,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,c>l ,,eisel5 ,pr(essor 9 ,g>rett ,biblical ,in/itute ,,! ,,me?odi/ ,,book ,,conc]n ,,new ,,york ---- ,,c9c9nati ---- ,,*icago ,copyright1 #aiab ,,fr$]ick ,,c>l ,,eisel5 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,fir/ ,edition ,pr9t$ ,septemb]1 #aiab ,second ,pr9t+1 ,june1 #aiac ,?ird ,pr9t+1 ,may1 #aiaf ,f\r? ,pr9t+1 ,novemb]1 #aiag ,fif? ,pr9t+1 ,septemb]1 #aiba ,six? ,pr9t+1 ,septemb]1 #aibc ,sev5? ,pr9t+1 ,octob]1 #aibe ,eigh? ,pr9t+1 ,july1 #aibh #e ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,preface 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t 4 4 4 4 #i ,,ii4 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ch ,,iii4 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,criticism 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ff ,,iv4 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,ar*aeology 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaj ,v4 ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,religion 4 4 4 4 #afj ,,vi4 ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t 4 4 #bbg ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bfd ,,o!r ,,works ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,eisel5 ,,prophecy ,,& ,,! ,,prophets ,,! ,,m9or ,,prophets ,,! ,,work] ,,& ,,8 ,,bible ,,! ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu* ,,! ,,psalms ,,& ,,o!r ,,sacr$ ,,writ+s ,,! ,,prophetic ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t 7,two ,volumes7 #g ,,preface ,dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury ! attitude ( _m m5 t[>d ! ,bible has und]gone a decid$ *ange4 ,! old confid5ce seems to be gone2 a feel+ ( unc]ta9ty & ( unre/ has tak5 its place4 ,?is small volume is int5d$ to set =? ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & to furni% answ]s to "s ( ! que/ions m5 are ask+ conc]n+ ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures ( ! ,hebrews1 :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians includ$ 9 ! canon ( ,*ri/ian sacr$ writ+s4 ,! old f\ndations are n %ak54 ,! ,old ,te/am5t has /ood ! te/s ( ! pa/1 :i* h be5 sev]e & (t5 m]ciless2 & !re is to-day /rong] gr\nd ?an ev] = believ+ t 9 its pages m5 spake f ,god1 be+ mov$ by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,,fr$]ick ,,c>l ,,eisel54 ,evan/on1 ,ill9ois4 #i ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has always assign$ to ! ,bible a unique place 9 !ology & life4 ,:at is true ( ! ,bible z a :ole is equally true ( t "p ( ! ,bible :i* is kn[n z ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,inde$1 until ! middle ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! only ,scriptures accept$ z au?oritative 7 ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,ev5 !n1 only gradually & "u ! pressure ( real ne$1 diff]5t gr\ps ( ,*ri/ian writ+s 7 add$ & receiv$ an au?ority equal to t ( ! old] ,scriptures4 ,& ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies !re h be5 "s :o d5i$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t a rightful place 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght & life1 ! ,*ur* z a :ole has always upheld ! judgm5t ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 9 mak+ ! ,old ,te/am5t a "p ( ! canon ( ,*ri/ian sacr$ writ+s4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! ,old ,te/am5t play$ an important "p 9 ! religi\s life ( ,jesus4 ,no "o c /udy ! records ( 8 life )\t see+ t he ga!r$ mu* ( 8 #aj spiritual n\ri%m5t f its pages4 ,ev5 9 ! mom5ts ( sev]e/ temptation1 greate/ di/ress1 & bitt]e/ agony ! words ( ^! anci5t writ+s 7 on 8 lips1 & _! consol+ & inspir+ messages 9 8 he>t & m9d4 ,?is attitude ( ,jesus t[>d ! anci5t ,hebrew ,scriptures 9 itself expla9s ! high e/imate plac$ ^u !m by 8 foll[]s4 ,=1 9 ! words ( ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,t :i* 0 us$ by ! ,r$eem] himself = ! su/5ance ( 8 own s\l c nev] pass out ( ! use ( 8 r$eem$4 ,t f :i* he prov$ ! div9ity ( 8 mission & ! age-long prep>ation = 8 com+ mu/ always h a pr9cipal place 9 8 ,*ur*'s argum5t = him4#a ,! attitude ( ,jesus is reflect$ 9 8 disciples & ^? :o h giv5 to u ! ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,gospels & ,epi/les1 & 9 a numb] ( passages is ! value ( ,old ,te/am5t /udy specifically emphasiz$4 ,p]haps n[h]e is ?is done m cle>ly ?an 9 #b ,tim4 #c4 #ae-ag1 9 words writt5 prim>ily ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3 ,! sacr$ writ+s :i* are able to make !e wise unto salvation ?r\gh fai? :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,e scripture inspir$ ( ,god is also pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = #aa correction1 = in/ruction :i* is 9 righte\sness3 t ! man ( ,god may be complete1 furni%$ completely unto e good "w4 ,evid5tly ! writ] ( ^! words consid]s ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,hebrews able to inspire a p]sonal sav+ fai? 9 ,jesus1 ! ,*ri/2 to furni% a k ( ! ?+s ( ,god2 & to prep>e = effici5t s]vice4 ,& ^! are ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! life advocat$ & illu/rat$ by ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,an attempt w be made 9 ?is *apt] to det]m9e ! ,new ,te/am5t view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t = ! purpose ( discov]+ :at is ! prop] ,*ri/ian view ( t "p ( ! ,bible4 ,=1 if ! tea*+1 _s1 & example ( ,jesus h a vital relation to ,*ri/ian belief1 & if 8 imm$iate foll[]s h pres]v$ an ess5tially accurate portrayal ( him1 !n ! mod]n ,*ri/ian view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld be a reflection ( ! view ( ,jesus & ( ^? :o1 z a result ( _! intimate fell[%ip ) him1 7 9 a position to give a correct int]pretation ( him & 8 tea*+4 ,we may inquire1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at is ! ,new ,te/am5t view ( ! purpose ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures8 ,! answ] to ?is inquiry is furni%$ by ! passage 9 ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y quot$ above4 ,nei!r ?is nor any o!r passage 9 ! :ole ,bible w>rants #ab ! belief t ! ,old ,te/am5t ev] 0 meant to tea* physical sci5ce1 or hi/ory1 or philosophy1 or psy*ology4 ,ev]y:]e x is /at$ or cle>ly impli$ t ! purpose ( all biblical tea*+ is to make man morally & spiritually p]fect1 & to furni% him unto e good "w4 ,!re=e we may expect t :]e ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s t\* ^u que/ions ( sci5ce & hi/ory !y develop !m only 9 s f> z !y s]ve ?is high] religi\s & e?ical purpose4 ,?is be+ ! biblical view ( ! purpose ( ! ,scriptures1 any !ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* makes no di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific & hi/orical /atem5ts on ! "o h&1 & religi\s & e?ical /atem5ts on ! o!r1 is inadequate & errone\s1 because x is n 9 accord ) ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ on t po9t4 ,! purpose ( ! ,bible is intimately connect$ ) its nature & "*4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t view ( ! nature & "* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is sugge/$ 9 ,heb4 #a4 #a1 #b3 ,god1 hav+ ( old "t spok5 unto ! fa!rs 9 ! prophets by div]s portions & 9 div]s mann]s1 ha? at ! end ( ^! days spok5 unto u 9 a ,son4 ,f\r great tru?s conc]n+ ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation are def9itely indicat$ 9 ^! words1 ) a fif? "o impli$3 7#a7 ,god spoke2 7#b7 ,god spoke 9 ! prophets1 #ac t is1 9 or ?r\gh human ag5ts2 7#c7 ,god spoke 9 div]s portions2 7#d7 ,god spoke 9 div]s mann]s2 7#e7 ! words imply t ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation 0 incomplete2 x _h to be supplem5t$ & p]fect$ by a revelation 9 & ?r\gh a ,son4 ,! tru?s express$ "h con/itute ! ess5tial elem5ts :i* ent] into ! ,new ,te/am5t view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! two expressions1 9 div]s portions & 9 div]s mann]s1 conc]n l>gely ! ext]nal =m ( div9e revelation4 ,! =m] means t ! revelations record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 n giv5 at "o "t1 ?r\gh "o *annel or by "o man1 b at _m times1 ?r\gh _m *annels1 by _m m51 scatt]$ ov] a p]iod ( _m c5turies1 9 places hundr$s ( miles ap>t4 ,"o result ( ?is is se5 9 ! fact t ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s _m books writt5 by diff]5t au?ors 9 successive p]iods ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,! latt] expression has to d ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( lit]ature 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b x goes deep] ?an m]e lit]>y =m4 ,x means t 9 giv+ revelations ( himself dur+ ! ,old ,te/am5t p]iod ,god us$ v>i\s me?ods & means1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( lit]ature be+ simply ! outgr[? ( ! v>i\s modes ( revelation4 ,x is a univ]sal ,*ri/ian belief t ,god #ad reveals himself to-day 9 div]s mann]s & modes4 ,e ,*ri/ian believes1 = example1 t ,god reveals himself 9 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 be x ! hi/ory ( individuals or ( nations4 ,aga91 to _m dev\t p]sons1 ,god speaks v di/9ctly ?r\gh ! outw>d acts & c]emonies ( wor%ip4 ,to ?\s&s ( e>ne/ & s9c]e ,*ri/ians connect$ ) *ur*es us+ an elaborate ritual1 ?is ritual is no m]e =m2 x is a means ( bless+ & grace ?r\gh :i* ,god reveals himself to _! s\ls4 ,moreov]1 ,god selects c]ta9 p]sons1 especially well qualifi$ to he> 8 voice2 ^! he commissions z ambassadors to decl>e him & 8 w to ! p4 ,! belief 9 ?is me?od ( revelation is ! philosophical basis = ! (fices ( ! ,*ri/ian prea*] & ! ,*ri/ian religi\s tea*]4 ,once m1 9 8 attempt to rea* ! human he>t ,god may disp5se ) all ext]nal means2 he may & does reveal himself by work+ directly ^u & 9 ! m9d & _s ( ! individual4 ,^! are "s ( ! mann]s 9 :i* ,god reveals himself to 8 *ildr5 to-day1 & ^! are "s ( ! means & mann]s 9 :i* ,god made himself kn[n dur+ ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation4 ,!n1 z he does n[1 he reveal$ himself 9 nature1 9 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 9 ! ritual1 & by direct impressions2 & at times he select$ c]ta9 individuals to :om he might #ae make himself kn[n 9 all ^! v>i\s ways & :o c\ld transmit ! v>i\s revelations to o!rs4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s records & int]pretations ( ^! manifold revelations4 ,x is self-evid5t t :5 attempts 7 made to record ^! v>i\s manife/ations ( ,god diff]5t k9ds ( lit]ature mu/ be us$ 9 ord] to express mo/ vividly ! tru? or tru?s ga!r$ f ! div9e revelations4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( lit]ature1 !re=e1 are ! natural outgr[? ( ! manifold modes ( div9e revelation4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t five k9ds ( lit]ature may be di/+ui%$3 ! prophetic1 ! wisdom1 ! devotional1 ! legal or prie/ly1 & ! hi/orical4 ,9 _! production f\r classes ( religi\s work]s :o obs]v$1 int]pret$1 & m$iat$ ! div9e revelations1 7 active3 ! prophets1 ! wise m51 ! prie/s 7comp>e ,j]4 #ah4 #ah71 & ! psalmi/s4 ,! prophetic lit]ature owes its orig9 to prophetic activity4 ,! prophets t[]$ above _! contempor>ies 9 purity ( "*1 /r5g? ( intellect1 s9c]ity ( purpose1 intimacy ( communion ) ,god1 & illum9ation by ! div9e ,_s4 ,z a result ( ^! qualifications !y 7 able to und]/& tru? hidd5 f ! eyes & m9ds ( ^? :o did n live 9 ! same intimate fell[%ip ) ,jehovah4 ,_! high conceptions ( ! "* ( ,god enabl$ #af !m to appreciate ! div9e ideals ( righte\sness1 & !y s\ght ) flam+ en?usiasm to impress ! tru?s burn+ 9 _! he>ts ^u _! less enlight5$ contempor>ies4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is purpose !y became /atesm51 social re=m]s1 & religi\s & e?ical tea*]s4 ,no records h be5 pres]v$ ( ! utt]ances ( ! e>lie/ prophets4 ,b :51 ) ! g5]al advance 9 culture1 read+ & writ+ became m common1 ! prophets1 anxi\s to rea* a wid] circle1 & to pres]ve _! messages = m will+ e>s1 put _! utt]ances into writ+1 & to ?is new dep>ture we owe ! sublime specim5s ( prophetic lit]ature 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 8 direct appeal to he>t & consci5ce ! anci5t prophet resembles ! mod]n prea*]4 ,! wise man1 l ! prophet1 s\ght to make ! div9e w kn[n to o!rs1 b 9 8 me?od he resembles1 r1 ! mod]n religi\s tea*]4 ,8 ultimate aim 0 to influ5ce conduct & life1 b in/ead ( appeal+ directly to ! consci5ce he address$ himself prim>ily to ! m9d ?r\gh c\nsel & argum5t1 hop+ t 8 appeal to ! common s5se ( ! li/5] w\ld make an impression1 ! effects ( :i* might be se5 9 trans=m$ conduct4 ,! prophet w\ld h said to ! lazy man1 ,?us sai? ,jehovah1 ,g to "w1 ?\ indol5t man4 #ag ,prov4 #bd4 #cj-cd may s]ve z an illu/ration ( ! me?od ( ! wise man3 ,i w5t by ! field ( ! slugg>d1 ,& by ! v9ey>d ( ! man void ( und]/&+2 ,&1 lo1 x 0 all gr[n ov] ) ?orns1 ,! face !re( 0 cov]$ ) nettles1 ,& ! /one wall !re( 0 brok5 d[n ,!n ,i beheld1 & consid]$ well2 ,i saw1 & receiv$ in/ruction3 ,yet a little sleep1 a little slumb]1 ,a little fold+ ( ! h&s to sleep2 ,s %all ?y pov]ty come z a robb]1 ,& ?y want z an arm$ man4 ,no?+ escap$ ! obs]vation ( ^! m51 & f beg9n+ to end !y emphasiz$ ! important tru? t religion & ! daily life are insep>able4 ,f giv+ simple practical precepts1 ! wise m5 rose to speculation1 & ! books ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es be> witness t !y busi$ !mselves ) no mean problems4 ,( pr(\nd significance is also ! devotional lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 a real s5se ! entire ,old ,te/am5t is a book ( devotion4 ,x is ! outgr[? ( a _s ( int5se devotion to ,jehovah1 & x has help$ 9 all ages to nurture ! devotional _s ( its read]s4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! t]m devotional is us$ 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ^? poetic compositions :i* are prim>ily ! expressions ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce or emotions ( ! au?ors1 g5]at$ #ah & fo/]$ by _! intimate fell[%ip ) ,jehovah4 ,! *ief repres5tative ( ?is lit]ature is ! book ( ,psalms1 :i* is aptly describ$ by ,johannes ,arnd 9 ^! words3 ,:at ! he>t is 9 man1 t is ! ,psalt] 9 ! ,bible4 ,! ,psalms conta9 9 ! =m ( sacr$ lyrics ! outp\r+s ( dev\t s\ls--prophets1 prie/s1 k+s1 wise m51 & peasants--:o came into ! v pres5ce ( ,god1 held communion ) him1 & 7 privileg$ to he> ! sweet s\nd ( 8 voice4 ,no o!r lit]>y compositions lift u into su* atmosph]e ( religi\s ?\ght & emotion4 ,because ^! lyrics reflect p]sonal exp]i5ces !y may /ill be us$ to express emotions ( joy1 sorr[1 hope1 fe>1 anticipation1 etc41 ev5 by p]sons :o live on a high] spiritual plane ?an did ! orig9al au?ors4 ,! legal lit]ature diff]s f ! o!r k9ds 9 t x does n =m sep>ate books1 b is embodi$ 9 o!r writ+s1 pr9cipally 9 ! books ( ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 & ,deut]onomy4 ,all ! repres5tatives ( ,jehovah--prophets1 prie/s1 wise m51 & ev5 psalmi/s--7 ?\ght compet5t to make kn[n ! law ( ,jehovah1 b ! ,old ,te/am5t makes x cle> t at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod ! giv+ ( law came to be look$ ^u z ! special duty ( ! prie/s4 ,^! prie/s con/itut$ a #ai v important class ( religi\s work]s among ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! national life _! *ief functions 7 ! c>e ( ! sanctu>y & ! p]=mance ( c]emonial rites4 ,b 9 addition to ^! duties !y cont9u$ to adm9i/] ! law ( ,jehovah1 consi/+ n only ( c]emonial regulations b also ( moral & judicial precepts & directions4 ,= c5turies ^! laws may h be5 transmitt$ by ^w ( m\?1 or 7 only p>tially committ$ to writ+1 b :5 circum/ances made x desirable to codify !m & put !m 9 writ+ ! prie/s w\ld be call$ ^u to take ?is advance /ep4 ,?us1 :ile x is q probable t o!r repres5tatives ( ,jehovah help$ to =mulate laws1 ! legal lit]ature embodi$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t rea*$ its f9al =m "u prie/ly influ5ce4 ,! hi/orical lit]ature furni%es an int]pretation ( ! movem5ts ( ,god 9 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory4 ,x owes its orig9 9 "p to prophetic1 9 "p to prie/ly1 activity4 ,! prophet 0 an ambassador ( ,jehovah appo9t$ to make kn[n ! div9e w conc]n+ ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 ,( ! pres5t he spoke z a prea*]2 :5 8 message conc]n$ ! future x took ! =m ( pr$iction2 b ! case might arise t ! p fail$ to und]/& ! significance ( ev5ts 9 _! own hi/ory1 & #bj ?us fail$ to appreciate ! lessons :i* ! ev5ts 7 int5d$ to tea*4 ,if ^! lessons 7 n to be lo/1 "s "o mu/ s]ve z an int]pret]1 & :o w\ld be bett] qualifi$ to furni% ! "r int]pretation ?an ! prophet8 ,?is dem& made ( him1 9 a s5se1 an hi/orian1 n = ! purpose ( m]ely record+ ev5ts b ( int]pret+ !m at ! same "t1 & ^! prophetic int]pretations are embodi$ 9 ! hi/orical lit]ature orig9at+ ) ! prophets4 ,b n all ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory comes f ! prophets4 ,z already indicat$1 ! legal & c]emonial lit]ature is due to prie/ly activity4 ,n[1 9 connection ) ! record+ ( ! laws1 cu/oms1 in/itutions1 & c]emonial requirem5ts1 ! orig9 ( ^! laws & cu/oms became a matt] ( int]e/ & importance4 ,?is int]e/1 & ! dem& = in=mation aris+ f x1 l$ ! prie/s also to become hi/orians4 ,& to ^! prie/ly writ]s we are indebt$ = n a small "p ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,! ?ird tru? taught by ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews is t ,god spoke unto ! fa!rs 9 or by ! prophets1 :i* means1 t he us$ human ag5ts to m$iate 8 revelations4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t may be m ?an a human production2 nev]!less1 x w be #ba impossible to appreciate x adequately unless x is borne 9 m9d t x conta9s a human elem5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place may be not$ ! diff]5ces 9 /yle betwe5 v>i\s writ]s4 ,^! are frequ5tly ! outgr[? ( diff]5ces 9 temp]am5t & e>ly tra9+4 ,ev5 ! ,engli% read] c notice su* diff]5ces betwe5 ,amos & ,hosea1 or betwe5 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,evid5tly1 :atev] div9e cop]ation ! biblical writ]s enjoy$1 !y reta9$ en\gh ( _! human faculties & p[]s to make use ( _! own peculi> /yles4 ,aga91 ! h& ( man may be se5 9 ! mann] ( lit]>y composition4 ,mo/ ,bible /ud5ts are famili> ) ! op5+ words ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke3 ,=asmu* z _m h tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative conc]n+ ^? matt]s :i* h be5 fulfill$ among u1 ev5 z !y deliv]$ !m unto u1 :o f ! beg9n+ 7 eyewitnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w1 x seem$ good to me also1 hav+ trac$ ! c\rse ( all ?+s accurately f ! fir/1 to write unto !e 9 ord]1 mo/ excell5t ,!ophilus2 t ?\ mighte/ "k ! c]ta9ty conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e9 ?\ wa/ in/ruct$4 ,evid5tly1 ! evangeli/ c>efully sift$ ! mat]ial at h& be=e he wrote ! ,gospel1 j z a mod]n writ] w\ld d4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ev5 cle>] evid5ce is f\nd #bb t ! au?ors ( ! sev]al books 7 guid$ 9 ! process ( composition by ! same pr9ciples z writ]s ( extra-biblical productions4 ,! mo/ sugge/ive illu/rations ( ?is fact are f\nd 9 ! books ( ,*ronicles1 9 :i* ref]5ce is made aga9 & aga9 to ! s\rces f :i* ! compil] ga!r$ 8 mat]ial4 ,9 #a ,*ron4 #bi4 #bi1 = example1 m5tion is made ( ! words ( ,samuel ! se]1 444 ! words ( ,na?an ! prophet1 & 444 ! words ( ,gad ! se]2 #b ,*ron4 #i4 #bi ref]s to words ( ,na?an ! prophet1 444 ! prophecy ( ,ahijah1 444 ! visions ( ,iddo ! se]4 ,^! are only a few ( ! ref]5ces scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,*ronicles1 b !y are suffici5t to %[ t 9 _! composition me?ods employ$ by secul> writ]s 7 us$4 ,! same *>act]i/ic appe>s 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,accord+ to its own te/imony1 x conta9s sev]al sep>ate collections4 ,aft] ! g5]al title1 ,prov]bs ( ,solomon1 9 #a4 #a1 ! foll[+ additional head+s are f\nd3 #aj4 #a1 ,prov]bs ( ,solomon2 #bb4 #ag1 ,! words ( ! wise2 #bd4 #bc1 ,^! also are ! say+s ( ! wise2 #be4 #a1 ,^! also are ! prov]bs ( ,solomon1 :i* ! m5 ( ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 copi$ out2 #cj4 #a1 ,! words ( ,agur2 #ca4 #a1 ,! words ( ,k+ ,lemuel2 #ca4 #aj-ca is an anonym\s alphabetic acro/ic4 ,simil> m or less cle>ly m>k$ ph5om5a may #bc be not$ 9 o!r ,old ,te/am5t books1 all ( !m be>+ witness to ! pres5ce ( a human elem5t 9 ^! writ+s4 ,m significant are ! hi/orical inaccuracies f\nd "h & !re 9 ! books4 ,!y may n be s]i\s2 ! sub/antial accuracy ( ! writ+s may be e/abli%$1 b ev5 ! slighte/ inaccuracy con/itutes a blemi% :i* "o w\ld n expect 9 a "w com+ directly f an all-wise ,god4 ,= example1 #b ,k+s #ah4 #aj /ates t ,sam>ia 0 tak5 9 ! six? ye> ( ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah2 v]se #ac conta9s ! /atem5t t 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( ,hezekiah1 ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria1 came aga9/ ,j]usalem4 ,n[1 ! date ( ! capture ( ,sam>ia is def9itely fix$ by ! ,assyrian inscriptions4 ,! city fell ei!r 9 ! clos+ days ( ,b4,c4 #gbb1 or ! beg9n+ ( ,b4,c4 #gba4 ,assum+ t x 0 9 #gbb1 ! f\rte5? ye> ( ,hezekiah w\ld be ,b4,c4 #gad4 ,b ,s5na*]ib did n become k+ ( ,assyria until ,b4,c4 #gje1 :ile 8 attack ^u ,judah & ,j]usalem 0 n und]tak5 until ,b4,c4 #gja1 h5ce !re w\ld seem to be an inaccuracy some:]e4 ,c]ta9ly1 s9ce ! prim>y purpose ( ! writ+s is n hi/orical1 b religi\s1 ^! inaccuracies d n affect ! real value ( ! book4 ,nev]!less1 _! pres5ce %[s t ! writ+s _c be look$ ^u z com+ 9 all _! p>ts directly f #bd ,god4 ,at "s po9t man mu/ h /epp$ 9 & left m>ks ( 8 limitations4 ,m s]i\s p]haps may appe> ! incomplet5ess & imp]fection ( ! religi\s & e?ical conceptions1 especially 9 ! old] portions4 ,read1 = example1 ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] ( ,second ,samuel4 ,jehovah is !re repres5t$ z caus+ ,david to numb] ! p1 & :5 he c>ri$ out ! comm& ,jehovah 0 angry & s5t a pe/il5ce :i* de/roy$1 n ,david1 b sev5ty ?\s& innoc5t m54 ,c any ,*ri/ian believe t ! ,god ( love reveal$ by ,jesus ev] act$ 9 su* arbitr>y mann]8 ,no6 ,! tr\ble lies ) ! au?or ( ! passage1 :o1 on acc\nt ( 8 relatively l[ conception ( ! "* ( ,jehovah1 gave an errone\s int]pretation ( ! ev5ts record$4 ,a lat] writ]1 :o _h a tru] conception ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 saw t a mi/ake _h be5 made2 !re=e he introduc$ ,satan z ! "o :o caus$ ! numb]+ 7#a ,*ron4 #ba4 #a74 ,or take ! tw5ty-second *apt] ( ,fir/ ,k+s1 especially v]ses #ai to #bc4 ,f\r hundr$ prophets ( ,jehovah urge ,ahab to g up aga9/ ,ramo?-gilead4 ,on ! advice ( ! k+ ( ,judah1 ,micaiah is call$1 :o ann\nces1 aft] "s hesitation1 t ! exp$ition w end disa/r\sly4 ,he !n expla9s h[ x happ5$ t ! o!r prophets told a falsehood3 #be ,!re=e he> ?\ ! ^w ( ,jehovah3 ,i saw ,jehovah sitt+ on 8 ?rone1 & all ! ho/ ( heav5 /&+ by him on 8 "r h& & on 8 left4 ,& ,jehovah said1 ,:o %all entice ,ahab1 t he may g up & fall at ,ramo?-gilead8 ,& "o said on ?is mann]2 & ano!r said on t mann]4 ,& !re came =? a _s1 & /ood be=e ,jehovah1 & said1 ,i w entice him4 ,& ,jehovah said unto him1 ,:]e)8 ,& he said1 ,i w g =?1 & w be a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all 8 prophets4 ,& he said1 ,?\ %alt entice him1 & %alt prevail also2 g =?1 & d s4 ,n[ !re=e1 behold1 ,jehovah ha? put a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all ^! ?y prophets2 & ,jehovah ha? spok5 evil conc]n+ !e4 ,c any ,*ri/ian believe t our ,god :o is inf9itely pure & holy ev] did p]suade anyone to tell a lie8 ,god nev] *anges2 he has always be5 pure & holy2 b man 0 n able 9 ! beg9n+ to compreh5d him 9 8 fullness4 ,! human conceptions ( ! div9e 7 imp]fect & incomplete1 & ^! imp]fect conceptions are embodi$ 9 "s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,true1 z ,b[ne sugge/s1 ,god might conceivably h made man ov] all at once by fiat1 b 9 t case x w\ld h be5 a magical r ?an a moral revelation4#b ,?r\gh\t ! entire book ^! & o!r #bf indications ( ! pres5ce ( a human elem5t may be se51 :i* ! read] _c af=d to ov]look if he w\ld e/imate rightly ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,b :ile !y are !re1 !y mu/ n bl9d ! eyes ( ! /ud5t to ! f\r? great tru? express$ by ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 namely1 t ,god spoke ?r\gh ^! m52 9 o!r words1 t !re is also a div9e elem5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! words ( ,s4 ,i4 ,curtis3 ,:ile x seems to me t we f9d abundant evid5ces ( developm5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t f v simple concrete repres5tations ( ,god to ^? :i* are pr(\ndly spiritual1 ,i am n able to acc\nt = ?is developm5t on naturali/ic pr9ciples4 ,9 x ,i see ,god at all times & ev]y:]e c[ork+ ) human in/rum5ts until ! fullness ( "t %\ld come#c4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is div9e elem5t 0 recogniz$ by ,jesus & by all ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 & surely x is a significant fact t 9 ! fir/ outbur/ ( ,*ri/ian en?usiasm1 & "u ! liv+ impression ( ! unique p]sonality ( ! ,ma/]1 no d\bt arose conc]n+ ! inspiration & p]man5t value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,) ! ,*ri/ian ! te/imony ( ,jesus & 8 disciples c>ries great weight4 ,b )\t appeal+ to 8 au?ority e unbias$ read] may conv9ce himself ( ! nature & "* #bg ( ! ,book2 x is n necess>y to dep5d ^u ! te/imony ( m5 :o liv$ c5turies ago1 ?\gh !y 7 inspir$ m54 ,! ,book is an op5 book1 ready = exam9ation1 & invit+ ! close/ scrut9y on ! "p ( e read]4 ,=m] g5]ations f\nd ! pr9cipal argum5ts 9 favor ( ! belief 9 a div9e elem5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! pres5ce ( miracles 9 its records & 9 ! fulfillm5t ( prophecy4 ,! pres5t g5]ation _c dep5d ^u ^! argum5ts exclusively4 ,! :ole "q ( miracles 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t has assum$ a diff]5t aspect )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is se5 t 9 "s places :]e =m]ly a miracle 0 ?\ght to h be5 wr\ght natural causes may h play$ a prom95t "p1 z1 = example1 9 ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,jordan4 ,9 o!r cases language :i* us$ to be int]pret$ lit]ally is n[ se5 to be poetic & imag9ative4 ,9 /ill o!r cases ! absolute hi/orical accuracy ( c]ta9 n>ratives has come to be que/ion$4 ,all ?is has result$ 9 a weak5+ ( ! evid5ce reli$ ^u by =m] g5]ations4 ,approa*+ ! subject ( miracles f ano!r side1 a bett] acqua9tance ) ! uni=mity ( nature & ! laws ( nature has l$ "s to "q ev5 ! possibility ( miracles1 :ile ! great] emphasis ^u ! imman5ce ( ,god has result$ #bh 9 alt]$ conceptions ( ! natural & sup]natural1 if n 9 an almo/ complete oblit]ation ( any di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,s9ce miracles are involv$ 9 s mu* unc]ta9ty1 !y d n at pres5t con/itute a v /rong argum5t to prove ! pres5ce ( a div9e elem5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to "o :o is at all skeptically incl9$2 inde$1 !re are _m s9c]e ,*ri/ians :o f9d miracles useless z an aid to fai?4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 "o _c appeal ) ! same assurance z =m]ly to ! fulfillm5t ( prophecy4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t _m prophetic utt]ances 7 fulfill$2 x is equally true t "s 7 n fulfill$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! apologi/ dep5ds ^u ! fulfillm5t ( prophecy z a pro(1 ! nonfulfillm5t ( ev5 a s+le "o weak5s 8 position4 ,moreov]1 x is recogniz$ at pres5t t prophecy 9 ! s5se ( pr$iction occupies a relatively insignificant place 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,besides1 sci5tific me?ods ( /udy h %[n t "s passages int]pret$ =m]ly z pr$ictions c no long] be s int]pret$1 :ile 9 ! case ( o!rs ! int]pretation is m or less d\btful4 ,"h1 aga91 ! difficulties connect$ ) ! use ( ! argum5t h become s p]plex+ t _m consid] x wise n to use x at all4 ,if us$ ) caution1 prophecy1 especially ,messianic #bi prophecy1 possesses great evid5tial value2 b ! argum5t f ! fulfillm5t ( prophecy z us$ =m]ly has lo/ mu* ( its wor? z a pro( ( inspiration4 ,! argum5ts reli$ ^u at ! pres5t "t are simpl] ?an ^? ( ! pa/1 & are ( su* a nature t any fair-m9d$ /ud5t c te/ !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 att5tion may be call$ to ! ess5tial unity ( ! book4 ,!re are 9 ! ,old ,_w great & magnific5t ca!drals1 "s ( :i* h be5 c5turies 9 build+1 yet 9 all ( !m may be f\nd unity & h>mony4 ,h[ is ?is to be expla9$8 ,al?\gh g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( workm5 h labor$ on ! ent]prise1 back ( all ! ef=ts 0 a s+le plan1 evolv$ 9 ! m9d ( "o man1 :i* m9d controll$ all ! succe$+ g5]ations ( workm54 ,! result is unity & h>mony4 ,! ,bible has be5 lik5$ to a magnific5t ca!dral4 ,! ph5om5on to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 connection ) anci5t ca!drals may be se5 9 ! ,bible z a :ole1 z also 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t consid]$ sep>ately4 ,! latt] conta9s ?irty-n9e books1 by h[ _m au?ors no "o kn[s1 scatt]$ ov] a p]iod ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 writt51 at lea/ "s ( !m1 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 9 places hundr$s ( miles ap>t4 ,& yet !re is "o ?\ght runn+ ?r\gh !m all--! #cj gradual unfold+ ( ,god's plan ( r$emption = ! human race4 ,!re mu/ be an explanation ( ?is unity4 ,is x n natural to f9d x 9 ! fact t "o & ! same div9e _s ov]%ad[$ ! _m m5 :o made contributions to ! ,book8 ,! pro( ( ! pres5ce ( a div9e elem5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* is d]iv$ f ! ess5tial unity ( ! book1 is confirm$ by ! response ( ! s\l to its message1 & ! effect :i* x produces 9 ! lives ( ^? :o yield !mselves to its tea*+s4 ,jesus & 8 disciples obs]v$ t its message rightly appli$ w\ld awak5 a response 9 ! human he>t2 sometimes1 inde$1 x produc$ a s5se ( indignation1 because x c>ri$ ) x a s5t5ce ( condemnation2 at o!r times x l$ to lov+ ob$i5ce4 ,& !y !mselves exp]i5c$ ! effects ( its tea*+ ^u life & "*3 x 0 ) tru?s proclaim$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t ,jesus ov]came temptation1 & ! quotations us$ 9 ! d>ke/ h\rs ( 8 e>?ly life are an indication t at all times he f\nd ! mo/ refre%+ s\l food 9 its pages4 ,! same is true ( ! e>ly disciples ( ,jesus4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! /atem5t 9 #b ,tim4 #c4 #ae-ag is ! expression ( a liv+ exp]i5ce2 & ev] s9ce ^! words 7 writt5 millions ( ,*ri/ians h exp]i5c$ ! uplift+ influ5ce ( _m portions ( ! #ca ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,!y may n enjo9 ! f9] graces ( ,*ri/ianity1 b !y insi/ mo/ /rongly & p]si/5tly ^u ! fundam5tal virtues :i* g to make up a /urdy1 noble1 righte\s1 uncompromis+ "*4 ,a message :i* produces su* div9e results be>s witness to itself t x embodies tru? :i* 9 "s s5se proce$$ f ,god4 ,?is is aptly /at$ by ,col]idge 9 ^! words3 ,ne$ ,i say t ,i h met ev]y:]e m or less copi\s s\rces ( tru? & p[] & purify+ impulses1 t ,i h f\nd words = my inmo/ ?\ghts1 songs = my joy1 utt]ances = my hidd5 griefs1 & plead+s = my %ame & feebl5ess8 ,9 %ort1 :atev] f9ds me1 be>s witness = itself t x has proce$$ f a ,holy ,_s1 ev5 f ! same ,_s :i* rema9+ 9 itself1 yet reg5]ate? all o!r p[]s1 & 9 all ages ent]+ into holy s\ls1 make? !m fri5ds ( ,god & prophets4#d ,z long z ! ,old ,te/am5t is able to awak5 ?is response & produce ^! effects m5 w believe t x conta9s a div9e elem5t2 & x w accompli% ^! ?+s :5ev] m5 are will+ to /udy x intellig5tly & dev\tly4 ,:at ! ,old ,te/am5t calls = is n a def5se b e>ne/ & dev\t /udy4 ,! words ( ,ri*>d ,ro! conc]n+ ! ,bible z a :ole are applicable also to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures3 #cb ,let ! ,bible g =? into ,*ri/5dom z x is 9 itself1 z a book l o!r books1 )\t all[+ any dogmatic !ory to assign x to a res]v$ position 9 ! ranks ( books1 let x accompli% ( itself entirely ?r\gh its own "* & ?r\gh t :i* ea* man c f9d 9 x = himself1 & x w accompli% great ?+s4#e ,! words ( ,pr(essor ,we/phal are also wor?y to be rememb]$3 ,! only ?+ = our m enlight5$ religion to be> 9 m9d is t ! pro( ( revelation is n necess>ily to be f\nd 9 ! =mula :i* claims to h]ald x1 b1 above all1 9 ! specific value ( ! ?+ reveal$1 9 ! div9e "* ( ! inspir$ ,^w :i* =ces our consci5ce to recognize 9 x ! expression ( ,god's w itself4#f ,! value & significance ( ! above argum5t _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,b dur+ ! pa/ c5tury o!r pro(s h become available z a result ( ! c>eful1 pa9/ak+ /udy ( ! ,bible by s*ol>s 9 _m l&s & f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,^! inve/igations h %[n ! ,old ,te/am5t to be a peculi>ly unique book :5 comp>$ ) o!r sacr$ lit]atures ( antiquity4 ,?is uniqu5ess consi/s pr9cipally 9 ! pure & l(ty atmosph]e :i* p]meates ! :ole f beg9n+ to end4 ,"o may read its /ories ( prehi/oric times1 its records #cc ( hi/ory1 its law1 its poetry1 its prophecy1 & ev]y:]e he w f9d a religi\s tone & _s :i*1 if pres5t at all1 is mu* less m>k$ 9 ! simil> lit]atures ( o!r nations4 ,! mod]n sci5tific /ud5t has approa*$ ! ,old ,te/am5t *iefly f f\r directions1 & 9 ! pursuit ( 8 "w f\r di/9ct te/s h be5 appli$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t3 ! te/s ( sci5ce1 ( criticism1 ( ar*ology1 & ( comp>ative religion4 ,^! f\r te/s & _! be>+ ^u ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ,*ri/ian1 view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are consid]$ 9 ! succe$+ pages4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] "o important "q rema9s to be consid]$4 ,x may be =mulat$ 9 ?is wise3 ,if !re are limitations & imp]fections 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or any:]e else 9 ! ,bible1 h[ may !y be di/+ui%$ f ! tru?8 ,9 ! case ( hi/orical or sci5tific errors ! me?od ( proc$ure may appe> cle> to ^? :o hold ! ,new ,te/am5t view z to ! purpose ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s2 b ! situation seems m tr\blesome 9 ! case ( religi\s & e?ical imp]fections1 because religion & e?ics are ! rightful sph]e ( ! biblical writ+s4 ,if ! ,bible is n ! f9al au?ority1 :]e c be f\nd a crit]ion by :i* ! biblical1 or ,old ,te/am5t1 /atem5ts may be judg$8 ,/>tl+ z ! sugge/ion #cd to judge scriptures may seem 9 !ory1 a mom5t's ?\ght w %[ t x is be+ done e day by practically e ,*ri/ian :o seeks spiritual n\ri%m5t 9 ! ,sacr$ ,book4 ,:o has n pass$ ?r\gh exp]i5ces su* z are sugge/$ 9 ^! words ( ,m>cus ,dods8--,:o is at ! read]'s elb[ z he p]uses ,exodus & ,leviticus to tell him :at is ( p]man5t au?ority & :at is = ! ,mosaic economy only8 ,:o :isp]s z we read ,g5esis & ,k+s1 ',?is is exempl>y2 ?is is n'8 ,:o sifts = u ! spee*es ( ,job1 & enables u to treasure up z div9e tru? :at he utt]s 9 "o v]se1 :ile we reject ! next z ,satanic rav+s8 ,:o gives ! prea*] au?ority & accuracy ( aim to p\nce on a s\nd text 9 ,ecclesia/es1 :ile wisdom & folly toss & roll ov] "o ano!r 9 confus+ly rapid & inextricable contortions8 ,:at enables ! humble/ ,*ri/ian to come safely ?r\gh ! curs+ ,psalms & g /raight to =give 8 enemy8 ,:at tells u t we may eat ?+s /rangl$1 ?\gh ! :ole college ( apo/les delib]ately & expressly prohibit$ su* eat+8 ,:o assures u t we ne$ n ano9t ! sick ) oil1 al?\gh 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we are explicitly comm&$ to d s8 ,9 a ^w1 h[ is x t ! simple/ read] c be tru/$ ) ! ,bible & c be left to f9d 8 own #ce spiritual n\ri%m5t 9 x1 reject+ almo/ z mu* z he receives8#g ,^! que/ions call att5tion to a common ,*ri/ian practice4 ,b1 if ! practice c be ju/ifi$ z ,*ri/ian1 ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! practice may be ,*ri/ian also2 & s x is1 = x is recogniz$ z legitimate 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,a s+le s5t5ce f a ,new ,te/am5t book sugge/s ! answ] to ! above que/ions3 ,he t is spiritual judge? all ?+s4#h ,! ,scriptures are includ$ among ! all ?+s4 ,b notice1 ,paul does n say t anyone may set himself up z judge1 b he t is spiritual2 t is1 ! man :o is controll$ by ! _s ( ! ,*ri/4 ,if ,jesus has giv5 to ! _w ! highe/ revelation ( ,god & tru?1 !n ! expressions ( all o!r revelations mu/ be measur$ by 8 revelation1 ei!r z an ext]nal /&>d1 or z an inn] crit]ion by him :o1 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 has appropriat$ ! "*1 _s1 & life ( ,jesus4 ,he :o has ?us appropriat$ ! ,*ri/ 9 8 fullness w be able to judge all ?+s4 ,b until he has rea*$ t /&>d man's judgm5t w rema9 imp]fect & m or less unreliable1 & ?\gh = 8 own guidance he is /ill dep5d5t ^u x1 he mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! error ( sett+ up 8 own imp]fect ,*ri/ian consci\sness z ! ultimate crit]ion = all4 #cf ,up to ! pres5t "t no individual has rea*$ ! /age ( exp]i5ce :]e he may be appeal$ to z f9al au?ority = all4 ,p]haps ! sum total ( ! g5]al ,*ri/ian consci\sness w\ld prove a m reliable guide1 or ! ,*ur* 9 s f> z x embodies ?is consci\sness4 ,b x also /ill falls %ort ( its f9al glory4 ,x is 9 ! process ( developm5t t[>d p]fection1 b x has n yet rea*$ t /age1 & w n rea* x until ! consci\sness ( e individual contribut+ to x reflects ! consci\sness ( ,jesus himself4 ,!n1 & !n only1 c x be appeal$ to z an ultimate crit]ion 9 matt]s religi\s or ,*ri/ian1 includ+ ! specific "q "u consid]ation3 ,:at 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is f ,god1 & s1 p]man5t1 & :at is due to ! human limitations ( ! au?ors1 & s1 tempor>y & local8 ,x seems1 !re=e1 necess>y to appeal at ! pres5t "t to :at may be call$1 9 a s5se1 an ext]nal /&>d3 ! _s1 ! tea*+1 & ! life ( ,jesus z x may be det]m9$ objectively f ! gospel records4 ,! supreme position occupi$ by ,jesus ! ,*ri/ 9 ,*ri/ian ?9k+ is well describ$ by ,w4 ,n4 ,cl>ke3 ,he ,jesus ,*ri/ has %[n ,god z he is 9 8 "* & relations ) m54 ,he has repres5t$ life 9 its true mean+1 & op5$ to u ! real way to g5u9e welf>e & success 9 exi/5ce4 #cg ,:at he has made kn[n comm5ds & proves itself z true by ! mann] 9 :i* x fits into ! human s*eme1 meets human ne$s1 & r5d]s ?\ght rational & life successful4 ,god et]nally is su* a be+ z ,jesus repres5ts him to be--?is is ! he>t ( ,*ri/ianity1 to be appreh5d$1 n fir/ 9 ?\ght b fir/ 9 life & love1 & ?is is =ev] true4 ,& x is a revelation nev] to be sup]s$$1 b =ev] to be bett] & bett] kn[n4#i ,by ?is /&>d1 call$ by ,cl>ke ! ,*ri/ian elem5t 9 ! ,bible1 ! ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ mu/ be measur$2 & by ! application ( ?is /&>d alone is x possible to sep>ate ! human f ! div9e & to e/imate rightly ! p]man5t value ( ,old or ,new ,te/am5t tea*+4 ,:atev] 9 ! ,scriptures endures ?is te/ may be receiv$ z ( p]man5t religi\s value1 because x is div9e 9 ! deepe/ s5se4 ,,notes ,,on ,,*apt] ,i #a ,mod]n ,criticism & ! ,prea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #ai4 #b ,/udies 9 ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #gc4 #c ,primitive ,semitic ,religions ,to-day1 p4 #ad4 #d ,lett]s on ! ,inspiration ( ! ,scriptures1 ,lett] ,i4 #e ,quot$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,/ud5t1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #hd4 #f ,! ,law & ! ,prophets1 p4 #af4 #g ,! ,bible1 ,its ,orig9 & ,nature1 pp4 #afj1 #afa4 #h #a ,cor4 #b4 #ae4 #i ,! ,use ( ! ,scriptures 9 ,!ology1 pp4 #ea1 #eb4 #ch ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,= _m c5turies dur+ ! ,*ri/ian era sci5ce 0 almo/ completely dom9at$ by !ology4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 a sci5tific inve/igator propos$ views n 9 accord ) ! !ological notions ( ! age he 0 consid]$ a h]etic & condemn$ z su*4 ,dur+ ^! same c5turies !ology 0 dom9at$ by a view ( ! ,bible :i* valu$ ! latt] z an infallible au?ority 9 e realm ( human ?\ght4 ,! view ( ! ,bible held !n 0 express$ z late z #ahfa 9 ^! words3 ,! ,bible is none o!r ?an ! voice ( ,him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone4 ,e book ( x1 e *apt] ( x1 e v]se ( x1 e ^w ( x1 e syllable ( x 7:]e are we to /op871 e lett] ( x1 is ! direct utt]ance ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! ,bible is none o!r ?an ! ^w ( ,god2 n "s "p ( x m1 "s "p ( x less1 b all alike1 ! utt]ance ( ,him :o sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 faultless1 un]r+1 supreme4#a ,a book :i* came ?us directly f ! m9d ( ,god mu/ be in]rant & infallible2 h5ce closely associat$ ) ?is me*anical view ( #ci ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,bible 0 ! belief 9 its absolute in]rancy & infallibility4 ,?is is cle>ly recogniz$ 9 ! words ( two em95t ,am]ican !ologians3 ,! hi/orical fai? ( ! ,*ur* has always be5 t ! affirmations ( ! scriptures ( all k9ds1 :e!r ( spiritual doctr9e or duty1 or ( physical or hi/orical fact1 or ( psy*ological or philosophical pr9ciple1 are )\t any error1 :5 ! ipsissima v]ba ( ! autographs are asc]ta9$ & int]pret$ 9 _! natural & int5d$ s5se4#b ,) su* an e/imate ( ! ,bible x is only natural t !ology %\ld bitt]ly res5t any & all sci5tific conclusions :i* seem$ to be contr>y to ! /atem5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,h[ev]1 a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ,bible int]pretation creates a s]i\s p]plexity4 ,! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! int]pretations re/$ 7 n ! same 9 all ages4 ,z a result1 ! natural & int5d$ s5se ( biblical /atem5ts 0 v>i\sly appreh5d$4 ,:at 0 consid]$ ! cle> tea*+ ( ,scripture 9 "o age might be condemn$ z unscriptural 9 ano!r4 ,moreov]1 "s ( ! me?ods ( int]pretation are n calculat$ to inspire confid5ce 9 ! results4 ,:51 = example1 ! poetic passage1 ,sun1 /& ?\ /ill ^u ,gibeon1 ,& ?\1 moon1 9 ! valley ( ,aijalon4 ,& ! sun /ood /ill1 & ! moon /ay$1#c #dj is consid]$ suffici5t to discr$it ! sci5tific claim t ! e>? moves ar\nd ! sun1 r ?an ! sun ar\nd ! e>?1 "o's confid5ce 9 ! tru? ( ! !ological view is some:at %ak54 ,x may be insi/$1 !n1 t mu* ( ! s-call$ conflict betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,bible 0 9 reality a conflict betwe5 sci5ce & a mis9t]pret$ ,bible4 ,?is1 ev5 !ology seems to h recogniz$1 = aga9 & aga9 x *ang$ its int]pretation ( ! ,bible s z to br+ x into accord ) ! p]si/5t claims ( sci5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( mo/ mod]n sci5ces1 says ,f>r>1 has be5 z foll[s3 _! discov]]s h be5 proscrib$1 ana!matiz$1 &1 9 e possible in/ance1 sil5c$ or p]secut$2 yet be=e a g5]ation has pass$ ! *ampions ( a spuri\s or?odoxy h _h to confess t _! int]pretations 7 errone\s2 &--= ! mo/ "p )\t an apology & )\t a blu%--h complac5tly inv5t$ "s new l9e ( exposition by :i* ! phrases ( ,scripture c be squ>$ into semblable accordance ) ! n[ ackn[l$g$ fact4#d ,! s-call$ hi/orical me?od ( ,bible /udy1 :i* has gradually won its way1 at lea/ 9 ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity1 has e/abli%$ ,bible int]pretation ^u a firm] f\ndation1 s t at pres5t mu* less unc]ta9ty exi/s z to ! #da mean+ ( ! ,bible ?an at any prec$+ age4 ,9 ! same way sci5tific inve/igation has made rem>kable /rides dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury2 ,tw5tie? c5tury sci5ce is f> diff]5t f t ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,& z sci5ti/s h _h to surr5d] _m ( _! positions 9 ! pa/ x is v probable t1 z ! result ( fur!r inve/igation1 "s views held at pres5t w be sup]s$$ by o!rs4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh sci5ce _c z yet disp5se ) work+ hypo!ses :i* may or may n prove true1 & ?\gh modifications 9 c]ta9 widely accept$ views may be expect$1 !re are _m conclusions :i* may be consid]$ firmly e/abli%$4 ,?is be+ ! case1 if at ! pres5t "t ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,bible is discuss$1 x is a conflict betwe5 sci5tific conclusions rea*$ aft] prolong$1 c>eful /udy & inve/igation & ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible z det]m9$ by ! sci5tific use ( all legitimate means ( int]pretation4 ,does su* conflict exi/8 ,_m geologi/s1 a/ronom]s1 biologi/s1 & o!r sci5ti/s h claim$ = "s "t t !y h rea*$ conclusions n 9 accord ) c]ta9 /atem5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,take z an illu/ration ! biblical & sci5tific /atem5ts conc]n+ ! age ( ! e>?1 or creation 9 g5]al4#e ,! g5]al conclusion rea*$ by an ov]:elm+ majority #db ( ! mo/ compet5t /ud5ts ( ! ,bible has be5 t accord+ to ! in=mation furni%$ by ! ,scriptures1 ! date ( creation 01 9 r\nd numb]s1 f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4#f ,at t "t1 9 ! words ( ! ,we/m9/] ,confession1#g ,x pleas$ ,god 444 to create or make ( no?+ ! _w & all ?+s !re9 :e!r visible or invisible 9 ! space ( six days & all v good4 ,?is 0 accept$ z ! pla9 tea*+ ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis ev5 aft] sci5tific me?ods _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,!n came geology1 pu%+ back ! beg9n+s1 add+ millions ( ye>s to ! age ( ! globe1 & insi/+ t !re is abundant evid5ce to prove ! exi/5ce ( life ^u e>? _m mill5niums be=e ,b4,c4 #d1jjj4 ,o!r sci5ces rea*$ conclusions po9t+ 9 ! same direction1 until x became p]fectly evid5t t ,bible /ud5ts mu/ reckon ) :at seem$ a real conflict betwe5 ! conclusions ( sci5ce & ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 ,no wond] ,bible lov]s 7 tr\bl$ :5 sci5ti/s 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s advanc$ claims t appe>$ to involve a *>ge ( sci5tific inaccuracy aga9/ ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,_m 7 conv9c$ t ?is c\ld n be1 = !y fe>$ t if ! ,bible conta9$ inaccuracies ( any sort1 its value w\ld be #dc completely de/roy$1 & ) ! ,bible ,*ri/ianity mu/ fall into ru9s4 ,9 ,bro!r ,an?ony1 int5d$ to picture ! p]plex$ s\l ( a monk 9 ! days ( ,galileo1 ,m>k ,guy ,pe>se gives a vivid portrayal ( ! d\bts & p]plexities ( _m dev\t ,bible /ud5ts 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ,b on my fev]$ he>t !re falls no balm2 ,! g>d5 ( my s\l1 :]e happy birds ,sang 9 ! fullness ( _! joy1 & bloom$ ,! fl[]s bright1 f9ds only w9t] n[2 ,& bleak w9ds moan ab\t ! leafless trees1 ,& *ill ra9s beat to e>? ! rott+ /alks4 ,hope1 ,fai?1 & ,god1 alike are gone1 all gone-- ,if x be s1 z ?is ,galileo sai?4 ,! e>? is r\nd & moves ab\t ! sun2 ,! sun1 he sai?1 is /ill1 ! axle fix$ ,( nature's :eel1 c5t] ( all ! worlds4 ,galileo is an hone/ s\l1 ,god kn[s-- ,no end has he to s]ve b only tru?1 ,by t :i* he decl>es1 d>+ to risk ,position1 lib]ty1 & ev5 life itself4 ,he kn[s4 ,& yet ! ages h believ$ x n4 ,h !y n m$itat$1 wat*$1 & pray$-- ,great s\ls ) vision purg$ & purifi$8 ,_h ,god no mess5g] until arose ,galileo6 ,long ye>s ! ,*ur* has pray$1 ,seek+ ,8 grace :o guid$ into tru?1 ,& we>y eyes h wat*$ ! sun & />s1 ,& he>d ! _m voices t proclaim ,god's hidd5 ways--did !y believe a lie8 ,! ,*ur*'s holy fa!rs1 7 !y wrong8 ,yet speaks ,galileo z "o :o kn[s4 ,%r9ks all my s\l f brea?+ any ^w ,t d>es to "q ,god's mo/ holy ,book1 #dd ,z m5 b5ea? an avalan*e pass dumb ,= fe> a s\nd %\ld br+ de/ruction d[n4 ,if b a jot or tittle ( ! ,^w ,d pass away1 !n is all lo/4 ,& yet ,if :at ,galileo ma9ta9s be true6-- ,! sun itself moves n4 ,! ,scripture tells ,at ,jo%ua's comm& ! sun /ood /ill4 ,do? scripture lie8 ,! bless$ ,"l himself1 ,spake he n ( ! sun t rose & set6 ,s cracks & cleaves ! gr\nd b5ea? my feet4 ,! sun t fills & floods ! _w ) light ,my d>kness & confusion ha? become6 ,o ,god1 z "h ab\t ! old gray walls ,! ivy cl+s & tw9es its arms1 & f9ds ,a /r5g? by :i* x rises f ! e>? ,& m\nts t[>d heav51 !n gladly fl+s ,its grateful cr[n ( gre5]y r\nd ! height1 ,s by ?y ,^w my all unc]ta9 s\l ,ha? m\nt$ t[>d ?y heav51 & br\ght ,its love1 its all1 :]e) to cr[n my ,"l4 ,alas1 ! wall is fall54 ,b5ea? x cru%$ ,! cl++ ivy lies2 its /ronghold once ,is n[ ! prison h\se1 ! cruel grave4#h ,s9ce ! sci5tific position seem$ to _m dev\t believ]s to und]m9e ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 x is n altoge!r /range t !y %\ld set !mselves aga9/ ^! claims ) all _! might1 ?\gh x may be difficult to ju/ify ! bitt]ness display$ by _m ,*ri/ian m9i/]s 9 ! d5unciation ( ev5 dev\t ,*ri/ian sci5ti/s1 z infidels1 impugn]s ( ! sacr$ records1 assailants ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 etc4 ,x is h>dly cr$ible t dur+ ! enlight5$ #de n9ete5? c5tury geology %\ld be d5\nc$ z n a subject ( lawful inquiry1 a d>k art1 dang]\s & disreputable1 a =bidd5 prov9ce1 inf]nal artill]y1 an awful evasion ( ! te/imony ( revelation4 ,b ! progress ( sci5ce c\ld n be block$ by d5unciation1 & gradually ! claims ( geology1 a/ronomy1 & o!r sci5ces respect+ ! great age ( ! e>? came to be accept$ z well e/abli%$4 ,is1 !n1 ! sci5tific tea*+ ( ! ,bible false8 ,by no means1 said _m def5d]s ( ! fai?2 on ! contr>y1 !re is p]fect agreem5t betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,bible1 provid$ ! latt] is rightly int]pret$4 ,! fir/ problem 0 to ext5d :at 0 commonly tak5 to be ! biblical tea*+ respect+ ! age ( ! e>? s z to meet ! dem&s ( geology4 ,?is 0 readily done by int]pret+ day figuratively z mean+ an indef9ite p]iod4 ,x c\ld easily be %[n t 9 "s passages day did n mean a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,h5ce1 :y n int]pret ! ^w metaphorically 9 ,g54 #a8 ,x is safe to say t1 _h x n be5 = a desire to h>monize ! biblical acc\nt ) ! conclusions ( sci5ce1 no ,bible /ud5t w\ld ev] h ?\ght ( ?is int]pretation 9 connection ) ! acts ( creation1 = a natural int]pretation ( ! writ]'s language makes x evid5t t :5 ! au?or ( ,g54 #a speaks #df ( ! successive ev5ts ( creation he is ?9k+ ( days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ea* consi/+ ( day & night4#i ,m>cus ,dods is "r :5 he says1 ,if ! ^w 'day' 9 ^! *apt]s does n mean a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! int]pretation ( scripture is hopeless4#aj ,no p]man5t good c come f do+ viol5ce to pla9 /atem5ts ( ! ,bible by ! use ( me?ods ( int]pretation t w\ld be consid]$ illegitimate 9 ! /udy ( o!r lit]>y productions4 ,9 all ! h>moniz+ ef=ts ?is caution has be5 ov]look$4 ,! believ] 9 revelation1 ?9k+ t ! agreem5t betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,bible mu/ be m9ute1 has yield$ to ! temptation to twi/ ! biblical record into a new mean+ ) e fre% discov]y ( sci5ce4 ,_m sci5ti/s 7 repell$ by ?is arbitr>y me?od1 & :5 !y saw t agreem5t c\ld n be _h by legitimate me?ods1 & knew ( no o!r way out ( ! difficulty1 !y too frequ5tly assum$ a ho/ile attitude t[>d revelation4 ,a me?od lead+ to su* disa/r\s results _c be consid]$ altoge!r satisfactory4 ,grant+1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 ! possibility ( int]pret+ day metaphorically1 ! tr\bles are by no means end$1 = x is impossible to discov] cle>ly def9$ p]iods 9 ! geological records su* z are presuppos$ 9 ! biblical record4 ,b !re is a m s]i\s #dg difficulty4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t liv+ be+s & ! heav5ly bodies are said 9 ,g5esis to h be5 creat$ does n seem to be ! same z t sugge/$ by geology & a/ronomy4 ,= example1 accord+ to ,g5esis1 fi%es & birds appe>$ toge!r on ! fif? day1 prec$+ all l& animals1 :i* are said to h be5 creat$ on ! six? day4 ,accord+ to geology1 fi% & num]\s species ( l& animals1 especially reptiles liv+ on l&1 prec$$ birds4#aa ,moreov]1 accord+ to ,g5esis1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s 7 creat$ aft] ! e>?1 a view :i* is altoge!r inconsi/5t ) ! mod]n sci5tific view ( ! univ]se1 & ( ! "p ! sun plays 9 plant & animal life ^u e>?4 ,true1 ?is la/ difficulty is avoid$ by "s by giv+ to c]ta9 ,hebrew words a mean+ :i* !y d n ord9>ily h4 ,= example1 x is said1 ,let !re be 7v]se #ad7 means ,let !re appe>2 ,god made 7v]se #af7 means ,god made to appe>1 or ,god appo9t$1 to a specific (fice4 ,) ?is int]pretation1 x is /at$1 ,g5esis says no?+ ab\t ! =mation or creation ( ! lum9>ies4 ,!y may h exi/$ = a long "t1 only on ! f\r? day !y 7 made to appe>--! vapor ar\nd ! e>? hav+ previ\sly hidd5 !m--& 7 appo9t$ to ! (fices m5tion$ 9 v]ses #ad to #ah4 ,no "o w claim t ?is is a natural #dh int]pretation ( ! biblical language4 ,if ! writ] meant ,let !re appe>1 he c\ld h f\nd a suitable ^w 9 ,hebrew1 z also to express ! idea appo9t4 ,! language ( ,driv] is n too /rong3 ,v]ses f\rte5 to eighte5 _c be legitimately int]pret$ except z imply+ t 9 ! conception ( ! writ] lum9>ies _h n previ\sly exi/$1 & t !y 7 made & set 9 _! places 9 ! heav5s aft] ! sep>ation ( sea & l& & ! appe>ance ( vegetation ^u ! e>?4#ab ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to escape ! difficulty caus$ by ! conclusions ( geology z to ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t =ms ( life h appe>$ ^u e>?4 ,^! conclusions are bas$ *iefly ^u ! pres5ce ( fossil rema9s imb$d$ 9 ! diff]5t /rata ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,pass+ by ! e>li] explanations--= example1 t ^! fossil rema9s 7 plac$ !re by a direct act ( ,god on "o ( ! creative days = "s my/]i\s purpose1 p]haps = ! trial ( human fai?1 or t !y 7 due to ! ravages ( ! ,deluge--ref]5ce may be made to two or ?ree ( ! m rec5t sci5tific attempts to h>monize ! facts ( sci5ce ) ! /atem5ts ( ,g5esis4 ,!re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! re/itution !ory advocat$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,kurtz & ,?omas ,*alm]s4#ac ,admitt+ t ! fossil rema9s are important = ! det]m9ation #di ( ! age ( ! e>? & ! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t =ms ( life appe>$ ^u ! globe1 ,kurtz writes3 ,! animal & vegetable _w :i* lies buri$ 9 ! /ratifi$ =mations 0 n t :i*1 accord+ to ! ,bible1 0 creat$ respectively on ! ?ird1 fif?1 & six? days4 ,its orig9 mu/ belong to an e>li] p]iod4#ad ,9 o!r words1 8 view is t ! ma9 description 9 ,g5esis does n relate to ! geological p]iods at all2 t room is left = ^! p]iods betwe5 v]se "o & v]se two2 t ! life :i* !n fl\ri%$ ^u ! e>? 0 br\ght to an end by a cata/rophe1 ! results ( :i* are allud$ to 9 v]se two2 & t :at foll[s 7v]ses #c;ff47 is ! description ( a second creation imm$iately prec$+ ! appe>ance ( man4 ,t ?is view is due to a desire to h>monize ! biblical acc\nt ) sci5ce is cle>ly impli$ 9 ! words ( ,kurtz int5d$ to meet ! *>ge ( ,delitzs* t 8 view is pure delusion4 ,x is1 says ,kurtz1 m]ely a delusion to attempt id5tify+ ! creation ( ! primeval fossil flora & fauna ) ^? ( ! ?ird1 fif?1 & six? days1 & at ! same "t to endeavor h>moniz+ geology & ! ,bible4 ,n to speak ( ! a/ronomical difficulty ref]r$ to above1 :i* rema9s1 sci5ce has no?+ :atev] to (f] 9 support ( ?is !ory1 :ile1 on ! o!r #ej h&1 ! t5or ( ! ,g5esis n>rative implies su* close connection betwe5 v]se "o & v]se two t !re is no room = ! alleg$ cata/rophe4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t mod]n apologi/s h disc>d$ ! re/itution hypo!sis4 ,! vision !ory has be5 pres5t$ mo/ =cefully by ,hugh ,mill]4#ae ,accord+ to ?is view ! n>rative 0 n meant to describe ! actual succession ( ev5ts1 b 0 ! description ( a s]ies ( visions pres5t$ prophetically to ! n>rator's m5tal eye1 & repres5t+1 n ! fir/ appe>ance ( ea* species ( life ^u ! globe1 b its maximum developm5t4 ,! 'drama ( creation1' x is said1 is n describ$ z x 0 enact$ hi/orically1 b optically1 z x w\ld pres5t itself to a spectator 9 a s]ies ( pictures or tableaux embody+ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & conspicu\s feature ( ea* p]iod1 &1 z x 71 summ>iz+ 9 m9iature its results4 ,?\gh ?is view 0 pres5t$ ) mu* eloqu5ce & skill1 x has be5 unable to ma9ta9 its position1 simply because x is bas$ ^u an unnatural int]pretation ( ! biblical record4 ,no "o approa*+ ,g5esis )\t a !ory to def5d w\ld ?9k = a mom5t t he is read+ ! description ( a vision4 ,! only natural int]pretation is t ! au?or means to record :at he consid]s actual fact4 ,moreov]1 #ea :]e 9 ,scripture c\ld !re be f\nd an analogy to ?is mode ( proc$ure8 ,! revelation ( an unkn[n pa/ to a hi/orian or prophet seems n 9 accord ) ! ord9>y me?od ( ,god's revelations to m54 ,b1 admitt+ ! possibility ( ?is me?od ( div9e communication1 :y %\ld ! picture ?us pres5t$ to ! m9d ( ! au?or diff] s widely f ! facts uncov]$ by geologi/s8 ,simil> attempts to h>monize ,g5esis ) geology h be5 made by o!r geologi/s1 among !m ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,w9*ell1#af ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1#ag & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,dana4#ah ,! results are p]fectly satisfactory to ^! writ]s1 b !y fail to see t 9 ord] to accompli% _! purpose !y mu/ h rec\rse to unnatural int]pretations ( ! ,g5esis acc\nt1 :i* 9 itself is suffici5t evid5ce to %[ ! hopelessness ( ! task4 ,a simil> judgm5t mu/ be pass$ on ! m rec5t attempt by ,f4 ,h4 ,capron#ai to br+ ! biblical acc\nt into h>mony ) ! mod]n !ory ( evolution4 ,capron is fully conv9c$ t ! mo/ rudim5t>y k ( geology is suffici5t to satisfy any c&id critic t ! ,g5esis n>rative z int]pret$ by any "o ( !m#bj _c be br\ght into h>mony ) ! admitt$ facts ( sci5ce4 ,he1 !re=e1 attempts a new h>mony by try+ to %[ t ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis #eb gives only ! ord] 9 :i* ! creative words 7 utt]$1 n ! ord] 9 :i* ! result+ effects 7 produc$4 ,un=tunately1 9 accompli%+ ?is purpose1 he1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 reveals an almo/ complete disreg>d = ! obvi\s mean+ ( ! ,g5esis n>rative4 ,aft] a close /udy ( ! ,g5esis n>rative & ! num]\s attempts ( h>moniz+ x ) sci5ce1 ! pres5t writ] has become ?or\ghly conv9c$ t x is impossible to e/abli% a complete1 detail$ h>mony betwe5 ! ,g5esis acc\nt ( creation & ! e/abli%$ facts ( sci5ce )\t do+ viol5ce to ! ,bible or to sci5ce or to bo?4 ,! only h>mony possible is :at has be5 call$ an ideal h>mony1 t is1 a h>mony n ext5d+ to details1 b limit$ to sali5t features4 ,b ?is gives away ! v position = :i* ! h>moni/s h cont5d$4 ,z ,driv] says1 ,if ! relative priority ( plants & animals1 or ! p]iod at :i* ! sun & moon 7 =m$1 are among/ ! details on :i* h>mony _c be e/abli%$1 :at o!r /atem5t 79 ! acc\nt ( creation7 c claim acceptance on ! gr\nd t x =ms "p ( ! n>rative ( ,g5esis8#ba ,admitt+ n[ ! pres5ce ( discrepancies betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :at becomes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8#bb ,mu/ x be #ec disc>d$ z no long] pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction :i* is 9 righte\sness8 ,"s !re are :o seem to fe> su* fate = ! book !y de>ly love4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are multitudes :o calmly admit ! claims ( sci5ce1 & at ! same "t cont9ue to read & /udy ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 assur$ t x c /ill furni% n\ri%m5t to _! spiritual natures4 ,?is attitude ( confid5ce has be5 made possible1 on ! "o h&1 by a broad] & tru] conception ( div9e revelation1 &1 on ! o!r1 by a m adequate int]pretation ( ! purpose ( ! ,bible & ( ! biblical writ]s4 ,believ]s 9 ,god h come to realize z nev] be=e t ,god has spok5 & /ill speaks 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,manife/ations ( ,god may be se5 on e h&3 ,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 ,& ! firmam5t %[e? 8 h&iwork4 ,day unto day utt]e? spee*1 ,& night unto night %[e? k4#bc ,:at is ! univ]se b a manife/ation ( ,god8 ,! :ole realm ( nature is 9 a real s5se a record ( div9e revelations1 :i* sci5ce seeks to int]pret4 ,n[1 says ,a4 ,h4 ,mc,neile1#bd ,if ,god creat$ all ?+s & c>ries ! univ]se along by ! utt]ance ( 8 p[]1 x is cle> t e fre% item ( k ga9$ by #ed sci5tific inve/igation is a fre% glimpse into ! w ( ,god4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z secul> k4 ,a man only makes 8 /udies secul> = himself z he divorces !m f ! ?\ght ( ,god1 s t all ! sci5tific exp]im5ts 9 ! _w =m "p ( ! /udy ( "o aspect ( ,god's ,^w4 ,on ! o!r h& ! purpose ( scripture has come to be m adequately appreh5d$4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t makes x p]fectly cle> t ! aim ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures is to br+ man into h>mony ) ,god1 to make him morally & spiritually p]fect1 & to po9t to ! consummation ( ! r$emptive purpose ( ,god 9 & ?r\gh ! ,*ri/4#be ,!re is no w>rant any:]e = ! belief t ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s meant to tea* sci5ce ( any k9d4 ,?is is admitt$ ev5 by "s :o insi/ ^u ! accuracy ( ! sci5tific tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 ,x is true t ! ,scriptures 7 n design$ to tea* philosophy1 sci5ce1 or e?nology1 or human hi/ory z su*1 & !re=e !y are n to be /udi$ prim>ily z s\rces ( in=mation on ^! subjects4#bf ,evid5tly1 !n1 :]ev] ! ,old ,te/am5t t\*es ^u que/ions ( sci5ce x treats !m only 9 s f> z !y s]ve a high] e?ical or spiritual purpose4 ,is x necess>y to h absolute sci5tific accuracy 9 e detail 9 ord] to d ?is #ee effectively8 ,a mom5t's ?\ght w %[ t x is n4 ,! writ] he>d n long ago a p[]ful appeal on behalf ( ! boys 9 a c]ta9 community1 9 :i* ! speak] ref]r$ to ! ,grac*i1 ! mo/ r5[n$ citiz5s ( ,a!ns4 ,! hi/orical inaccuracy 9 no wise affect$ ! moral =ce ( ! appeal4 ,no "o w\ld be fooli% en\gh to assume t ! spiritual & e?ical value ( s]mons prea*$ by ! e>ly ,*ur* fa!rs is invalidat$ by ! fanciful sci5ce mix$ ) _! gospel message4 ,:o has n he>d s]mons t creat$ a pr(\nd spiritual impression1 ?\gh _! sci5ce & hi/ory 7 n altoge!r faultless8 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t 9 e/imat+ extra-biblical utt]ances ! pr9ciple is recogniz$ t ignorance ( "s dep>tm5ts ( tru? does n disqualify a man = kn[+ & imp>t+ tru? ab\t ,god2 t 9 ord] to be a m$ium ( revelation a man does n ne$ to be 9 advance ( 8 age 9 secul> le>n+2 t intimate communion ) ,god1 a _s tra9$ to disc]n spiritual ?+s1 a p]fect und]/&+ ( & zeal = ,god's purpose are qualities q indep5d5t ( a k ( ! discov]ies ( sci5ce4#bg ,is x "r to raise a diff]5t /&>d = ! ,scriptures8 ,c]ta9ly1 say _m1 because ! ,bible is inspir$2 x is ! ,^w ( ,god1 & ,god _c inspire an untru? ( any k9d4 #ef ,n[1 x may be readily admitt$ t ,god _c inspire an untru?2 b h we any "r to argue z if we knew exactly h[ ,god ought to convey a revelation to man8 ,)\t ent]+ ^u a discussion ( ! entire subject ( inspiration1 ! "q may be rais$ :e!r or n inspiration cov]s purely sci5tific in=mation4 ,! claim has be5 put =? by "s :o believe t ! ,bible & sci5ce are 9 p]fect agreem5t t ?is agreem5t proves t ! sci5tific elem5t ( scripture z well z ! doctr9al 0 )9 ! scope ( inspiration4#bh ,consi/5cy might seem to require ! admission t disagreem5t w\ld prove t ! sci5tific elem5t does n fall )9 ! scope ( inspiration4 ,at any rate1 x is ( enorm\s importance to rememb]1 :at %\ld be a p]fectly obvi\s pr9ciple1 t ! facts pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible mu/ det]m9e ! answ] to ! inquiry4 ,9 o!r words1 ,we c le>n :at ! ,bible is only f :at ! ,bible itself says4#bi ,"o ?+ is q c]ta91 namely1 t ! ,bible makes n ! slighte/ claim ( be+ a sci5tific treatise complete & up-to-date4#cj ,x is equally true t x does n d5y be+ su* a treatise1 h5ce ! inquir] is ?r[n back ^u a /udy ( ! facts pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible2 & ^u ! basis ( ^! he mu/ det]m9e :e!r or n !re is reason = believ+ t sci5tific #eg k comes )9 ! scope ( inspiration4 ,n[1 ! ab/ract possibility ( ,god communicat+ to man a k ( exact sci5tific facts 9 a presci5tific age ne$ n be d5i$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a "q :e!r ,god c\ld h communicat$ su* facts to man ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago )\t robb+ him ( 8 p]sonality & *ang+ him into a me*anism4 ,s f> z ! ways ( ,god are kn[n f exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 hi/ory1 & o!r s\rces1 he has always treat$ ) respect & consid]ation ! p[]s & faculties ( 8 *ief creature4 ,_h inspir$ m51 says ,dods1#ca introduc$ into _! writ+s in=mation :i* anticipat$ ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 _! /ate ( m9d w\ld be inconceivable1 & revelation w\ld be a s\rce ( confusion4 ,god's me?ods are h>moni\s ) "o ano!r1 & z he has giv5 m5 natural faculties to acquire sci5tific k & hi/orical in=mation1 he did n /ultify ?is gift by imp>t+ su* k 9 a miracul\s & un9telligible mann]4 ,! same tru? is express$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,ryle 9 ^! words3 ,we d n expect in/ruction ^u matt]s ( physical inquiry f revelation 9 ! writt5 ,^w4 ,god's o!r gifts to m51 ( le>n+1 p]sev]ance1 calculation1 & ! l1 h be5 & are a true s\rce ( revelation4 ,b scripture supplies no %ort cut = ! intellect4 ,:]e #eh man's intellectual p[]s may hope to atta9 to ! tru?1 be x 9 ! region ( hi/orical1 sci5tific1 & critical /udy1 we h no w>rant to expect an anticipation ( results ?r\gh ! int]position ( sup]natural in/ruction 9 ! lett] ( scripture4444 ,scripture is div9ely inspir$1 n to release m5 f ! toil ( m5tal inquiry1 b to lead & in/ruct _! s\ls 9 ?+s ( et]nal salvation4#cb ,?is is n an arbitr>y limitation ( ! scope ( inspiration2 x is a conclusion bas$ ^u a c>eful consid]ation ( ! facts ( sci5ce & ( ! ,bible1 :i* seem to furni% suffici5t evid5ce t ! biblical writ]s 7 n 9 any m>k$ degree 9 advance ( _! age 9 ! k ( physical facts or laws4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,bible is prim>ily a book ( religion1 h5ce religion1 & n sci5ce1 is to be look$ = 9 its pages4 ,altoge!r too mu* "t has be5 sp5t 9 an ef=t to f9d 9 x sci5tific tru? 9 a sci5tific =m4 ,su* attempts cle>ly disreg>d ! purpose ( ! biblical writ]s z int]pret$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,& c\ld a ,div9e ,provid5ce h *os5 a diff]5t me?od8 ,ev5 n[ discov]ies foll[ "o ano!r s fa/ 9 ! realm ( sci5ce t no book rema9s a /&>d "w = m ?an a few ye>s4 ,x seems obvi\s1 !re=e1 t a book writt5 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago c\ld n rema9 a /&>d sci5tific "w = all times4 #ei ,b assum+ = ! sake ( argum5t t ,god _h communicat$ ! k ( sci5tific facts to ^! writ]s--evid5ce = :i* is entirely lack+--:at w\ld h be5 ! result8 ,lat] occurr5ces sugge/ :at might h happ5$4 ,! great mass ( p w\ld h look$ ^u tea*]s ( /range sci5ce z h]etics & madm51 & w\ld h reject$ n only _! sci5tific tea*+ b _! religi\s tea*+ z well4 ,:at a loss t w\ld h be5 to mank9d6 ,no s]i\s loss w\ld come to m5 if !y 7 left a :ile long] 9 ignorance conc]n+ sci5tific matt]s1 b v s]i\s loss w\ld come to !m by cont9u+ 9 _! l[] religi\s & e?ical beliefs & practices4 ,! only way to make ! high] religi\s tru? und]/ood 0 to pres5t x 9 a =m easily appreh5d$ by ! p4 ,to d ?is is ! *ief purpose ( ! primitive1 presci5tific sci5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,! peculi> elem5t 9 scripture is ! _s & religi\s atmosph]e :i* p]meate all its p>ts & give to ! ,bible a unique place among ! lit]atures ( ! _w4 ,?is is ! div9e elem5t due to inspiration4 ,x is ?is elem5t :i* e/abli%es a gulf betwe5 ! ,hebrew acc\nt ( creation & ! cosmologies ( o!r nations4 ,?\gh ! biblical writ]s _h v mu* ! same idea ab\t ! =m & g5]al #fj arrangem5t ( ! visible _w z we f9d among o!r peoples--ideas t h satisfi$ at all times ! majority ( m5 ev5 among nations ) a pret5se to culture1 namely1 ! cosmology ( appe>ances--^! ideas 7 all connect$ ) _! sublime fai? 9 ,jehovah3 to 8 omnipot5ce !y ref]r$ ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 & !y made all its *anges dep5d entirely on 8 w4 ,9 _! mono!i/ic religion !y secur$ ! f\ndation ( a cle> & simple cosmology diff]5t f ! grotesque cosmologies ( o!r nations & yet n beyond ! dem&s ( m5 ( a primitive type & ( simple m9d1 :o 7 full ( a lively imag9ation1 b n mu* accu/om$ to analyze ph5om5a or _! causes4 ,9 ?is connection x may prove helpful to rememb] :at1 accord+ to ! biblical viewpo9t & 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 0 ! contribution ( ,israel to ! developm5t ( ! human race4 ,israel1 says ,g4 ,w4 ,jordan1#cc is comp>atively "y1 politically x is prov9cial1 socially x is n brilliant1 9 ! realm ( sci5ce x is n>r[ & dep5d5t2 yet :5 we lay /ress on ^! limitations we only cause ! peculi> glory ( ?is nation's life to /& out m cle>ly2 x has its own individuality2 its real lead]s are m5 ( g5ius1 _! ambition is to speak 9 ! "n ( ! et]nal k+2 !y #fa he> ! div9e message & claim = x ! supreme significance4 ,?is is ! judgm5t ( a ,bible /ud5t4 ,! same tru? is express$ 9 ! words ( "o :o approa*es ! ,bible f ! viewpo9t ( ! sci5ti/1 namely1 ! em95t ,italian a/ronom]1 ,s*iap>elli#cd3 ,_! ! ,hebrews natural gifts1 z well z ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 c>ri$ !m to a diff]5t mission f t ( ,greece & ,rome ( no small] importance--t ( purify+ ! religi\s s5tim5t & ( prep>+ ! way = mono!ism4 ,( ?is way !y m>k ! fir/ cle> traces4 ,9 ! labori\s accompli%m5t ( ?is great task ,israel liv$1 suff]$1 & completely exhau/$ itself4 ,israel's hi/ory1 legislation1 & lit]ature 7 ess5tially cord9at$ t[>d ?is end2 sci5ce & art 7 = ,israel ( second>y importance4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! /eps ( ! ,jews' advance 9 ! field ( sci5tific conceptions & speculations 7 small & feeble2 no wond] t 9 su* respects !y 7 easily vanqui%$ by _! neighbors on ! ,nile & ! ,euphrates4 ,9 conclusion3 ,p]man5t h>mony betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,bible w be secur$ :5 ea* is assign$ to its legitimate sph]e4 ,sci5ce has a "r to ask t1 if m5 are seek+ purely sci5tific in=mation1 !y %\ld turn to rec5t text-books 9 geology1 a/ronomy1 or ! o!r #fb sci5ces4 ,b 9 ! sph]e to :i* ,jesus & ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s assign$ ! ,old ,te/am5t sci5ce _c d5y or s]i\sly "q its inspiration or p]man5t value4 ,unprejudic$ sci5ce has nev] done ?is4 ,x is p]fectly ready to recognize ! ine/imable religi\s & e?ical value ( ev5 ^? ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives :i* ref] to sci5tific facts1 n because ( _! sci5tific tea*+1 b because ( ! pres5ce ( et]nal tru? 9 ! crude =m ( primitive sci5ce4 ,fair-m9d$ sci5ti/s readily admit t if anyone wi%es to "k :at connection ! _w has ) ,god1 if he seeks to trace back all t n[ is to ! v f\nta9 head ( life1 if he desires to discov] "s unify+ pr9ciple1 "s illum9at+ purpose 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 he may /ill turn to ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis z a safe guide4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! be>+ ( ! conclusions ( mod]n sci5ce ^u ! p]man5t value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,sci5ce has compell$ ! ,bible /ud5t to )draw ! att5tion f ! noness5tial & second>y1 & to conc5trate x ^u ! he>t & sub/ance4 ,9 do+ ?is x has e/abli%$ ^u a mu* firm] basis ! conviction t1 :atev] ! sci5tific value ( scripture may be or may n be1 ! apo/le 0 "r :5 he wrote t ! sacr$ writ+s 444 are able to make wise unto salvation ?r\gh #fc fai? :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,e scripture inspir$ ( ,god is also pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction :i* is 9 righte\sness3 t ! man ( ,god may be complete1 furni%$ completely unto e good "w4#ce ,,notes ,,on ,,*apt] ,,ii #a ,burgon1 ,inspiration & ,int]pretation1 p4 #hi4 #b ,presbyt]ian ,review1 #ahha1 p4 #bch4 #c ,jo%4 #aj4 #ab4 #d ,! ,bible--,its ,mean+ & ,supremacy1 p4 #afj4 #e ,9 a brief treatm5t x seems pref]able to conf9e ! discussion to a specific concrete case2 !re=e ?is *apt] deals almo/ exclusively ) que/ions c5t]+ ar\nd ! subject ( cosmogony4 #f ,! m>g9 ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion /ill gives ! *ronology ( ,ar*bi%op ,us%] to t effect4 #g ,*apt] ,,iv1 #a4 #h ,! ,expositor1 #aijb1 pp4 #aei1 #afj4 #i ,x requires b a read+ ( ! pro(s ( ! opposite view to und]/& _! weakness4 ,comp>e ,expositor1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bhg-bhi4 #aj ,! book ( ,g5esis1 p4 #d4 #aa ,ano!r difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 ! /atem5t ( ,g5esis t vegetation 0 complete two days be=e animal life appe>$1 b ! disagreem5t is m app>5t ?an real4 ,! geological record1 x is true1 %[s _m m animal ?an plant rema9s 9 ! v anci5t rocks4 ,x 0 n until ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s times t ! plants became v abundant1 z f> z ! geological records g4 ,inde$1 9 ! olde/ rocks 9 :i* animal rema9s occur1 no plant rema9s h be5 discov]$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n to be #fd tak5 z prov+ t animals exi/$ be=e plants1 because l[ =ms ( ! latt]1 hav+ no h>d p>ts1 w\ld be pres]v$ ) difficulty4 ,moreov]1 9 "s ( ! primitive =ms1 x is n easy to di/+ui% plants f animals4 ,b1 ap>t f ! records 9 ! rocks1 bo? biologi/s & geologi/s believe t plants exi/$ z e>ly z animals1 if n e>li]1 = ! latt] ne$$ ! =m] to live ^u4 ,an em95t geologi/1 ,pr(essor ,u4 ,s4 ,grant1 ( ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 has express$ 8 op9ion to ! writ] 9 ^! words3 ,x seems to me t1 view$ 9 an ab/ract way1 ! ,g5esis /atem5t ( vegetation appe>+ be=e animal life is n f> f correct4 #ab ,! ,book ( ,g5esis1 p4 #be4 #ac ,natural ,!ology1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bbi1 #bcj4 #ad ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 cxxix4 #ae ,! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 ,lecture ,,iv4 #af ,reconciliation ( ,sci5ce & ,religion1 pp4 #cef;ff42 comp>e also ,pre-,adamites1 passim4 #ag ,orig9 ( ! ,_w ,accord+ to ,revelation & ,sci5ce1 passim4 #ah ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 #ahhe1 pp4 #bja;ff4 #ai ,! ,conflict ( ,tru?1 pp4 #afb;ff4 #bj ,kurtz1 ,mill]1 ,dawson1 ,dana1 & ! re/4 #ba ,expositor1 #ahhf1 p4 #ch4 #bb ,! writ] wants x cle>ly und]/ood t an ideal1 h>mony1 z describ$ above1 c be e/abli%$4 ,he is equally c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! h>mony _c be c>ri$ into details4 #bc ,psa4 #ai4 #a1 #b4 #bd ,expository ,times1 ,octob]1 #aijg1 p4 #bj4 #be ,see above1 ,*apt] ,i1 p4 #ab4 #bf ,presbyt]ian ,review1 #ahha1 p4 #bci4 #bg ,m>cus ,dods1 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis1 pp4 #d1 #e4 #bh ,presbyt]ian ,review1 #ahha1 p4 #bci4 #bi ,expository ,times1 ,octob]1 #aijg1 p4 #bj4 #fe #cj ,surely1 !re is n ! slighte/ claim 9 ,scripture t ,moses or any o!r biblical writ] receiv$ div9e in=mation conc]n+ ! beg9n+s ( ! univ]se2 nor is !re any?+ to support ! assumption t ! acc\nt ( creation 0 sup]naturally reveal$ to ,adam1 & t f him x 0 transmitt$ ^w = ^w ?r\gh ! families ( ! pi\s ant$iluvians1 ( ,noah1 ,%em1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 etc41 until x 0 f9ally receiv$ & committ$ to writ+ by ,moses4 #ca ,! ,book ( ,g5esis1 p4 #e4 #cb ,h4 ,e4 ,ryle1 ,! ,e>ly ,n>ratives ( ,g5esis1 pp4 #e1 #f4 #cc ,biblical ,criticism & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #ij4 #cd ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #a4 #ce #b ,tim4 #c4 #ae-ag2 on ! p]man5t value & significance ( ! ,g5esis n>ratives2 see also bel[1 pp4 #bcd;ff4 #ff ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,criticism ,no c>eful obs]v] c d\bt t mod]n criticism has ex]t$ a m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! attitude ( _m ,*ri/ian p t[>d ! ,bible4 ,bo? ^? 9 sympa?y ) new ideas & ^? oppos$ to !m frequ5tly speak ( ! crisis :i* ?is criticism has br\ght ab\t4 ,x does seem1 says ,john ,e4 ,mc,fadyen1 a believ] 9 ! me?ods & results ( mod]n criticism1 t ! ,*ur* to-day 9 all h] bran*es is face to face ) a crisis ( ! mo/ s]i\s k9d4#a ,on ! o!r h&1 ,john ,smi?1 a det]m9$ oppon5t ( criticism1 writes conc]n+ ! conclusions ( ! latt]3 ,!y conflict ) ! pr(\nde/ c]titudes ( ! fai?1 mu/ inevitably alt] ! f\ndation on :i* f ! beg9n+ our holy religion has /ood be=e ! _w1 &1 consequ5tly1 s f> z a !ory c1 mu/ ob/ruct h] mission & abridge h] influ5ce4#b ,:e!r ! crisis is z acute z is "h impli$ or n1 !re seems to be mu* conc]n among dev\t believ]s 9 ! ,bible ab\t ! be>+ ( mod]n criticism ^u ! value ( ! book !y de>ly love4 ,9 ! nature #fg ( ! case1 limitation ( space =bids an exhau/ive discussion ( ?is int]e/+ subject "h4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree que/ions :i* are wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation3 7#a7 ,:at is mod]n criticism8 7#b7 ,:at are ! m important conclusions ( criticism t h secur$ wide recognition8 7#c7 ,:at is ! be>+ ( ^! conclusions1 if true1 ^u ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,:at1 !n1 is biblical criticism8 ,x is def9$ by ,na% z ! free /udy ( all ! facts1#c :i* def9ition ,mc,fadyen exp&s s z to read1 ! free & rev]5t /udy ( all ! biblical facts4#d ,criticism is /udy1 :i* means c>eful inve/igation r ?an sup]ficial read+ foll[$ by ha/y or unf\nd$ conclusions4 ,! inve/igation is free 9 ! s5se t ?\gh x is n disrespectful to traditional beliefs1 x is n prev5t$ by !m f m>k+ out new pa?s if ! facts s dem&4 ,x is rev]5t because x deals ) a book t has play$ a unique "p 9 ! religi\s life & ?\ght ( _m c5turies1 & has be5 receiv$ z a book 9 :i* ! voice ( ,god may be he>d4 ,x is prim>ily a /udy ( ! facts pres5t$ by ! book1 n ( !ories or speculations1 ?\gh 9 ! /udy ( ^! facts mu* may be le>n$ f ! !ories ( ! pa/1 & ! /udy may give rise to new !ories4 ,9 ord] to be #fh ?or\ghly sci5tific1 x mu/ h due reg>d = all ! facts 9 ! case4 ,= conv5i5ce sake x has become cu/om>y to di/+ui% f\r phases ( ,old ,te/am5t1 or biblical1 criticism3 7#a7 ,textual ,criticism2 7#b7 ,l+ui/ic ,criticism2 7#c7 ,lit]>y ,criticism2 & 7#d7 ,hi/orical ,criticism4 ,close /ud5ts ( ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h be5 compell$ to admit t ev5 ! olde/ ,hebrew manuscripts n[ kn[n are n free f errors & blemi%es1 & x is ! (fice ( textual criticism to remove su* errors by ! use ( all legitimate me?ods & means & to re/ore ! ipsissima v]ba ( ! au?or4 ,! pres5ce ( corruptions 9 ! text is e/abli%$ by facts l ^!3 7#a7 ,!re are passages 9 :i* ! text z x /&s _c be translat$ )\t viol5ce to ! laws ( gramm>1 or1 :i* are irreconcilable ) ! context or ) o!r passages4 ,= example1 9 #a ,sam4 #c4 #a ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion reads1 ,saul reign$ "o ye>1 & :5 he _h reign$ two ye>s ov] ,israel4 ,?is translation does viol5ce to ! laws ( ,hebrew gramm>4 ,! ,hebrew reads1 lit]ally1 ,! son ( a ye> 0 ,saul 9 8 reign+1 :i* may be r5d]$1 ,saul 0 a ye> old :5 he began to reign4 ,! n>ratives conc]n+ ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,saul be=e he became k+ make x cle> t ?is /atem5t is n correct4 ,p]haps ! scribe1 9 writ+ ! #fi =mula1 :i* is ! usual =mula = /at+ a k+'s age at 8 accession1 left a space = ! num]al to be fill$ 9 lat]1 & =got ! omission2 or ! num]al has accid5tally dropp$ out4 ,9 ?is case1 x is ! duty ( textual criticism to supply1 if possible1 ! age ( ,saul :5 he 0 made k+4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all ext]nal evid5ce ! textual critic mu/ fall back ^u conjecture4 ,?is ! translators ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion did1 = 9 ! ,engli% ,revis$ ,v]sion we f9d 9 brackets ! ^w ?irty1 9 ! ,am]ican ,revis$ ,v]sion =ty4 ,9 ?is special case ! assur$ results ( textual criticism are purely negative1 9 t !y h e/abli%$ ! fact t ! pres5t text _c be correct4 ,! attempt to re/ore ! orig9al text re/s ^u conjecture4 7#b7 ,p>allel passages diff] 9 su* a mann] z to make x c]ta9 t ! v>iations are l>gely due to textual corruption4 ,a good illu/ration is se5 9 ,psa4 #ah1 :5 comp>$ ) #b ,sam4 #bb4 ,^! two passages 7 und\bt$ly id5tical 9 ! beg9n+2 b ev5 ! olde/ exi/+ manuscripts %[ m ?an sev5ty v>iants betwe5 ! two *apt]s4 7#c7 ,"s ( ! anci5t v]sions conta9 read+s :i* (t5 be> a /rong /amp ( probability & remove or less5 ! difficulties ( ! ,hebrew text4 ,= example1 9 ,jo%4 #i4 #d1 :]e ! ,hebrew reads1 ,& !y #gj w5t & made z if !y _h be5 ambassadors1 ! ,septuag9t reads1 ,& !y w5t & provision$ !mselves4 ,! latt] read+ is support$ by ne>ly all ! anci5t v]sions1 & seems m probable ?an t ( ! ,hebrew text4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( a simil> "* is f\nd 9 ,psa4 #bb4 #af;c1 :i* is translat$ by bo? ! ,au?oriz$ & ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ,!y pi]c$ my h&s & my feet4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a translation ( ! ,hebrew at all1 = x reads1 ,l a lion1 my h&s & my feet4 ,9 ?is case ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z well z ! ,lat9 & ,syriac translations1 supports ! read+ ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,passages l ^!1 9 :i* ! text has evid5tly suff]$ 9 ! c\rse ( transmission1 might be multipli$ a hundr$fold1 & x is g5]ally consid]$ a legitimate ambition to attempt ! re/oration ( ! ,hebrew text to its orig9al =m4 ,l+ui/ic criticism deals ) difficult & obscure passages4 ,sometimes ! mean+ ( s+le words or phrases is unc]ta91 z1 = example1 9 ,isa4 #ec4 #a1 :i* reads1 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 ,:o ha? believ$ our report8 ,! m>g9 gives z alt]natives = report ! words doctr9e & he>+4 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion reads1 ,:o ha? believ$ our message8 ) a m>g9al note1 ,or1 t :i* we h he>d4 ,9 =m ! ^w translat$ message #ga is a passive p>ticiple1 mean+1 lit]ally1 t :i* has be5 he>d4 ,surely1 no "o w\ld consid] report1 doctr9e1 he>+1 message1 etc41 synonym\s4 ,x is ! duty ( l+ui/ic criticism to det]m9e ! exact mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,sometimes grammatical con/ructions are ambigu\s4 ,v famili> are ! words 9 ,isa4 #f4 #c1 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 is ,jehovah ( ho/s3 ! :ole e>? is full ( 8 glory4 ,! m>g9 sugge/s z an alt]native = ! la/ clause1 ! fullness ( ! :ole e>? is 8 glory1 :i* might mean some?+ entirely diff]5t f ! ord9>y r5d]+4 ,!re are o!r passages1 "s among ! sublime/ prophetic utt]ances1 9 :i* x is by no means cle> :e!r ! ref]5ce is to ! pa/ or to ! pres5t or to ! future4 ,!re is1 inde$1 pl5ty ( room = ! mo/ pa9/ak+ "w ( ! l+ui/ic critic4 ,! lit]>y criticism conc]ns itself ) ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ,old ,te/am5t books4 ,! ,bible may be m ?an a human production1 b 9 outw>d =m x has ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y "w ( lit]ature2 &1 s f> z its hi/ory z a collection ( lit]>y productions is conc]n$1 x has n escap$ ! =tunes or mis=tunes ( o!r anci5t lit]>y works4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t extra-biblical books1 religi\s & secul>1 h come d[n f ! #gb di/ant pa/ be>+ ! names ( m5 :o _c h be5 _! au?ors2 = example1 ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 or ! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah4 ,"s anci5t books h be5 int]polat$ & add$ to f "t to "t2 = example1 ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles1 ! religi\s books ( ! ,h9dus4 ,"s anci5t books are compilations r ?an orig9al productions2 = example1 ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 or ! religi\s books ( ! ,babylonians1 :i* give abundant evid5ce ( compilation4 ,! discov]ies ( ^! ph5om5a 9 extra-biblical books naturally rais$ ! "q :e!r simil> ph5om5a might n be f\nd 9 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is ! duty ( lit]>y criticism to ?r[ light on ^! que/ions2 to decide :e!r all ! ,old ,te/am5t books are rightly ascrib$ to ! m5 ^: names !y be>1 :e!r !y are orig9al productions or compilations f e>li] mat]ial1 & :e!r any ( ! books h receiv$ additions or int]polations 9 ! c\rse ( _! lit]>y hi/ory4 ,h& 9 h& ) lit]>y criticism goes hi/orical criticism4 ,! /ud5t ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory seeks to trace ! developm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel by comb9+ 9 a sci5tific mann] ! hi/orical mat]ial scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 do+ ?is he is compell$ to det]m9e ! value ( ! s\rces #gc f :i* he ga!rs in=mation4 ,to d ?is is ! duty ( hi/orical criticism4 ,x inquires1 = example1 :e!r ! records are approximately contemporane\s ) ! ev5ts !y record2 if s1 :e!r ! writ]s 7 qualifi$ to obs]ve ! ev5ts accurately1 or to record & int]pret !m correctly2 &1 if ! acc\nts 7 writt5 a consid]able "t subsequ5t to ! ev5ts record$1 :e!r !y 7 color$ 9 any way by ! beliefs & practices ( ! "t 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 or compil$4 ,?is l9e ( inve/igation is almo/ ?ru/ ^u ! ,bible /ud5t by a comp>ison ( ! books ( ,k+s ) ! books ( ,*ronicles1 :i* 9 _m portions cov] ! same gr\nd2 & yet1 !re are m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! descriptions ( ! two4 ,^! are ! diff]5t phases ( criticism4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 only two k9ds are di/+ui%$3 ! l[]1 or textual criticism1 & ! high] criticism4 ,! aims ( textual criticism are describ$ above4 ,! high] criticism comb9es ! functions ( lit]>y & hi/orical criticism1 :ile l+ui/ic criticism is consid]$ a "p ( exegesis or int]pretation1 n a sep>ate bran* ( ,bible /udy4 ,! legitimacy ( textual criticism is univ]sally recogniz$4 ,its importance 9 a compreh5sive /udy ( ! ,bible is cle>ly impli$ 9 ^! words ( ,w4 ,h4 ,gre51 a #gd g5]ation ago ! be/ kn[n def5d] ( ! traditional view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3 ,its function is to det]m9e1 by a c>eful exam9ation ( all ! evid5ce be>+ ^u ! case1 ! condition ( ! sacr$ text1 ! measure ( its correspond5ce )1 or div]g5ce f1 ! exact language ( ! inspir$ p5man1 & by means ( all available helps to remove ! errors :i* may h ga9$ admission to x f :atev] cause1 & to re/ore ! text to its pri/9e purity z x came f ! h&s ( ! orig9al writ]s4444 ,x is n an arbitr>y b a judicial process1 bas$ on fix$ & intelligible pr9ciples & conduct$ 9 a det]m9ate mann]1 9 :i* all ! evid5ce is dilig5tly collect$1 ?or\ghly sift$1 & accurately weigh$1 & ! decision giv5 9 accordance ) ! asc]ta9$ facts4#e ,no exception is tak5 to l+ui/ic criticism z a legitimate "p ( exegesis1 b at ! m5tion ( high] criticism _m good m5 & wom5 become greatly di/urb$1 = !y seem to look ^u x z a h&maid ( ,satan4 ,a few expressions w illu/rate ! feel+ ) :i* "s reg>d ?is k9d ( /udy3 ,"o writ] says1 ,nei!r h>d times nor high] criticism nor infidelity 444 has any effect ^u ! sale ( ! ,div9e ,scriptures4 ,he evid5tly places high] criticism on a p> ) infidelity4 ,aga93 ,! s-call$ high] critics1 x is well kn[n1 are con/antly #ge try+ to %ake ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian by tell+ him t ! books ( ! ,bible 7 n writt5 by ! m5 ^: names are usually giv5 z ! human au?ors4 ,ano!r writ] decl>es t ! high] critics allege t ! ,bible is ! (f-spr+ ( incompet5ce & fraud4 ,"o m quotation may suffice3 ,high] criticism t5ds inv>iably 444 to absolute rationalism & ! discr$it+ ( inspiration4 ,n[1 if high] criticism is on a p> ) infidelity1 if x decl>es ! ,bible to be ! (fspr+ ( incompet5ce & fraud1 if x con/antly tries to %ake ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians1 if x t5ds inv>iably to absolute rationalism & discr$its inspiration--if x does ^! ?+s1 !n ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* may well look ^u x ) dread & al>m4 ,:e!r or n high] criticism is guilty ( ! ?+s *>g$ aga9/ x w probably appe> 9 ! fur!r discussion1 = f n[ on *ief emphasis w be plac$ ^u ! be>+ ( ! high] criticism on ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,fir/ ( all1 x may be well to def9e1 if possible1 ! t]m high] criticism4 ,x is too (t5 assum$ by ^? :o %\ld "k bett]1 t ! adjective high] exhibits ! arrogance ( ^? us+ x1 :o claim !reby an unw>rant$ prec$5ce = _! me?ods4 ,?is assumption is errone\s1 = ! adjective is us$ #gf simply to di/+ui% ?is k9d ( criticism f ! l[] or textual criticism1 :i*1 s9ce its purpose is to fix ! exact text ( a book1 necess>ily prec$es ! application ( ! processes ( ! high] criticism4 ,! designation may be un=tunate1 b ?us f> no cle>] or less objectionable sub/itute has be5 f\nd4 ,b :at is high] criticism8 ,high] criticism may be def9$ z a process ( sci5tific inve/igation = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! orig91 orig9al =m1 & int5d$ value ( lit]>y productions4 ,x _c be emphasiz$ too /rongly t high] criticism is no?+ m ?an a process ( /udy or inve/igation4 ,x is n a set ( conclusions respect+ ! books ( ! ,bible2 x is n a philosophical pr9ciple und]ly+ ! inve/igation2 x is n a c]ta9 attitude ( m9d t[>d ! ,bible2 x is n a !ory ( inspiration nor a d5ial ( inspiration4 ,high] criticism is none ( ^! ?+s4 ,x is simply a process ( /udy to det]m9e c]ta9 tru?s conc]n+ lit]>y productions4 ,aga91 high] criticism1 z a process ( /udy1 is n conf9$ to ! /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,x 0 appli$ to extra-biblical books long be=e !re 0 any ?\ght ( apply+ x to ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t4 ,ei*horn1 :o fir/ appli$ ! t]m to ,old ,te/am5t /udy1 has ?is to say3 ,i h be5 oblig$ to be/[ ! greate/ #gg am\nt ( labor on a hi!rto entirely unwork$ field3 ! inve/igation ( ! inn] con/itution ( ! sep>ate books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by ! aid ( ! high] criticism1 a new "n to no humani/4#f ,once m3 ! high] criticism z su* is n oppos$ to traditional views4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,z5os3 ,its relation to ! old & ! new views respectively is "o ( indiff]5ce4 ,x may result 9 ! confirmation ( ! old1 or 9 ! sub/itution ( ! new = ! old4444 ,x is no respect] ( antiquity or novelty2 its aim is to discov] & v]ify ! tru?1 to br+ facts to light :e!r ^! validate or invalidate previ\sly held op9ions4#g ,x is a grave mi/ake1 !re=e1 to attribute to high] criticism an ess5tially de/ructive purpose4 ,9 reality1 x has confirm$ traditional views at lea/ z (t5 z x has %[n !m to be unt5able4 ,x does n approa* its inve/igations ev5 ) a suspicion ( ! correctness ( tradition2 x />ts out ) ! tradition1 x accepts x z correct until ! process ( inve/igation has br\ght to light facts & indications :i* _c be h>moniz$ ) tradition4 ,9 su* a case criticism believes itself b\nd to supply a satisfactory explanation ( ! facts1 ?\gh su* explanation may be contr>y to ! claims ( tradition4 ,any /ud5t ,:o approa*es ! inquiry 9 a _s #gh diff]5t f t "h indicat$ introduces into 8 inve/igation elem5ts t are n a "p ( high] criticism z su*1 & ! latt] _c & %\ld n be held acc\ntable = !m4 ,t x is desirable to answ] que/ions conc]n+ ! orig91 =m1 & value ( biblical books no "o w dispute4 ,c4 ,m4 ,mead1 exce$+ly cauti\s & cons]vative1 says3 ,i reg>d ! high] criticism z n only legitimate b z useful1 & indiscrim9ate condemnation ( x z fooli%4 ,g5u9e criticism is no?+ b ! se>* aft] tru?1 & ( ?is !re _c be too mu*4#h ,no lit]>y production 9 ! ,bible or outside ( ! ,bible c be fully und]/ood unless ! int]pret] has a full k ( its orig91 its au?or1 & its fir/ read]s4 ,:51 :]e1 by :om1 to :om1 "u :at circum/ances1 = :at purpose8--an answ] to ^! & simil> que/ions w wond]fully illum9ate ! message ( a book4 ,a k ( ! =m ( ! writ+ is also ess5tial to a prop] und]/&+ ( ! same4 ,is x hi/ory or poetry8 is x n>rative or pr$iction8 or any "o ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( lit]ature8 ,9 a simil> mann] x is important1 ?\gh n always easy1 to "k ! value a giv5 lit]>y "w 0 int5d$ to h4 ,is x to be und]/ood z lit]al hi/ory8 ,is its ess5tial purpose didactic1 )\t special reg>d = hi/oric accuracy 9 #gi e detail8 ,are ! religi\s & e?ical tru?s taught int5d$ to be f9al1 or d !y m>k a /age 9 ! developm5t t[>d p]fection & f9ality8 ,^! & o!r important que/ions ( a simil> nature ! high] criticism seeks to answ]4 ,"s "o may say1 ,s*ol>s 9 all ages h s\ght to answ] ^! que/ions2 :y is x1 !n1 t mod]n high] criticism rea*es conclusions conc]n+ ! orig91 =m1 & value ( ,old ,te/am5t writ+s n dream$ ( a few c5turies ago8 ,?is is a legitimate "q1 b ! answ] is n f> to seek4 ,x may be/ be answ]$ by ask+ ano!r "q3 ,m5 9 all ages h /udi$ ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! />s1 & o!r ph5om5a ( nature2 h[ is x t mod]n sci5ti/s h rea*$ conclusions unkn[n & undream$ ( a few c5turies ago8 ,! mod]n high] criticism1 l all mod]n sci5ce1 is ! outgr[? ( ! awak5+ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages :i* revolutioniz$ ! :ole _w ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & religion4 ,! ,r5aissance ar\s$ m5's int]e/ 9 lit]ature & sci5ce1 ! ,re=mation ar\s$ m5's int]e/ 9 religion z a p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! ,r5aissance m5 began to ?9k = !mselves 9 matt]s ( sci5ce & lit]ature2 9 ! ,re=mation !y began to ?9k = !mselves 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,x 0 inevitable t #hj ! awak5+ ( ?\ght & ! sub/itution ( reason = au?ority 9 sci5ce1 secul> lit]ature1 & secul> hi/ory %\ld ultimately affect sacr$ hi/ory & sacr$ lit]ature z well4#i ,*ronologically1 x is true1 ! "w ( high] criticism began ev5 be=e ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance among ,spani% ,jews4 ,b ?is ,jewi% criticism did n at ! "t ex]t any influ5ce 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,only aft] criticism _h secur$ a foo?old among ,*ri/ian s*ol>s 7 ! results ( ,jewi% inve/igation made use (4 ,9 ! same way ! purely negative conclusions ( "s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian h]etics1 bas$ ^u dogmatic consid]ations r ?an hi/orical inve/igations1 h no organic connection ) ! inve/igations & results ( mod]n criticism4 ,x is p]fectly correct1 !re=e1 to /ate t ! mod]n high] criticism _h its bir? 9 ! great awak5+ ( ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation4 ,!y gave to x a life & an impetus :i* f t day to ?is h n abat$ 9 ! lea/4 ,"s ( ! re=m]s !mselves & _! c[ork]s advanc$ views :i* lat] inve/igation has confirm$ & exp&$4 ,c>l/adt1 = example1 ! fri5d & c[ork] ( ,lu!r1 publi%$ 9 #aebj an essay 9 :i* he argu$1 on ! gr\nd t ! /yle ( n>ration 9 ! acc\nt ( ,moses's dea? :i*1 he believ$1 0 n writt5 by ,moses1 0 #ha ! same z 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 t x might be held t ,moses did n write ! entire ,p5tateu*4 ,! fre$om ) :i* ,lu!r criticiz$ bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t books is well kn[n4 ,conc]n+ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he admitt$ t ! books ( ,k+s 7 m cr$ible ?an ,*ronicles4 ,:at w\ld x matt]1 he asks1 if ,moses did n write ! ,p5tateu*8 ,he ?9ks x probable t ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,hosea1 & ,ecclesia/es receiv$ _! f9al =m at ! h&s ( r$actors4 ,! te/imony ( ! psalm titles he does n reg>d z conclusive4 ,he admits *ronological difficulties & contradictions 9 ! /atem5ts ( hi/orical facts4 ,he conc$es t we d n always he> ,god himself speak+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,e/h] might well h be5 left out ( ! canon1 & ,fir/ ,maccabees might h be5 includ$4 ,if ?is is n criticism1 :at is8 ,! case ( ,lu!r has be5 m5tion$ simply to %[ ! absurdity ( ! claim t mod]n high] criticism is ! outgr[? ( ,g]man rationalism or ,engli% deism or infidelity2 or t a man :o pursues ,old ,te/am5t /udy on ! l9e ( ! high] criticism is necess>ily an infidel1 a rationali/1 or a fool4 ,true1 !re h be5 & are ^? out ( sympa?y ) ,*ri/ianity or ! ,bible :o h employ$ critical me?ods 9 c>ry+ on _! anti-,*ri/ian w>f>e2 b #hb su* misuse ( critical me?ods no m proves ! illegitimacy ( ?is process ( inve/igation ?an ! employm5t ( a surgical in/rum5t1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( a skillful surgeon1 may be ! means ( sav+ a diseas$ organism1 by a murd]] to c>ry out 8 de/ructive aim1 w\ld prove t ! use ( all surgical in/rum5ts is unsci5tific or crim9al4 ,! va/ majority ( ! s-call$ high] critics d n des]ve ! d5unciations heap$ ^u !m by "s :o consid] !mselves sole def5d]s ( ! fai?4 ,mo/ ( !m are ,*ri/ian m5 ^: loyalty to ,*ri/1 ^: devotion to ! tru?1 & ^: s9c]ity ( motive no "o has reason or "r to "q or d\bt4 ,x is exce$+ly un=tunate t _m writ]s h fail$ to recognize ?is fact4 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( biblical criticism c accept ! foll[+ z a true *>act]ization ( s]i\s critics3 ,i mean by pr(essional critic1 "o :o sp5ds 8 "t & /r5g? 9 try+ to f9d "s error or discrepancy 9 ! ,bible2 &1 if he ?9ks he does1 rejoice? z '"o :o f9de? great spoil'2 :o hopes1 :ile he works1 t he may succe$1 ?9k+ !reby to obta9 a "n & notoriety = himself4#aj ,9 a simil> _s ,sir ,rob]t ,&]son speaks ( ! =eign infidel type ( s*ol> 444 z ignorant ( man & 8 ne$s z a monk1 & z ignorant ( ,god & 8 ways z a monkey4#aa #hc ,su* abuse is un*ri/ian1 & no good c be accompli%$ by x4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is m adequately express$ by ,james ,orr :5 he says3 ,!re are1 "o mu/ own1 few out/&+ s*ol>s at ! pres5t day on ! ,cont95t or 9 ,brita9--9 ,am]ica x is some:at diff]5t--:o d n 9 great] or less degree accept conclusions reg>d+ ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! k9d ord9>ily d5om9at$ critical4 ,yet among ! =emo/ are _m :om no "o :o und]/&s _! "w w\ld dream z class+ z o!r ?an believ+1 & def5d]s ( reveal$ religion4#ab ,!n1 aft] m5tion+ a numb] ( s*ol>s1 he describes !m z all m or less critics1 b all conv9c$ uphold]s ( sup]natural revelation4 ,b ev5 among ^! ,*ri/ian1 evangelical1 high] critics a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 two classes4 ,! "o may be call$1 = want ( a bett] "n1 traditional1 because its adh]5ts insi/ t _! inve/igations on ! l9e ( ! high] criticism h confirm$ 9 all ess5tials ! positions held dur+ _m c5turies4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t _m s*ol>s :o are sometimes quot$ z uphold]s ( ! traditional view are ready to make _m concessions to ^? :o believe t ! traditional views are no long] t5able4#ac ,on ! o!r h& is a class ( critics :i* may be call$ nontraditional1 critics :o claim t #hd _! inve/igations1 :ile confirm+ ! tru? ( _m traditional positions1 compel !m 9 o!r cases to set aside ! traditional views 9 favor ( "s m 9 accord ) ! facts 9 ! case4 ,x may be difficult to /ate all ! causes responsible = ! diff]5ces 9 ! conclusions ( ^! two classes ( critics4 ,h[ev]1 ! writ+s ( "s s*ol>s 9 ! =m] class seem to %[ t ! au?ors are influ5c$1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 by ! fe> t fur!r concessions w\ld affect ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( inspiration4 ,ano!r cause may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! pres5t g5]ation ( ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>s receiv$ its tra9+ l>gely at ! h&s ( ^? accu/om$ to ! traditional viewpo9t2 ! influ5ce ( ?is e>ly tra9+ manife/s itself to "s ext5t 9 ! pres5t attitude4 ,a m important cause1 h[ev]1 is suppli$ by ! nature ( ! evid5ce ^u ! basis ( :i* ^! critical que/ions mu/ be settl$4 ,ma!matical demon/ration is impossible 9 v _m cases4 ,! critic mu/ be qualifi$ to e/imate probabilities1 & v>i\s degrees ( probability1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! gr\nds on :i* x re/s4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case1 ! p]sonal elem5t ent]s into ! e/imate ( ! degree ( probability4 ,:at to "s may appe> a high degree ( probability1 or am\nt to practical c]ta9ty1 may to ano!r inve/igator1 p]haps less famili> ) #he ! facts 9 ! case1 appe> ( less value & lead him to reject ! conclusion entirely4 ,z long z ?is condition ( affairs cont9ues--& !re is no reason to suppose t x ev] w be o!rwise--p]fect agreem5t among critical inve/igators ne$ n be expect$2 b a fair & ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! facts by all mu/ be insi/$ ^u4 ,x is n necess>y to enl>ge ^u ! views ( ! traditional class ( critics1 = !irs are ! views ) :i* mo/ ,*ri/ians n[ liv+ h be5 famili> s9ce _! *ildhood4 ,9 ord] to und]/&1 h[ev]1 ! be>+ ( ! nontraditional criticism ^u ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t x is necess>y to consid] ! mo/ important conclusions ( ! nontraditional class ( evangelical criticism2 & to ^! conclusions we may n[ turn our att5tion4 #a4 ,mod]n criticism has plac$ into cle>] light ! progressive "* ( ,old ,te/am5t revelation4 ,god is ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & =ev]1 b man has tak5 _m advance /eps2 & z he advanc$ 8 spiritual capacities & p[]s ( appreh5sion increas$4 ,?is gr[? enabl$ him to secure1 f g5]ation to g5]ation & f c5tury to c5tury1 dur+ ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation1 an ev]-broad5+ & deep5+ conception ( ! nature & "* ( ,god & ( 8 w4 ,! ,old #hf ,te/am5t books1 says ,k5t1 are ! h>moni\s & _m-sid$ record ( t5 c5turies ( /r5u\s human endeavor to "k & to d ! w ( ,god1 & ( 8 full & graci\s response to t ef=t4#ad #b4 ,=m]ly ! beg9n+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t canon 0 trac$ to ,moses4 ,he 0 ?\ght n only to h writt5 ! books ( ! ,p5tateu* b to h giv5 to !m (ficial sanction z canonical books4 ,to ^! books 7 gradually add$ ! o!r sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t on ! au?ority ( ! div9ely *os5 successors ( ,moses1 l ,jo%ua1 ,samuel1 & ! prophets4 ,! close ( ! canon 0 ascrib$ to ,ezra1 :o1 accord+ to lat] views1 _h to %>e ! honor ) ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue4 ,mod]n criticism assigns new dates to "s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books2 x believes t ! exile 0 a p]iod ( great spiritual & intellectual activity1 & a numb] ( books are plac$ subsequ5t to ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 :i* 9 itself w\ld imply a d5ial ( ! view t ! canon 0 f9ally clos$ 9 ! days ( ,ezra4 ,! mod]n critical view is t ! ,old ,te/am5t books 7 canoniz$--:atev] ! dates ( _! writ+--gradually & at a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,! canonization ( ! ,law is plac$ at ab\t ,b4,c4 #djj1 t ( ! ,prophets betwe5 ,b4,c4 #bej & ,b4,c4 #ahj1 :ile ! ?ird #hg division ( ! ,jewi% canon1 ! ,writ+s1 is believ$ to h acquir$ canonical au?ority dur+ ! second & fir/ c5turies ,b4,c4 #c4 ,=m]ly ! ord] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books det]m9$ l>gely ! view ( ! developm5t ( ,hebrew religion4 ,j z 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! ,gospels occupy fir/ place1 ! ,epi/les be+ expositions ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,gospels1 s x 0 ?\ght t ! ,law ( ! ,p5tateu*1 com+ f ! h&s ( ,moses1 s]v$ z ! basis ( ! religi\s developm5t ( ! ,hebrews dur+ subsequ5t c5turies4 ,! prophets 7 look$ ^u *iefly z exp\nd]s & int]pret]s ( ?is ,law4 ,mod]n criticism has introduc$ a *ange ( viewpo9t4 ,x does n d5y ! pre-exilic exi/5ce ( all law1 or ( sacrifice1 or ( a c]emonial1 or ( o!r prie/ly elem5ts1 b x believes t 9 ! religi\s developm5t ( ,israel1 ! pre-exilic p]iod 0 prem95tly ! p]iod ( ! prophets1 :ile ! religi\s life dur+ ! po/-exilic p]iod 0 dom9at$ by ! prie/s1 ! prie/ly type ( religion f9d+ lit]>y expression 9 ! c]emonial sy/em embodi$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 #d4 ,accord+ to mod]n criticism1 compilation _h a prom95t place 9 ! production ( ,old ,te/am5t books4 ,! composite "* ( ! ,p5tateu* is t\*$ ^u 9 ! next p>agraph1 b1 9 addition1 x is believ$ t #hh !re is suffici5t evid5ce to e/abli% ! composite "* ( practically all ! o!r hi/orical books4 ,mc,fadyen accurately repres5ts ! mod]n viewpo9t :5 he says1 ,9 ! light ( all ^! facts ! g5]al possibility1 if n ! practical c]ta9ty1 ( ! composit5ess ( ! hi/orical books may be conc$$4#ae ,evid5ces ( compilation are se5 also 9 sev]al ( ! prophetic books4 ,! assignm5t ( ,isaiah & ,ze*>iah to m ?an "o au?or ea* furni%es p]haps ! be/ kn[n examples1 b o!r prophetic books are simil>ly divid$4 #e4 ,! ,p5tateu* is no long] assign$ 9 its entirety to ,moses2 x is ?\ght1 r1 to conta9 mat]ial select$ f f\r diff]5t s\rces1 :i* ! compil] _h be=e him 9 writ+4#af ,^! docum5ts did n rea* _! f9al =m until "s "t subsequ5t to ,moses1 b all ( !m conta9$ anci5t mat]ial1 mu* ( x go+ back to ! "t ( ,moses1 "s ( x ev5 to pre-,mosaic days4 ,among ! cont5ts ( ! ,p5tateu* special att5tion is call$ to ?ree legal codes--! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 ! ,deut]onomic ,code1 & ! ,prie/ly ,code--belong+ to diff]5t p]iods 9 ,hebrew hi/ory1 & reflect+ diff]5t /ages 9 ! religi\s & social developm5t ( ! nation4 ,! ,deut]onomic ,code1 9 "s =m1 is believ$ to h be5 ! basis ( ! re=ms in/itut$ by ,josiah #hi & to h be5 writt5 mo/ probably dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,on ^! g5]al que/ions respect+ ! ,p5tateu* !re seems to be g5]al agreem5t among critical s*ol>s2 on ! o!r h&1 !re is wide div]g5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ po9ts ( detail1 su* z ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* ! sev]al docum5ts rea*$ _! f9al =m1 _! exact dates1 ! mann] & "t ( _! compilation1 ! detail$ di/ribution ( ! mat]ial among ! sev]al s\rces1 etc4 ,! diff]5ces ( op9ion on ^! po9ts are due to ! fact t ! data ^u ! basis ( :i* ! problems mu/ be solv$ are n suffici5tly num]\s or decisive4 #f4 ,d\bt is ?r[n ^u ! au?or%ip ( a numb] ( ,old ,te/am5t books1 or p>ts ( books1 :i* h be5 assign$ to c]ta9 au?ors by bo? ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,z already /at$1 ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu* is d5i$2 ! book ( ,lam5tation is tak5 away f ,j]emiah2 p>ts ( ,isaiah & ,ze*>iah & ! :ole ( ,daniel are assign$ to p]sons o!r ?an ! prophets be>+ ^! names4 ,! accuracy ( ! psalm titles is que/ion$2 few ( ! psalms1 if any1 are assign$ to ,david or 8 age2 & mo/ ( ! psalms--by "s s*ol>s all--are plac$ 9 ! po/-exilic p]iod4 ,a cons]vative s*ol>1 l ,w4 ,t4 ,davison1 is n will+ to say m ?an t #ij f t5 to tw5ty psalms--includ+ #c1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #ah1 #bc1 #bd1 #cb1 & p]haps #aja & #aaj--may h come d[n to u f ,david's p51 b t ! numb] c h>dly be great]1 & may be /ill less4#ag ,! same unc]ta9ty is believ$ to exi/ respect+ ! au?or%ip ( ,prov]bs & ( ,ecclesia/es1 :i* is consid]$ "o ( ! late/ books 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t canon4 ,o!r books1 l ,job1 :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( ext]nal te/imony 7 =m]ly assign$ to an e>ly date1 are n[ plac$ 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,9 addition to ^! results t\*+ ^u matt]s practically unrecogniz$ be=e1 ! high] criticism has emphasiz$ "s tru?s :i*1 ?\gh kn[n1 ex]t$ little1 if any1 influ5ce ^u ! conception or /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,( ^! p]haps ! mo/ important are1 fir/1 t ! ,old ,te/am5t is n s mu* a s+le book z a libr>y consi/+ ( _m books ( diff]5t dates & au?or%ip1 ?\gh all ^! books may be held toge!r by "o common _s & purpose2#ah &1 second1 t 9 ^! books are repres5t$ practically all ! v>i\s =ms & k9ds ( lit]>y composition t c be f\nd 9 ! lit]atures ( o!r nations4 ,^! are p]haps ! mo/ important conclusions rea*$ by ! nontraditional high] critics4 ,"s may n be will+ to admit t #ia ^! conclusions are well f\nd$1 &1 inde$1 ! cauti\s among ! critics v c&idly /ate t 9 mo/ cases sci5tific demon/ration is impossible1 t probability ( v>y+ degrees is an important elem5t 9 ! conclusions2 b unless "o has foll[$ ^? :o h rea*$ ! conclusions into e detail ( _! inve/igation1 he is h>dly compet5t to pass a valid judgm5t4 ,& x is well to rememb] :at seems to be an indisputable fact1 t ) v few exceptions ,old ,te/am5t exp]ts ev]y:]e agree ess5tially on ^! results1 & t an ev]-increas+ numb] ( s]i\s ,old ,te/am5t /ud5ts ^: compet5cy & s9c]ity _c be d\bt$ feel compell$ to accept ^! conclusions1 conv9c$ t ! traditional views _c be ma9ta9$ )\t num]\s modifications4 ,?is fact may n e/abli% ! tru? ( ^! conclusions2 nev]!less1 x may s]ve z a suffici5t reason = ! consid]ation ( ano!r "q3 ,%\ld ! tru? ( ! conclusions enum]at$ be e/abli%$ beyond a possibility ( d\bt1 :at w\ld be ! effect ^u ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,:at w\ld become ( its inspiration or au?ority1 ( ! sup]natural 9 its hi/ory1 ( ! "w & "* ( ,moses1 ,isaiah1 or ,david2 &1 p]haps mo/ important ( all1 :at effect w\ld ?is h ^u ! au?ority ( ,jesus ,*ri/ himself8 #ib ,! mo/ important & vital ( ^! que/ions may be consid]$ fir/4 ,h[ d ! conclusions ( ! nontraditional high] criticism affect ! au?ority ( ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,?is "q arises *iefly 9 connection ) inve/igations into ! au?or%ip ( ,old ,te/am5t books1 especially ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,psalms1 & ,isaiah4 ,x is ass]t$ t s9ce ,*ri/ quotes & ref]s to passages f ! books be>+ ! names ( ,moses1 ,david1 & ,isaiah1 app>5tly z if !y _h be5 writt5 by ^! m51 any claim t ^! passages 7 n writt5 by ! au?ors m5tion$ is an indication ( unbelief1 an insult to ,*ri/1 & a d5ial ( 8 au?ority4 ,if ,moses did n write ! ,p5tateu*1 says ,l4 ,w4 ,munhall1 or any portion ( x1 & ! highe/ critics 7,jesus ,*ri/ & ! ,holy ,_s7 decl>e he did1 x w\ld be a lie4 ,x w\ld be none ! less a lie1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,jews held traditionally t ,moses 0 ! au?or ( ^! books4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,highe/ ,critics is absolutely un]r+ly & et]nally true1 & he :o hesitates to receive x z aga9/ all o!r te/imonies is disloyal to ! tru?4#ai ,cle>ly1 ?is /atem5t is bas$ ^u ! assumption t ,jesus gave delib]ate decisions on que/ions ( au?or%ip1 :i* assumption _c be sub/antiat$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is well to note t 9 less ?an "o fif? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t #ic quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t is a p]sonal "n connect$ ) ! quotation2 ,jesus himself1 9 quot+ f ! ,p5tateu* & o!r ,old ,te/am5t books1 frequ5tly omits all ref]5ce to ! alleg$ au?or1 :i* %[s t he consid]$ ! "q ( au?or%ip ( no special significance 9 comp>ison ) ! tru? taught4 ,moreov]1 9 "s cases at lea/1 ! exact =m ( quotation is d\btful4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ,matt4 #ae4 #d1 ,god said1 ) ,m>k #g4 #aj1 ,moses said2 & ,luke #bj4 #cg1 ,moses %[$1 9 ! place conc]n+ ! ,bu%1 ) ,m>k #ab4 #bf1 ,h ye n read 9 ! book ( ,moses1 9 ! place conc]n+ ! ,bu% h[ ,god spake unto him1 ) ,matt4 #bb4 #ca1 :i*1 ref]r+ to ! same /atem5t1 introduces x by1 ,h ye n read t :i* 0 spok5 unto y by ,god8 ,:i* "o ( ! evangeli/s has pres]v$ ! actual words ( ,jesus8 ,b ev5 admitt+ t ,jesus us$ 9 ^! & o!r passages a p]sonal "n1 does ?is imply a decision respect+ au?or%ip8 ,9 extra-biblical lit]ature no "o w\ld raise s]i\s objection to ! use ( ! "n ( a man to designate a book )\t imply+ t ! man nam$ 0 ! au?or ( ! entire book4 ,?is is done also 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! s]mon ( ,pet]1 ,samuel evid5tly is us$ 9 ! s5se ( book ( ,samuel1 = ! ref]5ce #id is n to an utt]ance ( ,samuel b ( ,na?an1#bj & x _c imply au?or%ip1 = "s ( ! ev5ts record$ 9 ,fir/ ,samuel & ^? 9 ,second ,samuel occurr$ aft] ,samuel's dea?4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1#ba a psalm is ref]r$ to z ,david1 :i* is n ev5 by ! title assign$ to ! great k+ ( ,israel4#bb ,might x n be1 !re=e1 t ,moses 0 us$ z a designation ( a book1 )\t a ?\ght ( au?or%ip4 ,?is seems to be ! case 9 #b ,cor4 #c4 #ae3 ,:5soev] ,moses is read1 a veil lie? ^u _! he>t4#bc ,all ^! facts sugge/ t :ile ,jesus frequ5tly quotes ! ,p5tateu*1 & 9 "s cases connects ! "n ( ,moses ) x1 he nev] does s to prove t ,moses wrote x4 ,w4 ,t4 ,davison describes ! situation correctly :5 he writes1 ,a /udy ( ! :ole use ( ! ,old ,te/am5t made by ,*ri/ 9 8 tea*+ %[s t ! que/ions ( date & au?or%ip ) :i* criticism is *iefly conc]n$ 7 n be=e ! m9d ( our ,"l z he spoke1 nor 0 x 8 object to pron\nce ^u !m4#bd ,b ev5 admitt+ t ! ref]5ces ( ,jesus imply 9 "s cases a recognition ( au?or%ip1 ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r ! few passages quot$ c>ry ) !m ! au?or%ip ( ! entire book f :i* ! quotations are made4 ,!re are ev5 "s cons]vative s*ol>s :o #ie answ] ?is "q 9 ! negative4 ,aft] enum]at+ "s ( ! passages ref]r$ to by ,jesus z com+ f ,moses1 ,c4 ,h4 ,h4 ,wright cont9ues3 ,all1 h[ev]1 t c be fairly d$uc$ f su* /atem5ts is1 ! ,p5tateu* conta9s portions writt5 by ,moses4 ,x does n foll[ t ! five books z a :ole 7 writt5 by t lawgiv]4#be ,?\gh ?is explanation seems satisfactory to "s1 o!rs consid] x some:at =c$ & unnatural1 & !y are incl9$ to give diff]5t int]pretations ( ! words ( ,jesus4 ,_m hold t 9 8 ref]5ces to ,old ,te/am5t books ,jesus accommodat$ himself to ! usage ( ! ,jews )\t indors+ _! views or giv+ expression to 8 own1 ev5 ?\gh he knew t ! commonly held op9ions z to ! au?or%ip ( c]ta9 ,old ,te/am5t books 7 errone\s4 ,^? :o advocate ?is view believe t _! attitude 9 no wise di%onors ! ,ma/]4 ,inde$1 !y say1 "o _c easily see :at o!r c\rse he c\ld h tak54 ,jesus _h come to reveal ! ,fa!r1 to br+ a fall5 race into h>mony ) a holy ,god4 ,surely1 ! task 0 great1 & !re 0 b little "t 9 :i* to accompli% x4 ,if he _h turn$ aside f 8 *ief purpose to settle sci5tific & lit]>y que/ions :i* 7 n "u discussion among ! p1 he w\ld h ar\s$ popul> #if opposition & ?us h h9d]$ 8 *ief "w4 ,9 no case d 8 ref]5ces imply t he desir$ to pron\nce an au?oritative critical judgm5t1 & 9 no case does ! value ( ! quotation dep5d ^u its au?or%ip4 ,look+ at ! matt]1 !re=e1 f a p$agogical /&po9t1 x w\ld seem t1 9 view ( 8 important mission 9 ! _w1 he 0 compell$ to accommodate himself to ! views ( ! p 9 all matt]s n ess5tial to 8 "w4 ,?is view seems entirely satisfactory to _m s9c]e ,*ri/ian believ]s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ^? :o ma9ta9 t x w\ld n h be5 legitimate = ,jesus ?us to accommodate himself to ! usage ( ! p if he _h kn[n t _! views 7 n 9 accord ) ! facts2 nev]!less1 !y insi/ t 8 utt]ances d n settle purely lit]>y que/ions4 ,!y believe t ,jesus %>$ ! views ( ! p1 t he actually ?\ght t ,moses wrote ! entire ,p5tateu*1 & ,isaiah1 ! :ole ( ! book be>+ 8 "n2 b t ?is 0 a limitation ( k on 8 "p4 ,& !y fur!r insi/ t ?is attitude t[>d ,jesus 9 no wise affects ! supreme & f9al au?ority ( ! ,*ri/ ov] ! lives ( m54 ,! entire life ( ! ,ma/]1 !y say1 %[s t he reg>d$ 8 mission z spiritual2 he did n come to correct all errors1 b m]ely ^? t\*+ religion & #ig e?ics2 & ev5 "h he did n give detail$ specific rules4 ,9 _m cases he simply laid d[n great pr9ciples1 :i* 9 "t might be work$ out & appli$ to ! details ( human activity4 ,he did n aboli% slav]y1 he made no ef=ts to correct errors 9 sci5ce2 :y %\ld he correct errone\s views respect+ lit]>y & critical que/ions8 ,^! 7 outside ( 8 imm$iate sph]e ( int]e/4 ,8 k or ignorance 9 ^! second>y matt]s does n necess>ily involve 8 k or au?ority 9 ess5tials4#bf ,aga91 :ile ,*ri/ 0 ,god1 he 0 also truly man4 ,?is union ( ! div9e ) ! human1 if real1 mu/ h br\ght "s limitations4 ,& ! ,new ,te/am5t cle>ly tea*es t 9 "s respects ! p[]s ( ,*ri/ 7 limit$4 ,8 omnipot5ce 0 limit$1 else he c\ld n h felt hung]1 we>9ess1 pa91 etc4 ,z /r5g? 0 ne$$1 x 0 suppli$4 ,x may h be5 !re pot5tially1 b n actually4 ,might x n h be5 ! same ) omnisci5ce8 ,9 "o case1 at lea/1 ,jesus admits t 8 k 0 limit$3 ,b ( t day or h\r kn[e? no "o1 n ev5 ! angels 9 heav51 nei!r ! ,son1 b ! ,fa!r4#bg ,&1 surely1 t :i*1 accord+ to ?is admission1 0 hidd5 f ,jesus 01 z comp>$ ) a "q ( ! au?or%ip ( a biblical book1 ( inf9itely great] importance4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 #ih t ,b4 ,p4 ,raymond is "r :5 he says3 ,to affirm t he _h k ( ! critical que/ions :i* agitate ,*ri/ian s*ol>s to-day is to d5y t he 0 made l unto 8 bre?r54 ,x is to compromise ! reality ( 8 humanity & to />t on ! road t leads to docetism4 ,fairbairn's conclusions are j2 ',! humanity ( ! ,savi\r mu/ be absolutely real4'#bh ,!re are1 !n1 ?ree explanations ( ! ref]5ces ( ,*ri/ to ! au?or%ip ( ,old ,te/am5t books1 ea* "o ( :i* seems p]fectly fair1 natural1 &1 above all1 scriptural2 & ea* "o %[s t 8 utt]ances d n f9ally settle purely lit]>y que/ions4 ,?is conclusion1 s9ce x is 9 p]fect accord ) ! ,new ,te/am5t1 c 9 no wise be con/ru$ z an insult to ! ,*ri/1 nor does x affect 9 ! lea/ ! au?ority ( ,jesus 9 matt]s religi\s & e?ical4 ,:at is said "h ( ! words ( ,jesus is equally true1 ) "s slight modifications1 ( simil> ,new ,te/am5t ref]5ces com+1 n f ,jesus directly1 b f ! au?ors ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ?is "q ( vital int]e/ we may turn to ano!r1 also ( great importance1 namely1 :at is ! effect ( critical conclusions ^u ! belief 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ! sup]natural 9 its hi/ory1 & 9 its au?ority8 ,all ^! que/ions #ii c5t] 9 "o1 = inspiration implies ! pres5ce ( a sup]natural elem5t1 & ! au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t dep5ds ^u ! reality ( its inspiration4 ,h5ce ! real "q is1 ,h ! conclusions ( ! high] criticism disprov$1 or 9 any s]i\s way affect$1 ! reality ( ! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s8 ,?is inquiry mu/ be answ]$ ) an emphatic ,no4 ,inspiration does n dep5d ^u ! fact t a c]ta9 def9ite individual is responsible = a writ+4 ,a book is inspir$ because ,god is back ( x & 9 x1 & n because a c]ta9 man wrote x4 ,nor does belief 9 inspiration dep5d ^u ! k ( ! human au?or1 else h[ c\ld ,*ri/ians believe 9 ! inspiration ( ! m5 :o wrote books l ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ! book ( ,job1 ! books ( ,samuel1 & o!r biblical books ^: au?ors are n nam$8 ,moreov]1 an inspir$ book does n lose its inspiration because x is discov]$ t ! human ag5t inspir$ is "o diff]5t f ! man to :om tradition has be5 accu/om$ to assign ! book4 ,w\ld ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* be any less div9e if x %\ld be prov$ t !y 7 ! product ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! *os5 p f ! "t ( ,moses to ! exile8 ,w\ld ! ,psalms cease to lift u into ! pres5ce ( ,god1 if x %\ld be demon/rat$ t mo/ ( !m came #ajj f a p]iod lat] ?an ,david8 ,is ! book ( ,job less maje/ic & sublime because we "k n ! "t or place ( its bir?8 ,are ! ,prov]bs less in/ructive because criticism claims t !y d n all come f ! son ( ,david8#bi ,once m3 inspiration is n conf9$ to any =m ( lit]ature2 a p>able may be z truly inspir$ z hi/ory2 & ! inspiration ( a book does n vani% :5 x is assign$ to "o =m ( lit]ature r ?an to ano!r4 ,! conclusions ( ! legitimate high] criticism 9 no wise t5d t[>d a d5ial ( ! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,inspiration1 ! special div9e provid5ce ov] ,israel1 ,god's int]f]5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *os5 p1 w\ld /& out z prom95tly z ev] if e claim ( ! high] criticism %\ld be prov$ true4 ,mo/ critical s*ol>s are ready to indorse ! words ( ,pr(essor ,s&ay3 ,my exp]i5ce is t criticism leads /raight up to ! sup]natural1 & n away f x4#cj ,b if ?is be true1 h[ c any au?ority :i* rightly belongs to ! ,old ,te/am5t be affect$ by criticism8 ,?is au?ority belongs to x by virtue ( its inspiration1 & ! voice ( ,god is n sil5c$ by ! conclusions ( mod]n criticism4 ,b1 "s "o w say1 if ?is is true h[ is x t criticism has be5 & /ill is condemn$ unsp>+ly by _m m5 ^: s9c]ity #aja & love = ! tru? _c be call$ into "q8 ,!re are sev]al reasons = ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place ev5 "s v intellig5t m5 seem to misund]/& bo? ! purpose & ! claims ( ! high] criticism4 ,ano!r reason is t !re are ev5 among ! evangelical critics ^? :o lack judgm5t1 & :o p]mit !mselves to draw inf]5ces unw>rant$ by ! facts 9 ! case4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ill-in=m$ p]sons h conclud$ t all ! results ( criticism are unw>rant$ by ! facts4 ,a ?ird reason is t "s critics are arrogant & obnoxi\s 9 ! pres5tation ( _! views1 &1 !re=e1 br+ ! entire process into disrepute4 ,a f\r?1 & p]haps ! mo/ important1 reason is t 9 addition to ! legitimate high] criticism discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ pages !re is an illegitimate criticism :i* v frequ5tly1 ?\gh errone\sly1 is ?\ght to be ! only k9d ( criticism practic$4 ,?is criticism also /udies ! facts1 b--& ?is is its di/+ui%+ feature--its inve/igations are color$ by c]ta9 presuppositions1 su* z ! belief 9 a mat]iali/ic or dei/ic evolution1 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* !re is no room = inspiration1 or = ! sup]natural1 or = miracles1 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( ^! t]ms4 ,?is k9d ( criticism is n legitimate1 because x is n sci5tific1 proce$+ z x does on ! basis ( an une/abli%$1 #ajb un*ri/ian1 & impossible view ( ! univ]se4 ,b high] critics belong+ to ?is class are few 9 numb]1 & fairness & ,*ri/ian c\rtesy dem& t 9 any discussion ( ! subject cle> di/9ctions %\ld be made betwe5 ?is criticism & t process ( inve/igation :i* is n only legitimate1 b indisp5sable4 ,x is also well to be> 9 m9d t ! conclusions ( ! illegitimate criticism w nev] be disprov$ by d5unciation1 b1 r1 by ! c>eful & pa9/ak+ labors ( ^? critics :o approa* _! /udies )\t ^! unw>rant$ assumptions4 ,"o m "q rema9s to be consid]$1 namely1 ,:at becomes ( ! m5 f :om criticism takes away at lea/ "p ( ! writ+s traditionally connect$ ) _! names8 ,prem95t among ^! are ,moses1 ,isaiah1 & ,david4 ,moses is n1 z is sometimes errone\sly ass]t$1 remov$ to ! realm ( my?s4#ca ,to prove ?is ass]tion x is only necess>y to quote ! words ( "o :o accepts ! results ( ! high] criticism z set =? above3 ,moses 0 ! man :o "u div9e direction 'hew$ ,israel f ! rock4' ,subsequ5t prophets & circum/ances *isel$ ! r\gh b[ld] into symmetrical =m1 b ! glory ( ! creative act is rightly attribut$ to ! fir/ great ,hebrew prophet4 ,z a lead] he n only creat$ a nation b guid$ !m ?r\gh inf9ite #ajc vicissitudes to a l& :]e !y might h a settl$ abode & develop into a /able p[]2 9 s do+ he left ^u 8 race ! impr9t ( 8 own mighty p]sonality4 ,z a judge he set 9 motion =ces :i* ultimately l$ to ! incorporation ( ! pr9ciples ( "r 9 objective laws4 ,z a prie/ he fir/ gave def9ite =m to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,z a prophet he ga!r$ toge!r all t 0 be/ 9 ! fai? ( 8 age & race1 &1 fus+ !m1 gave to 8 p a liv+ religion4 ,"u 8 enlight5$ guidance ,israel became truly & =ev] ! p ( ,jehovah4 ,?r\gh him ! ,div9e reveal$ himself to ,israel z _! ,deliv]]1 ,lead]1 & ,c\nselor--n af> (f1 b pres5t2 a ,god p[]ful & will+ to succor 8 p1 &1 !re=e1 "o to be tru/$ & lov$ z well z fe>$4 ,z ! acorn conta9s ! /urdy oak 9 embryo1 s ! revelation ?r\gh ,moses 0 ! g]m :i* develop$ into ! message ( ,israel to humanity4#cb ,isaiah1 ?\gh los+ "s ( ! sublime/ passages 9 ! book1 is /ill ! k+ among ! prophets4 ,9 ! words ( ,ewald1 a pron\nc$ advocate ( ! conclusions ( mod]n criticism3 ,( ! o!r prophets all ! m celebrat$ ones 7 di/+ui%$ by "s special excell5ce & peculi> p[]1 :e!r ( spee* or ( de$2 9 ,isaiah all ! p[]s & all ! beauties #ajd ( prophetic spee* & de$ comb9e to =m a symmetrical :ole2 he is di/+ui%$ less by any special excell5ce ?an by ! symmetry & p]fection ( all 8 p>ts4 ,!re are r>ely comb9$ 9 "o individual ! pr(\nde/ prophetic emotion & pure/ feel+1 ! mo/ unwe>i$1 successful1 & consi/5t activity amid all ! confusions & *anges ( life2 &1 la/ly1 true poetic g5ius & beauty ( /yle1 comb9$ ) =ce & irresi/ible p[]2 yet ?is triad ( p[]s we f9d realiz$ 9 ,isaiah z 9 no o!r prophet4#cc ,david1 inde$1 loses "s ( 8 halo1 if _m ( ! mo/ beautiful psalms are tak5 f him1 yet he rema9s ! man aft] ,god's own he>t4 ,accord+ to 8 light1 he s]v$ ! ,jehovah :om he knew ) m>vel\s fidelity & con/ancy4444 ,he rul$ ov] ! unit$ ,hebrew tribes z ,jehovah's repres5tative4 ,9 8 "n he f\ght ! battles aga9/ ,israel's foes1 :om he reg>d$ z ,jehovah's also4444 ,f ! spoils :i* he won 9 8 w>s he provid$ ! means :]e) to build a fitt+ dwell+ place = ! ,god ( 8 nation4 ,! prie/s f\nd 9 him a g5]\s patron1 & prophets l ,na?an 7 among 8 mo/ tru/$ c\nselors4 ,to d ! w ( ,jehovah z x 0 reveal$ to him 0 ! dom9at+ pr9ciple ( 8 life4 ,m _c be said ( any "o4#cd #aje ,a spl5did summ>y ( ! be>+ ( mod]n evangelical criticism ^u ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is giv5 by ,canon ,driv]3 ,x is n ! case t critical conclusions are 9 conflict ei!r ) ! ,*ri/ian cre$s or ) ! articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,^? conclusions affect n ! fact ( revelation b only its =m4 ,!y help to det]m9e ! /ages ?r\gh :i* x pass$1 ! diff]5t phases :i* x assum$1 & ! process by :i* ! record ( x 0 built up4 ,!y d n t\* ei!r ! au?ority or ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y imply no *ange 9 respect to ! div9e attributes reveal$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 no *ange 9 ! lessons ( human duty to be d]iv$ f x1 no *ange z to ! g5]al position 7ap>t f ! int]pretation ( p>ticul> passages7 t ! ,old ,te/am5t po9ts =w>d prophetically to ,*ri/4 ,t bo? ! religion ( ,israel itself & ! record ( its hi/ory embodi$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are ! "w ( m5 ^: he>ts h be5 t\*$ & m9ds illum9at$1 9 diff]5t degrees1 by ! ,_s ( ,god is manife/4#ce ,b n only has criticism n tak5 away any?+ ess5tial f ! ,bible2 on ! contr>y1 x has result$ 9 "s di/9ct ga9s4 ,! textual criticism has furni%$ ! mod]n #ajf /ud5t ) a mu* m accurate text ( ! biblical books1 :ile ! l+ui/ic criticism has e/abli%$ ! int]pretation ( ?is text ^u a firm] basis4 ,! high] criticism also has made invaluable contributions t[>d a m adequate und]/&+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,x has made impossible ! arbitr>y &1 sometimes1 unreasonable int]pretations ( scripture :i* 9 =m] ages h prov$ a s]i\s detrim5t to religion & !ology4 ,x has re/or$ to religi\s use "s ( ! biblical books almo/ =gott5 be=e1 & end[$ !m ) fle% & blood by ?r[+ bright light ^u ! circum/ances connect$ ) _! orig94 ,x has made x possible to secure a reasonable1 probable1 & ev5 ?rill+ view ( ! hi/ory & religion ( ,israel & ( ! /eps by :i* ! records ( ^! grew up4 ,_m ( ! moral1 religi\s1 & hi/orical difficulties :i* s]v$ z effective weapons to skeptics 9 all ages h disappe>$1 & ! weapons h be5 snat*$ f ! enemies ( ! ,bible4 ,_m ( ! confusions & app>5t discrepancies1 :i* accord+ to =m] !ories pres5t$ insurm\ntable difficulties1 h f\nd a satisfactory explanation4 ,high] criticism1 says ,r4 ,f4 ,horton1 s mu* dread$ by pi\s s\ls1 is furni%+ a conclusive answ] to ! untir+ oppon5ts ( revelation4#cf ,ev]yone kn[s #ajg t ! ,bible has be5 bitt]ly attack$ 9 ! pa/1 & t su* attacks h n altoge!r ceas$ ev5 n[2 b x is sometimes ov]look$ t 9 ! majority ( cases ^! attacks are made by m5 :o are1 or seem to be1 lam5tably ignorant ( ! attitude & results ( mod]n critical /udy4 ,_! argum5ts become absolutely p[]less aga9/ ! mod]n hi/orical int]pretation ( ! ,bible2 & ! m t int]pretation und]lies ! tea*+ ( ! "y1 ! m c]ta9 are ^? attacks to die a natural dea?4#cg ,!re are1 inde$1 few ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>s :o w\ld n indorse ! te/imony ( ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,peake1 giv5 9 a pap] on ,p]man5t ,results ( ,biblical ,criticism1 read be=e ! ,f\r? ,me?odi/ ,ecum5ical ,conf]5ce3 ,speak+ = myself1 ,i may tru?fully say t my s5se ( ! value ( ,scripture1 my int]e/ 9 x1 my atta*m5t to x1 h be5 almo/ indef9itely enhanc$ by ! new attitude & new mode ( /udy :i* criticism has br\ght to u4 ,,notes ,,on ,,*apt] ,,iii #a ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p4 #a4 #b ,! ,integrity ( ,scripture1 p4 #a4 #c ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,high] ,criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #he4 #d ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p4 #dg4 #ajh #e ,g5]al ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t3 ,! ,text1 pp4 #afb1 #afc4 #f ,j4 ,g4 ,ei*horn1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,alte ,te/am5t1 ,preface to ,second ,edition4 #g ,! ,elem5ts ( ! ,high] ,criticism1 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 #h ,*ri/ & ,criticism1 ,preface4 #i ,j4 ,p4 ,pet]s1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new ,s*ol>%ip1 p4 #hg4 #aj ,l4 ,w4 ,munhall1 ,anti-,high] ,criticism1 p4 #i4 ,= a discrim9at+ /udy ( ! !ological & philosophical bias ( ! m repres5tative ,old ,te/am5t critics1 see ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 ,janu>y1 #aiab1 pp4 #a;ff4 #aa ,! ,bible & ,mod]n ,criticism1 p4 #ai4 #ab ,! ,problem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 #g1 #h4 #ac ,"s ( ^! concessions are enum]at$ 9 ,j4 ,e4 ,mc,fadyen1 ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 pp4 #ae;ff4 ,! ,problem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 by ,james ,orr1 is (t5 quot$ z ov]?r[+ entirely ! positions ( mod]n criticism reg>d+ ! au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o reads ,orr's summ>y ( ! *ief results ( 8 own critical inve/igation 7pp4 #cga;ff471 ! "q may well be ask$1 ,:y %\ld he be consid]$ less ( a high] critic ?an1 = example1 ,wellhaus58 #ad ,! ,orig9 & ,p]man5t ,value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #cj4 #ae ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p4 #adc4 #af ,ev5 ^? :o "q ! exi/5ce ( f\r indep5d5t docum5ts assume ! activity ( at lea/ f\r diff]5t h&s4 #ag ,james ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aea4 #ah ,see above1 pp4 #cj;ff4 #ai ,! ,highe/ ,critics vs4 ,! ,high] ,critics1 pp4 #g1 #h4 #aji #bj ,acts #c4 #bd4 ,! passage 9 ! m9d ( ! apo/le seems to be #b ,sam4 #g4 #aa-af4 #ba ,heb4 #d4 #g4 #bb ,psa4 #ie4 #bc ,! orig9 ( ! designations ,moses ,p5tateu*1 ,samuel books ( ,samuel1 ,david book ( ,psalms1 mu/ be expla9$1 & c be expla9$2 b z ! m5tion ( ,samuel & ,david %[s1 x _c always re/ ^u ! fact ( au?or%ip1 :atev] ! popul> idea may h be54 #bd ,james ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aea4 #be ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #gf4 #bf ,see above1 p4 #ee4 #bg ,m>k #ac4 #cb4 #bh ,m4 ,s4 ,t]ry1 ,moses & ! ,prophets1 p4 #aid4 #bi ,c4 ,a4 ,briggs1 ,g5]al ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,holy ,scripture1 p4 #bf4 #cj ,quot$ 9 ,j4 ,e4 ,mc,fadyen1 ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p4 #bec4 #ca ,moses has1 inde$1 be5 remov$ by "s inve/igators to ! realm ( my?1 b n ^u ! basis ( conclusions rea*$ by ! legitimate mod]n criticism4 #cb ,c4 ,f4 ,k5t1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew ,p1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dd1 #de4 #cc ,prophets1 ,engli% translation1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #a4 #cd ,c4 ,f4 ,k5t1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew ,p1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afg4 #ce ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 viii1 ix4 #cf ,revelation & ! ,bible1 p4 #fa4 #cg ,j4 ,e4 ,mc,fadyen1 ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p4 #acf4 #aaj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,ar*eology ,a c5tury ago ! /ud5t ( ! _w's hi/ory f\nd x exce$+ly difficult1 if n impossible1 to pa9t = himself a cle> picture ( ev5ts ant$at+ ,b4,c4 #djj4 ,conc]n+ e>li] p]iods1 he 01 aside f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 practically )\t records t c\ld claim contemporane\sness ) ! ev5ts record$4 ,b1 "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 m5 _h comm5c$ to te/ e /atem5t1 be x hi/orical1 or sci5tific1 or !ological1 by sev]e canons ( criticism1 & if x c\ld n /& ! te/1 x 0 spe$ily reject$4 ,"o result ( ?is t5d5cy 0 to reject hi/orical /atem5ts ( ! ,bible :5 !y c\ld n be corroborat$ by reliable extra-biblical records4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has wr\ght a m>vel\s *ange4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t is no long] ! lone ,old ,te/am5t1 at ! m]cy ( ! sci5tific inve/igator4 ,! hi/orian & ! ,bible /ud5t n[ h at _! comm& lit]>y treasures almo/ )\t numb]1 p>tly contemporane\s ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p>tly old] by _m c5turies4 ,^! ri* treasures h be5 br\ght to light by ! #aaa p]sev]ance & pa9/ak+ toil ( ar*ologi/s1 ^: discov]ies h %$ light on human hi/ory dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! hi/orical movem5ts record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* ! ,hebrews _h a vital int]e/1 7 conf9$ *iefly to ! t]ritory betwe5 ! f\r seas ( we/]n ,asia3 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! t]ritory might be ext5d$ to include ,p]sia2 9 ! ,we/1 to include ,asia ,m9or2 & 9 ! ,s\? or ,s\?we/1 to include ,egypt1 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,all ^! di/ricts1 :i* may be designat$ ,bible l&s1 h be5 m or less ?or\ghly explor$1 & 9 mo/ ( !m excavations h be5 c>ri$ on4 ,! c\ntries 9 :i* ! mo/ valuable f9ds1 s f> z ,bible /udy is conc]n$1 h be5 made are ,pale/9e1 ,babylonia-,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,nor!rn ,syria1 ,pho5icia1 ,moab1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,ev5 be=e excavations 7 und]tak5 travel]s _h visit$ ^! diff]5t c\ntries & _h report$ _! obs]vations1 b ! in=mation ?us ga9$ 0 m or less vague1 & 9 _m cases ( no practical sci5tific value4#a ,!y saw _m /range m\nds & ru9s1 & notic$ & occasionally pick$ up fragm5ts ( inscriptions & monum5ts2 b no "o c\ld #aab deciph] ! inscriptions2 h5ce ! f9ds 7 pres]v$ simply z mem5toes & relics ( an unkn[n age1 f :i* no?+ c\ld be le>n$ conc]n+ ! hi/ory & civilization ( ! p t once occupi$ ^! l&s4 ,! m\nds & heaps ( ru9s :i* conta9$ ! real treasures 7 left undi/urb$ until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! pione] 9 ! "w ( excavation 9 ! t]ritory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 0 ,claudius ,james ,ri*1 :o1 :ile resid5t ( ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ,bagdad1 9 #ahaa1 visit$ & /udi$ ! ru9s ( ,babylon1 & a little lat] made simil> inve/igations 9 ! m\nds m>k+ ! site ( ! anci5t city ( ,n9eveh4 ,9 ! gullies cut by c5turies ( ra9 he ga!r$ num]\s little clay tablets1 cov]$ on e side ) ! same w$ge-%ap$ *>act]s z ^? se5 on ! fragm5ts f\nd by e>li] travel]s4 ,^! he sav$ c>efully1 & 9 "t pres5t$ !m to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,no sy/ematic excavations 7 c>ri$ on until #ahdb1 :5 ,p4 ,c4 ,botta 0 s5t by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t z vice-consul to ,mosul on ! upp] ,tigris4 ,he notic$ across ! riv] f ,mosul ext5sive artificial m\nds :i* 7 suppos$ to m>k ! site ( ! city ( ,n9eveh4 ,^! s ar\s$ 8 curiosity t he began digg+ 9 ! two mo/ prom95t m\nds4 ,fail+ to make #aac any discov]ies1 he transf]r$1 ! foll[+ ye>1 at ! sugge/ion ( a peasant1 8 activities to ,korsabad1 a few miles to ! nor!a/1 :]e ! digg+ produc$1 almo/ imm$iately1 />tl+ results4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 excavations he laid b>e a complex ( build+s :i* prov$ to be ! palace ( ,s>gon1 k+ ( ,assyria f ,b4,c4 #gbb to ,b4,c4 #gje1 a palace cov]+ an area ( ab\t tw5ty-five acres4 ,! walls ( ! v>i\s build+s 7 all wa9scott$ ) alaba/] slabs1 ^u :i* 7 repres5tations ( battles1 sieges1 triumphal processions1 & simil> ev5ts 9 ! life ( anci5t ,assyria4 ,he also f\nd1 9 ! c\rse ( ! excavations1 scores ( /range figures & colossi1 & num]\s o!r rema9s ( a long lo/ civilization4 ,botta's discov]ies fill$ ! :ole ar*ological _w ) en?usiasm4 ,ev5 be=e ,botta rea*$ ,mosul1 a "y ,engli%man1 ,au/9 ,h5ry ,lay>d1 visit$ ! t]ritory ( anci5t ,assyria1 & 0 s impress$ by its m\nds & ru9s t he resolv$ to exam9e !m ?or\ghly :5ev] x might be 9 8 p[] to d s4 ,?is resolution 0 tak5 9 ,april1 #ahdj1 b m ?an five ye>s elaps$ be=e he began op]ations4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to foll[ ,lay>d's "w z describ$ by him 9 a mo/ fasc9at+ mann] 9 ,n9eveh & ,its ,rema9s1 & o!r writ+s1 :i* give #aad complete records ( ! wond]ful successes he a*iev$ :]ev] he w5t4 ,nev] aga9 did ! labors entirely cease1 ?\gh !re 7 p]iods ( decl9e4 ,lay>d's op]ations 7 cont9u$ "u ! direction ( ,rassam1 ,taylor1 ,l(tus1 & ,h5ry ,c4 ,rawl9son2 ! ,fr5* op]ations 7 9 *>ge ( su* m5 z ,place1 ,?omas1 ,fresnell1 & ,opp]t4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n until #ahgc t o!r />tl+ discov]ies 7 made1 *iefly "u ! direction ( ,george ,smi?1 :o 0 s5t by ! ,daily ,telegraph1 ( ,london1 to visit ! site ( ,n9eveh = ! purpose ( f9d+1 if possible1 fragm5ts ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt ( ! ,deluge1 p>ts ( :i* he _h previ\sly discov]$ on tablets t _h be5 %ipp$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 #ahgg ,france s5t ,erne/ de ,s>zec z consul to ,bosra 9 ,l[] ,babylonia4 ,8 int]e/ 9 ar*ology l$ him to inve/igate "s ( ! m\nds 9 ! neighborhood1 & he soon began "w at "o call$ ,telloh4 ,9 ! c\rse ( sev]al campaigns1 :i* cont9u$ until #ahid1 he une>!d a great v>iety ( mat]ial illu/rative ( primitive ages1 among 8 treasures be+ palaces1 /atues1 vases1 ?\s&s ( tablets1 & v>i\s o!r articles ( int]e/4 ,! fir/ /eps t[>d s5d+ out an ,am]ican exp$ition = excavation 7 tak5 at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society 9 ! spr+ ( #aae #ahhd4 ,9 ! fall ( ! same ye> a prelim9>y exp$ition ( exploration 0 s5t out1 :i* complet$ its labors dur+ ! w9t] & spr+1 return+ 9 ,june1 #ahhe4 ,b ! means = excavation 7 n =?com+ until #ahhh1 :5 a well-equipp$ exp$ition 0 s5t out "u ! auspices ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,f\r successive campaigns 7 c>ri$ on ^u ! great m\nds ( ,nuff>1 ! site ( ,nippur1 a c5t] ( e>ly ,babylonian life4 ,ea* exp$ition br\ght to light ar*itectural & arti/ic rema9s & _m ?\s&s ( tablets1 ?r[+ light ^u all sides ( ! anci5t life & civilization1 ov] :i* hi!rto !re _h la9 almo/ complete d>kness4 ,9 #ahii ,g]many s5t its fir/ exp$ition to ,babylon &1 dur+ successive seasons1 ext5sive excavations h be5 c>ri$ on1 :i* h result$ 9 ! discov]y ( _m int]e/+ f9ds4 ,at a lat] date excavations 7 begun &1 l ^? ( ,babylon1 are /ill cont9u$1 on ! m\nd cov]+ ! site ( ! anci5t capital city ( ,assyria1 ,as%ur1 :]e inscriptions ( great value h be5 uncov]$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! ,g]mans are p]haps ! mo/ active excavators 9 ,assyria-,babylonia1 & by _! pa9/ak+ c>e to record e new discov]y !y are b\nd to increase ! k ( ! e>ly hi/ory & civilization ( ^! anci5t empires4#b #aaf ,ref]5ce may be made also to ! lat] excavations ( ! ,fr5* at ,susa1 ! sc5e ( ! book ( ,e/h]1 :]e !y h uncov]$ mu* valuable mat]ial4 ,! mo/ important f9d1 made 9 ! w9t] ( #aija-aijb1 is ! monum5t ^u :i* is inscrib$ ! legal code ( ,hammurabi1 k+ ( ,babylon1 g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ! ,amraphel ( ,g54 #ad4 #a4 ,= a %ort "t ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago c>ri$ on excavations at ,bismiyah1 9 s\!rn ,babylonia1 :i* h br\ght to light _m objects ( int]e/1 if n ( great hi/orical importance4 ,! ,turki% gov]nm5t1 "u ^: rule ! t]ritory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria n[ is1 /imulat$ by ! example ( o!r nations1 is tak+ an active int]e/ 9 ^! excavations1 grant+ ! privilege ( excavat+ to an ev]-increas+ numb] ( s*ol>s1 & giv+ !m protection :ile engag$ 9 _! "w4 ,! ,sultan has erect$ 9 ,con/ant9ople a magnific5t museum1 :]e ! valuable antiquities are accessible to ! s*ol>%ip ( ! _w4 ,! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ turn$ ! att5tion ( ! ,we/ t[>d ! monum5ts ( ,egypt1 & ( hav+ br\ght !m )9 ! rea* ( sci5ce1 belongs to ! milit>y exp$ition ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 und]tak5 9 ! summ] ( #agih4c ,9 ,augu/1 #agii1 a ,fr5* artill]y (fic]1 ,b\ss>d1 une>!d at ! ,=t ,sa9t ,juli51 ne> #aag ,rosetta1 9 ! ,nile ,delta1 a /one ( black granite1 ?ree feet five in*es 9 height1 two feet f\r & "o half in*es 9 wid?1 & elev5 in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x is ?\ght to h be5 at lea/ twelve in*es high] & to h _h a r\nd$ top4 ,on ! upp] portion ( ?is block c\ld be se5 p>ts ( f\rte5 l9es ( *>act]s1 resembl+ ^? se5 ev]y:]e on ! obelisks & ru9$ temples ( ! l&2 adjo9+ ^! bel[ are ?irty-two l9es ( ano!r species ( script1 :ile at ! bottom are fifty-f\r l9es1 tw5ty-eight ( !m complete1 9 ,greek uncial lett]s4 ,! ,greek 0 easily read1 & told ! /ory ( ! /one3 ,x 0 set up 9 ,b4,c4 #aie1 by ! prie/s ( ,egypt1 9 honor ( ,ptolemy ,epiphanes1 because he _h cancel$ arre>ages ( c]ta9 taxes due f ! sac]dotal body4 ,! grateful prie/s ord]$ ! memorial decree to be inscrib$ 9 ! sacr$ *>act]s ( ,egypt1 9 ! v]nacul>1 & 9 ,greek4 ,! ,greek portion hav+ be5 read1 x 0 conjectur$ t ! two inscriptions above ! ,greek told ! same /ory4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! value ( ! docum5t = ! deciph]m5t ( ! ,egyptian inscriptions 0 at once p]ceiv$1 & s*ol>s imm$iately set to "w on ! task ( deciph]+ ! unkn[n script4 ,! honor ( hav+ solv$ ! my/]y belongs to ,franois ,*ampollion1 :o by #ahbb _h succe$$ 9 fix+ ! value ( a consid]able #aah portion ( ! anci5t ,egyptian signs1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 t5 ye>s lat]1 left beh9d 9 manuscript a complete ,egyptian gramm> & vocabul>y4 ,?r\gh ! discov]y ( ,*ampollion ! int]e/ 9 anci5t ,egypt grew 9 all le>n$ circles1 & f 8 day until n[ ef=ts at br++ to light ! rema9s ( ! ,egyptian civilization h nev] ceas$4 ,! ,fr5* h be5 especially active2 b o!r nations also h be5 9 ! field & h greatly add$ to our k ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,s9ce #ahhc ! ,egyptian ,exploration ,fund has be5 at "w 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,nile valley2 private subscriptions h enabl$ ! inve/igation ( c]ta9 places ( special int]e/2 & n[ e ye> new f9ds are made1 :i* con/antly enri* our k ( ! hi/ory1 art1 & civilization ( ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,pale/9e1 says ,dr4 ,b5z+]1 became ! object ( mo/ g5]al int]e/ e>li] ?an any o!r ,ori5tal c\ntry4444 ,nev]!less1 ,pale/9e rese>* is b a *ild ( ! c5tury j clos$1 ! sy/ematic exploration ( ! l&1 9 all its aspects1 beg9n+ prop]ly speak+ ) ! f\ndation ( ! ,engli% ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund 9 #ahfe4d ,! reason = ?is delay is n f> to seek4 ,f ! "t t ,*ri/ians fir/ began to visit ,pale/9e to a comp>atively #aai rec5t date all pilgrimages 7 prompt$ by religi\s1 n by sci5tific motives4 ,! int]e/ ( ! pilgrims 0 excit$ only by ^? places :i* 7 po9t$ out to !m z ! sc5es ( sacr$ ev5ts1 & ! k !y br\ght home consi/$ *iefly ( descriptions ( ! places held 9 special v5]ation4 ,9 #ahda !re appe>$ 9 ?ree volumes a "w entitl$ ,biblical ,rese>*es1 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,rob9son record$ ! results ( 8 travels 9 ,pale/9e dur+ ! ye> #ahch4 ,9 #aheb ,rob9son made a second j\rney4 ,dur+ ^! two trips he & 8 companions work$ ) ceaseless indu/ry1 always accurately measur+ ! di/ances1 & describ+ ! r\te1 ev5 to ! smalle/ detail4 ,?is pa9/ak+ c>e made ! acc\nts s valuable t 8 books m>k$ a turn+ po9t 9 ! :ole matt] ( ,pale/9ian rese>*1 & c\ld s]ve z a f\ndation ^u :i* all future rese>*es might re/4 ,among o!r travel]s :o h made valuable contributions to our k ( ,pale/9e1 ! mo/ important are ,titus ,tobl]1 ,h4 ,v4 ,gu]91 ,e4 ,r5an1 & ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?4 ,b ! bett] ! l& came to be kn[n1 ! m fully 0 x realiz$ t ! complete sy/ematic exploration ( ! l& 0 beyond ! p[] ( individual travel]s4 ,h5ce 9 #ahfe a numb] ( m5 int]e/$ 9 ,pale/9ian rese>* met 9 ,london #abj & organiz$ a society kn[n z ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,its object 0 ! complete1 sy/ematic1 & sci5tific exploration ( ! ,holy ,l&1 especially = ! purpose ( elucidat+ ! ,scriptures4 ,! idea 0 tak5 up ) great en?usiasm1 & f ! beg9n+ until n[ ! society has be5 actively engag$ 9 illum9at+ ,pale/9e pa/ & pres5t4 ,dur+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,fund few excavations 7 c>ri$ on1 & ^! 7 conf9$ to ! city ( ,j]usalem2 b s9ce #ahij sev]al m\nds 9 s\!rn ,pale/9e h be5 excavat$1 ! mo/ important be+ ,tel-el-,hesy1 ! probable site ( anci5t ,la*i%1 & ! site ( ! important city ( ,gez]4 ,at pres5t 7#aiab7 ! site ( anci5t ,be?-,%eme% is be+ excavat$4 ,! ,g]man ,pale/9e ,society 0 organiz$ 9 #ahgg = a simil> purpose4 ,:5 ! ,engli% surveyors 7 prev5t$ by ! ,turki% gov]nm5t f complet+ ! survey ( ea/]n ,pale/9e ! ,g]man society took up ! "w1 & its results are embodi$ 9 a map n[ 9 process ( publication4 ,! pr9cipal excavations ( ! ,g]man society 7 c>ri$ on betwe5 #aijc & #aijg at ,tel-el ,mutasellim1 ! anci5t ,megiddo1 "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,b5z+] & ,dr4 ,s*uma*]4 ,dr4 ,sell9 c>ri$ on excavations at ! neighbor+ ,taana* = ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t betwe5 #aijb & #aijd4 #aba ,two o!r sites h be5 excavat$--,j]i*o by ! ,g]mans & ,sam>ia by ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ?\gh no epo*-mak+ f9ds h come to light 9 ^! two places1 ! results illum9ate ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,pale/9e4 ,pho5icia has yield$ "s ( its treasures4 ,! fir/ ( importance1 f\nd 9 #ahee 9 ! ,necropolis ( ,sidon1 0 ! s>cophagus ( ,e%munaz>1 k+ ( ,sidon4 ,s9ce !n v>i\s o!r sites h be5 exam9$1 & mu* mat]ial has be5 une>!d1 ?r[+ light on ! hi/ory1 religion1 art1 & civilization ( ^! anci5t neighbors ( ,israel4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfh a ,g]man mission>y1 ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,kle91 discov]$ at ,diban1 ! site ( an anci5t royal city ( ,moab1 a l>ge /one1 ) an inscription ( ,me%a1 a k+ ( ,moab 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,betwe5 #ahhh & #ahia inve/igations 7 conduct$1 = ! ,royal ,museum 9 ,b]l91 at ! m\nd ( ,z5jirli1 once a city 9 ! l& ,%amal1 ne> ! nor!rn limits ( ,syria1 s\? ( ! ,issus1 ab\t =ty miles inl&4 ,! old citadel 0 uncov]$1 & v>i\s sculptures1 %[+ ,hittite influ5ce1 a magnific5t /atue ( ,es>haddon1 k+ ( ,assyria1 a huge /atue ( ! god ,hadad1 & sev]al ,aramaic inscriptions ( great value1 z illu/rat+ e>ly ,syrian civilization1 7 f\nd4 ,m rec5tly1 9 #aijf & #aijg1 ,pr(essor ,w9ckl] visit$ ,boghaz-koei1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 a c5t] ( #abb e>ly ,hittite civilization1 :]e he uncov]$ ?\s&s ( tablets :i* ?r[ new light ^u ! hi/ory ( we/]n ,asia 9 anci5t times4 ,?us1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 amid dang]s & h>d%ips1 a body ( en?usia/ic1 self-sacrific+ m5 h toil$ almo/ day & night 9 ord] to re/ore to life a civilization buri$ = _m c5turies b5ea? ! s&s ( ! des]t & ! ru9s ( anci5t cities1 & we are only at ! beg9n+4 ,:at revelations ! next fifty ye>s may h 9 /ore6 ,! results ( ^! exp$itions h be5 en?usia/ically welcom$ by all :o are int]e/$ 9 antiquity3 ! /ud5ts ( hi/ory1 art1 sci5ce1 an?ropology1 e>ly civilization1 & _m o!rs4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( special int]e/ to ! ,bible /ud5t2 & x is well to rememb] t1 :atev] additional motives may be responsible = excavations at ! pres5t "t1 f ! beg9n+ until n[ ! desire to f9d illu/rations1 or confirmations ( scriptural /atem5ts1 has play$ a prom95t "p4 ,to :at end1 says ,pr(essor ,delitzs*1#e ?is toil & tr\ble 9 di/ant1 inhospitable & dang]-ridd5 l&s8 ,:y all ?is exp5se 9 ransack+ to _! utmo/ dep?s ! rubbi% heaps ( =gott5 c5turies1 :]e we "k nei!r treasures ( gold nor ( silv] exi/8 ,:y ?is zeal\s emulation on ! "p ( ! nations to secure ! greate/ possible #abc numb] ( m\nds = excavation8 ,& :5ce1 too1 t con/antly increas+ int]e/1 t burn+ en?usiasm1 born ( g5]\s sacrifice1 n[ be+ be/[$ on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic ^u ! excavations 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria8 ,"o answ] e*oes to all ^! que/ions1 "o answ] :i*1 if n absolutely adequate1 is yet l>gely ! reason & consummation ( x all--! ,bible4 ,our purpose is to discuss ! be>+ ( rec5t rese>*es 9 ,bible l&s ^u ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t is1 ! view :i* looks ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t z conta9+ records ( div9e revelations grant$ 9 div]s portions & 9 div]s mann]s to ! p ( ,israel4 ,conc]n+ ?is be>+1 two di/9ct & oppos+ claims are made3 on ! "o h&1 x is said t ar*ological rese>* only confirms ! famili> view ( ! ,bible z a tru/wor?y & unique record ( religion & hi/ory2 on ! o!r h&1 x is claim$ t ar*ological rese>* has %[n ! ,old ,te/am5t to be untru/wor?y z to hi/ory1 & z to religion1 :at has hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z orig9al ) ! ,hebrews is claim$ to h be5 borr[$ almo/ bodily f ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,:at is ! true situation8 ,! ar*ological mat]ial :i* has m or less direct be>+ ^u our inquiry may be r\ghly arrang$ "u #abd two heads3 7#a7 ,! ,hi/orico-,geographical2 7#b7 ,! ,religio-,e?ical4 ,! pres5t *apt] deals ) ! be>+ ( ! hi/orico-geographical mat]ial ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/orical records1 ! o!r class be+ res]v$ = ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,! next /ep 9 ! discussion w be to enum]ate at lea/ ! m important f9ds hav+ a m or less direct relation to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_m ar*ological objects h be5 br\ght to light1 :i*1 ?\gh !y h b indirect be>+ ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t1 h wond]fully illum9at$ ! life ( ! anci5t ,ea/1 & ?us h made m di/9ct ! g5]al hi/orical backgr\nd ^u :i* ! sc5es record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 enact$4 ,b a m important s\rce ( in=mation are ! inscriptions :i* h be5 discov]$ by ! ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,^! inscriptions 7 writt5 on all k9ds ( mat]ial--granite1 alaba/]1 wood1 clay1 papyrus1 etc42 %ap$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms--tablets1 cyl9d]s1 rolls1 /atues1 walls1 etc42 & !y h be5 dug out ( m\nds1 tombs1 pyramids1 & _m o!r places4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! mo/ important f9ds8 ,! fir/ ?+ to be> 9 m9d is t ! inscriptions h v little to say ab\t ! e>li] p]iod ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,says ,driv]1#f ,) ! exception ( ! /atem5t on ! /ele ( ,m]neptah1 t ',israel is desolat$1' ! fir/ #abe ev5t connect$ ) ,israel & its ance/ors :i* ! inscriptions m5tion or atte/1 is ,%i%ak's invasion ( ,judah 9 ! reign ( ,rehoboam2 & ! fir/ ,israelites :om !y specify by "n are ,omri & 8 son ,ahab4 ,be=e consid]+ ! /atem5t on ! /ele ( ,m]neptah1 att5tion may be giv5 to c]ta9 inscriptions :i* ?r[ consid]able light on conditions 9 ,pale/9e be=e ! ,hebrew conque/1 namely1 ! s-call$ ,tel-el-,am>na tablets4#g ,^! tablets 7 discov]$ by accid5t 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhg-ahhh at ,tel-el-,am>na1 ! site ( ! anci5t capital ( ,am5ophis ,,iv ( ,egypt1 ab\t midway betwe5 ,memphis & ,!bes4 ,on exam9ation !y prov$ to be a "p ( ! (ficial ar*ives ( ,am5ophis ,,iii 7#adaa-acge7 & ,am5ophis ,,iv 7#acge-aceh71 consi/+ almo/ entirely ( lett]s & reports address$ to ^! two ,ph>aohs by _! (ficials 9 we/]n ,asia1 & by rul]s :o su/a9$ close relations to ! ,egyptian c\rt4 ,! royal lett]s1 ab\t =ty 9 numb]1 are *iefly f k+s ( ! ,hittites1 ( ! ,mitanni1 ( ,assyria1 & ( ,babylonia4 ,! re/ ( ! correspond5ce1 ab\t two hundr$ & fifty lett]s1 is ( mu* great] hi/orical int]e/2 x consi/s ( lett]s f ,egyptian gov]nors 9 v>i\s cities ( ,pale/9e1 ,pho5icia1 & ,syria4 ,^! inscriptions %[ t ab\t ,b4,c4 #adjj1 #abf ab\t two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,hebrew conque/1 ,pale/9e & ! neighbor+ c\ntries =m$ an ,egyptian prov9ce "u ! rule ( ,egyptian gov]nors /ation$ 9 all pr9cipal t[ns4 ,at ! "t ! ,egyptians _h consid]able difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ _! au?ority4 ,_! p[] 0 ?reat5$ by ! ,hittites & o!r p[]ful neighbors1 by ! dissatisfi$ native population1 by ! ,habiri1 :o seem to h be5 invad]s f ! des]t1 & by ! intrigues & rivalries ( ! ,egyptian gov]nors !mselves4 ,practically all ! pr9cipal cities ( ! l& are m5tion$ 9 ^! lett]s4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ,old ,te/am5t /udy1 six lett]s writt5 by ,abdi-hiba1 ,gov]nor ( ,j]usalem1 are ( special int]e/4 ,he1 l _m ( ! o!r gov]nors1 is 9 difficulty4 ,! ,habiri are press+ him h>d2 ! neighbor+ cities ( ,gez]1 ,la*i%1 & ,askelon are aid+ ! enemy2 he has be5 sl&]$ be=e ! k+ & accus$ ( disloyalty4 ,9 ! lett]s he emphatically prote/s 8 innoc5ce4 ,"o ( !m reads3 ,to ! k+ my "l1 say also ?us3 ,x is ,abdi-hiba1 ?y s]vant2 at ! feet ( my "l ! k+ twice sev5 times1 & twice sev5 times ,i fall4 ,:at h ,i done aga9/ ! k+ my "l8 ,!y backbite1 !y sl&] me be=e ! k+ my "l1 say+3 ,abdi-hiba has fall5 away f ! k+ 8 "l4 ,behold1 z = me1 nei!r my fa!r nor my #abg "m set me 9 ?is place2 ! arm ( ! mighty k+ caus$ me to ent] into ! h\se ( my fa!r4 ,:y %\ld ,i commit a s9 aga9/ ! k+ my "l8 ,p]haps ! mo/ surpris+ fact ab\t ^! lett]s is t ! ,pale/9ian gov]nors us$1 9 ! correspond5ce ) _! sup]iors 9 ,egypt1 n ! ,egyptian or native ,canaanite1 b ! ,babylonian language1 :i* seems conclusive evid5ce t = "s "t previ\sly ,we/]n ,asia _h be5 "u ,babylonian influ5ce4 ,)\t d\bt ?is influ5ce 0 prim>ily political1 b naturally x w\ld br+ ) x elem5ts ( civilization1 art1 sci5ce1 & religion4 ,n[ & !n words 9 ! ,canaanite language occur1 ei!r indep5d5tly1 or = ! purpose ( expla9+ a ,babylonian expression 9 ! m famili> dialect ( ! scribe4 ,^! ,canaanite words are h>dly di/+ui%able f ! ,hebrew ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! pre-,israelite inhabitants ( ,pale/9e 7 closely ak9 to ! ,hebrews1 & spoke sub/antially ! same language4 ,! inscriptions ( lat] ,egyptian k+s1 dur+ ! ?irte5? & ! e>ly "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ?r[ little additional light on conditions 9 ,pale/9e1 except t x becomes increas+ly cle> t ,egypt _c ma9ta9 its hold on ! l&4 ,subsequ5t to ,rameses ,,iii 7#aaih-aafg7 ,pale/9e 0 entirely #abh lo/ to ,egypt = sev]al c5turies1 :i* expla9s :y ! ,hebrews 7 n di/urb$ by ! empire on ! ,nile 9 _! attempts to e/abli% !mselves 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! fir/ direct ref]5ce to ,israel 9 ! inscriptions app>5tly takes u ne> ! "t ( ! exodus4 ,ar*aeology has no?+ to say directly ab\t ! exodus2 b 9 ! enum]ation ( 8 victories1 ,m]neptah ,,ii1 ?\ght to be ! ,ph>aoh dur+ ^: reign ! exodus took place1 uses ^! words3 ,israel is lo/1 8 se$ is n4 ,! discov]y ( ?is inscription 9 #ahif 0 hail$ ) great rejoic+1 = at la/ ! "n ,israel 0 f\nd 9 an ,egyptian inscription com+1 approximately at lea/1 f ! "t ( ! exodus2 b1 un=tunately1 ! ref]5ce is s indef9ite t its exact significance & be>+ ^u ! date ( ! exodus is /ill "u discussion4 ,x is to be not$ t1 :]eas ! o!r places or peoples nam$ 9 ! inscription h ! det]m9ative = c\ntry1 ,israel has ! det]m9ative = m52 p]haps an evid5ce t ! ref]5ce is n to ! l& ( ,israel1 or to ,israel p]man5tly settl$1 b to a tribe or p at ! "t )\t a settl$ abode4 ,b :]e 0 ,israel at ! "t8 ,to ?is a v>iety ( answ]s h be5 giv54 ,d4 ,r4 ,fo!r+ham sugge/s t ! ref]5ce is to ! de/ruction ( ! crops ( ,israel 9 ,go%54 #abi ,israel1 he ?9ks1 _h j left1 ) ! crops unh>ve/$4 ,^! ,m]neptah claims to h de/roy$4#h ,o!rs believe t ! ,israelites _h already ent]$ ,canaan :5 !y suff]$ ! defeat m5tion$ by ,m]neptah4 ,petrie ?9ks t ! ,israelites defeat$ 7 9 ,pale/9e1 b t !y _h no connection ) ! tribes t _h a "p 9 ! biblical exodus2 he believes t ! latt] 7 /ill 9 ,go%5 at ! "t ( ?is defeat4#i ,/ill o!rs believe t ! ,israelites 71 at ! "t ( ! defeat1 9 ! wild]ness s\? ( ,pale/9e1 & t ! claim ( ,m]neptah is simply an attempt to acc\nt = _! disappe>ance f ,egypt4 ,& n[ comes ,e]dmans1 ( ,leid51 ) ! sugge/ion t ! ,israelites defeat$ by ,m]neptah 7 ! ,israelites be=e !y w5t d[n to ,egypt4#aj ,x is se51 !re=e1 t ! ref]5ce on ! /ele ( ,m]neptah1 :ile ( mu* int]e/1 because x is ! fir/ m5tion ( ,israel 9 an ,egyptian inscription1 aft] all ?r[s little light ^u ! date & ! ev5ts ( ! exodus4 ,! next monum5t ( importance conta9s an acc\nt ( ! invasion ( ,pale/9e by ,%i%ak1 five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,solomon4 ,on ! s\!rn wall ( ! c\rt ( ! great temple ( ,am5 at ,k>nak ! k+ has left a pictorial repres5tation ( 8 campaign4 ,a giant figure is repres5t$ z hold+ 9 8 left h& ! ends ( ropes :i* #acj b9d long r[s ( captives neck to neck4 ,_! h&s are ti$ beh9d !m1 & ! victor's "r h& holds a rod ) :i* he ?reat5s !m4 ,! names ( ! conqu]$ cities are inscrib$ on %ields t cov] ! l[] "p ( ! body ( ea* prison]4 ,"s ( ! mo/ famili> names 9 ?is li/ are ,gaza1 ,abel1 ,adullam1 ,be?horon1 ,aijalon1 ,gibeon1 & ,%unem4#aa ,f ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury on inscriptions conta9+ ref]5ces to k+s ( ,israel1 or to ev5ts 9 :i* ! ,hebrews play$ important p>ts1 become m num]\s4 ,to ! reign ( ,omri 7#hhi-hge7 & 8 imm$iate successors ref]s ! inscription ( ,me%a on ! s-call$ ,moabite ,/one4#ab ,?is notable specim5 ( antiquity is a /one ( a blui%-black color1 ab\t two feet wide1 ne>ly f\r feet high1 & f\rte5 & "o-half in*es ?ick2 r\nd$ at ! top1 &1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! discov]]1 ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,kle91 also at ! bottom1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is d\btful4 ,! value ( ! /one lies n only 9 ! fact t x pres]ves "o ( ! mo/ anci5t /yles ( ,hebrew writ+1 b m especially 9 ! hi/orical1 topographical1 & religi\s in=mation x furni%es4 ,9 #b ,k+s #c we read ( ! relations betwe5 ,moab & ,omri & 8 successors4 ,omri _h subdu$ ,moab & _h collect$ f h] a ye>ly tribute4 ,ahab _h enjoy$ ! same rev5ue1 am\nt+ dur+ #aca ,me%a's reign to ! wool ( a hundr$ ?\s& lambs & a hundr$ ?\s& rams4 ,at ! close ( ,ahab's reign ,me%a refus$ to cont9ue ! paym5t ( ! tribute4 ,! alli$ k+s ( ,israel1 ,judah1 & ,edom m>*$ ) _! armies aga9/ ! ,moabites1 :o fl$ = refuge )9 ! /rong =tress ( ,kir-h>ese?1 :]e ,me%a (f]$ up 8 own son z a burnt-(f]+ to ,*emo%1 8 god2 :]eupon !re 0 great wra? aga9/ ,israel1 & !y dep>t$ f !m & return$ to _! own l&4 ,! ,moabite ,/one 0 set up by ,k+ ,me%a to 8 god ,*emo% 9 commemoration ( ?is deliv]ance4 ,! op5+ l9es read3 ,i am ,me%a1 son ( ,*emo%-k51 k+ ( ,moab1 ! ,daibonite4 ,my fa!r reign$ ov] ,moab = ?irty ye>s1 & ,i reign$ aft] my fa!r4 ,& ,i made ?is high place = ,*emo% 9 ,korhah1 a high place ( salvation1 because he _h sav$ me f all ! assailants1 & because he _h let me see my desire ^u all !m t hat$ me4 ,omri1 k+ ( ,israel1 afflict$ ,moab = _m days1 because ,*emo% 0 angry ) 8 l&2 & 8 son succe$$ him2 & he also said1 ,i w afflict ,moab4 ,9 my days said he ?us4 ,b ,i saw my desire ^u him & 8 h\se1 & ,israel p]i%$ ) an ev]la/+ de/ruction4 ,z a supplem5t to ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative1 ?is acc\nt is v in/ructive4 ,! m5tion ( #acb ,yahweh1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 is ( int]e/1 z also ! fact t 9 ,moab1 z 9 ,israel1 national disa/] 0 attribut$ to ! ang] ( ! national deity4 ,! idiom 9 :i* ! inscription is writt5 diff]s only dialectically f ! ,hebrew ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,small idiomatic diff]5ces are obs]vable1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x %>es ) x sev]al di/9ctive features1 s t1 on ! :ole1 x resembles ,hebrew f> m closely ?an any o!r ,semitic language n[ kn[n4 ,9 po9t ( /yle ! inscription reads almo/ l a page f "o ( ! e>li] hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,f ! "t ( ,omri on ,israel came into frequ5t contact ) ,assyria2 inde$1 ! =tunes ( ,israel 7 closely b\nd up ) ! =tunes ( ?is great ,ea/]n _w-p[]4#ac ,9 #hhe1 at ab\t ! "t :5 ,omri _h f9ally succe$$ 9 ov]com+ 8 rivals1 ,a%urnasirpal asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,assyria4 ,he det]m9$ to re/ore ! =m] glory ( 8 nation1 :i* _h become eclips$ "u 8 incompet5t pr$ecessors2 & ) him began a p]iod ( conque/ :i* ultimately br\ght ! :ole ea/]n %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean "u ,assyrian sway4 ,9 #hfj ,%almanes] ,,iii#ad succe$$ 8 fa!r ^u ! ?rone ( ,assyria1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he r5ew$ ! attack ^u ! ,we/4 ,9 #hed he felt prep>$ = a supreme ef=t1 & x is 9 ! #acc acc\nt ( ?is campaign t we read = ! fir/ "t ! "n ( an ,israelite k+ 9 ! ,assyrian inscription4 ,%almanes] advanc$ ) great spe$ & success until he rea*$ ,k>k>1 ne> ! ,orontes1 a little nor? ( ,hama?4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! campaign he m5tions1 among ! allies :o f\ght aga9/ him1 ,ahab ( ,israel1 :o1 he says1 furni%$ two ?\s& *>iots & t5 ?\s& m54 ,! campaign is record$ 9 sev]al inscriptions1 9 all ( :i* ,%almanes] claims a complete victory4 ,! mo/ fam\s inscription ( ?is k+ is ! "o on ! s-call$ ,black ,obelisk1 an alaba/] monoli? f\nd at ,nimrud 9 #ahdf4 ,?is monum5t is inscrib$ on all f\r sides ) an acc\nt1 9 "o hundr$ & n9ety l9es1 ( ! exp$itions und]tak5 dur+ ?irty-"o ye>s ( ! k+'s reign4 ,9 ! text ( ! inscription ref]5ce is made to campaigns aga9/ ! we/ l& 7,syria & ,pale/9e7 9 #hei1 #hed1 #hej1 #hdi1 #hdf1 #hdb1 & #hci4 ,9 addition to ! inscription ! monum5t conta9s1 on ! upp] portion1 five s]ies ( f\r reliefs ea*1 ea* s]ies repres5t+ ! tribute br\ght to ! ,assyrian k+ by k+s :om he _h conqu]$ or :o s\ght 8 favor4 ,9 ! inscription itself1 no m5tion is made ( ,israel or ! k+ ( ,israel1 b ! second ti] ( reliefs is ( mu* int]e/4 ,x depicts a pr9ce or deputy pro/rat+ himself be=e ,%almanes]1 #acd & beh9d ! pro/rat$ figure are att5dants be>+ gifts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! sup]scription reads3 ,! tribute ( ,jehu1 son ( ,omri1 silv]1 gold1 a gold5 b[l1 a gold5 ladle1 gold5 goblets1 gold5 pit*]s1 lead1 a /aff = ! h& ( ! k+1 %afts ( spe>s1 ,i receiv$ ( him4 ,9 #hdb ,%almanes] und]took an exp$ition aga9/ ,hazael ( ,damascus1 & 9 ! acc\nt ( ?is exp$ition he says1 ,at t "t ,i receiv$ ! tribute ( ! ,tyrians & ,sidonians1 & ( ,jehu1 ! son ( ,omri4 ,ab\t half a c5tury aft] ! occurr5ce ( ,jehu's "n 9 ! inscription ( ,%almanes] ,,iii ,israel is m5tion$ aga9 z tribut>y to ,assyria4 ,adad-nir>i ,,iv 7#hab-ghc71 aft] enum]at+ o!r c\ntries subjugat$ by him1 writes3 ,f ! ,euphrates to ! l& ( ! ,hatti1 ! we/ c\ntry 9 its entire compass1 ,tyre1 ,sidon1 ! l& ( ,omri1 ,edom1 ,phili/ia1 z f> z ! great sea ( ! sett+ ( ! sun 7,m$it]ranean ,sea71 ,i subject$ to my yoke2 paym5t ( tribute ,i impos$ ^u !m4 ,adad-nir>i 0 succe$$ by a s]ies ( weak k+s1 dur+ ^: reign ! p[] ( ,assyria decl9$1 b 9 #gde ! great ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t also "u ! "n ,pul1 asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,he succe$$ 9 reorganiz+ ! res\rces ( ! empire & 9 rek9dl+ its ambitions = conque/4 ,?is #ace en]getic k+ has left sev]al inscriptions ( mu* int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 n>rat+ an exp$ition aga9/ nor!rn ,syria ab\t ,b4,c4 #gch1 he m5tions a k+1 ,azriau ( ! l& ( ,yaudi4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to id5tify ?is k+ ) ,az>iah 7,uzziah7 ( ,judah4 ,! cont5ts speak aga9/ ?is id5tification1 & s9ce ! inscriptions f\nd 9 ,z5jirli h e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce 9 nor!rn ,syria ( a /ate call$ ,yaudi1 p]haps ! k+ m5tion$ 9 ,tigla?-piles]'s inscription 0 a rul] ( ?is nor!rn k+dom4 ,9 ! annals :i* tell ( 8 victory ov] ,azriau ( ,yaudi he m5tions ,m5ahem ( ,sam>ia z "o ( ! k+s ^: tribute he receiv$4 ,! same inscription1 ref]r+ to ev5ts 9 #gcd or #gcc1 speaks ( a victory ov] ! ,h\se ( ,omri1 & ! assass9ation ( ! k+ ,pekah1 b ! inscription is s fragm5t>y t ! details are obscure4 ,=tunately1 ! same ev5ts are record$ 9 ano!r inscription1 :i* is 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation1 ?\gh x also has sev]al gaps4 ,aft] enum]at+ sev]al cities :i* he captur$ 9 ,pale/9e1 among !m ,gaza1 he cont9ues3 ,! l& ( ! dyna/y ( ,omri 444 ! :ole ( its inhabitants1 _! possessions to ,assyria ,i deport$4 ,pekah1 _! k+1 !y slew1 ,ho%ea to rule ov] !m appo9t$4 ,t5 tal5ts ( gold1 a ?\s& tal5ts ( silv]1 ,i receiv$ #acf z tribute4 ,ahaz ( ,judah is also m5tion$ 9 an inscription ( ,tigla?-piles]1 z pay+ tribute1 b x is n cle> to :at ye> ?is ref]s4 ,tigla?-piles] di$ 9 #gbg1 & 0 succe$$ by ,%almanes] ,v1 :o 9 turn gave place 9 #gbb to ,s>gon ,,ii4 ,%almanes] is m5tion$ z ! k+ :o attack$ ! nor!rn k+dom1 & ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative leaves ! impression t he 0 ! k+ :o f9ally captur$ ! city ( ,sam>ia4 ,! inscriptions %[ t x 0 ,s>gon :o ov]came ! city soon aft] ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign4 ,9 "o ( 8 inscriptions he calls himself1 ! brave h]o 444 :o ov]?rew ! ,h\se ( ,omri4 ,9 ano!r he says3 ,sam>ia ,i besieg$1 ,i took4 #bg1bij ( its inhabitants ,i c>ri$ away2 #ej *>iots ,i ga!r$ f !m2 ! re/ ( !m ,i p]mitt$ to reta9 _! possessions4 ,ov] !m ,i appo9t$ my gov]nor1 & ^u !m ,i impos$ ! tribute ( ! =m] k+4 ,! annals ( ,s>gon1 :i* give an acc\nt ( ! ev5ts dur+ 8 reign 9 *ronological ord]1 give ! date ( ! capture ( ,sam>ia4 ,aft] ! introduction1 he cont9ues3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( my reign & 9 ! fir/ ye> ( my reign1 444 ,sam>ia ,i besieg$ & took4444 #bg1bij inhabitants ,i c>ri$ away2 #ej *>iots z my royal portion ,i collect$ !re4444 ,i re/or$ & made z x 0 be=e4444 ,p f all c\ntries1 my captives1 ,i settl$ !re4 ,my #acg (ficial ,i appo9t$ z gov]nor ov] !m4 ,tribute & taxes l ! ,assyrian ,i impos$ ^u !m4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! nor!rn k+dom ! life ( ! ,hebrews became c5t]$ 9 ,judah & ,j]usalem4 ,! fall ( ,sam>ia made an impression on ! ,s\? t 0 rememb]$ = "s "t4 ,nev]!less1 ! /ates along ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea bore impati5tly ! ,assyrian yoke1 & 9 mo/ cities !re arose a p>ty :i*1 rely+ on ! promis$ help ( ,egypt1 0 eag] to free itself f ,assyria4 ,t ?is p>ty ga9$ a foo?old also 9 ,j]usalem is se5 f ! prophecy 9 ,isa4 #bj1 9 :i* ! prophet w>ns ! p aga9/ tru/+ 9 ,egypt & rebell+ aga9/ ,assyria4 ,9 ! same direction po9ts an inscription ( ,s>gon describ+ an exp$ition aga9/ ,a%dod3 ,! p ( ,phili/ia1 ,judah1 ,edom1 & ,moab1 dwell+ beside ! sea1 br++ tribute & pres5ts to ,a%ur my "l1 7 speak+ treason4 ,! p & _! evil *iefs1 to fight aga9/ me1 to ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt1 a pr9ce :o c\ld n save !m1 _! pres5ts c>ri$ & bes\ght 8 alliance4 ,9 all probability1 ,judah did n become involv$ s]i\sly at ?is "t4 ,b ! dea? ( ,s>gon 9 #gje seems to h be5 a signal = revolt 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,assyrian empire4 ,8 son & successor1 ,s5na*]ib1 gave ^! rebellions 8 imm$iate att5tion2 until #gjb #ach he 0 kept busy 9 ! ,ea/1 b 9 t ye> he turn$ we/w>d1 & by #gja 0 ready to attack ,judah4 ,! campaign & ! rem>kable deliv]ance ( ,j]usalem on t occasion are record$ at l5g? 9 #b ,k+s #ah1 #ai1 & ,isa4 #cf1 #cg4 ,! acc\nt ( ! same campaign by ! ,assyrian k+ is1 f ! /&po9t ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ hi/orical inscription left by an ,assyrian rul]4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! s-call$ ,taylor ,cyl9d]1#ae column #b1 l9e #cd1 to column #c1 l9e #da4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ portion reads3 ,to ! city ( ,ekron ,i w5t2 ! gov]nors & pr9ces1 :o _h committ$ a transgression1 ,i kill$ & b\nd _! corpses on poles ar\nd ! city4 ,! inhabitants ( ! city1 :o _h committ$ s9 & evil1 ,i c\nt$ z spoil2 to ! re/ ( !m :o _h committ$ no s9 & wrong1 :o _h no guilt1 ,i spoke peace4 ,padi _! k+1 ,i br\ght =? f ! city ( ,j]usalem2 ^u ! ?rone ( lord%ip ov] !m ,i plac$ him4 ,! tribute ( my lord%ip ,i laid ^u him4 ,b ,hezekiah ( ,judah1 :o _h n submitt$ to my yoke1 ,i besieg$ #df ( 8 /rong cities1 =tresses1 & small cities ( _! environs1 )\t numb]1 & by ! batt]+ ( rams & ! assault ( eng9es1 by ! attack ( foot soldi]s1 m9es1 brea*es1 & axes1 ,i besieg$1 ,i took !m2 #bjj1aej m51 "y & old1 male & female1 horses1 mules1 asses1 camels1 ox5 & %eep )\t numb] ,i br\ght out f !m1 ,i c\nt$ !m z spoil4 ,hezekiah himself ,i %ut up l a cag$ bird 9 ,j]usalem #aci 8 royal city2 ! walls ,i =tifi$ aga9/ him & :osoev] came out ( ! gates ( ! city1 ,i turn$ back4 ,8 cities1 :i* ,i _h plund]$1 ,i sep>at$ f 8 l& & gave !m to ,mit9ti1 k+ ( ,a%dod1 to ,padi1 k+ ( ,ekron1 & to ,sil-,bel1 k+ ( ,gaza1 & ?us dim9i%$ 8 t]ritory4 ,to ! =m] tribute1 paid ye>ly1 ,i add$ ! tribute & pres5ts ( my lord%ip & laid t ^u him4 ,hezekiah himself 0 ov]:elm$ by ! fe> ( ! brightness ( my lord%ip2 ! ,arabians & 8 o!r fai?ful w>riors :om1 z a def5se = ,j]usalem 8 royal city he _h br\ght 91 fell into fe>4 ,) #cj tal5ts ( gold & #hjj tal5ts ( silv]1 preci\s /ones1 gukhli daggassi 7871 l>ge lapis lazuli1 c\*es ( ivory1 ?rones ( ivory1 ivory1 usu wood1 box wood 7871 ( e k9d1 a heavy treasure1 & 8 daught]s1 8 wom5 ( ! palace1 ! "y m5 & "y wom51 to ,n9eveh1 ! city ( my lord%ip1 ,i caus$ to be br\ght aft] me1 & he s5t 8 ambassadors1 to give tribute & to pay homage4 ,^! are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important hi/orical inscriptions illu/rat+ specific ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel & ,judah4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m m t make important1 ?\gh m or less indirect1 contributions t[>d a bett] und]/&+ ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,j to m5tion a few3 ,tirhaka ( ,egypt1 :o1 tempor>ily at lea/1 int]f]$ ) ! plans ( ! ,assyrians1 #adj appe>s sev]al times 9 ! inscriptions2 ! real significance ( ! ev5ts record$ 9 #b ,k+s #bj4 #ab;ff41 & ,isa4 #ci1 c be und]/ood only 9 ! light ( ! inscriptions2 an int]e/+ sidelight is ?r[n by ! inscriptions on ! biblical acc\nt ( ,s5na*]ib's dea?4 ,9 "o ( ! inscriptions ( ,es>haddon1 ! son & successor ( ,s5na*]ib1 we are told t among ! tw5ty-two k+s ( ! l& ( ! ,hittites :o assi/$ him 9 8 build+ ent]prises 0 ,manasseh1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,a%urbanipal1 ! successor ( ,es>haddon1 includes ,manasseh 9 a simil> li/4 ,?\gh ?is k+ is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t "u 8 ,assyrian "n1 x is v probable t he is ! k+ ref]r$ to 9 ,ezra #d4 #aj1 :]e x is said t ! great & noble ,osnapp> br\ght ,babylonians1 ,susanians1 ,elamites1 & m5 ( o!r nationalities to ,sam>ia4 ,! inscriptions d n ?r[ mu* light ^u ! clos+ ye>s ( ,judah's hi/ory1 b we c und]/& ! ev5ts 9 :i* ,judah play$ a "p bett] because ! inscriptions set into cle>] light ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! advance ( ! ,scy?ians1 ! revival ( ,egypt 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 ! rise ( ! ,*aldean empire1 :i* rea*$ its highe/ glory "u ,nebu*adrezz>1 ! conqu]or ( ,judah--all ^! are describ$ 9 ! inscriptions1 or1 at lea/1 illum9at$ by !m4 #ada ,9 a simil> way ! inscriptions1 ?\gh n m5tion+ ! ,jewi% exiles 9 ,babylonia1 illum9ate ! biblical records 9 _m respects4 ,=tunately1 also1 ! inscriptions furni% a good idea ( ! ev5ts lead+ to ! d[nfall ( ,babylon1 :i* result$ 9 ! re/oration ( _m exiles to ,judah2 & ! re/oration itself assumes a new significance 9 ! light ( ! inscriptions2 = ! p]mission to return grant$ by ,cyrus to ! ,jews is se5 to be 9 accord ) ! g5]al policy ( ! conqu]or to secure ! good-w ( ! peoples deport$ by ! ,babylonians by re/or+ !m to _! own homes4 ,! hi/orical situation ( ! age may sugge/ ano!r reason = ! k9dly treatm5t ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 inevitable t soon] or lat] ,cyrus1 or 8 successors1 %\ld come into conflict ) ,egypt4 ,at su* "t x w\ld be ( imm5se value to him to h ne> ! bord] ( ,egypt a nation ^u ^: fidelity & gratitude he c\ld rely4 ,ar*aeology has n ?r[n any direct light on ! condition ( ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e "u ! ,p]sian rule4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k a great deal ab\t conditions 9 ,babylonia dur+ t p]iod1 & )9 ! pa/ decade sev]al important docum5ts writt5 on papyrus h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt :i* furni% indisputable evid5ce t ! isl& ( ,elephant9e1 opposite ,assuan1 a %ort di/ance nor? ( ! fir/ cat>act #adb ( ! ,nile1 0 ! seat ( a ,jewi% colony at lea/ z e>ly z ! reign ( ,cambyses1 k+ ( ,p]sia 7,b4,c4 #ebi-eba74af ,?is concludes ! survey ( ! ar*ological mat]ial ( a hi/orical nature4 ,x is se5 t dur+ ! p]iod f ! division ( ! k+dom subsequ5t to ! dea? ( ,solomon to ! re/abli%m5t ( ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e aft] ! exile ! inscriptions furni% mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive illu/rations ( ev5ts m5tion$ or allud$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,z a result ! hi/ory & also ! prophecy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h be5 remov$ f ! isolat$ position 9 :i* !y previ\sly seem$ to /&4 ,!y are n[ se5 to be connect$ by _m l9ks ) ! great movem5ts tak+ place 9 ! _w )\t4 ,! "q z to ! be>+ ( ! ar*ological hi/orical records on ! hi/orical records ( ! ,old ,te/am5t rema9s to be consid]$4 ,?is "q 0 ask$ z soon z ! cont5ts ( ! inscriptions became kn[n4 ,! answ]s h v>i$ greatly4 ,on ! "o h&1 x has be5 claim$ t ! ,old ,te/am5t records are confirm$ 9 e detail2 on ! o!r1 ^? h n be5 want+ :o claim$ t ! inscriptions discr$it ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r inve/igations1 ! true conclusion c be rea*$ only aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( all #adc ! facts 9 ! case4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! "q !re are sev]al consid]ations & cautions :i* mu/ n be lo/ sight ( if we w\ld rea* a true e/imate4 ,"s ( ^! cautions are sugge/$ by ! nature ( ! inscriptions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! ar*ological mat]ial has come f l&s outside ( ,pale/9e1 & t ! te/imony is t ( p n fri5dly to ! ,hebrews4 ,we may expect1 !re=e1 t at times p]sonal bias may h color$ ! portrayal & caus$ ! ,hebrews to appe> 9 a less favorable light ?an ! facts w\ld w>rant1 or t ! ev5ts 9 :i* ! ,hebrews took "p 7 describ$ 9 a mann] to make !m favor ! int]e/s ( ! writ]s4 ,aga91 n e p]iod ( ,hebrew hi/ory is illum9at$ by ! inscriptions4 ,true1 ! e>lie/ monum5ts f\nd 9 ,egypt & ,babylonia ant$ate ! bir? ( ,jesus p]haps m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s2 b x is n until ! "t ( ,ahab1 k+ ( ,israel1 t ! important hi/orical mat]ial beg9s4 ,! ref]5ces to ,israel prec$+ ! "t ( ! ,assyrian k+1 ,%almanes] ,,iii1 c4 ,b4,c4 #hej1 are few & m or less obscure4 ,!re is ! monum5t ( ,%i%ak 9 ! t5? c5tury2 b "s are incl9$ to believe t ! li/ ( ! cities alleg$ to h be5 conqu]$ by ,%i%ak 0 simply tak5 ov] by him f #add an e>li] docum5t1 & t1 !re=e1 x is ( little or no hi/orical value4 ,israel is m5tion$ 9 ! inscription ( ,m]neptah1 b1 z has be5 se51 ! significance ( ! brief ref]5ce is obscure2 !re is no?+ conc]n+ ! /ay 9 ,egypt1 no?+ conc]n+ ! patri>*s1 & no?+ conc]n+ ! e>li] p]iod t c 9 any way be connect$ ) ! hi/orical records ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,fur!rmore1 to get at ! true value ( ! evid5ce f ! monum5ts we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 facts & inf]5ces f ! facts4 ,?is di/9ction1 obvi\s z x seems1 has n always be5 ma9ta9$ ev5 by em95t ar*ologi/s4 ,= example1 ,pr(essor ,sayce1 :o is 9 j repute among ,assyriologi/s1 made a few ye>s ago ! /atem5t3 ,! v9dication ( ! reality ( ,m5es "o ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,egypt means ! v9dication also ( ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,hebrew patri>*s4 ,surely1 common s5se says t facts prov+ ! hi/oricity ( an e>ly k+ ( ,egypt d n necess>ily prove ! hi/oricity ( m5 liv+ _m c5turies lat]4 ,_m simil> illu/rations might be giv54 ,because bricks made )\t /raw 7 f\nd x has be5 claim$ t e detail ( ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative conc]n+ ! /ay ( ,israel 9 ,egypt 0 corroborat$ by ar*ology4 ,! f9d+ ( ! walls ( royal palaces 9 ,babylon furni%$ #ade ! claim t ! /ory ( ! h&writ+ on ! wall 0 e/abli%$ beyond d\bt4 ,! f9d+ ( images ( deities has be5 int]pret$ z %[+ beyond a possibility ( "q ! hi/oricity ( ! n>rative 9 ,daniel conc]n+ ! image erect$ by ,nebu*adrezz>1 etc4 ,!re c easily be too mu* bl9d dep5d5ce on au?ority2 an assumption ( fact1 ^u ! m]e dictum ( "s presumably hone/ & compet5t s*ol>4 ,ab\t a g5]ation ago a well-kn[n inve/igator said1 ,assyriology has its guesses & x has its accurate k4#ag ,^! words might be exp&$ to include ! :ole field ( ar*ology4 ,ar*aeology has its facts1 & x has its inf]5ces4 ,! two mu/ n be confus$4 ,moreov]1 ! possibility ( inscrib+ lies ^u clay tablets mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,sometimes x has be5 claim$1 & t mo/ absurdly1 t because an inscription has be5 engrav$ ^u imp]i%able /one or clay x has a sup]ior value4 ,b ! m]e fact ( a record be+ inscrib$ on a tablet ( clay1 p]i%able or imp]i%able1 gives x no sup]iority ov] "o writt5 on papyrus or p>*m5t or pap]4 ,clay tablets 7 to ! civilization ( ! ,euphrates valley :at pr9t pap] is to u4 ,we all "k t pap] is pati5t1 else ! daily pap]s w\ld be ( small] size & _m books w\ld rema9 unwritt54 ,! same is true ( clay tablets4 ,clay tablets are #adf pati5t4 ,x 0 recogniz$ long ago by ,assyriologi/s t ! s-call$ hi/orical inscriptions are n all unbias$ /atem5ts ( objective facts4 ,9 _m cases ! *ief purpose seems to h be5 ! glorification ( ! k+2 victories are record$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 b no m5tion is made ( defeats4 ,= example3 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ inscriptions m5tion+ a k+ ( ,israel1 ,%almanes] ,,iii1 k+ ( ,assyria1 claims a great victory ov] ! ,we/]n allies 9 ! battle ( ,k>k> 9 #hed2 b1 /range to say1 ! victory result$ 9 a r ha/y retreat ( ! ,assyrian army4 ,ano!r evid5ce ( ! absolute reliability ( ! hi/orical tablets is (f]$ by ! inscriptions ( ! same k+4 ,9 connection ) ! battle ( ,k>k>1 "o inscription decl>es t ! allies kill$ numb]$ #ad1jjj2 ano!r1 #bj1ejj2 :ile a ?ird claims #be1jjj4 ,we h1 inde$1 reason to say t ! evid5t unc]ta9ty 9 ! figures makes u d\bt some:at ! cle>ness ( ! entire result4 ,! claim ( a great victory is almo/ c]ta9ly false4#ah ,once m3 ! translation ( ! inscriptions is n 9 e case beyond "q4 ,= example1 9 l9es #g-i ( ! ,moabite ,/one we read1 accord+ to ! common translation1 ,n[ ,omri annex$ all ! l& ( ,m$eba1 & ,israel occupi$ x 8 days & half ! days ( 8 son1 =ty ye>s4 ,?is r5d]+ w\ld imply t ! #adg p]iod f ! conque/ "u ,omri to ! end ( ! fir/ half ( ,ahab's reign 0 =ty ye>s4 ,! *ronology ( ,k+s gives z ! total ( ! full reigns ( ! two k+s only ?irty-f\r ye>s1 :ile ! above translation ( ! inscription w\ld require ab\t sixty--a s]i\s discrepancy4 ,n[1 x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! *ronology ( ! ,bible _c be accept$ z f9al 9 all its details1 & t x mu/ be *eck$ by ! *ronology ( ! inscriptions :]ev] t is possible4 ,yet be=e we c make use ( ! monum5tal te/imony we %\ld be sure ( its exact mean+4 ,9 cases su* z ! "o m5tion$ ?is c]ta9ty is abs5t1 & we %\ld move v sl[ly4 ,ano!r translation ( ! passage has be5 propos$3 ,omri conqu]$ ! :ole l& ( ,m$eba & held x 9 possession z long z he reign$ & dur+ half ( my reign 8 son1 9 all =ty ye>s2 b yet 9 my reign ,*emo% recov]$ x4#ai ,?is translation w\ld br+ ! total ( ! two reigns to ab\t =ty ye>s1 & ?us ! *ronological difficulty app>5tly (f]$ by #b ,k+s #c w\ld be remov$4 ,! five consid]ations to :i* att5tion has be5 call$ mu/ be obs]v$ if we w\ld und]/& rightly ! be>+ ( ! monum5ts on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :5 view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! inscriptions4 ,att5tion mu/ n[ be call$ to c]ta9 consid]ations t\*+ #adh prim>ily ! ,old ,te/am5t t mu/ be reg>d$ 9 =m+ an e/imate ( ! value ( its hi/orical records4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 = example1 t ! purpose ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is ess5tially & pr$om9at+ly religi\s4 ,?is is recogniz$ by ! ,jews1 = !y d n call any ( ! s-call$ hi/orical books by t "n4 ,! five books ( ! ,p5tateu* !y designate z ,law1 because 9 ^! books practically all ,hebrew legislation is embodi$4 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel1 ,k+s1 !y include 9 ! li/ ( prophetic books1 because !y recognize ! ess5tially prophetic purpose ( ! au?ors4 ,! o!r books belong to ! ?ird division ( ! ,jewi% canon1 call$ ! ,writ+s4 ,conc]n+ ! books ( ,k+s1 :i* are ! pr9cipal hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x has be5 truly said3 ,k+s1 by virtue ( its cont5ts1 belongs z mu* to ! prophetical books z to ! hi/orical4 ,x is n a cont9u\s *ronicle2 x is a book ( prophetic tea*+ 9 :i* sometimes hi/ory1 sometimes /ory1 is employ$ z ! vehicle ( tea*+4 ,x en=ces ! pr9ciple t ,god is ! controll+ p[] & s9 ! di/urb+ =ce 9 ! entire hi/ory ( m5 & nations4#bj ,9 a simil> mann] ! religi\s purpose pr$om9ates 9 ! o!r ,old ,te/am5t hi/orical books4 ,!y d n pret5d to give a complete hi/ory ev5 ( #adi ! ,hebrew p4 ,! writ]s embodi$ only su* hi/orical mat]ial z 0 ?\ght to illu/rate ! self-revelation ( ,god 9 ! hi/ory ( individuals & ( ! nation1 or to be> 9 "s m>k$ way ^u ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,a mod]n secul> hi/orian is disappo9t$ at _m omissions :i* w\ld be unp>donable 9 a /rictly hi/orical production4 ,n[1 x is readily se5 t ! religi\s purpose may be s]v$1 & ! didactic value ( ! n>rative may rema91 ev5 ?\gh hi/orical inaccuracies 9 details %\ld be discov]$4 ,ano!r fact to be rememb]$ is ! possible diff]5ce 9 ! viewpo9t ( sev]al n>rators ( "o & ! same ev5t4 ,9 sacr$1 z 9 secul> hi/ory1 ! viewpo9t ( ! au?or det]m9es to a consid]able ext5t ! "* ( ! n>rative4 ,= example3 ! del9eation ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,civil ,w> w n be ! same 9 (ficial docum5ts1 9 a secul> hi/ory1 9 a *ur* hi/ory1 or 9 a "w conta9+ p]sonal memoirs4 ,/ill o!r diff]5ces might be se5 9 n>ratives conf9$ to special incid5ts4 ,su* diff]5ces 9 viewpo9t may be notic$ also among ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/orical books4 ,broadly speak+1 "p ( ! hi/orical lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is due to prophetic activity1 "p to prie/ly activity4 ,9 writ+ hi/ory ! prophets1 ) _! broad int]e/ 9 all ! #aej affairs ( ! nation1 resemble ! mod]n secul> hi/orian4 ,!y portray ev5ts m objectively ?an ! prie/s1 h5ce !y are m reliable4 ,! prie/ly writ]s resemble ! mod]n ecclesia/ical hi/orian1 :o judges ev]yone & ev]y?+ accord+ to _! attitude t[>d ! peculi> religi\s conceptions he repres5ts4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s also "s p]sonal memoirs 79 ,ezra & ,nehemiah7 & "s n>ratives ( special incid5ts 7,ru?1 ,e/h]71 :ile ! hi/orical books 9 _! pres5t =m embody also :at may h be5 (ficial docum5ts4 ,moreov]1 9 e/imat+ ! reliability ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/orical books we mu/ n ov]look c]ta9 unconsci\s ref]5ces & indications :i* %[ t ! au?ors ex]cis$ consid]able c>e 9 produc+ ! books4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 hi/orical /atem5ts appe> to h be5 pres]v$ ) consid]able c>e1 at lea/ s f> z ! sub/ance is conc]n$4 ,?is may be se5 f ! ret5tion ( p>allel n>ratives ( ! same ev5ts1 )\t attempts at h>moniz+ m9or disagreem5ts4 ,9 ! second place1 hi/ory 0 writt5 ) "s discrim9ation4 ,?is is evid5t especially 9 ,k+s1 :]e ! sev]al degrees 9 :i* c]ta9 ( ! k+s dep>t$ f ! legitimate religion ( ,israel are c>efully indicat$4 ,a cle> di/9ction is made betwe5 ! relatively pi\s k+s1 :o simply did n #aea remove ! high places 7#a ,k+s #ae4 #ad2 #b ,k+s #ab4 #c7 & ^? :o1 9 defiance ( a fundam5tal pr9ciple 7,exod4 #bj4 #d1 #e71 desir$ to repres5t ! spiritual ,god ( ,israel 9 images t w\ld appeal to ! s5ses 7#a ,k+s #ab4 #bh1 #bi2 #ad4 #af1 etc471 & ^? :o1 9 defiance ( ! fir/ requirem5t ( ! ,decalogue 7,exod4 #bj4 #c71 s]v$ o!r gods 7#a ,k+s #af4 #ca-cc2 #ah4 #bb1 etc474 ,once m3 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t records we f9d evid5ce ( ! hi/orical consci\sness ( anci5t ,israel re/+ ^u a v sure f\ndation4 ,! ,mosaic age 0 reg>d$ z ! supreme crisis 9 ! national hi/ory4 ,moses 0 ! great h]o2 yet 8 gr&eur 0 n able to ext+ui% ! consci\sness ( ! glory ( ! pre-,mosaic p]iod4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire lit]ature ,abraham & ,jacob & ,joseph are also connect$ ) ! beg9n+s ( ! ,hebrew nation & ) ! beg9n+ ( ! religi\s mission ( ! p4 ,! memory ( ! pre-,mosaic p]iod seems inde$ to h be5 securely f\nd$4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! results ( ?is comp>ative /udy8 ,! ,old ,te/am5t _w has become a new _w4 ,d>k regions 7 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,elam1 & o!r c\ntries m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t be=e ! explor]s & excavators ent]$ ^! l&s4 ,n[ x is comp>atively easy to trace ) consid]able accuracy ! b\nd>ies ( empires t exi/$ 9 ! fir/ #aeb & second mill5niums ,b4,c4 ,9 addition1 we c fix ) c]ta9ty ! sites ( "s ,old ,te/am5t cities ^: location 0 previ\sly unkn[n &1 9 "s cases1 ^: v exi/5ce _h be5 d\bt$4 ,! topography ( cities l ,n9eveh1 ,nippur1 & ,babylon has become q def9itely fix$4 ,! hi/orical ga9s are ev5 m rem>kable4 ,:ole nations h be5 resurrect$4 ,:at did we "k a c5tury ago ( ,elam8 ,no?+ b ! "n4 ,:at ( ,assyria8 ,only a few traditions1 sometimes untru/wor?y1 pres]v$ by classical writ]s1 & ! /atem5ts ( ! ,bible1 "s ( :i* 7 un9telligible because ( _! fragm5t>y "*4 ,n[ ^! & o!r nations pass "o aft] ! o!r 9 review1 great & p[]ful 9 all _! anci5t glory4 ,&1 almo/ e day1 new light is ?r[n on ^! e>ly c5turies4 ,only a few ye>s ago x 0 ?\ght t ,assyrian hi/ory1 z di/9ct f t ( ,babylon1 began ab\t ,b4,c4 #ahjj2 n[ we "k ! names ( _m rul]s :o liv$ g5]ations & c5turies be=e t date4 ,! *ronological ga9s are especially important4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ,hebrew *ronology is n always reliable1 & v>i\s exp$i5ts h be5 resort$ to to remove ! difficulties4 ,x 0 v gratify+1 !re=e1 to discov] t ! *ronological sy/em ( ! ,assyrians 0 #aec m precise4 ,among ! inscriptions are especially ?ree classes ( public records 9 :i* ! occurr5ces are c>efully dat$3 7#a7 ,records ( ! reigns ( c]ta9 k+s 9 :i* _! activities are c>efully arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]2 7#b7 bus9ess tablets 9 :i* transactions are def9itely dat$2 & 7#c7 ! s-call$ eponym li/s4 ,accord+ to ,assyrian cu/om1 ea* ye> 0 nam$ aft] a prom95t (ficial4 ,li/s ( ^! 7 c>efully made & kept1 &1 =tunately1 l>ge fragm5ts ( !m h be5 pres]v$4 ,two rec5sions ( ^! eponym li/s h come d[n4 ,9 "o only ! names ( ! ye>s are giv52 9 ! o!r ref]5ces to important ev5ts are add$ to ! names4 ,if1 n[1 any "o ( ^! ev5ts c be dat$1 x becomes possible to trace ! dates designat$ by ! names on ei!r side ( ! "o ^: date is fir/ det]m9$4 ,by means ( ^! li/s & ! o!r records ! ,assyrian *ronology c be def9itely fix$ f ab\t ,b4,c4 #ijj on4 ,?is1 9 turn1 enables u to br+ ord] into ! *aos ( ,hebrew *ronology dur+ ! mo/ important p]iod ( ! nation's exi/5ce4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ^! & o!r ga9s1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is ! discov]y ( ! contemporane\s docum5ts1 ! abs5ce ( :i* 0 at "o "t made ! basis = ! rejection ( _m /atem5ts f\nd exclusively 9 ! ,old #aed ,te/am5t1 we may gratefully receive ?is new light & rejoice 9 ! advance 9 ,bible k made possible ?r\gh ! excavations4 ,:at1 n[1 is ! g5]al be>+ ( ^! discov]ies on ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is well to rememb] t = _m p]iods ( ,hebrew hi/ory we are /ill entirely dep5d5t on ! ,old ,te/am5t = direct in=mation4 ,= example1 ,pr(essor ,clay's claim conc]n+ ! patri>*al age1 t ! increase ( k ga9$ ?r\gh ! inscriptions ( ?is p]iod has 9 e in/ance dissolv$ conclusions arriv$ at by ^? critics :o ma9ta9 t ! patri>*s are n to be reg>d$ z hi/orical1#ba is n ju/ifi$ by ! facts4 ,9 reality1 no incid5t 9 ! patri>*al /ory is ref]r$ to 9 any ( ! inscriptions read ?us f>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! age ( ! patri>*s has be5 wond]fully illum9at$4 ,=m]ly ! _w 9 :i* ! patri>*s mov$ seem$ to be almo/ empty2 n[ we see x fill$ ) embassies1 armies1 busy cities1 & long l9es ( trad]s pass+ to & fro betwe5 "o c5t] ( civilization & ano!r2 b amid all t cr[d$ life we pe] 9 va9 = any trace ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,hebrews2 we li/5 9 va9 = any m5tion ( _! names2 ?is is ! :ole *ange ar*ology has wr\ght3 x has giv5 u an atmosph]e & a backgr\nd = ! /ories ( ,g5esis2 x is #aee unable to recall or c]tify _! h]oes4#bb ,all t c be said 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 is1 t ar*ology1 by furni%+ a broad hi/orical backgr\nd1 has e/abli%$ ! possibility ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts record$ 9 ! biblical n>ratives be+ correct4 ,x is sil5t conc]n+ ! ev5ts !mselves1 &1 !re=e1 nei!r confirms nor discr$its !m4 ,a few cases !re are1 especially 9 connection ) que/ions ( *ronology1 :]e ar*ology has modifi$ & correct$ biblical /atem5ts4 ,accord+ to ! inscriptions ( ,tigla?-piles]1 = example1 ,m5ahem ( ,israel paid tribute to ! ,assyrian k+ 9 ,b4,c4 #gch1 & !re is reason = believ+ t ?is tribute 0 paid ne> ! beg9n+ ( ,m5ahem's reign = ! purpose ( secur+ ! good w ( ,assyria4 ,9 #gcd or #gcc ,pekah is said to h be5 sla9 & to h be5 succe$$ by ,ho%ea4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,m5ahem reign$ t5 ye>s2 8 son1 ,pekahiah1 two ye>s1 & ,pekah tw5ty ye>s1 a total ( ?irty-two ye>s4 ,ev5 if we assume t ! tribute 0 paid by ,m5ahem dur+ 8 la/ ye>--:i* is n at all likely--!re w\ld rema9 tw5ty-two ye>s to be provid$ = betwe5 #gch & #gcd or #gcc4 ,evid5tly1 ! ,old ,te/am5t figures are too high4 ,a simil> case is f\nd 9 connection ) ev5ts t took place only a few ye>s lat]4 ,9 #b ,k+s #aef #ah4 #aj ! /atem5t is f\nd t ,sam>ia 0 tak5 9 ! six? ye> ( ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,!n1 v]se #ac /ates t 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( ,hezekiah1 ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria1 came aga9/ ,j]usalem4 ,! date ( ! capture ( ,sam>ia is def9itely fix$ by ! ,assyrian inscriptions4 ,! city fell ei!r 9 ! clos+ days ( ,b4,c4 #gbb or ! op5+ days ( ,b4,c4 #gba4 ,assum+ t x 0 #gbb1 ! f\rte5? ye> ( ,hezekiah w\ld be #gad4 ,b ,s5na*]ib did n become k+ until #gje1 & ! attack ^u ,j]usalem 0 n made until #gja4 ,"h1 aga91 ! biblical acc\nt seems to be inaccurate4 ,9 _m o!r cases1 h[ev]1 rem>kable confirmations are se54 ,!re are _m p]sons & ev5ts m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* are ref]r$ to also 9 ! inscriptions4 ,?9k ( ! long li/ ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian k+s nam$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,amraphel1 k+ ( ,%9>1 at "o "t consid]$ a my?ical figure1 is %[n to h be5 "o ( ! greate/ g5]als1 wise/ adm9i/rators1 & faire/ lawgiv]s among ! e>ly k+s ( ,babylon4 ,s>gon1 ^: v exi/5ce 0 once d\bt$1 has 9 defiance ris5 f ! du/4 ,9 ^! & num]\s o!r cases1 especially f ! n9? c5tury onw>d--z may be se5 f a comp>ison ( ! inscriptions quot$ above ) ! correspond+ portions ( #aeg ! ,old ,te/am5t--! ar*ological records furni% /rik+ confirmations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives4 ,to sum up ?is entire inquiry3 ,x mu/ be app>5t to e unbias$ /ud5t t ! monum5ts1 :5 read intellig5tly1 nei!r set aside nor discr$it ! ,old ,te/am5t docum5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y prove _! sub/antial accuracy4 ,!y may at times modify !m1 especially 9 que/ions ( *ronology2 b !y m frequ5tly corroborate ?an impugn2 ?us !y (f] _! s]vices n z a sub/itute b z a supplem5t1 by ! aid ( :i* we may /udy f )\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,,notes ,,on ,,*apt] ,,iv #a ,an excell5t acc\nt ( ! explorations & excavations 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 & ( ! deciph]m5t ( ! inscriptions is f\nd 9 ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,*apt]s ,i-,,viii2 comp>e also ,h4 ,v4 ,hilpre*t1 ,explorations 9 ,bible ,l&s dur+ ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,"p ,i4 #b ,prelim9>y reports ( ! results ( ! ,g]man excavations are giv5 f "t to "t 9 ! ,mitteilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t ,gesells*aft4 #c ,g4 ,/e9dorff1 ,excavations 9 ,egypt1 9 ,h4 ,v4 ,hilpre*t1 ,explorations 9 ,bible ,l&s1 pp4 #fbc-fij4 #d ,op5+ words ( ,i4 ,b5z+]1 ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e1 9 ,hilpre*t1 ,explorations1 pp4 #egi-fbb4 ,a v complete discussion ( explorations & excavations 9 ,pale/9e may be f\nd 9 ,f4 ,jones ,bliss1 ,developm5t ( ,pale/9e ,exploration4 ,! #aeh progress ( ! excavations is report$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 #e ,op5+ words ( ! fir/ lecture on ,babel & ,bible4 #f ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis1 p4 xlviii4 #g ,a4 ,t4 ,clay1 ,light on ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,babel1 ,*apt] ,,xi4 #h ,! ,*ronology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #ig4 #i ,egypt & ,israel1 p4 #ce4 ,brea/$ also seems to ?9k t ! ,israelites defeat$ by ,m]neptah _h no direct connection ) ^? :o suff]$ 9 ,egypt1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 p4 #dff2 comp>e p4 #daj4 #aj ,! ,expositor1 #aijh1 p4 #aii4 #aa ,j4 ,c4 ,ball1 ,light f ! ,ea/1 pp4 #aca1 #acb4 #ab ,w4 ,h4 ,b5nett1 ,! ,moabite ,/one2 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 art41 ,moab1 ,moabites4 #ac ,mo/ ( ! inscriptions f ?is p]iod on are f\nd 9 ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,au?ority & ,ar*aeology1 ,"p ,i--,hebrew ,au?ority1 by ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]4 ,see also ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/orical ,records & ,leg5ds ( ,assyria & ,babylonia2 ,a4 ,t4 ,clay1 ,light on ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,babel2 ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,anci5t ,ori5t2 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature2 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,mod]n ,rese>* z ,illu/rat+ ! ,bible4 ,! mo/ rec5t & mo/ complete collection ( cunei=m inscriptions ?r[+ light on ,old ,te/am5t religion & hi/ory is conta9$ 9 ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* appe>$ aft] ?is book _h gone to press4 #ad ,=m]ly call$ ,%almanes] ,,ii2 see ,expository ,times1 ,febru>y1 #aiab1 p4 #bch4 #ae ,a translation ( ! entire inscription by ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s is f\nd 9 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #hj;ff4 ,^! ,records ( ! ,pa/ conta9 translations ( ! m important anci5t inscriptions4 #aei #af ,! mo/ important ( ^! papyri is translat$ 9 ! ,biblical ,_w1 ,june1 #aijh1 pp4 #ddh;ff4 #ag ,francis ,br[n1 ,assyriology--,its ,use & ,abuse 9 ,old ,te/am5t ,/udy1 p4 #c4 #ah ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hj4 #ai ,encyclop$ia ,biblica1 ,vol4 ,i1 col4 #gib1 ,note4 #bj ,e4 ,w4 ,b>nes1 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,k+s1 p4 xxxiii4 #ba ,a4 ,t4 ,clay1 ,light on ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,babel1 p4 #adc4 #bb ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis1 p4 liii1 quot$ 9 "p f ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,mod]n ,criticism & ! ,prea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #aja4 #afj ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,religion ,! pres5t is an era ( comp>ative /udy4 ,we no long] /udy subjects by !mselves1 b comp>e !m ) correlat$ exp]i5ces & ph5om5a4 ,9 ! sph]e ( language /udy we h ! sci5ce ( comp>ative philology4 ,language is comp>$ ) language4 ,by means ( ?is comp>ison we h f\nd t !re are gr\ps ( languages closely relat$ to "o ano!r2 &1 comp>+ ^! gr\ps ) "o ano!r1 we h discov]$ c]ta9 univ]sal laws ( language4 ,comp>+ fur!r ! languages )9 ea* gr\p1 we asc]ta9 ! laws common to t gr\p4 ,by su* comp>ison a flood ( light has be5 ?r[n on language4 ,we "k ,greek & ,lat9 & ,hebrew to-day z our pr$ecessors did n "k !m4#a ,! same pr9ciple ( comp>ison is n[ appli$ to ! /udy ( hi/ory1 ( lit]ature1 ( philosophy1 ( e?ics1 & ( religion1 includ+ ! lit]ature & religion ( ! ,hebrews4 ,m5 are lay+ to-day ! entire ,hebrew lit]ature1 hi/ory1 & religion alongside ( ! lit]atures1 hi/ories1 & religions ( o!r #afa nations1 te/+ !m by ! same me?ods & apply+ to !m ! same rules4 ,:at %\ld be ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ian t[>d ?is me?od ( /udy8 ,:5 ! sci5ce ( comp>ative philology fir/ ass]t$ itself _m good ,*ri/ians set !mselves aga9/ x1 because "o ( its claims 0 t ,hebrew is n ! orig9al language giv5 by ,god to m54 ,comp>ative philology has won its way1 & ,bible /ud5ts are truly grateful = ! light x has %$ ^u sacr$ scripture4 ,:5 ! comp>ative /udy ( ! ,scriptures 0 fir/ advocat$ !re 7 _m timid s\ls :o felt t ?is me?od ( /udy 0 an attack ^u ! ,bible1 :i* c\ld only issue 9 su* an ov]turn+ ( belief t ! ,*ur* w\ld rema9 helpless ) a wor?less ,bible4 ,h5ce !y set !mselves ) all _! might aga9/ ! new /udy z an enemy ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,is ?is ! prop] attitude8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is well to rememb] t ! ,bible has )/ood all attacks = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,its great riv] ( tru? has fl[$ s]5ely on1 wat]+ ! :ole e>? ) its life-giv+ /reams1 & refus+ to be damm$ up by any foe4 ,surely1 hi/ory tea*es t !re ne$ be no fe> t any new me?od ( /udy w br+ ab\t an end ( ! ,bible's reign4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hi/ory tea*es ! folly ( resi/+ ! progress ( sci5ce along any l9e ( inve/igation4 #afb ,true sci5ce w w9 its way j z surely z ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible w w9 its way into ! he>ts ( m54 ,h5ce x w\ld seem ! "p ( wisdom to enc\rage r ?an to disc\rage ! ef=ts ( ! comp>ative /ud5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we _c d any?+ else unless we w\ld /ultify ourselves4 ,we h said to ! adh]5ts ( e o!r religion3 ,y say y\r sacr$ books are div9e1 prove x2 lay y\r books op5 be=e ! jury ( ! _w1 let ! critics scrut9ize !m1 analyze !m1 criticize !m1 accord+ to ! canons ( mod]n criticism by :i* !y criticize all books4 ,& c we refuse to op5 our ,bible be=e ! jury ( ! _w & bid x scrut9ize1 analyze1 & criticize x accord+ to ! same canons :i* x applies to ! ,v$a1 ! ,koran1 & o!r s-call$ holy books8 ,w\ld su* an attitude be fair8 ,if we believe t ! ,bible is diff]5t f ! sacr$ books ( o!r nations1 t x /&s on a f> high] plane1 unique1 ne$+ no concealm5t & no bol/]+ up ) traditions & doctr9es--if t is our fai?1 !n let u lay x d[n op5 be=e ! _w & *all5ge m5 to read x1 /udy x1 & comp>e x ) all ! sacr$ lit]atures ( ! _w4 ,! man :o really believes 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,bible ought n to be afraid ( su* a te/4 ,he may re/ assur$ #afc t ! comp>ative /udy ( biblical lit]ature & biblical religion w prove "o ( ! ?+s t "w toge!r = good to all ^? :o h a liv+ fai? 9 ,god4 ,an exhau/ive discussion ( ! subject ( ?is *apt] w\ld involve a /udy ( all ! great hi/orical religions1 kn[n bett] to-day ?an ev] be=e1 & a comp>ison ( !m ) ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be done satisfactorily )9 ! limits ( a s+le *apt]4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 advisable to conf9e ! inve/igation to ! religi\s beliefs1 practices1 & in/itutions ( ! nations ) :om ! ,hebrews came into m or less close contact1 su* z ! ,babylonians1 ,assyrians1 & ,egyptians4 ,political contact1 :i* 0 common betwe5 ^! nations & ! ,hebrews1 might furni% occasions = ex]t+ influ5ce 9 ! realms ( religion1 law1 & o!r elem5ts ( civilization4 ,:5 ali5 races & div]se fai?s confront$ ea* o!r x might n always be ! cause ( w>1 b x 0 always ! occasion ( psy*ical conflict4#b ,s9ce ! k ( ! religions ( ! nations nam$ has be5 suppli$ v l>gely ?r\gh ar*ological labors1 ?is inquiry is simply "o phase ( ! broad] "q z to ! be>+ ( ar*ology ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t2 m especially1 ! be>+ ( ! ar*ological mat]ial ( a religi\s & e?ical nature #afd ^u ! uniqu5ess & p]man5t significance ( ! ,old ,te/am5t religion4 ,! importance ( ?is /udy is sugge/$ 9 ! foll[+ quotation f a prom95t ,assyriologi/1 ,hugo ,w9ckl]3 ,we come 9 ! end to ?is1 t we c di/+ui% only two views ( ! _w :i* ! human race has kn[n 9 its hi/orical developm5t3 ! old ,babylonian1 & ! mod]n empirical naturali/ic1 :i* is /ill 9 process ( developm5t & is yet /ruggl+ ) ! old "o 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( life4#c ,to avoid misund]/&+ respect+ ! ext5t ( ! ,babylonian influ5ce1 he adds1 ,! view ( ! _w & religion are "o = ! anci5t ,ori5tal4#c ,9 ?is /atem5t ,w9ckl] robs ! ,old ,te/am5t religion ( all orig9ality2 he consid]s x simply a natural developm5t ( ! ,babylonian religion4 ,fri$ri* ,delitzs*1 9 8 lectures on ,babel & ,bible1#d expresses ! same idea 9 a slightly modifi$ =m & attempts to %[ ! pr$om9ance ( ,babylonian ?\ght 9 ! ,hebrew conception ( ! orig9 ( ! _w1 ! ,fall1 ! ,flood1 life aft] dea?1 angels1 demons1 ! devil1 ! ,sabba?1 a l>ge "p ( ! sacrificial cult1 ! directions conc]n+ ! prie/hood1 ! "n & wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 & ev5 9 ! mono!i/ic conception ( ,deity4 ,h[ mu* tru? is !re 9 ^! claims8 ,or1 to put ! "q 9 ano!r =m1 ,if ! religi\s #afe ideas express$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t h p>allels among nations commonly call$ hea!n1 & if ^! extra-biblical ideas _c be expla9$ z dep5d5t on ! ,bible1 does x foll[ t ! ideas ( ! ,bible are appropriat$ f ^! nations1 & if s1 :at becomes ( ! uniqu5ess1 ! sacr$ness1 ! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,9 ord] to answ] ! "q adequately x is necess>y to consid] 9 detail ! mo/ important phases ( ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,hebrews on ! "o h&1 & ( ! nations ) :om ! ,hebrews came 9 contact on ! o!r4 ,fundam5tal to all religi\s ?9k+ is ! conception ( ,deity4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,babylonian conception ( ,deity1 :i* %[s m /rik+ simil>ities to ! ideas ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ?an d ! conceptions ( ! o!r nations above m5tion$1 belongs to a p]iod ( :i* little or no?+ is kn[n4 ,b !re are indications t a fundam5tal aspect ( ! e>lie/ religion ( ! c\ntry 0 animism1 t is1 ! belief t e object 0 possess$ & animat$ by a _s4 ,life 0 ! only =ce kn[n to man :i* expla9$ motion1 &1 conv]sely1 motion 0 ! sign & manife/ation ( life4 ,! arr[ :i* sp$ ?r\gh ! air1 or ! rock :i* fell f ! cliff1 did s 9 virtue ( _! possess+ life1 or because ! motive =ce ( #aff life lay 9 "s way or o!r beh9d !m4 ,! />s1 :i* sl[ly mov$ ?r\gh ! sky1 & ! sun1 :i* rose & set day by day1 7 liv+ be+s4 ,x 0 life :i* gave !m ! p[] ( movem5t z x gave ! p[] ( movem5t to man himself1 & ! animals by :om he 0 surr\nd$4#e ,besides ?is belief 9 animism1 ! ,babylonian religion %[s evid5ces ( a belief 9 gho/s t 7 relat$ to ! _w ( ! dead4 ,^! gho/s 7 ?\ght to ex]cise an evil influ5ce ^u m5 & c\ld be ca/ out only by ! use ( incantations4 ,b1 :ile ^! elem5ts belong$ to ! e>ly religion1 ,babylonian religion z x actually meets u ev5 9 ! e>lie/ inscriptions has rea*$ a high] /age ( developm5t4 ,!re appe> _m local deities2 e c5t] ( human habitation _h its special patron deity2 = example1 ,babylon 0 ! city ( ,m>duk2 ,nippur1 ( ,enlil2 ,ur1 ( ,s92 ,sipp>a1 ( ,%ama%2 ,cu?ah1 ( ,n]gal2 ,as%ur1 ( ,a%ur2 etc4 ,^! deities are usually associat$ ) natural ph5om5a2 =emo/ among !m /& ! sun & ! moon2 b by ! side ( ^! _m o!r natural objects or =ces 7 p]sonifi$ & deifi$4 ,x is probable t 9 ! beg9n+1 z ! result ( limit$ obs]vation & speculation1 ! numb] ( gods 9 ! ,babylonian pan!on 0 relatively small4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 #afg !y became greatly multipli$ z ! result ( a wid] obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 political *anges1 & !ological speculation4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is t5d5cy to multiply deities !re %[s itself1 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 a t5d5cy to dim9i% ! numb] ( gods1 & 9 ! end comp>atively few rema91 until 9 ! late ,babylonian p]iod ! wor%ip seems to h be5 conf9$ *iefly to ,m>duk1 ,nabu1 ,s91 ,%ama%1 & ,i%t>4 ,"s ( ! great ?9k]s ( ,babylonia seem to h gone ev5 s f> z to consid] ! v>i\s deities manife/ation ( ! "o god ,m>duk4 ,!re is 9 exi/5ce a tablet ( ! ,neo-,babylonian p]iod :i* /ates t ,m>duk is call$ ,n9ib z ! possessor ( p[]1 ,n]gal z "l ( battle1 ,bel z possessor ( dom9ion1 ,nabu z "l ( bus9ess1 ,s9 z ! illum9ator ( ! night1 ,%ama% z ! "l ( "r1 ,addu z ! "l ( ra91 etc4#f ,x is se51 !n1 t mono!i/ic t5d5cies are n abs5t f ! ,babylonian religion4 ,b !y nev] g beyond ! realm ( speculation4 ,! ,babylonians1 ) all _! wond]ful gifts1 7 nev] able to conceive ( "o god1 ( "o god alone1 ( "o god ^: v exi/5ce makes logically impossible ! exi/5ce ( any o!r deity4 ,mono!ism transc5ds ! spiritual grasp ( ! ,babylonian m9d4#g ,9 ! words ( ,delitzs*1 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 h[ev]1 & despite #afh ! fact t _m lib]al & enlight5$ m9ds op5ly advocat$ ! doctr9e t ,n]gal & ,nebo1 t ! moon-god & ! sun-god1 ! god ( ?und]1 ,ramman1 & all ! re/ ( ! ,babylonian pan!on1 7 "o 9 ,m>duk1 ! god ( light1 /ill poly!ism1 gross poly!ism1 rema9$ = ?ree ?\s& ye>s ! ,babylonian /ate religion--a sad & significant w>n+ aga9/ ! indol5ce ( m5 & races 9 matt]s ( religion1 & aga9/ ! colossal p[] :i* may be acquir$ by a /rongly organiz$ prie/hood bas$ ^u x4#h ,ev5 ! mo/ spiritual expressions ( ! ,babylonian religion1 ! s-call$ p5it5tial psalms1 be> witness to ! fact t ! writ]s cont9u$ to wor%ip _m deities4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ spiritual ( ^! psalms1 ! psalmi/ prays3 ,t ! he>t ang] ( my "l be appeas$1 ,a god unkn[n to me be appeas$1 ,a goddess unkn[n to me be appeas$1 ,a kn[n & unkn[n god be appeas$1 ,a kn[n & unkn[n goddess be appeas$1 ,t ! he>t ( my god be appeas$1 ,! he>t ( my goddess be appeas$1 ,god & goddess1 kn[n & unkn[n1 be appeas$4#i ,"s ( ! hymns & pray]s address$ to c]ta9 deities read almo/ z if ! au?ors 7 mono!i/s4 ,b ?is is due simply to ! fact t j at ! "t !y are int]e/$ 9 ! p[] or #afi spl5dor or favor ( a specific deity4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! fact t !y believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( o!r deities1 & 9 _! duty to pay homage to diff]5t deities1 crops out4 ,at no p]iod ( ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,babylonia is !re any indication ( a cle> & well-def9$ mono!ism4 ,9 ,egypt also a t5d5cy t[>d mono!ism manife/$ itself1 especially dur+ ! reign ( ,am5ophis ,,iv1 soon aft] ,b4,c4 #adjj1aj t is1 dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,hebrews 7 9 ,egypt4 ,he tri$ to d away ) ! wor%ip ( _m deities & to e/abli% z ! "o supreme deity ! orb ( ! sun2 b aft] ! dea? ( ,am5ophis1 :o 0 consid]$ a h]etic1 ! new cult disappe>$ )\t ex]t+ any noticeable influ5ce on ,egyptian religion4 ,!re c]ta9ly is no evid5ce t ei!r ! ,babylonian or ! ,egyptian mono!i/ic t5d5cies influ5c$ 9 any direct way ! developm5t ( ,israel's religion4 ,turn+ n[ to ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we soon discov] t ,hebrew religion1 includ+ ! conception ( ,deity1 pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 ! e>lie/ ( ^! belong+ to ! p]iod be=e ,moses4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be not$ ab\t ?is p]iod is t1 9 spite ( ! close relation ( ! anci5t ,hebrews ) ,babylon1 ! e>ly ,hebrew conception ( ,deity does n seem to h be5 influ5c$ 9 any m>k$ mann] by t ( ,babylonia2 nor #agj is !re any indication ( ,egyptian influ5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! olde/ ,hebrew conceptions %[ m>k$ simil>ities ) ! religion ( _! nomadic neighbors1 z reflect$1 = example1 9 ! olde/ traditions ( ! ,arab tribes4 ,?is does n mean t an indirect influ5ce may n h be5 ex]t$ by ,babylon2 inde$1 ! abs5ce ( su* influ5ce w\ld be v /range 9 view ( ! fact t1 accord+ to ,hebrew tradition1 ! tru? ( :i* _c be d\bt$1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,hebrews came f ,babylonia1 f ! city ( ,ur1 ! pr9cipal c5t] ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,babylonian moon-god1 ,s94 ,! results ( mod]n inve/igations into ! nature ( e>ly ,hebrew religion may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3 ,l ! e>ly ,babylonian religion1 ! religion ( ,israel pass$ ?r\gh a /age ( animism4 ,9 "o =m ?is is ! belief 9 ! activity ( ! spirits ( rec5tly deceas$ relatives4 ,b ?is becomes a religion only :5 x leads to ! wor%ip ( ! dep>t$1 t is1 ance/or wor%ip1 ( :i* !re is no def9ite indication 9 ! biblical mat]ial at our comm&4 ,b !re is a =m ( animism ( :i* !re are traces 9 ,israel z 9 ,babylonia1 namely1 ! wor%ip ( spirits t 7 believ$ to be ! inhabitants & possessors ( c]ta9 objects & places1 l trees1 /ones1 spr+s1 :i* !reby assum$ a sacr$ "*4 ,to ?is =m ( #aga religion ! "n polydemonism1 :i* means ! wor%ip ( _m demons1 is ord9>ily giv54 ,demon1 h[ev]1 is to be und]/ood "h1 n 9 ! s5se ( evil _s1 b simply a div9e be+ ( an inf]ior ord]4 ,z illu/rations ( ?is belief1 att5tion may be call$ to ! sacr$ /one1 ,be!l1 :i* gave ! locality its "n1 ,h\se ( ,god 7,g54 #bh4 #ai71 or to ! sacr$ oracul> tree at ,%e*em 7,g54 #ab4 #f2 ,deut4 #aa4 #cj71 or to ! sacr$ wells at ,kade% 7,g54 #ad4 #g7 & ,be]%eba 7,g54 #ba4 #bh-cc74 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t dur+ ! pre-,mosaic p]iod ! religion ( ,israel1 :atev] may h be5 true ( isolat$ individuals1 0 n ess5tially diff]5t f ! religi\s conceptions ( ! p ) :i* we h become bett] acqua9t$ ?r\gh mod]n exploration & excavation4#aa ,ano!r & v diff]5t conception appe>s f ! "t ( ! exodus on4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ?is new conception is t ! ,israelites n[ wor%ip "o ,god1 :om !y consid] _! own peculi> ,deity1 :ile !y look ^u !mselves z 8 own peculi> p4 ,true1 ! e>li] conceptions did n disappe> entirely or imm$iately2 b = ! religi\s lead]s !re 0 b "o ,god :o _h a "r to dem& ,israel's loyalty4 ,jehovah1 or ,yahweh1 0 ! "n ( ?is ,god1 & ! religi\s wat*word 01 ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,israel2 ,israel ! p #agb ( ,jehovah4 ,n[ ar*eology has %[n ! "n ,yahweh to h be5 us$ z a div9e "n long be=e ! "t ( ! exodus2 b ar*ology has also %[n t ! conception ( ! nature & "* ( ,yahweh held by ! religi\s lead]s ( ! ,hebrews f ! "t ( ,moses on is peculi> to !m4 ,says ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no escape f ! conclusion t ! div9e "n ',yahweh' is n a peculi> possession ( ! ,hebrews4#ab ,!n he cont9ues3 ,at fir/ sight ?is may seem l a />tl+ robb]y ( ,israel1 ?is tak+ away f h] ! div9e "n ',yahweh' z an exclusive possession1 b x is n s4 ,yahweh himself is n tak5 away3 he rema9s ! priceless possession1 ! *ief glory ( ,israel4 ,x is only ! "n t is %[n to be widespread4 ,& ! "n matt]s little4 ,! great "q is1 ,:at does ?is "n convey8 ,:at is its !ological cont5t8 ,! "n came to ,israel f ! outside2 b into t vessel a long l9e ( prophets f ,moses onw>d p\r$ su* a flood ( attributes z nev] a prie/ 9 all we/]n ,asia f ,babylonia to ! sea ev] dream$ ( 9 8 highe/ mom5ts ( spiritual insight4 ,9 ?is "n & ?r\gh ,israel's hi/ory ,god *ose to reveal himself to ,israel1 & by ,israel to ! _w4 ,!re9 lies ! supreme & lonesome sup]iority ( ,israel ov] ,babylonia4#ac #agc ,ar*aeology has reveal$ ! pan!on ( ,babylonia & ,assyria2 ! inscriptions h also set 9 a cle> light ! nature & "* ( ! gods z conceiv$ by _! wor%ip]s4 ,= example1 ! gods are look$ ^u z a "p ( ! process ( creation1 z may be se5 f ! op5+ l9es ( ! /ory ( ,creation3#ad ,:5 no "o ( ! gods _h be5 call$ into be+1 ,& none bore a "n1 & no de/9ies 7 fix$4 ,!n 7 creat$ ! gods 9 ! mid/ ( heav54 ,an idea ( ! "* ( ^! deities may be ga!r$ f ! description ( a heav5ly banquet sc5e 9 ! same poem3 ,!y made ready ! fea/1 at ! banquet !y sat1 ,!y ate bread1 !y m+l$ ! w9e4 ,! sweet dr9k made !m drunk5 444 ,by dr9k+ !y 7 drunk51 _! bodies 7 fill$4 ,!y %\t$ al\d1 _! he>t 0 exalt$1 ,!n = ,m>duk1 _! av5g]1 did !y decree de/9y4 ,c]ta9ly1 n all ! religi\s ?9k]s ( ,babylonia held ^! l[ conceptions4 ,9 "s ( _! pray]s & hymns !y rise to l(ty spiritual & e?ical conceptions :i* comp>e q favorably ) expressions f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 a hymn address$ to ,%ama%1 ! sun-god1 are f\nd ^! l9es3 ,:o plans evil--8 horn ?\ do/ de/roy1 ,:oev] 9 fix+ b\nd>ies annuls rights4 ,! unju/ judge ?\ re/ra9e/ ) =ce4 #agd ,:oev] accepts a bribe1 :o does n judge ju/ly--on him ?\ impose/ s94 ,b he :o does n accept a bribe1 :o has a c>e = ! oppress$1 ,to him ,%ama% is graci\s1 8 life he prolongs4 ,! judge :o r5d]s a j decision ,%all end 9 a palace1 ! place ( pr9ces %all be 8 dwell+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! se$ ( ^? :o act unju/ly %all n fl\ri%4 ,:at _! m\? decl>es 9 ?y pres5ce ,?\ %alt burn x up1 :at !y purpose wilt ?\ annul4 ,?\ kn[e/ _! transgressions2 ! decl>ation ( ! wick$ ?\ do/ ca/ aside4 ,e "o :]ev] he may be is 9 ?y c>e4 ,?\ directe/ _! judgm5ts1 ! imprison$ do/ ?\ lib]ate4 ,?\ he>e/1 ,o ,%ama%1 petition1 pray]1 & appeal1 ,humility1 pro/ration1 petition+1 & rev]5ce4 ,) l\d voice ! un=tunate "o cries to !e4 ,! weak1 ! exhau/$1 ! oppress$1 ! l[ly1 ,"m1 wife1 maid appeal to !e1 ,he :o is remov$ f 8 family1 he t dwelle? f> f 8 city4#ae ,f> be x f ! writ] to rob ! religion ( ,babylonia ( any ( its glory4 ,nev]!less1 he v5tures to ass]t )\t any fe> ( contradiction t we may se>* ! pan!on ( ,babylon1 f "o end to ! o!r1 & we %all n f9d "o god :o 9 nature & "* c comp>e ) ! ,jehovah ( ,israel z proclaim$ by ! great prophets & glorifi$ by ! sweet s+]s ( ! nation1 a ,god m]ciful & graci\s1 sl[ to ang]1 & abundant 9 lov+-k9dness & tru?4 ,we may well speak ( a great gulf1 #age :i* is fix$ betwe5 primitive ,semitic conceptions ( ,god & ! noble spiritual views ( him set =? "u div9e illum9ation by ,isaiah4#af ,x is due to ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! conception ( ! nature & "* ( ,deity t ! religion ( ,israel became a liv+ & e?ical p[]1 gr[+ & increas+ until ,jesus1 greate/ ( ! prophets1 complet$ ! message ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & ,*ri/ianity 0 born4 ,f ! conception ( ,deity we may pass to a brief consid]ation ( religi\s in/itutions & beliefs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( rec5t ar*ological discov]ies has be5 to %[ t _m ( ! religi\s rites1 cu/oms1 & in/itutions ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 z also ( ,egypt1 resemble closely ^? assign$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,hebrews4 ,?is _c appe> /range :5 we rememb] t ,israel 0 a bran* ( ! great ,semitic race1 :i* 01 at ! "t ( its sep>ation f ! common /ock1 9 possession ( _m ( ! common ,semitic notions & practices4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible to rid ! ,israelite consci\sness ( all ( ^!2 !re=e ! religi\s lead]s ( ! ,hebrews took ! bett] way ( reta9+ ! famili> =ms & p\r+ into !m a new1 high]1 & m spiritual significance4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ religi\s in/itutions recogniz$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! ,sabba?4 ,! #agf v fact t x is m5tion$ 9 ! /ory ( creation %[s t1 :atev] ! reason = its obs]vance among ! ,hebrews1 x 0 recogniz$ z a v anci5t in/itution4 ,has ar*ology ?r[n any light on ! orig9 ( ! ,sabba? day8#ag ,9 8 fir/ lecture on ,babel & ,bible1 ,delitzs* answ]s ! "q 9 ^! words3 ,!re c !re=e be sc>cely ! %ad[ ( a d\bt t 9 ! la/ resort we are indebt$ to ?is anci5t nation on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris = ! pl5itude ( bless+s t fl[s f our day ( ,sabba?1 or ,sunday1 re/4#ah ,?is /atem5t 0 soon criticiz$1 because x seem$ to give too mu* cr$it to ! ,babylonians1 & ,delitzs* lat] modifi$ ! /atem5t & claim$1 simply1 t ! ,hebrew ,sabba? ultimately is root$ 9 a ,babylonian in/itution4#ai ,no exception c be tak5 to ?is putt+ ( ! claim4 ,:at are ! facts 9 ! case8 7#a7 ,! ,babylonians obs]v$ 9 a peculi> way ! sev5?1 f\rte5?1 tw5ty-fir/1 & tw5ty-eigh? days ( ! mon?1 t is1 ! days on :i* ! moon ent]$ a new phase4 ,!y also obs]v$ ! n9ete5? day ( ! mon?1 :i* 0 ! =ty-n9? day f ! beg9n+ ( ! prec$+ mon?4 ,^! days 7 consid]$ unlucky days1 on :i* c]ta9 actions _h to be avoid$1 at lea/ by important p]sonages1 l ! k+1 #agg prie/1 & physician4 ,! prohibition reads3 ,! %eph]d 7k+7 ( ! great nations %all n eat roa/$ nor smok$ meat1 n *ange 8 g>m5t1 n put on :ite raim5t1 n (f] sacrifice2 ! k+ %all n m\nt 8 *>iot1 z rul] n pron\nce judgm5t2 ! prie/ %all n give oracles 9 ! secret place2 ! physician %all n lay 8 h& on ! sick1 ! day be+ inauspici\s = any affair :atev]4 ,! ,babylonians evid5tly obs]v$ ^! days by at lea/ p>tial cessation ( "w1 because no?+ w\ld prosp] anyway on ^? days4 ,9 contra/1 x may be well to notice t 9 ! ,sabba? obs]vance among ! e>ly ,hebrews ! humanit>ian elem5t play$ a prom95t "p4 7#b7 ,! "n ,%a-bat-tu has be5 f\nd 9 ! inscriptions z an int]pretation ( ! phrase1 um nuh libbi1 :i* means1 a day = appeas+ ! he>t 7( ! deity74 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! ,babylonian ,sabba? 0 int5d$ to be a day ( atonem5t or supplication1 :i* might imply cessation ( ord9>y labor1 especially s9ce ! ^w ,%a-bat-tu may be id5tical 9 mean+ ) gam>u1 to complete or f9i%1 :i* leads naturally to ! idea ( re/1 because ! "w is complet$4 7#c7 ,!re is no def9ite evid5ce t ! five days m5tion$ 7 call$ ,%a-bat-tu2 ! "n is giv5 r to ! fifte5? day ( ! mon?1 :i* is ! day ( ! full moon4 #agh ,9 ! light ( ^! facts x is n improbable t !re is "s connection betwe5 ! ,hebrew ,sabba? & c]ta9 special days among ! ,babylonians2 b1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! ,hebrews h giv5 to ! adopt$ in/itution a new significance4 ,"s ( ! *anges introduc$ by ! ,hebrews are3 7a7 ,! ,hebrews obs]v$ e sev5? day )\t reg>d = ! mon? or ! ye>4 ,! ,babylonians obs]v$ ! sev5?1 f\rte5?1 tw5ty-fir/1 & tw5ty-eigh? days ( ea* mon?1 7b7 ,! motive und]ly+ ! obs]vance among ! two p diff]s4 ,! e>lie/ ,hebrew legislation 7,exod4 #bc4 #ab7 w\ld seem to indicate t humanit>ian consid]ations are responsible = ,sabba? obs]vance1 n religi\s sup]/ition1 7c7 ,! ,sabba? law ( ! ,hebrews 0 b9d+ on all4 ,accord+ to our pres5t k1 among ! ,babylonians only ! lead]s appe> to h be5 affect$4 ,! ,babylonians1 ,egyptians1 & o!r anci5t peoples _h 9 addition to ! ,sabba? num]\s o!r fe/ivals1 & x is n improbable t "s ( ! ,hebrew fe/ivals are connect$ ) ^!1 ?\gh ! exact relation is n yet det]m9$4 ,ar*aeology has ?r[n mu* light on ! complicat$ c]emonial sy/em ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh x is an exagg]ation to say t1 if we want to trace ! orig9 ( ! late ,jewi% c]emonial ( ! ,prie/ ,code1 we mu/ look = #agi x 9 ! cunei=m ritual texts ( ! ,babylonians4#bj ,att5tion may be call$ "h to a few ( ! m m>k$ simil>ities betwe5 ! ,hebrew & ,babylonian sy/ems4#ba 7#a7 ,! ,babylonian temple closely resembl$ ! temple ( ,solomon4 ,bo? _h two c\rts1 *amb]s = ! prie/s1 ! sanctu>y1 & ! ,holy ( holies4 ,ext]nally1 bo? 7 m]e rectangul> boxes1 )\t mu* ar*itectural beauty or v>iety ( design4 ,x 0 only 9 ! possession ( a t[] t ! ,babylonian temple diff]$ f ! ,hebrew1 a diff]5ce due to a diff]5ce 9 ! conception ( ,deity4 ,! temples agre$ ev5 9 ! details ( _! furniture3 ! two alt>s ( ! ,babylonian sanctu>y are f\nd aga9 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem2 s also ! m]cy seat & ! table ( %[bread4 ,! bronze sea ( ,solomon 0 model$ aft] a ,babylonian orig9al4 ,! tw9 pill>s1 :i* ,solomon erect$ 9 ! por* ( ! temple1 h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ,babylonian sanctu>ies4 ,ev5 ! sacr$ ark seems to h _h a ,babylonian orig91 ?\gh "s w\ld trace x to ,egypt4 7#b7 ,e great sanctu>y _h its *ief prie/4 ,"u him 0 a l>ge numb] ( subord9ate prie/s & temple m9i/]s1 su* z sacrific]s1 p\r]s ( libations1 ano9t]s ) oil1 bak]s1 *ant]s1 wail]s1 etc4 ,connect$ ) ! sanctu>ies 7 also ! prophets1 augurs1 soo?say]s1 necromanc]s1 etc4 #ahj ,?\gh n all ^! classes ( religi\s work]s are f\nd 9 connection ) ! ,jewi% sanctu>ies1 ! *ief prie/ & 8 subord9ates are f\nd !re z well z 9 ,babylon4 7#c7 ,simil>ities 9 ! details ( ! sacrificial sy/em may be not$4 ,libations 7 p\r$ out be=e ! deities1 consi/+ orig9ally1 probably1 ( pure wat]1 to :i* 0 subsequ5tly add$ w9e1 made ei!r f ! palm or ! v9e4 ,all ! fir/-fruits ( ! cultivat$ l& 7 (f]$ to ! god2 milk & butt] & oil1 dates & vegetables 7 giv5 9 abundance4 ,s too 7 spices & inc5se1 br\ght f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,arabia1 ! corn t 0 gr[n 9 ! fields1 g>lic & o!r h]bs f ! g>d51 & honey f ! hive4 ,annual sacrifices 7 n =gott54 ,ox5 & calves1 %eep & lambs1 goats & kids1 fi% & c]ta9 k9ds ( birds1 7 sla9 ^u ! alt>4 ,!re are traces ( human sacrifice1 b1 z among ! ,hebrews1 ! practice disappe>$ at an e>ly date4 ,babylonia1 says ,sayce1 0 ! inv5tor ( ! ti!1#bb :i* 0 paid by all classes1 ev5 ! k+4 ,"o ( ! la/ acts record$ ( ! cr[n pr9ce1 ,bel%azz>1 is ! paym5t ( a ti!1 =ty-sev5 %ekels 9 am\nt1 due f 8 si/] to ! temple ( ! sun-god at ,sipp>a4 ,! daily sacrifice 0 a fix$ cu/om4 ,sev]al ( ! te*nical t]ms ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are #aha f\nd also 9 ,assyrian4 ,= example3 torah1 law1 has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,assyrian t]tu2 ! biblical kipp]1 atonem5t1 is ! ,assyrian kuppuru2 korban1 gift or (f]+1 is ! ,assyrian kurbannu4 ,! names = animal sacrifice1 zibu1 = meal (f]+1 manitu1 & = freewill (f]+1 nidbu1 all are f\nd 9 _! ,hebrew =ms 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,z 9 ! ,hebrew legislation1 a di/9ction is made betwe5 ! (f]+s ( ! ri* & ! poor1 & ! sacrificial animal 0 to be )\t blemi%4 ,! ,babylonian prie/ reta9$ c]ta9 p>ts = himself1 :i* 0 also ! cu/om among ! ,hebrews 7,deut4 #ah4 #c71 ?\gh ! p>ts reta9$ are n ! same 9 ! two cases4 ,a ritual tablet %[s t ,babylonians spr9kl$ ! blood ( ! lamb t 0 kill$ at ! gate ( ! palace on ! l9tels1 on ! figures flank+ ! entrances1 & on ! doorpo/s to ! "r & ! left1 :i* has its p>allel 9 ! ,hebrew passov] c]emony4 ,^! illu/rations1 :i* by no means exhau/ ! li/1 reveal close simil>ities betwe5 ! ,hebrew c]emonial & t ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,euphrates-,tigris valley1 & ! m we "k ( ! ,babylonian ritual1 ! m ext5sive & /rik+ ^! resemblances become4 ,!y bo? />t f ! same pr9ciples & agree 9 _m ( _! details4 ,betwe5 !m1 h[ev]1 lies t deep gulf :i* sep>ates ! religion ( #ahb ,israel f t ( ,babylonia z a :ole4 ,! "o is mono!i/ic1 ! o!r poly!i/ic4 ,^u ! basis ( ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce ! religi\s lead]s ( ,israel gave to ! simil> =ms adopt$ f o!r nations a new & deep] mean+ & significance4 ,l ! ,hebrew religion1 ! religion ( ,babylonia has its gu>dian angels4#bc ,! ,babylonian rul]s /ood 9 ne$ ( ho/s ( mess5g]s to be> _! behe/s into all qu>t]s ( _! dom9ions4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 x 0 ?\ght1 ! gods ne$$ _! heav5ly ho/s to c>ry out _! commissions4 ,^! angels are repres5t$ "u v>i\s =ms1 b all ( !m are equipp$ ) w+s1 s z to be able to c>ry ^u ! w9ds ( heav5 ! comm&s ( ! gods to ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,sometimes !y are repres5t$ ) eagles' heads1 p]haps to indicate t !y possess ! ke5ness ( vision & ! rapidity ( flight ( an eagle2 sometimes !y h human c\nt5ances to d5ote _! human intellig5ce4 ,frequ5tly !y appe> z hybrid figures1 ) ! body ( a lion or bull1 ! w+s ( an eagle1 & ! head ( a man1 symboliz+ /r5g?1 swiftness1 & intellig5ce4 ,! duties ( ^! angels are manifold4 ,^? plac$ at ! entrances ( palaces or temples are to gu>d ^? entrances4 ,! peculi> relations ( angels to m5 are sugge/$1 = example1 by #ahc a lett] ( a ,babylonian (fic] to ! que5 "m4 ,he writes3 ,"m ( ! k+1 my lady1 be com=t$4 ,bel's & ,nabu's angel ( m]cy att5ds on ! k+ ( ! l&1 my "l4 ,a lett] address$ to ,es>haddon conta9s ^! words3 ,may ! great gods s5d a gu>dian ( salvation & life to /& by ! k+ my "l4 ,& ,nabopolass>1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,*aldean empire1 & fa!r ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 writes3 ,to lord%ip ov] l& & p1 ,m>duk call$ me4 ,he s5t a *]ub ( m]cy to att5d on me1 & ev]y?+ ,i und]took he aid$4 ,alongside ( ^! gu>dian angels !re appe> evil spirits & demons4 ,^! demons 7 ev]y:]e3 !y lurk$ 9 e corn]1 wat*+ = _! prey4 ,! city /reets knew _! malevol5t pres5ce1 ! riv]s1 ! seas1 ! tops ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!y appe>$ sometimes z s]p5ts glid+ noiselessly ^u _! victims2 z birds1 horrid ( mi51 fly+ resi/lessly to de/roy or afflict2 z be+s 9 human =m1 grotesque1 mal=m$1 awe-inspir+ ?r\gh _! hide\sness4 ,to ^! demons all sorts ( mis=tunes 7 ascrib$3 too?a*e1 heada*e1 brok5 bones1 rag+ fev]1 outbur/s ( ang]1 ( jeal\sy4 ,did a man lie wa/+ ( disease & torn ( pa91 a demon 0 ?\ght to be )9 him1 ! disease be+ b a manife/ation ( 8 malevol5ce4 ,!re c\ld be no return ( ! preci\s boon ( #ahd good heal? until ! demon 0 exorcis$1 & x 0 to ! exorcis+ ( demons t s l>ge1 s disproportionate a "p ( ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh 0 devot$4#bd ,sometimes demons are ref]r$ to 9 a mann] :i* %[s t ! conception 9 ,job #a4 #f;ff41 ,ze*4 #c4 #a;ff41 ( ! ,adv]s>y1 or ! ,satan1 is closely relat$ to ! ,babylonian conception ( a demon z accus]1 p]secutor1 or oppressor4 ,! vision ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is l>gely conf9$ to ?is _w4 ,!re is little hope = a man aft] he passes away f ?is e>?4 ,inde$1 !re are "s passages :i* w\ld seem to imply ! ?\ght t ) dea? exi/5ce came entirely to an end4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ,psa4 #ci4ac3 ,oh1 sp>e me1 t ,i may recov] /r5g? ,be=e ,i g h5ce1 & be no m2 or ,job #ad4 #g-ab3 ,= !re is hope ( a tree1 ,if x be cut d[n1 t x w spr\t aga91 ,& t ! t5d] bran* !re( w n cease4 ,?\gh ! root !re( wax old 9 ! e>?1 ,& ! /ock !re( die 9 ! gr\nd2 ,yet ?r\gh ! sc5t ( wat] x w bud1 ,& put =? b\ghs l a plant4 ,b man die?1 & is laid l[2 ,yea1 man give? up ! gho/1 & :]e is he8 ,z ! wat]s fail f ! sea1 ,& ! riv] wa/e? & drie? up2 ,s man lie? d[n & rise? n3 ,till ! heav5s be no m1 !y %all n awake1 ,nor be r\s$ out ( _! sleep4 #ahe ,^! are expressions ( deepe/ despond5cy & despair ov] a life soon end$1 nev] to be liv$ aga9 "h ^u e>?4 ,h[ev]1 by f> ! greate/ numb] ( ,old ,te/am5t passages deal+ ) ! subject express a belief 9 a cont9u\s exi/5ce aft] dea? 9 ,%eol4 ,%eol is ! place ( dep>t$ p]sonalities2 ! g5]ations ( "o's =efa!rs are !re3 he :o dies is ga!r$ unto 8 fa!rs2 ! tribal divisions ( "o's race are !re3 ! dead is ga!r$ unto 8 p2 & if 8 desc5dants h di$ be=e him1 !y are !re1 & he goes d[n to !m1 z ,jacob to 8 son 7,g54 #cg4 #ce3 ,= ,i w g d[n to ,%eol to my son m\rn+71 & ,david to 8 *ild 7#b ,sam4 #ab4 #bc3 ,i %all g to him1 & he %all n return to me74 ,!re are only a few passages :i* g beyond ?is1 express+ a hope ( immortality or a resurrection4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! hope express$ 9 ,psa4 #af4 #h-aa3 ,i h set ,jehovah always be=e me3 ,because he is at my "r h&1 ,i %all n be mov$4 ,!re=e my he>t is glad1 & my glory rejoice?3 ,my fle% also %all dwell 9 safety4 ,= ?\ w n leave my s\l to ,%eol2 ,nei!r wilt ?\ suff] ?y holy "o to see corruption4 ,?\ wilt %[ me ! pa? ( life3 ,9 ?y pres5ce is fullness ( joy2 ,9 ?y "r h& !re are pleasures = ev]more4 ,! hope express$ "h is n a hope ( a resurrection1 b1 r1 a hope t ! psalmi/ w #ahf be deliv]$ f dea? & live 9 fell[%ip ) ,god =ev]more4 ,!re are o!r passages :i* recognize ! impossibility ( escap+ dea?1 b express a hope t !re w be a resurrection f dea?4 ,! mo/ def9ite ,old ,te/am5t tea*+ ( a resurrection is 9 ,dan4 #ab4 #b1 ,& _m ( !m t sleep 9 ! du/ ( ! e>? %all awake1 "s to ev]la/+ life1 & "s to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt4 ,^! l(ty hopes are peculi> to ,israel4 ,b ,israel's conception ( ,%eol %[s v /rik+ resemblances ) ! ,babylonian conception4 ,! descriptions f\nd 9 ,job1 9 ! ,psalms1 9 ,isaiah1 9 ,ezekiel & else:]e1 are h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ^? f\nd 9 ,babylonian lit]ature4 ,! op5+ l9es ( ,i%t>'s desc5t into ,%eol read3 ,to ! l& f :i* !re is no return1 ! home ( d>kness1 ,i%t>1 ! daught] ( ,s91 turn$ h] m9d1 ,yea1 ! daught] ( ,s9 set h] m9d to g2 ,to ! h\se ( gloom1 ! dwell+ ( ,irkalla1 ,to ! h\se f :i* ^? :o ent] dep>t n1 ,! road f ^: pa? !re is no return2 ,to ! h\se :]e !y :o ent] are depriv$ ( light2 ,a place :]e du/ is _! n\ri%m5t1 clay _! food2 ,! light !y behold n1 9 ?ick d>kness !y dwell2 ,!y are clad l bats 9 a g>b ( w+s2 ,on door & bolt ! du/ is laid4 ,comp>e ) ?is ,job #aj4 #ba1 #bb3 ,be=e ,i g1 :5ce ,i %all n return1 ,to ! l& ( d>kness1 yea deepe/ d>kness1 #ahg ,! l& d>k z midnight1 ,( deepe/ d>kness )\t any ord]1 ,& :]e ! light is z midnight2 or ,job #g4 #i1 #aj3 ,he t goe? d[n to ,%eol %all come up no m1 ,he %all return no m to 8 h\se1 ,nei!r %all 8 place "k him any m4 ,o!r simil>ities may be not$3 ! ,hebrew ,%eol1 l ! ,babylonian1 0 deep d[n 9 ! e>?2 x is pictur$ z a cav]n2 sil5ce reigns supreme1 etc4 ,!re is b "o explanation = ^! simil>ities3 ,:5 ! ance/ors ( ! ,hebrews left _! homes 9 ! ,euphrates valley !y c>ri$ ) !m ! traditions1 beliefs1 & cu/oms curr5t 9 t di/rict4 ,"u new surr\nd+s1 & especially "u ! influ5ce ( _! high] religion1 new features 7 add$ & old conceptions 7 trans=m$4 ,b ^! *anges 7 n able to obscure entirely ! "* impress$ ^u ! old] beliefs by contact ) ,babylon4 ,/rik+ simil>ities are f\nd also betwe5 ! legal sy/ems ( ,babylonia & ,israel4 ,9 ! light ( rec5t discov]ies ! /udy ( anci5t law beg9s to-day1 n ) ! legal sy/ems ( ,rome1 or ( ,greece1 or ( ,israel1 b ) ! laws ( e>ly ,babylonia4 ,( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,babylonian legal sy/em we "k no?+ except a few popul> traditions1 :i* trace x back to "s deity4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t long #ahh c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,moses or ,m9os or ,romulus ! p liv+ 9 ! l[] ,euphrates-,tigris valley develop$ legal codes ( a high & complex ord]4 ,9 ! legal phrase books ( ! lat] scribes !re h be5 pres]v$ sev5 s-call$ ,sum]ian family laws1 writt5 9 ! language ( ! p occupy+ ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,euphrates-,tigris valley be=e x came "u ! sway ( ! ,semites4 ,^! laws1 9 !me & lit]>y =m resembl+ lat] ,babylonian & e>ly ,hebrew laws1 7 probably 9 exi/5ce 9 ! f\r? mill5nium ,b4,c42 "s ( !m may g ev5 f>!r back4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ,babylonian legal code n[ kn[n is ! s-call$ ,code ( ,hammurabi4#be ,hammurabi 0 kn[n to ,assyriologi/s long be=e ! f9d+ ( 8 legal code4 ,he reign$ 9 ,babylon ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjjj1 0 ! six? k+ ( ! fir/ ,babylonian dyna/y1 & ! fir/ p]man5tly to unite ! num]\s small city /ates "u "o rul]4 ,he may1 !re=e1 be call$ ! f\nd] ( ! ,babylonian empire4 ,f 8 num]\s lett]s & inscriptions1 z also f o!r docum5ts com+ f ! same p]iod1 he 0 kn[n z a great conqu]or & /atesman1 int]e/$ 9 ! highe/ welf>e ( 8 p1 & p]si/5tly labor+ = ! improvem5t ( _! conditions4 ,! ,bible /ud5t has a special int]e/ 9 ,hammurabi1 h[ev]1 because 9 all #ahi probability he is no o!r ?an ! ,amraphel ( ,g54 #ad4 #a4 ,! monum5t on :i* ! code is engrav$ 0 f\nd dur+ ! w9t] #aija-aijb by a ,fr5* excavator 9 ! acropolis ( ,susa1 ! sc5e ( ! book ( ,e/h]4 ,x is a block ( black diorite1 ab\t eight feet 9 height4 ,:5 f\nd x 0 9 ?ree pieces1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 easily jo9$4 ,on ! obv]se is a bas relief repres5t+ ! k+ z receiv+ ! rul]'s /aff & r+ f ! sun-god ,%ama%1 ! judge ( heav5 & e>?4 ,!n foll[ on ! obv]se sixte5 columns ( writ+1 conta9+ #a1aad l9es4 ,!re 7 five m columns on ?is side1 b !y 7 eras$ & ! /one repoli%$1 probably by ! ,elamite conqu]or :o c>ri$ ! monum5t to ,susa4 ,on ! rev]se are tw5ty-eight columns ) m ?an #b1ejj l9es ( inscription4 ,! ,engli% ,assyriologi/1 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 e/imates t orig9ally ! inscription conta9$ =ty-n9e columns1 #d1jjj l9es1 & ab\t #h1jjj words4 ,ab\t #hjj l9es are tak5 up by ! prologue & epilogue1 sett+ =? ! k+'s titles1 8 glory1 ! ext5t ( 8 rule1 8 c>e = 8 subjects1 & devotion to 8 gods4 ,! inscription op5s ) a /atem5t ( 8 call by ! gods to be ! rul] ( ,babylon3 ,:5 ! l(ty ,anu1 k+ ( ! ,anunaki1 & ,bel1 "l ( heav5 & e>?1 he :o det]m9es ! de/9y #aij ( ! l&1 committ$ ! rule ( all mank9d to ,m>duk1 ! *ief son ( ,ea2 :5 !y made him great among ! ,igigi2 :5 !y pron\nc$ ! l(ty "n ( ,babylon1 :5 !y made x fam\s among ! qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & 9 its mid/ e/abli%$ an ev]la/+ k+dom1 ^: f\ndations 7 firm z heav5 & e>?--at t "t1 ,ami & ,bel call$ me1 ,hammurabi1 ! exalt$ pr9ce1 ! wor%ip] ( ! gods1 to cause ju/ice to prevail 9 ! l&1 to de/roy ! wick$ & ! evil1 to prev5t ! /rong f oppress+ ! weak1 to g =? l ! sun ov] ! blackhead race1 to enlight5 ! l& & to fur!r ! welf>e ( ! p4 ,accord+ to ! clos+ /atem5t ( ! prologue he fai?fully execut$ ?is commission3 ,:5 ,m>duk s5t me to rule ! p & to br+ help to ! c\ntry1 ,i e/abli%$ law & ju/ice 9 ! l& & promot$ ! welf>e ( ! p 7,v4 #ad-ba74 ,to bett] c>e = ! welf>e ( ! p he set up ! code ( laws4 ,9 column ,,xli1 a "p ( ! epilogue1 he says3 ,let any oppress$ man1 :o has a cause1 come be=e my image z k+ ( righte\sness6 ,let him read ! inscription on my monum5t6 ,let him give he$ to my weighty words6 ,& may my monum5t enlight5 him z to 8 cause & may he und]/& 8 case6 ,may he set 8 he>t at ease6 7#a-ai47 ,he recognizes ! value #aia ( 8 law code & advises 8 successors on ! ?rone to make good use ( x3 ,9 ! days t are yet to come1 = all future "t1 may ! k+ :o is 9 ! l& obs]ve ! words ( righte\sness :i* ,i h writt5 ^u my monum5t6 ,may he n alt] ! judgm5ts ( ! l& :i* ,i h pron\nc$1 or ! decisions ( ! c\ntry :i* ,i h r5d]$6 ,may he n efface my /atues6 ,if t man h wisdom1 if he wi% to give 8 l& good gov]nm5t1 let him give att5tion to ! words :i* ,i h writt5 ^u my monum5t6 ,& may ?is monum5t enlight5 him z to proc$ure & adm9i/ration1 ! judgm5ts :i* ,i h pron\nc$1 & ! judgm5ts :i* ,i h r5d]$ = ! l&6 ,& let him rightly rule 8 blackhead p2 let him pron\nce judgm5ts = !m & r5d] = !m decisions6 ,let him root out ! wick$ & evildo] f ! l&6 ,let him promote ! welf>e ( 8 p6 7#ei-id47 ,! epilogue closes ) a bless+ ^u ! k+ :o w obs]ve ! laws1 & curses ^u him :o w disreg>d or alt] !m 7,,xlii-,,xliv74 ,! pron\ncem5t ( bless+s is v brief2 ! curses are reit]at$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 & num]\s gods & goddesses are appeal$ to by "n to de/roy ! evildo] & 8 reign4 ,! section beg9s 7,,xlii1 #b-di73 ,if t man pay att5tion to my words :i* ,i h writt5 #aib ^u my monum5t1 d n efface my judgm5ts1 d n ov]rule my words1 & d n alt] my /atues1 !n w ,%ama% prolong t man's reign1 z he has m9e1 :o am k+ ( righte\sness1 t he may rule 8 p 9 righte\sness4 ,x cont9ues3 ,if t man d n pay att5tion to my words :i* ,i h writt5 ^u my monum5t2 if he =get my curses & d n fe> ! curse ( god2 if he aboli% ! judgm5ts :i* ,i h =mulat$1 ov]rule my words1 alt] my /atues1 efface my "n writt5 !reon & write 8 own "n2 on acc\nt ( ^! curses commission ano!r to d s--z = t man1 be he k+ or "l1 or prie/k+ or common]1 :oev] he may be1 may ! great god1 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 :o has orda9$ my reign1 take f him ! glory ( 8 sov]eignty1 may he break 8 scept] & curse 8 fate6 ,betwe5 ! prologue & ! epilogue is ! law code prop]4 ,orig9ally !re appe> to h be5 #bhb sep>ate enactm5ts 7?is is ! e/imate ( ! ,fr5* ,assyriologi/1 ,fa!r ,s*eil1 :o fir/ edit$ ! code1 & is commonly accept$ z correct72 ( ^! #ff-ii are n[ miss+ z a result ( ! erasure to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,! code cov]s a v>iety ( topics4 ,laws deal+ ) ! same subject are ord9>ily gr\p$ toge!r2 sometimes ! pr9ciple ( arrangem5t is ! class or pr(ession conc]n$4 #aic ,a brief outl9e w give at lea/ a g5]al notion ( its cont5ts3 #a1 #b1 ,false accusation ( a crime2 #c1 #d1 ,false witness & brib]y2 #e1 ,alt]ation ( judgm5t by a judge2 #f-h1 ,!ft2 #i-ac1 ,conceal+ ( /ol5 prop]ty2 #ad1 ,kidnapp+2 #ae-bj1 ,assi/+ 9 ! escape ( slaves2 #ba-be1 ,burgl>y & brig&age2 #bf-da1 ,rights & duties ( (fic]s1 con/ables1 & taxga!r]s2 #db-eb1 ,r5t+ ( fields = cultivation2 #ec-ef1 ,c>e ( dykes & canals2 #eg1 #eh1 ,%eph]ds all[+ _! %eep to pa/ure on ! fields ( ano!r2 #ei1 ,unlawful cutt+ d[n ( trees2 #fj-fe1 ,duties ( g>d5]s2 #ff-ii1 7lo/72 #ajj-ajg1 ,relation ( m]*ants to _! ag5ts2 #ajh-aaa1 ,regulations conc]n+ w9e-sell]s1 always wom54 ,x may be int]e/+ to note t ) !m ! law 0 v sev]e4 ,( ! ?ree crimes condemn$--m9or crimes at t--"o is to be puni%$ by ?r[+ ! w9e-sell] into ! wat]1 ! second by putt+ h] to dea?1 ! ?ird by burn+ h]4 #aab1 ,loss ( goods intru/$ = transportation2 #aac-aai1 ,secur+ settlem5t = debts2 #abj-abf1 ,liability = deposits2 #abg1 ,sl&]2 #abh1 ,m>riage contract2 #abi-acb1 ,adult]y1 rape1 & suspect$ un*a/ity2 #acc-adc1 ,sep>ation & divorce2 #add-adi1 ,concub9es2 #aej-aeb1 ,m>riage d[ry2 #aec1 ,murd] ( husb& = ! sake ( ano!r2 #aed-aeh1 ,illegitimate sexual int]c\rse2 #aei-afa1 ,brea* ( promise2 #afb-afd1 ,disposition ( d[ry aft] ! #aid dea? ( ! wife2 #afe-agg1 ,inh]itance ( sons 9 polygam\s relations2 #agh-ahb1 ,inh]itance ( prie/esses2 #ahc1 #ahd1 ,inh]itance ( daught]s ( concub9es2 #ahe-aid1 ,treatm5t ( adopt$ *ildr52 #aie-bad1 ,(f5ses aga9/ limb & life2 #bae-bbe1 ,op]ations by doctors & vet]9>y surgeons4 ,= example1 ,if a physician cause a man a sev]e w\nd ) a bronze lancet & cause ! man's dea?1 or1 9 op5+ an abscess ( a man ) a bronze lancet1 de/roy ! man's eye1 !y %all cut (f 8 f+]s 7#bah74 #bbf1 #bbg1 ,unlawful br&+ ( slaves2 #bbh-bcc1 ,liability ( neglig5t build]s4 ,= example1 ,if a build] build a h\se = a man1 & d n make its con/ruction firm1 & ! h\se :i* he has built collapse & cause ! dea? ( ! own] ( ! h\se1 t build] %all be put to dea? 7#bbi74 #bcd-beb1 ,hir$ animals--! injuries !y cause or suff]2 #bec-bgg1 ,rights & duties ( workm52 #bgh-bhb1 ,sell+ & treatm5t ( slaves4 ,9 addition to ?is v complete code !re is a va/ am\nt ( in=mation f bo? e>ly & late p]iods conc]n+ legal practices1 to be ga!r$ f ! ?\s&s ( tablets record+ bus9ess & legal transactions ( v>i\s sorts3 ,m>riage & d[ry contracts1 p>tn]%ip agreem5ts1 records ( debts & promissory notes1 leases ( l&1 h\ses1 or slaves2 records ( sales ( all k9ds ( prop]ty1 mortgages1 docum5ts #aie grant+ ! p[] ( attorney2 conc]n+ adoption1 divorce1 bankruptcy1 inh]itance--9 %ort1 almo/ e imag9able k9d ( contract4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is complex legal sy/em ( ,babylonia we may place ! legal lit]ature ( ! ,hebrews4#bf ,anyone :o approa*es ! /udy ( ,hebrew laws is met by two difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! legal portions d n =m sep>ate books1 b are embodi$ 9 writ+s belong+ to o!r k9ds ( lit]ature2 9 ! second place1 !re is a lack ( sy/em 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! laws4 ,! abrupt transitions f "o subject to ano!r are almo/ z m>k$ z !y are 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs4 ,civil & c]emonial1 crim9al & humane1 secul> & religi\s1 anci5t & late laws & prec$5ts are all m+l$ toge!r1 ) little trace ( sy/ematic arrangem5t4 ,! legal lit]ature is f\nd ma9ly 9 ! books ( ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 & ,deut]onomy2 outside ! ,p5tateu* ! mo/ important piece ( legislation is ,ezek4 #dj-dh4 ,?is legal mat]ial may be sep>at$ f its surr\nd+s & arrang$ by itself4 ,inde$1 ?is has be5 done1 & mod]n s*ol>s are q g5]ally agre$ t ! ,p5tateu* conta9s sev]al di/9ct legal codes belong+ to diff]5t p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel & reflect+ diff]5t /ages ( political1 social1 & religi\s developm5t3 7#a7 ,! ,decalogue2 7#b7 ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant2 7#c7 ! #aif ,deut]onomic ,code2 7#d7 ! ,code ( ,hol9ess2 7#e7 ! ,prie/ly ,code4 ,( ^! five codes ! la/ two are almo/ entirely religi\s & c]emonial1 & z ! simil>ities betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,hebrew c]emonial h already be5 po9t$ out1 !y ne$ n be consid]$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! o!r ?ree conta9 mu* legislation conc]n+ social1 civil1 & crim9al relations1 j l ! ,babylonian legal provisions1 & !re=e may be consid]$ some:at m 9 detail4 ,9 connection ) ! ,deut]onomic ,code1 h[ev]1 x may be not$ t ?ree f\r?s ( ! laws 9 ! e>li] codes are reproduc$ 9 "s =m 9 ,deut]onomy2 s t = purposes ( comp>ison1 ! ,deut]onomic ,code does n furni% _m new elem5ts4 ,x is se51 !re=e1 t = a comp>ative /udy1 ! ,code ( ,hammurabi on ! "o h&1 & ! ,decalogue & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant on ! o!r1 furni% ! mo/ important mat]ial2 & s9ce ! ,code ( ,hammurabi conta9s no religi\s & c]emonial provisions1 ! mat]ial ( t nature 9 ! ,hebrew codes may be omitt$ 9 ?is connection4 ,t !re exi/ simil>ities betwe5 ! legislations ( ! two nations ev5 a sup]ficial read+ w %[4 ,"o is imm$iately /ruck1 = example1 by ! simil>ity 9 ! application ( ! lex talionis3 ,ham4 #aif1 ,if a man de/roy ! eye ( ano!r man1 !y %all de/roy 8 eye2 #aig1 ,if "o #aig break a man's bone1 !y %all break 8 bone2 #bjj1 ,if a man knock out ! too? ( a man ( 8 own rank1 !y %all knock out 8 too?4 ,) ?is comp>e ,exod4 #ba4 #bc-be1 ,?\ %alt give life = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 burn+ = burn+1 w\nd = w\nd1 /ripe = /ripe2 or ,deut4 #ai4 #ba1 ,?9e eyes %all n pity2 life %all g = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot4 ,comp>e also ,lev4 #bd4 #ai1 #bj1 ,if a man cause a blemi% 9 8 neighbor2 z he ha? done1 s %all x be done to him3 brea* = brea*2 eye = eye1 too? = too?2 z he ha? caus$ a blemi% 9 a man1 s %all x be r5d]$ to him4 ,?is pr9ciple is appli$ v ext5sively 9 bo? codes 9 provid+ re/itution = damage done4 ,! use ( ! oa? ( innoc5ce is also enjo9$ 9 bo? codes3 ,ham4 #bdi1 ,if a man hire an ox & a god /rike x & x die1 ! man :o hir$ ! ox %all swe> be=e god & %all g free4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ ,exod4 #bb4 #aj1 #aa1 ,if a man deliv] unto 8 neighbor an ass1 or an ox1 or a %eep1 or any bea/ to keep1 & x die1 or be hurt1 or driv5 away1 no man see+ x1 ! oa? ( ,jehovah %all be betwe5 !m bo?1 :e!r he ha? n put 8 h& unto 8 neighbor's goods1 & ! own] !re( %all accept x1 & he %all n make re/itution4 ,! illu/rations might be multipli$ manifold4 #aih ,j]emias po9ts out tw5ty-f\r simil>ities betwe5 ! ,code ( ,hammurabi & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant alone2#bg :i* numb] is greatly increas$ if ! comp>ison is ext5d$ s z to include ! entire ,p5tateu*4 ,! _s p]meat+ ! two sy/ems is "o ( human5ess & k9dness4 ,hammurabi describes himself z a %eph]d *os5 by ! gods to c>e = 8 p1 to lead !m into safe pa/ures & to make !m dwell 9 peace & security4 ,he compil$ ! code1 t ! great %\ld n oppress ! weak2 to c\nsel ! wid[ & orphan1 to r5d] judgm5t & to decide ! decisions ( ! l&1 & to succor ! injur$4 ,?is is ! same _s t p]meates ! ,p5tateu*al legislation4 ,! picture at ! head ( ! code1 repres5t+ ,hammurabi /&+ be=e ! sun-god ,%ama%1 ! supreme judge ( heav5 & e>?1 is v sugge/ive1 = x rem9ds "o ( ! n>rative 9 ,exodus :i* repres5ts ,moses z receiv+ ! ,hebrew laws directly f ,jehovah4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re are also diff]5ces betwe5 ! two sy/ems2 & ?is is only :at we %\ld expect1 s9ce ! civilization ( ,babylon 0 f> 9 advance ( & mu* m complex ?an t ( ! ,israelites1 ev5 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! latt]'s highe/ developm5t4 ,besides1 ! l[] religi\s conceptions w\ld inevitably influ5ce ! legislation4 #aii ,att5tion may be call$ also to "s simil>ities betwe5 ! ,decalogue & c]ta9 requirem5ts 9 ,babylonia1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is impli$ 9 an incantation#bh 9 :i* ^! que/ions are ask$3 ,has he brok5 into ! h\se ( 8 neighbor8 ,has he approa*$ ! wife ( 8 neighbor8 ,has he spill$ ! blood ( 8 neighbor8 ,has he grasp$ ! g>m5t ( 8 neighbor8 ,^! que/ions w\ld seem to imply ! exi/5ce ( laws l ^!3 ,?\ %alt n break into ! h\se ( ?y neighbor2 ,?\ %alt n approa* ! wife ( ?y neighbor2 ,?\ %alt n spill ! blood ( ?y neighbor2 ,?\ %alt n grasp ! g>m5t ( ?y neighbor4 ,9 view ( all ^! simil>ities1 ! "q naturally arises :e!r ! ,babylonian legal sy/em ex]t$ any influ5ce ^u ! lawmak]s ( ! ,hebrews1 = ! resemblances are too close to be expla9$ entirely on ! basis ( co9cid5ce4 ,^? :o admit "s relation betwe5 ! two legislations are n 9 agreem5t z to ! nature ( ! connection4 ,"s hold t !re is direct dep5d5ce2 t ! au?or or au?ors ( ! laws ( ! ,p5tateu* 0 or 7 acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( ,hammurabi1 & made ^! laws ! basis ( ! ,hebrew legislative sy/em4 ,! possibility ( su* dep5d5ce _c be d5i$4 ,surely1 an acqua9tance ) ! ,code ( ,hammurabi 9 ! ,arabian #bjj des]t or 9 ,pale/9e at ! "t ( ! exodus or lat] _c appe> /range 9 view ( ! evid5ce ( ! ,tel-el-,am>na tablets1 %[+ t "s "t be=e ! exodus int]c\rse betwe5 ,babylon & ! ,we/ 0 frequ5t2 t religi\s1 political1 & lit]>y influ5ce 0 widespread1 & t ! language ( ,babylon 0 ! l+ua franca ?r\gh\t ,canaan4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ^? :o believe t ! p>allels & analogies betwe5 ! two codes are due to ! common ,semitic orig9 ( ! two sy/ems4 ,! ,babylonians & ! ,hebrews 7 ,semites1 orig9ally dwell+ 9 a common home4 ,:5 !y left ?is home !y c>ri$ ) !m _! common traditions1 laws1 cu/oms1 & practices4 ,9 _! new homes !y develop$ !m & impress$ ^u !m _! own individuality4 ,! result among ! ,hebrews1 det]m9$ 9 a l>ge measure by _! peculi> religion1 is se5 9 ! legislation ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :ile ! outcome 9 ,babylon is be/ repres5t$ by ! ,code ( ,hammurabi4 ,:i* ( ^! two explanations is correct x may be impossible to say ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,to me x seems t bo? conta9 elem5ts ( tru?4 ,sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r may be correct1 :ile 9 o!r cases ! simil>ities may be due to co9cid5ce4 ,9 any case1 ! value ( ! ,p5tateu*al legislation rema9s #bja unaffect$1 = x dep5ds1 n ^u its orig9 or process ( gr[?1 b1 r1 ^u its inh]5t _s & "*4 ,att5tion may fur!r be call$ to ! exi/5ce 9 ,babylonia ( /ories %[+ almo/ />tl+ resemblances to ! acc\nts ( ! creation ( ! _w1 ( ! orig9 ( man & ( s91 ( a ,deluge1 & o!r n>ratives conta9$ 9 ! fir/ elev5 *apt]s ( ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,sev]al di/9ct creation /ories1 orig9at+ 9 diff]5t religi\s c5t]s1 h be5 h&$ d[n4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^!1 call$ ,enuma eli% 7:5 above71 f its op5+ words1 has be5 deciph]$ f tablets f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh4 ,^! tablets repres5t a copy made 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! "t ( ! composition1 or compilation ( ! /ory1 is n kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 pictorial repres5tations ( "s ( ! sc5es 9 ! epic1 & allusions 9 o!r lit]>y productions ^: dates c be fix$1 make x c]ta9 t ! /ory1 or at lea/ ! mo/ important compon5t elem5ts ( ! /ory1 exi/$ be=e ,b4,c4 #bjjj4 ,9 its pres5t =m x belongs to a p]iod lat] ?an ! elevation ( ,babylon to be ! national c5t]1 :i* took place "u ,hammurabi1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjjj1 = ! *ief place is assign$ to ,m>duk1 ! god ( ,babylon4#bi ,e*oes ( ?is /ory are f\nd 9 sev]al ,old #bjb ,te/am5t passages1 especially 9 ! poetic & prophetic writ+s4 ,9 ^! ,jehovah is repres5t$ z hav+ cont5d$ ) a great primeval mon/]1 call$ 9 "s passages ,rahab1 9 o!rs ,levia?an1 or ,dragon4 ,?is be+ seems to symbolize *aos1 or to p]sonify ! primeval ocean1 :i* exi/$ :5 ! process ( creation began4 ,9 ! conflict betwe5 ,jehovah & ?is mon/] ! ho/ile creature & its help]s 7 ov]?r[n1 aft] :i* ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 creat$4 ,a few ( ^! passages may be quot$3 ,o ,jehovah ,god ( ho/s1 ,:o is a mighty "o1 l unto !e1 ,o ,jehovah8 ,& ?y fai?fulness is r\nd ab\t !e4 ,?\ rule/ ! pride ( ! sea3 ,:5 ! waves !re( arise1 ?\ /ille/ !m4 ,?\ ha/ brok5 ,rahab 9 pieces1 z "o t is sla92 ,?\ ha/ scatt]$ ?9e enemies ) ! arm ( ?y /r5g?4 ,! heav5s are ?9e1 ! e>? also is ?9e3 ,! _w & ! fullness !re(1 ?\ ha/ f\nd$ !m1 ,! nor? & ! s\?1 ?\ ha/ creat$ !m 7,psa4 #hi4 #h-ab74 ,rahab is a reflection ( ! ,babylonian ,tiamat2 ,jehovah takes ! place ( ! ,babylonian god1 ,m>duk1 ! conqu]or ( ,tiamat2 ! enemies are ! help]s ( ,tiamat m5tion$ 9 ! ,babylonian poem4 ,! ord] ( ev5ts is ! same 9 ! two acc\nts3 fir/ ! conflict1 !n creation4 ,he /irre? up ! sea ) 8 p[]1 ,& by 8 und]/&+ he smite? ?r\gh ,rahab4 #bjc ,by 8 ,_s ! heav5s are g>ni%$2 ,8 h& ha? pi]c$ ! swift s]p5t 7,job #bf4 #ab1 #ac74 ,god w n )draw 8 ang]2 ,! help]s ( ,rahab d /oop "u him 7,job #i4 #ac74 ,yet ,god is my ,k+ ( old1 ,work+ salvation 9 ! mid/ ( ! e>?4 ,?\ did/ divide ! sea by ?y /r5g?3 ,?\ brake/ ! heads ( ! sea-mon/]s 9 ! wat]s4 ,?\ brake/ ! heads ( levia?an 9 pieces2 ,?\ gave/ him to be food to ! p inhabit+ ! wild]ness4 ,?\ did/ cleave f\nta9 & flood3 ,?\ dri$/ up mighty riv]s4 ,! day is ?9e1 ! night also is ?9e3 ,?\ ha/ prep>$ ! light & ! sun4 ,?\ ha/ set all ! bord]s ( ! e>?3 ,?\ ha/ made summ] & w9t] 7,psa4 #gd4 #ab-ag74 ,! simil>ities betwe5 ! ,babylonian /ory call$ ,enuma eli% & ! n>rative ( creation 9 ,g54 #a are especially pron\nc$3 7#a7 ,bo? acc\nts recognize a "t :5 all 0 *aos4 ,9 ! ,babylonian conception ?is *aos is p]sonifi$ 9 ,tiamat2 9 ,g54 #a4 #b occurs ! ^w tehom1 translat$ deep1 :i* is ! same z ,tiamat1 *ang$ b slightly 9 pass+ f "o language to ! o!r4 7#b7 ,9 ,g5esis light dispels d>kness & ord] foll[s2 9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt1 ,m>duk1 ! god ( light1 ov]comes ! demon ( *aos & d>kness4 7#c7 ,! second act ( creation is ! mak+ ( ! firmam5t1 :i* divid$ ! wat]s :i* 7 "u ! #bjd firmam5t f ! wat]s :i* 7 above ! firmam5t 7,g54 #a4 #f-h72 9 ! ,babylonian poem ! body ( ,tiamat is divid$ & "o half becomes ! firmam5t to keep ! heav5ly wat]s 9 place4 7#d7 ,! ?ird & f\r? acts ( creation 9 ! ,hebrew /ory are ! creation ( e>? & ! beg9n+ ( vegetation 7,g54 #a4 #i-ac72 ! correspond+ ,babylonian /ory has be5 lo/1 b x seems q probable t ^! acts 7 describ$ 9 ! same ord] on ! fif? tablet4 ,b]osus1 9 8 summ>y ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt1 says t ,bel =m$ ! e>? out ( "o half ( ,omorka's body--,omorka is probably a corruption ( ,ummu-,khubur1 a title ( ,tiamat--& z 9 e in/ance :]e ! n>rative ( ,b]osus has be5 te/$ x has prov$ to be correct1 we may assume t 9 ?is also he gives a correct reproduction ( ! ,babylonian tradition4 ,moreov]1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? tablet ,m>duk is hail$ z be/[] ( fruitfulness1 f\nd] ( agriculture1 creator ( gra9 & plants1 he :o caus$ ! gre5 h]b to spr+ up4 7#e7 ,! fif? act ( creation is ! mak+ ( ! heav5ly bodies 7,g54 #a4 #ad-ai74 ,) ?is ! ,babylonian p>allel %[s close simil>ities1 = x /ates t ,m>duk ,made ! /ations = ! great gods1 ,! />s1 _! images1 z ! con/ellations he fix$1 ,he orda9$ ! ye>1 m>k$ (f its divisions4#cj #bje 7#f7 ,! six? & sev5? acts ( creation 7 ! creation ( fi%es & birds & ( l& animals 7,g54 #a4 #bj-be73 ! ,babylonian p>allels 9 ,enuma eli% are want+ at pres5t2 b ,b]osus h9ts t !y 7 creat$ at ! same "t z man1 s t x is probable t ! acc\nt ( ^! acts ( creation appe>$ some:]e 9 ! lo/ portions ( ! fif? or six? tablet4 ,f allusions 9 o!r writ+s we le>n t ,m>duk 0 look$ ^u z ! creator ( ! animals & o!r liv+ creatures ( ! field4 7#g7 ,! eigh? act ( creation1 t ( man 7,g54 #a4 #bf-ca71 f9ds its p>allel ^u ! six? tablet3 ,:5 ,m>duk he>d ! ^w ( ! gods ,8 he>t mov$ him & he devis$ a cunn+ plan4 ,he op5$ 8 m\? & unto ,ea he spoke1 ,t :i* he _h conceiv$ 9 8 he>t he made kn[n unto him4 ,my blood w ,i take & bone w ,i fa%ion1 ,i %all make man t man may 444 ,i %all create man1 :o %all inhabit ! e>?1 ,t ! s]vice ( ! gods may be e/abli%$ & t _! %r9es may be built4#ca ,9 ord] to e/imate rightly ! relations betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,hebrew acc\nts ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two mu/ also be not$4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ord] ( ! sep>ate acts ( creation is n q ! same4 ,= example1 9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt1 ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies foll[s imm$iately ^u ! #bjf mak+ ( ! firmam5t1 :ile 9 ! ,hebrew /ory x foll[s ! mak+ ( ! e>? & ! spr++ up ( vegetation4 ,c]ta9ly1 ?is diff]5ce is ( no special significance1 & ! *ange may easily be expla9$ z due to ! desire ( ! ,hebrew writ] to cr[d ! creative acts into ! six work+ days ( ! week4 ,! real diff]5ce is m fundam5tal & appe>s especially 9 ! conception ( ! nature & "* ( ,deity4 ,! ,babylonian /ory op5s ) ^! words3 ,:5 above ! heav5 0 n nam$ ,& b5ea? ! e>? bore no "n1 ,& ! primeval ,apsu1 :o begat !m1 ,& ,mummu-,tiamat1 ! "m ( !m all-- ,_! wat]s 7 m+l$ toge!r1 ,& no re$ 0 =m$1 no m>% se51 ,:5 no "o ( ! gods _h be5 call$ into be+1 ,& none bore a "n1 & no de/9ies 7 fix$1 ,!n 7 creat$ ! gods 9 ! mid/ ( heav54 ,comp>e ) ?is ! simple1 yet maje/ic1 conception1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,9 "o case _m gods1 9 ! o!r "o ,god almighty2 9 "o case ! gods are a "p ( ! process ( creation1 9 ! o!r ! uncreat$ ,god is 9 ! beg9n+4 ,g5esis pres5ts ,god z almighty1 b also z k9d1 b5efic5t1 lov+2 ,m>duk1 ! ,babylonian creator1 is repres5t$ z a great h]o1 b exce$+ly selfi%4 ,he und]takes ! mighty task ( #bjg ov]com+ ,tiamat only aft] mak+ arrangem5ts = a suitable rew>d4 ,! description ( ! heav5ly banquet sc5e1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made e>li] 9 ! *apt]1 implies a conception ( ! "* ( ! gods :i* is sep>at$ by an impassable gulf f ! ,old ,te/am5t ideal4 ,no "o c read ) an unbias$ m9d ! two acc\nts )\t realiz+ ! great diff]5ces betwe5 ! my?ological1 poly!i/ic acc\nt ( ! ,babylonians & ! simple1 solemn1 sublime1 mono!i/ic picture 9 ,g5esis4 ,! sob]ness1 ! dignity1 ! simplicity ( ! ,hebrew acc\nt lift x f> above its ,babylonian c\nt]p>t4 ,f x ! crude nature my?s h all be5 /ripp$ away4 ,no drunk5 gods hold revels 9 its solemn l9es4 ,above & beh9d & 9 all is "o righte\s & b5efic5t ,god4 ,9 ?is sublime e?ical mono!ism ! ,hebrew /ory rises inf9itely above ! /ory t orig9at$ 9 ! ,euphrates-,tigris valley4 ,ano!r ,babylonian tradition1 ! close relation ( :i* to ! biblical acc\nt has long be5 recogniz$1 is ! /ory ( ! ,deluge4 ,9 its cunei=m text x 0 fir/ discov]$ on fragm5ts ( tablets br\ght f ! libr>y ( ,a%urbanipal4 ,b t ! ,babylonians possess$ a /ory ( ! ,flood 0 kn[n be=e f an outl9e pres]v$ by ,b]osus4 ,! tradition br\ght to #bjh light by ar*ology =ms an episode 9 an epic :i* n>rates ! exploits ( ,gilgame% & occupies ! elev5? ( ! twelve p>ts into :i* ! epic is divid$4 ,gilgame% sprang f a city1 ,%urippak1 :i* aft]w>d completely disappe>$4 ,he became k+ ( ,ere*1 :]e he rul$ z a tyrant until ! gods creat$ ,ea-bani to de/roy him4 ,! two1 h[ev]1 became bosom fri5ds4 ,toge!r !y deliv]$ ,ere* f ! ,elamite oppressor1 ,khumbaba4 ,i%t>1 ! goddess ( love1 !n (f]$ h] h& to ,gilgame% 9 m>riage1 :i* he spurn$ ) scorn4 ,out ( rev5ge1 %e s5t a scorpion1 ^: /+ prov$ fatal to ,ea-bani4 ,gilgame% himself %e smote ) an incurable disease4 ,to f9d relief1 ! latt] set out = ! dwell+ place ( 8 great-gr&fa!r1 ,ut-napi%tim1 f> away on ! isles ( ! bless$4 ,:5 he f9ally rea*es him ! latt] tells him all ab\t ! great ,flood f :i* he escap$ to enjoy et]nal life4#cb ,! mo/ /rik+ resemblances betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,hebrew /ories ( ! ,flood may n[ be not$3 7#a7 ,comp>e ! in/ruction giv5 by ,god to ,noah 7,g54 #f4 #ac-bb7 ) ! words address$ by ! god ,ea to ,ut-napi%tim3 ,o man ( ,%urippak1 son ( ,ub>atutu1 ,pull d[n ?y h\se1 build a %ip1 ,leave ?y possessions1 take ?\ght = ?y life1 #bji ,?y prop]ty ab&on1 save ?y life1 ,br+ liv+ se$ ( e k9d into ! %ip4 ,! %ip t ?\ %alt build1 ,s %all be ! measure ( its dim5sions1 ,?us %all correspond its bread? & height1 ,into ! ocean let x f>e4#cc 7#b7 ,9 bo? acc\nts ! de/ruction is due to s94 ,?is is def9itely /at$ 9 ,g54 #f4 #e-g4 ,= ! ,babylonian /ory x is impli$ 9 ! rebuke giv5 to ,bel by ,ea3 ,on ! s9n] lay 8 s91 ,on ! transgressor lay 8 transgression4 ,=be>1 let n all be de/roy$4#cd 7#c7 ,9 bo? acc\nts1 only a se$ ( life suffici5t to repl5i% ! e>? is sav$4 ,comp>e ,g54 #f4 #ai1 #bj ) ! comm&1 ,br+ liv+ se$ ( e k9d into ! %ip1 or ) ! /atem5t3 ,i br\ght into ! %ip my family & h\sehold2 ,! cattle ( ! field1 ! bea/s ( ! field1 craftsm51 all ( !m ,i br\ght 94#ce 7#d7 ,bo? /ories tell ( a great /orm & deluge ( wat]4 ,g54 #g4 #aa reads1 ,! f\nta9s ( ! great deep 7 brok5 up1 & ! w9d[s ( heav5 7 op5$4 ,& ! ra9 0 ^u ! e>? =ty days & =ty nights4 ,comp>e ) ?is3 ,! dawn+ ( t day ,i fe>$1 ,i fe>$ to behold t day4 ,i ent]$ ! %ip & clos$ ! door4 ,:5 ! fir/ flu% ( dawn appe>$ ,!re came up f ! horizon a black cl\d4 #baj ,adad ?und]$ )9 x1 ,:ile ,nabu & ,m>duk w5t be=e4 ,!y g z mess5g]s ov] m\nta9 & valley4 ,n]gal bore away ! an*or4 ,n9ib advances1 ! /orm he makes to desc5d4 ,! ,anunaki lift$ up _! tor*es1 ,) _! brightness !y light up ! l&4 ,adad's /orm rea*$ unto heav51 ,all light 0 turn$ into d>kness1 ,x flood$ ! l& l 444 44444444 ! /orm ,rag$ high1 ! wat] climb$ ov] ! m\nta9s1 ,l a besom ( de/ruction !y br\ght x ^u m54#cf 7#e7 ,9 bo? in/ances ! /ructure re/s ^u a m\nta9 9 ! nor?4 ,g54 #h4 #d reads1 ,& ! ark re/$ 444 ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,ar>at1 t is1 ,arm5ia4 ,! ,babylonian /ory reads3 ,to ! l& ( ,nisir ! %ip made its way1 ,! m\nt ( ,nisir held x fa/ t x mov$ n4#cg ,m\nt ,nisir is ea/ ( ! upp] ,tigris4 7#f7 ,9 bo? cases birds are s5t out to asc]ta9 ! condition ( ! l&4 ,comp>e ,g54 #h4 #f-ab ) ^! l9es3 ,:5 ! sev5? day approa*$ ,i s5t =? a dove & let h] g4 ,! dove flew to & fro1 ,b !re 0 no re/+ place & %e return$4 ,i s5t =? a swall[ & let h] g2 ,! swall[ flew to & fro1 ,b !re 0 no re/+ place1 & %e return$4 ,i s5t =? a rav5 & let h] g2 ,! rav5 flew away1 %e saw ! abatem5t ( ! wat]s1 #baa ,%e drew ne>1 %e wad$ 7871 %e croak$1 & came n back4 ,!n ,i s5t ev]y?+ =? to ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav54#ch 7#g7 ,sacrifice is (f]$ by ,noah & ,ut-napi%tim1 acceptable to ! ,god ( ,noah & to ! gods ( ! ,babylonian h]o1 9 bo? cases result+ 9 a promise n to repeat ! ,flood4 ,comp>e ,g54 #h4 #bj-bb )3 ,i (f]$ sacrifice1 ,i made a libation ^u ! m\nta9's peak4 ,by sev5s ,i set out ! sacrificial vessels1 ,b5ea? !m ,i heap$ up re$ & c$> wood & myrtle4 ,! gods smelt ! savor1 ,! gods smelt ! sweet savor1 ,! gods ga!r$ l flies ov] ! sacrific]4#ci ,o!r simil>ities might be not$1 su* z ! use ( bitum51 ! arrangem5t ( ! %ip 9 /ories1 &1 :at seems m /rik+1 ! fact t ! h]o ( ! ,babylonian /ory is ! t5? ant$iluvian k+1 :ile ,noah is ! t5? ant$iluvian patri>*4 ,z 9 ! /ories ( creation1 m>k$ diff]5ces may also be not$ betwe5 ! two repres5tations ( ! ,flood2 & ^! diff]5ces appe> :]e !y are mo/ significant1 namely1 9 ! _s & purity ( conception p]meat+ ! entire ,hebrew acc\nt4 ,= example1 ! book ( ,g5esis introduces ! div9e displeasure ) s91 ! e?ical elem5t1 z a fundam5tal note2 !n1 #bab :5 ! div9e m]cy is ar\s$1 ! ,flood ceases2 accord+ to ! ,babylonian /ory1 ! ,flood is caus$ by ! caprici\s ang] ( ,bel1 ! idea ( puni%m5t = s9 cropp+ out only z an incid5t 9 ! conv]sation betwe5 ,ea & ,bel at ! end ( ! /ory4 ,! ,flood ceases because ! o!r gods are t]rifi$1 & ,i%t> int]c$es = h] own creation4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole ,hebrew conception ( ! ,div9e diff]s f ! ,babylonian4 ,9 ! ,hebrew acc\nt we f9d ourselves 9 an atmosph]e ( e?ical mono!ism t is unkn[n ap>t f ! *os5 p4 ,disappe>$ h all ! gods :o w> ) "o ano!r1 :o rejoice 9 successful intrigues1 :o d n hesitate to tell untru?s or in/ruct _! favorites to d s2 ! gods un/able 9 all _! ways1 n[ seek+ to de/roy1 n[ flatt]+ _! creatures2 ! gods :o1 t]rifi$ by ! /orm1 c[] l dogs at ! edge ( heav51 & :o ga!r$ l flies ar\nd ! sacrifice ( ! sav$ h]o4 ,all ^! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt are abs5t f ! ,bible4 ,surely1 !re is no connection betwe5 ^! deities & ! "o sublime & graci\s ,god ( ,g5esis4 ,lack ( space w n p]mit u to in/itute detail$ comp>isons betwe5 o!r n>ratives 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis & ,babylonian lit]ature4 ,x may be suffici5t to say t ! #bac resemblances are n conf9$ to ! /ories ( creation & ( ! ,flood4 ,true1 no complete ,babylonian /ory ( p>adise & ( ! fall is at pres5t kn[n2 nev]!less1 !re are c]ta9 features 9 ! biblical n>rative :i* /rongly po9t to ,babylonia1 & 9 ! light ( ! kn[n fact t elem5ts 9 ! two important n>ratives ( creation & ( ! ,flood are d]iv$ f ,babylonia1 x may be safe to inf] t 9 ?is case also e*oes ( ,babylonian beliefs suppli$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! framework ( ! ,hebrew repres5tation4 ,! ant$iluvian patri>*s also seem to h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ,babylonian tradition1 & ! /ory ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 ?\gh x does n seem to be ( ,babylonian orig91 presupposes a k ( ,babylonia1 & x is n impossible t "s ,babylonian leg5d s]v$ z ! basis ( x4 ,9 clos+ ?is discussion1 att5tion may be call$ to a few g5]al consid]ations t mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 any attempt to answ] ! "q :e!r ! religi\s & e?ical ideas ( ! ,hebrews :i* %[ simil>ities ) ! ideas ( o!r nations 7 borr[$ bodily f ^! nations1 or1 aft] all1 conta9 elem5ts t 7 orig9al ) ! ,hebrews4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t simil>ities betwe5 ! cu/oms or beliefs ( two peoples d n necess>ily imply ! dep5d5ce #bad ( "o ^u ! o!r2 mu* less d !y indicate :i* is ! orig9al4 ,:]e simil>ities are f\nd at lea/ f\r possibilities %\ld be recogniz$3 ,a may dep5d ^u ,b2 ,b may dep5d ^u ,a2 bo? ,a & ,b may h be5 d]iv$ f a common orig9al2 or ,a & ,b may h develop$ indep5d5tly1 ! simil>ities be+ m]ely co9cid5ce4 ,:i* int]pretation is ! "r "o 9 a giv5 case does n lie on ! surface2 x is only by c>eful1 pati5t1 unbias$ /udy t "o may arrive at a prop] und]/&+4 ,take z an illu/ration ! ,decalogue4 ,! ,buddhi/s h t5 prohibitory laws1 sometimes call$ ! ,buddhi/ ,decalogue4 ,! fir/ five read1 ,?\ %alt n kill2 ,?\ %alt n /eal2 ,?\ %alt n lie2 ,?\ %alt n commit adult]y2 ,?\ %alt n get drunk4 ,?ree ( ^! correspond exactly to ?ree ( ! dem&s 9 ! ,jewi% ,decalogue4 ,does x necess>ily foll[ t ! ,decalogue 0 borr[$ f ,buddha8 ,! ,egyptians also _h a sacr$ law4 ,! law itself has n yet come to light1 b ! ,book ( ! ,dead indicates its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty-fif? *apt] ( ?is book we read ! ju/ifications (f]$ by ! dead3 ,i h n act$ ) deceit or done evil to m52 ,i h n oppress$ ! poor2 ,i h n judg$ unju/ly1 etc4 ,^! negations seem to imply ! exi/5ce ( a law1 ei!r oral or writt51 #bae =bidd+ ^! ?+s4 ,f ! negations1 ,i h n act$ ) deceit2 ,i h n committ$ murd]2 ,i h n be5 un*a/e1 etc41 "o may inf] t ! ,egyptians _h precepts correspond+ sub/antially to "s ( ! requirem5ts 9 ! ,decalogue4 ,does logic dem&1 !re=e1 ! conclusion t ! ,decalogue owes its exi/5ce to ! sacr$ law ( ! ,egyptians8 ,among ! ,babylonians also we f9d evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce (1 at lea/1 "s ( ! requirem5ts ( ! ,hebrew ,decalogue3 ,?\ %alt n break into ! h\se ( ?y neighbor2 ,?\ %alt n approa* ! wife ( ?y neighbor2 ,?\ %alt n spill ! blood ( ?y neighbor2 ,?\ %alt n grasp ! g>m5t ( ?y neighbor4 ,d ^! simil>ities prove beyond "q ! dep5d5ce ( ! "o ^u ! o!r8 ,!re are1 !n1 m>k$ resemblances betwe5 ! ,hebrew ,decalogue1 c]ta9 requirem5ts among ! ,babylonians1 among ! ,egyptians1 & among ! ,buddhi/s4 ,i "k ( no "o :o claims t ! ,decalogue 0 borr[$ f ,buddha2 "s1 h[ev]1 seem to ?9k1 t 9 "p at lea/1 x 0 dep5d5t ^u ,babylon2 o!rs1 t ,moses is indebt$ = x to ,egypt4 ,true1 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ s*ol>s ! dep5d5ce is n direct2 !re w\ld be room1 accord+ to _! !ory1 = ! "w ( ! ,_s 9 ! selection ( ^! fundam5tal1 e?ical conceptions #baf f ! great mass ( requirem5ts1 ! majority ( :i* are f> inf]ior to ! ,decalogue4 ,su* dep5d5ce1 ev5 if x c\ld be prov$1 w\ld n rob ! ,decalogue ( inspiration or p]man5t value2 b x seems to me t ! simil>ities d n w>rant ! claim ( ev5 su* dep5d5ce4 ,is x n m likely t ^! simil>ities are due to ! in/9ct implant$ 9 man by ! ,creator1 :i* recognizes ! sanctity ( life1 ( family relations1 & ( prop]ty rights8 ,b ?is in/9ct does n acc\nt = ! obvi\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,hebrew ,decalogue z a :ole & ! legislations ( o!r peoples4 ,^! mu/ be trac$ to ! special activity ( a ,_s :o produc$ among ! ,hebrews a collection ( comm&m5ts su* z natural in/9ct1 if left to itself1 c\ld n h produc$4 ,x is diff]5t1 p]haps1 :5 we consid] ! relation ( ! m compreh5sive civil legislation ( ! ,p5tateu* to ! ,code ( ,hammurabi4 ,!re ! resemblances are num]\s & /rik+ en\gh to ju/ify ! inf]5ce t !re exi/s "s relation ( dep5d5ce1 & yet by no means t ! legislation ( ! ,p5tateu* is borr[$ directly f ! o!r1 or ev5 t !re is a lit]>y dep5d5ce4 ,h[ ext5sive ?is dep5d5ce is only c>eful exam9ation c %[2 b1 h[ev] complete1 x w n de/roy ! fact t ! laws ( ,israel are p]meat$ by a ,div9e #bag ,_s4 ,! important "q is n1 ,:]e d we f9d ! natural basis ^u :i* ! sy/em is built up by m5 "u div9e guidance8 b1 ,does ! _s & "* ( ! sy/em indicate su* guidance8 ,9 ! second place1 9 seek+ ! tru? ab\t ?is relation%ip assumption mu/ n be confus$ ) k4 ,mod]n ar*ologi/s seem to be 9 peculi> dang] ( tak+ ?+s = grant$4 ,x is n )\t reason t a prom95t ,old ,te/am5t s*ol> proposes to *ange ! title ( ! ?ird edition ( a book entitl$ ,! ,cunei=m ,inscriptions & ! ,old ,te/am5t into ,! ,cunei=m ,s*ol> & ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is /at$1 = example1 )\t qualification by ,delitzs* t ! "n ,yahweh has be5 discov]$ on inscriptions belong+ to ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi4 ,no h9t is giv5 t ! read+ is que/ion$ by _m ,assyriologi/s4 ,!re is1 at lea/1 a possibility1 no matt] h[ small1 ( a diff]5t r5d]+1 )1 ( c\rse1 a va/ly diff]5t conclusion4 ,b admitt+1 z ,i believe we mu/ d1 t ! "n does occur1 ! inf]5ce drawn f ?is occurr5ce by ,delitzs*1 & express$ 9 ! foll[+ words1 is an assumption & mislead+1 unless x is mat]ially modifi$3 ,yahweh1 ! abid+ "o1 ! p]man5t "o1 :o1 unlike man1 is n to-morr[ a ?+ ( ! pa/1 b "o t endures =ev]1 t #bah lives & labors = all et]nity above ! broad1 respl5d5t1 law-b\nd canopy ( ! />s--x 0 ?is ,yahweh t con/itut$ ! primordial patrimony ( ^? ,canaanite tribes f :i* c5turies aft]w>d ! twelve tribes ( ,israel sprang4#dj ,! fact is t y may se>* ! ,babylonian pan!on f "o end to ! o!r & y w n f9d "o god :o 9 nature & "* c comp>e ) ! ,jehovah ( ,israel1 m]ciful & graci\s1 sl[ to ang]1 & abundant 9 lov+-k9dness & tru?4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! same "* is ! /ory ( ! fall4 ,"o ?+ we "k1 namely1 t a /ory ( ! fall ( man1 simil> to t 9 ,g5esis1 has n z yet be5 f\nd among ! fragm5ts ( ,babylonian libr>ies4 ,c]ta9ly1 su* /ory may h exi/$1 & probably did exi/2 x may ev5 be1 z has be5 ass]t$1 t "s connection exi/s betwe5 ! scriptural /ory ( ! fall & ! picture on an old ,babylonian seal cyl9d] hav+ 9 ! c5t] a tree ) fruits hang+ d[n1 on ea* side a figure1 & beh9d ! figure at ! left a m>k :i* may repres5t a s]p5t4 ,b ! int]pretation is by no means c]ta94 ,! fact t an ass]tion is made by an exp]t favors ! presumption1 b does n prove1 t ! /atem5t is true4 ,"s ar*ologi/s claim t ! mono!ism ( ,israel 0 d]iv$ f outside ( ,israel1 #bai ei!r f ,arabia#da or f ,babylonia#db4 ,among ! argum5ts 9 favor ( ?is claim is ! occurr5ce ( prop] names :i* are alleg$ to imply ! exi/5ce ( mono!ism2 = example1 ,yasma-ilu1 :i* may be translat$ ,god he>s1 imply+ ! exi/5ce ( b "o ,god4 ,h[ev]1 x might mean also a god he>s1 or god--ref]r+ to "o ( _m--he>s1 ! giv] ( ! "n s+l+ out ! "o = special consid]ation4 ,& z !re are cle> indications ( poly!ism 9 s\!rn ,arabia1 :]e ! "n is f\nd1 ! "n1 9 all probability1 means ! latt]1 ?us imply+ poly!ism4 ,! same may be said ( ! names f\nd 9 ,babylonia4 ,:atev] ! prim>y mean+ ( ilu1 ^! names d n 9 !mselves prove ! exi/5ce ( mono!ism4 ,!y may be translat$ 9 p]fect accord ) logic & gramm> z admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o god4 ,inde$1 ! hi/orical facts dem& su* int]pretation4 ,if we f9d1 = example1 ,s9-muballit 7! moon-god br+s to life7 z ! "n ( ! fa!r ( ,hammurabi1 & ,%am%u-iluna 79 all probability1 ! sun-god is our god7 z t ( 8 son1 ! facts surely indicate t ! mono!ism ( ! p]iod 0 n v di/9ct4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,code ( ,hammurabi po9ts 9 ! same direction1 z also ! mo/ spiritual utt]ances ( religion 9 ! ,euphrates valley1 ! p5it5tial psalms4 #bbj ,x is se51 !n1 t facts d n w>rant ! claim1 made by "s1 t t ^u :i* re/s ! significance ( ! ,bible 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 namely1 mono!ism1 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,hebrews f ! ,babylonians4 ,jo%4 #bd4 #b rema9s uncontradict$3 ,y\r fa!rs dwelt ( old "t beyond ! ,riv]1 ev5 ,t]ah1 ! fa!r ( ,abraham1 & ! fa!r ( ,nahor2 & !y s]v$ o!r gods4 ,x is only 9 ,israel t we f9d a cle>ly develop$ mono!ism4 ,assumption & facts are n q ! same4 ,ano!r important po9t1 to :i* att5tion has already be5 call$1 is ! m>k$ diff]5ce :i* obta9s betwe5 ! lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & t uncov]$ by ar*ology4 ,true1 !re are po9ts ( contact2 inde$1 /range x w\ld be if !re 7 none2 =1 l ! ,babylonians1 ! ,hebrews 7 ,semites4 ,surely1 x is n /range t nations ( ! same race1 orig9ally 9 ! same home1 %\ld possess simil> traditions1 cu/oms1 beliefs1 & practices4 ,:5 !y left _! common home !y c>ri$ ) !m _! common traditions1 cu/oms1 & beliefs2 9 _! new homes !y develop$ !m & impress$ ^u !m _! own individualities4 ,we are n[h]e in=m$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & x w\ld seem contr>y to reason to suppose1 t at ! "t ( ,abraham1 ,moses1 or at any o!r p]iod1 ,god empti$ ! ,hebrew m9d & #bba consci\sness ( all ! ?+s :i* _h be5 ! possession ( ! ,semitic race f ! beg9n+4 ,is x n m likely t ! inspir$ tea*]s & writ]s employ$ = _! l(ti] purposes ! anci5t traditions & beliefs famili> to _! contempor>ies8 ,9 do+ s !y took t :i* 01 9 "s cases1 common & unclean1 &1 purify+ x "u ! guidance ( ! ,div9e ,_s1 made x ! m$ium by :i* to imp>t ! sublime/ tru?s ev] pres5t$ to man4 ,obvi\sly1 ! special religi\s value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature does n lie 9 :at is common to x & ,babylon1 b 9 ! elem5ts 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,! po9ts ( contact mu/ n bl9d ! eye to ! po9ts ( contra/4 ,^! po9ts ( contra/ are 9 ! _s & atmosph]e p]vad+ ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 :i* are q di/9ct1 n simply f ,babylonian1 b f all o!r lit]atures4 ,^! ess5tial diff]5ces occur1 z we h se51 ?r\gh\t ! entire religi\s & e?ical lit]ature4 ,9 _m cases is agreem5t 9 =m1 b h[ f> sup]ior ! _s & sub/ance ( ! ,hebrew6 ,?9k ( ! diff]5t conceptions ( ! nature & "* ( ,god1 ( ,god's relation to man1 ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & _m o!r tru?s preci\s to ,*ri/ians 9 all ages4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 ! ,hebrew record an int5sity ( spiritual #bbb conception1 a sublimity ( spiritual tone1 an insight into ! unse51 a reliance ^u an invisible yet all-controll+ ,p[]1 t create ! gap betwe5 ! ,hebrew & 8 bro!r ,semite beyond ! ,riv]4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ^! diff]5ces8 ,pr(essor ,sayce has sugge/$ an answ] 9 ^! words3 ,i c f9d only "o explanation1 unfa%ionable & antiquat$ ?\gh x be4 ,9 ! language ( a =m] g5]ation1 x m>ks ! divid+ l9e betwe5 revelation & unreveal$ religion4 ,x is l t some?+ h>d to def9e :i* sep>ates man f ! ape1 ev5 ?\gh on ! physiological side ! ape may be ! ance/or ( man4#dc ,?\gh ! language ( ?is /atem5t may be un=tunate1 especially :]e x implies t !re is no revelation 9 ! anci5t religions outside ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x does call att5tion to ! secret ( ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t sacr$ lit]ature & t ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,!re is 9 ! =m] abundant evid5ce ( ! activity ( a ,_s ^: pres5ce is less manife/ 9 ! sacr$ lit]atures ( o!r anci5t nations4 ,true1 ! monum5ts h n spok5 _! la/ ^w2 b if we h ! "r to draw inf]5ces f ! kn[n1 we may safely affirm t ?\gh ! monum5ts may swell into inf9ity1 !y w (f] no?+ to equal1 mu* less to sup]s$e1 9 sub/ance & _s1 our #bbc ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we may receive gratefully e ray ( light1 b ! "t has n yet come1 nor ev] w come1 :5 we may lay aside ! ,old ,te/am5t & accept z a sub/itute ! leg5ds & my?s ( hea!n l&s to give to u ! bread ( life :i* ! ,savi\r f\nd 9 ! pages ( ! ,old ,book4 ,let u welcome ! light & k ,god has be/[$ ^u u2 let u rejoice 9 !m ) p]fect assurance t !y are = good & n = evil2 let u le>n to use !m wisely & hone/ly1 & let u /ill be ev] al]t li/5+ = o!r words1 utt]$ ages ago1 b n yet audible to mod]n e>s4 ,x is = u to cat* ^! messages1 & to und]/& !m1 t we may fit !m into ! great fabric ( appreh5d$ tru? to ! enri*m5t ( ourselves1 & to ! glory ( our common ,"l4 ,,notes ,,on ,,*apt] ,v #a ,j4 ,p4 ,pet]s1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new ,s*ol>%ip1 p4 #ib4 #b ,s4 ,g4 ,smi?1 ,religion 9 ! ,mak+1 p4 #bj4 #c ,hugo ,w9ckl]1 ,himmels- und ,welt5bild d] ,babyloni]1 p4 #i4 #d ,pr(essor ,fri$ri* ,delitzs*1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 deliv]$ ?ree lectures on ! relation ( ,babylonian religion to ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 "u ! title1 ,babel und ,bibel4 #e ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,! ,religions ( ,anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia1 pp4 #bgf1 #bgg4 #f ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/1 ,i1 p4 #hf4 #bbd #g ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #hh4 ,practically all ! cunei=m inscriptions quot$ or ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt] are translat$ 9 ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #h ,fri$ri* ,delitzs*1 ,babel & ,bible1 ,two ,lectures1 publi%$ by ,op5 ,c\rt ,co41 p4 #fe4 #i ,a translation ( ! entire psalm is f\nd 9 ,sayce1 ,! ,religions ( ,anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia1 pp4 #dai-dba2 also 9 ,rog]s1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #ahb-ahd2 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature1 pp4 #dcf-dci4 #aj ,sayce1 ,religions ( ,anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia1 pp4 #ce1 #ic1 #aie4 ,a translation ( a hymn compos$ by ?is k+ to 8 supreme god is f\nd 9 ,j4 ,h4 ,brea/$1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 pp4 #cga;ff4 #aa ,an excell5t brief survey ( ! religi\s conceptions ( ! pre-,mosaic p]iod is giv5 9 ! article on ,religion ( ,israel1 by ,e4 ,kautzs*1 9 ,james ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,extra ,vol41 pp4 #fac;ff4 #ab ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #ie4 #ac ,ibid41 p4 #ig4 #ad ,! mo/ rec5t & mo/ satisfactory edition & translation ( ! entire ,babylonian /ory ( creation is by ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,! ,sev5 ,tablets ( ,creation4 ,! two quotations giv5 are ,tablet ,i1 l9es #g-i1 & ,tablet ,,iii1 l9es #acc-ach4 #ae ,additional portions ( ?is hymn are f\nd 9 ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #agj;ff4 #af ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religions ,to-day1 p4 #ad4 #ag ,a4 ,t4 ,clay1 ,light on ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,babel1 p4 #ae2 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,religions ( ,anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia1 pp4 #dgf;ff42 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 #ahih1 pp4 #cae-ceb2 ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/1 ,i1 pp4 #aih;ff4 #bbe #ah ,babel & ,bible1 ,two ,lectures1 p4 #ch4 #ai ,ibid41 p4 #aja4 #bj ,paul ,haupt1 ,babylonian ,elem5ts 9 ! ,levitical ,ritual1 ,j\rnal ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 #aijj1 p4 #fa4 #ba ,! details ( ?is "q h be5 discuss$ v ext5sively4 ,admirable discussions ( ! entire subject are f\nd 9 ,sayce1 ,religions ( ,anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia1 pp4 #ddh-dgh2 ,j]emias1 ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aab;ff4 #bb ,religions ( ,anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia1 p4 #dfi4 #bc ,delitzs*1 ,babel & ,bible1 ,two ,lectures1 pp4 #ec;ff4 #bd ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #ade4 #be ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,! ,code ( ,hammurabi2 art4 on ! same subject 9 ,ha/+s1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 ,extra ,vol41 pp4 #ehd;ff42 ,w4 ,w4 ,davies1 ,! ,codes ( ,hammurabi & ,moses4 #bf ,! be/ & mo/ complete rec5t treatm5t ( ! legal lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is f\nd 9 ,c4 ,f4 ,k5t1 ,israel's ,laws & ,legal ,prec$5ts1 :i* is ,vol4 ,,iv 9 ,! ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t4 #bg ,johannes ,j]emias1 ,moses & ,hammurabi1 pp4 #ca;ff4 #bh ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #aeh4 #bi ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,! ,sev5 ,tablets ( ,creation1 ,two ,vols42 a translation is also f\nd 9 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature1 pp4 #bhb;ff4 ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #ajg;ff4 #cj ,tablet ,v1 l9es #a-c4 #ca ,l9es #a-h4 #cb ,an ,engli% translation ( ! entire epic is f\nd 9 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature1 pp4 #cbd;ff42 ! ,deluge /ory is giv5 by ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #aii;ff4 #bbf #cc ,l9es #bc-ca4 #cd ,l9es #ahd-ahf4 #ce ,l9es #bg1 #he1 #hf4 #cf ,l9es #ib-aaa4 #cg ,l9es #ada1 #adb4 #ch ,l9es #adf-aef4 #ci ,l9es #aef-afb4 #dj ,babel & ,bible1 ,two ,lectures1 p4 #fb4 #da ,f4 ,hommel1 ,! ,anci5t ,hebrew ,tradition1 pp4 #ge;ff4 #db ,p4 ,delitzs*1 ,babel & ,bible1 pp4 #eh;ff4 #dc ,preface to ,religions ( ,anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia4 #bbg ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,9 ! op5+ p>agraphs ( ,*apt] ,i1 att5tion is call$ to ! unique place occupi$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ?\ght1 life1 & !ology ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 & 9 ! eyes ( ! ,prote/ant re=m]s1 ! two great divisions ( ! ,bible1 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 cont9u$ to comm& equal respect & att5tion4 ,! legal pr9ciples ( ! ,p5tateu* h det]m9$ ! legal sy/ems ( all civiliz$ nations2 ! bold & fi]y s]mons ( ! prophets h be5 ! *ief inspiration on ! fi]ce battles = righte\sness 9 all ages2 & ! sublime religi\s lyrics ( ! ,psalt] h u%]$ millions into ! v pres5ce ( ,god4 ,inde$1 ! ,old ,te/am5t has ex]t$ an incalculable influ5ce on ! developm5t ( religion & civilization4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a *ange ( attitude t[>d ! ,old ,te/am5t seems to h tak5 place4 ,true1 f ne>ly ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era aga9 & aga9 voices h #bbh be5 he>d d5y+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t a place 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght & life1 b n until comp>atively rec5t times has ?is s5tim5t become widespread4 ,says a writ] 9 a book publi%$ a few ye>s ago3 ,! ,bible 0 nev] m /udi$ nor less read ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,?is p>adox is true1 at lea/1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,= two g5]ations scores ( pati5t s*ol>s h toil$ on ! text1 scann+ ea* lett] ) microscopic c>e1 & "o result ( _! labors has be5 t to ! majority ( educat$ m5 & wom5 ( :atev] belief1 or no belief1 ! ,bible has become a clos$1 yea1 a seal$1 book4 ,x is n :at x us$ to be2 :at x has become !y d n "k1 & 9 scorn or sorr[ or apa?y !y h laid x aside4#a ,!re may be "s exagg]ation 9 ?is /atem5t1 b x _c be d\bt$ t !re is consid]able ju/ification = ! compla9t4 ,c4 ,f4 ,k5t makes ! admission t ) ! exception ( a v few books1 l ! ,psalt]1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 ! ars5al ( ! old militant !ology1 has be5 unconsci\sly1 if n delib]ately1 %unn$ by ! pres5t g5]ation4#b ,& ! words ( ,pr(essor ,*eyne are almo/ z applicable to-day z !y 7 :5 !y 7 fir/ writt51 m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago3 ,a !ory is already prop\nd$1 bo? 9 private & 9 a nave simple way 9 s]mons1 t ! #bbi ,old ,te/am5t is ( no p>ticul> mom5t1 all t we ne$ be+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* has be5 def5d$ by our valiant apologi/s & exp\nd$ by our admirable int]pret]s4#c ,if ?is repres5ts 9 any s5se ! true /ate ( affairs2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! words ( ! apo/le are true1 t e scripture inspir$ ( ,god is also pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction :i* is 9 righte\sness1 t ! man ( ,god may be complete1 furni%$ completely unto e good "w2 & if ^! words are applicable to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z ! writ] int5d$ !m to be--if1 ,i say1 ^! ?+s are true1 !n ,*ri/ians appe> to be 9 great p]il ( los+ sight ( "o ( ! important means ( grace1 on :i* 7 n\ri%$ ,jesus & 8 disciples1 & millions 9 =m] g5]ations1 & = ! re/oration ( :i* ! re=m]s risk$ _! v lives4 ,! *ange ( attitude t[>d ! ,old ,te/am5t may be trac$ to a v>iety ( causes1 all ( :i* affect v vitally mod]n religi\s ?\ght & life4 ,!re are1 = example1 _m :o feel1 & t ) "s ju/ice1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t is 9 a peculi> s5se ! sacr$ book ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:y1 !y ask1 g to ! ,old ,te/am5t :5 we h ! ,new ) its m complete & p]fect revelation8 ,b ?is attitude reflects only a half tru?1 :i* is (t5 #bcj m deceptive ?an an out & out falsehood4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,*ri/ians f9d _! l(tie/ inspiration 9 ! /udy ( ! life1 "*1 & tea*+ ( ! ,ma/] & ( 8 disciples2 b ! ,new ,te/am5t has by no means displac$ ! ,old4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 "r 9 plac+ x beside ! ,new1 because ! =m] is /ill ( ine/imable value4 ,inde$1 x is impossible to und]/& ! ,new ,te/am5t prop]ly unless "o has an adequate k ( ! ,old4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m tru?s tak5 = grant$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t = a biblical /atem5t ( :i* we mu/ turn to ! ,old4 ,w ! revelation ( ! nature & "* ( ,god conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ev] lose its doctr9al value8 ,& ev5 9 cases :]e bo? ,te/am5ts cov] ! same field ! ,old reta9s a peculi> value4 ,true1 ! ,new ,te/am5t pres5ts a m complete & p]fect revelation1 b !re are few ,new ,te/am5t tru?s :i* h n _! roots 9 ! ,old4 ,! =m] pres5ts ! full-gr[n revelation2 nev]!less1 a va/ numb] ( p1 :o h n yet rea*$ a /ate ( p]fection1 w und]/& ev5 ,new ,te/am5t tru?s m readily z !y are pres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 = "h !y c see ! tru?s 9 m concrete =m2 !y h fle% & blood2 !y are /ruggl+ = victory ov] d>kness & sup]/ition4 ,ne>ly all ! great & vital doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 #bca ?\gh f\nd$ pr9cipally on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 are illu/rat$1 are made m real & human1 become m impressive & =ceful z we /udy _! developm5t & gr[? "u ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation4 ,! neglect ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is due1 9 ! second place1 to a reaction aga9/ its misuse by =m] g5]ations4#d ,puritanism & ! !ology ( ! pa/ ?ree c5turies 7 l>gely root$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,f x ! /]n ,puritans drew _! _s ( ju/ice1 _! zeal = righte\sness1 & _! uncompromis+ condemnation ( ev]y?+ t appe>$ wrong4 ,_! prea*]s nobly e*o$ ! ?und]s ( ,s9ai & ! d5unciations ( ,elijah & ,amos2 b 9 do+ ?is !y fail$ to recognize ! div9e love back ( ! prophetic message1 & by _! n>r[ int]pretation ( ! lett]1 & _! emphasis ^u ! m primitive & imp]fect tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !y 7 (t5 l$ to extremes t 7 nei!r biblical nor ,*ri/ian4 ,aga9/ intol]ance & p]secution ! human he>t rebels1 & ) x comes a feel+ ( res5tm5t aga9/ ! cause4 ,?us x happ5$ t ! reaction aga9/ ,puritanism br\ght ) x a disreg>d ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 foll[$ ei!r by ! exaltation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ^: _s is m m]ciful & t5d]1 or by ho/ility aga9/ ! entire #bcb ,bible & ,*ri/ianity z a :ole4 ,?is abuse ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 due 9 l>ge "p to ! use ( faulty1 or errone\s1 me?ods ( int]pretation4 ,& s9ce !re seems to be ev5 n[ a t5d5cy 9 "s places to def5d ^! me?ods1 :i* are out ( keep+ ) ! _s ( sci5tific inve/igation 9 ?is age1 _m intellig5t m5 h come to look ) suspicion ^u a book 9 ! /udy ( :i* unsci5tific me?ods cont9ue to be us$4 ,ano!r important cause ( ! *ange ( attitude t[>d ! ,old ,te/am5t is to be f\nd 9 ! labors exp5d$ ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t by able s*ol>s 9 ! pursuit ( a c>eful1 critical /udy ( ! anci5t records4 ,z has be5 /at$ 9 ano!r connection1 ^! /udies are n ! outgr[?1 z is (t5 errone\sly assum$1 ( a desire to discr$it ! ,bible1 to displace x f ! he>t & confid5ce ( ! p1 or to attack its tea*+ or inspiration4 ,x w\ld be a mo/ hopeless ?+1 says ,w4 ,g4 ,jordan1 to reg>d all ?is toil z ! outcome ( skepticism & vanity1 a huge specim5 ( p]v]se +5uity & misdirect$ ef=t4#e ,!y are simply ! results ( ,prote/antism & ! ,r5aissance4#f ,b :atev] ! _s back ( ! /udy1 & :atev] ! ga9s ( ?is inve/igation1 "o result is t _m ,*ri/ians feel p]plex$ ) reg>d to ! true position ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #bcc ,:at ( its claims8 ,:at ( its inspiration8 ,h[ f> is x human 9 orig98 ,h[ f> div9e8 ,^! & simil> que/ions are ask$ by m5 ev]y:]e4 ,nev] 0 !re m int]e/1 m inquiry1 &1 p]haps1 m unre/ & disquietude among ?\ghtful p4 ,surely1 x is high "t to realize t all ?is inve/igation has _h no h>mful effect ^u ! sub/ance ( ! div9e revelations convey$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t records4 ,9 ! words ( ,jordan1 ,to me1 ) my fai? t ! :ole univ]se is fill$ ) ! pres5ce ( ! liv+1 self-reveal+ ,god1 ,i _c conceive 444 t ! mo/ sev]e criticism c ev] bani% ! div9e p[] f t great lit]ature :i* is "o ( ! *oice/ organs ( its manife/ations4#g ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 "s long-*]i%$ notions & int]pretations h be5 ov]?r[n2 to "s ext5t our ideas conc]n+ its lit]>y =ms h _h to be modifi$1 b its sub/ance has n be5 di/urb$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has come to be se5 ) a cle>ness unrecogniz$ be=e t x be>s ! indelible /amp ( ,god4 ,?is be+ ! case1 /ud5ts ( ! ,bible %\ld return to a m j appreciation ( t "p ( ,sacr$ ,scripture :i* is s intimately connect$ ) ! tra9+ ( ,jesus & 8 disciples4 ,if ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s records #bcd & int]pretations ( div9e revelations1 ^? :o claim to be *ildr5 ( ,god %\ld be will+1 yea1 anxi\s1 to put =? "s ef=ts to famili>ize !mselves adequately ) ^! records4 ,b ! s5se ( gratitude & appreciation = ^! self-revelations ( ,god is n ! only reason :i* %\ld prompt ! ,*ri/ian to turn m frequ5tly to ! pages ( ! ,old ,book4 ,a mu* m important consid]ation is ! fact t ! lessons taught 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are ( pr(\nd significance to-day1 & t !y _c be neglect$ )\t s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,aga91 att5tion may be call$ to ! fact t ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity & 8 disciples f\nd n\ri%m5t 9 its pages1 & t !y con/antly exhort$ _! foll[]s to d ! same4 ,n[1 ,jesus is recogniz$ by all ,*ri/ians z a model wor?y ( imitation 9 e relation ( life4 ,w\ld x n be well to imitate him 9 ! use ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures8 ,if he f\nd 9 ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t weapons ) :i* to put to flight ! ,evil ,"o1 might n we8 ,aside f ^! g5]al consid]ations1 x is easily %[n t e "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is full ( tea*+ :i* is ( ! highe/ value ev5 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! fir/ elev5 *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 ar\nd :i* mu* controv]sy has rag$4 ,9 =m] days ^! *apt]s 7 #bce ?\ght to give an absolutely accurate acc\nt ( creation & ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,h[ev]1 v>i\s l9es ( inve/igation h %[n ?is view to be unt5able4 ,we are =c$1 !re=e1 says a rec5t writ]1 to ! conclusion t1 ?\gh ! writ]s to :om we owe ! fir/ elev5 *apt]s ( ,g5esis report fai?fully :at 0 curr5tly believ$ among ! ,hebrews respect+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d1 yet !re 0 mu* !y did n "k1 & c\ld n take cognizance (4 ,^! *apt]s1 consequ5tly1 conta9 no acc\nt ( ! real beg9n+s1 ei!r ( ! e>? itself1 or ( man & human civilization ^u x4#h ,all ?is ne$ create n ! slighte/ difficulty = "o :o holds ! scriptural conception ( ! nature & purpose ( ! biblical writ+s4 ,x is true ( ^! *apt]s1 z ( o!r p>ts ( ! record1 t ! only c>e ( ! prophetic tradition is to br+ out cle>ly ! religi\s orig9 ( humanity4#i ,if anyone is 9 se>* ( accurate in=mation reg>d+ ! age ( ?is e>?1 or its relation to ! sun1 moon1 or />s1 or reg>d+ ! exact ord] 9 :i* plants & animals h appe>$ ^u x1 he %\ld g to rec5t textbooks 9 a/ronomy1 geology1 & paleontology4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ! writ]s ( ,scripture to imp>t physical in/ruction1 or to enl>ge ! b\nds ( sci5tific k4 ,s f> z ! #bcf sci5tific or hi/orical in=mation imp>t$ 9 ^! *apt]s is conc]n$1 x is ( little m value ?an ! simil> /ories ( o!r nations4 ,& yet ! /ud5t ( ^! *apt]s c see a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 !m & extra-biblical /ories describ+ ! same unkn[n ages h&$ d[n f pre-sci5tific c5turies4 ,"h comes to view ! uniqu5ess ( ! ,bible4 ,! o!r traditions are ( int]e/ only z relics ( a by-gone pa/4 ,n s ! biblical /atem5ts2 !y are & ev] w be ( ine/imable value1 n because ( _! sci5tific tea*+1 b because ( ! pres5ce ( sublime religi\s tru? 9 ! crude =ms ( primitive sci5ce4 ,if anyone wi%es to "k :at connection ! _w has ) ,god1 if he seeks to trace back all t n[ is to ! v f\nta9-head ( life1 if he desires to discov] "s unify+ pr9ciple1 "s illum9at+ purpose 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 he may turn to ^! *apt]s z 8 safe/ &1 inde$1 only guide to ! in=mation he seeks4 ,! purpose ( ! n>ratives be+ prim>ily religi\s1 x is only natural t _! lessons %\ld be religi\s lessons4 ,! "o supreme lesson taught ?r\gh\t ! entire section is ,9 ! beg9n+1 ,god4 ,b ea* sep>ate n>rative tea*es its own peculi> lessons4 ,! m important ( ^! are briefly summ>iz$ by ,driv] z foll[s3 ,! n>rative ( creation #bcg sets =?1 9 a s]ies ( dignifi$ & impressive pictures1 ! sov]eignty ( ,god2 8 priority to & sep>ation f all f9ite1 mat]ial nature2 8 purpose to con/itute an ord]$ cosmos1 & gradually to adapt ! e>? to become ! habitation ( liv+ be+s2 & 8 end[m5t ( man ) ! peculi>1 unique possession ( self-consci\s reason1 9 virtue ( :i* he became capable ( intellectual & moral life1 & is ev5 able to "k & hold communion ) 8 ,mak]4 ,9 *apt]s two & ?ree we read1 ?\gh1 aga91 n 9 a hi/orical b 9 a pictorial & symbolic =m1 h[ man 0 once innoc5t1 h[ he became consci\s ( a moral law1 & h[ temptation fell ^u him & he broke t law4 ,! fall ( man1 ! great & t]rible tru?1 :i* hi/ory n less ?an individual exp]i5ce only too vividly tea*es ea* "o ( u1 is ?us impressively set be=e u4 ,man1 h[ev]1 ?\gh puni%$ by ,god1 is n =sak5 by him1 nor left 9 8 long conflict ) evil )\t hope ( victory4 ,9 *apt] f\r ! increas+ p[] ( s91 & ! fatal consequ5ce to :i*1 if un*eck$1 x may lead1 is vividly portray$ 9 ! tragic figure ( ,ca94 ,! _s ( v9dictiv5ess & ! brutal triumph 9 ! p[] ( ! sword is p]sonifi$ 9 ,lame*4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! ,flood ,god's wra? aga9/ s9 & ! div9e pr]ogative ( m]cy are alike exemplifi$3 #bch ,noah is a /&+ illu/ration ( ! tru? t 'righte\sness deliv]e? f dea?1' & ,god's deal+s ) him aft] ! ,flood =m a /rik+ decl>ation ( ! purposes ( grace & good w ) :i* ,god reg>ds mank9d4 ,! n>rative ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel emphasizes ,jehovah's supremacy 9 ! _w1 & tea*es h[ ! self-exaltation ( man is *eck$ by ,god4#aj ,^! *apt]s are foll[$ by ! /ories ( ! patri>*s4 ,mission>ies say--& exp]i5ce at home has confirm$ ! claim--t ! patri>*al n>ratives are ( ine/imable value to impress lessons ( ! reality & provid5ce ( ,god1 & to enc\rage ! ex]cise ( fai? & confid5ce 9 him4 ,!re is no?+ t c be sub/itut$ = !m 9 religi\s in/ruction4 ,lack ( space w n p]mit to po9t out 9 detail ! educational value ( ^! docum5ts2 h[ev]1 9 pass+1 m5tion may be made ( ! fact t ,pr(essor ,w4 ,w4 ,:ite enum]ates tw5ty-"o ,*ri/ian virtues t are illu/rat$ & en=c$ 9 ! life ( ,abraham4#aa ,he 0 7#a7 /eadfa/1 7#b7 resolute1 7#c7 prud5t1 7#d7 tactful1 7#e7 c&id1 7#f7 k9d1 7#g7 self-controll$1 7#h7 oblig+1 7#i7 self-d5y+1 7#aj7 condesc5d+1 7#aa7 unselfi%1 7#ab7 peaceable1 7#ac7 hospitable1 7#ad7 c\rte\s1 7#ae7 humble1 7#af7 ?ankful1 7#ag7 rev]5t1 7#ah7 pray]ful1 7#ai7 wor%ipful1 7#bj7 fai?ful1 #bci 7#ba7 ob$i5t4 ,n "o iota ( _! value = purposes ( in/ruction 9 righte\sness h ^! records lo/ because d\bt has be5 ca/ ^u _! absolute hi/orical accuracy4 ,abraham is /ill ! h]o ( righte\sness & fai?2 ,lot & ,laban1 ,s>ah & ,rebekah1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 & ,joseph1 9 _! *>act]s & exp]i5ces1 are /ill 9 diff]5t ways types ( our own selves1 & /ill 9 "o way or ano!r exemplify ! ways 9 :i* ,god deals ) ! individual s\l1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! individual s\l ought1 or ought n1 to respond to 8 lead+s4#ab ,:at if "s ( ^! figures pass be=e u on ! /age r ?an 9 real life1 d !y on t acc\nt lose _! vividness1 _! tru?fulness1 _! =ce8 ,if1 says ,j4 ,e4 ,mc,fadyen1#ac x %\ld be made highly probable t ! /ories 7 n /rictly hi/orical1 :at %\ld we !n h to say8 ,we %\ld !n h to say t _! religi\s value 0 /ill extremely high4 ,! religi\s tru? to :i* !y give vivid & immortal expression w\ld rema9 ! same4 ,! /ory ( ,abraham w\ld /ill illu/rate ! trials & ! rew>ds ( fai?4 ,! /ory ( ,jacob w\ld /ill illu/rate ! p[] ( s9 to haunt & det]m9e a man's c>e]1 & ! p[] ( ,god to humble1 discipl9e1 & purify a self-confid5t nature4 ,! /ory ( ,joseph w\ld /ill illu/rate h[ fidelity amid #bdj temptation1 wrong1 & sorr[ is cr[n$ at la/ ) glory & honor4 ,! spiritual value ( ^! & simil> tales is n lo/1 ev5 :5 _! hi/orical value is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 = ! tru?s :i* !y illu/rate are tru?s ( univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,! pres5t writ] is conv9c$ t ev5 z hi/orical docum5ts ^! n>ratives are ( imm5se value4 ,nev]!less1 x may be well to rem9d ourselves aga9 t ! apo/le does n po9t 8 read]s to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures = in/ruction 9 anci5t hi/ory1 b he claims t !y are pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction :i* is 9 righte\sness2 & ^! records1 :atev] _! hi/orical %ortcom+s may be1 are mo/ assur$ly pr(itable = all ^! purposes4 ,! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are a cont9u\s illu/ration ( ! reality ( a ,div9e ,provid5ce1 by reveal+ on almo/ e page ! h& ( ,god 9 human hi/ory4 ,only z we trace ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews c we und]/& ! unfold+ 9 ! m9d ( man "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e ,_s ( ! great religi\s ideas & conceptions :i* h become ! ma9spr+ ( human progress2 ! ideas :i* may be se5 9 cry/alliz$ =m 9 mod]n ,judaism1 9 p]v]t$ =m 9 ,mohamm$anism1 & 9 exp&$ & spiritualiz$ =m 9 ,*ri/ianity4 #bda ,prem95t among ^! conceptions is ! idea ( "o p]sonal holy & righte\s ,god4 ,! ,hebrews 7 also ! fir/ to tea* man t ! supreme goal ( life is righte\sness1 & ?us !y became ! e?ical tea*]s ( ! human race4 ,!y fir/ gave objective expression to pure & l(ty e?ics 9 law4 ,to-day ! pr9ciples ( ,hebrew legislation are /ill ! bone & m>r[ ( ! _w's greate/ legal sy/ems4 ,?\gh ! ,romans may be1 to a l>ge ext5t1 responsible = ! =m :i* mod]n legal sy/ems h adopt$1 ! sub/ance mu/ be trac$ back to ,hebrew legislation4 ,moreov]1 ! ,hebrews prep>$ ! way = ,*ri/ianity4 ,jesus himself recogniz$ t ! fai? he proclaim$ 0 n a new creation4 ,?9k n1 said he1 t ,i came to de/roy ! law or ! prophets3 ,i came n to de/roy1 b to fulfill4#ad ,he came to fill up1 to spiritualize & int5sify ! religi\s & e?ical tea*+ ( ! great lead]s ( ! ,hebrews4 ,m5 ne$$ ! prelim9>y tra9+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation be=e !y 7 ready to appreciate ! full] revelation 9 & ?r\gh ,jesus ! ,*ri/1 & ,*ri/ianity c\ld nev] h triumph$ _h x n be5 = ! prep>atory "w ( ! religi\s & e?ical tea*]s ( ! ,hebrews1 ^: activity 0 v l>gely det]m9$ by ! c\rse ( ! nation's hi/ory4 ,aga91 #bdb ,jesus1 accord+ to ! fle%1 0 a desc5dant ( ,abraham1 re>$ 9 a ,jewi% home1 & "u ,jewi% influ5ces4 ,he /udi$ ,jewi% lit]ature & ,jewi% ideals 7 held up be=e him4 ,all ?is mu/ h made "s impression ^u ! m9d & life ( ! ,ma/]4 ,he & 8 tea*+ c be und]/ood only if he is /udi$ 9 ! light ( ,jewi% ?\ght & ,jewi% religion rea*+ back to ! v beg9n+ ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,all ?is %[s h[ important is ! /udy ( ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to "o :o desires to appreciate fully ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is impossible to e/imate too highly ! et]nal value ( ! devotional lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z illu/rat$1 = example1 9 ! book ( ,psalms4 ,well has x be5 said1 ,:at ! he>t is 9 man1 t is ! ,psalt] 9 ! ,bible4#ae ,! ,psalms t\* ! he>t1 because !y are ! expressions ( ! deepe/ feel+s ( ! writ]s2 & because ^! lyrics express p]sonal exp]i5ces !y may be1 & are1 us$ ev5 to-day to express ! v>i\s emotions ( joy1 sorr[1 hope1 fe>1 anticipation1 etc41 ( p]sons :o live ev5 on a high] plane ?an did _! au?ors4 ,:at is !re1 says ,ri*>d ,hook]1#af necess>y = man to "k :i* ! ,psalms are n able to tea*8 ,h]oical magnanimity1 exquisite ju/ice1 grave mod]ation1 #bdc exact wisdom1 rep5tance unfeign$1 unwe>i$ pati5ce1 ! my/]ies ( ,god1 ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 ! t]rors ( wra?1 ! com=ts ( grace1 ! works ( ,provid5ce ov] ?is _w1 & ! promis$ joys ( t _w :i* is to come2 all good1 necess>ily to be ei!r kn[n or done1 or _h1 ?is "o cele/ial f\nta9 yielde?2 let !re be any grief or disa/] incid5t to ! s\l ( man1 any w\nd or sickness nam$ = :i* !re is n 9 ?is treasure-h\se a pres5t com=table rem$y at all times ready to be f\nd4 ,manifold inde$ are ! cont5ts ( ! ,psalt]2 manifold ! moods ( ! au?ors2 & manifold ! exp]i5ces !y express4 ,b !re is "o bond :i* unites !m all into "o liv+ unity1 namely1 a sublime fai? 9 ,jehovah1 ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,?is v>iety on ! "o h&1 & ess5tial unity on ! o!r1 are ! qualities :i* h giv5 to ! book 9 all ages a unique place 9 ! religi\s life ( ! individual & ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,) full ju/ice says ,p][ne3#ag ,no s+le book ( ,scripture1 n ev5 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 has1 p]haps1 ev] tak5 su* hold on ! he>t ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,none1 if we d>e judge1 unless x be ! ,gospels1 has _h s l>ge an influ5ce 9 mold+ ! affections1 su/a9+ ! hopes1 purify+ ! fai? ( believ]s4 ,) its words1 r ?an ) _! own1 !y h come be=e ,god4 ,9 ^! !y h utt]$ #bdd _! desires1 _! fe>s1 _! confessions1 _! aspirations1 _! sorr[s1 _! joys1 _! ?anksgiv+s4 ,by ^! _! devotion has be5 k9dl$ & _! he>ts com=t$4 ,! ,psalt] has be5 9 ! true/ s5se ! pray] book ( bo? ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,equally pr(itable is ! /udy ( ! ,wisdom lit]ature4 ,! wise m5 accept$ ! great religi\s tru?s proclaim$ by ! prophets2 x 0 _! bus9ess to apply !m to ! details ( ev]yday life1 & in/ruct _! contempor>ies 9 t application4 ,!y did an important & necess>y "w2 !y po9t$ out con/antly & p]si/5tly t religion _c be sep>at$ f ! daily life4 ,b ! wise m5 7 deal+ ) p]sons :o _h h>dly gone beyond ! *ildhood /age 9 ?+s religi\s & e?ical1 h5ce !y mu/ put ! mo/ pr(\nd tru?s 9 ! simple/ possible =m4 ,!y mu/ ab/a91 z f> z possible1 f all speculation1 & conf9e !mselves to simple1 practical precepts :i* w\ld appeal to ! ord9>y practical common s5se ( ! he>]4 ,! great desire ( ! sages1 says ,m>%all1 0 to r$uce ! l(ty !i/ic morality :i* und]lies ,mosaism to brief1 pi?y say+s1 easily rememb]$ & readily applicable to ! ev]yday life ( man4#ah ,c]ta9ly1 9 "t !y w\ld be compell$ to rise above simple precepts & try to solve "s ( #bde ! m p]plex+ problems ( life2 on ! o!r h&1 !re w\ld always be a dem& = ! m simple say+s ( ^! moral guides4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s specim5s ( ^! diff]5t productions ( wisdom activity4 ,! book ( ,prov]bs is a collection ( ! m simple1 practical precepts1 :ile ! books ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es illu/rate speculative wisdom4 ,! *>ge has sometimes be5 made aga9/ ! book ( ,prov]bs t x is n truly religi\s1 t x moves on a l[] plane1 & contemplates l[] aims ?an ! o!r books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b ?is is only a half tru?4 ,t ! book diff]s f o!r books is und\bt$ly true1 b t is due to ! purpose ( its au?or4 ,he did n mean to collect prophetic disc\rses or sublime religi\s lyrics1 b ^? simple precepts ( life :i*1 ?\gh simple1 are ev] ne$$ = ! prop] conduct ( man4 ,!re are two phases ( religion3 ! "o int]nal1 ! religi\s exp]i5ce2 ! o!r ext]nal1 ! religi\s life4 ,! two g toge!r1 ?\gh at times ! "o1 at times ! o!r1 may be emphasiz$4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,prov]bs emphasiz$ *iefly ! latt]4 ,!y tea* ! mo/ difficult ( all lessons3 h[ to practice religion2 h[ to fulfill ! duties & ov]come ! temptations ( ev]yday life4 ,b ^! wise m5 re/$ _! practical tea*+ ^u a religi\s basis4 ,_! #bdf religion may n be on a ,new ,te/am5t level1 b 9 ?is !y resemble o!r ,old ,te/am5t writ+s2 _! conceptions ( rew>d & puni%m5t may be crude1 & at times mat]iali/ic1 b ?is peculi>ity !y %>e ) all ^? sa9ts ( ,israel ^: vision is limit$ to ?is _w4 ,und]nea? all _! tea*+ !re is a firm belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a righte\s ,god & ! reality ( 8 rule ov] ! _w1 z also 9 ! o!r great religi\s v]ities taught by ! prophets4 ,f> f disreg>d+ religion1 ! writ]s ( ! ,prov]bs s\ght to make x ! controll+ motive ( life & conduct4 ,a pr(\nd religi\s _s p]vades ! :ole book2 b 9 addition !re are _m passages :i* give def9ite expression to ! l(ty religi\s conceptions ( ! wise m54#ai ,nev]!less1 z is natural 9 view ( ! purpose ( ! wise m51 great] /ress is laid ^u e?ics1 ! practice ( religion4 ,no?+ & no relation ( life seems to h escap$ ! att5tion ( ! writ]s4 ,precepts are giv5 conc]n+ ord9>y ev]yday conduct1 ! relations ( m5 to _! fell[s1 dome/ic relations & happ9ess1 national life & ! prop] attitude t[>d ! gov]nm5t1 & o!r relations & int]e/s ( life4 ,! p]man5t value ( ! book is sugge/$ 9 ^! words ( ,davison3#bj ,= ! writ]s ( ,prov]bs religion #bdg means good s5se1 religion means ma/]y ( affairs1 religion means /r5g? & manl9ess & success1 religion means a well-furni%$ intellect employ+ ! be/ means to accompli% ! highe/ ends4 ,!re is a heal?y1 vigor\s tone ab\t ?is k9d ( tea*+ :i* is nev] out ( date1 b :i*1 human nature be+ :at x is1 is only too apt to disappe> 9 ! actual pres5tation ( religion 9 ! ,*ur* on e>?4 ,f simple practical precepts ! wise m5 rose to speculation4 ,_! speculative philosophy is !i/ic1 = x />ts f ! conviction t !re is a p]sonal ,god4 ,! be/ specim5 ( ?is type ( ,wisdom lit]ature is ! book ( ,job1 :i* deals ) ! p]plex+ problem ( evil & suff]+4 ,! book rec\nts h[ ,job1 a man ( exempl>y piety1 0 ov]tak5 by an unprec$5t$ s]ies ( calamities1 & x reports ! debate betwe5 ,job & o!r speak]s to :i* ! occasion is suppos$ to h giv5 rise4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! p]fect ,job rais$ ! p]plex+ "q1 ,h[ c ! suff]+ ( a righte\s man be h>moniz$ ) ! belief 9 a holy & j ,god8 ,! popul> view1 reflect$ 9 ! great] portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 t suff]+ 0 always puni%m5t = s91 prosp]ity rew>d = piety4 ,su* belief seem$ 9 accord ) ! righte\sness ( ,jehovah4 ,und\bt$ly1 exceptions to ! rule might be #bdh not$1 b z long z ! individual 0 look$ ^u simply z an atom 9 ! national unit1 ! app>5t inequalities 9 ! =tunes ( individuals w\ld n con/itute a press+ problem4 ,:51 h[ev]1 especially ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 ! individual receiv$ prop] recognition1 an exp]i5ce l t ( ,job 0 b\nd to create difficulties1 = ! suff]+ ( a righte\s man w\ld seem to po9t to unfairness on ! "p ( ,god4 ,t ?is p]plexity 0 felt is se5 f allusions 9 ! prophetic books4 ,at la/ ! "t came :5 a wise man 9 ,israel s\ght to solve ! problem 9 ! light ( ! religi\s k he possess$4 ,! problem1 !n1 discuss$ by ! au?or ( ! book ( ,job is1 ,h[ c ! suff]+s ( a righte\s man be h>moniz$ ) belief 9 a holy & righte\s ,god8 ,v>i\s solutions ( ?is problem are sugge/$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! book3 7#a7 ,! solution ( ! prologue--,suff]+ is a te/ ( "*4 7#b7 ,! solution ( ! fri5ds--,suff]+ is always puni%m5t = s94 7#c7 ,! solution ( ,job--,job /ruggles long & p]si/5tly ) ! problem2 a few times he seems to h a glimpse ( a possible /raight5+-out ( ! pres5t inequalities aft] dea?1 b x is only a glimpse2 he always s9ks back to a feel+ ( unc]ta9ty & p]plexity4 ,8 g5]al attitude is t !re mu/ be #bdi some?+ out ( ge> 9 ! _w1 = ! righte\sness ( ,god _c be disc]n$ z ?+s are go+ n[4 7#d7 ,! solution ( ,elihu--,elihu agrees ) ! fri5ds t suff]+ is closely connect$ ) s92 b he emphasizes m ?an !y ! discipl9>y purpose ( suff]+1 :i*1 he po9ts out1 is ! voice ( ,god w>n+ m5 to return to ,him4 7#e7 ,! solution ( ,jehovah--,! :ole univ]se is an unfa?omable my/]y1 9 :i* ! evil is no m p]plex+ ?an ! good4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( all my/]ies ! prop] attitude is "o ( humble submission4 7#f7 ,! solution ( ! epilogue--,returns to ! op9ion ( ! fri5ds1 = x tea*es t righte\sness w soon] or lat] be rew>d$ ) prosp]ity ev5 9 ?is _w4 ,x is *iefly 9 ! solution ( ?is age-long problem sugge/$ by ! au?or ( ! book ( ,job t ! real value ( ! discussion lies4 ,! au?or n[h]e /ates :i* ( ! above-m5tion$ conclusions he accepts z true4 ,z a result1 he has be5 *>g$ ) rais+ a pr(\nd problem1 discuss+ x ) rel5tless logic1 & !n leav+ x unsolv$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n q fair to ?is anci5t wise man4 ,) a t\* too arti/ic to p]mit him to desc5d to a homiletic attitude1 ! poet has %[n t 8 solution ( life's problem is a religi\s "o4 ,he _h portray$ ) great p[] ! inability ( #bej man's m9d to compreh5d ! univ]se or to und]/& :y man mu/ suff]2 b he makes ,job1 8 h]o1 f9d 9 a vision ( ,god ! secret ( life4 ,job's que/ions rema9 unansw]$1 b n[ t he kn[s ,god1 he is cont5t to let !m rema9 unansw]$4 ,he _c solve life's riddle1 b is cont5t to tru/ ,god1 ( ^: goodness he is conv9c$1 & :o1 ,job is sure1 kn[s ! answ]4 ,! poet has ?us taught t x is 9 ! realm ( religion1 & n 9 t ( ! intellect1 t ! solution ( life's my/]ies is to be f\nd4#ba ,ev5 ,*ri/ianity has no o!r solution ( ! problem to (f]2 x mu/ /ill insi/ ^u a solution ( fai?1 ) a l(ty conception ( ,god1 & a vision ( life broad en\gh to include et]nity1 :5 ! app>5t inequalities ( ?is life may be adju/$ by a lov+ & righte\s ,god4 ,! book ( ,ecclesia/es1 deal+ ) ! p]plexities ( life 9 g5]al1 full ( pessimism & skepticism1 is n )\t its p]man5t value4 ,! au?or ( ! book has pass$ ?r\gh _m disappo9tm5ts1 & 8 _s has gr[n some:at skeptical & pessimi/ic4 ,ev]y?+ has prov$ vanity3 ri*es1 pleasure1 honor1 ev5 ! se>* = wisdom2 & he is n sure conc]n+ 8 de/9y aft] dea?4 ,b ov] aga9/ 8 exp]i5ces 9 life !re is a fai? 9 ,god :o gov]ns ! _w4 ,! book1 :i* portrays #bea ! /ruggle betwe5 exp]i5ce & fai?1 has aptly be5 call$ a cry = light4 ,! au?or does n see ! light cle>ly1 ?\gh "h & !re he may h a glimpse ( x4 ,! real p]plexity is due to ! fact t ! au?or's horizon is b\nd$ by ! grave4 ,9 ?is life he sees no hope1 !re=e he looks ) long+ = a possible reckon+ 9 an aft] life2 b x rema9s a hope & cry1 x nev] gr[s into a conviction4 ,! m significant is ! ret5tion ( 8 fai? 9 ,god4 ,he is consci\s ( a moral ord] 9 ! _w1 ?\gh its op]ation is (t5 fru/rat$2 he is aw>e ( cases 9 :i* ! ,god-fe>+ man _h an advantage ov] o!rs4 ,h5ce1 ) all 8 unc]ta9ty & d\bt1 he holds t x is 8 duty1 & ! duty ( ev]yone else1 to fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts2 ,god1 someh[1 w c>e = ! my/]ies & p]plexities ( life4 ,ev5 ! ,song ( ,songs1 or ,song ( ,solomon1 (t5 an object ( ridicule1 :5 rightly int]pret$1 is se5 to br+ sugge/ive lessons to ! pres5t age4 ,! book owes its place 9 ! canon ( ,sacr$ ,scripture to ! allegorical int]pretation giv5 to x f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! ,jews int]pret$ x z pictur+ ! close relation exi/+ betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel2 ! ,*ri/ians1 z pictur+ ! intimate fell[%ip betwe5 ,*ri/ & 8 bride1 ! ,*ur*4 ,at pres5t x is q g5]ally held t ?is int]pretation #beb does n d ju/ice to ! prim>y purpose ( ! book2 b z to its orig9al purpose two diff]5t views are held4 ,accord+ to bo? int]pretations1 ! subject ( ! book is love--human love2 ! diff]5ces ( op9ion are ) ref]5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject is treat$4 ,"s ?9k t ! book is simply a collection ( love or w$d+ songs1 all indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,o!rs feel t !re are too _m evid5ces ( real unity 9 x to p]mit ?is int]pretation2 !y see 9 ! book a didactic drama or melodrama1 ! aim ( ! au?or be+ ! glorification ( true human love4 ,! drama c5t]s ar\nd ?ree pr9cipal *>act]s--,solomon1 ! ,%unammite maid51 & h] %eph]d lov]4 ,! book relates h[ ! maid51 surpris$ by ! k+ & 8 tra91 0 br\ght to ! palace 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e ! k+ hop$ to w9 h] affections & to induce h] to ex*ange h] ru/ic home = ! enjoym5t & honor ! c\rt life af=ds4 ,%e has1 h[ev]1 already pl$g$ h] he>t to a "y %eph]d2 & ! admiration & bl&i%m5ts :i* ! k+ lavi%es ^u h] are p[]less to make h] =get him4 ,9 ! end %e is p]mitt$ to return to h] m\nta9 home1 :]e at ! close ( ! poem ! lov]s appe> h& 9 h& & express1 9 w>m1 gl[+ words1 ! sup]iority ( g5u9e spontane\s #bec affection4 ,! real aim ( ! book1 !re=e1 seems to be to glorify true love1 & m specifically1 true betro!d love1 :i* rema9s /eadfa/ ev5 9 ! mo/ dang]\s & mo/ s$uctive situations4 ,9 ?is age1 :5 ! responsibility ( ! individual ,*ri/ian & ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* t[>d ! practical1 social1 religi\s1 & moral problems & evils is recogniz$ m ?an at any o!r previ\s "t1 ! prophetic lit]ature is wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy on ! "p ( all ,*ri/ians :o recognize & :o are will+ to meet _! obligations to _! day & g5]ation4 ,! prophets ( old met 9 ! /r5g? ( ,god1 & at ! div9e impulse1 ! problems & evils ( _! own age4 ,!y _h to face ! problems ( mat]ialism & comm]cialism2 ! evils result+ f ! accumulation ( weal?1 p[]1 & res\rces 9 ! h&s ( a few2 v s]i\s economic problems2 cruelty1 oppression1 arrogance on ! "p ( ! ri* proprietors2 corruption 9 gov]nm5t & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 !y _h to grapple ) a cold1 he>tless =malism t ?reat5$ to de/roy pure1 spiritual religion4 ,aga9/ ^! evils & wrongs ! prophets ( old rais$ _! h&s & voices4 ,:5 ! old tribal cu/oms & bonds 7 weak5$ by ! gr[? ( cities & ! cultivation ( comm]ce !y saw t #bed society mu/ be set ^u a moral basis or suff] de/ruction4 ,:5 ! nation itself 0 ab\t to be brok5 to pieces !y saw 9 ?is a call = a deep] spiritual life4444 ,!y 7 int]e/$ 9 politics1 b n z a pr(ession 9 :i* to %[ _! skill1 or out ( :i* !y might ga9 weal? or glory4 ,politics = !m meant simply ! life ( ! nation 9 its relation to ,god & to ! great outside _w4 ,!y 7 social re=m]s4 ,to ! e>li] prophets man 0 reg>d$ always z a memb] ( society r ?an z an indep5d5t individual4444 ,9 opposition to a %[y ritual1 !y set up _! dem&s = ju/ice betwe5 man & man4#bb ,surely1 x is a "p ( ! ,*ri/ian's duty to d 8 %>e t[>d a ,*ri/ian solution ( ! social & religi\s problems ( our day4 ,we c h>dly claim to h rea*$ ! full /ature ( ,*ri/ian manhood or womanhood until we h acquir$ ! k & p[] to cope ) ^! difficulties 9 ! _s ( ! ,ma/] & ) ! me?ods be/ adapt$ to ! ,*ri/ianiz+ ( mod]n society4 ,9 ^! our ef=ts to lift humanity ne>] to ,god1 or to br+ ,god ne>] to humanity1 we may le>n mu* f ! prophets ( old4 ,to sum up ! results ( our /udy3 ,z ,*ri/ians we may f9d our l(tie/ inspiration 9 ! /udy ( ! life1 ! "*1 & ! tea*+s #bee ( ! ,ma/]1 & ( ! words ( 8 disciples4 ,b ! ,new ,te/am5t is little m ?an a qu>t] ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages ! attempt has be5 made to emphasize ! p]man5t value ( ! l>g] division ( ! ,sacr$ ,book4 ,x has be5 c>efully scrut9iz$1 te/$ 9 furnaces heat$ sev5 times1 b out ( ! fire x has come be>+ ! /amp ( ,god1 te/ify+ m confid5tly ?an ev] be=e t ,god 9 old5 times spake unto ! fa!rs1 & t 9 its pages may be f\nd records & int]pretations ( ^! revelations4 ,! features ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* assure to x a p]man5t place 9 religi\s ?\ght & life may be briefly indicat$ z foll[s3 ,! ,old ,te/am5t w always prove attractive z lit]ature4 ,! m we "k ( o!r lit]atures ( antiquity1 ! m evid5t x becomes t ev5 f ! lit]>y viewpo9t ! ,old ,te/am5t is f> sup]ior to any o!r lit]>y rema9s ( anci5t civilization4 ,if ! inimitable fre%ness ( life is pres]v$ 9 ,hom]1 x is n less pres]v$ 9 ! epic /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 :ile ! /ill m intangible simplicity ( ! idyl is f\nd p]fect 9 ,ru? & ,tobit1 ! orations ( ,deut]onomy are z noble models z ! orations ( ,cic]o4 ,read by ! side ( ! poetry ( ! ,psalms1 ! lyrics ( ,p9d> seem almo/ prov9cial4 ,! imag9ative poetry ( #bef ! ,greeks is p]fect 9 its own sph]e1 b by ! ,hebrew prophets z bold an imag9ation is c>ri$ into ! my/]ies ( ! spiritual _w4 ,if ! philosophy ( ,plato & 8 successors has a special int]e/ z ! />t+ po9t = a progression ( ?\ght /ill go+ on z mod]n sci5ce1 yet ! field ( biblical wisdom (f]s an attraction ( a diff]5t k9d1 9 a progression ( ?\ght :i* has run its full r\nd & has rea*$ a position ( re/4444 ,& 9 ! inn] circle ( ! _w's ma/]pieces1 9 :i* all k9ds ( lit]>y influ5ces meet1 ! ,bible has plac$ ,job1 ! ,isaiahan ,rhapsody1 444 unsurpass$ & unsurpassable4#bc ,f ! /&po9t ( hi/ory ! ,old ,te/am5t /ill occupies1 & ev] w occupy1 a unique position4 ,important z are ! contributions ( ar*ology1 ! /ud5t ( anci5t hi/ory c by no means sp>e ! te/imony ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t is /ill ! ma9 s\rce ( in=mation = ! national hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew p1 & x is & w rema9 a v important second>y s\rce = ! hi/ory ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,x also reta9s a unique place 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 = )\t x ! religi\s developm5t ( ! ,jews c\ld n be trac$2 & s9ce ! ,jewi% religion is ! f\ndation ^u :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 develop$1 ignorance ( t e>li] religion #beg w\ld prove a s]i\s h&icap to ! /ud5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t w always be ( value because ( its intimate connection ) ! ,new4 ,f ! purely l+ui/ic /&po9t a k ( ! =m] is ess5tial = an und]/&+ ( ! latt]4 ,new ,te/am5t modes ( ?\ght & expression are inexplicable )\t a /udy ( ! ,old4 ,!re are _m passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t tak5 f ! ,old & ref]r+ back to x :i* _c be prop]ly und]/ood unless we exam9e !m 9 _! orig9al context4 ,b ! connection is ev5 m vital1 = 9 a v real s5se ! new disp5sation has its roots 9 ! old4 ,x is "o k+dom ( ,god t is ! subject ( ! hi/ory 9 bo?1 & ! ,bible z a :ole c nev] be rightly und]/ood until ! two ,te/am5ts are compreh5d$ 9 _! unity & h>mony1 = !y are jo9$ 9 insep>able unity 9 ,*ri/ himself4 ,mo/ important ( all1 ! ,old ,te/am5t reta9s1 & ev] w reta91 a unique religi\s value4 ,x w ev] be important 9 ! field ( doctr9e4 ,true1 ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! prim>y s\rce = ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 b !re are "s ?+s :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t takes = grant$1 & = :i* we mu/ turn to ! ,old4 ,w ! revelation ( ! nature & "* ( ,god conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t #beh ev] lose its doctr9al value8--,god1 a _s1 p]sonal1 ) a cle>ly def9$ moral "*1 9 8 m]cy condesc5d+ to ent] into cov5ant relations ) 8 creatures1 lov+ man & desir+ to be lov$ by him1 8 ang] ar\s$ by s91 b graci\s t[>d ! rep5t+ s9n]8 ,aga91 h ^? e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis lo/ _! doctr9al value8 ,has anyone suppli$ a sub/itute = ! simple ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?8 ,! ,old ,te/am5t is ( p]man5t religi\s value because ( its ke5 insight into human nature4 ,! ,bible has be5 call$ ! family album ( ! ,holy ,god2 we might comp>e x1 r1 to a picture gall]y4 ,:at a v>iety6 ,ev]y:]e we see !m fle% & blood6 ,:y is x !y impress u s8 ,is x n because ! pictures are s true to human nature t 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce 9 "t1 place1 & circum/ances !y may s]ve ev5 u z mirrors8 ,! ,old ,te/am5t w always des]ve /udy f ! religi\s /&po9t1 because ( ! ideal ( "* x sets be=e u4 ,x pres5ts to our s\ls *>act]s t are supremely wor?y ( our rev]5ce because consci\sly c5t]$ 9 ,god & full ( 8 p[]4 ,x p]mits u to %>e ! en?usiasm ( ! m5 :o discov]$ ! fundam5tals ( our religion & ! "* ( our ,god4 ,x is indisp5sable to complete ! #bei disciple%ip ( ,*ri/1 because x is ! creator ( ! mold :i* 8 s\l exp&$4#bd ,its types ( "* may lack ! f9] graces1 yet !y are types we may d well to imitate4 ,w ! lives ( ,abraham1 ,joseph1 ,samuel1 ,elijah1 ,david1 & _m o!rs ev] lose _! lessons8 ,:at sublime ideals ev5 ! ,*ri/ian m9i/] may f9d 9 ! lives ( ! prophets6 ,w we ev] get beyond ! moral duties :i* are1 accord+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 obligatory ^u man8 ,purity ( ?\ght1 s9c]ity ( motive1 s+l5ess ( purpose1 tru?fulness1 hone/y1 ju/ice1 g5]osity1 love--^! are "s ( ! virtues :i* aga9 & aga9 are 9 ! /ronge/ language insi/$ ^u 9 ! pages ( ! ,old ,book4 ,inde$1 ! ,old ,te/am5t emphasizes ! l(tie/ ideals ( human life & society1 anticipat+ ! "t :5 9 all ! _w ! univ]sal ,fa!rhood ( ,god & ! common bro!rhood ( man w\ld be realiz$4 ,9 an editorial 9 ! ,expository ,times1 comm5t+ ^u a pap] read be=e ! ,fir/ ,int]national ,moral ,education ,congress1 are f\nd ^! sugge/ive words3 ,x is :5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is simple1 frank1 & hi/orical t x becomes ! be/ text-book ( e?ics 9 ! _w1 = x possesses ^! two incomp>able advantages--x is full ( humanity1 & x is full ( v>iety4 ,! epics ( ,joseph & ,david1 ! #bfj trag$ies ( ,elijah & ,isaiah h an undy+ *>m4 ,& ! examples are v>i$ z !y are int]e/+4 ,x (f]s examples ( almo/ e /age ( moral developm5t4 ,:atev] ! pupil's moral attitude1 !re is "s ,jewi% h]o t appeals to him4 ,t h]o's actions c be trac$ to _! motives & foll[$ to _! consequ5ces4 ,he c be treat$ ) sympa?y 9 s f> z he atta9s ! /&>d ( 8 times1 & yet criticiz$ 9 s f> z 8 motives are n ^? :i* we recognize z absolute4 ,s ! pupil may le>n at once to appropriate ^? m$ia axiamata :i* fit him1 & yet realize t !re is some?+ beyond & above !m4#be ,! ,old ,te/am5t is ( p]man5t significance because ( its insi/5ce on pure & spiritual religion1 & its condemnation ( all cold & ext]nal =malism4 ,^! words ( ! prophet ,isaiah imply a l(ty conception ( true religion3 ,:at unto me is ! multitude ( y\r sacrifices8 sai? ,jehovah3 ,i h _h en\gh ( ! burnt-(f]+s ( rams1 & ! fat ( f$ bea/s2 & ,i delight n 9 ! blood ( bullocks1 or ( lambs1 or ( he-goats4 ,:5 ye come to appe> be=e me1 :o ha? requir$ ?is at y\r h&1 to trample my c\rts8 ,br+ no m va9 oblations2 inc5se is an abom9ation unto me2 new moon & sabba?1 ! call+ ( #bfa assemblies--,i _c away ) iniquity & ! solemn meet+4 ,y\r new moons & y\r appo9t$ fea/s my s\l hate?2 !y are a tr\ble unto me2 ,i am we>y ( be>+ !m4 ,& :5 ye spread =? y\r h&s1 ,i w hide m9e eyes f y2 yea1 :5 ye make _m pray]s1 ,i w n he>3 y\r h&s are full ( blood4 ,wa% y1 make y clean2 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s f be=e m9e eyes2 cease to d evil2 le>n to d well2 seek ju/ice1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[4#bf ,& ! prophetic def9ition ( religion1 ,he ha? %[$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ,jehovah require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love k9dness1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8#bg is 9 no wise inf]ior to t giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ,pure religion & undefil$ be=e our ,god & ,fa!r is ?is1 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! affliction1 & to keep oneself unspott$ f ! _w4#bh ,f9ally1 h[ c we e/imate highly en\gh ! devotional value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z illu/rat$1 = example1 9 ! book ( ,psalms8 ,"h we h ! outp\r+s ( human s\ls 9 ! close/ fell[%ip ) _! ,god1 giv+ )\t re/ra9t expression to ! mo/ v>i\s emotions1 hopes1 desires1 & aspirations4 ,:at o!r lit]>y compositions lift u into su* atmosph]e ( religi\s ?\ght & emotion8 #bfb ,surely1 ! sweet s+]s enjoy a prem95ce f :i* !y c nev] be de?ron$4 ,x is q safe1 !re=e1 to ass]t1 t z long z human nature is :at x is n[ ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ rema9 an ev]-fl[+ f\nta9 ( liv+ tru?1 able to invigorate & to re/ore1 to purify & to ref9e2 to ennoble & to enri* ! moral & spiritual be+ ( man4 ,no man1 says ,a4 ,w4 ,v]non1#bi save ,jesus1 ev] _h ! "r to lay ! ,book 444 aside1 & he made x immortal4 ,,notes ,,on ,,*apt] ,,vi #a ,j4 ,c4 ,todd1 ,politics & ,religion 9 ,anci5t ,israel1 p4 vii4 #b ,! ,orig9 & ,p]man5t ,value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #g4 #c ,contempor>y ,review1 ,augu/1 #ahhi1 p4 #bcb4 #d ,c4 ,f4 ,k5t1 ,! ,orig9 & ,p]man5t ,value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 #e;ff4 #e ,biblical ,criticism & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #f4 #f ,see above1 p4 #gi4 #g ,biblical ,criticism & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #bcj4 #h ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis1 p4 xlii4 #i ,a4 ,we/phal1 ,! ,law & ! ,prophets1 p4 #dc4 #aj ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis1 p4 lxx4 #aa ,w4 ,w4 ,:ite1 ,/udies 9 ,old ,te/am5t ,*>act]s1 p4 #ad4 #ab ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis1 p4 lxviii4 #ac ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p4 #cce4 #ad ,matt4 #e4 #ag4 #bfc #ae ,^! words ( ,johannes ,arnd are us$ by ,franz ,delitzs* z ! motto = 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms4 #af ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 ,book ,v1 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii1 #b4 #ag ,! ,book ( ,psalms1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ah4 #ah ,j4 ,t4 ,m>%all1 ,job & ,8 ,com=t]s1 p4 #d4 #ai ,= example1 #c4 #e-g2 #af4 #c1 #f1 #i2 #bc4 #ag4 #bj ,w4 ,t4 ,davison1 ,! ,wisdom ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 #acd1 #ace4 #ba ,g4 ,a4 ,b>ton1 ,! ,book ( ,job1 p4 #ab4 #bb ,w4 ,g4 ,jordan1 ,biblical ,criticism & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 pp4 #bhd1 #bhe4 #bc ,ri*>d ,g4 ,m\lton1 ,! ,mod]n ,read]'s ,bible1 ,"o ,vol4 ed41 p4 x4 #bd ,a4 ,w4 ,v]non1 ,! ,religi\s ,value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #hj4 #be ,expository ,times1 ,novemb]1 #aijh1 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 #bf ,isa4 #a4 #aa-ag4 #bg ,mic4 #f4 #h4 #bh ,james #a4 #bg4 #bi ,! ,religi\s ,value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #ha4 #bfd ,,index ,abraham1 #bch4 ,adad-nir>i ,,iv1 #acd4 ,ahab1 #aca ff4 ,angels1 #ahb f4 ,animism1 #afe f41 #afi f4 ,appeal to ! s\l1 #cj ff4 ,ar*aeological mat]ial1 #abc f4 ,ar*aeology1 #aaj ff4 ,a%urbanipal1 #adj4 ,assumption v]sus k1 #bag ff4 ,au?or%ip1 ( ,p5tateu*1 #hh f42 o!r books1 #hi f4 ,babylon1 fall (1 #ada4 ,b5efits ( criticism1 #aje ff4 ,bible & ,reason1 #cc f4 ,bible l&s1 #aaa4 ,black ,obelisk1 #acc f4 ,canon1 #hf f4 ,c]emonial sy/em1 #agh ff4 ,"* /udy1 #bch1 #beh f4 ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 #cf4 ,comp>ative religion1 #afj ff4 ,comp>ative /udy1 #afj ff42 aim1 #afj2 attitude t[>d1 #afa f42 importance1 #afd ,compilation1 #hg f4 ,composition1 #ba-bc4 ,confirmations1 #aef4 ,conflict betwe5 sci5ce & ,g5esis1 #da ff4 ,contra/s1 #bba f4 ,cosmology ( appe>ances1 #ei f4 ,creation1 #da ff42 /ory (1 #bja ff42 p]man5t value1 #bce f4 ,criticism1 #ff ff42 b5efits1 #aje ff42 def9ition1 #fg f42 ,jesus & c41 #ib ff42 inspiration & c41 #ih ff41 #aje4 ,cyrus1 #ada4 ,david1 #ajd4 ,day ( ,creation1 #de f4 ,decalogue1 #aii1 #bad ff4 ,deity1 conception (1 #afe ff41 #bjf f41 #bab2 ,babylonian1 #afe-afi1 ,egyptian1 #afi1 ,hebrew1 #afi-agb2 ,"* ( ,d41 #agc ff4 ,demons1 #ahc f4 ,devotional lit]ature1 #ag f41 #bdb f4 ,div9e elem5t1 #bf ff4 ,doctr9al value1 #beg f4 ,ecclesia/es1 #bej f4 ,elephant9e1 #ada4 ,eponym li/s1 #aec4 ,es>haddon1 #adj4 ,excavations1 #aab ff42 ,assyrio-,babylonia1 #aab-aaf2 ,egypt1 #aaf-aah2 ,pale/9e1 #aah-aba2 ,pho5icia1 #aba2 ,moab1 #aba2 ,syria1 #aba2 ,asia ,m9or1 #aba f4 ,exile1 #ada4 ,exodus1 #abh f4 ,facts v]sus inf]5ces1 #add f4 ,fall1 #bac4 ,fe/ivals1 #agh4 ,flood1 #bjg ff4 ,fulfillm5t ( prophecy1 #bh f4 ,ga9s f excavations1 #aea ff42 *ronology1 #aeb f41 #aee2 geography1 #aea f42 hi/ory1 #aeb4 ,gilgame%1 #bjh4 ,hammurabi1 code (1 #ahh ff4 ,h>moniz+ sci5ce ) scripture1 #de ff4 ,h>mony betwe5 sci5ce & ,g5esis1 #fa f4 ,hezekiah1 #ach f4 ,high] criticism1 #gc ff42 def9ition1 #gf2 extra-biblical1 #gf f42 tradition & h4 c41 #gg2 importance1 #gh f42 orig91 #gi ff42 re=m]s & h4 c41 #hj f42 loyalty to ,*ri/ & h4 c41 #hb f42 traditional1 #hc2 non-traditional1 #hc ff42 conclusions1 #he ff42 illegitimate1 #aja f42 ,jesus & h4 c41 #ib ff42 inspiration & h4 c41 #ih ff42 ,moses & h4 c41 #ajb f42 ,isaiah & h4 c41 #ajc f42 ,david & h4 c41 #ajd4 ,hi/orical criticism1 #gb f4 ,hi/orical lit]ature1 #ai f41 #bdj ff41 #bef f4 ,human elem5t1 #bj ff4 ,ideal h>mony1 #eb4 ,illegitimate criticism1 #aja f4 ,imp]fections1 #bd f4 ,inaccuracies1 #bc f41 #ee ff4 ,infallibility1 #ch f4 ,inf]5ces v]sus facts1 #add f4 ,inspiration & criticism #ih ff41 #aje4 ,int]pretation1 #ci f41 #de ff4 ,isaiah1 #ajc f4 ,jehu1 #acd4 ,jesus1 ! supreme reveal]1 #ce ff42 limitation ( k1 #ig f42 criticism & ,j41 #ib ff42 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ,jesus1 #i f41 #bf1 #cf f41 #bcd4 ,job1 #bdg-bej4 ,k v]sus assumption1 #bag ff4 ,legal lit]ature1 #ah f4 ,legal sy/em1 ,babylonian1 #ahg ff42 ,hebrew1 #aie f42 relation betwe5 ! two1 #aii f4 ,l+ui/ic criticism1 #gj f4 ,lit]>y criticism1 #ga f4 ,lit]ature1 k9ds (1 #ae ff41 #ij4 ,m]neptah1 #abh f4 ,miracles1 #bg f4 ,mission ( ,israel1 #fj f4 ,misuse1 #bca f4 ,moabite ,/one1 #acj ff4 ,mono!ism1 #afg f41 #bah f4 ,mono!i/ic t5d5cies1 #afg-afi4 ,moral tea*+1 #bei4 ,moses1 #ajb f4 ,nature ( ,old ,te/am5t1 #ab f4 ,nebu*adrezz>1 #adj f4 ,neglect1 #bbg f42 causes (1 #bbi-bcc4 ,new ,te/am5t1 sup]iority1 #bbi f41 #bed f42 e/imate ( ,o4 ,t41 #aj f4 ,old ,te/am5t1 nature1 #ab f42 reliability1 #aej f42 z lit]ature1 #bee f42 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*1 #i2 ,new ,te/am5t e/imate (1 #aj f42 ,old ,te/am5t & int]pretation ( ,new ,te/am5t1 #beg2 ,jesus & ,old ,te/am5t1 #i f41 #bf1 #cf f41 #bcd4 ,omri1 #acj f4 ,opposition to criticism1 #gd f41 #hb1 #aja4 ,ord] ( creation1 #dg ff4 ,patri>*al age1 #aed2 n>ratives1 #bch f4 ,pekah1 #ace4 ,p5it5tial ,psalms1 #afh4 ,p5tateu*1 au?or%ip (1 #hh f4 ,p]man5t value1 #ei ff41 #bbg ff4 ,polydemonism1 #aga4 ,poly!ism1 #aff ff4 ,prie/hood1 #agi f4 ,prophecy1 fulfilm5t (1 #bh f4 ,prophetic lit]ature1 #ae f41 #bec f4 ,prov]bs1 #bde-bdg4 ,psalms1 #bdb-bdd1 #bfa4 ,purpose ( ,old ,te/am5t1 #aa f41 #ec ff41 #adh4 ,reliability1 ( ,o4 ,t4 hi/ory1 #aej f4 ,religion1 developm5t (1 #hg4 ,religi\s imp]fections1 #bd f42 r4 in/itutions1 #age ff4 ,re/itution !ory1 #dh f4 ,revelation1 #ec ff42 me?ods (1 #ac f42 progressive1 #he f4 ,sabba?1 #age ff4 ,sacrifice1 #ahj f4 ,sam>ia1 capture (1 #acf f4 ,s>gon ,,ii1 #acf4 ,sci5ce1 #ch ff4 ,s5na*]ib1 #acg ff4 ,%almanes] ,,iii1 #acb f4 ,%almanes] ,v1 #acf4 ,%eol1 #ahd ff4 ,%i%ak1 #abi f4 ,simil>ities1 #bbj4 ,song ( ,songs1 #bea-bec4 ,spiritual appeal1 #bi ff42 judgm5t1 #ce f42 unity1 #bi f4 ,/yle1 #ba4 ,taylor ,cyl9d]1 #ach f4 ,tel-el-,am>na tablets1 #abe ff4 ,temple1 #agi4 ,textual criticism1 #fh ff41 #gd4 ,tigla?-piles] ,,iv1 #acd ff4 ,tirhaka1 #aci f4 ,ti!1 #ahj4 ,true religion1 #bfj f4 ,uniqu5ess1 #cb f4 ,unity1 #bi f4 ,unre/1 #db ff41 #bcb4 ,use ( ar*ological mat]ial1 #adc ff4 ,v]acity ( inscriptions1 #ade f4 ,view po9t1 #adi f4 ,vision !ory1 #ej f4 ,wisdom lit]ature1 #af f41 #bdd ff4 ,yahweh1 #aga ff41 #bag4 ,yaudi1 #ace4