jesus said3 ,be of good cheer2 thy sins be forgiven thee4#bhd3ad ,my son1 give me thine heart4#bhd3ae ,the city had no need of the sun1 neither of the moon1 to shine in it2 for the glory of ,god did lighten it4#bhd3af ,many other remarkable passages might be adduced from the ,bhagavad-gita1 the following of which may be noted3#bhd3ag ,he who has brought his members under subjection1 but sits with foolish minds thinking in his heart of sensual things1 is called a hypocrite4 7,compare ,matt4 v4 #bh47 ,many are my births that are past2 many are thine too1 ,o ,arjuna4 ,i know them all1 but thou knowest them not4 7,comp4 ,john1 viii4 #ad47 ,for the establishment of righteousness am ,i born from time to time4 7,comp4 ,john1 xviii4 #cg2 ,i4 ,john1 iii4 #c47 ,i am dearer to the wise than all possessions1 and he is dearer to me4 7,comp4 ,luke1 xiv4 #cc2 ,john1 xiv4 #ba47 ,the ignorant1 the unbeliever1 and he of a doubting mind perish utterly4 7,comp4 ,mark1 xvi4 #af47 ,deluded men despise me when ,i take human form4 7,comp4 ,john1 i4 #aj47 ,crishna had the titles of ,saviour1 ,redeemer1 ,preserver1 ,comforter1 ,mediator1 c4 ,he was called ,the ,resurrection and the ,life1 ,the ,lord of ,lords1 ,the ,great ,god1 ,the ,holy ,one1 ,the ,good ,shepherd1 c4 ,all of which are titles applied to ,christ ,jesus4 ,justice1 humanity1 good faith1 compassion1 disinterestedness1 in fact1 all the virtues1 are said#bhe3a to have been taught by ,crishna1 both by precept and example4 ,the ,christian missionary ,georgius1 who found the worship of the crucified ,god in ,india1 consoles himself by saying3 ,that which ,p4 ,cassianus ,maceratentis had told me before1 ,i find to have been observed more fully in ,french by the ,living ,de ,guignes1 a most learned man2 i4 e41 that ,crishna is the very name corrupted of ,christ the ,saviour4#bhe3b ,many others have since made a similar statement1 but unfortunately for them1 the name ,crishna has nothing whatever to do with ,christ the ,saviour4 ,it is a purely ,sanscrit word1 and means the dark god or the black god4#bhe3c ,the word ,christ 7which is not a name1 but a title71 as we have already seen1 is a ,greek word1 and means the ,anointed1 or the ,messiah4 ,the fact is1 the history of ,christ ,crishna is older than that of ,christ ,jesus4 ,statues of ,crishna are to be found in the very oldest cave temples throughout ,india1 and it has been satisfactorily proved1 on the authority of a passage of ,arrian1 that the worship of ,crishna was practiced in the time of ,alexander the ,great at what still remains one of the most famous temples of ,india1 the temple of ,mathura1 on the ,jumna river1#bhe3d which shows that he was considered a god at that time4#bhf3a ,we have already seen that1 according to ,prof4 ,monier ,williams1 he was deified about the fourth century ,b4 ,c4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy says3 ,if we may believe so good an authority as ,edward ,moor 7author of ,moor's ,hindu ,pantheon1 and ,oriental ,fragments71 both the name of ,crishna1 and the general outline of his history1 were long anterior to the birth of our ,saviour1 as very certain things1 and probably extended to the time of ,homer1 nearly nine hundred years before ,christ1 or more than a hundred years before ,isaiah lived and prophesied4#bhf3b ,in the ,sanscrit ,dictionary1 compiled more than two thousand years ago1 we have the whole story of ,crishna1 the incarnate deity1 born of a virgin1 and miraculously escaping in his infancy from ,kansa1 the reigning monarch of the country4#bhf3c ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,carwithen1 known as one of the ,brampton ,lecturers1 says3 ,both the name of ,crishna and the general outline of his story are long anterior to the birth of our ,saviour2 and this we know1 not on the presumed antiquity of the ,hindoo records alone4 ,both ,arrian and ,strabo assert that the god ,crishna was anciently worshiped at ,mathura1 on the river ,jumna1 where he is worshiped at this day4 ,but the emblems and attributes essential to this deity are also transplanted into the mythology of the ,west4#bhf3d ,on the walls of the most ancient ,hindoo temples1 are sculptured representations of the flight of ,vasudeva and the infant ,saviour ,crishna1 from ,king ,kansa1 who sought to destroy him4 ,the story of the slaughtered infants is also the subject of an immense sculpture in the cave temple of ,elephanta4 ,a person with a drawn sword is represented surrounded by slaughtered infant boys1 while men and women are supplicating for their children4 ,the date of this sculpture is lost in the most remote antiquity4#bhf3e ,the flat roof of this cavern-temple1 and that of ,ellora1 and every other circumstance connected with them1 prove that their origin must be referred to a very remote epoch4 ,the ancient temples can easily be distinguished from the more modern ones--such as those of ,solsette--by the shape of the roof4 ,the ancient are flat1 while the more modern are arched4#bhf3f ,the ,bhagavad gita1 which contains so many sentiments akin to ,christianity1 and which was not written until about the first or second century1#bhg3a has led many ,christian scholars to believe1 and attempt to prove1 that they have been borrowed from the ,new ,testament1 but unfortunately for them1 their premises are untenable4 ,prof4 ,monier ,williams1 the accepted authority on ,hindooism1 and a thorough ,christian1 writing for the ,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge1 knowing that he could not very well overlook this subject in speaking of the ,bhagavad-gita1 says3 ,to any one who has followed me in tracing the outline of this remarkable philosophical dialogue1 and has noted the numerous parallels it offers to passages in our ,sacred ,scriptures1 it may seem strange that ,i hesitate to concur to any theory which explains these coincidences by supposing that the author had access to the ,new ,testament1 or that he derived some of his ideas from the first propagaters of ,christianity4 ,surely it will be conceded that the probability of contact and interaction between ,gentile systems and the ,christian religion of the first two centuries of our era must have been greater in ,italy than in ,india4 ,yet1 if we take the writings and sayings of those great ,roman philosophers1 ,seneca1 ,epictetus1 and ,marcus ,aurelius1 we shall find them full of resemblances to passages in our ,scriptures1 while their appears to be no ground whatever for supposing that these eminent ,pagan writers and thinkers derived any of their ideas from either ,jewish or ,christian sources4 ,in fact1 the ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,farrar1 in his interesting and valuable work ',seekers after ,god1' has clearly shown that 'to say that ,pagan morality kindled its faded taper at the ,gospel light1 whether furtively or unconsciously1 that it dissembled the obligation and made a boast of the splendor1 as if it were originally her own1 is to make an assertion wholly untenable4' ,he points out that the attempts of the ,christian ,fathers to make out ,pythagoras a debtor to ,hebraic wisdom1 ,plato an ',atticizing ,moses1' ,aristotle a picker-up of ethics from a ,jew1 ,seneca a correspondent of ,st4 ,paul1 were due 'in some cases to ignorance1 in some to a want of perfect honesty in controversial dealing4'#bhg3b ,his arguments would be even more conclusive if applied to the ,bhagavad-gita1 the author of which was probably contemporaneous with ,seneca4#bhg3c ,it must1 indeed1 be admitted that the flames of true light which emerge from the mists of pantheism in the writings of ,indian philosophers1 must spring from the same source of light as the ,gospel itself2 but it may reasonably be questioned whether there could have been any actual contact of the ,hindoo systems with ,christianity without a more satisfactory result in the modification of pantheistic and anti-,christian ideas4#bhh3a ,again he says3 ,it should not be forgotten that although the nations of ,europe have changed their religions during the past eighteen centuries1 the ,hindu has not done so1 except very partially4 ,islam converted a certain number by force of arms in the eighth and following centuries1 and ,christian truth is at last slowly creeping onwards and winning its way by its own inherent energy in the nineteenth2 but the religious creeds1 rites1 customs1 and habits of thought of the ,hindus generally1 have altered little since the days of ,manu1 five hundred years ,b4 ,c4#bhh3b ,these words are conclusive2 comments1 therefore1 are unnecessary4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,cox1 in his ,aryan ,mythology1 speaking on this subject says3 ,it is true that these myths have been crystallized around the name of ,crishna in ages subsequent to the period during which the earliest vedic literature came into existence2 but the myths themselves are found in this older literature associated with other gods1 and not always only in germ4 ,there is no more room for inferring foreign influence in the growth of any of these myths than1 as ,bunsen rightly insists1 there is room for tracing ,christian influence in the earlier epical literature of the ,teutonic tribes4 ,practically the myths of ,crishna seems to have been fully developed in the days of ,megasthenes 7fourth century ,b4 ,c47 who identifies him with the ,greek ,hercules4#bhh3c ,it should be remembered1 in connection with this1 that ,dr4 ,parkhurst and others have considered ,hercules a type of ,christ ,jesus4 ,in the ancient epics ,crishna is made to say3 ,i am ,vishnu1 ,brahma1 ,indra1 and the source as well as the destruction of things1 the creator and the annihilator of the whole aggregate of existences4 ,while all men live in unrighteousness1 ,i1 the unfailing1 build up the bulwark of righteousness1 as the ages pass away4#bhh3d ,these words are almost identical with what we find in the ,bhagavad-gita4 ,in the ,maha-bharata1 ,vishnu is associated or identified with ,crishna1 just as he is in the ,bhagavad-gita and ,vishnu ,purana1 showing1 in the words of ,prof4 ,williams1 that3 the ,puranas1 although of a comparatively modern date1 are nevertheless composed of matter to be found in the two great epic poems the ,ramayana and the ,maha-bharata4#bhh3e ,,footnotes3 #bgh3a ,it is also very evident that the history of ,crishna--or that part of it at least which has a religious aspect--is taken from that of ,buddha4 ,crishna1 in the ancient epic poems1 is simply a great hero1 and it is not until about the fourth century ,b4 ,c41 that he is deified and declared to be an incarnation of ,vishnu1 or ,vishnu himself in human form4 7,see ,monier ,williams' ,hinduism1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc47 ,if it be urged that the attribution to ,crishna of qualities or powers belonging to the other deities is a mere device by which his devotees sought to supersede the more ancient gods1 the answer must be that nothing is done in his case which has not been done in the case of almost every other member of the great company of the gods1 and that the systematic adoption of this method is itself conclusive proof of the looseness and flexibility of the materials of which the cumbrous mythology of the ,hindu epic poems is composed4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acj47 ,these words apply very forcibly to the history of ,christ ,jesus4 ,he being attributed with qualities and powers belonging to the deities of the heathen is a mere device by which his devotees sought to supersede the more ancient gods4 #bgh3b ,see ch4 xii4 #bgh3c ,see ,the ,gospel of ,mary1 ,apoc41 ch4 vii4 #bgh3d ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbi4 #bgh3e ,mary1 ,apoc41 vii4 ,luke1 i4 #bh-cj4 #bgh3f ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cag and #ccf4 #bgh3g ,matt4 ii4 #b4 #bgi3a ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #ejb4 #bgi3b ,luke1 ii4 #ac4 #bgi3c ,see ch4 xvi4 #bgi3d ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caa4 ,see also1 chap4 xvi4 #bgi3e ,see ch4 xvi4 #bgi3f ,protevangelion1 ,apoc41 chs4 xii4 and xiii4 #bgi3g ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 #caa4 #bgi3h ,infancy1 ,apoc41 ch4 i4 #b1 #c4 #bgi3i ,see ch4 xv4 #bgi3aj ,luke1 ii4 #h-aj4 #bgi3aa ,see ,oriental ,religions1 p4 #ejj1 and ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cec4 #bgi3ab ,matt4 ii4 #b4 #bgi3ac ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cag4 #bgi3ad ,matt41 ii4 #a1 #b4 #bgi3ae ,vishnu ,purana1 bk4 v4 ch4 iii4 #bgi3af ,luke1 ii4 #a-ag4 #bhj3a ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei4 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caj4 #bhj3b ,see the ,genealogies in ,matt4 and ,luke4 #bhj3c ,see ch4 xviii4 #bhj3d ,matt4 ii4 #ac4 #bhj3e ,see ch4 xviii4 #bhj3f ,matt4 ii4 #af4 #bhj3g ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cag4 ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bei4 #bhj3h ,introduc4 to ,infancy1 ,apoc4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #acj4 ,savary3 ,travels in ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #abf1 in ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cah4 #bhj3i ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caf4 #bhj3aj ,elizabeth1 hearing that her son ,john was about to be searched for 7by ,herod71 took him and went up into the mountains1 and looked around for a place to hide him4 4 4 4 ,but ,herod made search after ,john1 and sent servants to ,zacharias1 c4 7,protevangelion1 ,apoc4 ch4 xvi47 #bhj3aa ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cba4 #bha3a ,infancy1 ,apoc41 ch4 xx4 #a-h4 #bha3b ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cba4 #bha3c ,infancy1 ,apoc41 ch4 xviii4 #a-c4 #bha3d ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdc4 #bha3e ,infancy1 ,apoc41 ch4 xviii4 #bha3f ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdj4 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #acf4 #bha3g ,infancy1 ,apoc41 ch4 xvii4 #bha3h ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cai1 and ch4 xxvii4 this work4 #bha3i ,matthew1 viii4 #b4 #bha3aj ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbj4 #bha3aa ,matt4 xxvi4 #f-g4 #bha3ab ,see ch4 xx4 #bhb3a ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ga4 #bhb3b ,matt4 xxii4 ,luke1 xxviii4 #bhb3c ,see ch4 xx4 #bhb3d ,john1 xix4 #cd4 #bhb3e ,see ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #fab4 #bhb3f ,luke1 xxiii4 #dc4 #bhb3g ,see ch4 xxii4 #bhb3h ,see ,ibid4 #bhb3i ,see ch4 xxiii4 #bhb3aj ,matt4 xxviii4 #bhb3aa ,see ch4 xxiii4 #bhb3ab ,see ,acts1 i4 #i-aa4 #bhb3ac ,see ch4 xxiv4 #bhb3ad ,see passages quoted in ch4 xxiv4 #bhb3ae ,see ,oriental ,religions1 p4 #ejd4 #bhb3af ,matt4 xxiv4 #ca4 ,rom4 xiv4 #aj4 #bhb3ag ,see ch4 xxvi4 #bhb3ah ,john1 i4 #c4 ,i4 ,cor4 viii4 #f4 ,eph4 iii4 #i4 #bhb3ai ,see ,geeta1 lec4 x4 p4 #he4 #bhb3bj ,rev4 i4 #h1 #aa2 xxii4 #ac2 xxi4 #f4 #bhb3ba ,he is described as a superhuman organ of light1 to whom the superhuman organ of darkness1 the evil serpent1 was opposed4 ,he is represented bruising the head of the serpent1 and standing upon him4 7,see illustrations in vol4 i4 ,asiatic ,researches2 vol4 ii4 ,higgins' ,anacalypsis2 ,calmet's ,fragments1 and other works illustrating ,hindoo ,mythology47 #bhb3bb ,jesus1 the ,sun of ,righteousness1 is also described as a superhuman organ of light1 opposed by ,satan1 the old serpent4 ,he is claimed to have been the seed of the woman who should bruise the head of the serpent4 7,genesis1 iii4 #ae47 #bhc3a ,see ch4 xxvii4 #bhc3b ,according to the ,new ,testament4 #bhc3c ,see ,bhagavat ,geeta4 #bhc3d ,john1 xiii4 #bc4 #bhc3e ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bae4 #bhc3f ,ibid4 p4 #baf4 #bhc3g ,matt4 xvii4 #a-f4 #bhc3h ,he was pure and chaste in reality1 although represented as sporting amorously1 when a youth1 with cowherdesses4 ,according to the pure ,vaishnava faith1 however1 ,crishna's love for the ,gopis1 and especially for his favorite ,radha1 is to be explained allegorically1 as symbolizing the longing of the human soul for the ,supreme4 7,prof4 ,monier ,williams3 ,hinduism1 p4 #add47 ,just as the amorous ,song of ,solomon is said to be allegorical1 and to mean ,christ's love for his church4 #bhc3i ,see ,indian ,antiquities1 iii4 #df1 and ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgc4 #bhc3aj ,john1 xiii4 #bhc3aa ,vishnu ,purana1 p4 #dib1 note #c4 #bhc3ab ,i4 ,timothy1 iii4 #af4 #bhc3ac ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,siva4 ,crishna is ,vishnu in human form4 ,a more personal1 and1 so to speak1 human god than ,siva was needed for the mass of the people--a god who could satisfy the yearnings of the human heart for religion of faith 7bhakti7--a god who could sympathize with1 and condescend to human wants and necessities4 ,such a god was found in the second member of the ,tri-murti4 ,it was as ,vishnu that the ,supreme ,being was supposed to exhibit his sympathy with human trials1 and his love for the human race4 ,if ,siva is the great god of the ,hindu ,pantheon1 to whom adoration is due from all indiscriminately1 ,vishnu is certainly its most popular deity4 ,he is the god selected by far the greater number of individuals as their ,saviour1 protector and friend1 who rescues them from the power of evil1 interests himself in their welfare1 and finally admits them to his heaven4 ,but it is not so much ,vishnu in his own person as ,vishnu in his incarnations1 that effects all this for his votaries4 7,prof4 ,monier ,williams3 ,hinduism1 p4 #ajj47 #bhc3ad ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost4 ,jesus is the ,son in human form4 #bhd3a ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #baa4 #bhd3b ,matt4 vi4 #f4 #bhd3c ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bab4 #bhd3d ,i4 ,cor4 x4 #ca4 #bhd3e ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bac4 #bhd3f ,john1 i4 #c4 #bhd3g ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bac4 #bhd3h ,john1 viii4 #ab4 #bhd3i ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bac4 #bhd3aj ,john1 xiv4 #f4 #bhd3aa ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bac4 #bhd3ab ,rev4 i4 #ag1 #ah4 #bhd3ac ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bad4 #bhd3ad ,matt4 ix4 #b4 #bhd3ae ,prov4 xxiii4 #bf4 #bhd3af ,rev4 xxi4 #bc4 #bhd3ag ,quoted from ,williams' ,hinduism1 pp4 #bag-bai4 #bhe3a ,it is said in the ,hindoo sacred books that ,crishna was a religious teacher1 but1 as we have previously remarked1 this is a later addition to his legendary history4 ,in the ancient epic poems he is simply a great hero and warrior4 ,the portion pertaining to his religious career1 is evidently a copy of the history of ,buddha4 #bhe3b ,est ,crishna 7quod ut mihi pridem indicaverat ,p4 ,cassianus ,maceratentis1 sic nunc uberius in ,galliis observatum intelligo avivo litteratissimo ,de ,guignes7 nomen ipsum corruptum ,christi ,servatoris4 #bhe3c ,see ,williams' ,hinduism1 and ,maurice3 ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfi4 #bhe3d ,see ,celtic ,druids1 pp4 #bef1 #beg4 #bhf3a ,alexander the ,great made his expedition to the banks of the ,indus about #cbg ,b4 ,c41 and to this invasion is due the first trustworthy information obtained by ,europeans concerning the north-westerly portion of ,india and the region of the five rivers1 down which the ,grecian troops were conducted in ships by ,nearchus4 ,megasthenes1 who was the ambassador of ,seleukos ,nikator 7,alexander's successor1 and ruler over the whole region between the ,euphrates and ,india1 ,b4 ,c4 #cab71 at the court of ,candra-gupa 7,sandrokottus71 in ,pataliputra 7,patna71 during a long sojourn in that city collected further information1 of which ,strabo1 ,pliny1 ,arrian1 and others availed themselves4 7,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #d47 #bhf3b ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #aea4 ,see also1 ,asiatic ,researches1 i4 #bgc4 #bhf3c ,see ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bei-bgc4 #bhf3d ,quoted in ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #aea1 #aeb4 #bhf3e ,see chapter xviii4 #bhf3f ,see ,prichard's ,egyptian ,mythology1 p4 #aab4 #bhg3a ,in speaking of the antiquity of the ,bhagavad-gita1 ,prof4 ,monier ,williams says3 ,the author was probably a ,brahman and nominally a ,vishnava1 but really a philosopher whose mind was cast in a broad and comprehensive mould4 ,he is supposed to have lived in ,india during the first and second century of our era4 ,some consider that he lived as late as the third century1 and some place him even later1 but with these ,i cannot agree4 7,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #acg47 #bhg3b ,in order that the resemblances to ,christian ,scripture in the writings of ,roman philosophers may be compared1 ,prof4 ,williams refers the reader to ,seekers after ,god1 by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,farrar1 and ,dr4 ,ramage's ,beautiful ,thoughts4 ,the same sentiments are to be found in ,mann1 which1 says ,prof4 ,williams1 few will place later than the fifth century ,b4 ,c4 ,the ,mahabhrata1 written many centuries ,b4 ,c41 contains numerous parallels to ,new ,testament sayings4 7,see our chapter on ,paganism in ,christianity47 #bhg3c ,seneca1 the celebrated ,roman philosopher1 was born at ,cordoba1 in ,spain1 a few years ,b4 ,c4 ,when a child1 he was brought by his father to ,rome1 where he was initiated in the study of eloquence4 #bhh3a ,indian ,wisdom1 pp4 #aec1 #aed4 ,similar sentiments are expressed in his ,hinduism1 pp4 #bah-bbj4 #bhh3b ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 iv4 #bhh3c ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #acg1 #ach4 #bhh3d ,ibid4 p4 #aca4 #bhh3e ,williams' ,hinduism1 pp4 #aai-aaj4 ,it was from these sources that the doctrine of incarnation was first evolved by the ,brahman4 ,they were written many centuries ,b4 ,c4 7,see ,ibid47 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,,christ ,,buddha ,,and ,,christ ,,jesus ,,compared4 ,the more ,i learn to know ,buddha the more ,i admire him1 and the sooner all mankind shall have been made acquainted with his doctrines the better it will be1 for he is certainly one of the heroes of humanity4 ,fausbll4 ,the mythological portions of the histories of ,buddha and ,jesus are1 without doubt1 nearer in resemblance than that of any two characters of antiquity4 ,the cause of this we shall speak of in our chapter on ,why ,christianity ,prospered1 and shall content ourselves for the present by comparing the following analogies3 #a4 ,buddha was born of the ,virgin ,mary1#bhi3a who conceived him without carnal intercourse4#bhi3b #a4 ,jesus was born of the ,virgin ,mary1 who conceived him without carnal intercourse4#bhi3c #b4 ,the incarnation of ,buddha is recorded to have been brought about by the descent of the divine power called the ,holy ,ghost1 upon the ,virgin ,maya4#bhi3d #b4 ,the incarnation of ,jesus is recorded to have been brought about by the descent of the divine power called the ,holy ,ghost1 upon the ,virgin ,mary4#bhi3c #c4 ,when ,buddha descended from the regions of the souls1#bij3a and entered the body of the ,virgin ,maya1 her womb assumed the appearance of clear transparent crystal1 in which ,buddha appeared1 beautiful as a flower4#bij3b #c4 ,when ,jesus descended from his heavenly seat1 and entered the body of the ,virgin ,mary1 her womb assumed the appearance of clear transparent crystal1 in which ,jesus appeared beautiful as a flower4#bij3c #d4 ,the birth of ,buddha was announced in the heavens by an asterim which was seen rising on the horizon4 ,it is called the ,messianic ,star4#bij3d #d4 ,the birth of ,jesus was announced in the heavens by his star1 which was seen rising on the horizon4#bij3e ,it might properly be called the ,messianic ,star4 #e4 ,the son of the ,virgin ,maya1 on whom1 according to the tradition1 the ',holy ,ghost' had descended1 was said to have been born on ,christmas day4#bij3f #e4 ,the ,son of the ,virgin ,mary1 on whom1 according to the tradition1 the ',holy ,ghost' had descended1 was said to have been born on ,christmas day4#bij3g #f4 ,demonstrations of celestial delight were manifest at the birth of ,buddha4 ,the ,devas#bij3h in heaven and earth sang praises to the ,blessed ,one1 and said3 ,to day1 ,bodhisatwa is born on earth1 to give joy and peace to men and ,devas1 to shed light in the dark places1 and to give sight to the blind4#bij3i #f4 ,demonstrations of celestial delight were manifest at the birth of ,jesus4 ,the angels in heaven and earth sang praises to the ,blessed ,one1 saying3 ,glory to ,god in the highest1 and on earth peace1 good will toward men4#bij3aj #g4 ,buddha was visited by wise men who recognized in this marvelous infant all the characters of the divinity1 and he had scarcely seen the day before he was hailed ,god of ,gods4#bij3aa #g4 ,jesus was visited by wise men who recognized in this marvelous infant all the characters of the divinity1 and he had scarcely seen the day before he was hailed ,god of ,gods4#bij3ab #h4 ,the infant ,buddha was presented with costly jewels and precious substances4#bij3ac #h4 ,the infant ,jesus was presented with gifts of gold1 frankincense1 and myrrh4#bij3ad #i4 ,when ,buddha was an infant1 just born1 he spoke to his mother1 and said3 ,i am the greatest among men4#bij3ae #i4 ,when ,jesus was an infant in his cradle1 he spoke to his mother1 and said3 ,i am ,jesus1 the ,son of ,god4#bij3af #aj4 ,buddha was a dangerous child4 ,his life was threatened by ,king ,bimbasara1 who was advised to destroy the child1 as he was liable to overthrow him4#bia3a #aj4 ,jesus was a dangerous child4 ,his life was threatened by ,king ,herod1#bia3b who attempted to destroy the child1 as he was liable to overthrow him4#bia3c #aa4 ,when sent to school1 the young ,buddha surprised his masters4 ,without having ever studied1 he completely worsted all his competitors1 not only in writing1 but in arithmetic1 mathematics1 metaphysics1 astrology1 geometry1 c4#bia3d #aa4 ,when sent to school1 ,jesus surprised his master ,zaccheus1 who1 turning to ,joseph1 said3 ,thou hast brought a boy to me to be taught1 who is more learned than any master4#bia3e #ab4 ,when twelve years old the child ,buddha is presented in the temple4 ,he explains and asks learned questions2 he excels all those who enter into competition with him4#bia3f #ab4 ,and when he was twelve years old1 they brought him to 7the temple at7 ,jerusalem 4 4 4 4 ,while in the temple among the doctors and elders1 and learned men of ,israel1 he proposed several questions of learning1 and also gave them answers4#bia3g #ac4 ,buddha entered a temple1 on which occasion forthwith all the statues rose and threw themselves at his feet1 in act of worship4#bia3h #ac4 ,and as ,jesus was going in by the ensigns1 who carried the standards1 the tops of them bowed down and worshiped ,jesus4#bia3i #ad4 ,the ancestry of ,gotama ,buddha is traced from his father1 ,sodhodana1 through various individuals and races1 all of royal dignity1 to ,maha ,sammata1 the first monarch of the world4 ,several of the names and some of the events are met with in the ,puranas of the ,brahmans1 but it is not possible to reconcile one order of statement with the other2 and it would appear that the ,buddhist historians have introduced races1 and invented names1 that they may invest their venerated ,sage with all the honors of heraldry1 in addition to the attributes of divinity4#bib3a #ad4 ,the ancestry of ,jesus is traced from his father1 ,joseph1 through various individuals1 nearly all of whom were of royal dignity1 to ,adam1 the first monarch of the world4 ,several of the names1 and some of the events1 are met with in the sacred ,scriptures of the ,hebrews1 but it is not possible to reconcile one order of statement with the other2 and it would appear that the ,christian historians have invented and introduced names1 that they may invest their venerated ,sage with all the honors of heraldry1 in addition to the attributes of divinity4#bib3b #ae4 ,when ,buddha was about to go forth to adopt a religious life1 ,mara#bib3c appeared before him1 to tempt him4#bib3d #ae4 ,when ,jesus was about beginning to preach1 the devil appeared before him1 to tempt him4#bib3e #af4 ,mara said unto ,buddha3 ,go not forth to adopt a religious life1 and in seven days thou shalt become an emperor of the world4#bib3f #af4 ,the devil said to ,jesus3 ,if thou wilt fall down and worship me1 ,i will give thee all the kingdoms of the world4#bib3g #ag4 ,buddha would not heed the words of the ,evil ,one1 and said to him3 ,get thee away from me4#bib3h #ag4 ,jesus would not heed the words of the ,evil ,one1 and said to him3 ,get thee behind me1 ,satan4#bib3i #ah4 ,after ,mara had left ,buddha1 the skies rained flowers1 and delicious odors pervaded the air4#bib3aj #ah4 ,after the devil had left ,jesus1 angels came and ministered unto him4#bib3aa #ai4 ,buddha fasted for a long period4#bib3ab #ai4 ,jesus fasted forty days and nights4#bib3ac #bj4 ,buddha1 the ,saviour1 was baptized1 and at this recorded water baptism the ,spirit of ,god was present2 that is1 not only the highest ,god1 but also the ,holy ,ghost1 through whom the incarnation of ,gautama ,buddha is recorded to have been brought about by the descent of that ,divine power upon the ,virgin ,maya4#bib3ad #bj4 ,jesus was baptized by ,john in the river ,jordan1 at which time the ,spirit of ,god was present2 that is1 not only the highest ,god1 but also the ,holy ,ghost1 through whom the incarnation of ,jesus is recorded to have been brought about1 by the descent of that ,divine power upon the ,virgin ,mary4#bib3ae #ba4 ,on one occasion toward the end of his life on earth1 ,gautama ,buddha is reported to have been transfigured4 ,when on a mountain in ,ceylon1 suddenly a flame of light descended upon him and encircled the crown of his head with a circle of light4 ,the mount is called ,pandava1 or yellow-white color4 ,it is said that 'the glory of his person shone forth with double power1' that his body was 'glorious as a bright golden image1' that he 'shone as the brightness of the sun and moon1' that bystanders expressed their opinion1 that he could not be 'an every-day person1' or 'a mortal man1' and that his body was divided into three#bic3a parts1 from each of which a ray of light issued forth4#bic3b #ba4 ,on one occasion during his career on earth1 ,jesus is reported to have been transfigured3 ,jesus taketh ,peter1 ,james1 and ,john his brother1 and bringeth them up into a high mountain apart4 ,and was transfigured before them3 and his face did shine as the sun1 and his raiment as white as the light4#bib3af #bb4 ,buddha performed great miracles for the good of mankind1 and the legends concerning him are full of the greatest prodigies and wonders4#bic3c #bb4 ,jesus performed great miracles for the good of the mankind1 and the legends concerning him are full of the greatest prodigies and wonders4#bic3d #bc4 ,by prayers in the name of ,buddha1 his followers expect to receive the rewards of paradise4#bic3e #bc4 ,by prayers in the name of ,jesus1 his followers expect to receive the rewards of paradise4 #bd4 ,when ,buddha died and was buried1 the coverings of the body unrolled themselves1 and the lid of his coffin was opened by supernatural powers4#bic3f #bd4 ,when ,jesus died and was buried1 the coverings of the body were unrolled from off him1 and his tomb was opened by supernatural powers4#bic3g #be4 ,buddha ascended bodily to the celestial regions1 when his mission on earth was fulfilled4#bic3h #be4 ,jesus ascended bodily to the celestial regions1 when his mission on earth was fulfilled4#bic3i #bf4 ,buddha is to come upon the earth again in the latter days1 his mission being to restore the world to order and happiness4#bic3aj #bf4 ,jesus is to come upon the earth again in the latter days1 his mission being to restore the world to order and happiness4#bic3aa #bg4 ,buddha is to be judge of the dead4#bic3ab #bg4 ,jesus is to be judge of the dead4#bic3ac #bh4 ,buddha is ,alpha and ,omega1 without beginning or end1 the ,supreme ,being1 the ,eternal ,one4#bic3ad #bh4 ,jesus is ,alpha and ,omega1 without beginning or end1#bic3ae the ,supreme ,being1 the ,eternal ,one4#bic3af #bi4 ,buddha is represented as saying3 ,let all the sins that were committed in this world fall on me1 that the world may be delivered4#bic3ag #bi4 ,jesus is represented as the ,saviour of mankind1 and all the sins that are committed in this world may fall on him1 that the world may be delivered4#bic3ah #cj4 ,buddha said3 ,hide your good deeds1 and confess before the world the sins you have committed4#bic3ai #cj4 ,jesus taught men to hide their good deeds1#bic3bj and confess before the world the sins they had committed4#bic3ba #ca4 ,buddha was described as a superhuman organ of light1 to whom a superhuman organ of darkness1 ,mara or ,naga1 the ,evil ,serpent1 was opposed4#bid3a #ca4 ,jesus was described as a superhuman organ of light--the ,sun of ,righteousness#bid3b--opposed by the old ,serpent1 the ,satan1 hinderer1 or adversary4#bid3c #cb4 ,buddha came1 not to destroy1 but to fulfill1 the law4 ,he delighted in representing himself as a mere link in a long chain of enlightened teachers4#bid3d #cb4 ,jesus said3 ,think not that ,i am come to destroy the law1 or the prophets3 ,i am not come to destroy1 but to fulfill4#bid3e #cc4 ,one day ,ananda1 the disciple of ,buddha1 after a long walk in the country1 meets with ,mtang1 a woman of the low caste of the ,kndlas1 near a well1 and asks her for some water4 ,she tells him what she is1 and that she must not come near him4 ,but he replies1 ',my sister1 ,i ask not for thy caste or thy family1 ,i ask only for a draught of water4' ,she afterwards became a disciple of ,buddha4#bid3f #cc4 ,one day ,jesus1 after a long walk1 cometh to the city of ,samaria1 and being wearied with his journey1 sat on a well4 ,while there1 a woman of ,samaria came to draw water1 and ,jesus said unto her3 give me to drink4 ,then said the woman unto him3 ,how is it that thou1 being a ,jew1 asketh drink of me1 which am a woman of ,samaria8 ,for the ,jews have no dealings with the ,samaritans4#bid3g #cd4 ,according to ,buddha1 the motive of all our actions should be pity or love for our neighbor4#bid3h #cd4 ,love your enemies1 bless them that curse you1 do good to them that hate you4#bid3i #ce4 ,during the early part of his career as a teacher1 ,buddha went to the city of ,benares1 and there delivered a discourse1 by which ,kondanya1 and afterwards four others1 were induced to become his disciples4 ,from that period1 whenever he preached1 multitudes of men and women embraced his doctrines4#bid3aj #ce4 ,during the early part of his career as a teacher1 ,jesus went to the city of ,capernaum1 and there delivered a discourse4 ,it was at this time that four fishermen were induced to become his disciples4#bid3aa ,from that period1 whenever he preached1 multitudes of men and women embraced his doctrines4#bid3ab #cf4 ,those who became disciples of ,buddha were told that they must renounce the world1 give up all their riches1 and avow poverty4#bid3ac #cf4 ,those who became disciples of ,jesus were told that they must renounce the world1 give up all their riches1 and avow poverty4#bid3ad #cg4 ,it is recorded in the ,sacred ,canon of the ,buddhists that the multitudes required a sign from ,buddha that they might believe4#bie3a #cg4 ,it is recorded in the ,sacred ,canon of the ,christians that the multitudes required a sign from ,jesus that they might believe4#bie3b #ch4 ,when ,buddha's time on earth was about coming to a close1 he1 foreseeing the things that would happen in future times1 said to his disciple ,ananda3 ,ananda1 when ,i am gone1 you must not think there is no ,buddha2 the discourses ,i have delivered1 and the precepts ,i have enjoined1 must be my successors1 or representatives1 and be to you as ,buddha4#bie3c #ch4 ,when ,jesus' time on earth was about coming to a close1 he told of the things that would happen in future times1#bie3d and said unto his disciples3 ,go ye therefore1 and teach all nations1 teaching them to observe all things whatsoever ,i have commanded you2 and1 lo1 ,i am with you alway1 even unto the end of the world4#bie3e #ci4 ,in the ,buddhist ,somadeva1 is to be found the following3 ,to give away our riches is considered the most difficult virtue in the world2 he who gives away his riches is like a man who gives away his life3 for our very life seems to cling to our riches4 ,but ,buddha1 when his mind was moved by pity1 gave his life like grass1 for the sake of others2 why should we think of miserable riches6 ,by this exalted virtue1 ,buddha1 when he was freed from all desires1 and had obtained divine knowledge1 attained unto ,buddhahood4 ,therefore let a wise man1 after he has turned away his desires from all pleasures1 do good to all beings1 even unto sacrificing his own life1 that thus he may attain to true knowledge4#bie3f #ci4 ,and behold1 one came and said unto him1 ,good ,master1 what good thing shall ,i do1 that ,i may have eternal life8 4 4 4 ,jesus said unto him1 ,if thou wilt be perfect1 go and sell that thou hast1 and give to the poor1 and thou shalt have treasure in heaven3 and come and follow me4#bie3g ,lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth1 where moth and rust doth corrupt1 and where thieves break through and steal3 ,but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven1 where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt1 and where thieves do not break through nor steal4#bie3h #dj4 ,buddha's aim was to establish a ,religious ,kingdom1 a ,kingdom of ,heaven4#bif3a #dj4 ,from that time ,jesus began to preach1 and to say1 ,repent3 for the ,kingdom of ,heaven is at hand4#bif3b #da4 ,buddha said3 ,i now desire to turn the wheel of the excellent law4#bif3c ,for this purpose am ,i going to the city of ,benares1#bif3d to give light to those enshrouded in darkness1 and to open the gate of ,immortality to man4#bif3e #da4 ,jesus1 after his temptation by the devil1 began to establish the dominion of his religion1 and he went for this purpose to the city of ,capernaum4 ,the people which sat in darkness saw great light1 and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death1 light is sprung up4#bif3f #db4 ,buddha said3 ,though the heavens were to fall to earth1 and the great world be swallowed up and pass away3 ,though ,mount ,sumera were to crack to pieces1 and the great ocean be dried up1 yet1 ,ananda1 be assured1 the words of ,buddha are true4#bif3g #db4 ,the law was given by ,moses1 but grace and truth came by ,jesus ,christ4#bif3h ,verily ,i say unto you 4 4 4 heaven and earth shall pass away1 but my words shall not pass away4#bif3i #dc4 ,buddha said3 ,there is no passion more violent than voluptuousness4 ,happily there is but one such passion4 ,if there were two1 not a man in the whole universe could follow the truth4 ,beware of fixing your eyes upon women4 ,if you find yourself in their company1 let it be as though you were not present4 ,if you speak with them1 guard well your hearts4#bif3aj #dc4 ,jesus said3 ,ye have heard that it was said by them of old time4 ,thou shalt not commit adultery3 ,but ,i say unto you1 that whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her1 hath committed adultery with her already in his heart4#bif3aa #dd4 ,buddha said3 ,a wise man should avoid married life as if it were a burning pit of live coals4 ,one who is not able to live in a state of celibacy should not commit adultery4#big3a #dd4 ,it is good for a man not to touch a woman1 but if they cannot contain let them marry1 for it is better to marry than to burn4 ,to avoid fornication1 let every man have his own wife and let every woman have her own husband4#big3b #de4 ,buddhism is convinced that if a man reaps sorrow1 disappointment1 pain1 he himself1 and no other1 must at some time have sown folly1 error1 sin2 and if not in this life then in some former birth4#big3c #de4 ,and as ,jesus passed by1 he saw a man which was blind from his birth4 ,and his disciples asked him1 saying1 ,master1 who did sin1 this man1 or his parents1 that he was born blind4#big3d #df4 ,buddha knew the thoughts of others3 ,by directing his mind to the thoughts of others1 he can know the thoughts of all beings4#big3e #df4 ,jesus knew the thoughts of others4 ,by directing his mind to the thoughts of others1 he knew the thoughts of all beings4#big3f #dg4 ,in the ,somadeva a story is related of a ,buddhist ascetic whose eye offended him1 he therefore plucked it out1 and cast it away4#big3g #dg4 ,it is related in the ,new ,testament that ,jesus said3 ,if thy right eye offend thee1 pluck it out1 and cast it from thee4#big3h #dh4 ,when ,buddha was about to become an ascetic1 and when riding on the horse ,kantako1 his path was strewn with flowers1 thrown there by ,devas4#big3i #dh4 ,when ,jesus was entering ,jerusalem1 riding on an ass1 his path was strewn with palm branches1 thrown there by the multitude4#big3aj ,never were devotees of any creed or faith as fast bound in its thraldom as are the disciples of ,gautama ,buddha4 ,for nearly two thousand four hundred years it has been the established religion of ,burmah1 ,siam1 ,laos1 ,pega1 ,cambodia1 ,thibet1 ,japan1 ,tartary1 ,ceylon and ,loo-,choo1 and many neighboring islands1 beside about two-thirds of ,china and a large portion of ,siberia2 and at the present day no inconsiderable number of the simple peasantry of ,swedish ,lapland are found among its firm adherents4#big3aa ,well authenticated records establish indisputably the facts1 that together with a noble physique1 superior mental endowments1 and high moral excellence1 there were found in ,buddha a purity of life1 sanctity of character1 and simple integrity of purpose1 that commended themselves to all brought under his influence4 ,even at this distant day1 one cannot listen with tearless eyes to the touching details of his pure1 earnest life1 and patient endurance under contradiction1 often fierce persecution for those he sought to benefit4 ,altogether he seems to have been one of those remarkable examples1 of genius and virtue occasionally met with1 unaccountably superior to the age and nation that produced them4 ,there is no reason to believe that he ever arrogated to himself any higher authority than that of a teacher of religion1 but1 as in modern factions1 there were readily found among his followers those who carried his peculiar tenets much further than their founder4 ,these1 not content with lauding during his life-time the noble deeds of their teacher1 exalted him1 within a quarter of a century after his death1 to a place among their deities--worshiping as a ,god one they had known only as a simple-hearted1 earnest1 truth-seeking philanthropist4#bih3a ,this worship was at first but the natural upgushing of the veneration and love ,gautama had inspired during his noble life1 and his sorrowing disciples1 mourning over the desolation his death had occasioned1 turned for consolation to the theory that he still lived4 ,those who had known him in life cherished his name as the very synonym of all that was generous and good1 and it required but a step to exalt him to divine honors2 and so it was that ,gautama ,buddha became a ,god1 and continues to be worshiped as such4 ,for more than forty years ,gautama thus dwelt among his followers1 instructing them daily in the sacred law1 and laying down many rules for their guidance when he should be no longer with them4#bii3a ,he lived in a style the most simple and unostentatious1 bore uncomplainingly the weariness and privations incident to the many long journeys made for the propagation of the new faith2 and performed countless deeds of love and mercy4 ,when the time came for him to be perfected1 he directed his followers no longer to remain together1 but to go out in companies1 and proclaim the doctrines he had taught them1 found schools and monasteries1 build temples1 and perform acts of charity1 that they might 'obtain merit1' and gain access to the blessed shade of ,nigban1 which he told them he was about to enter1 and where they believe he has now reposed more than two thousand years4 ,to the pious ,buddhist it seems irreverent to speak of ,gautama by his mere ordinary and human name1 and he makes use therefore1 of one of those numerous epithets which are used only of the ,buddha1 the ,enlightened ,one4 ,such are ,sakya-sinha1 the ,lion of the ,tribe of ,sakya2 ,sakya-muni1 the ,sakya ,sage2 ,sugata1 the ,happy ,one2 ,sattha1 the ,teacher2 ,jina1 the ,conqueror2 ,bhagavad1 the ,blessed ,one2 ,loka-natha1 the ,lord of the ,world2 ,sarvajna1 the ,omniscient ,one2 ,dharma-raja1 the ,king of ,righteousness2 he is also called the ,author of ,happiness1 the ,possessor of ,all1 the ,supreme ,being1 the ,eternal ,one1 the ,dispeller of ,pain and ,trouble1 the ,guardian of the ,universe1 the ,emblem of ,mercy1 the ,saviour of the ,world1 the ,great ,physician1 the ,god among ,gods1 the ,anointed or the ,christ1 the ,messiah1 the ,only-,begotten1 the ,heaven-,descended ,mortal1 the ,way of ,life1 and of ,immortality1 c4#bii3b ,at no time did ,buddha receive his knowledge from a human source1 that is1 from flesh and blood4 ,his source was the power of his divine wisdom1 the spiritual power of ,maya1 which he already possessed before his incarnation4 ,it was by this divine power1 which is also called the ,holy ,ghost1 that he became the ,saviour1 the ,kung-teng1 the ,anointed or ,messiah1 to whom prophecies had pointed4 ,buddha was regarded as the supernatural light of the world2 and this world to which he came was his own1 his possession1 for he is styled3 ,the ,lord of the ,world4#cjj3a ,gautama ,buddha taught that all men are brothers2#cjj3b that charity ought to be extended to all1 even to enemies2 that men ought to love truth and hate the lie2 that good works ought not be done openly1 but rather in secret2 that the dangers of riches are to be avoided2 that man's highest aim ought to be purity in thought1 word and deed1 since the higher beings are pure1 whose nature is akin to that of man4#cjj3c ,sakya-,muni healed the sick1 performed miracles and taught his doctrines to the poor4 ,he selected his first disciples among laymen1 and even two women1 the mother and wife of his first convert1 the sick ,yasa1 became his followers4 ,he subjected himself to the religious obligations imposed by the recognized authorities1 avoided strife1 and illustrated his doctrines by his life4#cjj3d ,it is said that eighty thousand followers of ,buddha went forth from ,hindostan1 as missionaries to other lands2 and the traditions of various countries are full of legends concerning their benevolence1 holiness1 and miraculous power4 ,his religion has never been propagated by the sword4 ,it has been effected entirely by the influence of peaceable and persevering devotees4#cjj3e ,the era of the ,siamese is the death of ,buddha4 ,in ,ceylon1 they date from the introduction of his religion into their island4 ,it is supposed to be more extensively adopted than any religion that ever existed4 ,its votaries are computed at four hundred millions2 more than one-third of the whole human race4#cjj3f ,there is much contradiction among writers concerning the date of the ,buddhist religion4 ,this confusion arises from the fact that there are several ,buddhas1#cja3a objects of worship2 because the word is not a name1 but a title1 signifying an extraordinary degree of holiness4 ,those who have examined the subject most deeply have generally agreed that ,buddha ,sakai1 from whom the religion takes its name1 must have been a real1 historical personage1 who appeared many centuries before the time assigned for the birth of ,christ ,jesus4#cja3b ,there are many things to confirm this supposition4 ,in some portions of ,india1 his religion appears to have flourished for a long time side by side with that of the ,brahmans4 ,this is shown by the existence of many ancient temples1 some of them cut in subterranean rock1 with an immensity of labor1 which it must have required a long period to accomplish4 ,in those old temples1 his statues represent him with hair knotted all over his head1 which was a very ancient custom with the anchorites of ,hindostan1 before the practice of shaving the head was introduced among their devotees4#cja3c ,his religion is also mentioned in one of the very ancient epic poems of ,india4 ,the severity of the persecution indicates that their numbers and influence had became formidable to the ,brahmans1 who had everything to fear from a sect which abolished hereditary priesthood1 and allowed the holy of all castes to become teachers4#cja3d ,it may be observed that in speaking of the pre-existence of ,buddha in heaven--his birth of a virgin--the songs of the angels at his birth--his recognition as a divine child--his disputation with the doctors--his temptation in the wilderness--his transfiguration on the ,mount--his life of preaching and working miracles--and finally1 his ascension into heaven1 we referred to ,prof4 ,samuel ,beal's ,history of ,buddha1 as one of our authorities4 ,this work is simply a translation of the ,fo-pen-hing1 made by ,professor ,beal from a ,chinese copy1 in the ,indian ,office ,library4 ,now1 in regard to the antiquity of this work1 we will quote the words of the translator in speaking on this subject4 ,first1 he says3 ,we know that the ,fo-pen-hing was translated into ,chinese from ,sanscrit 7the ancient language of ,hindostan7 so early as the eleventh year of the reign of ,wing-ping 7,ming-ti71 of the ,han dynasty1 i4 e41 #fi or #gj ,a4 ,d4 ,we may1 therefore1 safely suppose that the original work was in circulation in ,india for some time previous to this date4#cjb3a ,again1 he says3 ,there can be no doubt that the present work 7i4 e4 the ,fo-pen-hing1 or ,hist4 of ,buddha7 contains as a woof 7so to speak7 some of the earliest verses 7,gthas7 in which the ,history of ,buddha was sung1 long before the work itself was penned4 ,these ,gthas were evidently composed in different ,prakrit forms 7during a period of disintegration7 before the more modern type of ,sanscrit was fixed by the rules of ,panini1 and the popular epics of the ,mhabharata and the ,ramyana4#cjb3b ,again1 in speaking of the points of resemblance in the history of ,buddha and ,jesus1 he says3 ,these points of agreement with the ,gospel narrative naturally arouse curiosity and require explanation4 ,if we could prove that they 7the legends related of ,buddha7 were unknown in the ,east for some centuries after ,christ1 the explanation would be easy4 ,but all the evidence we have goes to prove the contrary4 ,it would be a natural inference that many of the events in the legend of ,buddha were borrowed from the ,apocryphal ,gospels1 if we were quite certain that these ,apocryphal ,gospels had not borrowed from it4 ,how then may we explain the matter8 ,it would be better at once to say that in our present state of knowledge there is no complete explanation to offer4#cjb3c ,there certainly is no complete explanation to be offered by one who attempts to uphold the historical accuracy of the ,new ,testament4 ,the ,devil and ,type theories having vanished1 like all theories built on sand1 nothing now remains for the honest man to do but acknowledge the truth1 which is1 that the history of ,jesus of ,nazareth as related in the books of the ,new ,testament1 is simply a copy of that of ,buddha1 with a mixture of mythology borrowed from other nations4 ,ernest de ,bunsen almost acknowledges this when he says3 ,with the remarkable exception of the death of ,jesus on the cross1 and of the doctrine of atonement by vicarious suffering1 which is absolutely excluded by ,buddhism1 the most ancient of the ,buddhistic records known to us contain statements about the life and the doctrines of ,gautama ,buddha which correspond in a remarkable manner1 and impossibly by mere chance1 with the traditions recorded in the ,gospels about the life and doctrines of ,jesus ,christ4 ,it is still more strange that these ,buddhistic legends about ,gautama as the ,angel-,messiah refer to a doctrine which we find only in the ,epistles of ,paul and in the fourth ,gospel4 ,this can be explained by the assumption of a common source of revelation2 but then the serious question must be considered1 why the doctrine of the ,angel-,messiah1 supposing it to have been revealed1 and which we find in the ,east and in the ,west1 is not contained in any of the ,scriptures of the ,old ,testament which can possibly have been written before the ,babylonian ,captivity1 nor in the first three ,gospels4 ,can the systematic keeping-back of essential truth be attributed to ,god or to man8#cjc3a ,beside the work referred to above as being translated by ,prof4 ,beal1 there is another copy originally composed in verse4 ,this was translated by the learned ,fonceau1 who gives it an antiquity of two thousand years1 although the original treatise must be attributed to an earlier date4#cjc3b ,in regard to the teachings of ,buddha1 which correspond so strikingly with those of ,jesus1 ,prof4 ,rhys ,davids1 says3 ,with regard to ,gautama's teaching we have more reliable authority than we have with regard to his life4 ,it is true that none of the books of the ,three ,pitakas can at present be satisfactorily traced back before the ,council of ,asoka1 held at ,patna1 about #bej ,b4 ,c41 that is to say1 at least one hundred and thirty years after the death of the teacher2 but they undoubtedly contain a great deal of much older matter4#cjc3c ,prof4 ,max ,mller says3 ,between the language of ,buddha and his disciples1 and the language of ,christ and his apostles1 there are strange coincidences4 ,even some of the ,buddhist legends and parables sound as if taken from the ,new ,testament2 though we know that many of them existed before the beginning of the ,christian ,era4#cjc3d ,just as many of the myths related of the ,hindoo ,saviour ,crishna were previously current regarding some of the ,vedic gods1 so likewise1 many of the myths previously current regarding the god ,sumana1 worshiped both on ,adam's peak1 and at the cave of ,dambulla1 were added to the ,buddha myth4#cjc3e ,much of the legend which was transferred to the ,buddha1 had previously existed1 and had clustered around the idea of a ,chakrawarti4#cjc3f ,thus we see that the legend of ,christ ,buddha1 as with the legend of ,christ ,jesus1 existed before his time4#cjc3g ,we have established the fact then--and no man can produce better authorities--that ,buddha and ,buddhism1 which correspond in such a remarkable manner with ,jesus and ,christianity1 were long anterior to the ,christian era4 ,now1 as ,ernest de ,bunsen says1 this remarkable similarity in the histories of the founders and their religion1 could not possibly happen by chance4 ,whenever two religious or legendary histories of mythological personages resemble each other so completely as do the histories and teachings of ,buddha and ,jesus1 the older must be the parent1 and the younger the child4 ,we must therefore conclude that1 since the history of ,buddha and ,buddhism is very much older than that of ,jesus and ,christianity1 the ,christians are incontestably either sectarians or plagiarists of the religion of the ,buddhists4 ,,footnotes3 #bhi3a ,maya1 and ,mary1 as we have already seen1 are one and the same name4 #bhi3b ,see chap4 xii4 ,buddha is considered to be an incarnation of ,vishnu1 although he preached against the doctrines of the ,brahmans4 ,the adoption of ,buddha as an incarnation of ,vishnu was really owning to the desire of the ,brahmans to effect a compromise with ,buddhism4 7,see ,williams' ,hinduism1 pp4 #hb and #ajh47 ,buddha was brought forth not from the matrix1 but from the right side1 of a virgin4 7,de ,guignes3 ,hist4 des ,huns1 tom4 i4 p4 #bbd47 ,some of the 7,christian7 heretics maintained that ,christ was born from the side of his mother4 7,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeg47 ,in the eyes of the ,buddhists1 this personage is sometimes a man and sometimes a god1 or rather both one and the other1 a divine incarnation1 a man-god2 who came into the world to enlighten men1 to redeem them1 and to indicate to them the way of safety4 ,this idea of redemption by a divine incarnation is so general and popular among the ,buddhists1 that during our travels in ,upper ,asia1 we everywhere found it expressed in a neat formula4 ,if we addressed to a ,mongol or ,thibetan the question1 ',who is ,buddha8' he would immediately reply1 ',the ,saviour of ,men4' 7,m4 ,l',abb ,huc3 ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbf47 ,the miraculous birth of ,buddha1 his life and instructions1 contain a great number of the moral and dogmatic truths professed in ,christianity4 7,ibid4 p4 #cbg47 ,he in mercy left paradise1 and came down to earth because he was filled with compassion for the sins and misery of mankind4 ,he sought to lead them into better paths1 and took their sufferings upon himself1 that he might expiate their crimes1 and mitigate the punishment they must otherwise inevitably undergo4 7,l4 ,maria ,child47 #bhi3c ,matt4 ch4 i4 #bhi3d ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #aj1 #be and #dd4 ,also1 ch4 xiii4 this work4 #bij3a ,as a spirit in the fourth heaven he resolves to give up all that glory in order to be born in the world for the purpose of rescuing all men from their misery and every future consequence of it3 he vows to deliver all men who are left as it were without a ,saviour4 7,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bj47 #bij3b ,see ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #afh1 and ,hardy's ,manual of ,buddhism1 p4 #add4 #bij3c ,see chap4 xii4 note #b1 page #aag4 ,on a painted glass of the sixteenth century1 found in the church of ,jouy1 a little village in ,france1 the ,virgin is represented standing1 her hands clasped in prayer1 and the naked body of the child in the same attitude appears upon her stomach1 apparently supposed to be seen through the garments and body of the mother4 ,m4 ,drydon saw at ,lyons a ,salutation painted on shutters1 in which the two infants 7,jesus and ,john7 likewise depicted on their mothers' stomachs1 were also saluting each other4 ,this precisely corresponds to ,buddhist accounts of the ,boddhisattvas ante-natal proceedings4 7,viscount ,amberly3 ,analysis of ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #bbd1 note47 #bij3d ,see chap4 xiii4 #bij3e ,matt4 ii4 #a1 #b4 #bij3f ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 x4 #bij3g ,we show1 in our chapter on ,the ,birth-,day of ,christ ,jesus1 that this was not the case4 ,this day was adopted by his followers long after his death4 #bij3h ,devas1 i4 e41 angels4 #bij3i ,see chap4 xiv4 #bij3aj ,luke1 ii4 #ac1 #ad4 #bij3aa ,see chap4 xv4 #bij3ab ,matt4 ii4 #a-aa4 #bij3ac ,see chap4 xi4 #bij3ad ,matt4 ii4 #aa4 #bij3ae ,see ,hardy's ,manual of ,buddhism1 pp4 #ade1 #adf4 #bij3af ,gospel of ,infancy1 ,apoc41 i4 #c4 ,no sooner was ,apollo born than he spoke to his virgin-mother1 declaring that he should teach to men the councils of his heavenly father ,zeus4 7,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bb47 ,hermes spoke to his mother as soon as he was born1 and1 according to ,jewish tradition1 so did ,moses4 7,see ,hardy's ,manual of ,buddhism1 p4 #ade47 #bia3a ,see ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd4 #bia3b ,see ,matt4 ii4 #a4 #bia3c ,that is1 provided he was the expected ,messiah1 who was to be a mighty prince and warrior1 and who was to rule his people ,israel4 #bia3d ,see ,hardy's ,manual of ,buddhism2 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah2 ,beal's ,hist4 ,buddha1 and other works on ,buddhism4 ,this was a common myth4 ,for instance3 ,a ,brahman called ,dashthaka1 a heaven descended mortal1 after his birth1 without any human instruction whatever1 was able thoroughly to explain the four ,vedas1 the collective body of the sacred writings of the ,hindoos1 which were considered as directly revealed by ,brahma4 7,see ,beal's ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #dh47 ,confucius1 the miraculous-born ,chinese sage1 was a wonderful child4 ,at the age of seven he went to a public school1 the superior of which was a person of eminent wisdom and piety4 ,the faculty with which ,confucius imbibed the lessons of his master1 the ascendency which he acquired amongst his fellow pupils1 and the superiority of his genius and capacity1 raised universal admiration4 ,he appeared to acquire knowledge intuitively1 and his mother found it superfluous to teach him what heaven had already engraven upon his heart4 7,see ,thornton's ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 p4 #aec47 #bia3e ,see ,infancy1 ,apoc41 xx4 #aa1 and ,luke1 ii4 #df1 #dg4 #bia3f ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #cg1 and ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 pp4 #fg-fi4 #bia3g ,see ,infancy1 ,apoc41 xxi4 #a1 #b1 and ,luke1 ii4 #da-dh4 #bia3h ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #cg1 and ,beal3 ,hist4 ,bud4 #fg-fi4 #bia3i ,nicodemus1 ,apoc41 ch4 i4 #bj4 #bib3a ,r4 ,spence ,hardy1 in ,manual of ,buddhism4 #bib3b ,see chap4 xvii4 #bib3c ,mara is the ,author of ,evil1 the ,king of ,death1 the ,god of the ,world of ,pleasure1 c41 i4 e41 the ,devil4 7,see ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #cf47 #bib3d ,see ch4 xix4 #bib3e ,matt4 iv4 #a-ah4 #bib3f ,see ch4 xix4 #bib3g ,matt4 iv4 #h-ai4 #bib3h ,see ch4 xix4 #bib3i ,luke1 iv4 #h4 #bib3aj ,see ch4 xix4 #bib3aa ,matt4 iv4 #aa4 #bib3ab ,see ch4 xix4 #bib3ac ,matt4 iv4 #b4 #bib3ad ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #de4 #bib3ae ,matt4 iii4 #ac-ag4 #bib3af ,matt4 xvii4 #a1 #b4 #bic3a ,this has evidently an allusion to the ,trinity4 ,buddha1 as an incarnation of ,vishnu1 would be one god and yet three1 three gods and yet one4 7,see the chapter on the ,trinity47 #bic3b ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #de1 and ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #agg4 ,iamblichus1 the great ,neo-,platonic mystic1 was at one time transfigured4 ,according to the report of his servants1 while in prayer to the gods1 his body and clothes were changed to a beautiful gold color1 but after he ceased from prayer1 his body became as before4 ,he then returned to the society of his followers4 7,primitive ,culture1 i4 #acf1 #acg47 #bic3c ,see ch4 xxvii4 #bic3d ,see that recorded in ,matt4 viii4 #bh-cd4 #bic3e ,see ch4 xxiii4 #bic3f ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #di4 #bic3g ,see ,matt4 xxviii4 ,john1 xx4 #bic3h ,see chap4 xxiii4 #bic3i ,see ,acts1 i4 #i-ab4 #bic3aj ,see ch4 xxiv4 #bic3aa ,see ,ibid4 #bic3ab ,see ch4 xxv4 #bic3ac ,matt4 xvi4 #bg2 ,john1 v4 #bb4 #bic3ad ,buddha1 the ,angel-,messiah1 was regarded as the divinely chosen and incarnate messenger1 the vicar of ,god1 and ,god himself on earth4 7,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #cc4 ,see also1 our chap4 xxvi47 #bic3ae ,rev4 i4 #h2 xxii4 #ac4 #bic3af ,john1 i4 #a4 ,titus1 ii4 #ac4 ,romans1 ix4 #e4 ,acts1 vii4 #ei1 #fj4 #bic3ag ,mller3 ,hist4 ,sanscrit ,literature1 p4 #hj4 #bic3ah ,this is according to ,christian dogma3 ,jesus paid it all1 ,all to him is due1 ,nothing1 either great or small1 ,remains for me to do4 #bic3ai ,mller3 ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bh4 #bic3bj ,take heed that ye do not your alms before men1 to be seen of them3 otherwise ye have no reward of your father which is in heaven4 7,matt4 vi4 #a47 #bic3ba ,confess your faults one to another1 and pray one for another1 that ye may be healed4 7,james1 v4 #af47 #bid3a ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 x4 and #ci4 #bid3b ,that was the true light1 which lighteth every man that cometh into the world4 7,john1 i4 #i47 #bid3c ,matt4 iv4 #a2 ,mark1 i4 #ac2 ,luke1 iv4 #b4 #bid3d ,mller3 ,science of ,religion1 p4 #adj4 #bid3e ,matt4 v4 #ag4 #bid3f ,mller3 ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bdc4 ,see also1 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 #dg1 #dh1 and ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #bhe4 #bid3g ,john1 iv4 #a-aa4 ,just as the ,samaritan woman wondered that ,jesus1 a ,jew1 should ask drink of her1 one of a nation with whom the ,jews had no dealings1 so this young ,matangi warned ,ananda of her caste1 which rendered it unlawful for her to approach a monk4 ,and as ,jesus continued1 nevertheless1 to converse with the woman1 so ,ananda did not shrink from this outcast damsel4 ,and as the disciples marvelled that ,jesus should have conversed with this member of a despised race1 so the respectable ,brahmans and householders who adhered to ,brahmanism were scandalized to learn that the young ,matangi had been admitted to the order of mendicants4 #bid3h ,mller3 ,religion of ,science1 p4 #bdi4 #bid3i ,matt4 v4 #dd4 #bid3aj ,hardy3 ,eastern ,monachism1 p4 #f4 #bid3aa ,see ,matt4 iv4 #ac-be4 #bid3ab ,and there followed him great multitudes of people4 7,matt4 iv4 #be47 #bid3ac ,hardy3 ,eastern ,monachism1 pp4 #f and #fb et seq4 ,while at ,rajageiha ,buddha called together his followers and addressed them at some length on the means requisite for ,buddhist salvation4 ,this sermon was summed up in the celebrated verse3 ,to cease from all sin1 ,to get virtue1 ,to cleanse one's own heart-- ,this is the religion of the ,buddhas4 --7,rhys ,david's ,buddha1 p4 #fb47 #bid3ad ,see ,matt4 viii4 #ai1 #bj2 xvi4 #be-bh4 #bie3a ,mller3 ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bg4 #bie3b ,hardy3 ,eastern ,monachism1 p4 #bcj4 ,gautama ,buddha is said to have announced to his disciples that the time of his departure had come3 ',arise1 let us go hence1 my time is come4' ,turned toward the ,east and with folded arms he prayed to the highest spirit who inhabits the region of purest light1 to ,maha-,brahma1 to the king in heaven1 to ,devaraja1 who from his throne looked down on ,gautama1 and appeared to him in a self-chosen personality4 7,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah4 ,compare with ,matt4 xxvi4 #cf-dg47 #bie3c ,then certain of the scribes and ,pharisees answered1 saying1 ,master1 we would see a sign from thee4 7,matt4 xii4 #ch47 #bie3d ,see ,matt4 xxiv2 ,mark1 viii4 #ca2 ,luke1 ix4 #ah4 #bie3e ,mark1 xxviii4 #ah-bj4 ,buddha at one time said to his disciples3 ,go ye now1 and preach the most excellent law1 expounding every point thereof1 and unfolding it with care and attention in all its bearings and particulars4 ,explain the beginning1 the middle1 and the end of the law1 to all men without exception2 let everything respecting it be made publicly known and brought to the broad daylight4 7,rhys ,david's ,buddhism1 p4 #ee1 #ef47 ,when ,buddha1 just before his death1 took his last formal farewell of his assembled followers1 he said unto them3 ,oh mendicants1 thoroughly learn1 and practice1 and perfect1 and spread abroad the law thought out and revealed by me1 in order that this religion of mine may last long1 and be perpetuated for the good and happiness of the great multitudes1 out of pity for the world1 to the advantage and prosperity of gods and men4 7,ibid4 p4 #agb47 #bie3f ,mller3 ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bdd4 #bie3g ,matt4 xix4 #af-ba4 #bie3h ,matt4 vi4 #ai1 #bj4 #bif3a ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 x1 note4 #bif3b ,matt4 iv4 #ag4 #bif3c i4 e41 to establish the dominion of religion4 7,see ,beal3 p4 #bdd1 note47 #bif3d ,the ,jerusalem1 the ,rome1 or the ,mecca of ,india4 ,this celebrated city of ,benares1 which has a population of #bjj1jjj1 out of which at least #be1jjj are ,brahmans1 was probably one of the first to acquire a fame for sanctity1 and it has always maintained its reputation as the most sacred spot in all ,india4 ,here1 in this fortress of ,hindooism1 ,brahmanism displays itself in all its plentitude and power4 ,here the degrading effect of idolatry is visibly demonstrated as it is nowhere else except in the extreme south of ,india4 ,here1 temples1 idols1 and symbols1 sacred wells1 springs1 and pools1 are multiplied beyond all calculation4 ,here every particle of ground is believed to be hallowed1 and the very air holy4 ,the number of temples is at least two thousand1 not counting innumerable smaller shrines4 ,in the principal temple of ,siva1 called ,visvesvara1 are collected in one spot several thousand idols and symbols1 the whole number scattered throughout the city1 being1 it is thought1 at least half a million4 ,benares1 indeed1 must always be regarded as the ,hindoo's ,jerusalem4 ,the desire of a pious man's life is to accomplish at least one pilgrimage to what he regards as a portion of heaven let down upon earth2 and if he can die within the holy circuit of the ,pancakosi stretching with a radius of ten miles around the city--nay1 if any human being die there1 be he ,asiatic or ,european--no previously incurred guilt1 however heinous1 can prevent his attainment of celestial bliss4 #bif3e ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #bde4 #bif3f ,matt4 iv4 #ac-ag4 #bif3g ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 #aa4 #bif3h ,john1 i4 #ag4 #bif3i ,luke1 xxi4 #cb1 #cc4 #bif3aj ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbh4 #bif3aa ,matt4 v4 #bg1 #bh4 ,on one occasion ,buddha preached a sermon on the five senses and the heart 7which he regarded as a sixth organ of sense71 which pertained to guarding against the passion of lust4 ,rhys ,davids1 who1 in speaking of this sermon1 says3 ,one may pause and wonder at finding such a sermon preached so early in the history of the world--more than #djj years before the rise of ,christianity--and among a people who have long been thought peculiarly idolatrous and sensual4 7,buddhism1 p4 #fj47 #big3a ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #ach4 #big3b ,i4 ,corinth4 vii4 #a-g4 #big3c ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #ajc4 #big3d ,john1 ix4 #a1 #b4 ,this is the doctrine of transmigration clearly taught4 ,if this man was born blind1 as punishment for some sin committed by him1 this sin must have been committed in some former birth4 #big3e ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,legends1 p4 #aha4 #big3f ,see the story of his conversation with the woman of ,samaria4 7,john1 iv4 #a47 ,and with the woman who was cured of the bloody issue4 7,matt4 ix4 #bj47 #big3g ,mller3 ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bde4 #big3h ,matt4 v4 #bi4 #big3i ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,legends1 p4 #acd4 #big3aj ,matt4 xxi4 #a-i4 ,bacchus rode in a triumphal procession1 on approaching the city of ,thebes4 ,pantheus1 the king1 who had no respect for the new worship 7instituted by ,bacchus7 forbade its rites to be performed4 ,but when it was known that ,bacchus was advancing1 men and women1 but chiefly the latter1 young and old1 poured forth to meet him and to join his triumphal march4 4 4 4 ,it was in vain ,pantheus remonstrated1 commanded and threatened4 ',go1' said he to his attendants1 'seize this vagabond leader of the rout and bring him to me4 ,i will soon make him confess his false claim of heavenly parentage and renounce his counterfeit worship4' 7,bulfinch3 ,age of ,fable1 p4 #bbb4 ,compare with ,matt4 xxvi42 ,luke1 xxii42 ,john xviii47 #big3aa ,there are few names among the men of the ,west that stand forth as saliently as ,gotama ,buddha1 in the annals of the ,east4 ,in little more than two centuries from his decease the system he established had spread throughout the whole of ,india1 overcoming opposition the most formidable1 and binding together the most discordant elements2 and at the present moment ,buddhism is the prevailing religion1 under various modifications1 of ,tibet1 ,nepal1 ,siam1 ,burma1 ,japan1 and ,south ,ceylon2 and in ,china it has a position of at least equal prominence with its two great rivals1 ,confucianism and ,taouism4 ,a long time its influence extended throughout nearly three-fourths of ,asia2 from the steppes of ,tartary to the palm groves of ,ceylon1 and from the vale of ,cashmere to the isles of ,japan4 7,r4 ,spence ,hardy3 ,buddhist ,leg4 p4 xi47 #bih3a ,gautama was very early regarded as omniscient1 and absolutely sinless4 ,his perfect wisdom is declared by the ancient epithet of ,samma-sambuddha1 'the ,completely ,enlightened ,one2' found at the commencement of every ,pali text2 and at the present day1 in ,ceylon1 the usual way in which ,gautama is styled is ,sarwajnan-wahanse1' the ,venerable ,omniscient ,one4' ,from his perfect wisdom1 according to ,buddhist belief1 his sinlessness would follow as a matter of course4 ,he was the first and the greatest of the ,arahats4 ,as a consequence of this doctrine the belief soon sprang up that he could not have been1 that he was not1 born as ordinary men are2 that he had no earthly father2 that he descended of his own accord into his mother's womb from his throne in heaven2 and that he gave unmistakable signs1 immediately after his birth of his high character and of his future greatness4 7,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #afb47 #bii3a ,gautama ,buddha left behind him no written works1 but the ,buddhists believe that he composed works which his immediate disciples learned by heart in his life-time1 and which were handed down by memory in their original state until they were committed to writing4 ,this is not impossible3 it is known that the ,vedas were handed down in this manner for many hundreds of years1 and none would now dispute the enormous powers of memory to which ,indian priests and monks attained1 when written books were not invented1 or only used as helps to memory4 ,even though they are well acquainted with writing1 the monks in ,ceylon do not use books in their religions services1 but1 repeat1 for instance1 the whole of the ,patimokkha on ,uposatha 7,sabbath7 days by heart4 7,see ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 pp4 #i1 #aj47 #bii3b ,compare this with the names1 titles1 and characters given to ,jesus4 ,he is called the ,deliverer1 7,acts1 vii4 #ce72 the ,first ,begotten 7,rev4 i4 #e72 ,god blessed forever 7,rom4 ix4 #e72 the ,holy ,one 7,luke1 iv4 #cd2 ,acts1 iii4 #ad72 the ,king ,everlasting 7,luke1 i4 #cc72 ,king of ,kings 7,rev4 xvii4 #ad72 ,lamb of ,god 7,john1 i4 #bi1 #cf72 ,lord of ,glory 7,i4 ,cor4 ii4 #h72 ,lord of ,lords 7,rev4 xvii4 #ad72 ,lion of the tribe of ,judah 7,rev4 v4 #e72 ,maker and ,preserver of all things 7,john1 i4 #c1 #aj2 ,i4 ,cor4 viii4 #f2 ,col4 i4 #af72 ,prince of ,peace 7,isai4 ix4 #f72 ,redeemer1 ,saviour1 ,mediator1 ,word1 c41 c4 #cjj3a ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #da4 #cjj3b ,he joined to his gifts as a thinker a prophetic ardor and missionary zeal which prompted him to popularize his doctrine1 and to preach to all without exception1 men and women1 high and low1 ignorant and learned alike4 7,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #ec47 #cjj3c ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #de4 #cjj3d ,ibid4 p4 #df4 #cjj3e ,the success of ,buddhism was in great part due to the reverence the ,buddha inspired by his own personal character4 ,he practiced honestly what he preached enthusiastically4 ,he was sincere1 energetic1 earnest1 self-sacrificing1 and devout4 ,adherents gathered in thousands around the person of the consistent preacher1 and the ,buddha himself became the real centre of ,buddhism4 7,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #ajb47 #cjj3f ,it may be said to be the prevailing religion of the world4 ,its adherents are estimated at four hundred millions1 more than a third of the human race4 7,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,buddhism4 ,see also1 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bea47 #cja3a ,it should be understood that the ,buddha of this chapter1 and in fact1 the ,buddha of this work1 is ,gautama ,buddha1 the ,sakya ,prince4 ,according to ,buddhist belief there have been many different ,buddhas on earth4 ,the names of twenty-four of the ,buddhas who appeared previous to ,gautama have been handed down to us4 ,the ,buddhavansa or ,history of the ,buddhas1 gives the lives of all the previous ,buddhas before commencing the account of ,gautama himself4 7,see ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 pp4 #agi1 #ahj47 #cja3b ,the date usually fixed for ,buddha's death is #edc ,b4 ,c4 ,whether this precise year for one of the greatest epochs in the religious history of the human race can be accepted is doubtful1 but it is tolerably certain that ,buddhism arose in ,behar and ,eastern ,hindustan about five centuries ,b4 ,c42 and that it spread with great rapidity1 not by force of arms1 or coercion of any kind1 like ,muhammedanism1 but by the sheer persuasiveness of its doctrine4 7,monier ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #gb47 #cja3c ,of the high antiquity of ,buddhism there is much collateral as well as direct evidence--evidence that neither internecine nor foreign strife1 not even religious persecution1 has been able to destroy4 4 4 4 ,witness the gigantic images in the caves of ,elephanta1 near ,bombay and those of ,lingi ,sara1 in the interior of ,java1 all of which are known to have been in existence at least four centuries prior to our ,lord's advent4 7,the ,mammoth ,religion47 #cja3d ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bej4 #cjb3a ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 vi4 #cjb3b ,ibid4 pp4 x4 and xi4 #cjb3c ,ibid4 pp4 vii41 ix4 and note4 #cjc3a ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ej4 #cjc3b ,quoted by ,prof4 ,beal3 ,hist4 ,buddha1 p4 viii4 #cjc3c ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #hf4 #cjc3d ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bdc4 #cjc3e ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism4 #cjc3f ,ibid4 p4 #ahd4 ,it is surprising1 says ,rhys ,davids1 that1 like ,romans worshiping ,augustus1 or ,greeks adding the glow of the sun-myth to the glory of ,alexander1 the ,indians should have formed an ideal of their ,chakravarti1 and transferred to this new ideal many of the dimly sacred and half understood traits of the ,vedic heroes8 ,is it surprising that the ,buddhists should have found it edifying to recognize in their hero the ,chakravarti of ,righteousness1 and that the story of the ,buddha should be tinged with the coloring of these ,chakravarti myths8 7,ibid4 ,buddhism1 p4 #bbj47 #cjc3g ,in ,chapter xxxix41 we shall explain the origin of these myths4 ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,eucharist ,,or ,,lord',s ,,supper4 ,we are informed by the ,matthew narrator that when ,jesus was eating his last supper with the disciples1 ,he took bread and blessed it1 and brake it1 and gave it to the disciples1 and said1 ,take1 eat1 this is my body4 ,and he took the cup1 and gave thanks1 and gave it to them1 saying1 drink ye all of it1 for this is my blood of the ,new ,testament1 which is shed for many for the remission of sins4#cje3a ,according to ,christian belief1 ,jesus instituted this ,sacrament#cje3b--;as it is called--and it was observed by the primitive ,christians1 as he had enjoined them2 but we shall find that this breaking of bread1 and drinking of wine1--supposed to be the body and blood of a god#cje3c--;is simply another piece of ,paganism imbibed by the ,christians4 ,the ,eucharist was instituted many hundreds of years before the time assigned for the birth of ,christ ,jesus4 ,cicero1 the greatest orator of ,rome1 and one of the most illustrious of her statesmen1 born in the year #ajf ,b4 ,c41 mentions it in his works1 and wonders at the strangeness of the rite4 ,how can a man be so stupid1 says he1 as to imagine that which he eats to be a ,god8 ,there had been an esoteric meaning attached to it from the first establishment of the mysteries among the ,pagans1 and the ,eucharistia is one of the oldest rites of antiquity4 ,the adherents of the ,grand ,lama in ,thibet and ,tartary offer to their god a sacrament of bread and wine4#cje3d ,p4 ,andrada ,la ,crozius1 a ,french missionary1 and one of the first ,christians who went to ,nepaul and ,thibet1 says in his ,history of ,india3 ,their ,grand ,lama celebrates a species of sacrifice with bread and wine1 in which1 after taking a small quantity himself1 he distributes the rest among the ,lamas present at this ceremony4#cjf3a ,in certain rites both in the ,indian and the ,parsee religions1 the devotees drink the juice of the ,soma1 or ,haoma plant4 ,they consider it a god as well as a plant1 just as the wine of the ,christian sacrament is considered both the juice of the grape1 and the blood of the ,redeemer4#cjf3b ,says ,mr4 ,baring-,gould3 ,among the ancient ,hindoos1 ,soma was a chief deity2 he is called 'the ,giver of ,life and of health1' the ',protector1' he who is 'the ,guide to ,immortality4' ,he became incarnate among men1 was taken by them and slain1 and brayed in a mortar4 ,but he rose in flame to heaven1 to be the ',benefactor of the ,world1' and the ',mediator between ,god and ,man4' ,through communion with him in his sacrifice1 man1 7who partook of this god71 has an assurance of immortality1 for by that sacrament he obtains union with his divinity4#cjf3c ,the ancient ,egyptians--as we have seen--annually celebrated the ,resurrection of their ,god and ,saviour ,osiris1 at which time they commemorated his death by the ,eucharist1 eating the sacred cake1 or wafer1 after it had been consecrated by the priest1 and become veritable flesh of his flesh4#cjf3d ,the bread1 after sacerdotal rites1 became mystically the body of ,osiris1 and1 in such a manner1 they ate their god4#cjf3e ,bread and wine were brought to the temples by the worshipers1 as offerings4#cjf3f ,the ,therapeutes or ,essenes1 whom we believe to be of ,buddhist origin1 and who lived in large numbers in ,egypt1 also had the ceremony of the sacrament among them4#cjf3g ,most of them1 however1 being temperate1 substituted water for wine1 while others drank a mixture of water and wine4 ,pythagoras1 the celebrated ,grecian philosopher1 who was born about the year #egj ,b4 ,c41 performed this ceremony of the sacrament4#cjf3h ,he is supposed to have visited ,egypt1 and there availed himself of all such mysterious lore as the priests could be induced to impart4 ,he and his followers practiced asceticism1 and peculiarities of diet and clothing1 similar to the ,essenes1 which has led some scholars to believe that he instituted the order1 but this is evidently not the case4 ,the ,kenite ,king of ,righteousness1 ,melchizedek1 a priest of the ,most ,high ,god1 brought out ,,bread and ,,wine as a sign or symbol of worship2 as the mystic elements of ,divine presence4 ,in the visible symbol of bread and wine they worshiped the invisible presence of the ,creator of heaven and earth4#cjg3a ,to account for this1 ,christian divines have been much puzzled4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,milner says1 in speaking of this passage3 ,it was in offering up a sacrifice of bread and wine1 instead of slaughtered animals1 that ,melchizedek's sacrifice differed from the generality of those in the old law1 and that he prefigured the sacrifice which ,christ was to institute in the new law from the same elements4 ,no other sense than this can be elicited from the ,scripture as to this matter2 and accordingly the holy fathers unanimously adhere to this meaning4#cjg3b ,this style of reasoning is in accord with the ,,type theory concerning the ,virgin-born1 ,crucified and ,resurrected ,saviours1 but it is not altogether satisfactory4 ,if it had been said that the religion of ,melchizedek1 and the religion of the ,persians1 were the same1 there would be no difficulty in explaining the passage4 ,not only were bread and wine brought forth by ,melchizedek when he blessed ,abraham1 but it was offered to ,god and eaten before him by ,jethro and the elders of ,israel1 and some1 at least1 of the mourning ,israelites broke bread and drank the cup of consolation1 in remembrance of the departed1 to comfort them for the dead4#cjg3c ,it is in the ancient religion of ,persia--the religion of ,mithra1 the ,mediator1 the ,redeemer and ,saviour--that we find the nearest resemblance to the sacrament of the ,christians1 and from which it was evidently borrowed4 ,those who were initiated into the mysteries of ,mithra1 or became members1 took the sacrament of bread and wine4#cjg3d ,m4 ,renan1 speaking of ,mithraicism1 says3 ,it had its mysterious meetings3 its chapels1 which bore a strong resemblance to little churches4 ,it forged a very lasting bond of brotherhood between its initiates3 it had a ,eucharist1 a ,supper so like the ,christian ,mysteries1 that good ,justin ,martyr1 the ,apologist1 can find only one explanation of the apparent identity1 namely1 that ,satan1 in order to deceive the human race1 determined to imitate the ,christian ceremonies1 and so stole them4#cjg3e ,the words of ,st4 ,justin1 wherein he alludes to this ceremony1 are as follows3 ,the apostles1 in the commentaries written by themselves1 which we call ,gospels1 have delivered down to us how that ,jesus thus commanded them3 ,he having taken bread1 after he had given thanks1#cjh3a said1 ,do this in commemoration of me2 this is my body4 ,and having taken a cup1 and returned thanks1 he said3 ,this is my blood1 and delivered it to them alone4 ,which thing indeed the evil spirits have taught to be done out of mimicry in the ,mysteries and ,initiatory rites of ,mithra4 ,for you either know1 or can know1 that bread and a cup of water 7or wine7 are given out1 with certain incantations1 in the consecration of the person who is being initiated in the ,mysteries of ,mithra4#cjh3b ,this food they called the ,eucharist1 of which no one was allowed to partake but the persons who believed that the things they taught were true1 and who had been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sin4#cjh3c ,tertullian1 who flourished from #aic to #bbj ,a4 ,d41 also speaks of the ,mithraic devotees celebrating the ,eucharist4#cjh3d ,the ,eucharist of the ,lord and ,saviour1 as the ,magi called ,mithra1 the second person in their ,trinity1 or their ,eucharistic sacrifice1 was always made exactly and in every respect the same as that of the orthodox ,christians1 for both sometimes used water instead of wine1 or a mixture of the two4#cjh3e ,the ,christian ,fathers often liken their rites to those of the ,therapeuts 7,essenes7 and worshipers of ,mithra4 ,here is ,justin ,martyr's account of ,christian initiation3 ,but we1 after we have thus washed him who has been convinced and assented to our teachings1 bring him to the place where those who are called brethren are assembled1 in order that we may offer hearty prayers in common for ourselves and the illuminated person4 ,having ended our prayers1 we salute one another with a kiss4 ,there is then brought to the president of the brethren bread and a cup of wine mixed with water4 ,when the president has given thanks1 and all the people have expressed their assent1 those that are called by us deacons give to each of those present to partake of the bread and wine mixed with water4#cjh3f ,in the service of ,edward the ,sixth of ,england1 water is directed to be mixed with the wine4#cji3a ,this is a union of the two2 not a half measure1 but a double one4 ,if it be correct to take it with wine1 then they were right2 if with water1 they still were right2 as they took both1 they could not be wrong4 ,the bread1 used in these ,pagan ,mysteries1 was carried in baskets1 which practice was also adopted by the ,christians4 ,st4 ,jerome1 speaking of it1 says3 ,nothing can be richer than one who carries the body of ,christ 7viz43 the bread7 in a basket made of twigs4#cji3b ,the ,persian ,magi introduced the worship of ,mithra into ,rome1 and his mysteries were solemnized in a cave4 ,in the process of initiation there1 candidates were also administered the sacrament of bread and wine1 and were marked on the forehead with the sign of the cross4#cji3c ,the ancient ,greeks also had their ,mysteries1 wherein they celebrated the sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,the ,rev4 ,robert ,taylor1 speaking of this1 says3 ,the ,eleusinian ,mysteries1 or1 ,sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper1 was the most august of all the ,pagan ceremonies celebrated1 more especially by the ,athenians1 every fifth year1#cji3d in honor of ,ceres1 the goddess of corn1 who1 in allegorical language1 had given us her flesh to eat2 as ,bacchus1 the god of wine1 in like sense1 had given us his blood to drink4 4 4 4 ,from these ceremonies is derived the very name attached to our ,christian sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper1--'those holy ,mysteries2'--and not one or two1 but absolutely all and every one of the observances used in our ,christian solemnity4 ,very many of our forms of expression in that solemnity are precisely the same as those that appertained to the ,pagan rite4#cji3e ,prodicus 7a ,greek sophist of the #eth century ,b4 ,c47 says that1 the ancients worshiped bread as ,demeter 7,ceres7 and wine as ,dionysos 7,bacchus72#cji3f therefore1 when they ate the bread1 and drank the wine1 after it had been consecrated1 they were doing as the ,romanists claim to do at the present day1 i4 e41 eating the flesh and drinking the blood of their god4#cji3g ,mosheim1 the celebrated ecclesiastical historian1 acknowledges that3 ,the profound respect that was paid to the ,greek and ,roman ,mysteries1 and the extraordinary sanctity that was attributed to them1 induced the ,christians of the second century1 to give their religion a mystic air1 in order to put it upon an equal footing in point of dignity1 with that of the ,pagans4 ,for this purpose they gave the name of ,mysteries to the institutions of the ,gospels1 and decorated particularly the ',holy ,sacrament' with that title2 they used the very terms employed in the ,heathen ,mysteries1 and adopted some of the rites and ceremonies of which those renowned mysteries consisted4 ,this imitation began in the eastern provinces2 but1 after the time of ,adrian1 who first introduced the mysteries among the ,latins1 it was followed by the ,christians who dwelt in the western part of the empire4 ,a great part1 therefore1 of the service of the ,church in this--the second--century1 had a certain air of the ,heathen ,mysteries1 and resembled them considerably in many particulars4#caj3a ,eleusinian ,mysteries and ,christian ,sacraments ,compared4 #a4 ,but as the benefit of ,initiation was great1 such as were convicted of witchcraft1 murder1 even though unintentional1 or any other heinous crimes1 were debarred from those mysteries4#caj3b #a4 ,for as the benefit is great1 if1 with a true penitent heart and lively faith1 we receive that holy sacrament1 c41 if any be an open and notorious evil-liver1 or hath done wrong to his neighbor1 c41 that he presume not to come to the ,lord's table4#caj3c #b4 ,at their entrance1 purifying themselves1 by washing their hands in holy water1 they were at the same time admonished to present themselves with pure minds1 without which the external cleanness of the body would by no means be accepted4#caj3d #b4 ,see the fonts of holy water at the entrance of every ,catholic chapel in ,christendom for the same purpose4 ,let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith1 having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience1 and our bodies washed with pure water4#caj3e #c4 ,the priests who officiated in these sacred solemnities1 were called ,hierophants1 or 'revealers of holy things4'#caj3f #c4 ,the priests who officiate at these ,christian solemnities are supposed to be 'revealers of holy things4' #d4 ,the ,pagan ,priest dismissed their congregation with these words3 ,the ,lord be with you4#caj3g #d4 ,the ,christian priests dismiss their congregation with these words3 ,the ,lord be with you4 ,these ,eleusinian ,mysteries were accompanied with various rites1 expressive of the purity and self-denial of the worshiper1 and were therefore considered to be an expiation of past sins1 and to place the initiated under the special protection of the awful and potent goddess who presided over them4#caj3h ,these mysteries were1 as we have said1 also celebrated in honor of ,bacchus as well as ,ceres4 ,a consecrated cup of wine was handed around after supper1 called the ,cup of the ,agathodaemon--the ,good ,divinity4#caa3a ,throughout the whole ceremony1 the name of the ,lord was many times repeated1 and his brightness or glory not only exhibited to the eye by the rays which surrounded his name 7or his monogram1 ,i4 ,h4 ,s471 but was made the peculiar theme or subject of their triumphant exultation4#caa3b ,the mystical wine and bread were used during the ,mysteries of ,adonis1 the ,lord and ,saviour4#caa3c ,in fact1 the communion of bread and wine was used in the worship of nearly every important deity4#caa3d ,the rites of ,bacchus were celebrated in the ,british ,islands in heathen times1#caa3e and so were those of ,mithra1 which were spread over ,gaul and ,great ,britain4#caa3f ,we therefore find that the ancient ,druids offered the sacrament of bread and wine1 during which ceremony they were dressed in white robes1#caa3g just as the ,egyptian priests of ,isis were in the habit of dressing1 and as the priests of many ,christian sects dress at the present day4 ,among some negro tribes in ,africa there is a belief that on eating and drinking consecrated food they eat and drink the god himself4#caa3h ,the ancient ,mexicans celebrated the mysterious sacrament of the ,eucharist1 called the most holy supper1 during which they ate the flesh of their god4 ,the bread used at their ,eucharist was made of corn meal1 which they mixed with blood1 instead of wine4 ,this was consecrated by the priest1 and given to the people1 who ate it with humility and penitence1 as the flesh of their god4#caa3i ,lord ,kingsborough1 in his ,mexican ,antiquities1 speaks of the ancient ,mexicans as performing this sacrament2 when they made a cake1 which they called ,tzoalia4 ,the high priest blessed it in his manner1 after which he broke it into pieces1 and put it into certain very clean vessels4 ,he then took a thorn of maguery1 which resembles a thick needle1 with which he took up with the utmost reverence single morsels1 which he put into the mouth of each individual1 after the manner of a communion4#caa3aj ,the writer of the ,explanation of ,plates of the ,codex ,vaticanus1--which are copies of ,mexican hieroglyphics--says3 ,i am disposed to believe that these poor people have had the knowledge of our mode of communion1 or of the annunciation of the gospel2 or perhaps the devil1 most envious of the honor of ,god1 may have led them into this superstition1 in order that by this ceremony he might be adored and served as ,christ our ,lord4#cab3a ,the ,rev4 ,father ,acosta says3 ,that which is most admirable in the hatred and presumption of ,satan is1 that he hath not only counterfeited in idolatry and sacrifice1 but also in certain ceremonies1 our ,sacraments1 which ,jesus ,christ our ,lord hath instituted and the holy ,church doth use1 having especially pretended to imitate in some sort the ,sacrament of the ,communion1 which is the most high and divine of all others4 ,he then relates how the ,mexicans and ,peruvians1 in certain ceremonies1 ate the flesh of their god1 and called certain morsels of paste1 the flesh and bones of ,vitzilipuzlti4 ,after putting themselves in order about these morsels and pieces of paste1 they used certain ceremonies with singing1 by means whereof they 7the pieces of paste7 were blessed and consecrated for the flesh and bones of this idol4#cab3b ,these facts show that the ,eucharist is another piece of ,paganism adopted by the ,christians4 ,the story of ,jesus and his disciples being at supper1 where the ,master did break bread1 may be true1 but the statement that he said1 ,do this in remembrance of me1--this is my body1 and this is my blood1 was undoubtedly invented to give authority to the mystic ceremony1 which had been borrowed from ,paganism4 ,why should they do this in remembrance of ,jesus8 ,provided he took this supper with his disciples--which the ,john narrator denies#cab3c--;he did not do anything on that occasion new or unusual among ,jews4 ,to pronounce the benediction1 break the bread1 and distribute pieces thereof to the persons at table1 was1 and is now1 a common usage of the ,hebrews4 ,jesus could not have commanded born ,jews to do in remembrance of him what they already practiced1 and what every religious ,jew does to this day4 ,the whole story is evidently a myth1 as a perusal of it with the eye of a critic clearly demonstrates4 ,the ,mark narrator informs us that ,jesus sent two of his disciples to the city1 and told them this3 ,go ye into the city1 and there shall meet you a man bearing a pitcher of water2 follow him4 ,and wheresoever he shall go in1 say ye to the goodman of the house1 ,the ,master saith1 ,where is the guest-chamber1 where ,i shall eat the passover with my disciples8 ,and he will show you a large upper room furnished and prepared3 there make ready for us4 ,and his disciples went forth1 and came into the city1 and found as he had said unto them3 and they made ready the passover4#cac3a ,the story of the passover or the last supper1 seems to be introduced in this unusual manner to make it manifest that a divine power is interested in1 and conducting the whole affair1 parallels of which we find in the story of ,elieser and ,rebecca1 where ,rebecca is to identify herself in a manner pre-arranged by ,elieser with ,god2#cac3b and also in the story of ,elijah and the widow of ,zarephath1 where by ,god's directions a journey is made1 and the widow is found4#cac3c ,it suggests itself to our mind that this style of connecting a supernatural interest with human affairs was not entirely original with the ,mark narrator4 ,in this connection it is interesting to note that a man in ,jerusalem should have had an unoccupied and properly furnished room just at that time1 when two millions of pilgrims sojourned in and around the city4 ,the man1 it appears1 was not distinguished either for wealth or piety1 for his name is not mentioned2 he was not present at the supper1 and no further reference is made to him4 ,it appears rather that the ,mark narrator imagined an ordinary man who had a furnished room to let for such purposes1 and would imply that ,jesus knew it prophetically4 ,he had only to pass in his mind from ,elijah to his disciple ,elisha1 for whom the great woman of ,shunem had so richly furnished an upper chamber1 to find a like instance4#cac3d ,why should not somebody have furnished also an upper chamber for the ,messiah8 ,the ,matthew narrator's account is free from these embellishments1 and simply runs thus3 ,jesus said to some of his disciples--the number is not given-- ,go into the city to such a man1 and say unto him1 ,the ,master saith1 ,my time is at hand2 ,i will keep the passover at thy house with my disciples4 ,and the disciples did as ,jesus had appointed them2 and they made ready the passover4#cac3e ,in this account1 no pitcher1 no water1 no prophecy is mentioned4#cac3f ,it was many centuries before the genuine heathen doctrine of ,transubstantiation--a change of the elements of the ,eucharist into the real body and blood of ,christ ,jesus--became a tenet of the ,christian faith4 ,this greatest of mysteries was developed gradually4 ,as early as the second century1 however1 the seeds were planted1 when we find ,ignatius1 ,justin ,martyr1 and ,irenus advancing the opinion1 that the mere bread and wine became1 in the ,eucharist1 something higher--the earthly1 something heavenly--without1 however1 ceasing to be bread and wine4 ,though these views were opposed by some eminent individual ,christian teachers1 yet both among the people and in the ritual of the ,church1 the miraculous or supernatural view of the ,lord's ,supper gained ground4 ,after the third century the office of presenting the bread and wine came to be confined to the ministers or priests4 ,this practice arose from1 and in turn strengthened1 the notion which was gaining ground1 that in this act of presentation by the priest1 a sacrifice1 similar to that once offered up in the death of ,christ ,jesus1 though bloodless1 was ever anew presented to ,god4 ,this still deepened the feeling of mysterious significance and importance with which the rite of the ,lord's ,supper was viewed1 and led to that gradually increasing splendor of celebration which took the form of the ,mass4 ,as in ,christ ,jesus two distinct natures1 the divine and the human1 were wonderfully combined1 so in the ,eucharist there was a corresponding union of the earthly and the heavenly4 ,for a long time there was no formal declaration of the mind of the ,church on the real presence of ,christ ,jesus in the ,eucharist4 ,at length a discussion on the point was raised1 and the most distinguished men of the time took part in it4 ,one party maintained that the bread and wine are1 in the act of consecration1 transformed by the omnipotence of ,god into the very body of ,christ which was once born of ,mary1 nailed to the cross1 and raised from the dead4 ,according to this conception1 nothing remains of the bread and wine but the outward form1 the taste and the smell2 while the other party would only allow that there is some change in the bread and wine themselves1 but granted that an actual transformation of their power and efficacy takes place4 ,the greater accordance of the first view with the credulity of the age1 its love for the wonderful and magical1 the interest of the priesthood to add lustre1 in accordance with the heathens1 to a rite which enhanced their own office1 resulted in the doctrine of ,transubstantiation being declared an article of faith of the ,christian ,church4 ,transubstantiation1 the invisible change of the bread and wine into the body and blood of ,christ1 is a tenet that may defy the powers of argument and pleasantry2 but instead of consulting the evidence of their senses1 of their sight1 their feeling1 and their taste1 the first ,protestants were entangled in their own scruples1 and awed by the reputed words of ,jesus in the institution of the sacrament4 ,luther maintained a corporeal1 and ,calvin a real presence of ,christ in the ,eucharist2 and the opinion of ,zuinglius1 that it is no more than a spiritual communion1 a simple memorial1 has slowly prevailed in the reformed churches4#cae3a ,under ,edward ,,vi4 the reformation was more bold and perfect1 but in the fundamental articles of the ,church of ,england1 a strong and explicit declaration against the real presence was obliterated in the original copy1 to please the people1 or the ,lutherans1 or ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,at the present day1 the ,greek and ,roman ,catholics alone hold to the original doctrine of the real presence4 ,of all the religious observances among heathens1 ,jews1 or ,turks1 none has been the cause of more hatred1 persecution1 outrage1 and bloodshed1 than the ,eucharist4 ,christians persecuted one another like relentless foes1 and thousands of ,jews were slaughtered on account of the ,eucharist and the ,host4 ,,footnotes3 #cje3a ,matt4 xxvi4 #bf4 ,see also1 ,mark1 xiv4 #bb4 #cje3b ,at the heading of the chapters named in the above note may be seen the words3 ,jesus keepeth the ,passover 7and7 instituteth the ,lord's ,supper4 #cje3c ,according to the ,roman ,christians1 the ,eucharist is the natural body and blood of ,christ ,jesus ver et realiter1 but the ,protestant sophistically explains away these two plain words verily and indeed1 and by the grossest abuse of language1 makes them to mean spiritually by grace and efficacy4 ,in the sacrament of the altar1 says the ,protestant divine1 is the natural body and blood of ,christ ver et realiter1 verily and indeed1 if you take these terms for spiritually by grace and efficacy2 but if you mean really and indeed1 so that thereby you would include a lively and movable body under the form of bread and wine1 then in that sense it is not ,christ's body in the sacrament really and indeed4 #cje3d ,see ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjc1 and ,anacalypsis1 i4 #bcb4 #cjf3a ,leur grand ,lama clbre une espce de sacrifice avec du pain et du vin dont il prend une petite quantit1 et distribue le reste aux ,lamas presens cette crmonie4 7,quoted in ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aah47 #cjf3b ,viscount ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #df4 #cjf3c ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #dja4 #cjf3d ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afc4 #cjf3e ,see ,ibid4 p4 #dag4 #cjf3f ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #agi4 #cjf3g ,see ,bunsen's ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #aii2 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fj1 and ,lillie's ,buddhism1 p4 #acf4 #cjf3h ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fj4 #cjg3a ,see ,bunsen's ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #ee1 and ,genesis1 xiv4 #ah1 #ai4 #cjg3b ,st4 ,jerome says3 ,melchizdek in typo ,christi panem et vinum obtulit3 et mysterium ,christianum in ,salvatoris sanguine et corpore dedicavit4 #cjg3c ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bbg4 #cjg3d ,see ,king's ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 xxv41 and ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eh1 #ei4 #cjg3e ,renan's ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #ce4 #cjh3a ,in the words of ,mr4 ,king3 ,this expression shows that the notion of blessing or consecrating the elements was as yet unknown to the ,christians4 #cjh3b ,apol4 #a4 ch4 lxvi4 #cjh3c ,ibid4 #cjh3d ,de ,prscriptione ,hreticorum1 ch4 xl4 ,tertullian explains this conformity between ,christianity and ,paganism1 by asserting that the devil copied the ,christian mysteries4 #cjh3e ,de ,tinctione1 de oblatione panis1 et de imagine resurrectionis1 videatur doctiss1 de la ,cerda ad ea ,tertulliani loca ubi de hiscerebus agitur4 ,gentiles citra ,christum1 talia celbradant ,mithriaca qu videbantur cum doctrin eucharist et resurrectionis et aliis ritibus ,christianis convenire1 qu fecerunt ex industria ad imitationem ,christianismi3 unde ,tertulliani et ,patres aiunt eos talia fecisse1 duce diabolo1 quo vult esse simia ,christi1 c4 ,volunt itaque eos res suas ita comprasse1 ut ,mithr mysteria essent eucharisti ,christian imago4 ,sic ,just4 ,martyr 7p4 #ih71 et ,tertullianus et ,chrysostomus4 ,in suis etiam sacris habebant ,mithriaci lavacra 7quasi regenerationis7 in quibus tingit et ipse 7sc4 sacerdos7 quosdam utique credentes et fideles suos1 et expiatoria delictorum de lavacro repromittit et sic adhuc initiat ,mithr4 7,hyde3 ,de ,relig4 ,vet4 ,persian1 p4 #aac47 #cjh3f ,justin3 #ast ,apol41 ch4 lvi4 #cji3a ,dr4 ,grabes' ,notes on ,irenus1 lib4 v4 c4 #b1 in ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 #cji3b ,quoted in ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #cgj4 #cji3c ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfi4 ,the ,divine ,presence called his angel of mercy and said unto him3 ',go through the midst of the city1 through the midst of ,jerusalem1 and set the mark of ,tau 7,,greek ,,capital ,,letter ,,tau1 the headless cross7 upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that are done in the midst thereof4' ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #cje4 #cji3d ,they were celebrated every fifth year at ,eleusis1 a town of ,attica1 from whence their name4 #cji3e ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bab4 #cji3f ,mller3 ,origin of ,religion1 p4 #aha4 #cji3g ,in the ,bacchic ,mysteries a consecrated cup 7of wine7 was handed around after supper1 called the cup of the ,agathodaemon4 7,cousin3 ,lec4 on ,modn4 ,phil4 ,quoted in ,isis ,unveiled1 ii4 #eac4 ,see also1 ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #bag47 #caj3a ,eccl4 ,hist4 cent4 ii4 pt4 #b1 sec4 v4 #caj3b ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhb4 #caj3c ,episcopal ,communion ,service4 #caj3d ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhb4 #caj3e ,hebrews1 x4 #bb4 #caj3f ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bac4 #caj3g ,see ,ibid4 #caj3h ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #dga4 #caa3a ,see ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #bag1 and ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eac4 #caa3b ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bad4 #caa3c ,see ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aci4 #caa3d ,see ,ibid4 p4 #eac4 #caa3e ,see ,myths of the ,british ,druids1 p4 #hi4 #caa3f ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #bch4 #caa3g ,see ,myths of the ,british ,druids1 p4 #bhj1 and ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgf4 #caa3h ,herbert ,spencer3 ,principles of ,sociology1 vol4 i4 p4 #bii4 #caa3i ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #cij and #cic4 #caa3aj ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bbj4 #cab3a ,quoted ,in ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bba4 #cab3b ,acosta3 ,hist4 ,indies1 vol4 ii4 chs4 xiii4 and xiv4 #cab3c ,according to the ,john narrator1 ,jesus ate no ,paschal meal1 but was captured the evening before ,passover1 and was crucified before the feast opened4 ,according to the ,synoptics1 ,jesus partook of the ,paschal supper1 was captured the first night of the feast1 and executed on the first day thereof1 which was on a ,friday4 ,if the ,john narrator's account is true1 that of the ,synoptics is not1 or vice versa4 #cac3a ,mark1 xiv4 #ac-af4 #cac3b ,gen4 xxiv4 #cac3c ,i4 ,kings1 xvii4 #h4 #cac3d ,,ii4 ,kings1 iv4 #h4 #cac3e ,matt4 xxvi4 #ah1 #ai4 #cac3f ,for further observations on this subject1 see ,dr4 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise's ,martyrdom of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 a valuable little work1 published at the office of the ,american ,israelite1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 #cae3a ,see ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 v4 pp4 #cii1 #djj4 ,calvin1 after quoting ,matt4 xxvi4 #bf1 #bg1 says3 ,there is no doubt that as soon as these words are added to the bread and the wine1 the bread and the wine become the true body and the true blood of ,christ1 so that the substance of bread and wine is transmuted into the true body and blood of ,christ4 ,he who denies this calls the omnipotence of ,christ in question1 and charges ,christ himself with foolishness4 7,calvin's ,tracts1 p4 #bad4 ,translated by ,henry ,beveridge1 ,edinburgh1 #ahea47 ,in other parts of his writings1 ,calvin seems to contradict this statement1 and speaks of the bread and wine in the ,eucharist as being symbolical4 ,gibbon evidently refers to the passage quoted above4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,,baptism4 ,baptism1 or purification from sin by water1 is supposed by many to be an exclusive ,christian ceremony4 ,the idea is that circumcision was given up1 but baptism took its place as a compulsory form indispensable to salvation1 and was declared to have been instituted by ,jesus himself or by his predecessor ,john4#caf3a ,that ,jesus was baptized by ,john may be true1 or it may not1 but that he never directly enjoined his followers to call the heathen to a share in the privileges of the ,golden ,age is gospel doctrine2#caf3b and this saying3 ,go out into all the world to preach the gospel to every creature4 ,and whoever believes and is baptized shall be saved1 but whoever believes not shall be damned1 must therefore be of comparatively late origin1 dating from a period at which the mission to the heathen was not only fully recognized1 but even declared to have originated with the followers of ,jesus4#caf3c ,when the early ,christians received members among them they were not initiated by baptism1 but with prayer and laying on of hands4 ,this1 says ,eusebius1 was the ancient custom1 which was followed until the time of ,stephen4 ,during his bishopric controversies arose as to whether members should be received after the ancient ,christian custom or by baptism1#caf3d after the heathen custom4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy1 who has made ancient religions a special study1 and who1 being a thorough ,christian writer1 endeavors to get over the difficulty by saying that3 ,john the ,baptist simply adopted and practiced the universal custom of sacred bathing for the remission of sins4 ,christ sanctioned it2 the church inherited it from his example4#caf3e ,when we say that baptism is a heathen rite adopted by the ,christians1 we come near the truth4 ,mr4 ,lundy is a strong advocate of the type theory--of which we shall speak anon--therefore the above mode of reasoning is not to be wondered at4 ,the facts in the case are that baptism by immersion1 or sprinkling in infancy1 for the remission of sin1 was a common rite1 to be found in countries the most widely separated on the face of the earth1 and the most unconnected in religious genealogy4#cag3a ,if we turn to ,india we shall find that in the vast domain of the ,buddhist faith the birth of children is regularly the occasion of a ceremony1 at which the priest is present4 ,in ,mongolia and ,thibet this ceremony assumes the special form of baptism4 ,candles burn and incense is offered on the domestic altar1 the priest reads the prescribed prayers1 dips the child three times in water1 and imposes on it a name4#cag3b ,brahmanism1 from the very earliest times1 had its initiatory rites1 similar to what we shall find among the ancient ,persians1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks and ,romans4 ,mr4 ,mackenzie1 in his ,royal ,masonic ,cyclopdia1 7sub voce ,mysteries of ,hindustan17 gives a capital digest of these mysteries from the ,indische ,alterthum-,skunde of ,lassen4 ,after an invocation to the ,,sun1 an oath was demanded of the aspirant1 to the effect of implicit obedience to superiors1 purity of body1 and inviolable secrecy4 ,water was then sprinkled over him1 suitable addresses were made to him1 c4 ,this was supposed to constitute the regeneration of the candidate1 and he was now invested with the white robe and the tiara4 ,a peculiar cross was marked on his forehead1 and the ,tau cross on his breast4 ,finally1 he was given the sacred word1 ,a4 ,u4 ,m4#cag3c ,the ,brahmans had also a mode of baptism similar to the ,christian sect of ,baptists1 the ceremony being performed in a river4 ,the officiating ,brahman priest1 who was called ,gooroo1 or ,pastor1#cah3a rubbed mud on the candidate1 and then plunged him three times into the water4 ,during the process the priest said3 ,o ,supreme ,lord1 this man is impure1 like the mud of this stream2 but as water cleanses him from this dirt1 do thou free him from his sin4#cah3b ,rivers1 as sources of fertility and purification1 were at an early date invested with a sacred character4 ,every great river was supposed to be permeated with the divine essence1 and its waters held to cleanse from all moral guilt and contamination4 ,and as the ,ganges was the most majestic1 so it soon became the holiest and most revered of all rivers4 ,no sin too heinous to be removed1 no character too black to be washed clean by its waters4 ,hence the countless temples1 with flights of steps1 lining its banks2 hence the array of priests1 called ,sons of the ,ganges1 sitting on the edge of its streams1 ready to aid the ablutions of conscience-stricken bathers1 and stamp them as white-washed when they emerge from its waters4 ,hence also the constant traffic carried on in transporting ,ganges water in small bottles to all parts of the country4#cah3c ,the ceremony of baptism was a practice of the followers of ,zoroaster1 both for infants and adults4 ,m4 ,beausobre tells us that3 ,the ancient ,persians carried their infants to the temple a few days after they were born1 and presented them to the priest before the sun1 and before the fire1 which was his symbol4 ,then the priest took the child and baptized it for the purification of the soul4 ,sometimes he plunged it into a great vase full of water3 it was in the same ceremony that the father gave a name to the child4#cah3d ,the learned ,dr4 ,hyde also tells us that infants were brought to the temples and baptized by the priests1 sometimes by sprinkling and sometimes by immersion1 plunging the child into a large vase filled with water4 ,this was to them a regeneration1 or a purification of their souls4 ,a name was at the same time imposed upon the child1 as indicated by the parents4#cah3e ,the rite of baptism was also administered to adults in the ,mithraic mysteries during initiation4 ,the foreheads of the initiated being marked at the same time with the sacred sign1 which was none other than the sign of the ,,cross4#cai3a ,the ,christian ,father ,tertullian1 who believed it to be the work of the devil1 says3 ,he ,,baptizes his believers and followers2 he promises the remission of sins at the sacred fount1 and thus initiates them into the religion of ,mithra2 he marks on the forehead his own soldiers1 c4#cai3b ,he marks on the forehead1 i4 e41 he marks the sign of the cross on their foreheads1 just as priests of ,christ ,jesus do at the present day to those who are initiated into the ,christian mysteries4 ,again1 he says3 ,the nations who are strangers to all spiritual powers 7the heathens71 ascribe to their idols 7gods7 the power of impregnating the waters with the same efficacy as in ,christian baptism4 ,for1 in certain sacred rites of theirs1 the mode of initiation is by baptism1 and whoever had defiled himself with murder1 expiation was sought in purifying water4#cai3c ,he also says that3 ,the devil signed his soldiers in the forehead1 in imitation of the ,christians4#cai3d ,and ,st4 ,augustin says3 ,the cross and baptism were never parted4#cai3e ,the ancient ,egyptians performed their rite of baptism1 and those who were initiated into the mysteries of ,isis were baptized4#cai3f ,apuleius of ,madura1 in ,africa1 who was initiated into these mysteries1 shows that baptism was used2 that the ceremony was performed by the attending priest1 and that purification and forgiveness of sin was the result4#cai3g ,the custom of baptism in ,egypt is known by the hieroglyphic term of water of purification4 ,the water so used in immersion absolutely cleansed the soul1 and the person was said to be regenerated4#cbj3a ,they also believed in baptism after death1 for it was held that the dead were washed from their sins by ,osiris1 the beneficent saviour1 in the land of shades1 and the departed are often represented 7on the sarcophagi7 kneeling before ,osiris1 who pours over them water from a pitcher4#cbj3b ,the ancient ,etruscans performed the rite of baptism4 ,in ,tab4 clxxii4 ,gorius gives two pictures of ancient ,etruscan baptism by water4 ,in the first1 the youth is held in the arms of one priest1 and another is pouring water upon his head4 ,in the second1 the young person is going through the same ceremony1 kneeling on a kind of altar4 ,at the time of its baptism the child was named1 blessed and marked on the forehead with the sign of the cross4#cbj3c ,baptism1 or the application of water1 was a rite well known to the ,jews before the time of ,christ ,jesus1 and was practiced by them when they admitted proselytes to their religion from heathenism4 ,when children were baptized they received the sign of the cross1 were anointed1 and fed with milk and honey4#cbj3d ,it was not customary1 however1 among them1 to baptize those who were converted to the ,jewish religion1 until after the ,babylonish captivity4#cbj3e ,this clearly shows that they learned the rite from their heathen oppressors4 ,baptism was practiced by the ascetics of ,buddhist origin1 known as the ,essenes4#cbj3f ,john the ,baptist was1 evidently1 nothing more than a member of this order1 with which the deserts of ,syria and the ,thebais of ,egypt abounded4 ,the idea that man is restrained from perfect union with ,god by his imperfection1 uncleanness and sin1 was implicitly believed by the ancient ,greeks and ,romans4 ,in ,thessaly was yearly celebrated a great festival of cleansing4 ,a work bearing the name of ,museus was a complete ritual of purifications4 ,the usual mode of purification was dipping in water 7immersion71 or it was performed by aspersion4 ,these sacraments were held to have virtue independent of the dispositions of the candidates1 an opinion which called forth the sneer of ,diogenes1 the ,grecian historian1 when he saw some one undergoing baptism by aspersion4 ,poor wretch6 do you not see that since these sprinklings cannot repair your grammatical errors1 they cannot repair either1 the faults of your life4#cba3a ,and the belief that water could wash out the stains of original sin1 led the poet ,ovid 7#dc ,b4 ,c47 to say3 ,ah1 easy fools1 to think that a whole flood ,of water e'er can purge the stain of blood4 ,these ancient ,pagans had especial gods and goddesses who presided over the birth of children4 ,the goddess ,nundina took her name from the ninth day1 on which all male children were sprinkled with holy water1#cba3b as females were on the eighth1 at the same time receiving their name1 of which addition to the ceremonial of ,christian baptism we find no mention in the ,christian ,scriptures4 ,when all the forms of the ,pagan nundination were duly complied with1 the priest gave a certificate to the parents of the regenerated infant2 it was1 therefore1 duly recognized as a legitimate member of the family and of society1 and the day was spent in feasting and hilarity4#cba3c ,adults were also baptized2 and those who were initiated in the sacred rites of the ,bacchic mysteries were regenerated and admitted by baptism1 just as they were admitted into the mysteries of ,mithra4#cba3d ,justin ,martyr1 like his brother ,tertullian1 claimed that this ablution was invented by demons1 in imitation of the true baptism1 that their votaries might also have their pretended purification by water4#cba3e ,infant ,baptism was practiced among the ancient inhabitants of northern ,europe--the ,danes1 ,swedes1 ,norwegians and ,icelanders--long before the first dawn of ,christianity had reached those parts4 ,water was poured on the head of the new-born child1 and a name was given it at the same time4 ,baptism is expressly mentioned in the ,hava-mal and ,rigs-mal1 and alluded to in other epic poems4#cbb3a ,the ancient ,livonians 7inhabitants of the three modern ,baltic provinces of ,courland1 ,livonia1 and ,esthonia71 observed the same ceremony2 which also prevailed among the ancient ,germans4 ,this is expressly stated in a letter which the famous ,pope ,gregory ,,iii4 sent to their apostle ,boniface1 directing him how to act in respect to it4#cbb3b ,the same ceremony was performed by the ancient ,druids of ,britain4#cbb3c ,among the ,new ,zealanders young children were baptized4 ,after the ceremony of baptism had taken place1 prayers were offered to make the child sacred1 and clean from all impurities4#cbb3d ,the ancient ,mexicans baptized their children shortly after birth4 ,after the relatives had assembled in the court of the parents' house1 the midwife placed the child's head to the east1 and prayed for a blessing from the ,saviour ,quetzalcoatle1 and the goddess of the water4 ,the breast of the child was then touched with the fingers dipped in water1 and the following prayer said3 ,may it 7the water7 destroy and separate from thee all the evil that was beginning in thee before the beginning of the world4 ,after this the child's body was washed with water1 and all things that might injure him were requested to depart from him1 that now he may live again and be born again4#cbb3e ,mr4 ,prescott alludes to it as follows1 in his ,conquest of ,mexico3#cbb3f ,the lips and bosom of the infant were sprinkled with water1 and the ,lord was implored to permit the holy drops to wash away that sin that was given to it before the foundation of the world1 so that the child might be born anew4 ,this interesting rite1 usually solemnized with great formality1 in the presence of assembled friends and relations1 is detailed with minuteness by ,sahagun and by ,zuazo1 both of them eyewitnesses4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy says3 ,now1 as baptism of some kind has been the universal custom of all religious nations and peoples for purification and regeneration1 it is not to be wondered at that it had found its way from high ,asia1 the centre of the ,old ,world's religion and civilization1 into the ,american continent4 4 4 4 ,american priests were found in ,mexico1 beyond ,darien1 baptizing boys and girls a year old in the temples at the cross1 pouring the water upon them from a small pitcher4#cbc3a ,the water which they used was called the ,,water ,,of ,,regeneration4#cbc3b ,the ,rev4 ,father ,acosta alludes to this baptism by saying3 ,the ,indians had an infinite number of other ceremonies and customs which resembled to the ancient law of ,moses1 and some to those which the ,moores use1 and some approaching near to the ,law of the ,gospel1 as the baths or ,opacuna1 as they called them2 they did wash themselves in water to cleanse themselves from sin4#cbc3c ,after speaking of confession which the ,indians used1 he says3 ,when the ,inca had been confessed1 he made a certain bath to cleanse himself1 in a running river1 saying these words3 ',i have told my sins to the ,sun 7his god72 receive them1 ,o thou ,river1 and carry them to the ,sea1 where they may never appear more4'#cbc3d ,he tells us that the ,mexicans also had a baptism for infants1 which they performed with great ceremony4#cbc3e ,baptism was also practiced in ,yucatan4 ,they administered it to children three years old2 and called it ,,regeneration4#cbc3f ,the ancient ,peruvians also baptized their children4#cbc3g ,history1 then1 records the fact that all the principal nations of antiquity administered the rite of baptism to their children1 and to adults who were initiated into the sacred mysteries4 ,the words regenerationem et impunitatem perjuriorum suorum--used by the heathen in this ceremony--prove that the doctrines as well as the outward forms were the same4 ,the giving of a name to the child1 the marking of him with the cross as a sign of his being a soldier of ,christ1 followed at fifteen years of age by his admission into the mysteries of the ceremony of confirmation1 also prove that the two institutions are identical4 ,but the most striking feature of all is the regeneration--and consequent forgiveness of sins--the being born again4 ,this shows that the ,christian baptism in doctrine as well as in outward ceremony1 was precisely that of the heathen4 ,we have seen that it was supposed to destroy all the evil in him1 and all things that might injure him were requested to depart from him4 ,so likewise among the ,christians2 the priest1 looking upon the child1 and baptizing him1 was formerly accustomed to say3 ,i command thee1 unclean spirit1 in the name of the ,father1 of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 that thou come out and depart from this infant1 whom our ,lord ,jesus ,christ has vouchsafed to call to this holy baptism1 to be made member of his body and of his holy congregation4 ,and presume not hereafter to exercise any tyranny towards this infant1 whom ,christ hath bought with his precious blood1 and by this holy baptism called to be of his flock4 ,the ancients also baptized with fire as well as water4 ,this is what is alluded to many times in the gospels2 for instance1 ,matt4 7iii4 #aa7 makes ,john say1 ,i1 indeed1 baptize you with water2 he shall baptize you with the ,holy ,ghost and with ,,fire4 ,the baptism by fire was in use by the ,romans2 it was performed by jumping three times through the flames of a sacred fire4 ,this is still practiced in ,india4 ,even at the present day1 in some parts of ,scotland1 it is a custom at the baptism of children to swing them in their clothes over a fire three times1 saying1 ,now1 fire1 burn this child1 or never4 ,here is evidently a relic of the heathen baptism by fire4 ,christian baptism was not originally intended to be administered to unconscious infants1 but to persons in full possession of their faculties1 and responsible for their actions4 ,moreover1 it was performed1 as is well known1 not merely by sprinkling the forehead1 but by causing the candidate to descend naked into the water1 the priest joining him there1 and pouring the water over his head4 ,the catechumen could not receive baptism until after he understood something of the nature of the faith he was embracing1 and was prepared to assume its obligations4 ,a rite more totally unfitted for administration to infants could hardly have been found4 ,yet such was the need that was felt for a solemn recognition by religion of the entrance of a child into the world1 that this rite1 in course of time1 completely lost its original nature1 and1 as with the heathen1 infancy took the place of maturity3 sprinkling of immersion4 ,but while the age and manner of baptism were altered1 the ritual remained under the influence of the primitive idea with which it had been instituted4 ,the obligations were no longer confined to the persons baptized1 hence they must be undertaken for them4 ,thus was the ,christian ,church landed in the absurdity--unparalleled1 we believe1 in any other natal ceremony--of requiring the most solemn promises to be made1 not by those who were thereafter to fulfill them1 but by others in their name2 these others having no power to enforce their fulfillment1 and neither those actually assuming the engagement1 nor those on whose behalf it was assumed1 being morally responsible in case it should be broken4 ,yet this strange incongruity was forced upon the church by an imperious want of human nature itself1 and the insignificant sects who have adopted the baptism of adults only1 have failed1 in their zeal for historical consistency1 to recognize a sentiment whose roots lie far deeper than the chronological foundation of ,christian rites1 and stretch far wider than the geographical boundaries of the ,christian faith4 ,the intention of all these forms of baptism is identical4 ,water1 as the natural means of physical cleansing1 is the universal symbol of spiritual purification4 ,hence immersion1 or washing1 or sprinkling1 implies the deliverance of the infant from the stain of original sin4#cbe3a ,the ,pagan and ,christian rituals1 as we have seen1 are perfectly clear on this head4 ,in both1 the avowed intention is to wash away the sinful nature common to humanity2 in both1 the infant is declared to be born again by the agency of water4 ,among the early ,christians1 as with the ,pagans1 the sacrament of baptism was supposed to contain a full and absolute expiation of sin2 and the soul was instantly restored to its original purity1 and entitled to the promise of eternal salvation4 ,among the proselytes of ,christianity1 there were many who judged it imprudent to precipitate a salutary rite1 which could not be repeated2 to throw away an inestimable privilege1 which could never be recovered4 ,by the delay of their baptism1 they could venture freely to indulge their passions in the enjoyments of this world1 while they still retained in their own hands the means of a sure and easy absolution4 ,st4 ,constantine was one of these4 ,,footnotes3 #caf3a ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,geikie makes the assertion that3 ,with the call to repent1 ,john united a significant rite for all who were willing to own their sins1 and promise amendment of life4 ,it was the new and striking requirement of baptism1 which ,john had been sent by divine appointment to ,,introduce4 7,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 p4 #cid47 #caf3b ,see ,galatians1 ii4 #g-i4 ,acts1 x4 and xi4 #caf3c ,see ,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #feh and #dgb4 #caf3d ,see ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #g1 ch4 ii4 #caf3e ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #che4 #cag3a ,among all nations1 and from the very earliest period1 ,,water has been used as a species of religious sacrament4 4 4 4 ,water was the agent by means of which everything was regenerated or born again4 ,hence1 in all nations1 we find the ,dove1 or ,divine ,love1 operating by means of its agent1 water1 and all nations using the ceremony of plunging1 or1 as we call it1 baptizing1 for the remission of sins1 to introduce the candidate to a regeneration1 to a new birth unto righteousness4 7,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebi47 ,baptism is a very ancient rite pertaining to heathen religions1 whether of ,asia1 ,africa1 ,europe or ,america4 7,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #daf47 ,baptism1 or purification by water1 was a ceremony common to all religions of antiquity4 ,it consists in being made clean from some supposed pollution or defilement4 7,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bja47 ,l'usage de ce ,baptme par immersion1 qui subsista dans l',occident jusqu' au #h;e cicle1 se maintient encore dans l',eglise ,greque3 c'est celui que ,jean le ,prcurseur administra1 dans le ,jourdain1 ,jesus ,christ mme4 ,il fut pratiqu chez les ,juifs1 chez les ,grecs1 et chez presque tous les peuples1 bien des sicles avant l'existence de la religion ,chrtienne4 7,d',ancarville3 ,res41 vol4 i4 p4 #bib47 #cag3b ,see ,amberly's ,analysis1 p4 #fa4 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #db4 ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fi1 and ,lillie's ,buddhism1 pp4 #ee and #ahd4 #cag3c ,lillie's ,buddhism1 p4 #acd4 #cah3a ,life and ,religion of the ,hindus1 p4 #id4 #cah3b ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #abe4 ,every orthodox ,hindu is perfectly persuaded that the dirtiest water1 if taken from a sacred stream and applied to his body1 either externally or internally1 will purify his soul4 7,prof4 ,monier ,williams3 ,hinduism1 p4 #aeg47 ,the ,egyptians bathed in the water of the ,nile2 the ,chaldeans and ,persians in the ,euphrates1 and the ,hindus1 at we have seen1 in the ,ganges1 all of which were considered as sacred waters by the different nations4 ,the ,jews looked upon the ,jordan in the same manner4 ,herodotus1 speaking of the ,persians' manners1 says3 ,they 7the ,persians7 neither make water1 nor spit1 nor wash their hands in a river1 nor defile the stream with urine1 nor do they allow any one else to do so1 but they pay extreme veneration to all rivers4 7,hist4 lib4 i4 ch4 #ach47 #cah3c ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #agf4 #cah3d ,hist4 ,manichee1 lib4 ix4 ch4 vi4 sect4 xvi4 in ,anac41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fe4 ,see also1 ,dupuis3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #bdi1 and ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cib4 #cah3e ,pro infantibus non utuntur circumcisione1 sed tantum baptismo seu lotione ad anim purificationem internam4 ,infantem ad sacerdotem in ecclesiam adductum sistunt coram sole et igne1 qu fact ceremoni1 eundem sanctiorem existimant4 ,d4 ,lord dicit quod aquam ad hoc afferunt in cortice arboris ,holm3 ea autem arbor revers est ,haum ,magorum1 cujus mentionem ali occasione supra fecimus4 ,alias1 aliquando fit immergendo in magnum vas aqu1 ut dicit ,tavernier4 ,post talem lotionem seu baptismum1 sacerdos imponit nomen parentibus inditum4 7,hyde de ,rel4 ,vet4 ,pers41 p4 #dad47 ,after this ,hyde goes on to say1 that when he comes to be fifteen years of age he is confirmed by receiving the girdle1 and the sudra or cassock4 #cai3a ,see ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 xxv4 ,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 i pp4 #bah and #bbb4 ,dunlap3 ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #ahi4 ,king3 ,the ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #ea4 #cai3b ,de ,prscrip4 ch4 xi4 #cai3c ,ibid4 #cai3d ,mithra signat illic in frontibus milites suos4 #cai3e ,semper enim cruci baptismus jungitur4 7,aug4 ,temp4 ,ser4 ci47 #cai3f ,see ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fi1 and ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #che4 #cai3g ,sacerdos1 stipatum me religiosa cohorte1 deducit ad proximas balucas2 et prius sueto lavraco traditum1 proefatus dem veniam1 purissime circumrorans abluit4 7,apuleius3 ,milesi1 ii4 citat4 a ,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fi47 #cbj3a ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #daf4 ,dunlap3 ,mysteries ,adoni1 p4 #aci4 #cbj3b ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cib4 #cbj3c ,see ,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fg-fi4 #cbj3d ,barnes3 ,notes1 vol4 i4 p4 #ch4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fe4 #cbj3e ,barnes3 ,notes1 vol4 i4 p4 #da4 #cbj3f ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #aba1 ,gainsburgh's ,essenes1 and ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #cba3a ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cia4 #cba3b ,holy ,water--water wherein the person is baptized1 in the name of the ,father1 and the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4 7,church of ,england ,catechism47 #cba3c ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 pp4 #ccc1 #ccd1 and ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 ii4 p4 #fe4 #cba3d ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 pp4 #hj and #bcb1 and ,baring-,gould's ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cia4 ,de-l-vint1 que pour devenir capable d'entendre les secrets de la cration1 rvls dans ces mmes mystres1 il fallut se faire rgnrer par l'initiation4 ,cette crmonie1 par laquelle1 on apprenoit les vrais principes de la vie1 s'oproit par le moyen de l'eau qui voit t celui de la rgnration du monde4 ,on conduisoit sur les bords de l',ilissus le candidat qui devoit tre initi2 apres l'avoir purifi avec le sel et l'eau de la mer1 on repandoit de l'orge sur lui1 on le couronnoit de fleurs1 et l',hydranos ou le ,baptisseur le plongeoit dans le fleuve4 7,d',ancarville3 ,res41 vol4 i4 p4 #bib4 ,anac41 ii4 p4 #fe47 #cba3e ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bcb4 #cbb3a ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 pp4 #cjf1 #cac1 #cbj1 #cff4 ,baring-,gould's ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cib1 #cic1 and ,dupuis1 p4 #bdb4 #cbb3b ,mallet3 ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #bjf4 #cbb3c ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cic4 ,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fg1 and ,davies3 ,myths of the ,british ,druids4 #cbb3d ,sir ,george ,grey3 ,polynesian ,mytho41 p4 #cb1 in ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cib4 #cbb3e ,see ,viscount ,amberly's ,analysis ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #ei4 #cbb3f ,vol4 i4 p4 #fd4 #cbc3a ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #chi1 #cij4 #cbc3b ,kingsborough3 ,mex4 ,antiq41 vol4 vi4 p4 #aad4 #cbc3c ,hist4 ,indies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfi4 #cbc3d ,ibid4 p4 #cfa4 #cbc3e ,ibid4 p4 #cfi4 #cbc3f ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #cij4 #cbc3g ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #daf4 #cbe3a ,that man is born in original sin seems to have been the belief of all nations of antiquity1 especially the ,hindus4 ,this sense of original corruption is expressed in the following prayer1 used by them3 ,i am sinful1 ,i commit sin1 my nature is sinful1 ,i am conceived in sin4 ,save me1 ,o thou lotus-eyed ,heri1 the remover of ,sin4 7,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bad47 ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,,the ,,worship ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,,mother4 ,the worship of the ,virgin1 the ,queen of ,heaven1 the ,great ,goddess1 the ,mother of ,god1 c41 which has become one of the grand features of the ,christian religion--the ,council of ,ephesus 7,a4 ,d4 #dca7 having declared ,mary ,mother of ,god1 her assumption being declared in #hac1 and her ,immaculate ,conception by the ,pope and ,council in #aheacbf3a--was almost universal1 for ages before the birth of ,jesus1 and the pure virginity of the celestial mother was a tenet of faith for two thousand years before the virgin now adored was born4#cbf3b ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #af ,in ,india1 they have worshiped1 for ages1 ,devi1 ,maha-,devi--,the ,one ,great ,goddess#cbf3c--;and have temples erected in honor of her4#cbf3d ,gonzales states that among the ,indians he found a temple ,paritur ,virginis--of the ,virgin about to bring forth4#cbf3e ,maya1 the mother of ,buddha1 and ,devaki the mother of ,crishna1 were worshiped as virgins1#cbf3f and represented with the infant ,saviours in their arms1 just as the virgin of the ,christians is represented at the present day4 ,maya was so pure that it was impossible for ,god1 man1 or ,asura to view her with carnal desire4 ,fig4 ,no4 #af is a representation of the ,virgin ,devaki1 with1 the infant ,saviour ,crishna1 taken from ,moor's ,hindu ,pantheon4#cbg3a ,no person could bear to gaze upon ,devaki1 because of the light that invested her4 ,the gods1 invisible to mortals1 celebrated her praise continually from the time that ,vishnu was contained in her person4#cbg3b ,crishna and his mother are almost always represented black1#cbg3c and the word ,crishna means the black4 ,the ,chinese1 who have had several avatars1 or virgin-born gods1 among them1 have also worshiped a ,virgin ,mother from time immemorial4 ,sir ,charles ,francis ,davis1 in his ,history of ,china1 tells us that the ,chinese at ,canton worshiped an idol1 to which they gave the name of ,the ,virgin4#cbg3d ,the ,rev4 ,joseph ,b4 ,gross1 in his ,heathen ,religion1 tells us that3 ,upon the altars of the ,chinese temples were placed1 behind a screen1 an image of ,shin-moo1 or the ',holy ,mother1' sitting with a child in her arms1 in an alcove1 with rays of glory around her head1 and tapers constantly burning before her4#cbg3e ,shin-moo is called the ,mother ,goddess1 and the ,virgin4 ,her child1 who was exposed in his infancy1 was brought up by poor fishermen4 ,he became a great man1 and performed wonderful miracles4 ,in wealthy houses the sacred image of the ,mother ,goddess is carefully kept in a recess behind an altar1 veiled with a silken screen4#cbg3f ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gutzlaff1 in his ,travels1 speaking of the ,chinese people1 says3 ,though otherwise very reasonable men1 they have always showed themselves bigoted heathens4 4 4 4 ,they have everywhere built splendid temples1 chiefly in honor of ,ma-tsoo-po1 the ',queen of ,heaven4'#cbg3g ,isis1 mother of the ,egyptian ,saviour1 ,horus1 was worshiped as a virgin4 ,nothing is more common on the religious monuments of ,egypt than the infant ,horus seated in the lap of his virgin mother4 ,she is styled ,our ,lady1 the ,queen of ,heaven1 ,star of the ,sea1 ,governess1 ,mother of ,god1 ,intercessor1 ,immaculate ,virgin1 c42#cbh3a all of which epithets were in after years applied to the ,virgin ,mother worshiped by the ,christians4#cbh3b ,the most common representation of ,horus is being nursed on the knee of ,isis1 or suckled at her breast4#cbh3c ,in ,monumental ,christianity 7,fig4 #ib71 is to be seen a representation of ,isis and ,horus4 ,the infant ,saviour is sitting on his mother's knee1 while she gazes into his face4 ,a cross is on the back of the seat4 ,the author1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy1 says1 in speaking of it3 ,is this ,egyptian mother1 too1 meditating her son's conflict1 suffering1 and triumph1 as she holds him before her and gazes into his face8 ,and is this ,,cross meant to convey the idea of life through suffering1 and conflict with ,typho or ,evil8 ,in some statues and basso-relievos1 when ,isis appears alone1 she is entirely veiled from head to foot1 in common with nearly every other goddess1 as a symbol of a mother's chastity4 ,no mortal man hath ever lifted her veil4 ,isis was also represented standing on the crescent moon1 with twelve stars surrounding her head4#cbh3d ,in almost every ,roman ,catholic ,church on the continent of ,europe may be seen pictures and statues of ,mary1 the ,queen of ,heaven1 standing on the crescent moon1 and her head surrounded with twelve stars4 ,dr4 ,inman1 in his ,pagan and ,christian ,symbolism1 gives a figure of the ,virgin ,mary1 with her infant1 standing on the crescent moon4 ,in speaking of this figure1 he says3 ,in it the ,virgin is seen as the ',queen of ,heaven1' nursing her infant1 and identified with the crescent moon4 4 4 4 ,than this1 nothing could more completely identify the ,christian mother and child1 with ,isis and ,horus4#cbh3e ,this crescent moon is the symbol of ,isis and ,juno1 and is the ,yoni of the ,hindoos4#cbh3f ,the priests of ,isis yearly dedicated to her a new ship 7emblematic of the ,,yoni71 laden with the first fruits of spring4 ,strange as it may seem1 the carrying in procession of ships1 in which the ,virgin ,mary takes the place of the heathen goddesses1 has not yet wholly gone out of use4#cbh3g ,isis is also represented1 with the infant ,saviour in her arms1 enclosed in a framework of the flowers of the ,egyptian bean1 or lotus4#cbh3h ,the ,virgin ,mary is very often represented in this manner1 as those who have studied medival art1 well know4 ,dr4 ,inman1 describing a painting of the ,virgin ,mary1 which is to be seen in the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 and which is enclosed in a framework of flowers1 says3 ,it represents the ,virgin and ,child precisely as she used to be represented in ,egypt1 in ,india1 in ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 ,phoenicia1 and ,etruria4#cbi3a ,the lotus and poppy were sacred among all ,eastern nations1 and were consecrated to the various virgins worshiped by them4 ,these virgins are represented holding this plant in their hands1 just as the ,virgin1 adored by the ,christians1 is represented at the present day4#cbi3b ,mr4 ,squire1 speaking of this plant1 says3 ,it is well known that the ',nymphe'--lotus or water-lily--is held sacred throughout the ,east1 and the various sects of that quarter of the globe represented their deities either decorated with its flowers1 holding it as a sceptre1 or seated on a lotus throne or pedestal4 ,lacshmi1 the beautiful ,hindoo goddess1 is associated with the lotus4 ,the ,egyptian ,isis is often called the ',lotus-crowned1' in the ancient invocations4 ,the ,mexican goddess ,corieotl1 is often represented with a water-plant resembling the lotus in her hand4#cbi3c ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #ag ,in ,egyptian and ,hindoo mythology1 the offspring of the virgin is made to bruise the head of the serpent1 but the ,romanists have given this office to the mother4 ,mary is often seen represented standing on the serpent4 ,fig4 #ag alludes to this1 and to her immaculate conception1 which1 as we have seen1 was declared by the ,pope and council in #ahea4 ,the notion of the divinity of ,mary was broached by some at the ,council of ,nice1 and they were thence named ,marianites4 ,the ,christian ,father ,epiphanius accounts for the fact of the ,egyptians worshiping a virgin and child1 by declaring that the prophecy--,behold1 a virgin shall conceive and bring forth a son--must have been revealed to them4#cbi3d ,in an ancient ,christian work1 called the ,chronicle of ,alexandria1 occurs the following3 ,watch how ,egypt has constructed the childbirth of a virgin1 and the birth of her son1 who was exposed in a crib to the adoration of the people4#ccj3a ,we have another ,egyptian ,virgin ,mother in ,neith or ,nout1 mother of ,osiris the ,saviour4 ,she was known as the ,great ,mother1 and yet ,immaculate ,virgin4#ccj3b ,m4 ,beauregard speaks of ,the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,virgin 7,mary71 who can henceforth1 as well as the ,egyptian ,minerva1 the mysterious ,neith1 boast of having come from herself1 and of having given birth to god4#ccj3c ,what is known in ,christian countries as ,candlemas day1 or the ,purification of the ,virgin ,mary1 is of ,egyptian origin4 ,the feast of ,candlemas was kept by the ancient ,egyptians in honor of the goddess ,neith1 and on the very day that is marked on our ,christian almanacs as ,candlemas day4#ccj3d ,the ancient ,chaldees believed in a celestial virgin1 who had purity of body1 loveliness of person1 and tenderness of affection2 and who was one to whom the erring sinner could appeal with more chance of success than to a stern father4 ,she was portrayed as a mother1 although a virgin1 with a child in her arms4#ccj3e ,the ancient ,babylonians and ,assyrians worshiped a goddess mother1 and son1 who was represented in pictures and in images as an infant in his mother's arms 7see ,fig4 ,no4 #ah74 ,her name was ,mylitta1 the divine son was ,tammuz1 the ,saviour1 whom we have seen rose from the dead4 ,he was invested with all his father's attributes and glory1 and identified with him4 ,he was worshiped as mediator4#ccj3f ,there was a temple at ,paphos1 in ,cyprus1 dedicated to the ,virgin ,mylitta1 and was the most celebrated one in ,grecian times4#ccj3g ,the ancient ,etruscans worshiped a ,virgin ,mother and ,son1 who was represented in pictures and images in the arms of his mother4 ,this was the goddess ,nutria1 to be seen in ,fig4 ,no4 #ai4 ,on the arm of the mother is an inscription in ,etruscan letters4 ,this goddess was also worshiped in ,italy4 ,long before the ,christian era temples and statues were erected in memory of her4 ,to the ,great ,goddess ,nutria1 is an inscription which has been found among the ruins of a temple dedicated to her4 ,no doubt the ,roman ,church would have claimed her for a ,madonna1 but most unluckily for them1 she has the name ,nutria1 in ,etruscan letters on her arm1 after the ,etruscan practice4 ,the ,egyptian ,isis was also worshiped in ,italy1 many centuries before the ,christian era1 and all images of her1 with the infant ,horus in her arms1 have been adopted1 as we shall presently see1 by the ,christians1 even though they represent her and her child as black as an ,ethiopian1 in the same manner as we have seen that ,devaki and ,crishna were represented4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #ah ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #ai ,the children of ,israel1 who1 as we have seen in a previous chapter1 were idolaters of the worst kind--worshiping the sun1 moon and stars1 and offering human sacrifices to their god1 ,moloch--were also worshipers of a ,virgin ,mother1 whom they styled the ,queen of ,heaven4 ,jeremiah1 who appeared in ,jerusalem about the year #fbe ,b4 ,c41 and who was one of the prophets and reformers1 rebukes the ,israelites for their idolatry and worship of the ,queen of ,heaven1 whereupon they answer him as follows3 ,as for the word that thou hast spoken unto us1 in the name of the ,lord1 we will not hearken unto thee4 ,but we will certainly do whatsoever thing goeth forth out of our own mouth1 to burn incense unto the ,queen of ,heaven1 and to pour out drink offerings unto her1 as we have done1 we1 and our fathers1 our kings1 and our princes1 in the city of ,judah1 and in the streets of ,jerusalem3 for then we had plenty of victuals1 and were well1 and saw no evil4 ,but since we left off to burn incense to the ,queen of ,heaven1 and to pour out drink offerings unto her1 we have wanted all things1 and have been consumed by the sword and by the famine4 ,and when we burned incense to the ,queen of ,heaven1 and poured out drink offerings unto her1 did we make her cakes to worship her1 and pour out drink offerings unto her1 without our men8#ccb3a ,the cakes which were offered to the ,queen of ,heaven by the ,israelites were marked with a cross1 or other symbol of sun worship4#ccb3b ,the ancient ,egyptians also put a cross on their sacred cakes4#ccb3c ,some of the early ,christians offered sacred cakes to the ,virgin ,mary centuries after4#ccb3d ,the ancient ,persians worshiped the ,virgin and ,child4 ,on the monuments of ,mithra1 the ,saviour1 the ,mediating and ,redeeming ,god of the ,persians1 the ,virgin ,mother of this god is to be seen suckling her infant4#ccb3e ,the ancient ,greeks and ,romans worshiped the ,virgin ,mother and ,child for centuries before the ,christian era4 ,one of these was ,myrrha1#ccb3f the mother of ,bacchus1 the ,saviour1 who was represented with the infant in her arms4 ,she had the title of ,queen of ,heaven4#ccb3g ,at many a ,christian shrine the infant ,saviour ,bacchus may be seen reposing in the arms of his deified mother4 ,the names are changed--the ideas remain as before4#ccb3h ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,stuckley writes3 ,diodorus says ,bacchus was born of ,jupiter1 the ,supreme ,god1 and ,ceres 7,myrrha74 ,both ,ceres and ,proserpine were called ,virgo 7,virgin74 ,the story of this woman being deserted by a man1 and espoused by a god1 has somewhat so exceedingly like that passage1 ,matt4 i4 #ai1 #bj1 of the blessed ,virgin's history1 that we should wonder at it1 did we not see the parallelism infinite between the sacred and the profane history before us4 ,there are many similitudes between the ,virgin 7,mary7 and the mother of ,bacchus 7also called ,mary--see note #f below7--in all the old fables4 ,mary1 or ,miriam1 ,st4 ,jerome interprets ,myrrha ,maris4 ,orpheus calls the mother of ,bacchus a ,sea ,goddess 7and the mother of ,jesus is called ',mary1 ,star of the ,sea4'7#ccb3i ,thus we see that the reverend and learned ,dr4 ,stuckley has clearly made out that the story of ,mary1 the ,queen of ,heaven1 the ,star of the ,sea1 the mother of the ,lord1 with her translation to heaven1 c41 was an old story long before ,jesus of ,nazareth was born4 ,after this ,stuckley observes that the ,pagan ,queen of ,heaven has upon her head a crown of twelve stars4 ,this1 as we have observed above1 is the case of the ,christian ,queen of ,heaven in almost every ,romish church on the continent of ,europe4 ,the goddess ,cybele was another4 ,she was equally called the ,queen of ,heaven and the ,mother of ,god4 ,as devotees now collect alms in the name of the ,virgin ,mary1 so did they in ancient times in the name of ,cybele4 ,the ,galli now used in the churches of ,italy1 were anciently used in the worship of ,cybele 7called ,galliambus1 and sang by her priests74 ,our ,lady ,day1 or the day of the ,blessed ,virgin of the ,roman ,church1 was heretofore dedicated to ,cybele4#ccc3a ,minerva1 who was distinguished by the title of ,virgin ,queen1#ccc3b was extensively worshiped in ancient ,greece4 ,among the innumerable temples of ,greece1 the most beautiful was the ,parthenon1 meaning1 the ,temple of the ,virgin ,goddess4 ,it was a magnificent ,doric edifice1 dedicated to ,minerva1 the presiding deity of ,athens4 ,juno was called the ,virgin ,queen of ,heaven4#ccc3c ,she was represented1 like ,isis and ,mary1 standing on the crescent moon1#ccc3d and was considered the special protectress of women1 from the cradle to the grave1 just as ,mary is considered at the present day4 ,diana1 who had the title of ,mother1 was nevertheless famed for her virginal purity4#ccc3e ,she was represented1 like ,isis and ,mary1 with stars surrounding her head4#ccc3f ,the ancient ,muscovites worshiped a sacred group1 composed of a woman with a male child in her lap1 and another standing by her4 ,they had likewise another idol1 called the golden heifer1 which1 says ,mr4 ,knight1 seems to have been the animal symbol of the same personage4#ccc3g ,here we have the ,virgin and infant ,saviour1 with the companion 7,john the ,baptist71 and ,the ,lamb that taketh away the sins of the world1 among the ancient ,muscovites before the time of ,christ ,jesus4 ,this goddess had also the title of ,queen of ,heaven4#ccd3a ,the ancient ,germans worshiped a virgin goddess under the name of ,hertha1 or ,ostara1 who was fecundated by the active spirit1 i4 e41 the ,holy ,spirit4#ccd3b ,she was represented in images as a woman with a child in her arms4 ,this image was common in their consecrated forests1 and was held peculiarly sacred4#ccd3c ,the ,christian celebration called ,easter derived its name from this goddess4 ,the ancient ,scandinavians worshiped a virgin goddess called ,disa4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,payne ,knight tells us that3 ,this goddess is delineated on the sacred drums of the ,laplanders1 accompanied by a child1 similar to the ,horus of the ,egyptians1 who so often appears in the lap of ,isis on the religious monuments of that people4#ccd3d ,the ancient ,scandinavians also worshiped the goddess ,frigga4 ,she was mother of ,baldur the ,good1 his father being ,odin1 the supreme god of the northern nations4 ,it was she who was addressed1 as ,mary is at the present day1 in order to obtain happy marriages and easy childbirths4 ,the ,eddas style her the most favorable of the goddesses4#ccd3e ,in ,gaul1 the ancient ,druids worshiped the ,virgo-,paritura as the ,mother of ,god1 and a festival was annually celebrated in honor of this virgin4#ccd3f ,in the year #agdg a monument was found at ,oxford1 ,england1 of pagan origin1 on which is exhibited a female nursing an infant4#ccd3g ,thus we see that the ,virgin and ,child were worshiped1 in pagan times1 from ,china to ,britain1 and1 if we turn to the ,new ,world1 we shall find the same thing there2 for1 in the words of ,dr4 ,inman1 even in ,mexico the ',mother and ,child' were worshiped4#ccd3h ,this mother1 who had the title of ,virgin1 and ,queen of ,heaven1#ccd3i was ,chimalman1 or ,sochiquetzal1 and the infant was ,quetzalcoatle1 the crucified ,saviour4 ,lord ,kingsborough says3 ,she who represented ',our ,lady' 7among the ancient ,mexicans7 had her hair tied up in the manner in which the ,indian women tie and fasten their hair1 and in the knot behind was inserted a small cross1 by which it was intended to show that she was the ,most ,holy4#cce3a ,the ,mexicans had pictures of this ,heavenly ,goddess on long pieces of leather1 which they rolled up4#cce3b ,the annunciation to the ,virgin ,chimalman1 that she should become the mother of the ,saviour ,quetzalcoatle1 was the subject of a ,mexican hieroglyphic1 and is remarkable in more than one respect4 ,she appears to be receiving a bunch of flowers from the embassador or angel1#cce3c which brings to mind the lotus1 the sacred plant of the ,east1 which is placed in the hands of the ,pagan and ,christian virgins4 ,the #beth of ,march1 which was celebrated throughout the ancient ,grecian and ,roman world1 in honor of the ,mother of the ,gods1 was appointed to the honor of the ,christian ,mother of ,god1 and is now celebrated in ,catholic countries1 and called ,lady day4#cce3d ,the festival of the conception of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary is also held on the very day that the festival of the miraculous conception of the ,blessed ,virgin ,juno was held among the pagans1#cce3e which1 says the author of the ,perennial ,calendar1 is a remarkable coincidence4#cce3f ,it is not such a very remarkable coincidence after all1 when we find that1 even as early as the time of ,st4 ,gregory1 ,bishop of ,neo-,csarea1 who flourished about ,a4 ,d4 #bdj-bej1 ,pagan festivals were changed into ,christian holidays4 ,this saint was commended by his namesake of ,nyssa for changing the ,pagan festivals into ,christian holidays1 the better to draw the heathens to the religion of ,christ4#cce3g ,the month of ,may1 which was dedicated to the heathen ,virgin ,mothers1 is also the month of ,mary1 the ,christian ,virgin4 ,now that we have seen that the worship of the ,virgin and ,child was universal for ages before the ,christian era1 we shall say a few words on the subject of pictures and images of the ,madonna--so called4 ,the most ancient pictures and statues in ,italy and other parts of ,europe1 of what are supposed to be representations of the ,virgin ,mary and the infant ,jesus1 are black4 ,the infant god1 in the arms of his black mother1 his eyes and drapery white1 is himself perfectly black4#cce3h ,godfrey ,higgins1 on whose authority we have stated the above1 informs us that1 at the time of his writing--#ahbe-ahce--;images and paintings of this kind were to be seen at the cathedral of ,moulins2 the famous chapel of the ,virgin at ,loretto2 the church of the ,annunciation1 the church of ,st4 ,lazaro1 and the church of ,st4 ,stephens1 at ,genoa2 ,st4 ,francis1 at ,pisa2 the church at ,brixen1 in the ,tyrol2 the church at ,padua2 the church of ,st4 ,theodore1 at ,munich--in the two last of which the white of the eyes and teeth1 and the studied redness of the lips1 are very observable4#ccf3a ,the ,bambino#ccf3b at ,rome is black1 says ,dr4 ,inman1 and so are the ,virgin and ,child at ,loretto4#ccf3c ,many more are to be seen in ,rome1 and in innumerable other places2 in fact1 says ,mr4 ,higgins1 ,there is scarcely an old church in ,italy where some remains of the worship of the black ,virgin1 and black child1 are not met with2 and that pictures in great numbers are to be met with1 where the white of the eyes1 and of the teeth1 and the lips a little tinged with red1 like the black figures in the museum of the ,indian company4#ccf3d ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #bj ,fig4 ,no4 #bj is a copy of the image of the ,virgin of ,loretto4 ,dr4 ,conyers ,middleton1 speaking of it1 says3 ,the mention of ,loretto puts me in mind of the surprise that ,i was in at the first sight of the ,holy ,image1 for its face is as black as a negro's4 ,but ,i soon recollected1 that this very circumstance of its complexion made it but resemble the more exactly the old idols of ,paganism4#ccf3e ,the reason assigned by the ,christian priests for the images being black1 is that they are made so by smoke and incense1 but1 we may ask1 if they became black by smoke1 why is it that the white drapery1 white teeth1 and the white of the eyes have not changed in color8 ,why are the lips of a bright red color8 ,why1 we may also ask1 are the black images crowned and adorned with jewels1 just as the images of the ,hindoo and ,egyptian virgins are represented8 ,when we find that the ,virgin ,devaki1 and the ,virgin ,isis were represented just as these so-called ancient ,christian idols represent ,mary1 we are led to the conclusion that they are ,pagan idols adopted by the ,christians4 ,we may say1 in the words of ,mr4 ,lundy1 what jewels are doing on the neck of this poor and lowly maid1 it is not easy to say4#ccg3a ,the crown is also foreign to early representations of the ,madonna and ,child1 but not so to ,devaki and ,crishna1#ccg3b and ,isis and ,horus4 ,the coronation of the ,virgin ,mary is unknown to primitive ,christian art1 but is common in ,pagan art4#ccg3c ,it may be well1 says ,mr4 ,lundy1 to compare some of the oldest ,hindoo representations of the subject with the ,romish1 and see how complete the resemblance is2#ccg3d and ,dr4 ,inman says that1 the head-dress1 as put on the head of the ,virgin ,mary1 is of ,grecian1 ,egyptian1 and ,indian origin4#ccg3e ,the whole secret of the fact of these early representations of the ,virgin ,mary and ,jesus--so-called--being black1 crowned1 and covered with jewels1 is that they are of pre-,christian origin2 they are ,isis and ,horus1 and perhaps1 in some cases1 ,devaki and ,crishna1 baptized anew4 ,the ,egyptian ,queen of ,heaven was worshiped in ,europe for centuries before and after the ,christian ,era4#ccg3f ,temples and statues were also erected in honor of ,isis1 one of which was at ,bologna1 in ,italy4 ,mr4 ,king tells us that the ,emperor ,hadrian zealously strove to reanimate the forms of that old religion1 whose spirit had long since passed away1 and it was under his patronage that the creed of the ,pharaohs blazed up for a moment with a bright but fictitious lustre4#ccg3g ,to this period belongs a beautiful sard1 in ,mr4 ,king's collection1 representing ,serapis#ccg3h and ,isis1 with the legend3 ,immaculate is ,our ,lady ,isis4#ccg3i ,mr4 ,king further tells us that3 ,the ',black ,virgins' so highly reverenced in certain ,french cathedrals during the long night of the middle ages1 proved1 when at last examined critically1 basalt figures of ,isis4#ccg3aj ,and ,mr4 ,bonwick says3 ,we may be surprised that1 as ,europe has ,black ,madonnas1 ,egypt had ,black images and pictures of ,isis4 ,at the same time it is a little odd that the ,virgin ,mary copies most honored should not only be ,black1 but have a decided ,isis cast of feature4#cch3a ,the shrine now known as that of the ,virgin in ,amadon1 in ,france1 was formerly an old ,black ,venus4#cch3b ,to this we may add1 7says ,dr4 ,inman71 that at the ,abbey of ,einsiedelen1 on ,lake ,zurich1 the object of adoration is an old black doll1 dressed in gold brocade1 and glittering with jewels4 ,she is called1 apparently1 the ,virgin of the ,swiss ,mountains4 ,my friend1 ,mr4 ,newton1 also tells me that he saw1 over a church door at ,ivrea1 in ,italy1 twenty-nine miles from ,turin1 the fresco of a ,black ,virgin and child1 the former bearing a triple crown4#cch3c ,this triple crown is to be seen on the heads of ,pagan gods and goddesses1 especially those of the ,hindoos4 ,dr4 ,barlow says3 ,the doctrine of the ,mother of ,god was of ,egyptian origin4 ,it was brought in along with the worship of the ,madonna by ,cyril 7,bishop of ,alexandria1 and the ,cyril of ,hypatia7 and the monks of ,alexandria1 in the fifth century4 ,the earliest representations of the ,madonna have quite a ,greco-,egyptian character1 and there can be little doubt that ,isis nursing ,horus was the origin of them all4#cch3d ,and ,arthur ,murphy tells us that3 ,the superstition and religious ceremonies of the ,egyptians were diffused over ,asia1 ,greece1 and the rest of ,europe4 ,brotier says1 that inscriptions of ,isis and ,serapis 7,horus87 have been frequently found in ,germany4 4 4 4 ,the missionaries who went in the eighth and ninth centuries to propagate the ,christian religion in those parts1 saw many images and statues of these gods4#cch3e ,these many images and statues of these gods were evidently baptized anew1 given other names1 and allowed to remain where they were4 ,in many parts of ,italy are to be seen pictures of the ,virgin with her infant in her arms1 inscribed with the words3 ,deo ,soli4 ,this betrays their ,pagan origin4 ,,footnotes3 #cbf3a ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aae1 and ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #bjf and #bbf4 #cbf3b ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #aei4 #cbf3c ,see ,williams' ,hinduism4 #cbf3d ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #edj4 #cbf3e ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #ahe4 #cbf3f ,st4 ,jerome says3 ,it is handed down as a tradition among the ,gymnosophists of ,india1 that ,buddha1 the founder of their system was brought forth by a virgin from her side4 7,contra ,jovian1 bk4 i4 ,quoted in ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #ahc47 #cbg3a ,plate #ei4 #cbg3b ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bah4 ,of the ,virgin ,mary we read3 ,her face was shining as snow1 and its brightness could hardly be borne4 ,her conversation was with the angels1 c4 7,nativity of ,mary1 ,apoc47 #cbg3c ,see ,ancient ,faiths1 i4 #dja4 #cbg3d ,davis' ,china1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ie4 #cbg3e ,the ,heathen ,relig41 p4 #fj4 #cbg3f ,barrows3 ,travels in ,china1 p4 #dfg4 #cbg3g ,gutzlaff's ,voyages1 p4 #aed4 #cbh3a ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ada4 #cbh3b ,see ,the ,lily of ,israel1 p4 #ad4 #cbh3c ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbe4 #cbh3d ,see ,draper's ,science and ,religion1 pp4 #dg1 #dh1 and ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #hjd4 #cbh3e ,pagan and ,christian ,symbolism1 p4 #ej4 #cbh3f ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #cjg1 and ,dr4 ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths4 #cbh3g ,see ,cox's ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aai1 note4 #cbh3h ,see ,pagan and ,christian ,symbolism1 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 #cbi3a ,pagan and ,christian ,symbolism1 pp4 #d1 #e4 #cbi3b ,see ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 pp4 #de1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,we see1 in pictures1 that the ,virgin and ,child are associated in modern times with the split apricot1 the pomegranate1 rimmon1 and the ,vine1 just as was the ancient ,venus4 7,dr4 ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebh47 #cbi3c ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #ci4 #cbi3d ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #ahe4 #ccj3a ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #adc4 #ccj3b ,ibid4 p4 #aae4 #ccj3c ,quoted in ,ibid4 p4 #aae4 #ccj3d ,ibid41 and ,kenrick's ,egypt4 #ccj3e ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 #ccj3f ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #baa1 and ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cej4 #ccj3g ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #bac4 #ccb3a ,jeremiah1 xliv4 #af-bb4 #ccb3b ,see ,colenso's ,lectures1 p4 #big1 and ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #adh4 #ccb3c ,see the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aae1 ,app41 and ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #adh4 #ccb3d ,see ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #ia1 and ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bbd4 #ccb3e ,see ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #bcg4 #ccb3f ,it would seem more than chance that so many of the virgin mothers and goddesses of antiquity should have the same name4 ,the mother of ,bacchus was ,myrrha3 the mother of ,mercury or ,hermes was ,myrrha or ,maia 7,see ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 p4 #ahf1 and ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcc72 the mother of the ,siamese ,saviour--,sommona ,cadom--was called ,maya ,maria1 i4 e41 the ,great ,mary2 the mother of ,adonis was ,myrrha 7,see ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cad1 and ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bec72 the mother of ,buddha was ,maya2 now1 all these names1 whether ,myrrha1 ,maia or ,maria1 are the same as ,mary1 the name of the mother of the ,christian ,saviour4 7,see ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cec and #ghj4 ,also1 ,dunlap's ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #abd47 ,the month of ,may was sacred to these goddesses1 so likewise is it sacred to the ,virgin ,mary at the present day4 ,she was also called ,myrrha and ,maria1 as well as ,mary4 7,see ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjd1 and ,son of the ,man1 p4 #bf47 #ccb3g ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cjc1 #cjd4 #ccb3h ,prof4 ,wilder1 in ,evolution1 ,june1 '#gg4 ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 #ccb3i ,stuckley3 ,pal4 ,sac4 ,no4 #a1 p4 #cd1 in ,anacalypsis1 i4 p4 #cjd4 #ccc3a ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cje4 #ccc3b ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 and ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #age4 #ccc3c ,see ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #gc4 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hb1 and ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afj4 #ccc3d ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #cjh--;,fig4 #add4 #ccc3e ,see ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 pp4 #age1 #agf4 #ccc3f ,see ,montfaucon1 vol4 i4 plate xcii4 #ccc3g ,knight's ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #adg4 #ccd3a ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aji1 #aaj4 #ccd3b ,see ,knight's ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #ba4 #ccd3c ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgd1 and ,mallet3 ,northern ,antiquities4 #ccd3d ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #adg4 #ccd3e ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities4 #ccd3f ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajh1 #aji1 #bei4 ,dupuis3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #beg4 ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #afc1 and ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #ahd4 #ccd3g ,see ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #afc1 and ,dupuis1 p4 #bcg4 #ccd3h ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajj4 #ccd3i ,see ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cc1 and ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #agf4 #cce3a ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #agf4 #cce3b ,ibid4 #cce3c ,ibid4 #cce3d ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjd4 #cce3e ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #hb4 #cce3f ,quoted in ,ibid4 #cce3g ,see ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #bcf4 #cce3h ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #ach4 #ccf3a ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #ach4 #ccf3b ,bambino--a term in art1 descriptive of the swaddled figure of the infant ,saviour4 #ccf3c ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #dja4 #ccf3d ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #ach4 #ccf3e ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #hd4 #ccg3a ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bjh4 #ccg3b ,see ,ibid4 p4 #bbi1 and ,moore's ,hindu ,pantheon1 ,inman's ,christian and ,pagan ,symbolism1 ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii41 where the figures of ,crishna and ,devaki may be seen1 crowned1 laden with jewels1 and a ray of glory surrounding their heads4 #ccg3c ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bbg4 #ccg3d ,ibid4 #ccg3e ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gfg4 #ccg3f ,in ,king's ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #aji1 the author gives a description of a procession1 given during the second century by ,apuleius1 in honor of ,isis1 the ,immaculate ,lady4 #ccg3g ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #ga4 #ccg3h ,serapis does not appear to be one of the native gods1 or monsters1 who sprung from the fruitful soil of ,egypt4 ,the first of the ,ptolemies had been commanded1 by a dream1 to import the mysterious stranger from the coast of ,pontus1 where he had been long adored by the inhabitants of ,sinope2 but his attributes and his reign were so imperfectly understood1 that it became a subject of dispute1 whether he represented the bright orb of day1 or the gloomy monarch of the subterraneous regions4 7,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 p4 #adc47 #ccg3i ,ibid4 #ccg3aj ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #ga1 note4 #cch3a ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ada4 ,black is the color of the ,egyptian ,isis4 7,the ,rosecrucians1 p4 #aed47 #cch3b ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #aei4 ,in ,montfaucon1 vol4 i4 plate xcv41 may be seen a representation of a ,black ,venus4 #cch3c ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfd4 #cch3d ,quoted in ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #adb4 #cch3e ,notes #c and #d to ,tacitus' ,manners of the ,germans4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4 ,,christian ,,symbols4 ,a thorough investigation of this subject would require a volume1 therefore1 as we can devote but a chapter to it1 it must necessarily be treated somewhat slightingly4 ,the first of the ,christian ,symbols which we shall notice is the ,,cross4 ,overwhelming historical facts show that the cross was used1 as a religious emblem1 many centuries before the ,christian era1 by every nation in the world4 ,bishop ,colenso1 speaking on this subject1 says3-- ,from the dawn of organized ,paganism in the ,eastern world1 to the final establishment of ,christianity in the ,west1 the cross was undoubtedly one of the commonest and most sacred of symbolical monuments4 ,apart from any distinctions of social or intellectual superiority1 of caste1 color1 nationality1 or location in either hemisphere1 it appears to have been the aboriginal possession of every people in antiquity4 ,diversified forms of the symbol are delineated more or less artistically1 according to the progress achieved in civilization at the period1 on the ruined walls of temples and palaces1 on natural rocks and sepulchral galleries1 on the hoariest monoliths and the rudest statuary2 on coins1 medals1 and vases of every description2 and in not a few instances1 are preserved in the architectural proportions of subterranean as well as superterranean structures of tumuli1 as well as fanes4 ,populations of essentially different culture1 tastes1 and pursuits--the highly-civilized and the semi-civilized1 the settled and the nomadic--vied with each other in their superstitious adoration of it1 and in their efforts to extend the knowledge of its exceptional import and virtue amongst their latest posterities4 ,of the several varieties of the cross still in vogue1 as national and ecclesiastical emblems1 and distinguished by the familiar appellations of ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,andrew1 the ,maltese1 the ,greek1 the ,latin1 c41 c41 there is not one amongst them1 the existence of which may not be traced to the remotest antiquity4 ,they were the common property of the ,eastern nations4 ,that each known variety has been derived from a common source1 and is emblematical of one and the same truth may be inferred from the fact of forms identically the same1 whether simple or complex1 cropping out in contrary directions1 in the ,western as well as the ,eastern hemisphere4#cci3a ,the cross has been adored in ,india from time immemorial1 and was a symbol of mysterious significance in ,brahmanical iconography4 ,it was the symbol of the ,hindoo god ,agni1 the ,light of the ,world4#cdj3a ,in the ,cave of ,elephanta1 over the head of the figure represented as destroying the infants1 whence the story of ,herod and the infants of ,bethlehem 7which was unknown to all the ,jewish1 ,roman1 and ,grecian historians7 took its origin1 may be seen the ,mitre1 the ,crosier1 and the ,cross4#cdj3b ,it is placed by ,mller in the hand of ,siva1 ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 ,crishna1 ,tvashtri and ,jama4 ,to it the worshipers of ,vishnu attribute as many virtues as does the devout ,catholic to the ,christian cross4#cdj3c ,fra ,paolino tells us it was used by the ancient kings of ,india as a sceptre4#cdj3d ,two of the principal pagodas of ,india--,benares and ,mathura--were erected in the forms of vast crosses4#cdj3e ,the pagoda at ,mathura was sacred to the memory of the ,virgin-born and crucified ,saviour ,crishna4#cdj3f ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #ba ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #bb ,the cross has been an object of profound veneration among the ,buddhists from the earliest times4 ,one is the sacred ,swastica 7,fig4 ,no4 #ba74 ,it is seen in the old ,buddhist ,zodiacs1 and is one of the symbols in the ,asoka inscriptions4 ,it is the sectarian mark of the ,jains1 and the distinctive badge of the sect of ,xaca ,japonicus4 ,the ,vaishnavas of ,india have also the same sacred sign4#cdj3g ,and1 according to ,arthur ,lillie1#cdj3h the only ,christian cross in the catacombs is this ,buddhist ,swastica4 ,the cross is adored by the followers of the ,lama of ,thibet4#cdj3i ,fig4 ,no4 #bb is a representation of the most familiar form of ,buddhist cross4 ,the close resemblance between the ancient religion of ,thibet and that of the ,christians has been noticed by many ,european travellers and missionaries1 among whom may be mentioned ,pere ,grebillon1 ,pere ,grueber1 ,horace de la ,paon1 ,d',orville1 and ,m4 ,l',abb ,huc4 ,the ,buddhists1 and indeed all the sects of ,india1 marked their followers on the head with the sign of the cross4#cda3a ,this was undoubtedly practiced by almost all heathen nations1 as we have seen in the chapter on the ,eucharist that the initiates into the ,heathen mysteries were marked in that manner4 ,the ancient ,egyptians adored the cross with the profoundest veneration4 ,this sacred symbol is to be found on many of their ancient monuments1 some of which may be seen at the present day in the ,british ,museum4#cda3b ,in the museum of the ,london ,university1 a cross upon a ,calvary is to be seen upon the breast of one of the ,egyptian mummies4#cda3c ,many of the ,egyptian images hold a cross in their hand4 ,there is one now extant of the ,egyptian ,saviour ,horus holding a cross in his hand1#cda3d and he is represented as an infant sitting on his mother's knee1 with a cross on the back of the seat they occupy4#cda3e ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #bc ,the commonest of all the ,egyptian crosses1 the ,,crux ,,ansata 7,fig4 ,no4 #bc7 was adopted by the ,christians4 ,thus1 beside one of the ,christian inscriptions at ,phile 7a celebrated island lying in the midst of the ,nile7 is seen both a ,maltese cross and a crux ansata4#cda3f ,in a painting covering the end of a church in the cemetery of ,el ,khargeh1 in the ,great ,oasis1 are three of these crosses round the principal subject1 which seems to have been a figure of a saint4#cda3g ,in an inscription in a ,christian church to the east of the ,nile1 in the desert1 these crosses are also to be seen4 ,beside1 or in the hand of1 the ,egyptian gods1 this symbol is generally to be seen4 ,when the ,saviour ,osiris is represented holding out the crux ansata to a mortal1 it signifies that the person to whom he presents it has put off mortality1 and entered on the life to come4#cda3h ,the ,greek cross1 and the cross of ,st4 ,anthony1 are also found on ,egyptian monuments4 ,a figure of a ,shari 7,fig4 ,no4 #bd71 from ,sir ,gardner ,wilkinson's book1 has a necklace round his throat1 from which depends a pectoral cross4 ,a third ,egyptian cross is that represented in ,fig4 ,no4 #be1 which is apparently intended for a ,latin cross rising out of a heart1 like the medival emblem of ,cor in ,cruce1 ,crux in ,corde3 it is the hieroglyph of goodness4#cdb3a ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #bd ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #be ,it is related by the ecclesiastical historians ,socrates and ,sozomon1 that when the temple of ,serapis1 at ,alexandria1 in ,egypt1 was demolished by one of the ,christian emperors1 beneath the foundation was discovered a cross4 ,the words of ,socrates are as follows3 ,in the temple of ,serapis1 now overthrown and rifled throughout1 there were found engraven in the stones certain letters 4 4 4 resembling the form of the cross4 ,the which when both ,christians and ,ethnics beheld1 every one applied to his proper religion4 ,the ,christians affirmed that the cross was a sign or token of the passion of ,christ1 and the proper cognizance of their profession4 ,the ,ethnics avouched that therein was contained something in common1 belonging as well to ,serapis as to ,christ4#cdb3b ,it should be remembered1 in connection with this1 that the ,emperor ,hadrian saw no difference between the worshipers of ,serapis and the worshipers of ,christ ,jesus4 ,in a letter to the ,consul ,servanus he says3 ,there are there 7in ,egypt7 ,christians who worship ,serapis1 and devoted to ,serapis are those who call themselves ',bishops of ,christ4'#cdb3c ,the ancient ,egyptians were in the habit of putting a cross on their sacred cakes1 just as the ,christians of the present day do on ,good ,friday4#cdb3d ,the plan of the chamber of some ,egyptian sepulchres has the form of a cross1#cdb3e and the cross was worn by ,egyptian ladies as an ornament1 in precisely the same manner as ,christian ladies wear it at the present day4#cdb3f ,the ancient ,babylonians honored the cross as a religious symbol4 ,it is to be found on their oldest monuments4 ,anu1 a deity who stood at the head of the ,babylonian mythology1 had a cross for his sign or symbol4#cdc3a ,it is also the symbol of the ,babylonian god ,bal4#cdc3b ,a cross hangs on the breast of ,tiglath ,pileser1 in the colossal tablet from ,nimroud1 now in the ,british ,museum4 ,another king1 from the ruins of ,ninevah1 wears a ,maltese cross on his bosom4 ,and another1 from the hall of ,nisroch1 carries an emblematic necklace1 to which a ,maltese cross is attached4#cdc3c ,the most common of crosses1 the crux ansata 7,fig4 ,no4 #ba7 was also a sacred symbol among the ,babylonians4 ,it occurs repeatedly on their cylinders1 bricks and gems4#cdc3d ,the ensigns and standards carried by the ,persians during their wars with ,alexander the ,great 7,b4 ,c4 #cce71 were made in the form of a cross--as we shall presently see was the style of the ancient ,roman standards--and representations of these cross-standards have been handed down to the present day4 ,sir ,robert ,ker ,porter1 in his very valuable work entitled3 ,travels in ,georgia1 ,persia1 ,armenia1 and ,ancient ,babylonia1#cdc3e shows the representation of a bas-relief1 of very ancient antiquity1 which he found at ,nashi-,roustam1 or the ,mountain of ,sepulchres4 ,it represents a combat between two horsemen--,baharam-,gour1 one of the old ,persian kings1 and a ,tartar prince4 ,baharam-,gour is in the act of charging his opponent with a spear1 and behind him1 scarcely visible1 appears an almost effaced form1 which must have been his standard-bearer1 as the ensign is very plainly to be seen4 ,this ensign is a cross4 ,there is another representation of the same subject to be seen in a bas-relief1 which shows the standard-bearer and his cross ensign very plainly4#cdc3f ,this bas-relief belongs to a period when the ,arsacedian kings governed ,persia1#cdc3g which was within a century after the time of ,alexander1 and consequently more than two centuries ,b4 ,c4 ,sir ,robert also found at this place1 sculptures cut in the solid rock1 which are in the form of crosses4 ,these belong to the early race of ,persian monarchs1 whose dynasty terminated under the sword of ,alexander the ,great4#cdc3h ,at the foot of ,mount ,nakshi-,rajab1 he also found bas-reliefs1 among which were two figures carrying a cross-standard4 ,fig4 ,no4 #bf is a representation of this4#cdc3i ,it is coeval with the sculptures found at ,nashi-,roustam1#cdc3aj and therefore belongs to a period before the time of ,alexander's invasion4 ,the cross is represented frequently and prominently on the coins of ,asia ,minor4 ,several have a ram or lamb on one side1 and a cross on the other4#cdd3a ,on some of the early coins of the ,phenicians1 the cross is found attached to a chaplet of beads placed in a circle1 so as to form a complete rosary1 such as the ,lamas of ,thibet and ,china1 the ,hindoos1 and the ,roman ,catholics1 now tell over while they pray4#cdd3b ,on a ,phenician medal1 found in the ruins of ,citium1 in ,cyprus1 and printed in ,dr4 ,clark's ,travels 7vol4 ii4 c4 xi471 are engraved a cross1 a rosary1 and a lamb4#cdd3c ,this is the ,lamb of ,god who taketh away the sins of the world4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #bf ,the ancient ,etruscans revered the cross as a religious emblem4 ,this sacred sign1 accompanied with the heart1 is to be seen on their monuments4 ,fig4 ,no4 #bg1 taken from the work of ,gorrio 7,tab4 xxxv471 shows an ancient tomb with angels and the cross thereon4 ,it would answer perfectly for a ,christian cemetery4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #bg ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #bh ,the cross was adored by the ancient ,greeks and ,romans for centuries before the ,augustan era4 ,an ancient inscription in ,thessaly is accompanied by a ,calvary cross 7,fig4 ,no4 #bh72 and ,greek crosses of equal arms adorn the tomb of ,midas 7one of the ancient kings71 in ,phrygia4#cdd3d ,the adoration of the cross by the ,romans is spoken of by the ,christian ,father ,minucius ,felix1 when denying the charge of idolatry which was made against his sect4 ,as for the adoration of cross1 7says he to the ,romans71 which you object against us1 ,i must tell you that we neither adore crosses nor desire them4 ,you it is1 ye ,pagans1 who worship wooden gods1 who are the most likely people to adore wooden crosses1 as being part of the same substance with your deities4 ,for what else are your ensigns1 flags1 and standards1 but crosses1 gilt and beautiful4 ,your victorious trophies not only represent a cross1 but a cross with a man upon it4#cde3a ,the principal silver coin among the ,romans1 called the denarius1 had on one side a personification of ,rome as a warrior with a helmet1 and on the reverse1 a chariot drawn by four horses4 ,the driver had a cross-standard in one hand4 ,this is a representation of a denarius of the earliest kind1 which was first coined #bif ,b4 ,c4#cde3b ,the cross was used on the roll of the ,roman soldiery as the sign of life4#cde3c ,but1 long before the ,romans1 long before the ,etruscans1 there lived in the plains of ,northern ,italy a people to whom the cross was a religious symbol1 the sign beneath which they laid their dead to rest2 a people of whom history tells nothing1 knowing not their name2 but of whom antiquarian research has learned this1 that they lived in ignorance of the arts of civilization1 that they dwelt in villages built on platforms over lakes1 and that they trusted to the cross to guard1 and may be to revive1 their loved ones whom they committed to the dust4 ,the examination of the tombs of ,golasecca proves1 in a most convincing1 positive1 and precise manner that which the terramares of ,emilia had only indicated1 but which had been confirmed by the cemetery of ,villanova1 that above a thousand years ,b4 ,c41 the cross was already a religious emblem of frequent employment4#cde3d ,it is more than a coincidence1 7says the ,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould71 that ,osiris by the cross should give life eternal to the spirits of the just2 that with the cross ,thor should smite the head of the great ,serpent1 and bring to life those who were slain2 that beneath the cross the ,muysca mothers should lay their babes1 trusting to that sign to secure them from the power of evil spirits2 that with that symbol to protect them1 the ancient people of ,northern ,italy should lay them down in the dust4#cde3e ,the cross was also found among the ruins of ,pompeii4#cde3f ,it was a sacred emblem among the ancient ,scandinavians4 ,it occurs 7says ,mr4 ,r4 ,payne ,knight71 on many ,runic monuments found in ,sweden and ,denmark1 which are of an age long anterior to the approach of ,christianity to those countries1 and1 probably1 to its appearance in the world4#cdf3a ,their god ,thor1 son of the ,supreme god ,odin1 and the goddess ,freyga1 had the hammer for his symbol4 ,it was with this hammer that ,thor crushed the head of the great ,mitgard serpent1 that he destroyed the giants1 that he restored the dead goats to life1 which drew his car1 that he consecrated the pyre of ,baldur4 ,this hammer was a cross4#cdf3b ,the cross of ,thor is still used in ,iceland as a magical sign in connection with storms of wind and rain4 ,king ,olaf1 ,longfellow tells us1 when keeping ,christmas at ,drontheim3 ,o'er his drinking-horn1 the sign ,he made of the ,cross ,divine1 ,and he drank1 and mutter'd his prayers2 ,but the ,berserks evermore ,made the sign of the hammer of ,thor ,over theirs4 ,actually1 they both made the same symbol4 ,this we are told by ,snorro ,sturleson1 in the ,heimskringla 7,saga iv4 c4 #ah71 when he describes the sacrifice at ,lade1 at which ,king ,hakon1 ,athelstan's foster-son1 was present3 ,now when the first full goblet was filled1 ,earl ,sigurd spoke some words over it1 and blessed it in ,odin's name1 and drank to the king out of the horn2 and the king then took it1 and made the sign of the cross over it4 ,then said ,kaare of ,greyting1 ',what does the king mean by doing so8 will he not sacrifice8' ,but ,earl ,sigurd replied1 ',the ,king is doing what all of you do who trust in your power and strength2 for he is blessing the full goblet in the name of ,thor1 by making the sign of his hammer over it before he drinks it4#cdf3c ,the cross was also a sacred emblem among the ,laplanders4 ,in solemn sacrifices1 all the ,lapland idols were marked with it from the blood of the victims4#cdf3d ,it was adored by the ancient ,druids of ,britain1 and is to be seen on the so-called fire towers of ,ireland and ,scotland4 ,the consecrated trees of the ,druids had a cross beam attached to them1 making the figure of a cross4 ,on several of the most curious and most ancient monuments of ,britain1 the cross is to be seen1 evidently cut thereon by the ,druids4 ,many large stones throughout ,ireland have these ,druid crosses cut in them4#cdf3e ,cleland observes1 in his ,attempt to ,revive ,celtic ,literature1 that the ,druids taught the doctrine of an overruling providence1 and the immortality of the soul3 that they had also their ,lent1 their ,purgatory1 their ,paradise1 their ,hell1 their ,sanctuaries1 and the similitude of the ,may-pole in form to the cross4#cdg3a ,in the ,island of ,i-com-kill1 at the monastery of the ,culdees1 at the time of the ,reformation1 there were three hundred and sixty crosses4#cdg3b ,the ,caaba at ,mecca was surrounded by three hundred and sixty crosses4#cdg3c ,this number has nothing whatever to do with ,christianity1 but is to be found everywhere among the ancients4 ,it represents the number of days of the ancient year4#cdg3d ,when the ,spanish missionaries first set foot upon the soil of ,america1 in the fifteenth century1 they were amazed to find that the cross was as devoutly worshiped by the red ,indians as by themselves4 ,the hallowed symbol challenged their attention on every hand1 and in almost every variety of form4 ,and1 what is still more remarkable1 the cross was not only associated with other objects corresponding in every particular with those delineated on ,babylonian monuments2 but it was also distinguished by the ,catholic appellations1 the tree of subsistence1 the wood of health1 the emblem of life1 c4#cdg3e ,when the ,spanish missionaries found that the cross was no new object of veneration to the red men1 they were in doubt whether to ascribe the fact to the pious labors of ,st4 ,thomas1 whom they thought might have found his way to ,america1 or the sacrilegious subtlety of ,satan4 ,it was the central object in the great temple of ,cozamel1 and is still preserved on the bas-reliefs of the ruined city of ,palenque4 ,from time immemorial it had received the prayers and sacrifices of the ,aztecs and ,toltecs1 and was suspended as an august emblem from the walls of temples in ,popogan and ,cundinamarca4#cdg3f ,the ruined city of ,palenque is in the depths of the forests of ,central ,america4 ,it was not inhabited at the time of the conquest of ,mexico by the ,spaniards4 ,they discovered the temples and palaces of ,chiapa1 but of ,palenque they knew nothing4 ,according to tradition it was founded by ,votan in the ninth century before the ,christian era4 ,the principal building in this ruined city is the palace4 ,a noble tower rises above the courtyard in the centre4 ,in this building are several small temples or chapels1 with altars standing4 ,at the back of one of these altars is a slab of gypsum1 on which are sculptured two figures1 one on each side of a cross 7,fig4 ,no4 #bi74 ,the cross is surrounded with rich feather-work1 and ornamental chains4#cdh3a ,the style of scripture1 says ,mr4 ,baring-,gould1 and the accompanying hieroglyphic inscriptions1 leave no room for doubting it to be a heathen representation4#cdh3b ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #bi ,the same cross is represented on old pre-,mexican ,,mss41 as in the ,dresden ,codex1 and that in the possession of ,herr ,fejervary1 at the end of which is a colossal cross1 in the midst of which is represented a bleeding deity1 and figures stand round a ,tau cross1 upon which is perched the sacred bird4#cdh3c ,the cross was also used in the north of ,mexico4 ,it occurs among the ,mixtecas and in ,queredaro4 ,siguenza speaks of an ,indian cross which was found in the cave of ,mixteca ,baja4 ,among the ruins on the island of ,zaputero1 in ,lake ,nicaragua1 were also found old crosses reverenced by the ,indians4 ,white marble crosses were found on the island of ,st4 ,ulloa1 on its discovery4 ,in the state of ,oaxaca1 the ,spaniards found that wooden crosses were erected as sacred symbols1 so also in ,aguatoleo1 and among the ,zapatecas4 ,the cross was venerated as far as ,florida on one side1 and ,cibola on the other4 ,in ,south ,america1 the same sign was considered symbolical and sacred4 ,it was revered in ,paraguay4 ,in ,peru the ,incas honored a cross made out of a single piece of jasper2 it was an emblem belonging to a former civilization4#cdh3d ,among the ,muyscas at ,cumana the cross was regarded with devotion1 and was believed to be endowed with power to drive away evil spirits2 consequently new-born children were placed under the sign4#cdh3e ,the ,toltecs said that their national deity ,quetzalcoatle--whom we have found to be a virgin-born and crucified ,saviour--had introduced the sign and ritual of the cross1 and it was called the ,tree of ,nutriment1 or ,tree of ,life4#cdi3a ,malcom1 in his ,antiquities of ,britain1 says ,gomara tells that ,st4 ,andrew's cross1 which is the same with that of ,burgundy1 was in great veneration among the ,cumas1 in ,south ,america1 and that they fortified themselves with the cross against the incursions of evil spirits1 and were in use to put them upon new-born infants2 which thing very justly deserves admiration4#cdi3b ,felix ,cabrara1 in his ,description of the ,ancient ,city of ,mexico1 says3 ,the adoration of the cross has been more general in the world1 than that of any other emblem4 ,it is to be found in the ruins of the fine city of ,mexico1 near ,palenque1 where there are many examples of it among the hieroglyphics on the buildings4#cdi3c ,in ,chambers's ,encyclopdia we find the following3 ,it appears that the sign of the cross was in use as an emblem having certain religious and mystic meanings attached to it1 long before the ,christian era2 and the ,spanish conquerors were astonished to find it an object of religious veneration among the nations of ,central and ,south ,america4#cdi3d ,lord ,kingsborough1 in his ,antiquities of ,mexico1 speaks of crosses being found in ,mexico1 ,peru1 and ,yucatan4#cdi3e ,he also informs us that the banner of ,montezuma was a cross1 and that the historical paintings of the ,codex ,vaticanus represent him carrying a cross as his banner4#cdi3f ,a very fine and highly polished marble cross which was taken from the ,incas1 was placed in the ,roman ,catholic cathedral at ,cuzco4#cdi3g ,few cases have been more powerful in producing mistakes in ancient history1 than the idea1 hastily taken by ,christians in all ages1 that every monument of antiquity marked with a cross1 or with any of those symbols which they conceived to be monograms of their god1 was of ,christian origin4 ,the early ,christians did not adopt it as one of their symbols2 it was not until ,christianity began to be paganized that it became a ,christian monogram1 and even then it was not the cross as we know it to-day4 ,it is not until the middle of the fifth century that the pure form of the cross emerges to light4#cdi3h ,the cross of ,constantine was nothing more than the ,symbol3 ,,px1 the monogram of ,osiris1 and afterwards of ,christ4#cdi3i ,this is seen from the fact that the ,labarum1 or sacred banner of ,constantine--on which was placed the sign by which he was to conquer--was inscribed with this sacred monogram4 ,fig4 ,no4 #cj is a representation of the ,labarum1 taken from ,smith's ,dictionary of the ,bible4 ,the author of ,the ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art says3 ,it would be difficult to prove that the cross of ,constantine was of the simple construction as now understood4 ,as regards the ,labarum1 the coins of the time1 in which it is expressly set forth1 proves that the so-called cross upon it was nothing else than the same ever-recurring monogram of ,christ4#cej3a ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #cj ,now1 this so-called monogram of ,christ1 like everything else called ,christian1 is of ,pagan origin4 ,it was the monogram of the ,egyptian ,saviour1 ,osiris1 and also of ,jupiter ,ammon4#cej3b ,as ,m4 ,basnage remarks in his ,hist4 de ,juif3#cej3c ,nothing can be more opposite to ,jesus ,christ1 than the ,oracle of ,jupiter ,ammon4 ,and yet the same cipher served the false god as well as the true one2 for we see a medal of ,ptolemy1 ,king of ,cyrene1 having an eagle carrying a thunderbolt1 with the monogram of ,christ to signify the ,oracle of ,jupiter ,ammon4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy says3 ,even the ,p4,x41 which ,i had thought to be exclusively ,christian1 are to be found in combination thus3 ,symbol3 ,,px 7just as the early ,christians used it71 on coins of the ,ptolemies1 and on those of ,herod the ,great1 struck forty years before our era1 together with this other form1 so often seen on the early ,christian monuments1 viz43 ,symbol3 ,p with horizontal cross-bar4#cej3d ,this monogram is also to be found on the coins of ,decius1 a ,pagan ,roman emperor1 who ruled during the commencement of the third century4#cej3e ,another form of the same monogram is ,symbol3 ,x over ,h and ,x ,h4 ,the monogram of the ,sun was ,symbol3 ,y with superimposed circle4 ,p4 ,h4 ,all these are now called monograms of ,christ1 and are to be met with in great numbers in almost every church in ,italy4#cea3a ,the monogram of ,mercury was a cross4#cea3b ,the monogram of the ,egyptian ,taut was formed by three crosses4#cea3c ,the monogram of ,saturn was a cross and a ram's horn2 it was also a monogram of ,jupiter4#cea3d ,the monogram of ,venus was a cross and a circle4#cea3e ,the monogram of the ,phenician ,astarte1 and the ,babylonian ,bal1 was also a cross and a circle4#cea3f ,it was also that of ,freya1 ,holda1 and ,aphrodite4#cea3g ,its true significance was the ,linga and ,yoni4 ,the cross1 which was so universally adored1 in its different forms among heathen nations1 was intended as an emblem or symbol of the ,sun1 of eternal life1 the generative powers1 c4#cea3h ,as with the cross1 and the ,x4 ,p41 so likewise with many other so-called ,christian symbols--they are borrowed from ,paganism4 ,among these may be mentioned the mystical three letters ,i4 ,h4 ,s41 to this day retained in some of our ,protestant1 as well as ,roman ,catholic churches1 and falsely supposed to stand for ,jesu ,hominium ,salvator1 or ,in ,hoc ,signo4 ,it is none other than the identical monogram of the heathen god ,bacchus1#cea3i and was to be seen on the coins of the ,maharajah of ,cashmere4#cea3aj ,dr4 ,inman says3 ,for a long period ,i4 ,h4 ,s41 ,i4 ,e4 ,e4 ,s41 was a monogram of ,bacchus2 letters now adopted by ,romanists4 ,hesus was an old divinity of ,gaul1 possibly left by the ,phenicians4 ,we have the same ,i4 ,h4 ,s4 in ,jazabel1 and reproduced in our ,isabel4 ,the idea connected with the word is ',phallic ,vigor4'#cea3aa ,the ,,triangle1 which is to be seen at the present day in ,christian churches as an emblem of the ,ever-blessed ,trinity1 is also of ,pagan origin1 and was used by them for the same purpose4 ,among the numerous symbols1 the ,triangle is conspicuous in ,india4 ,hindoos attached a mystic signification to its three sides1 and generally placed it in their temples4 ,it was often composed of lotus plants1 with an eye in the center4#cea3ab ,it was sometimes represented in connection with the mystical word ,,aum#cea3ac 7,fig4 ,no4 #ca71 and sometimes surrounded with rays of glory4#cea3ad ,this symbol was engraved upon the tablet of the ring which the religious chief1 called the ,brahm-tma wore1 as one of the signs of his dignity1 and it was used by the ,buddhists as emblematic of the ,trinity4#ceb3a ,the ancient ,egyptians signified their divine ,triad by a single ,triangle4#ceb3b ,mr4 ,bonwick says3 ,the ,triangle was a religious form from the first4 ,it is to be recognized in the ,obelisk and ,pyramid 7of ,egypt74 ,to this day1 in some ,christian churches1 the priest's blessing is given as it was in ,egypt1 by the sign of a triangle2 viz43 two fingers and a thumb4 ,an ,egyptian god is seen with a triangle over his shoulders4 ,this figure1 in ancient ,egyptian theology1 was the type of the ,holy ,trinity--three in one4#ceb3c ,and ,dr4 ,inman says3 ,the ,triangle is a sacred symbol in our modern churches1 and it was the sign used in ancient temples before the initiated1 to indicate the ,trinity--three persons 'co-eternal together1 and co-equal4'#ceb3d ,the ,triangle is found on ancient ,greek monuments4#ceb3e ,an ancient seal 7engraved in the ,mmoires de l',acadmie royale des ,inscriptions et ,belles ,lettres71 supposed to be of ,phenician origin1 has as subject a standing figure between two stars1 beneath which are handled crosses4 ,above the head of the deity is the ,,triangle1 or symbol of the ,trinity4#ceb3f ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #ca ,one of the most conspicuous among the symbols intended to represent the ,trinity1 to be seen in ,christian churches1 is the compound leaf of the trefoil4 ,modern story had attributed to ,st4 ,patrick the idea of demonstrating a trinity in unity1 by showing the shamrock to his hearers2 but1 says ,dr4 ,inman1 like many other things attributed to the moderns1 the idea belongs to the ancients4#ceb3g ,the ,trefoil adorned the head of ,osiris1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 and is to be found among the ,pagan symbols or representations of the three-in-one mystery4#cec3a ,fig4 ,no4 #cb is a representation of the ,trefoil used by the ancient ,hindoos as emblematic of their celestial ,triad--,brahma1 ,vishnu and ,siva--and afterwards adopted by the ,christians4#cec3b ,the leaf of the ,vila1 or ,bel-tree1 is typical of ,siva's attributes1 because triple in form4#cec3c ,the ,trefoil was a sacred plant among the ancient ,druids of ,britain4 ,it was to them an emblem of the mysterious three in one4#cec3d ,it is to be seen on their coins4#cec3e ,the ,tripod was very generally employed among the ancients as an emblem of the ,trinity1 and is found composed in an endless variety of ways4 ,on the coins of ,menecratia1 in ,phrygia1 it is represented between two asterisks1 with a serpent wreathed around a battle-axe1 inserted into it1 as an accessory symbol1 signifying preservation and destruction4 ,in the ceremonial of worship1 the number three was employed with mystic solemnity4#cec3f ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #cb ,the three lines1 or three human legs1 springing from a central disk or circle1 which has been called a ,trinacria1 and supposed to allude to the island of ,sicily1 is simply an ancient emblem of the ,trinity4 ,it is of ,asiatic origin2 its earliest appearance being upon the very ancient coins of ,aspendus in ,pamphylia2 sometimes alone in the square incuse1 and sometimes upon the body of an eagle or the back of a lion4#cec3g ,we have already seen1 in the chapter on the crucifixion1 that the earliest emblems of the ,christian ,saviour were the ,good ,shepherd and the ,lamb4 ,among these may also be mentioned the ,fish4 ,the only satisfactory explanation why ,jesus should be represented as a ,fish1 says ,mr4 ,king1 in his ,gnostics and their ,remains1#cec3h seems to be the circumstance that in the quaint jargon of the ,talmud the ,messiah is often designated ',dag1' or ',the ,fish2' and ,mr4 ,lundy1 in his ,monumental ,christianity1 says3 ,next to the sacred monogram 7the ,symbol3 ,,px7 the ,fish takes its place in importance as a sign of ,christ in his special office of ,saviour4 ,in the ,talmud the ,messiah is called ',dag' or ',fish4' ,where did the ,jews learn to apply ',dag' to their ,messiah8 ,and why did the primitive ,christians adopt it as a sign of ,christ8 ,i cannot disguise facts4 ,truth demands no concealment or apology4 ,paganism has its types and prophecies of ,christ as well as ,judaism4 ,what then is the ,dag-on of the old ,babylonians8 ,the fish-god or being that taught them all their civilization4#ced3a ,as ,mr4 ,lundy says1 truth demands no concealment or apology1 therefore1 when the truth is exposed1 we find that ,vishnu1 the ,hindoo ,messiah1 ,preserver1 ,mediator and ,saviour1 was represented as a dag1 or fish4 ,the ,fish takes its place in importance as a sign of ,vishnu in his special office of ,saviour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #cc ,prof4 ,monier ,williams says3 ,it is as ,vishnu that the ,supreme ,being1 according to the ,hindoos1 exhibited his sympathy with human trials1 his love for the human race4 ,nine principal occasions have already occurred in which the god has thus interposed for the salvation of his creatures4 ,the first was ,matsaya1 the ,fish4 ,in this ,vishnu became a fish to save the seventh ,manu1 the progenitor of the human race1 from the universal deluge4#ced3b ,we have already seen1 in ,chap4 ,,ix41 the identity of the ,hindoo ,matsaya and the ,babylonian ,dagon4 ,the fish was sacred among the ,babylonians1 ,assyrians and ,phenicians1 as it is among the ,romanists of to-day4 ,it was sacred also to ,venus1 and the ,romanists still eat it on the very day of the week which was called ,dies veneris1 ,venus' day2 fish day4#ced3c ,it was an emblem of fecundity4 ,the most ancient symbol of the productive power was a fish1 and it is accordingly found to be the universal symbol upon many of the earliest coins4#ced3d ,pythagoras and his followers did not eat fish4 ,they were ascetics1 and the eating of fish was supposed to tend to carnal desires4 ,this ancient superstition is entertained by many even at the present day4 ,the fish was the earliest symbol of ,christ ,jesus4 ,fig4 ,no4 #cc is a design from the catacombs4#ced3e ,this cross-fish is not unlike the sacred monogram4 ,that the ,christian ,saviour should be called a fish may at first appear strange1 but when the mythos is properly understood 7as we shall endeavor to make it in ,chap4 ,,xxxix471 it will not appear so4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,geikie1 in his ,life and ,words of ,christ1 says that a fish stood for his name1 from the significance of the ,greek letters in the word that expresses the idea1 and for this reason he was called a fish4 ,but1 we may ask1 why was ,buddha not only called ,fo1 or ,po1 but ,dag-,po1 which was literally the ,fish ,po1 or ,fish ,buddha8 ,the fish did not stand for his name4 ,the idea that ,jesus was called a fish because the ,messiah is designated ,dag in the ,talmud1 is also an unsatisfactory explanation4 ,julius ,africanus 7an early ,christian writer7 says3 ,christ is the great ,fish taken by the fish-hook of ,god1 and whose flesh nourishes the whole world4#cee3a ,the fish fried ,was ,christ that died1 is an old couplet4#cee3b ,prosper ,africanus calls ,christ1 ,the great fish who satisfied for himself the disciples on the shore1 and offered himself as a fish to the whole world4#cee3c ,the ,serpent was also an emblem of ,christ ,jesus1 or in other words1 represented ,christ1 among some of the early ,christians4 ,moses set up a brazen serpent in the wilderness1 and ,christian divines have seen in this a type of ,christ ,jesus4 ,indeed1 the ,gospels sanction this2 for it is written3 ,as ,moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness1 so must the ,son of man be lifted up4 ,from this serpent1 ,tertullian asserts1 the early sect of ,christians called ,ophites took their rise4 ,epiphanius says1 that the ,ophites sprung out of the ,nicolaitans and ,gnostics1 who were so called from the serpent1 which they worshiped4 ,the ,gnostics1 he adds1 taught that the ruler of the world was of a dracontic form4 ,the ,ophites preserved live serpents in their sacred chest1 and looked upon them as the mediator between them and ,god4 ,manes1 in the third century1 taught serpent worship in ,asia ,minor1 under the name of ,christianity1 promulgating that ,christ was an incarnation of the ,great ,serpent1 who glided over the cradle of the ,virgin ,mary1 when she was asleep1 at the age of a year and a half4#cee3d ,the ,gnostics1 says ,irenaeus1 represented the ,mind 7the ,son1 the ,wisdom7 in the form of a serpent1 and the ,ophites1 says ,epiphanius1 have a veneration for the serpent2 they esteem him the same as ,christ4 ,they even quote the ,gospels1 says ,tertullian1 to prove that ,christ was an imitation of the serpent4#cef3a ,the question now arises1 ,why was the ,christian ,saviour represented as a serpent8 ,simply because the heathen ,saviours were represented in like manner4 ,from the earliest times of which we have any historical notice1 the serpent has been connected with the preserving gods1 or ,saviours2 the gods of goodness and of wisdom4 ,in ,hindoo mythology1 the serpent is intimately associated with ,vishnu1 the preserving god1 the ,saviour4#cef3b ,serpents are often associated with the ,hindoo gods1 as emblems of eternity4#cef3c ,it was a very sacred animal among the ,hindoos4#cef3d ,worshipers of ,buddha venerate serpents4 ,this animal1 says ,mr4 ,wake1 became equal in importance as ,buddha himself4 ,and ,mr4 ,lillie says3 ,that ,god was worshiped at an early date by the ,buddhists under the symbol of the ,serpent is proved from the sculptures of oldest topes1 where worshipers are represented so doing4#cef3e ,the ,egyptians also venerated the serpent4 ,it was the special symbol of ,thoth1 a primeval deity of ,syro-,egyptian mythology1 and of all those gods1 such as ,hermes and ,seth1 who can be connected with him4#cef3f ,kneph and ,apap were also represented as serpents4#cef3g ,herodotus1 when he visited ,egypt1 found sacred serpents in the temples4 ,speaking of them1 he says3 ,in the neighborhood of ,thebes1 there are sacred serpents1 not at all hurtful to men3 they are diminutive in size1 and carry two horns that grow on the top of the head4 ,when these serpents die1 they bury them in the temple of ,jupiter2 for they say they are sacred to that god4#cef3h ,the third member of the ,chaldean triad1 ,ha1 or ,hoa1 was represented by a serpent4 ,according to ,sir ,henry ,rawlinson1 the most important titles of this deity refer to his functions as the source of all knowledge and science4 ,not only is he ,the ,intelligent ,fish1 but his name may be read as signifying both ,life and a ,serpent1 and he may be considered as figured by the great serpent which occupies so conspicuous a place among the symbols of the gods on the black stones recording ,babylonian benefactors4#ceg3a ,the ,phenicians and other eastern nations venerated the serpent as symbols of their beneficent gods4#ceg3b ,as god of medicine1 ,apollo1 the central figure in ,grecian mythology1 was originally worshiped under the form of a serpent1 and men invoked him as the ,helper4 ,he was the ,solar ,serpent-god4#ceg3c sculapius1 the healing god1 the ,saviour1 was also worshiped under the form of a serpent4#ceg3d ,throughout ,hellas1 says ,mr4 ,cox1 sculapius remained the ',healer1' and the ',restorer of ,life1' and accordingly the serpent is everywhere his special emblem4#ceg3e ,why the serpent was the symbol of the ,saviours and beneficent gods of antiquity1 will be explained in ,chap4 ,,xxxix4 ,the ,dove1 among the ,christians1 is the symbol of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the ,matthew narrator relates that when ,jesus went up out of the water1 after being baptized by ,john1 the heavens were opened unto him1 and he saw the ,spirit of ,god descending like a dove1 and lighting upon him4 ,here is another piece of ,paganism1 as we find that the ,dove was the symbol of the ,holy ,spirit among all nations of antiquity4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy1 speaking of this1 says3 ,it is a remarkable fact that this spirit 7i4 e41 the ,holy ,spirit7 has been symbolized among all religious and civilized nations by the ,dove4#ceg3f ,and ,earnest ,de ,bunsen says3 ,the symbol of the ,spirit of ,god was the ,dove1 in ,greek1 peleia1 and the ,samaritans had a brazen fiery dove1 instead of the brazen fiery serpent4 ,both referred to fire1 the symbol of the ,holy ,ghost4#ceg3g ,buddha is represented1 like ,christ ,jesus1 with a dove hovering over his head4#ceg3h ,the virgin goddess ,juno is often represented with a dove on her head4 ,it is also seen on the heads of the images of ,astarte1 ,cybele1 and ,isis2 it was sacred to ,venus1 and was intended as a symbol of the ,holy ,spirit4#ceg3i ,even in the remote islands of the ,pacific ,ocean1 a bird is believed to be an emblem of the ,holy ,spirit4#ceg3aj ,r4 ,payne ,knight1 in speaking of the mystic ,dove1 says3 ,a bird was probably chosen for the emblem of the third person 7i4 e41 the ,holy ,ghost7 to signify incubation1 by which was figuratively expressed the fructification of inert matter1 caused by the vital spirit moving upon the waters4 ,the ,dove would naturally be selected in the ,east in preference to every other species of bird1 on account of its domestic familiarity with man2 it usually lodging under the same roof with him1 and being employed as his messenger from one remote place to another4 ,birds of this kind were also remarkable for the care of their offspring1 and for a sort of conjugal attachment and fidelity to each other1 as likewise for the peculiar fervency of their sexual desires1 whence they were sacred to ,venus1 and emblems of love4#ceh3a ,masons' marks are conspicuous among the ,christian symbols4 ,on some of the most ancient ,roman ,catholic cathedrals are to be found figures of ,christ ,jesus with ,mason's marks about him4 ,many are the so-called ,christian symbols which are direct importations from paganism4 ,to enumerate them would take1 as we have previously said1 a volume of itself4 ,for further information on this subject the reader is referred to ,dr4 ,inman's ,ancient ,pagan and ,modern ,christian ,symbolism1 where he will see how many ancient ,indian1 ,egyptian1 ,etruscan1 ,grecian and ,roman symbols have been adopted by ,christians1 a great number of which are ,phallic emblems4#ceh3b ,,footnotes3 #cci3a ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aac4 #cdj3a ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #ad4 #cdj3b ,baring-,gould3 ,curious ,myths1 p4 #cja4 ,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #bbj4 #cdj3c ,curious ,myths1 p4 #cja4 #cdj3d ,ibid4 p4 #cjb4 #cdj3e ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cej4 #cdj3f ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 p4 #dg4 #cdj3g ,curious ,myths1 pp4 #bhj-bhb4 ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 pp4 #g1 #i1 and #bb1 and ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc4 #cdj3h ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 p4 #bbg4 #cdj3i ,inman3 ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #dji4 ,higgins3 ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #bcj4 #cda3a ,see ,ibid4 #cda3b ,see ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #abf2 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bag1 and ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 pp4 #baf1 #bag and #bai4 #cda3c ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bag4 #cda3d ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #eh4 #cda3e ,see ,inman's ,symbolism1 and ,lundy's ,monu4 ,christianity1 ,fig4 #ib4 #cda3f ,baring-,gould3 ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bhe4 #cda3g ,hoskins' ,visit to the great ,oasis1 pl4 xii4 in ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bhf4 #cda3h ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bhf4 #cdb3a ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bhg4 #cdb3b ,socrates3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 v4 ch4 xvii4 #cdb3c ,quoted by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles3 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hf1 and ,rev4 ,robert ,taylor3 ,diegesis1 p4 #bjb4 #cdb3d ,see ,colenso's ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aae4 #cdb3e ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ab4 #cdb3f ,ibid4 p4 #bai4 #cdc3a ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bah1 and ,smith's ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #ed4 #cdc3b ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bah4 #cdc3c ,bonomi3 ,ninevah and ,its ,palaces1 in ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bhg4 #cdc3d ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bhg4 #cdc3e ,vol4 i4 p4 #ccg1 pl4 xx4 #cdc3f ,travels in ,persia1 vol4 i4 p4 #ede1 pl4 xxi4 #cdc3g ,ibid4 p4 #ebi1 and pl4 xvi #cdc3h ,ibid41 and pl4 xvii4 #cdc3i ,ibid4 pl4 xxvii4 #cdc3aj ,ibid4 p4 #egc4 #cdd3a ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bij4 #cdd3b ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #ca4 #cdd3c ,see ,illustration in ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbd4 #cdd3d ,baring-,gould3 ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bia4 #cde3a ,octavius1 ch4 xxix4 #cde3b ,see ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,denarius4 #cde3c ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bia4 #cde3d ,ibid4 pp4 #bia1 #bif4 #cde3e ,ibid4 p4 #caa4 #cde3f ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aae4 #cdf3a ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #cj4 #cdf3b ,curious ,myths1 pp4 #bhj1 #bha4 #cdf3c ,ibid4 pp4 #bha1 #bhb4 #cdf3d ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #cj4 #cdf3e ,see ,celtic ,druids1 pp4 #abf1 #acj1 #aca4 #cdg3a ,cleland1 p4 #ajb1 in ,anac41 i4 p4 #gaf4 #cdg3b ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #bdb1 and ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,cross4 #cdg3c ,ibid4 #cdg3d ,see ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 #ajc4 #cdg3e ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aad4 #cdg3f ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #ie4 #cdh3a ,stephens3 ,central ,america1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdf1 in ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bih4 #cdh3b ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bih #cdh3c ,klemm ,kulturgeschichte1 v4 #adb1 in ,curious ,myths1 pp4 #bih1 #bii4 #cdh3d ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bii4 #cdh3e ,mller3 ,geschichte der ,amerikanischen ,urreligionen1 in ,ibid4 #cdi3a ,curious ,myths1 p4 #cja4 #cdi3b ,quoted in ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cj4 #cdi3c ,quoted in ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #aca4 #cdi3d ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,cross4 #cdi3e ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #afe1 #ahj4 #cdi3f ,ibid4 p4 #agi4 #cdi3g ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb4 #cdi3h ,jameson's ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cah4 #cdi3i ,these two letters in the old ,samaritan1 as found on coins1 stand1 the first for #djj1 the second for #bjj-fjj4 ,this is the staff of ,osiris4 ,it is also the monogram of ,osiris1 and has been adopted by the ,christians1 and is to be seen in the churches in ,italy in thousands of places4 ,see ,basnage 7lib4 iii4 c4 xxxiii471 where several other instances of this kind may be found4 ,in ,addison's ',travels in ,italy' there is an account of a medal1 at ,rome1 of ,constantius1 with this inscription2 ,in hoc signo ,victor eris ,symbol3 ,,px4 7,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbb47 #cej3a ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caf4 #cej3b ,see ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #abg1 and ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bah4 #cej3c ,bk4 iii4 c4 xxiii4 in ,anac41 i4 p4 #bai4 #cej3d ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #abe4 #cej3e ,see ,celtic ,druids1 pp4 #abg1 #abh4 #cea3a ,see ,ibid4 and ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #ae1 #ib1 #abc1 #abf1 #abg4 #cea3b ,see ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #aja4 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbj4 ,indian ,antiq41 ii4 #fh4 #cea3c ,see ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #aja4 ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ajc4 #cea3d ,see ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #abg1 and ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bja4 #cea3e ,see ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #abg4 #cea3f ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bah4 #cea3g ,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 #aae4 #cea3h ,see ,the ,pentateuch ,examined1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #aac-aae4 #cea3i ,see ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bba and #cbh4 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #ahg4 ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #abg1 and ,isis ,unveiled1 p4 #ebg1 vol4 ii4 #cea3aj ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bab4 #cea3aa ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 pp4 #eah1 #eai4 #cea3ab ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #id4 #cea3ac ,this word--,,aum--stood for ,brahma1 ,vishnu and ,siva1 the ,hindoo ,trinity4 #cea3ad ,see ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 #ceb3a ,see ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ha4 #ceb3b ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #aif4 #ceb3c ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bac4 #ceb3d ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbh4 #ceb3e ,see ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #aif4 #ceb3f ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bhi4 #ceb3g ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aec1 #aed4 #cec3a ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bdb4 #cec3b ,see ,inman's ,pagan and ,christian ,symbolism1 p4 #cj4 #cec3c ,see ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #ii4 #cec3d ,see ,myths of the ,british ,druids1 p4 #ddh4 #cec3e ,ibid4 p4 #fja4 #cec3f ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #agj4 #cec3g ,ibid4 pp4 #afi1 #agj4 #cec3h ,page #ach4 #ced3a ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #acj1 #acb1 #acc4 #ced3b ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #cbi4 #ced3c ,inman3 ,anct4 ,faiths1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ebh1 #ebi1 and ,mller3 ,science of ,relig41 p4 #cae4 #ced3d ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #aaa4 #ced3e ,lillie3 ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 p4 #bbg4 #cee3a ,quoted in ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #acd4 #cee3b ,ibid4 p4 #ace4 #cee3c ,ibid4 p4 #cgb4 #cee3d ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #bdf4 #cef3a ,fergusson3 ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 p4 #i4 #cef3b ,wake3 ,phallism in ,ancient ,religs41 p4 #gb4 #cef3c ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #afi4 #cef3d ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #af1 and ,fergusson3 ,tree and ,serpent ,worship4 #cef3e ,wake1 p4 #gc4 ,lillie3 p4 #bj4 #cef3f ,wake1 p4 #dj1 and ,bunsen's ,keys1 p4 #aja4 #cef3g ,champollion1 pp4 #add1 #ade4 #cef3h ,herodotus1 bk4 ii4 ch4 #gd4 #ceg3a ,wake3 ,phallism in ,anct4 ,religs41 p4 #cj4 #ceg3b ,see ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #af4 ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #abh4 ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 and ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol4 #ceg3c ,deane3 ,serpent ,worship1 p4 #bac4 #ceg3d ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 p4 #g1 and ,bulfinch3 ,age of ,fable1 p4 #cig4 #ceg3e ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cf4 #ceg3f ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bic4 #ceg3g ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #dd4 #ceg3h ,see ch4 xxix4 #ceg3i ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #cbc and #bcd4 #ceg3aj ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #afi4 #ceh3a ,knight's ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #agj4 #ceh3b ,see also ,r4 ,payne ,knight's ,worship of ,priapus1 and the other works of ,dr4 ,thomas ,inman4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,,the ,,birth-,,day ,,of ,,christ ,,jesus4 ,christmas--,december the #beth--is a day which has been set apart by the ,christian church on which to celebrate the birth of their ,lord and ,saviour1 ,christ ,jesus1 and is considered by the majority of persons to be really the day on which he was born4 ,this is altogether erroneous1 as will be seen upon examination of the subject4 ,there was no uniformity in the period of observing the ,nativity among the early ,christian churches2 some held the festival in the month of ,may or ,april1 others in ,january4#cei3a ,the year in which he was born is also as uncertain as the month or day4 ,the year in which it happened1 says ,mosheim1 the ecclesiastical historian1 has not hitherto been fixed with certainty1 notwithstanding the deep and laborious researches of the learned4#cei3b ,according to ,,iren,,us 7,a4 ,d4 #aij71 on the authority of ,the ,gospel1 and all the elders who were conversant in ,asia with ,john1 the disciple of the ,lord1 ,christ ,jesus lived to be nearly1 if not quite1 fifty years of age4 ,if this celebrated ,christian father is correct1 and who can say he is not1 ,jesus was born some twenty years before the time which has been assigned as that of his birth4#cei3c ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles says3 ,concerning the time of ,christ's birth there are even greater doubts than about the place2 for1 though the four ,evangelists have noticed several contemporary facts1 which would seem to settle this point1 yet on comparing these dates with the general history of the period1 we meet with serious discrepancies1 which involve the subject in the greatest uncertainty4#cei3d ,again he says3 ,not only do we date our time from the exact year in which ,christ is said to have been born1 but our ecclesiastical calendar has determined with scrupulous minuteness the day and almost the hour at which every particular of ,christ's wonderful life is stated to have happened4 ,all this is implicitly believed by millions2 yet all these things are among the most uncertain and shadowy that history has recorded4 ,we have no clue to either the day or the time of year1 or even the year itself1 in which ,christ was born4#cfj3a ,some ,christian writers fix the year #d ,b4 ,c41 as the time when he was born1 others the year #e ,b4 ,c41 and again others place his time of birth at about #ae ,b4 ,c4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,geikie1 speaking of this1 in his ,life of ,christ1 says3 ,the whole subject is very uncertain4 ,ewald appears to fix the date of the birth at five years earlier than our era4 ,petavius and ,usher fix it on the #beth of ,december1 five years before our era4 ,bengel on the #beth of ,december1 four years before our era2 ,anger and ,winer1 four years before our era1 in the ,spring2 ,scaliger1 three years before our era1 in ,october2 ,st4 ,jerome1 three years before our era1 on ,december #beth2 ,eusebius1 two years before our era1 on ,january #fth2 and ,idler1 seven years before our era1 in ,december4#cfj3b ,albert ,barnes writes in a manner which implies that he knew all about the year 7although he does not give any authorities71 but knew nothing about the month4 ,he says3 ,the birth of ,christ took place four years before the common era4 ,that era began to be used about ,a4 ,d4 #ebf1 being first employed by ,dionysius1 and is supposed to have been placed about four years too late4 ,some make the difference two1 others three1 four1 five1 and even eight years4 ,he was born at the commencement of the last year of the reign of ,herod1 or at the close of the year preceding4#cfj3c ,the ,jews sent out their flocks into the mountainous and desert regions during the summer months1 and took them up in the latter part of ,october or the first of ,november1 when the cold weather commenced4 4 4 4 ,it is clear from this that our ,saviour was born before the #beth of ,december1 or before what we call ,christmas4 ,at that time it is cold1 and especially in the high and mountainous regions about ,bethlehem4 ,god has concealed the time of his birth4 ,there is no way to ascertain it4 ,by different learned men it has been fixed at each month in the year4#cfj3d ,canon ,farrar writes with a little more caution1 as follows3 ,although the date of ,christ's birth cannot be fixed with absolute certainty1 there is at least a large amount of evidence to render it probable that he was born four years before our present era4 ,it is universally admitted that our received chronology1 which is not older than ,dionysius ,exiguus1 in the sixth century1 is wrong4 ,but all attempts to discover the month and the day are useless4 ,no data whatever exists to enable us to determine them with even approximate accuracy4#cfj3e ,bunsen attempts to show 7on the authority of ,irenus1 above quoted71 that ,jesus was born some fifteen years before the time assigned1 and that he lived to be nearly1 if not quite1 fifty years of age4#cfa3a ,according to ,basnage1#cfa3b the ,jews placed his birth near a century sooner than the generally assumed epoch4 ,others have placed it even in the third century ,b4 ,c4 ,this belief is founded on a passage in the ,book of ,wisdom1#cfa3c written about #bej ,b4 ,c41 which is supposed to refer to ,christ ,jesus1 and none other4 ,in speaking of some individual who lived at that time1 it says3 ,he professeth to have the knowledge of ,god1 and he calleth himself the child of the ,lord4 ,he was made to reprove our thoughts4 ,he is grievous unto us even to behold2 for his life is not like other men's1 his ways are of another fashion4 ,we are esteemed of him as counterfeits2 he abstaineth from our ways as from filthiness2 he pronounceth the end of the just to be blessed1 and maketh his boast that ,god is his father4 ,let us see if his words be true2 and let us prove what shall happen in the end of him4 ,for if the just man be the son of ,god1 he 7,god7 will help him1 and deliver him from the hand of his enemies4 ,let us examine him with despitefulness and torture1 that we may know his meekness1 and prove his patience4 ,let us condemn him with a shameful death2 for by his own saying he shall be respected4 ,this is a very important passage4 ,of course1 the church claim it to be a prophecy of what ,christ ,jesus was to do and suffer1 but this does not explain it4 ,if the writer of the ,gospel according to ,luke is correct1 ,jesus was not born until about ,a4 ,d4 #aj1 for he explicitly tells us that this event did not happen until ,cyrenius was governor of ,syria4#cfa3d ,now it is well known that ,cyrenius was not appointed to this office until long after the death of ,herod 7during whose reign the ,matthew narrator informs us ,jesus was born#cfa3e71 and that the taxing spoken of by the ,luke narrator as having taken place at this time1 did not take place until about ten years after the time at which1 according to the ,matthew narrator1 ,jesus was born4#cfa3f ,eusebius1 the first ecclesiastical historian1#cfa3g places his birth at the time ,cyrenius was governor of ,syria1 and therefore at about ,a4 ,d4 #aj4 ,his words are as follows3 ,it was the two and fortieth year after the reign of ,augustus the ,emperor1 and the eight and twentieth year after the subduing of ,egypt1 and the death of ,antonius and ,cleopatra1 when last of all the ,ptolemies in ,egypt ceased to bear rule1 when our ,saviour and ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 at the time of the first taxing--,cyrenius1 then ,president of ,syria--was born in ,bethlehem1 a city of ,judea1 according unto the prophecies in that behalf premised4#cfb3a ,had the ,luke narrator known anything about ,jewish history1 he never would have made so gross a blunder as to place the taxing of ,cyrenius in the days of ,herod1 and would have saved the immense amount of labor that it has taken in endeavoring to explain away the effects of his ignorance4 ,one explanation of this mistake is1 that there were two assessments1 one about the time ,jesus was born1 and the other ten years after2 but this has entirely failed4 ,dr4 ,hooykaas1 speaking of this1 says3 ,the ,evangelist 7,luke7 falls into the most extraordinary mistakes throughout4 ,in the first place1 history is silent as to a census of the whole 7,roman7 world ever having been made at all4 ,in the next place1 though ,quirinius certainly did make such a register in ,judea and ,samaria1 it did not extend to ,galilee2 so that ,joseph's household was not affected by it4 ,besides1 it did not take place until ten years after the death of ,herod1 when his son ,archelaus was deposed by the emperor1 and the districts of ,judea and ,samaria were thrown into a ,roman province4 ,under the reign of ,herod1 nothing of the kind took place1 nor was there any occasion for it4 ,finally1 at the time of the birth of ,jesus1 the ,governor of ,syria was not ,quirinius1 but ,quintus ,sentius ,saturninus4#cfb3b ,the institution of the festival of the ,nativity of ,christ ,jesus being held on the #beth of ,december1 among the ,christians1 is attributed to ,telesphorus1 who flourished during the reign of ,antonius ,pius 7,a4 ,d4 #ach-afa71 but the first certain traces of it are found about the time of the ,emperor ,commodus 7,a4 ,d4 #ahj-aib74cfb3c ,for a long time the ,christians had been trying to discover upon what particular day ,jesus had possibly or probably come into the world2 and conjectures and traditions that rested upon absolutely no foundation1 led one to the #bjth of ,may1 another to the #aith or #bjth of ,april1 and a third to the #eth of ,january4 ,at last the opinion of the community at ,rome gained the upper hand1 and the #beth of ,december was fixed upon4#cfb3d ,it was not until the fifth century1 however1 that this day had been generally agreed upon4#cfb3e ,how it happened that this day finally became fixed as the birthday of ,christ ,jesus1 may be inferred from what we shall now see4 ,on the first moment after midnight of the #bdth of ,december 7i4 e41 on the morning of the #beth71 nearly all the nations of the earth1 as if by common consent1 celebrated the accouchement of the ,queen of ,heaven1 of the ,celestial ,virgin of the sphere1 and the birth of the god ,sol4 ,in ,india this is a period of rejoicing everywhere4#cfc3a ,it is a great religious festival1 and the people decorate their houses with garlands1 and make presents to friends and relatives4 ,this custom is of very great antiquity4#cfc3b ,in ,china1 religious solemnities are celebrated at the time of the winter solstice1 the last week in ,december1 when all shops are shut up1 and the courts are closed4#cfc3c ,buddha1 the son of the ,virgin ,mya1 on whom1 according to ,chinese tradition1 the ,holy ,ghost had descended1 was said to have been born on ,christmas day1 ,december #beth4#cfc3d ,among the ancient ,persians their most splendid ceremonials were in honor of their ,lord and ,saviour ,mithras2 they kept his birthday1 with many rejoicings1 on the #beth of ,december4 ,the author of the ,celtic ,druids says3 ,it was the custom of the heathen1 long before the birth of ,christ1 to celebrate the birth-day of their gods1 and that1 the #beth of ,december was a great festival with the ,persians1 who1 in very early times1 celebrated the birth of their god ,mithras4#cfc3e ,the ,rev4 ,joseph ,b4 ,gross1 in his ,heathen ,religion1 also tells us that3 ,the ancient ,persians celebrated a festival in honor of ,mithras on the first day succeeding the ,winter ,solstice1 the object of which was to commemorate the ,birth of ,mithras4#cfc3f ,among the ancient ,egyptians1 for centuries before the time of ,christ ,jesus1 the #beth of ,december was set aside as the birthday of their gods4 ,m4 ,le ,clerk ,de ,septchenes speaks of it as follows3 ,the ancient ,egyptians fixed the pregnancy of ,isis 7the ,queen of ,heaven1 and the ,virgin ,mother of the ,saviour ,horus71 on the last days of ,march1 and towards the end of ,december they placed the commemoration of her delivery4#cfc3g ,mr4 ,bonwick1 in speaking of ,horus1 says3 ,he is the great ,god-loved of ,heaven4 ,his birth was one of the greatest mysteries of the ,egyptian religion4 ,pictures representing it appeared on the walls of temples4 ,one passed through the holy ,adytum#cfd3a to the still more sacred quarter of the temple known as the birth-place of ,horus4 ,he was presumably the child of ,deity4 ,at ,christmas time1 or that answering to our festival1 his image was brought out of that sanctuary with peculiar ceremonies1 as the image of the infant ,bambino#cfd3b is still brought out and exhibited in ,rome4#cfd3c ,rigord observes that the ,egyptians not only worshiped a ,virgin ,mother prior to the birth of our ,saviour1 but exhibited the effigy of her son lying in the manger1 in the manner the infant ,jesus was afterwards laid in the cave at ,bethlehem4#cfd3d ,the ,chronicles of ,alexandria1 an ancient ,christian work1 says3 ,watch how ,egypt has constructed the childbirth of a ,virgin1 and the birth of her son1 who was exposed in a crib to the adoration of the people4#cfd3e ,osiris1 son of the ,holy ,virgin1 as they called ,ceres1 or ,neith1 his mother1 was born on the #beth of ,december4#cfd3f ,this was also the time celebrated by the ancient ,greeks as being the birthday of ,hercules4 ,the author of ,the ,religion of the ,ancient ,greeks says3 ,the night of the ,winter ,solstice1 which the ,greeks named the triple night1 was that which they thought gave birth to ,hercules4#cfd3g ,he further says3 ,it has become an epoch of singular importance in the eyes of the ,christian1 who has destined it to celebrate the birth of the ,saviour1 the true ,sun of ,justice1 who alone came to dissipate the darkness of ignorance4#cfd3h ,bacchus1 also1 was born at early dawn on the #beth of ,december4 ,mr4 ,higgins says of him3 ,the birth-place of ,bacchus1 called ,sabizius or ,sabaoth1 was claimed by several places in ,greece2 but on ,mount ,zelmissus1 in ,thrace1 his worship seems to have been chiefly celebrated4 ,he was born of a virgin on the #beth of ,december1 and was always called the ,,saviour4 ,in his ,mysteries1 he was shown to the people1 as an infant is by the ,christians at this day1 on ,christmas-day morning1 in ,rome4#cfd3i ,the birthday of ,adonis was celebrated on the #beth of ,december4 ,this celebration is spoken of by ,tertullian1 ,jerome1 and other ,fathers of the ,church1#cfe3a who inform us that the ceremonies took place in a cave1 and that the cave in which they celebrated his mysteries in ,bethlehem1 was that in which ,christ ,jesus was born4 ,this was also a great holy day in ancient ,rome4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gross says3 ,in ,rome1 before the time of ,christ1 a festival was observed on the #beth of ,december1 under the name of ',natalis ,solis ,invicti' 7,birthday of ,sol the ,invincible74 ,it was a day of universal rejoicings1 illustrated by illuminations and public games4#cfe3b ,all public business was suspended1 declarations of war and criminal executions were postponed1 friends made presents to one another1 and the slaves were indulged with great liberties4#cfe3c ,a few weeks before the winter solstice1 the ,calabrian shepherds came into ,rome to play on the pipes4 ,ovid alludes to this when he says3 ,ante ,dem matrem cornu tibicen adunco ,cum canit1 exigu quis stipis aera neget4 --7,epist4 i4 l4 ii47 i4 e41 ,when to the mighty mother pipes the swain1 ,grudge not a trifle for his pious strain4 ,this practice is kept up to the present day4 ,the ancient ,germans1 for centuries before the true ,sun of ,justice was ever heard of1 celebrated annually1 at the time of the ,winter solstice1 what they called their ,yule-feast4 ,at this feast agreements were renewed1 the gods were consulted as to the future1 sacrifices were made to them1 and the time was spent in jovial hospitality4 ,many features of this festival1 such as burning the yule-log on ,christmas-eve1 still survive among us4#cfe3d ,yule was the old name for ,christmas4 ,in ,french it is called ,noel1 which is the ,hebrew or ,chaldee word ,nule4#cfe3e ,the greatest festival of the year celebrated among the ancient ,scandinavians1 was at the ,winter solstice4 ,they called the night upon which it was observed1 the ,mother-night4 ,this feast was named ,jul--hence is derived the word ,yule--and was celebrated in honor of ,freyr 7son of the ,supreme ,god ,odin1 and the goddess ,frigga71 who was born on that day4 ,feasting1 nocturnal assemblies1 and all the demonstrations of a most dissolute joy1 were then authorized by the general usage4 ,at this festival the principal guests received presents--generally horses1 swords1 battle-axes1 and gold rings--at their departure4#cfe3f ,the festival of the #beth of ,december was celebrated by the ancient ,druids1 in ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 with great fires lighted on the tops of hills4#cff3a ,godfrey ,higgins says3 ,stuckley observes that the worship of ,mithra was spread all over ,gaul and ,britain4 ,the ,druids kept this night as a great festival1 and called the day following it ,nolagh or ,noel1 or the day of regeneration1 and celebrated it with great fires on the tops of their mountains1 which they repeated on the day of the ,epiphany or twelfth night4 ,the ,mithraic monuments1 which are common in ,britain1 have been attributed to the ,romans1 but this festival proves that the ,mithraic worship was there prior to their arrival4#cff3b ,this was also a time of rejoicing in ,ancient ,mexico4 ,acosta says3 ,in the first month1 which in ,peru they call ,rayme1 and answering to our ,december1 they made a solemn feast called ,capacrayme 7the ,winter ,solstice71 wherein they made many sacrifices and ceremonies1 which continued many days4#cff3c ,the evergreens1 and particularly the mistletoe1 which are used all over the ,christian world at ,christmas time1 betray its heathen origin4 ,tertullian1 a ,father of the ,church1 who flourished about ,a4 ,d4 #bjj1 writing to his brethren1 affirms it to be rank idolatry to deck their doors with garlands or flowers1 on festival days1 according to the custom of the heathen4#cff3d ,this shows that the heathen in those days1 did as the ,christians do now4 ,what have evergreens1 and garlands1 and ,christmas trees1 to do with ,christianity8 ,simply nothing4 ,it is the old ,yule-feast which was held by all the northern nations1 from time immemorial1 handed down to1 and observed at the present day4 ,in the greenery with which ,christians deck their houses and temples of worship1 and in the ,christmas-trees laden with gifts1 we unquestionably see a relic of the symbols by which our heathen forefathers signified their faith in the powers of the returning sun to clothe the earth again with green1 and hang new fruit on the trees4 ,foliage1 such as the laurel1 myrtle1 ivy1 or oak1 and in general1 all evergreens1 were ,dionysiac plants1 that is1 symbols of the generative power1 signifying perpetuity of youth and vigor4#cff3e ,among the causes1 then1 that co-operated in fixing this period--,december #beth--as the birthday of ,christ ,jesus1 was1 as we have seen1 that almost every ancient nation of the earth held a festival on this day in commemoration of the birth of their virgin-born god4 ,on this account the ,christians adopted it as the time of the birth of their ,god4 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 speaking of this in his ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire1 says3 ,the ,roman ,christians1 ignorant of the real date of his 7,christ's7 birth1 fixed the solemn festival to the #beth of ,december1 the ,brumalia1 or ,winter ,solstice1 when the ,pagans annually celebrated the birth of ,sol4#cfg3a ,and ,mr4 ,king1 in his ,gnostics and their ,remains1 says3 ,the ancient festival held on the #beth of ,december in honor of the ',birthday of the ,invincible ,one1' and celebrated by the 'great games' at the circus1 was afterwards transferred to the commemoration of the birth of ,christ1 the precise day of which many of the ,fathers confess was then unknown4#cfg3b ,st4 ,chrysostom1 who flourished about ,a4 ,d4 #cij1 referring to this ,pagan festival1 says3 ,on this day1 also1 the birth of ,christ was lately fixed at ,rome1 in order that whilst the heathen were busy with their profane ceremonies1 the ,christians might perform their holy rites undisturbed4#cfg3c ,add to this the fact that ,st4 ,gregory1 a ,christian ,father of the third century1 was instrumental in1 and commended by other ,fathers for1 changing ,pagan festivals into ,christian holidays1 for the purpose1 as they said1 of drawing the heathen to the religion of ,christ4#cfg3d ,as ,dr4 ,hooykaas remarks1 the church was always anxious to meet the heathen half way1 by allowing them to retain the feasts they were accustomed to1 only giving them a ,christian dress1 or attaching a new or ,christian signification to them4#cfg3e ,in doing these1 and many other such things1 which we shall speak of in our chapter on ,paganism in ,christianity1 the ,christian ,fathers1 instead of drawing the heathen to their religion1 drew themselves into ,paganism4 ,,footnotes3 #cei3a ,see ,bible for ,learners vol4 iii4 p4 #ff2 ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,christmas4 #cei3b ,eccl4 ,hist41 vol4 i4 p4 #ec4 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #ajd4 #cei3c ,see ,chapter ,,xl41 this work4 #cei3d ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahi4 #cfj3a ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 p4 #aid4 #cfj3b ,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 p4 #eef4 #cfj3c ,barnes' ,notes1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djb4 #cfj3d ,ibid4 p4 #be4 #cfj3e ,farrar's ,life of ,christ1 ,app41 pp4 #fgc1 #d4 #cfa3a ,bible ,chronology1 pp4 #gc1 #gd4 #cfa3b ,hist4 de ,juif4 #cfa3c ,chap4 ii4 #ac-bj4 #cfa3d ,luke1 ii4 #a-g4 #cfa3e ,matt4 ii4 #a4 #cfa3f ,see ,josephus3 ,antiq41 bk4 xviii4 ch4 i4 sec4 i4 #cfa3g ,eusebius was ,bishop of ,cesarea from ,a4 ,d4 #cae to #cdj1 in which he died1 in the #gjth year of his age1 thus playing his great part in life chiefly under the reigns of ,constantine the ,great and his son ,constantine4 #cfb3a ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #a1 ch4 vi4 #cfb3b ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ef4 #cfb3c ,see ,chamber's ,encyclo41 art4 ,christmas4 #cfb3d ,see ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ff4 #cfb3e ,by the fifth century1 however1 whether from the influence of some tradition1 or from the desire to supplant ,heathen ,festivals of that period of the year1 such as the ,saturnalia1 the #beth of ,december had been generally agreed upon4 7,encyclopdia ,brit41 art4 ,christmas47 #cfc3a ,see ,monier ,williams3 ,hinduism1 p4 #aha4 #cfc3b ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #abf4 #cfc3c ,ibid4 #baf4 #cfc3d ,see ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 pp4 x4-#be1 and #aaj1 and ,lillie3 ,buddha and ,buddhism1 p4 #gc4 ,some writers have asserted that ,crishna is said to have been born on ,december #beth1 but this is not the case4 ,his birthday is held in ,july-,august4 7,see ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #ahc1 and ,life and ,religion of the ,hindoos1 p4 #acd47 #cfc3e ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #afc4 ,see also1 ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgb2 ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #afg2 ,bible for ,learners1 iii4 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #cfc3f ,the ,heathen ,religion1 p4 #bhg4 ,see also1 ,dupuis3 p4 #bdf4 #cfc3g ,relig4 of the ,anct4 ,greeks1 p4 #bad4 ,see also1 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ii4 #cfd3a ,adytum--the interior or sacred part of a heathen temple4 #cfd3b ,bambino--a term used for representations of the infant ,saviour1 ,christ ,jesus1 in swaddlings4 #cfd3c ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aeg4 ,see also1 ,dupuis1 p4 #bcg4 #cfd3d ,deinceps ,egyptii ,,parituram ,,virginem magno in honore habuerunt2 quin soliti sunt puerum effingere jacentem in prsepe1 quali ,,postea in ,bethlehemetic spelunc natus est4 7,quoted in ,anacalypsis1 p4 #ajb1 of vol4 ii47 #cfd3e ,quoted by ,bonwick1 p4 #adc4 #cfd3f ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ii4 #cfd3g ,relig4 ,anct4 ,greece1 p4 #bae4 #cfd3h ,ibid4 #cfd3i ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb2 ,dupuis1 p4 #bcg1 and ,baring ,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 #cfe3a ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ii4 #cfe3b ,the ,heathen ,religion1 p4 #bhg2 ,dupuis1 p4 #bhc4 #cfe3c ,bulfinch1 p4 #ba4 #cfe3d ,see ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fg1 and ,chambers1 art4 ,yule4 #cfe3e ,see ,chambers's1 art4 ,yule1 and ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #afb4 #cfe3f ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 pp4 #aaj and #cee4 ,knight3 p4 #hg4 #cff3a ,dupuis1 #afj2 ,celtic ,druids1 and ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #afg4 #cff3b ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ii4 #cff3c ,hist4 ,indies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ced4 #cff3d ,see ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #hj4 #cff3e ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #hb4 #cfg3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chc4 #cfg3b ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #di4 #cfg3c ,quoted in ,ibid4 #cfg3d ,see the chapter on ,paganism in ,christianity4 #cfg3e ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fg4 ,,chapter ,,xxxv4 ,,the ,,trinity4 ,say not there are three ,gods1 ,god is but ,one ,god4--7,koran47 ,the doctrine of the ,trinity is the highest and most mysterious doctrine of the ,christian church4 ,it declares that there are three persons in the ,godhead or divine nature--the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost--and that these three are one true1 eternal ,god1 the same in substance1 equal in power and glory1 although distinguished by their personal propensities4 ,the most celebrated statement of the doctrine is to be found in the ,athanasian creed1#cfh3a which asserts that3 ,the ,catholic#cfh3b faith is this3 ,that we worship ,one ,god as ,trinity1 and ,trinity in ,unity--neither confounding the persons1 nor dividing the substance--for there is ,one person of the ,father1 another of the ,son1 and another of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,but the ,godhead of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost is all one2 the glory equal1 the majesty co-eternal4 ,as ,m4 ,reville remarks3 ,the dogma of the ,trinity displayed its contradictions with true bravery4 ,the ,deity divided into three divine persons1 and yet these three persons forming only ,one ,god2 of these three the first only being self-existent1 the two others deriving their existence from the first1 and yet these three persons being considered as perfectly equal2 each having his special1 distinct character1 his individual qualities1 wanting in the other two1 and yet each one of the three being supposed to possess the fullness of perfection--here1 it must be confessed1 we have the deification of the contradictory4#cfh3c ,we shall now see that this very peculiar doctrine of three in one1 and one in three1 is of heathen origin1 and that it must fall with all the other dogmas of the ,christian religion4 ,the number three is sacred in all theories derived from oriental sources4 ,deity is always a trinity of some kind1 or the successive emanations proceeded in threes4#cfi3a ,if we turn to ,india we shall find that one of the most prominent features in the ,indian theology is the doctrine of a divine triad1 governing all things4 ,this triad is called ,tri-murti--from the ,sanscrit word tri 7three7 and murti 7form7--and consists of ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,siva4 ,it is an inseparable unity1 though three in form4#cfi3b ,when the universal and infinite being ,brahma--the only really existing entity1 wholly without form1 and unbound and unaffected by the three ,gunas or by qualities of any kind--wished to create for his own entertainment the phenomena of the universe1 he assumed the quality of activity and became a male person1 as ,brahma the creator4 ,next1 in the progress of still further self-evolution1 he willed to invest himself with the second quality of goodness1 as ,vishnu the preserver1 and with the third quality of darkness1 as ,siva the destroyer4 ,this development of the doctrine of triple manifestation 7tri-murti71 which appears first in the ,brahmanized version of the ,indian ,epics1 had already been adumbrated in the ,veda in the triple form of fire1 and in the triad of gods1 ,agni1 ,surya1 and ,indra2 and in other ways4#cfi3c ,this divine ,tri-murti--says the ,brahmans and the sacred books--is indivisible in essence1 and indivisible in action2 mystery profound6 which is explained in the following manner3 ,brahma represents the creative principle1 the unreflected or unevolved protogoneus state of divinity--the ,father4 ,vishnu represents the protecting and preserving principle1 the evolved or reflected state of divinity--the ,son4#cfi3d ,siva is the principle that presides at destruction and re-construction--the ,holy ,spirit4#cfi3e ,the third person was the ,destroyer1 or1 in his good capacity1 the ,regenerator4 ,the dove was the emblem of the ,regenerator4 ,as the spiritus was the passive cause 7brooding on the face of the waters7 by which all things sprang into life1 the dove became the emblem of the ,spirit1 or ,holy ,ghost1 the third person4 ,these three gods are the first and the highest manifestations of the ,eternal ,essence1 and are typified by the three letters composing the mystic syllable ,,om or ,,aum4 ,they constitute the well known ,trimurti or ,triad of divine forms which characterizes ,hindooism4 ,it is usual to describe these three gods as ,creator1 ,preserver and ,destroyer1 but this gives a very inadequate idea of their complex characters4 ,nor does the conception of their relationship to each other become clearer when it is ascertained that their functions are constantly interchangeable1 and that each may take the place of the other1 according to the sentiment expressed by the greatest of ,indian poets1 ,kalidasa 7,kumara-sambhava1 ,griffith1 vii4 #dd73 ,in those three persons the ,one ,god was shown-- ,each first in place1 each last--not one alone2 ,of ,siva1 ,vishnu1 ,brahma1 each may be ,first1 second1 third1 among the blessed three4 ,a devout person called ,attencin1 becoming convinced that he should worship but one deity1 thus addressed ,brahma1 ,vishnu and ,siva3 ,o you three ,lords2 know that ,i recognize only ,one ,god2 inform me therefore1 which of you is the true divinity1 that ,i may address to him alone my vows and adorations4 ,the three gods became manifest to him1 and replied3 ,learn1 ,o devotee1 that there is no real distinction between us2 what to you appears such is only by semblance2 the ,single ,being appears under three forms1 but he is ,one4#cgj3a ,sir ,william ,jones says3 ,very respectable natives have assured me1 that one or two missionaries have been absurd enough in their zeal for the conversion of the ,gentiles1 to urge that the ,hindoos were even now almost ,christians2 because their ,brahma1 ,vishnou1 and ,mahesa 7,siva71 were no other than the ,christian ,trinity4#cgj3b ,thomas ,maurice1 in his ,indian ,antiquities1 describes a magnificent piece of ,indian sculpture1 of exquisite workmanship1 and of stupendous antiquity1 namely3 ,a bust composed of three heads1 united to one body1 adorned with the oldest symbols of the ,indian theology1 and thus expressly fabricated according to the unanimous confession of the sacred sacerdotal tribe of ,india1 to indicate the ,creator1 the ,preserver1 and the ,regenerator1 of mankind2 which establishes the solemn fact1 that from the remotest eras1 the ,indian nations had adored a triune deity4#cga3a ,fig4 ,no4 #cd is a representation of an ,indian sculpture1 intended to represent the ,triune ,god1#cga3b evidently similar to the one described above by ,mr4 ,maurice4 ,it is taken from a very ancient granite in the museum at the ,indian ,house1 and was dug from the ruins of a temple in the island of ,bombay4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #cd ,the ,buddhists1 as well as the ,brahmans1 have had their ,trinity from a very early period4 ,mr4 ,faber1 in his ,origin of ,heathen ,idolatry1 says3 ,among the ,hindoos1 we have the ,triad of ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,siva2 so1 among the votaries of ,buddha1 we find the self-triplicated ,buddha declared to be the same as the ,hindoo ,trimurti4 ,among the ,buddhist sect of the ,jainists1 we have the triple ,jiva1 in whom the ,trimurti is similarly declared to be incarnate4 ,in this ,trinity ,vajrapani answers to ,brahma1 or ,jehovah1 the ,all-father1 ,manjusri is the deified teacher1 the counterpart of ,crishna or ,jesus1 and ,avalokitesvara is the ,holy ,spirit4 ,buddha was believed by his followers to be1 not only an incarnation of the deity1 but ,god himself in human form--as the followers of ,crishna believed him to be--and therefore three gods in one4 ,this is clearly illustrated by the following address delivered to ,buddha by a devotee called ,amora3 ,reverence be unto thee1 ,o ,god1 in the form of the ,god of mercy1 the dispeller of pain and trouble1 the ,lord of all things1 the guardian of the universe1 the emblem of mercy towards those who serve thee--,,om6 the possessor of all things in vital form4 ,thou art ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,mahesa2 thou art ,lord of all the universe4 ,thou art under the proper form of all things1 movable and immovable1 the possessor of the whole1 and thus ,i adore thee4 ,i adore thee1 who art celebrated by a thousand names1 and under various forms2 in the shape of ,buddha1 the god of mercy4#cga3c ,the inhabitants of ,china and ,japan1 the majority of whom are ,buddhists1 worship ,god in the form of a ,trinity4 ,their name for him 7,buddha7 is ,fo1 and in speaking of the ,trinity they say3 ,the three pure1 precious or honorable ,fo4#cgb3a ,this triad is represented in their temples by images similar to those found in the pagodas of ,india1 and when they speak of ,god they say3 ,fo is one person1 but has three forms4#cgb3b ,in a chapel belonging to the monastery of ,poo-ta-la1 which was found in ,manchow-,tartary1 was to be seen representations of ,fo1 in the form of three persons4#cgb3c ,navarette1 in his account of ,china1 says3 ,this sect 7of ,fo7 has another idol they call ,sanpao4 ,it consists of three1 equal in all respects4 ,this1 which has been represented as an image of the ,most ,blessed ,trinity1 is exactly the same with that which is on the high altar of the monastery of the ,trinitarians at ,madrid4 ,if any ,chinese whatsoever saw it1 he would say that ,sanpao of his country was worshiped in these parts4 ,and ,mr4 ,faber1 in his ,origin of ,heathen ,idolatry1 says3 ,among the ,chinese1 who worship ,buddha under the name of ,fo1 we find this ,god mysteriously multiplied into three persons4 ,the mystic syllable ,o4 ,m4 or ,a4 ,u4 ,m4 is also reverenced by the ,chinese and ,japanese1#cgb3d as we have found it reverenced by the inhabitants of ,india4 ,the followers of ,laou-tsze1 or ,laou-keum-tsze--a celebrated philosopher of ,china1 and deified hero1 born #fjd ,b4 ,c4--known as the ,taou sect1 are also worshipers of a ,trinity4#cgb3e ,it was the leading feature in ,laou-keun's system of philosophical theology1 that ,taou1 the eternal reason1 produced one2 one produced two2 two produced three2 and three produced all things4#cgb3f ,this was a sentence which ,laou-keun continually repeated1 and which ,mr4 ,maurice considers1 a most singular axiom for a heathen philosopher4#cgb3g ,the sacred volumes of the ,chinese state that3 ,the ,source and ,root of all is ,one4 ,this self-existent unity necessarily produced a second4 ,the first and second1 by their union1 produced a third4 ,these ,three produced all4#cgb3h ,the ancient emperors of ,china solemnly sacrificed1 every three years1 to ,him who is ,one and ,three4#cgb3i ,the ancient ,egyptians worshiped ,god in the form of a ,trinity1 which was represented in sculptures on the most ancient of their temples4 ,the celebrated symbol of the wing1 the globe1 and the serpent1 is supposed to have stood for the different attributes of ,god4#cgc3a ,the priests of ,memphis1 in ,egypt1 explained this mystery to the novice1 by intimating that the premier 7first7 monad created the dyad1 who engendered the triad1 and that it is this triad which shines through nature4 ,thulis1 a great monarch1 who at one time reigned over all ,egypt1 and who was in the habit of consulting the oracle of ,serapis1 is said to have addressed the oracle in these words3 ,tell me if ever there was before one greater than ,i1 or will ever be one greater than me8 ,the oracle answered thus3 ,first ,god1 afterward the ,word1 and with them the ,holy ,spirit1 all these are of the same nature1 and make but one whole1 of which the power is eternal4 ,go away quickly1 mortal1 thou who hast but an uncertain life4#cgc3b ,the idea of calling the second person in the ,trinity the ,logos1 or ,word#cgc3c is an ,egyptian feature1 and was engrafted into ,christianity many centuries after the time of ,christ ,jesus4#cgc3d ,apollo1 who had his tomb at ,delphi in ,egypt1 was called the ,word4#cgc3e ,mr4 ,bonwick1 in his ,egyptian ,belief and ,modern ,thought1 says3 ,some persons are prepared to admit that the most astonishing development of the old religion of ,egypt was in relation to the ,logos or ,divine ,word1 by whom all things were made1 and who1 though from ,god1 was ,god4 ,it had long been known that ,plato1 ,aristotle1 and others before the ,christian era1 cherished the idea of this ,demiurgus2 but it was not known till of late that ,chaldeans and ,egyptians recognized this mysterious principle4#cgc3f ,the ,logos or ,word was a great mystery 7among the ,egyptians71 in whose sacred books the following passages may be seen3 ',i know the mystery of the divine ,word2' ',the ,word of the ,lord of ,all1 which was the maker of it2' ',the ,word--this is the first person after himself1 uncreated1 infinite ruling over all things that were made by him4'#cgd3a ,the ,assyrians had ,marduk for their ,logos2#cgd3b one of their sacred addresses to him reads thus3 ,thou art the powerful one--,thou art the life-giver--,thou also the prosperer--,merciful one among the gods--,eldest son of ,hea1 who made heaven and earth--,lord of heaven and earth1 who an equal has not--,merciful one1 who dead to life raises4#cgd3c ,the ,chaldeans had their ,memra or ,word of ,god1 corresponding to the ,greek ,logos1 which designated that being who organized and who still governs the world1 and is inferior to ,god only4#cgd3d ,the ,logos was with ,philoa most interesting subject of discourse1 tempting him to wonderful feats of imagination4 ,there is scarcely a personifying or exalting epithet that he did not bestow on the ,divine ,reason4 ,he described it as a distinct being2 called it a ,rock1 ,the ,summit of the ,universe1 ,before all things1 ,first-begotten ,son of ,god1 ,eternal ,bread from ,heaven1 ,fountain of ,wisdom1 ,guide to ,god1 ,substitute for ,god1 ,image of ,god1 ,priest1 ,creator of the ,worlds1 ,second ,god1 ,interpreter of ,god1 ,ambassador of ,god1 ,power of ,god1 ,king1 ,angel1 ,man1 ,mediator1 ,light1 ,the ,beginning1 ,the ,east1 ,the ,name of ,god1 ,the ,intercessor4#cgd3e ,this is exactly the ,logos of ,john4 ,it becomes a man1 is made flesh2 appears as an incarnation2 in order that the ,god whom no man has seen at any time1 may be manifested4 ,the worship of ,god in the form of a ,trinity was to be found among the ancient ,greeks4 ,when the priests were about to offer up a sacrifice to the gods1 the altar was three times sprinkled by dipping a laurel branch in holy water1 and the people assembled around it were three times sprinkled also4 ,frankincense was taken from the censer with three fingers1 and strewed upon the altar three times4 ,this was done because an oracle had declared that all sacred things ought to be in threes1 therefore1 that number was scrupulously observed in most religious ceremonies4#cgd3f ,orpheus#cgd3g wrote that3 ,all things were made by ,one godhead in three names1 and that this god is all things4#cge3a ,this ,trinitarian view of the ,deity he is said to have brought from ,egypt1 and the ,christian ,fathers of the third and fourth centuries claimed that ,pythagoras1 ,heraclitus1 and ,plato--who taught the doctrine of the ,trinity--had drawn their theological philosophy from the writings of ,orpheus4#cge3b ,the works of ,plato were extensively studied by the ,church ,fathers1 one of whom joyfully recognizes in the great teacher1 the schoolmaster who1 in the fullness of time1 was destined to educate the heathen for ,christ1 as ,moses did the ,jews4#cge3c ,the celebrated passage3 ,in the beginning was the ,word1 and the ,word was with ,god1 and the ,word was ,god1#cge3d is a fragment of some ,pagan treatise on the ,platonic philosophy1 evidently written by ,irenus4#cge3e ,it is quoted by ,amelius1 a ,pagan philosopher1 as strictly applicable to the ,logos1 or ,mercury1 the ,word1 apparently as an honorable testimony borne to the ,pagan deity by a barbarian--for such is what he calls the writer of ,john i4 #a4 ,his words are3 ,this plainly was the ,word1 by whom all things were made1 he being himself eternal1 as ,heraclitus also would say2 and by ,jove1 the same whom the barbarian affirms to have been in the place and dignity of a principal1 and to be with ,god1 and to be ,god1 by whom all things were made1 and in whom everything that was made has its life and being4#cge3f ,the ,christian ,father1 ,justin ,martyr1 apologizing for the ,christian religion1 tells the ,emperor ,antoninus ,pius1 that the ,pagans need not taunt the ,christians for worshiping the ,logos1 which was with ,god1 and was ,god1 as they were also guilty of the same act4 ,if we 7,christians7 hold1 says he1 some opinions near of kin to the poets and philosophers1 in great repute among you1 why are we thus unjustly hated8 ,there's ,mercury1 ,jove's interpreter1 in imitation of the ,logos1 in worship among you1 and as to the ,son of ,god1 called ,jesus1 should we allow him to be nothing more than man1 yet the title of the ',son of ,god' is very justifiable1 upon the account of his wisdom1 considering you have your ,mercury1 7also called the ',son of ,god'7 in worship under the title of the ,word and ,messenger of ,god4#cge3g ,we see1 then1 that the title ,word or ,logos1 being applied to ,jesus1 is another piece of ,pagan amalgamation with ,christianity4 ,it did not receive its authorized ,christian form until the middle of the second century after ,christ4#cgf3a ,the ancient ,pagan ,romans worshiped a ,trinity4 ,an oracle is said to have declared that there was1 first ,god1 then the ,word1 and with them the ,spirit4#cgf3b ,here we see distinctly enumerated1 ,god1 the ,logos1 and the ,spirit or ,holy ,ghost1 in ancient ,rome1 where the most celebrated temple of this capital--that of ,jupiter ,capitolinus--was dedicated to three deities1 which three deities were honored with joint worship4#cgf3c ,the ancient ,persians worshiped a ,trinity4#cgf3d ,this trinity consisted of ,oromasdes1 ,mithras1 and ,ahriman4#cgf3e ,it was virtually the same as that of the ,hindoos3 ,oromasdes was the ,creator1 ,mithras was the ,son of ,god1 the ,saviour1 the ,mediator or ,intercessor1 and ,ahriman was the ,destroyer4 ,in the oracles of ,zoroaster the ,persian lawgiver1 is to be found the following sentence3 ,a ,triad of ,deity shines forth through the whole world1 of which a ,monad 7an invisible thing7 is the head4#cgf3f ,plutarch1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 says3 ,zoroaster is said to have made a threefold distribution of things3 to have assigned the first and highest rank to ,oromasdes1 who1 in the ,oracles1 is called the ,father2 the lowest to ,ahrimanes2 and the middle to ,mithras2 who1 in the same ,oracles1 is called the second ,mind4 ,the ,assyrians and ,phenicians worshiped a ,trinity4#cgf3g ,it is a curious and instructive fact1 that the ,jews had symbols of the divine ,unity in ,trinity as well as the ,pagans4#cgf3h ,the ,cabbala had its ,trinity3 the ,ancient1 whose name is sanctified1 is with three heads1 which make but one4#cgf3i ,rabbi ,simeon ,ben ,jochai says3 ,come and see the mystery of the word ,elohim3 there are three degrees1 and each degree by itself alone1 and yet1 notwithstanding1 they are all ,one1 and joined together in ,one1 and cannot be divided from each other4 ,according to ,dr4 ,parkhurst3 ,the ,vandals#cgf3aj had a god called ,triglaff4 ,one of these was found at ,hertungerberg1 near ,brandenburg 7in ,prussia74 ,he was represented with three heads4 ,this was apparently the ,trinity of ,paganism4#cgg3a ,the ancient ,scandinavians worshiped a triple deity who was yet one god4 ,it consisted of ,odin1 ,thor1 and ,frey4 ,a triune statue representing this ,trinity in ,unity was found at ,upsal in ,sweden4#cgg3b ,the three principal nations of ,scandinavia 7,sweden1 ,denmark1 and ,norway7 vied with each other in erecting temples1 but none were more famous than the temple at ,upsal in ,sweden4 ,it glittered on all sides with gold4 ,it seemed to be particularly consecrated to the ,three ,superior ,deities1 ,odin1 ,thor and ,frey4 ,the statues of these gods were placed in this temple on three thrones1 one above the other4 ,odin was represented holding a sword in his hand3 ,thor stood at the left hand of ,odin1 with a crown upon his head1 and a scepter in his hand2 ,frey stood at the left hand of ,thor1 and was represented of both sexes4 ,odin was the supreme ,god1 the ,al-fader2 ,thor was the first-begotten son of this god1 and ,frey was the bestower of fertility1 peace and riches4 ,king ,gylfi of ,sweden is supposed to have gone at one time to ,asgard 7the abode of the gods71 where he beheld three thrones raised one above another1 with a man sitting on each of them4 ,upon his asking what the names of these lords might be1 his guide answered3 ,he who sitteth on the lowest throne is the ,lofty ,one2 the second is the equal to the ,lofty ,one2 and he who sitteth on the highest throne is called the ,third4#cgg3c ,the ancient ,druids also worshiped3 ,ain ,treidhe ,dia ainm ,taulac1 ,fan1 ,mollac2 which is to say3 ,ain triple ,god1 of name ,taulac1 ,fan1 ,mollac4#cgg3d ,the ancient inhabitants of ,siberia worshiped a triune ,god4 ,in remote ages1 wanderers from ,india directed their eyes northward1 and crossing the vast ,tartarian deserts1 finally settled in ,siberia1 bringing with them the worship of a triune ,god4 ,this is clearly shown from the fact stated by ,thomas ,maurice1 that3 ,the first ,christian missionaries who arrived in those regions1 found the people already in possession of that fundamental doctrine of the true religion1 which1 among others1 they came to impress upon their minds1 and universally adored an idol fabricated to resemble1 as near as possible1 a ,trinity in ,unity4 ,this triune ,god consisted of1 first the ,creator of all things1 second1 the ,god of ,armies1 third1 the ,spirit of ,heavenly ,love1 and yet these three were but one indivisible ,god4#cgg3e ,the ,tartars also worshiped ,god as a ,trinity in ,unity4 ,on one of their medals1 which is now in the ,st4 ,petersburgh ,museum1 may be seen a representation of the triple ,god seated on the lotus4#cgh3a ,even in the remote islands of the ,pacific ,ocean1 the supreme deities are ,god the ,father1 ,god the ,son1 and ,god the ,spirit1 the latter of which is symbolized as a bird4#cgh3b ,the ancient ,mexicans and ,peruvians had their ,trinity4 ,the supreme ,god of the ,mexicans 7,tezcatlipoca71 who had1 as ,lord ,kingsborough says1 all the attributes and powers which were assigned to ,jehovah by the ,hebrews1 had associated with him two other gods1 ,huitzlipochtli and ,tlaloc2 one occupied a place upon his left hand1 the other on his right4 ,this was the ,trinity of the ,mexicans4#cgh3c ,when the bishop ,don ,bartholomew de las ,casas proceeded to his bishopric1 which was in #aede1 he commissioned an ecclesiastic1 whose name was ,francis ,hernandez1 who was well acquainted with the language of the ,indians 7as the natives were called71 to visit them1 carrying with him a sort of catechism of what he was about to preach4 ,in about one year from the time that ,francis ,hernandez was sent out1 he wrote to ,bishop las ,casas1 stating that3 ,the ,indians believed in the ,god who was in heaven2 that this ,god was the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 and that the ,father was named ,yzona1 the ,son ,bacab1 who was born of a ,virgin1 and that the ,holy ,ghost was called ,echiah4#cgh3d ,the ,rev4 ,father ,acosta says1 in speaking of the ,peruvians3 ,it is strange that the devil after his manner hath brought a ,trinity into idolatry1 for the three images of the ,sun called ,apomti1 ,churunti1 and ,intiquaoqui1 signifieth ,father and ,lord ,sun1 the ,son ,sun1 and the ,brother ,sun4 ,being in ,chuquisaca1 an honorable priest showed me an information1 which ,i had long in my hands1 where it was proved that there was a certain oratory1 whereat the ,indians did worship an idol called ,tangatanga1 which they said was ',one in ,three1 and ,three in ,one4' ,and as this priest stood amazed thereat1 ,i said that the devil by his internal and obstinate pride 7whereby he always pretends to make himself ,god7 did steal all that he could from the truth1 to employ it in his lying and deceits4#cgh3e ,the doctrine was recognized among the ,indians of the ,californian peninsula4 ,the statue of the principal deity of the ,new ,granadian ,indians had three heads on one body1 and was understood to be three persons with one heart and one will4#cgh3f ,the result of our investigations then1 is that1 for ages before the time of ,christ ,jesus or ,christianity1 ,god was worshiped in the form of a ,,triad1 and that this doctrine was extensively diffused through all nations4 ,that it was established in regions as far distant as ,china and ,mexico1 and immemorially acknowledged through the whole extent of ,egypt and ,india4 ,that it flourished with equal vigor among the snowy mountains of ,thibet1 and the vast deserts of ,siberia4 ,that the barbarians of central ,europe1 the ,scandinavians1 and the ,druids of ,britain and ,ireland1 bent their knee to an idol of a ,triune ,god4 ,what then becomes of the ,ever-,blessed ,trinity of ,christianity8 ,it must fall1 together with all the rest of its dogmas1 and be buried with the ,pagan dbris4 ,the learned ,thomas ,maurice imagined that this mysterious doctrine must have been revealed by ,god to ,adam1 or to ,noah1 or to ,abraham1 or to somebody else4 ,notice with what caution he wrote 7,a4 ,d4 #agid7 on this subject4 ,he says3 ,in the course of the wide range which ,i have been compelled to take in the field of ,asiatic mythology1 certain topics have arisen for discussion1 equally delicate and perplexing4 ,among them1 in particular1 a species of ,trinity forms a constant and prominent feature in nearly all the systems of ,oriental theology4 ,after saying1 ,i venture with a trembling step1 and that1 ,it was not from choice1 but from necessity1 that ,i entered thus upon this subject1 he concludes3 ,this extensive and interesting subject engrosses a considerable portion of this work1 and my anxiety to prepare the public mind to receive it1 my efforts to elucidate so mysterious a point of theology1 induces me to remind the candid reader1 that visible traces of this doctrine are discovered1 not only in the three principals of the ,chaldaic theology2 in the ,triplasios ,mithra of ,persia2 in the ,triad1 ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,siva1 of ,india--where it was evidently promulgated in the ,geeta1 fifteen hundred years before the birth of ,plato2#cgi3a but in the ,numen ,triplex of ,japan2 in the inscription upon the famous medal found in the deserts of ,siberia1 ,to the ,triune ,god1 to be seen at this day in the valuable cabinet of the ,empress1 at ,st4 ,petersburgh2 in the ,tanga-,tanga1 or ,three in ,one1 of the ,south ,americans2 and1 finally1 without mentioning the vestiges of it in ,greece1 in the ,symbol of the ,wing1 the ,globe1 and the ,serpent1 conspicuous on most of the ancient temples of ,upper ,egypt4#cgi3b ,it was a long time after the followers of ,christ ,jesus had made him a ,god1 before they ventured to declare that he was ,god himself in human form1 and1 the second person in the ,ever-,blessed ,trinity4 ,it was ,justin ,martyr1 a ,christian convert from the ,platonic school1#chj3a who1 about the middle of the second century1 first promulgated the opinion1 that ,jesus of ,nazareth1 the ,son of ,god1 was the second principle in the ,deity1 and the ,creator of all material things4 ,he is the earliest writer to whom the opinion can be traced4 ,this knowledge1 he does not ascribe to the ,scriptures1 but to the special favor of ,god4#chj3b ,the passage in ,i4 ,john1 v4 #g1 which reads thus3 ,for there are three that bear record in heaven1 the ,father1 the ,word1 and the ,holy ,ghost1 and these three are one1 is one of the numerous interpolations which were inserted into the books of the ,new ,testament1 many years after these books were written4#chj3c ,these passages are retained and circulated as the word of ,god1 or as of equal authority with the rest1 though known and admitted by the learned on all hands1 to be forgeries1 willful and wicked interpolations4 ,the subtle and profound questions concerning the nature1 generation1 the distinction1 and the quality of the three divine persons of the mysterious triad1 or ,trinity1 were agitated in the philosophical and in the ,christian schools of ,alexandria in ,egypt1#chj3d but it was not a part of the established ,christian faith until as late as ,a4 ,d4 #cbg1 when the question was settled at the ,councils of ,nice and ,constantinople4 ,up to this time there was no understood and recognized doctrine on this high subject4 ,the ,christians were for the most part accustomed to use scriptural expressions in speaking of the ,father1 and the ,son1 and the ,spirit1 without defining articulately their relation to one another4#chj3e ,in these trinitarian controversies1 which first broke out in ,egypt--,egypt1 the land of ,trinities--the chief point in the discussion was to define the position of the ,son4 ,there lived in ,alexandria a presbyter of the name of ,arius1 a disappointed candidate for the office of bishop4 ,he took the ground that there was a time when1 from the very nature of ,sonship1 the ,son did not exist1 and a time at which he commenced to be1 asserting that it is the necessary condition of the filial relation that a father must be older than his son4 ,but this assertion evidently denied the co-eternity of the three persons of the ,trinity1 it suggested a subordination or inequality among them1 and indeed implied a time when the ,trinity did not exist4 ,hereupon1 the bishop1 who had been the successful competitor against ,arius1 displayed his rhetorical powers in public debates on the question1 and1 the strife spreading1 the ,jews and ,pagans1 who formed a very large portion of the population of ,alexandria1 amused themselves with theatrical representations of the contest on the stage--the point of their burlesques being the equality of age of the ,father and the ,son4 ,such was the violence the controversy at length assumed1 that the matter had to be referred to the emperor 7,constantine74 ,at first he looked upon the dispute as altogether frivolous1 and perhaps in truth inclined to the assertion of ,arius1 that in the very nature of the thing a father must be older than his son4 ,so great1 however1 was the pressure laid upon him1 that he was eventually compelled to summon the ,council of ,nicea1 which1 to dispose of the conflict1 set forth a formulary or creed1 and attached to it this anathema3 ,the ,holy ,catholic and ,apostolic ,church anathematizes those who say that there was a time when the ,son of ,god was not1 and that1 before he was begotten1 he was not1 and that1 he was made out of nothing1 or out of another substance or essence1 and is created1 or changeable1 or alterable4 ,constantine at once enforced the decision of the council by the civil power4#cha3a ,even after this subtle and profound question had been settled at the ,council of ,nice1 those who settled it did not understand the question they had settled4 ,athanasius1 who was a member of the first general council1 and who is said to have written the creed which bears his name1 which asserts that the true ,catholic faith is this3 ,that we worship ,one ,god as ,trinity1 and ,trinity in ,unity--neither confounding the persons nor dividing the substance--for there is one person of the ,father1 another of the ,son1 and another of the ,holy ,ghost1 but the ,godhead of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost is all one1 the glory equal1 the majesty co-eternal1 --also confessed that whenever he forced his understanding to meditate on the divinity of the ,logos1 his toilsome and unavailing efforts recoiled on themselves2 that the more he thought the less he comprehended2 and the more he wrote the less capable was he of expressing his thoughts4#chb3a ,we see1 then1 that this great question was settled1 not by the consent of all members of the council1 but simply because the majority were in favor of it4 ,jesus of ,nazareth was ,god himself in human form2 one of the persons of the ,ever-,blessed ,trinity1 who had no beginning1 and will have no end1 because the majority of the members of this council said so4 ,hereafter--so it was decreed--all must believe it2 if not1 they must not oppose it1 but forever hold their peace4 ,the ,emperor ,theodosius declared his resolution of expelling from all the churches of his dominions1 the bishops and their clergy who should obstinately refuse to believe1 or at least to profess1 the doctrine of the ,council of ,nice4 ,his lieutenant1 ,sapor1 was armed with the ample powers of a general law1 a special commission1 and a military force2 and this ecclesiastical resolution was conducted with so much discretion and vigor1 that the religion of the ,emperor was established4#chb3b ,here we have the historical fact1 that bishops of the ,christian church1 and their clergy1 were forced to profess their belief in the doctrine of the ,trinity4 ,we also find that3 ,this orthodox ,emperor 7,theodosius7 considered every heretic 7as he called those who did not believe as he and his ecclesiastics professed7 as a rebel against the supreme powers of heaven and of earth 7he being one of the supreme powers of earth7 and each of the powers might exercise their peculiar jurisdiction over the soul and body of the guilty4 ,the decrees of the ,council of ,constantinople had ascertained the true standard of the faith1 and the ecclesiastics1 who governed the conscience of ,theodosius1 suggested the most effectual methods of persecution4 ,in the space of fifteen years he promulgated at least fifteen severe edicts against the heretics1 more especially against those who rejected the doctrine of the ,trinity4#chb3c ,thus we see one of the many reasons why the most holy ,christian religion spread so rapidly4 ,arius--who declared that in the nature of things a father must be older than his son--was excommunicated for his so-called heretical notions concerning the ,trinity4 ,his followers1 who were very numerous1 were called ,arians4 ,their writings1 if they had been permitted to exist1#chc3a would undoubtedly contain the lamentable story of the persecution which affected the church under the reign of the impious ,emperor ,theodosius4 ,,footnotes3 #cfh3a ,the celebrated passage 7,i4 ,john1 v4 #g7 ,for there are three that bear record in heaven1 the ,father1 the ,word1 and the ,holy ,ghost1 and these three are one1 is now admitted on all hands to be an interpolation into the epistle many centuries after the time of ,christ ,jesus4 7,see ,giles' ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ab4 ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eef4 ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hhf4 ,taylor's ,diegesis and ,reber's ,christ of ,paul47 #cfh3b ,that is1 the true faith4 #cfh3c ,dogma ,deity ,jesus ,christ1 p4 #ie4 #cfi3a ,the notion of a ,triad of ,supreme ,powers is indeed common to most ancient religions4 7,prichard's ,egyptian ,mytho41 p4 #bhe47 ,nearly all the ,pagan nations of antiquity1 in their various theological systems1 acknowledged a trinity in the divine nature4 7,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ce47 ,the ancients imagined that their triad of gods or persons1 only constituted one god4 7,celtic ,druids1 p4 #aig47 #cfi3b ,the three attributes called ,brahma1 ,vishnu and ,siva1 are indicated by letters corresponding to our ,a4 ,u4 ,m41 generally pronounced ,,om4 ,this mystic word is never uttered except in prayer1 and the sign which represents it in their temples is an object of profound adoration4 #cfi3c ,monier ,williams' ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #cbd4 #cfi3d ,that is1 the ,lord and ,saviour ,crishna4 ,the ,supreme ,spirit1 in order to preserve the world1 produced ,vishnu4 ,vishnu came upon earth for this purpose1 in the form of ,crishna4 ,he was believed to be an incarnation of the ,supreme ,being1 one of the persons of their holy and mysterious trinity1 to use their language1 ,the ,lord and ,savior--three persons and one god4 ,in the ,geita1 ,crishna is made to say3 ,i am the ,lord of all created beings4 ,i am the mystic figure ,o4 ,m4 ,i am ,brahma ,vishnu1 and ,siva1 three gods in one4 #cfi3e ,see ,the ,heathen ,religion1 p4 #abd4 #cgj3a ,allen's ,india1 pp4 #chb1 #chc4 #cgj3b ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgb4 #cga3a ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cgb4 #cga3b ,taken from ,moore's ,hindoo ,pantheon1 plate #ha4 #cga3c ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,see also1 ,king's ,gnostics1 #afg4 #cgb3a ,davis' ,china1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajd4 #cgb3b ,ibid4 pp4 #ajc and #ha4 #cgb3c ,ibid4 pp4 #aje1 #ajf4 #cgb3d ,ibid4 pp4 #ajc1 #ha4 #cgb3e ,ibid4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cf4 ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 #aej4 #cgb3f ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 v4 p4 #da4 ,dupuis1 p4 #bhe4 ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 #aej4 #cgb3g ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 v4 p4 #da4 ,this ,taou sect1 according to ,john ,francis ,davis1 and the ,rev4 ,charles ,gutzlaff1 both of whom have resided in ,china--call their trinity the three pure ones1 or the three precious ones in heaven4 7,see ,davis' ,china1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaj1 and ,gutzlaff's ,voyages1 p4 #cjg47 #cgb3h ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #baj4 #cgb3i ,ibid4 #cgc3a ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 p4 #abg4 #cgc3b ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ad4 ,the following answer is stated by ,manetho1 an ,egyptian priest1 to have been given by an ,oracle to ,sesostris3 ,on his return through ,africa he entered the sanctuary of the ,oracle1 saying3 ',tell me1 ,o thou strong in fire1 who before me could subjugate all things8 and who shall after me8' ,but the ,oracle rebuked him1 saying1 ',first1 ,god2 then the ,word2 and with them1 the ,spirit4' 7,nimrod1 vol4 i4 p4 #aai1 in ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #hje47 ,here we have distinctly enumerated ,god1 the ,logos1 and the ,spirit or ,holy ,ghost1 in a very early period1 long previous to the ,christian era4 #cgc3c ,i4 ,john1 v4 #g4 ,john1 i4 #a4 #cgc3d ,the ,alexandrian theology1 of which the celebrated ,plato was the chief representative1 taught that the ,logos was the second ,god2 a being of divine essence1 but distinguished from the ,supreme ,god4 ,it is also called the first-born ,son of ,god4 ,the ,platonists furnished brilliant recruits to the ,christian churches of ,asia ,minor and ,greece1 and brought with them their love for system and their idealism4 ,it is in the ,platonizing or ,alexandrian1 branch of ,judaism that we must seek for the antecedents of the ,christian doctrine of the ,logos4 7,a4 ,revill3 ,dogma ,deity ,jesus1 p4 #bi47 #cgc3e ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 ,mithras1 the ,mediator1 and ,saviour of the ,persians1 was called the ,logos4 7,see ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #bj4 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ge47 ,hermes was called the ,logos4 7,see ,dunlap's ,son of the ,man1 p4 #ci1 marginal note47 #cgc3f ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #djb4 #cgd3a ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #djd4 #cgd3b ,ibid4 #cgd3c ,ibid4 #cgd3d ,ibid4 p4 #bh4 #cgd3e ,frothingham's ,cradle of the ,christ1 p4 #aab4 #cgd3f ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjg4 #cgd3g ,orpheus is said to have been a native of ,thracia1 the oldest poet of ,greece1 and to have written before the time of ,homer2 but he is evidently a mythological character4 #cge3a ,see ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ccb1 and ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #ahi4 #cge3b ,see ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,orpheus4 #cge3c ,ibid41 art4 ,plato4 #cge3d ,john1 i4 #a4 #cge3e ,the first that we know of this gospel for certain is during the time of ,irenus1 the great ,christian forger4 #cge3f ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #ahe4 #cge3g ,apol4 #a4 ch4 xx4-xxii4 #cgf3a ,see ,fiske3 ,myths and ,myth-makers1 p4 #bje4 ,celsus charges the ,christians with a recoinage of the misunderstood doctrine of the ,logos4 #cgf3b ,see ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aje4 #cgf3c ,see ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aeh4 #cgf3d ,see ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cdf4 ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #fe1 and ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hai4 #cgf3e ,ibid4 #cgf3f ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bei4 #cgf3g ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #fe1 and ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hai4 #cgf3h ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #ibc4 ,see also1 ,maurice's ,indian ,antiquities4 #cgf3i ,idra ,suta1 ,sohar1 iii4 #bhh4 ,b4 ,franck1 #ach4 ,son of the ,man1 p4 #gh4 #cgf3aj ,vandals--a race of ,european barbarians1 either of ,germanic or ,slavonic origin4 #cgg3a ,parkhurst3 ,hebrew ,lexicon1 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #baf4 #cgg3b ,see ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #afi4 ,maurice3 ,indian ,antiq41 vol4 v4 p4 #ad1 and ,gross3 ,the ,heathen ,religion1 p4 #baj4 #cgg3c ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities4 #cgg3d ,celtic ,druids1 p4 #aga2 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #abc2 and ,myths of the ,british ,druids1 p4 #ddh4 #cgg3e ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 v4 pp4 #h1 #i4 #cgh3a ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh4 #cgh3b ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #afi4 #cgh3c ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 pp4 #agi1 #ahj4 ,mexican ,ant41 vol4 vi4 p4 #afd4 #cgh3d ,kingsborough3 ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #afd4 #cgh3e ,acosta3 ,hist4 ,indies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgc4 ,see also1 ,indian ,antiq41 vol4 v4 p4 #bf1 and ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #aha4 #cgh3f ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #aha4 #cgi3a ,the ideas entertained concerning the antiquity of the ,geeta1 at the time ,mr4 ,maurice wrote his ,indian ,antiquities1 were erroneous4 ,this work1 as we have elsewhere seen1 is not as old as he supposed4 ,the doctrine of the ,trimurti in ,india1 however1 is to be found in the ,veda1 and epic poems1 which are of an antiquity long anterior to the rise of ,christianity1 preceding it by many centuries4 7,see ,monier ,williams' ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #cbd1 and ,hinduism1 pp4 #aji1 #aaj-aae47 ,the grand cavern pagoda of ,elephants1 the oldest and most magnificent temple in the world1 is neither more nor less than a superb temple of a ,triune ,god4 7,maurice3 ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 iii4 p4 ix47 #cgi3b ,indian ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 pp4 #abe-abg4 #chj3a ,we have already seen that ,plato and his followers taught the doctrine of the ,trinity centuries before the time of ,christ ,jesus4 #chj3b ,israel ,worsley's ,enquiry1 p4 #ed4 ,quoted in ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaf4 #chj3c ,the memorable test 7,i4 ,john v4 #g7 which asserts the unity of the three which bear witness in heaven1 is condemned by the universal silence of the orthodox ,fathers1 ancient versions1 and authentic manuscripts4 ,it was first alleged by the ,catholic ,bishop whom ,hunneric summoned to the ,conference of ,carthage 7,a4 ,d4 #bed71 or1 more properly1 by the four bishops who composed and published the profession of faith1 in the name of their brethren4 7,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eef1 and note #aag47 ,none of the ancient manuscripts now extant1 above four-score in number1 contain this passage4 7,ibid4 note #aaf47 ,in the eleventh and twelfth centuries1 the ,bible was corrected4 ,yet1 notwithstanding these corrections1 the passage is still wanting in twenty-five ,latin manuscripts4 7,ibid4 note #aaf4 ,see also ,dr4 ,giles' ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ab4 ,dr4 ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hhf4 ,rev4 ,robert ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #dba1 and ,reber's ,christ of ,paul47 #chj3d ,see ,gibbon's ,rome1 ii4 #cji4 #chj3e ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,trinity4 #cha3a ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 pp4 #ec1 #ed4 #chb3a ,athanasius1 tom4 i4 p4 #hjh4 ,quoted in ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caj4 ,gennadius1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 was so much amazed by the extraordinary composition called ,athanasius' ,creed1 that he frankly pronounced it to be the work of a drunken man4 7,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eee1 note #aad47 #chb3b ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 p4 #hg4 #chb3c ,ibid4 pp4 #ia1 #ib4 #chc3a ,all their writings were ordered to be destroyed1 and any one found to have them in his possession was severely punished4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi4 ,,paganism ,,in ,,christianity4 ,our assertion that that which is called ,christianity is nothing more than the religion of ,paganism1 we consider to have been fully verified4 ,we have found among the heathen1 centuries before the time of ,christ ,jesus1 the belief in an incarnate ,god born of a virgin2 his previous existence in heaven2 the celestial signs at the time of his birth2 the rejoicing in heaven2 the adoration by the magi and shepherds2 the offerings of precious substances to the divine child2 the slaughter of the innocents2 the presentation at the temple2 the temptation by the devil2 the performing of miracles2 the crucifixion by enemies2 and the death1 resurrection1 and ascension into heaven4 ,we have also found the belief that this incarnate ,god was from all eternity2 that he was the ,creator of the world1 and that he is to be ,judge of the dead at the last day4 ,we have also seen the practice of ,baptism1 and the sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper or ,eucharist1 added to the belief in a ,triune ,god1 consisting of ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost4 ,let us now compare the ,christian creed with ancient ,pagan belief4 ,christian ,creed4 #a4 ,i believe in ,god the ,father ,almighty1 maker of heaven and earth3 ,ancient ,pagan ,belief4 #a4 ,i believe in ,god the ,father ,almighty1 maker of heaven and earth3#chd3a #b4 ,and in ,jesus ,christ1 his only ,son1 ,our ,lord4 #b4 ,and in his only ,son1 our ,lord4#chd3b #c4 ,who was conceived by the ,holy ,ghost1 born of the ,virgin ,mary1 #c4 ,who was conceived by the ,holy ,ghost1 born of the ,virgin ,mary4#chd3c #d4 ,suffered under ,pontius ,pilate1 was crucified1 dead and buried4 #d4 ,suffered under 7whom it might be71 was crucified1 dead1 and buried4#chd3d #e4 ,he descended into ,hell2 #e4 ,he descended into ,hell2#che3a #f4 ,the third day he rose again from the dead2 #f4 ,the third day he rose again from the dead2#che3b #g4 ,he ascended into ,heaven1 and sitteth on the right hand of ,god the ,father ,almighty2 #g4 ,he ascended into ,heaven1 and sitteth on the right hand of ,god the ,father ,almighty2#che3c #h4 ,from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead4 #h4 ,from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead4#che3d #i4 ,i believe in the ,holy ,ghost2 #i4 ,i believe in the ,holy ,ghost2#che3e #aj4 ,the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 the ,communion of ,saints2 #aj4 ,the ,holy ,catholic ,church1#che3f the ,communion of ,saints2 #aa4 ,the forgiveness of sins2 #aa4 ,the forgiveness of sins2#che3g #ab4 ,the resurrection of the body2 and the life everlasting4 #ab4 ,the resurrection of the body2 and the life everlasting4#che3h ,the above is the so-called ,apostles' ,creed1 as it now stands in the book of common prayer of the ,united ,church of ,england and ,ireland1 as by law established4 ,it is affirmed by ,ambrose1 that3 ,the twelve apostles1 as skilled artificers1 assembled together1 and made a key by their common advice1 that is1 the ,creed1 by which the darkness of the devil is disclosed1 that the light of ,christ may appear4 ,others fable that every ,apostle inserted an article1 by which the ,creed is divided into twelve articles4 ,the earliest account of its origin we have from ,ruffinus1 an historical compiler and traditionist of the fourth century1 but not in the form in which it is known at present1 it having been added to since that time4 ,the most important addition is that which affirms that ,jesus descended into hell1 which has been added since ,a4 ,d4 #fjj4che3i ,beside what we have already seen1 the ancient ,pagans had many beliefs and ceremonies which are to be found among the ,christians4 ,one of these is the story of ,the ,war in ,heaven4 ,the ,new ,testament version is as follows3 ,there was a war in heaven3 ,michael and his angels fought against the dragon1 and the dragon fought1 and his angels1 and prevailed not1 neither was their place found any more in heaven4 ,and the great dragon was cast out1 that old serpent1 called the devil1 and ,satan1 which deceiveth the whole world1 he was cast out into the earth1 and his angels were cast out with him4#chf3a ,the cause of the revolt1 it is said1 was that ,satan1 who was then an angel1 desired to be as great as ,god4 ,the writer of ,isaiah1 xiv4 #ac1 #ad1 is supposed to refer to it when he says3 ,thou hast said in thine heart1 ,i will ascend into heaven1 ,i will exalt my throne above the stars of ,god2 ,i will sit also upon the mount of the congregation in the sides of the ,north2 ,i will ascend before the heights of the clouds2 ,i will be like the ,most ,high4 ,the ,catholic theory of the fall of the angels is as follows3 ,in the beginning1 before the creation of heaven and earth1 ,god made the angels1 free intelligences1 and free wills1 out of his love ,he made them1 that they might be eternally happy4 ,and that their happiness might be complete1 he gave them the perfection of a created nature1 that is1 he gave them freedom4 ,but happiness is only attained by the free will agreeing in its freedom to accord with the will of ,god4 ,some of the angels by an act of free will obeyed the will of ,god1 and in such obedience found perfect happiness4 ,other angels1 by an act of free will1 rebelled against the will of ,god1 and in such disobedience found misery4#chf3b ,they were driven out of heaven1 after having a combat with the obedient angels1 and cast into hell4 ,the writer of second ,peter alludes to it in saying that ,god spared not the angels that sinned1 but cast them down into hell4#chf3c ,the writer of ,jude also alludes to it in saying3 ,the angels which kept not their first estate1 but left their own habitation1 he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day4#chf3d ,according to the ,talmudists1 ,satan1 whose proper name is ,sammael1 was one of the ,seraphim of heaven1 with six wings4 ,he was not driven out of heaven until after he had led ,adam and ,eve into sin2 then ,sammael and his host were precipitated out of the place of bliss1 with ,god's curse to weigh them down4 ,in the struggle between ,michael and ,sammael1 the falling ,seraph caught the wings of ,michael1 and tried to drag him down with him1 but ,god saved him1 when ,michael derived his name1--the ,rescued4#chf3e ,sammael was formerly chief among the angels of ,god1 and now he is prince among devils4 ,his name is derived from ,simme1 which means1 to blind and deceive4 ,he stands on the left side of men4 ,he goes by various names2 such as ,the ,old ,serpent1 ,the ,unclean ,spirit1 ,satan1 ,leviathan1 and sometimes also ,asael4#chg3a ,according to ,hindoo mythology1 there is a legion of evil spirits called ,rakshasas1 who are governed by a prince named ,ravana4 ,these ,rakshasas are continually aiming to do injury to mankind1 and are the same who fought desperate battles with ,indra1 and his ,spirits of ,light4 ,they would have taken his paradise by storm1 and subverted the whole order of the universe1 if ,brahma had not sent ,vishnou to circumvent their plans4 ,in the ,aitareya-brahmana 7,hindoo7 written1 according to ,prof4 ,monier ,williams1 seven or eight centuries ,b4 ,c41 we have the following legend3 ,the gods and demons were engaged in warfare4 ,the evil demons1 like to mighty kings1 ,made these worlds castles2 then they formed the earth ,into an iron citadel1 the air ,into a silver fortress1 and the sky ,into a fort of gold4 ,whereat the gods ,said to each other1 ',frame me other worlds ,in opposition to these fortresses4' ,then they constructed sacrificial places1 ,where they performed a triple burnt oblation4 ,by the first sacrifice they drove the demons ,out of their earthly fortress1 by the second ,out of the air1 and by the third oblation ,out of the sky4 ,thus were the evil spirits ,chased by the gods in triumph from the worlds4#chg3b ,the ancient ,egyptians were familiar with the tale of the war in heaven2 and the legend of the revolt against the god ,ra1 the ,heavenly ,father1 and his destruction of the revolters1 was discovered by ,m4 ,naville in one of the tombs at ,biban-el-moluk4#chg3c ,the same story is to be found among the ancient ,persian legends1 and is related as follows3 ,ahriman1 the devil1 was not created evil by the eternal one1 but he became evil by revolting against his will4 ,this revolt resulted in a 'war in heaven4' ,in this war the ,iveds 7good angels7 fought against the ,divs 7rebellious ones7 headed by ,ahriman1 and flung the conquered into ,douzahk or hell4#chg3d ,an extract from the ,persian ,zend-avesta reads as follows3 ,ahriman interrupted the order of the universe1 raised an army against ,ormuzd1 and having maintained a fight against him during ninety days1 was at length vanquished by ,honover1 the divine ,word4#chh3a ,the ,assyrians had an account of a war in heaven1 which was like that described in the book of ,enoch and the ,revelation4#chh3b ,this legend was also to be found among the ancient ,greeks1 in the struggle of the ,titans against ,jupiter4 ,titan and all his rebellious host were cast out of heaven1 and imprisoned in the dark abyss4#chh3c ,among the legends of the ancient ,mexicans was found this same story of the war in heaven1 and the downfall of the rebellious angels4#chh3d ,the natives of the ,caroline ,islands 7in the ,north ,pacific ,ocean71 related that one of the inferior gods1 named ,merogrog1 was driven by the other gods out of heaven4#chh3e ,we see1 therefore1 that this also was an almost universal legend4 ,the belief in a future life was almost universal among nations of antiquity4 ,the ,hindoos have believed from time immemorial that man has an invisible body within the material body2 that is1 a soul4 ,among the ancient ,egyptians the same belief was to be found4 ,all the dead1 both men and women1 were spoken of as ,osiriana2 by which they intended to signify gone to ,osiris4 ,their belief in ,one ,supreme ,being1 and the immortality of the soul1 must have been very ancient2 for on a monument1 which dates ages before ,abraham is said to have lived1 is found this epitaph3 ,may thy soul attain to the ,creator of all mankind4 ,sculptures and paintings in these grand receptacles of the dead1 as translated by ,champollion1 represent the deceased ushered into the world of spirits by funeral deities1 who announce1 ,a soul arrived in ,amenti4#chh3f ,the ,hindoo idea of a subtile invisible body within the material body1 reappeared in the description of ,greek poets4 ,they represented the constitution of man as consisting of three principles3 the soul1 the invisible body1 and the material body4 ,the invisible body they called the ghost or shade1 and considered it as the material portion of the soul4 ,at death1 the soul1 clothed in this subtile body1 went to enjoy paradise for a season1 or suffer in hell till its sins were expiated4 ,this paradise was called the ,elysian ,fields1 and the hell was called ,tartarus4 ,the paradise1 some supposed to be a part of the lower world1 some placed them in a middle zone in the air1 some in the moon1 and others in far-off isles in the ocean4 ,there shone more glorious sun and stars than illuminated this world4 ,the day was always serene1 the air forever pure1 and a soft1 celestial light clothed all things in transfigured beauty4 ,majestic groves1 verdant meadows1 and blooming gardens varied the landscape4 ,the river ,eridanus flowed through winding banks fringed with laurel4 ,on its borders lived heroes who had died for their country1 priests who had led a pure life1 artists who had embodied genuine beauty in their work1 and poets who had never degraded their muse with subjects unworthy of ,apollo4 ,there each one renewed the pleasures in which he formerly delighted4 ,orpheus1 in long white robes1 made enrapturing music on his lyre1 while others danced and sang4 ,the husband rejoined his beloved wife2 old friendships were renewed1 the poet repeated his verses1 and the charioteer managed his horses4 ,some souls wandered in vast forests between ,tartarus and ,elysium1 not good enough for one1 or bad enough for the other4 ,some were purified from their sins by exposure to searching winds1 others by being submerged in deep waters1 others by passing through intense fires4 ,after a long period of probation and suffering1 many of them gained the ,elysian ,fields4 ,this belief is handed down to our day in the ,roman ,catholic idea of ,purgatory4 ,a belief in the existence of the soul after death was indicated in all periods of history of the world1 by the fact that man was always accustomed to address prayers to the spirits of their ancestors4#chi3a ,these heavens and hells where men abode after death1 vary1 in different countries1 according to the likes and dislikes of each nation4 ,all the ,teutonic nations held to a fixed ,elysium and a hell1 where the valiant and the just were rewarded1 and where the cowardly and the wicked suffered punishment4 ,as all nations have made a god1 and that god has resembled the persons who made it1 so have all nations made a heaven1 and that heaven corresponds to the fancies of the people who have created it4 ,in the prose ,edda there is a description of the joys of ,valhalla 7the ,hall of the ,chosen71 which states that3 ,all men who have fallen in fight since the beginning of the world are gone to ,odin 7the ,supreme ,god71 in ,valhalla4 ,a mighty band of men are there1 and every day1 as soon as they have dressed themselves1 they ride out into the court 7or field71 and there fight until they cut each other into pieces4 ,this is their pastime1 but when the meal-tide approaches1 they remount their steeds1 and return to drink in ,valhalla4 ,as it is said 7in ,vafthrudnis-mal73 ',the ,einherjar all ,on ,odin's plain ,hew daily each other1 ,while chosen the slain are4 ,from the frey they then ride1 ,and drink ale with the sir4'#cij3a ,this description of the palace of ,odin is a natural picture of the manners of the ancient ,scandinavians and ,germans4 ,prompted by the wants of their climate1 and the impulse of their own temperament1 they formed to themselves a delicious paradise in their own way2 where they were to eat and drink1 and fight4 ,the women1 to whom they assigned a place there1 were introduced for no other purpose but to fill their cups4 ,the ,mohammedan paradise differs from this4 ,women there1 are for man's pleasure4 ,the day is always serene1 the air forever pure1 and a soft celestial light clothes all things in transfigured beauty4 ,majestic groves1 verdant meadows1 and blooming gardens vary the landscape4 ,there1 in radiant halls1 dwell the departed1 ever blooming and beautiful1 ever laughing and gay4 ,the ,american ,indian calculates upon finding successful chases after wild animals1 verdant plains1 and no winter1 as the characteristics of his future life4 ,the red ,indian1 when told by a missionary that in the promised land they would neither eat1 drink1 hunt1 nor marry a wife1 contemptuously replied1 that instead of wishing to go there1 he should deem his residence in such a place as the greatest possible calamity4 ,many not only rejected such a destiny for themselves1 but were indignant at the attempt to decoy their children into such a comfortless region4 ,all nations of the earth have had their heavens4 ,as ,moore observes3 ,a heaven1 too1 ye must have1 ye lords of dust-- ,a splendid paradise1 poor souls1 ye must3 ,that prophet ill sustains his holy call ,who finds not heavens to suit the tastes of all4 ,vain things6 as lust or vanity inspires1 ,the heaven of each is but what each desires4 ,heaven was born of the sky1#cia3a and nurtured by cunning priests1 who made man a coward and a slave4 ,hell was built by priests1 and nurtured by the fears and servile fancies of man during the ages when dungeons of torture were a recognized part of every government1 and when ,god was supposed to be an infinite tyrant1 with infinite resources of vengeance4 ,the devil is an imaginary being1 invented by primitive man to account for the existence of evil1 and relieve ,god of his responsibility4 ,the famous ,hindoo ,rakshasas of our ,aryan ancestors--the dark and evil clouds personified--are the originals of all devils4 ,the cloudy shape has assumed a thousand different forms1 horrible or grotesque and ludicrous1 to suit the changing fancies of the ages4 ,but strange as it may appear1 the god of one nation became the devil of another4 ,the rock of ,behistun1 the sculptured chronicle of the glories of ,darius1 king of ,persia1 situated on the western frontier of ,media1 on the high-road from ,babylon to the eastward1 was used as a holy of holies4 ,it was named ,bagistane--the place of the ,baga--referring to ,ormuzd1 chief of the ,bagas4 ,when examined with the lenses of linguistic science1 the ,bogie or ,bug-a-boo or ,bugbear of nursery lore1 turns out to be identical with the ,slavonic ,bog and the ,baga of the cuneiform inscriptions1 both of which are names of the ,supreme ,being4 ,it is found also in the old ,aryan ,bhaga1 who is described in a commentary of the ,rig-,veda as the lord of life1 the giver of bread1 and the bringer of happiness4 ,thus1 the same name which1 to the ,vedic poet1 to the ,persian of the time of ,xerxes1 and to the modern ,russian1 suggests the supreme majesty of deity1 is in ,english associated with an ugly and ludicrous fiend4 ,another striking illustration is to be found in the word devil itself4 ,when traced back to its primitive source1 it is found to be a name of the ,supreme ,being4#cia3b ,the ancients had a great number of festival days1 many of which are handed down to the present time1 and are to be found in ,christianity4 ,we have already seen that the #beth of ,december was almost a universal festival among the ancients2 so it is the same with the spring festivals1 when days of fasting are observed4 ,the ,hindoos hold a festival1 called ,siva-ratri1 in honor of ,siva1 about the middle or end of ,february4 ,a strict fast is observed during the day4 ,they have also a festival in ,april1 when a strict fast is kept by some4#cib3a ,at the spring equinox most nations of antiquity set apart a day to implore the blessings of their god1 or gods1 on the fruits of the earth4 ,at the autumnal equinox1 they offered the fruits of the harvest1 and returned thanks4 ,in ,china1 these religious solemnities are called ,festivals of gratitude to ,tien4#cib3b ,the last named corresponds to our ,thanksgiving celebration4 ,one of the most considerable festivals held by the ancient ,scandinavians was the spring celebration4 ,this was held in honor of ,odin1 at the beginning of spring1 in order to welcome in that pleasant season1 and to obtain of their god happy success in their projected expeditions4 ,another festival was held toward the autumn equinox1 when they were accustomed to kill all their cattle in good condition1 and lay in a store of provision for the winter4 ,this festival was also attended with religious ceremonies1 when ,odin1 the supreme god1 was thanked for what he had given them1 by having his altar loaded with the fruits of their crops1 and the choicest products of the earth4#cib3c ,there was a grand celebration in ,egypt1 called the ,feast of ,lamps1 held at ,sais1 in honor of the goddess ,neith4 ,those who did not attend the ceremony1 as well as those who did1 burned lamps before their houses all night1 filled with oil and salt3 thus all ,egypt was illuminated4 ,it was deemed a great irreverence to the goddess for any one to omit this ceremony4#cib3d ,the ,hindoos also held a festival in honor of the goddesses ,lakshmi and ,bhavanti1 called ,the feast of ,lamps4#cib3e ,this festival has been handed down to the present time in what is called ,candlemas day1 or the purification of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the most celebrated ,pagan festival held by modern ,christians is that known as ,sunday1 or the ,lord's day4 ,all the principal nations of antiquity kept the seventh day of the week as a holy day1 just as the ancient ,israelites did4 ,this was owing to the fact that they consecrated the days of the week to the ,sun1 the ,moon1 and the five planets1 ,mercury1 ,venus1 ,mars1 ,jupiter1 and ,saturn4 ,the seventh day was sacred to ,saturn from time immemorial4 ,homer and ,hesiod call it the ,holy ,day4#cic3a ,the people generally visited the temples of the gods1 on that day1 and offered up their prayers and supplications4#cic3b ,the ,acadians1 thousands of years ago1 kept holy the #gth1 #adth1 #bast1 and #bhth of each month as ,salum 7rest71 on which certain works were forbidden4#cic3c ,the ,arabs anciently worshiped ,saturn under the name of ,hobal4 ,in his hands he held seven arrows1 symbols of the planets that preside over the seven days of the week4#cic3d ,the ,egyptians assigned a day of the week to the sun1 moon1 and five planets1 and the number seven was held there in great reverence4#cic3e ,the planet ,saturn very early became the chief deity of ,semitic religion4 ,moses consecrated the number seven to him4#cic3f ,in the old conception1 which finds expression in the ,decalogue in ,deuteronomy 7v4 #ae71 the ,sabbath has a purely theocratic significance1 and is intended to remind the ,hebrews of their miraculous deliverance from the land of ,egypt and bondage4 ,when the story of ,creation was borrowed from the ,babylonians1 the celebration of the ,sabbath was established on entirely new grounds 7,ex4 xx4 #aa71 for we find it is because the ,creator1 after his six days of work1 rested on the seventh1 that the day should be kept holy4 ,the ,assyrians kept this day holy4 ,mr4 ,george ,smith says3 ,in the year #ahfi1 ,i discovered among other things a curious religious calendar of the ,assyrians1 in which every month is divided into four weeks1 and the seventh days or ',sabbaths1' are marked out as days on which no work should be undertaken4#cic3g ,the ancient ,scandinavians consecrated one day in the week to their ,supreme ,god1 ,odin or ,wodin4#cic3h ,even at the present time we call this day ,odin's-day4#cic3i ,the question now arises1 how was the great festival day changed from the seventh--,saturn's day--to the first--,sun-day--among the ,christians8 ,if we go back to the founding of the church1 we find that the most marked feature of that age1 so far as the church itself is concerned1 is the grand division between the ',jewish faction1' as it was called1 and the followers of ,paul4 ,this division was so deep1 so marked1 so characteristic1 that it has left its traces all through the ,new ,testament itself4 ,it was one of the grand aspects of the time1 and the point on which they were divided was simply this3 the followers of ,peter1 those who adhered to the teachings of the central church in ,jerusalem1 held that all ,christians1 both converted ,jews and ,gentiles1 were under obligation to keep the ,mosaic law1 ordinances1 and traditions4 ,that is1 a ,christian1 according to their definition1 was first a ,jew2 ,christianity was something added to that1 not something taking the place of it4 ,we find this controversy raging violently all through the early churches1 and splitting them into factions1 so that they were the occasion of prayer and counsel4 ,paul took the ground distinctly that ,christianity1 while it might be spiritually the lineal successor of ,judaism1 was not ,judaism2 and that he who became a ,christian1 whether a converted ,jew or ,gentile1 was under no obligation whatever to keep the ,jewish law1 so far as it was separate from practical matters of life and character4 ,we find this intimated in the writings of ,paul2 for we have to go to the ,new ,testament for the origin of that which1 we find1 existed immediately after the ,new ,testament was written4 ,paul says3 ',one man esteemeth one day above another3 another man esteemeth every day alike' 7,rom4 xiv4 #e-i74 ,he leaves it an open question2 they can do as they please4 ,then3 ',ye observe days1 and months1 and times1 and years4 ,i am afraid of you1 lest ,i have bestowed upon you labor in vain' 7,gal4 iv4 #aj1 #aa74 ,and if you will note this ,epistle of ,paul to the ,galatians1 you will find that the whole purpose of his writing it was to protest against what he believed to be the viciousness of the ,judaizing influences4 ,that is1 he says3 ',i have come to preach to you the perfect truth1 that ,christ hath made us free2 and you are going back and taking upon yourselves this yoke of bondage4 ,my labor is being thrown away2 my efforts have been in vain4' ,then he says1 in his celebrated ,epistle to the ,colossians1 that has never yet been explained away or met3 ',let no man therefore judge you any more in meat1 or in drink1 or in respect of an holy day1 or of the new moon1 or of the ,sabbath days' 7,col4 ii4 #af1 #ag71 distinctly abrogating the binding authority of the ,sabbath on the ,christian church4 ,so that1 if ,paul's word anywhere means anything--if his authority is to be taken as of binding force on any point whatever--then ,paul is to be regarded as authoritatively and distinctly abrogating the ,sabbath1 and declaring that it is no longer binding on the ,christian church4#cie3a ,this breach in the early church1 this controversy1 resulted at last in ,paul's going up to ,jerusalem to meet ,james and the representatives of the ,jerusalem church1 to see if they could find any common platform of agreement--if they could come together so that they could work with mutual respect and without any further bickering4 ,what is the platform that they met upon8 ,it was distinctly understood that those who wished to keep up the observance of ,judaism should do so2 and the church at ,jerusalem gave ,paul this grand freedom1 substantially saying to him3 ',go back to your missionary work1 found churches1 and teach them that they are perfectly free in regard to all ,mosaic and ,jewish observances1 save only these four3 ,abstain from pollutions of idols1 from fornication1 from things strangled1 and from blood4#cie3b ,the point to which our attention is forcibly drawn is1 that the question of ,sabbath-keeping is one of those that is left out4 ,the point that ,paul had been fighting for was conceded by the central church at ,jerusalem1 and he was to go out thenceforth free1 so far as that was concerned1 in his teaching of the churches that he should found4 ,there is no mention of the ,sabbath1 or the ,lord's day1 as binding in the ,new ,testament4 ,what1 then1 was the actual condition of affairs8 ,what did the churches do in the first three hundred years of their existence8 ,why1 they did just what ,paul and the ,jerusalem church had agreed upon4 ,those who wished to keep the ,jewish ,sabbath did so2 and those who did not wish to1 did not do so4 ,this is seen from the fact that ,justin ,martyr1 a ,christian ,father who flourished about ,a4 ,d4 #adj1 did not observe the day4 ,in his ,dialogue with ,typho1 the ,jew reproaches the ,christians for not keeping the ,sabbath4 ,justin admits the charge by saying3 ,do you not see that the ,elements keep no ,sabbaths and are never idle8 ,continue as you were created4 ,if there was no need of circumcision before ,abraham's time1 and no need of the ,sabbath1 of festivals and oblations1 before the time of ,moses1 neither of them are necessary after the coming of ,christ4 ,if any among you is guilty of perjury1 fraud1 or other crimes1 let him cease from them and repent1 and he will have kept the kind of ,sabbath pleasing to ,god4 ,there was no binding authority then1 among the ,christians1 as to whether they should keep the first or the seventh day of the week holy1 or not1 until the time of the first ,christian ,roman ,emperor4 ,constantine1 a ,sun worshiper1 who had1 as other ,heathen1 kept the ,sun-day1 publicly ordered this to supplant the ,jewish ,sabbath4#cif3a ,he commanded that this day should be kept holy1 throughout the whole ,roman empire1 and sent an edict to all governors of provinces to this effect4#cif3b ,thus we see how the great ,pagan festival1 in honor of ,sol the invincible1 was transformed into a ,christian holy-day4 ,not only were ,pagan festival days changed into ,christian holy-days1 but ,pagan idols were converted into ,christian saints1 and ,pagan temples into ,christian churches4 ,a ,pagan temple at ,rome1 formerly sacred to the ,bona ,dea 7the ,good ,goddess71 was ,christianized and dedicated to the ,virgin ,mary4 ,in a place formerly sacred to ,apollo1 there now stands the church of ,saint ,apollinaris4 ,where there anciently stood the temple of ,mars1 may now be seen the church of ,saint ,martine4#cif3c ,a ,pagan temple1 originally dedicated to ,clestis ,dea 7the ,heavenly ,goddess71 by one ,aurelius1 a ,pagan high-priest1 was converted into a ,christian church by another ,aurelius1 created ,bishop of ,carthage in the year #cij of ,christ4 ,he placed his episcopal chair in the very place where the statue of the ,heavenly ,goddess had stood4#cif3d ,the noblest heathen temple now remaining in the world1 is the ,pantheon or ,rotunda1 which1 as the inscription over the portico informs us1 having been impiously dedicated of old by ,agrippa to ,jove and all the gods1 was piously reconsecrated by ,pope ,boniface the ,fourth1 to ,the ,mother of ,god and all the ,saints4#cif3e ,the church of ,saint ,reparatae1 at ,florence1 was formerly a ,pagan temple4 ,an inscription was found in the foundation of this church1 of these words3 ,to the ,great ,goddess ,nutria4#cif3f ,the church of ,st4 ,stephen1 at ,bologna1 was formed from heathen temples1 one of which was a temple of ,isis4#cif3g ,at the southern extremity of the present ,forum at ,rome1 and just under the ,palatine hill--where the noble babes1 who1 miraculously preserved1 became the founders of a state that was to command the world1 were exposed--stands the church of ,st4 ,theodore4 ,this temple was built in honor of ,romulus1 and the brazen wolf--commemorating the curious manner in which the founders of ,rome were nurtured--occupied a place here till the sixteenth century4 ,and1 as the ,roman matrons of old used to carry their children1 when ill1 to the temple of ,romulus1 so too1 the women still carry their children to ,st4 ,theodore on the same occasions4 ,in ,christianizing these ,pagan temples1 free use was made of the sculptured and painted stones of heathen monuments4 ,in some cases they evidently painted over one name1 and inserted another4 ,this may be seen from the following ,,inscriptions ,,formerly ,,in ,,pagan ,,temples4 #a4 ,to ,mercury and ,minerva1 ,tutelary ,gods4 and ,,inscriptions ,,now ,,in ,,christian ,,churches4 #a4 ,to ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,francis1 ,my ,tutelaries4 #b4 ,to the ,gods who preside over this ,temple4 #b4 ,to the ,divine ,eustrogius1 who presides over this ,temple4 #c4 ,to the ,divinity of ,mercury the ,availing1 the ,powerful1 the ,unconquered4 #c4 ,to the ,divinity of ,st4 ,george the ,availing1 the ,powerful1 the ,unconquered4 #d4 ,sacred to the ,gods and ,goddesses1 with ,jove the best and greatest4 #d4 ,sacred to the presiding helpers1 ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,stephen1 with ,god the best and greatest4 #e4 ,venus' ,pigeon4 #e4 ,the ,holy ,ghost represented as a ,pigeon4 #f4 ,the ,mystical ,letters ,i4 ,h4 ,s4#cig3a #f4 ,the ,mystical ,letters ,i4 ,h4 ,s4#cig3b ,in many cases the ,images of the ,pagan gods were allowed to remain in these temples1 and1 after being ,christianized1 continued to receive divine honors4#cig3c ,in ,st4 ,peter's1 ,rome1 is a statue of ,jupiter1 deprived of his thunderbolt1 which is replaced by the emblematic keys4 ,in like manner1 much of the religion of the lower orders1 which we regard as essentially ,christian1 is ancient heathenism1 refitted with ,christian symbols4#cig3d ,we find that as early as the time of ,st4 ,gregory1 ,bishop of ,neo-,cesarea 7,a4 ,d4 #bdc71 the simple and unskilled multitudes of ,christians were allowed to pay divine honors to these images1 hoping that in the process of time they would learn better4#cih3a ,in fact1 as ,prof4 ,draper says3 ,olympus was restored1 but the divinities passed under other names4 ,the more powerful provinces insisted upon the adoption of their time-honored conceptions4 4 4 4 ,not only was the adoration of ,,isis under a new name restored1 but even her image1 standing on the crescent moon1 reappeared4 ,the well-known effigy of that goddess with the infant ,horus in her arms1 has descended to our days in the beautiful1 artistic creations of the ,madonna and child4 ,such restorations of old conceptions under novel forms were everywhere received with delight4 ,when it was announced to the ,ephesians1 that the ,council of that place1 headed by ,cyril1 had declared that the ,virgin 7,mary7 should be called the ',mother of ,god1' with tears of joy they embraced the knees of their bishop2 it was the old instinct cropping out2 their ancestors would have done the same for ,diana4#cih3b ,o bright goddess2 once again ,fix on earth thy heav'nly reign2 ,be thy sacred name ador'd1 ,altars rais'd1 and rites restor'd4 ,nestorius1 ,bishop of ,constantinople from #dbh ,a4 ,d41 refused to call ,mary the mother of ,god1 on the ground that she could be the mother of the human nature only1 which the divine ,logos used as its organ4 ,cyril1 ,bishop of ,alexandria1 did all in his power to stir up the minds of the people against ,nestorius2 the consequence was that1 both at ,rome and at ,alexandria1 ,nestorius was accused of heresy4 ,the dispute grew more bitter1 and ,theodosius ,,ii4 thought it necessary to convoke an ,o,ecumenical ,council at ,ephesus in #dca4 ,on this1 as on former occasions1 the affirmative party overruled the negative4 ,the person of ,mary began to rise in the new empyrean4 ,the paradoxical name of ,mother of ,god pleased the popular piety4 ,nestorius was condemned1 and died in exile4 ,the shrine of many an old hero was filled by the statue of some imaginary saint4 ,they have not always 7says ,dr4 ,conyers ,middleton71 as ,i am well informed1 given themselves the trouble of making even this change1 but have been contented sometimes to take up with the old image1 just as they found it2 after baptizing it only1 as it were1 or consecrating it anew1 by the imposition of a ,christian name4 ,this their antiquaries do not scruple to put strangers in mind of1 in showing their churches1 as it was1 ,i think1 in that of ,st4 ,agnes1 where they showed me an antique statue of a young ,,bacchus1 which1 with a new name1 and some little change of drapery1 stands now worshiped under the title of a female saint4#cih3c ,in many parts of ,italy are to be seen pictures of the ,holy ,family1 of extreme antiquity1 the grounds of them often of gold4 ,these pictures represent the mother with a child on her knee1 and a little boy standing close by her side2 the ,lamb is generally seen in the picture4 ,they are inscribed ,deo ,soli1 and are simply ancient representations of ,isis and ,horus4 ,the ,lamb is ,the ,lamb that taketh away the sins of the world1 which1 as we have already seen1 was believed on in the ,pagan world centuries before the time of ,christ ,jesus4#cii3a ,some half-pagan ,christian went so far as to forge a book1 which he attributed to ,christ ,jesus himself1 which was for the purpose of showing that he--,christ ,jesus--was in no way against these heathen gods4#cii3b ,the ,icelanders were induced to embrace ,christianity1 with its legends and miracles1 and sainted divinities1 as the ,christian monks were ready to substitute for ,thor1 their warrior-god1 ,michael1 the warrior-angel2 for ,freyja1 their goddess1 the ,virgin ,mary2 and for the god ,vila1 a ,st4 ,valentine--probably manufactured for the occasion4 ,the statues of ,jupiter1 ,apollo1 ,mercury1 ,orpheus1 did duty for ,the ,christ4#cii3c ,the ,thames ,river god officiates at the baptism of ,jesus in the ,jordan4 ,peter holds the keys of ,janus4#cii3d ,moses wears the horns of ,jove4 ,ceres1 ,cybele1 ,demeter assume new names1 as ',queen of ,heaven1' ',star of the ,sea1' ',maria ,illuminatrix2' ,dionysius is ,st4 ,denis2 ,cosmos is ,st4 ,cosmo2 ,pluto and ,proserpine resign their seats in the hall of final judgment to the ,christ and his mother4 ,the ,parc depute one of their number1 ,lachesis1 the disposer of lots1 to set the stamp of destiny upon the deaths of ,christian believers4 ,the aura placida of the poets1 the gentle breeze1 is personified as ,aura and ,placida4 ,the perpetua felicitas of the devotee becomes a lovely presence in the forms of ,st4 ,perpetua and ,st4 ,felicitas1 guardian angels of the pious soul4 ,no relic of ,paganism was permitted to remain in its casket4 ,the depositories were all ransacked4 ,the shadowy hands of ,egyptian priests placed the urn of holy water at the porch of the basilica1 which stood ready to be converted into a temple4 ,priests of the most ancient faiths of ,palestine1 ,assyria1 ,babylon1 ,thebes1 ,persia were permitted to erect the altar at the point where the transverse beam of the cross meets the main stem4 ,the hands that constructed the temple in cruciform shape had long become too attenuated to cast the faintest shadow4 ,there ,devaki with the infant ,crishna1 ,maya with the babe ,buddha1 ,juno with the child ,mars1 represent ,mary with ,jesus in her arms4 ,coarse emblems are not rejected2 the ,assyrian dove is a tender symbol of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the rag-bags and toy boxes were explored4 ,a bauble which the ,roman schoolboy had thrown away was picked up1 and called an 'agnus dei4' ,the musty wardrobes of forgotten hierarchies furnished costumes for the officers of the new prince4 ,alb and chasuble recalled the fashions of ,numa's day4 ,the cast-off purple habits and shoes of ,pagan emperors beautified the august persons of ,christian popes4 ,the cardinals must be contented with the robes once worn by senators4 ,zoroaster bound about the monks the girdle he invented as a protection against evil spirits1 and clothed them in the frocks he had found convenient for his ritual4 ,the pope thrust out his foot to be kissed1 as ,caligula1 ,heliogabalus1 and ,julius ,cesar had thrust out theirs4 ,nothing came amiss to the faith that was to discharge henceforth the offices of spiritual impression4#djj3a ,the ascetic and monastic life practiced by some ,christians of the present day1 is of great antiquity4 ,among the ,buddhists there are priests who are ordained1 tonsured1 live in monasteries1 and make vows of celibacy4 ,there are also nuns among them1 whose vows and discipline are the same as the priests4#djj3b ,the close resemblance between the ancient religion of ,thibet and ,nepaul--where the worship of a crucified ,god was found--and the ,roman ,catholic religion of the present day1 is very striking4 ,in ,thibet was found the pope1 or head of the religion1 whom they called the ,dalai ,lama2#djj3c they use holy water1 they celebrate a sacrifice with bread and wine2 they give extreme unction1 pray for the sick2 they have monasteries1 and convents for women2 they chant in their services1 have fasts2 they worship one ,god in a trinity1 believe in a hell1 heaven1 and a half-way place or purgatory2 they make prayers and sacrifices for the dead1 have confession1 adore the cross2 have chaplets1 or strings of beads to count their prayers1 and many other practices common to the ,roman ,catholic ,church4#djj3d ,the resemblance between ,buddhism and ,christianity has been remarked by many travelers in the eastern countries4 ,sir ,john ,francis ,davis1 in his ,history of ,china1 speaking of ,buddhism in that country1 says3 ,certain it is--and the observance may be daily made even at ,canton--that they 7the ,buddhist priests7 practice the ordinances of celibacy1 fasting1 and prayers for the dead2 they have holy water1 rosaries of beads1 which they count with their prayers1 the worship of relics1 and a monastic habit resembling that of the ,franciscans 7an order of ,roman ,catholic monks74 ,pre ,premere1 a ,jesuit missionary to ,china1 was driven to conclude that the devil had practiced a trick to perplex his friends1 the ,jesuits4 ,to others1 however1 it is not so difficult to account for these things as it seemed for the good ,father4 ,sir ,john continues his account as follows3 ,these priests are associated in monasteries attached to the temples of ,fo4 ,they are in ,china precisely a society of mendicants1 and go about1 like monks of that description in the ,romish ,church1 asking alms for the support of their establishment4 ,their tonsure extends to the hair of the whole head4 ,there is a regular gradation among the priesthood2 and according to his reputation for sanctity1 his length of service and other claims1 each priest may rise from the lowest rank of servitor--whose duty it is to perform the menial offices of the temple--to that of officiating priest--and ultimately of ',tae ,hoepang1' ,abbot or head of the establishment4 ,the five principal precepts1 or rather interdicts1 addressed to the ,buddhist priests are3 #a4 ,do not kill4 #b4 ,do not steal4 #c4 ,do not marry4 #d4 ,speak not falsely4 #e4 ,drink no wine4 ,poo-ta-la is the name of a monastery1 described in ,lord ,macartney's mission1 and is an extensive establishment1 which was found in ,manchow-,tartary1 beyond the great wall4 ,this building offered shelter to no less than eight hundred ,chinese ,buddhist priests4#dja3a ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gutzlaff1 in his ,journal of ,voyages along the coast of ,china1 tells us that he found the ,buddhist ,monasteries1 nuns1 and friars very numerous2 and adds that3 their priests are generally very ignorant4#dja3b ,this reminds us of the fact that1 for centuries during the dark ages of ,christianity1 ,christian bishops and prelates1 the teachers1 spiritual pastors and masters1 were mostly marksmen1 that is1 they supplied1 by the sign of the cross1 their inability to write their own name4#djb3a ,many of the bishops in the ,councils of ,ephesus and ,chalcedon1 it is said1 could not write their names4 ,ignorance was not considered a disqualification for ordination4 ,a cloud of ignorance overspread the whole face of the ,church1 hardly broken by a few glimmering lights1 who owe almost the whole of their distinction to the surrounding darkness4#djb3b ,one of the principal objects of curiosity to the ,europeans who first went to ,china1 was a large monastery at ,canton4 ,this monastery1 which was dedicated to ,fo1 or ,buddha1 and which is on a very large scale1 is situated upon the southern side of the river4 ,there are extensive grounds surrounding the building1 planted with trees1 in the center of which is a broad pavement of granite1 which is kept very clean4 ,an ,english gentleman1 ,mr4 ,bennett1 entered this establishment1 which he fully describes4 ,he says that after walking along this granite pavement1 they entered a temple1 where the priesthood happened to be assembled1 worshiping4 ,they were arranged in rows1 chanting1 striking gongs1 c4 ,these priests1 with their shaven crowns1 and arrayed in the yellow robes of the religion1 appeared to go through the mummery with devotion4 ,as soon as the mummery had ceased1 the priests all flocked out of the temple1 adjourned to their respective rooms1 divested themselves of their official robes1 and the images--among which were evidently representations of ,shin-moo1 the ,holy ,mother1 and ,queen of ,heaven1 and ,the ,three ,pure ,ones1--were left to themselves1 with lamps burning before them4 ,to expiate sin1 offerings made to these priests are--according to the ,buddhist idea--sufficient4 ,to facilitate the release of some unfortunate from purgatory1 they said masses4 ,their prayers are counted by means of a rosary1 and they live in a state of celibacy4 ,mr4 ,gutzlaff1 in describing a temple dedicated to ,buddha1 situated on the island of ,poo-ta-la1 says3 ,we were present at the vespers of the priests1 which they chanted in the ,pali language1 not unlike the ,latin service of the ,romish church4 ,they held their rosaries in their hands1 which rested folded upon their breasts4 ,one of them had a small bell1 by the tingling of which the service was regulated4 ,the ,buddhists in ,india have similar institutions4 ,the ,french missionary1 ,m4 ,l',abb ,huc1 says of them3 ,the ,buddhist ascetic not aspiring to elevate himself only1 he practiced virtue and applied himself to perfection to make other men share in its belief2 and by the institution of an order of religious mendicants1 which increased to an immense extent1 he attached towards him1 and restored to society1 the poor and unfortunate4 ,it was1 indeed1 precisely because ,buddha received among his disciples miserable creatures who were outcasts from the respectable class of ,india1 that he became an object of mockery to the ,brahmins4 ,but he merely replied to their taunts1 ',my law is a law of mercy for all4'#djc3a ,in the words of ,viscount ,amberly1 we can say that1 ,monasticism1 in countries where ,buddhism reigns supreme1 is a vast and powerful institution4 ,the ,essenes1 of whom we shall speak more fully anon1 were an order of ascetics1 dwelling in monasteries4 ,among the order of ,pythagoras1 which was very similar to the ,essenes1 there was an order of nuns4#djc3b ,the ancient ,druids admitted females into their sacred order1 and initiated them into the mysteries of their religion4#djc3c ,the priestesses of the ,saxon ,frigga devoted themselves to perpetual virginity4#djc3d ,the vestal virgins#djc3e were bound by a solemn vow to preserve their chastity for a space of thirty years4#djc3f ,the ,egyptian priests of ,isis were obliged to observe perpetual chastity4#djc3g ,they were also tonsured like the ,buddhist priests4#djc3h ,the ,assyrian1 ,arabian1 ,persian and ,egyptian priests wore white surplices1#djc3i and so did the ancient ,druids4 ,the ,corinthian ,aphrodite had her ,hierodoulio1 the pure ,gerairai ministered to the goddess of the ,parthenon1 the altar of the ,latin ,vesta was tended by her chosen virgins1 and the ,romish ,queen of ,heaven has her nuns4 ,when the ,spaniards had established themselves in ,mexico and ,peru1 they were astonished to find1 among other things which closely resembled their religion1 monastic institutions on a large scale4 ,the ,rev4 ,father ,acosta1 in his ,natural and ,moral ,history of the ,indies1 says3 ,there is one thing worthy of special regard1 the which is1 how the ,devil1 by his pride1 hath opposed himself to ,god2 and that which ,god1 by his wisdom1 hath decreed for his honor and service1 and for the good and health of man1 the devil strives to imitate and pervert1 to be honored1 and to cause men to be damned3 for as we see the great ,god hath ,sacrifices1 ,priests1 ,sacraments1 ,religious ,prophets1 and ,ministers1 dedicated to his divine service and holy ceremonies1 so likewise the devil hath his ,sacrifices1 ,priests1 his kinds of ,sacraments1 his ,ministers appointed1 his secluded and feigned holiness1 with a thousand sorts of false prophets4#djc3aj ,we find among all the nations of the world1 men especially dedicated to the service of the true ,god1 or to the false1 which serve in sacrifices1 and declare unto the people what their gods command them4 ,there was in ,mexico a strange curiosity upon this point4 ,and the devil1 counterfeiting the use of the church of ,god1 hath placed in the order of his ,priests1 some greater or superiors1 and some less1 the one as ,acolites1 the other as ,levites1 and that which hath made most to wonder1 was1 that the devil would usurp to himself the service of ,god2 yea1 and use the same name3 for the ,mexicans in their ancient tongue call their high priests ,papes1 as they should say sovereign bishops1 as it appears now by their histories4#djd3a ,in ,mexico1 within the circuit of the great temple1 there were two monasteries1 one for virgins1 the other for men1 which they called religious4 ,these men lived poorly and chastely1 and did the office of ,levites4#djd3b ,these priests and religious men used great fastings1 of five or ten days together1 before any of their great feasts1 and they were unto them as our four ember week2 they were so strict in continence that some of them 7not to fall into any sensuality7 slit their members in the midst1 and did a thousand things to make themselves unable1 lest they should offend their gods4#djd3c ,there were in ,peru many monasteries of virgins 7for there are no other admitted71 at the least one in every province4 ,in these monasteries there were two sorts of women1 one ancient1 which they called ,mamacomas 7mothers71 for the instruction of the young1 and the other was of young maidens placed there for a certain time1 and after they were drawn forth1 either for their gods or for the ,inca4 ,if any of the ,mamacomas or ,acllas were found to have trespassed against their honor1 it was an inevitable chastisement to bury them alive or to put them to death by some other kind of cruel torment4#djd3d ,the ,rev4 ,father concludes by saying3 ,in truth it is very strange to see that this false opinion of religion hath so great force among these young men and maidens of ,mexico1 that they will serve the devil with so great rigor and austerity1 which many of us do not in the service of the most high ,god1 the which is a great shame and confusion4#djd3e ,the religious orders of the ancient ,mexicans and ,peruvians are described at length in ,lord ,kingsborough's ,mexican ,antiquities1 and by most every writer on ancient ,mexico4 ,differing in minor details1 the grand features of self-consecration are everywhere the same1 whether we look to the saintly ,rishis of ancient ,india1 to the wearers of the yellow robe in ,china or ,ceylon1 to the ,essenes among the ,jews1 to the devotees of ,vitziliputzli in pagan ,mexico1 or to the monks and nuns of ,christian times in ,africa1 in ,asia1 and in ,europe4 ,throughout the various creeds of these distant lands there runs the same unconquerable impulse1 producing the same remarkable effects4 ,the ,sacred ,heart1 was a great mystery with the ancients4 ,horus1 the ,egyptian virgin-born ,saviour1 was represented carrying the sacred heart outside on his breast4 ,vishnu1 the ,mediator and ,preserver of the ,hindoos1 was also represented in that manner4 ,so was it with ,bel of ,babylon4#dje3a ,in like manner1 ,christ ,jesus1 the ,christian ,saviour1 is represented at the present day4 ,the amulets or charms which the ,roman ,christians wear1 to drive away diseases1 and to protect them from harm1 are other relics of paganism4 ,the ancient pagans wore these charms for the same purpose4 ,the name of their favorite god was generally inscribed upon them1 and we learn by a quotation from ,chrysostom that the ,christians at ,antioch used to bind brass coins of ,alexander the ,great about their heads1 to keep off or drive away diseases4#dje3b ,the ,christians also used amulets with the name or monogram of the god ,serapis engraved thereon1 which show that it made no difference whether the god was their own or that of another4 ,even the charm which is worn by the ,christians at the present day1 has none other than the monogram of ,bacchus engraved thereon1 i4 e41 ,i4 ,h4 ,s4#dje3c ,the ancient ,roman children carried around their necks a small ornament in the form of a heart1 called ,bulla4 ,this was imitated by the early ,christians4 ,upon their ancient monuments in the ,vatican1 the heart is very common1 and it may be seen in numbers of old pictures4 ,after some time it was succeeded by the ,agnus ,dei1 which1 like the ancient ,bulla1 was supposed to avert dangers from the children and the wearers of them4 ,cardinal ,baronius 7an eminent ,roman ,catholic ecclesiastical historian1 born at ,sora1 in ,naples1 ,a4 ,d4 #aech7 says1 that those who have been baptized carry pendent from their neck an ,agnus ,dei1 in imitation of a devotion of the ,pagans1 who hung to the neck of their children little bottles in the form of a heart1 which served as preservatives against charms and enchantments4 ,says ,mr4 ,cox3 ,that ornaments in the shape of a vesica have been popular in all countries as preservatives against dangers1 and especially from evil spirits1 can as little be questioned as the fact that they still retain some measure of their ancient popularity in ,england1 where horse-shoes are nailed to walls as a safeguard against unknown perils1 where a shoe is thrown by way of good-luck after newly-married couples1 and where the villagers have not yet ceased to dance round the ,may-pole on the green4#dje3d ,all of these are emblems of either the ,linga or ,yoni4 ,the use of amulets was carried to the most extravagant excess in ancient ,egypt1 and their ,sacred ,book of the ,dead1 even in its earliest form1 shows the importance attached to such things4#djf3a ,we can say with ,m4 ,renan that3 ,almost all our superstitions are the remains of a religion anterior to ,christianity1 and which ,christianity has not been able entirely to root out4#djf3b ,baptismal fonts were used by the pagans1 as well as the little cisterns which are to be seen at the entrance of ,catholic churches4 ,in the temple of ,apollo1 at ,delphi1 there were two of these2 one of silver1 and the other of gold4#djf3c ,temples always faced the east1 to receive the rays of the rising sun4 ,they contained an outer court for the public1 and an inner sanctuary for the priests1 called the ,adytum4 ,near the entrance was a large vessel1 of stone or brass1 filled with water1 made holy by plunging into it a burning torch from the altar4 ,all who were admitted to the sacrifices were sprinkled with this water1 and none but the unpolluted were allowed to pass beyond it4 ,in the center of the building stood the statue of the god1 on a pedestal raised above the altar and enclosed by a railing4 ,on festival occasions1 the people brought laurel1 olive1 or ivy1 to decorate the pillars and walls4 ,before they entered they always washed their hands1 as a type of purification from sin4#djf3d ,a story is told of a man who was struck dead by a thunderbolt because he omitted this ceremony when entering a temple of ,jupiter4 ,sometimes they crawled up the steps on their knees1 and bowing their heads to the ground1 kissed the threshold4 ,always when they passed one of these sacred edifices they kissed their right hand to it1 in token of veneration4 ,in all the temples of ,vishnu1 ,crishna1 ,rama1 ,durga1 and ,kali1 in ,india1 there are to be seen idols before which lights and incense are burned4 ,moreover1 the idols of these gods are constantly decorated with flowers and costly ornaments1 especially on festive occasions4#djf3e ,the ancient ,egyptian worship had a great splendor of ritual4 ,there was a morning service1 a kind of mass1 celebrated by a priest1 shorn and beardless2 there were sprinklings of holy water1 c41 c4#djf3f ,all of this kind of worship was finally adopted by the ,christians4 ,the sublime and simple theology of the primitive ,christians was gradually corrupted and degraded by the introduction of a popular mythology1 which tended to restore the reign of polytheism4 ,as the objects of religion were gradually reduced to the standard of the imagination1 the rites and ceremonies were introduced that seemed most powerfully to affect the senses of the vulgar4 ,if1 in the beginning of the fifth century1 ,tertullian1 or ,lactantius1 had been suddenly raised from the dead1 to assist at the festival of some popular saint or martyr1 they would have gazed with astonishment and indignation on the profane spectacle1 which had succeeded to the pure and spiritual worship of a ,christian congregation4#djg3a ,dr4 ,draper1 in speaking of the early ,christian ,church1 says3 ,great is the difference between ,christianity under ,severus 7born #adf7 and ,christianity under ,constantine 7born #bgd74 ,many of the doctrines which at the latter period were pre-eminent1 in the former were unknown4 ,two causes led to the amalgamation of ,christianity with ,paganism4 #a4 ,the political necessities of the new dynasty3 #b4 ,the policy adopted by the new religion to insure its spread4 ,though the ,christian party had proved itself sufficiently strong to give a master to the empire1 it was never sufficiently strong to destroy its antagonist1 ,paganism4 ,the issue of the struggle between them was an amalgamation of the principles of both4 ,in this1 ,christianity differed from ,mohammedanism1 which absolutely annihilated its antagonist1 and spread its own doctrines without adulteration4 ,constantine continually showed by his acts that he felt he must be the impartial sovereign of all his people1 not merely the representative of a successful faction4 ,hence1 if he built ,christian churches1 he also restored ,pagan temples2 if he listened to the clergy1 he also consulted the haruspices2 if he summoned the ,council of ,nicea1 he also honored the statue of ,fortune2 if he accepted the rite of ,baptism1 he also struck a medal bearing his title of ',god4' ,his statue1 on top of the great porphyry pillar at ,constantinople1 consisted of an ancient image of ,apollo1 whose features were replaced by those of the emperor1 and its head surrounded by the nails feigned to have been used at the crucifixion of ,christ1 arranged so as to form a crown of glory4 ,feeling that there must be concessions to the defeated ,pagan party1 in accordance with its ideas1 he looked with favor on the idolatrous movements of his court4 ,in fact1 the leaders of these movements were persons of his own family4 ,to the emperor1--a mere worldling--a man without any religious convictions1 doubtless it appeared best for himself1 best for the empire1 and best for the contending parties1 ,christian and ,pagan1 to promote their union or amalgamation as much as possible4 ,even sincere ,christians do not seem to have been averse to this2 perhaps they believed that the new doctrines would diffuse most thoroughly by incorporating in themselves ideas borrowed from the old2 that ,truth would assert herself in the end1 and the impurities be cast off4 ,in accomplishing this amalgamation1 ,helen1 the ,empress-mother1 aided by the court ladies1 led the way4 ,as years passed on1 the faith described by ,tertullian 7,a4 ,d4 #aej-aie7 was transformed into one more fashionable and more debased4 ,it was incorporated with the old ,greek mythology4 ,olympus was restored1 but the divinities passed under new names4 4 4 4 ,heathen rites were adopted1 a pompous and splendid ritual1 gorgeous robes1 mitres1 tiaras1 wax-tapers1 processional services1 lustrations1 gold and silver vases1 were introduced4 ,the festival of the ,purification of the ,virgin was invented to remove the uneasiness of heathen converts on account of the loss of their ,lupercalia1 or feasts of ,pan4 ,the apotheosis of the old ,roman times was replaced by canonization2 tutelary saints succeeded to local mythological divinities4 ,then came the mystery of transubstantiation1 or the conversion of bread and wine by the priest into the flesh and blood of ,christ4 ,as centuries passed1 the paganization became more and more complete4#djh3a ,the early ,christian saints1 bishops1 and fathers1 confessedly adopted the liturgies1 rites1 ceremonies1 and terms of heathenism2 making it their boast1 that the pagan religion1 properly explained1 really was nothing else than ,christianity2 that the best and wisest of its professors1 in all ages1 had been ,christians all along2 that ,christianity was but a name more recently acquired to a religion which had previously existed1 and had been known to the ,greek philosophers1 to ,plato1 ,socrates1 and ,heraclitus2 and that if the writings of ,cicero had been read as they ought to have been1 there would have been no occasion for the ,christian ,scriptures4 ,and our ,protestant1 and most orthodox ,christian divines1 the best learned on ecclesiastical antiquity1 and most entirely persuaded of the truth of the ,christian religion1 unable to resist or to conflict with the constraining demonstration of the data that prove the absolute sameness and identity of ,paganism and ,christianity1 and unable to point out so much as one single idea or notion1 of which they could show that it was peculiar to ,christianity1 or that ,christianity had it1 and ,paganism had it not1 have invented the apology of an hypothesis1 that the ,pagan religion was typical1 and that ,crishna1 ,buddha1 ,bacchus1 ,hercules1 ,adonis1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 c41 were all of them types and forerunners of the true and real ,saviour1 ,christ ,jesus4 ,those who are satisfied with this kind of reasoning are certainly welcome to it4 ,that ,christianity is nothing more than ,paganism under a new name1 has1 as we said above1 been admitted over and over again by the ,fathers of the ,church1 and others4 ,aringhus 7in his account of subterraneous ,rome7 acknowledges the conformity between the ,pagan and ,christian form of worship1 and defends the admission of the ceremonies of heathenism into the service of the ,church1 by the authority of the wisest prelates and governors1 whom1 he says1 found it necessary1 in the conversion of the ,gentiles1 to dissemble1 and wink at many things1 and yield to the times2 and not to use force against customs which the people were so obstinately fond of4#dji3a ,melito 7a ,christian bishop of ,sardis71 in an apology delivered to the ,emperor ,marcus ,antoninus1 in the year #agj1 claims the patronage of the emperor1 for the now called ,christian religion1 which he calls our philosophy1 on account of its high antiquity1 as having been imported from countries lying beyond the limits of the ,roman empire1 in the region of his ancestor ,augustus1 who found its importation ominous of good fortune to his government4#dji3b ,this is an absolute demonstration that ,christianity did not originate in ,judea1 which was a ,roman province1 but really was an exotic oriental fable1 imported from ,india1 and that ,paul was doing as he claimed1 viz43 preaching a ,god manifest in the flesh who had been believed on in the world centuries before his time1 and a doctrine which had already been preached unto every creature under heaven4 ,baronius 7an eminent ,catholic ecclesiastical historian7 says3 ,it is permitted to the ,church to use1 for the purpose of piety1 the ceremonies which the pagans used for the purpose of impiety in a superstitious religion1 after having first expiated them by consecration--to the end1 that the devil might receive a greater affront from employing1 in honor of ,jesus ,christ1 that which his enemy had destined for his own service4#dji3c ,clarke1 in his ,evidences of ,revealed ,religion1 says3 ,some of the ancient writers of the church have not scrupled expressly to call the ,athenian ,socrates1 and some others of the best of the heathen moralists1 by the name of ,christians1 and to affirm1 as the law was as it were a schoolmaster1 to bring the ,jews unto ,christ1 so true moral philosophy was to the ,gentiles a preparative to receive the gospel4#dji3d ,clemens ,alexandrinus says3 ,those who lived according to the ,logos were really ,christians1 though they have been thought to be atheists2 as ,socrates and ,heraclitus were among the ,greeks1 and such as resembled them4#dji3e ,and ,st4 ,augustine says3 ,that1 in our times1 is the ,christian religion1 which to know and follow is the most sure and certain health1 called according to that name1 but not according to the thing itself1 of which it is the name2 for the thing itself which is now called the ,christian religion1 really was known to the ancients1 nor was wanting at any time from the beginning of the human race1 until the time when ,christ came in the flesh1 from whence the true religion1 which had previously existed1 began to be called ,christian2 and this in our days is the ,christian religion1 not as having been wanting in former times1 but as having in later times received this name4#daj3a ,eusebius1 the great champion of ,christianity1 admits that that which is called the ,christian religion1 is neither new nor strange1 but--if it be lawful to testify the truth--was known to the ancients4#daj3b ,how the common people were ,christianized1 we gather from a remarkable passage which ,mosheim1 the ecclesiastical historian1 has preserved for us1 in the life of ,gregory1 surnamed ,thaumaturgus1 that is1 the wonder worker4 ,the passage is as follows3 ,when ,gregory perceived that the simple and unskilled multitude persisted in their worship of images1 on account of the pleasures and sensual gratifications which they enjoyed at the ,pagan festivals1 he granted them a permission to indulge themselves in the like pleasures1 in celebrating the memory of the holy martyrs1 hoping that in process of time1 they would return of their own accord1 to a more virtuous and regular course of life4#daj3c ,the historian remarks that there is no sort of doubt1 that by this permission1 ,gregory allowed the ,christians to dance1 sport1 and feast at the tombs of the martyrs1 upon their respective festivals1 and to do everything which the ,pagans were accustomed to do in their temples1 during the feasts celebrated in honor of their gods4 ,the learned ,christian advocate1 ,m4 ,turretin1 in describing the state of ,christianity in the fourth century1 has a well-turned rhetoricism1 the point of which is1 that it was not so much the empire that was brought over to the faith1 as the faith that was brought over to the empire2 not the ,pagans who were converted to ,christianity1 but ,christianity that was converted to ,paganism4#daj3d ,edward ,gibbon says3 ,it must be confessed that the ministers of the ,catholic church imitated the profane model which they were impatient to destroy4 ,the most respectable bishops had persuaded themselves1 that the ignorant rusties would more cheerfully renounce the superstitions of ,paganism1 if they found some resemblance1 some compensation1 in the bosom of ,christianity4 ,the religion of ,constantine achieved1 in less than a century1 the final conquest of the ,roman empire3 but the victors themselves were insensibly subdued by the arts of their vanquished rivals4#daa3a ,faustus1 writing to ,st4 ,augustine1 says3 ,you have substituted your agap for the sacrifices of the ,pagans2 for their idols your martyrs1 whom you serve with the very same honors4 ,you appease the shades of the dead with wine and feasts2 you celebrate the solemn festivities of the ,gentiles1 their calends1 and their solstices2 and1 as to their manners1 those you have retained without any alteration4 ,nothing distinguishes you from the ,pagans1 except that you hold your assemblies apart from them4#daa3b ,ammonius ,saccus 7a ,greek philosopher1 founder of the ,neo-platonic school7 taught that3 ,christianity and ,paganism1 when rightly understood1 differ in no essential points1 but had a common origin1 and are really one and the same thing4#daa3c ,justin explains the thing in the following manner3 ,it having reached the devil's ears that the prophets had foretold that ,christ would come 4 4 4 he 7the devil7 set the heathen poets to bring forward a great many who should be called sons of ,jove1 7i4 e41 ,the ,sons of ,god47 ,the devil laying his scheme in this1 to get men to imagine that the true history of ,christ was of the same character as the prodigious fables and poetic stories4#daa3d ,ccilius1 in the ,octavius of ,minucius ,felix1 says3 ,all these fragments of crack-brained opiniatry and silly solaces played off in the sweetness of song by 7the7 deceitful 7,pagan7 poets1 by you too credulous creatures 7i4 e41 the ,christians7 have been shamefully reformed and made over to your own god4#daa3e ,celsus1 the ,epicurean philosopher1 wrote that3 ,the ,christian religion contains nothing but what ,christians hold in common with heathens2 nothing new1 or truly great4#daa3f ,this assertion is fully verified by ,justin ,martyr1 in his apology to the ,emperor ,adrian1 which is one of the most remarkable admissions ever made by a ,christian writer4 ,he says3 ,in saying that all things were made in this beautiful order by ,god1 what do we seem to say more than ,plato8 ,when we teach a general conflagration1 what do we teach more than the ,stoics8 ,by opposing the worship of the works of men's hands1 we concur with ,menander1 the comedian2 and by declaring the ,logos1 the first begotten of ,god1 our master ,jesus ,christ1 to be born of a virgin1 without any human mixture1 to be crucified and dead1 and to have rose again1 and ascended into heaven3 we say no more in this1 than what you say of those whom you style the ,sons of ,jove4 ,for you need not be told what a parcel of sons1 the writers most in vogue among you1 assign to ,jove2 there's ,mercury1 ,jove's interpreter1 in imitation of the ,logos1 in worship among you4 ,there's sculapius1 the physician1 smitten by a thunderbolt1 and after that ascending into heaven4 ,there's ,bacchus1 torn to pieces2 and ,hercules1 burnt to get rid of his pains4 ,there's ,pollux and ,castor1 the sons of ,jove by ,leda1 and ,perseus by ,danae2 and not to mention others1 ,i would fain know why you always deify the departed emperors and have a fellow at hand to make affidavit that he saw ,csar mount to heaven from the funeral pile8 ,as to the son of ,god1 called ,jesus1 should we allow him to be nothing more than man1 yet the title of the son of ,god is very justifiable1 upon the account of his wisdom1 considering that you have your ,mercury in worship1 under the title of the ,word and ,messenger of ,god4 ,as to the objection of our ,jesus's being crucified1 ,i say1 that suffering was common to all the forementioned sons of ,jove1 but only they suffered another kind of death4 ,as to his being born of a virgin1 you have your ,perseus to balance that4 ,as to his curing the lame1 and the paralytic1 and such as were cripples from birth1 this is little more than what you say of your sculapius4#dab3a ,the most celebrated ,fathers of the ,christian church1 the most frequently quoted1 and those whose names stand the highest were nothing more nor less than ,pagans1 being born and educated ,pagans4 ,pantaenus 7,a4 ,d4 #aic7 was one of these half-,pagan1 half-,christian1 ,fathers4 ,he at one time presided in the school of the faithful in ,alexandria in ,egypt1 and was celebrated on account of his learning4 ,he was brought up in the ,stoic philosophy4#dab3b ,clemens ,alexandrinus 7,a4 ,d4 #aid7 or ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 was another ,christian ,father of the same sort1 being originally a ,pagan4 ,he succeeded ,pantaenus as president of the monkish university at ,alexandria4 ,his works are very extensive1 and his authority very high in the church4#dab3c ,tertullian 7,a4 ,d4 #bjj7 may next be mentioned4 ,he also was originally a ,pagan1 and at one time ,presbyter of the ,christian church of ,carthage1 in ,africa4 ,the following is a specimen of his manner of reasoning on the evidences of ,christianity4 ,he says3 ,i find no other means to prove myself to be impudent with success1 and happily a fool1 than by my contempt of shame2 as1 for instance--,i maintain that the ,son of ,god was born2 why am ,i not ashamed of maintaining such a thing8 ,why6 but because it is itself a shameful thing4 ,i maintain that the ,son of ,god died3 well1 that is wholly credible because it is monstrously absurd4 ,i maintain that after having been buried1 he rose again3 and that ,i take to be absolutely true1 because it was manifestly impossible4#dab3d ,origen 7,a4 ,d4 #bcj71 one of the shining lights of the ,christian church1 was another ,father of this class4 ,porphyry 7a ,neo-platonist philosopher7 objects to him on this account4#dac3a ,he also was born in the great cradle and nursery of superstition--,egypt--and studied under that celebrated philosopher1 ,ammonius ,saccus1 who taught that ,christianity and ,paganism1 when rightly understood1 differed in no essential point1 but had a common origin4 ,this man was so sincere in his devotion to the cause of monkery1 or ,essenism1 that he made himself an eunuch for the kingdom of heaven's sake4#dac3b ,the writer of the twelfth verse of the nineteenth chapter of ,matthew1 was without doubt an ,egyptian monk4 ,the words are put into the mouth of the ,jewish ,jesus1 which is simply ridiculous1 when it is considered that the ,jews did not allow an eunuch so much as to enter the congregation of the ,lord4#dac3c ,st4 ,gregory 7,a4 ,d4 #bdj71 bishop of ,neo-,csarea in ,pontus1 was another celebrated ,christian ,father1 born of ,pagan parents and educated a ,pagan4 ,he is called ,thaumaturgus1 or the wonder-worker1 and is said to have performed miracles when still a ,pagan4#dac3d ,he1 too1 was an ,alexandrian student4 ,this is the ,gregory who was commended by his namesake of ,nyssa for changing the ,pagan festivals into ,christian holidays1 the better to draw the heathen to the religion of ,christ4#dac3e ,mosheim1 the ecclesiastical historian1 in speaking of the ,christian church during the second century1 says3 ,the profound respect that was paid to the ,greek and ,roman mysteries1 and the extraordinary sanctity that was attributed to them1 induced the ,christians to give their religion a mystic air1 in order to put it upon an equal footing1 in point of dignity1 with that of the ,pagans4 ,for this purpose they gave the name of mysteries to the institutions of the gospel1 and decorated1 particularly the holy sacrament1 with that solemn title4 ,they used1 in that sacred institution1 as also in that of baptism1 several of the terms employed in the heathen mysteries1 and proceeded so far at length1 as even to adopt some of the rites and ceremonies of which those renowned mysteries consisted4#dac3f ,we have seen1 then1 that the only difference between ,christianity and ,paganism is that ,brahma1 ,ormuzd1 ,osiris1 ,zeus1 ,jupiter1 etc41 are called by another name2 ,crishna1 ,buddha1 ,bacchus1 ,adonis1 ,mithras1 etc41 have been turned into ,christ ,jesus3 ,venus' pigeon into the ,holy ,ghost2 ,diana1 ,isis1 ,devaki1 etc41 into the ,virgin ,mary2 and the demi-gods and heroes into saints4 ,the exploits of the one were represented as the miracles of the other4 ,pagan festivals became ,christian holidays1 and ,pagan temples became ,christian churches4 ,mr4 ,mahaffy1 ,fellow and ,tutor in ,trinity ,college1 and ,lecturer on ,ancient ,history in the ,university of ,dublin1 ends his ,prolegomena to ,ancient ,history in the following manner3 ,there is indeed1 hardly a great or fruitful idea in the ,jewish or ,christian systems1 which has not its analogy in the 7ancient7 ,egyptian faith4 ,the development of the one ,god into a trinity2 the incarnation of the mediating deity in a ,virgin1 and without a father2 his conflict and his momentary defeat by the powers of darkness2 his partial victory 7for the enemy is not destroyed72 his resurrection and reign over an eternal kingdom with his justified saints2 his distinction from1 and yet identity with1 the uncreate incomprehensible ,father1 whose form is unknown1 and who dwelleth not in temples made with hands--all these theological conceptions pervade the oldest religion of ,egypt4 ,so1 too1 the contrast and even the apparent inconsistencies between our moral and theological beliefs--the vacillating attribution of sin and guilt partly to moral weakness1 partly to the interference of evil spirits1 and likewise of righteousness to moral worth1 and again to the help of good genii or angels2 the immortality of the soul and its final judgment--all these things have met us in the ,egyptian ritual and moral treatises4 ,so1 too1 the purely human side of morals1 and the catalogue of virtues and vices1 are by natural consequences as like as are the theological systems4 ,but ,i recoil from opening this great subject now2 it is enough to have lifted the veil and shown the scene of many a future contest4#dad3a ,in regard to the moral sentiments expressed in the books of the ,new ,testament1 and believed by the majority of ,christians to be peculiar to ,christianity1 we shall touch them but lightly1 as this has already been done so frequently by many able scholars4 ,the moral doctrines that appear in the ,new ,testament1 even the sayings of the ,sermon on the ,mount and the ,lord's ,prayer1 are found with slight variation1 among the ,rabbins1 who have certainly borrowed nothing out of the ,new ,testament4 ,christian teachers have delighted to exhibit the essential superiority of ,christianity to ,judaism1 have quoted with triumph the maxims that are said to have fallen from the lips of ,jesus1 and which1 they surmised1 could not be paralleled in the elder ,scriptures1 and have put the least favorable construction on such passages in the ancient books as seemed to contain the thoughts of evangelists and apostles4 ,a more ingenious study of the ,hebrew law1 according to the oldest traditions1 as well as its later interpretations by the prophets1 reduces these differences materially by bringing into relief sentiments and precepts whereof the ,new ,testament morality is but an echo4 ,there are passages in ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,deuteronomy1 even tenderer in their humanity than anything in the ,gospels4 ,the preacher from the ,mount1 the prophet of the ,beatitudes1 does but repeat with persuasive lips what the law-givers of his race proclaimed in mighty tones of command4 ,such an acquaintance with the later literature of the ,jews as is really obtained now from popular sources1 will convince the ordinarily fair mind that the originality of the ,new ,testament has been greatly over-estimated4 ,to feed the hungry1 give drink to the thirsty1 clothe the naked1 bury the dead1 loyally serve the king1 forms the first duty of a pious man and faithful subject1 is an abstract from the ,egyptian ,book of the ,dead1 the oldest ,bible in the world4 ,confucius1 the ,chinese philosopher1 born #eea ,b4 ,c41 said3 ,obey ,heaven1 and follow the orders of ,him who governs it4 ,love your neighbor as yourself4 ,do to another what you would he should do unto you2 and do not unto another what you would should not be done unto you2 thou only needest this law alone1 it is the foundation and principle of all the rest4 ,acknowledge thy benefits by the return of other benefits1 but never revenge injuries4#dae3a ,the following extracts from ,manu and the ,maha-bharata1 an ,indian epic poem1 written many centuries before the time of ,christ ,jesus1#dae3b compared with similar sentiment contained in the books of the ,new ,testament1 are very striking4 ,an evil-minded man is quick to see his neighbor's faults1 though small as mustard-seed2 but when he turns his eyes towards his own1 though large as ,bilva fruit1 he none descries4 7,maha-bharata47 ,and why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye1 but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye8 7,matt4 vii4 #c47 ,conquer a man who never gives by gifts2 subdue untruthful men by truthfulness2 vanquish an angry man by gentleness2 and overcome the evil man by goodness4 7,ibid47 ,be not overcome of evil1 but overcome evil with good4 7,romans1 xii4 #ba47 ,to injure none by thought or word or deed1 to give to others1 and be kind to all--this is the constant duty of the good4 ,high-minded men delight in doing good1 without a thought of their own interest2 when they confer a benefit on others1 they reckon not on favors in return4 7,ibid47 ,love your enemies1 and do good1 and lend1 hoping for nothing again2 and your reward shall be great1 and ye shall be the children of the ,highest3 for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil4 7,luke1 vii4 #ce47 ,two persons will hereafter be exalted above the heavens--the man with boundless power1 who yet forbears to use it indiscreetly1 and he who is not rich1 and yet can give4 7,ibid47 ,just heaven is not so pleased with costly gifts1 offered in hope of future recompense1 as with the merest trifle set apart from honest gains1 and sanctified by faith4 7,ibid47 ,and ,jesus sat over against the treasury1 and beheld how people cast money into the treasury3 and many that were rich cast in much4 ,and there came a certain poor widow1 and she threw in two mites1 which make a farthing4 ,and he called unto him his disciples1 and saith unto them1 ,verily ,i say unto you1 that this poor widow hath cast more in1 than all they which have cast into the treasury3 ,for all they did cast in of their abundance1 but she of her want did cast all that she had1 even all her living4 7,mark1 xii4 #da-dd47 ,to curb the tongue and moderate the speech1 is held to be the hardest of all tasks4 ,the words of him who talk too volubly have neither substance nor variety4 7,ibid47 ,but the tongue can no man tame2 it is an unruly evil1 full of deadly poison4 7,james1 iii4 #h47 ,even to foes who visit us as guests due hospitality should be displayed2 the tree screens with its leaves1 the man who fells it4 7,ibid47 ,therefore1 if thine enemy hunger1 feed him2 if he thirst1 give him drink2 for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head4 7,rom4 xii4 #bj47 ,in granting or refusing a request1 a man obtains a proper rule of action by looking on his neighbor as himself4 7,ibid47 ,thou shall love thy neighbor as thyself4 7,matt4 xxii4 #ci47 ,and as ye would that men should do to you1 do ye also to them likewise4 7,luke vi4 #ca47 ,before infirmities creep o'er thy flesh2 before decay impairs thy strength and mars the beauty of thy limbs2 before the ,ender1 whose charioteer is sickness1 hastes towards thee1 breaks up thy fragile frame and ends thy life1 lay up the only treasure3 ,do good deeds2 practice sobriety and self-control2 amass that wealth which thieves cannot abstract1 nor tyrants seize1 which follows thee at death1 which never wastes away1 nor is corrupted4 7,ibid47 ,remember now thy creator in the days of thy youth1 while the evil days come not1 nor the years draw nigh1 when thou shalt say3 ,i have no pleasure in them4 7,ecc4 xii4 #a47 ,lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth1 where moth and rust doth corrupt1 and where thieves break through and steal3 ,but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven1 where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt1 and where thieves do not break through and steal4 7,matt4 vi4 #ai-bj47 ,this is the sum of all true righteousness--,treat others as thou wouldst thyself be treated4 ,do nothing to thy neighbor1 which hereafter thou would'st not have thy neighbor do to thee4 ,in causing pleasure1 or in giving pain1 in doing good or injury to others1 in granting or refusing a request1 a man obtains a proper rule of action by looking on his neighbor as himself4 7,ibid47 ,ye have heard that it hath been said3 ,thou shall love thy neighbor1 and hate thine enemy4 ,but ,i say unto you1 love your enemies1 bless them that curse you1 do good to them that hate you1 and pray for them which despitefully use you1 and persecute you4 7,matt4 v4 #dc-dd47 ,a new commandment ,i give unto you1 that ye love one another3 as ,i have loved you1 that ye also love one another4 7,john1 xii4 #cd47 ,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself4 7,matt1 xi #ci47 ,think constantly1 ,o ,son1 how thou mayest please ,thy father1 mother1 teacher1--these obey4 ,by deep devotion seek thy debt to pay4 ,this is thy highest duty and religion4 7,manu47 ,wound not another1 though by him provoked4 ,do no one injury by thought or deed4 ,utter no word to pain thy fellow-creatures4 7,ibid47 ,treat no one with disdain1 with patience bear ,reviling language2 with an angry man ,be never angry2 blessings give for curses4 7,ibid47 ,e'en as a driver checks his restive steeds1 ,do thou1 if thou art wise1 restrain thy passions1 ,which1 running wild1 will hurry thee away4 7,ibid47 ,pride not thyself on thy religious works4 ,give to the poor1 but talk not of thy gifts4 ,by pride religious merit melts away1 ,the merit of thy alms by ostentation4 7,ibid47 ,good words1 good deeds1 and beautiful expressions ,a wise man ever culls from every quarter1 ,e'en as a gleaner gathers ears of corn4 7,maha-bharata47 ,repeated sin destroys the understanding1 ,and he whose reason is impaired1 repeats ,his sins4 ,the constant practice of virtue ,strengthens the mental faculties1 and he ,whose judgment stronger grows1 acts always right4 7,ibid47 ,if thou art wise seek ease and happiness ,in deeds of virtue and of usefulness2 ,and ever act in such a way by day ,that in the night thy sleep may tranquil be2 ,and so comport thyself when thou art young ,that when thou art grown old1 thy age may pass ,in calm serenity4 ,so ply thy talk ,through thy life1 that when thy days are ended1 ,thou may'st enjoy eternal bliss hereafter4 7,ibid47 ,do naught to others which if done to thee ,would cause thee pain2 this is the sum of duty4 7,ibid47 ,no sacred lore can save the hypocrite1-- ,though he employ it craftily1--from hell2 ,when his end comes1 his pious texts take wings1 ,like fledglings eager to forsake their nest4 7,ibid47 ,iniquity once practiced1 like a seed1 ,fails not to yield its fruit to him who wrought it1 ,if not to him1 yet to his sons and grandsons4 7,manu47 ,single is every living creature born1 ,single he passes to another world4 ,single he eats the fruit of evil deeds1 ,single1 the fruit of good2 and when he leaves ,his body like a log or heap of clay ,upon the ground1 his kinsmen walk away2 ,virtue alone stands by him at the tomb1 ,and bears him through the dreary1 trackless gloom4 7,ibid47 ,thou canst not gather what thou dost not sow2 ,as thou dost plant the tree so will it grow4 7,ibid47 ,he who pretends to be what he is not1 ,acts a part1 commits the worst of crimes1 ,for1 thief-like1 he abstracts a good man's heart4 7,ibid47 ,,footnotes3 #chd3a ,before the separation of the ,aryan race1 before the existence of ,sanscrit1 ,greek1 or ,latin1 before the gods of the ,veda had been worshiped1 ,,one ,,supreme ,,deity had been found1 had been named1 and had been invoked by the ancestors of our race4 7,prof4 ,max ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #fg47 #chd3b ,see ,chap4 ,,xii4 and ,chap4 ,,xx41 for ,only-begotten ,sons4 #chd3c ,see ,chap4 ,,xii4 and ,chap4 ,,xxxii41 where we have shown that many other virgin-born gods were conceived by the ,holy ,ghost1 and that the name ,,mary is the same as ,maia1 ,maya1 ,myrra1 c4 #chd3d ,see ,chap4 ,,xx41 for ,crucified ,saviours4 #che3a ,see ,chap4 ,,xxii4 #che3b ,see ,chaps4 ,,xxii4 and ,,xxxix41 for ,resurrected ,saviours4 #che3c ,see ,ibid4 #che3d ,see ,chap4 ,,xxiv41 and ,chap4 ,,xxv4 #che3e ,see ,chap4 ,,xii41 and ,chap4 ,,xxxv4 #che3f ,that is1 the holy true ,church4 ,all peoples who have had a religion believe that theirs was the ,catholic faith4 #che3g ,there was no nation of antiquity who did not believe in the forgiveness of sins1 especially if some innocent creature redeemed them by the shedding of his blood 7see ,chap4 ,,iv41 and ,chap4 ,,xx471 and as far as confession of sins is concerned1 and thereby being forgiven1 this too is almost as old as humanity4 ,father ,acosta found it even among the ,mexicans1 and said that the father of lies 7the ,devil7 counterfeited the sacrament of confession1 so that he might be honored with ceremonies very like the ,christians4 7,see ,acosta1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfj47 #che3h ,no doctrine except that of a supreme and subtly-pervading deity1 is so extended1 and has retained its primitive form so distinctly1 as a belief in immortality1 and a future state of rewards and punishments4 ,among the most savage races1 the idea of a future existence in a place of delight is found4 7,kenneth ,r4 ,h4 ,mackenzie47 ,go back far as we may in the history of the ,indo-,european race1 of which the ,greeks and ,italians are branches1 and we do not find that this race has ever thought that after this short life all was finished for man4 ,the most ancient generations1 long before there were philosophers1 believed in a second existence after the present4 ,they looked upon death not as a dissolution of our being1 but simply as a change of life4 7,m4 ,de ,coulanges3 ,the ,ancient ,city1 p4 #ae47 #che3i ,for full information on this subject see ,archbishop ,wake's ,apostolic ,fathers1 p4 #ajh1 ,justice ,bailey's ,common ,prayer1 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #aj1 and ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,creeds4 #chf3a ,rev4 xi4 #g-i4 #chf3b ,s4 ,baring-,gould3 ,legends of ,patriarchs1 p4 #be4 #chf3c ,,ii4 ,peter1 ii4 #d4 #chf3d ,jude1 #f4 #chf3e ,s4 ,baring-,gould3 ,legends of ,patriarchs1 p4 #af4 #chg3a ,s4 ,baring-,gould3 ,legends of ,patriarchs1 p4 #ag4 #chg3b ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #ci4 #chg3c ,see ,renouf's ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #afe4 ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,relig4 ,beliefs1 p4 #gc1 and ,baring-,gould's ,legends of the ,prophets1 p4 #ai4 #chg3d ,s4 ,baring-,gould's ,legends of ,patriarchs1 p4 #ai4 #chh3a ,priestley1 p4 #ce4 #chh3b ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #daa4 #chh3c ,see ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hai4 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bae1 and ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,relig4 ,beliefs1 p4 #gh4 #chh3d ,see ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 #chh3e ,s4 ,baring-,gould's ,legends of ,patriarchs1 p4 #bj4 #chh3f ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #aei1 and ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 #chi3a ,this subject is most fully entered into by ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer1 in vol4 i4 of ,principles of ,sociology4 #cij3a ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #dbf4 #cia3a ,see ,appendix ,c4 #cia3b ,see ,fiske1 pp4 #ajd-ajg4 #cib3a ,williams' ,hinduism1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahc4 #cib3b ,see ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #baf4 #cib3c ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #aaa4 #cib3d ,see ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #dff4 #cib3e ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #ahd4 #cic3a ,the ,seventh day was sacred to ,saturn throughout the ,east4 7,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 pp4 #ce1 #cf47 ,saturn's day was made sacred to ,god1 and the planet is now called cochab shabbath1 ',the ,sabbath ,star4' ,the sanctification of the ,sabbath is clearly connected with the word ,shabua or ,sheba1 i4 e41 seven4 7,inman's ,anct4 ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejd47 ,the ,babylonians1 ,egyptians1 ,chinese1 and the natives of ,india1 were acquainted with the seven days' division of time1 as were the ancient ,druids4 7,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #dab47 ,with the ,egyptians the ,seventh day was consecrated to ,god the ,father4 7,ibid47 ,hesiod1 ,herodotus1 ,philostratus1 c41 mention that day4 ,homer1 ,callimachus1 and other ancient writers call the ,seventh day the ,holy ,one4 ,eusebius confesses its observance by almost all philosophers and poets4 7,ibid47 #cic3b ,ibid4 #cic3c ,ibid4 p4 #dac4 #cic3d ,pococke ,specimen3 ,hist4 ,arab41 p4 #ig4 ,quoted in ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #bgd4 ,some of the families of the ,israelites worshiped ,saturn under the name of ,kiwan1 which may have given rise to the religious observance of the ,seventh day4 7,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i1 p4 #cag47 #cic3e ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhc4 #cic3f ,mover's ,phnizier1 vol4 i4 p4 #cac4 ,quoted in ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #cf4 #cic3g ,assyrian ,discoveries4 #cic3h ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #ib4 #cic3i ,old ,norse1 ,odinsdagr2 ,swe4 and ,danish1 ,onsdag2 ,ang4 ,sax41 ,wodensdeg2 ,dutch1 ,woensdag2 ,eng41 ,wednesday4 #cie3a ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,savage4 #cie3b ,acts1 xv4 #bj4 #cif3a ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ahb4 #cif3b ,see ,eusebius' ,life of ,constantine1 lib4 iv4 chs4 xviii4 and xxiii4 #cif3c ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bcg4 #cif3d ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg1 and ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #adb1 #adc4 #cif3e ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bcf1 and ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #adb1 #adc4 #cif3f ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #acg4 #cif3g ,ibid4 p4 #cjg4 #cig3a ,gruter's ,inscriptions4 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bcg4 #cig3b ,boldonius' ,epigraphs4 ,quoted in ,ibid4 #cig3c ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcg4 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #dh1 and ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome4 #cig3d ,baring-,gould's ,curious ,myths1 p4 #dbh4 #cih3a ,mosheim1 ,cent4 ii4 p4 #bjb4 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #dh4 #cih3b ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 pp4 #dh1 #di4 #cih3c ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #hd4 #cii3a ,see ,higgins' ,anacalypsis4 #cii3b ,jones on the ,canon1 vol4 i4 p4 #aa4 ,diegesis1 p4 #di4 #cii3c ,compare ,apollo among the ,muses1 and ,the ,vine and its ,branches 7that is1 ,christ ,jesus and his ,disciples71 in ,lundy's ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #ada-adc4 ,as ,mr4 ,lundy says1 there is so striking a resemblance between the two1 that one looks very much like a copy of the other4 ,apollo is also represented as the ,good ,shepherd1 with a lamb upon his back1 just exactly as ,christ ,jesus is represented in ,christian ,art4 7,see ,lundy's ,monumental ,christianity1 and ,jameson's ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art47 #cii3d ,the ,roman god ,jonas1 or ,janus1 with his keys1 was changed into ,peter1 who was surnamed ,bar-,jonas4 ,many years ago a statue of the god ,janus1 in bronze1 being found in ,rome1 he was perched up in ,st4 ,peter's with his keys in his hand3 the very identical god1 in all his native ugliness4 ,this statue sits as ,st4 ,peter1 under the cupola of the church of ,st4 ,peter4 ,it is looked upon with the most profound veneration3 the toes are nearly kissed away by devotees4 #djj3a ,frothingham3 ,the ,cradle of the ,christ1 p4 #agi4 #djj3b ,see ,hardy's ,eastern ,monachism4 #djj3c ,the ,grand ,lama is the head of a priestly order in ,thibet and ,tartar4 ,the office is not hereditary1 but1 like the ,pope of ,rome1 he is elected by the priests4 7,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjc4 ,see also1 ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cb-cd47 #djj3d ,see ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc1 ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjc1 and ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baa4 #dja3a ,davis3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aje1 #ajf4 #dja3b ,gutzlaff's ,voyages1 p4 #cji4 #djb3a ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #cd4 #djb3b ,see ,hallam's ,middle ,ages4 #djc3a ,huc's ,travels1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbi4 #djc3b ,see ,hardy's ,eastern ,monachism1 p4 #afc4 #djc3c ,ibid4 #djc3d ,ibid4 #djc3e ,vestal ,virgins1 an order of virgins consecrated to the goddess ,vesta4 #djc3f ,hardy3 ,eastern ,monachism1 p4 #afc4 #djc3g ,ibid4 p4 #dh4 #djc3h ,see ,herodotus1 b4 ii4 ch4 #cf4 #djc3i ,dunlap3 ,son of the ,man1 p4 x4 #djc3aj ,acosta1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbd4 #djd3a ,acosta1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccj4 #djd3b ,ibid4 p4 #ccf4 #djd3c ,ibid4 p4 #cch4 #djd3d ,ibid4 pp4 #ccb1 #ccc4 #djd3e ,ibid4 p4 #ccg4 #dje3a ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bda4 #dje3b ,see ,lardner's ,works1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #cge1 #cgf4 #dje3c ,see ,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 #dje3d ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg4 #djf3a ,renouf3 ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #aia4 #djf3b ,renan3 ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #cb4 #djf3c ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bcb4 #djf3d ,at their entrance1 purifying themselves by washing their hands in holy water1 they were at the same time admonished to present themselves with pure minds1 without which the external cleanness of the body would by no means be accepted4 7,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhb47 #djf3e ,see ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #ii4 #djf3f ,see ,renan's ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #ce4 #djg3a ,edward ,gibbon3 ,decline and ,fall1 vol4 iii4 p4 #afa4 #djh3a ,draper3 ,science and ,religion1 pp4 #df-di4 #dji3a ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bcg4 #dji3b ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bdi4 ,see also1 ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 book iv4 ch4 xxvi4 who alludes to it4 #dji3c ,baronius' ,annals1 ,an4 #cf4 #dji3d ,quoted by ,rev4 ,r4 ,taylor1 ,diegesis p4 #da4 #dji3e ,strom4 bk4 i4 ch4 xix4 #daj3a ,es est nostris temporibus ,christiana religio1 quam cognoscere ac sequi securissima et certissima salus est3 secundum hoc nomen dictum est non secundum ipsam rem cujus hoc nomen est3 nam res ipsa qu nunc ,christiana religio nuncupatur erat et apud antiquos1 nec defuit ab initio generis humani1 quousque ipse ,christus veniret in carne1 unde vera religio qu jam erat cpit appellari ,christiana4 ,hc est nostris temporibus ,christiana religio1 non quia prioribus temporibus non fuit1 sed quia posterioribus hoc nomen accepit4 7,opera ,augustini1 vol4 i4 p4 #ab4 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #db47 #daj3b ,see ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #b1 ch4 v4 #daj3c ,cum animadvertisset ,gregorius quod ob corporeas delectationes et voluptates1 simplex et imperitum vulgus in simulacrorum cultus errore permaneret--permisit eis1 ut in memoriam et recordationem sanctorum martyrum sese oblectarent1 et in ltitiam effunderentur1 quod successu temporis aliquando futurum esset1 ut sua sponte1 ad honestiorem et accuratiorem vit rationem1 transirent4 7,mosheim1 vol4 i4 cent4 #b1 p4 #bjb47 #daj3d ,non imperio ad fidem adducto1 sed et imperii pompa ecclesiam inficiente4 ,non ethnicis ad ,christum conversis1 sed et ,christi religione ad ,ethnic formam depravata4 7,orat4 ,academ4 ,de ,variis ,christ4 ,rel4 fatis47 #daa3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 p4 #afc4 #daa3b ,quoted by ,draper3 ,science and ,religion1 p4 #dh4 #daa3c ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #cbi4 #daa3d ,justin3 ,apol4 #a1 ch4 lix4 #daa3e ,octavius1 ch4 xi4 #daa3f ,see ,origen3 ,contra ,celsus4 #dab3a ,apol4 #a1 ch4 xx1 xii1 xxii4 #dab3b ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #cbc4 #dab3c ,see ,ibid4 p4 #cbd4 #dab3d ,on the ,flesh of ,christ1 ch4 v4 #dac3a ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #cbh4 #dac3b ,matt4 xix4 #ab4 #dac3c ,deut4 xxiii4 #a4 #dac3d ,see ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #cci4 #dac3e ,see ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #bcf2 ,mosheim1 vol4 i4 cent4 #b1 pt4 #b1 ch4 #d4 #dac3f ,eccl4 ,hist4 vol4 #a4 p4 #aii4 #dad3a ,prolegomena to ,ancient ,history1 pp4 #daf1 #dag4 #dae3a ,tindal3 ,christianity as ,old as the ,creation4 #dae3b ,manu's works were written during the sixth century ,b4 ,c4 7see ,williams' ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #bae71 and the ,maha-bharata about the same time4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvii4 ,,why ,,christianity ,,prospered4 ,we now come to the question1 ,why did ,christianity prosper1 and why was ,jesus of ,nazareth believed to be a divine incarnation and ,saviour8 ,there were many causes for this1 but as we can devote but one chapter to the subject1 we must necessarily treat it briefly4 ,for many centuries before the time of ,christ ,jesus there lived a sect of religious monks known as ,essenes1 or ,therapeut2#dai3a these entirely disappeared from history shortly after the time assigned for the crucifixion of ,jesus4 ,there were thousands of them1 and their monasteries were to be counted by the score4 ,many have asked the question1 ,what became of them8 ,we now propose to show1 #a4 ,that they were expecting the advent of an ,angel-,messiah2 #b4 ,that they considered ,jesus of ,nazareth to be the ,messiah2 #c4 ,that they came over to ,christianity in a body2 and1 #d4 ,that they brought the legendary histories of the former ,angel-,messiahs with them4 ,the origin of the sect known as ,essenes is enveloped in mist1 and will probably never be revealed4 ,to speak of all the different ideas entertained as to their origin would make a volume of itself1 we can therefore but glance at the subject4 ,it has been the object of ,christian writers up to a comparatively recent date1 to claim that almost everything originated with ,god's chosen people1 the ,jews1 and that even all languages can be traced to the ,hebrew4 ,under these circumstances1 then1 it is not to be wondered at that we find they have also traced the ,essenes to ,hebrew origin4 ,theophilus ,gale1 who wrote a work called ,the ,court of the ,gentiles 7,oxford1 #afga71 to demonstrate that the origin of all human literature1 both philology and philosophy1 is from the ,scriptures and the ,jewish church1 undoubtedly hits upon the truth when he says3 ,now1 the origination or rise of these ,essenes 7among the ,jews7 ,i conceive by the best conjectures ,i can make from antiquity1 to be in or immediately after the ,babylonian captivity1 though some make them later4 ,some ,christian writers trace them to ,moses or some of the prophets1 but that they originated in ,india1 and were a sort of ,buddhist sect1 we believe is their true history4 ,gfrrer1 who wrote concerning them in #ahce1 and said that the ,essenes and the ,therapeut are the same sect1 and hold the same views1 was undoubtedly another writer who was touching upon historical ground4 ,the identity of many of the precepts and practices of ,essenism and those of the ,new ,testament is unquestionable4 ,essenism urged on its disciples to seek first the kingdom of ,god and his righteousness4#dbj3a ,the ,essenes forbade the laying up of treasures upon earth4#dbj3b ,the ,essenes demanded of those who wished to join them to sell all their possessions1 and to divide it among the poor brethren4#dbj3c ,the ,essenes had all things in common1 and appointed one of the brethren as steward to manage the common bag4#dbj3d ,essenism put all its members on the same level1 forbidding the exercise of authority of one over the other1 and enjoining mutual service4#dbj3e ,essenism commanded its disciples to call no man master upon the earth4#dbj3f ,essenism laid the greatest stress upon being meek and lowly in spirit4#dbj3g ,the ,essenes commended the poor in spirit1 those who hunger and thirst after righteousness1 the merciful1 the pure in heart1 and the peacemaker4 ,they combined the healing of the body with that of the soul4 ,they declared that the power to cast out evil spirits1 to perform miraculous cures1 c41 should be possessed by their disciples as signs of their belief4#dbj3h ,the ,essenes did not swear at all2 their answer was yea1 yea1 and nay1 nay4#dbj3i ,when the ,essenes started on a mission of mercy1 they provided neither gold nor silver1 neither two coats1 neither shoes1 but relied on hospitality for support4#dbj3aj ,the ,essenes1 though repudiating offensive war1 yet took weapons with them when they went on a perilous journey4#dba3a ,the ,essenes abstained from connubial intercourse4#dba3b ,the ,essenes did not offer animal sacrifices1 but strove to present their bodies a living sacrifice1 holy and acceptable unto ,god1 which they regarded as a reasonable service4#dba3c ,it was the great aim of the ,essenes to live such a life of purity and holiness as to be the temples of the ,holy ,spirit1 and to be able to prophesy4#dba3d ,many other comparisons might be made1 but these are sufficient to show that there is a great similarity between the two4#dba3e ,these similarities have led many ,christian writers to believe that ,jesus belonged to this order4 ,dr4 ,ginsburg1 an advocate of this theory1 says3 ,it will hardly be doubted that our ,saviour himself belonged to this holy brotherhood4 ,this will especially be apparent when we remember that the whole ,jewish community1 at the advent of ,christ1 was divided into three parties1 the ,pharisees1 the ,sadducees1 and the ,essenes1 and that every ,jew had to belong to one of these sects4 ,jesus1 who1 in all things1 conformed to the ,jewish law1 and who was holy1 harmless1 undefiled1 and separate from sinners1 would therefore naturally associate himself with that order of ,judaism which was most congenial to his holy nature4 ,moreover1 the fact that ,christ1 with the exception of once1 was not heard of in public until his thirtieth year1 implying that he lived in seclusion with this fraternity1 and that though he frequently rebuked the scribes1 ,pharisees and ,sadducees1 he never denounced the ,essenes1 strongly confirms this conclusion4#dba3f ,the facts--as ,dr4 ,ginsburg calls them--which confirm his conclusions1 are simply no facts at all4 ,jesus may or may not have been a member of this order2 but when it is stated as a fact that he never rebuked the ,essenes1 it is implying too much4 ,we know not whether the words said to have been uttered by ,jesus were ever uttered by him or not1 and it is almost certain that had he rebuked the ,essenes1 and had his words been written in the ,gospels1 they would not remain there long4 ,we hear very little of the ,essenes after ,a4 ,d4 #dj1dba3g therefore1 when we read of the primitive ,christians1 we are reading of ,essenes1 and others4 ,the statement that1 with the exception of once1 ,jesus was not heard in public life till his thirtieth year1 is also uncertain4 ,one of the early ,christian ,fathers 7,irenus7 tells us that he did not begin to teach until he was forty years of age1 or thereabout1 and that he lived to be nearly fifty years old4#dbb3a ,the records of his life are very scanty2 and these have been so shaped and colored and modified by the hands of ignorance and superstition and party prejudice and ecclesiastical purpose1 that it is hard to be sure of the original outlines4 ,the similarity of the sentiments of the ,essenes1 or ,therapeut1 to those of the ,church of ,rome1 induced the learned ,jesuit1 ,nicolaus ,serarius1 to seek for them an honorable origin4 ,he contended therefore1 that they were ,asideans1 and derived them from the ,rechabites1 described so circumstantially in the thirty-fifth chapter of ,jeremiah2 at the same time1 he asserted that the first ,christian monks were ,essenes4#dbb3b ,mr4 ,king1 speaking of the ,christian sect called ,gnostics1 says3 ,their chief doctrines had been held for centuries before 7their time7 in many of the cities of ,asia ,minor4 ,there1 it is probable1 they first came into existence as ',myst1' upon the establishment of a direct intercourse with ,india under the ,seleucid and the ,ptolemies4 ,the colleges of ,essenes and ,megabyzae at ,ephesus1 the ,orphics of ,thrace1 the ,curetes of ,crete1 are all merely branches of one antique and common religion1 and that originally ,asiatic4#dbb3c ,again3 ,the introduction of ,buddhism into ,egypt and ,palestine affords the only true solution of innumerable difficulties in the history of religion4#dbb3d ,again3 ,that ,buddhism had actually been planted in the dominions of the ,seleucid and ,ptolemies 7,palestine belonging to the former7 before the beginning of the third century ,b4 ,c41 is proved to demonstration by a passage in the ,edicts of ,asoka1 grandson of the famous ,chandragupta1 the ,sandracottus of the ,greeks4 ,these edicts are engraven on a rock at ,girnur1 in ,guzerat4#dbb3e ,eusebius1 in quoting from ,philo concerning the ,essenes1 seems to take it for granted that they and the ,christians were one and the same1 and from the manner in which he writes1 it would appear that it was generally understood so4 ,he says that ,philo called them ,worshipers1 and concludes by saying3 ,but whether he himself gave them this name1 or whether at the beginning they were so called1 when as yet the name of ,christians was not everywhere published1 ,i think it not needful curiosity to sift out4#dbb3f ,this celebrated ecclesiastical historian considered it very probable that the writings of the ,essenic ,therapeuts in ,egypt had been incorporated into the gospels of the ,new ,testament1 and into some ,pauline epistles4 ,his words are3 ,it is very likely that the commentaries 7,scriptures7 which were among them 7the ,essenes7 were the ,gospels1 and the works of the apostles1 and certain expositions of the ancient prophets1 such as partly that epistle unto the ,hebrews1 and also the other epistles of ,paul do contain4#dbc3a ,the principal doctrines and rites of the ,essenes can be connected with the ,east1 with ,parsism1 and especially with ,buddhism4 ,among the doctrines which ,essenes and ,buddhists had in common was that of the ,angel-,messiah4#dbc3b ,godfrey ,higgins says3 ,the ,essenes were called physicians of the soul1 or ,therapeut2 being resident both in ,judea and ,egypt1 they probably spoke or had their sacred books in ,chaldee4 ,they were ,pythagoreans1 as is proved by all their forms1 ceremonies1 and doctrines1 and they called themselves sons of ,jesse4 ,if the ,pythagoreans or ,conobit1 as they are called by ,jamblicus1 were ,buddhists1 the ,essenes were ,buddhists4 ,the ,essenes lived in ,egypt1 on the lake of ,parembole or ,maria1 in monasteries4 ,these are the very places in which we formerly found the ,gymnosophists1 or ,samaneans1 or ,buddhist priests to have lived2 which ,gymnosophist are placed also by ,ptolemy in north-eastern ,india4 ,their 7the ,essenes7 parishes1 churches1 bishops1 priests1 deacons1 festivals are all identically the same 7as the ,christians74 ,they had apostolic founders2 the manners which distinguished the immediate apostles of ,christ2 scriptures divinely inspired2 the same allegorical mode of interpreting them1 which has since obtained among ,christians1 and the same order of performing public worship4 ,they had missionary stations or colonies of their community established in ,rome1 ,corinth1 ,galatia1 ,ephesus1 ,phillippi1 ,colosse1 and ,thessalonica1 precisely such1 and in the same circumstances1 as were those to whom ,st4 ,paul addressed his letters in those places4 ,all the fine moral doctrines which are attributed to the ,samaritan ,nazarite1 and ,i doubt not justly attributed to him1 are to be found among the doctrines of these ascetics4#dbc3c ,and ,arthur ,lillie says3 ,it is asserted by calm thinkers like ,dean ,mansel that within two generations of the time of ,alexander the ,great1 the missionaries of ,buddha made their appearance at ,alexandria4#dbc3d ,this theory is confirmed--in the east by the ,asoka monuments--in the west by ,philo4 ,he expressly maintains the identity in creed of the higher ,judaism and that of the ,gymnosophists of ,india who abstained from the 'sacrifice of living animals'--in a word1 the ,,buddhists4 ,it would follow from this that the priestly religion of ,babylonia1 ,palestine1 ,egypt1 and ,greece were undermined by certain kindred mystical societies organized by ,buddha's missionaries under the various names of ,therapeutes1 ,essenes1 ,neo-,pythagoreans1 ,neo-,zoroastrians1 c4 ,thus ,buddhism prepared the way for ,christianity4#dbd3a ,the ,buddhists have the eight-fold holy path 7,dhammapada71 eight spiritual states leading up to ,buddhahood4 ,the first state of the ,essenes resulted from baptism1 and it seems to correspond with the first ,buddhistic state1 those who have entered the 7mystic7 stream4 ,patience1 purity1 and the mastery of passion were aimed at by both devotees in the other stages4 ,in the last1 magical powers1 healing the sick1 casting out evil spirits1 etc41 were supposed to be gained4 ,buddhists and ,essenes seem to have doubled up this eight-fold path into four1 for some reason or other4 ,buddhists and ,essenes had three orders of ascetics or monks1 but this classification is distinct from the spiritual classifications4#dbd3b ,the doctrine of the ,anointed ,angel1 of the man from heaven1 the ,creator of the world1 the doctrine of the atoning sacrificial death of ,jesus by the blood of his cross1 the doctrine of the ,messianic antetype of the ,paschal lamb of the ,paschal omer1 and thus of the resurrection of ,christ ,jesus1 the third day1 according to the ,scriptures1 these doctrines of ,paul can1 with more or less certainty1 be connected with the ,essenes4 ,it becomes almost a certainty that ,eusebius was right in surmising that ,essenic writings have been used by ,paul and the evangelists4 ,not ,jesus1 but ,paul1 is the cause of the separation of the ,jews from the ,christians4#dbd3c ,the probability1 then1 that that sect of vagrant quack-doctors1 the ,therapeut1 who were established in ,egypt and its neighborhood many ages before the period assigned by later theologians as that of the birth of ,christ ,jesus1 were the original fabricators of the writings contained in the ,new ,testament1 becomes a certainty on the basis of evidence1 than which history has nothing more certain1 furnished by the unguarded1 but explicit1 unwary1 but most unqualified and positive statement of the historian ,eusebius1 that those ancient ,therapeut were ,christians1 and that their ancient writings were our gospels and epistles4 ,the ,essenes1 the ,therapeuts1 the ,ascetics1 the ,monks1 the ,ecclesiastics1 and the ,eclectics1 are but different names for one and the self-same sect4 ,the word ,essene is nothing more than the ,egyptian word for that of which ,therapeut is the ,greek1 each of them signifying healer or doctor1 and designating the character of the sect as professing to be endued with the miraculous gift of healing2 and more especially so with respect to diseases of the mind4 ,their name of ,ascetics indicated the severe discipline and exercise of self-mortification1 long fastings1 prayers1 contemplation1 and even making of themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake1 as did ,origen1 ,melito1 and others who derived their ,christianity from the same school2 ,jesus himself is represented to have recognized and approved their practice4 ,their name of ,monks indicated their delight in solitude1 their contemplative life1 and their entire segregation and abstraction from the world1 which ,jesus1 in the ,gospel1 is in like manner represented as describing1 as characteristic of the community of which he was a member4 ,their name of ,ecclesiastics was of the same sense1 and indicated their being called out1 elected1 separated from the general fraternity of mankind1 and set apart to the more immediate service and honor of ,god4 ,they had a flourishing university1 or corporate body1 established upon these principles1 at ,alexandria in ,egypt1 long before the period assigned for the birth of ,christ ,jesus4#dbe3a ,from this body they sent out missionaries1 and had established colonies1 auxiliary branches1 and affiliated communities1 in various cities of ,asia ,minor1 which colonies were in a flourishing condition1 before the preaching of ,st4 ,paul4 ,the very ancient and ,eastern doctrine of an ,angel-,messiah had been applied to ,gautama-,buddha1 and so it was applied to ,jesus ,christ by the ,essenes of ,egypt and of ,palestine1 who introduced this new ,messianic doctrine into ,essenic ,judaism and ,essenic ,christianity4#dbe3b ,in the ,pali and ,sanscrit texts the word ,buddha is always used as a title1 not as a name4 ,it means ,the ,enlightened ,one4 ,gautama ,buddha is represented to have taught that he was only one of a long series of ,buddhas1 who appear at intervals in the world1 and who all teach the same system4 ,after the death of each ,buddha his religion flourishes for a time1 but finally wickedness and vice again rule over the land4 ,then a new ,buddha appears1 who again preaches the lost ,dharma or truth4 ,the names of twenty-four of these ,buddhas who appeared previous to ,gautama have been handed down to us4 ,the ,buddhavansa1 or ,history of the ,buddhas1 the last book of the ,khuddaka ,nikaya in the second ,pitca1 gives the lives of all the previous ,buddhas before commencing its account of ,gautama himself2 and the ,pali commentary on the ,jatakas gives certain details regarding each of the twenty-four4#dbf3a ,an ,avatar was expected about every six hundred years4#dbf3b ,at the time of ,jesus of ,nazareth an ,avatar was expected1 not by some of the ,jews alone1 but by most every eastern nation4#dbf3c ,many persons were thought at that time to be1 and undoubtedly thought themselves to be1 the ,christ1 and the only reason why the name of ,jesus of ,nazareth succeeded above all others1 is because the ,essenes--who were expecting an ,angel-,messiah--espoused it4 ,had it not been for this almost indisputable fact1 the name of ,jesus of ,nazareth would undoubtedly not be known at the present day4 ,epiphanius1 a ,christian bishop and writer of the fourth century1 says1 in speaking of the ,essenes3 ,they who believed on ,christ were called ,,jess,i 7or ,essenes71 before they were called ,christians4 ,these derived their constitution from the signification of the name ,jesus1 which in ,hebrew signifies the same as ,therapeutes1 that is1 a saviour or physician4 ,thus we see that1 according to ,christian authority1 the ,essenes and ,therapeutes are one1 and that the ,essenes espoused the cause of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 accepted him as an ,angel-,messiah1 and became known to history as ,christians1 or believers in the ,anointed ,angel4 ,this ascetic ,buddhist sect called ,essenes were therefore expecting an ,angel-,messiah1 for had not ,gautama announced to his disciples that another ,buddha1 and therefore another angel in human form1 another organ or advocate of the wisdom from above1 would descend from heaven to earth1 and would be called the ,son of ,love4 ,the learned ,thomas ,maurice says3 ,from the earliest post-diluvian age1 to that in which the ,messiah appeared1 together with the traditions which so expressly recorded the fall of the human race from a state of original rectitude and felicity1 there appears1 from an infinite variety of hieroglyphic monuments and of written documents1 to have prevailed1 from generation to generation1 throughout all the regions of the higher ,asia1 an uniform belief that1 in the course of revolving ages1 there should arise a sacred personage1 a mighty deliverer of mankind from the thraldom of sin and of death4 ,in fact1 the memory of the grand original promise1 that the seed of the woman should eventually crush the serpent1 was carefully preserved in the breasts of the ,asiatics2 it entered deeply into their symbolic superstitions1 and was engraved aloft amidst their mythologic sculptures4#dbg3a ,that an ,angel-,messiah was generally expected at this time may be inferred from the following facts3 ,some of the ,gnostic sects of ,christians1 who believed that ,jesus was an emanation from ,god1 likewise supposed that there were several ons1 or emanations from the ,eternal ,father4 ,among those who taught this doctrine was ,basilides and his followers4#dbg3b ,,simon ,,magus was believed to be ,he who should come4 ,simon was worshiped in ,samaria and other countries1 as the expected ,angel-,messiah1 as a ,god4 ,justin ,martyr says3 ,after the ascension of our ,lord into heaven1 certain men were suborned by demons as their agents1 who said that they were gods 7i4 e41 the ,angel ,messiah74 ,among these was ,simon1 a certain ,samaritan1 whom nearly all the ,samaritans and a few also of other nations1 worshiped1 confessing him as a ,supreme ,god4#dbg3c ,his miracles were notorious1 and admitted by all4 ,his followers became so numerous that they were to be found in all countries4 ,in ,rome1 in the reign of ,claudius1 a statue was erected in his honor4 ,clement of ,rome1 speaking of ,simon ,magus1 says that3 ,he wishes to be considered an exalted person1 and to be considered 'the ,christ4' ,he claims that he can never be dissolved1 asserting that he will endure to eternity4 ,montanus was another person who evidently believed himself to be an ,angel-,messiah4 ,he was called by himself and his followers the ,paraclete1 or ,holy ,spirit4#dbh3a ,socrates1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 tells us of one ,buddhas 7who lived after ,jesus73 ,who afore that time was called ,terebynthus1 which went to the coasts of ,babylon1 inhabited by ,persians1 and there published of himself many false wonders3 that he was born of a virgin1 that he was bred and brought up in the mountains1 etc4#dbh3b ,he was evidently one of the many fanatics who believed themselves to be the ,paraclete or ,comforter1 the ,expected ,one4 ,another one of these ,christs was ,apollonius4 ,this remarkable man was born a few years before the commencement of the ,christian era1 and during his career1 sustained the role of a philosopher1 religious teacher and reformer1 and a worker of miracles4 ,he is said to have lived to be a hundred years old4 ,from the history of his life1 written by the learned sophist and scholar1 ,philostratus1 we glean the following3 ,before his birth a god appeared to his mother and informed her that he himself should be born of her4 ,at the time of her delivery1 the most wonderful things happened4 ,all the people of the country acknowledged that he was the ,son of ,god4 ,as he grew in stature1 his wonderful powers1 greatness of memory1 and marvelous beauty attracted the attention of all4 ,a great part of his time was spent1 when a youth1 among the learned doctors2 the disciples of ,plato1 ,chrysippus and ,aristotle4 ,when he came to man's estate1 he became an enthusiastic admirer and devoted follower of ,pythagoras4 ,his fame soon spread far and near1 and wherever he went he reformed the religious worship of the day4 ,he went to ,ephesus1 like ,christ ,jesus to ,jerusalem1 where the people flocked about him4 ,while at ,athens1 in ,greece1 he cast out an evil spirit from a youth4 ,as soon as ,apollonius fixed his eyes upon him1 the demon broke out into the most angry and horrid expressions1 and then swore he would depart out of the youth4 ,he put an end to a plague which was raging at ,ephesus1 and at ,corinth he raised a dead maiden to life1 by simply taking her by the hand and bidding her arise4 ,the miracles of ,apollonius were extensively believed1 by ,christians as well as others1 for centuries after his time4 ,in the fourth century ,hierocles drew a parallel between the two ,christs--,apollonius and ,jesus--which was answered by ,eusebius1 the great champion of the ,christian church4 ,in it he admits the miracles of ,apollonius1 but attributes them to sorcery4 ,apollonius was worshiped as a god1 in different countries1 as late as the fourth century4 ,a beautiful temple was built in honor of him1 and he was held in high esteem by many of the ,pagan emperors4 ,eunapius1 who wrote concerning him in the fifth century1 says that his history should have been entitled ,the ,descent of a ,god upon ,earth4 ,it is as ,albert ,reville says3 ,the universal respect in which ,apollonius was held by the whole pagan world1 testified to the deep impression which the life of this ,supernatural ,being had left indelibly fixed in their minds2 an expression which caused one of his contemporaries to exclaim1 ',we have a ,god living among us4' ,a ,samaritan1 by name ,menander1 who was contemporary with the apostles of ,jesus1 was another of these fanatics who believed himself to be the ,christ4 ,he went about performing miracles1 claiming that he was a ,,saviour1 sent down from above from the invisible worlds1 for the salvation of mankind4#dbi3a ,he baptized his followers in his own name4 ,his influence was great1 and continued for several centuries4 ,justin ,martyr and other ,christian ,fathers wrote against him4 ,manes evidently believed himself to be the ,christ1 or he who was to come4 ,his followers also believed the same concerning him4 ,eusebius1 speaking of him1 says3 ,he presumed to represent the person of ,christ2 he proclaimed himself to be the ,comforter and the ,holy ,ghost1 and being puffed up with this frantic pride1 chose1 as if he were ,christ1 twelve partners of his new-found doctrine1 patching into one heap false and detestable doctrines of old1 rotten1 and rooted out heresies1 the which he brought out of ,persia4#dbi3b ,the word ,manes1 says ,usher in his ,annals1 has the meaning of ,paraclete or ,comforter or ,saviour4 ,this at once lets us into the secret--a new incarnation1 an ,angel-,messiah1 a ,christ--born from the side of his mother1 and put to a violent death--flayed alive1 and hung up1 or crucified1 by a king of ,persia4#dbi3c ,this is the teacher with his twelve apostles on the rock of ,gualior4 ,du ,perron1 in his life of ,zoroaster1 gives an account of certain prophecies to be found in the sacred books of the ,persians4 ,one of these is to the effect that1 at successive periods of time1 there will appear on earth certain ,sons of ,zoroaster1 who are to be the result of immaculate conceptions4 ,these virgin-born gods will come upon earth for the purpose of establishing the law of ,god4 ,it is also asserted that ,zoroaster1 when on earth1 declared that in the latter days a pure virgin would conceive1 and bear a son1 and that as soon as the child was born a star would appear1 blazing even at noonday1 with undiminished splendor4 ,this ,christ is to be called ,sosiosh4 ,he will redeem mankind1 and subdue the ,devs1 who have been tempting and leading men astray ever since the fall of our first parents4 ,among the ,greeks the same prophecy was found4 ,the ,oracle of ,delphi was the depository1 according to ,plato1 of an ancient and secret prophecy of the birth of a ,son of ,apollo1 who was to restore the reign of justice and virtue on the earth4#dcj3a ,those who believed in successive emanations of ons from the ,throne of ,light1 pointed to the passage in the ,gospels where ,jesus is made to say that he will be succeeded by the ,paraclete or ,comforter4 ,mahommed was believed by many to be this ,paraclete1 and it is said that he too told his disciples that another ,paraclete would succeed him4 ,from present appearances1 however1 there is some reason for believing that the ,mohammedans are to have their ancient prophecy set at naught by the multiplicity of those who pretend to be divinely appointed to fulfill it4 ,the present year was designated as the period at which this great reformer was to arise1 who should be almost1 if not quite1 the equal of ,mahommed4 ,his mission was to be to to purify the religion from its corruptions2 to overthrow those who had usurped its control1 and to rule1 as a great spiritual caliph1 over the faithful4 ,according to accepted tradition1 the prophet himself designated the line of descent in which his most important successor would be found1 and even indicated his personal appearance4 ,the time having arrived1 it is not strange that the man is forthcoming1 only in this instance there is more than one claimant4 ,there is a holy man in ,morocco who has allowed it to be announced that he is the designated reformer1 while cable reports show that a rival pretender has appeared in ,yemen1 in southern ,arabia1 and his supporters1 sword in hand1 are now advancing upon ,mecca1 for the purpose of proclaiming their leader as caliph within the sacred city itself4 ,history then relates to us the indisputable fact that at the time of ,jesus of ,nazareth an ,angel-,messiah was expected1 that many persons claimed1 and were believed to be1 the ,expected ,one1 and that the reason why ,jesus was accepted above all others was because the ,essenes--a very numerous sect--believed him to be the true ,messiah1 and came over to his followers in a body4 ,it was because there were so many of these ,christs in existence that some follower of ,jesus--but no one knows who--wrote as follows3 ,if any man shall say to you1 ,lo1 here is ,christ1 or1 lo1 he is there2 believe him not2 for false ,christs and false prophets shall rise1 and shall show signs and wonders to seduce1 if it were possible1 even the elect4#dca3a ,the reasons why ,jesus was not accepted as the ,messiah by the majority of the ,jews was because the majority expected a daring and irresistible warrior and conqueror1 who1 armed with greater power than ,csar1 was to come upon earth to rend the fetters in which their hapless nation had so long groaned1 to avenge them upon their haughty oppressors1 and to re-establish the kingdom of ,judah2 and this ,jesus--although he evidently claimed to be the ,messiah--did not do4 ,tacitus1 the ,roman historian1 says3 ,the generality had a strong persuasion that it was contained in the ancient writings of the priests1 that at that very time the east should prevail3 and that some one1 who should come out of ,judea1 should obtain the empire of the world2 which ambiguities foretold ,vespasian and ,titus4 ,but the common people 7of the ,jews71 according to the influence of human wishes1 appropriated to themselves1 by their interpretation1 this vast grandeur foretold by the fates1 nor could be brought to change their opinion for the true1 by all their adversities4 ,suetonius1 another ,roman historian1 says3 ,there had been for a long time all over the east a constant persuasion that it was recorded in the fates 7books of the fates1 or foretellings71 that at that time some one who should come out of ,judea should obtain universal dominion4 ,it appears by the event1 that this prediction referred to the ,roman emperor2 but the ,jews1 referring it to themselves1 rebelled4 ,this is corroborated by ,josephus1 the ,jewish historian1 who says3 ,that which1 chiefly excited them 7the ,jews7 to war1 was an ambiguous prophecy1 which was also found in the sacred books1 that at that time some one1 within their country1 should arise1 that should obtain the empire of the whole world4 ,for this they had received by tradition1 that it was spoken of one of their nation2 and many wise men were deceived with the interpretation4 ,but1 in truth1 ,vespasian's empire was designed in this prophecy1 who was created emperor 7of ,rome7 in ,judea4 ,as the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,geikie remarks1 the central and dominant characteristic of the teaching of the rabbis1 was the certain advent of a great national ,deliverer--the ,messiah--but not a ,god from heaven4 ,for a time ,cyrus appeared to realize the promised ,deliverer1 or1 at least1 to be the chosen instrument to prepare the way for him1 and1 in his turn1 ,zerubabel became the centre of ,messianic hopes4 ,in fact1 the national mind had become so inflammable1 by constant brooding on this one theme1 that any bold spirit1 rising in revolt against the ,roman power1 could find an army of fierce disciples who trusted that it should be he who would redeem ,israel4#dcb3a ,the taxing which took place under ,cyrenius1 ,governor of ,syria 7,a4 ,d4 #g71 excited the wildest uproar against the ,roman power4 ,the ,hebrew spirit was stung into exasperation2 the puritans of the nation1 the enthusiasts1 fanatics1 the zealots of the law1 the literal constructionists of prophecy1 appealed to the national temper1 revived the national faith1 and fanned into flame the combustible elements that smoldered in the bosom of the race4 ,the ,messianic hope was strong in these people2 all the stronger on account of their political degradation4 ,born in sorrow1 the anticipation grew keen in bitter hours4 ,that ,jehovah would abandon them could not be believed4 ,the thought would be atheism4 ,the hope kept the eastern ,jews in a perpetual state of insurrection4 ,the cry ,lo here1 lo there6 was incessant4 ,claimant after claimant of the dangerous supremacy of the ,messiah appeared1 pitched a camp in the wilderness1 raised the banner1 gathered a force1 was attacked1 defeated1 banished1 or crucified2 but the frenzy did not abate4 ,the last insurrection among the ,jews1 that of ,bar-,cochba--,son of the ,star--revealed an astonishing frenzy of zeal4 ,it was purely a ,messianic uprising4 ,judaism had excited the fears of the ,emperor ,hadrian1 and induced him to inflict unusual severities on the people4 ,the effect of the violence was to stimulate that conviction to fury4 ,the night of their despair was once more illumined by the star of the east4 ,the banner of the ,messiah was raised4 ,portents1 as of old1 were seen in the sky2 the clouds were watched for the glory that should appear4 ,bar-,cochba seemed to fill out the popular idea of the deliverer4 ,miracles were ascribed to him2 flames issued from his mouth4 ,the vulgar imagination made haste to transform the audacious fanatic into a child of ,david4 ,multitudes flocked to his standard4 ,the whole ,jewish race throughout the world was in commotion4 ,the insurrection gained head4 ,the heights about ,jerusalem were seized and occupied1 and fortifications were erected2 nothing but the host of angels was needed to insure victory4 ,the angels did not appear2 the ,roman legions did4 ,the ,messiah1 not proving himself a conqueror1 was held to have proved himself an impostor1 the son of a lie4#dcc3a ,the impetuous zeal with which the ,jews rushed to the standard of this ,messianic impostor1 in the #acjth year of the ,christian era1 demonstrates the true ,jewish character1 and shows how readily any one who made the claim1 was believed to be ,he who should come4 ,even the celebrated ,rabbi ,akiba sanctioned this daring fraud4 ,akiba declared that the so-called prophecy of ,balaam1--a star shall rise out of ,jacob1--was accomplished4 ,hence the impostor took his title of ,bar-,cochabas1 or ,son of the ,star2 and ,akiba not only publicly anointed him ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,jews1 and placed an imperial diadem upon his head1 but followed him to the field at the head of four-and-twenty thousand of his disciples1 and acted in the capacity of master of his horse4 ,those who believed on the meek and benevolent ,jesus--and whose number was very small--were of that class who believed in the doctrine of the ,angel-,messiah1#dcc3b first heard of among them when taken captives to ,babylon4 ,these believed that just as ,buddha appeared at different intervals1 and as ,vishnu appeared at different intervals1 the avatars appeared among the ,jews4 ,adam1 and ,enoch1 and ,noah1 and ,elijah or ,elias1 might in outward appearance be different men1 but they were really the self-same divine person successively animating various human bodies4#dcc3c ,christ ,jesus was the avatar of the ninth age1 ,christ ,cyrus was the avatar of the eighth4 ,of the hero of the eighth age it is said3 ,thus said the ,lord to his ,anointed 7i4 e41 his ,christ71 his ,messiah1 to ,cyrus1 whose right hand ,i have holden to subdue nations4#dcd3a ,the eighth period began about the ,babylonish captivity1 about six hundred years before ,christ ,jesus4 ,the ninth began with ,christ ,jesus1 making in all eight cycles before ,jesus4 ,what was known in ,judea more than a century before the birth of ,jesus ,christ cannot have been introduced among ,buddhists by ,christian missionaries4 ,it will become equally certain that the bishop and church-historian1 ,eusebius1 was right when he wrote1 that he considered it highly probable that the writings of the ,essenic ,therapeuts in ,egypt had been incorporated into our ,gospels1 and into some ,pauline epistles4#dcd3b ,for further information on the subject of the connection between ,essenism and ,christianity1 the reader is referred to ,taylor's ,diegesis1 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 and the works of ,s4 ,f4 ,dunlap4 ,we shall now speak of another powerful lever which was brought to bear upon the promulgation of ,christianity2 namely1 that of ,,fraud4 ,it was a common thing among the early ,christian ,fathers and saints to lie and deceive1 if their lies and deceits helped the cause of their ,christ4 ,lactantius1 an eminent ,christian author who flourished in the fourth century1 has well said3 ,among those who seek power and gain from their religion1 there will never be wanting an inclination to forge and lie for it4#dcd3c ,gregory of ,nazianzus1 writing to ,st4 ,jerome1 says3 ,a little jargon is all that is necessary to impose on the people4 ,the less they comprehend1 the more they admire4 ,our forefathers and doctors have often said1 not what they thought1 but what circumstances and necessity dictated4#dcd3d ,the celebrated ,eusebius1 ,bishop of ,c,,sarea1 and friend of ,constantine the ,great1 who is our chief guide for the early history of the ,church1 confesses that he was by no means scrupulous to record the whole truth concerning the early ,christians in the various works which he has left behind him4#dcd3e ,edward ,gibbon1 speaking of him1 says3 ,the gravest of the ecclesiastical historians1 ,eusebius himself1 indirectly confesses that he has related what might redound to the glory1 and that he has suppressed all that could tend to the disgrace of religion4 ,such an acknowledgment will naturally excite a suspicion that a writer who has so openly violated one of the fundamental laws of history1 has not paid a very strict regard to the observance of the other2 and the suspicion will derive additional credit from the character of ,eusebius1 which was less tinctured with credulity1 and more practiced in the arts of courts1 than that of almost any of his contemporaries4#dce3a ,the great theologian1 ,beausobre1 in his ,histoire de ,manichee1 says3 ,we see in the history which ,i have related1 a sort of hypocrisy1 that has been perhaps1 but too common at all times2 that churchmen not only do not say what they think1 but they do say the direct contrary of what they think4 ,philosophers in their cabinets2 out of them they are content with fables1 though they well know they are fables4 ,nay1 more2 they deliver honest men to the executioner1 for having uttered what they themselves know to be true4 ,how many atheists and pagans have burned holy men under the pretext of heresy8 ,every day do hypocrites consecrate1 and make people adore the host1 though as well convinced as ,i am1 that it is nothing but a bit of bread4#dce3b ,m4 ,daille says3 ,this opinion has always been in the world1 that to settle a certain and assured estimation upon that which is good and true1 it is necessary to remove out of the way1 whatsoever may be an hinderance to it4 ,neither ought we to wonder that even those of the honest1 innocent1 primitive times made use of these deceits1 seeing for a good end they made no scruple to forge whole books4#dce3c ,reeves1 in his ,apologies of the ,fathers1 says3 ,it was a ,catholic opinion among the philosophers1 that pious frauds were good things1 and that the people ought to be imposed on in matters of religion4#dce3d ,mosheim1 the ecclesiastical historian1 says3 ,it was held as a maxim that it was not only lawful but praiseworthy to deceive1 and even to use the expedient of a lie1 in order to advance the cause of truth and piety4#dce3e ,isaac de ,casaubon1 the great ecclesiastical scholar1 says3 ,it mightily affects me1 to see how many there were in the earliest times of the church1 who considered it as a capital exploit1 to lend to heavenly truth the help of their own inventions1 in order that the new doctrine might be more readily allowed by the wise among the ,gentiles4 ,these officious lies1 they were wont to say1 were devised for a good end4#dce3f ,the ,apostolic ,father1 ,hermas1 who was the fellow-laborer of ,st4 ,paul in the work of the ministry2 who is greeted as such in the ,new ,testament2 and whose writings are expressly quoted as of divine inspiration1 by the early ,fathers1 ingenuously confesses that lying was the easily-besetting sin of a ,christian4 ,his words are3 ,o ,lord1 ,i never spake a true word in my life1 but ,i have always lived in dissimulation1 and affirmed a lie for truth to all men1 and no man contradicted me1 but all gave credit to my words4 ,to which the holy angel1 whom he addresses1 condescendingly admonishes him1 that as the lie was up1 now1 he had better keep it up1 and as in time it would come to be believed1 it would answer as well as truth4#dcf3a ,dr4 ,mosheim admits1 that the ,platonists and ,pythagoreans held it as a maxim1 that it was not only lawful1 but praiseworthy1 to deceive1 and even to use the expedient of a lie1 in order to advance the cause of truth and piety4 ,the ,jews who lived in ,egypt1 had learned and received this maxim from them1 before the coming of ,christ ,jesus1 as appears incontestably from a multitude of ancient records1 and the ,christians were infected from both these sources1 with the same pernicious error4#dcf3b ,of the fifteen letters ascribed to ,ignatius 7,bishop of ,antioch after #fi ,a4 ,d471 eight have been rejected by ,christian writers as being forgeries1 having no authority whatever4 ,the remaining seven epistles were accounted genuine by most critics1 although disputed by some1 previous to the discoveries of ,mr4 ,cureton1 which have shaken1 and indeed almost wholly destroyed the credit and authenticity of all alike4#dcf3c ,paul of ,tarsus1 who was preaching a doctrine which had already been preached to every nation on earth1#dcf3d inculcates and avows the principle of deceiving the common people1 talks of his having been upbraided by his own converts with being crafty and catching them with guile1#dcf3e and of his known and willful lies1 abounding to the glory of ,god4#dcf3f ,even the orthodox ,doctor ,burnet1 an eminent ,english author1 in his treatise ,de ,statu ,mortuorum1 purposely written in ,latin1 that it might serve for the instruction of the clergy only1 and not come to the knowledge of the laity1 because1 as he said1 too much light is hurtful for weak eyes1 not only justified but recommended the practice of the most consummate hypocrisy1 and would have his clergy seriously preach and maintain the reality and eternity of hell torments1 even though they should believe nothing of the sort themselves4#dcg3a ,the incredible and very ridiculous stories related by ,christian ,fathers and ecclesiastical historians1 on whom we are obliged to rely for information on the most important of subjects1 show us how untrustworthy these men were4 ,we have1 for instance1 the story related by ,st4 ,augustine1 who is styled the greatest of the ,latin ,fathers1 of his preaching the ,gospel to people without heads4 ,in his #cc;d ,sermon he says3 ,i was already ,bishop of ,hippo1 when ,i went into ,ethiopia with some servants of ,christ there to preach the ,gospel4 ,in this country we saw many men and women without heads1 who had two great eyes in their breasts2 and in countries still more southly1 we saw people who had but one eye in their foreheads4#dcg3b ,this same holy ,father bears an equally unquestionable testimony to several resurrections of the dead1 of which he himself had been an eye-witness4 ,in a book written towards the close of the second century1 by some zealous believer1 and fathered upon one ,nicodemus1 who is said to have been a disciple of ,christ ,jesus1 we find the following3 ,we all know the blessed ,simeon1 the high priest1 who took ,jesus when an infant into his arms in the temple4 ,this same ,simeon had two sons of his own1 and we were all present at their death and funeral4 ,go therefore and see their tombs1 for these are open1 and they are risen2 and behold1 they are in the city of ,arimatha1 spending their time together in offices of devotion4#dch3a ,eusebius1 the ,father of ecclesiastical history1 ,bishop of ,csarea1 and one of the most prominent personages at the ,council of ,nice1 relates as truth1 the ridiculous story of ,king ,agbarus writing a letter to ,christ ,jesus1 and of ,jesus' answer to the same4#dch3b ,and ,socrates relates how the ,empress ,helen1 mother of the ,emperor ,constantine1 went to ,jerusalem for the purpose of finding1 if possible1 the cross of ,christ4 ,this she succeeded in doing1 also the nails with which he was nailed to the cross4#dch3c ,beside forging1 lying1 and deceiving for the cause of ,christ1 the ,christian ,fathers destroyed all evidence against themselves and their religion1 which they came across4 ,christian divines seem to have always been afraid of too much light4 ,in the very infancy of printing1 ,cardinal ,wolsey foresaw its effect on ,christianity1 and in a speech to the clergy1 publicly forewarned them1 that1 if they did not destroy the ,press1 the ,press would destroy them4#dch3d ,there can be no doubt1 that had the objections of ,porphyry1#dch3e ,hierocles1#dch3f ,celsus1#dch3g and other opponents of the ,christian faith1 been permitted to come down to us1 the plagiarism in the ,christian ,scriptures from previously existing ,pagan documents1 is the specific charge they would have presented us4 ,but these were ordered to be burned1 by the prudent piety of the ,christian emperors4 ,in ,alexandria1 in ,egypt1 there was an immense library1 founded by the ,ptolemies4 ,this library was situated in the ,alexandrian ,museum2 the apartments which were allotted for it were beautifully sculptured1 and crowded with the choicest statues and pictures2 the building was built of marble4 ,this library eventually comprised four hundred thousand volumes4 ,in the course of time1 probably on account of inadequate accommodation for so many books1 an additional library was established1 and placed in the temple of ,serapis4 ,the number of volumes in this library1 which was called the daughter of that in the museum1 was eventually three hundred thousand4 ,there were1 therefore1 seven hundred thousand volumes in these royal collections4 ,in the establishment of the museum1 ,ptolemy ,soter1 and his son ,philadelphus1 had three objects in view3 #a4 ,the perpetuation of such knowledge as was then in the world2 #b4 ,its increase2 #c4 ,its diffusion4 #a4 ,for the perpetuation of knowledge4 ,orders were given to the chief librarian to buy1 at the king's expense1 whatever books he could4 ,a body of transcribers was maintained in the museum1 whose duty it was to make correct copies of such works as their owners were not disposed to sell4 ,any books brought by foreigners into ,egypt were taken at once to the museum1 and when correct copies had been made1 the transcript was given to the owner1 and the original placed in the library4 ,often a very large pecuniary indemnity was paid4 #b4 ,for the increase of knowledge4 ,one of the chief objects of the museum was that of serving as the home of a body of men who devoted themselves to study1 and were lodged and maintained at the king's expense4 ,in the original organization of the museum the residents were divided into four faculties1--,literature1 ,mathematics1 ,astronomy1 and ,medicine4 ,an officer of very great distinction presided over the establishment1 and had general charge of its interests4 ,demetius ,phalareus1 perhaps the most learned man of his age1 who had been ,governor of ,athens for many years1 was the first so appointed4 ,under him was the librarian1 an office sometimes held by men whose names have descended to our times1 as ,eratosthenes and ,apollonius ,rhodius4 ,in connection with the museum was a botanical and a zoological garden4 ,these gardens1 as their names imply1 were for the purpose of facilitating the study of plants and animals4 ,there was also an astronomical observatory1 containing armillary spheres1 globes1 solstitial and equatorial armils1 astrolabes1 parallactic rules1 and other apparatus then in use1 the graduation on the divided instruments being into degrees and sixths4 #c4 ,for the diffusion of knowledge4 ,in the museum was given1 by lectures1 conversation1 or other appropriate methods1 instruction in all the various departments of human knowledge4 ,there flocked to this great intellectual centre1 students from all countries4 ,it is said that at one time not fewer than fourteen thousand were in attendance4 ,subsequently even the ,christian church received from it some of the most eminent of its ,fathers1 as ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 ,origen1 ,athanasius1 c4 ,the library in the museum was burned during the siege of ,alexandria by ,julius ,csar4 ,to make amends for this great loss1 the library collected by ,eumenes1 ,king of ,pergamus1 was presented by ,mark ,antony to ,queen ,cleopatra4 ,originally it was founded as a rival to that of the ,ptolemies4 ,it was added to the collection in the ,serapion1 or the temple of ,serapis4#ddj3a ,it was not destined1 however1 to remain there many centuries1 as this very valuable library was willfully destroyed by the ,christian ,theophilus1 and on the spot where this beautiful temple of ,serapis stood1 in fact1 on its very foundation1 was erected a church in honor of the noble army of martyrs1 who had never existed4 ,this we learn from the historian ,gibbon1 who says that1 after this library was destroyed1 the appearance of the empty shelves excited the regret and indignation of every spectator1 whose mind was not totally darkened by religious prejudice4#ddj3b ,the destruction of this library was almost the death-blow to free-thought--wherever ,christianity ruled--for more than a thousand years4 ,the death-blow was soon to be struck1 however1 which was done by ,saint ,cyril1 who succeeded ,theophilus as ,bishop of ,alexandria4 ,hypatia1 the daughter of ,theon1 the mathematician1 endeavored to continue the old-time instructions4 ,each day before her academy stood a long train of chariots2 her lecture-room was crowded with the wealth and fashion of ,alexandria4 ,they came to listen to her discourses on those questions which man in all ages has asked1 but which have never yet been answered3 ,what am ,i8 ,where am ,i8 ,what can ,i know8 ,hypatia and ,cyril2 philosophy and bigotry2 they cannot exist together4 ,as ,hypatia repaired to her academy1 she was assaulted by 7,saint7 ,cyril's mob--a mob of many monks4 ,stripped naked in the street1 she was dragged into a church1 and there killed by the club of ,peter the ,reader4 ,the corpse was cut to pieces1 the flesh was scraped from the bones with shells1 and the remnants cast into a fire4 ,for this frightful crime ,cyril was never called to account4 ,it seemed to be admitted that the end sanctified the means4 ,so ended ,greek philosophy in ,alexandria1 so came to an untimely close the learning that the ,ptolemies had done so much to promote4 ,the fate of ,hypatia was a warning to all who would cultivate profane knowledge4 ,henceforth there was to be no freedom for human thought4 ,every one must think as ecclesiastical authority ordered him2 ,a4 ,d4 #dad4 ,in ,athens itself philosophy awaited its doom4 ,justinian at length prohibited its teaching and caused all its schools in that city to be closed4#dda3a ,after this followed the long and dreary dark ages1 but the sun of science1 that bright and glorious luminary1 was destined to rise again4 ,the history of this great ,alexandrian library is one of the keys which unlock the door1 and exposes to our view the manner in which the ,hindoo incarnate god ,crishna1 and the meek and benevolent ,buddha1 came to be worshiped under the name of ,christ ,jesus4 ,for instance1 we have just seen3 #a4 ,that1 orders were given to the chief librarian to buy at the king's expense whatever books he could4 #b4 ,that1 one of the chief objects of the museum was that of serving as the home of a body of men who devoted themselves to study4 #c4 ,that1 any books brought by foreigners into ,egypt were taken at once to the museum and correct copies made4 #d4 ,that1 there flocked to this great intellectual centre students from all countries4 #e4 ,that1 the ,christian church received from it some of the most eminent of its ,fathers4 ,and also3 #f4 ,that1 the chief doctrines of the ,gnostic ,christians had been held for centuries before their time in many of the cities in ,asia ,minor4 ,there1 it is probable1 they first came into existence as ',myst1' upon the establishment of a direct intercourse with ,india under the ,seleucid and the ,ptolemies4 #g4 ,that1 the ,college of ,,essenes at ,ephesus1 the ,orphics of ,thrace1 the ,curetes of ,crete1 are all merely branches of one antique and common religion1 and that originally ,asiatic4 #h4 ,that1 the introduction of ,buddhism into ,egypt and ,palestine affords the only true solution of innumerable difficulties in the history of religion4 #i4 ,that1 ,buddhism had actually been planted in the dominions of the ,seleucid and ,ptolemies 7,palestine belonging to the former7 before the beginning of the third century ,b4 ,c4 and is proved to demonstration by a passage in the edicts of ,asoka4 #aj4 ,that1 it is very likely that the commentaries 7,scriptures7 which were among them 7the ,essenes7 were the ,gospels4 #aa4 ,that1 the principal doctrines and rites of the ,essenes can be connected with the ,east1 with ,parsism1 and especially with ,buddhism4 #ab4 ,that1 among the doctrines which the ,essenes and ,buddhists had in common was that of the ,angel-,messiah4 #ac4 ,that1 they 7the ,essenes7 had a flourishing university or corporate body1 established at ,alexandria1 in ,egypt1 long before the period assigned for the birth of ,christ4 #ad4 ,that1 the very ancient and ,eastern doctrine of the ,angel-,messiah had been applied to ,gautama ,buddha1 and so it was applied to ,jesus ,christ by the ,essenes of ,egypt and ,palestine1 who introduced this new ,messianic doctrine into ,essenic ,judaism and ,essenic ,christianity4 #ae4 ,that1 we hear very little of them 7the ,essenes7 after ,a4 ,d4 #dj2 and there can hardly be any doubt that the ,essenes as a body must have embraced ,christianity4 ,here is the solution of the problem4 ,the sacred books of ,hindoos and ,buddhists were among the ,essenes1 and in the library at ,alexandria4 ,the ,essenes1 who were afterwards called ,christians1 applied the legend of the ,angel-,messiah--the very ancient ,eastern doctrine1 which we have shown throughout this work--to ,christ ,jesus4 ,it was simply a transformation of names1 a transformation which had previously occurred in many cases4#ddb3a ,after this came additions to the legend from other sources4 ,portions of the legends related of the ,persian1 ,greek and ,roman ,saviours and ,redeemers of mankind1 were1 from time to time1 added to the already legendary history of the ,christian ,saviour4 ,thus history was repeating itself4 ,thus the virgin-born ,god and ,saviour1 worshiped by all nations of the earth1 though called by different names1 was but one and the same4 ,in a subsequent chapter we shall see who this ,one ,god was1 and how the myth originated4 ,albert ,revill says3 ,alexandria1 the home of ,philonism1 and ,neo-,platonism 7and we might add ,essenism71 was naturally the centre whence spread the dogma of the deity of ,jesus ,christ4 ,in that city1 through the third century1 flourished a school of transcendental theology1 afterwards looked upon with suspicion by the conservators of ecclesiastical doctrine1 but not the less the real cradle of orthodoxy4 ,it was still the ,platonic tendency which influenced the speculations of ,clement1 ,origen and ,dionysius1 and the theory of the ,logos was at the foundation of their theology4#ddc3a ,among the numerous gospels in circulation among the ,christians of the first three centuries1 there was one entitled ,the ,gospel of the ,egyptians4 ,epiphanius 7,a4 ,d4 #che71 speaking of it1 says3 ,many things are proposed 7in this ,gospel of the ,egyptians7 in a hidden1 mysterious manner1 as by our ,saviour1 as though he had said to his disciples1 that the ,father was the same person1 the ,son the same person1 and the ,holy ,ghost the same person4 ,that this was one of the ,scriptures of the ,essenes1 becomes very evident when we find it admitted by the most learned of ,christian theologians that it was in existence before either of the canonical ,gospels1 and that it contained the doctrine of the ,trinity1 a doctrine not established in the ,christian church until ,a4 ,d4 #cbg1 but which was taught by this ,buddhist sect in ,alexandria1 in ,egypt1 which has been well called1 ,egypt1 the land of ,trinities4 ,the learned ,dr4 ,grabe thought it was composed by some ,christians in ,egypt1 and that it was published before either of the canonical ,gospels4 ,dr4 ,mill also believed that it was composed before either of the canonical ,gospels1 and1 what is more important than all1 that the authors of it were ,essenes4 ,these ,scriptures of the ,essenes were undoubtedly amalgamated with the ,gospels of the ,christians1 the result being the canonical ,gospels as we now have them4 ,the ,gospel of the ,hebrews1 and such like1 on the one hand1 and the ,gospel of the ,egyptians1 or ,essenes1 and such like1 on the other4 ,that the ,gospel of the ,hebrews spoke of ,jesus of ,nazareth as the son of ,joseph and ,mary1 according to the flesh1 and that it taught nothing about his miracles1 his resurrection from the dead1 and other such prodigies1 is admitted on all hands4 ,that the ,scriptures of the ,essenes contained the whole legend of the ,angel-,messiah1 which was afterwards added to the history of ,jesus1 making him a ,,christ1 or an ,anointed ,angel1 is a probability almost to a certainty4 ,do we now understand how all the traditions and legends1 originally ,indian1 escaping from the great focus through ,egypt1 were able to reach ,judea1 ,greece and ,rome8 ,to continue with our subject1 why ,christianity prospered1 we must now speak of another great support to the cause1 i4 e41 ,persecution4 ,ernest de ,bunsen1 speaking of ,buddha1 says3 ,his religion has never been propagated by the sword4 ,it has been effected entirely by the influence of peaceable and persevering devotees4 ,can we say as much for what is termed the religion of ,christ8 ,no6 this religion has had the aid of the sword and firebrand1 the rack and the thumb-screw4 ,persecution1 is to be seen written on the pages of ecclesiastical history1 from the time of ,constantine even to the present day4#ddd3a ,this ,christian emperor and saint was the first to check free-thought4 ,we search in vain1 7says ,m4 ,renan71 in the collection of ,roman laws before ,constantine1 for any enactment aimed at free thought1 or in the history of the emperors1 for a persecution of abstract doctrine4 ,not a single savant was disturbed4 ,men whom the ,middle ,ages would have burned--such as ,galen1 ,lucian1 ,plotinus--lived in peace1 protected by the law4#ddd3b ,born and educated a pagan1 ,constantine embraced the ,christian faith from the following motives4 ,having committed horrid crimes1 in fact1 having committed murders1#ddd3c and1 ,when he would have had his 7,pagan7 priests purge him by sacrifice1 of these horrible murders1 and could not have his purpose 7for they answered plainly1 it lay not in their power to cleanse him7#ddd3d he lighted at last upon an ,egyptian who came out of ,iberia1 and being persuaded by him that the ,christian faith was of force to wipe away every sin1 were it ever so heinous1 he embraced willingly at whatever the ,egyptian told him4#ddd3e ,mons4 ,dupuis1 speaking of this conversion1 says3 ,constantine1 soiled with all sorts of crimes1 and stained with the blood of his wife1 after repeated perjuries and assassinations1 presented himself before the heathen priests in order to be absolved of so many outrages he had committed4 ,he was answered1 that amongst the various kinds of expiations1 there was none which could expiate so many crimes1 and that no religion whatever could offer efficient protection against the justice of the gods2 and ,constantine was emperor4 ,one of the courtiers of the palace1 who witnessed the trouble and agitation of his mind1 torn by remorse1 which nothing could appease1 informed him1 that the evil he was suffering was not without a remedy2 that there existed in the religion of the ,christians certain purifications1 which expiated every kind of misdeeds1 of whatever nature1 and in whatsoever number they were3 that one of the promises of the religion was1 that whoever was converted to it1 as impious and as great a villain as he might be1 could hope that his crimes were immediately forgotten4#dde3a ,from that moment1 ,constantine declared himself the protector of a sect which treats great criminals with so much lenity4#dde3b ,he was a great villain1 who tried to lull himself with illusions to smother his remorse4#dde3c ,by the delay of baptism1 a person who had accepted the true faith could venture freely to indulge their passions in the enjoyment of this world1 while they still retained in their own hands the means of salvation2 therefore1 we find that ,constantine1 although he accepted the faith1 did not get baptized until he was on his death-bed1 as he wished to continue1 as long as possible1 the wicked life he was leading4 ,mr4 ,gibbon1 speaking of him1 says3 ,the example and reputation of ,constantine seemed to countenance the delay of baptism4 ,future tyrants were encouraged to believe1 that the innocent blood which they might shed in a long reign would instantly be washed away in the waters of regeneration2 and the abuse of religion dangerously undermined the foundations of moral virtue4#dde3d ,eusebius1 in his ,life of ,constantine1 tells us that3 ,when he thought that he was near his death1 he confessed his sins1 desiring pardon for them of ,god1 and was baptized4 ,before doing so1 he assembled the bishops of ,nicomedia together1 and spake thus unto them3 ',brethren1 the salvation which ,i have earnestly desired of ,god these many years1 ,i do now this day expect4 ,it is time therefore that we should be sealed and signed with the badge of immortality4 ,and though ,i proposed to receive it in the river ,jordan1 in which our ,saviour for our example was baptized1 yet ,god1 knowing what is fittest for me1 hath appointed that ,i shall receive it in this place1 therefore let me not be delayed4' ,and so1 after the service of baptism was read1 they baptized him with all the ceremonies belonging to this mysterious sacrament4 ,so that ,constantine was the first of all the emperors who was regenerated by the new birth of baptism1 and that was signed with the sign of the cross4#ddf3a ,when ,constantine had heard the good news from the ,christian monk from ,egypt1 he commenced by conferring many dignities on the ,christians1 and those only who were addicted to ,christianity1 he made governors of his provinces1 c4#ddf3b ,he then issued edicts against heretics1--i4 e41 those who1 like ,arius1 did not believe that ,christ was of one substance with the ,father1 and others--calling them enemies of truth and eternal life1 authors and councillors of death1 c4#ddf3c ,he commanded by law that none should dare to meet at conventicles1 and that all places where they were wont to keep their meetings should be demolished1 or confiscated to the ,catholic church2#ddf3d and ,constantine was emperor4 ,by this means1 says ,eusebius1 such as maintained doctrines and opinions contrary to the church1 were suppressed4#ddf3e ,this ,constantine1 says ,eusebius3 ,caused his image to be engraven on his gold coins1 in the form of prayer1 with his hands joined together1 and looking up towards ,heaven4 ,and over divers gates of his palace1 he was drawn praying1 and lifting up his hands and eyes to heaven4#ddf3f ,after his death1 effigies of this blessed man were engraved on the ,roman coins1 sitting in and driving a chariot1 and a hand reached down from heaven to receive and take him up4#ddf3g ,the hopes of wealth and honors1 the example of an emperor1 his exhortations1 his irresistible smiles1 diffused conviction among the venal and obsequious crowds which usually fill the apartments of a palace1 and as the lower ranks of society are governed by example1 the conversion of those who possessed any eminence of birth1 of power1 or of riches1 was soon followed by dependent multitudes4 ,constantine passed a law which gave freedom to all the slaves who should embrace ,christianity1 and to those who were not slaves1 he gave a white garment and twenty pieces of gold1 upon their embracing the ,christian faith4 ,the common people were thus purchased at such an easy rate that1 in one year1 twelve thousand men were baptised at ,rome1 besides a proportionable number of women and children4#ddg3a ,to suppress the opinions of philosophers1 which were contrary to ,christianity1 the ,christian emperors published edicts4 ,the respective decrees of the emperors ,constantine and ,theodosius1#ddg3b generally ran in the words1 that all writings adverse to the claims of the ,christian religion1 in the possession of whomsoever they should be found1 should be committed to the fire1 as the pious emperors would not that those things tending to provoke ,god to wrath1 should be allowed to offend the minds of the piously disposed4 ,the following is a decree of the ,emperor ,theodosius of this purport3 ,we decree1 therefore1 that all writings1 whatever1 which ,porphyry or anyone else hath written against the ,christian religion1 in the possession of whomsoever they shall be found should be committed to the fire2 for we would not suffer any of those things so much as to come to men's ears1 which tend to provoke ,god to wrath and offend the minds of the pious4#ddg3c ,a similar decree of the emperor for establishing the doctrine of the ,trinity1 concludes with an admonition to all who shall object to it1 that1 ,besides the condemnation of divine justice1 they must expect to suffer the severe penalties1 which our authority1 guided by heavenly wisdom1 may think proper to inflict upon them4#ddg3d ,this orthodox emperor 7,theodosius7 considered every heretic 7as he called those who did not believe as he and his ecclesiastics professed7 a rebel against the supreme powers of heaven and of earth 7he being one of the supreme powers of earth71 and each of the powers might exercise their peculiar jurisdiction over the soul and body of the guilty4 ,the decrees of the ,council of ,constantinople had ascertained the true standard of the faith1 and the ecclesiastics1 who governed the conscience of ,theodosius1 suggested the most effectual methods of persecution4 ,in the space of fifteen years he promulgated at least fifteen severe edicts against the heretics1 more especially against those who rejected the doctrine of the ,trinity4#ddh3a ,arius 7the presbyter of whom we have spoken in ,chapter ,,xxxv41 as declaring that1 in the nature of things1 a father must be older than his son7 was excommunicated for his so-called heretical notions concerning the ,trinity4 ,his followers1 who were very numerous1 were called ,arians4 ,their writings1 if they had been permitted to exist1#ddh3b would undoubtedly contain the lamentable story of the persecution which affected the church under the reign of the impious ,emperor ,theodosius4 ,in ,asia ,minor the people were persecuted by orders of ,constantius1 and these orders were more than obeyed by ,macedonius4 ,the civil and military powers were ordered to obey his commands2 the consequence was1 he disgraced the reign of ,constantius4 ,the rites of baptism were conferred on women and children1 who1 for that purpose1 had been torn from the arms of their friends and parents2 the mouths of the communicants were held open by a wooden engine1 while the consecrated bread was forced down their throats2 the breasts of tender virgins were either burned with red-hot egg-shells1 or inhumanly compressed between sharp and heavy boards4#ddh3c ,the principal assistants of ,macedonius--the tool of ,constantius--in the work of persecution1 were the two bishops of ,nicomedia and ,cyzicus1 who were esteemed for their virtues1 and especially for their charity4#ddh3d ,julian1 the successor of ,constantius1 has described some of the theological calamities which afflicted the empire1 and more especially in the ,east1 in the reign of a prince who was the slave of his own passions1 and of those of his eunuchs3 ,many were imprisoned1 and persecuted1 and driven into exile4 ,whole troops of those who are styled heretics were massacred1 particularly at ,cyzicus1 and at ,samosata4 ,in ,paphlagonia1 ,bithynia1 ,gallatia1 and in many other provinces1 towns and villages were laid waste1 and utterly destroyed4#ddi3a ,persecutions in the name of ,christ ,jesus were inflicted on the heathen in most every part of the then known world4 ,even among the ,norwegians1 the ,christian sword was unsheathed4 ,they clung tenaciously to the worship of their forefathers1 and numbers of them died real martyrs for their faith1 after suffering the most cruel torments from their persecutors4 ,it was by sheer compulsion that the ,norwegians embraced ,christianity4 ,the reign of ,olaf ,tryggvason1 a ,christian king of ,norway1 was in fact entirely devoted to the propagation of the new faith1 by means the most revolting to humanity4 ,his general practice was to enter a district at the head of a formidable force1 summon a ,thing1#ddi3b and give the people the alternative of fighting with him1 or of being baptized4 ,most of them1 of course1 preferred baptism to the risk of a battle with an adversary so well prepared for combat2 and the recusants were tortured to death with fiend-like ferocity1 and their estates confiscated4#ddi3c ,these are some of the reasons why ,christianity prospered4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,the learned ,christian historian ,pagi endeavors to smoothe over the crimes of ,constantine4 ,he says3 ,as for those few murders 7which ,eusebius says nothing about71 had he thought it worth his while to refer to them1 he would perhaps1 with ,baronius himself have said1 that the young ,licinius 7his infant nephew71 although the fact might not generally have been known1 had most likely been an accomplice in the treason of his father4 ,that as to the murder of his son1 the ,emperor is rather to be considered as unfortunate than as criminal4 ,and with respect to his putting his wife to death1 he ought to be pronounced rather a just and righteous judge4 ,as for his numerous friends1 whom ,eutropius informs us he put to death one after another1 we are bound to believe that most of them deserved it1 and they were found out to have abused the ,emperor's too great credulity1 for the gratification of their own inordinate wickedness1 and insatiable avarice2 and such no doubt was that ,,sopater the philosopher1 who was at last put to death upon the accusation of ,adlabius1 and that by the righteous dispensation of ,god1 for his having attempted to alienate the mind of ,constantine from the true religion4 7,pagi ,ann4 #cbd1 quoted in ,latin by ,dr4 ,lardner1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cga1 in his notes for the benefit of the learned reader1 but gives no rendering into ,english47 ,,footnotes3 #dai3a ,numerous bodies of ascetics 7,therapeut71 especially near ,lake ,mareotis1 devoted themselves to discipline and study1 abjuring society and labor1 and often forgetting1 it is said1 the simplest wants of nature1 in contemplating the hidden wisdom of the ,scriptures4 ,eusebius even claimed them as ,christians2 and some of the forms of monasticism were evidently modeled after the ,therapeut4 7,smith's ,bible ,dictionary1 art4 ,alexandria47 #dbj3a ,comp4 ,matt4 vi4 #cc2 ,luke1 xii4 #ca4 #dbj3b ,comp4 ,matt4 vi4 #ai-ba4 #dbj3c ,comp4 ,matt4 xix4 #ba2 ,luke1 xii4 #cc4 #dbj3d ,comp4 ,acts1 ii4 #dd1 #de2 iv4 #cb-cd2 ,john1 xii4 #f2 xiii4 #bi4 #dbj3e ,comp4 ,matt4 xx4 #be-bh2 ,mark1 ix4 #ce-cg2 x4 #db-de4 #dbj3f ,comp4 ,matt4 xxiii4 #h-aj4 #dbj3g ,comp4 ,matt4 v4 #e2 xi4 #bi4 #dbj3h ,comp4 ,mark1 xvi4 #ag2 ,matt4 x4 #h2 ,luke1 ix4 #a1 #b2 x4 #i4 #dbj3i ,comp4 ,matt4 v4 #cd4 #dbj3aj ,comp4 ,matt4 x4 #i1 #aj4 #dba3a ,comp4 ,luke1 xxii4 #cf4 #dba3b ,comp4 ,matt4 xix4 #aj-ab2 ,i4 ,cor4 viii4 #dba3c ,comp4 ,rom4 xii4 #a4 #dba3d ,comp4 ,i4 ,cor4 xiv4 #a1 #ci4 #dba3e ,the above comparisons have been taken from ,ginsburg's ,essenes1 to which the reader is referred for a more lengthy observation on the subject4 #dba3f ,ginsburg's ,essenes1 p4 #bd4 #dba3g ,we hear very little of them after ,a4 ,d4 #dj2 and there can hardly be any doubt that1 owing to the great similarity existing between their precepts and practices and those of primitive ,christians1 the ,essenes as a body must have embraced ,christianity4 7,dr4 ,ginsburg1 p4 #bg47 #dbb3a ,this will be alluded to in another chapter4 #dbb3b ,it was believed by some that the order of ,essenes was instituted by ,elias1 and some writers asserted that there was a regular succession of hermits upon ,mount ,carmel from the time of the prophets to that of ,christ1 and that the hermits embraced ,christianity at an early period4 7,see ,ginsburgh's ,essenes1 and ,hardy's ,eastern ,monachism1 p4 #ceh47 #dbb3c ,king's ,gnostics and their ,remains1 p4 #a4 #dbb3d ,ibid4 p4 #f4 #dbb3e ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #bc4 #dbb3f ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #b1 ch4 xvii4 #dbc3a ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #b1 ch4 xvii4 #dbc3b ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 vii4 ,the ,new ,testament is the ,essene-,nazarene ,glad ,tidings6 ,adon1 ,adoni1 ,adonis1 style of worship4 7,s4 ,f4 ,dunlap3 ,son of the ,man1 p4 iii47 #dbc3c ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #gdg2 vol4 ii4 p4 #cd4 #dbc3d ,in this1 says ,mr4 ,lillie1 he was supported by philosophers of the calibre of ,schilling and ,schopenhauer1 and the great ,sanscrit authority1 ,lassen4 ,renan also sees traces of this ,buddhist propagandism in ,palestine before the ,christian era4 ,hilgenfeld1 ,mutter1 ,bohlen1 ,king1 all admit the ,buddhist influence4 ,colebrooke saw a striking similarity between the ,buddhist philosophy and that of the ,pythagoreans4 ,dean ,milman was convinced that the ,therapeuts sprung from the 'contemplative and indolent fraternities' of ,india4 ,and1 he might have added1 the ,rev4 ,robert ,taylor in his ,diegesis1 and ,godfrey ,higgins in his ,anacalypsis1 have brought strong arguments to bear in support of this theory4 #dbd3a ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 p4 vi4 #dbd3b ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #aba4 #dbd3c ,ibid4 p4 #bdj4 #dbe3a ,the ,essenes abounded in ,egypt1 especially about ,alexandria4 7,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #b1 ch4 xvii47 #dbe3b ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #bee4 #dbf3a ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #agi4 #dbf3b ,this is clearly shown by ,mr4 ,higgins in his ,anacalypsis4 ,it should be remembered that ,gautama ,buddha1 the ,angel-,messiah1 and ,cyrus1 the ,anointed of the ,lord1 are placed about six hundred years before ,jesus1 the ,anointed4 ,this cycle of six hundred years was called the great year4 ,josephus1 the ,jewish historian1 alludes to it when speaking of the patriarchs that lived to a great age4 ,god afforded them a longer time of life1 says he1 on account of their virtue1 and the good use they made of it in astronomical and geometrical discoveries1 which would not have afforded the time for foretelling 7the periods of the stars71 unless they had lived six hundred years2 for the great year is completed in that interval4 7,josephus1 ,antiq41 bk4 i4 c4 iii47 ,from this cycle of six hundred1 says ,col4 ,vallancey1 came the name of the bird ,phoenix1 called by the ,egyptians ,phenu1 with the well-known story of its going to ,egypt to burn itself on the altar of the ,sun 7at ,heliopolis7 and rise again from its ashes1 at the end of a certain period4 #dbf3c ,philo's writings prove the probability1 almost rising to a certainty1 that already in his time the ,essenes did expect an ,angel-,messiah as one of a series of divine incarnations4 ,within about fifty years after ,philo's death1 ,elkesai the ,essene probably applied this doctrine to ,jesus1 and it was promulgated in ,rome about the same time1 if not earlier1 by the ,pseudo-,clementines4 7,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #aah47 ,there was1 at this time 7i4 e41 at the time of the birth of ,jesus71 a prevalent expectation that some remarkable personage was about to appear in ,judea4 ,the ,jews were anxiously looking for the coming of the ,messiah4 ,by computing the time mentioned by ,daniel 7ch4 ix4 #bc-bg71 they knew that the period was approaching when the ,messiah should appear4 ,this personage1 they supposed1 would be a temporal prince1 and they were expecting that he would deliver them from ,roman bondage4 ,it was natural that this expectation should spread into other countries4 7,barnes' ,notes1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg47 #dbg3a ,hist4 ,hindostan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgc4 #dbg3b ,see ,lardner's ,works1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cec4 #dbg3c ,apol4 #a1 ch4 xxvi4 #dbh3a ,see ,lardner's ,works1 vol4 viii4 p4 #eic4 #dbh3b ,socrates3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 i4 ch4 xvii4 #dbi3a ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #c1 ch4 xxiii4 #dbi3b ,ibid4 lib4 #g1 ch4 xxx4 #dbi3c ,the death of ,manes1 according to ,socrates1 was as follows3 ,the ,king of ,persia1 hearing that he was in ,mesopotamia1 made him to be apprehended1 flayed him alive1 took his skin1 filled it full of chaff1 and hanged it at the gates of the city4 7,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #a1 ch4 xv47 #dcj3a ,plato in ,apolog4 ,anac41 ii4 p4 #ahi4 #dca3a ,mark1 xiii4 #ba1 #bb4 #dcb3a ,geikie3 ,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 p4 #gi4 #dcc3a ,frothingham's ,cradle of the ,christ4 #dcc3b ,the prevailing opinion of the ,rabbis and the people alike1 in ,christ's day1 was1 that the ,messiah would be simply a great prince1 who should found a kingdom of matchless splendor4 ,with a few1 however1 the conception of the ,messiah's kingdom was pure and lofty4 4 4 4 ,daniel1 and all who wrote after him1 painted the ',expected ,one' as a heavenly being4 ,he was the 'messenger1' the ',elect of ,god1' appointed from eternity1 to appear in due time1 and redeem his people4 7,geikie's ,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 pp4 #hj1 #ha47 ,in the book of ,daniel1 by some supposed to have been written during the captivity1 by others as late as ,antiochus ,epiphanes 7,b4 ,c4 #ge71 the restoration of the ,jews is described in tremendous language1 and the ,messiah is portrayed as a supernatural personage1 in close relation with ,jehovah himself4 ,in the book of ,enoch1 supposed to have been written at various intervals between #add and #abj 7,b4 ,c47 and to have been completed in its present form in the first half of the second century that preceded the advent of ,jesus1 the figure of the ,messiah is invested with superhuman attributes4 ,he is called ,the ,son of ,god1 whose name was spoken before the ,sun was made2 who existed from the beginning in the presence of ,god1 that is1 was pre-existent4 ,at the same time his human characteristics are insisted on4 ,he is called ,son of ,man1 even ,son of ,woman1 ,the ,anointed or ,the ,christ1 ,the ,righteous ,one1 c4 7,frothingham3 ,the ,cradle of the ,christ1 p4 #bj47 #dcc3c ,this is clearly seen from the statement made by the ,matthew narrator 7xvii4 #i-ac7 that the disciples of ,christ ,jesus supposed ,john the ,baptist was ,elias4 #dcd3a ,isaiah1 xlv4 #a4 #dcd3b ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ag4 #dcd3c ,quoted in ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #ea4 #dcd3d ,hieron ad ,nep4 ,quoted ,volney's ,ruins1 p4 #agg1 note4 #dcd3e ,see his ,eccl4 ,hist41 viii4 #ba4 #dce3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 #dce3b ,on voit dans l'histoire que j'ai rapporte une sorte d'hypocrisie1 qui n'a peut-tre t que trop commune dans tous les tems4 ,c'est que des ecclsiastiques1 non-seulement ne disent pas ce qu'ils pensent1 mais disent tout le contraire de ce qu'ils pensent4 ,philosophes dans leur cabinet1 hors del1 ils content des fables1 quoiqu'ils sachent bien que ce sont des fables4 ,ils font plus2 ils livrent au bourreau des gens de biens1 pour l'avoir dit4 ,combiens d'athes et de profanes ont fait brler de saints personnages1 sous prtexte d'hrsie8 ,tous les jours des hypocrites1 consacrent et font adorer l'hostie1 bien qu'ils soient aussi convaincus que moi1 que ce n'est qu'un morceau de pain4 7,tom4 #b1 p4 #efh47 #dce3c ,on the ,use of the ,fathers1 pp4 #cf1 #cg4 #dce3d ,quoted in ,taylor's ,syntagma1 p4 #agj4 #dce3e ,mosheim3 vol4 #a1 p4 #aih4 #dce3f ,postremo illud quoque me vehementer movet1 quod videam primis ecclesi temporibus1 quam plurimos extitisse1 qui facinus palmarium judicabant1 clestem veritatem1 figmentis suis ire adjutum1 quo facilius nova doctrina a gentium sapientibus admitteretur ,officiosa hc mendacia vocabant bono fine exeogitata4 7,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #dd1 and ,giles' ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai47 #dcf3a ,see the ,vision of ,hermas1 b4 #b1 c4 iii4 #dcf3b ,mosheim1 vol4 i4 p4 #aig4 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #dg4 #dcf3c ,dr4 ,giles3 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ii4 #dcf3d ,continue in the faith grounded and settled1 and be not moved away from the hope of the gospel1 which ye have heard1 and which was preached to every creature which is under heaven2 whereof ,i ,paul am made a minister4 7,colossians1 i4 #bc47 #dcf3e ,being crafty1 ,i caught you with guile4 7,,ii4 ,cor4 xii4 #af47 #dcf3f ,for if the truth of ,god had more abounded through my lie unto his glory1 why yet am ,i also judged as a sinner4 7,romans1 iii4 #g47 #dcg3a ,si me tamen audire velis1 mallem te pnas has dicere indefinitas quam infinitas4 ,sed veniet dies1 cum non minus absurda1 habebitur et odiosa hc opinio quam transubstantiatio hodie4 7,de ,statu ,mort41 p4 #cjd4 ,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #dc47 #dcg3b ,quoted in ,taylor's ,syntagma1 p4 #eb4 ,among the ancients1 there were many stories current of countries1 the inhabitants of which were of peculiar size1 form or features4 ,our ,christian saint evidently believed these tales1 and thinking thus1 sought to make others believe them4 ,we find the following examples related by ,herodotus3 ,aristeas1 son of ,caystrobius1 a native of ,proconesus1 says in his epic verses that1 inspired by ,apollo1 he came to the ,issedones2 that beyond the ,issedones dwell the ,arimaspians1 a people that have only one eye4 7,herodotus1 book iv4 ch4 #ac47 ,when one has passed through a considerable extent of the rugged country 7of the ,seythians71 a people are found living at the foot of lofty mountains1 who are said to be all bald from their birth1 both men and women alike1 and they are flat-nosed1 and have large chins4 7,ibid4 ch4 #bc47 ,these bald men say1 what to me is incredible1 that men with goat's feet inhabit these mountains2 and when one has passed beyond them1 other men are found1 who sleep six months at a time1 but this ,i do not at all admit4 7,ibid4 ch4 #bd47 ,in the country westward of ,libya1 there are enormous serpents1 and lions1 elephants1 bears1 asps1 and asses with horns1 and monsters with dog's heads and without heads1 who have eyes in their breasts1 at least1 as the ,libyans say1 and wild men and wild women1 and many other wild beasts which are not fabulous4 7,ibid4 ch4 #aib47 #dch3a ,nicodemus1 ,apoc41 ch4 xii4 #dch3b ,see ,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #a1 ch4 xiv4 #dch3c ,socrates3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #a1 ch4 xiii4 #dch3d ,in year #addd1 ,caxton published the first book ever printed in ,england4 ,in #adgd1 the then ,bishop of ,london1 in a convocation of his clergy1 said3 ,if we do not destroy this dangerous invention1 it will one day destroy us4 7,see ,middleton's ,letters from ,rome1 p4 #d47 ,the reader should compare this with ,pope ,leo ,x4's avowal that1 it is well known how profitable this fable of ,christ has been to us2 and ,archdeacon ,paley's declaration that he could ill afford to have a conscience4 #dch3e ,porphyry1 who flourished about the year #bgj ,a4 ,d41 a man of great abilities1 published a large work of fifteen books against the ,christians4 ,his objections against ,christianity1 says ,dr4 ,lardner1 were in esteem with ,gentile people for a long while2 and the ,christians were not insensible of the importance of his work2 as may be concluded from the several answers made to it by ,eusebius1 and others in great repute for learning4 7,vol4 viii4 p4 #aeh47 ,there are but fragments of these fifteen books remaining1 ,christian magistrates having ordered them to be destroyed4 7,ibid47 #dch3f ,hierocles was a ,neo-,platonist1 who lived at ,alexandria about the middle of the fifth century1 and enjoyed a great reputation4 ,he was the author of a great number of works1 a few extracts of which alone remain4 #dch3g ,celsus was an ,epicurean philosopher1 who lived in the second century ,a4 ,d4 ,he wrote a work called ,the ,true ,word1 against ,christianity1 but as it has been destroyed we know nothing about it4 ,origen claims to give quotations from it4 #ddj3a ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 pp4 #ah-ba4 #ddj3b ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 p4 #adf4 #dda3a ,draper3 ,religion and ,science1 pp4 #ee1 #ef4 ,see also1 ,socrates' ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #g1 ch4 xv4 #ddb3a ,we have seen this particularly in the cases of ,crishna and ,buddha4 ,mr4 ,cox1 speaking of the former1 says3 ,if it be urged that the attribution to ,crishna of qualities or powers belonging to the other deities is a mere device by which his devotees sought to supersede the more ancient gods1 the answer must be that nothing has been done in his case which has not been done in the case of almost every other member of the great company of the gods4 7,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acj47 ,these words apply to the case we have before us4 ,jesus was simply attributed with the qualities or powers which had been previously attributed to other deities4 ,this we hope to be able to fully demonstrate in our chapter on ,explanation4 #ddc3a ,dogma of the ,deity of ,jesus ,christ1 p4 #da4 #ddd3a ,adherents of the old religion of ,russia have been persecuted in that country within the past year1 and even in enlightened ,england1 a gentleman has been persecuted by government officials because he believes in neither a personal ,god or a personal ,devil4 #ddd3b ,renan1 ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #bb4 #ddd3c ,the following are the names of his victims3 ,maximian1 ,his wife's father1 ,a4 ,d4 #caj ,bassianus1 ,his sister's husband1 ,a4 ,d4 #cad ,licinius1 ,his nephew1 ,a4 ,d4 #cai ,fausta1 ,his wife1 ,a4 ,d4 #cbj ,sopater1 ,his former friend1 ,a4 ,d4 #cba ,licinius1 ,his sister's husband1 ,a4 ,d4 #cbe ,crispus1 ,his own son1 ,a4 ,d4 #cbf ,dr4 ,lardner1 in speaking of the murders committed by this ,christian saint1 is constrained to say that3 ,the death of ,crispus is altogether without any good excuse1 so likewise is the death of the young ,licinianus1 who could not have been more than a little above eleven years of age1 and appears not to have been charged with any fault1 and could hardly be suspected of any4 #ddd3d ,the ,emperor ,nero could not be baptized and be initiated into ,pagan ,mysteries--as ,constantine was initiated into those of the ,christians--on account of the murder of his mother4 ,and he did not dare to compel--which he certainly could have done--the priests to initiate him4 #ddd3e ,zosimus1 in ,socrates1 lib4 iii4 ch4 xl4 #dde3a ,the sacrament of baptism was supposed to contain a full and absolute expiation of sin2 and the soul was instantly restored to its original purity and entitled to the promise of eternal salvation4 ,among the proselytes of ,christianity1 there were many who judged it imprudent to precipitate a salutary rite1 which could not be repeated4 ,by the delay of their baptism1 they could venture freely to indulge their passions in the enjoyments of this world1 while they still retained in their own hands the means of a sure and speedy absolution4 7,gibbon3 ii4 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc47 #dde3b ,constantine1 as he was praying about noon-tide1 ,god showed him a vision in the sky1 which was the sign of the cross lively figured in the air1 with this inscription on it3 ',in hoc vince2' that is1 ',by this overcome4' ,this is the story as related by ,eusebius 7,life of ,constantine1 lib4 #a1 ch4 xxii471 but it must be remembered that ,eusebius acknowledged that he told falsehoods4 ,that night ,christ appeared unto ,constantine in his dream1 and commanded him to make the figure of the cross which he had seen1 and to wear it in his banner when he went to battle with his enemies4 7,see ,eusebius' ,life of ,constantine1 lib4 #a1 ch4 xxiii4 ,see also1 ,socrates3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #a1 ch4 ii47 #dde3c ,dupuis1 p4 #dje4 #dde3d ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgc4 ,the ,fathers1 who censured this criminal delay1 could not deny the certain and victorious efficacy even of a death-bed baptism4 ,the ingenious rhetoric of ,chrysostom 7,a4 ,d4 #cdg-djg7 could find only three arguments against these prudent ,christians4 #a4 ,that we should love and pursue virtue for her own sake1 and not merely for the reward4 #b4 ,that we may be surprised by death without an opportunity of baptism4 #c4 ,that although we shall be placed in heaven1 we shall only twinkle like little stars1 when compared to the suns of righteousness who have run their appointed course with labor1 with success1 and with glory4 7,chrysostom in ,epist4 ad ,hebros4 ,homil4 xiii4 ,quoted in ,gibbon's ,rome1 ii4 #bgb47 #ddf3a ,lib4 #d1 chs4 lxi4 and lxii41 and ,socrates3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #b1 ch4 xxvi4 #ddf3b ,eusebius3 ,life of ,constantine1 lib4 #b1 ch4 xliii4 #ddf3c ,ibid4 lib4 #c1 ch4 lxii4 #ddf3d ,ibid4 lib4 #c1 ch4 lxiii4 #ddf3e ,ibid4 lib4 #c1 ch4 lxiv4 #ddf3f ,ibid4 lib4 #d1 ch4 xv4 #ddf3g ,ibid4 ch4 lxiii4 ,plato places the ferocious tyrants in the ,tartarus1 such as ,ardiacus of ,pamphylia1 who had slain his own father1 a venerable old man1 also an elder brother1 and was stained with a great many other crimes4 ,constantine1 covered with similar crimes1 was better treated by the ,christians1 who have sent him to heaven1 and sainted him besides4 #ddg3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgd4 #ddg3b ,theodosius1 though a professor of the orthodox ,christian faith1 was not baptized till #chj1 and his behavior after that period stamps him as one of the most cruel and vindictive persecutors who ever wore the purple4 ,his arbitrary establishment of the ,nicene faith over the whole empire1 the deprivation of civil rites of all apostates from ,christianity and of the ,eunomians1 the sentence of death on the ,manicheans1 and ,quarto-decimans all prove this4 7,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,theodosius47 #ddg3c ,quoted in ,taylor's ,syntagma1 p4 #ed4 #ddg3d ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ha4 #ddh3a ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ia1 #ib4 #ddh3b ,all their writings were ordered to be destroyed4 #ddh3c ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cei4 #ddh3d ,ibid4 note #aed4 #ddi3a ,julian3 ,epistol4 lii4 p4 #dcf4 ,quoted in ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfj4 #ddi3b ,thing--a general assembly of the freemen1 who gave their assent to a measure by striking their shields with their drawn swords4 #ddi3c ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 pp4 #ahj1 #cea1 and #dgj4 ,,chapter ,,xxxviii4 ,,the ,,antiquity ,,of ,,pagan ,,religions4 ,we shall now compare the great antiquity of the sacred books and religions of ,paganism with those of the ,christian1 so that there may be no doubt as to which is the original1 and which the copy4 ,allusions to this subject have already been made throughout this work1 we shall therefore devote as little space to it here as possible4 ,in speaking of the sacred literature of ,india1 ,prof4 ,monier ,williams says3 ,sanskrit literature1 embracing as it does nearly every branch of knowledge is entirely deficient in one department4 ,it is wholly destitute of trustworthy historical records4 ,hence1 little or nothing is known of the lives of ancient ,indian authors1 and the dates of their most celebrated works cannot be fixed with certainty4 ,a fair conjecture1 however1 may be arrived at by comparing the most ancient with the more modern compositions1 and estimating the period of time required to effect the changes of structure and idiom observable in the language4 ,in this manner we may be justified in assuming that the hymns of the ,veda were probably composed by a succession of poets at different dates between #aejj and #ajjj years ,b4 ,c4#dej3a ,prof4 ,wm4 ,d4 ,whitney shows the great antiquity of the ,vedic hymns from the fact that1 ,the language of the ,vedas is an older dialect1 varying very considerably1 both in its grammatical and lexical character1 from the classical ,sanscrit4 ,and ,m4 de ,coulanges1 in his ,ancient ,city1 says3 ,we learn from the hymns of the ,vedas1 which are certainly very ancient1 and from the laws of ,manu1 what the ,aryans of the east thought nearly thirty-five centuries ago4#dej3b ,that the ,vedas are of very high antiquity is unquestionable2 but however remote we may place the period when they were written1 we must necessarily presuppose that the ,hindostanic race had already attained to a comparatively high degree of civilization1 otherwise men capable of framing such doctrines could not have been found4 ,now this state of civilization must necessarily have been preceded by several centuries of barbarism1 during which we cannot possibly admit a more refined faith than the popular belief in elementary deities4 ,we shall see in our next chapter that these very ancient ,vedic hymns contain the origin of the legend of the ,virgin-born ,god and ,saviour1 the great benefactor of mankind1 who is finally put to death1 and rises again to life and immortality on the third day4 ,the ,geetas and ,puranas1 although of a comparatively modern date1 are1 as we have already seen1 nevertheless composed of matter to be found in the two great epic poems1 the ,ramayana and the ,mahabharata1 which were written many centuries before the time assigned as that of the birth of ,christ ,jesus4#dea3a ,the ,pali sacred books1 which contain the legend of the virgin-born ,god and ,saviour--,sommona ,cadom--are known to have been in existence #caf ,b4 ,c4#dea3b ,we have already seen that the religion known as ,buddhism1 and which corresponds in such a striking manner with ,christianity1 has now existed for upwards of twenty-four hundred years4#dea3c ,prof4 ,rhys ,davids says3 ,there is every reason to believe that the ,pitakas 7the sacred books which contain the legend of ',the ,buddha'71 now extant in ,ceylon1 are substantially identical with the books of the ,southern ,canon1 as settled at the ,council of ,patna about the year #bej ,b4 ,c4#dea3d ,as no works would have been received into the ,canon which were not then believed to be very old1 the ,pitakas may be approximately placed in the fourth century ,b4 ,c41 and parts of them possibly reach back very nearly1 if not quite1 to the time of ,gautama himself4#dea3e ,the religion of the ancient ,persians1 which corresponds in so very many respects with that of the ,christians1 was established by ,zoroaster--who was undoubtedly a ,brahman#dea3f--;and is contained in the ,zend-,avesta1 their sacred book or ,bible4 ,this book is very ancient4 ,prof4 ,max ,mller speaks of the sacred book of the ,zoroastrians as being older in its language than the cuneiform inscriptions of ,cyrus 7,b4 ,c4 #efj71 ,darius 7,b4 ,c4 #ebj71 and ,xerxes 7,b4 ,c4 #dhe7 those ancient ,kings of ,persia1 who knew that they were kings by the grace of ,auramazda1 and who placed his sacred image high on the mountain-records of ,behistun4#deb3a ,that ancient book1 or its fragments1 at least1 have survived many dynasties and kingdoms1 and is still believed in by a small remnant of the ,persian race1 now settled at ,bombay1 and known all over the world by the name of ,parsees4#deb3b ,the ,babylonian and ,phenician sacred books date back to a fabulous antiquity2#deb3c and so do the sacred books and religion of ,egypt4 ,prof4 ,mahaffy1 in his ,prolegomena to ,ancient ,history1 says3 ,there is indeed hardly a great and fruitful idea in the ,jewish or ,christian systems which has not its analogy in the ,egyptian faith1 and all these theological conceptions pervade the oldest religion of ,egypt4#deb3d ,the worship of ,osiris1 the ,lord and ,saviour1 must have been of extremely ancient date1 for he is represented as ,judge of the ,dead1 in sculptures contemporary with the building of the ,pyramids1 centuries before ,abraham is said to have been born4 ,among the many hieroglyphic titles which accompany his figure in those sculptures1 and in many other places on the walls of temples and tombs1 are1 ,lord of ,life1 ,the ,eternal ,ruler1 ,manifester of ,good1 ,revealer of ,truth1 ,full of ,goodness and ,truth1 etc4 ,in speaking of the ,myth of ,osiris1 ,mr4 ,bonwick says3 ,this great mystery of the ,egyptians demands serious consideration4 ,its antiquity--its universal hold upon the people for over five thousand years--its identification with the very life of the nation--and its marvellous likeness to the creed of modern date1 unite in exciting the greatest interest4#deb3e ,this myth1 and that of ,isis and ,horus1 were known before the ,pyramid time4#dec3a ,the worship of the ,virgin ,mother in ,egypt--from which country it was imported into ,europe#dec3b--;dates back thousands of years ,b4 ,c4 ,mr4 ,bonwick says3 ,in all probability she was worshiped three thousand years before ,moses wrote4 ',isis nursing her child ,horus1 was represented1' says ,mariette ,bey1 'at least six thousand years ago4' ,we read the name of ,isis on monuments of the fourth dynasty1 and she lost none of her popularity to the close of the empire4 ,the ,egyptian ,bible is by far the most ancient of all holy books4 ,plato was told that ,egypt possessed hymns dating back ten thousand years before his time4#dec3c ,bunsen says3 ,the origin of the ancient prayers and hymns of the ',book of the ,dead1' is anterior to ,menes2 it implies that the system of ,osirian worship and mythology was already formed4#dec3d ,and1 says ,mr4 ,bonwick3 ,besides opinions1 we have facts as a basis for arriving at a conclusion1 and justifying the assertion of ,dr4 ,birch1 that the work dated from a period long anterior to the rise of ,ammon worship at ,thebes4#dec3e ,now1 this most ancient of all holy books1 establishes the fact that a virgin-born and resurrected ,saviour was worshiped in ,egypt thousands of year before the time of ,christ ,jesus4 ,p4 ,le ,page ,renouf says3 ,the earliest monuments which have been discovered present to us the very same fully-developed civilization and the same religion as the later monuments4 4 4 4 ,the gods whose names appear in the oldest tombs were worshiped down to the ,christian times4 ,the same kind of priesthoods which are mentioned in the tablets of ,canopus and ,rosetta in the ,ptolemaic period are as ancient as the pyramids1 and more ancient than any pyramid of which we know the date4#dec3f ,in regard to the doctrine of the ,trinity4 ,we have just seen that the development of the ,one ,god into a ,trinity pervades the oldest religion of ,egypt1 and the same may be said of ,india4 ,prof4 ,monier ,williams1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,it should be observed that the native commentaries on the ,veda often allude to thirty-three gods1 which number is also mentioned in the ,rig-,veda4 ,this is a multiple of three1 which is a sacred number constantly appearing in the ,hindu religious system4 ,it is probable1 indeed1 that although the ,tri-murti is not named in the ,vedic hymns1#ded3a yet the ,veda is the real source of this ,triad of personifications1 afterwards so conspicuous in ,hindu mythology4 ,this much1 at least1 is clear1 that the ,vedic poets exhibited a tendency to group all the forces and energies of nature under three heads1 and the assertion that the number of the gods was thirty-three1 amounted to saying that each of the three leading personifications was capable of eleven modifications4#ded3b ,the great antiquity of the legends referred to in this work is demonstrated in the fact that they were found in a great measure on the continent of ,america1 by the first ,europeans who set foot on its soil4 ,now1 how did they get there8 ,mr4 ,lundy1 in his ,monumental ,christianity1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,so great was the resemblance between the two sacraments of the ,christian ,church 7viz41 that of ,baptism and the ,eucharist7 and those of the ancient ,mexicans2 so many other points of similarity1 also1 in doctrine existed1 as to the unity of ,god1 the ,triad1 the ,creation1 the ,incarnation and ,sacrifice1 the ,resurrection1 etc41 that ,herman ,witsius1 no mean scholar and thinker1 was induced to believe that ,christianity had been preached on this continent by some one of the apostles1 perhaps ,st4 ,thomas1 from the fact that he is reported to have carried the ,gospel to ,india and ,tartary1 whence he came to ,america4#ded3c ,some writers1 who do not think that ,st4 ,thomas could have gotten to ,america1 believe that ,st4 ,patrick1 or some other saint1 must have1 in some unaccountable manner1 reached the shores of the ,western continent1 and preached their doctrine there4#ded3d ,others have advocated the devil theory1 which is1 that the devil1 being jealous of the worship of ,christ ,jesus1 set up a religion of his own1 and imitated1 nearly as possible1 the religion of ,christ4 ,all of these theories being untenable1 we must1 in the words of ,burnouf1 the eminent ,french ,orientalist1 learn one day that all ancient traditions disfigured by emigration and legend1 belong to the history of ,india4 ,that ,america was inhabited by ,asiatic emigrants1 and that the ,american legends are of ,asiatic origin1 we believe to be indisputable4 ,there is an abundance of proof to this effect4#ded3e ,in contrast to the great antiquity of the sacred books and religions of ,paganism1 we have the facts that the ,gospels were not written by the persons whose names they bear1 that they were written many years after the time these men are said to have lived1 and that they are full of interpolations and errors4 ,the first that we know of the four gospels is at the time of ,irenus1 who1 in the second century1 intimates that he had received four gospels1 as authentic scriptures4 ,this pious forger was probably the author of the fourth1 as we shall presently see4 ,besides these gospels there were many more which were subsequently deemed apocryphal2 the narratives related in them of ,christ ,jesus and his apostles were stamped as forgeries4 ,the ,gospel according to ,matthew is believed by the majority of biblical scholars of the present day to be the oldest of the four1 and to be made up principally of a pre-existing one1 called ,the ,gospel of the ,hebrews4 ,the principal difference in these two gospels being that ,the ,gospel of the ,hebrews commenced with giving the genealogy of ,jesus from ,david1 through ,joseph according to the flesh4 ,the story of ,jesus being born of a virgin was not to be found there1 it being an afterpiece1 originating either with the writer of ,the ,gospel according to ,matthew1 or some one after him1 and was evidently taken from ,the ,gospel of the ,egyptians4 ,the ,gospel of the ,hebrews--from which1 we have said1 the ,matthew narrator copied--was an intensely ,jewish gospel1 and was to be found--in one of its forms--among the ,ebionites1 who were the narrowest ,jewish ,christians of the second century4 ,the ,gospel according to ,matthew is1 therefore1 the most ,jewish gospel of the four2 in fact1 the most ,jewish book in the ,new ,testament1 excepting1 perhaps1 the ,apocalypse and the ,epistle of ,james4 ,some of the more conspicuous ,jewish traits1 to be found in this gospel1 are as follows3 ,jesus is sent only to the lost sheep of the house of ,israel4 ,the twelve are forbidden to go among the ,gentiles or the ,samaritans4 ,they are to sit on twelve thrones1 judging the twelve tribes of ,israel4 ,the genealogy of ,jesus is traced back to ,abraham1 and there stops4#dee3a ,the works of the law are frequently insisted on4 ,there is a superstitious regard for the ,sabbath1 c4 ,there is no evidence of the existence of the ,gospel of ,matthew1--in its present form--until the year #agc1 ,a4 ,d4 ,it is at this time1 also1 that it is first ascribed to ,matthew1 by ,apollinaris1 ,bishop of ,hierapolis4 ,the original oracles of the ,gospel of the ,hebrews1 however1--which were made use of by the author of our present ,gospel of ,matthew1--were written1 likely enough1 not long before the destruction of ,jerusalem1 but the ,gospel itself dates from about ,a4 ,d4 #ajj4def3a ,the ,gospel according to ,luke is believed to come next--in chronological order--to that of ,matthew1 and to have been written some fifteen or twenty years after it4 ,the author was a foreigner1 as his writings plainly show that he was far removed from the events which he records4 ,in writing his ,gospel1 the author made use of that of ,matthew1 the ,gospel of the ,hebrews1 and ,marcion's ,gospel4 ,he must have had1 also1 still other sources1 as there are parables peculiar to it1 which are not found in them4 ,among these may be mentioned that of the ,prodigal ,son1 and the ,good ,samaritan4 ,other parables peculiar to it are that of the two debtors2 the friend borrowing bread at night2 the rich man's barns2 ,dives and ,lazarus2 the lost piece of silver2 the unjust steward2 the ,pharisee and the ,publican4 ,several miracles are also peculiar to the ,luke narrator's ,gospel1 the raising of the widow of ,nain's son being the most remarkable4 ,perhaps these stories were delivered to him orally1 and perhaps he is the author of them1--we shall never know4 ,the foundation of the legends1 however1 undoubtedly came from the certain scriptures of the ,essenes in ,egypt4 ,the principal object which the writer of this gospel had in view was to reconcile ,paulinism and the more ,jewish forms of ,christianity4#def3b ,the next in chronological order1 according to the same school of critics1 is ,the ,gospel according to ,mark4 ,this gospel is supposed to have been written within ten years of the former1 and its author1 as of the other two gospels1 is unknown4 ,it was probably written at ,rome1 as the ,latinisms of the author's style1 and the apparent motive of his work1 strongly suggest that he was a ,jewish citizen of the ,eternal ,city4 ,he made use of the ,gospel of ,matthew as his principal authority1 and probably referred to that of ,luke1 as he has things in common with ,luke only4 ,the object which the writer had in view1 was to have a neutral go-between1 a compromise between ,matthew as too ,petrine 7,jewish71 and ,luke as too ,pauline 7,gentile74 ,the different aspects of ,matthew and ,luke were found to be confusing to believers1 and provocative of hostile criticism from without2 hence the idea of writing a shorter gospel1 that should combine the most essential elements of both4 ,luke was itself a compromise between the opposing ,jewish and universal tendencies of early ,christianity1 but ,mark endeavors by avoidance and omission to effect what ,luke did more by addition and contrast4 ,luke proposed to himself to open a door for the admission of ,pauline ideas without offending ,gentile ,christianity2 ,mark1 on the contrary1 in a negative spirit1 to publish a ,gospel which should not hurt the feelings of either party4 ,hence his avoidance of all those disputed questions which disturbed the church during the first quarter of the second century4 ,the genealogy of ,jesus is omitted2 this being offensive to ,gentile ,christians1 and even to some of the more liberal ,judaizers4 ,the supernatural birth of ,jesus is omitted1 this being offensive to the ,ebonitish 7extreme ,jewish7 and some of the ,gnostic ,christians4 ,for every ,judaizing feature that is sacrificed1 a universal one is also sacrificed4 ,hard words against the ,jews are left out1 but with equal care1 hard words about the ,gentiles4#deg3a ,we now come to the fourth1 and last gospel1 that according to ,john1 which was not written until many years after that according to ,matthew4 ,it is impossible to pass from the ,synoptic#deg3b ,gospels1 says ,canon ,westcott1 to the fourth1 without feeling that the transition involves the passage from one world of thought to another4 ,no familiarity with the general teachings of the ,gospels1 no wide conception of the character of the ,saviour1 is sufficient to destroy the contrast which exists in form and spirit between the earlier and later narratives4 ,the discrepancies between the fourth and the ,synoptic ,gospels are numerous4 ,if ,jesus was the man of ,matthew's ,gospel1 he was not the mysterious being of the fourth4 ,if his ministry was only one year long1 it was not three4 ,if he made but one journey to ,jerusalem1 he did not make many4 ,if his method of teaching was that of the ,synoptics1 it was not that of the fourth ,gospel4 ,if he was the ,jew of ,matthew1 he was not the ,anti-,jew of ,john4#deg3c ,everywhere in ,john we come upon a more developed stage of ,christianity than in the ,synoptics4 ,the scene1 the atmosphere1 is different4 ,in the ,synoptics ,judaism1 the ,temple1 the ,law and the ,messianic ,kingdom are omnipresent4 ,in ,john they are remote and vague4 ,in ,matthew ,jesus is always yearning for his own nation4 ,in ,john he has no other sentiment for it than hate and scorn4 ,in ,matthew the sanction of the ,prophets is his great credential4 ,in ,john his dignity can tolerate no previous approximation4 ,do we ask1 says ,francis ,tiffany1 who wrote this wondrous ,gospel8 ,mysterious its origin1 as that wind of which its author speaks1 which bloweth where it listeth1 and thou hearest the sound thereof and canst not tell whence it cometh or whither it goeth4 ,as with the ,great ,unknown of the book of ,job1 the ,great ,unknown of the later ,isaiah1 the ages keep his secret4 ,the first absolutely indisputable evidence of the existence of the book dates from the latter half of the second century4 ,the first that we know of the fourth ,gospel1 for certainty1 is at the time of ,irenus 7,a4 ,d4 #agi74deh3a ,we look in vain for an express recognition of the four canonical ,gospels1 or for a distinct mention of any one of them1 in the writings of ,st4 ,clement 7,a4 ,d4 #if71 ,st4 ,ignatius 7,a4 ,d4 #ajg71 ,st4 ,justin 7,a4 ,d4 #adj71 or ,st4 ,polycarp 7,a4 ,d4 #ajh74 ,all we can find is incidents from the life of ,jesus1 sayings1 etc4 ,that ,irenus is the author of it is very evident4 ,this learned and pious forger says3 ,john1 the disciple of the ,lord1 wrote his ,gospel to confute the doctrine lately taught by ,cerinthus1 and a great while before by those called ,nicolaitans1 a branch of the ,gnostics2 and to show that there is one ,god who made all things by his ,,word3 and not1 as they say1 that there is one the ,creator1 and another the ,father of our ,lord3 and one the ,son of the ,creator1 and another1 even the ,christ1 who descended from above upon the ,son of the ,creator1 and continued impassible1 and at length returned to his pleroma or fulness4#deh3b ,the idea of ,god having inspired four different men to write a history of the same transactions1--or rather1 of many different men having undertaken to write such a history1 of whom ,god inspired four only to write correctly1 leaving the others to their own unaided resources1 and giving us no test by which to distinguish the inspired from the uninspired--certainly appears self-confuting1 and anything but natural4 ,the reasons assigned by ,irenus for there being four ,gospels are as follows3 ,it is impossible that there could be more or less than four4 ,for there are four climates1 and four cardinal winds2 but the ,gospel is the pillar and foundation of the church1 and its breath of life4 ,the church therefore was to have four pillars1 blowing immortality from every quarter1 and giving life to man4#dei3a ,it was by this ,irenus1 with the assistance of ,clement of ,alexandria1 and ,tertullian1 one of the ,latin ,fathers1 that the four ,gospels were introduced into general use among the ,christians4 ,in these four spurious ,gospels1 and in some which are considered ,apocryphal--because the bishops at the ,council of ,laodicea 7,a4 ,d4 #cfe7 rejected them--we have the only history of ,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,now1 if all accounts or narratives of ,christ ,jesus and his ,apostles were forgeries1 as it is admitted that all the ,apocryphal ones were1 what can the superior character of the received ,gospels prove for them1 but that they are merely superiorly executed forgeries8 ,the existence of ,jesus is implied in the ,new ,testament outside of the ,gospels1 but hardly an incident of his life is mentioned1 hardly a sentence that he spoke has been preserved4 ,paul1 writing from twenty to thirty years after his death1 has but a single reference to anything he ever said or did4 ,beside these four ,gospels there were1 as we said above1 many others1 for1 in the words of ,mosheim1 the ecclesiastical historian3 ,not long after ,christ's ascension into heaven1 several histories of his life and doctrines1 full of pious frauds and fabulous wonders1 were composed by persons whose intentions1 perhaps1 were not bad1 but whose writings discovered the greatest superstition and ignorance4 ,nor was this all2 productions appeared1 which were imposed upon the world by fraudulent men1 as the writings of the holy apostles4#dei3b ,dr4 ,conyers ,middleton1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,there never was any period of time in all ecclesiastical history1 in which so many rank heresies were publicly professed1 nor in which so many spurious books were forged and published by the ,christians1 under the names of ,christ1 and the ,apostles1 and the ,apostolic writers1 as in those primitive ages4 ,several of these forged books are frequently cited and applied to the defense of ,christianity1 by the most eminent fathers of the same ages1 as true and genuine pieces4#dei3c ,archbishop ,wake also admits that3 ,it would be useless to insist on all the spurious pieces which were attributed to ,st4 ,paul alone1 in the primitive ages of ,christianity4#dfj3a ,some of the spurious pieces which were attributed to ,st4 ,paul1 may be found to-day in our canonical ,new ,testament1 and are believed by many to be the word of ,god4#dfj3b ,the learned ,bishop ,faustus1 in speaking of the authenticity of the ,new ,testament1 says3 ,it is certain that the ,new ,testament was not written by ,christ himself1 nor by his apostles1 but a long while after them1 by some unknown persons1 who1 lest they should not be credited when they wrote of affairs they were little acquainted with1 affixed to their works the names of the apostles1 or of such as were supposed to have been their companions1 asserting that what they had written themselves1 was written according to these persons to whom they ascribed it4#dfj3c ,again he says3 ,many things have been inserted by our ancestors in the speeches of our ,lord1 which1 though put forth under his name1 agree not with his faith2 especially since--as already it has been often proved--these things were not written by ,christ1 nor his apostles1 but a long while after their assumption1 by ,i know not what sort of half ,jews1 not even agreeing with themselves1 who made up their tale out of reports and opinions merely1 and yet1 fathering the whole upon the names of the apostles of the ,lord1 or on those who were supposed to follow the apostles1 they mendaciously pretended that they had written their lies and conceits according to them4#dfj3d ,what had been said to have been done in ,india1 was said by these half-,jews to have been done in ,palestine2 the change of names and places1 with the mixing up of various sketches of the ,egyptian1 ,persian1 ,phenician1 ,greek and ,roman mythology1 was all that was necessary4 ,they had an abundance of material1 and with it they built4 ,the foundation upon which they built was undoubtedly the ,scriptures1 or ,diegesis1 of the ,essenes in ,alexandria in ,egypt1 which fact led ,eusebius1 the ecclesiastical historian--without whom1 says ,tillemont1 we should scarce have had any knowledge of the history of the first ages of ,christianity1 or of the authors who wrote in that time--to say that the sacred writings used by this sect were none other than ,our ,gospels4 ,we offer below a few of the many proofs showing the ,gospels to have been written a long time after the events narrated are said to have occurred1 and by persons unacquainted with the country of which they wrote4 ,he 7,jesus7 came unto the sea of ,galilee1 through the midst of the coasts of ,decapolis1 is an assertion made by the ,mark narrator 7vii4 #ca71 when there were no coasts of ,decapolis1 nor was the name so much as known before the reign of the emperor ,nero4 ,again1 ,he 7,jesus7 departed from ,galilee1 and came into the coasts of ,judea1 beyond ,jordan1 is an assertion made by the ,matthew narrator 7xix4 #a71 when the ,jordan itself was the eastern boundary of ,judea1 and there were no coasts of ,judea beyond it4 ,again1 ,but when he 7,joseph7 heard that ,archelaus did reign in ,judea1 in the room of his father ,herod1 he was afraid to go thither1 notwithstanding1 being warned of ,god in a dream1 he turned aside into the parts of ,galilee1 and he came and dwelt in a city called ,nazareth2 that it might be fulfilled1 which was spoken by the prophets1 he shall be called a ,nazarene1 is another assertion made by the ,matthew narrator 7ii4 #bb1 #bc71 when--#a4 ,it was a son of ,herod who reigned in ,galilee as well as ,judea1 so that he could not be more secure in one province than in the other2 and when--#b4 ,it was impossible for him to have gone from ,egypt to ,nazareth1 without traveling through the whole extent of ,archelaus's kingdom1 or making a peregrination through the deserts on the north and east of the ,lake ,asphaltites1 and the country of ,moab2 and then1 either crossing the ,jordan into ,samaria or the ,lake of ,gennesareth into ,galilee1 and from thence going to the city of ,nazareth1 which is no better geography1 than if one should describe a person as turning aside from ,cheapside into the parts of ,yorkshire2 and when--#c4 ,there were no prophets whatever who had prophesied that ,jesus should be called a ,nazarene4 ,the ,matthew narrator 7iv4 #ac7 states that ,he departed into ,galilee1 and leaving ,nazareth1 came and dwelt in ,capernaum1 as if he imagined that the city of ,nazareth was not as properly in ,galilee as ,capernaum was2 which is much such geographical accuracy1 as if one should relate the travels of a hero1 who departed into ,middlesex1 and leaving ,london1 came and dwelt in ,lombard street4#dfa3a ,there are many other falsehoods in gospel geography beside these1 which1 it is needless to mention1 plainly show that the writers were not the persons they are generally supposed to be4 ,of gospel statistics there are many falsehoods2 among them may be mentioned the following3 ,annas and ,caiaphas being the high priests1 the word of ,god came unto ,john the son of ,zacharias in the wilderness1 is an assertion made by the ,luke narrator 7,luke iii4 #b72 when all ,jews1 or persons living among them1 must have known that there never was but one high priest at a time1 as with ourselves there is but one mayor of a city4 ,again we read 7,john vii4 #eb71 ,search 7the ,scriptures7 and look1 for out of ,galilee ariseth no prophet1 when the most distinguished of the ,jewish prophets--,nahum and ,jonah--were both ,galileans4 ,see reference in the ,epistles to ,saints1 a religious order1 owing its origin to the popes4 ,also1 references to the distinct orders of ,bishops1 ,priests1 and ,deacons1 and calls to a monastic life2 to fasting1 etc41 when1 the titles of ,bishop1 ,priest1 and ,deacon were given to the ,essenes--whom ,eusebius calls ,christians--and1 as is well known1 monasteries were the abode of the ,essenes or ,therapeuts4 ,see the words for legion1 aprons1 handkerchiefs1 centurion1 etc41 in the original1 not being ,greek1 but ,latin1 written in ,greek characters1 a practice first to be found in the historian ,herodian1 in the third century4 ,in ,matt4 xvi4 #ah1 and ,matt4 xviii4 #ag1 the word ,church is used1 and its papistical and infallible authority referred to as then existing1 which is known not to have existed till ages after4 ,and the passage in ,matt4 xi4 #ab3--;,from the days of ,john the ,baptist until now1 the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence1 etc41 could not have been written till a very late period4 ,luke ii4 #a1 shows that the writer 7whoever he may have been7 lived long after the events related4 ,his dates1 about the fifteenth year of ,tiberius1 and the government of ,cyrenius 7the only indications of time in the ,new ,testament71 are manifestly false4 ,the general ignorance of the four ,evangelists1 not merely of the geography and statistics of ,judea1 but even of its language1--their egregious blunders1 which no writers who had lived in that age could be conceived of as making1--prove that they were not only no such persons as those who have been willing to be deceived have taken them to be1 but that they were not ,jews1 had never been in ,palestine1 and neither lived at1 or at anywhere near the times to which their narratives seem to refer4 ,the ablest divines at the present day1 of all denominations1 have yielded as much as this4#dfc3a ,the ,scriptures were in the hands of the clergy only1 and they had every opportunity to insert whatsoever they pleased2 thus we find them full of interpolations4 ,johann ,solomo ,semler1 one of the most influential theologians of the eighteenth century1 speaking of this1 says3 ,the ,christian doctors never brought their sacred books before the common people2 although people in general have been wont to think otherwise2 during the first ages1 they were in the hands of the clergy only4#dfc3b ,concerning the time when the canon of the ,new ,testament was settled1 ,mosheim says3 ,the opinions1 or rather the conjectures1 of the learned concerning the time when the books of the ,new ,testament were collected into one volume2 as also about the authors of that collection1 are extremely different4 ,this important question is attended with great and almost insuperable difficulties to us in these later times4#dfc3c ,the ,rev4 ,b4 ,f4 ,westcott says3 ,it is impossible to point to any period as marking the date at which our present canon was determined4 ,when it first appears1 it is presented not as a novelty1 but as an ancient tradition4#dfc3d ,dr4 ,lardner says3 ,even so late as the middle of the sixth century1 the canon of the ,new ,testament had not been settled by any authority that was decisive and universally acknowledged1 but ,christian people were at liberty to judge for themselves concerning the genuineness of writings proposed to them as apostolical1 and to determine according to evidence4#dfd3a ,the learned ,michaelis says3 ,no manuscript of the ,new ,testament now extant is prior to the sixth century1 and what is to be lamented1 various readings which1 as appears from the quotations of the ,fathers1 were in the text of the ,greek ,testament1 are to be found in none of the manuscripts which are at present remaining4#dfd3b ,and ,bishop ,marsh says3 ,it is a certain fact1 that several readings in our common printed text are nothing more than alterations made by ,origen1 whose authority was so great in the ,christian ,church 7,a4 ,d4 #bcj7 that emendations which he proposed1 though1 as he himself acknowledged1 they were supported by the evidence of no manuscript1 were very generally received4#dfd3c ,in his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 ,eusebius gives us a list of what books at that time 7,a4 ,d4 #cae7 were considered canonical4 ,they are as follows3 ,the four-fold writings of the ,evangelists1 ,the ,acts of the ,apostles1 ,the ,epistles of ,peter1 after these the first of ,john1 and that of ,peter1 ,all these are received for undoubted4 ,the ,revelation of ,st4 ,john1 some disavow4 ,the books which are gainsaid1 though well known unto many1 are these3 the ,epistle of ,james1 the ,epistle of ,jude1 the latter of ,peter1 the second and third of ,john1 whether they were ,john the ,evangelist1 or some other of the same name4#dfd3d ,though ,irenus1 in the second century1 is the first who mentions the evangelists1 and ,origen1 in the third century1 is the first who gives us a catalogue of the books contained in the ,new ,testament1 ,mosheim's admission still stands before us4 ,we have no grounds of assurance that the mere mention of the names of the evangelists by ,irenus1 or the arbitrary drawing up of a particular catalogue by ,origen1 were of any authority4 ,it is still unknown by whom1 or where1 or when1 the canon of the ,new ,testament was settled4 ,but in this absence of positive evidence we have abundance of negative proof4 ,we know when it was not settled4 ,we know it was not settled in the time of the ,emperor ,justinian1 nor in the time of ,cassiodorus2 that is1 not at any time before the middle of the sixth century1 by any authority that was decisive and universally acknowledged2 but ,christian people were at liberty to judge for themselves concerning the genuineness of writings proposed to them as apostolical4 ,we cannot do better than close this chapter with the words of ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 who1 in speaking of ,buddhism1 says3 ,we have in the history of ,buddhism an excellent opportunity for watching the process by which a canon of sacred books is called into existence4 ,we see here1 as elsewhere1 that during the life-time of the teacher1 no record of events1 no sacred code containing the sayings of the ,master1 was wanted4 ,his presence was enough1 and thoughts of the future1 and more particularly1 of future greatness1 seldom entered the minds of those who followed him4 ,it was only after ,buddha had left the world to enter into ,nirvna1 that his disciples attempted to recall the sayings and doings of their departed friend and master4 ,at that time1 everything that seemed to redound to the glory of ,buddha1 however extraordinary and incredible1 was eagerly welcomed1 while witnesses who would have ventured to criticise or reject unsupported statements1 or to detract in any way from the holy character of ,buddha1 had no chance of ever being listened to4 ,and when1 in spite of all this1 differences of opinion arose1 they were not brought to the test by a careful weighing of evidence1 but the names of 'unbeliever' and 'heretic' were quickly invented in ,india as elsewhere1 and bandied backwards and forwards between contending parties1 till at last1 when the doctors disagreed1 the help of the secular power had to be invoked1 and kings and emperors assembled councils for the suppression of schism1 for the settlement of an orthodox creed1 and for the completion of a sacred canon4#dfe3a ,that which ,prof4 ,mller describes as taking place in the religion of ,christ ,buddha1 is exactly what took place in the religion of ,christ ,jesus4 ,that the miraculous1 and many of the non-miraculous1 events related in the ,gospels never happened1 is demonstrable from the facts which we have seen in this work1 that nearly all of these events1 had been previously related of the gods and goddesses of heathen nations of antiquity1 more especially of the ,hindoo ,saviour ,crishna1 and the ,buddhist ,saviour ,buddha1 whose religion1 with less alterations than time and translations have made in the ,jewish ,scriptures1 may be traced in nearly every dogma and every ceremony of the evangelical mythology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,the ,codex ,sinaiticus1 referred to on the preceding page1 7note #b17 was found at the ,convent of ,st4 ,catherine on ,mt4 ,sinai1 by ,tischendorf1 in #ahei4 ,he supposes that it belongs to the #dth cent42 but ,dr4 ,davidson 7in ,kitto's ,bib4 ,ency41 ,art4 ,,mss47 thinks different4 ,he says3 ,probably it is of the #fth cent41 while he states that the ,codex ,vaticanus is believed to belong to the #dth cent41 and the ,codex ,alexandrinus to the #eth cent4 ,mc,clintock ,strong's ,ency4 7,art4 ,,mss417 relying probably on ,tischendorf's conjecture1 places the ,codex ,sinaiticus first4 ,it is probably the oldest of the ,,mss4 of the ,n4 ,t41 and of the #dth cent41 say they4 ,the ,codex ,vaticanus is considered the next oldest1 and the ,codex ,alexandrinus is placed third in order1 and was probably written in the first half of the #eth cent4 ,the writer of the art4 ,n4 ,t4 in ,smith's ,bib4 ,dic4 says3 ,the ,codex ,sinaiticus is probably the oldest of the ,,mss4 of the ,n4 ,t41 and of the #dth cent42 and that the ,codex ,alexandrinus was probably written in the first half of the #eth cent4 ,thus we see that in determining the dates of the ,,mss4 of the ,n4 ,t41 ,christian divines are obliged to resort to conjecture2 there being no certainty whatever in the matter4 ,but with all their suppositions1 probabilities1 beliefs and conjectures1 we have the words of the learned ,michaelis still before us1 that3 ,no ,,mss4 of the ,n4 ,t4 now extant are prior to the sixth cent4 ,this remark1 however1 does not cover the ,codex ,sinaiticus1 which was discovered since ,michaelis wrote his work on the ,n4 ,t42 but1 as we saw above1 ,dr4 ,davidson does not agree with ,tischendorf in regard to its antiquity1 and places it in the #fth cent4 ,,footnotes3 #dej3a ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #ai4 ,see also1 ,prof4 ,max ,mller's ,lectures on the ,origin of ,religion1 pp4 #ade-aeh1 and p4 #fg1 where he speaks of the ,hindus1 who1 thousands of years ago1 had reached in ,upanishads the loftiest heights of philosophy4 #dej3b ,the ,ancient ,city1 p4 #ac4 #dea3a ,see ,monier ,williams' ,hinduism1 pp4 #aji1 #aaj1 and ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #dic4 #dea3b ,see ,isis ,unveiled1 vol4 ii4 p4 #egf1 for the authority of ,prof4 ,max ,mller4 #dea3c ,the religion known as ,buddhism--from the title of ',the ,buddha1' meaning ',the ,wise1' ',the ,enlightened'--has now existed for #bdjj years1 and may be said to be the prevailing religion of the world4 7,chambers's ,encyclo47 #dea3d ,this ,council was assembled by ,asoka in the eighteenth year of his reign4 ,the name of this king is honored wherever the teachings of ,buddha have spread1 and is reverenced from the ,volga to ,japan1 from ,ceylon and ,siam to the borders of ,mongolia and ,siberia4 ,like his ,christian prototype ,constantine1 he was converted by a miracle4 ,after his conversion1 which took place in the tenth year of his reign1 he became a very zealous supporter of the new religion4 ,he himself built many monasteries and dagabas1 and provided many monks with the necessaries of life2 and he encouraged those about his court to do the same4 ,he published edicts throughout his empire1 enjoining on all his subjects morality and justice4 #dea3e ,rhys ,davids' ,buddhism1 p4 #aj4 #dea3f ,see ,chapter ,,vii4 #deb3a ,mller3 ,lectures on the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bce4 #deb3b ,this small tribe of ,persians were driven from their native land by the ,mohammedan conquerors under the ,khalif ,omar1 in the seventh century of our era4 ,adhering to the ancient religion of ,persia1 which resembles that of the ,veda1 and bringing with them the records of their faith1 the ,zend-,avesta of their prophet ,zoroaster1 they settled down in the neighborhood of ,surat1 about one thousand one hundred years ago1 and became great merchants and shipbuilders4 ,for two or three centuries we know little of their history4 ,their religion prevented them from making proselytes1 and they never multiplied within themselves to any extent1 nor did they amalgamate with the ,hindoo population1 so that even now their number only amounts to about seventy thousand4 ,nevertheless1 from their busy1 enterprising habits1 in which they emulate ,europeans1 they form an important section of the population of ,bombay and ,western ,india4 #deb3c ,movers3 ,quoted in ,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 p4 #bfa4 #deb3d ,prolegomena1 p4 #dag4 #deb3e ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afb4 #dec3a ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #afc4 #dec3b ,ibid4 p4 #adb1 and ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #ga4 #dec3c ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 pp4 #ace1 #adj1 and #adc4 #dec3d ,quoted in ,ibid4 p4 #ahf4 #dec3e ,ibid4 #dec3f ,renouf3 ,religion of ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #ha4 #ded3a ,that is1 the ,tri-murti ,brahma1 ,vishnu and ,siva1 for he tells us that the three gods1 ,indra1 ,agni1 and ,surya1 constitute the ,vedic chief triad of ,gods4 7,hinduism1 p4 #bd47 ,again he tells us that the idea of a ,tri-murti was first dimly shadowed forth in the ,rig-,veda1 where a triad of principal gods--,agni1 ,indra and ,surya--is recognized4 7,ibid4 p4 #hh47 ,the worship of the three members of the ,tri-murti1 ,brahma1 ,vishnu and ,siva1 is to be found in the period of the epic poems1 from #ejj to #cjh ,b4 ,c4 7,ibid4 pp4 #aji1 #aaj1 #aae47 #ded3b ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #be4 #ded3c ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #hij4 #ded3d ,see ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 #ded3e ,see ,appendix ,a4 #dee3a ,the genealogy which traces him back to ,adam 7,luke iii47 makes his religion not only a ,jewish1 but a ,gentile one4 ,according to this ,gospel he is not only a ,messiah sent to the ,jews1 but to all nations1 sons of ,adam4 #def3a ,see ,the ,bible of ,to-,day1 under ,matthew4 #def3b ,see ,ibid4 under ,luke4 #deg3a ,see the ,bible of ,to-,day1 under ,mark4 #deg3b ,synoptics2 the ,gospels which contain accounts of the same events--parallel passages1 as they are called--which can be written side by side1 so as to enable us to make a general view or synopsis of all the three1 and at the same time compare them with each other4 ,bishop ,marsh says3 ,the most eminent critics are at present decidedly of opinion that one of the two suppositions must necessarily be adopted1 either that the three ,evangelists copied from each other1 or that all the three drew from a common source1 and that the notion of an absolute independence1 in respect to the composition of the three first ,gospels1 is no longer tenable4 #deg3c ,on opening the ,new ,testament and comparing the impression produced by the ,gospel of ,matthew or ,mark with that by the ,gospel of ,john1 the observant eye is at once struck with as salient a contrast as that already indicated on turning from the ,macbeth or ,othello of ,shakespeare to the ,comus of ,milton or to ,spenser's ,faerie ,queene4 7,francis ,tiffany47 ,to learn how far we may trust them 7the ,gospels7 we must in the first place compare them with each other4 ,the moment we do so we notice that the fourth stands quite alone1 while the first three form a single group1 not only following the same general course1 but sometimes even showing a verbal agreement which cannot possibly be accidental4 7,the ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bg47 #deh3a ,irenus is the first person who mentions the four ,gospels by name4 7,bunsen3 ,keys of ,st4 ,peter1 p4 #cbh47 ,irenus1 in the second century1 is the first of the fathers who1 though he has nowhere given us a professed catalogue of the books of the ,new ,testament1 intimates that he had received four ,gospels1 as authentic ,scriptures1 the authors of which he describes4 7,rev4 ,r4 ,taylor3 ,syntagma1 p4 #aji47 ,the authorship of the fourth ,gospel has been the subject of much learned and anxious controversy among theologians4 ,the earliest1 and only very important external testimony we have is that of ,,iren,,us 7,a4 ,d4 #agi47 7,w4 ,r4 ,grey3 ,the ,creed of ,christendom1 p4 #aei47 #deh3b ,against ,heresies1 bk4 ii4 ch4 xi4 sec4 #a4 #dei3a ,against ,heresies1 bk4 iii4 ch4 xi4 sec4 #h4 #dei3b ,mosheim3 vol4 i4 p4 #aji4 #dei3c ,middleton's ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 #dfj3a ,genuine ,epist4 ,apost4 ,fathers1 p4 #ih4 #dfj3b ,see ,chadwick's ,bible of ,to-,day1 pp4 #aia1 #aib4 #dfj3c ,nec ab ipso scriptum constat1 nec ab ejus apostolis sed longo post tempore a quibusdam incerti nominis viris1 qui ne sibi non haberetur fides scribentibus qu nescirent1 partim apostolorum1 partim eorum qui apostolos secuti viderentur nomina scriptorum suorum frontibus indiderunt1 asseverantes secundum eos1 se scripsisse qu scripserunt4 7,faust1 lib4 #b4 ,quoted by ,rev4 ,r4 ,taylor3 ,diegesis1 p4 #aad47 #dfj3d ,multa enim a majoribus vestris1 eloquiis ,domini nostri inserta verba sunt2 qu nomine signata ipsius1 cum ejus fide non congruant1 prsertim1 quia1 ut jam spe probatum a nobis est1 nec ab ipso hc sunt1 nec ab ejus apostolis scripta1 sed multo post eorum assumptionem1 a nescio quibus1 et ipsis inter se non concordantibus ,,semi-,,jud,,is1 per famas opinionesque comperta sunt2 qui tamen omnia eadem in apostolorum ,domini conferentes nomina vel eorum qui secuti apostolos viderentur1 errores ac mendacia sua secundum eos se scripsisse mentiti sunt4 7,faust43 lib4 #hh4 ,quoted in ,ibid4 p4 #ff47 #dfa3a ,taylor's ,diegesis4 #dfc3a ,says ,prof4 ,smith upon this point3 ,all the earliest external evidence points to the conclusion that the synoptic gospels are non-apostolic digests of spoken and written apostolic tradition1 and that the arrangement of the earlier material in orderly form took place only gradually and by many essays4 ,dr4 ,hooykaas1 speaking of the four ,gospels1 and ,acts1 says of them3 ,not one of these five books was really written by the person whose name it bears1 and they are all of more recent date than the heading would lead us to suppose4 ,we cannot say that the ,gospels and book of ,acts are unauthentic1 for not one of them professes to give the name of its author4 ,they appeared anonymously4 ,the titles placed above them in our ,bibles owe their origin to a later ecclesiastical tradition which deserves no confidence whatever4 7,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bd1 #be47 ,these ,gospels can hardly be said to have had authors at all4 ,they had only editors or compilers4 ,what ,i mean is1 that those who enriched the old ,christian literature with these ,gospels did not go to work as independent writers and compose their own narratives out of the accounts they had collected1 but simply took up the different stories or sets of stories which they found current in the oral tradition or already reduced to writing1 adding here and expanding there1 and so sent out into the world a very artless kind of composition4 ,these works were then1 from time to time1 somewhat enriched by introductory matter or interpolations from the hands of later ,christians1 and perhaps were modified a little here and there4 ,our first two ,gospels appear to have passed through more than one such revision4 ,the third1 whose writer says in his preface1 that 'many had undertaken to put together a narrative 7,gospel71' before him1 appears to proceed from a single collecting1 arranging1 and modifying hand4 7,ibid4 p4 #bi47 #dfc3b ,christiani doctores non in vulgus prodebant libros sacros1 licet soleant plerique aliteropinari1 erant tantum in manibus clericorum1 priora per scula4 7,quoted in ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #dh47 #dfc3c ,mosheim3 vol4 i4 pt4 #b1 ch4 ii4 #dfc3d ,general ,survey of the ,canon1 p4 #dei4 #dfd3a ,credibility of the ,gospels4 #dfd3b ,marsh's ,michaelis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afj4 ,the ,sinaitic ,,ms4 is believed by ,tischendorf to belong to the fourth century4 #dfd3c ,ibid4 p4 #cfh4 #dfd3d ,eusebius3 ,ecclesiastical ,hist4 lib4 #c1 ch4 xxii4 #dfe3a ,the ,science of ,religion1 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 ,,chapter ,,xxxix4 ,,explanation4 ,after what we have seen concerning the numerous virgin-born1 crucified and resurrected ,saviours1 believed on in the ,pagan world for so many centuries before the time assigned for the birth of the ,christian ,saviour1 the questions naturally arise3 were they real personages8 did they ever exist in the flesh8 whence came these stories concerning them8 have they a foundation in truth1 or are they simply creations of the imagination8 ,the historical theory--according to which all the persons mentioned in mythology were once real human beings1 and the legends and fabulous traditions relating to them were merely the additions and embellishments of later times--which was so popular with scholars of the last century1 has been altogether abandoned4 ,under the historical point of view the gods are mere deified mortals1 either heroes who have been deified after their death1 or ,pontiff-chieftains who have passed themselves off for gods1 and who1 it is gratuitously supposed1 found people stupid enough to believe in their pretended divinity4 ,this was the manner in which1 formerly1 writers explained the mythology of nations of antiquity2 but a method that pre-supposed an historical ,crishna1 an historical ,osiris1 an historical ,mithra1 an historical ,hercules1 an historical ,apollo1 or an historical ,thor1 was found untenable1 and therefore1 does not1 at the present day1 stand in need of a refutation4 ,as a writer of the early part of the present century said3 ,we shall never have an ancient history worthy of the perusal of men of common sense1 till we cease treating poems as history1 and send back such personages as ,hercules1 ,theseus1 ,bacchus1 etc41 to the heavens1 whence their history is taken1 and whence they never descended to the earth4 ,the historical theory was succeeded by the allegorical theory1 which supposes that all the myths of the ancients were allegorical and symbolical1 and contain some moral1 religious1 or philosophical truth or historical fact under the form of an allegory1 which came in process of time to be understood literally4 ,in the preceding pages we have spoken of the several virgin-born1 crucified and resurrected ,saviours1 as real personages4 ,we have attributed to these individuals words and acts1 and have regarded the words and acts recorded in the several sacred books from which we have quoted1 as said and done by them4 ,but in doing this1 we have simply used the language of others4 ,these gods and heroes were not real personages2 they are merely personifications of the ,,sun4 ,as ,prof4 ,max ,mller observes in his ,lectures on the ,science of ,religion3 ,one of the earliest objects that would strike and stir the mind of man1 and for which a sign or a name would soon be wanted1 is surely the ,sun4#dfg3a ,it is very hard for us to realize the feelings with which the first dwellers on the earth looked upon the ,sun1 or to understand fully what they meant by a morning prayer or a morning sacrifice4 ,perhaps there are few people who have watched a sunrise more than once or twice in their life2 few people who have ever known the meaning of a morning prayer1 or a morning sacrifice4 ,but think of man at the very dawn of time4 4 4 4 think of the ,sun awakening the eyes of man from sleep1 and his mind from slumber6 ,was not the sunrise to him the first wonder1 the first beginning of all reflection1 all thought1 all philosophy8 ,was it not to him the first revelation1 the first beginning of all trust1 of all religion8 4 4 4 4 ,few nations only have preserved in their ancient poetry some remnants of the natural awe with which the earlier dwellers on the earth saw that brilliant being slowly rising from out of the darkness of the night1 raising itself by its own might higher and higher1 till it stood triumphant on the arch of heaven1 and then descended and sank down in its fiery glory into the dark abyss of the heaving and hissing sea4 ,in the hymns of the ,veda1 the poet still wonders whether the ,sun will rise again2 he asks how he can climb the vault of heaven8 why he does not fall back8 why there is no dust on his path8 ,and when the rays of the morning rouse him from sleep and call him back to new life1 when he sees the ,sun1 as he says1 stretching out his golden arms to bless the world and rescue it from the terror of darkness1 he exclaims1 ',arise1 our life1 our spirit has come back6 the darkness is gone1 the light approaches4' ,many years ago1 the learned ,sir ,william ,jones said3 ,we must not be surprised at finding1 on a close examination1 that the characters of all the ,pagan deities1 male and female1 melt into each other1 and at last into one or two2 for it seems as well founded opinion1 that the whole crowd of gods and goddesses of ancient ,rome1 and modern ,varanes1 mean only the powers of nature1 and principally those of the ,,sun1 expressed in a variety of ways1 and by a multitude of fanciful names4#dfg3b ,since the first learned president of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society paved the way for the science of comparative mythology1 much has been learned on this subject1 so that1 as the ,rev4 ,george ,w4 ,cox remarks1 recent discussions on the subject seem to justify the conviction that the foundations of the science of comparative mythology have been firmly laid1 and that its method is unassailable4#dfh3a ,if we wish to find the gods and goddesses of the ancestors of our race1 we must look to the sun1 the moon1 the stars1 the sky1 the earth1 the sea1 the dawn1 the clouds1 the wind1 c41 which they personified and worshiped4 ,that these have been the gods and goddesses of all nations of antiquity1 is an established fact4#dfh3b ,the words which had denoted the sun and moon would denote not merely living things but living persons4 ,from personification to deification the steps would be but few2 and the process of disintegration would at once furnish the materials for a vast fabric of mythology4 ,all the expressions which had attached a living force to natural objects would remain as the description of personal and anthropomorphous gods4 ,every word would become an attribute1 and all ideas1 once grouped around a simple object1 would branch off into distinct personifications4 ,the sun had been the lord of light1 the driver of the chariot of the day2 he had toiled and labored for the sons of men1 and sunk down to rest1 after a hard battle1 in the evening4 ,but now the lord of light would be ,phoibos ,apollon1 while ,helios would remain enthroned in his fiery chariot1 and his toils and labors and death-struggles would be transferred to ,hercules4 ,the violet clouds which greet his rising and his setting would now be represented by herds of cows which feed in earthly pastures4 ,there would be other expressions which would still remain as floating phrases1 not attached to any definite deities4 ,these would gradually be converted into incidents in the life of heroes1 and be woven at length into systematic narratives4 ,finally1 these gods or heroes1 and the incidents of their mythical career1 would receive each a local habitation and a name4 ,these would remain as genuine history1 when the origin and meaning of the words had been either wholly or in part forgotten4 ,for the proofs of these assertions1 the ,vedic poems furnish indisputable evidence1 that such as this was the origin and growth of ,greek and ,teutonic mythology4 ,in these poems1 the names of many1 perhaps of most1 of the ,greek gods1 indicate natural objects which1 if endued with life1 have not been reduced to human personality4 ,in them ,daphne is still simply the morning twilight ushering in the splendor of the new born sun2 the cattle of ,helios there are still the light-colored clouds which the dawn leads out into the fields of the sky4 ,there the idea of ,hercules has not been separated from the image of the toiling and struggling sun1 and the glory of the life-giving ,helios has not been transferred to the god of ,delos and ,pytho4 ,in the ,vedas the myths of ,endymion1 of ,kephalos and ,prokris1 ,orpheus and ,eurydike1 are exhibited in the form of detached mythical phrases1 which furnished for each their germ4 ,the analysis may be extended indefinitely3 but the conclusion can only be1 that in the ,vedic language we have the foundation1 not only of the glowing legends of ,hellas1 but of the dark and sombre mythology of the ,scandinavian and the ,teuton4 ,both alike have grown up chiefly from names which have been grouped around the sun2 but the former has been grounded on those expressions which describe the recurrence of day and night1 the latter on the great tragedy of nature1 in the alternation of summer and winter4 ,of this vast mass of solar myths1 some have emerged into independent legends1 others have furnished the groundwork of whole epics1 others have remained simply as floating tales whose intrinsic beauty no poet has wedded to his verse4#dfi3a ,the results obtained from the examination of language in its several forms leaves no room for doubt that the general system of mythology has been traced to its fountain head4 ,we can no longer shut our eyes to the fact that there was a stage in the history of human speech1 during which all the abstract words in constant use among ourselves were utterly unknown1 when men had formed no notions of virtue or prudence1 of thought and intellect1 of slavery or freedom1 but spoke only of the man who was strong1 who could point the way to others and choose one thing out of many1 of the man who was not bound to any other and able to do as he pleased4 ,that even this stage was not the earliest in the history of language is now a growing opinion among philologists2 but for the comparison of legends current in different countries it is not necessary to carry the search further back4 ,language without words denoting abstract qualities implies a condition of thought in which men were only awakening to a sense of the objects which surrounded them1 and points to a time when the world was to them full of strange sights and sounds1 some beautiful1 some bewildering1 some terrific1 when1 in short1 they knew little of themselves beyond the vague consciousness of their existence1 and nothing of the phenomena of the world without4 ,in such a state they could but attribute to all that they saw or touched or heard1 a life which was like their own in its consciousness1 its joys1 and its sufferings4 ,that power of sympathizing with nature which we are apt to regard as the peculiar gift of the poet was then shared alike by all4 ,this sympathy was not the result of any effort1 it was inseparably bound up with the words which rose to their lips4 ,it implied no special purity of heart or mind2 it pointed to no ,arcadian paradise where shepherds knew not how to wrong or oppress or torment each other4 ,we say that the morning light rests on the mountains2 they said that the sun was greeting his bride1 as naturally as our own poet would speak of the sunlight clasping the earth1 or the moonbeams as kissing the sea4 ,we have then before us a stage of language corresponding to a stage in the history of the human mind in which all sensible objects were regarded as instinct with a conscious life4 ,the varying phases of that life were therefore described as truthfully as they described their own feelings or sufferings2 and hence every phase became a picture4 ,but so long as the conditions of their life remained unchanged1 they knew perfectly what the picture meant1 and ran no risk of confusing one with another4 ,thus they had but to describe the things which they saw1 felt1 or heard1 in order to keep up an inexhaustible store of phrases faithfully describing the facts of the world from their point of view4 ,this language was indeed the result of an observation not less keen than that by which the inductive philosopher extorts the secrets of the natural world4 ,nor was its range much narrower4 ,each object received its own measure of attention1 and no one phenomenon was so treated as to leave no room for others in their turn4 ,they could not fail to note the changes of days and years1 of growth and decay1 of calm and storm2 but the objects which so changed were to them living things1 and the rising and setting of the sun1 the return of winter and summer1 became a drama in which the actors were their enemies or their friends4 ,that this is a strict statement of facts in the history of the human mind1 philology alone would abundantly prove2 but not a few of these phrases have come down to us in their earliest form1 and point to the long-buried stratum of language of which they are the fragments4 ,these relics exhibit in their germs the myths which afterwards became the legends of gods and heroes with human forms1 and furnished the groundwork of the epic poems1 whether of the eastern or the western world4 ,the mythical or mythmaking language of mankind had no partialities2 and if the career of the ,sun occupies a large extent of the horizon1 we cannot fairly simulate ignorance of the cause4 ,men so placed would not fail to put into words the thoughts or emotions roused in them by the varying phases of that mighty world on which we1 not less than they1 feel that our life depends1 although we may know something more of its nature4 ,thus grew up a multitude of expressions which described the sun as the child of the night1 as the destroyer of the darkness1 as the lover of the dawn and the dew--of phrases which would go on to speak of him as killing the dew with his spears1 and of forsaking the dawn as he rose in the heaven4 ,the feeling that the fruits of the earth were called forth by his warmth would find utterance in words which spoke of him as the friend and the benefactor of man2 while the constant recurrence of his work would lead them to describe him as a being constrained to toil for others1 as doomed to travel over many lands1 and as finding everywhere things on which he could bestow his love or which he might destroy by his power4 ,his journey1 again1 might be across cloudless skies1 or amid alternations of storm and calm2 his light might break fitfully through the clouds1 or be hidden for many a weary hour1 to burst forth at last with dazzling splendor as he sank down in the western sky4 ,he would thus be described as facing many dangers and many enemies1 none of whom1 however1 may arrest his course2 as sullen1 or capricious1 or resentful2 as grieving for the loss of the dawn whom he had loved1 or as nursing his great wrath and vowing a pitiless vengeance4 ,then as the veil was rent at eventide1 they would speak of the chief1 who had long remained still1 girding on his armor2 or of the wanderer throwing off his disguise1 and seizing his bow or spear to smite his enemies2 of the invincible warrior whose face gleams with the flush of victory when the fight is over1 as he greets the fair-haired ,dawn who closes1 as she had begun1 the day4 ,to the wealth of images thus lavished on the daily life and death of the ,sun there would be no limit4 ,he was the child of the morning1 or her husband1 or her destroyer2 he forsook her and he returned to her1 either in calm serenity or only to sink presently in deeper gloom4 ,so with other sights and sounds4 ,the darkness of night brought with it a feeling of vague horror and dread2 the return of daylight cheered them with a sense of unspeakable gladness2 and thus the ,sun who scattered the black shade of night would be the mighty champion doing battle with the biting snake which lurked in its dreary hiding-place4 ,but as the ,sun accomplishes his journey day by day through the heaven1 the character of the seasons is changed4 ,the buds and blossoms of spring-time expand in the flowers and fruits of summer1 and the leaves fall and wither on the approach of winter4 ,thus the daughter of the earth would be spoken of as dying or as dead1 as severed from her mother for five or six weary months1 not to be restored to her again until the time for her return from the dark land should once more arrive4 ,but as no other power than that of the ,sun can recall vegetation to life1 this child of the earth would be represented as buried in a sleep from which the touch of the ,sun alone could arouse her1 when he slays the frost and cold which lie like snakes around her motionless form4 ,that these phrases would furnish the germs of myths or legends teeming with human feeling1 as soon as the meaning of the phrases were in part or wholly forgotten1 was as inevitable as that in the infancy of our race men should attribute to all sensible objects the same kind of life which they were conscious of possessing themselves4 ,let us compare the history of the ,saviour which we have already seen1 with that of the ,sun1 as it is found in the ,vedas4 ,we can follow in the ,vedic hymns1 step by step1 the development which changes the ,sun from a mere luminary into a ,creator1 ,preserver1 ,ruler1 and ,rewarder of the ,world--in fact1 into a ,divine or ,supreme ,being4 ,the first step leads us from the mere light of the ,sun to that light which in the morning wakes man from sleep1 and seems to give new life1 not only to man1 but to the whole of nature4 ,he who wakes us in the morning1 who recalls all nature to new life1 is soon called ,the ,giver of ,daily ,life4 ,secondly1 by another and bolder step1 the ,giver of ,daily ,light and ,life becomes the giver of light and life in general4 ,he who brings light and life to-day1 is the same who brought light and life on the first of days4 ,as light is the beginning of the day1 so light was the beginning of creation1 and the ,sun1 from being a mere light-bringer or life-giver1 becomes a ,creator1 and1 if a ,creator1 then soon also a ,ruler of the ,world4 ,thirdly1 as driving away the dreaded darkness of the night1 and likewise as fertilizing the earth1 the ,sun is conceived as a ,defender and kind ,protector of all living things4 ,fourthly1 the ,sun sees everything1 both that which is good and that which is evil2 and how natural therefore that the evil-doer should be told that the sun sees what no human eye may have seen1 and that the innocent1 when all other help fails him1 should appeal to the sun to attest his guiltlessness6 ,let us examine now1 says ,prof4 ,mller1 from whose work we have quoted the above1 a few passages 7from the ,rig-,veda7 illustrating every one of these perfectly natural transitions4 ,in hymn vii4 we find the ,sun invoked as ',the ,protector of everything that moves or stands1 of all that exists4' ,frequent allusion is made to the ,sun's power of seeing everything4 ,the stars flee before the all-seeing ,sun1 like thieves 7,r4 ,v4 vii474 ,he sees the right and the wrong among men 7,ibid474 ,he who looks upon the world1 knows also all the thoughts in men 7,ibid474 ,as the ,sun sees everything and knows everything1 he is asked to forget and forgive what he alone has seen and knows 7,r4 ,v4 iv474 ,the ,sun is asked to drive away illness and bad dreams 7,r4 ,v4 x474 ,having once1 and more than once1 been invoked as the life-bringer1 the ,sun is also called the breath or life of all that moves and rests 7,r4 ,v4 i472 and lastly1 he becomes the maker of all things1 by whom all the worlds have been brought together 7,r4 ,v4 x471 and 4 4 4 ,lord of man and of all living creatures4 ,he is the ,god among gods 7,r4 ,v4 i472 he is the divine leader of all the gods 7,r4 ,v4 viii474 ,he alone rules the whole world 7,r4 ,v4 v474 ,the laws which he has established are firm 7,r4 ,v4 iv471 and the other gods not only praise him 7,r4 ,v4 vii471 but have to follow him as their leader 7,r4 ,v4 v474#dgc3a ,that the history of ,christ ,jesus1 the ,christian ,saviour1--the true ,light1 which lighteth every man that cometh into the world1#dgc3b--;is simply the history of the ,sun--the real ,saviour of mankind--is demonstrated beyond a doubt from the following indisputable facts3 #a4 ,the birth of ,christ ,jesus is said to have taken place at early dawn#dgc3c on the #beth day of ,december4 ,now1 this is the ,sun's birthday4 ,at the commencement of the sun's apparent annual revolution round the earth1 he was said to have been born1 and1 on the first moment after midnight of the #bdth of ,december1 all the heathen nations of the earth1 as if by common consent1 celebrated the accouchement of the ,queen of ,heaven1 of the ,celestial ,virgin of the ,sphere1 and the birth of the god ,sol4 ,on that day the sun having fully entered the winter solstice1 the ,sign of the ,virgin was rising on the eastern horizon4 ,the woman's symbol of this stellar sign was represented first by ears of corn1 then with a new-born male child in her arms4 ,such was the picture of the ,persian sphere cited by ,aben-,ezra3 ,the division of the first decan of the ,virgin represents a beautiful virgin with flowing hair1 sitting in a chair1 with two ears of corn in her hand1 and suckling an infant called ,,iesus by some nations1 and ,christ in ,greek4#dgd3a ,this denotes the ,sun1 which1 at the moment of the winter solstice1 precisely when the ,persian magi drew the horoscope of the new year1 was placed on the bosom of the ,virgin1 rising heliacally in the eastern horizon4 ,on this account he was figured in their astronomical pictures under the form of a child suckled by a chaste virgin4#dgd3b ,thus we see that ,christ ,jesus was born on the same day as ,buddha1 ,mithras1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,hercules1 ,bacchus1 ,adonis and other personifications of the ,,sun4#dgd3c #b4 ,christ ,jesus was born of a ,virgin4 ,in this respect he is also the ,sun1 for 'tis the sun alone who can be born of an immaculate virgin1 who conceived him without carnal intercourse1 and who is still1 after the birth of her child1 a virgin4 ,this ,virgin1 of whom the ,sun1 the true ,saviour of ,mankind1 is born1 is either the bright and beautiful ,dawn1#dgd3d or the dark ,earth1#dgd3e or ,night4#dgd3f ,hence we have1 as we have already seen1 the ,virgin1 or ,virgo1 as one of the signs of the zodiac4#dgd3g ,this ,celestial ,virgin was feigned to be a mother4 ,she is represented in the ,indian ,zodiac of ,sir ,william ,jones1 with ears of corn in one hand1 and the lotus in the other4 ,in ,kircher's ,zodiac of ,hermes1 she has corn in both hands4 ,in other planispheres of the ,egyptian priests she carries ears of corn in one hand1 and the infant ,saviour ,horus in the other4 ,in ,roman ,catholic countries1 she is generally represented with the child in one hand1 and the lotus or lily in the other4 ,in ,vol4 ,,ii4 of ,montfaucon's work1 she is represented as a female nursing a child1 with ears of corn in her hand1 and the legend ,,iao4 ,she is seated on clouds1 a star is at her head4 ,the reading of the ,greek letters1 from right to left1 show this to be very ancient4 ,in the ,vedic hymns ,aditi1 the ,dawn1 is called the ,mother of the ,gods4 ,she is the mother with powerful1 terrible1 with royal sons4 ,she is said to have given birth to the ,sun4#dge3a ,as the ,sun and all the solar deities rise from the east1 says ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 we can well understand how ,aditi 7the ,dawn7 came to be called the ',mother of the ,bright ,gods4'#dge3b ,the poets of the ,veda indulged freely in theogonic speculations without being frightened by any contradictions4 ,they knew of ,indra as the greatest of gods1 they knew of ,agni as the god of gods1 they knew of ,varuna as the ruler of all2 but they were by no means startled at the idea that their ,indra had a mother1 or that ,varuna was nursed in the lap of ,aditi4 ,all this was true to nature2 for their god was the ,sun1 and the mother who bore and nursed him was the ,dawn4#dge3c ,we find in the ,vishnu ,purana1 that ,devaki 7the virgin mother of the ,hindoo ,saviour ,crishna1 whose history1 as we have seen1 corresponds in most every particular with that of ,christ ,jesus7 is called ,aditi1#dge3d which1 in the ,rig-,veda1 is the name for the ,dawn4 ,thus we see the legend is complete4 ,devaki is ,aditi1 ,aditi is the ,dawn1 and the ,dawn is the ,virgin ,mother4 ,the ,saviour of ,mankind who is born of her is the ,sun1 the ,sun is ,crishna1 and ,crishna is ,christ4 ,in the ,mahabharata1 ,crishna is also represented as the ,son of ,aditi4#dge3e ,as the hour of his birth grew near1 the mother became more beautiful1 and her form more brilliant4#dge3f ,indra1 the sun1 who was worshiped in some parts of ,india as a ,crucified ,god1 is also represented in the ,vedic hymns as the ,son of the ,dawn4 ,he is said to have been born of ,dahana1 who is ,daphne1 a personification of the ,dawn4#dge3g ,the humanity of this ,,solar ,,god-,,man1 this demiurge1 is strongly insisted on in the ,rig-,veda4 ,he is the son of ,god1 but also the son of ,aditi4 ,he is ,purusha1 the man1 the male4 ,agni is frequently called the ,son of man4 ,it is expressly explained that the titles ,agni1 ,indra1 ,mitra1 c41 all refer to one ,sun god under many names4 ,and when we find the name of a mortal1 ,yama1 who once lived upon earth1 included among these names1 the humanity of the demiurge becomes still more accentuated1 and we get at the root idea4 ,horus1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 was the son of the virgin ,isis4 ,now1 this ,isis1 in ,egyptian mythology1 is the same as the virgin ,devaki in ,hindoo mythology4 ,she is the ,dawn4#dgf3a ,isis1 as we have already seen1 is represented suckling the infant ,horus1 and1 in the words of ,prof4 ,renouf1 we may say1 in whose lap can the ,sun be nursed more fitly than in that of the ,dawn8#dgf3b ,among the goddesses of ,egypt1 the highest was ,neith1 who reigned inseparably with ,amun in the upper sphere4 ,she was called ,mother of the gods1 ,mother of the sun4 ,she was the feminine origin of all things1 as ,amun was the male origin4 ,she held the same rank at ,sais as ,amun did at ,thebes4 ,her temples there are said to have exceeded in colossal grandeur anything ever seen before4 ,on one of these was the celebrated inscription thus deciphered by ,champollion3 ,i am all that has been1 all that is1 all that will be4 ,no mortal has ever raised the veil that conceals me4 ,my offspring is the ,sun4 ,she was mother of the ,sun-god ,ra1 and1 says ,prof4 ,renouf1 is commonly supposed to represent ,heaven2 but some expressions which are hardly applicable to heaven1 render it more probable that she is one of the many names of the ,dawn4#dgf3c ,if we turn from ,indian and ,egyptian1 to ,grecian mythology1 we shall also find that their ,sun-gods and solar heroes are born of the same virgin mother4 ,theseus was said to have been born of ,aithra1 the pure air1 and ,o,edipus of ,iokaste1 the violet light of morning4 ,perseus was born of the virgin ,danae1 and was called the ,son of the bright morning4#dgf3d ,in ,i1 the mother of the sacred bull1#dgf3e the mother also of ,hercules1 we see the violet-tinted morning from which the sun is born2 all these gods and heroes being1 like ,christ ,jesus1 personifications of the ,sun4#dgf3f ,the ,saviour of ,mankind was also represented as being born of the dusky mother1 which accounts for many ,pagan1 and so-called ,christian1 goddesses being represented black4#dgg3a ,this is the dark night1 who for many weary hours travails with the birth of her child4 ,the ,sun1 which scatters the darkness1 is also the child of the darkness1 and so the phrase naturally went that he was born of her4 ,of the two legends related in the poems afterwards combined in the ,hymn to ,apollo1 the former relates the birth of ,apollo1 the ,sun1 from ,leto1 the ,darkness1 which is called his mother4#dgg3b ,in this case1 ,leto would be personified as a black virgin1 either with or without the child in her arms4 ,the dark earth was also represented as being the mother of the god ,sun1 who apparently came out of1 or was born of her1 in the ,east1#dgg3c as ,minos 7the sun7 was represented to have been born of ,ida 7the earth74#dgg3d ,in ,hindoo mythology1 the ,earth1 under the name of ,prithivi1 receives a certain share of honors as one of the primitive goddesses of the ,veda1 being thought of as the kind mother4 ,moreover1 various deities were regarded as the progeny resulting from the fancied union of the ,earth with ,dyaus 7,heaven74#dgg3e ,our ,aryan forefathers looked up to the heavens and they gave it the name of ,dyaus1 from a root-word which means to shine4 ,and when1 out of the forces and forms of nature1 they afterwards fashioned other gods1 this name of ,dyaus became ,dyaus pitar1 the ,heaven-father1 or ,lord of ,all2 and in far later times1 when the western ,aryans had found their home in ,europe1 the ,dyaus pitar of the central ,asian land became the ,zeupater of the ,greeks1 and the ,jupiter of the ,romans1 and the first part of his name gave us the word ,deity4 ,according to ,egyptian mythology1 ,isis was also the ,earth4#dgg3f ,again1 from the union of ,seb and ,nut sprung the mild ,osiris4 ,seb is the ,earth1 ,nut is ,heaven1 and ,osiris is the ,sun4#dgg3g ,tacitus1 the ,roman historian1 speaking of the ,germans in ,a4 ,d4 #ih1 says3 ,there is nothing in these several tribes that merit attention1 except that they all agree in worshiping the goddess ,earth1 or as they call her1 ,herth1 whom they consider as the common mother of all4#dgg3h ,these virgin mothers1 and virgin goddesses of antiquity1 were also1 at times1 personifications of the ,moon1 or of ,nature4#dgh3a ,who is ,god the ,father1 who overshadows the maiden8 ,the overshadowing of the maiden by ,god the ,father1 whether he be called ,zeus1 ,jupiter or ,jehovah1 is simply the ,heaven1 the ,sky1 the ,all-father1#dgh3b looking down upon with love1 and overshadowing the maiden1 the broad flushing light of ,dawn1 or the ,earth4 ,from this union the ,sun is born without any carnal intercourse4 ,the mother is yet a virgin4 ,this is illustrated in ,hindoo mythology by the union of ,pritrivi1 ,mother ,earth1 with ,dyaus1 ,heaven4 ,various deities were regarded as their progeny4#dgh3c ,in the ,vedic hymns the ,sun--the ,lord and ,saviour1 the ,redeemer and ,preserver of ,mankind--is frequently called the ,son of the ,sky4#dgh3d ,according to ,egyptian mythology1 ,seb 7the ,earth7 is overshadowed by ,nut 7,heaven71 the result of this union being the beneficent ,lord and ,saviour1 ,osiris4#dgh3e ,the same thing is to be found in ancient ,grecian mythology4 ,zeus or ,jupiter is the ,sky1#dgh3f and ,danae1 ,leto1 ,iokaste1 ,io and others1 are the ,dawn1 or the violet light of morning4#dgh3g ,the ,sky appeared to men 7says ,plutarch71 to perform the functions of a ,father1 as the ,earth those of a ,mother4 ,the sky was the father1 for it cast seed into the bosom of the earth1 which in receiving them became fruitful1 and brought forth1 and was the mother4#dgi3a ,this union has been sung in the following verses by ,virgil3 ,tum pater omnipotens fecundis imbribis ther ,conjugis in grenium lt descendit4 7,geor4 ii47 ,the ,phenician theology is founded on the same principles4 ,heaven and ,earth 7called ,ouranos and ,gh7 are at the head of a genealogy of ons1 whose adventures are conceived in the mythological style of these physical allegorists4#dgi3b ,in the ,samothracian mysteries1 which seem to have been the most anciently established ceremonies of the kind in ,europe1 the ,heaven and the ,earth were worshiped as a male and female divinity1 and as the parents of all things4#dgi3c ,the ,supreme ,god 7the ,al-fader71 of the ancient ,scandinavians was ,odin1 a personification of the ,heavens4 ,the principal goddess among them was ,frigga1 a personification of the ,earth4 ,it was the opinion among these people that this ,supreme ,being or ,celestial ,god had united with the ,earth 7,frigga7 to produce ,baldur the ,good 7the ,sun71 who corresponds to the ,apollo of the ,greeks and ,romans1 and the ,osiris of the ,egyptians4#dgi3d ,xiuletl1 in the ,mexican language1 signifies ,blue1 and hence was a name which the ,mexican gave to ,heaven1 from which ,xiuleticutli is derived1 an epithet signifying the ,god of ,heaven1 which they bestowed upon ,tezcatlipoca1 who was the ,lord of ,all1 the ,supreme ,god4 ,he it was who overshadowed the ,virgin of ,tula1 ,chimelman1 who begat the ,saviour ,quetzalcoatle 7the ,sun74 #c4 ,his birth was foretold by a star4 ,this is the bright morning star-- ,fairest of stars1 last in the train of ,night1 ,if better1 thou belongst not to the ,dawn1 ,sure pledge of day1 that crown'st the smiling morn ,with thy bright circlet-- which heralds the birth of the god ,sol1 the beneficent ,saviour4 ,a glance at a geography of the heavens will show the chaste1 pure1 immaculate ,virgin1 suckling an infant1 preceded by a ,star1 which rises immediately preceding the ,virgin and her child4 ,this can truly be called his ,star1 which informed the ,wise ,men1 the ,magi--,astrologers and ,sun-worshipers--and the shepherds who watched their flocks by night that the ,saviour of ,mankind was about to be born4 #d4 ,the ,heavenly ,host sang praises4 ,all nature smiles at the birth of the ,heavenly ,being4 ,to him all angels cry aloud1 the heavens1 and all the powers therein4 ,glory to ,god in the highest1 and on earth peace1 good will towards men4 ,the quarters of the horizon are irradiate with joy1 as if moonlight was diffused over the whole earth4 ,the spirits and nymphs of heaven dance and sing4 ,caressing breezes blow1 and a marvelous light is produced4 ,for the ,lord and ,saviour is born1 to give joy and peace to men and ,devas1 to shed light in the dark places1 and to give sight to the blind4#dhj3a #e4 ,he was visited by the ,magi4 ,this is very natural1 for the ,magi were ,sun-worshipers1 and at early dawn on the #beth of ,december1 the astrologers of the ,arabs1 ,chaldeans1 and other ,oriental nations1 greeted the infant ,saviour with gold1 frankincense and myrrh4 ,they started to salute their ,god long before the rising of the ,sun1 and having ascended a high mountain1 they waited anxiously for his birth1 facing the ,east1 and there hailed his first rays with incense and prayer4#dhj3b ,the shepherds also1 who remained in the open air watching their flocks by night1 were in the habit of prostrating themselves1 and paying homage to their god1 the ,sun4 ,and1 like the poet of the ,veda1 they said3 ,will the powers of darkness be conquered by the god of light8 ,and when the ,sun rose1 they wondered how1 just born1 he was so mighty4 ,they greeted him3 ,hail1 ,orient ,conqueror of ,gloomy ,night4 ,and the human eye felt that it could not bear the brilliant majesty of him whom they called1 ,the ,life1 the ,breath1 the ,brilliant ,lord and ,father4 ,and they said3 ,let us worship again the ,child of ,heaven1 the ,son of ,strength1 ,arusha1 the ,bright ,light of the ,sacrifice4 ,he rises as a mighty flame1 he stretches out his wide arms1 he is even like the wind4 ,his light is powerful1 and his 7virgin7 mother1 the ,dawn1 gives him the best share1 the first worship among men4#dhj3c #f4 ,he was born in a ,cave4 ,in this respect also1 the history of ,christ ,jesus corresponds with that of other ,sun-gods and ,saviours1 for they are nearly all represented as being born in a cave or dungeon4 ,this is the dark abode from which the wandering ,sun starts in the morning4#dha3a ,as the ,dawn springs fully armed from the forehead of the cloven ,sky1 so the eye first discerns the blue of heaven1 as the first faint arch of light is seen in the ,east4 ,this arch is the cave in which the infant is nourished until he reaches his full strength--in other words1 until the day is fully come4 ,as the hour of his birth drew near1 the mother became more beautiful1 her form more brilliant1 while the dungeon was filled with a heavenly light as when ,zeus came to ,danae in a golden shower4#dha3b ,at length the child is born1 and a halo of serene light encircles his cradle1 just as the ,sun appears at early dawn in the ,east1 in all its splendor4 ,his presence reveals itself there1 in the dark cave1 by his first rays1 which brightens the countenances of his mother and others who are present at his birth4#dha3c #f4 ,he was ordered to be put to death4 ,all the ,sun-gods are fated to bring ruin upon their parents or the reigning monarch4#dha3d ,for this reason1 they attempt to prevent his birth1 and failing in this1 seek to destroy him when born4 ,who is the dark and wicked ,kansa1 or his counterpart ,herod8 ,he is ,night1 who reigns supreme1 but who must lose his power when the young prince of glory1 the ,invincible1 is born4 ,the ,sun scatters the ,darkness2 and so the phrase went that the child was to be the destroyer of the reigning monarch1 or his parent1 ,night2 and oracles1 and magi1 it was said1 warned the latter of the doom which would overtake him4 ,the newly-born babe is therefore ordered to be put to death by the sword1 or exposed on the bare hillside1 as the ,sun seems to rest on the ,earth 7,ida7 at its rising4#dha3e ,in oriental mythology1 the destroying principle is generally represented as a serpent or dragon4#dhb3a ,now1 the position of the sphere on ,christmas-day1 the birthday of the ,sun1 shows the ,serpent all but touching1 and certainly aiming at the woman--that is1 the figure of the constellation ,virgo--who suckles the child ,iessus in her arms4 ,thus we have it illustrated in the story of the snake who was sent to kill ,hercules1 when an infant in his cradle2#dhb3b also in the story of ,typhon1 who sought the life of the infant ,saviour ,horus4 ,again1 it is illustrated in the story of the virgin mother ,astrea1 with her babe beset by ,orion1 and of ,latona1 the mother of ,apollo1 when pursued by the monster4#dhb3c ,and last1 that of the virgin mother ,mary1 with her babe beset by ,herod4 ,but like ,hercules1 ,horus1 ,apollo1 ,theseus1 ,romulus1 ,cyrus and other solar heroes1 ,christ ,jesus has yet a long course before him4 ,like them1 he grows up both wise and strong1 and the old ,serpent is discomfited by him1 just as the sphynx and the dragon are put to night by others4 #g4 ,he was tempted by the devil4 ,the temptation by1 and victory over the evil one1 whether ,mara or ,satan1 is the victory of the ,sun over the clouds of storm and darkness4#dhb3d ,growing up in obscurity1 the day comes when he makes himself known1 tries himself in his first battles with his gloomy foes1 and shines without a rival4 ,he is rife for his destined mission1 but is met by the demon of storm1 who runs to dispute with him in the duel of the storm4 ,in this struggle against darkness the beneficent hero remains the conqueror1 the gloomy army of ,mara1 or ,satan1 broken and rent1 is scattered2 the ,apearas1 daughters of the demon1 the last light vapors which float in the heaven1 try in vain to clasp and retain the vanquisher2 he disengages himself from their embraces1 repulses them2 they writhe1 lose their form1 and vanish4 ,free from every obstacle1 and from every adversary1 he sets in motion across space his disk with a thousand rays1 having avenged the attempts of his eternal foe4 ,he appears then in all his glory1 and in his sovereign splendor2 the god has attained the summit of his course1 it is the moment of triumph4 #h4 ,he was put to death on the cross4 ,the ,sun has now reached his extreme ,southern limit1 his career is ended1 and he is at last overcome by his enemies4 ,the powers of darkness1 and of winter1 which had sought in vain to wound him1 have at length won the victory4 ,the bright ,sun of summer is finally slain1 crucified in the heavens1 and pierced by the arrow1 spear or thorn of winter4#dhc3a ,before he dies1 however1 he sees all his disciples--his retinue of light1 and the twelve hours of the day1 or the twelve months of the year--disappear in the sanguinary mle of the clouds of the evening4 ,throughout the tale1 the ,sun-god was but fulfilling his doom4 ,these things must be4 ,the suffering of a violent death was a necessary part of the mythos2 and1 when his hour had come1 he must meet his doom1 as surely as the ,sun1 once risen1 must go across the sky1 and then sink down into his bed beneath the earth or sea4 ,it was an iron fate from which there was no escaping4 ,crishna1 the crucified ,saviour of the ,hindoos1 is a personification of the ,sun crucified in the heavens4 ,one of the names of the ,sun in the ,vedic hymns is ,vishnu1#dhc3b and ,crishna is ,vishnu in human form4#dhc3c ,in the hymns of the ,rig-,veda the ,sun is spoken of as stretching out his arms1 in the heavens1 to bless the world1 and to rescue it from the terror of darkness4 ,indra1 the crucified ,saviour worshiped in ,nepal and ,tibet1#dhd3a is identical with ,crishna1 the ,sun4#dhd3b ,the principal ,phenician deity1 ,el1 which1 says ,parkhurst1 in his ,hebrew ,lexicon1 was the very name the heathens gave to their god ,,sol1 their ,lord or ,ruler of the ,hosts of ,heaven1 was called ,the ,preserver 7or ,saviour7 of the ,world1 for the benefit of which he offered a mystical sacrifice4#dhd3c ,the crucified ,iao 7,divine ,love personified7 is the crucified ,adonis1 the ,sun4 ,the ,lord and ,saviour ,adonis was called ,iao4#dhd3d ,osiris1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 was crucified in the heavens4 ,to the ,egyptian the cross was the symbol of immortality1 an emblem of the ,sun1 and the god himself was crucified to the tree1 which denoted his fructifying power4#dhd3e ,horus was also crucified in the heavens4 ,he was represented1 like ,crishna and ,christ ,jesus1 with outstretched arms in the vault of heaven4#dhd3f ,the story of the crucifixion of ,prometheus was allegorical1 for ,prometheus was only a title of the ,,sun1 expressing providence or foresight1 wherefore his being crucified in the extremities of the earth1 signified originally no more than the restriction of the power of the ,,sun during the winter months4#dhd3g ,who was ,ixion1 bound on the wheel8 ,he was none other than the god ,sol1 crucified in the heavens4#dhd3h ,whatever be the origin of the name1 ,ixion is the ,sun of noonday1 crucified in the heavens1 whose four-spoked wheel1 in the words of ,pindar1 is seen whirling in the highest heaven4#dhd3i ,the wheel upon which ,ixion and criminals were said to have been extended was a cross1 although the name of the thing was dissembled among ,christians2 it was a ,st4 ,andrew's cross1 of which two spokes confined the arms1 and two the legs4 7,see ,fig4 ,no4 #ce47 ,the allegorical tales of the triumphs and misfortunes of the ,sun-gods of the ancient ,greeks and ,romans1 signify the alternate exertion of the generative and destructive attributes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #ce ,hercules is torn limb from limb2 and in this catastrophe we see the blood-red sunset which closes the career of ,hercules4#dhe3a ,the ,sun-god cannot rise to the life of the blessed gods until he has been slain4 ,the morning cannot come until the ,es who closed the previous day has faded away and died in the black abyss of night4 ,achilleus and ,meleagros represent alike the short-lived ,sun1 whose course is one of toil for others1 ending in an early death1 after a series of wonderful victories alternating with periods of darkness and gloom4#dhe3b ,in the tales of the ,trojan war1 it is related of ,achilleus that he expires at the ,skaian1 or western gates of the evening4 ,he is slain by ,paris1 who here appears as the ,pani1 or dark power1 who blots out the light of the ,sun from the heaven4#dhe3c ,we have also the story of ,adonis1 born of a virgin1 and known in the countries where he was worshiped as ,the ,saviour of ,mankind1 killed by the wild boar1 afterwards rose from the dead1 and ascended into heaven4 ,this ,adonis1 ,adonai--in ,hebrew ,my ,lord--is simply the ,sun4 ,he is crucified in the heavens1 put to death by the wild boar1 i4 e41 ,winter4 ,babylon called ,typhon or ,winter the boar2 they said he killed ,adonis or the fertile ,sun4#dhe3d ,the ,crucified ,dove worshiped by the ancients1 was none other than the crucified ,sun4 ,adonis was called the ,dove4 ,at the ceremonies in honor of his resurrection from the dead1 the devotees said1 ,hail to the ,dove6 the ,restorer of ,light4#dhe3e ,fig4 ,no4 #ce is the ,crucified ,dove as described by ,pindar1 the great lyric poet of ,greece1 born about #ebb ,b4 ,c4 ,we read in ,pindar1 7says the author of a learned work entitled ,nimrod17 of the venerable bird ,iynx bound to the wheel1 and of the pretended punishment of ,ixion4 ,but this rotation was really no punishment1 being1 as ,pindar saith1 voluntary1 and prepared by himself and for himself2 or if it was1 it was appointed in derision of his false pretensions1 whereby he gave himself out as the crucified spirit of the world4 ,the four spokes represent ,st4 ,andrew's cross1 adapted to the four limbs extended1 and furnish perhaps the oldest profane allusion to the crucifixion4 ,the same cross of ,st4 ,andrew was the ,taw1 which ,ezekiel commands them to mark upon the foreheads of the faithful1 as appears from all ,israelitish coins whereon that letter is engraved4 ,the same idea was familiar to ,lucian1 who calls ,t the letter of crucifixion4 ,certainly1 the veneration for the cross is very ancient4 ,iynx1 the bird of ,mautic inspiration1 bound to the four-legged wheel1 gives the notion of ,divine ,love crucified4 ,the wheel denotes the world1 of which she is the spirit1 and the cross the sacrifice made for that world4#dhf3a ,this ,divine ,love1 of whom ,nimrod speaks1 was ,the ,first-begotten ,son of the ,platonists4 ,the crucifixion of ,divine ,love is often found among the ,greeks4 ,inah or ,juno1 according to the ,iliad1 was bound with fetters1 and suspended in space1 between heaven and earth4 ,ixion1 ,prometheus1 ,apollo of ,miletus1 7anciently the greatest and most flourishing city of ,ionia1 in ,asia ,minor71 were all crucified4#dhf3b ,semi-,ramis was both a queen of unrivaled celebrity1 and also a goddess1 worshiped under the form of a ,dove4 ,her name signifies the ,supreme ,dove4 ,she is said to have been slain by the last survivor of her sons1 while others say1 she flew away as a bird--a ,dove4 ,in both ,grecian and ,hindoo histories this mystical queen ,semiramis is said to have fought a battle on the banks of the ,indus1 with a king called ,staurobates1 in which she was defeated1 and from which she flew away in the form of a ,dove4 ,of this ,nimrod says3 ,the name ,staurobates1 the king by whom ,semiramis was finally overpowered1 alluded to the cross on which she perished1 and that1 the crucifixion was made into a glorious mystery by her infatuated adorers4#dhf3c ,here again we have the crucified ,dove1 the ,sun1 for it is well known that the ancients personified the ,sun female as well as male4 ,we have also the fable of the ,crucified ,rose1 illustrated in the jewel of the ,rosicrucians4 ,the jewel of the ,rosicrucians is formed of a transparent red stone1 with a red cross on one side1 and a red rose on the other--thus it is a crucified rose4 ,the ,rossi1 or ,rosy-crucians' idea concerning this emblematic red cross1 says ,hargrave ,jennings1 in his ,history of the ,rosicrucians1 probably came from the fable of ,adonis--who was the ,sun whom we have so often seen crucified--being changed into a red rose by ,venus4#dhg3a ,the emblem of the ,templars is a red rose on a cross4 ,when it can be done1 it is surrounded with a glory1 and placed on a calvary 7,fig4 ,no4 #cf74 ,this is the ,naurutz1 ,natsir1 or ,rose of ,isuren1 of ,tamul1 or ,sharon1 or the ,water ,rose1 the ,lily ,padma1 ,pena1 ,lotus1 crucified in the heavens for the salvation of man4#dhg3b ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #cf4 ,christ ,jesus was called the ,,rose--the ,rose of ,sharon--of ,isuren4 ,he was the renewed incarnation of ,divine ,wisdom4 ,he was the son of ,maia or ,maria4 ,he was the ,rose of ,sharon and the ,lily of the ,valley1 which bloweth in the month of his mother ,maia4 ,thus1 when the angel ,gabriel gives the salutation to the ,virgin1 he presents her with the lotus or lily2 as may be seen in hundreds of old pictures in ,italy4 ,we see therefore that ,adonis1 the ,lord1 the ,virgin-born1 the ,crucified1 the ,resurrected ,dove1 the ,restorer of ,light1 is one and the same with the ,rose of ,sharon1 the crucified ,christ ,jesus4 ,plato 7#dbi ,b4 ,c47 in his ,pimus1 philosophizing about the ,son of ,god1 says3 ,the next power to the ,supreme ,god was decussated or figured in the shape of a cross on the universe4 ,this brings to recollection the doctrine of certain so-called ,christian heretics1 who maintained that ,christ ,jesus was crucified in the heavens4 ,the ,chrstos was the ,logos1 the ,sun was the manifestation of the ,logos or ,wisdom to men2 or1 as it was held by some1 it was his peculiar habitation4 ,the ,sun being crucified at the time of the winter solstice was represented by the young man slaying the ,bull 7an emblem of the ,sun7 in the ,mithraic ceremonies1 and the slain lamb at the foot of the cross in the ,christian ceremonies4 ,the ,chrest was the ,logos1 or ,divine ,wisdom1 or a portion of divine wisdom incarnate2 in this sense he is really the ,sun or the solar power incarnate1 and to him everything applicable to the ,sun will apply4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #cg ,fig4 ,no4 #cg1 taken from ,mr4 ,lundy's ,monumental ,christianity1 is evidently a representation of the ,christian ,saviour crucified in the heavens4 ,mr4 ,lundy calls it ,crucifixion in ,space1 and believes that it was intended for the ,hindoo ,saviour ,crishna1 who is also represented crucified in space 7,see ,fig4 ,no4 #h1 ,ch4 ,,xx474 ,this 7,fig4 #cg7 is exactly in the form of a ,romish crucifix1 but not fixed to a piece of wood1 though the legs and feet are put together in the usual way4 ,there is a glory over it1 coming from above1 not shining from the figure1 as is generally seen in a ,roman crucifix4 ,it has a pointed ,parthian coronet instead of a crown of thorns4 ,all the avatars1 or incarnations of ,vishnu1 are painted with ,ethiopian or ,parthian coronets4 ,for these reasons the ,christian author will not own that it is a representation of the ,true ,son of ,justice1 for he was not crucified in space2 but whether it was intended to represent ,crishna1 ,wittoba1 or ,jesus1#dhh3a it tells a secret3 it shows that some one was represented crucified in the heavens1 and undoubtedly has something to do with ,the next power to the ,supreme ,god1 who1 according to ,plato1 was decussated or figured in the shape of a cross on the universe4 ,who was the crucified god whom the ancient ,romans worshiped1 and whom they1 according to ,justin ,martyr1 represented as a man on a cross8 ,can we doubt1 after what we have seen1 that he was this same crucified ,sol1 whose birthday they annually celebrated on the #beth of ,december8 ,in the poetical tales of the ancient ,scandinavians1 the same legend is found4 ,frey1 the ,deity of the ,sun1 was fabled to have been killed1 at the time of the winter solstice1 by the same boar who put the god ,adonis to death1 therefore a boar was annually offered to him at the great feast of ,yule4#dhi3a ,baldur the ,good1 son of the supreme god ,odin1 and the virgin-goddess ,frigga1 was also put to death by the sharp thorn of winter4 ,the ancient ,mexican crucified ,saviour1 ,quetzalcoatle1 another personification of the ,sun1 was sometimes represented as crucified in space1 in the heavens1 in a circle of nineteen figures1 the number of the metonic cycle4 ,a serpent 7the emblem of evil1 darkness1 and winter7 is depriving him of the organs of generation4#dhi3b ,we have seen in ,chapter ,,xxxiii4 that ,christ ,jesus1 and many of the heathen saviours1 healers1 and preserving gods1 were represented in the form of a ,serpent4 ,this is owing to the fact that1 in one of its attributes1 the ,serpent was an emblem of the ,sun4 ,it may1 at first1 appear strange that the ,serpent should be an emblem of evil1 and yet also an emblem of the beneficent divinity2 but1 as ,prof4 ,renouf remarks1 in his ,hibbert ,lectures1 ,the moment we understand the nature of a myth1 all impossibilities1 contradictions1 and immoralities disappear4 ,the serpent is an emblem of evil when represented with his deadly sting2 he is the emblem of eternity when represented casting off his skin2#dhi3c and an emblem of the ,sun when represented with his tail in his mouth1 thus forming a circle4#dhi3d ,thus there came to be1 not only good1 but also bad1 serpents1 both of which are referred to in the narrative of the ,hebrew exodus1 but still more clearly in the struggle between the good and the bad serpents of ,persian mythology1 which symbolized ,ormuzd1 or ,mithra1 and the evil spirit ,ahriman4#dhi3e ,as the ,dove and the ,rose1 emblems of the ,sun1 were represented on the cross1 so was the ,serpent4#dhi3f ,the famous ,brazen ,serpent1 said to have been set up by ,moses in the wilderness1 is called in the ,targum 7the general term for the ,aramaic versions of the ,old ,testament7 the ,,saviour4 ,it was probably a serpentine crucifix1 as it is called a cross by ,justin ,martyr4 ,the crucified serpent 7,fig4 ,no4 #ch7 denoted the quiescent ,phallos1 or the ,sun after it had lost its power4 ,it is the ,sun in winter1 crucified on the tree1 which denoted its fructifying power4#dij3a ,as ,mr4 ,wake remarks1 ,there can be no doubt that both the ,pillar 7,phallus7 and the ,serpent were associated with many of the ,sun-gods of antiquity4#dij3b ,this is seen in ,fig4 ,no4 #ci1 taken from an ancient medal1 which represents the serpent with rays of glory surrounding his head4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #ch ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #ci ,the ,ophites1 who venerated the serpent as an emblem of ,christ ,jesus1 are said to have maintained that the serpent of ,genesis--who brought wisdom into the world--was ,christ ,jesus4 ,the brazen serpent was called the ,,word by the ,chaldee paraphrast4 ,the ,word1 or ,logos1 was ,divine ,wisdom1 which was crucified2 thus we have the cross1 or ,linga1 or ,phallus1 with the serpent upon it4 ,besides considering the serpent as the emblem of ,christ ,jesus1 or of the ,logos1 the ,ophites are said to have revered it as the cause of all the arts of civilized life4 ,in ,chapter ,,xii4 we saw that several illustrious females were believed to have been selected and impregnated by the ,holy ,ghost4 ,in some cases1 a serpent was supposed to be the form which it assumed4 ,this was the incarnation of the ,logos4 ,the serpent was held in great veneration by the ancients1 who1 as we have seen1 considered it as the symbol of the beneficent ,deity1 and an emblem of eternity4 ,as such it has been variously expressed on ancient sculptures and medals in various parts of the globe4 ,although generally1 it did not always1 symbolize the god ,sun1 or the power of which the ,sun is an emblem2 but1 invested with various meanings1 it entered widely into the primitive mythologies4 ,as ,mr4 ,squire observes3 ,it typified wisdom1 power1 duration1 the good and evil principles1 life1 reproduction--in short1 in ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,greece1 ,india1 ,china1 ,scandinavia1 ,america1 everywhere on the globe1 it has been a prominent emblem4#dia3a ,the serpent was the symbol of ,vishnu1 the preserving god1 the ,saviour1 the ,sun4#dia3b ,it was an emblem of the ,sun-god ,buddha1 the ,angel-,messiah4#dia3c ,the ,egyptian ,sun-god ,osiris1 the ,saviour1 is associated with the snake4#dia3d ,the ,persian ,mithra1 the ,mediator1 ,redeemer1 and ,saviour1 was symbolized by the serpent4#dia3e ,the ,phenicians represented their beneficent ,sun-god ,agathodemon1 by a serpent4#dia3f ,the serpent was1 among the ,greeks and ,romans1 the emblem of a beneficent genius4 ,antipator of ,sidon1 calls the god ,ammon1 the ,renowned ,serpent4#dia3g ,the ,grecian ,hercules--the ,sun-god--was symbolized as a serpent2 and so was sculapius and ,apollo4 ,the ,hebrews1 who1 as we have seen in ,chapter ,,xi41 worshiped the god ,sol1 represented him in the form of a serpent4 ,this is the seraph--spoken of above--as set up by ,moses 7,num4 xxi4 #c7 and worshiped by the children of ,israel4 ,,se ,,ra ,,ph is the singular of seraphim1 meaning ,semilic--splendor1 fire1 light--emblematic of the fiery disk of the ,sun1 and which1 under the name of ,nehush-tan1 ,serpent-dragon1 was broken up by the reforming ,hezekiah4 ,the principal god of the ,aztecs was ,tonac-atlcoatl1 which means the ,serpent ,sun4#dia3h ,the ,mexican virgin-born ,lord and ,saviour1 ,quetzalcoatle1 was represented in the form of a serpent4 ,in fact1 his name signifies ,feathered ,serpent4 ,quetzalcoatle was a personification of the ,sun4#dia3i ,under the aspect of the active principle1 we may rationally connect the ,serpent and the ,sun1 as corresponding symbols of the reproductive or creative power4 ,figure ,no4 #dj is a symbolical sign1 representing the disk of the ,sun encircled by the serpent ,uraeus1 meaning the ,,king ,,sun1 or ,,royal ,,sun1 as it often surmounts the persons of ,egyptian monarchs1 confirmed by the emblem of ,,life depending from the serpent's neck4#dib3a ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #dj ,the mysteries of ,osiris1 ,isis1 and ,horus1 in ,egypt2 ,atys and ,cybele1 in ,phrygia2 ,ceres and ,proserpine1 at ,eleusis2 of ,venus and ,adonis1 in ,phenicia2 of ,bona ,dea and ,priapus1 in ,rome1 are all susceptible of one explanation4 ,they all set forth and illustrated1 by solemn and impressive rites1 and mystical symbols1 the grand phenomenon of nature1 especially as connected with the creation of things and the perpetuation of life4 ,in all1 it is worthy of remark1 the ,,serpent was more or less conspicuously introduced1 and always as symbolical of the invigorating or active energy of nature1 the ,,sun4 ,we have seen 7in ,chapter ,,xx47 that in early ,christian art ,christ ,jesus also was represented as a crucified ,lamb4 ,this crucified lamb is the ,lamb of ,god taking away the sins of the world1 and slain from the foundation of the world4#dib3b ,in other words1 the crucified lamb typifies the crucified ,sun1 for the lamb was another symbol of the ,sun1 as we shall presently see4 ,we find1 then1 that the stories of the crucifixions of the different so-called ,,saviours of mankind all melt into ,,one1 and that they are allegorical1 for ,saviour was only a title of the ,sun1#dib3c and his being put to death on the cross1 signifies no more than the restriction of the power of the ,sun in the winter quarter4 ,with ,justin ,martyr1 then1 we can say3 ,there exists not a people1 whether ,greek or barbarian1 or any other race of men1 by whatsoever appellation or manners they may be distinguished1 however ignorant of arts or agriculture1 whether they dwell under the tents1 or wander about in crowded wagons1 among whom prayers are not offered up in the name of ,a ,,crucified ,,saviour#dic3a to the ,father and creator of all things4#dic3b #i4 ,and many women were there beholding afar off4#dic3c ,the tender mother who had watched over him at his birth1 and the fair maidens whom he has loved1 will never forsake him4 ,they yet remain with him1 and while their tears drop on his feet1 which they kiss1 their voices cheer him in his last hour4 ,in these we have the ,dawn1 who bore him1 and the fair and beautiful lights which flush the ,eastern sky as the ,sun sinks or dies in the ,west4#dic3d ,their tears are the tears of dew1 such as ,es weeps at the death of her child4 ,all the ,sun-gods forsake their homes and virgin mothers1 and wander through different countries doing marvellous things4 ,finally1 at the end of their career1 the mother1 from whom they were parted long ago1 is by their side to cheer them in their last hours4#dic3e ,the ever-faithful women were to be found at the last scene in the life of ,buddha4 ,kasyapa having found the departed master's feet soiled and wet1 asked ,nanda the cause of it4 ,he was told that a weeping woman had embraced ,gautama's feet shortly before his death1 and that her tears had fallen on his feet and left the marks on them4#dic3f ,in his last hours1 ,o,edipous 7the ,sun7 has been cheered by the presence of ,antigone4#dic3g ,at the death of ,hercules1 ,iole 7the fair-haired ,dawn7 stands by his side1 cheering him to the last4 ,with her gentle hands she sought to soothe his pain1 and with pitying words to cheer him in his woe4 ,then once more the face of ,hercules flushed with a deep joy1 and he said3 ,ah1 ,iole1 brightest of maidens1 thy voice shall cheer me as ,i sink down in the sleep of death4 ,i saw and loved thee in the bright morning time1 and now again thou hast come1 in the evening1 fair as the soft clouds which gather around the dying ,sun4 ,the black mists were spreading over the sky1 but still ,hercules sought to gaze on the fair face of ,iole1 and to comfort her in her sorrow4 ,weep not1 ,iole1 he said1 my toil is done1 and now is the time for rest4 ,i shall see thee again in the bright land which is never trodden by the feet of night4 ,the same story is related in the legend of ,apollo4 ,the ,dawn1 from whom he parted in the early part of his career1 comes to his side at eventide1 and again meets him when his journey on earth has well nigh come to an end4#did3a ,when the ,lord ,prometheus was crucified on ,mt4 ,caucasus1 his especially professed friend1 ,oceanus1 the fisherman1 as his name1 ,petrus1 indicates1#did3b being unable to prevail on him to make his peace with ,jupiter1 by throwing the cause of human redemption out of his hands1#did3c forsook him and fled4 ,none remained to be witnesses of his dying agonies1 but the chorus of ever amiable and ever-faithful women1 which also bewailed and lamented him1 but were unable to subdue his inflexible philanthropy4#did3d #aj4 ,there was darkness all over the land4#did3e ,in the same manner ends the tale of the long toil and sorrows of other ,sun-gods4 ,the last scene exhibits a manifest return to the spirit of the solar myth4 ,he must not die the common death of all men1 for no disease or corruption can touch the body of the brilliant ,sun4 ,after a long struggle against the dark clouds who are arrayed against him1 he is finally overcome1 and dies4 ,blacker and blacker grow the evening shades1 and finally there is darkness on the face of the earth1 and the din of its thunder clashes through the air4#did3f ,it is the picture of a sunset in wild confusion1 of a sunset more awful1 yet not more sad1 than that which is seen in the last hours of many other ,sun-gods4#did3g ,it is the picture of the loneliness of the ,sun1 who sinks slowly down1 with the ghastly hues of death upon his face1 while none is nigh to cheer him save the ever-faithful women4 #aa4 ,he descended into hell4#did3h ,this is the ,sun's descent into the lower regions4 ,it enters the sign ,capricornus1 or the ,goat1 and the astronomical winter begins4 ,the days have reached their shortest span1 and the ,sun has reached his extreme southern limit4 ,the winter solstice reigns1 and the ,sun seems to stand still in his southern course4 ,for three days and three nights he remains in hell--the lower regions4#die3a ,in this respect ,christ ,jesus is like other ,sun-gods4#die3b ,in the ancient sagas of ,iceland1 the hero who is the ,sun personified1 descends into a tomb1 where he fights a vampire4 ,after a desperate struggle1 the hero overcomes1 and rises to the surface of the earth4 ,this1 too1 represents the ,sun in the northern realms1 descending into the tomb of winter1 and there overcoming the power of darkness4#die3c #ab4 ,he rose again from the dead1 and ascended into heaven4 ,resurrections from the dead1 and ascensions into heaven1 are generally acknowledged to be solar features1 as the history of many solar heroes agree in this particular4 ,at the winter solstice the ancients wept and mourned for ,tammuz1 the fair ,adonis1 and other ,sun-gods1 done to death by the boar1 or crucified--slain by the thorn of winter--and on the third day they rejoiced at the resurrection of their ,lord of ,light4#die3d ,with her usual policy1 the ,church endeavored to give a ,christian significance to the rites which they borrowed from heathenism1 and in this case1 the mourning for ,tammuz1 the fair ,adonis1 became the mourning for ,christ ,jesus1 and joy at the rising of the natural ,sun became joy at the rising of the ,sun of ,righteousness--at the resurrection of ,christ ,jesus from the grave4 ,this festival of the ,resurrection was generally held by the ancients on the #beth of ,march1 when the awakening of ,spring may be said to be the result of the return of the ,sun from the lower or far-off regions to which he had departed4 ,at the equinox--say1 the vernal--at ,easter1 the ,sun has been below the equator1 and suddenly rises above it4 ,it has been1 as it were1 dead to us1 but now it exhibits a resurrection4#dif3a ,the ,saviour rises triumphant over the powers of darkness1 to life and immortality1 on the #beth of ,march1 when the ,sun rises in ,aries4 ,throughout all the ancient world1 the resurrection of the god ,sol1 under different names1 was celebrated on ,march #beth1 with great rejoicings4#dif3b ,in the words of the ,rev4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,cox3 ,the wailing of the ,hebrew women at the death of ,tammuz1 the crucifixion and resurrection of ,osiris1 the adoration of the ,babylonian ,mylitta1 the ,sacti ministers of ,hindu temples1 the cross and crescent of ,isis1 the rites of the ,jewish altar of ,baal-,peor1 wholly preclude all doubt of the real nature of the great festivals and mysteries of ,phenicians1 ,jews1 ,assyrians1 ,egyptians1 and ,hindus4#dif3c ,all this was ,sun and ,nature worship1 symbolized by the ,linga and ,yoni4 ,as ,mr4 ,bonwick says3 ,the philosophic theist who reflects upon the story1 known from the walls of ,china1 across ,asia and ,europe1 to the plateau of ,mexico1 cannot resist the impression that no materialistic theory of it can be satisfactory4#dif3d ,allegory alone explains it4 ,the ,church1 at an early date1 selected the heathen festivals of ,sun worship for its own1 ordering the birth at ,christmas1 a fixed time1 and the resurrection at ,easter1 a varying time1 as in all ,pagan religions2 since1 though the ,sun rose directly after the vernal equinox1 the festival1 to be correct in a heathen point of view1 had to be associated with the new moon4#dif3e ,the ,christian1 then1 may well say3 ,when thou hadst overcome the sharpness of winter1 thou didst open the kingdom of heaven 7i4 e41 bring on the reign of summer71 to all believers4 #ac4 ,christ ,jesus is ,creator of all things4 ,we have seen 7in ,chapter ,,xxvi47 that it was not ,god the ,father1 who was supposed by the ancients to have been the ,creator of the world1 but ,god the ,son1 the ,redeemer and ,saviour of ,mankind4 ,now1 this ,redeemer and ,saviour was1 as we have seen1 the ,sun1 and ,prof4 ,max ,mller tells us that in the ,vedic mythology1 the ,sun is not the bright ,deva only1 who performs his daily task in the sky1 but he is supposed to perform much greater work4 ,he is looked upon1 in fact1 as the ,ruler1 as the ,establisher1 as the ,creator of the world4#dif3f ,having been invoked as the ,life-bringer1 the ,sun is also called--in the ,rig-,veda--the ,breath or ,life of all that move and rest2 and lastly he becomes ,the ,maker of all things1 by whom all the worlds have been brought together4#dig3a ,there is a prayer in the ,vedas1 called ,gayatree1 which consists of three measured lines1 and is considered the holiest and most efficacious of all their religious forms4 ,sir ,william ,jones translates it thus3 ,let us adore the supremacy of that spiritual ,sun1 the godhead1 who illuminates all1 who re-creates all1 from whom all proceed1 to whom all must return2 whom we invoke to direct our undertakings aright in our progress toward his holy seat4 ,with ,seneca 7a ,roman philosopher1 born at ,cordova1 ,spain1 #fa ,b4 ,c47 then1 we can say3 ,you may call the ,creator of all things by different names 7,bacchus1 ,hercules1 ,mercury1 etc471 but they are only different names of the same divine being1 the ,sun4 #ad4 ,he is to be ,judge of the quick and the dead4 ,who is better able than the ,sun to be the judge of man's deeds1 seeing1 as he does1 from his throne in heaven1 all that is done on earth8 ,the ,vedas speak of ,srya--the pervading1 irresistible luminary--as seeing all things and hearing all things1 noting the good and evil deeds of men4#dig3b ,according to ,hindoo mythology1 says ,prof4 ,max ,mller3 ,the ,sun sees everything1 both what is good and what is evil2 and how natural therefore that 7in the ,indian ,veda7 both the evil-doer should be told that the sun sees what no human eye may have seen1 and that the innocent1 when all other help fails him1 should appeal to the sun to attest his guiltlessness4 ,frequent allusion is made 7in the ,rig-,veda71 to the sun's power of seeing everything4 ,the stars flee before the all-seeing sun1 like thieves4 ,he sees the right and the wrong among men4 ,he who looks upon the world knows also the thoughts in all men4 ,as the sun sees everything and knows everything1 he is asked to forget and forgive what he alone has seen and knows4#dig3c ,on the most ancient ,egyptian monuments1 ,osiris1 the ,sun personified1 is represented as ,judge of the dead4 ,the ,egyptian ,book of the ,dead1 the oldest ,bible in the world1 speaks of ,osiris as seeing all things1 and hearing all things1 noting the good and evil deeds of men4 #ae4 ,he will come again sitting on a white horse4 ,the second coming of ,vishnu 7,crishna71 ,christ ,jesus1 and other ,sun-gods1 are also astronomical allegories4 ,the white horse1 which figures so conspicuously in the legend1 was the universal symbol of the ,sun among ,oriental nations4 ,throughout the whole legend1 ,christ ,jesus is the toiling ,sun1 laboring for the benefit of others1 not his own1 and doing hard service for a mean and cruel generation4 ,watch his sun-like career of brilliant conquest1 checked with intervals of storm1 and declining to a death clouded with sorrow and derision4 ,he is in constant company with his twelve apostles1 the twelve signs of the zodiac4#dih3a ,during the course of his life's journey he is called ,the ,god of ,earthly ,blessing1 ,the ,saviour through whom a new life springs1 ,the ,preserver1 ,the ,redeemer1 c4 ,almost at his birth the ,serpent of darkness attempts to destroy him4 ,temptations to sloth and luxury are offered him in vain4 ,he has his work to do1 and nothing can stay him from doing it1 as nothing can arrest the ,sun in his journey through the heavens4 ,like all other solar heroes1 he has his faithful women who love him1 and the ,marys and ,martha here play the part4 ,of his toils it is scarcely necessary to speak in detail4 ,they are but a thousand variations on the story of the great conflict which all the ,sun-gods wage against the demon of darkness4 ,he astonishes his tutor when sent to school4 ,this we might expect to be the case1 when an incomparable and incommunicable wisdom is the heritage of the ,sun4 ,he also represents the wisdom and beneficence of the bright ,being who brings life and light to men4 ,as the ,sun wakens the earth to life when the winter is done1 so ,crishna1 ,buddha1 ,horus1 sculapius1 and ,christ ,jesus were raisers of the dead4 ,when the leaves fell and withered on the approach of winter1 the daughter of the earth would be spoken of as dying or dead1 and1 as no other power than that of the ,sun can recall vegetation to life1 this child of the earth would be represented as buried in a sleep from which the touch of the ,sun alone could rouse her4 ,christ ,jesus1 then1 is the ,sun1 in his short career and early death4 ,he is the child of the ,dawn1 whose soft1 violet hues tint the clouds of early morn2 his father being the ,sky1 the ,heavenly ,father1 who has looked down with love upon the ,dawn1 and overshadowed her4 ,when his career on earth is ended1 and he expires1 the loving mother1 who parted from him in the morning of his life1 is at his side1 looking on the death of the ,son whom she cannot save from the doom which is on him1 while her tears fall on his body like rain at sundown4 ,from her he is parted at the beginning of his course2 to her he is united at its close4 ,but ,christ ,jesus1 like ,crishna1 ,buddha1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,mithras1 ,apollo1 ,atys and others1 rises again1 and thus the myth takes us a step beyond the legend of ,serpedon and others1 which stop at the end of the eastward journey1 when the night is done4 ,according to the ,christian calendar1 the birthday of ,john the ,baptist is on the day of the summer solstice1 when the sun begins to decrease4 ,how true to nature then are the words attributed to him in the fourth ,gospel1 when he says that he must decrease1 and ,jesus increase4 ,among the ancient ,teutonic nations1 fires were lighted1 on the tops of hills1 on the #bdth of ,june1 in honor of the ,,wending ,,sun4 ,this custom is still kept up in ,southern ,germany and the ,scotch highlands1 and it is the day selected by the ,roman ,catholic church to celebrate the nativity of ,john the ,baptist4#dii3a ,mosheim1 the ecclesiastical historian1 speaking of the uncertainty of the time when ,christ ,jesus was born1 says3 ,the uncertainty of this point is of no great consequence4 ,we know that the ,sun of ,righteousness has shone upon the world2 and although we cannot fix the precise period in which he arose1 this will not preclude us from enjoying the direction and influence of his vital and salutary beams4 ,these sacred legends abound with such expressions as can have no possible or conceivable application to any other than to the ,god of day4 ,he is a light to lighten the ,gentiles1 and to be the glory 7or brightness7 of his people4#dii3b ,he is come a light into the world1 that whosoever believeth in him should not abide in darkness4#dii3c ,he is the light of the world4#dii3d ,he is light1 and in him no darkness is4#dii3e ,lighten our darkness1 we beseech thee1 ,adonai1 and by thy great mercy defend us from all perils and dangers of this night4--,collect1 in ,evening ,service4 ,god of ,god1 light of light1 very ,god of very ,god4--,nicene ,creed4 ,merciful ,adonai1 we beseech thee to cast thy bright beams of light upon thy ,church4--,collect of ,st4 ,john4 ,to thee all angels cry aloud1 the heavens1 and all the powers therein4 ,heaven and earth are full of the majesty of thy glory 7or brightness74 ,the glorious company of the 7twelve months1 or7 apostles praise thee4 ,thou art the ,king of ,glory1 ,o ,christ6 ,when thou tookest upon thee to deliver man1 thou passest through the constellation1 or zodiacal sign--the ,virgin4 ,when thou hadst overcome the sharpness of winter1 thou didst open the kingdom of heaven 7i4 e41 bring on the reign of the summer months7 to all believers4 ,all are agreed1 says ,cicero1 that ,apollo is none other than the ,,sun1 because the attributes which are commonly ascribed to ,apollo do so wonderfully agree thereto4 ,just so surely as ,apollo is the ,sun1 so is the ,lord ,christ ,jesus the ,sun4 ,that which is so conclusive respecting the ,pagan deities1 applies also to the ,god of the ,christians2 but1 like the ,psalmist of old1 they cry1 ,touch not ,,my ,christ1 and do my prophets no harm4 ,many ,christian writers have seen that the history of their ,lord and ,saviour is simply the history of the ,sun1 but they either say nothing1 or1 like ,dr4 ,parkhurst and the ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lundy1 claim that the ,sun is a type of the true ,sun of ,righteousness4 ,mr4 ,lundy1 in his ,monumental ,christianity1 says3 ,is there no bright ,sun of ,righteousness--no personal and loving ,son of ,god1 of whom the material ,sun has been the type or symbol1 in all ages and among all nations8 ,what power is it that comes from the ,sun to give light and heat to all created things8 ,if the symbolical ,sun leads such a great earthly and heavenly flock1 what must be said to the true and only begotten ,son of ,god8 ,if ,apollo was adopted by early ,christian art as a type of the ,good ,shepherd of the ,new ,testament1 then this interpretation of the ,sun-god among all nations must be the solution of the universal mythos1 or what other solution can it have8 ,to what other historical personage but ,christ can it apply8 ,if this mythos has no spiritual meaning1 then all religion becomes mere idolatry1 or the worship of material things4#ejj3a ,mr4 ,lundy1 who seems to adhere to this once-upon-a-time favorite theory1 illustrates it as follows3 ,the young ,isaac is his 7,christ's7 ,hebrew type1 bending under the wood1 as ,christ fainted under the cross2 ,daniel is his type1 stripped of all earthly fame and greatness1 and cast naked into the deepest danger1 shame and humiliation4 ,noah is his type1 in saving men from utter destruction1 and bringing them across the sea of death to a new world and a new life4 ,orpheus is a type of ,christ4 ,agni and ,crishna of ,india2 ,mithra of ,persia2 ,horus and ,apollo of ,egypt1 are all types of ,christ4 ,samson carrying off the gates of ,gaza and defeating the ,philistines by his own death1 was considered as a type of ,christ bursting open and carrying away the gates of ,hades1 and conquering ,his and our enemies by his death and resurrection4#eja3a ,according to this theory1 the whole ,pagan religion was typical of ,christ and ,christianity4 ,why then were not the ,pagans the ,lord's chosen people instead of the children of ,israel8 ,the early ,christians were charged with being a sect of ,sun worshipers4#eja3b ,the ancient ,egyptians worshiped the god ,serapis1 and ,serapis was the ,sun4 ,fig4 ,no4 #aa1 page #aid1 shows the manner in which ,serapis was personified4 ,it might easily pass for a representation of the ,sun-god of the ,christians4 ,mr4 ,king says1 in his ,gnostics1 and their ,remains3 ,there can be no doubt that the head of ,serapis1 marked as the face is by a grave and pensive majesty1 supplied the first idea for the conventional portraits of the ,saviour4#eja3c ,the ,imperial ,russian ,collection boasts of a head of ,christ ,jesus which is said to be very ancient4 ,it is a fine intaglio on emerald4 ,mr4 ,king says of it3 ,it is in reality a head of ,serapis1 seen in front and crowned with ,persia boughs1 easily mistaken for thorns1 though the bushel on the head leaves no doubt as to the real personage intended4#eja3d ,it must not be forgotten1 in connection with this1 that the worshipers of ,serapis1 or the ,sun1 were called ,christians4#eja3e ,mrs4 ,jameson1 speaking on this subject1 says3 ,we search in vain for the lightest evidence of his 7,christ's7 human1 individual semblance1 in the writing of those disciples who knew him so well4 ,in this instance the instincts of earthly affection seem to have been mysteriously overruled4 ,he whom all races of men were to call brother1 was not to be too closely associated with the particular lineaments of any one4 ,st4 ,john1 the beloved disciple1 could lie on the breast of ,jesus with all the freedom of fellowship1 but not even he has left a word to indicate what manner of man was the ,divine ,master after the flesh4 4 4 4 ,legend has1 in various form1 supplied this natural craving1 but it is hardly necessary to add1 that all accounts of pictures of our ,lord taken from ,himself are without historical foundation4 ,we are therefore left to imagine the expression most befitting the character of him who took upon himself our likeness1 and looked at the woes and sins of mankind through the eyes of our mortality4#eja3f ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,geikie says1 in his ,life of ,christ3 ,no hint is given in the ,new ,testament of ,christ's appearance2 and the early ,church1 in the absence of all guiding facts1 had to fall back on imagination4 ,in its first years1 the ,christian church fancied its ,lord's visage and form marred more than those of other men2 and that he must have had no attractions of personal beauty4 ,justin ,martyr 7,a4 ,d4 #aej-afj7 speaks of him as without beauty or attractiveness1 and of mean appearance4 ,clement of ,alexandria 7,a4 ,d4 #bjj71 describes him as of an uninviting appearance1 and almost repulsive4 ,tertullian 7,a4 ,d4 #bjj-baj7 says he had not even ordinary human beauty1 far less heavenly4 ,origen 7,a4 ,d4 #bcj7 went so far as to say that he was 'small in body and deformed'1 as well as low-born1 and that1 'his only beauty was in his soul and life4'#ejb3a ,one of the favorite ways finally1 of depicting him1 was1 as ,mr4 ,lundy remarks3 ,under the figure of a beautiful and adorable youth1 of about fifteen or eighteen years of age1 beardless1 with a sweet expression of countenance1 and long and abundant hair flowing in curls over his shoulders4 ,his brow is sometimes encircled by a diadem or bandeau1 like a young priest of the ,pagan gods2 that is1 in fact1 the favorite figure4 ,on sculptured sarcophagi1 in fresco paintings and ,mosaics1 ,christ is thus represented as a graceful youth1 just as ,apollo was figured by the ,pagans1 and as angels are represented by ,christians4#ejb3b ,thus we see that the ,christians took the paintings and statues of the ,sun-gods ,serapis and ,apollo as models1 when they wished to represent their ,saviour4 ,that the former is the favorite at the present day need not be doubted when we glance at ,fig4 ,no4 #aa1 page #aid4 ,mr4 ,king1 speaking of this god1 and his worshipers1 says3 ,there is very good reason to believe that in the ,east the worship of ,serapis was at first combined with ,christianity1 and gradually merged into it with an entire change of name1 not substance1 carrying with it many of its ancient notions and rites4#ejb3c ,again he says3 ,in the second century the syncretistic sects that had sprung up in ,alexandria1 the very hotbed of ,gnosticism1 found out in ,serapis a prophetic type of ,christ1 or the ,lord and ,creator of all4#ejb3d ,the early ,christians1 or worshipers of the ,sun1 under the name of ,christ1 had1 as all ,sun-worshipers1 a peculiar regard to the ,east--the quarter in which their god rose--to which point they ordinarily directed their prayers4#ejb3e ,the followers of ,mithra always turned towards the ,east1 when they worshiped2 the same was done by the ,brahmans of the ,east1 and the ,christians of the ,west4 ,in the ceremony of baptism1 the catechumen was placed with his face to the ,west1 the symbolical representation of the prince of darkness1 in opposition to the ,east1 and made to spit towards it at the evil one1 and renounce his works4 ,tertullian says1 that ,christians were taken for worshipers of the ,sun because they prayed towards the ,east1 after the manner of those who adored the ,sun4 ,the ,essenes--whom ,eusebius calls ,christians--always turned to the east to pray4 ,the ,essenes met once a week1 and spent the night in singing hymns1 c41 which lasted till sun-rising4 ,as soon as dawn appeared1 they retired to their cells1 after saluting one another4 ,pliny says the ,christians of ,bithynia met before it was light1 and sang hymns to ,christ1 as to a ,god4 ,after their service they saluted one another4 ,surely the circumstances of the two classes of people meeting before daylight1 is a very remarkable coincidence4 ,it is just what the ,persian ,magi1 who were ,sun worshipers1 were in the habit of doing4 ,when a ,manichan ,christian came over to the orthodox ,christians1 he was required to curse his former friends in the following terms3 ,i curse ,zarades 7,zoroaster87 who1 ,manes said1 had appeared as a god before his time among the ,indians and ,persians1 and whom he calls the ,sun4 ,i curse those who say ,christ is the ,sun1 and who make prayers to the ,sun1 and who do not pray to the true ,god1 only towards the ,east1 but who turn themselves round1 following the motions of the ,sun with their innumerable supplications4 ,i curse those person who say that ,zarades and ,budas and ,christ and the ,sun are all one and the same4 ,there are not many circumstances more striking than that of ,christ ,jesus being originally worshiped under the form of a ,,lamb--the actual ,lamb of ,god1 which taketh away the sins of the world4 ,as we have already seen 7in ,chap4 ,,xx471 it was not till the ,council of ,constantinople1 called ,in ,trullo1 held so late as the year #gjg1 that pictures of ,christ ,jesus were ordered to be drawn in the form of a man4 ,it was ordained that1 in the place of the figure of a ,,lamb1 the symbol used to that time1 the figure of a man nailed to a cross1 should in future be used4#ejc3a ,from this decree1 the identity of the worship of the ,celestial ,lamb and the ,christian ,saviour is certified beyond the possibility of doubt1 and the mode by which the ancient superstitions were propagated is satisfactorily shown4 ,nothing can more clearly prove the general practice than the order of a council to regulate it4 ,the worship of the constellation of ,aries was the worship of the ,sun in his passage through that sign4 ,this constellation was called by the ancients the ,lamb of ,god4 ,he was also called the ,saviour1 and was said to save mankind from their sins4 ,he was always honored with the appellation of ,dominus or ,lord4 ,he was called ,the ,lamb of ,god which taketh away the sins of the world4 ,the devotees addressed him in their litany1 constantly repeating the words1 ',o ,lamb of ,god1 that taketh away the sins of the world1 have mercy upon us4 ,grant us thy peace4' ,on an ancient medal of the ,phenicians1 brought by ,dr4 ,clark from ,citium 7and described in his ,travels1 vol4 ii4 ch4 xi47 this ,lamb of ,god is described with the ,,cross and the ,,rosary1 which shows that they were both used in his worship4 ,yearly the ,,sun-,,god1 as the zodiacal horse 7,aries7 was supposed by the ,vedic ,aryans to die to save all flesh4 ,hence the practice of sacrificing horses4 ,the guardian spirits of the prince ,sakya ,buddha sing the following hymn3 ,once when thou wast the white horse1#ejd3a ,in pity for the suffering of man1 ,thou didst fly across heaven to the region of the evil demons1 ,to secure the happiness of mankind4 ,persecutions without end1 ,revilings and many prisons1 ,death and murder2 ,these hast thou suffered with love and patience1 ,forgiving thine executioners4#ejd3b ,we have seen1 in ,chapter ,,xxxiii41 that ,christ ,jesus was also symbolized as a ,fish1 and that it is to be seen on all the ancient ,christian monuments4 ,but what has the ,christian ,saviour to do with a ,fish8 ,why was he called a ,fish8 ,the answer is1 because the fish was another emblem of the ,,sun4 ,abarbanel says3 ,the sign of his 7,christ's7 coming is the junction of ,saturn and ,jupiter1 in the ,sign ,pisces4#ejd3c ,applying the astronomical emblem of ,pisces to ,jesus1 does not seem more absurd than applying the astronomical emblem of the ,lamb4 ,they applied to him the monogram of the ,sun1 ,,ihs1 the astronomical and alchemical sign of ,aries1 or the ram1 or ,lamb ,symbol3 ,aries2 and1 in short1 what was there that was ,heathenish that they have not applied to him8 ,the preserving god ,vishnu1 the ,sun1 was represented as a fish1 and so was the ,syrian ,sun-god ,dagon1 who was also a ,preserver or ,saviour4 ,the ,fish was sacred among many nations of antiquity1 and is to be seen on their monuments4 ,thus we see that everything at last centres in the ,,sun4 ,constantine1 the first ,christian emperor1 had on his coins the figure of the ,sun1 with the legend3 ,to the ,invincible ,sun1 my companion and guardian1 as being a representation1 says ,mr4 ,king1 either of the ancient ,phoebus1 or the new ,sun of ,righteousness1 equally acceptable to both ,christian and ,gentile1 from the double interpretation of which the type was susceptible4#eje3a ,the worship of the ,sun1 under the name of ,mithra1 long survived in ,rome1 under the ,christian emperors1 and1 doubtless1 much longer in the remoter districts of the semi-independent provinces4#eje3b ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #da ,christ ,jesus is represented with a halo of glory surrounding his head1 a florid complexion1 long golden locks of hair1 and a flowing robe4 ,now1 all ,sun-gods1 from ,crishna of ,india 7,fig4 ,no4 #da7 to ,baldur of ,scandinavia1 are represented with a halo of glory surrounding their heads1 and the flowing locks of golden hair1 and the flowing robe1 are not wanting4#eje3c ,by a process of metaphor1 the rays of the ,sun were changed into golden hair1 into spears and lances1 and robes of light4 ,from the shoulders of ,phoibus ,lykgenes1 the light-born1 flow the sacred locks over which no razor might pass4 ,on the head of ,nisos1 as on that of ,samson1 they became a palladium invested with a mysterious power4 ,from ,helios1 the ,sun1 who can scorch as well as warm1 comes the robe of ,medeia1 which appears in the poisoned garments of ,deianeira4#ejf3a ,we see1 then1 that ,christ ,jesus1 like ,christ ,buddha1#ejf3b ,crishna1 ,mithra1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,apollo1 ,hercules and others1 is none other than a personification of the ,sun1 and that the ,christians1 like their predecessors the ,pagans1 are really ,sun worshipers4 ,it must not be inferred1 however1 that we advocate the theory that no such person as ,jesus of ,nazareth ever lived in the flesh4 ,the man ,jesus is evidently an historical personage1 just as the ,sakaya prince ,buddha1 ,cyrus1 ,king of ,persia1 and ,alexander1 ,king of ,macedonia1 are historical personages2 but the ,christ ,jesus1 the ,christ ,buddha1 the mythical ,cyrus1 and the mythical ,alexander1 never lived in the flesh4 ,the ,sun-myth has been added to the histories of these personages1 in a greater or less degree1 just as it has been added to the history of many other real personages4 ,if it be urged that the attribution to ,christ ,jesus of qualities or powers belonging to the ,pagan deities would hardly seem reasonable1 the answer must be that nothing is done in his case which has not been done in the case of almost every other member of the great company of the gods4 ,the tendency of myths to reproduce themselves1 with differences only of names and local coloring1 becomes especially manifest after perusing the legendary histories of the gods of antiquity4 ,it is a fact demonstrated by history1 that when one nation of antiquity came in contact with another1 they adopted each other's myths without hesitation4 ,after the ,jews had been taken captives to ,babylon1 around the history of their ,king ,solomon accumulated the fables which were related of ,persian heroes4 ,when the fame of ,cyrus and ,alexander became known over the then known world1 the popular ,sun-myth was interwoven with their true history4 ,the mythical history of ,perseus is1 in all its essential features1 the history of the ,attic hero ,theseus1 and of the ,theban ,o,edipus1 and they all reappear with heightened colors in the myths of ,hercules4 ,we have the same thing again in the mythical and religious history of ,crishna2 it is1 in nearly all its essential features1 the history of ,buddha1 and reappears again1 with heightened colors1 in the history of ,christ ,jesus4 ,the myths of ,buddha and ,jesus differ from the legends of the other virgin-born ,saviours only in the fact that in their cases it has gathered round unquestionably historical personages4 ,in other words1 an old myth has been added to names undoubtedly historical4 ,but it cannot be too often repeated that from the myth we learn nothing of their history4 ,how much we really know of the man ,jesus will be considered in our next1 and last1 chapter4#ejg3a ,that his biography1 as recorded in the books of the ,new ,testament1 contains some few grains of actual history1 is all that the historian or philosopher can rationally venture to urge4 ,but the very process which has stripped these legends of all value as a chronicle of actual events has invested them with a new interest4 ,less than ever are they worthless fictions which the historian or philosopher may afford to despise4 ,these legends of the birth1 life1 and death of the ,sun1 present to us a form of society and a condition of thought through which all mankind had to pass before the dawn of history4 ,yet that state of things was as real as the time in which we live4 ,they who spoke the language of these early tales were men and women with joys and sorrows not unlike our own4 ,in the following verses of ,martianus ,capella1 the universal veneration for the ,sun is clearly shown3 ,latium invokes thee1 ,sol1 because thou alone art in honor1 after the ,father1 the centre of light2 and they affirm that thy sacred head bears a golden brightness in twelve rays1 because thou formest that number of months and that number of hours4 ,they say that thou guidest four winged steeds1 because thou alone rulest the chariot of the elements4 ,for1 dispelling the darkness1 thou revealest the shining heavens4 ,hence they esteem thee1 ,phoebus1 the discoverer of the secrets of the future2 or1 because thou preventest nocturnal crimes4 ,egypt worships thee as ,serapis1 and ,memphis as ,osiris4 ,thou art worshiped by different rites as ,mithra1 ,dis1 and the cruel ,typhon4 ,thou art alone the beautiful ,atys1 and the fostering son of the bent plough4 ,thou art the ,ammon of arid ,libya1 and the ,adonis of ,byblos4 ,thus under a varied appellation the whole world worship thee4 ,hail6 thou true image of the gods1 and of thy father's face6 thou whose sacred name1 surname1 and omen1 three letters make to agree with the number #fjh4ejg3b ,grant us1 oh ,father1 to reach the eternal intercourse of mind1 and to know the starry heaven under this sacred name4 ,may the great and universally adorable ,father increase these his favors4 ,,footnotes3 #dfg3a ,in the ,vedas1 the ,sun has twenty different names1 not pure equivalents1 but each term descriptive of the ,sun in one of its aspects4 ,it is brilliant 7,srya71 the friend 7,mitra71 generous 7,aryaman71 beneficent 7,bhaga71 that which nourishes 7,pshna71 the ,creator 7,tvashtar71 the master of the sky 7,divaspati71 and so on4 7,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 vol4 i4 p4 #aej47 #dfg3b ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfg4 #dfh3a ,preface to ,tales of ,anct4 ,greece4 #dfh3b ,see ,appendix ,b4 #dfi3a ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ea-ec4 #dgc3a ,mller3 ,origin of ,religions1 pp4 #bfd-bfh4 #dgc3b ,john1 i4 #i4 #dgc3c ,the ,christian ceremonies of the ,nativity are celebrated in ,bethlehem and ,rome1 even at the present time1 very early in the morning4 #dgd3a ,quoted by ,volney1 ,ruins1 p4 #aff1 and note4 #dgd3b ,see ,ibid4 and ,dupuis3 ,origin of ,religious ,belief1 p4 #bcf4 #dgd3c ,see ,chap4 ,,xxxiv4 #dgd3d ,the ,dawn was personified by the ancients--a virgin mother1 who bore the ,sun4 7,see ,max ,mller's ,chips1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acg4 ,fiske's ,myths and ,mythmakers1 p4 #aef1 and ,cox3 ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 and ,aryan ,mytho47 #dgd3e ,in ,sanscrit ,id is the ,earth1 the wife of ,dyaus 7the ,sky71 and so we have before us the mythical phrase1 the ,sun at its birth rests on the earth4 ,in other words1 the ,sun at birth is nursed in the lap of its mother4 #dgd3f ,the moment we understand the nature of a myth1 all impossibilities1 contradictions and immoralities disappear4 ,if a mythical personage be nothing more than a name of the ,sun1 his birth may be derived from ever so many different mothers4 ,he may be the son of the ,sky or of the ,dawn or of the ,sea or of the ,night4 7,renouf's ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #ajh47 #dgd3g ,the sign of the ,celestial ,virgin rises above the horizon at the moment in which we fix the birth of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 7,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cad1 and ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #adg47 ,we have in the first decade the ,sign of the ,virgin1 following the most ancient tradition of the ,persians1 the ,chaldeans1 the ,egyptians1 ,hermes and sculapius1 a young woman called in the ,persian language1 ,seclinidos de ,darzama2 in the ,arabic1 ,aderenedesa--that is to say1 a chaste1 pure1 immaculate virgin1 suckling an infant1 which some nations call ,jesus 7i4 e41 ,saviour71 but which we in ,greek call ,christ4 7,abulmazer47 ,in the first decade of the ,virgin1 rises a maid1 called in ,arabic1 ',aderenedesa1' that is3 'pure immaculate virgin1' graceful in person1 charming in countenance1 modest in habit1 with loosened hair1 holding in her hands two ears of wheat1 sitting upon an embroidered throne1 nursing a ,,boy1 and rightly feeding him in the place called ,hebraea4 ,a boy1 ,i say1 names ,,iessus by certain nations1 which signifies ,issa1 whom they also call ,christ in ,greek4 7,kircher1 ,o,edipus gypticus47 #dge3a ,max ,mller3 ,origin of ,religions1 p4 #bfa4 #dge3b ,ibid4 p4 #bcj4 #dge3c ,with scarcely an exception1 all the names by which the ,virgin goddess of the ,akropolis was known point to this mythology of the ,dawn4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbh47 #dge3d ,we also read in the ,vishnu ,purana that3 ,the ,sun of ,achyuta 7,god1 the ,imperishable7 rose in the dawn of ,devaki1 to cause the lotus petal of the universe 7,crishna7 to expand4 ,on the day of his birth the quarters of the horizon were irradiate with joy1 c4 #dge3e ,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aje1 and #acj1 vol4 ii4 #dge3f ,ibid4 p4 #acc4 ,see ,legends in ,chap4 ,,xvi4 #dge3g ,fiske3 ,myths and ,mythmakers1 p4 #aac4 #dgf3a ,renouf3 ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #aaa and #afa4 #dgf3b ,ibid4 p4 #afa and #agi4 #dgf3c ,ibid4 pp4 #agi4 #dgf3d ,see ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 pp4 xxxi4 and #hb4 #dgf3e ,the ,bull symbolized the productive force in nature1 and hence it was associated with the ,,sun-gods4 ,this animal was venerated by nearly all the peoples of antiquity4 7,wake3 ,phallism in ,anct4 ,religs41 p4 #de47 #dgf3f ,see ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 #dgg3a ,see ,chap4 ,,xxxii4 #dgg3b ,see ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 xviii4 #dgg3c ,the idea entertained by the ancients that these god-begotten heroes were engendered without any carnal intercourse1 and that they were the sons of ,jupiter1 is1 in plain language1 the result of the ethereal spirit1 i4 e41 the ,holy ,spirit1 operating on the virgin mother ,earth4 7,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #aef47 #dgg3d ,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 p4 #hg4 #dgg3e ,see ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bd1 and ,mller's ,chips1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bgg and #bij4 #dgg3f ,see ,bulfinch1 p4 #chi4 #dgg3g ,see ,renouf's ,hibbert ,lectures1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 #dgg3h ,manners of the ,germans1 p4 xi4 #dgh3a ,see ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 pp4 #ha1 #ii1 and #aff4 ,the ,moon was called by the ancients1 ,the ,queen2 ,the ,highest ,princess2 ,the ,queen of ,heaven2 ,the ,princess and ,queen of ,heaven2 c4 ,she was ,istar1 ,ashera1 ,diana1 ,artemis1 ,isis1 ,juno1 ,lucina1 ,astart4 7,goldzhier1 pp4 #aeh4 ,knight1 pp4 #ii1 #ajj47 ,in the beginning of the eleventh book of ,apuleius' ,metamorphosis1 ,isis is represented as addressing him thus3 ,i am present2 ,i who am ,nature1 the parent of things1 queen of all the elements1 c41 c4 ,the primitive ,phrygians called me ,pressinuntica1 the mother of the gods2 the native ,athenians1 ,ceropian ,minerva2 the floating ,cyprians1 ,paphian ,venus2 the arrow-bearing ,cretans1 ,dictymian ,diana2 the three-tongued ,sicilians1 ,stygian ,proserpine2 and the inhabitants of ,eleusis1 the ancient goddess ,ceres4 ,some again have invoked me as ,juno1 others as ,beliona1 others as ,hecate1 and others as ,rhamnusia3 and those who are enlightened by the emerging rays of the rising ,sun1 the ,ethiopians1 ,ariians and ,egyptians1 powerful in ancient learning1 who reverence my divinity with ceremonies perfectly proper1 call me by a true appellation1 ',queen ,isis4' 7,taylor's ,mysteries1 p4 #gf47 #dgh3b ,the ,god the ,father of all nations of antiquity was nothing more than a personification of the ,sky or the ,heavens4 ,the term ,heaven 7pronounced ,thien7 is used everywhere in the ,chinese classics for the ,supreme ,power1 ruling and governing all the affairs of men with an omnipotent and omniscient righteousness and goodness4 7,james ,legge47 ,in one of the ,chinese sacred books--the ,shu-king--,heaven and ,earth are called ,father and ,mother of all things4 ,heaven being the ,father1 and ,earth the ,mother4 7,taylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 pp4 #bid-bif47 ,the ,god the ,father of the ,indians is ,dyaus1 that is1 the ,sky4 7,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bd47 ,ormuzd1 the god of the ancient ,persians1 was a personification of the sky4 ,herodotus1 speaking of the ,persians1 says3 ,they are accustomed to ascend the highest part of the mountains1 and offer sacrifice to ,jupiter 7,ormuzd71 and they call the whole circle of the heavens by the name of ,jupiter4 7,herodotus1 book #a1 ch4 #aca47 ,in ,greek iconography ,zeus is the ,heaven4 ,as ,cicero says3 ,the refulgent ,heaven above is that which all men call1 unanimously1 ,jove4 ,the ,christian ,god supreme of the nineteenth century is still ,dyaus ,pitar1 the ,heavenly ,father4 #dgh3c ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bd4 #dgh3d ,mller3 ,origin of ,religions1 pp4 #bfa1 #bij4 #dgh3e ,renouf3 ,hibbert ,lectures1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 #dgh3f ,see ,note #b4 #dgh3g ,see ,cox3 ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 pp4 xxxi4 and #hb1 and ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi4 #dgi3a ,quoted by ,westropp3 ,phallic ,worship1 p4 #bd4 #dgi3b ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #ff4 ,in ,phenician ,mythology ,ouranos 7,heaven7 weds ,ghe 7the ,earth7 and by her becomes father of ,oceanus1 ,hyperon1 ,iapetus1 ,cronos1 and other gods4 7,phallic ,worship1 p4 #bf47 #dgi3c ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #fd4 #dgi3d ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 pp4 #hj1 #ic1 #id1 #djf1 #eaj1 #eaa4 #dhj3a ,see ,chap4 ,,xiv4 #dhj3b ,see ,dupuis3 ,orig4 ,relig4 ,belief1 p4 #bcd4 ,higgins' ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #if1 #ig1 and ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgb4 #dhj3c ,extracts from the ,vedas4 ,mller's ,chips1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #if and #ahg4 #dha3a ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 p4 #aec4 #dha3b ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acc4 #dha3c ,when ,christ ,jesus was born1 on a sudden there was a great light in the cave1 so that their eyes could not bear it4 7,protevangelion1 ,apoc4 ch4 xiv47 #dha3d ,perseus1 ,oidipous1 ,romulus and ,cyrus are doomed to bring ruin on their parents4 ,they are exposed in their infancy on the hill-side1 and rescued by a shepherd4 ,all the solar heroes begin life in this way4 ,whether1 like ,apollo1 born of the dark night 7,leto71 or like ,oidipous1 of the violet dawn 7,iokaste71 they are alike destined to bring destruction on their parents1 as the ,night and the ,dawn are both destroyed by the ,sun4 7,fiske3 p4 #aih47 #dha3e ,the exposure of the child in infancy represents the long rays of the morning sun resting on the hill-side4 7,fiske3 ,myths and ,mythmakers1 p4 #aih47 ,the ,sun-hero ,paris is exposed on the slopes of ,ida1 ,oidipous on the slopes of ,kithairon1 and sculapius on that of the mountain of ,myrtles4 ,this is the rays of the newly-born sun resting on the mountain-side4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fd and #hj47 ,in ,sanscrit ,ida is the ,earth1 and so we have the mythical phrase1 the ,sun at its birth is exposed on ,ida--the hill-side4 ,the light of the sun must rest on the hill-side long before it reaches the dells beneath4 7,see ,cox3 vol4 i4 p4 #bba1 and ,fiske3 p4 #aad47 #dhb3a ,even as late as the seventeenth century1 a ,german writer would illustrate a thunder-storm destroying a crop of corn1 by a picture of a dragon devouring the produce of the field with his flaming tongue and iron teeth4 7,see ,fiske3 ,myths and ,mythmakers1 p4 #ag1 and ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii47 #dhb3b ,the history of the ,saviour ,hercules is so similar to that of the ,saviour ,christ ,jesus1 that the learned ,dr4 ,parkhurst was forced to say1 ,the labors of ,hercules seem to have been originally designed as emblematic memorials of what the ,,real ,son of ,god1 the ,saviour of the world1 was to do and suffer for our sakes1 bringing a cure for all our ills1 as the ,orphic hymn speaks of ,hercules4 #dhb3c ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 pp4 #aeh1 #aff1 and #afh4 #dhb3d ,in ancient mythology1 all heroes of light were opposed by the ,old ,serpent1 the ,devil1 symbolized by ,serpents1 ,dragons1 ,sphinxes and other monsters4 ,the ,serpent was1 among the ancient ,eastern nations1 the symbol of ,evil1 of ,winter1 of ,darkness and of ,death4 ,it also symbolized the dark cloud1 which1 by harboring the rays of the ,sun1 preventing its shining1 and therefore1 is apparently attempting to destroy it4 ,the ,serpent is one of the chief mystic personifications of the ,rig-,veda1 under the names of ,ahi1 ,suchna1 and others4 ,they represent the ,cloud1 the enemy of the ,sun1 keeping back the fructifying rays4 ,indra struggles victoriously against him1 and spreads life on the earth1 with the shining warmth of the ,father of ,life1 the ,creator1 the ,sun4 ,buddha1 the ,lord and ,saviour1 was described as a superhuman organ of light1 to whom a superhuman organ of darkness1 ,mara1 the ,evil ,serpent1 was opposed4 ,he1 like ,christ ,jesus1 resisted the temptations of this evil one1 and is represented sitting on a serpent1 as if its conqueror4 7,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ci47 ,crishna also overcame the evil one1 and is represented bruising the head of the serpent1 and standing upon it4 7,see vol4 i4 of ,asiatic ,researches1 and vol4 ii4 of ,higgins' ,anacalypsis47 ,in ,egyptian ,mythology1 one of the names of the god-,sun was ,r4 ,he had an adversary who was called ,apap1 represented in the form of a serpent4 7,see ,renouf's ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #aji47 ,horus1 the ,egyptian incarnate god1 the ,mediator1 ,redeemer and ,saviour1 is represented in ,egyptian art as overcoming the ,evil ,serpent1 and standing triumphantly upon him4 7,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aeh1 and ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #djb47 ,osiris1 ,ormuzd1 ,mithras1 ,apollo1 ,bacchus1 ,hercules1 ,indra1 ,o,edipus1 ,quetzalcoatle1 and many other ,sun-gods1 overcame the ,evil ,one1 and are represented in the above described manner4 7,see ,cox's ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 xxvii4 and ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abi4 ,baring-,gould's ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bef4 ,bulfinch's ,age of ,fable1 p4 #cd4 ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 p4 x41 and ,kingsborough's ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #agf47 #dhc3a ,the crucifixion of the ,sun-gods is simply the power of ,darkness triumphing over the ,lord of ,light1 and ,winter overpowering the ,summer4 ,it was at the ,winter solstice that the ancients wept for ,tammuz1 the fair ,adonis1 and other ,sun-gods1 who were put to death by the boar1 slain by the thorn of winter4 7,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aac47 ,other versions of the same myth tell us of ,eurydike stung to death by the hidden serpent1 of ,sifrit smitten by ,hagene 7the ,thorn71 of ,isfendiyar slain by the thorn or arrow of ,rustem1 of ,achilleus vulnerable only in the heel1 of ,brynhild enfolded within the dragon's coils1 of ,meleagros dying as the torch of doom is burnt out1 of ,baldur1 the brave and pure1 smitten by the fatal mistletoe1 and of ,crishna and others being crucified4 ,in ,egyptian mythology1 ,set1 the destroyer1 triumphs in the ,west4 ,he is the personification of ,darkness and ,winter1 and the ,sun-god whom he puts to death1 is ,horus the ,saviour4 7,see ,renouf's ,hibbert ,lectures1 pp4 #aab-aae47 #dhc3b ,in the ,rig-,veda the god ,vishnu is often named as a manifestation of the ,solar energy1 or rather as a form of the ,sun4 7,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #cbb47 #dhc3c ,crishna says3 ,i am ,vishnu1 ,brahma1 ,indra1 and the source as well as the destruction of things1 the creator and the annihilator of the whole aggregate of existences4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aca47 #dhd3a ,see ,chap4 ,,xx4 #dhd3b ,indra1 who was represented as a crucified god1 is also the ,sun4 ,no sooner is he born than he speaks to his mother4 ,like ,apollo and all other ,sun-gods he has golden locks1 and like them he is possessed of an inscrutable wisdom4 ,he is also born of a virgin--the ,dawn4 ,crishna and ,indra are one4 7,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #hh and #cda2 vol4 ii4 p4 #aca47 #dhd3c ,wake3 ,phallism1 c41 p4 #ee4 #dhd3d ,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aac4 #dhd3e ,ibid4 pp4 #aae and #abe4 #dhd3f ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #aeg4 #dhd3g ,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #hh4 ,a great number of the ,solar heroes or ,sun-gods are forced to endure being bound1 which indicates the tied-up power of the sun in winter4 7,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mythology1 p4 #djf47 #dhd3h ,the ,sun1 as climbing the heights of heaven1 is an arrogant being1 given to making exorbitant claims1 who must be bound to the fiery cross4 ,the phrases which described the ,sun as revolving daily on his four-spoked cross1 or as doomed to sink in the sky when his orb had reached the zenith1 would give rise to the stories of ,ixion on his flaming wheel4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bg47 #dhd3i ,so was ,ixion bound on the fiery wheel1 and the sons of men see the flaming spokes day by day as it whirls in the high heaven4 #dhe3a ,cox3 ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 xxxii4 #dhe3b ,ibid4 p4 xxxiii4 #dhe3c ,that the story of the ,trojan war is almost wholly mythical1 has been conceded even by the stoutest champions of ,homeric unity4 7,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox47 #dhe3d ,see ,mller's ,science of ,religion1 p4 #ahf4 #dhe3e ,see ,calmet's ,fragments1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 #dhf3a ,nimrod3 vol4 i4 p4 #bgh1 in ,anac41 i4 p4 #ejc4 #dhf3b ,at ,miletus was the crucified ,apollo--,apollo1 who overcome the ,serpent or evil principle4 ,thus ,callimachus1 celebrating this achievement1 in his hymn to ,apollo1 has these remarkable words3 ,thee thy blest mother bore1 and pleased assign'd ,the willing ,,saviour of distressed mankind4 #dhf3c ,these words apply to ,christ ,jesus1 as well as ,semiramis1 according to the ,christian ,father ,ignatius4 ,in his ,epistle to the ,church at ,ephesus1 he says3 ,now the virginity of ,mary1 and he who was born of her1 was kept in secret from the prince of this world1 as was also the death of our ,lord3 three of the mysteries the most spoken of throughout the world1 yet done in secret by ,god4 #dhg3a ,the ,rosicrucians1 p4 #bfj4 #dhg3b ,ibid4 #dhh3a ,the ,sun-gods ,apollo1 ,indra1 ,wittoba or ,crishna1 and ,christ ,jesus1 are represented as having their feet pierced with nails 7,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bc1 and ,moor's ,hindu ,pantheon47 #dhi3a ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 pp4 #hg1 #hh4 #dhi3b ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb4 #dhi3c ,this notion is quite consistent with the ideas entertained by the ,phenicians as to the ,serpent1 which they supposed to have the quality of putting off its old age1 and assuming a second youth4 ,sanchoniathon3 7,quoted by ,wake3 ,phallism1 c41 p4 #dc47 #dhi3d ,une serpent qui tient sa queue dans sa gueule et dans le circle qu'il decrit1 ces trois lettres ,greques ,,greek ,,capital ,,letter ,,gamma,,greek ,,capital ,,letter ,,xi,,greek ,,capital ,,letter ,,epsilon1 qui sont le nombre #cfe4 ,le ,serpent1 qui est d'ordinaire un emblme de l'eternet est ici celui de ,soleil et des ses revolutions4 7,beausobre3 ,hist4 de ,manich4 tom4 ii4 p4 #ee4 ,quoted by ,lardner1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cgi47 ,this idea existed even in ,america4 ,the great century of the ,aztecs was encircled by a serpent grasping its own tail1 and the great calendar stone is entwined by serpents bearing human heads in their distended jaws4 ,the annual passage of the ,sun1 through the signs of the zodiac1 being in an oblique path1 resembles1 or at least the ancients thought so1 the tortuous movements of the ,serpent1 and the facility possessed by this reptile of casting off his skin and producing out of itself a new covering every year1 bore some analogy to the termination of the old year and the commencement of the new one4 ,accordingly1 all the ancient spheres--the ,persian1 ,indian1 ,egyptian1 ,barbaric1 and ,mexican--were surrounded by the figure of a serpent holding its tail in its mouth4 7,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #bdi47 #dhi3e ,wake3 ,phallism1 p4 #db4 #dhi3f ,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #abh4 #dij3a ,being the most intimately connected with the reproduction of life on earth1 the ,linga became the symbol under which the ,sun1 invoked with a thousand names1 has been worshiped throughout the world as the restorer of the powers of nature after the long sleep or death of ,winter4 ,in the brazen ,serpent of the ,pentateuch1 the two emblems of the ,cross and ,serpent1 the quiescent and energizing ,phallos1 are united4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aac-aah47 #dij3b ,wake3 ,phallism1 c41 p4 #fj4 #dia3a ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #aee4 #dia3b ,wake3 ,phallism in ,anct4 ,religs41 p4 #gb4 #dia3c ,ibid4 p4 #gc4 ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #aie4 #dia3d ,faber3 ,orig4 ,pagan ,idol41 in ,squire1 p4 #aeh4 #dia3e ,ibid4 #dia3f ,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #cge4 #dia3g ,ibid4 #dia3h ,squire3 p4 #afa4 #dia3i ,ibid4 p4 #ahe4 #dib3a ,squire3 p4 #afi4 #dib3b ,lundy3 ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #ahe4 #dib3c ,,saviour was a common title of the ,,sun-gods of antiquity4 7,wake3 ,phallism in ,anct4 ,religs41 p4 #ee47 ,the ancient ,greek writers speak of the ,sun1 as the ,generator and ,nourisher of all ,things2 the ,ruler of the ,world2 the ,first of the ,gods1 and the ,supreme ,lord of all ,beings4 7,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #cg47 ,pausanias 7#ejj ,b4 ,c47 speaks of ,the ,sun having the surname of ,,saviour4 7,ibid4 p4 #ih1 note47 ,there is a very remarkable figure copied in ,payne ,knight's ,work1 in which we see on a man's shoulders a cock's head1 whilst on the pediment are placed the words3 ,,the ,,saviour ,,of ,,the ,,world4 7,inman3 ,anct4 ,faiths1 vol4 i4 p4 #ecg47 ,this refers to the ,,sun4 ,the cock being the natural herald of the day1 he was therefore sacred1 among the ancients1 to the ,sun4 7,see ,knight3 ,anct4 ,art and ,mytho41 p4 #gj1 and ,lardner3 vol4 viii4 p4 #cgg47 #dic3a ,the name ,jesus is the same as ,joshua1 and signifies ,saviour4 #dic3b ,justin ,martyr3 ,dialog4 ,cum ,typho4 ,quoted in ,gibbon's ,rome1 vol4 i4 p4 #ehb4 #dic3c ,matt4 xxvii4 #ee4 #dic3d ,the ever-faithful woman who is always near at the death of the ,sun-god is the fair and tender light which sheds its soft hue over the ,eastern heaven as the ,sun sinks in death beneath the ,western waters4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc47 #dic3e ,see ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #hj4 #dic3f ,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #di4 #dic3g ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbc4 #did3a ,see ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 xxxi4 #did3b ,,petr,,us was an interchangeable synonym of the name ,oceanus4 #did3c ,then ,peter took him1 and began to rebuke him1 saying1 ,be it far from thee1 ,lord1 this shall not be unto thee4 7,matt4 xvi4 #bb47 #did3d ,see ,potter's schylus4 #did3e ,matt4 xxvii4 #de4 #did3f ,as the ,sun dies1 or sinks in the ,west1 blacker and blacker grows the evening shades1 till there is darkness on the face of the earth4 ,then from the high heavens comes down the thick clouds1 and the din of its thunder crashes through the air4 7,description of the death of ,hercules1 ,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 pp4 #fa1 #fb47 #did3g ,it ,is the battle of the clouds over the dead or dying ,sun1 which is to be seen in the legendary history of many ,sun-gods4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ia47 #did3h ,this was one of the latest additions of the ,sun-myth to the history of ,christ ,jesus4 ,this has been proved not only to have been an invention after the ,apostles' time1 but even after the time of ,eusebius 7,a4 ,d4 #cbe74 ,the doctrine of the descent into hell was not in the ancient creeds or rules of faith4 ,it is not to be found in the rules of faith delivered by ,irenus 7,a4 ,d4 #aij71 by ,origen 7,a4 ,d4 #bcj71 or by ,tertullian 7,a4 ,d4 #bjj-baj74 ,it is not expressed in those creeds which were made by the ,councils as larger explications of the ,apostles' ,creed2 not in the ,nicene1 or ,constantinopolitan2 not in those of ,ephesus1 or ,chalcedon2 not in those confessions made at ,sardica1 ,antioch1 ,selencia1 ,sirmium1 c4 #die3a ,at the end of his career1 the ,sun enters the lowest regions1 the bowels of the earth1 therefore nearly all ,sun-gods are made to descend into hell1 and remain there for three days and three nights1 for the reason that from the #bb;d to the #beth of ,december1 the ,sun apparently remains in the same place4 ,thus ,jonah1 a personification of the ,sun 7see ,chap4 ,,ix471 who remains three days and three nights in the bowels of the earth--typified by a fish--is made to pay3 ,out of the belly of hell cried ,i1 and thou heardst my voice4 #die3b ,see ,chapter ,,xxii4 #die3c ,baring-,gould3 ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bfj4 ,the mighty ,lord appeared in the form of a man1 and enlightened those places which had ever before been in darkness2 and broke asunder the fetters which before could not be broken2 and with his invincible power visited those who sat in the deep darkness by iniquity1 and the shadow of death by sin4 ,then the ,king of ,glory trampled upon ,death1 seized the ,prince of ,hell1 and deprived him of all his power4 7,description of ,christ's ,descent into ,hell4 ,nicodemus3 ,apoc47 #die3d ,the women weeping for ,tammuz was no more than expressive of the ,sun's loss of power in the winter quarter4 7,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #ajb4 ,see also1 ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aac47 ,after remaining for three days and three nights in the lowest regions1 the ,sun begins to ascend1 thus he rises from the dead1 as it were1 and ascends into heaven4 #dif3a ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #agd4 #dif3b ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj4 #dif3c ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abe4 #dif3d ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #ahb4 #dif3e ,ibid4 #dif3f ,origin of ,religions1 p4 #bfd4 #dig3a ,origin of ,religions1 p4 #bfh4 #dig3b ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 p4 #chd4 #dig3c ,origin of ,religion1 pp4 #bfd-bfh4 #dih3a ,the number twelve appears in many of the ,sun-myths4 ,it refers to the twelve hours of the day or night1 or the twelve moons of the lunar year4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 p4 #afe4 ,bonwick3 ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #age47 ,osiris1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 had twelve apostles4 7,bonwick1 p4 #age47 ,in all religions of antiquity the number twelve1 which applies to the twelve signs of the zodiac1 are reproduced in all kinds and sorts of forms4 ,for instance3 such are the twelve great gods2 the twelve apostles of ,osiris2 the twelve apostles of ,jesus2 the twelve sons of ,jacob1 or the twelve tribes2 the twelve altars of ,james2 the twelve labors of ,hercules2 the twelve shields of ,mars2 the twelve brothers ,arvaux2 the twelve gods ,consents2 the twelve governors in the ,manichean ,system2 the adectyas of the ,east ,indies2 the twelve asses of the ,scandinavians2 the city of the twelve gates in the ,apocalypse2 the twelve wards of the city2 the twelve sacred cushions1 on which the ,creator sits in the cosmogony of the ,japanese2 the twelve precious stones of the rational1 or the ornament worn by the high priest of the ,jews1 c41 c4 7,see ,dupuis1 pp4 #ci1 #dj47 #dii3a ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #eje4 #dii3b ,luke1 ii4 #cb4 #dii3c ,john1 xii1 #df4 #dii3d ,john1 ix4 v4 #dii3e ,i4 ,john1 i4 #e4 #ejj3a ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #aag4 #eja3a ,see ,monumental ,christianity1 pp4 #ahi1 #aia1 #aib1 #bch1 and #bif4 #eja3b ,see ,bonwick's ,egyptian ,belief1 p4 #bhc4 #eja3c ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #fh4 #eja3d ,ibid4 p4 #acg4 #eja3e ,see ,chapter ,,xx4 #eja3f ,hist4 of ,our ,lord in ,art1 vol4 i4 p4 #ca4 #ejb3a ,geikie3 ,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 p4 #aea4 #ejb3b ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #bca4 #ejb3c ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #dh4 #ejb3d ,ibid4 p4 #fh4 #ejb3e ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #ac4 #ejc3a ,following are the words of the decree now in the ,vatican library3 ,in quibusdam sanctorum imaginum picturis agnus exprimitur1 c4 ,nos igitur veteres figuras atque umbras1 et veritatis notas1 et signa ecclesi tradita1 complectentes1 gratiam1 et veritatem anteponimus1 quam ut plenitudinem legis acceptimus4 ,itaque id quod perfectum est1 in picturis etiam omnium oculis subjiciamus1 agnum illum qui mundi peccatum tollit1 ,christum ,deum nostrum1 loco veteris ,ayni1 human form posth exprimendum decrevimus1 c4 #ejd3a ,the solar horse1 with two serpents upon his head 7the ,buddhist ,aries7 is ,buddha's symbol1 and ,aries is the symbol of ,christ4 7,arthur ,lillie3 ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 p4 #aaj47 #ejd3b ,quoted by ,lillie3 ,buddha and ,early ,buddhism1 p4 #ic4 #ejd3c ,quoted by ,king3 ,the ,gnostics c41 p4 #ach4 #eje3a ,quoted by ,king3 ,the ,gnostics1 c41 p4 #di4 #eje3b ,ibid4 p4 #de4 #eje3c ,indra1 the crucified ,sun-god of the ,hindoos1 was represented with golden locks4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,myths1 vol4 i4 p4 #cda47 ,mithras1 the ,persian ,saviour1 was represented with long flowing locks4 ,izdubar1 the god and hero of the ,chaldeans1 was represented with long flowing locks of hair 7,smith3 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis1 p4 #aic71 and so was his counterpart1 the ,hebrew ,samson4 ,the ,skya-prince 7,buddha7 is described as an ,aryan by ,buddhistic tradition2 his face was reddish1 his hair of light color and curly1 his general appearance of great beauty4 7,bunsen3 ,the ,angel-,messiah1 p4 #ae47 ,serapis has1 in some instances1 long hair formally turned back1 and disposed in ringlets hanging down upon his breast and shoulders like that of a woman4 ,his whole person1 too1 is always enveloped in drapery reaching to his feet4 7,knight3 ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #ajd47 ,as for yellow hair1 there is no evidence that ,greeks have ever commonly possessed it2 but no other color would do for a solar hero1 and it accordingly characterizes the entire company of them1 wherever found4 7,fiske3 ,myths and ,mythmakers1 p4 #bjb47 ,helios 7the ,sun7 is called by the ,greeks the yellow-haired4 7,goldzhier3 ,hebrew ,mytho41 p4 #acg47 ,the ,sun's rays is signified by the flowing golden locks which stream from the head of ,kephalos1 and fall over the shoulders of ,bellerophon4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 i4 p4 #ajg47 ,perseus1 son of the virgin ,danae1 was called the ,golden ,child4 7,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eh47 ,the light of early morning is not more pure than was the color on his fair cheeks1 and the golden locks streamed bright over his shoulders1 like the rays of the sun when they rest on the hills at midday4 7,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 #hc47 ,the ,saviour ,dionysus wore a long flowing robe1 and had long golden hair1 which streamed from his head over his shoulders4 7,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bic47 ,ixion was the ,beautiful and ,mighty1 with golden hair flashing a glory from his head1 dazzling as the rays which stream from ,helios1 when he drives his chariot up the heights of heaven2 and his flowing robe glistened as he moved1 like the vesture which the ,sun-god gave to the wise maiden ,medeia1 who dwelt in ,kolchis4 7,tales of ,ancient ,greece1 p4 #dg47 ,theseus enters the city of ,athens1 as ,christ ,jesus is said to have entered ,jerusalem1 with a long flowing robe1 and with his golden hair tied gracefully behind his head4 ,his soft beauty excites the mockery of the populace1 who pause in their work to jest with him4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fc47 ,thus we see that long locks of golden hair1 and a flowing robe1 are mythological attributes of the ,sun4 #ejf3a ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 p4 #di4 #ejf3b ,we have already seen 7in ,chapter ,,xx47 that the word ,christ signifies the ,anointed1 or the ,messiah1 and that many other personages beside ,jesus of ,nazareth had this title affixed to their names4 #ejg3a ,the theory which has been set forth in this chapter1 is also more fully illustrated in ,appendix ,c4 #ejg3b ,these three letters1 the monogram of the ,sun1 are the celebrated ,i4 ,h4 ,s41 which are to be seen in ,roman ,catholic churches at the present day1 and which are now the monogram of the ,sun-god ,christ ,jesus4 7,see ,chapter ,,xxxvi47 ,,chapter ,,xl4 ,,conclusion4 ,we now come to the last1 but certainly not least1 question to be answered2 which is1 what do we really know of the man ,jesus of ,nazareth8 ,how much of the ,gospel narratives can we rely upon as fact8 ,jesus of ,nazareth is so enveloped in the mists of the past1 and his history so obscured by legend1 that it may be compared to footprints in the sand4 ,we know some one has been there1 but as to what manner of man he may have been1 we certainly know little as fact4 ,the ,gospels1 the only records we have of him1#ejh3a have been proven1 over and over again1 unhistorical and legendary2 to state anything as positive about the man is nothing more nor less than assumption2 we can therefore conjecture only4 ,liberal writers philosophize and wax eloquent to little purpose1 when1 after demolishing the historical accuracy of the ,new ,testament1 they end their task by eulogizing the man ,jesus1 claiming for him the highest praise1 and asserting that he was the best and grandest of our race2#ejh3b but this manner of reasoning 7undoubtedly consoling to many7 facts do not warrant4 ,we may consistently revere his name1 and place it in the long list of the great and noble1 the reformers and religious teachers of the past1 all of whom have done their part in bringing about the freedom we now enjoy1 but to go beyond this1 is1 to our thinking1 unwarranted4 ,if the life of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 as related in the books of the ,new ,testament1 be in part the story of a man who really lived and suffered1 that story has been so interwoven with images borrowed from myths of a bygone age1 as to conceal forever any fragments of history which may lie beneath them4 ,gautama ,buddha was undoubtedly an historical personage1 yet the ,sun-god myth has been added to his history to such an extent that we really know nothing positive about him4 ,alexander the ,great was an historical personage1 yet his history is one mass of legends4 ,so it is with ,julius ,cesar1 ,cyrus1 ,king of ,persia1 and scores of others4 ,the story of ,cyrus' perils in infancy belongs to solar mythology as much as the stories of the magic slipper1 of ,charlemagne and ,barbarossa4 ,his grandfather1 ,astyages1 is purely a mythical creation1 his name being identical with that of the night demon1 ,azidahaka1 who appears in the ,shah-,nameh as the biting serpent4 ,the actual ,jesus is inaccessible to scientific research4 ,his image cannot be recovered4 ,he left no memorial in writing of himself2 his followers were illiterate2 the mind of his age was confused4 ,paul received only traditions of him1 how definite we have no means of knowing1 apparently not significant enough to be treasured1 nor consistent enough to oppose a barrier to his own speculations4 ,as ,m4 ,renan says3 ,the ,christ who communicates private revelations to him is a phantom of his own making2 it is himself he listens to1 while fancying that he hears ,jesus4#eji3a ,in studying the writings of the early advocates of ,christianity1 and ,fathers of the ,christian ,church1 where we would naturally look for the language that would indicate the real occurrence of the facts of the ,gospel--if real occurrences they had ever been--we not only find no such language1 but everywhere find every sort of sophistical ambages1 ramblings from the subject1 and evasions of the very business before them1 as if on purpose to balk our research1 and insult our skepticism4 ,if we travel to the very sepulchre of ,christ ,jesus1 it is only to discover that he was never there3 history seeks evidence of his existence as a man1 but finds no more trace of it than of the shadow that flits across the wall4 ,the ,star of ,bethlehem shone not upon her path1 and the order of the universe was suspended without her observation4 ,she asks1 with the ,magi of the ,east1 ,where is he that is born ,king of the ,jews8 and1 like them1 finds no solution of her inquiry1 but the guidance that guides as well to one place as another2 descriptions that apply to sculapius1 ,buddha and ,crishna1 as well as to ,jesus2 prophecies1 without evidence that they were ever prophesied2 miracles1 which those who are said to have seen1 are said also to have denied seeing2 narratives without authorities1 facts without dates1 and records without names4 ,in vain do the so-called disciples of ,jesus point to the passages in ,josephus and ,tacitus2#eaj3a in vain do they point to the spot on which he was crucified2 to the fragments of the true cross1 or the nails with which he was pierced1 and to the tomb in which he was laid4 ,others have done as much for scores of mythological personages who never lived in the flesh4 ,did not ,damus1 the beloved disciple of ,apollonius of ,tyana1 while on his way to ,india1 see1 on ,mt4 ,caucasus1 the identical chains with which ,prometheus had been bound to the rocks8 ,did not the ,scythians#eaj3b say that ,hercules had visited their country8 and did they not show the print of his foot upon a rock to substantiate their story8#eaj3c ,was not his tomb to be seen at ,cadiz1 where his bones were shown8#eaj3d ,was not the tomb of ,bacchus to be seen in ,greece8#eaj3e ,was not the tomb of ,apollo to be seen at ,delphi8#eaj3f ,was not the tomb of ,achilles to be seen at ,dodona1 where ,alexander the ,great honored it by placing a crown upon it8#eaj3g ,was not the tomb of sculapius to be seen in ,arcadia1 in a grove consecrated to him1 near the river ,lusius8#eaj3h ,was not the tomb of ,deucalion--he who was saved from the ,deluge--long pointed out near the sanctuary of ,olympian ,jove1 in ,athens8#eaj3i ,was not the tomb of ,osiris to be seen in ,egypt1 where1 at stated seasons1 the priests went in solemn procession1 and covered it with flowers8#eaj3aj ,was not the tomb of ,jonah--he who was swallowed up by a big fish--to be seen at ,nebi-,yunus1 near ,mosul8#eaj3aa ,are not the tombs of ,adam1 ,eve1 ,cain1 ,abel1 ,seth1 ,abraham1 and other ,old ,testament characters1 to be seen even at the present day8#eaj3ab ,and did not the ,emperor ,constantine dedicate a beautiful church over the tomb of ,st4 ,george1 the warrior saint8#eaj3ac ,of what value1 then1 is such evidence of the existence of such an individual as ,jesus of ,nazareth8 ,the fact is1 the records of his life are so very scanty1 and these have been so shaped and colored and modified by the hands of ignorance and superstition and party prejudice and ecclesiastical purpose1 that it is hard to be sure of the original outlines4 ,in the first two centuries the professors of ,christianity were divided into many sects1 but these might be all resolved into two divisions--one consisting of ,nazarenes1 ,ebionites1 and orthodox2 the other of ,gnostics1 under which all the remaining sects arranged themselves4 ,the former are supposed to have believed in ,jesus crucified1 in the common1 literal acceptation of the term2 the latter--believers in the ,christ as an on--though they admitted the crucifixion1 considered it to have been in some mystic way--perhaps what might be called spiritualiter1 as it is called in the ,revelation3 but notwithstanding the different opinions they held1 they all denied that the ,christ did really die1 in the literal acceptation of the term1 on the cross4#eaa3a ,the ,gnostic1 or ,oriental1 ,christians undoubtedly took their doctrine from the ,indian crucifixion#eaa3b 7of which we have treated in ,chapters ,,xx4 and ,,xxxix471 as well as many other tenets with which we have found the ,christian ,church deeply tainted4 ,they held that3 ,to deliver the soul1 a captive in darkness1 the ',prince of ,light1' the ',genius of the ,sun1' charged with the redemption of the intellectual world1 of which the ,sun is the type1 manifested itself among men2 that the light appeared in the darkness1 but the darkness comprehended it not2 that1 in fact1 light could not unite with darkness2 it put on only the appearance of the human body2 that at the crucifixion ,christ ,jesus only appeared to suffer4 ,his person having disappeared1 the bystanders saw in his place a cross of light1 over which a celestial voice proclaimed these words2 ',the ,cross of ,light is called ,logos1 ,christos1 the ,gate1 the ,joy4' ,several of the texts of the ,gospel histories were quoted with great plausibility by the ,gnostics in support of their doctrine4 ,the story of ,jesus passing through the midst of the ,jews when they were about to cast him headlong from the brow of a hill 7,luke iv4 #bi1 #cj71 and when they were going to stone him 7,john iii4 #ei2 x4 #ca1 #ci71 were examples not easily refuted4 ,the ,manichean ,christian ,bishop ,faustus expresses himself in the following manner3 ,do you receive the gospel8 7ask ye74 ,undoubtedly ,i do6 ,why then1 you also admit that ,christ was born8 ,not so2 for it by no means follows that in believing the gospel1 ,i should therefore believe that ,christ was born6 ,do you then think that he was of the ,virgin ,mary8 ,manes hath said1 ',far be it that ,i should ever own that ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4' etc4#eab3a ,tertullian's manner of reasoning on the evidences of ,christianity is also in the same vein1 as we saw in our last chapter4#eab3b ,mr4 ,king1 speaking of the ,gnostic ,christians1 says3 ,their chief doctrines had been held for centuries before 7their time7 in many of the cities in ,asia ,minor4 ,there1 it is probable1 they first came into existence as ,myst1 upon the establishment of direct intercourse with ,india1 under the ,seleucid and ,ptolemies4 ,the college of ,essenes and ,megabyz at ,ephesus1 the ,orphics of ,thrace1 the ,curets of ,crete1 are all merely branches of one antique and common religion1 and that originally ,asiatic4#eab3c ,these early ,christian ,mystics are alluded to in several instances in the ,new ,testament4 ,for example3 ,every spirit that confesseth that ,jesus ,christ is come in the flesh is of ,god2 and every spirit that confesseth not that ,jesus ,christ is come in the flesh is not of ,god4#eab3d ,for many deceivers are entered into the world1 who confess not that ,jesus ,christ is come in the flesh4#eab3e ,this is language that could not have been used1 if the reality of ,christ ,jesus' existence as a man could not have been denied1 or1 it would certainly seem1 if the apostle himself had been able to give any evidence whatever of the claim4 ,the quarrels on this subject lasted for a long time among the early ,christians4 ,hermas1 speaking of this1 says to the brethren3 ,take heed1 my children1 that your dissensions deprive you not of your lives4 ,how will ye instruct the elect of ,god1 when ye yourselves want correction8 ,wherefore admonish one another1 and be at peace among yourselves2 that ,i1 standing before your father1 may give an account of you unto the ,lord4#eab3f ,ignatius1 in his ,epistle to the ,smyrnans1 says3#eab3g ,only in the name of ,jesus ,christ1 ,i undergo all1 to suffer together with him2 he who was made a perfect man strengthening me4 ,whom some1 not knowing1 do deny2 or rather have been denied by him1 being the advocates of death1 rather than of the truth4 ,whom neither the prophecies1 nor the law of ,moses1 have persuaded2 nor the ,gospel itself even to this day1 nor the sufferings of any one of us4 ,for they think also the same thing of us2 for what does a man profit me1 if he shall praise me1 and blaspheme my ,lord2 not confessing that he was truly made man8 ,in his ,epistle to the ,philadelphians he says3#eac3a ,i have heard of some who say1 unless ,i find it written in the originals1 ,i will not believe it to be written in the ,gospel4 ,and when ,i said1 ,it is written1 they answered what lay before them in their corrupted copies4 ,polycarp1 in his ,epistle to the ,philippians1 says3#eac3b ,whosoever does not confess that ,jesus ,christ is come in the flesh1 he is ,antichrist3 and whosoever does not confess his sufferings upon the cross1 is from the devil4 ,and whosoever perverts the oracles of the ,lord to his own lusts2 and says that there shall neither be any resurrection1 nor judgment1 he is the first-born of ,satan4 ,ignatius says to the ,magnesians3#eac3c ,be not deceived with strange doctrines2 nor with old fables which are unprofitable4 ,for if we still continue to live according to the ,jewish law1 we do confess ourselves not to have received grace4 ,for even the most holy prophets lived according to ,jesus ,christ4 4 4 4 ,wherefore if they who were brought up in these ancient laws came nevertheless to the newness of hope2 no longer observing ,sabbaths1 but keeping the ,lord's ,day1 in which also our life is sprung up by him1 and through his death1 whom yet some deny4 ,by which mystery we have been brought to believe1 and therefore wait that we may be found the disciples of ,jesus ,christ1 our only master4 4 4 4 4 ,these things1 my beloved1 ,i write unto you1 not that ,i know of any among you that be under this error2 but as one of the least among you1 ,i am desirous to forewarn you that ye fall not into the snares of vain doctrine4 ,after reading this we can say with the writer of ,timothy1#eac3d ,without controversy1 great is the ,,mystery of godliness4 ,beside those who denied that ,christ ,jesus had ever been manifest in the flesh1 there were others who denied that he had been crucified4#eac3e ,this is seen from the words of ,justin ,martyr1 in his ,apology for the ,christian ,religion1 written ,a4 ,d4 #ada1 where he says3 ,as to the objection to our ,jesus's being crucified1 ,i say1 suffering was common to all the ,sons of ,jove4#eac3f ,this is as much as to say3 ,you ,pagans claim that your incarnate gods and ,saviours suffered and died1 then why should not we claim the same for our ,saviour8 ,the ,koran1 referring to the ,jews1 says3 ,they have not believed in ,jesus1 and have spoken against ,mary a grievous calumny1 and have said3 ',verily we have slain ,christ ,jesus1 the son of ,mary' 7the apostle of ,god74 ,yet they slew him not1 neither crucified him1 but he was represented by one in his likeness4 ,and verily they who disagreed concerning him were in a doubt as to this matter1 and had no sure knowledge thereof1 but followed only an uncertain opinion4#ead3a ,this passage alone1 from the ,mohammedan ,bible1 is sufficient to show1 if other evidence were wanting1 that the early ,christians disagreed concerning him1 and that they had no sure knowledge thereof1 but followed only an uncertain opinion4 ,in the books which are now called ,apocryphal1 but which were the most quoted1 and of equal authority with the others1 and which were voted not the word of ,god--for obvious reasons--and were therefore cast out of the canon1 we find many allusions to the strife among the early ,christians4 ,for instance2 in the ,first ,epistle of ,clement to the ,corinthians1#ead3b we read as follows3 ,wherefore are there strifes1 and anger1 and divisions1 and schisms1 and wars1 among us8 4 4 4 ,why do we rend and tear in pieces the members of ,christ1 and raise seditions against our own body8 and are come to such a height of madness1 as to forget that we are members one of another4 ,in his ,epistle to the ,trallians1 ,ignatius says3#ead3c ,i exhort you1 or rather not ,i1 but the love of ,jesus ,christ1 that ye use none but ,christian nourishment2 abstaining from pasture which is of another kind4 ,i mean ,heresy4 ,for they that are heretics1 confound together the doctrine of ,jesus ,christ with their own poison2 whilst they seem worthy of belief4 4 4 4 ,stop your ears1 therefore1 as often as any one shall speak contrary to ,jesus ,christ1 who was of the race of ,david1 of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,who was truly born1 and did eat and drink2 was truly persecuted under ,pontius ,pilate2 was truly crucified and dead2 both those in heaven and on earth1 and under the earth1 being spectators of it4 4 4 4 ,but if1 as some who are atheists1 that is to say1 infidels1 pretend1 that he only seemed to suffer1 why then am ,i bound8 ,why do ,i desire to fight with beasts8 ,therefore do ,i die in vain4 ,we find ,st4 ,paul1 the very first ,apostle of the ,gentiles1 expressly avowing that he was made a minister of the gospel1 which had already been preached to every creature under heaven1#ead3d and preaching a ,god manifest in the flesh1 who had been believed on in the world1#ead3e therefore1 before the commencement of his ministry2 and who could not have been the man of ,nazareth1 who had certainly not been preached1 at that time1 nor generally believed on in the world1 till ages after that time4#ead3f ,we find also that3 #a4 ,this ,paul owns himself a deacon1 the lowest ecclesiastical grade of the ,therapeutan church4 #b4 ,the ,gospel of which these ,epistles speak1 had been extensively preached and fully established before the time of ,jesus1 by the ,therapeuts or ,essenes1 who believed in the doctrine of the ,angel-,messiah1 the on from heaven4#eae3a ,leo the ,great1 so-called 7,a4 ,d4 #ddj-dfa71 writes thus3 ,let those who with impious murmurings find fault with the ,divine dispensations1 and who complain about the lateness of our ,lord's nativity1 cease from their grievances1 as if what was carried out in later ages of the world1 had not been impending in time past4 4 4 4 ,what the ,apostles preached1 the prophets 7in ,israel7 had announced before1 and what has always been 7universally7 believed1 cannot be said to have been fulfilled too late4 ,by this delay of his work of salvation1 the wisdom and love of ,god have only made us more fitted for his call2 so that1 what had been announced before by many ,signs and ,words and ,mysteries during so many centuries1 should not be doubtful or uncertain in the days of the gospel4 4 4 ,god has not provided for the interests of men by a new council or by a late compassion2 but he had instituted from the beginning for all men1 one and the same path of salvation4#eae3b ,this is equivalent to saying that1 ,god1 in his 'late compassion1' has sent his ,son1 ,christ ,jesus1 to save us1 therefore do not complain or 'murmur' about 'the lateness of his coming1' for the ,lord has already provided for those who preceded us2 he has given them 'the same path of salvation' by sending to them1 as he has sent to us1 a ,redeemer and a ,saviour4 ,justin ,martyr1 in his dialogue with ,typho1#eae3c makes a similar confession 7as we have already seen in our last chapter71 wherein he says that there exists not a people1 civilized or semi-civilized1 who have not offered up prayers in the name of a crucified ,saviour to the ,father and ,creator of all things4 ,add to this medley the fact that ,st4 ,irenus 7,a4 ,d4 #aib71 one of the most celebrated1 most respected1 and most quoted of the early ,christian ,fathers1 tells us on the authority of his master1 ,polycarp1 who had it from ,st4 ,john himself1 and from all the old people of ,asia1 that ,jesus was not crucified at the time stated in the ,gospels1 but that he lived to be nearly fifty years old4 ,the passage which1 most fortunately1 has escaped the destroyers of all such evidence1 is to be found in ,irenus' second book against heresies1#eae3d of which the following is a portion3 ,as the chief part of thirty years belongs to youth1 and every one will confess him to be such till the fortieth year3 but from the fortieth year to the fiftieth he declines into old age1 which our ,lord 7,jesus7 having attained he taught us the ,gospel1 and all the elders who1 in ,asia1 assembled with ,john1 the disciple of the ,lord1 testify2 and as ,john himself had taught them4 ,and he 7,john87 remained with them till the time of ,trajan4 ,and some of them saw not only ,john but other ,apostles1 and heard the same thing from them1 and bear the same testimony to this revelation4 ,the escape of this passage from the destroyers can be accounted for only in the same way as the passage of ,minucius ,felix 7quoted in ,chapter ,,xx47 concerning the ,pagans worshiping a crucifix4 ,these two passages escaped from among1 probably1 hundreds destroyed1 of which we know nothing1 under the decrees of the emperors1 yet remaining1 by which they were ordered to be destroyed4 ,in ,john viii4 #ef1 ,jesus is made to say to the ,jews3 ,your father ,abraham rejoiced to see my day3 and he saw it and was glad4 ,then said the ,jews unto him3 ,thou art not yet fifty years old1 and hast thou seen ,abraham8 ,if ,jesus was then but about thirty years of age1 the ,jews would evidently have said3 thou art not yet forty years old1 and would not have been likely to say3 thou art not yet fifty years old1 unless he was past forty4 ,there was a tradition current among the early ,christians1 that ,annas was high-priest when ,jesus was crucified4 ,this is evident from the ,acts4#eaf3a ,now1 ,annas1 or ,ananias1 was not high-priest until about the year #dh ,a4 ,d42#eaf3b therefore1 if ,jesus was crucified at that time he must have been about fifty years of age2#eaf3c but1 as we remarked elsewhere1 there exists1 outside of the ,new ,testament1 no evidence whatever1 in book1 inscription1 or monument1 that ,jesus of ,nazareth was either scourged or crucified under ,pontius ,pilate4 ,josephus1 ,tacitus1 ,plinius1 ,philo1 nor any of their contemporaries1 ever refer to the fact of this crucifixion1 or express any belief thereon4#eaf3d ,in the ,talmud--the book containing ,jewish traditions--,jesus is not referred to as the crucified one1 but as the hanged one1#eaf3e while elsewhere it is narrated he was stoned to death2 so that it is evident they were ignorant of the manner of death which he suffered4#eaf3f ,in ,sanhedr4 #dc a1 ,jesus it said to have had five disciples1 among whom were ,mattheaus and ,thaddeus4 ,he is called ,that ,man1 ,the ,nazarine1 ,the ,fool1 and ,the ,hung4 ,thus ,aben ,ezra says that ,constantine put on his labarum a figure of the hung2 and1 according to ,r4 ,bechai1 the ,christians were called ,worshipers of the ,hung4 ,little is said about ,jesus in the ,talmud1 except that he was a scholar of ,joshua ,ben ,perachiah 7who lived a century before the time assigned by the ,christians for the birth of ,jesus71 accompanied him into ,egypt1 there learned magic1 and was a seducer of the people1 and was finally put to death by being stoned1 and then hung as a blasphemer4 ,the conclusion is1 that no clearly defined traces of the personal ,jesus remain on the surface1 or beneath the surface1 of ,christendom4 ,the silence of ,josephus and other secular historians may be accounted for without falling back on a theory of hostility or contempt4#eag3a ,the ,christ-idea cannot be spared from ,christian development1 but the personal ,jesus1 in some measure1 can be4 ,the person of ,jesus1 though it may have been immense1 is indistinct4 ,that a great character was there may be conceded2 but precisely wherein the character was great1 is left to our conjecture4 ,of the eminent persons who have swayed the spiritual destinies of mankind1 none has more completely disappeared from the critical view4 ,the ideal image which ,christians have1 for nearly two thousand years1 worshiped under the name of ,jesus1 has no authentic1 distinctly visible1 counterpart in history4 ,his followers have gone on with the process of idealization1 placing him higher and higher2 making his personal existence more and more essential2 insisting more and more urgently on the necessity of private intercourse with him2 letting the ,father subside into the background1 as an 'effluence1' and the ,holy ,ghost lapse from individual identity into impersonal influence1 in order that he might be all in all as ,regenerator and ,saviour4 ,from age to age the personal ,jesus has been made the object of an extreme adoration1 till now faith in the living ,christ is the heart of the ,gospel2 philosophy1 science1 culture1 humanity are thrust resolutely aside1 and the great teachers of the age are extinguished in order that his light may shine4 ,but1 as ,mr4 ,frothingham remarks1 in ,the ,cradle of the ,christ3 ,in the order of experience1 historical and biographical truth is discovered by stripping off layer after layer of exaggeration1 and going back to the statements of contemporaries4 ,as a rule1 figures are reduced1 not enlarged1 by criticism4 ,the influence of admiration is recognized as distorting and falsifying1 while exalting4 ,the process of legend-making begins immediately1 goes on rapidly and with accelerating speed1 and must be liberally allowed for by the seeker after truth4 ,in scores of instances the historical individual turns out to be very much smaller than he was painted by his terrified or loving worshipers4 ,in no single case has it been established that he was greater1 or as great4 ,it is1 no doubt1 conceivable that such a case should occur1 but it never has occurred1 in known instances1 and cannot be presumed to have occurred in any particular instance4 ,the presumptions are against the correctness of the glorified image4 ,the disposition to exaggerate is so much stronger than the disposition to underrate1 that even really great men are placed higher than they belong oftener than lower4 ,the historical method works backwards4 ,knowledge shrinks the man4#eah3a ,as we are allowed to conjecture as to what is true in the ,gospel history1 we shall now do so4 ,the death of ,herod1 which occurred a few years before the time assigned for the birth of ,jesus1 was followed by frightful social and political convulsions in ,judea4 ,for two or three years all the elements of disorder were abroad4 ,between pretenders to the vacant throne of ,herod1 and aspirants to the ,messianic throne of ,david1 ,judea was torn and devastated4 ,revolt assumed the wildest form1 the higher enthusiasm of faith yielded to the lower fury of fanaticism2 the celestial visions of a kingdom of heaven were completely banished by the smoke and flame of political hate4 ,claimant after claimant of the dangerous supremacy of the ,messiah appeared1 pitched a camp in the wilderness1 raised the banner1 gathered a force1 was attacked1 defeated1 banished or crucified2 but the frenzy did not abate4 ,the popular aspect of the ,messianic hope was political1 not religious or moral4 ,the name ,messiah was synonymous with ,king of the ,jews2 it suggested political designs and aspirations4 ,the assumption of that character by any individual drew on him the vigilance of the police4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #db ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,no4 #dc ,that ,jesus of ,nazareth assumed the character of ,messiah1 as did many before and after him1 and that his crucifixion#ebj3a was simply an act of the law on political grounds1 just as it was in the case of other so-called ,messiahs1 we believe to be the truth of the matter4#ebj3b ,he is represented as being a native of ,galilee1 the insurgent district of the country2 nurtured1 if not born1 in ,nazareth1 one of its chief cities2 reared as a youth amid traditions of patriotic devotion1 and amid scenes associated with heroic dreams and endeavors4 ,the ,galileans were restless1 excitable people1 beyond the reach of conventionalities1 remote from the centre of power1 ecclesiastical and secular1 simple in their lives1 bold of speech1 independent in thought1 thoroughgoing in the sort of radicalism that is common among people who live 'out of the world1' who have leisure to discuss the exciting topics of the day1 but too little knowledge1 culture1 or sense of social responsibility to discuss them soundly4 ,their mental discontent and moral intractability were proverbial4 ,they were belligerents4 ,the ,romans had more trouble with them than with the natives of any other province4 ,the ,messiahs all started out from ,galilee1 and never failed to collect followers round their standard4 ,the ,galileans1 more than others1 lived in the anticipation of the ,deliverer4 ,the reference of the ,messiah to ,galilee is therefore already an indication of the character he is to assume4 ,to show the state the country must have been in at that time1 we will quote an incident or two from ,josephus4 ,a religious enthusiast called the ,samaritans together upon ,mount ,gerizim1 and assured them that he would work a miracle4 ,so they came thither armed1 and thought the discourse of the man probable2 and as they abode at a certain village1 which was called ,tirathaba1 they got the rest together of them1 and desired to go up the mountain in a great multitude together3 but ,pilate prevented their going up1 by seizing upon the roads by a great band of horsemen and footmen1 who fell upon those who were gotten together in the village2 and when it came to an action1 some of them they slew1 and others of them they put to flight1 and took a great many alive1 the principal of whom1 and also the most potent of those that fled away1 ,pilate ordered to be slain4#eba3a ,not long before this ,pilate pillaged the temple treasury1 and used the sacred money to bring a current of water to ,jerusalem4 ,the ,jews were displeased with this1 and many ten thousands of the people got together and made a clamor against him4 ,some of them used reproaches1 and abused the man1 as crowds of such people usually do4 ,so he habited a great number of his soldiers in their habits1 who carried daggers under their garments1 and sent them to a place where they might surround them4 ,so he bade the ,jews himself go away2 but they boldly casting reproaches upon him1 he gave the soldiers that signal which had been beforehand agreed on2 who laid upon them with much greater blows than ,pilate had commanded them1 and equally punished those that were tumultuous1 and those that were not2 nor did they spare them in the least3 and since the people were unarmed1 and were caught by men prepared for what they were about1 there were a great number of them slain by this means1 and others ran away wounded4 ,and thus an end was put to this sedition4#ebb3a ,it was such deeds as these1 inflicted upon the ,jews by their oppressors1 that made them think of the promised ,messiah who was to deliver them from bondage1 and which made many zealous fanatics imagine themselves to be ,he who should come4#ebb3b ,there is reason to believe1 as we have said1 that ,jesus of ,nazareth assumed the title of ,messiah4 ,his age was throbbing and bursting with suppressed energy4 ,the pressure of the ,roman ,empire was required to keep it down4 ,the ,messianic hope had such vitality that it condensed into moments the moral result of ages4 ,the common people were watching to see the heavens open1 interpreted peals of thunder as angel voices1 and saw divine potents in the flight of birds4 ,mothers dreamed their boys would be ,messiah4 ,the wildest preacher drew a crowd4 ,the heart of the nation swelled big with the conviction that the hour of destiny was about to strike1 that the kingdom of heaven was at hand4 ,the crown was ready for any kingly head that might assume it4#ebb3c ,the actions of this man1 throughout his public career1 we believe to be those of a zealot whose zeal overrode considerations of wisdom2 in fact1 a ,galilean fanatic4 ,pilate condemns him reluctantly1 feeling that he is a harmless visionary1 but is obliged to condemn him as one of the many who persistently claimed to be the ,messiah1 or ,king of the ,jews1 an enemy of ,csar1 an instrument against the empire1 a pretender to the throne1 a bold inciter to rebellion4 ,the death he undergoes is the death of the traitor and mutineer1#ebb3d the death that was inflicted on many such claimants1 the death that would have been decreed to ,judas the ,galilean1#ebb3e had he been captured1 and that was inflicted on thousands of his deluded followers4 ,it was the ,romans1 then1 who crucified the man ,jesus1 and not the ,jews4 ,in the ,roman law the ,state is the main object1 for which the individual must live and die1 with or against his will4 ,in ,jewish law1 the person is made the main object1 for which the ,state must live and die2 because the fundamental idea of the ,roman law is power1 and the fundamental idea of ,jewish law is justice4#ebc3a ,therefore ,caiaphas and his conspirators did not act from the ,jewish standpoint4 ,they represented ,rome1 her principles1 interest1 and barbarous caprices4#ebc3b ,not one point in the whole trial agrees with ,jewish laws and custom4#ebc3c ,it is impossible to save it2 it must be given up as a transparent and unskilled invention of a ,gentile ,christian1 who knew nothing of ,jewish law and custom1 and was ignorant of the state of civilization in ,palestine1 in the time of ,jesus4 ,jesus had been proclaimed the ,messiah1 the ,ruler of the ,jews1 and the restorer of the kingdom of heaven4 ,no ,roman ear could understand these pretensions1 otherwise than in their rebellious sense4 ,that ,pontius ,pilate certainly understood under the title1 ,messiah1 the king 7the political chief of the nation71 is evident from the subscription of the cross1 ,jesus of ,nazareth1 ,king of the ,jews1 which he did not remove in spite of all protestations of the ,jews4 ,there is only one point in which the four ,gospels agree1 and that is1 that early in the morning ,jesus was delivered over to the ,roman governor1 ,pilate2 that he was accused of high-treason against ,rome--having been proclaimed ,king of the ,jews--and that in consequence thereof he was condemned first to be scourged1 and then to be crucified2 all of which was done in hot haste4 ,in all other points the narratives of the ,evangelists differ widely1 and so essentially that one story cannot be made of the four accounts2 nor can any particular points stand the test of historical criticism1 and vindicate its substantiality as a fact4 ,the ,jews could not have crucified ,jesus1 according to their laws1 if they had inflicted on him the highest penalty of the law1 since crucifixion was exclusively ,roman4#ebd3a ,if the priests1 elders1 ,pharisees1 ,jews1 or all of them wanted ,jesus out of the way so badly1 why did they not have him quietly put to death while he was in their power1 and done at once4 ,the writer of the fourth ,gospel seems to have understood this difficulty1 and informs us that they could not kill him1 because he had prophesied what death he should die2 so he could die no other4 ,it was dire necessity1 that the heathen symbol of life and immortality--the cross#ebd3b--should be brought to honor among the early ,christians1 and ,jesus had to die on the cross 7the ,roman ,gibbet71 according to ,john#ebd3c simply because it was so prophesied4 ,the fact is1 the crucifixion story1 like the symbol of the crucifix itself1 came from abroad4#ebd3d ,it was told with the avowed intention of exonerating the ,romans1 and criminating the ,jews1 so they make the ,roman governor take water1 and wash his hands before the multitude1 saying1 ,i am innocent of the blood of this just person3 see ye to it4 ,to be sure of their case1 they make the ,jews say3 ,his blood be on us1 and on our children4#ebd3e ,another fact is this4 ,just at the period of time when misfortune and ruination befell the ,jews most severely1 in the first post-apostolic generation1 the ,christians were most active in making proselytes among ,gentiles4 ,to have then preached that a crucified ,jewish ,rabbi of ,galilee was their ,saviour1 would have sounded supremely ridiculous to those heathens4 ,to have added thereto1 that the said ,rabbi was crucified by command of a ,roman ,governor1 because he had been proclaimed ',king of the ,jews1' would have been fatal to the whole scheme4 ,in the opinion of the vulgar heathen1 where the ,roman ,governor and ,jewish ,rabbi came in conflict1 the former must unquestionably be right1 and the latter decidedly wrong4 ,to have preached a ,saviour who was justly condemned to die the death of a slave and villain1 would certainly have proved fatal to the whole enterprise4 ,therefore it was necessary to exonerate ,pilate and the ,romans1 and to throw the whole burden upon the ,jews1 in order to establish the innocence and martyrdom of ,jesus in the heathen mind4 ,that the crucifixion story1 as related in the synoptic ,gospels1 was written abroad1 and not in the ,hebrew1 or in the dialect spoken by the ,hebrews of ,palestine1 is evident from the following particular points1 noticed by ,dr4 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise1 a learned ,hebrew scholar3 ,the ,mark and ,matthew narrators call the place of crucifixion ,golgotha1 to which the ,mark narrator adds1 which is1 being interpreted1 the place of skulls4 ,the ,matthew narrator adds the same interpretation1 which the ,john narrator copies without the word ,golgotha1 and adds1 it was a place near ,jerusalem4 ,the ,luke narrator calls the place of crucifixion ,calvary1 which is the ,,latin ,calvaria1 viz41 the place of bare skulls4 ,therefore the name does not refer to the form of the hill1 but to the bare skulls upon it4#ebe3a ,now there is no such word as ,,golgotha anywhere in ,jewish literature1 and there is no such place mentioned anywhere near ,jerusalem or in ,palestine by any writer2 and1 in fact1 there was no such place2 there could have been none near ,jerusalem4 ,the ,jews buried their dead carefully4 ,also the executed convict had to be buried before night4 ,no bare skulls1 bleaching in the sun1 could be found in ,palestine1 especially not near ,jerusalem4 ,it was law1 that a bare skull1 the bare spinal column1 and also the imperfect skeleton of any human being1 make man unclean by contact1 and also by having either in the house4 ,man1 thus made unclean1 could not eat of any sacrificial meal1 or of the sacred tithe1 before he had gone through the ceremonies of purification2 and whatever he touched was also unclean 7,maimonides1 ,hil4 ,tumath ,meth41 iii4 #a74 ,any impartial reader can see that the object of this law was to prevent the barbarous practice of heathens of having human skulls and skeletons lie about exposed to the decomposing influences of the atmosphere1 as the ,romans did in ,palestine after the fall of ,bethar1 when for a long time they would give no permission to bury the dead patriots4 ,this law was certainly enforced most rigidly in the vicinity of ,jerusalem1 of which they maintained ,jerusalem is more holy than all other cities surrounded with walls1 so that it was not permitted to keep a dead body over night in the city1 or to transport through it human bones4 ,jerusalem was the place of the sacrificial meals and the consumption of the sacred tithe1 which was considered very holy 7,maimonides1 ,hil4 ,beth ,habchirah1 vii4 #ad72 there1 and in the surroundings1 skulls and skeletons were certainly never seen on the surface of the earth1 and consequently there was no place called ,golgotha1 and there was no such word in the ,hebrew dialect4 ,it is a word coined by the ,mark narrator to translate the ,latin term ,calvaria1 which1 together with the crucifixion story1 came from ,rome4 ,but after the ,syrian word was made1 nobody understood it1 and the ,mark narrator was obliged to expound it4#ebf3a ,in the face of the arguments produced1 the crucifixion story1 as related in the ,gospels1 cannot be upheld as an historical fact4 ,there exists1 certainly1 no rational ground whatever for the belief that the affair took place in the manner the ,evangelists describe it4 ,all that can be saved of the whole story is1 that after ,jesus had answered the first question before ,pilate1 viz41 ,art thou the ,king of the ,jews8 which it is natural to suppose he was asked1 and also this can be supposed only1 he was given over to the ,roman soldiers to be disposed of as soon as possible1 before his admirers and followers could come to his rescue1 or any demonstration in his favor be made4 ,he was captured in the night1 as quietly as possible1 and guarded in some place1 probably in the high-priest's court1 completely secluded from the eyes of the populace2 and early in the morning he was brought before ,pilate as cautiously and quietly as it could be done1 and at his command1 disposed of by the soldiers as quickly as practicable1 and in a manner not known to the mass of the people4 ,all this was done1 most likely1 while the multitude worshiped on ,mount ,moriah1 and nobody had an intimation of the tragical end of the ,man of ,nazareth4 ,the bitter cry of ,jesus1 as he hung on the tree1 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 why hast thou forsaken me8 disclosed the hope of deliverance that till the last moment sustained his heart1 and betrayed the anguish felt when the hope was blighted2 the sneers and hooting of the ,roman soldiers expressed their conviction that he had pretended to be what he was not4 ,the miracles ascribed to him1 and the moral precepts put into his mouth1 in after years1 are what might be expected2 history was simply repeating itself2 the same thing had been done for others4 ,the preacher of the ,mount1 the prophet of the ,beatitudes1 does but repeat1 with persuasive lips1 what the law-givers of his race proclaimed in mighty tones of command4#ebg3a ,the martyrdom of ,jesus of ,nazareth has been gratefully acknowledged by his disciples1 whose lives he saved by the sacrifice of his own1 and by their friends1 who would have fallen by the score had he not prevented the rebellion ripe at ,jerusalem4#ebg3b ,posterity1 infatuated with ,pagan apotheoses1 made of that simple martyrdom an interesting legend1 colored with the myths of resurrection and ascension to that very heaven which the telescope has put out of man's way4 ,it is a novel myth1 made to suit the gross conceptions of ex-heathens4 ,modern theology1 understanding well enough that the myth cannot be saved1 seeks refuge in the greatness and self-denial of the man who died for an idea1 as though ,jesus had been the only man who had died for an idea4 ,thousands1 tens of thousands of ,jews1 ,christians1 ,mohammedans and ,heathens1 have died for ideas1 and some of them were very foolish4 ,but ,jesus did not die for an idea4 ,he never advanced anything new1 that we know of1 to die for4 ,he was not accused of saying or teaching anything original4 ,nobody has ever been able to discover anything new and original in the ,gospels4 ,he evidently died to save the lives of his friends1 and this is much more meritorious than if he had died for a questionable idea4 ,but then the whole fabric of vicarious atonement is demolished1 and modern theology cannot get over the absurdity that the ,almighty ,lord of the ,universe1 the infinite and eternal cause of all causes1 had to kill some innocent person in order to be reconciled to the human race4 ,however abstractly they speculate and subtilize1 there is always an undigested bone of man-god1 god-man1 and vicarious atonement in the theological stomach4 ,therefore theology appears so ridiculous in the eyes of modern philosophy4 ,the theological speculation cannot go far enough to hold pace with modern astronomy4 ,however nicely the idea may be dressed1 the great ,god of the immense universe looks too small upon the cross of ,calvary2 and the human family is too large1 has too numerous virtues and vices1 to be perfectly represented by1 and dependent on1 one ,rabbi of ,galilee4 ,speculate as they may1 one way or another1 they must connect the ,eternal and the fate of the human family with the person and fate of ,jesus4 ,that is the very thing which deprives ,jesus of his crown of martyrdom1 and brings religion in perpetual conflict with philosophy4 ,it was not the religious idea which was crucified in ,jesus and resurrected with him1 as with all its martyrs2 although his belief in immortality may have strengthened him in the agony of death4 ,it was the idea of duty to his disciples and friends which led him to the realms of death4 ,this deserves admiration1 but no more4 ,it demonstrates the nobility of human nature1 but proves nothing in regard to providence1 or the providential scheme of government4 ,the ,christian story1 as the ,gospels narrate it1 cannot stand the test of criticism4 ,you approach it critically and it falls4 ,dogmatic ,christology built upon it1 has1 therefore1 a very frail foundation4 ,most so-called lives of ,christ1 or biographies of ,jesus1 are works of fiction1 erected by imagination on the shifting foundation of meagre and unreliable records4 ,there are very few passages in the ,gospels which can stand the rigid application of honest criticism4 ,in modern science and philosophy1 orthodox ,christology is out of the question4 ,this 'sacred tradition' has in itself a glorious vitality1 which ,christians may unblameably entitle immortal4 ,but it certainly will not lose in beauty1 grandeur1 or truth1 if all the details concerning ,jesus which are current in the ,gospels1 and all the mythology of his person1 be forgotten or discredited4 ,christianity will remain without ,christ4 ,this formula has in it nothing paradoxical4 ,rightly interpreted1 it simply means3 ,all that is best in ,judo-,christian sentiment1 moral or spiritual1 will survive1 without ,rabbinical fancies1 cultured by perverse logic2 without huge piles of fable built upon them3 without the ,oriental ,satan1 a formidable rival to the throne of ,god2 without the ,pagan invention of ,hell and ,devils4 ,in modern criticism1 the ,gospel sources become so utterly worthless and unreliable1 that it takes more than ordinary faith to believe a large portion thereof to be true4 ,the ,eucharist was not established by ,jesus1 and cannot be called a sacrament4 ,the trials of ,jesus are positively not true3 they are pure inventions4#ebh3a ,the crucifixion story1 as narrated1 is certainly not true1 and it is extremely difficult to save the bare fact that ,jesus was crucified4 ,what can the critic do with books in which a few facts must be ingeniously guessed from under the mountain of ghost stories1#ebh3b childish miracles1#ebi3a and dogmatic tendencies8#ebi3b ,it is absurd to expect of him to regard them as sources of religious instruction1 in preference to any other mythologies and legends4 ,that is the point at which modern critics have arrived1 therefore1 the ,gospels have become books for the museum and archologist1 for students of mythology and ancient literature4 ,the spirit of dogmatic ,christology hovers still over a portion of civilized society1 in antic organizations1 disciplines1 and hereditary forms of faith and worship2 in science and philosophy1 in the realm of criticism1 its day is past4 ,the universal1 religious1 and ethical element of ,christianity has no connection whatever with ,jesus or his apostles1 with the ,gospel1 or the ,gospel story2 it exists independent of any person or story4 ,therefore it needs neither the ,gospel story nor its heroes4 ,if we profit by the example1 by the teachings1 or the discoveries of men of past ages1 to these men we are indebted1 and are in duty bound to acknowledge our indebtedness2 but why should we give to one individual1 ,jesus of ,nazareth1 the credit of it all8 ,it is true1 that by selecting from the ,gospels whatever portions one may choose1 a common practice among ,christian writers1 a noble and grand character may be depicted1 but who was the original of this character8 ,we may find the same individual outside of the ,gospels1 and before the time of ,jesus4 ,the moral precepts of the ,gospels1 also1 were in existence before the ,gospels themselves were in existence4#ebi3c ,why1 then1 extol the hero of the ,gospels1 and forget all others8 ,as it was at the end of ,roman ,paganism1 so is it now3 the masses are deceived and fooled1 or do it for themselves1 and persons of vivacious fantasies prefer the masquerade of delusion1 to the simple sublimity of naked but majestic truth4 ,the decline of the church as a political power proves beyond a doubt the decline of ,christian faith4 ,the conflicts of ,church and ,state all over the ,european continent1 and the hostility between intelligence and dogmatic ,christianity1 demonstrates the death of ,christology in the consciousness of modern culture4 ,it is useless to shut our eyes to these facts4 ,like rabbinical ,judaism1 dogmatic ,christianity was the product of ages without typography1 telescopes1 microscopes1 telegraphs1 and power of steam4 ,these right arms of intelligence have fought the titanic battles1 conquered and demolished the ancient castles1 and remove now the dbris1 preparing the ground upon which there shall be the gorgeous temple of humanity1 one universal republic1 one universal religion of intelligence1 and one great universal brotherhood4 ,this is the new covenant1 the gospel of humanity and reason4 ----,hoaryheaded selfishness has felt ,its death-blow1 and is tottering to the grave3 ,a brighter morn awaits the human day2 ,war with its million horrors1 and fierce hell1 ,shall live but in the memory of time1 ,who1 like a penitent libertine1 shall start1 ,look back1 and shudder at his younger years4 ,,footnotes3 #ejh3a ,for knowledge of the man ,jesus1 of his idea and his aims1 and of the outward form of his career1 the ,new ,testament is our only hope4 ,if this hope fails1 the pillared firmament of his starry fame is rottenness2 the base of ,christianity1 so far as it was personal and individual1 is built on stubble4 7,john ,w4 ,chadwick47 #ejh3b ,m4 ,renan1 after declaring ,jesus to be a fanatic1 and admitting that1 his friends thought him1 at moments1 beside himself2 and that1 his enemies declared him possessed by a devil1 says3 ,the man here delineated merits a place at the summit of human grandeur4 ,this is the ,supreme man1 a sublime personage2 to call him divine is no exaggeration4 ,other liberal writers have written in the same strain4 #eji3a ,the ,christ of ,paul was not a person1 but an idea2 he took no pains to learn the facts about the individual ,jesus4 ,he actually boasted that the ,apostles had taught him nothing4 ,his ,christ was an ideal conception1 evolved from his own feeling and imagination1 and taking on new powers and attributes from year to year to suit each new emergency4 7,john ,w4 ,chadwick47 #eaj3a ,this subject is considered in ,appendix ,d4 #eaj3b ,scythia was a name employed in ancient times1 to denote a vast1 indefinite1 and almost unknown territory north and east of the ,black ,sea1 the ,caspian1 and the ,sea of ,aral4 #eaj3c ,see ,herodotus1 book #d1 ch4 #hb4 #eaj3d ,see ,dupuis1 p4 #bfd4 #eaj3e ,see ,knight's ,anct4 ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #if1 and ,mysteries of ,adoni1 p4 #ij4 #eaj3f ,see ,dupuis1 p4 #bfd4 #eaj3g ,see ,bell's ,pantheon1 vol4 i4 p4 #g4 #eaj3h ,see ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 #eaj3i ,ibid4 #eaj3aj ,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #b1 and ,bonwick1 p4 #aee4 #eaj3aa ,see ,chambers1 art4 ,jonah4 #eaj3ab ,see ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeb1 and ,goldzhier1 p4 #bhj4 #eaj3ac ,see ,curious ,myths1 p4 #bfd4 #eaa3a ,whilst1 in one part of the ,christian world1 the chief objects of interest were the human nature and human life of ,jesus1 in another part of the ,christian world the views taken of his person because so idealistic1 that his humanity was reduced to a phantom without reality4 ,the various ,gnostic systems generally agreed in saying that the ,christ was an on1 the redeemer of the spirits of men1 and that he had little or no contact with their corporeal nature4 7,a4 ,rville3 ,hist4 of the ,dogma of the ,deity of ,jesus47 #eaa3b ,epiphanius says that there were ,,twenty heresies ,,before ,,christ1 and there can be no doubt that there is much truth in the observation1 for most of the rites and doctrines of the ,christians of all sects existed before the time of ,jesus of ,nazareth4 #eab3a ,accipis avengelium8 et maxime4 ,proinde ergo et natum accipis ,christum4 ,non ita est4 ,neque enim sequitur ut si evangelium accipio1 idcirco et natum accipiam ,christum4 ,ergo non putas cum ex ,maria ,virgine esse8 ,manes dixit1 ,absit ut ,dominum nostrum ,jesum ,christum per naturalia pudenda mulieris de scendisse confitear4 7,lardner's ,works1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bj47 #eab3b ,i maintain1 says he1 that the ,son of ,god was born3 why am ,i not ashamed of maintaining such a thing8 ,why6 because it is itself a shameful thing--,i maintain that the ,son of ,god died3 well1 that is wholly credible because it is monstrously absurd4 ,i maintain that after having been buried1 he rose again3 and that ,i take to be absolutely true1 because it was manifestly impossible4 #eab3c ,king's ,gnostics1 p4 #a4 #eab3d ,i4 ,john1 iv4 #b1 #c4 #eab3e ,,ii4 ,john1 #g4 #eab3f #ast ,book ,hermas3 ,apoc41 ch4 iii4 #eab3g ,chapter ,,ii4 #eac3a ,chapter ,,ii4 #eac3b ,chapter ,,iii4 #eac3c ,chapter ,,iii4 #eac3d ,i4 ,timothy1 iii4 #af4 #eac3e ,irenus1 speaking of them1 says3 ,they hold that men ought not to confess him who was crucified1 but him who came in the form of man1 and was supposed to be crucified1 and was called ,jesus4 7,see ,lardner3 vol4 viii4 p4 #cec47 ,they could not conceive of the first-begotten ,son of ,god being put to death on a cross1 and suffering like an ordinary being1 so they thought ,simon of ,cyrene must have been substituted for him1 as the ram was substituted in the place of ,isaac4 7,see ,ibid4 p4 #heg47 #eac3f ,apol4 #a1 ch4 xxi4 #ead3a ,koran1 ch4 iv4 #ead3b ,chapter ,,xx4 #ead3c ,chapter ,,ii4 #ead3d ,col4 i4 #bc4 #ead3e ,i4 ,timothy1 iii4 #af4 #ead3f ,the authenticity of these ,epistles has been freely questioned1 even by the most conservative critics4 #eae3a ,see ,bunsen's ,angel-,messiah1 and ,chapter ,,xxxvii41 this work4 #eae3b ,quoted by ,max ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,relig41 p4 #bbh4 #eae3c ,ch4 cxvii4 #eae3d ,ch4 xxii4 #eaf3a ,ch4 iv4 #e4 #eaf3b ,josephus3 ,antiq41 b4 xx4 ch4 v4 #b4 #eaf3c ,it is true there was another ,annas high-priest at ,jerusalem1 but this was when ,gratus was procurator of ,judea1 some twelve or fifteen years before ,pontius ,pilate held the same office4 7,see ,josephus3 ,antiq41 book xviii4 ch4 ii4 #c47 #eaf3d ,see ,appendix ,d4 #eaf3e ,see the ,martyrdom of ,jesus1 p4 #ajj4 #eaf3f ,according to ,dio ,cassius1 ,plutarch1 ,strabo and others1 there existed1 in the time of ,herod1 among the ,roman ,syrian heathens1 a wide-spread and deep sympathy for a ,crucified ,king of the ,jews4 ,this was the youngest son of ,aristobul1 the heroic ,maccabee4 ,in the year #dc ,b4 ,c41 we find this young man--,antigonus--in ,palestine claiming the crown1 his cause having been declared just by ,julius ,csar4 ,allied with the ,parthians1 he maintained himself in his royal position for six years against ,herod and ,mark ,antony4 ,at last1 after a heroic life and reign1 he fell in the hands of this ,roman4 ,antony now gave the kingdom to a certain ,herod1 and1 having stretched ,antigonus on a cross and scourged him1 a thing never done before to any other king by the ,romans1 he put him to death4 7,dio ,cassius1 book xlix4 p4 #dje47 ,the fact that all prominent historians of those days mention this extraordinary occurrence1 and the manner they did it1 show that it was considered one of ,mark ,antony's worst crimes3 and that the sympathy with the ,crucified ,king was wide-spread and profound4 7,see ,the ,martyrdom of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 p4 #ajf47 ,some writers think that there is a connection between this and the ,gospel story2 that they1 in a certain measure1 put ,jesus in the place of ,antigonus1 just as they put ,herod in the place of ,kansa4 7,see ,chapter ,,xviii47 #eag3a ,canon ,farrar thinks that ,josephus' silence on the subject of ,jesus and ,christianity1 was as deliberate as it was dishonest4 7,see his ,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 p4 #fc47 #eah3a ,many examples might be cited to confirm this view1 but the case of ,joseph ,smith1 in our own time and country1 will suffice4 ,the ,mormons regard him very much as ,christians regard ,jesus2 as the ,mohammedans do ,mohammed2 or as the ,buddhists do ,buddha4 ,a coarse sort of religious feeling and fervor appears to have been in ,smith's nature4 ,he seems1 from all accounts1 to have been cracked on theology1 as so many zealots have been1 and cracked to such an extent that his early acquaintances regarded him as a downright fanatic4 ,the common view that he was an impostor is not sustained by what is known of him4 ,he was1 in all probability1 of unbalanced mind1 a monomaniac1 as most prophets have been2 but there is no reason to think that he did not believe in himself1 and substantially in what he taught4 ,he has declared that1 when he was about fifteen1 he began to reflect on the importance of being prepared for a future state4 ,he went from one church to another without finding anything to satisfy the hunger of his soul1 consequently1 he retired into himself2 he sought solitude2 he spent hours and days in meditation and prayer1 after the true manner of all accredited saints1 and was soon repaid by the visits of angels4 ,one of these came to him when he was but eighteen years old1 and the house in which he was seemed filled with consuming fire4 ,the presence--he styles it a personage--had a pace like lightning1 and proclaimed himself to be an angel of the ,lord4 ,he vouchsafed to ,smith a vast deal of highly important information of a celestial order4 ,he told him that his 7,smith's7 prayers had been heard1 and his sins forgiven2 that the covenant which the ,almighty had made with the old ,jews was to be fulfilled2 that the introductory work for the second coming of ,christ was now to begin2 that the hour for the preaching of the gospel in its purity to all peoples was at hand1 and that ,smith was to be an instrument in the hands of ,god1 to further the divine purpose in the new dispensation4 ,the celestial stranger also furnished him with a sketch of the origin1 progress1 laws and civilization of the ,american aboriginals1 and declared that the blessing of heaven had finally been withdrawn from them4 ,to ,smith was communicated the momentous circumstance that certain plates containing an abridgment of the records of the aboriginals and ancient prophets1 who had lived on this continent1 were hidden in a hill near ,palmyra4 ,the prophet was counseled to go there and look at them1 and did so4 ,not being holy enough to possess them as yet1 he passed some months in spiritual probation1 after which the records were put into his keeping4 ,these had been prepared1 it is claimed1 by a prophet called ,mormon1 who had been ordained by ,god for the purpose1 and to conceal them until he should produce them for the benefit of the faithful1 and unite them with the ,bible for the achievement of his will4 ,they form the celebrated ,book of ,mormon--whence the name ,mormon--and are esteemed by the ,latter-,day ,saints as of equal authority with the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 and as an indispensable supplement thereto1 because they include ,god's disclosures to the ,mormon world4 ,these precious records were sealed up and deposited ,a4 ,d4 #dbj in the place where ,smith had viewed them by the direction of the angel4 ,the records were1 it is held1 in the reformed ,egyptian tongue1 and ,smith translated them through the inspiration of the angel1 and one ,oliver ,cowdrey wrote down the translation as reported by the ,god-possessed ,joseph4 ,this translation was published in #ahcj1 and its divine origin was attested by a dozen persons--all relatives and friends of ,smith4 ,only these have ever pretended to see the original plates1 which have already become traditional4 ,the plates have been frequently called for by skeptics1 but all in vain4 ,naturally1 warm controversy arose concerning the authenticity of the ,book of ,mormon1 and disbelievers have asserted that they have indubitable evidence that it is1 with the exception of various unlettered interpolations1 principally borrowed from a queer1 rhapsodical romance written by an eccentric ex-clergyman named ,solomon ,spalding4 ,smith and his disciples were ridiculed and socially persecuted2 but they seemed to be ardently earnest1 and continued to preach their creed1 which was to the effect that the millennium was at hand2 that our aboriginals were to be converted1 and that the ,new ,jerusalem--the last residence and home of the saints--was to be near the centre of this continent4 ,the ,vermont prophet1 later on1 was repeatedly mobbed1 even shot at4 ,his narrow escapes were construed as interpositions of divine providence1 but he displayed perfect coolness and intrepidity through all his trials4 ,the ,church of ,jesus ,christ of ,latter-,day ,saints was first established in the spring of #ahcj at ,manchester1 ,n4 ,y42 but it awoke such fierce opposition1 particularly from the orthodox1 many of them preachers1 that ,smith and his associates deemed it prudent to move farther west4 ,they established themselves at ,kirtland1 ,o41 and won there many converts4 ,hostility to them still continued1 and grew so fierce that the body transferred itself to ,missouri1 and next to ,illinois1 settling in the latter state near the village of ,commerce1 which was renamed ,nauvoo4 ,the ,governor and ,legislature of ,illinois favored the ,mormons1 but the anti-,mormons made war on them in every way1 and the custom of sealing wives1 which is yet mysterious to the ,gentiles1 caused serious outbreaks1 and resulted in the incarceration of the prophet and his brother ,hiram at ,carthage4 ,fearing that the two might be released by the authorities1 a band of ruffians broke into the jail1 in the summer of #ahdd1 and murdered them in cold blood4 ,this was most fortunate for the memory of ,smith and for his doctrines4 ,it placed him in the light of a holy martyr1 and lent to them a dignity and vitality they had never before enjoyed4 #ebj3a ,when we speak of ,jesus being crucified1 we do not intend to convey the idea that he was put to death on a cross of the form adopted by ,christians4 ,this cross was the symbol of life and immortality among our heathen ancestors 7see ,chapter ,,xxxiii471 and in adopting ,pagan religious symbols1 and baptizing them anew1 the ,christians took this along with others4 ,the crucifixion was not a symbol of the earliest church2 no trace of it can be found in the ,catacombs4 ,some of the earliest that did appear1 however1 are similar to figures ,no4 #db and ,no4 #dc1 above1 which represent two of the modes in which the ,romans crucified their slaves and criminals4 7,see ,chapter ,,xx41 on the ,crucifixion of ,jesus47 #ebj3b ,according to the ,matthew and ,mark narrators1 ,jesus' head was anointed while sitting at table in the house of ,simon the leper4 ,now1 this practice was common among the kings of ,israel4 ,it was the sign and symbol of royalty4 ,the word ,messiah signifies the ,anointed ,one1 and none of the kings of ,israel were styled the ,messiah unless anointed4 7,see ,the ,martyrdom of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 p4 #db47 #eba3a ,josephus3 ,antiquities1 book xviii4 ch4 iv4 #a4 #ebb3a ,josephus3 ,antiquities1 book xviii4 chap4 iii4 #b4 #ebb3b ,from the death of ,herod1 #d ,b4 ,c41 to the death of ,bar-,cochba1 #acb ,a4 ,d41 no less than fifty different enthusiasts set up as the ,messiah1 and obtained more or less following4 7,john ,w4 ,chadwick47 #ebb3c ,there was1 at this time1 a prevalent expectation that some remarkable personage was about to appear in ,judea4 ,the ,jews were anxiously looking for the coming of the ,,messiah4 ,this personage1 they supposed1 would be a temporal prince1 and they were expecting that he would deliver them from ,roman bondage4 7,albert ,barnes3 ,notes1 vol4 i4 p4 #g47 ,the central and dominant characteristic of the teaching of the ,rabbis1 was the certain advent of a great national ,deliverer--the ,,messiah4 4 4 4 ,the national mind had become so inflammable1 by constant brooding on this one theme1 that any bold spirit rising in revolt against the ,roman power1 could find an army of fierce disciples who trusted that it should be he who would redeem ,israel4 7,geikie3 ,the ,life of ,christ1 vol4 i4 p4 #gi47 #ebb3d ,the penalty of crucifixion1 according to ,roman law and custom1 was inflicted on slaves1 and in the provinces on rebels only4 7,the ,martyrdom of ,jesus1 p4 #if47 #ebb3e ,judas1 the ,gaulonite or ,galilean1 as ,josephus calls him1 declared1 when ,cyrenius came to tax the ,jewish people1 that this taxation was no better than an introduction to slavery1 and exhorted the nation to assert their liberty4 ,he therefore prevailed upon his countrymen to revolt4 7,see ,josephus3 ,antiq41 b4 xviii4 ch4 i4 #a1 and ,wars of the ,jews1 b4 ii4 ch4 viii4 #a47 #ebc3a ,the ,martyrdom of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 p4 #cj4 #ebc3b ,that the ,high ,council did accuse ,jesus1 ,i suppose no one will doubt2 and since they could neither wish or expect the ,roman ,governor to make himself judge of their sacred law1 it becomes certain that their accusation was purely political1 and took such a form as this3 ',he has accepted tumultuous shouts that he is the legitimate and predicted ,king of ,israel1 and in this character has ridden into ,jerusalem with the forms of state understood to be royal and sacred2 with what purpose1 we ask1 if not to overturn our institutions1 and your dominion8' ,if ,jesus spoke1 at the crisis which ,matthew represents1 the virulent speech attributed to him 7,matt4 xxiii471 we may well believe that this gave a new incentive to the rulers2 for it is such as no government in ,europe would overlook or forgive3 but they are not likely to have expected ,pilate to care for any conduct which might be called an ecclesiastical broil4 ,the assumption of royalty was clearly the point of their attack4 ,even the mildest man among them may have thought his conduct dangerous and needing repression4 7,francis ,w4 ,newman1 ,what is ,christianity without ,christ87 ,according to the ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,jesus was completely innocent of the charge which has sometimes been brought against him1 that he wished to be considered as a ,god come down to earth4 ,his enemies certainly would not have failed to make such a pretension the basis and the continual theme of their accusations1 if it had been possible to do so4 ,the two grounds upon which he was brought before the ,sanhedrim were1 first1 the bold words he was supposed to have spoken about the temple2 and1 secondly and chiefly1 the fact that he claimed to be the ,messiah1 i4 e41 ,the ,king of the ,jews4 7,albert ,rville3 ,the ,doctrine of the ,dogma of the ,deity of ,jesus1 p4 #g47 #ebc3c ,see ,the ,martyrdom of ,jesus1 p4 #cj4 #ebd3a ,see note #d1 p4 #ebb4 #ebd3b ,see ,matt4 xx4 #ai4 #ebd3c ,john xviii4 #ca1 #cb4 #ebd3d ,that is1 the crucifixion story as related in the ,gospels4 ,see note #a1 p4 #ebj4 #ebd3e ,matthew xxvii4 #bd1 #be4 #ebe3a ,commentators1 in endeavoring to get over this difficulty1 say that1 it may come from the look or form of the spot itself1 bald1 round1 and skull-like1 and therefore a mound or hillock1 but1 if it means the place of bare skulls1 no such construction as the above can be put to the word4 #ebf3a ,the ,martyrdom of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 pp4 #aji-aaa4 #ebg3a ,o4 ,b4 ,frothingham3 ,the ,cradle of the ,christ1 p4 #aa4 ,the reader is referred to ,judaism3 ,its ,doctrines and ,precepts1 by ,dr4 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise4 ,printed at the office of the ,american ,israelite1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 #ebg3b ,if ,jesus1 instead of giving himself up quietly1 had resisted against being arrested1 there certainly would have been bloodshed1 as there was on many other similar occasions4 #ebh3a ,if what is recorded ,in the ,gospels on the subject was true1 no historian of that day could fail to have noticed it1 but instead of this there is nothing4 #ebh3b ,see ,matthew1 xxvii4 #ea-ec4 #ebi3a ,see ,matt4 xiv4 #ae-bb3 ,mark1 iv4 #a-c1 and xi4 #ad2 and ,luke1 vii4 #bf-cg4 #ebi3b ,see ,mark1 xvi4 #af4 #ebi3c ,this fact has at last been admitted by the most orthodox among the ,christians4 ,the ,rev4 ,george ,matheson1 ,d4 ,d41 ,minister of the ,parish of ,innellan1 and a member of the ,scotch ,kirk1 speaking of the precept uttered by ,confucius1 five hundred years before the time assigned for the birth of ,jesus of ,nazareth 7,whatsoever ye would not that others should do unto you1 do not ye unto them71 says3 ,that ,confucius is the author of this precept is undisputed1 and therefore it is indisputable that ,christianity has incorporated an article of ,chinese morality4 ,it has appeared to some as if this were to the disparagement of ,christianity--as if the originality of its ,divine ,founder were impaired by consenting to borrow a precept from a heathen source4 ,but in what sense does ,christianity set up the claim of moral originality8 ,when we speak of the religion of ,christ as having introduced into the world a purer life and a surer guide to conduct1 what do we mean8 ,do we mean to suggest that ,christianity has1 for the first time1 revealed to the world the existence of a set of self-sacrificing precepts--that here1 for the first time1 man has learned that he ought to be meek1 merciful1 humble1 forgiving1 sorrowful for sin1 peaceable1 and pure in heart8 ,the proof of such a statement would destroy ,christianity itself1 for an absolute original code of precepts would be equivalent to a foreign language4 ,the glory of ,christian morality is that it is ,,not ,,original--that its words appeal to something which already exists within the human heart1 and on that account have a meaning to the human ear3 no new revelation can be made except through the medium of an old one4 ,when we attribute originality to the ethics of the ,gospel1 we do so on the ground1 not that it has given new precepts1 but that it has given us a new impulse to obey the moral instincts of the soul4 ,christianity itself claims on the field of morals this originality1 and this alone--',a new commandment give ,i unto you1 that you love one another4 7,st4 ,giles ,lectures1 ,second ,series3 ,the ,faiths of the ,world4 ,religion of ,china1 by the ,rev4 ,george ,matheson1 ,d4 ,d41 ,minister of the ,parish of ,innellan4 ,wm4 ,blackwood ,sons3 ,edinburgh1 #ahhb47 ,,appendix4 ,,appendix ,a4 ,among the ancient ,mexicans1 ,peruvians1 and some of the ,indian tribes of ,north and ,south ,america1 were found fragments of the ,eden ,myth4 ,the ,mexicans said that the primeval mother was made out of a man's bone1 and that she was the mother of twins4#ecc3a ,the ,cherokees supposed that heavenly beings came down and made the world1 after which they made a man and woman of clay4#ecc3b ,the intention of the creators was that men should live always4 ,but the ,sun1 when he passed over1 told them that there was not land enough1 and that people had better die4 ,at length1 the daughter of the ,sun was bitten by a ,snake1 and died4 ,the ,sun1 however--whom they worshiped as a god--consented that human beings might live always4 ,he intrusted to their care a box1 charging them that they should not open it4 ,however1 impelled by curiosity1 they opened it1 contrary to the injunction of the ,sun1 and the spirit it contained escaped1 and then the fate of all men was decided1 that they must die4#ecc3c ,the inhabitants of the ,new ,world had a legend of a ,deluge1 which destroyed the human race1 excepting a few who were saved in a boat1 which landed on a mountain4#ecc3d ,they also related that birds were sent out of the ark1 for the purpose of ascertaining if the flood was abating4#ecc3e ,the ancient ,mexicans had the legend of the confusion of tongues1 and related the whole story as to how the gods destroyed the tower which mankind was building so as to reach unto heaven4#ecc3f ,the ,mexicans1 and several of the ,indian tribes of ,north ,america1 believe in the doctrine of ,metempsychosis1 or the transmigration of souls from one body into another4#ecc3g ,this1 as we have already seen1#ecc3h was universally believed in the ,old ,world4 ,the legend of the man being swallowed by a fish1 and1 after a three days' sojourn in his belly1 coming out safe and sound1 was found among the ,mexicans and ,peruvians4#ecd3a ,the ancient ,mexicans1 and some ,indian tribes1 practiced ,circumcision1 which was common among all ,eastern nations of the ,old ,world4#ecd3b ,they also had a legend to the effect that one of their holy persons commanded the sun to stand still4#ecd3c ,this1 as we have already seen1#ecd3d was a familiar legend among the inhabitants of the ,old ,world4 ,the ancient ,mexicans were fire-worshipers2 so were the ancient ,peruvians4 ,they kept a fire continually burning on an altar1 just as the fire-worshipers of the ,old ,world were in the habit of doing4#ecd3e ,they were also ,sun-worshipers1 and had temples of the ,sun4#ecd3f ,the ,tortoise-myth was found in the ,new ,world4#ecd3g ,now1 in the ,old ,world1 the ,tortoise-myth belongs especially to ,india1 and the idea is developed there in a variety of forms4 ,the tortoise that holds the world is called in ,sanscrit ,kura-mraja1 ,king of the ,tortoises1 and many ,hindoos believe to this day that the world rests on its back4 ,the striking analogy between the ,tortoise-myth of ,north ,america and ,india1 says ,mr4 ,tyler1 is by no means a matter of new observation2 it was indeed remarked upon by ,father ,lafitau nearly a century and a half ago4 ,three great features of the ,asiatic stories are found among the ,north ,american ,indians1 in the fullest and clearest development4 ,the earth is supported on the back of a huge floating tortoise1 the tortoise sinks under the water and causes a deluge1 and the tortoise is conceived as being itself the earth1 floating upon the face of the deep4#ecd3h ,we have also found among them the belief in an ,incarnate ,god born of a virgin2#ecd3i the ,one ,god worshiped in the form of a ,trinity2#ecd3aj the crucified ,black god2#ecd3aa the descent into hell2#ecd3ab the resurrection and ascension into heaven1#ecd3ac all of which is to be found in the oldest ,asiatic religions4 ,we also found monastic habits--friars and nuns4#ecd3ad ,the ,mexicans denominated their high-places1 sacred houses1 or ,houses of ,god4 ,the corresponding sacred structures of the ,hindoos are called ,god's ,house4#ece3a ,many nations of the ,east entertained the notion that there were nine heavens1 and so did the ancient ,mexicans4#ece3b ,there are few things connected with the ancient mythology of ,america more certain than that there existed in that country before its discovery by ,columbus1 extreme veneration for the ,serpent4#ece3c ,now1 the ,serpent was venerated and worshiped throughout the ,east4#ece3d ,the ancient ,mexicans and ,peruvians1 and many of the ,indian tribes1 believed the ,sun and ,moon not only to be brother and sister1 but man and wife2 so1 likewise1 among many nations of the ,old ,world was this belief prevalent4#ece3e ,the belief in were-wolves1 or man-wolves1 man-tigers1 man-hyenas1 and the like1 which was almost universal among the nations of ,europe1 ,asia and ,africa1 was also found to be the case among ,south ,american tribes4#ece3f ,the idea of calling the earth mother1 was common among the inhabitants of both the ,old and ,new ,worlds4#ece3g ,in the mythology of ,finns1 ,lapps1 and ,esths1 ,earth-,mother is a divinely honored personage4 ,it appears in ,china1 where ,heaven and ,earth are called in the ,shuking--one of their sacred books--,father and ,mother of all things4 ,among the native races of ,america the ,earth-,mother is one of the great personages of mythology4 ,the ,peruvians worshiped her as ,mama-,phacha1 or ,earth-,mother4 ,the ,caribs1 when there was an earthquake1 said it was their mother-earth dancing1 and signifying to them to dance and make merry likewise1 which they accordingly did4#ece3h ,it is well-known that the natives of ,africa1 when there is an eclipse of the sun or moon1 believe that it is being devoured by some great monster1 and that they1 in order to frighten and drive it away1 beat drums and make noises in other ways4 ,so1 too1 the rude ,moguls make a clamor of rough music to drive the attacking ,arachs 7,rhu7 from ,sun or ,moon4#ece3i ,the ,chinese1 when there is an eclipse of the ,sun or ,moon1 proceed to encounter the ominous monster with gongs and bells4#ece3aj ,the ancient ,romans flung firebrands into the air1 and blew trumpets1 and clanged brazen pots and pans4#ece3aa ,even as late as the seventeenth century1 the ,irish or ,welsh1 during eclipses1 ran about beating kettles and pans4#ecf3a ,among the native races of ,america was to be found the same superstition4 ,the ,indians would raise a frightful howl1 and shoot arrows into the sky to drive the monsters off4#ecf3b ,the ,caribs1 thinking that the demon ,maboya1 hater of all light1 was seeking to devour the ,sun and ,moon1 would dance and howl in concert all night long to scare him away4 ,the ,peruvians1 imagining such an evil spirit in the shape of a monstrous beast1 raised the like frightful din when the ,moon was eclipsed1 shouting1 sounding musical instruments1 and beating the dogs to join their howl to the hideous chorus4#ecf3c ,the starry band that lies like a road across the sky1 known as the milky way1 is called by the ,basutos 7a ,south ,african tribe of savages71 ,the ,way of the ,gods2 the ,ojis 7another ,african tribe of savages71 say it is the ,way of ,spirits1 which souls go up to heaven by4 ,north ,american tribes know it as the ,path of the ,master of ,life1 the ,path of ,spirits1 the ,road of ,souls1 where they travel to the land beyond the grave4#ecf3d ,it is almost a general belief among the inhabitants of ,africa1 and was so among the inhabitants of ,europe and ,asia1 that monkeys were once men and women1 and that they can even now really speak1 but judiciously hold their tongues1 lest they should be made to work4 ,this idea was found as a serious matter of belief1 in ,central and ,south ,america4#ecf3e ,the ,bridge of the ,dead1 which is one of the marked myths of the ,old ,world1 was found in the ,new4#ecf3f ,it is well known that the natives of ,south ,america told the ,spaniards that inland there was to be found a fountain1 the waters of which turned old men back into youths1 and how ,juan ,ponce de ,leon fitted out two caravels1 and went to seek for this ,fountain of ,youth4 ,now1 the ,fountain of ,youth is known to the mythology of ,india4#ecf3g ,the myth of foot-prints stamped into the rocks by gods or mighty men1 is to be found among the inhabitants of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa4 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 ,brahmans1 ,buddhists1 ,moslems1 and ,christians1 have adopted it as relics each from their own point of view1 and ,mexican eyes could discern in the solid rock at ,tlanepantla the mark of hand and foot left by the mighty ,quetzalcoatle4#ecf3h ,the ,incas1 in order to preserve purity of race1 married their own sisters1 as did the ,kings of ,persia1 and other ,oriental nations4#ecg3a ,the ,peruvian embalming of the royal dead takes us back to ,egypt2 the burning of the wives of the deceased ,incas reveals ,india2 the singularly patriarchical character of the whole ,peruvian policy is like that of ,china in the olden time2 while the system of espionage1 of tranquillity1 of physical well-being1 and the iron-like immovability in which their whole social frame was cast1 bring before us ,japan--as it was a very few years ago4 ,in fact1 there is something strangely ,japanese in the entire cultus of ,peru as described by all writers4#ecg3b ,the dress and costume of the ,mexicans1 and their sandals1 resemble the apparel and sandals worn in early ages in the ,east4#ecg3c ,mexican priests were represented with a ,serpent twined around their heads1 so were ,oriental kings4#ecg3d ,the ,mexicans had the head of a rhinoceros among their paintings1#ecg3e and also the head of an elephant on the body of a man4#ecg3f ,now1 these animals were unknown in ,america1 but well known in ,asia2 and what is more striking still is the fact that the man with the elephant's head is none other than the ,ganesa of ,india2 the ,god of ,wisdom4 ,humboldt1 who copied a ,mexican painting of a man with an elephant's head1 remarks that it presents some remarkable and apparently not accidental resemblances with the ,hindoo ,ganesa4 ,the horse and the ass1 although natives of ,america1#ecg3g became extinct on the ,western ,continent in an early period of the earth's history1 yet the ,mexicans had1 among their hieroglyphics1 representations of both these animals1 which show that it must have been seen in the old world by the author of the hieroglyph4 ,when the ,mexicans saw the horses which the ,spaniards brought over1 they were greatly astonished1 and when they saw the ,spaniards on horseback1 they imagined man and horse to be one4 ,certain of the temples of ,india abound with sculptural representations of the symbols of ,phallic ,worship4 ,turning now to the temples of ,central ,america1 which in many respects exhibit a strict correspondence with those in ,india1 we find precisely the same symbols1 separate and in combination4#ecg3h ,we have seen that many of the religious conceptions of ,america are identical with those of the ,old ,world1 and that they are embodied or symbolized under the same or cognate forms2 and it is confidently asserted that a comparison and analysis of her primitive systems1 in connection with those of other parts of the globe1 philosophically conducted1 would establish the grand fact1 that in ,,all their leading elements1 and in many of their details1 they are essentially the same4#ech3a ,the architecture of many of the most ancient buildings in ,south ,america resembles the ,asiatic4 ,around ,lake ,titicaca are massive monuments1 which speak of a very ancient and civilized nation4#ech3b ,e4 ,spence ,hardy1 says3 ,the ancient edifices of ,chi ,chen1 in ,central ,america1 bear a striking resemblance to the topes of ,india4 ,the shape of one of the domes1 its apparent size1 the small tower on the summit1 the trees growing on the sides1 the appearance of masonry here and there1 the style of the ornaments1 and the small doorway at the base1 are so exactly similar to what ,i had seen at ,anurdhapura1 that when my eye first fell upon the engravings of these remarkable ruins1 ,i supposed that they were presented in illustration of the dgobas of ,ceylon4#ech3c ,e4 ,g4 ,squire1 speaking of this1 says3 ,the ,bud'hist temples of ,southern ,india1 and of the islands of the ,indian ,archipelago1 as described to us by the learned members of the ,asiatic ,society1 and the numerous writers on the religion and antiquities of the ,hindoos1 correspond1 with great exactness1 in all their essential and in many of their minor features1 with those of ,central ,america4#ech3d ,structures of a pyramidal style1 which are common in ,india1 were also discovered in ,mexico4 ,the pyramid tower of ,cholula was one of these4#ech3e ,sir ,r4 ,kir ,porter writes as follows3 ,what striking analogies exist between the monuments of the old continents and those of the ,toltecs1 who1 arriving on ,mexican soil1 built several of these colossal structures1 truncated pyramids1 divided by layers1 like the temple of ,belus at ,babylon4 ,whence did they take the model of these edifices8 ,were they of the ,mongolian race8 ,did they descend from a common stock with the ,chinese1 the ,hiong-nu1 and the ,japanese8#ech3f ,the similarity in features of the ,asiatic and the ,american race is very striking4 ,alexander de ,humboldt1 speaking of this1 says3 ,there are striking contrasts between the ,mongol and ,american races4#ech3g ,over a million and a half of square leagues1 from the ,terra del ,fuego islands to the ,river ,st4 ,lawrence and ,behring's ,straits1 we are struck at the first glance with the general resemblance in the features of the inhabitants4 ,we think we perceive that they all descended from the same stock1 notwithstanding the enormous diversity of language which separates them from one another4#ech3h ,this analogy is particularly evident in the color of the skin and hair1 in the defective beard1 high cheek-bones1 and in the direction of the eyes4#eci3a ,dr4 ,morton says3 ,in reflecting on the aboriginal races of ,america1 we are at once met by the striking fact1 that their physical characters are wholly independent of all climatic or known physical influences4 ,notwithstanding their immense geographical distribution1 embracing every variety of climate1 it is acknowledged by all travellers1 that there is among this people a prevailing type1 around which all the tribes--north1 south1 east and west--cluster1 though varying within prescribed limits4 ,with trifling exceptions1 all our ,american ,indians bear to each other some degree of family resemblance1 quite as strong1 for example1 as that seen at the present day among full-blooded ,jews4#eci3b ,james ,orton1 the traveler1 was also struck with the likeness of the ,american ,indians to the ,chinese1 including the flatted nose4 ,speaking of the ,zaparos of the ,napo ,river1 he says3 ,the ,zaparos in physiognomy somewhat resemble the ,chinese1 having a middle stature1 round face1 small eyes set angularly1 and a broad1 flat nose4#eci3c ,oscar ,paschel says3 ,the obliquely-set eyes and prominent cheek-bones of the inhabitants of ,veragua were noticed by ,monitz ,wagner1 and according to his description1 out of four ,bayano ,indians from ,darien1 three had thoroughly ,mongolian features1 including the flatted nose4 ,in #ahff1 an officer of the ,sharpshooter1 the first ,english man-of-war which entered the ,paran ,river in ,brazil1 remarks in almost the same words of the ,indians of that district1 that their features vividly reminded him of the ,chinese4 ,burton describes the ,brazilian natives at the falls of ,cachauhy as having thick1 round ,kalmuck heads1 flat ,mongol faces1 wide1 very prominent cheek bones1 oblique and sometimes narrow-slit ,chinese eyes1 and slight mustaches4 ,another traveler1 ,j4 ,j4 ,von ,tschudi1 declares in so many words that he has seen ,chinese whom at the first glance he mistook for ,botocudos1 and that since then he has been convinced that the ,american race ought not to be separated from the ,mongolian4 ,his predecessor1 ,st4 ,hilaire1 noticed narrow1 obliquely-set eyes and broad noses among the ,malali of ,brazil4 ,reinhold ,hensel says of the ,coroados1 that their features are of ,mongoloid type1 due especially to the prominence of the cheek-bones1 but that the oblique position of the eyes is not perceptible4 ,yet the oblique opening of the eye1 which forms a good though not an essential characteristic of the ,mongolian nations1 is said to be characteristic of all the ,guarani tribes in ,brazil4 ,even in the extreme south1 among the ,hiullitches of ,patagonia1 ,king saw a great many with obliquely set eyes4 ,those writers who separate the ,americans as a peculiar race fail to give distinctive characters1 common to them all1 which distinguish them from the ,asiatic ,mongols4 ,all the tribes have stiff1 long hair1 cylindrical in section4 ,the beard and hair of the body is always scanty or totally absent4 ,the color of the skin varies considerably1 as might be expected in a district of #aaj of latitude2 it ranges from a light ,south ,european darkness of complexion among the ,botocudos1 of the deepest dye among the ,aymara1 or to copper red in the ,sonor tribes4 ,but no one has tried to draw limits between races on account of these shades of color1 especially as they are of every conceivable gradation4#edj3a ,charles ,g4 ,leland says3 ,the ,tunguse1 ,mongolians1 and a great part of the ,turkish race formed originally1 according to all external organic tokens1 as well as the elements of their language1 but one people1 closely allied with the ,esquimaux1 the ,skrling1 or dwarf of the ,norseman1 and the races of the ,new ,world4 ,this is the irrefutable result to which all the more recent inquiries in anatomy and physiology1 as well as comparative philology and history1 have conduced4 ,all the aboriginal ,americans have those distinctive tokens which forcibly recall their neighbors dwelling on the other side of ,behring's ,straits4 ,they have the four-cornered head1 high cheek-bones1 heavy jaws1 large angular eye-cavities1 and a retreating forehead4 ,the skulls of the oldest ,peruvian graves exhibit the same tokens as the heads of the nomadic tribes of ,oregon and ,california4#edj3b ,it is very certain that thousands of ,american ,indians1 especially those of small stature or of dwarfish tribes1 bear a most extraordinary likeness to ,mongols4#edj3c ,john ,d4 ,baldwin1 in his ,ancient ,america1 says3 ,i find myself more and more inclined to believe that the wild ,indians of the ,north came originally from ,asia1 where the race to which they belong seems still represented by the ,koraks and ,cookchees1 found in that part of ,asia which extends to ,behring's ,straits4#edj3d ,hon4 ,charles ,d4 ,poston1 late commissioner of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,asia1 in a work entitled1 ,the ,parsees1 speaking of an incident which took place beyond the ,great ,wall1 says3 ,a ,mongolian came riding up on a little black pony1 followed by a servant on a camel1 rocking like a windmill4 ,he stopped a moment to exchange pantomimic salutations4 ,he was full of electricity1 and alive with motion2 the blood was warm in his veins1 and the fire was bright in his eye4 ,i could have sworn that he was an ,apache2 every action1 motion and look reminded me of my old enemies and neighbors in ,arizona4 ,they are the true descendants of the nomadic ,tartars of ,asia and preserve every instinct of the race4 ,he shook hands friendlily but timidly1 keeping all the time in motion like an ,apache4#edj3e ,that the continents of ,asia and ,america were at one time joined together by an isthmus1 at the place where the channel of ,behring's straits is now found1 is a well known fact4 ,that the severance of ,asia from ,america was1 geologically speaking1 very recent1 is shown by the fact that not only the straits1 but the sea which bears the name of ,behring1 is extraordinarily shallow1 so much so1 indeed1 that whalers lie at anchor in the middle of it4#eda3a ,this is evidently the manner in which ,america was peopled4#eda3b ,during the ,champlain period in the earth's history the climate of the northern portion of the ,american continent1 instead of being frigid1 and the country covered with sheets of ice1 was more like the climate of the ,middle ,states of the present day4 ,tropical animals went ,north1 and during the ,terrace period--which followed the ,champlain--the climate changed to frigid1 and many of these tropical animals were frozen in the ice1 and some of their remains were discovered centuries after4 ,it was probably during the time when the climate in those northern regions was warm1 that the aborigines crossed over1 and even if they did not do so at that time1 we must not be startled at the idea that ,asiatic tribes crossed over from ,asia to ,america1 when the country was covered with ice4 ,there have been nations who lived in a state of nudity among ice-fields1 and1 even at the present day1 a naked nation of fishermen still exist in ,terra del ,fuego1 where the glaciers stretch down to the sea1 and even into it4#eda3c ,chas4 ,darwin1 during his voyage round the world in ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,beagle1 was particularly struck with the hardiness of the ,fuegians1 who go in a state of nudity1 or almost entirely so4 ,he says3 ,among these central tribes the men generally have an otter-skin1 or some small scrap1 about as large as a pocket-handkerchief1 to cover their nakedness1 which is barely sufficient to cover their backs as low down as their loins4#eda3d ,one day while going on shore near ,wollaston ,island1 ,mr4 ,darwin's party pulled alongside a canoe which contained six ,fuegians1 who were1 he says1 quite naked1 and even one full-grown woman was absolutely so4 ,it was raining heavily1 and the fresh water1 together with the spray1 trickled down her body4 ,in another harbor not far distant1 a woman1 who was suckling a recently-born child1 came one day alongside the vessel1 and remained there out of mere curiosity1 whilst the sleet fell and thawed on her naked bosom1 and on the skin of her naked baby6#edb3a ,this was during the winter season4 ,a few pages farther on ,mr4 ,darwin says that on the night of the #bb;d ,december1 a small family of ,fuegians--who were living in a cove near the quarters--soon joined our party round a blazing fire4 ,we were well clothed1 and though sitting close to the fire were far from too warm2 yet these naked savages1 though further off1 were observed1 to our great surprise1 to be streaming with perspiration at undergoing such a scorching4 ,they seemed1 however1 very well pleased1 and all joined in the chorus of the seamen's songs2 but the manner in which they were invariably a little behind was quite ludicrous4#edb3b ,the ,asiatics who first crossed over to the ,american continent were evidently in a very barbarous stage1 although they may have known how to produce fire1 and use bows and arrows4#edb3c ,the tribe who inhabited ,mexico at the time it was discovered by the ,spaniards was not the first to settle there2 they had driven out a people1 and had taken the country from them4#edb3d ,that ,mexico was visited by ,orientals1 who brought and planted their religion there1 in a comparatively recent period1 is very probable4 ,mr4 ,chas4 ,g4 ,leland1 who has made this subject a special study1 says3 ,while the proofs of the existence or residence of ,orientals in ,america are extremely vague and uncertain1 and while they are supported only by coincidences1 the antecedent probability of their having come hither1 or having been able to come1 is stronger than the ,norse discovery of the ,new ,world1 or even than that of ,columbus himself would appear to be4 ,let the reader take a map of the ,northern ,pacific2 let him ascertain for himself the fact that from ,kamtschatka1 which was well known to the old ,chinese1 to ,alaska the journey is far less arduous than from ,china proper1 and it will be seen that there was in all probability intercourse of some kind between the continents4 ,in early times the ,chinese were bold and skillful navigators1 to whom the chain of the ,aleutian ,islands would have been simply like stepping-stones over a shallow brook to a child4 ,for it is a well ascertained fact1 that a sailor in an open boat might cross from ,asia to ,america by the ,aleutian ,islands in summer-time1 and hardly ever be out of sight of land1 and this in a part of the sea generally abounding in fish1 as is proved by the fishermen who inhabit many of these islands1 on which fresh water is always to be found4#edc3a ,colonel ,barclay ,kennon1 formerly of the ,u4 ,s4 ,north ,pacific surveying expedition1 says3 ,from the result of the most accurate scientific observation1 it is evident that the voyage from ,china to ,america can be made without being out of sight of land more than a few hours at any one time4 ,to a landsman1 unfamiliar with long voyages1 the mere idea of being 'alone on the wide1 wide sea1' with nothing but water visible1 even for an hour1 conveys a strange sense of desolation1 of daring1 and of adventure4 ,but in truth it is regarded as a mere trifle1 not only by regular seafaring men1 but even by the rudest races in all parts of the world2 and ,i have no doubt that from the remotest ages1 and on all shores1 fishermen in open boats1 canoes1 or even coracles1 guided simply by the stars and currents1 have not hesitated to go far out of sight of land4 ,at the present day1 natives of many of the ,south ,pacific ,islands undertake1 without a compass1 and successfully1 long voyages which astonish even a regular ,jack-tar1 who is not often astonished at anything4 ,if this can be done by savages1 it hardly seems possible that the ,asiatic-,american voyage was not successfully performed by people of advanced scientific culture1 who had1 it is generally believed1 the compass1 and who from an early age were proficient in astronomy4#edc3b ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 it would seem1 entertains similar ideas to our own1 expressed as follows3 ,in their 7the ,american ,indians'7 languages1 as well as in their religions1 traces may possibly still be found1 before it is too late1 of pre-historic migrations of men from the primitive ,asiatic to the ,american ,continent1 either across the stepping-stones of the ,aleutic bridge in the ,north1 or lower ,south1 by drifting with favorable winds from island to island1 till the hardy canoe was landed or wrecked on the ,american coast1 never to return again to the ,asiatic home from which it had started4#edc3c ,it is very evident then1 that the religion and mythology of the ,old and ,new ,worlds1 have1 in part1 at least1 a common origin4 ,lord ,kingsborough informs us that the ,spanish historians of the #afth century were not disposed to admit that ,america had ever been colonized from the ,west1 chiefly on account of the state in which religion was found in the new continent4#edc3d ,and ,mr4 ,tylor says3 ,among the mass of ,central ,american traditions 4 4 4 there occur certain passages in the story of an early emigration of the ,quich race1 which have much the appearance of vague and broken stories derived in some way from high ,northern latitudes4#edc3e ,mr4 ,mc,culloh1 in his ,researches1 observes that3 ,in analyzing many parts of their 7the ancient ,americans'7 institutions1 especially those belonging to their cosmogonal history1 their religious superstitions1 and astronomical computations1 we have1 in these abstract matters1 found abundant proof to assert that there has been formerly a connection between the people of the two continents4 ,their communications1 however1 have taken place at a very remote period of time2 for those matters in which they more decidedly coincide1 are undoubtedly those which belong to the earliest history of mankind4 ,it is unquestionably from ,india that we have derived1 partly through the ,persians and other nations1 most of our metaphysical and theological doctrines1 as well as our nursery tales4 ,who then can deny that these same doctrines and legends have been handed down by oral tradition to the chief of the ,indian tribes1 and in this way have been preserved1 although perhaps in an obscure and imperfect manner1 in some instances at least1 until the present day8 ,the facts which we have before us1 with many others like them which are to be had1 point with the greatest likelihood to a common fatherland1 the cradle of all nations1 from which they came1 taking these traditions with them4 ,,footnotes3 #ecc3a ,baring-,gould's ,legends of the ,patriarchs1 p4 #df4 #ecc3b ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #fg4 #ecc3c ,ibid4 ,here we see the parallel to the ,grecian fable of ,epimetheus and ,pandora4 #ecc3d ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #bjc4 ,higgins3 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bg4 #ecc3e ,ibid4 #ecc3f ,brinton3 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #bjd4 #ecc3g ,see ,chapter ,v4 #ecc3h ,see ,ibid4 and ,chambers's ,encyclo41 art4 ,transmigration4 #ecd3a ,see ,chapter ,,xi4 #ecd3b ,see ,chapter ,x4 #ecd3c ,see ,chapter ,,xi4 #ecd3d ,ibid4 #ecd3e ,see ,early ,hist4 ,mankind1 p4 #beb2 ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol2 and ,prescott3 ,con4 ,peru4 #ecd3f ,see ,ibid41 and the ,andes and the ,amazon1 p4 #ded4 #ecd3g ,see ,early ,hist4 ,mankind1 p4 #hdb4 #ecd3h ,ibid4 #ecd3i ,see ,chapter ,,xii4 #ecd3aj ,see ,chapter ,,xxv4 #ecd3aa ,see ,chapter ,,xx4 ,mr4 ,prescott1 speaking of the ,pyramid of ,cholula1 in his ,mexican ,history1 says3 ,on the summit stood a sumptuous temple1 in which was the image of the mystic deity 7,quetzalcoatle71 with ebon features1 unlike the fair complexion which he bore upon earth4 ,and ,kenneth ,r4 ,h4 ,mackenzie says 7in ,cities of the ,ancient ,world1 p4 #ahj73 ,from the woolly texture of the hair1 ,i am inclined to assign to the ,buddha of ,india1 the ,fuhi of ,china1 the ,sommonacom of the ,siamese1 the ,xaha of the ,japanese1 and the ,quetzalcoatle of the ,mexicans1 the same1 and indeed an ,african1 or rather ,nubian1 origin4 #ecd3ab ,see ,chapter ,,xxii4 #ecd3ac ,see ,chapter ,,xxiii4 #ecd3ad ,see ,chapter ,,xxvi4 #ece3a ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #gg4 #ece3b ,ibid4 p4 #aji4 #ece3c ,see ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship1 and ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol4 #ece3d ,see ,ibid4 #ece3e ,see ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfa1 and ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol4 #ece3f ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhj1 and ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol4 #ece3g ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #bid1 and ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol4 #ece3h ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bie1 #bif4 #ece3i ,ibid4 p4 #cjj4 #ece3aj ,ibid4 #ece3aa ,ibid4 p4 #cja4 #ecf3a ,tylor2 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #aja4 #ecf3b ,ibid4 p4 #bia4 #ecf3c ,ibid4 #ecf3d ,ibid4 p4 #bcd4 #ecf3e ,ibid4 p4 #bdj and #bdc4 #ecf3f ,early ,hist4 ,mankind1 pp4 #ceg and #cfa4 #ecf3g ,ibid4 p4 #cfa4 ,the legend of the ,elixir of ,life of the ,western ,world1 was well-known in ,china4 7,buckley3 ,cities of the ,ancient ,world1 p4 #afg47 #ecf3h ,ibid4 p4 #aah1 and ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol4 #ecg3a ,fusang1 p4 #ef4 #ecg3b ,ibid4 p4 #ee4 #ecg3c ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aha4 #ecg3d ,ibid41 and ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol4 #ecg3e ,mexican ,antiq41 vol4 vi4 p4 #ahj4 #ecg3f ,early ,hist4 ,mankind1 p4 #caa4 #ecg3g ,the traveler1 ,james ,orton1 found fossil bones of an extinct species of the horse1 the mastodon1 and other animals1 near ,punin1 in ,south ,america1 all of which had passed away before the arrival of the human species4 ,this native ,american horse was succeeded1 in after ages1 by the countless herds descended from a few introduced with the ,spanish colonists4 7,see the ,andes and the ,amazon1 pp4 #aed1 #aee47 #ecg3h ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #dg4 #ech3a ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #aic4 #ech3b ,the ,andes and the ,amazon1 p4 #ded4 #ech3c ,eastern ,monachism1 p4 #bbb4 #ech3d ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #dc4 #ech3e ,see ,ibid4 #ech3f ,travels in ,persia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhd4 #ech3g ,new ,spain1 vol4 i4 p4 #acf4 #ech3h ,ibid4 p4 #ada4 #eci3a ,new ,spain1 vol4 i4 p4 #aec4 #eci3b ,types of ,mankind1 p4 #bge4 #eci3c ,the ,andes and the ,amazon1 p4 #agj4 #edj3a ,paschel3 ,races of ,man1 pp4 #djb-djd4 #edj3b ,fusang1 p4 #g4 #edj3c ,ibid4 #aah4 #edj3d ,quoted in ,ibid4 #edj3e ,quoted ,in ,ibid4 p4 #id4 #eda3a ,paschel3 ,races of ,man1 pp4 #djj1 #dja4 #eda3b ,to those who may think that the ,old ,world might have been peopled from the new1 we refer to ,oscar ,paschel's ,races of ,man1 p4 #cb4 ,the author1 in speaking on this subject1 says3 ,there at one time existed a great continent1 to which belonged ,madagascar and perhaps portions of ,eastern ,africa1 the ,maldives and ,laccadives1 and also the ,island of ,ceylon1 which was never attached to ,india1 perhaps even the island of ,celebes in the far ,east1 which possesses a perplexing fauna1 with semi-,african features4 ,on this continent1 which was situated in the now ,indian ,ocean1 must we look for the cradle of humanity4 #eda3c ,paschal3 ,races of ,man1 p4 #ca4 #eda3d ,darwin's ,journal1 p4 #bac4 #edb3a ,darwin's ,journal1 p4 #bac4 #edb3b ,ibid4 pp4 #bbj1 #bba4 #edb3c ,this is seen from the fact that they did not know the use of iron4 ,had they known the use of this metal1 they would surely have gone to work and dug into their mountains1 which are abundantly filled with ore1 and made use of it4 #edb3d ,the ,aztecs were preceded by the ,toltecs1 ,chichimecks1 and the ,nahualtecs4 7,humboldt's ,new ,spain1 p4 #acc1 vol4 i47 ,the races of barbarians which successively followed each other from the north to the south always murdered1 hunted down1 and subdued the previous inhabitants1 and formed in course of time a new social and political life upon the ruins of the old system1 to be again destroyed and renewed in a few centuries1 by a new invasion of barbarians4 ,the later native conquerors in the ,new ,world can1 of course1 no more be considered in the light of original inhabitants than the present races of men in the ,old ,world4 #edc3a ,fusang1 p4 #ef4 #edc3b ,quoted in ,fusang1 p4 #ga4 #edc3c ,science of ,religion1 p4 #aba4 #edc3d ,mexican ,antiq41 vol4 vi4 p4 #afa4 #edc3e ,early ,hist4 ,mankind1 p4 #cjg4 ,,appendix ,b4 ,commencing at the farthest ,east we shall find the ancient religion of ,china the same as that which was universal in all quarters of the globe1 viz41 an adoration of the ,sun1 ,moon1 ,stars and elements4#edd3a ,that the ,chinese religion was in one respect the same as that of ,india1 is seen from the fact that they named successive days for the same seven planets that the ,hindoos did4#edd3b ,the ancient books of the ,chinese show that astronomy was not only understood by them at a very early period1 but that it formed an important branch of state policy1 and the basis of public ceremonies4 ,eclipses are accurately recorded which occurred twenty centuries before ,jesus2 and the ,confucian books refer continually to observations of the heavenly bodies and the rectification of the calendar4 ,the ancient ,chinese astronomers seem to have known precisely the excess of the solar year beyond #cfe days4 ,the religion of ,china1 under the emperors who preceded the first dynasty1 is an enigma4 ,the notices in the only authentic works1 the ,king1 are on this point scanty1 vague1 and obscure4 ,it is difficult to separate what is spoken with reference to the science of astronomy from that which may relate to religion1 properly so called4 ,the terms of reverence and respect1 with which the heavenly bodies are spoken of in the ,shoo-,king1 seem to warrant the inference that those terms have more than a mere astronomical meaning1 and that the ancient religion of ,china partook of star-worship1 one of the oldest heresies in the world4#ede3a ,in ,india the ,sun1 ,moon1 ,stars and the powers of ,nature were worshiped and personified1 and each quality1 mental and physical1 had its emblem1 which the ,brahmans taught the ignorant to regard as realities1 till the ,pantheon became crowded4 ,our ,aryan ancestors learned to look up to the sky1 the ,sun1 and the dawn1 and there to see the presence of a living power1 half-revealed1 and half-hidden from their senses1 those senses which were always postulating something beyond what they could grasp4 ,they went further still4 ,in the bright sky they perceived an ,illuminator1 in the all-encircling firmament an ,embracer1 in the roar of the thunder or in the voice of the storm they felt the presence of a ,shouter and of furious ,strikers1 and out of the rain they created an ,indra1 or giver of rain4#ede3b ,prof4 ,monier ,williams1 speaking of the hymns of the ,veda1 says3 ,to what deities1 it will be asked1 were the prayers and hymns of these collections addressed8 ,the answer is3 ,they worshiped those physical forces before which all nations1 if guided solely by the light of nature1 have in the early period of their life1 instinctively bowed down1 and before which even the most civilized and enlightened have always been compelled to bend in awe and reverence1 if not in adoration4#ede3c ,the following sublime description of ,night is an extract from the ,vedas1 made by ,sir ,william ,jones3 ,night approaches1 illumined with stars and planets1 and1 looking on all sides with numberless eyes1 overpowers all meaner lights4 ,the immortal goddess pervades the firmament1 covering the low valleys and shrubs1 the lofty mountains and trees1 but soon she disturbs the gloom with celestial effulgence4 ,advancing with brightness1 at length she recalls her sister ,morning2 and the nightly shade gradually melts away4 ,may she at this time be propitious6 ,she1 in whose early watch we may calmly recline in our mansions1 as birds repose upon the trees4 ,mankind now sleep in their towns2 now herds and flocks peacefully slumber1 and the winged creatures1 swift falcons1 and vultures4 ,o ,night6 avert from us the she-wolf and the wolf2 and1 oh6 suffer us to pass thee in soothing rest6 ,oh1 morn6 remove in due time this black1 yet visible overwhelming darkness1 which at present enfolds me1 as thou enablest me to remove the cloud of their dells4 ,daughter of ,heaven1 ,i approach thee with praise1 as the cow approaches her milker2 accept1 ,o ,night6 not the hymn only1 but the oblation of thy suppliant1 who prays that his foes may be subdued4 ,some of the principal gods of the ,hindoo ,pantheon are1 ,dyaus 7the ,sky71 ,indra 7the ,rain-giver71 ,srya 7the ,sun71 the ,maruts 7,winds71 ,aditi1 7the ,dawn71 ,parvati 7the ,earth71#edf3a and ,siva1 her consort4 ,the worship of the ,,sun is expressed in a variety of ways1 and by a multitude of fanciful names4 ,one of the principal of these is ,crishna4 ,the following is a prayer addressed to him3 ,be auspicious to my lay1 ,o ,chrishna1 thou only ,god of the seven heavens1 who swayest the universe through the immensity of space and matter4 ,o universal and resplendent ,sun6 ,thou mighty governor of the heavens2 thou sovereign regulator of the connected whole2 thou sole and universal deity of mankind2 thou gracious and ,supreme ,spirit2 my noblest and most happy inspiration is thy praise and glory4 ,thy power ,i will praise1 for thou art my sovereign ,lord1 whose bright image continually forces itself on my attention1 eager imagination4 ,thou art the ,being to whom heroes pray in perils of war2 nor are their supplications vain1 when thus they pray2 whether it be when thou illuminest the eastern region with thy orient light1 when in thy meridian splendor1 or when thou majestically descendest in the ,west4 ,crishna is made to say3 ,i am the light in the ,sun and ,moon1 far1 far beyond the darkness4 ,i am the brilliancy in flame1 the radiance in all that's radiant1 and the light of lights4#edf3b ,in the ,maha-bharata1 ,crishna1 who having become the son of ,aditi 7the ,dawn71 is called ,vishnu1 another name for the ,sun4#edf3c ,the demon ,putana assaults the child ,crishna1 which identifies him with ,hercules1 the ,sun-god of the ,greeks4#edf3d ,in his ,solar character he must again be the slayer of the ,dragon or ,black-snake ,kulnika1 the ,old ,serpent with the thousand heads4#edf3e ,crishna's amours with the maidens makes him like ,indra1 ,phoibus1 ,hercules1 ,samson1 ,alpheios1 ,paris and other ,sun-gods4 ,this is the hot and fiery ,sun greeting the moon and the dew1 or the ,sun with his brides the ,stars4#edf3f ,moore1 in his ,hindu ,pantheon1 observes3 ,although all the ,hindu deities partake more or less remotely of the nature and character of ,surya1 or the ,,sun1 and all more or less directly radiate from1 or merge in1 him1 yet no one is1 ,i think1 so intimately identified with him as ,vishnu2 whether considered in his own person1 or in the character of his most glorious ,avatara of ,,crishna4 ,the ancient religion of ,,egypt1 like that of ,hindostan1 was founded on astronomy1 and eminently metaphysical in its character4 ,the ,egyptian priests were far advanced in the science of astronomy4 ,they made astronomy their peculiar study4 ,they knew the figure of the earth1 and how to calculate solar and lunar eclipses4 ,from very ancient time1 they had observed the order and movement of the stars1 and recorded them with the utmost care4 ,ramses the ,great1 generally called ,sesostris1 is supposed to have reigned one thousand five hundred years before the ,christian era1 about coeval with ,moses1 or a century later4 ,in the tomb of this monarch was found a large massive circle of wrought gold1 divided into three hundred and sixty-five degrees1 and each division marked the rising and setting of the stars for each day4#edg3a ,this fact proves how early they were advanced in astronomy4 ,in their great theories of mutual dependence between all things in the universe was included a belief in some mysterious relation between the ,spirits of the ,stars and human souls1 so that the destiny of mortals was regulated by the motions of the heavenly bodies4 ,this was the origin of the famous system of ,astrology4 ,from the conjunction of planets at the hour of birth1 they prophesied what would be the temperament of an infant1 what life he would live1 and what death he would die4 ,diodorus1 who wrote in the century preceding ,christ ,jesus1 says3 ,they frequently foretell with the greatest accuracy what is about to happen to mankind2 showing the failure or abundance of crops1 and the epidemic diseases about to befall men or cattle4 ,earthquakes1 deluges1 rising of comets1 and all those phenomena1 the knowledge of which appears impossible to common comprehensions1 they foresee by means of their long continued observation4 ,p4 ,le ,page ,renouf1 who is probably the best authority on the religion of ancient ,egypt which can be produced1 says1 in his ,hibbert ,lectures3#edg3b ,the ,lectures on the ,science of ,language1 delivered nearly twenty years ago by ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 have1 ,i trust1 made us fully understand how1 among the ,indo-,european races1 the names of the ,sun1 of ,sunrise and ,sunset1 and of other such phenomena1 come to be talked of and considered as personages1 of whom wondrous legends have been told4 ,egyptian mythology not merely admits1 but imperatively demands1 the same explanation4 ,and this becomes the more evident when we consider the question how these mythical personages came to be invested with the attributes of divinity by men who1 like the ,egyptians1 had so lively a sense of the divine4 ,kenrick1 in his ,history of ,egypt1 says3 ,we have abundant evidence that the ,egyptian theology had its origin in the personification of the powers of nature1 under male and female attributes1 and that this conception took a sensible form1 such as the mental state of the people required1 by the identification of these powers with the elements and the heavenly bodies1 fire1 earth1 water1 the sun and moon1 and the ,nile4 ,such appears everywhere to be the origin of the objective form of polytheism2 and it is equally evident among the nations most closely allied to the ,egyptians by position and general character--the ,phenicians1 the ,babylonians1 and in remote connection1 the ,indians on the one side and the ,greeks on the other4 ,the gods and goddesses of the ancient ,,persians were also personifications of the ,sun1 ,moon1 ,stars1 the elements1 c4 ,ormuzd1 ,the ,king of ,light1 was god of the ,firmament1 and the ,principle of ,goodness and of ,truth4 ,he was called ,the ,eternal ,source of ,sunshine and ,light1 ,the ,centre of all that exists1 ,the ,first-born of the ,eternal ,one1 ,the ,creator1 ,the ,sovereign ,intelligence1 ,the ,all-seeing1 ,the ,just ,judge4 ,he was described as sitting on the throne of the good and the perfect1 in regions of pure light1 crowned with rays1 and with a ring on his finger--a circle being an emblem of infinity2 sometimes as a venerable1 majestic man1 seated on a ,bull1 their emblem of creation4 ,mithras the ,mediator was the god-,sun4 ,their most splendid ceremonials were in honor of ,mithras4 ,they kept his birth-day1 with many rejoicings1 on the twenty-fifth of ,december1 when the ,sun perceptibly begins to return northward1 after his long winter journey2 and they had another festival in his honor1 at the vernal equinox4 ,perhaps no religious festival was ever more splendid than the ,annual ,salutation of ,mithras1 during which forty days were set apart for thanksgiving and sacrifice4 ,the procession to salute the god was formed long before the rising of the ,sun4 ,the ,high ,priest was followed by a long train of the ,magi1 in spotless white robes1 chanting hymns1 and carrying the sacred fire on silver censers4 ,then came three hundred and sixty-five youths in scarlet1 to represent the days of the year and the color of fire4 ,these were followed by the ,chariot of the ,sun1 empty1 decorated with garlands1 and drawn by superb white horses harnessed with pure gold4 ,then came a white horse of magnificent size1 his forehead blazing with gems1 in honor of ,mithras4 ,close behind him rode the king1 in a chariot of ivory inlaid with gold1 followed by his royal kindred in embroidered garments1 and a long train of nobles riding on camels richly caparisoned4 ,this gorgeous retinue1 facing the ,east1 slowly ascended ,mount ,orontes4 ,arrived at the summit1 the ,high ,priest assumed his tiara wreathed with myrtle1 and hailed the first rays of the rising ,sun with incense and prayer4 ,the other ,magi gradually joined him in singing hymns to ,ormuzd1 the source of all blessing1 by whom the radiant ,mithras had been sent to gladden the earth and preserve the principle of life4 ,finally1 they all joined in one universal chorus of praise1 while king1 princes and nobles1 prostrated themselves before the orb of day4 ,the ,,hebrews worshiped the ,sun1 ,moon1 ,stars1 and all the host of heaven4#edi3a ,el-,shaddai was one of the names given to the god ,sun4 ,parkhurst1 in his ,hebrew ,lexicon1 says1 ,el was the very name the heathens gave to their god ,sol1 their ,lord or ,ruler of the hosts of heaven4 ,el1 which means the strong one in heaven--the ,sun1 was invoked by the ancestors of all the ,semitic nations1 before there were ,babylonians in ,babylon1 ,phenicians in ,sydon and ,tyrus1 before there were ,jews in ,mesopotamia or ,jerusalem4#edi3b ,the ,sun was worshiped by the ,hebrews under the names of ,baal1 ,moloch1 ,chemosh1 c42 the ,moon was ,ashtoreth1 the ,queen of ,heaven4#edi3c ,the gods of the ancient ,,greeks and ,,romans were the same as the gods of the ,indian epic poems4 ,we have1 for example3 ,zeupiter 7,jupiter71 corresponding to ,dyaus-pitar 7the ,heaven-father71 ,juno1 corresponding to ,parvati 7the ,mother ,goddess71 and ,apollo1 corresponding to ,crishna 7the ,sun1 the ,saviour74#edi3d ,another name for the ,sun among those people was ,bacchus4 ,an ,orphic verse1 referring to the ,sun1 says1 he is called ,dionysos 7a name of ,bacchus7 because he is carried with a circular motion through the immensely extended heavens4#edi3e ,dr4 ,prichard1 in his ,analysis of ,egyptian ,mythology1#edi3f speaking of the ancient ,greeks and ,romans1 says3 ,that the worship of the powers of nature1 mitigated1 indeed1 and embellished1 constituted the foundation of the ,greek and ,roman religion1 will not be disputed by any person who surveys the fables of the ,olympian ,gods with a more penetrating eye than that of a mere antiquarian4 ,m4 ,de ,coulanges1 speaking of them1 says3 ,the ,sun1 which gives fecundity2 the ,earth1 which nourishes2 the ,clouds1 by turns beneficent and destructive1--such were the different powers of which they could make gods4 ,but from each one of these elements thousands of gods were created2 because the same physical agent1 viewed under different aspects1 received from men different names4 ,the ,sun1 for example1 was called in one place ,hercules 7the glorious72 in another1 ,phoebus 7the shining72 and still again1 ,apollo 7he who drives away night or evil72 one called him ,hyperion 7the elevated being72 another1 ,alexicacos 7the beneficent72 and in the course of time groups of men1 who had given these various names to the brilliant luminary1 no longer saw that they had the same god4#edi3g ,richard ,payne ,knight says3 ,the primitive religion of the ,greeks1 like that of all other nations not enlightened by ,revelation1 appears to have been elementary1 and to have consisted in an indistinct worship of the ,,sun1 the ,,moon1 the ,,stars1 the ,,earth1 and the ,,waters1 or rather1 the spirits supposed to preside over these bodies1 and to direct their motions1 and regulate their modes of existence4 ,every river1 spring or mountain had its local genius1 or peculiar deity2 and as men naturally endeavored to obtain the favor of their gods by such means as they feel best adapted to win their own1 the first worship consisted in offering to them certain portions of whatever they held to be most valuable4 ,at the same time1 the regular motions of the heavenly bodies1 the stated returns of summer and winter1 of day and night1 with all the admirable order of the universe1 taught them to believe in the existence and agency of such superior powers2 the irregular and destructive efforts of nature1 such as lightnings and tempests1 inundations and earthquakes1 persuaded them that these mighty beings had passions and affections similar to their own1 and only differed in possessing greater strength1 power1 and intelligence4#eej3a ,when the ,grecian astronomers first declared that the ,sun was not a person1 but a huge hot ball1 instantly an outcry arose against them4 ,they were called blaspheming atheists1 and from that time to the present1 when any new discovery is made which seems to take away from man his god1 the cry of ,atheist is instantly raised4 ,if we turn from the ancient ,greeks and ,romans1 and take a look still farther ,west and ,north1 we shall find that the gods of all the ,,teutonic nations were the same as we have seen elsewhere4 ,they had ,odin or ,woden--from whom we have our ,wednesday--the ,al-fader 7the ,sky71 ,frigga1 the ,mother ,goddess 7the ,earth71 ,baldur the ,good1 and ,thor--from whom we have our ,thursday 7personifications of the ,sun71 besides innumerable other genii1 among them ,freyja--from whom we have our ,friday--and as she was the ,goddess of ,love1 we eat fish on that day4#eej3b ,the gods of the ancient inhabitants of what are now called the ,british ,islands were identically the same4 ,the ,sun-god worshiped by the ,ancient ,druids was called ,hu1 ,beli1 ,budd and ,buddu-gre4#eej3c ,the same worship which we have found in the ,old ,world1 from the farthest ,east to the remotest ,west1 may also be traced in ,,america1 from its simplest or least clearly defined form1 among the roving hunters and squalid ,esquimaux of the ,north1 through every intermediate stage of development1 to the imposing systems of ,mexico and ,peru1 where it took a form nearly corresponding that which it at one time sustained on the banks of the ,ganges1 and on the plains of ,assyria4#eej3d ,father ,acosta1 speaking of the ,mexicans1 says3 ,next to ,viracocha1 or their ,supreme ,god1 that which most commonly they have1 and do adore1 is the ,sun2 and after1 those things which are most remarkable in the celestial or elementary nature1 as the ,moon1 ,stars1 ,sea1 and ,land4 ,whoso shall merely look into it1 shall find this manner which the ,devil hath used to deceive the ,indians1 to be the same wherewith he hath deceived the ,greeks and ,romans1 and other ancient ,gentiles1 giving them to understand that these notable creatures1 the ,sun1 ,moon1 ,stars1 and elements1 had power or authority to do good or harm to men4#eea3a ,we see1 then1 that the gods and heroes of antiquity were originally personifications of certain elements of ,nature1 and that the legends of adventures ascribed to them are merely mythical forms of describing the phenomena of these elements4 ,these legends relating to the elements of ,nature1 whether they had reference to the ,sun1 the ,moon1 the ,stars1 or a certain natural phenomenon1 became1 in the course of time1 to be regarded as accounts of men of a high order1 who had once inhabited the earth4 ,sanctuaries and temples were erected to these heroes1 their bones were searched for1 and when found--which was always the case--were regarded as a great source of strength to the town that possessed them2 all relics of their stay on earth were hallowed1 and a form of worship was specially adapted to them4 ,the idea that heavenly luminaries were inhabited by spirits1 of a nature intermediate between ,god and men1 first led mortals to address prayers to the orbs over which they were supposed to preside4 ,in order to supplicate these deities1 when ,sun1 ,moon1 and ,stars were not visible1 they made images of them1 which the priests consecrated with many ceremonies4 ,then they pronounced solemn invocations to draw down the spirits into the statues provided for their reception4 ,by this process it was supposed that a mysterious connection was established between the spirit and the image1 so that prayers addressed to one were thenceforth heard by the other4 ,this was probably the origin of image worship everywhere4 ,the motive of this worship was the same among all nations of antiquity1 i4 e41 fear4 ,they supposed that these deities were irritated by the sins of men1 but1 at the same time1 were merciful1 and capable of being appeased by prayer and repentance2 for this reason men offered to these deities sacrifices and prayers4 ,how natural that such should have been the case1 for1 as ,abb ,dubois observes3 ,to the rude1 untutored eye1 the ',host of ,heaven1' clothed in that calm beauty which distinguishes an ,oriental night1 might well appear to be instinct with some divine principle1 endowed with consciousness1 and the power to influence1 from its throne of unchanging splendor on high1 the fortunes of transitory mortals4 ,,footnotes3 #edd3a ,all ,paganism is at bottom a worship of nature in some form or other1 and in all ,pagan religions the deepest and most awe-inspiring attribute of nature was its power of reproduction4 7,encyclo4 ,brit41 art4 ,christianity47 #edd3b ,in ,montfaucon's ,l',antiquit ,explique 7vol4 i471 may be seen a representation of the seven planets personified4 ,it was by such personifications that the real objects worshiped became unknown4 ,at first the real ,sun1 ,moon1 ,stars1 c41 would be worshiped1 but as soon as man personified them1 other terms would be introduced1 and peculiar rites appropriated to each1 so that in time they came to be considered as so many different deities4 #ede3a ,thornton3 ,hist4 ,china1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ad1 #di and #ej4 #ede3b ,max ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #bih4 #ede3c ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #aj4 #edf3a ,the emblem of ,parvati1 the ,mother ,goddess1 was the ,,yoni1 and that of her consort ,siva1 the ,,lingham4 #edf3b ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #bac4 #edf3c ,see ,cox3 ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aje and #acj4 #edf3d ,ibid4 p4 #ace4 #edf3e ,ibid4 p4 #acg4 #edf3f ,see ,ibid4 p4 #hh1 and ,moor's ,hindu ,pantheon1 p4 #fc4 #edg3a ,according to ,champollion1 the tomb of ,ramses ,v4 at ,thebes1 contains tables of the constellations and of their influence 7on human beings7 for every hour of every month of the year4 7,kenrick's ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #def47 #edg3b ,p4 #aah4 #edi3a ,see ,chapter ,,xi4 #edi3b ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,relig41 p4 #aij4 #edi3c ,see ,chapter ,,xi4 #edi3d ,see ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #dbf4 #edi3e ,taylor's ,mysteries1 p4 #afc4 #edi3f ,page #bci4 #edi3g ,the ,ancient ,city1 p4 #afb4 #eej3a ,ancient ,art and ,mythology1 p4 #a4 #eej3b ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities4 ,though spoken of in ,northern mythology as distinct1 ,frigga and ,freyja are originally ,,one4 #eej3c ,see ,myths of the ,british ,druids1 p4 #aaf4 #eej3d ,see ,squire's ,serpent ,symbol4 #eea3a ,acosta3 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cjc-cje4 ,,appendix ,c4 ,all the chief stories that we know so well are to be found in all times1 and in almost all countries4 ,cinderella1 for one1 is told in the language of every country in ,europe1 and the same legend is found in the fanciful tales related by the ,greek poets2 and still further back1 it appears in very ancient ,hindoo legends4 ,so1 again1 does ,beauty and the ,beast2 so does our familiar tale of ,jack1 the ,giant-,killer2 so also do a great number of other fairy stories1 each being told in different countries and in different periods1 with so much likeness as to show that all the versions came from the same source1 and yet with enough difference to show that none of the versions are directly copied from each other4 ,indeed1 when we compare the myths and legends of one country with another1 and of one period with another1 we find out how they have come to be so much alike1 and yet in some things so different4 ,we see that there must have been one origin for all these stories1 that they must have been invented by one people1 that this people must have been afterwards divided1 and that each part or division of it must have brought into its new home the legends once common to them all1 and must have shaped and altered these according to the kind of place in which they came to live2 those of the ,north being sterner and more terrible1 those of the ,south softer and fuller of light and color1 and adorned with touches of more delicate fancy4 ,and this1 indeed1 is really the case4 ,all the chief stories and legends are alike1 because they were first made by one people2 and all the nations in which they are now told in one form or another tell them because they are all descended from this one common stock1 the ,aryan4 ,from researches made by ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 the ,rev4 ,george ,w4 ,cox1 and others1 in ,england and ,germany1 in the science of ,comparative ,mythology1 we begin to see something of these ancient forefathers of ours2 to understand what kind of people they were1 and to find that our fairy stories are really made out of their religion4 ,the mind of the ,aryan peoples in their ancient home was full of imagination4 ,they never ceased to wonder at what they saw and heard in the sky and upon the earth4 ,their language was highly figurative1 and so the things which struck them with wonder1 and which they could not explain1 were described under forms and names which were familiar to them4 ,thus1 the thunder was to them the bellowing of a mighty beast1 or the rolling of a great chariot4 ,in the lightning they saw a brilliant serpent1 or a spear shot across the sky1 or a great fish darting swiftly through the sea of cloud4 ,the clouds were heavenly cows1 who shed milk upon the earth and refreshed it2 or they were webs woven by heavenly women who drew water from the fountains on high and poured it down as rain4 ,analogies which are but fancy to us1 were realities to these men of past ages4 ,they could see in the waterspout a huge serpent who elevated himself out of the ocean and reached his head to the skies4 ,they could feel1 in the pangs of hunger1 a live creature gnawing within their bodies1 and they heard the voices of the hill-dwarfs answering in the echo4 ,the ,sun1 the first object which struck them with wonder1 was1 to them1 the child of ,night2 the ,dawn came before he was born1 and died as he rose in the heavens4 ,he strangled the serpents of the night2 he went forth like a bridegroom out of his chamber1 and like a giant1 to run his course4#eec3a ,he had to do battle with clouds and storms4#eec3b ,sometimes his light grew dim under their gloomy veil1 and the children of men shuddered at the wrath of the hidden ,sun4#eec3c ,sometimes his ray broke forth1 only1 after brief splendor1 to sink beneath a deeper darkness2 sometimes he burst forth at the end of his course1 trampling on the clouds which had dimmed his brilliancy1 and bathing his pathway with blood4#eec3d ,sometimes1 beneath mountains of clouds and vapors1 he plunged into the leaden sea4#eec3e ,sometimes he looked benignly on the face of his mother or his bride who came to greet him at his journey's end4#eec3f ,sometimes he was the lord of heaven and of light1 irresistible in his divine strength2 sometimes he toiled for others1 not for himself1 in a hard1 unwilling servitude4#eec3g ,his light and heat might give light and destroy it4#eec3h ,his chariot might scorch the regions over which it passed1 his flaming fire might burn up all who dared to look with prying eyes into his dazzling treasure-house4#eec3i ,he might be the child destined to slay his parents1 or to be united at the last in an unspeakable peace1 to the bright ,dawn who for a brief space had gladdened his path in the morning4#eec3aj ,he might be the friend of the children of men1 and the remorseless foe of those powers of darkness who had stolen away his bride4#eec3aa ,he might be a warrior whose eye strikes terror into his enemies1 or a wise chieftain skilled in deep and hidden knowledge4#eed3a ,sometimes he might appear as a glorious being doomed to an early death1 which no power could avert or delay4#eed3b ,sometimes grievous hardships and desperate conflicts might be followed by a long season of serene repose4#eed3c ,wherever he went1 men might welcome him in love1 or shrink from him in fear and anguish4#eed3d ,he would have many brides in many lands1 and his offspring would assume aspects beautiful1 strange or horrible4#eed3e ,his course might be brilliant and beneficent2 or gloomy1 sullen1 and capricious4#eed3f ,as compelled to toil for others1 he would be said to fight in quarrels not his own2 or he might for a time withhold the aid of an arm which no enemy could withstand4#eed3g ,he might be the destroyer of all whom he loved1 he might slay the ,dawn with his kindling rays1 he might scorch the ,fruits1 who were his children2 he might woo the deep blue sky1 the bride of heaven itself1 and an inevitable doom might bind his limbs on the blazing wheel for ever and ever4#eed3h ,nor in this crowd of phrases1 all of which have borne their part in the formation of mythology1 is there one which could not be used naturally by ourselves to describe the phenomena of the outward world1 and there is scarcely one1 perhaps1 which has not been used by our own poets4 ,there is a beauty in them1 which can never grow old or lose its charm4 ,poets of all ages recur to them instinctively in times of the deepest grief or the greatest joy2 but1 in the words of ,professor ,max ,mller1 it is impossible to enter fully into the thoughts and feelings which passed through the minds of the early poets when they formed names for that far ,east from whence even the early ,dawn1 the ,sun1 the ,day1 their own life seemed to spring4 ,a new life flashed up every morning before their eyes1 and the fresh breezes of the ,dawn reached them like greetings wafted across the golden threshold of the sky from the distant lands beyond the mountains1 beyond the clouds1 beyond the dawn1 beyond the immortal sea which brought us hither6 ,the ,dawn seemed to them to open golden gates for the ,sun to pass in triumph2 and while those gates were open1 their eyes and their minds strove1 in their childish way1 to pierce beyond the limits of this finite world4 ,that silent aspect wakened in the human mind the conception of the ,infinite1 the ,immortal1 the ,divine2 and the names of the ,dawn became naturally the names of higher powers4#eed3i ,this imagery of the ,aryans was applied by them to all they saw in the sky4 ,sometimes1 as we have said1 the clouds were cows2 they were also dragons1 which sought to slay the ,sun2 or great ships floating across the sky1 and casting anchor upon earth2 or rocks1 or mountains1 or deep caverns1 in which evil deities hid the golden light4 ,then1 also1 they were shaped by fancy into animals of various kinds--the bear1 the wolf1 the dog1 the ox2 and into giant birds1 and into monsters which were both bird and beast4 ,the winds1 again1 in their fancy1 were the companions or ministers of ,india1 the sky-god4 ,the spirits of the winds gathered into their host the souls of the dead--thus giving birth to the ,scandinavian and ,teutonic legend of the ,wild ,horseman1 who rides at midnight through the stormy sky1 with his long train of dead behind him1 and his weird hounds before4#eee3a ,the ,ribhus1 or ,arbhus1 again1 were the sunbeams or the lightning1 who forged the armor of the gods1 and made their thunderbolts1 and turned old people young1 and restored out of the hides alone the slaughtered cow on which the gods had feasted4#eee3b ,aryan myths1 then1 were no more than poetic fancies about light and darkness1 cloud and rain1 night and day1 storm and wind2 and when they moved westward and southward1 the ,aryan race brought these legends with it2 and out of these were shaped by degrees innumerable gods and demons of the ,hindoos1 the devs and jinns of the ,persians2 the great gods1 the minor deities1 and nymphs1 and fauns1 and satyrs of ,greek mythology and poetry2 the stormy divinities1 the giants1 and trolls of the cold and rugged ,north2 the dwarfs of the ,german forests2 the elves who dance merrily in the moonlight of an ,english summer2 and the good people who play mischievous tricks upon stray peasants among the ,irish hills4 ,almost all1 indeed1 that we have of a legendary kind comes to us from our ,aryan forefathers--sometimes scarcely changed1 sometimes so altered that we have to puzzle out the links between the old and the new2 but all these myths and traditions1 and old-world stories1 when we come to know the meaning of them1 take us back to the time when the ,aryan race dwelt together in the high lands of central ,asia1 and they all mean the same things--that is1 the relation between the ,sun and the earth1 the succession of night and day1 of winter and summer1 of storm and calm1 of cloud and tempest1 and golden sunshine1 and bright blue sky4 ,and this is the source from which we get our fairy stories1 and tales of gods and heroes2 for underneath all of them there are the same fanciful meanings1 only changed and altered in the way of putting them by the lapse of ages of time1 by the circumstances of different countries1 and by the fancy of those who kept the wonderful tales alive without knowing what they meant4 ,thousands of years ago1 the ,aryan people began their march out of their old country in mid-,asia4 ,from the remains of their language1 and the likeness of their legends to those among other nations1 we know that ages and ages ago their country grew too small for them1 so they were obliged to move away from it4 ,some of them turned southward into ,india and ,persia1 and some of them went westward into ,europe--the time1 perhaps1 when the land of ,europe stretched from the borders of ,asia to the islands of ,great ,britain1 and when there was no sea between them and the main land4 ,how they made their long and toilsome march we know not4 ,but1 as ,kingsley writes of such a movement of an ancient tribe1 so we may fancy these old ,aryans marching westward--the tall1 bare-limbed men1 with stone axes on their shoulders and horn bows at their backs1 with herds of gray cattle1 guarded by huge lap-eared mastiffs1 with shaggy white horses1 heavy-horned sheep1 and silky goats1 moving always westward through the boundless steppes1 whither or why we know not1 but that the ,al-,father had sent them forth4 ,and behind us 7he makes them say7 the rosy snow-peaks died into ghastly gray1 lower and lower1 as every evening came2 and before us the plains spread infinite1 with gleaming salt-lakes1 and ever fresh tribes of gaudy flowers4 ,behind us1 dark lines of living beings streamed down the mountain slopes2 around us1 dark lines crawled along the plains--all westward1 westward ever4 ,who could stand against us8 ,we met the wild asses on the steppe1 and tamed them1 and made them our slaves4 ,we slew the bison herds1 and swam broad rivers on their skins4 ,the python snake lay across our path2 the wolves and wild dogs snarled at us out of their coverts2 we slew them and went on4 ,strange giant tribes met us1 and eagle visaged hordes1 fierce and foolish2 we smote them1 hip and thigh1 and went on1 westward ever4#eef3a ,and so they went on1 straight toward the ,west1 or1 as they turned ,north and ,south1 and thus overspread new lands1 they brought with them their old ways of thought and forms of belief1 and the stories in which these had taken form2 and on these were built up the gods and heroes1 and all wonder-working creatures and things1 and the poetical fables and fancies which have come down to us1 and which still linger in our customs and our fairy tales2 bright and sunny and many-colored in the warm regions of the ,south1 sterner and wilder and rougher in the ,north1 more homelike in the middle and western countries2 but always alike in their main features1 and always having the same meaning when we come to dig it out1 and these forms and their meaning being the same in the lands of the ,west ,aryans as in those still peopled by the ,aryans of the ,east4 ,the story of ,cinderella is one of the many fairy tales which help us to find out their meaning1 and take us straight back to the far-off land where fairy legends began1 and to the people who made them4 ,this well-known fairy tale has been found among the myths of our ,aryan ancestors1 and from this we know that it is the story of the ,sun and the ,dawn4 ,cinderella1 gray and dark and dull1 is all neglected when she is away from the ,sun1 obscured by the envious clouds1 her sisters1 and by her step-mother1 the ,night4 ,so she is ,aurora1 the ,dawn1 and the ,fairy ,prince is the ,morning ,sun1 ever pursuing her1 to claim her for his bride4 ,this is the legend as it is found in the ancient ,hindoo books2 and this explains at once the source and the meaning of the fairy tale4#eeg3a ,another tale which helps us in our task is that of ,jack the ,giant-,killer1 who is really one of the very oldest and most widely known characters in wonder-land4 ,now1 who is this wonderful little fellow8 ,he is none other than the hero who1 in all countries and ages1 fights with monsters and overcomes them2 like ,indra1 the ancient ,hindoo ,sun-god1 whose thunderbolts slew the demons of drought in the far ,east2 or ,perseus1 who1 in ,greek story1 delivers the maiden from the sea-monster2 or ,odysseus1 who tricks the giant ,polyphemus1 and causes him to throw himself into the sea2 or ,thor1 whose hammer beats down the frost giants of the ,north4 ,the gifts bestowed upon ,jack are found in ,tartar stories1 ,hindoo tales1 in ,german legends1 and in the fables of ,scandinavia4 ,still another is that of ,little ,red ,riding-,hood4 ,the story of ,little ,red ,riding ,hood1 as we call her1 or ,little ,red-,cap1 as she is called in the ,german tales1 also comes from the same source1 and 7as we have seen in ,chapter ,,ix471 refers to the ,sun and ,night4 ,one of the fancies in the most ancient ,aryan or ,hindoo stories was that there was a great dragon that was trying to devour the ,sun1 to prevent him from shining upon the earth1 and filling it with brightness and life and beauty1 and that ,indra1 the ,sun-god1 killed the dragon4 ,now1 this is the meaning of ,little ,red ,riding-,hood1 as it is told in our nursery tales4 ,little ,red ,riding-,hood is the ,evening ,sun1 which is always described as red or golden2 the old grandmother is the ,earth1 to whom the rays of the ,sun bring warmth and comfort4 ,the wolf--which is a well-known figure for the ,clouds and blackness of ,night 7in ,teutonic mythology7#eeh3a--;is the dragon in another form4 ,first1 he devours the grandmother2 that is1 he wraps the earth in thick clouds1 which the ,evening ,sun is not strong enough to pierce through4 ,then1 with the darkness of ,night1 he swallows up the ,evening ,sun itself1 and all is dark and desolate4 ,then1 as in the ,german tale1 the night-thunder and the storm winds are represented by the loud snoring of the wolf2 and then the huntsman1 the ,morning ,sun1 comes in all his strength and majesty1 and chases away the night clouds and kills the wolf1 and revives old grandmother ,earth and ,little ,red ,riding ,hood to life again4 ,nor is it in these stories alone that we can trace the ancient ,hindoo legends1 and the ,sun-myth4 ,there is1 as ,mr4 ,bunce observes in his ,fairy ,tales1 their ,origin and ,meaning1 scarcely a tale of ,greek or ,roman mythology1 no legend of ,teutonic or ,celtic or ,scandinavian growth1 no great romance of what we call the middle ages1 no fairy story taken down from the lips of ancient folk1 and dressed for us in modern shape and tongue1 that we do not find1 in some form or another1 in these ,eastern poems1 which are composed of allegorical tales of gods and heroes4 ,when1 in the ,vedic hymns1 ,kephalos1 ,prokris1 ,hermes1 ,daphne1 ,zeus1 ,ouranos1 stand forth as simple names for the ,sun1 the ,dew1 the ,wind1 the ,dawn1 the ,heaven and the ,sky1 each recognized as such1 yet each endowed with the most perfect consciousness1 we feel that the great riddle of mythology is solved1 and that we no longer lack the key which shall disclose its most hidden treasures4 ,when we hear the people saying1 ,our friend the ,sun is dead4 ,will he rise8 ,will the ,dawn come back again8 we see the death of ,hercules1 and the weary waiting while ,leto struggles with the birth of ,phoibos4 ,when on the return of day we hear the cry-- ,rise6 our life1 our spirit has come back1 the darkness is gone1 the light draws near6 --we are carried at once to the ,homeric hymn1 and we hear the joyous shout of all the gods when ,phoibos springs to life and light on ,delos4#eeh3b ,that the peasant folk-lore of modern ,europe still displays episodes of nature-myth1 may be seen in the following story of ,vassalissa1 the ,beautiful4 ,vassalissa's stepmother and two sisters1 plotting against her life1 send her to get a light at the house of ,bba ,yag1 the witch1 and her journey contains the following history of the ,day1 told1 as ,mr4 ,tylor says1 in truest mythic fashion3 ,vassalissa goes and wanders1 wanders in the forest4 ,she goes1 and she shudders4 ,suddenly before her bounds a rider1 he himself white1 and clad in white1 and the trappings white4 ,and ,day began to dawn4 ,she goes farther1 when a second rider bounds forth1 himself red1 clad in red1 and on a red horse4 ,the ,sun began to rise4 ,she goes on all day1 and towards evening arrives at the witch's house4 ,suddenly there comes again a rider1 himself black1 clad in all black1 and on a black horse2 he bounded to the gates of the ,bba ,yag1 and disappeared as if he had sunk through the earth4 ,night fell4 ,after this1 when ,vassalissa asks the witch1 ',who was the white rider8' she answered1 ',that is my clear ,day2' ',who was the red rider8' ',that is my red ,sun2' ',who was the black rider8' ',that is my black ,night4 ,they are all my trusty friends4'#eei3a ,we have another illustration of allegorical mythology in the ,grecian story of ,hephstos splitting open with his axe the head of ,zeus1 and ,athene springing from it1 full armed2 for we perceive behind this savage imagery ,zeus as the bright ,sky1 his forehead the ,east1 ,hephstos as the young1 not yet risen ,sun1 and ,athene as the ,dawn1 the daughter of the ,sky1 stepping forth from the fountain-head of light1--with eyes like an owl1 pure as a virgin2 the golden2 lighting up the tops of the mountains1 and her own glorious ,parthenon in her own favorite town of ,athens2 whirling the shafts of light2 the genial warmth of the morning2 the foremost champion in the battle between night and day2 in full armor1 in her panoply of light1 driving away the darkness of night1 and awakening men to a bright life1 to bright thoughts1 to bright endeavors4#eei3b ,another story of the same sort is that of ,kronos4 ,every one is familiar with the story of ,kronos1 who devoured his own children4 ,now1 ,kronos is a mere creation from the older and misunderstood epithet ,kronides or ,kronion1 the ancient of days4 ,when these days or time had come to be regarded as a person the myth would certainly follow that he devoured his own children1 as ,time is the devourer of the ,dawns4#eei3c ,saturn1 who devours his own children1 is the same power whom the ,greeks called ,kronos 7,time71 which may truly be said to destroy whatever it has brought into existence4 ,the idea of a ,heaven1 the ,elysian fields1 is also born of the sky4 ,the ,elysian plain is far away in the ,west1 where the sun goes down beyond the bonds of the earth1 when ,eos gladdens the close of day as she sheds her violet tints over the sky4 ,the ,abodes of the ,blessed are golden islands sailing in a sea of blue1--the burnished clouds floating in the pure ether4 ,grief and sorrow cannot approach them2 plague and sickness cannot touch them4 ,the blissful company gathered together in that far ,western land inherits a tearless eternity4 ,of the other details in the picture the greater number would be suggested directly by these images drawn from the phenomena of sunset and twilight4 ,what spot or stain can be seen on the deep blue ocean in which the ,islands of the ,blessed repose forever8 ,what unseemly forms can mar the beauty of that golden home1 lighted by the radiance of a ,sun which can never set8 ,who then but the pure in heart1 the truthful and the generous1 can be suffered to tread the violet fields8 ,and how shall they be tested save by judges who can weigh the thoughts and the interests of the heart8 ,thus every soul1 as it drew near that joyous land1 was brought before the august tribunal of ,minos1 ,rhadamanthys1 and ,aiakos2 and they whose faith was in truth a quickening power1 might draw from the ordeals those golden lessons which ,plato has put into the mouth of ,socrates1 and some unknown persons into the mouths of ,buddha and ,jesus4 ,the belief of earlier ages pictured to itself the meetings in that blissful land1 the forgiveness of old wrongs1 and the reconciliation of deadly feuds1#efj3a just as the belief of the present day pictures these things to itself4 ,the story of a ,war in ,heaven1 which was known to all nations of antiquity1 is allegorical1 and refers to the battle between light and darkness1 sunshine and storm cloud4#efj3b ,as examples of the prevalence of the legend relating to the struggle between the co-ordinate powers of good and evil1 light and darkness1 the ,sun and the clouds1 we have that of ,phoibos and ,python1 ,indra and ,vritra1 ,sigurd and ,fafuir1 ,achilleus and ,paris1 ,oidipous and the ,sphinx1 ,ormuzd and ,ahriman1 and from the character of the struggle between ,indra and ,vritra1 and again between ,ormuzd and ,ahriman1 we infer that a myth1 purely physical1 in the land of the ,five ,streams1 assumed a moral and spiritual meaning in ,persia1 and the fight between the co-ordinate powers of good and evil1 gave birth to the dualism which from that time to the present has exercised so mighty an influence through the ,east and ,west4 ,the ,apocalypse exhibits ,satan with the physical attributes of ,ahriman2 he is called the dragon1 the old serpent1 who fights against ,god and his angels4 ,the ,vedic myth1 transformed and exaggerated in the ,iranian books1 finds its way through this channel into ,christianity4 ,the idea thus introduced was that of the struggle between ,satan and ,michael1 which ended in the overthrow of the former1 and the casting forth of all his hosts out of heaven1 but it coincides too nearly with a myth spread in countries held by all the ,aryan nations to avoid further modification4 ,local tradition substituted ,st4 ,george or ,st4 ,theodore for ,jupiter1 ,apollo1 ,hercules1 or ,perseus4 ,it is under this disguise that the ,vedic myth has come down to our own times1 and has still its festivals and its monuments4 ,art has consecrated it in a thousand ways4 ,st4 ,michael1 lance in hand1 treading on the dragon1 is an image as familiar now as1 thirty centuries ago1 that of ,indra treading under foot the demon ,vritra could possibly have been to the ,hindoo4#efa3a ,the very ancient doctrine of a ,,trinity1 three gods in one1 can be explained1 rationally1 by allegory only4 ,we have seen that the ,sun1 in early times1 was believed to be the ,creator1 and became the first object of adoration4 ,after some time it would be observed that this powerful and beneficent agent1 the solar fire1 was the most potent ,destroyer1 and hence would arise the first idea of a ,creator and ,destroyer united in the same person4 ,but much time would not elapse before it must have been observed1 that the destruction caused by this powerful being was destruction only in appearance1 that destruction was only reproduction in another form--regeneration2 that if he appeared sometimes to destroy1 he constantly repaired the injury which he seemed to occasion--and that1 without his light and heat1 everything would dwindle away into a cold1 inert1 unprolific mass4 ,thus1 at once1 in the same being1 became concentrated1 the creating1 the preserving1 and the destroying powers--the latter of the three being at the same time both the ,destroyer and ,regenerator4 ,hence1 by a very natural and obvious train of reasoning1 arose the ,creator1 the ,preserver1 and the ,destroyer--in ,india ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,siva2 in ,persia ,oromasdes1 ,mithra1 and ,arimanius2 in ,egypt ,osiris1 ,horus1 and ,typhon3 in each case ,,three ,,persons ,,and ,,one ,,god4 ,and thus undoubtedly arose the ,,trimurti1 or the celebrated ,trinity4 ,traces of a similar refinement may be found in the ,greek mythology1 in the ,orphic ,phanes1 ,ericapeus and ,metis1 who were all identified with the ,sun1 and yet embraced in the first person1 ,phanes1 or ,protogones1 the ,creator and ,generator4#efb3a ,the invocation to the ,sun1 in the ,mysteries1 according to ,macrobius1 was as follows3 ,o all-ruling ,sun6 ,spirit of the world6 ,power of the world6 ,light of the world6#efb3b ,we have seen in ,chap4 ,,xxxv1 that the ,peruvian ,triad was represented by three statues1 called1 respectively1 ,apuinti1 ,churiinti1 and ,intihoaoque1 which is1 ,lord and ,father ,sun2 ,son ,sun2 and ,air or ,spirit1 ,brother ,sun4#efb3c ,mr4 ,faber1 in his ,origin of ,pagan ,idolatry1 says3 ,the peculiar mode in which the ,hindoos identify their three great gods with the solar orb1 is a curious specimen of the physical refinements of ancient mythology4 ,at night1 in the west1 the ,sun is ,vishnu2 he is ,brahma in the east and in the morning2 and from noon to evening he is ,siva4#efb3d ,mr4 ,moor1 in his ,hindu ,pantheon1 says3 ,most1 if not all1 of the gods of the ,hindoo ,pantheon will1 on close investigation1 resolve themselves into the three powers 7,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,siva71 and those powers into one ,deity1 ,brahm1 typified by the ,sun4#efb3e ,mr4 ,squire1 in his ,serpent ,symbol1 observes3 ,it is highly probable that the triple divinity of the ,hindoos was originally no more than a personification of the ,sun1 whom they called ,three-bodied1 in the triple capacity of producing forms by his general heat1 preserving them by his light1 or destroying them by the counteracting force of his igneous matter4 ,brahm1 the ,creator1 was indicated by the heat of the ,sun2 ,vishnu1 the ,preserver1 by the light of the ,sun1 and ,siva1 the ,reproducer1 by the orb of the ,sun4 ,in the morning the ,sun was ,brahma1 at noon ,vishnu1 at evening ,siva4#efb3f ,he is at once1 says ,mr4 ,cox1 in speaking of the ,sun1 the ',comforter' and ',healer1' the ',saviour' and ',destroyer1' who can slay and make alive at will1 and from whose piercing glance no secret can be kept hid4#efb3g ,sir ,william ,jones was also of the opinion that the whole ,triad of the ,hindoos were identical with the ,sun1 expressed under the mythical term ,o4 ,m4 ,the idea of a ,tri-murti1 or triple personification1 was developed gradually1 and as it grew1 received numerous accretions4 ,it was first dimly shadowed forth and vaguely expressed in the ,rig-,veda1 where a triad of principal gods1 ,agni1 ,indra1 and ,surya is recognized4 ,and these three gods are ,one1 the ,,sun4#efb3h ,we see then that the religious myths of antiquity and the fireside legends of ancient and modern times1 have a common root in the mental habits of primeval humanity1 and that they are the earliest recorded utterances of men concerning the visible phenomena of the world into which they were born4 ,at first1 thoroughly understood1 the meaning in time became unknown4 ,how stories originally told of the ,sun1 the ,moon1 the ,stars1 c41 became believed in as facts1 is plainly illustrated in the following story told by ,mrs4 ,jameson in her ,history of ,our ,lord in ,art3 ,i once tried to explain1 says she1 to a good old woman1 the meaning of the word parable1 and that the story of the ,prodigal ,son was not a fact2 she was scandalized--she was quite sure that ,jesus would never have told anything to his disciples that was not true4 ,thus she settled the matter in her own mind1 and ,i thought it best to leave it there undisturbed4 ,prof4 ,max ,mller1 in speaking of the comparison of the different forms of ,aryan religion and mythology in ,india1 ,persia1 ,greece1 ,italy and ,germany1 clearly illustrates how such legends are transformed from intelligible into unintelligible myths4 ,he says3 ,in each of these nations there was a tendency to change the original conception of divine powers1 to misunderstand the many names given to these powers1 and to misinterpret the praises addressed to them4 ,in this manner some of the divine names were changed into half-divine1 half-human heroes1 and at last the myths which were true and intelligible as told originally of the ,sun1 or the ,dawn1 or the ,storms1 were turned into legends or fables too marvelous to be believed of common mortals4 ,this process can be watched in ,india1 in ,greece1 and in ,germany4 ,the same story1 or nearly the same1 is told of gods1 of heroes1 and of men4 ,the divine myth became an heroic legend1 and the heroic legend fades away into a nursery tale4 ,our nursery tales have well been called the modern patois of the ancient mythology of the ,aryan race4#efc3a ,in the words of this learned author1 we never lose1 we always gain1 when we discover the most ancient intention of sacred traditions1 instead of being satisfied with their later aspect1 and their modern misinterpretations4 ,,footnotes3 #eec3a ,this picture would give us the story of ,hercules1 who strangled the serpent in his cradle1 and who1 in after years1 in the form of a giant1 ran his course4 #eec3b ,this would give us ,st4 ,george killing the ,dragon4 #eec3c ,this would give us the story of the monster who attempted to devour the ,sun1 and whom the untutored savage tried to frighten away by making loud cries4 #eec3d ,this would give us the story of ,samson1 whose strength was renewed at the end of his career1 and who slew the ,philistines--who had dimmed his brilliance--and bathed his path with blood4 #eec3e ,this would give us the story of ,oannes or ,dagon1 who1 beneath the clouds of the evening sky1 plunged into the sea4 #eec3f ,this would give us the story of ,hercules and his bride ,ile1 or that of ,christ ,jesus and his mother ,mary1 who were at their side at the end of their career4 #eec3g ,this would give us the story of the labors of ,hercules4 #eec3h ,this is the ,sun as ,seva4 #eec3i ,here again we have the ,sun as ,siva the ,destroyer4 #eec3aj ,here we have ,apollo1 ,achilleus1 ,bellerophon and ,odysseus4 #eec3aa ,this would give us the story of ,samson1 who was the friend of the children of men1 and the remorseless foe of those powers of darkness 7the ,philistines71 who had stolen away his bride4 7,see ,judges1 ch4 xv47 #eed3a ,this would give us the stories of ,thor1 the mighty warrior1 the terror of his enemies1 and those of ,cadmus1 ,romulus or ,odin1 the wise chieftains1 who founded nations1 and taught their people knowledge4 #eed3b ,this would give us the story of ,christ ,jesus1 and other ,angel-,messiahs2 ,saviours of men4 #eed3c ,this would give us the stories of spellbound maidens1 who sleep for years4 #eed3d ,this is ,hercules and his counterparts4 #eed3e ,this again is ,hercules4 #eed3f ,this would depend upon whether his light was obscured by clouds1 or not4 #eed3g ,this again is ,hercules4 #eed3h ,this is ,apollo1 ,siva and ,ixion4 #eed3i ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox4 #eee3a ,who has not heard it said that the howling or whining of a dog forebodes death8 #eee3b ,bunce3 ,fairy ,tales1 ,origin and ,meaning4 #eef3a ,quoted by ,bunce3 ,fairy ,tales4 #eeg3a ,see ,bunce3 ,fairy ,tales1 p4 #cd4 #eeh3a ,the ,sun1 said ,gaugler1 speeds at such a rate as if she feared that some one was pursuing her for her destruction4 ,and well she may1 replied ,har1 for he that seeks her is not far behind1 and she has no way to escape but to run before him4 ,and who is he1 asked ,gaugler1 that causes her this anxiety8 ,it is the ,wolf ,skll1 answered ,har1 who pursues the ,sun1 and it is he that she fears1 for he shall one day overtake and devour her4 7,scandinavian ,prose ,edda4 ,see ,mallet's ,northern ,antiquities1 p4 #djg74 ,this ,wolf is1 as we have said1 a personification of ,night and ,clouds1 we therefore have the almost universal practice among savage nations of making noises at the time of eclipses1 to frighten away the monsters who would otherwise devour the ,sun4 #eeh3b ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajc4 #eei3a ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjh4 #eei3b ,mller3 ,the ,science of ,religion1 p4 #fe4 #eei3c ,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #a4 #efj3a ,as the hand of ,hector is clasped in the hand of the hero who slew him4 ,there1 as the story ran1 the lovely ,helen pardoned and purified1 became the bride of the short-lived1 yet long-suffering ,achilleus1 even as ,iole comforted the dying ,hercules on earth1 and ,hebe became his solace in ,olympus4 ,but what is the meeting of ,helen and ,achilleus1 of ,iole and ,hebe and ,hercules1 but the return of the violet tints to greet the ,sun in the ,west1 which had greeted him in the ,east in the morning8 ,the idea was purely physical1 yet it suggested the thoughts of trial1 atonement1 and purification2 and it is unnecessary to say that the human mind1 having advanced thus far1 must make its way still farther4 7,cox3 ,aryan ,mythology1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hbb47 #efj3b ,the black storm-cloud1 with the flames of lightning issuing from it1 was the original of the dragon with tongues of fire4 ,even as late as ,a4 ,d4 #afjj1 a ,german writer would illustrate a thunder-storm destroying a crop of corn by a picture of a dragon devouring the produce of the field with his flaming tongue and iron teeth4 7,baring-,gould3 ,curious ,myths1 p4 #cdb47 #efa3a ,m4 ,bral1 and ,g4 ,w4 ,cox4 #efb3a ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #ei4 #efb3b ,ibid4 #efb3c ,ibid4 p4 #aha4 #efb3d ,book iv4 ch4 i4 in ,anac41 vol4 i4 p4 #acg4 #efb3e ,p4 #f4 #efb3f ,squire3 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #cc4 #efb3g ,aryan ,mytho41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cc4 #efb3h ,williams' ,hinduism1 p4 #hh4 #efc3a ,mller's ,chips1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfj4 ,,appendix ,d4 ,we maintain that not so much as one single passage purporting to be written1 as history1 within the first hundred years of the ,christian era1 can be produced to show the existence at or before that time of such a person as ,jesus of ,nazareth1 called the ,christ1 or of such a set of men as could be accounted his disciples or followers4 ,those who would be likely to refer to ,jesus or his disciples1 but who have not done so1 wrote about3 ,a4 ,d4 #dj ,philo4#efd3a #dj ,josephus4 #gi ,c4 ,plinius ,second1 the ,elder4#efd3b #fi ,l4 ,ann4 ,seneca4 ,philosophers4 #gi ,diogenes ,laertius4 #gi ,pausanias4 ,geographers4 #gi ,pompon ,mela4 #gi ,q4 ,curtius ,ruf4 #gi ,luc4 ,flor4 #aaj ,cornel ,tacitus4 ,historians4 #abc ,appianus4 #adj ,justinus4 #ada lianus4 ,out of this number it has been claimed that one 7,josephus7 spoke of ,jesus1 and another 7,tacitus7 of the ,christians4 ,of the former it is almost needless to speak1 as that has been given up by ,christian divines many years ago4 ,however1 for the sake of those who still cling to it we shall state the following3 ,dr4 ,lardner1 who wrote about ,a4 ,d4 #agfj1 says3 #a4 ,it was never quoted by any of our ,christian ancestors before ,eusebius4 #b4 ,josephus has nowhere else mentioned the name or word ,christ1 in any of his works1 except the testimony above mentioned1#efd3c and the passage concerning ,james1 the ,lord's brother4#efd3d #c4 ,it interrupts the narrative4 #d4 ,the language is quite ,christian4 #e4 ,it is not quoted by ,chrysostom1#efd3e though he often refers to ,josephus1 and could not have omitted quoting it1 had it been then1 in the text4 #f4 ,it is not quoted by ,photius1 though he has three articles concerning ,josephus4 #g4 ,under the article ,justus of ,tiberius1 this author 7,photius7 expressly states that this historian 7,josephus71 being a ,jew1 has not taken the least notice of ,christ4 #h4 ,neither ,justin1 in his dialogue with ,typho the ,jew1 nor ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 who made so many extracts from ancient authors1 nor ,origen against ,celsus1 have even mentioned this testimony4 #i4 ,but1 on the contrary1 ,origen openly affirms 7ch4 xxxv41 bk4 i41 against ,celsus71 that ,josephus1 who had mentioned ,john the ,baptist1 did not acknowledge ,christ4#efe3a ,in the ,bible for ,learners1 we read as follows3 ,flavius ,josephus1 the well-known historian of the ,jewish people1 was born in ,a4 ,d4 #cg1 only two years after the death of ,jesus2 but though his work is of inestimable value as our chief authority for the circumstances of the times in which ,jesus and his ,apostles came forward1 yet he does not seem to have ever mentioned ,jesus himself4 ,at any rate1 the passage in his ',jewish ,antiquities' that refers to him is certainly spurious1 and was inserted by a later and a ,christian hand4 ,the ,talmud compresses the history of ,jesus into a single sentence1 and later ,jewish writers concoct mere slanderous anecdotes4 ,the ecclesiastical fathers mention a few sayings or events1 the knowledge of which they drew from oral tradition or from writings that have since been lost4 ,the ,latin and ,greek historians just mention his name4 ,this meager harvest is all we reap from sources outside the ,gospels4#efe3b ,canon ,farrar1 who finds himself compelled to admit that this passage in ,josephus is an interpolation1 consoles himself by saying3 ,the single passage in which he 7,josephus7 alludes to ,him 7,christ7 is interpolated1 if not wholly spurious1 and no one can doubt that his silence on the subject of ,christianity was as deliberate as it was dishonest4#efe3c ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 after commenting on this subject1 concludes by saying3 ,eusebius is the first who quotes the passage1 and our reliance on the judgment1 or even the honesty1 of this writer is not so great as to allow of our considering everything found in his works as undoubtedly genuine4#efe3d ,eusebius1 then1 is the first person who refers to these passages4#efe3e ,eusebius1 whose honesty is not so great as to allow of our considering everything found in his works as undoubtedly genuine4 ,eusebius1 who says that it is lawful to lie and cheat for the cause of ,christ4#efe3f ,this ,eusebius is the sheet-anchor of reliance for most we know of the first three centuries of the ,christian history4 ,what then must we think of the history of the first three centuries of the ,christian era8 ,the celebrated passage in ,tacitus which ,christian divines--and even some liberal writers--attempt to support1 is to be found in his ,annals4 ,in this work he is made to speak of ,christians1 who had their denomination from ,christus1 who1 in the reign of ,tiberius1 was put to death as a criminal by the procurator ,pontius ,pilate4 ,in answer to this we have the following3 #a4 ,this passage1 which would have served the purpose of ,christian quotation better than any other in all the writings of ,tacitus1 or of any ,pagan writer whatever1 is not quoted by any of the ,christian ,fathers4 #b4 ,it is not quoted by ,tertullian1 though he had read and largely quotes the works of ,tacitus4 #c4 ,and though his argument immediately called for the use of this quotation with so loud a voice 7,apol4 ch4 v471 that his omission of it1 if it had really existed1 amounts to a violent improbability4 #d4 ,this ,father has spoken of ,tacitus in a way that it is absolutely impossible that he should have spoken of him1 had his writings contained such a passage4 #e4 ,it is not quoted by ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 who set himself entirely to the work of adducing and bringing together all the admissions and recognitions which ,pagan authors had made of the existence of ,christ ,jesus or ,christians before his time4 #f4 ,it has been nowhere stumbled upon by the laborious and all-seeking ,eusebius1 who could by no possibility have overlooked it1 and whom it would have saved from the labor of forging the passage in ,josephus2 of adducing the correspondence of ,christ ,jesus and ,abgarus1 and the ,sibylline verses2 of forging a divine revelation from the god ,apollo1 in attestation of ,christ ,jesus' ascension into heaven2 and innumerable other of his pious and holy cheats4 #g4 ,tacitus has in no other part of his writings made the least allusion to ,christ or ,christians4 #h4 ,the use of this passage as part of the evidences of the ,christian religion1 is absolutely modern4 #i4 ,there is no vestige nor trace of its existence anywhere in the world before the #aeth century4#eff3a #aj4 ,no reference whatever is made to this passage by any writer or historian1 monkish or otherwise1 before that time1#efg3a which1 to say the least1 is very singular1 considering that after that time it is quoted1 or referred to1 in an endless list of works1 which by itself is all but conclusive that it was not in existence till the fifteenth century1 which was an age of imposture and of credulity so immoderate that people were easily imposed upon1 believing1 as they did1 without sufficient evidence1 whatever was foisted upon them4 #aa4 ,the interpolator of the passage makes ,tacitus speak of ,christ1 not of ,jesus the ,christ1 showing that--like the passage in ,josephus--it is1 comparatively1 a modern interpolation1 for #ab4 ,the word ,christ is not a name1 but a ,,title2#efg3b it being simply the ,greek for the ,hebrew word ,messiah4 ,therefore1 #ac4 ,when ,tacitus is made to speak of ,jesus as ,christ1 it is equivalent to my speaking of ,tacitus as ,historian1 of ,george ,washington as ,general1 or of any individual as ,mister1 without adding a name by which either could be distinguished4 ,and therefore1 #ad4 ,it has no sense or meaning as he is said to have used it4 #ae4 ,tacitus is also made to say that the ,christians had their denomination from ,christ1 which would apply to any other of the so-called ,christs who were put to death in ,judea1 as well as to ,christ ,jesus4 ,and #af4 ,the disciples were called ,christians first at ,antioch 7,acts xi4 #bf71 not because they were followers of a certain ,jesus who claimed to be the ,christ1 but because ,christian or ,chrestian1 was a name applied1 at that time1 to any good man4#efg3c ,and1 #ag4 ,the worshipers of the ,sun-god1 ,serapis1 were also called ,christians1 and his disciples ,bishops of ,christ4#efh3a ,so much1 then1 for the celebrated passage in ,tacitus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,tacitus says--according to the passage attributed to him--that those who confessed to be ,christians were first seized1 and then on their evidence a huge multitude 7,ingens ,multitudo7 were convicted1 not so much on the charge of incendiarism as for their hatred to mankind4 ,although ,m4 ,renan may say 7,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #gj7 that the authenticity of this passage cannot be disputed1 yet the absurdity of a huge multitude of ,christians being in ,rome1 in the days of ,nero1 ,a4 ,d4 #fd--;about thirty years' after the time assigned for the crucifixion of ,jesus--has not escaped the eye of thoughtful scholars4 ,gibbon--who saw how ridiculous the statement is--attempts to reconcile it with common sense by supposing that ,tacitus knew so little about the ,christians that he confounded them with the ,jews1 and that the hatred universally felt for the latter fell upon the former4 ,in this way he believes ,tacitus gets his huge multitude1 as the ,jews established themselves in ,rome as early as #fj years ,b4 ,c41 where they multiplied rapidly1 living together in the ,trastevere--the most abject portion of the city1 where all kinds of rubbish was put to rot--where they became old clothes men1 the porters and hucksters1 bartering tapers for broken glass1 hated by the mass and pitied by the few4 ,other scholars1 among whom may be mentioned ,schwegler 7,nachap ,zeit41 ii4 #bbi72 ,kstlin 7,johann-,lehrbegr41 #dgb72 and ,baur 7,first ,three ,centuries1 i4 #acc72 also being struck with the absurdity of the statement made by some of the early ,christian writers concerning the wholesale prosecution of ,christians1 said to have happened at that time1 suppose it must have taken place during the persecution of ,trajan1 ,a4 ,d4 #aja4 ,it is strange we hear of no ,jewish martyrdoms or ,jewish persecutions till we come to the times of the ,jewish war1 and then chiefly in ,palestine6 ,but fables must be made realities1 so we have the ridiculous story of a huge multitude of ,christians being put to death in ,rome1 in ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 evidently for the purpose of bringing ,peter there1 making him the first ,pope1 and having him crucified head downwards4 ,this absurd story is made more evident when we find that it was not until about ,a4 ,d4 #ej--only #ad years before the alleged persecution--that the first ,christians--a mere handful--entered the capitol of the ,empire4 7,see ,renan's ,hibbert ,lectures1 p4 #ee47 ,they were a poor dirty set1 without manners1 clad in filthy gaberdines1 and smelling strong of garlic4 ,from these1 then1 with others who came from ,syria1 we get our huge multitude in the space of #ad years4 ,the statement attributed to ,tacitus is1 however1 outdone by ,orosius1 who asserts that the persecution extended through all the provinces4 7,orosius1 ii4 #aa47 ,that it was a very easy matter for some ,christian writer to interpolate or alter a passage in the ,annals of ,tacitus may be seen from the fact that the ,,ms4 was not known to the world before the #aeth century1 and from information which is to be derived from reading ,daill ,on the ,right ,use of the ,fathers1 who shows that they were accustomed to doing such business1 and that these writings are1 to a large extent1 unreliable4 ,,footnotes3 #efd3a ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles says3 ,great is our disappointment at finding nothing in the works of ,philo about the ,christians1 their doctrines1 or their sacred books4 ,about the books indeed we need not expect any notice of these works1 but about the ,christians and their doctrines his silence is more remarkable1 seeing that he was about sixty years old at the time of the crucifixion1 and living mostly in ,alexandria1 so closely connected with ,judea1 and the ,jews1 could hardly have failed to know something of the wonderful events that had taken place in the city of ,jerusalem4 7,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fa47 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 assumes that these wonderful events really took place1 but1 if they did not take place1 of course ,philo's silence on the subject is accounted for4 #efd3b ,both these philosophers were living1 and must have experienced the immediate effects1 or received the earliest information of the existence of ,christ ,jesus1 had such a person as the ,gospels make him out to be ever existed4 ,their ignorance or their willful silence on the subject1 is not less than improbable4 #efd3c ,antiquities1 bk4 xviii4 ch4 iii4 #c4 #efd3d ,ibid4 bk4 xx4 ch4 ix4 #a4 #efd3e ,john1 ,bishop of ,constantinople1 who died4444 #efe3a ,lardner3 vol4 vi4 ch4 iii4 #efe3b ,bible for ,learners1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bg4 #efe3c ,life of ,christ1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #fc4 #efe3d ,hebrew and ,christ4 ,rec4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fb4 #efe3e ,in his ,eccl4 ,hist4 lib4 #b4 ch4 xii4 #efe3f ,ch4 #ca1 bk4 xii4 of ,eusebius ,pr paratio ,evangelica is entitled3 ,how far it may be proper to use falsehood as a medium for the benefit of those who require to be deceived2 and he closes his work with these words3 ,i have repeated whatever may rebound to the glory1 and suppressed all that could tend to the disgrace of our religion4 #eff3a ,the original ,,mss4 containing the ,annals of ,tacitus were discovered in the fifteenth century4 ,their existence cannot be traced back further than that time4 ,and as it was an age of imposture1 some persons are disposed to believe that not only portions of the ,annals1 but the whole work1 was forged at that time4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,ross1 in an elaborate work published in ,london some years ago1 contended that the ,annals were forged by ,poggio ,bracciolini1 their professed discoverer4 ,at the time of ,bracciolini the temptation was great to palm off literary forgeries1 especially of the chief writers of antiquity1 on account of the ,popes1 in their efforts to revive learning1 giving money rewards and indulgences to those who should procure ,,ms4 copies of any of the ancient ,greek or ,roman authors4 ,manuscripts turned up as if by magic1 in every direction2 from libraries of monasteries1 obscure as well as famous2 the most out-of-the-way places1--the bottom of exhausted wells1 besmeared by snails1 as the ,history of ,velleius ,paterculus1 or from garrets1 where they had been contending with cobwebs and dust1 as the poems of ,catullus4 #efg3a ,a portion of the passage--that relating to the manner in which the ,christians were put to death--is found in the ,historia ,sacra of ,sulpicius ,severus1 a ,christian ,father1 who died ,a4 ,d4 #dbj2 but it is evident that this writer did not take it from the ,annals4 ,on the contrary1 the passage was taken--as ,mr4 ,ross shows--from the ,historia ,sacra1 and bears traces of having been so appropriated4 7,see ,tacitus ,bracciolini1 the ,annals forged in the ,x,vth century1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,ross47 #efg3b ,christ is a name having no spiritual signification1 and importing nothing more than an ordinary surname4 7,dr4 ,giles3 ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fd47 ,the name of ,jesus and ,christ was both known and honored among the ancients4 7,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #a1 ch4 iv47 ,the name ,jesus is of ,hebrew origin1 and signifies ,deliverer1 and ,savior4 ,it is the same as that translated in the ,old ,testament ,joshua4 ,the word ,christ1 of ,greek origin1 is properly not a name but a title1 signifying ,the ,anointed4 ,the whole name is therefore1 ,jesus the ,anointed or ,jesus the ,messiah4 7,abbott and ,conant2 ,dic4 of ,relig4 ,knowledge1 art4 ,jesus ,christ47 ,in the oldest ,gospel extant1 that attributed to ,matthew1 we read that ,jesus said unto his disciples1 ,whom say ye that ,i am8 whereupon ,simon ,peter answers and says3 ,thou art ,,the ,,christ1 the ,son of the living ,god4 4 4 4 ,then charged he his disciples that they should tell no man that he was ,jesus ,,the ,christ4 7,matt4 xvi4 #ae-bj47 ,this clearly shows that the ,christ was simply a title applied to the man ,jesus1 therefore1 if a title1 it cannot be a name4 ,all passages in the ,new ,testament which speak of ,christ as a name1 betray their modern date4 #efg3c ,this name 7,christian7 occurs but three times in the ,new ,testament1 and is never used by ,christians of themselves1 only as spoken by or coming from those without the ,church4 ,the general names by which the early ,christians called themselves were 'brethren1' 'disciples1' 'believers1' and 'saints4' ,the presumption is that the name ,christian was originated by the ,heathen4 7,abbott and ,conant3 ,dic4 of ,relig4 ,knowledge1 art4 ,christian47 ,we are called ,christians 7not1 we call ourselves ,christians74 ,so1 then1 we are the best of men 7,chrestians71 and it can never be just to hate what is 7,chrest7 good and kind2 or1 therefore to hate what is ,chrestian is unjust4 7,justin ,martyr3 ,apol4 #a4 c4 iv47 ,some of the ancient writers of the ,church have not scrupled expressly to call the ,athenian ,socrates1 and some others of the best of the heathen moralists1 by the name of ,christians4 7,clark3 ,evidences of ,revealed ,relig41 p4 #bhd4 ,quoted in ,ibid4 p4 #da47 ,those who lived according to the ,logos1 7i4 e41 the ,platonists71 were really ,christians4 7,clemens ,alexandrinus1 in ,ibid47 ,undoubtedly we are called ,christians1 for this reason1 and none other1 than because we are anointed with the oil of ,god4 7,theophilus of ,antioch1 in ,ibid4 p4 #cii47 ,christ is the ,sovereign ,reason of whom the whole human race participates4 ,all those who have lived comformably to a right reason1 have been ,christians1 notwithstanding that they have always been looked upon as ,atheists4 7,justin ,martyr3 ,apol4 #a4 c4 xlvi47 ,lucian makes a person called ,triephon answer the question1 whether the affairs of the ,christians were recorded in heaven4 ,all nations are there recorded1 since ,chrestus exists even among the ,gentiles4 #efh3a ,egypt1 which you commended to me1 my dearest ,servianus1 ,i have found to be wholly fickle and inconsistent1 and continually wafted about by every breath of fame4 ,the worshipers of ,,serapis 7here7 are called ,christians1 and those who are devoted to the god ,serapis 7,i find71 call themselves ,bishops of ,christ4 7,the ,emperor ,adrian to ,servianus1 written ,a4 ,d4 #acd4 ,quoted by ,dr4 ,giles1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hf47 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abraham1 story of1 #ch2 ,hindoo parallel1 #ci2 other parallels1 #ci1 #dj2 the foundation of1 #ajc2 his birth announced by a star1 #add2 supposed to have had the same soul as ,adam1 ,david1 and the ,messiah1 #ejd4 ,absolution from sin by sacrifice of ancient origin1 #aha2 by baptism1 #caf2 refused to ,constantine by ,pagan priests1 #ddd4 ,abury1 the temple at1 #ahj4 ,achilleus1 a personification of the ,sun1 #dhe4 ,adam1 was reproduced in ,noah1 ,elijah1 and other ,bible celebrities1 #dd2 no trace of the story of the fall of1 in the ,hebrew ,canon1 after the ,genesis account1 #ii4 ,aditi1 ,mother of the ,gods1 #dge2 a personification of the ,dawn1 #dge2 is identified with ,devaki1 #dge4 ,adonis1 is born of a ,virgin1 #aia2 has title of ,saviour1 #aia1 #bag2 is slain1 #aia2 rises from the dead1 #bah2 is creator of the world1 #bdi2 his temple at ,bethlehem1 #bbj2 his birth on ,december #beth1 #cfd2 a personification of the ,sun1 #dhd2 in ,hebrew ,my ,lord1 #dhe4 olus1 son of ,jupiter1 #abe4 on1 ,christ ,jesus an1 #dbg2 there have been several1 #dbg2 the ,gnostics believed ,christ ,jesus to have been an1 #eaa2 the ,essenes believed in the doctrine of an1 #eae4 schylus' ,prometheus ,bound1 #aib4 sculapius1 a son of ,jove1 #abh2 worshiped as a ,god1 #abh2 is called the ,saviour1 #aid2 the ,logos1 #cgd2 ,death and ,resurrection of1 #bag4 ,agni1 represented with seven arms1 #cb2 a ,hindoo ,god1 #cb2 the ,cross a symbol of1 #cdj4 ,agnus ,dei1 the1 succeeded the ,bulla1 #dje2 worn by children1 #dje4 ,agony1 the1 on ,good ,friday1 is the weeping for ,tammuz1 the fair ,adonis1 #bbf4 ,akiba1 ,rabbi1 believed ,bar-,cochaba to be the ,messiah1 #dcc4 ,alcmena1 mother of ,hercules1 #abd4 ,alexander1 divides the ,pamphylian ,sea1 #fa2 believed to be a divine incarnation1 #abg2 visits the temple of ,jupiter ,ammon1 #abg2 and styles himself ,son of ,jupiter ,ammon1 #abg4 ,alexandria1 the library of1 #dch2 the great intellectual centre1 #ddj2 and the cradle of ,christianity1 #bai1 #ddb4 ,allegorical1 the1 interpretation of the ,scriptures practiced by ,rabbis1 #ajj2 the historical theory succeeded by1 #dff1 #eeb1 #efc4 ,allegory1 the story of the ,fall of ,man an1 #ajj4 ,all-father1 the1 of all nations1 a personification of the ,sky1 #dgh4 ,alpha and ,omega1 ,jesus believed to be1 #bej2 ,crishna1 #bej2 ,buddha1 #bej2 ,lao-,kiun1 #bej2 ,ormuzd1 #bea2 ,zeus1 #bea2 ,bacchus1 #bea4 ,ambrose1 ,st41 affirms that the ,apostles made a creed1 #che4 ,america1 populated from ,asia1 #edj2 was at one time joined to ,asia1 #eda4 ,american ,trinity1 the1 #cgh4 ,americans1 their connection with the old world1 #ecc4 ,ammon1 ,jupiter1 his temple visited by ,alexander1 #abg4 ,amphion1 son of ,jove1 #abd4 ,amulets and ,charms1 worn by the ,christians1 #dje2 are relics of ,paganism1 #dje4 ,ananda1 and the ,matangi ,girl1 #bid4 ,andrew's1 ,st41 ,cross1 of ,pagan origin1 #cci4 ,angel ,messiah1 ,buddha an1 #aaf2 ,crishna an1 #aif2 ,christ an1 #aif2 the ,essenes applied the legend of1 to ,jesus1 #ddb4 ,angels1 the fallen1 #chf2 believed in by all nations of antiquity1 #chf-chh4 ,animals1 none sacrificed in early times1 #ahb4 ,antiquity1 the1 of ,pagan religions1 compared with ,christianity1 #dea4 ,apis1 or the ,bull1 worshiped by the children of ,israel1 #ajg2 symbolized the productive power in ,nature1 #dgf1 note #e4 ,apollo1 a lawgiver1 #fa2 son of ,jove1 #abe2 has the title of ,saviour1 #aid2 is put to death1 #aia2 resurrection of1 #bah2 a type of ,christ1 #ejj2 is a personification of the ,sun1 #ejj-ejf4 ,apostles1 the1 #ejj4 ,apostles' ,creed1 the1 not written by them1 #che4 ,apotheosis1 the1 of ,pagans1 #abf4 ,apollonius1 considered divine1 #abf2 cured diseases1 #bfa2 raised a dead maiden to life1 #bfb2 his life written by ,flavius ,philostratus1 #bfd4 ,arabia1 wise men came from1 #aej1 note #a4 ,arabs1 the1 anciently worshiped ,saturn1 #cic2 celebrated the birth of the ,sun on ,december #beth1 with offerings of gold1 frankincense and myrrh1 #dhj4 ,ararat1 ,mount1 ,noah's ark landed on1 #ba4 ,arcas1 a son of ,jove1 #abe4 ,architecture1 the1 of ,india same as ,mexico1 #ech4 ,aries1 the sign of a symbol of ,christ1 #ejc2 personified and called the ,lamb of ,god1 #ejd2 the worship of1 the worship of the ,sun1 #ejd4 ,arimanes1 the evil spirit1 according to ,persian legend1 #c4 ,arion1 a ,corinthian harper1 #gh4 ,arjoon or ,arjuna1 the cousin and beloved disciple of ,crishna1 #bdg4 ,ark1 the1 of ,noah1 #bj2 and others1 #bb-bg4 ,armenian1 the1 tradition of ,confusion of ,tongues1 #ce4 ,aroclus1 son of ,jove1 #abe4 ,artemon1 denied the divinity of ,jesus1 #ace4 ,ascension1 of ,jesus1 #bae2 of ,crishna1 #bae2 of ,rama1 #baf2 of ,buddha1 #baf2 of ,lao-,kiun1 #baf2 of ,zoroaster1 #baf2 of sculapius1 #bag2 of ,osiris1 #bbb2 ,atys1 #bbb2 ,mithras1 #bbb4 ,asceticism1 as practiced among the ,christians1 of great antiquity1 #djj4 ,ashera1 the1 or upright emblem1 stood in the ,temple at ,jerusalem1 #dg4 ,asia1 the continent of1 at one time joined to ,america1 #eda2 ,america inhabited from1 #ded1 #ecc4 ,asia ,minor1 the people persecuted in by orders of ,constantius1 #ddh4 ,asita1 the holy ,rishi1 visits ,buddha at his birth1 #aea4 ,asoka1 the council of1 #cjc4 ,assyrian ,dove1 the1 a symbol of the ,holy ,ghost1 #djj4 ,assyrians1 the1 worshiped a sun-god called ,sandon1 #gd2 had an account of a war in ,heaven1 #chh2 kept the seventh day holy1 #cic4 ,astaroth1 the goddess1 saved the life of a ,grecian maiden1 #ci4 ,astarte1 or ,mylitta1 worshiped by the ,hebrews1 #ajh4 ,astrology1 practiced by the ancients1 #ada1 #adb4 ,astronomers1 the ancient ,egyptians great1 #edg4 ,astronomy1 understood by the ancient ,chinese1 #edd4 ,athanasian ,creed1 the1 #cha4 ,athens1 the ,parthenon of1 #ccc4 ,atlas1 a personification of the sun1 #hc4 ,atonement1 the doctrine of1 taught before the time of ,christ ,jesus1 #aha4 ,atys1 the ,crucified1 #aij2 is called the ,only-begotten ,son1 and ,saviour1 #aij2 rose from the dead1 #bbc4 ,augustine1 ,st41 saw men and women without heads1 #dcg4 ,aurora placida1 made into ,st4 ,aura and ,st4 ,placida1 #cii4 ,avatar1 ,jesus considered an1 #aaa2 a star at birth of every1 #adc1 #dgi2 an ,angel-,messiah1 a ,christ1 #aif2 an1 expected about every #fjj years1 #dbf4 ,b4 ,baal1 and ,moloch1 worshiped by the children of ,israel1 #ajh4 ,baal-peor1 the ,priapos of the ,jews1 #dg4 ,babel1 the tower of1 #cc2 literally the ,gate of ,god1 #cd2 built at ,babylon1 #cd2 a parallel to in other countries1 #ce2 built for astronomical purposes1 #ce4 ,babylonian ,captivity1 the1 put an end to ,israel's idolatry1 #ajh4 ,bacab1 the ,son1 in the ,mexican ,trinity1 #cgh4 ,bacchus1 performed miracles1 #ej2 passed through the ,red ,sea dry-shod1 #ea2 divided the waters of the rivers ,orontes and ,hydaspus1 #ea2 drew water from a rock1 #ea2 was a law-giver1 #eb2 the son of ,jupiter1 #abd2 was born in a cave1 #aef2 torn to pieces1 #aic1 #bji2 was called the ,saviour1 #aic2 ,only-begotten ,son1 #aic2 ,redeemer1 #aic2 the sun darkened at his death1 #bjh2 ascended into heaven1 #bjh2 rose from the dead1 #bbh2 a personification of the sun1 #dib4 ,baga1 the1 of the cuneiform inscriptions a name of the ,supreme ,being1 #cia2 is in ,english associated with an ugly fiend1 #cia4 ,balaam1 his ass speaks1 #ia2 parallels to in ,egypt1 ,chaldea and ,greece1 #ia4 ,bala-rama1 the brother of ,crishna1 #gd2 the ,indian ,hercules1 #gd4 ,baldur1 called ,the ,good1 #abi2 ,the ,beneficent ,saviour1 #abi2 ,son of the ,supreme ,god ,odin1 #abi2 is put to death and rises again1 #bbd2 a personification of the sun1 #dgi4 ,bambino1 the1 at ,rome is black1 #ccf4 ,baptism1 a heathen rite adopted by the ,christians1 #cag2 practiced in ,mongolia and ,thibet1 #cag2 by the ,brahmins1 #cag2 by the followers of ,zoroaster1 #cah2 administered in the ,mithraic mysteries1 #cai2 performed by the ancient ,egyptians1 #cai4 ,baptismal fonts1 used by the ,pagans1 #djf4 ,bar-,cochba1 the ,son of a ,star1 #add2 believed to be the ,messiah1 #dcb4 ,beads 7see ,rosary74 ,beatitudes1 the1 the prophet of1 #ebg4 ,belief1 or faith1 salvation by1 existed in the earliest times1 #ahd4 ,bellerophon1 a mighty ,grecian hero1 #ge4 ,belus1 the tower of1 #cd4 ,benares1 the ,hindoo ,jerusalem1 #bif4 ,berosus1 on the flood1 #bb4 ,bible1 the ,egyptian1 the oldest in the world1 #bd4 ,birth1 the ,miraculous1 of ,jesus1 #aaa2 ,crishna1 #aac2 ,buddha1 #aae2 ,codom1 #aah2 ,fuh-he1 #aai2 ,lao-,kiun1 #abj2 ,yu1 ,hau-,ki1 #abj2 ,confucius1 #aba2 ,horus1 #abb2 ,zoroaster1 #abc2 and others1 #abc-aca4 ,birth-day1 the1 of the gods1 on ,december #beth1 #cfd4 ,birth-place1 the1 of ,christ ,jesus1 in a cave1 #aed2 the1 of other saviours1 in a cave1 #aee-aeh4 ,black ,god1 the1 crucified1 #bja4 ,black ,mother1 the1 and child1 #ccf4 ,bochia1 of the ,persians1 performed miracles1 #bef4 ,bochica1 a god of the ,muyscas1 #acj4 ,bodhisatwa1 a name of ,buddha1 #aae4 ,books1 sacred1 among heathen nations1 #fa4 ,brahma1 the first person in ,hindoo ,trinity1 #cfi4 ,brahmins1 the1 perform the rite of baptism1 #cag4 ,bread and ,wine1 a sacrifice with1 celebrated by the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet1 #cjf2 by the ,essenes1 #cjf2 by ,melchizedek1 #cjg2 by those who were initiated into the mysteries of ,mithras1 #cjg4 ,blind ,man1 cured by ,jesus1 #bfh2 by the ,emperor ,vespasian at ,alexandria1 #bfh4 ,brechin1 the fire tower of1 #aii2 a crucifix cut upon1 #aih4 ,buddha1 born of the ,virgin ,maya1 #aae2 his birth announced by a star1 #adc2 demonstrations of delight at his birth1 #adg2 is visited by ,asita1 #aea2 was of royal descent1 #afc2 a dangerous child1 #afh2 tempted by the devil1 #agf2 fasted1 #agf2 died and rose again to life1 #baf2 ascended into heaven1 #baf2 compared with ,jesus1 #bhi4 ,buddhism1 the established religion of ,burmah1 ,siam1 ,laos1 ,pega1 ,cambodia1 ,thibet1 ,japan1 ,tartary1 ,ceylon1 and ,loo-,choo1 #big4 ,buddhist religion1 the1 compared with ,christianity1 #cjb4 ,buddhists1 the monastic system among1 #dja4 ,bull1 the1 an emblem of the sun1 #dgf4 ,bulla1 the1 worn by ,roman children1 #dje2 and now a lamb1 the ,agnus ,dei1 #dje4 ,c4 ,cabala1 the1 had its ,trinity1 #cgf4 ,cadiz1 the gates of1 #gj4 ,csar 7,augustus71 was believed to be divine1 #abf4 ,csar 7,julius71 was likened to the divine1 #abf4 ,calabrian ,shepherds1 the1 a few weeks before ,winter solstice1 came into ,rome to play on the pipes1 #cfe4 ,cam-,deo1 the ,god of ,love1 #baf4 ,capricorn1 when the planets met in1 the world was deluged with water1 #ajb4 ,cardinals1 the1 of ,rome1 wear the robes once worn by ,roman senators1 #djj4 ,carmelites1 the1 and ,essenes the same1 #dbb4 ,canon1 the1 of the ,new ,testament1 when settled1 #dfc4 ,carne-vale1 a farewell to animal food1 #bbg4 ,carnutes1 the1 of ,gaul1 #aih2 the ,lamb of1 #aii4 ,castles1 ,lord1 a ring found on his estate1 #aii4 ,catholic rites and ceremonies are imitations of those of the ,pagans1 #chd4 ,catholic theory1 the1 of the fall of the angels1 #chf4 ,cave1 ,jesus born in a1 #aed2 ,crishna born in a1 #aef2 ,abraham born in a1 #aef2 ,apollo born in a1 #aef2 ,mithras born in a1 #aef2 ,hermes born in a1 #aef4 ,caves1 all the oldest temples were in1 #bhf4 ,celibacy1 among ,pagan priests1 #djj-djd4 ,celts1 the1 ,legend of the ,deluge found among1 #bg4 ,cerinthus1 denied the divinity of ,jesus1 #acf4 ,ceylon1 never believed to have been the ,paradise1 #ac4 ,chaldean1 the1 account of the ,deluge1 #bb4 ,chaldeans1 the1 ,legend of the ,deluge borrowed from1 #aja2 worshiped the ,sun1 #dhj4 ,champlain period1 the1 #bh4 ,chandragupta1 a dangerous child1 #aga4 ,chastity1 among ,mexican priests1 #djd4 ,charlemagne1 the ,messiah of medieval ,teutondom1 #bci4 ,cherokees1 the1 had a priest and law-giver called ,wasi1 #acj4 ,cherubim1 the1 of ,genesis1 a dragon1 #ad4 ,child1 the dangerous1 #afe4 ,chiliasm1 the thousand years when ,satan is bound1 #bdb4 ,chimalman1 the ,mexican virgin1 #ccd4 ,chinese1 the1 have their ,age of ,virtue1 #ad2 have a legend of a deluge1 #be2 worship a ,virgin-born ,god1 #aai2 worship a ,queen of ,heaven1 #cbg2 worship a ,trinity1 #cga2 have ,festivals of gratitude to ,tien1 #cib2 have monasteries for priests1 friars and nuns1 #dja2 identified with the ,american race1 #eci4 ,cholula1 the tower of1 #cf4 ,chrest1 the1 #efh4 ,christ 7,buddha71 compared with ,jesus1 #bhi4 ,christ 7,crishna71 compared with ,jesus1 #bgh4 ,christ 7,jesus71 born of a ,virgin1 #aaa2 a star heralds his birth1 #adj2 is visited by shepherds and wise men1 #aej2 is born in a cave1 #aed2 is of royal descent1 #afj2 is tempted by the devil1 #age2 fasts for forty days1 #age2 is put to death1 #aha2 no early representations of1 on the cross1 #bja2 descends into hell1 #baa2 rises from the dead1 #bae2 ascends into heaven1 #bae2 will come again1 #bcc2 will be judge of the dead1 #bde2 as creator1 #bdf2 performs miracles1 #beb2 compared with ,crishna1 #bgh2 compared with ,buddha1 #bhi2 his birth-day not known1 #cei2 a personification of the ,sun1 #dih2 not identical with the historical ,jesus1 #ejf4 ,christian1 the name1 originated by ,heathens1 #efg1 note #c4 ,christianity1 identical with ,paganism1 #chd2 why it prospered1 #dai4 ,christians1 the disciples first called1 at ,antioch1 #efg2 the worshipers of ,serapis called1 #efh2 heathen moralists called by the name of1 #efh4 ,christian ,symbols1 of ,pagan origin1 #cci4 ,christening1 a ,pagan rite1 #cbj4 ,circumcision1 the universal practice of1 #he4 ,claudius1 ,roman ,emperor1 #abf2 considered divine1 #abf4 ,cobra1 the1 or hooded snake1 held sacred in ,india1 #aii4 ,codom1 the ,siamese ,virgin-born ,saviour1 #aah4 ,the legend of1 contained in the ,pali books1 #caf ,b4 ,c41 #dea4 ,comets1 superstitions concerning1 #add1 #baj4 ,coming1 the second1 of ,christ ,jesus1 #bcc2 of ,vishnu1 #bcf2 of ,buddha1 #bcg2 of ,bacchus1 #bch2 of ,arthur1 #bch2 of ,charlemagne1 #bci2 of ,quetzalcoatle1 #bci4 ,commandments1 the ten1 of ,moses1 and of ,buddha1 #ei4 ,conception1 the immaculate1 of ,jesus1 #aaa2 of ,crishna1 #aac2 of ,buddha1 #aae2 of ,codom1 #aah2 of ,salivahana1 #aai2 of ,fuh-he1 #aai2 of ,fo-hi1 #aai2 of ,xaca1 #aai2 of ,lao-kiun1 #abj2 of ,yu1 #abj2 of ,hau-ki1 #abj2 of ,confucius1 #aba2 of ,horus1 #abb2 of ,raam-ses1 #abc2 of ,zoroaster1 #abc2 of ,hercules1 #abd2 of ,bacchus1 #abe2 of ,perseus1 #abe2 of ,mercury1 #abf2 ,apollo1 #abf2 of ,quetzalcoatle1 #abi4 ,confession1 the1 of sins1 of ,pagan origin1 #djc4 ,confirmation1 the1 of children1 of ,pagan origin1 #cai4 ,confucius1 was of supernatural origin1 #aba2 had seventy-two disciples1 #aba2 author of the ,golden ,rule1 #dae4 ,confusion of ,tongues1 the ,scripture account of1 #cc2 the ,armenian tradition1 #ce2 the ,hindoo legend of1 #ce2 the ,mexican legend of1 #cf4 ,constantine 7,saint71 the first ,roman emperor to check free thought1 #ddd2 accepts the ,christian faith1 #ddd2 commits murders1 #ddd2 baptized on his death-bed1 #dde2 the first ,roman emperor who embraced the ,christian faith1 #ddf2 his edicts against heretics1 #ddf2 his effigies engraved on ,roman coins1 #ddf2 conferred dignities on the ,christians1 #ddf4 ,coronis1 the mother of sculapius1 #abh2 impregnated by a god1 #abh4 ,creation1 the1 ,hebrew legend of1 #a2 two different and contradictory accounts of1 #e2 ,bishop ,colenso on1 #e2 ,persian legend of1 #g2 ,etruscan legend of1 #g2 ,hebrew legend of1 borrowed from ,chaldeans1 #ih4 ,creator1 the1 ,jesus considered1 #bdg2 ,crishna1 according to the ,hindoos1 #bdg2 ,lauther1 according to the ,chinese1 #bdh2 ,iao1 according to the ,chaldeans1 #bdh2 ,ormuzd1 according to the ,persians1 #bdi2 ,narduk1 according to the ,assyrians1 #bdi2 ,adonis and ,prometheus believed to be1 #bdi4 ,creed1 the ,apostles'1 #che2 compared with the ,pagan1 #che2 not known before the fourth century1 #che2 additions to since ,a4 ,d4 #fjj1 #che4 ,crescent1 the1 an emblem of the female generative principle1 #cbh4 ,crstos1 the1 was the ,logos1 #dhg4 ,crishna1 born of the ,virgin ,devaki1 #aac2 the greatest of all the ,avatars1 #aac2 is ,vishnu himself in human form1 #aac2 his birth announced in the heavens by a star1 #bgh2 spoke to his mother shortly after birth1 #bgi2 adored by cowherds1 #bgi2 presented with gifts1 #bgi2 was of royal descent1 #bhj2 performed miracles1 #bha2 was crucified1 #bhj2 descended into hell1 #bhb2 rose from the dead1 #bhb2 a personification of the sun1 #dhc4 ,cross1 the1 used as a religious symbol before the ,christian era1 #cch2 adored in ,india1 #cdj2 adored by the ,buddhists of ,thibet1 #cdj2 found on ,egyptian monuments1 #cdb2 found under the temple of ,serapis1 #cdb2 universally adored before the ,christian era1 #cci-cdg4 ,crucifixes1 the earliest ,christian1 described1 #bjc-bje4 ,crucifixion1 the1 of ,jesus1 #ahj2 of ,saviours before the ,christian era1 #aha-aic2 of all the gods1 explained1 #dhd1 #dhe4 ,crux ,ansata1 the1 of ,egypt1 #cda4 ,cuneiform ,inscriptions1 the1 of ,babylonians1 relate the legends of creation and fall of man1 #i1 #ih4 ,cybele1 the goddess1 called ,mother of ,god1 #ccc4 ,cyril1 ,st41 caused the death of ,hypatia1 #ddj4 ,cyrus1 king of ,persia1 #abg2 considered divine1 #abg2 called the ,christ1 #abg1 #aif2 believed to be the ,messiah1 #dcc2 sun myth added to the history of1 #ejf4 ,d4 ,dag1 a1 ,hercules swallowed up by1 #gh4 ,dagon1 a fish-god of the ,philistines1 #hb2 identical with the ,indian fish ,avatar of ,vishnu1 #hb4 ,danae1 a ,virgin ,mother1 #abd4 ,dangerous ,child1 the1 myth of1 #afe4 ,daphne1 a personification of the morning1 #dfi4 ,darkness1 at crucifixion of ,jesus1 #bjf2 parallels to1 #bjf-baj2 the1 explained1 #did4 ,david1 killed ,goliath1 #ij2 compared with ,thor1 #ia4 ,dawn1 the1 personified1 and called ,aditi1 the ,mother of the ,gods1 #dge4 ,day1 the1 swallowed up by night1 #gi4 ,december #beth1 birth-day of the gods1 #cei4 ,delphi1 ,apollo's tomb at1 #eaj4 ,deluge1 the1 ,hebrew legend of1 #ai2 parallels to1 #bj-cj4 ,demi-gods1 the1 of antiquity not real personages1 #dfg4 ,demons1 cast out1 by ,jews and ,gentiles1 #bfi4 ,denis1 ,st41 is ,dionysus1 #cii4 ,deo ,soli1 pictures of the ,virgin inscribed with the words1 #cch4 ,derceto1 the goddess1 represented as a mermaid1 #hc4 ,deucalion1 the legend of1 #bf2 derived from ,chaldean sources1 #aja4 ,devaki1 a virgin mother1 #cbf4 ,devil1 the1 counterfeits the religion of ,christ1 #abd2 formerly a name of the ,supreme ,being1 #cia4 ,diana1 called ,mother1 yet famed for her virginity1 #ccc4 ,dionysus1 a name of ,bacchus1 #ea4 ,divine incarnation1 the idea of redemption by a1 was general and popular among the ,heathen1 #ahc4 ,divine incarnations1 common before the time of ,jesus1 #aab4 ,divine ,love1 crucified1 #dhd2 the sun1 #dhg4 ,divus1 the title of1 given to ,roman emperors1 #abe4 ,docetes1 ,asiatic ,christians who invented the phantastic system1 #acf4 ,dove1 the1 a symbol of the ,holy ,ghost among all nations of antiquity1 #ceg2 the1 crucified1 #dhe4 ,dragon1 a1 protected the garden of the ,hesperides1 #aa2 the cherub of ,genesis1 #ad4 ,drama of ,life1 the1 #bi4 ,druids1 the1 of ,gaul1 worshiped the ,virgo-,paritura as the ,mother of ,god1 #ccc4 ,durga1 a fish deity among the ,hindoos1 #hb4 ,dyaus1 the ,heavenly ,father1 #dgh2 a personification of the sky1 #dgh4 ,e4 ,east1 turning to in worship1 practiced by ,christians1 #ejc4 ,easter1 origin of1 #bbf2 observed in ,china1 #bbg2 controversies about1 #bbg2 dyed eggs on1 of ,pagan origin1 #bbh2 the primitive was celebrated on ,march #beth1 #cce4 ,eating1 the forbidden fruit1 the story of1 figurative1 #aja4 ,ebionites1 the first ,christians called1 #acd4 ,ecclesiastics1 the ,essenes called1 #dbd4 ,eclectics1 the ,essenes called1 #dbd4 ,eclipse1 an1 of the ,sun1 occurred at the death of ,jesus1 #bjf2 of ,romulus1 #bjg2 of ,julius ,csar1 #bjg2 of sculapius1 #bjh2 of ,hercules1 #bjh2 of ,quirinius1 #bjh4 ,edda1 the1 of the ,scandinavians speaks of the ,golden ,age1 #ae2 describes the deluge1 #bg4 ,egypt1 legend of the ,deluge not known in1 #bc2 the ,exodus from1 #dh2 circumcision practiced in1 #he2 virgin-born gods worshiped in1 #abb2 kings of considered gods1 #abc2 ,virgin ,mother worshiped in1 #cbi1 #ccj2 the cross adored in1 #cda4 ,egyptian faith1 hardly an idea in the ,christian system which has not its analogy in the1 #dad4 ,egyptian kings considered gods1 #abc4 ,egyptians1 the1 had a legend of the ,tree of ,life1 #ab2 received their laws direct from ,god1 #fj2 practiced circumcision at an early period1 #he2 were great astrologers1 #adb2 were familiar with the war in heaven1 #chg4 ,el1 the ,phenician deity1 #dhd2 called the ,saviour1 #dhd4 ,elephant1 the1 a symbol of power and wisdom1 #aag2 cut on the fire tower at ,brechin1 in ,scotland1 #aih2 in ,america1 #ecg4 ,eleusinian1 the1 ,mysteries1 #caj4 ,eleusis1 the ceremonies at1 #caj4 ,elijah ascends to heaven1 #ij2 its parallel1 #ij4 ,elohistic1 the1 narrative of the ,creation and ,deluge differs from the ,jehovistic1 #ic4 ,elysium1 the1 of the ,greeks1 #aa2 meaning of1 #aja4 ,emperors1 the1 of ,rome considered divine1 #abf4 ,eocene period1 the1 #bi4 ,eostre1 or ,oster1 the ,saxon ,goddess1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,epimetheus1 the first man1 brother of ,prometheus1 #aj4 ,equinox1 at the ,spring1 most nations set apart a day to implore the blessings of their gods1 #dib4 ,esdras1 the apocryphal book of1 #ie4 ,essenes1 the1 and the ,therapeut the same1 #dai2 the origin of not known1 #dai2 compared with the primitive ,christians1 #dbj2 their principal rites connected with the ,east1 #dbc2 the ,scriptures of1 #ddc4 ,etruscan1 baptism1 #cbj2 ,goddess1 #ccj4 ,etruscans1 the1 had a legend of creation similar to ,hebrew1 #ge2 performed the rite of baptism1 #cbj2 worshiped a ,virgin ,mother1 #ccj4 ,eucharist1 the1 or ,lord's ,supper1 #cje2 instituted before the ,christian era1 #cje2 performed by various ancient nations1 #cje-cab4 ,eudes1 the1 of ,california1 worshiped a mediating deity1 #aca4 ,eusebius1 speaks of the ,ebionites1 #acd2 of ,easter1 #bbf2 of ,simon ,magus1 #bfe2 of ,menander the ,wonder ,worker1 #bff2 of an ancient custom among the ,christians1 #caf2 the birth of ,jesus1 #cfa2 calls the ,essenes ,christians1 #dbb4 ,eve1 the first woman1 #c4 ,evil1 origin of1 #d4 ,exorcism1 practiced by the ,jews before the time of ,jesus1 #bfh4 ,explanation1 the1 of the ,universal ,mythos1 #dff4 ,ezra1 added to the ,pentateuch1 #id4 ,f4 ,faith1 salvation by1 taught before the ,christian era1 #ahd4 ,fall of ,man1 the1 ,hebrew account of1 #d2 parallels to1 #g-af2 hardly alluded to outside of ,genesis1 #ii2 allegorical meaning of1 #aja4 ,fall of the ,angels1 the1 #chf4 ,fasting1 for forty days1 a common occurrence1 #agi2 at certain periods1 practiced by the ancients1 #agg1 #cib4 ,father1 ,son and ,holy ,ghost1 the1 of ,pagan origin1 #cfi4 ,females1 the1 of the ,orinoco tribes1 fasted forty days before marriage1 #agi4 ,festivals1 held by the ,hindoos1 the ,chinese1 the ,egyptians1 and others1 #cib4 ,fifty1 ,jesus said to have lived to the age of1 #eae4 ,fig-tree1 the1 sacred1 #ac4 ,fijians1 the1 practiced circumcision1 #hf4 ,fire1 worshiped by the ,mexicans and ,peruvians1 #ecb4 ,fire ,tower1 the1 of ,brechin1 #aii4 ,firmicius 7,julius71 says the ,devil has his ,christs1 #ahc4 ,fish1 the1 a symbol of ,christ ,jesus1 #cee2 meaning of1 #ejd4 ,fleur de ,lis1 or ,lotus1 a sacred plant1 #cbi4 ,flood1 the1 ,hebrew legend of1 #ai2 parallels to1 #bb-bg4 ,flower1 ,jesus called a1 #dhg4 ,fo-hi1 of ,china1 born of a ,virgin1 #aai4 ,forty1 a sacred number1 #agi4 ,fraud1 practiced by the early ,christians1 #dcd4 ,frey1 the deity of the ,sun1 #dhh2 killed at the time of the winter solstice1 #dhh4 ,freyga1 the goddess1 of the ,scandinavians1 transformed into the ,virgin ,mary1 #cii2 a personification of the earth1 #dgi4 ,friday1 fish day1 why1 #ced4 ,frigga 7see ,freyga74 ,fuh-he1 ,chinese sage1 #aai2 considered divine1 #aai4 ,future ,life1 the doctrine of1 taught by nearly all nations of antiquity1 #chh4 ,g4 ,gabriel1 the angel1 salutes the ,virgin ,mary1 #aaa4 ,galaxy1 the1 souls dwell in1 #de4 ,galilee1 ,jesus a native of1 #ebj2 the insurgent district of the country1 #ebj2 the ,messiahs all started out from1 #eba4 ,galli1 the1 now sung in ,christian churches1 was once sung by the priests of ,cybele1 #ccc4 ,ganesa1 the ,indian ,god of ,wisdom1 #aag4 ,ganges1 the1 a sacred river1 #cah4 ,garden1 the1 of ,eden1 #b2 of the ,hesperides1 #aa2 identical1 #aa2 hardly alluded to outside of ,genesis1 #ii4 ,gaul1 the worship of the ,virgo-,paritura in1 #ccd4 ,gautama1 a name of ,buddha1 #big4 ,geetas1 the1 antiquity of1 #dea4 ,genealogy1 the1 of ,jesus1 #afj2 of ,crishna1 #afc2 of ,buddha1 #afc2 of ,rama1 #afc2 of ,fo-hi1 #afc2 of ,confucius1 #afc2 of ,horus1 #afc2 of ,hercules1 #afc2 of ,bacchus1 #afd4 ,genesis1 two contradictory accounts of the ,creation in1 #b4 ,gentiles1 the1 religion of1 adopted by ,christians1 #chd2 celebrate the birth of god ,sol on ,december #beth1 #cfc4 ,germans1 the ancient1 worshiped a ,virgin-goddess under the name of ,hertha1 #ccd1 #dgg4 ,germany1 the practice of baptism found in1 by ,boniface1 #cbb4 ,ghost1 the ,holy1 impregnates the ,virgin ,mary1 #aaa2 and the ,virgin ,maya1 #aag2 is one with the ,father and the ,son1 #cfh2 is symbolized by the ,dove among ,heathen and ,christian nations1 #ceg4 ,giants1 fossil remains of animals supposed to have been those of1 #ai2 the ,rakshasas of the ,hindoos the origin of all1 #ai4 ,glacial period1 the1 #bd4 ,gnostic1 the1 heresy1 #ace4 ,gnostics1 the1 maintained that ,jesus was a mere man1 #ace2 the ,essenes the same as1 #dbb2 their doctrine1 #eaa4 ,god1 a1 believed in by nearly all nations of antiquity1 #chd4 ,godhead1 the1 a belief in the ,trinitarian nature of1 before the ,christian era1 #cfh4 ,god of ,israel1 the1 same as the ,gentiles1 #hg-hh4 ,gods1 the1 created the heaven and earth1 #d1 note #a2 descended from heaven and were made incarnate in men1 #aab4 ,god's first-born1 applied to ,heathen ,virgin-born gods1 #aie4 ,god the ,father1 the1 of all nations1 a personification of the sky1 #dgh4 ,golden ,age1 the1 of the past1 believed in by all nations of antiquity1 #h-af4 ,goliath1 killed by ,david1 #ij4 ,good ,friday1 the1 ,agonie at ,rome on1 same as the weeping for ,adonis1 #bbf4 ,gospel1 the1 of the ,egyptians1 #ddc4 ,gospels1 the1 were not written by the persons whose names they bear1 #ded2 full of interpolations and errors1 #ded4 ,greece1 the gods and goddesses of1 personifications of natural objects1 #dfg4 ,greeks1 the ancient1 boasted of their ,golden ,age1 #aj2 had a tradition of the ,islands of the ,blessed1 and the ,garden of the ,hesperides1 #aa2 had records of a ,deluge1 #bf2 considered that the births of great men were announced by celestial signs1 #bjg2 had the rite of baptism1 #cbj2 worshiped the virgin mother1 and child1 #cdb2 adored the cross1 #cdd2 celebrated the birth of their gods on ,december #beth1 #cfd2 worshiped a trinity1 #cgd4 ,grove1 the1 of the ,old ,testament1 is the ,ashera of the ,pagans1 #dg4 ,gruter 7inscriptions of71 #cig4 ,gymnosophists1 the1 and the ,essenes1 the same1 #dbc4 ,h4 ,hair1 long1 attributes of the sun1 #ga2 worn by all sun-gods1 #ga1 #gb4 ,hu-,ki1 ,chinese sage1 of supernatural origin1 #abj4 ,heathen1 the1 the religion of1 same as ,christian1 #chd4 ,heaven1 all nations believed in a1 #chi2 is born of the sky1 #cia1 #eei4 ,heavenly host1 the1 sang praises at the birth of ,jesus1 #adf2 parallels to1 #adf-adi4 ,hebrew people1 the1 history of1 commences with the ,exodus1 #eb-ee4 ,hebrews1 the gospel of the1 #dee4 ,hell1 ,christ ,jesus descended into1 #baa2 ,crishna descended into1 #bac2 ,zoroaster descended into1 #bac2 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,adonis1 ,bacchus1 ,hercules1 ,mercury1 all descended into1 #bac2 built by priests1 #cia4 ,hercules1 compared with ,samson1 #ff-gb2 a personification of the ,sun1 #gc1 #dhe2 all nations had their1 #gf2 was the son of ,jupiter1 #abd2 was exposed when an infant1 #agj2 was called the ,saviour1 #aic2 the ,only begotten1 #aic2 is put to death1 #dhe2 is comforted by ,iole1 #dic4 ,heretics1 the first1 #acd2 denied the crucifixion of the ,christ1 #eaa2 denied that the ,christ ever came in the flesh1 #eab4 ,heri1 means ,saviour1 #aab2 ,crishna so called1 #aab4 ,hermes1 or ,mercury1 the son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother1 #abe2 is born in a cave1 #aef2 was called the ,saviour1 #aie2 the ,logos and ,messenger of ,god1 #aie4 ,herod1 orders all the children in ,bethlehem to be slain1 #aff2 the ,hindoo parallel to1 #aff-afg2 a personification of ,night1 #dha4 ,herodotus1 speaks of ,hercules1 #fi2 speaks of circumcision1 #hf2 relates a wonderful miracle1 #bfa4 ,hesione1 rescued from the sea monster1 #gh4 ,hesperides1 the apples of1 the tree of knowledge1 #aa-ab4 ,hieroglyphics1 the ,mexican1 describe the crucifixion of ,quetzalcoatle1 #aii4 ,hilkiah1 claimed to have found the ,book of the ,law1 #id4 ,himalayas1 the1 the ,hindoo ark rested on1 #bg4 ,hindoos1 the1 had no legend of the creation similar to the ,hebrew1 #ac2 believe ,mount ,meru to have been the ,paradise1 #ac2 had a legend of the ,deluge1 #bd2 had a legend of the ,confusion of ,tongues1 #ce2 had their ,samson or ,strong ,man1 #gc2 worshiped a virgin-born god1 #aac2 adored a trinity1 #cga2 have believed in a soul from time immemorial1 #chh4 ,historical theory1 the1 succeeded by the allegorical1 #dff4 ,histories1 the1 of the gods are fabulous1 #dff4 ,holy ,ghost1 the1 impregnates the ,virgin ,mary1 #aaa2 and the ,virgin ,maya1 #aag2 is one with the ,father and the ,son1 #cfh2 is symbolized by the dove among ,heathen nations1 #ceg4 ,holy ,one1 the1 of the ,chinese1 #aij4 ,holy ,trinity1 the1 of the ,christians1 the same as that of the ,pagans1 #cgj4 ,homa1 or ,haoma1 a god of the ,hindoos1 called the ,benefactor of the ,world1 #cjf4 ,horus1 the ,egyptian ,saviour1 #abb2 born of the ,virgin ,isis1 #abb2 is put to death1 #aij2 descended into hell1 #bac2 rose from the dead1 #bbb2 performed miracles1 #bef2 raised the dead to life1 #bef2 is represented as an infant on the lap of his virgin mother1 #cbg2 is born on ,december #beth1 #cfc2 a personification of the sun1 #dgf2 crucified in the heavens1 #dhd4 ,hydaspus1 the river1 divided by ,bacchus1 #ea4 ,hypatia1 put to death by a ,christian mob1 #ddj4 ,i4 ,iamos1 left to die among the bushes and violets1 #agj2 received from ,zeus the gift of prophecy1 #aga4 ,iao1 a name sacred in ,egypt1 #di2 probably the same as ,jehovah1 #di2 the crucified1 #dhd4 ,ida1 the earth1 #dha4 ,idolatry1 practiced by the ,hebrews1 #ajg2 adopted by the ,christians1 #chd4 ,idols1 the worship of1 among ,christians1 #cig4 ,i4 ,h4 ,s41 formerly a monogram of the god ,bacchus1 and now the monogram of ,christ ,jesus1 #cea4 ,images1 the worship of1 among ,christians1 #cig4 ,immaculate ,conception1 the1 of ,jesus1 #aaa2 ,crishna1 #aac2 ,buddha1 #aae2 ,codom1 #aah2 ,fo-hi1 #aai2 and others1 #aai-acj4 ,immortality of the ,soul1 the1 believed in by all nations of antiquity1 #che4 ,incas1 the1 of ,peru1 married their own sisters1 #ecg4 ,india1 a virgin-born god worshiped in1 #aac2 the story of ,herod and the infants of ,bethlehem from1 #aff2 the crucified god in1 #ahf2 the ,trinity in1 #cgj2 our religion and nursery tales from1 #edd4 ,indians1 the1 no strangers to the doctrine of original sin1 #ahi2 they believe man to be a fallen being1 #ahi4 ,indra1 worshiped as a crucified god in ,nepaul1 #ahg2 his festival days in ,august1 #ahg2 is identical with ,crishna1 #dhd2 a personification of the sun1 #dhd4 ,infant ,baptism1 practiced by the ,persians1 #cah2 by the ,etruscans1 #cbj2 by the ,greeks and ,romans1 #cba2 by the ,scandinavians1 #cba2 by the ,new ,zealanders1 #cbb2 by the ,mexicans1 #cbb2 by the ,christians1 #cbc2 all identical1 #cbc4 ,innocents1 the1 slain at the time of birth of ,jesus1 #afe2 at the birth of ,crishna1 #aff2 at the birth of ,abraham1 #afi4 ,inscriptions1 formerly in ,pagan temples1 and inscriptions in ,christian churches compared1 #cig4 ,incense1 burned before idols or images in ,pagan temples1 #djf4 ,iona1 or ,yoni1 an emblem of the female generative powers1 #aii4 ,inah1 or ,juno1 suspended in space1 #dhf4 ,irenus1 the fourth gospel not known until the time of1 #deh2 reasons given by1 for there being four gospels1 #deh4 ,iroquois1 the1 worshiped a god-man called ,tarengawagan1 #aca4 ,isaac1 offered as a sacrifice by ,abraham1 #ch2 parallels to1 #ci-da4 ,isis1 mother of ,horus1 #abb2 a virgin mother1 #cbg2 represented on ,egyptian monuments with an infant in her arms1 #cbg2 she is styled ,our ,lady1 ,queen of ,heaven1 ,mother of ,god1 c41 #cbg4 ,islands of the ,blessed1 #aa2 meaning of1 #aja1 #eei1 #efj4 ,islands of the ,sea1 ,western countries called the1 by the ,hebrews1 #ajc4 ,israel1 the religion of1 same as the ,heathen1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,italy1 effigies of a black crucified man1 in1 #aig2 the cross adored in1 before ,christian era1 #cde4 ,ixion1 bound on the wheel1 is the crucified ,sun1 #dhd4 ,izdubar1 the ,lion-killer of the ,babylonians1 #gd2 the foundation for the ,samson and the ,hercules myths1 #aje2 the cuneiform inscriptions speak of1 #aje4 ,j4 ,jacob1 his vision of the ladder1 #db2 explained1 #db1 #ajd4 ,janus1 the keys of1 transferred to ,peter1 #cii4 ,japanese1 the ,american race descended from the same stock as the1 #ech4 ,jason1 a dangerous child1 #aga2 brought up by ,cheiron1 #aga2 the same name as ,jesus1 #aif4 ,jehovah1 the name1 esteemed sacred among the ,egyptians1 #dh2 the same as ,y-ha-ho1 #dh2 well known to the ,heathens1 #di4 ,jehovistic writer1 the1 of the ,pentateuch1 #ic4 ,jemshid1 devoured by a great monster1 #ah4 ,jerusalem1 ,jews taken at the ,ebionite sack of1 were sold to the ,grecians1 #ajc4 ,jesuits1 the1 in ,china1 appalled at finding1 in that country1 a counterpart to the ,virgin of ,judea1 #aai4 ,jesus1 not born of a ,virgin according to the ,ebionites or ,nazarenes1 #acd2 the day1 month or year of his birth not known1 #cei2 was an historical personage1 #ejf2 no clearly defined traces of1 in history1 #eag2 his person indistinct1 #eag2 assumed the character of ,messiah1 #ebj2 a native of ,galilee1 #ebj2 a zealot1 #ebb2 is put to death by the ,romans1 #ebb2 not crucified by the ,jews1 #ebd2 the martyrdom of1 has been gratefully acknowledged1 #ebg2 nothing original in the teachings of1 #ebi4 ,jews1 the1 where their history begins1 #ed2 driven out of ,egypt1 #eb2 worshiped ,baal and ,moloch1 #ajh2 their religion the same as other nations1 #ajh2 did not crucify ,jesus1 #ebd4 ,john1 the same name as ,jonah1 #hc2 the gospel according to1 #deg2 ,irenus the author of1 #deh4 ,john the ,baptist1 his birth-day is on the day of the ,summer ,solstice1 #dii4 ,jonah1 swallowed by a big fish1 #gg2 parallels to1 #gh1 #gi2 the meaning of1 #gi2 the ,sun called1 #hj2 identified with ,dagon and ,oannes1 #hb1 #hc2 the same as ,john1 #hd2 the myth of1 explained1 #aje4 ,jordan1 the river1 considered sacred1 #cah4 ,josephus1 does not speak of ,jesus1 #efd4 ,joshua1 arrests the course of the ,sun1 #ia2 parallel to1 #ia4 ,jove1 the ,sons of1 numerous1 #abe2 the ,supreme ,god1 #abe4 ,judea1 the ,virgin of1 #aaa2 a counterpart to1 found by the first ,christian missionaries in ,china1 #aai4 ,judaism1 its doctrine and precepts1 by ,i4 ,m4 ,wise1 referred to1 #ebg4 ,judge of the ,dead1 ,jesus1 #bdd2 ,sons of ,god1 #bdd2 ,buddha1 #bdd2 ,crishna1 #bde2 ,osiris1 #bde2 ,aeacus1 #bde2 no examples of ,jesus as1 in early ,christian art1 #bdf4 ,julius ,csar 7see ,csar74 ,juno1 the ,queen of ,heaven1 #ccc2 was represented standing on the crescent moon1 #ccc2 considered the protectress of woman1 #ccc2 often represented with a dove on her head1 #ceg2 suspended in space1 #dhf4 ,jupiter1 the ,supreme ,god of the ,pagans1 #abe2 a statue of1 in ,st4 ,peter's1 ,rome1 #cig4 ,justin ,martyr1 on the work of the ,devil1 #abd1 #bfe4 ,k4 ,kadmus1 king of ,thebes1 #abd4 ,kaffirs1 the1 practice circumcision1 #hf4 ,kama1 attempts the life of ,crishna1 #aff2 is a personification of ,night1 #dha4 ,ke-lin1 the1 appeared at the birth of ,confucius1 #aba4 ,key1 the1 which unlocks the door to the mystery1 #dda4 ,knichahan1 the ,supreme ,god of the ,mayas of ,yucatan1 #acj4 ,kings1 the1 of ,egypt considered divine1 #abb4 ,kronos1 the myth of1 explained1 #eei4 ,kung-foo-tsze 7see ,confucius74 ,l4 ,labarum1 the1 of ,constantine1 inscribed with the monogram of ,osiris1 #cej4 ,ladder1 the1 of ,jacob1 #db2 explained1 #db-dg4 ,lama1 the1 of ,thibet1 considered divine1 #aah2 the high priest of the ,tartars1 #aah2 the ,pope of ,buddhism1 #aah4 ,lamb1 the1 of ,god1 a personification of the ,sun1 #dib4 ,lamb1 the oldest representation of ,christ ,jesus was the figure of a1 #bjb1 #ejc4 ,lamps1 feast of1 #cib4 ,lanthu1 born of a pure spotless ,virgin1 #bdh2 the creator of the world1 #bdh4 ,lao-,kiun1 born of a ,virgin1 #abj2 believed in one ,god1 #abj2 formed the ,tao-tsze1 or sect of reason1 #abj4 ,lao-tse 7see ,lao-,kiun74 ,latona1 the mother of ,apollo1 #abe4 ,law-giver1 ,moses a1 #ei2 ,bacchus a1 #ei2 ,zoroaster a1 #ei2 ,minos a1 #fj2 ,thoth a1 #fj2 ,lycurgus a1 #fa2 ,apollo a1 #fa4 ,lazarus1 raised from the grave1 #bgc4 ,leto1 a personification of darkness1 #dgg4 ,libations1 common among all nations of antiquity1 #cag4 ,library1 the1 of ,alexandria1 #dch4 ,lights1 are kept burning before images in ,pagan temples1 #djf4 ,lily1 the1 or ,lotus1 sacred among all ,eastern nations1 #ebi2 put into the hands of all ,virgin ,mothers1 #cbi4 ,linga1 the1 and ,yoni1 adored by the ,jews1 #dg2 the symbol under which the sun was worshiped1 #dg1 #dif4 ,logos1 the1 an ,egyptian feature1 #cgc2 ,apollo called1 #cgc2 ,marduk of the ,assyrians1 called1 #cgd2 the1 of ,philo1 #cgd2 the1 of ,john1 #cgd2 identical1 #cgd4 ,loretto1 the ,virgin of1 #cch2 black as an ,ethiopian1 #cch4 ,lotus1 the1 or ,lily1 sacred among all ,eastern nations1 #cbi4 ,luke1 the ,gospel according to1 #def4 ,lycophron1 says that ,hercules was three nights in the belly of a fish1 #gh4 ,m4 ,madonna1 the1 and child1 worshiped by all nations of ,antiquity1 #cbf4 ,magi1 the religion of1 adopted by the ,jews1 #aji4 ,magic1 ,jesus learned1 in ,egypt1 #bgb4 ,magician1 ,jesus accused of being a1 #bgc4 ,mahabharata1 the1 quotations from1 #dae-dag4 ,mahomet1 the miracles of1 #bfi4 ,maia1 the mother of ,mercury1 #abe2 the same name as ,mary1 #ccb4 ,man1 the ,fall of1 #d2 parallels to1 #d-af2 the antiquity of1 #bi4 ,manco ,capac1 a god of the ,peruvians1 #acj4 ,manes1 believed himself to be the ,christ1 #dbi2 the word1 has the meaning of ,comforter or ,saviour1 #dbi4 ,manetho1 an ,egyptian priest1 gives an account of the sojourn of the ,israelites in ,egypt1 #ec4 ,manicheans1 the1 transferred pure souls to the ,galaxy1 #de2 their doctrine of the divinity of ,christ ,jesus1 #eaa4 ,manu1 quotations from1 #dae4 ,march #beth1 the primitive ,easter solemnized on1 #bbe1 #die2 celebrated throughout the ancient world in honor of the ,mother of ,god1 #cce2 appointed to the honor of the ,christian ,virgin1 #cce4 ,maria1 the name1 same as ,mary1 #ccb4 ,mark1 the ,gospel according to1 #def4 ,matangi girl1 the1 and ,ananda1 the disciple of ,buddha1 #bid4 ,martianus ,capella1 his ode to the ,sun1 #ejg4 ,martyr 7,justin71 compares ,christianity with ,paganism1 #abd4 ,mary1 the mother of ,jesus1 #aaa2 same name as ,maya1 ,maria1 c41 #ccb2 called the ,mother of ,god1 #cih4 ,masons' ,marks1 conspicuous among ,christian symbols1 #ceh4 ,mass1 the1 of ,good ,friday1 of ,pagan origin1 #bbf4 ,mastodon1 the remains of1 found in ,america1 #ai4 ,mathura1 the birth-place of ,crishna1 #aac4 ,matthew1 the ,gospel according to1 #dee4 ,may1 the month of1 dedicated to the ,heathen ,virgin ,mothers1 #cce2 is now the month of ,mary1 #cce4 ,maya1 the same name as ,mary1 #ccb4 ,mayus1 the1 of ,yucatan1 worship a ,virgin-born god1 #acj4 ,may-pole1 the1 of moderns1 is the ,ashera of the ancients1 #dg2 an emblem of the male organ of generation1 #dg2 the ,linga of the ,hindoos1 #dg4 ,mecca1 the ,mohammedans' ,jerusalem1 #bif4 ,mediator1 the title of1 applied to ,virgin-born gods before the time of ,jesus1 #aie4 ,melchizedek1 the ,kenite ,king of ,righteousness1 brought out bread and wine as a sign or symbol of worship1 #cjg4 ,menander1 called the ,wonder ,worker1 performed miracles1 #bff2 believed himself to be the ,christ1 #dbi4 ,mendicants1 among the ,buddhists in ,china1 #djj-djc4 ,menes1 the first king of ,egypt1 #abb2 considered divine1 #abb4 ,menu1 ,satyavrata the ,seventh1 #be4 ,mercury1 the ,son of ,jupiter and a mortal mother1 #abe2 called ,god's ,messenger1 #aie4 ,meru 7,mount71 the ,hindoo ,paradise1 out of which went four rivers1 #ac4 ,messiahs1 many1 before the time of ,jesus1 #aif1 #eai1 #eba1 #ebb4 ,metempsychosis1 or transmigration of souls1 #db2 the doctrine taught by all the ,heathen nations of antiquity1 #dc2 by the ,jews and ,christians1 #dc4 ,mexicans1 the1 had their semi-fish gods1 #hc2 practiced circumcision1 #hf2 compared with the inhabitants of the old world1 #ecc4 ,mexico1 the architecture of1 compared with that of the old world1 #ech4 ,michabou1 a god of the ,algonquins1 #aca4 ,michael1 the angel1 the story of1 borrowed from ,chaldean sources1 #aji2 fought with his angels against the dragon1 #chf4 ,miletus1 the crucified god of1 #aia4 ,millennium1 doctrine of the1 #bci4 ,minos1 the ,lawgiver of the ,cretans1 #fj2 receives the ,laws from ,zeus1 #fj4 ,minutius ,felix1 on the crucified man1 #aig4 ,miracles1 the1 of ,jesus1 #beb2 of ,crishna1 #bec2 of ,buddha1 #bed1 #bee2 of ,zoroaster1 #bef2 ,bochia1 #bef2 ,horus1 #bef2 ,osiris1 #bef2 ,serapis1 #beg2 ,marduk1 #beg2 ,bacchus1 #beg2 sculapius1 #beg2 ,apollonius1 #bfa2 ,simon ,magus1 #bfd2 ,menander1 #bff2 ,vespasian1 #bfh4 ,miraculous ,conception1 the1 of1 ,jesus1 #aaa2 parallels to1 #aab-aca4 ,mithras1 a ,mediator between ,god and ,man1 #aid2 called the ,saviour1 and the ,logos1 #aid2 is put to death1 and rises again to life1 #bbc2 a personification of the ,sun1 #ejg4 ,mohammed 7see ,mahomet74 ,molech1 the god1 worshiped by the ,heathen nations1 and the children of ,israel1 #ajh4 ,monad1 a1 in the ,egyptian ,trinity1 #cgc4 ,monasteries1 among ,heathen nations1 #djj4 ,monasticism1 a vast and powerful institution in ,buddhist countries1 #djc4 ,monks1 were common among ,heathen nations before the ,christian era1 #djj-djd4 ,montanus1 believed himself an ,angel-,messiah1 #dbh4 ,months1 the twelve1 compared with the ,apostles1 #ejj4 ,moon1 the1 was personified among ancient nations1 and called the ,queen of ,heaven1 #dgh4 ,moral ,sentiments1 the1 of the ,new ,testament1 compared with those from ,heathen ,bibles1 #dae4 ,mosaic history1 the so-called1 a myth1 #ag4 ,moses1 divides the ,red ,sea1 #ej2 is thrown into the ,nile1 #hi4 ,mother1 the1 of ,god1 worshiped among the ancients1 #cbf4 ,mother ,night1 the #bdth of ,december called1 #cfe4 ,mother of the ,gods1 the1 ,aditi called1 #dge4 ,mount ,meru1 the ,hindoo paradise on1 #ac4 ,mummy1 a cross on the breast of an ,egyptian1 in the ,british ,museum1 #cda4 ,muscovites1 the1 worshiped a virgin and child1 #ccc2 worshiped a ,trinity1 #cgh4 ,mylitta1 the goddess1 worshiped by the ,hebrews1 #ajh4 ,myrrha1 the mother of ,bacchus1 #ccb2 same as ,mary1 #ccb4 ,myth1 a1 the theology of ,christendom built upon1 #ag4 ,mythology1 all religions founded upon1 #efc4 ,mythos1 the universal1 #eje4 ,n4 ,nganu1 the ,africans of ,lake1 had a similar story to the ,confusion of ,tongues1 #cf4 ,nakshatias1 the1 of the ,indian ,zodiac1 are regarded as deities1 #adb4 ,nanda1 the foster-father of ,crishna1 #aeh4 ,nared1 a great prophet and astrologer1 #adc2 pointed out ,crishna's stars1 #adc4 ,nazarenes1 the1 saw in ,jesus nothing more than a mere man1 #ace4 ,nebuchadnezzar1 repaired the tower of ,babel1 #he4 ,necromancer1 ,jesus represented as a1 #bgc4 ,nehush-tan1 the ,sun worshiped under the name of1 #dia4 ,neith1 the mother of ,osiris1 #cfd2 called the ,holy ,virgin1 #cfd2 the ,mother of the ,gods1 and ,mother of the ,sun1 #dgf2 a personification of the dawn1 #dgf4 ,nepaul1 the crucified ,god found in1 #ahg4 ,nicaragua1 the inhabitants of1 called their principal ,god ,thomathoyo1 #acj4 ,nice1 the ,council of1 #cha2 anathematized those who say that there was a time when the ,son of ,god was not1 #cha4 ,nile1 the temples on the north bank of the river dedicated to the kings of ,egypt1 #abb2 a sacred river1 #cah4 ,nimrod1 built the tower of ,babel1 #cd4 ,ninevah1 ,jonah goes to1 #ha2 cylinders discovered on the site of1 contained the legend of the flood1 #aja4 ,niparaga1 the ,supreme ,creator of the ,endes of ,california1 #aca4 ,nisan1 the angel1 borrowed from the ,chaldeans1 #aji4 ,noah1 the ark of1 #aai4 ,noel1 ,christmas in ,french called1 #cfe4 ,nut1 a personification of ,heaven1 #dgg4 ,nutar ,nutra1 the1 of the ,egyptians1 corresponds to the ,hebrew ,el-,shaddai1 #di4 ,o4 ,oannes1 ,chaldean fish-god1 #hb2 the same as ,jonah1 #hc4 ,odin1 the ,supreme ,god of the ,scandinavians1 #dgi2 a personification of the ,heavens1 #dgi4 ,o,edipus1 the history of1 resembles that of ,samson and ,hercules1 #gb2 tears out his eyes1 #gb2 is a dangerous child1 #agj2 cheered in his last hours by ,antigone1 #dic2 a personification of the ,sun1 #dic4 ,offerings 7,votive7 made to the ,heathen deities1 #bei4 ,olympus1 the1 of the ,pagans1 restored1 #cih4 ,o4 ,m41 or ,a4 ,u4 ,m41 a sacred name among the ,hindoos1 #cgb2 an emblem of the ,trinity1 #ceb4 ,omphale1 the amours of ,hercules with1 #ga4 ,one1 the myths of the crucified gods melt into1 #dib4 ,one ,god1 worshiped by the ancestors of our race1 #chd4 ,only ,begotten ,son1 common before the ,christian era1 #aic4 ,oort1 ,prof41 on the sacred laws of ancient nations1 #fa4 ,ophites1 the1 worshiped serpents as emblems of ,christ1 #cee4 ,orders1 religious among all nations of antiquity1 #djj-djd4 ,origen1 declared the story of creation and fall of man to be allegorical1 #ajj4 ,original ,sin1 the doctrine of1 of great antiquity1 #ahd2 the ,indians no strangers to1 #ahi4 ,ormuzd1 the ,supreme ,god of the ,persians1 #g2 divided the work of creation into six parts1 #g4 ,orontes1 the river1 divided by ,bacchus1 #ha4 ,osiris1 confined in a chest and thrown into the ,nile1 #ij2 a ,virgin-born ,god1 #aij2 suffers death1 #aij2 rose from the dead1 #bbb2 the judge of the dead1 #bde2 performed miracles1 #bef2 the worship of1 of great antiquity1 #deb2 a personification of the ,sun1 #dhd4 ,oude1 the crucified ,god ,bal-li worshiped at1 #ahh4 ,ovid1 describes the doctrine of ,metempsychosis1 #dc4 ,p4 ,pagan ,religion1 the1 adopted by the ,christians1 #chd2 was typical of ,christianity1 #eja4 ,pan1 had a flute of seven pipes1 #ha4 ,pandora1 the first woman1 in ,grecian mythology1 #aj4 ,pantheon1 the1 a niche always ready in1 of the ancients1 for a new divinity1 #abc4 ,paraclete1 ,simon ,magus claimed to be the1 #afd4 ,paradise1 all nations believed in a1 #chi1 #cij4 ,parsees1 the1 direct descendants of the ,persians1 #be2 say that man was once destroyed by a deluge1 #be4 ,parnassus1 ,mount1 the ark of ,deucalion rested on1 #bf4 ,parthenon1 the1 at ,athens1 sacred to ,minerva1 #ccc4 ,passover1 the1 celebrated by the ,jews on the same day that the ,heathens celebrated the resurrections of their ,gods1 #bbf2 the ,jews used eggs in the feast of1 #bbh4 ,patriarchs1 the1 all stories of1 unhistorical1 #ed4 ,paul1 ,st41 a minister of the ,gospel which had been preached to every creature under heaven1 #ead4 ,pentateuch1 the1 never ascribed to ,moses in the inscriptions of ,hebrew manuscripts1 #ib2 ascribed to ,moses after the ,babylonian captivity1 #ib2 origin of1 #ic1 #if4 ,perictione1 a ,virgin mother1 #abg4 ,perseus1 shut up in a chest1 and cast into the sea1 #hi2 the son of ,jupiter by the ,virgin ,danae1 #abd2 a temple erected to him in ,athens1 #abd2 a dangerous child1 #afi4 ,persia1 pre-,christian crosses found in1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,persians1 the1 denominate the first man ,adama1 #g2 had a legend of creation corresponding with the ,hebrew1 #h2 had a legend of the war in heaven1 #chg4 ,peru1 crosses found in1 #cdi2 worship of a ,trinity found in1 #cgh4 ,peruvians1 the1 adored the cross1 #cdi2 worshiped a ,trinity1 #cgh4 ,peter1 ,st41 has the keys of ,janus1 #cii4 ,phallic tree1 the1 is introduced into the narrative in ,genesis1 #dg4 ,phallic worship1 the story of ,jacob setting up a pillar alludes to1 #df2 practiced by the nations of antiquity1 #df1 #dg4 ,phallic ,emblems1 in ,christian churches1 #ceh4 ,phallus1 the1 a ,hermes1 set up on the road-side1 was the symbol of1 #df4 ,pamphylian ,sea1 the1 divided by ,alexander1 #ee4 ,pharaoh1 his dreams1 #hh2 parallel to1 #hi4 ,phenician deity1 the principal1 was ,el1 #dhd4 ,philo1 considered the fictions of ,genesis allegories1 #ajj2 says nothing about ,jesus1 or the ,christians1 #efd4 ,philosophers1 the1 of ancient ,greece1 called ,christians1 #dji4 ,philosophy1 the ,christian religion called a1 #efg4 ,phoedrus1 the river1 dried up by ,isis1 #ee4 ,phoenicians1 the1 offered the fairest of their children to the gods1 #da4 ,phoenix1 the1 lived #fjj years1 #dbf4 ,phrygians1 the1 worshiped the god ,atys1 #aij4 ,pilate1 pillaged the temple treasury1 #eba2 crucified ,jesus1 #ebf4 ,pillars of ,hercules1 the1 #gi4 ,pious ,frauds1 #bca4 ,pisces1 the sign of1 applied to ,christ ,jesus1 #cee-ejd4 ,plato1 believed to have been the son of a pure virgin1 #abg4 ,platonists1 the1 believed in a ,trinity1 #cge4 ,pole1 or ,pillar1 a1 worshiped by the ancients1 #df1 #dg4 ,polynesian ,mythology1 in1 a fish is emblematic of the earth1 #hj4 ,pontius ,pilate 7see ,pilate74 ,poo-ta-la1 the name of a ,buddhist monastery found in ,china1 #dja4 ,pope1 the1 thrusts out his foot to be kissed as the ,roman ,emperors were in the habit of doing1 #djj4 ,portuguese1 the1 call the mountain in ,ceylon1 ,pico d' ,adama1 #ac4 ,porus1 the troops of1 carried on their standards the figure of a man1 #aih4 ,prayers1 for the dead1 made by ,buddhist priests1 #dja4 ,priests1 the ,buddhist1 have fasting1 prayers for the dead1 holy water1 rosaries of beads1 the worship of relics1 and a monastic habit resembling the ,franciscans1 #dja4 ,priestesses1 among the ancients1 similar to the modern nuns1 #djc1 #djd4 ,primeval male1 the1 offered himself a sacrifice for the gods1 #aha4 ,prithivi1 the ,earth worshiped under the name of1 by the ,hindoos1 #dgg4 ,prometheus1 a deity who united the divine and human nature in one person1 #abd2 a crucified ,saviour1 #aib2 an earthquake happened at the time of the death of1 #bjg2 the story of the crucifixion of1 allegorical1 #dhd2 a title of the ,sun1 #dhd4 ,prophet1 the1 of the ,beatitudes1 does but repeat the words of others1 #ebf4 ,protogenia1 mother of ,aethlius1 #abe4 ,ptolemy 7,soter71 believed to have been of divine origin1 #abg4 ,puranas1 the1 #dea4 ,purgatory1 the doctrine of1 of pre-,christian origin1 #chi4 ,purim1 the feast of1 #dd2 the book of ,esther written for the purpose of describing1 #dd4 ,pyrrha1 the wife of ,deucalion1 #bf2 was saved from the ,deluge by entering an ark with her husband1 #bf4 ,pythagoras1 taught that souls dwelt in the ,galaxy1 #de2 had divine honors paid to him1 #abh2 his mother impregnated through a spectre1 #abh4 ,q4 ,quetzalcoatle1 the ,virgin-born ,saviour1 #abi2 was tempted and fasted1 #agh2 was crucified1 #aii2 rose from the dead1 #bbe2 will come again1 #bci2 is a personification of the ,sun1 #dhi4 ,queen of ,heaven1 the1 was worshiped by all nations of antiquity before the ,christian era1 #cbf-ccf4 ,quirinius1 a name of ,romulus1 #abf2 educated among shepherds1 #bjh2 torn to pieces at his death1 #bjh2 ascended into heaven1 #bjh2 the ,sun darkened at his death1 #bjh4 ,r4 ,r1 the ,egyptian ,god1 born from the side of his mother1 #abb4 ,raam-ses1 king of ,egypt1 #abc2 means ,son of the ,sun1 #abc4 ,rabbis1 the1 taught the allegorical interpretation of ,scripture1 #ajj2 performed miracles1 #bfg2 taught the mystery of the ,trinity1 #cgf4 ,rakshasas1 the1 of our ,aryan ancestors1 the originals of all giants1 ogres or demons1 #ai2 are personifications of the dark clouds1 #ai2 fought desperate battles with ,indrea1 and his spirits of light1 #chg4 ,ram or ,lamb1 the1 used as a symbol of ,christ ,jesus1 #bjb2 a symbol of the ,sun1 #ejc1 #ejd4 ,rama1 an incarnation of ,vishnu1 #adc2 a star at his birth1 #adc2 is hailed by aged saints1 #aeb4 ,rayme1 a ,mexican festival held in the month of1 answering to our ,christmas celebration1 #cff4 ,rays of glory1 surround the heads of all the ,gods1 #eje4 ,real ,presence1 the1 in the ,eucharist1 borrowed from ,paganism1 #cje-cab4 ,red ,riding-,hood1 the story of1 explained1 #hj4 ,red ,sea1 the1 divided by ,moses1 #ej2 divided by ,bacchus1 #ea4 ,religion1 the1 of ,paganism1 compared with ,christianity1 #chd4 ,religions1 the1 of all nations1 formerly a worship of the sun1 moon1 stars and elements1 #edd4 ,resurrection1 the1 of ,jesus1 #bae2 parallels to1 #baf1 #bbf4 ,rhea-,sylvia1 the ,virgin mother of ,romulus1 #abf4 ,rivers1 divided by the command of ,bacchus1 #ea4 ,rivers 7sacred71 #cah4 ,romans1 the1 deified their emperors1 #abe4 ,rome1 the ,pantheon of1 dedicated to ,jove and all the ,gods1 and reconsecrated to the ,mother of ,god and all the ,saints1 #cif4 ,romulus1 son of the ,virgin ,rhea-,sylvia1 #abf2 called ,quirinius1 #abf2 a dangerous child1 #agb2 put to death1 #cjh2 the sun darkened at time of his death1 #bjh4 ,rosary1 the ,buddhist priests count their prayers with a1 #dja2 found on an ancient medal of the ,phenicians1 #ejd4 ,rose1 the1 of ,sharon1 ,jesus called1 #dhg4 ,rosicrucians1 the1 jewel of1 a crucified rose1 #dhg4 ,ruffinus1 the ,apostles' creed first known in the days of1 #che4 ,russia1 adherents of the old religion of1 persecuted1 #ddd4 ,s4 ,sabbath1 the1 kept holy by the ancients1 #cib1 #cic4 ,sacrament1 the1 of the ,lord's ,supper instituted many centuries before the ,christian era1 #cje-cab4 ,sacred ,books1 among heathen nations1 #fa4 ,sacred ,heart1 the1 a great mystery among the ancients1 #djd4 ,sacrifices1 or offerings to the ,gods1 at one time1 almost universal1 #dj1 #da2 human1 for atonement1 was general1 #ahb4 ,saints1 the1 of the ,christians1 are ,pagan ,gods worshiped under other names1 #cih1 #cii4 ,sais1 the ,feast of ,lamps1 held at1 #cib4 ,saktideva1 swallowed by a fish and came out unhurt1 #gg4 ,sakya-,muni1 a name of ,buddha1 #cjj4 ,salivahana1 the ancient inhabitants of ,cape ,comorin worshiped a ,virgin-born ,saviour called1 #aah1 #aai4 ,salvation1 from the death of another1 of great antiquity1 #aha2 by faith1 existed among the ,hindoos1 #ahd4 ,sammael1 the proper name of ,satan according to the ,talmud1 #chf4 ,samothracian mysteries1 in the ,heaven and ,earth were worshiped1 #dgi4 ,samson1 his exploits1 #fb-ff2 compared with ,hercules1 #fj-gj2 a solar god1 #ga-gc4 ,satan1 the proper name of1 is ,sammael1 #chf2 a personification of storm-clouds and darkness1 #dhb4 ,saturday1 or the seventh day1 kept holy by the ancients1 #cic4 ,saturn1 worshiped by the ancients1 #cic4 ,saturnalia1 the1 of the ancient ,romans1 #cfe4 ,satyavrata1 saved from the deluge in an ark1 according to the ,hindoo legend1 #bd1be4 ,scandinavians1 the1 worshiped a ,beneficent ,saviour1 called ,baldur1 #abi2 the heaven of1 described1 #cij2 consecrated one day in the week to ,odin1 #cic2 worshiped ,frey1 the deity of the ,sun1 #dhi4 ,scriptures1 the1 of the ,essenes1 the ground work of the gospels1 #ddc-dfj4 ,seb1 a personification of the ,earth1 #dgg4 ,second ,coming1 the1 of ,jesus1 #bcc2 of ,vishnu1 #bcf2 of ,buddha1 #bcg2 of ,bacchus1 #bch2 of ,kalewipoeg1 #bch2 of ,arthur1 #bch2 of ,quetzalcoatle1 #bci4 ,seed of the ,woman1 the1 bruised the head of the ,serpent1 according to the mythology of all nations1 #dhb4 ,semele1 the mother of ,bacchus1 #abd ,semi-ramis1 the ,supreme ,dove crucified1 #dhf4 ,senators1 the ,cardinals of ,roman ,christianity wear the robes once worn by ,romans1 #djj4 ,serapis1 the god1 worshiped in ,alexandria in ,egypt1 #cdb2 a cross found in the temple of1 #cdb4 ,serpent1 the1 seduced the first woman1 #c2 in ,eden1 an ,aryan story1 #ii2 an emblem of ,christ ,jesus1 #cee2 ,moses set up1 as an object of worship1 #cee2 worshiped by the ,christians1 #cee2 symbolized the ,sun1 #dij2 called the ,word1 or ,divine ,wisdom1 #dij4 ,seven1 the number1 sacred among all nations of antiquity1 #ca4 ,seventh-day1 the1 kept sacred by the ancients1 #cib1 #cic4 ,seventy-two1 ,confucius had1 disciples1 #aba4 ,shams-on1 the ,sun in ,arabic1 #gc4 ,sharon1 the ,rose of1 ,jesus called1 #dhf4 ,shepherds1 the infant ,jesus worshiped by1 #aej4 ,shoo-king1 the1 a sacred book of the ,chinese1 #be2 speaks of the deluge1 #be4 ,siamese1 the1 had a virgin-born god1 #aah4 ,simon ,magus1 believed to be a god1 #abi2 his picture placed among the gods in ,rome1 #abi2 professed to be the ,word of ,god1 the ,paraclete1 or ,comforter1 #afd2 performed great miracles1 #abe4 ,sin-,bearer1 the1 ,bacchus called1 #aic4 ,sin1 ,original1 the doctrine of1 believed in by ,heathen nations1 #aha1 #ahd4 ,siva1 the third god in the ,hindoo ,trinity1 #cfi2 the ,hindoos held a festival in honor of1 #cib4 ,skylla delivers ,nisos into the power of his enemies1 #gb2 a ,solar ,myth1 #gb4 ,slaughter1 the1 of the innocents at the time of ,jesus1 #afe2 parallels to1 #aff-agb4 ,sochiquetzal1 mother of ,quetzalcoatle1 #abi2 a ,virgin ,mother1 #abi2 called the ,queen of ,heaven1 #abi4 ,socrates1 visited at his birth by ,wise ,men1 and presented with gifts1 #aeb4 ,sol1 crucified in the heavens1 #dhd4 ,soma1 a god of the ,hindoos1 #cjf2 gave his body and blood to man1 #cjf4 ,sommona ,codom 7see ,codom74 ,son of a ,star 7see ,bar-,cochba74 ,son of ,god1 the ,heathen worshiped a mediating deity who had the title of1 #aaa-abi4 ,son of the ,sun1 the name ,raam-ses means1 #abc4 ,sons of ,heaven1 the virgin-born men of ,china called1 #abb4 ,song1 the1 of the ,heavenly ,host1 #adg2 parallels to1 #adh-aej4 ,soul1 the1 immortality of1 believed in by nations of antiquity1 #che4 ,sosiosh1 the virgin-born ,messiah1 #adf2 yet to come1 #adf4 ,space1 crucifixion in1 #dhh4 ,spanish monks1 the first1 who went to ,mexico were surprised to find the crucifix there1 #aii4 ,spirit1 the ,hebrew word for1 of feminine gender1 #acd4 ,standards1 the1 of the ancient ,romans1 wore crosses gilt and beautiful1 #cde4 ,star1 the1 of ,bethlehem1 #adj2 parallels to1 #adb-ade4 ,staurobates1 the ,king by whom ,semiramis was overpowered1 #dhf4 ,stone pillars1 set up by the ,hebrews were emblems of the ,phallus1 #df4 ,strong ,rama1 the1 of the ,hindoos1 a counterpart of ,samson1 #gc4 ,suddho-dana1 the dreams of1 compared with ,pharaoh's two dreams1 #hh4 ,sun1 the1 nearly all the ,pagan deities were personifications of1 #dfg2 ,christ ,jesus said to have been born on the birth-day of1 #dgc2 ,christ ,jesus a personification of1 #ejj2 universally worshiped1 #ejg4 ,sun-day1 a pagan holiday adopted by the ,christians1 #cid-cif4 ,sun-gods1 ,samson and ,hercules are1 #ga-gc4 ,sun-myth1 the1 added to the histories of ,jesus of ,nazareth1 ,buddha1 ,cyrus1 ,alexandria and others1 #ejf4 ,sweden1 the famous temple at ,upsal in1 dedicated to a triune deity1 #cgg4 ,symbolical1 the history of the gods1 #dff4 ,synoptic ,gospels1 the discrepancies between the fourth and the1 numerous1 #deg4 ,t4 ,tacitus1 the allusion to ,jesus in1 a forgery1 #eff-efh4 ,tables of ,stone1 the1 of ,moses1 #eh2 of ,bacchus1 #ei4 ,talmud1 the books containing ,jewish tradition1 #ie2 in the1 ,jesus is called the hanged one1 #eaf4 ,tammuz1 the ,saviour1 after being put to death1 rose from the dead1 #bag2 worshiped in the temple of the ,lord at ,jerusalem1 #bbb4 ,tanga-tanga1 the ,three in ,one1 and ,one in ,three1 or the ,trinity of the ancient ,peruvians1 #cgh4 ,tao1 the one god supreme1 worshiped by ,lao-,kiun1 the ,chinese sage1 #abj4 ,tao-tse1 the1 or ,sect of ,reason1 formed by ,lao-,kiun1 #abj4 ,tau1 the cross1 worshiped by the ,egyptians1 #cda4 ,temples1 all the oldest were in caves1 #bhf4 ,temptation1 the1 of ,jesus1 #age2 of ,buddha1 #agf2 of ,zoroaster1 #agg2 of ,quetzalcoatle1 #agg2 meaning of1 #dhb4 ,temples1 ,pagan1 changed into ,christian churches1 #cif1 #cig4 ,ten ,commandments1 the1 of ,moses1 #ei2 of ,buddha1 #ei4 ,ten1 the1 ,zodiac gods of the ,chaldeans1 #ajb4 ,tenth1 the1 ,xisuthrus1 ,king of the ,chaldeans1 #bc2 ,noah1 patriarch1 #bc4 ,tezcatlipoca1 the ,supreme ,god of the ,mexicans1 #fj4 ,testament1 the ,new1 written many years later than generally supposed1 #ded4 ,therapeut1 the1 and ,essenes the same1 #dbc4 ,thor1 a ,scandinavian god1 #ge2 considered the ,defender and ,avenger1 #ge2 the ,hercules of the ,northern nations1 #gf2 the ,sun personified1 #gf2 compared with ,david1 #ij1 #ia2 the son of ,odin1 #abi4 ,thoth1 the deity itself1 speaks and reveals to his elect among men the will of ,god1 #fj4 ,thibet1 the religion of1 similar to ,christianity1 #djj4 ,three1 a sacred number among all nations of antiquity1 #cfh-cgh4 ,thursday1 sacred to the ,scandinavian god1 ,thor1 #cb4 ,tibet1 the religion of1 similar to ,roman ,christianity1 #djj4 ,tien1 the name of the ,supreme ,power among the ,chinese1 #dgf4 ,titans1 the1 struggled against ,jupiter1 #chh4 ,tombs1 the1 of persons who never lived in the flesh were to be seen at different places1 #eaj4 ,tower1 the1 of ,babel1 #cc2 parallels to1 #ce-cg2 story of1 borrowed from ,chaldean sources1 #ajb2 nowhere alluded to outside of ,genesis1 #ajc4 ,transmigration of ,souls1 the1 represented on ,egyptian sculptures1 #de2 taught by all nations of antiquity1 #db-de4 ,transubstantiation1 the ,heathen doctrine of1 became a tenet of the ,christian faith1 #cac1 #cad4 ,tree1 the1 of ,knowledge1 #b1 #c2 parallels to1 #c-af2 a ,phallic tree1 #aja2 ,zoroaster hung upon the1 #aie4 ,trefoil1 the1 a sacred plant among the ,druids of ,britain1 #cec4 ,trimurti1 the1 of the ,hindoos1 #cfi2 the same as the ,christian ,trinity1 #cfi1 #cgj4 ,trinity1 the1 doctrine of1 the most mysterious of the ,christian church1 #cfh2 adored by the ,brahmins of ,india1 #cfi2 the inhabitants of ,china and ,japan1 #cga2 the ,egyptians1 #cgc2 and many other nations of antiquity1 #cgc-cgh2 can be explained by allegory only1 #efa4 ,twelve1 the number which applies to the twelve signs of the ,zodiac1 to be found in all religions of antiquity1 #dih4 ,twins1 the ,mexican ,eve the mother of1 #ae4 ,types of ,christ ,jesus1 ,crishna1 ,buddha1 ,bacchus1 ,hercules1 ,adonis1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 c41 all of them were1 #djh2 all the sun-gods of ,paganism were1 #ejj4 ,typhon1 the destroying principle in the ,egyptian ,trinity1 corresponding to the ,siva of the ,hindoos1 #efa4 ,u4 ,upright ,emblem1 the1 or the ,ashera1 stood in the temple at ,jerusalem1 #dg4 ,uriel1 the angel1 borrowed from ,chaldean sources1 #aji4 ,ushas1 the flame-red chariot of1 compared to the fiery chariot of ,elijah1 #ij4 ,utsthala1 the island of1 #gh4 ,v4 ,valentine1 ,st41 formerly the ,scandinavian god ,vila1 #cii4 ,valhalla1 the ,scandinavian ,paradise1 #cij4 ,vasudeva1 a name of ,crishna1 #aad4 ,vedas1 the1 antiquity of1 #dej4 ,vedic ,poems1 the1 show the origin and growth of ,greek and ,teutonic mythology1 #dfh4 ,venus1 the ,dove was sacred to the goddess1 #ceg4 ,vernal equinox1 the1 festivals held at the time of1 by the nations of antiquity1 #cib4 ,vespasian1 the ,miracles of1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,vestal ,virgins1 the1 were bound by a solemn vow to preserve their chastity for a space of thirty years1 #djc4 ,vicar of ,god on ,earth1 the ,grand ,lama of the ,tartars considered to be the1 #aah4 ,vila1 the god1 of the ,scandinavians1 changed to ,st4 ,valentine1 #cii4 ,virgin1 the worship of a1 before the ,christian era1 #cbf4 ,virgo1 the1 of the ,zodiac personified as a ,virgin ,mother4 ,vishnu1 appeared as a fish1 at the time of the ,deluge1 #be2 the mediating or preserving ,god in the ,hindoo ,trinity1 #cfi4 ,votan1 of ,guatemala1 #acj4 ,votive offerings1 given by the ,heathen to their gods1 and now practiced by the ,christians1 #beh1 #bei4 ,vows of ,chastity1 taken by the males and females who entered ,pagan monasteries1 #djb1 #djc4 ,w4 ,war in ,heaven1 the1 believed in by the principal nations of antiquity1 #cfh4 ,wasi1 the priest and law-giver of the ,cherokees1 #acj4 ,water1 purification from sin by1 a ,pagan ceremony1 #cag-cbc4 ,wednesday1 ,woden's or ,odin's day1 #cic4 ,welsh1 the1 as late as the seventeenth century1 during eclipses1 ran about beating kettles and pans1 #ecf4 ,west1 the sun-gods die in the1 #dic4 ,wisdom1 ,ganesa the god of1 #aag4 ,wise ,men1 worshiped the infant ,jesus1 #aej2 worshiped the infant ,crishna1 #aea2 worshiped the infant ,buddha1 #aea2 and others1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,wittoba1 the god1 crucified1 #ahe4 ,wodin1 or ,odin1 the supreme god of the ,scandinavians1 #cic4 ,wolf1 the1 an emblem of the ,destroying power1 #hj4 ,word1 or ,logos1 the1 of ,john's ,gospel1 of ,pagan origin1 #cgd4 ,world1 the1 destroy by a deluge1 whenever all the planets met in the sign of ,capricorn1 #ajc4 ,x4 ,xaca1 born of a ,virgin1 #aai4 ,xelhua1 one of the seven giants rescued from the flood1 #cg4 ,xerxes1 the god of1 is the devil of to-day1 #cia2 the ,zend-avesta older than the inscriptions of1 #deb4 ,xisuthrus1 the deluge happened in the days of1 #bb2 was the tenth ,king of the ,chaldeans1 #bc2 had three sons1 #bc2 was translated to heaven1 #ij4 ,x-,p1 the1 was formerly a monogram of the ,egyptian ,saviour ,osiris1 but now the monogram of ,christ ,jesus1 #cej4 ,y4 ,yadu1 ,vishnu became incarnate in the ,house of1 #aac4 ,yao1 or ,jao1 a sacred name1 #di4 ,yan-hwuy1 the favorite disciples of ,confucius1 #aba4 ,yar1 the angel1 borrowed from ,chaldean sources1 #aji4 ,yen-she1 the mother of ,confucius1 #aba4 ,y-ha-ho1 a name esteemed sacred among the ,egyptians1 #dh2 the same as ,jehovah1 #dh4 ,yezua1 the name ,jesus is pronounced in ,hebrew1 #aif4 ,yoni1 the1 attached to the head of the crucified ,crishna1 #ahe2 symbolized nature1 #dif4 ,ysr1 the term 7,creator7 first brought into use by the prophets of the ,captivity1 #ii4 ,yu1 a virgin-born ,chinese sage1 #abj4 ,yucatan1 the ,mayas of1 worshiped a virgin-born god1 #acj2 crosses found in1 #bja4 ,yule1 the old name for ,christmas1 #cfe4 ,yumna1 the river1 divided by ,crishna1 #eg4 ,z4 ,zama1 the only-begotten ,son of the ,supreme ,god1 according to the ,mayas of ,yucatan1 #acj4 ,zarathustra 7see ,zoroaster74 ,zend-,avesta1 the sacred writings of the ,parsees1 #g2 signifies the ,living ,word1 #ei2 older than the cuneiform inscriptions of ,cyrus1 #deb4 ,zephyrinus1 the truth corrupted by1 #ace4 ,zeru-akerene1 the ,supreme ,god of the ,persians1 #bde4 ,zerubabel1 supposed to be the ,messiah1 #dcb4 ,zeupater1 the ,dyaus-pitar of ,asia1 became the1 of the ,greeks1 #dgg4 ,zeus1 the ,supreme ,god of the ,greeks1 #dgg2 visited ,danae in a golden shower1 #dha4 ,zome1 a supernatural being worshiped in ,brazil1 #acj4 ,zoroaster1 the ,law giver of the ,persians1 #ei2 receives the ,book of the ,law from ,ormuzd1 #ei2 the ,son of ,ormuzd1 #abc2 a dangerous child1 #afi2 a ,divine ,messenger1 #aid2 the ,first-born of the ,eternal ,one1 #aie2 performed miracles1 #bef2 the religion of the ,persians established by1 #dea4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,the abbreviations ,b4 ,c4 and ,a4 ,d4 have been spaced throughout the text for consistency4 ,the anchors for footnotes #dd3c and #aab3b are missing in the original and have been added by the ,transcriber4 ,footnote #bhh3e reads as follows3 ,williams' ,hinduism1 pp4 #aai-aaj4 ,the page references are in error1 but ,transcriber has left the note as printed4 ,some of the words in ,footnote #efj3b are cut off in the page scan4 ,unclear words have been extrapolated from context4 ,footnote #efd3e is printed ,john1 ,bishop of ,constantinople1 who died4 ,whatever text is intended to follow is missing from the original4 ,transcriber has added an ellipsis to indicate missing text4 ,in ,chapter ,,xxxix41 there are two consecutive sections numbered #f4 ,they have been left as in the original4 #f4 ,he was born in a ,cave4 #f4 ,he was ordered to be put to death4 ,the following corrections have been made to the text3 ,page xii1 under ,bell 7,j473 in #b vols4 ,london3 ,j4 ,bell1 #agij4period missing in original ,page xii1 under ,blavatsky 7,h4 ,p473 by ,h4 ,p4 ,blavatsky1original has period in #b vols4 ,page xv1 under ,hardy 7,r4 ,s473 ,a ,manual of ,buddhism in its ,modern ,development4period missing in original ,page xvi1 under ,higgins 7,godfrey73 ,london3 ,longman1 ,rees1comma missing in original ,orne1 ,brown ,longman4 ,page xviii1 under ,lillie 7,arthur73 ,london3 ,trbneroriginal has ,trubner ,co4 ,pave xviii1 under ,mary 7,apoc473 ,the ,gospel of the ,birth of ,mary1 attributed to ,st4 ,matthew4original has comma ,page xviii1 under ,maurice 7,thomas73 compared with those of ,persia1 ,egyptoriginal has ,egyp- ,page xviii1 under ,montfaucon 7,b473 ,second edit4period missing in original ,paris3 #agbb4 ,page xxii1 under ,taylor 7,robert73 ,evidences1 and ,early ,history of ,christianityoriginal has ,chiristianity ,page xxii1 under ,taylor 7,robert73 ,boston3original has semi-colon ,j4 ,p4 ,mendum ,page xxiii3 ,beausobre'soriginal has ,beausobres' ,histoire ,critique de ,maniche et du ,manicheisme ,page xxiii3 ,sir ,john ,malcolm'soriginal has ,malcom's ,history of ,persia ,page #c3 closed up the flesh instead thereof4closing quotation mark missing in original ,page #aj3 it was in a gentle slumber4closing quotation mark missing in original ,page #aa3 the power of the resurrection4closing quotation mark missing in original ,page #bc3 in his ,ancient ,fragments1 theoriginal has ,the history ,page #cb3 ,agni1 theoriginal has the the ,hindoo god ,page #eb3 quotation mark missing in original,the whole multitude of the people ,page #ee3 ,chambers's ,encyclopdiaoriginal has ,encylopdia ,page #hb3 this founder of civilizationoriginal has cizilization has a ,solar character ,page #hi3 as ,pharaoh'soriginal has ,pharoah's daughter did with the child ,page #ajg3 original has single quote,the student of ,pagan religion ,page #aji3 7,joel1original has period iii4 #f7 ,page #acf3 ,xisuthrusoriginal has ,xisthrus 7who is the ,chaldean hero7 ,page #ada3 birth of great menoriginal has greatmen1 such as ,abraham ,page #adf3 mankind by persuadingoriginal has pursuading them to eat ,page #adi3 apocryphal ,gospel called quotation mark missing in original,protevangelion ,page #agf3 applied himself to practice asceticismoriginal has ascetcism ,page #aha3 folly it is to expect salvationoriginal has savlation ,page #ahb3 temple of the ,laphystianoriginal has ,laphystan ,jupiter ,page #bde3 who appear before him as the judge4original has extraneous quotation mark ,page #bdg3 all things were created by him4original has single quote ,page #bhb3 ,jesus was pierced with a spear4#bhb3dperiod and footnote anchor missing in original ,page #bhc3 #cf4 quotation mark missing in original,and after six days ,page #bhd3 fix his heart and thoughts on ,god alone4closing quotation mark missing in original ,page #bhg3 ,aristotleoriginal has ,aristote a picker-up of ethics ,page #bih3 original has extraneous quotation mark,well authenticated records establish ,page #bii3 quotation mark missing in original,when the time came ,page #cjj3 ,gautama ,buddha taught that all men are brothers2semi-colon missing in original ,page #cja3 before the practice of shaving the headoriginal has dead ,page #cjb3 quotation mark missing in original,we know that the ,fo-pen-hing was translated ,page #cjb3 quotation mark missing in original,these ,gthas were evidently composed ,page #cjb3 quotation mark missing in original,it would be a natural inference ,page #cjc3 around the idea of a ,chakravartioriginal has ,chakrawarti ,page #cjh3 quotation mark missing in original,for you either know1 or can know ,page #cab3 the flesh and bones of ,vitziliputzlioriginal has ,vitzilipuzlti ,page #cac3 ,it suggests itself to our mind thatoriginal has that that this style ,page #cba3 he saw some one undergoing baptism by aspersion4original has extraneous colon ,page #cbb3 blessing from the ,saviour ,quetzalcoatleoriginal has ,quetzacoatle ,page #ccj3 worshiped a ,virgin ,mother and ,son1original has period who was represented ,page #ccd3 title of ,queen of ,heaven4closing quotation mark missing in original ,page #cdj3 ,it is placed by ,mlleroriginal has ,muller ,page #cdb3 it is the hieroglyphoriginal has hierogylph of goodness ,page #cdc3 also the symboloriginal has symobl of the ,babylonian god ,bal ,page #cea3 ,i4 ,e4 ,e4 ,s4period missing in original1 was a monogram of ,bacchus ,page #cic3 no work should be undertaken4quotation mark missing in original ,page #cii3 ,thames ,river god officiatesoriginal has officates at the baptism ,page #dje3 ,cardinal ,baroniusoriginal has ,baronias ,page #dje3 emblems of either the ,lingaoriginal has ,lingha or ,yoni ,page #djg3 quotation mark missing in original,to the emperor1--a mere worldling ,page #daf3 unruly evil1 full of deadly poison4quotation mark missing in original ,page #ddc3 ,whose judgment stronger grows1 acts always right4closing quotation mark missing in original ,page #ddg3 crowds which usuallyoriginal has unsually fill the apartments ,page #ddi3 doubt was that ,,sopater the philosopheroriginal has philospher ,page #dei3 for thereoriginal has their being four ,gospels ,page #dfj3 may be found to-dayoriginal has to day in our canonical ,new ,testament ,page #dfd3 concerning the genuinenessoriginal has genuiness of writings ,page #dfg3 the light approaches4'single quote missing in original ,page #dgi3 birth of the god ,sol1 the beneficentoriginal has benificent ,saviour ,page #dhg3 crucified in the heavens for the salvation of man4quotation mark missing in original ,page #ejg3 ,thus under a varied appellationoriginal has appelation ,page #eaj3 ,did not ,damusoriginal has ,damis1 the beloved disciple of ,apollonius ,page #eab3 quotation mark missing in original,for many deceivers are entered ,page #ece3 original has extraneous quotation mark,in the mythology of ,finns ,page #ech3 the ,hiong-nu1 and the ,japanese8quotation mark missing in original ,page #edj3 quotation mark missing in original,the ,tunguse1 ,mongolians1 and a great part ,page #edj3 quotation mark missing in original,it is very certain that thousands ,page #eeb3 ,max ,mller1 theoriginal has ,the ,rev4 ,george ,w4 ,cox ,page #eeg3 most widely knownoriginal has extraneous comma characters ,page #eei3 ,hephstosoriginal has ,hesphstos as the young1 not yet risen ,sun ,page #efd3 our ,christian ancestors before ,eusebiusoriginal has ,esuebius ,page #efi3 olusoriginal has olis ,page #egj1 under ,ascension3 of ,zoroaster1 #baf;comma and page number missing in original ,page #egj1 ,atonement3 the doctrine of1comma missing in original taught before the time ,page #ega1 under ,black ,god3 the1 crucified1 #bja4original has comma ,page #egb1 under ,carnutes3 the1 of ,gaul1 #aih2original has comma the ,lamb of1 #aii4 ,page #egb1 under ,christ 7,jesus73 not identical with the historical ,jesus1 #ejf4period missing in original ,page #egc1 under ,claudius3 ,roman ,emperor1 #abf2original has comma considered divine1 #abf4 ,page #egc1 under ,conception3 of ,fo-hihyphen missing in original1 #aai ,page #ege1 under ,eclipse3 of ,julius ,csar1comma missing in original #bjg ,page #ege1 under ,essenes3 and the ,therapeutoriginal has ,therapeute ,page #ege1 under ,females3 fasted forty days before marriage1 #agi4original has semi-colon ,page #egf1 under ,germans3 under the name of ,hertha1 #ccd1original has hyphen #dgg ,page #egg3 ,hu-,kioriginal has ,han-,ki ,page #egh1 under ,inah3 ,junooriginal has ,juna1 suspended in space ,page #egi1 under ,john the ,baptist3 the day of the ,summeroriginal has ,sumner ,solstice ,page #egi3 under ,judge of the ,dead1 ,aeacusoriginal has eacus ,page #ehj1 under ,march #beth3 honor of the ,christianoriginal has ,christain ,virgin ,page #eha1 under ,messiahs3 time of ,jesus1 #aif1original has semi-colon #eai ,page #ehb3 ,nebuchadnezzaroriginal has ,nebuchadonazar ,page #ehb3 ,nutaroriginal has ,nuter ,nutra ,page #ehc1 under ,parthenon1 the1 at ,athensoriginal has ,atheas ,page #ehd1 under ,portuguese3 mountain in ,ceylon1 ,picooriginal has ,peco d' ,adama ,page #ehd3 under ,protogenia1 mother of ,aethliusoriginal has thlius ,page #ehd1 under ,r3 born from the side of his motheroriginal has mothe4 ,page #ehd3 ,raam-sesoriginal has ,raam-sees ,page #ehe3 ,rosicruciansoriginal has ,rosi-crucians ,page #ehe1 under ,scandinavians1 ,beneficentoriginal has ,benificent ,saviour ,page #ehe1 under ,second ,coming3 of ,kalewipoegoriginal has ,kalewipeog ,page #ehf1 under ,simon ,magus3 professed to be the ,word of ,god1original has semi-colon the ,paraclete1 or ,comforter1 #afd ,page #ehf1 under ,tacitus1 the allusion to ,jesus in1 a forgery1 #eff-efh4page number references missing in original ,page #ehg1 under ,tao-tse3 formed by ,lao-,kiunoriginal has ,lao-,kuin ,page #ehh3 under ,yadu3 ,vishnuoriginal has ,vishna became incarnate in the ,house of1 #aac ,page #ehi3 ,zarathustraoriginal has ,zarathrustra 7see ,zoroaster74 ,page #ehi1 under ,zend-,avesta1 signifies the ,living ,word1original has semi-colon #ei ,page #ehi3 ,zerubabeloriginal has ,zeru-babel ,page #ehi1 under ,zeupateroriginal has ,zeu-pater3 the ,dyaus-pitaroriginal has ,dyans-pitar of ,asia ,footnote #bc3f ,bhat1 ,maha and ,thamaz4original has extraneous quotation mark ,footnote #bh3a the ,deluge of ,noah and ,xisuthrusoriginal has ,xisuthus ,footnote #de3e ,indian ,antiquitiesoriginal has ,antiqities ,footnote #de3h ,see ,child's ,prog4period missing in original ,relig4 ,ideas ,footnote #df3d vol4original has extraneous comma i4 pp4 #age1 #bgf4 ,footnote #gj3d ,see ,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 ,art4period missing in original ,hercules4 ,footnote #hj3b ,en ,gallois ,jon1 le ,seigneuroriginal has ,seignenr1 ,dieu1 la cause prmire4 ,footnote #hb3g 7,rev4 ,s4 ,baring-,gould3 ,curious ,myths1 p4 #cfg47;closing parenthesis missing in original ,footnote #ib3e vol4 ii4 ch4 v4 and vi47closing parenthesis missing in original ,footnote #ih3a by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 #boriginal has extraneous period vols4 ,footnote #ih3a ,the ,bible for ,learners 7vols4 i4 and ii471 by ,prof4 ,oortoriginal has ,oot ,footnote #aja3b ,see ,westropporiginal has ,westopp ,wakes1 ,phallic ,worship4 ,footnote #aai3a ,see ,asiaticoriginal has ,asiastic ,res41 vol4 x4 ,footnote #acd3c to whichoriginal has ,which the reader is referred4 ,footnote #afg3b ,anacalypsis1 vol4 i4 #acj1 #ac-1;dash represents a digit missing in original--original also has period instead of comma ,footnote #agg3b ,chambers's ,encyclo4original has ,enclyclo4 art4 ,zoroaster4 ,footnote #ahc3b redeeming love1 pays it all4original has single quote ,footnote #aib3c ,see schylus' ,prometheus ,chained4original has comma ,footnote #aie3b ,malcolmoriginal has ,malcom3 ,hist4 ,persia1 vol4 i4 ,footnote #aii3c ,fergusson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship47closing parenthesis missing in original ,footnote #bbi3a receive the reward 7of heaven74quotation mark missing in original ,footnote #bdi3a quotation mark missing in original,in the beginning was the ,,word ,footnote #bea3b ,prog4 ,relig4 ,ideas1original has period ii4 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #bga3b ,contra ,celsusoriginal has ,celus1 bk4 #a1 ch4 lxviii4period missing in original ,footnote #bha3aa ,matt4 xxvi4 #f-g;hyphen missing in original4 ,footnote #bhc3ac the second member of the ,tri-murtioriginal has ,tri-mutri ,footnote #bhd3ag ,quoted from ,williams' ,hinduism1comma missing in original pp4 #bag-bai4 ,footnote #bic3b ,see ,bunsen'soriginal has ,bnsen's ,angel-,messiah ,footnote #cjh3e quotation mark missing in original,de ,tinctione1 de oblatione panis ,footnote #cai3e 7,aug4original has comma ,temp4 ,ser4 ci47 ,footnote #cai3g stipatum me religiosa cohorte1original has period deducit ad proximas balucas ,footnote #cba3d ,de-l-vintoriginal has ,de-la-vint de l',ilissusoriginal has l'ilissus le candidat et l'eau de laoriginal has lar mer le couronnoitoriginal has couronoit de fleurs le plongeoitoriginal has pongeoit dans le fleuve original has fleure ,footnote #cbh3d pp4 #dg1 #dh1;comma missing in original and ,higgins' ,anacalypsis ,footnote #ccb3f ,fergusson'soriginal has ,ferguson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship ,footnote #ccb3i ,stuckley3 ,pal4 ,sac4 ,no4 #a1;comma missing in original p4 #cd ,footnote #cch3b ,in ,montfauconoriginal has ,montefaucon1 vol4 i4 plate xcv4 ,footnote #cdb3d ,see ,colenso's ,pentateuch ,examined1comma missing in original vol4 ,footnote #cdi3i ,see ,basnageoriginal has ,basuage 7lib4 iii4 c4 xxxiii47 ,footnote #cfb3e 7,encyclopdia ,brit41 art4 ,christmas47closing parenthesis missing in original ,footnote #cgc3c ,i4 ,john1 v4 #g4 ,john1comma missing in original i4 #a4 ,footnote #cgf3d ,monumental ,christianity1 p4 #fe1original has period and ,ancient ,footnote #cib3b ,see ,prog4period missing in original ,relig4 ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #cic3a 7,dunlap's ,spirit ,hist41 pp4 #ce1 #cf47;closing parenthesis missing in original ,footnote #daj3c 7,mosheim1 vol4 i4 cent4 #b1 p4 #bjb47;closing parenthesis missing in original ,footnote #dai3a 7,smith's ,bible ,dictionary1 art4 ,alexandria47closing parenthesis missing in original ,footnote #dbj3d ,john1 xii4original has comma #f2 xiii4 #bi4 ,footnote #dbc3d indolent fraternities' of ,india4original has single quote ,footnote #dbe3a 7,eusebius3 ,eccl4 ,hist41 lib4 #b1 ch4 xvii47closing parenthesis missing in original ,footnote #dce3b non-seulementoriginal has non-sulement ne disent pas ce qu'ils pensent mais disentoriginal has desent tout le contraire sachent bienoriginal has bein que ce sont des fables ont fait brleroriginal has bruler de saints personnages que ce n'estoriginal has cen'est morceau de pain4original has single quote ,footnote #dce3f ,giles' ,hebrew and ,christian ,records1comma missing in original vol4 ii4 ,footnote #dgh3a 7,goldzhier1 pp4 #aehoriginal has #aeh1 #aeh4 ,knight1 pp4 #ii1 #ajj47 ,footnote #dhc3c whole aggregate of existences4quotation mark missing in original ,footnote #dhf3c three oforiginal has o the mysteries ,footnote #dhi3c 7parenthesis missing in original,quoted by ,wake3 ,phallism1 c41 p4 #dc47 ,footnote #eje3c over the shoulders of ,bellerophonoriginal has ,bellerphon ,footnote #ejg3b are the celebrated ,i4 ,h4 ,s4original has ,i4 ,s4 ,h4 ,footnote #eag3a thinks that ,josephus'apostrophe missing in original silence on the subject ,footnote #ebi3c in what sense doesoriginal has dose ,christianity ,footnote #ece3c ,see ,fergusson'soriginal has ,ferguson's ,tree and ,serpent ,worship ,footnote #edf3b ,williams'apostrophe missing in original ,hinduism ,footnote #edg3b ,p4original has p4 #aah4 ,footnote #efb3d ,book iv4period missing in original ch4 i4 in ,anac4 ,footnote #efb3e ,p4original has p4 #f4 ,footnote #efc3a ,mller'soriginal has ,mller's ,chips1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #eff3a writers of antiquity1 on accountoriginal has acount of ,either a period has been added or a comma has been changed to a period after the word ,ibid in the following footnotes3 #cf3i1 #gc3g1 #gd3h1 #ia3f1 #ia3aj1 #id3b1 #id3c1 #id3f1 #if3f1 #ii3a1 #agj3e1 and #aic3aa4 ,either a period has been added or a comma has been changed to a period after the word vol in the following footnotes3 #ade3a1 #bae3f1 #djc3aj1 #dce3f1 #dfi3a1 and #eje3c4 ,either a period has been added or a comma has been changed to a period after p or pp in the following footnotes3 #ab3a1 #ade3a1 and #dgh3a4