,,! ,,h>t=d-,,lamson ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,comp>ative ,,religion ,,by ,,frank ,,byron ,,jevons ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,bi%op ,,hatfield',s ,,hall1 ,,durham ,,univ]sity1 ,,durham1 ,,engl& ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aibj ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aijh1 ,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aijh4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 v ,,note ,! ,h>t=d-,lamson ,lectures on ,! ,religions ( ! ,_w are deliv]$ at ,h>t=d ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 connection ) ! ,lamson ,fund1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ by a gr\p ( fri5ds 9 honor ( ! late ,*>les ,m4 ,lamson1 ,d4,d41 sometime ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,bo>d ( ,commission]s = ,=eign ,missions1 to assi/ 9 prep>+ /ud5ts = ! =eign mission>y field4 ,! ,lectures are design$ prim>ily to give to su* /ud5ts a good k ( ! religi\s hi/ory1 beliefs1 & cu/oms ( ! peoples among :om !y expect to labor4 ,z !y are deliv]$ by s*ol>s ( ! fir/ rank1 :o are au?orities 9 _! respective fields1 x is expect$ t 9 publi%$ =m !y w prove to be ( value to /ud5ts g5]ally4 vii ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,immortality 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cd ,,magic 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gj ,,feti*ism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aje ,,pray] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ach ,,sacrifice 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #age ,,morality 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #baa ,,*ri/ianity 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bci ,,app5dix 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bfg ,,bibliography 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bga ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bge ix ,,analytical ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,! use ( any sci5ce lies 9 its application to practical purposes4 ,= ,*ri/ianity1 ! use ( ! sci5ce ( religion consi/s 9 apply+ x to %[ t ,*ri/ianity is ! highe/ manife/ation ( ! religi\s _s4 ,to make ?is use ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 we mu/ fully & frankly accept ! facts x furni%es1 & mu/ recognise t o!rs are at lib]ty to use !m = any opposite purpose4 ,b we mu/ also insi/ t ! sci5ce ( religion is limit$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( facts & is exclud$ f pass+ judgm5t on ! religi\s value ( ^? facts4 ,! sci5ce ( religion z a hi/orical sci5ce is conc]n$ ) ! *ronological ord]1 & n ) ! religi\s value1 ( its facts2 & ! ord] ( ^? facts does n det]m9e _! value any m 9 ! case ( religion ?an 9 ! case ( lit]ature or art4 ,b if _! value is a "q on :i* ! sci5ce refuses to ent]1 x does n foll[ t ! "q is "o :i* does n admit ( a tru?ful answ]3 sci5ce has no monopoly ( tru?4 ,! value ( any?+ always implies a ref]5ce to ! future3 to be ( value a ?+ mu/ be ( use = "s purpose1 & :at is purpos$ is 9 ! future4 ,?+s h value1 or h n1 accord+ z !y are useful or n = our purposes4 ,! conviction t we c atta9 our purposes & ideals1 ! conviction )\t :i* we %\ld n ev5 attempt to atta9 !m is fai?2 & x is 9 fai? & by fai? t ! man ( religion proposes to x conqu] ! _w4 ,x is by fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity t ! mission>y und]takes to conv]t m5 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! comp>ative value ( diff]5t religions c only be asc]ta9$ by comp>ison ( ^? religions2 & ! mission>y1 ( all m51 ought to "k :at is to be le>nt f su* comp>ison4 ,x is sometimes suppos$ 7wrongly7 t to admit t all religions are comp>able is to admit t all are id5tical2 b1 9 tru?1 x is only because !y diff] t x is possible to comp>e !m4 ,= ! purpose ( comp>ison bo? ! diff]5ces & ! resemblances mu/ be assum$ to exi/2 & ev5 = ! purposes ( ! sci5ce ( religion !re is no?+ to compel u to po/ulate a p]iod 9 :i* ei!r ! diff]5ces or ! resemblances 7 non-exi/5t4 ,b ?\gh !re is no?+ to compel u to assume t ! l[e/ =m 9 :i* religion is f\nd 0 necess>ily ! e>lie/ to exi/1 x is conv5i5t = u to />t f ! l[e/ =ms4 ,= ! practical purposes ( ! mission>y x is desirable :]e possible to discov] any po9ts ( resemblance or traits ( connection betwe5 ! l[] =m ) :i* 8 he>]s are famili> & ! high] =m to :i* he proposes to lead !m4 ,x is !re=e prop] = him & reasonable 9 itself to look ^u ! long hi/ory ( religion z man's se>* = ,god1 & to reg>d x z ! function ( ! mission>y to keep o!rs 9 t se>* 4 4 4 #a-cc ,,immortality ,! belief 9 immortality is m prom95t1 ?\gh less intimately b\nd up ) religion1 among/ uncivilis$ ?an x is among/ civilis$ peoples4 ,9 e>ly times ! fancy luxuriates1 un*eck$1 on ?is z on o!r matt]s4 ,x is late 9 ! hi/ory ( religion t ! immortality ( ! s\l is f\nd to be po/ulat$ alike by morality & religion4 ,! belief t ! s\l exi/s aft] dea? d\btless manife/$ itself fir/ 9 ! xi fact t m5 dream ( ^? :o h di$4 ,b1 7 !re no desire to believe1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! belief w\ld survive1 or ev5 orig9ate4 ,! belief orig9ates 9 desire1 9 long+ = "o lov$ & lo/2 & dreams are n ! cause ( t desire1 ?\gh !y are "o region 9 :i* x manife/s itself1 or r "o mode ( its manife/ation4 ,! desire is = cont9u$ communion2 & its gratification is f\nd 9 a spiritual communion4 ,su* communion also is believ$ to unite wor%ipp]s bo? ) "o ano!r & ) _! ,god4 ,:]e dea? is reg>d$ z a disruption ( communion betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dep>t$1 dea? is reg>d$ z unnatural1 z a violation ( ! orig9al design ( ?+s1 :i* calls = explanation2 & ! explanation is provid$ 9 my?s :i* acc\nt = x by %[+ t ! orig9 ( dea? 0 due to accid5t or mi/ake4 ,at fir/1 x is felt t ! mi/ake _c be "o )\t rem$y3 ! deceas$ is invit$ to come to u aga94 ,if he does n return 9 8 old body1 !n he is believ$ to reappe> 9 "s new-born *ild4 ,or ! doctr9e ( rebir? may be satisfi$ by ! belief t ! s\l is re9c>nat$ 9 animal =m4 ,?is belief is specially likely to gr[ up :]e totem ance/ors are believ$ to manife/ !mselves 9 ! %ape ( "s animal4 ,belief 9 su* animal re9c>nation has1 9 its orig91 h[ev]1 no connection ) any !ory t transmigration f a human to an animal =m is a puni%m5t4 ,up to ?is po9t 9 ! evolution ( ! belief 9 immortality1 ! belief 9 ano!r _w ?an ?is does n %[ itself4 ,ev5 :5 ance/or-wor%ip beg9s to gr[ up1 ! ance/ors' field ( op]ations is 9 ?is _w1 r ?an 9 ! next4 ,b ! fact t _! aid & protection c be invok$ by ! community t5ds to elevate !m to ! level ( ! god or gods ( ! community4 ,?is t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 may be defeat$1 z x 0 9 ,juda1 :]e ! religi\s s5tim5t w n p]mit ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & man to be blurr$4 xii ,:]e ! fact t ! dead d n return e/abli%es itself z incontrov]tible1 ! belief gr[s up t z ! dead cont9ue to exi/1 x is 9 ano!r _w t _! exi/5ce mu/ cont9ue4 ,at fir/ !y are conceiv$ to cont9ue to be z !y are rememb]$ to h be5 9 ?is life4 ,lat] ! idea gr[s up t !y are puni%$ or rew>d$ !re1 accord+ z !y h be5 bad or good "h2 accord+ z !y h or h n 9 ?is life s\ght communion ) ! true ,god4 ,?is belief ?us diff]s entirely f ! e>li] belief1 e4g4 z x is f\nd among/ ! ,eskimo1 t x is 9 ?is _w ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ reappe>1 & t _! cont9u$ exi/5ce is unaffect$ by consid]ations ( morality or religion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n m]ely ! belief 9 ! next _w t may come to be sanctifi$ by religion & moralis$4 ,! belief 9 re9c>nation 9 animal =m may come to be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( religion & morality1 z x is 9 ,buddhism4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 :at 0 orig9ally ! transmigration ( s\ls 0 trans=m$ by ,gotama into ! transmigration ( "*2 & ! v exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l1 :e!r be=e dea? or aft]1 0 held to be an illusion & a deception4 ,?is t5et pu%es ! doctr9e ( self-sacrifice1 :i* is ess5tial bo? to religion & to morality1 to an extreme :i* is fatal 9 logic to morality & religion alike3 communion betwe5 man & ,god--! indisp5sable presupposition ( bo? religion & morals--is impossible1 if ! v exi/5ce ( man is illusory4 ,! message ( ! mission>y w be t by ,*ri/ianity self-sacrifice is %[n to be ! condition ( morality1 ! ess5ce ( communion ) ,god & ! way to life et]nal 4 4 4 #cd-fi ,,magic ,a view sometime held 0 t magic is religion1 & religion magic4 ,) equal reason1 or want ( reason1 x might be held t magic 0 sci5ce1 & sci5ce magic4 xiii ,ev5 if we correct ! def9ition1 & say t to u magic appe>s1 9 "o aspect1 z a spuri\s sy/em ( sci5ce2 &1 9 ano!r1 z a spuri\s sy/em ( religion2 we /ill h to note t1 = ^? :o believ$ 9 x1 x c\ld n h be5 a spuri\s sy/em1 :e!r ( sci5ce or religion4 ,primitive man acts on ! assumption t he c produce l by means ( l2 & ab\t t assumption !re is no magic ( any k9d4 ,x is only :5 an effect ?us produc$ is a ?+ n commonly done & n g5]ally approv$ (1 t x is reg>d$ z magic2 & x is magic1 because n e "o kn[s h[ to d x1 or n e "o has ! p[] to d x1 or n e "o c>es to d x4 ,ab\t ?is belief1 s long z e "o ent]ta9s x1 !re is no?+ spuri\s4 ,:5 h[ev] x beg9s to be suspect$ t ! magician has n ! p[] to d :at he pr(esses1 8 pr(ession t5ds to become fraudul5t & 8 belief spuri\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ?+ commonly done & g5]ally approv$ ( is n reg>d$ z magical m]ely because ! effect resembles ! cause1 & l is 9 ?is in/ance produc$ by l4 ,magic is a t]m ( evil connotation2 & ! practice ( us+ l to produce l is condemn$ :5 & because x is employ$ = anti-social purposes4 ,su* practices are res5t$ by ! society1 among/ :om & on :om !y are employ$2 & !y are (f5sive to ! ,god :o looks aft] ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,9 f9e1 ! object & purpose ( ! practice det]m9es ! attitude ( ! community t[>ds ! practice3 if ! object is anti-social1 ! practice is nef>i\s2 & ! wit*1 if smell$ out1 is kill$4 ,! p]son :o is will+ to und]take su* nef>i\s proce$+s comes to be cr$it$ ) a nef>i\s p]sonality1 t is to say1 ) bo? ! p[] & ! w to d :at ord9>y1 dec5t memb]s ( ! community c\ld n & w\ld n d3 p]sonal p[] comes to be ! mo/ important1 because ! mo/ my/]i\s1 *>act]i/ic ( ! man believ$ to xiv be a magician4 ,if we turn to ?+s1 su* z ra9-mak+1 :i* are socially b5eficial1 we f9d a simil> gr[? 9 ! belief t "s m5 h extraord9>y p[] to "w wond]s on behalf ( ! tribe4 ,a fur!r /age ( developm5t is rea*$ :5 ! man :o uses 8 p]sonal p[] = nef>i\s purposes und]takes by means ( x to control spirits3 magic !n t5ds to pass into feti*ism4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ra9 & o!r social b5efits come to be reg>d$ z gifts ( ! gods1 ! p[] ( ! ra9mak] comes to be reg>d$ z a p[] to procure f ! gods ! gifts t !y h to be/[3 magic is displac$ by religion4 ,! opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 magic & religion ?us makes itself manife/4 ,x makes itself manife/ 9 t ! "o promotes social & ! o!r anti-social purposes3 ! _s wor%ipp$ by any community z its god is a _s :o has ! int]e/s ( ! community at he>t1 & :o ex (ficio condemns & puni%es ^? :o by magic or o!rwise "w injury to ! memb]s ( ! community4 ,f9ally1 ! decl9e ( ! belief 9 magic is l>gely due to ! discov]y t x does n produce ! effects x pr(esses to br+ ab\t4 ,b ! mission>y w also dwell on ! fact t 8 he>]s feel x to be anti-social & to be condemn$ alike by _! moral s5tim5ts & _! religi\s feel+ 4 4 4 #gj-ajd ,,feti*ism ,feti*ism is reg>d$ by "s z a /age ( religi\s developm5t1 or z ! =m ( religion f\nd among/ m5 at ! l[e/ /age ( developm5t kn[n to u4 ,f ?is ! conclusion is sometimes drawn t feti*ism is ! s\rce ( all religion & ( all religi\s values2 &1 !re=e1 t 7z feti*ism has no value7 religion 7:i* is an evolv$ =m ( feti*ism7 has no value ei!r4 ,?is conclusion is !n believ$ to be prov$ by ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion disclaim ?is conclusion & rightly xv ass]t t ! sci5ce does n und]take to prove any?+ z to ! tru? or ! value ( religion4 ,mu* confusion prevails z to :at feti*ism is2 & ! confusion is prim>ily due to ,bosman4 ,he confuses1 :ile ! sci5ce ( religion di/+ui%es betwe51 animal gods & feti*es4 ,he ass]ts :at we n[ "k to be false1 viz41 t a feti* is an inanimate object & no?+ m2 & t ! native rejects1 or breaks1 "o ( ^! gods1 kn[+ x to be a god4 ,any small object :i* happ5s to arre/ ! att5tion ( a negro1 :5 he has a desire to gratify1 may impress him z be+ a feti*1 i4e4 z hav+ p[] to help him to gratify 8 desire4 ,"h1 ,hffd+ says1 is ! simple/ conceivable con/ruction ( religi\s ideas3 "h is pres5t$ religion "u ! guise ( desire4 ,let x be grant$1 !n1 t ! object attracts att5tion & is involunt>ily associat$ ) ! possibility ( atta9+ ! desir$ end4 ,x foll[s t1 z 9 ! p]iod ( animism1 all objects are believ$ to be animat$ by spirits1 feti* objects are di/+ui%$ f o!r objects by ! fact--n t !y are animat$ by spirits b--t x is believ$ !y w aid 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! desir$ end4 ,! pick+ up ( a feti* object1 h[ev]1 is n always foll[$ by ! desir$ result2 & ! negro !n expla9s t x has lo/ its _s4 ,! _s goes out ( x1 inde$1 b may p]*ance be induc$ or ev5 compell$ to return into "s o!r object2 & !n feti*es may be purposely made z well z accid5tally f\nd1 & are liable to co]cion z well z op5 to conciliation4 ,b1 ?r\gh\t ?is process1 !re is no religion4 ,religion is ! wor%ip ( ! gods ( a community by ! community = ! good ( ! community4 ,! cult ( a feti* is conduct$ by an individual = 8 private ends2 & ! mo/ important function ( a feti* is to "w evil aga9/ ^? memb]s ( ! community :o h incurr$ ! feti* own]'s res5tm5t4 ,?us religion xvi & feti*-wor%ip are direct$ to ends n m]ely diff]5t b antagoni/ic4 ,f ! v outset religion 9 social feti*ism is anti-social4 ,to seek ! orig9 ( religion 9 feti*ism is va94 ,condemn$1 :]ev] x exi/s1 by ! religi\s & moral feel+s ( ! community1 feti*ism _c h be5 ! primitive religion ( mank9d4 ,! spirits ( feti*ism1 accord+ to ,hffd+1 become ev5tually ! gods ( poly!ism3 su* a _s1 s long z x is a feti*1 is ! god ( a mom5t1 & mu/ come to be p]man5t if x is to atta9 to ! ranks ( ! poly!i/ic gods4 ,b feti*es1 ev5 :5 _! function becomes p]man5t1 rema9 feti*es & d n become gods4 ,!y d n ev5 become dep>tm5tal gods1 = _! p[]s are to fur!r a man's desires g5]ally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h p]sonality1 ev5 if !y h n p]sonal names4 ,f9ally1 if1 z ,hffd+ believes1 ! ^w god orig9ally meant he :o is wor%ipp$1 & gods are wor%ipp$ by ! community1 !n feti*es1 z !y are n[h]e wor%ipp$ by ! community1 are 9 no case gods4 ,! function ( ! feti* is anti-social2 ( ! gods1 to promote ! well-be+ ( ! community4 ,to ma9ta9 t a god is evolv$ out ( a feti* is to ma9ta9 t practices de/ructive ( society h only to be pu%$ f> en\gh & !y w prove ! salvation ( society 4 4 4 #aje-acg ,,pray] ,pray] is a ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( religion to :i* ! sci5ce ( religion has devot$ b little att5tion--! reason alleg$ be+ t x is s simple & famili> z n to dem& detail$ /udy4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be t ! ph5om5on is inde$ famili> yet n simple4 ,simple or n1 x is a matt] on :i* diff]5t views may be held4 ,?us ?\gh x may be agre$ t 9 ! l[] =ms ( religion x is ! accompli%m5t ( desire t is ask$ =1 a div]g5ce ( op9ion em]ges xvii ! mom5t ! "q is put1 ,^: desire8 t ( ! individual or ( ! community8 ,& in/ances may be cit$ to %[ t x is n = 8 own p]sonal1 selfi% advantage alone t ! savage always or ev5 usually prays4 ,x is ! desires ( ! community t ! god ( ! community is conc]n$ to grant3 ! petition ( an individual is (f]$ & h>k5$ to only s f> z x is n prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,! /atem5t t savage pray] is une?ical may be correct 9 ! s5se t p>don = moral s9 is n s\ght2 x is incorrect1 if und]/ood to mean t ! savage does n pray to d ! ?+s :i* 8 morality makes x incumb5t on him to d1 e4g4 to fight successfully4 ,! desires :i* ! god is pray$ to grant are ord9>ily desires :i*1 be+ felt by ea* & e memb] ( ! community1 are ! desires ( ! community1 z su*1 & n ( any "o memb] exclusively4 ,*>ms1 x has be5 sugge/$1 9 "s cases are pray]s t by va9 repetition h lo/ _! religi\s significance & become m]e spells4 ,& simil>ly x has be5 sugge/$ t out ( m]e spells pray] may h be5 evolv$4 ,b1 on ! hypo!sis t a spell is some?+ 9 :i* no religion is1 x is cle> t out ( x no religion c come2 :ile if pray]1 i4e4 religion1 has be5 evolv$ out ( spells1 !n !re h nev] be5 spells :olly want+ 9 e religi\s elem5t4 ,:e!r a giv5 =mula !n is pray] or spell may be difficult to decide1 :5 x has "s features :i* seem to be magical & o!rs :i* seem to be religi\s4 ,! magical elem5t may h be5 orig9al & be 9 process ( disappe>+ be=e ! dawn ( ! religi\s _s4 ,n[1 ! =mula utt]$ is usually accompani$ by ge/ures p]=m$4 ,if ! words are utt]$ to expla9 ! ge/ure or rite1 ! explanation is (f]$ to "s "o1 ! words are ( ! nature ( a pray] to "s "o to grant ! desire :i* ! ge/ure manife/s4 xviii ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ge/ures are p]=m$ to make ! words m intelligible1 !n ! action p]=m$ is1 aga91 n magical1 b is int5d$ to make ! words--! pray]--m emphatic4 ,9 nei!r case1 !n1 is ! ge/ure or rite magical 9 int5t4 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s sugge/ion t x requir$ long ages = man to discov] t he c\ld n always succe$--ev5 by ! aid ( magic--9 gett+ :at he want$2 & t only :5 he made ?is discov]y did he take to religion & pray]1 is a sugge/ion :i* _c be ma9ta9$ 9 view ( ! fact t savage man is mu* m at ! m]cy ( accid5ts ?an is civilis$ man4 ,! sugge/ion1 9 fact1 tells r aga9/ ?an 9 fav\r ( ! view t magic prec$$ religion1 & t spells prec$$ pray]4 ,! ,au/ralian black fell[s might h be5 expect$ to pres5t u ) ! spectacle ( a p unacqua9t$ ) pray]4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact we f9d among/ !m bo? pray]s to ,byamee & =mul :i*1 ?\gh n[ un9telligible ev5 to ! natives1 may orig9ally h be5 pray]s4 ,& g5]ally speak+ ! presumption is t races1 :o di/9ctly admit ! exi/5ce ( spirits1 pray to ^? spirits1 ev5 ?\gh _! pray]s be conceal$ f ! :ite man's obs]vation4 ,gods are !re = ! purpose ( be+ pray$ to4 ,pray] is ! ess5ce ( religion1 z is %[n by ! fact t gods1 :5 !y cease to be pray$ to1 are ignor$ r ?an wor%ipp$4 ,su* gods--z 9 ,africa & else:]e--become little m ?an memories1 :5 !y no long] h a circle ( wor%ipp]s to (f] pray] & sacrifice to !m4 ,! highe/ po9t rea*$ 9 ! evolution ( pre-,*ri/ian pray] is :5 ! gods1 z kn[+ be/ :at is good1 are petition$ simply = ?+s good4 ,our ,"l's pray] is a revelation :i* ! !ory ( evolution _c acc\nt = or expla94 ,nor does ,hffd+'s ant9omy ( religi\s feel+ pres5t itself to ! ,*ri/ian s\l z an ant9omy 4 4 4 #ach-agd xix ,,sacrifice ,pray] & sacrifice hi/orically g toge!r1 & logically are indissoluble4 ,sacrifice1 :e!r realis$ 9 an (f]+ d$icat$ or 9 a sacrificial meal1 is prompt$ by ! wor%ipp]s' desire to feel t !y are at "o ) ! _s wor%ipp$4 ,t desire manife/s itself specially on c]ta9 regul>ly occurr+ occasions 7h>ve/1 se$ "t1 initiation7 & also 9 times ( crisis4 ,at h>ve/ "t ! sacrifices or (f]+s are ?ank-(f]+s1 z is %[n by ! fact t a =mula ( ?anksgiv+ is employ$4 ,primitive pray] does n consi/ solely 9 petitions = fav\rs to come2 x includes ?anksgiv+ = bless+s receiv$4 ,su* ?anksgiv+s _c by any possibility be twi/$ into magic4 ,analog\s to ^! ?anksgiv+s at h>ve/ "t is ! solemn eat+ ( fir/-fruits among/ ! ,au/ralian black fell[s4 ,if ?is solemn eat+ is n 9 ,au/ralia a survival ( a sacram5tal meal1 9 :i* ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s 7 p>tak]s1 x mu/ be m]ely a c]emony :]eby ! food1 :i* until x is eat5 is taboo1 is desacralis$4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 su* food is n taboo to ! tribe g5]ally2 & ! object ( ! solemn eat+ _c be to remove ! taboo & desacralise ! food = ! tribe4 ,if ! h>ve/ rites or fir/-fruit c]emonials are sacrificial 9 nature1 !n ! presumption is t s1 too1 are ! c]emonies p]=m$ at se$ "t or ! analog\s p]iod4 ,at initiation c]emonies or my/]ies1 ev5 among/ ! ,au/ralian black fell[s1 !re is evid5ce to %[ t pray] is (f]$2 & g5]ally speak+ we may say t ! boy initiat$ is admitt$ to ! wor%ip ( ! tribal gods4 ,! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms are closely alli$ to "o ano!r & may be arrang$ 9 f\r gr\ps3 7#a7 ,9 ,mexico !y pla9ly consi/ ( ! wor%ip ( a god--by means ( sacrifice & pray]--& ( communion4 xx 7#b7 ,9 "s o!r cases1 ?\gh ! god has no prop] or p]sonal "n1 & no image is made ( him1 ! new corn1 ,dr4 ,fraz] says1 is itself eat5 sacram5tally1 t is1 z ! body ( ! corn _s2 & x is by ?is sacram5tal meal t communion is effect$ or ma9ta9$4 7#c7 ,9 ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( nor!rn ,europe1 bread & dumpl+s are made & eat5 sacram5tally1 z a sub/itute = ! real fle% ( ! div9e be+2 or an animal is sla9 & its fle% & blood are p>tak5 (4 7#d7 ,among/ ! ,au/ralian tribes !re is a sacram5tal eat+ ( ! totem animal or plant4 ,n[1 ^! f\r gr\ps ( cu/oms may be all religi\s 7& ,dr4 ,fraz] speaks ( !m all z sacram5tal7 or all magical2 or x may be admitt$ t ! fir/ ?ree are religi\s1 & ma9ta9$ t ! f\r? is /rictly magical4 ,b su* a sep>ation ( ! ,au/ralian gr\p f ! re/ does n comm5d itself z likely2 fur!r1 x ov]looks ! fact t x is at ! p]iod analog\s to h>ve/ "t t ! headman eats solemnly & sp>+ly ( ! plant or animal1 & t at h>ve/ "t x is too late to "w magic to cause ! plant or animal to gr[4 ,! probability is1 !n1 t bo? ! ,au/ralian gr\p & ! o!rs are sacrificial rites & are religi\s4 ,su* sacrificial rites1 h[ev]1 ?\gh felt to be ! means :]eby communion 0 effect$ & ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s1 may come to be int]pret$ z ! mak+ ( gifts to ! god1 z ! means ( pur*as+ 8 fav\r1 or z a full dis*>ge ( _! obligations4 ,:5 s int]pret$ !y w be d5\nc$ by true religion4 ,b ?\gh x be admitt$ t ! sacrificial rite might be made to be> ?is aspect1 x does n foll[1 z is sometimes suppos$1 t x 0 f ! outset incapable ( be>+ any o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 01 f ! beg9n+1 n only ! rite ( mak+ (f]+s to ! god b1 also1 ! rite :]eby communion 0 atta9$1 :]eby ! society ( wor%ipp]s 0 br\ght into ! pres5ce ( ! god !y xxi wor%ipp$1 ev5 ?\gh ! *ief b5efits :i* ! wor%ipp]s conceiv$ !mselves to receive 7 e>?ly bless+s4 ,x is because ! rite _h f ! beg9n+ ?is pot5tiality 9 x t x 0 possible = x to become ! means :]eby1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 all m5 might be br\ght to ,god 4 4 4 #age-baj ,,morality ,! "q :e!r morality is bas$ on religion1 or religion on morality1 is "o :i* calls = discussion1 inasmu* z x is apt to proce$ on a mi/ak5 view ( facts 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t z a matt] ( hi/ory morality came fir/ & religion aft]w>ds2 & t z a matt] ( philosophy religion presupposes morality4 ,reality1 t is to say1 is 9 ! mak+2 ! _s ( man is self-realis+2 be+ is 9 process ( becom+ rationalis$ & moralis$2 religion 9 process ( disappe>+4 ,e>ly religion1 x is said1 is une?ical3 x has to d ) spirits1 :i*1 z su*1 are n conc]n$ ) morality2 ) gods :i* are n e?ical or ideal1 & are n objects ( wor%ip 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 ,n[1 ! spirits :i*1 9 ! p]iod ( animism1 are believ$ to animate ?+s1 are n1 x is true1 conc]n$ ) morality2 b !n1 nei!r are !y gods4 ,to be a god a _s mu/ h a community ( wor%ipp]s2 & x is z ! protector ( t community t he is wor%ipp$4 ,he protects ! community aga9/ any individual memb] :o violates ! cu/om ( ! community4 ,! cu/om ( ! community con/itutes ! morality ( ! society4 ,(f5ces aga9/ t cu/om are (f5ces aga9/ ! god ( ! community4 ,a god />ts z an e?ical p[]1 & z an object ( wor%ip4 ,/ill1 x may be argu$1 be=e gods 71 be=e religion 0 evolv$1 morality 02 & ?is may be %[n by ! orig9 & nature ( ju/ice1 :i* ?r\gh\t is entirely indep5d5t ( religion & religi\s xxii consid]ations4 ,on ?is !ory1 ! orig9 ( ju/ice is to be f\nd 9 ! res5tm5t ( ! individual4 ,b1 fir/1 ! individual1 ap>t f society1 is an ab/raction & an impossibility3 ! individual nev] exi/s ap>t f b always z a memb] ( "s society4 ,next1 ju/ice is n ! res5tm5t ( any individual1 b ! s5tim5t ( ! community1 express+ itself 9 ! action n ( any individual b ( ! community z su*4 ,! responsibility bo? = ! wrong done & = right+ x re/s ) ! community4 ,! e>lie/ (f5ces aga9/ :i* public action is tak5 are said to be wit*craft & brea*es ( ! m>riage laws4 ,! latt] are n injuries res5t$ by any individual3 !y are (f5ces aga9/ ! gods & are puni%$ to av]t ! mis=tunes :i* o!rwise w\ld visit ! tribe4 ,wit*craft is especially (f5sive to ! god ( ! community4 ,9 almo/1 if n q1 ! l[e/ /ages ( human developm5t1 disease & fam9e are reg>d$ z puni%m5ts :i* fall on ! community z a :ole1 because ! community1 9 ! p]son ( "o ( its memb]s1 has (f5d$ "s sup]natural p[]4 ,9 q ! l[e/ /age ! guilt ( ! (f5d+ memb] is also reg>d$ z capable ( infect+ ! :ole community2 & he is1 accord+ly1 avoid$ by ! :ole community & taboo$4 ,taboo is due to ! collective action1 & expresses ! collective feel+ ( ! community z a :ole4 ,x is f su* collective action & feel+ t ju/ice has be5 evolv$ & n f individual res5tm5t1 :i* is /ill & always 0 some?+ diff]5t f ju/ice4 ,! (f5ces puni%$ by ! community h always be5 consid]$1 s f> z !y are (f5ces aga9/ morality1 to be (f5ces aga9/ ! gods ( ! community4 ,! fact t 9 c\rse ( "t su* (f5ces come to be puni%$ always z militat+ aga9/ ! good ( society te/ifies m]ely to ! g5]al assumption t ! good ( man is ! w ( ,god3 m5 d n believe t murd]1 adult]y1 etc41 are m]ely (f5ces xxiii aga9/ man's laws4 ,x is only by ignor+ ?is pat5t fact t x becomes possible to ma9ta9 t religion is built ^u morality1 & t we are discov]+ religion to be a sup]flu\s sup]/ructure4 ,x may be argu$ t ! assumption t murd]1 adult]y1 etc41 are (f5ces aga9/ ,god's w is a m]e assumption1 & t 9 mak+ ! assumption we are flee+ to ! bosom ( fai?4 ,! reply is t we are cont5t n m]ely to flee b to re/ !re 4 4 4 #baa-bch ,,*ri/ianity ,if we are to und]/& ! place ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! evolution ( religion1 we mu/ consid] ! place ( religion 9 ! evolution ( humanity2 & ,i mu/ expla9 ! po9t ( view f :i* ,i propose to approa* ! ?ree ideas ( 7#a7 evolution1 7#b7 ! evolution ( humanity1 7#c7 ! evolution ( religion4 ,i wi% to approa* ! idea ( evolution f ! proposition t ! individual is bo? a means by :i* society atta9s its end1 & an end = ! sake ( :i* society exi/s4 ,utilit>ianism has famili>is$ u ) ! view t society exi/s = ! sake ( ! individual & = ! purpose ( realis+ ! happ9ess & good ( e individual3 no man is to be treat$ m]ely z a *attel1 exi/+ solely z a means :]eby 8 own]1 or ! gov]n+ class1 may b5efit4 ,b ?is aspect ( ! facts is entirely ignor$ by ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution3 accord+ to t !ory1 ! individual exi/s only z a factor 9 ! process ( evolution1 z "o ( ! means by :i*1 & n z 9 any s5se ! end = :i*1 ! process is c>ri$ on4 ,next1 ?is aspect ( ! facts is ignor$ n only by ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution1 b also by ! !ory :i* humanit>ianism holds z to ! evolution ( humanity1 viz4 t x is a process mov+ ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages ( cu/om1 religion1 & humanit>ianism4 ,t process is /ill1 z x has long be5 9 ! pa/1 f> f complete3 xxiv ! end is n yet4 ,x is an end 9 :i*1 :5ev] & if ev] realis$ on e>?1 we :o are n[ liv+ %all n live to p>take3 we are--on ?is !ory ( ! evolution ( humanity--means1 & solely means1 to an end :i*1 :5 realis$1 we %all n p>take 94 ,be+ an end 9 :i* we _c p>ticipate1 x is n an end :i* c be rationally set up = u to /rive to atta94 ,nor w ! g5]ation1 :i* is ultimately to enjoy x1 f9d mu* satisfaction 9 reflect+ t _! enjoym5t has be5 pur*as$ at ! co/ ( o!rs4 ,to treat a m9ority ( individuals z ! end = :i* humanity is evolv$1 & ! majority z m]ely means1 is a /range pass = humanit>ianism to come to4 ,approa*+ ! evolution ( religion f ! po9t ( view t ! individual mu/ always be reg>d$ bo? z an end & z a means1 we f9d t ,buddhism d5ies ! individual to be ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 = 8 v exi/5ce is an illusion1 & an illusion :i* mu/ be dispell$1 9 ord] t he may cease f an exi/5ce :i* x is an illusion to imag9e t he possesses4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we turn to o!r religions less highly develop$ ?an ,buddhism1 we f9d t1 9 all1 ! exi/5ce ( ! individual z well z ( ! god ( ! community is assum$2 t ! int]e/s ( ! community are ! w ( ! community's god2 t ! int]e/s ( ! community are high] ?an ! int]e/s ( ! individual1 :5 !y appe> to diff]2 & t ! man :o pref]s ! int]e/s ( ! community to 8 own is reg>d$ z ! high] type ( man4 ,9 f9e1 ! individual1 f ?is po9t ( view1 acts volunt>ily z ! means :]eby ! end ( society may be realis$4 ,&1 9 s act+1 he te/ifies to 8 conviction t he w !reby realise 8 own end4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( religion ^! two facts are impli$3 fir/1 ! exi/5ce ( ! individual z a memb] ( society seek+ communion ) ,god2 next1 ! exi/5ce ( society z a means ( :i* ! individual is xxv ! end4 ,h5ce two consequ5ces ) reg>d to evolution3 fir/1 evolution may h help$ to make u1 b we are help+ to make x2 next1 ! end ( evolution is n :olly outside any "o ( u1 b 9 "p is realis$ 9 u4 ,& x is j because ! end is bo? )9 u & )\t u t we are b\nd up ) our fell[-man & ,god4 ,:e!r ! process ( evolution is mov+ to any end :atev]1 is a "q :i* sci5ce decl9es--=mally refuses--to consid]4 ,:e!r ! end at :i* religion aims is possible or n1 has 9 any degree be5 a*iev$ or n1 is a "q :i* ! sci5ce ( religion =mally decl9es to consid]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we recognise t ! end ( religion1 viz4 communion ) ,god1 is an end at :i* we ought to aim1 !n ! process :]eby ! end t5ds to be atta9$ is no long] evolution 9 ! sci5tific s5se4 ,x is a process 9 :i* progress may or may n be made4 ,z a fact1 ! mission>y ev]y:]e sees arre/$ developm5t1 imp]fect communion ) ,god2 = ! diff]5t =ms ( religion realise ! end ( religion 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,*ri/ianity claims to be f9al1 n 9 ! *ronological s5se1 b 9 t x alone f9ds ! true basis & ! only end ( society 9 ! love ( ,god4 ,! ,*ri/ian !ory ( society aga9 diff]s f all o!r !ories 9 t x n only reg>ds ! individuals compos+ x z cont9u+ to exi/ aft] dea?1 b tea*es t ! society ( :i* ! individual is truly a memb]1 ?\gh x manife/s itself 9 ?is _w1 is realis$ 9 ! next4 ,! hi/ory ( religion is ! hi/ory ( man's se>* = ,god4 ,t se>* dep5ds = its success1 9 "p1 ^u man's w4 ,*ri/ianity _c be /ation>y3 ! ext5t to :i* we pu% our mission>y outpo/s =w>d gives u ! measure ( our vitality4 ,& 9 t respect1 z 9 o!rs1 ! vitality ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is great 4 4 4 #bci-bfe ,,app5dix 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bff ad f94 #a ,,introduction ,( ! _m ?+s t fill a visitor f ! old c\ntry ) admiration1 on 8 fir/ visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t :i* arre/s 8 att5tion mo/ frequ5tly1 is ! ext5t & success ) :i* sci5ce is appli$ to practical purposes4 ,& x is beg9n+ to dawn ^u me t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is n only pure sci5ce :i* is ?us practically appli$1--! pure sci5ces ( me*anics1 physics1 ma!matics1--b t ! hi/oric sci5ces also are expect$ to ju/ify !mselves by _! practical application2 & t among/ ! hi/oric sci5ces n ev5 ! sci5ce ( religion is exempt$ f ! common lot4 ,x also may be useful2 & _h bett] be s1--if any "o is to h any use = x4 ,x mu/ make itself useful to ! man :o has practical ne$ ( its results & wi%es to apply !m--! mission>y4 ,he x is :o1 = ! practical purposes ( ! "w to :i* he is call$1 requires an appli$ sci5ce ( religion2 & ,h>t=d #b ,!ological ,sem9>y may1 ,i believe1 ju/ly claim to be ! fir/ in/itution 9 ! _w :i* has delib]ately & consci\sly set to "w to create by ! c\rses ( lectures1 ( :i* ?is s]ies is ! v humble beg9n+1 an appli$ sci5ce ( religion4 ,h[1 !n1 w ! appli$ sci5ce diff] f ! pure sci5ce ( religion8 ,9 "o way x w n diff]3 an appli$ sci5ce does n sit 9 judgm5t ^u ! pure sci5ce on :i* x is bas$2 x accepts ! tru?s :i* ! pure sci5ce pres5ts to all ! _w1 & bases itself ^u !m4 ,! bus9ess ( pure sci5ce is to discov] facts2 t ( ! appli$ sci5ce is to use !m4 ,! bus9ess ( ! sci5ce ( religion is to discov] all ! facts necess>y if we are to und]/& ! gr[? & hi/ory ( religion4 ,! bus9ess ( ! appli$ sci5ce is1 9 our case1 to use ! discov]$ facts z a means ( %[+ t ,*ri/ianity is ! highe/ manife/ation ( ! religi\s _s4 ,9 deal+ ) ! appli$ sci5ce1 !n1 we recov] a lib]ty :i* ! pure sci5ce does n enjoy4 ,! sci5ce ( religion is a hi/oric sci5ce4 ,its /ud5t looks back ^u ! pa/2 #c & looks back ^u x ) a s+le purpose1 t ( discov]+ :at1 z a matt] ( fact1 did happ51 :at 0 ! ord] 9 :i* ! ev5ts occurr$4 ,9 s look+ back he may1 & does1 see _m ?+s :i* he c\ld wi% _h n occurr$2 b he has no p[] to alt] !m2 he has no *oice b to record !m2 & 8 duty1 8 s+le duty1 is to asc]ta9 ! hi/oric facts & to e/abli% ! hi/oric tru?4 ,) ! appli$ sci5ce ! case is v diff]5t4 ,!re ! /ud5t sets 8 face to ! future1 no long] to ! pa/4 ,! tru?s ( pure sci5ce are ! weapons plac$ 9 8 h& ) :i* he is to conqu] ! _w4 ,x is 9 ! fai? t ! arm\r provid$ him by sci5ce is sure & w n fail him t he addresses himself to 8 *os5 "w4 ,! implem5ts are set 9 8 h&s4 ,! lib]ty is 8 to employ !m = :at end he w4 ,t lib]ty is a consequ5ce ( ! fact t ! /ud5t's object no long] is to asc]ta9 ! pa/1 b to make ! future4 ,! bus9ess ( ! pure sci5ce is to asc]ta9 ! facts & /ate ! tru?4 ,to :at use ! facts & tru? are aft]w>ds put1 is a "q ) :i* ! pure sci5ce has no?+ to d4 #d ,! same facts may be put to v diff]5t uses3 f ! same facts v diff]5t conclusions may be drawn4 ,! facts :i* ! sci5ce ( religion e/abli%es may be us$ & are us$ = diff]5t & = contradictory purposes4 ,! man :o is agno/ic or a!i/ uses !m to support 8 a!ism or agno/icism2 or ev51 if he is s unwise1 to prove x4 ,! man :o has religion is equally at lib]ty to use !m 9 8 support2 & if he r>ely does t1 at any rate he /ill m r>ely commits ! mi/ake ( imag9+ t ! sci5ce ( religion proves ! tru? ( 8 p>ticul> views on ! subject ( religion4 ,inde$1 8 t5d5cy is r 9 ! opposite direction3 he is unreasonably uneasy & apt to h a disquiet+ al>m le/ ! sci5ce ( religion may really be a dang] to religion4 ,?is al>m may v naturally arise :5 he discov]s t to ! sci5tific /ud5t "o religion is z ano!r1 & ! "q is indiff]5t :e!r !re is any tru? 9 any =m4 ,x is v easy to jump f ^! facts to ! errone\s conclusion t sci5ce ( religion is :olly incompatible ) religi\s belief4 ,& ( c\rse x is q human & p]fectly intelligible t t conclusion %\ld be proclaim$ al\d z correct #e & inevitable by ! man :o1 be+ an a!i/1 fights = :at he feels to be ! tru?4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 once m insi/ ^u ! simple fact t sci5ce ( religion ab/a9s necess>ily f assum+ ei!r t religion is true or is n true4 ,:at x does assume is :at no "o w d5y1 viz4 t religion is a fact4 ,religi\s beliefs may be "r or !y may be wrong3 b !y exi/4 ,!re=e !y c be /udi$1 describ$1 classifi$1 plac$ 9 ord] ( developm5t1 & treat$ z a bran* ( sociology & z "o dep>tm5t ( ! evolution ( ! _w4 ,& all ?is c be done )\t once ask+ ! "q :e!r religi\s belief is true & "r & good1 or n4 ,:e!r x is pron\nc$ true or false by y or me1 w n 9 ! lea/ %ake ! fact t x has exi/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 t x has _h a hi/ory dur+ t p]iod1 & t t hi/ory may be writt54 ,we may h d\bts :e!r ! in/itution ( private prop]ty is a good ?+1 or :e!r b>t] & ex*ange are desirable proce$+s4 ,b we %all n d\bt t private prop]ty exi/s or t x may be ex*ang$4 ,& we %all n imag9e t ! sci5ce ( political economy1 :i* deals1 among o!r #f ?+s ) ! production & ex*ange ( weal? :i* is private prop]ty1 makes any pron\ncem5t :atev] on ! "q :e!r private prop]ty is or is n an in/itution :i* we ought to support & believe 94 ,! conclusions e/abli%$ by ! sci5ce ( political economy are set =? be=e ! :ole _w2 & m5 may use !m = :at purpose !y w4 ,!y may & d draw v diff]5t inf]5ces f !m1 ev5 contradictory inf]5ces4 ,b if !y d1 x is because !y use !m = diff]5t ends or contradictory purposes4 ,& ! fact t ! communi/ or sociali/ uses political economy to support 8 views no m proves t socialism is ! logical consequ5ce ( political economy ?an ! fact t ! a!i/ uses or misuses1 = 8 own purposes1 ! conclusions ( ! sci5ce ( religion proves 8 inf]5ces to be ! logical outcome ( ! sci5ce4 ,! sci5ce ( religion deals ess5tially ) ! "o fact t religion has exi/$ & does exi/4 ,x is f t fact t ! mission>y w />t2 & x is ) m5 :o d n "q ! fact t he w h to d4 ,! sci5ce ( religion seeks to trace ! hi/oric gr[?1 ! evolution ( religion2 to e/abli% :at actually 01 n to #g judge :at ought to h be51--sci5ce kn[s no ought1 9 t s5se or r 9 t t5se1 ! pa/ t5se4 ,its "w is done1 its la/ ^w has be5 said1 :5 x has demon/rat$ :at 04 ,x is ! he>t :i* sighs to ?9k :at might h be51 & :i* puts on x a high] value ?an x does on :at actually came to pass4 ,!re is !n ano!r ord] 9 :i* facts may be rang$ besides ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* hi/orically !y occurr$2 & t is ! ord] ( _! value4 ,x is an ord] 9 :i* we d range facts1 :5ev] we criticise !m4 ,x is ! ord] 9 :i* we range !m1 :5ev] we pass judgm5t on !m4 ,or1 r1 pass+ judgm5t on !m is plac+ !m 9 ! ord] ( _! value4 ,& ! *ronological ord] ( _! occurr5ce is q a diff]5t ?+ f ! ord] 9 :i* we rank !m :5 we judge !m accord+ to _! value & importance4 ,x is1 or r x w\ld be1 q absurd to say1 9 ! case ( lit]ature1 or art1 = in/ance1 t ! two ord]s are id5tical4 ,!re x is obvi\s & univ]sally admitt$ t "o p]iod may rea* a high] level ?an ano!r :i* 9 po9t ( "t is lat]4 ,! classical p]iod is foll[$ by a po/-classical p]iod2 culm9ation is foll[$ by decl9e4 #h ,n[1 ?is diff]5ce 9 po9t ( ! lit]>y or arti/ic value ( two p]iods is z real & z fundam5tal z ! "t ord] or *ronological relation ( ! two p]iods4 ,x w\ld be pat5tly ridicul\s = any ard5t ma9ta9] ( ! importance ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good lit]ature & bad1 good art & bad art1 to say t ! "o p]iod1 be+ good1 mu/ h be5 *ronologically prior to ! o!r1 because1 f ! po9t ( art1 x 0 bett] ?an t o!r4 ,e "o c see t4 ,! *ronological ord]1 ! hi/oric ord]1 is "o ?+2 ! ord] ( lit]>y value or arti/ic importance is ano!r4 ,b if ?is is grant$1 & e "o w grant x1 !n x is also1 & !reby1 grant$ t ! hi/oric ord] ( ev5ts is n ! same ?+ z ! ord] ( _! value1 & is no guide to x4 ,?us f> ,i h illu/rat$ ^! rem>ks by ref]5ce to lit]>y & arti/ic values4 ,b ,i ne$ h>dly say t ,i h be5 ?9k+ really all ! "t ( religi\s values4 ,if ! /ud5t ( lit]ature or ( art surveys ! hi/ory ( art & lit]ature ) ! purpose ( judg+ ! value ( ! works produc$1 ! /ud5t ( religion may & mu/ survey ! hi/ory ( religion ) ! same purpose4 ,if ! "o /ud5t is entitl$1 z he #i ju/ly is entitl$1 to say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lit]>y or arti/ic value ( two p]iods is z real & z fundam5tal z is _! diff]5ce 9 ! ord] ( "t1 !n ! /ud5t ( religion is claim+ no exceptional or suspici\s privilege = himself4 ,he is claim+ no privilege at all2 he is b ex]cis+ ! common rights ( all /ud5ts l himself1 :5 he po9ts out t diff]5ces 9 religi\s values are j z real & j z fundam5tal z ! hi/oric or *ronological ord] itself4 ,! assignm5t ( values1 !n1--be x ! assignm5t ( ! value ( works ( art1 lit]ature1 or religion1--is a proce$+ :i* is n only possible 7z w be some:at contemptu\sly admitt$ by ^? :o believe t evolution is progress1 & t !re is no ord] ( value di/9ct f ! ord] ( hi/ory & *ronological succession72 ! assignm5t ( value is n only p]missible 7z may be admitt$ by ^? :o believe1 or = want ( ?\ght fancy !y believe1 t ! hi/oric ord] ( ev5ts is ! only ord] :i* c really exi/71 x is absolutely inevitable4 ,x is ! concomitant or r an integral "p ( e act ( p]ception4 ,ev]y?+ t we p]ceive is ei!r dismiss$ f att5tion because x is judg$ at ! mom5t to h #aj no value1 or1 if x has value1 att5tion is conc5trat$ ^u x4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !n1 x %\ld be cle> t !re is "s defici5cy 9 su* a sci5ce z ! sci5ce ( religion1 :i*1 by ! v conditions t det]m9e its exi/5ce1 is preclud$ f ev] rais+ ! "q ( ! value ( any ( ! religions ) :i* x deals4 ,:y does x volunt>ily1 delib]ately1 & ( its own accord1 rigidly exclude ! "q :e!r religions h any value--:e!r religion itself has any value8 ,"o answ] !re is to t "q :i* once w\ld h be5 accept$ z conclusive1 viz4 t ! object ( sci5ce is tru?4 ,t answ] delicately implies t :e!r religion has any value is an enquiry to :i* no tru?ful answ] c be giv54 ,! object ( sci5ce is tru?2 !re=e sci5ce alone1 ) all mode/y be x said1 c atta9 tru?4 ,sci5ce w n ask ! "q--or1 :5 x is m]ciful1 ab/a9s f ask+ ! "q--:e!r religion is true4 ,s ! reasonable & tru?ful man mu/1 on t po9t1 necess>ily be agno/ic3 :e!r religion is true1 he does n "k4 ,?is tra9 ( inf]5ces foll[s--s f> z x is p]mitt$ illogical inf]5ces to foll[ at all--f #aa ! premise t ! object ( sci5ce is tru?4 ,or1 r1 x foll[s f t premise z we %\ld n[ und]/& x1 viz4 t ! object ( hi/oric sci5ce is hi/oric tru?4 ,t is ! object ( ! sci5ce ( religion--to be true to ! hi/oric facts1 to discov] & to /ate !m accurately4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r1 or on ! pr9ciple ( tak+ "o ?+ at a "t1 x is obvi\sly wise t :5 we are endeav\r+ to discov] ! hi/oric sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 we %\ld conf9e ourselves to t task & n suff] ourselves to be di/ract$ & div]t$ by o!r & totally diff]5t consid]ations4 ,! sci5ce ( religion1 !re=e1 is ju/ifi$1 9 ! op9ion ( all :o are entitl$ to express an op9ion1 9 /eadfa/ly decl9+ to consid] any o!r po9t ?an ! hi/oric ord] ( ! facts ) :i* x deals4 ,b 9 s decl9+ to g beyond its self-appo9t$ task ( recon/itut+ ! hi/oric ord] ( ev5ts & trac+ ! evolution ( religion1 x does n1 !reby1 imply t x is impossible to place !m1 or correctly place !m1 9 _! ord] ( value4 ,to say t !y h no value w\ld be j z absurd z to say t works ( lit]ature or art h no lit]>y or arti/ic value4 ,to say t x is difficult to assign _! value may be #ab true1 b is no argum5t aga9/1 x is r a /imulus 9 fav\r (1 mak+ ! attempt4 ,& x is j ! ord] value1 ! relative value1 ( =ms ( religion :i* is ( absorb+ int]e/ to mission>ies4 ,x is a valuation :i* is ess5tial to :at ,i h already designat$ z ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion4 ,?us f> 9 speak+ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! hi/oric ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s =ms ( art1 lit]ature1 & religion h occurr$1 & ! ord] ( value 9 :i* ! s\l ( e man :o is s5sible ei!r to art or to lit]ature or to religion in/9ctively attempts to place !m1 ,i h necess>ily assum$ ! position ( "o :o looks backw>d ov] ! pa/4 ,x 0 impossible to comp>e & contra/ ! ord] value ) ! hi/oric ord]1 save by do+ s4 ,x 0 necess>y to po9t out t ! v same facts :i* c be arrang$ *ronologically & 9 ! ord] ( _! evolution c also be--&1 z a matt] ( fact1 by e man are--arrang$ m or less r\ghly1 m or less correctly1 or incorrectly1 9 ! ord] ( _! value4 ,x is n[ necess>y = u to set our faces t[>ds ! future4 ,i say necess>y = ! simple reason t ! idea ( value c>ries ) x a ref]5ce to ! future4 ,if a ?+ has value1 x is because we #ac judge t x may produce "s effect & s]ve "s purpose :i* we =esee1 or at lea/ surmise4 ,if1 on look+ back ^u pa/ hi/ory1 we pron\nce t an ev5t _h value1 we d s because we see t x s]v$1 or might h s]v$1 "s end ( :i* we approve4 ,its value is relative 9 our eyes to "s end or purpose :i* 0 relatively future to x4 ,! objects :i* we aim at1 ! ends aft] :i* we /rive1 are 9 ! future4 ,^? ?+s h value :i* may subs]ve our ends & help u to atta9 our purposes4 ,& our purposes1 our ends1 & objects are 9 ! future4 ,!re1 !re is hope & fre$om1 room to "w1 ! *ance ( rem$y+ ! errors ( ! pa/1 ! opportunity to make "s =w>d /rides & to help o!rs on4 ,x is ! end we aim at1 ! object we /rive =1 ! ideal we set be=e u1 t gives value to :at we d1 & to :at has be5 done by u & o!rs4 ,n[ our ends1 our objects1 & our ideals are matt]s ( ! w1 on :i* ! w is set1 & n m]ely matt]s ( :i* we h intellectual appreh5sion4 ,!y are n pa/ ev5ts b future possibilities4 ,! conviction t we c atta9 !m or atta9 t[>d !m is n1 :5 /at$ z a proposition1 a proposition t c be prov$1 z a /atem5t #ad ref]r+ to ! pa/ may be prov$3 b x is a conviction :i* we hold1 or a conviction :i* holds u1 j z /rongly z any conviction t we h ab\t any pa/ ev5t ( hi/ory4 ,! :ole action ( mank9d1 e action t e man p]=ms1 is bas$ ^u t conviction4 ,x is ! basis ( all t we d1 ( ev]y?+ t is & has be5 done by u & o!rs4 ,& x is ,fai?4 ,9 t sign alone c ! _w be conqu]$4 ,:51 !n1 ! man ( religion proposes by fai? to conqu] ! _w1 he is simply do+1 witt+ly & 9 full consci\sness ( :at he is do+1 t :i* e man does 9 8 e action1 ev5 ?\gh he may n "k x4 ,to make x a sne] or a reproa* t religion is a m]e matt] ( fai?2 to imag9e t !re is any bett]1 or inde$ t !re is any o!r1 gr\nd ( action1--is demon/rably unreasonable4 ,! basis ( su* notions is1 ( c\rse1 ! false idea t ! man ( s5se acts ^u k1 & t ! man :o acts on fai? is n a s5sible man4 ,! error ( su* notions may be expos$ 9 a s5t5ce4 ,:at k h we ( ! future8 ,we h none4 ,absolutely none4 ,we expect t nature w prove uni=m1 t causes w produce _! effects4 ,we believe #ae ! future w resemble1 to "s ext5t1 ! pa/4 ,b we h no k ( ! future2 & su* belief z we h ab\t x1 l all o!r belief1--:e!r x be belief 9 religion or 9 sci5ce1--is simply fai?4 ,:51 !n1 ! man ( sci5ce consults ! records ( ! pa/ or ! exp]im5ts ( ! pres5t = guidance z to :at w or may be1 he is exhibit+ 8 fai? n 9 sci5ce1 b 9 "s reality1 9 "s real be+1 9 :i* is no %ad[ ( turn+4 ,:5 ! practical man uses ! results ( pure sci5ce = "s practical end1 he is tak+ !m on fai? & uses !m 9 ! fur!r fai? t ! end he aims at c be realis$1 & %all by him be realis$1 if n 9 "o way1 !n 9 ano!r4 ,! mission>y1 !n1 :o uses ! results ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 :o seeks to b5efit by an appli$ sci5ce ( religion1 is b foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! practical man1 & us+ bus9ess me?ods t[>d ! end he is go+ to realise4 ,! end he is go+ to realise is to conv]t m5 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fai? 9 :i* he acts is t ,*ri/ianity is ! highe/ =m :i* religion c take1 ! f9al =m x %all take4 ,z works ( art or lit]ature may be class$ ei!r accord+ to ord] ( hi/ory or ord] ( value1 s ! works ( ! #af religi\s _s may be class$1 n only 9 *ronological ord]1 b also 9 ord] ( religi\s value4 ,i am n aw>e t any pro( c be giv5 to %[ t any giv5 p]iod ( art or lit]ature is bett] ?an any o!r4 ,! m]its ( ,%akespe>e or ( ,hom] may be po9t$ out2 & !y may1 or !y may n1 :5 po9t$ out1 be felt4 ,if !y are felt1 no pro( is ne$$2 if !y are n1 no pro( is possible4 ,b !y c be po9t$ out--by "o :o feels !m4 ,& !y c be contra/$ ) ! "w ( o!r poets 9 :i* !y are less conspicu\s4 ,& ! contra/ may reveal ! tru? 9 a way 9 :i* o!rwise x c\ld nev] h be5 made pla94 ,i "k no o!r way 9 :i* ! relative values ( diff]5t =ms ( religion c become kn[n or be made kn[n4 ,y may h be5 tempt$ to reflect1 :il/ ,i h be5 speak+1 t1 on ! pr9ciple ,i h laid d[n1 !re is no reason :y !re %\ld n be five hundr$ appli$ sci5ces1 or applications ( ! sci5ce1 ( religion1 in/ead ( "o2 = e "o ( ! _m =ms ( religion may claim to apply ! sci5ce ( religion to its own ends4 ,to t ,i may reply fir/1 t priori y w\ld expect t e nation w\ld set up #ag its own lit]ature z ! highe/2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 y f9d ,%akespe>e g5]ally plac$ highe/ among/ dramati/s1 ,hom] among/ epic poets4 ,y d n f9d ! conception ( lit]>y m]it v>y+ f nation to nation 9 su* a way t !re are z _m /&>ds ( value z !re are p]sons to apply !m4 ,y f9d t !re t5ds to be "o /&>d4 ,next1 s9ce ! diff]5t =ms ( religion mu/ be comp>$ if _! relative values are to be asc]ta9$1 ! me?od ( ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion mu/ be ! me?od ( comp>ison4 ,:atev] ! outcome t is anticipat$ f ! employm5t ( ! appli$ sci5ce1 x is by ! me?od ( comp>ison t x mu/ act4 ,& "o indication ( g5u9e fai? is read9ess to employ t me?od1 & assur$ confid5ce 9 ! result ( its employm5t4 ,! mission>y's life is ! be/1 because ! mo/ concrete example ( ! practical work+ ( ! me?od ( comp>ison2 & ! outcome ( ! comp>ison :i* is made by ^? among/ :om & = :om he works makes itself felt 9 _! he>ts1 _! lives1 & sometimes 9 _! conv]sion4 ,x is ! be/ example1 because ! value ( a religion to be kn[n mu/ be felt4 ,b ?\gh x is ! be/ because x is ! #ah simple/1 ! mo/ direct1 & ! mo/ conv9c+ x is n t :i* addresses itself prim>ily to ! reason1 & x is n "o :i* is produc$ by ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion4 ,x is n "o :i* c be produc$ by any sci5ce1 pure or appli$4 ,! object ( ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion is to enable ! mission>y himself to comp>e =ms ( religion1 incid5tally 9 ord] t he may "k :at by fai? he feels1 & )\t fai? he c\ld n feel1 viz4 t ,*ri/ianity is ! highe/ =m2 b /ill m 9 ord] t he may tea* o!rs1 & may h at 8 comm& ! facts af=d$ by ! sci5ce ( religion1 :]e) to appeal1 :5 necess>y1 to ! reason & intellig5ce z well z to ! he>ts & feel+s ( ^? = ^: salvation he is lab\r+4 ,! "t has happily gone by :5 ! m]e idea ( comp>+ ,*ri/ianity ) any o!r religion w\ld h be5 reject$ ) horror z treason\s & trea*]\s4 ,! fact t t "t has n[ gone by is 9 itself evid5ce ( a /rong] fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at1 if x 0 n fe>1 at any rate pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( fe>1 has be5 bani%$2 & we c & d1 9 ! great] fai? t has be5 v\*saf$ to u1 look ) #ai confid5ce on ! proposal to comp>e ,*ri/ianity ) o!r religions4 ,! tru? _c b ga9 !reby1 & we re/ on ,him :o is ! way & ! tru?4 ,we recognise fully & freely t comp>ison implies simil>ity1 po9ts ( resemblance1 ay6 & ev5 features ( id5tity4 ,& ( t admission mu* has be5 made--& m ?an c be ma9ta9$4 ,x has be5 press$ to mean t all =ms ( religion1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 are id5tical2 t !re=e !re is no?+ m or o!r 9 ! highe/ ?an 9 ! l[e/2 & t 9 ! l[e/ y see h[ b>b>\s is religion & h[ unwor?y ( civilis$ man4 ,n[1 t c\rse ( argum5t is op5 to "o obvi\s objection :i* w\ld be fatal to x1 ev5 if x 7 ! only objection1 :i* x is n4 ,t objection is t :e!r we are us+ ! me?od ( comp>ison = ! purpose ( e/imat+ ! relative values ( diff]5t =ms ( religion2 or :e!r we are us+ ! comp>ative me?od ( sci5ce1 ) ! object ( discov]+ & e/abli%+ facts1 q ap>t f ! value !y may h = any purpose !y may be put to :5 !y h be5 e/abli%$2 9 ei!r case1 comp>ison is only appli$1 & c only be appli$ to ?+s :i*1 #bj ?\gh !y resemble "o ano!r1 also diff] f "o ano!r4 ,x is because !y diff]1 at fir/ sight1 t ! discov]y ( _! resemblance is important4 ,& x is on t aspect ( ! tru? t ! comp>ative me?od ( sci5ce dwells4 ,comp>ative philology1 = in/ance1 devotes itself to e/abli%+ resemblances betwe51 say1 ! ,indo-,european languages1 :i* = long 7 n suspect$ to be> any lik5ess to "o ano!r or to h any connection ) ea* o!r4 ,^? resemblances are exam9$ m & m closely1 are /at$ ) m & m precision1 until !y are /at$ z laws ( comp>ative philology1 & recognis$ z laws ( sci5ce to :i* !re are no exceptions4 ,yet :5 ! resemblances h be5 work$ out to ! fur!/ detail1 no "o imag9es t ,greek & ,sanskrit are ! same language1 or t ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are negligible4 ,x is !n surpris+ t any /ud5t ( comp>ative religion %\ld imag9e t ! discov]y or ! recognition ( po9ts ( lik5ess betwe5 ! religions comp>$ w ev] result 9 prov+ t ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are negligible or non-exi/5t4 ,su* an inf]5ce is unsci5tific1 & x has only to be /at$ to %[ t ! /ud5t #ba ( comp>ative religion is b ex]cis+ a "r common to all /ud5ts ( all sci5ces1 :5 he claims t po9ts ( diff]5ce _c be ov]look$ or ?ru/ aside4 ,if1 !n1 ! /ud5t ( ! sci5ce ( religion directs 8 att5tion prim>ily to ! discov]y ( resemblances betwe5 religions :i* at fir/ sight be> no m resemblance to "o ano!r ?an ,greek did to ! ,celtic tongues2 if ! comp>ative me?od ( sci5ce dwells ^u ! fact t ?+s :i* diff] f "o ano!r may also resemble "o ano!r1 & t _! resemblances may be /at$ 9 ! =m ( sci5tific laws1--!re is /ill ano!r aspect ( ! tru?1 & x is t betwe5 ?+s :i* resemble "o ano!r !re are also diff]5ces4 ,& ! jury ( ! _w w ultimately dem& to "k ! tru? & ! :ole tru?4 ,n[1 to get n only at ! tru?1 b at ! :ole ( ! tru?1 is precisely ! bus9ess ( ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion1 & is ! v object ( t :i*1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! comp>ative me?od ( sci5ce1 ,i h call$ ! me?od ( comp>ison4 ,= ! purposes ( fair comp>ison n only mu/ ! resemblances1 :i* ! #bb comp>ative me?od ( sci5ce dwells on1 be tak5 into acc\nt1 b ! diff]5ces1 also1 mu/ be weigh$4 ,& x is ! bus9ess ( ! me?od ( comp>ison1 ! object ( ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion1 to d bo? ?+s4 ,nei!r ( ! two c be disp5s$ )2 nei!r is m important ?an ! o!r2 b = ! practical purposes ( ! mission>y x is important to beg9 ) ! resemblances2 & on gr\nds ( logic & ( !ory1 ! resemblances mu/ be fir/ e/abli%$1 if ! importance1 nay6 ! decisive value1 ( ! diff]5ces is to g home to ! he>ts & m9ds ( ! mission>y's he>]s4 ,! resemblances are !re & are to be /udi$ ultimately 9 ord] to br+ out ! diff]5ces & make !m /& =? s pla9ly z to make *oice betwe5 ! high] =m ( religion & ! l[] easy1 simply because ! diff]5ce is s manife/4 ,n[1 ! mission>y's he>] c\ld n "k1 mu* less appreciate1 ! diff]5ce1 ! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity1 z long z ,*ri/ianity 0 unkn[n to him4 ,& x is equally manife/1 ?\gh x has nev] be5 (ficially recognis$ until n[ & by ! ,h>t=d ,!ological ,sem9>y1 t nei!r c ! mission>y adequately set =? ! sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity to #bc ! l[] =ms ( religion1 unless he kn[s some?+ ab\t !m & ab\t ! po9ts 9 :i* _! inf]iority consi/s4 ,hi!rto he has _h to le>n t = himself1 z he w5t on1 &1 z x 71 by rule ( ?umb4 ,b1 on bus9ess pr9ciples1 economy ( lab\r & effici5cy 9 "w w be bett] secur$ if he is taught be=e he goes out1 & is taught on sci5tific me?ods4 ,:at he has to le>n is ! resemblances betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( religion1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 & ! relative values ( ^? diff]5ces4 ,x may p]haps be ask$1 ,:y %\ld ^? diff]5ces exi/8 ,& if ! "q %\ld be put1 ,i am incl9$ to say t to give ! answ] is beyond ! scope ( ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion4 ,! me?od ( comp>ison assumes t ! diff]5ces d exi/1 & x _c beg9 to be employ$ unless & until !y exi/4 ,!y are & mu/ be tak5 = grant$1 at any rate by ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion1 & if ! me?od ( comp>ison is to be set to "w4 ,inde$1 if we may take ! pr9ciple ( evolution to be ! diff]5tiation ( ! homog5e\s1 we may g fur!r & say t ! :ole !ory ( evolution1 & n m]ely a p>ticul> hi/oric sci5ce1 su* z ! sci5ce ( religion1 #bd po/ulates diff]5tiation & ! pr9ciple ( diff]5ce1 & does n expla9 x1--evolution _c />t1 ! homog5e\s _c be o!r ?an homog5e\s1 until ! pr9ciple ( diff]5ce & ! p[] ( diff]5tiation is assum$4 ,t ! sci5ce ( religion at ! end leaves unt\*$ ^? diff]5ces betwe5 religions :i* x recognis$ at ! beg9n+1 is a po9t on :i* ,i insi/$1 z aga9/ ^? :o unw>rantably proclaim ! sci5ce to h demon/rat$ t all religions alike are b>b>isms or survivals ( b>b>ism4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to be> t fact 9 m9d :5 attempts are made to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ! diff]5ces by po/ulat+ a p]iod :5 !y 7 non-exi/5t4 ,t po/ulate may take =m 9 ! supposition t orig9ally ! true religion alone exi/$1 & t ! diff]5ces arose lat]4 ,t is a supposition :i* has be5 made by m ?an "o p1 & 9 m ages ?an "o4 ,x c>ries ) x ! consequ5ce t ! hi/ory--x w\ld be difficult to call x ! evolution & impossible to call x ! progress--( religion has be5 "o ( degradation g5]ally4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! f>-rea*+ & deep-p5etrat+ influ5ce ( ! !ory ( evolution1 x has ( late gr[n #be cu/om>y to assume t ! movem5t1 ! c\rse ( religi\s hi/ory1 has be5 9 ! opposite direction2 & t x has mov$ upw>ds f ! l[e/ =ms ( religion kn[n to u1 or f "s =m analog\s to ! l[e/ kn[n =ms1 ?r\gh ! high] to ! highe/4 ,?is second !ory1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 its arrangem5t ( ! facts f ! ,gold5 ,age !ory fir/ allud$ to1 is /ill fundam5tally 9 agreem5t ) x1 inasmu* z x also assumes t ! diff]5ces exhibit$ lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( religion at fir/ 7 non-exi/5t4 ,bo? !ories assume ! exi/5ce ( ! orig9ally homog5e\s1 b !y disagree z to ! nature ( ! diff]5ces :i* sup]v5$1 & also z to ! nature ( ! orig9ally homog5e\s4 ,i wi% !re=e to call att5tion to ! simple tru? t ! facts at ! disposal ( ! sci5ce ( religion nei!r enable nor w>rant u to decide betwe5 ^! two views4 ,if we 7 to come to a decision on ! po9t1 we %\ld h to travel f> beyond ! conf9es ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 or ! wide/ b\nds ( ! !ory ( evolution1 & enquire :y !re %\ld be error z well z tru?--or1 to put ! matt] v diff]5tly1 :y !re %\ld be tru? at all4 ,b if we />t$ travell+ #bf on t enquiry1 we %\ld n get back 9 "t = ?is c\rse ( lectures4 ,=tunately x is n necess>y to take a ticket = t j\rney--p]haps n possible to secure a return ticket4 ,we h only to recognise t ! sci5ce ( religion conf9es itself to con/at+ & trac+ ! diff]5ces1 & does n attempt to expla9 :y !y %\ld exi/2 :ile ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion is conc]n$ ) ! practical bus9ess ( br++ home ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & o!r =ms ( religion to ! he>ts ( ^? ^: salvation may turn on :e!r ! mission>y has be5 prop]ly equipp$ = 8 task4 ,if1 n[1 ,i ann\nce t = ! /ud5t ( ! appli$ sci5ce x is advisable t he %\ld turn 8 att5tion 9 ! fir/ place to ! l[e/ =ms ( religion1 ! ann\ncem5t ne$ n be tak5 to mean t a man _c become a /ud5t ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 :e!r pure or appli$1 unless he assumes t ! l[e/ is ! mo/ primitive =m4 ,! sci5ce ( religion1 z x pu%es its enquiries1 may possibly come across--may ev5 already h come across--! l[e/ =m to :i* x is possible = man to desc5d4 ,b :e!r t =m is ! mo/ primitive z well z #bg ! l[e/1--/ill m1 :e!r x is ! mo/ primitive because x is ! l[e/1--w be que/ions :i* w n admit ( be+ settl$ (fh&4 ,& 9 ! meantime we are n call$ ^u to answ] !m 9 ! affirmative z a s9e qua non ( be+ admitt$ /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce4 ,! reason = beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ =ms is--z is prop] 9 a practical sci5ce--a practical "o4 ,z ,i h already said1 if ! mission>y is to succe$ 9 8 "w1 he mu/ "k & tea* ! diff]5ce & ! value ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & o!r religions4 ,b diff]5ce implies simil>ity3 we _c specify ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 two ?+s )\t presuppos+ "s simil>ity betwe5 !m1--at any rate suffici5t simil>ity to make a comp>ison ( !m pr(itable4 ,n[1 ! simil>ity betwe5 ! high] =ms ( religion is su* t !re is no ne$ to demon/rate x1 9 ord] to ju/ify our proce$+ to dwell ^u ! diff]5ces4 ,b ! simil>ity betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] =ms is f> f be+ ?us obvi\s4 ,inde$1 9 "s cases1 = example 9 ! case ( "s ,au/ralian tribes1 !re is alleg$1 by "s /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 to be su* a total abs5ce ( simil>ity t we are entitl$ or #bh compell$ to recognise t h[ev] lib]ally1 or loosely1 we relax our def9ition ( religion1 we mu/ pron\nce ^? tribes to be )\t religion4 ,! allegation ?us made1 ! "q ?us rais$1 evid5tly is ( practical importance = ! practical purposes ( ! mission>y4 ,:]e "s resemblances exi/ betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] =ms ( religion1 ^? resemblances may be made1 & %\ld be made1 ! gr\nd f :i* ! mission>y %\ld proce$ to po9t out by contra/ ! diff]5ces1 & s to set =? ! high] value ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b if no su* resemblances %\ld exi/1 !y _c be made a basis = ! mission>y's "w4 ,)\t proce$+ 9 ?is introductory lecture to discuss ! "q :e!r !re are any tribes :atev] t are )\t religion1 ,i may po9t out t religion1 9 all its =ms1 is1 9 "o ( its aspects1 a ye>n+ & aspiration aft] ,god1 a se>* aft] ,him1 p]adv5ture we may f9d ,him4 ,& if x be alleg$ t 9 "s cases !re is no se>* aft] ,him1--t among/ civilis$ m51 among/ our own acqua9tances1 !re is 9 "s cases no se>* & no aspiration1 & t !re=e among ! m backw>d peoples ( ! e>? !re may also be tribes to :om ! v idea ( #bi su* a se>* is unkn[n1--!n we mu/ be> 9 m9d t a se>*1 aft] any object :atev]1 may be dropp$1 may ev5 be totally ab&on$2 & yet ! he>t may ye>n aft] t :i* x is p]suad$--or1 x may be1 is delud$ into ?9k+--x c nev] f9d4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 t way ( putt+ x may be object$ to1 on ! gr\nd t x is a petitio pr9cipii & assumes ! v fact x is necess>y to prove1 viz4 t ! l[e/ tribes t are or c be kn[n to u h made ! se>* & giv5 x up1 :]eas ! cont5tion is t !y h nev] made ! se>*4 ,t cont5tion1 ,i w rem>k 9 pass+1 is "o :i* nev] c be prov$4 ,b to ^? :o consid] t x is probable 9 itself1 & t x is a necess>y /age 9 ! evolution ( belief1 ,i w\ld po9t out t e se>* is made 9 hope--or1 x may be1 9 fe>--t se>* presupposes hope & fe>4 ,vague1 ( c\rse1 ! hope may be2 sc>ce consci\s1 if consci\s at all1 ( :at is hop$4 ,b )\t hope1 until !re are "s dim /irr+s1 h[ev] vague1 se>* is unconceivable1 & x is 9 & by ! process ( se>* t ! hope becomes /rong] & ! object s\ght m def9ite to view4 ,n[1 inasmu* z x is d\btful :e!r any tribe ( #cj p is )\t religion1 x may reasonably be held t ! va/ majority1 at any rate1 ( ! peoples ( ! e>? h proce$$ f hope to aspiration & to se>*2 & if !re %\ld be f\nd a tribe :i* _h n yet ent]$ consci\sly on ! se>*1 ! reasonable conclusion w\ld be n t x is exempt$ f ! laws :i* we see exemplifi$ 9 all o!r peoples1 b t x is t5d+ to obey ! same laws & is />t+ f ! same po9t z !y1--t hope :i* is ! desire ( all nations & has be5 made manife/ 9 ! ,son ( ,man4 ,:atev] be ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( t hope1 :atev] 0 its nature & c\rse 9 prehi/oric times1 x has be5 work$ out 9 hi/ory 9 _m directions1 "u ! influ5ce ( _m errors1 into _m =ms ( religion4 ,b 9 !m all we feel t !re is ! same /riv+1 ! same ye>n+2 & we see x ) ! same pity & di/ress z we may obs]ve ! di/ort$ motions ( ! man :o1 ?\gh p>tially p>alys$1 yet /rives to walk1 & move to ! place :]e he w\ld be4 ,x is ) ^! attempts to walk1 9 ! hope ( giv+ help to !m :o ne$ x1 t we :o are "h to-day are conc]n$4 ,we mu/ /udy !m1 if we are to #ca und]/& !m & to rem$y !m4 ,& !re is no und]/&+ !m1 unless we recognise t 9 !m all !re is ! /riv+ & ye>n+ aft] ,god1 :i* may be cruelly di/ort$1 b is always !re4 ,x s happ5s t !re has be5 great read9ess on ! "p ( /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion to recognise t belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] ! dea? ( ! body has comp>ative univ]sality among/ ! l[] races ( mank9d4 ,_! ye>n+ aft] cont9u$ exi/5ce developes into hope ( a future life2 & ! hope1 or fe>1 takes _m =ms3 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce may or may n be on ?is e>?2 x may or may n take ! %ape ( a belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls2 x sometimes does1 & sometimes does n1 lead to belief 9 ! judgm5t ( ! dead & future puni%m5ts & rew>ds2 x may or may n po/ulate ! immortality ( ! s\l2 x may %r9k to comp>ative1 if n absolute1 unimportance2 or x may be dread$ & d5\nc$ by philosophy & ev5 by religion4 ,b :e!r dread$ or delight$ 91 :e!r develop$ by religion or d5\nc$1 ! t5d5cy to ! belief is !re--univ]sal among mank9d & in]adicable4 #cb ,! p>allel1 !n1 betwe5 ?is belief & ! belief or t5d5cy to believe 9 ,god is close & in/ructive2 & ,i %all devote my next lecture !re=e to ! belief 9 a future life among ! primitive races ( mank9d4 ,t belief manife/s itself1 z ,i %all hope to %[1 f ! beg9n+1 9 a ye>n+ hope = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! belov$ ones :o h be5 tak5 f u by dea?1 z well z 9 dread ( ! gho/s ( ^? :o dur+ _! life 7 fe>$4 ,b 9 ei!r case :at x po/ulates & po9ts to is man liv+ 9 community ) man4 ,x implies society2 & !re aga9 is p>allel to religion4 ,x is ) ! hopes & fe>s ( ! community z su* t religion has to d3 & x is f t po9t ( view t ,i %all />t :5 ,i come to deal ) ! subject ( magic1 & its resemblance to & diff]5ce f religion4 ,its resemblance is n accid5tal & ! diff]5ce is n arbitr>y3 ! diff]5ce is t betwe5 social & anti-social purposes4 ,t diff]5ce1 if borne 9 m9d1 may give u ! clue to ! real nature ( feti*ism1--a subject :i* w require a lecture to itself4 ,i %all !n proce$ to a topic :i* has be5 ignor$ to a surpris+ ext5t by ! sci5ce ( religion2 t is1 ! subject ( #cc pray]3 & ! light :i* is to be d]iv$ !nce w1 ,i tru/1 give fre% illum9ation to ! mean+ ( sacrifice4 ,! relation ( religion to morality w !n fall to be consid]$2 & my f9al lecture w deal ) ! place ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! evolution ( religion4 #cd ,,immortality ,! mission>y1 l any o!r practical man1 requires to "k :at sci5ce c tea* him ab\t ! mat]ial on :i* he has to "w4 ,s f> z is possible1 he %\ld "k :at mat]ials are s\nd & c be us$ ) safety 9 8 con/ructive "w1 & :at mu/ be ?r[n aside1 :at mu/ be de/roy$1 if 8 "w is to escape dry-rot & to /& z a p]man5t edifice4 ,he %\ld be able to feel confid5ce1 = in/ance1 n m]ely t magic & feti*ism are ! negation ( religion1 b t 9 tea*+ t fact he has to support him ! evid5ce collect$ by ! sci5ce ( religion2 & he %\ld h t evid5ce plac$ at 8 disposal = effective use1 if ne$ be4 ,x may be also t among/ mu* uns\nd mat]ial he w f9d "s t is s\nd1 t may be us$1 & t he _c af=d to ca/ away4 ,he has to "w ^u our common humanity1 ^u ! humanity common to him & 8 he>]s4 ,he has to rememb] t no man & no community ( #ce m5 ev] is or has be5 or ev] c be exclud$ f ! se>* aft] ,god4 ,& 8 duty1 8 *os5 duty1 is to help !m 9 t se>*1 & z f> z may be to make ! way cle> = !m1 & to guide _! feet 9 ! "r pa?4 ,he w f9d t !y h attempt$ to make pa?s = !mselves2 & x is n impossible t he w f9d t "s ( ^? pa?s = "s di/ance d g 9 ! "r direction2 t "s ( _! beliefs h 9 !m an elem5t ( tru?1 or a grop+ aft] tru? :i*1 rightly und]/ood1 may be made to lead to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ) "o ( ^? beliefs--! belief 9 immortality--t ,i %all deal 9 ?is lecture4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( notice t ! belief 9 immortality fills1 ,i w n say a m important1 b a m prom95t1 place 9 ! he>ts & hopes ( uncivilis$ ?an ( civilis$ man2 & x is also a fact wor?y ( notice t among primitive m5 ! belief 9 immortality is mu* less intimately b\nd up ) religion ?an x comes to be at a lat] p]iod ( evolution4 ,! two facts are probably n :olly )\t relation to "o ano!r4 ,s long z ! belief 9 immortality luxuriates & gr[s wild1 s to speak1 untra9$ & unre/ra9$ by religion1 x #cf developes z ! fancy wills1 & lives by flatt]+ ! fancy4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! relations ( a future life to morality & religion come to be realis$1 :5 ! conception ( ! next _w comes to be moralis$1 !n x becomes ! subject ( fe> z well z ( hope2 & ! fancy loses mu* ( ! fre$om ) :i* x trick$ out ! pictures t once x drew1 purely accord+ to its own sweet lik+1 ( a future /ate4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! guilty m9d pref]s n to dwell ^u ! day ( reckon+1 s long z x c /ave (f ! idea2 & x may succe$ m or less 9 putt+ x on "o side until ! proximity ( dea? makes ! idea insi/5t4 ,?us ! m9d m or less delib]ately dismisses ! future life f att5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 religion itself insi/s p]si/5tly on ! fact t y h y\r duty "h & n[ 9 ?is _w to p]=m1 & t ! re/1 ! future consequ5ces1 y mu/ leave to ,god4 ,?us1 once m1 & ?is "t n f unwor?y motives1 att5tion is direct$ to ?is life r ?an to ! next2 & x is ?is po9t t is critical = ! fate bo? ( ! belief 9 immortality & ( religion itself4 ,at ?is po9t1 religion may1 z 9 ! case ( ,buddhism x actually has done1 =mally give up & disav[ #cg belief 9 immortality4 ,& 9 t case x s[s ! se$ ( its own de/ruction4 ,or x may recognise t ! immortality ( ! s\l is po/ulat$ by & ess5tial to morality & religion alike4 ,& 9 t case1 ev5 9 t case alone1 is religion 9 a position to provide a logical basis = morality & to place ! natural desire = a future life on a firm] basis ?an ! untutor$ fancy ( primitive man c\ld f9d = x4 ,x is !n ) primitive man or ) ! l[] races t we w beg91 & ) ! comp>ative univ]sality ( _! belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] ! dea? ( ! body 7,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii1 i74 ,n[1 ! classical !ory ( ?is belief is t set =? by ,pr(essor ,tylor 9 8 ,primitive ,culture4 ,:5ce does primitive man get 8 idea t ! s\l cont9ues to exi/ aft] ! dea? ( ! body8 ! answ] giv5 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 f ! fact t man dreams4 ,he dreams ( di/ant sc5es t he visits 9 8 sleep2 x is cle>1 f ! evid5ce ( ^? :o saw 8 sleep+ body1 t 8 body c]ta9ly did n travel2 !re=e he or 8 s\l mu/ be sep>able f ! body & mu/ h travell$ :il/ 8 body lay unmov+ & unmov$4 ,b he also dreams ( #ch ^? :o are n[ dead1 & ^: bodies he kn[s1 x may be1 to h be5 inc9]at$4 ,! explanation !n is obvi\s t !y1 too1 or _! s\ls1 are sep>able f _! bodies2 & ! fact t !y survive dea? & ! de/ruction ( ! body is demon/rat$ by _! appe>ance 9 8 dreams4 ,ab\t ! reality ( _! appe>ance 9 8 dreams he has no m d\bt ?an he has ab\t ! reality ( :at he himself does & suff]s 9 8 dreams4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! dead appe>$ only 9 8 dreams1 _! exi/5ce aft] dea? might seem to be limit$ to ! dream-"t4 ,b z a matt] ( fact !y appe> to him 9 8 wak+ mom5ts also3 gho/s are at lea/ z famili> to ! savage z to ! civilis$ man2 & ?us ! evid5ce ( 8 dreams1 :i* fir/ sugge/$ 8 belief1 is confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses4 ,?us ! belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] ! dea? ( ! body is trac$ back to ! action ( dreams & wak+ halluc9ations4 ,n[1 x is inevitable t ! inf]5ce %\ld be drawn t ! belief 9 immortality has ?us be5 track$ to its basis4 ,& x is inevitable t ^? :o />t ) an incl9ation to reg>d ! belief z palpably absurd %\ld welcome ?is exhibition ( #ci its evolution z pro( conclusive t ! belief c\ld only h orig9at$ 9 & c only impose ^u immature m9ds4 ,to t d\btless x is a p]fectly s\nd reply to say t ! orig9 ( a belief is "o ?+ & its validity q ano!r4 ,! way 9 :i* we came to hold ! belief is a matt] ( hi/orical inve/igation1 & und\bt$ly may =m a v fasc9at+ enquiry4 ,b ! "q :e!r ! belief is true is a "q :i* has to be consid]$1 no matt] h[ ,i got x1 j z ! "q :e!r ,i am committ+ a trespass or n 9 be+ on a piece ( gr\nd _c be settl$ by any am\nt ( expla9+ h[ ,i got !re4 ,or1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 ! v risky pa? by :i* ,i h scrambl$ up a cliff does n make ! top any ! less safe :5 ,i h got !re4 ,b ?\gh x is p]fectly logical to insi/ on ! di/9ction betwe5 ! orig9 & ! validity ( any belief1 & to refuse to "q or d\bt ! validity ( ! belief 9 immortality m]ely because ( ! orig9 ascrib$ to x by au?orities on primitive culture1--t is no reason :y we %\ld n exam9e ! orig9 sugge/$ = x1 to see :e!r x is a satisfactory orig94 ,& t is :at ,i propose n[ to d4 ,i wi% to sugge/ fir/ t belief 9 ! appe>ance ( #dj ! dead1 :e!r to ! dream] or ! gho/-se]1 is an intellectual belief z to :at occurs z a matt] ( fact2 & next t !reby x is di/+ui%$ f ! desire = immortality :i* manife/s itself ) comp>ative univ]sality among/ ! l[] races4 ,n[1 t ! appe>ance ( ! dead1 :e!r to ! wak+ or ! sleep+ eye1 is suffici5t to />t ! intellectual belief w be admitt$ alike by ^? :o d & ^? :o d n hold t x is suffici5t logically to w>rant ! belief4 ,b to say t x />ts ! desire to see him or h] :om we h lo/1 w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld be mu* ne>] ! tru? to say t x is ! long+ & ! desire to see1 once aga91 ! lov$ "o1 t sets ! m9d a-dream+1 & fir/ gives to ! he>t hope4 ,! fact t1 7 !re no desire = ! cont9uance ( life aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 ! belief w\ld nev] h caught on--t x ei!r w\ld nev] h aris5 or w\ld h soon ceas$ to exi/--is %[n by ! simple consid]ation t only :]e ! desire = ! cont9uance ( life aft] dea? dies d[n does ! belief 9 immortality t5d to wane4 ,if any fur!r evid5ce ( t is requir$ x may be f\nd 9 ! tea*+ ( ^? #da =ms ( philosophy & religion :i* endeav\r to disp5se ) ! belief 9 immortality1 = !y all recognise & inde$ proclaim t !y are bas$ on ! d5ial ( ! desire & ! w to live4 ,if1 & only if--z1 & only z--! desire to live1 "h & h]eaft]1 c be suppress$1 c ! belief 9 immortality be eradicat$4 ,! basis ( ! belief is ! desire = cont9u$ exi/5ce2 & t is :y ! attempt to trace ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 immortality back to ! belief 9 dreams & app>itions is "o :i* is n p]fectly satisfactory2 x leaves out ( acc\nt ! desire )\t :i* ! belief w\ld n be & is n op]ative4 ,b ?\gh x leaves out an elem5t :i* is at lea/ z important z any elem5t x includes1 x w\ld be an error to take no acc\nt ( :at x does contribute4 ,x w\ld be an error ( ?is k9d if we clos$ our eyes to ! fact t :at fir/ arre/s ! att5tion ( man1 9 ! l[] /ages ( 8 evolution1 is ! survival ( o!rs ?an himself4 ,t is ! belief :i* fir/ manife/s itself 9 8 he>t & m9d2 & :at fir/ reveals x to him is ! appe>ance ( ! dead to 8 sleep+ or 8 wak+ eye4 ,he does n fir/ hope or believe t he himself w survive ! dea? ( ! body & !n g #db on to inf] t !re=e o!rs also w simil>ly survive4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! appe>ance ( o!rs 9 8 sleep+ or wak+ mom5ts t fir/ gives him ! idea2 & x is only lat] & on reflection t x occurs to him t he also w h1 or be1 a gho/4 ,b ?\gh we mu/ recognise ! intellectual elem5t 9 ! belief & ! intellectual processes :i* are involv$ 9 ! belief1 we mu/ also take into acc\nt ! emotional elem5t1 ! elem5t ( desire4 ,& fir/ we %\ld notice t ! desire is n a selfi% or self-reg>d+ desire2 x is ! long+ = "o lov$ & lo/1 ( ! "m = h] *ild1 or ( ! *ild = its "m4 ,x is desire ( t k9d :i* gives to dreams & app>itions _! emotional value1 )\t :i* !y w\ld h little significance & no spiritual importance4 ,t is ! direction 9 :i* we mu/ look = ! reason :y1 on ! "o h&1 belief 9 ! cont9uation ( exi/5ce aft] dea? seems at fir/ to h no connection ) religion1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! connection is ultimately %[n by ! evolution ( belief to be s intimate t nei!r c atta9 its prop] developm5t )\t ! o!r4 ,dreams are occasions on :i* ! long+ = #dc "o lov$ & lo/ manife/s itself1 b !y are n ! cause or ! orig9 ( ! affection & ! long+4 ,b dreams are n exclusively1 specially1 or ev5 usually ! doma9 9 :i* religion plays a "p4 ,h5ce ! visions ( ! night1 9 :i* ! memory ( ! dep>t$ & ! crav+ = reunion ) !m are manife/$1 be> no necess>y ref]5ce to religion2 & x is !re=e possible1 & prima facie plausible1 to ma9ta9 t ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l has its orig9 9 a c5tre q di/9ct f ! sph]e ( religion1 & t x is only v sl[ly1 if at all1 t ! belief 9 immortality comes to be incorporat$ ) religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v crav+ = reunion or cont9u$ communion ) ^? :o are felt n to be lo/ b gone be=e1 is itself ! feel+ :i* is1 n ! base1 b at ! base1 ( religion4 ,9 ! l[e/ =ms to :i* religion c be r$uc$1 or 9 :i* x manife/s itself1 religion is a bond ( community2 x manife/s itself ext]nally 9 jo9t acts ( wor%ip1 int]nally 9 ! feel+ t ! wor%ipp]s are b\nd toge!r by x & unit$ ) ! object ( _! wor%ip4 ,?is feel+ ( communion is n a m]e article ( intellectual belief1 nor is x impos$ ^u ! memb]s2 x is :at !y !mselves desire4 #dd ,hffd+ /ates ! tru? :5 he says t 9 its mo/ rudim5t>y =m we enc\nt] religion "u ! guise ( desire2 b 9 say+ s he omits ! ess5ce ( ! tru?1 t ess5ce )\t :i* ! tru? t he p>tially enunciates may become :olly mislead+1--he omits to say1 & ,i ?9k he fails to see1 t ! desire :i* alone c claim to be consid]$ z religi\s is ! desire ( ! community1 n ( ! individual z su*1 & ! desire ( ! community z unit$ 9 common wor%ip4 ,! idea ( religion z a bond ( spiritual communion is implicit f ! fir/1 ev5 ?\gh a long process ( evolution be necess>y to dis5tangle x & set x =? self-consci\sly4 ,n[1 x is precisely ?is spiritual communion ( :i* man becomes consci\s 9 8 crav+ aft] reunion or cont9u$ communion ) ^? :o h dep>t$ ?is life4 ,& x is ) ! hi/ory ( 8 attempts to h>monise ?is desire ) :at he kn[s & dem&s ( ! univ]se o!rwise1 t we are "h & n[ conc]n$4 ,s /rong is t desire1 s inconceivable is ! idea t dea? ends all1 & divorces f u =ev] ^? we h lov$ & lo/ a:ile1 t ! l[] races ( mank9d h be5 pretty g5]ally driv5 #de to ! conclusion t dea? is a mi/ake or due to a mi/ake4 ,x is widely held t !re is no su* ?+ z a natural dea?4 ,m5 d ( c\rse die1 !y may be kill$2 b x is n an ord9ance ( nature t a man mu/ be kill$2 &1 if he is kill$1 8 dea? is n natural4 ,s /rong is ?is feel+ t :5 a man dies & 8 dea? is n obvi\sly a case ( murd]1 ! inf]5ce :i* ! savage pref]s to draw is t ! dea? is really a case ( murd]1 b t ! murd] has be5 work$ by wit*craft or magic4 ,among/ ! ,au/ralian black fell[s1 z we are told by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 no su* ?+ z natural dea? is realis$ by ! native2 a man :o dies has ( necessity be5 kill$ by "s o!r man or p]haps ev5 by a woman1 & soon] or lat] t man or woman w be attack$2 consequ5tly1 9 v _m cases !re takes place :at ! :ite man1 n see+ b5ea? ! surface1 n unnaturally describes z secret murd]2 b 9 reality 444 e case ( su* secret murd]1 :5 "o or m m5 /eal?ily /alk _! prey ) ! object ( kill+ him1 is 9 reality ! exact+ ( a life = a life1 ! accus$ p]son be+ indicat$ by ! s-call$ m$ic9e man z "o :o has br\ght ab\t ! dea? ( ano!r man by magic1 & ^: #df life mu/ !re=e be =feit$ 7,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dh74 ,:at und]lies ?is idea t by man alone is dea? br\ght into ! _w is t dea? is unnatural & is no "p ( ! orig9al design ( ?+s4 ,:5 ! fact comes to be recognis$ und5iably t dea?s n caus$ by human ag5cy d take place1 !n ! fact requires explanation2 & ! explanation on :i* primitive races1 q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 hit is t z dea? 0 no "p ( ! orig9al design ( ?+s1 its introduction 0 due to accid5t or mi/ake4 ,ei!r m5 7 orig9ally exempt f dea?1 or !y 7 int5d$ to be exempt4 ,if !y 7 int5d$ to be exempt1 !n ! inf]5ce drawn is t ! int5tion 0 fru/rat$ by ! c>elessness ( ! ag5t intru/$ ) ! duty ( mak+ m5 dea?less4 ,if !y 7 orig9ally exempt f dea?1 !n ! loss ( ! exemption has to be acc\nt$ =4 ,& 9 ei!r case ! explanation takes ! =m ( a n>rative :i* relates h[ ! mi/ake took place or :at ev5t x 0 t caus$ ! loss ( ! exemption4 ,i ne$ n quote examples ( ei!r class ( n>rative4 ,:at ,i wi% to d is to emphasise ! fact t by primitive man dea? is felt to be inconsi/5t ) ! #dg s*eme ( ?+s4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 he d5ies t x c come 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 ?\gh he admits t x may be procur$ by ! wick$ man 9 ! way ( murd] or magic4 ,& x is at ?is /age t 8 hope ( reunion ) ^? lov$ & lo/ sc>cely /ret*es beyond ! prospect ( _! return to ?is _w4 ,evid5ce ( ?is /age is f\nd p>tly 9 tales su* z ^? told ( ! "m :o returns to revisit h] *ild1 or ( p]sons re/or$ to life4 ,/ories ( ?is latt] k9d come f ,tasmania1 ,au/ralia1 & ,samoa1 among/ o!r places1 & are f\nd among/ ! ,eskimo & ,am]ican ,indians1 z well z among/ ! ,fjorts 7,j4 ,a4 ,mac,cullough1 ,! ,*ildhood ( ,fiction1 *4 ,,iv74 ,ev5 m direct evid5ce ( ! emotion :i* prompts ^! /ories is af=d$ by ! ,ho dirge1 quot$ by ,pr(essor ,tylor 7,p4 ,c41 ,,ii1 #cb1 #cc73-- ,we nev] scold$ y2 nev] wrong$ y2 ,come to u back6 ,we ev] lov$ & *]i%$ y2 & h liv$ long toge!r ,"u ! same ro(2 ,des]t x n n[6 ,! ra9y nights & ! cold bl[+ days are com+ on2 ,d n w&] "h6 ,d n /& by ! burnt a%es2 come to u aga96 ,y _c f9d %elt] "u ! peepul1 :5 ! ra9 comes d[n4 #dh ,! saul w n %ield y f ! cold bitt] w9d4 ,come to y\r home6 ,x is swept = y & clean2 & we are !re :o lov$ y ev]2 ,& !re is rice put = y & wat]2 ,come home1 come home1 come to u aga96 ,9 ^! v]ses x is evid5t t ! dea? ( ! body is recognis$ z a fact4 ,x is ev5 m manife/ t ! dea? ( ! body is put aside z weigh+ = naught aga9/ ! absolute conviction t ! lov$ "o /ill exi/s4 ,b reunion is s\ght 9 ?is _w2 ano!r _w is n yet ?\ght (4 ,! next _w has n yet be5 call$ into exi/5ce to r$ress ! sorr[s & ! suff]+s ( ?is life4 ,:]e ! discov]y ( t solution has n be5 made1 ! human m9d seeks su* consolation z may be f\nd else:]e4 ,if ! aspiration1 come to u1 come to u aga91 c f9d no o!r realisation1 x welcomes ! reappe>ance ( ! lo/ "o 9 ano!r =m4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 among/ ! ,euahlayi tribe1 ! "m :o has lo/ h] baby or h] "y *ild may yet believe t x is re/or$ to h] & born aga9 9 ! =m ( ano!r *ild4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 accord+ to ,miss ,k+sley1 ! new babies z !y arriv$ 9 ! family 7 %[n a selection ( small articles belong+ to deceas$ memb]s ^: s\ls #di 7 /ill abs5t1--! ?+ ! *ild caught hold ( id5tifi$ him4 ',:y1 he's ,uncle ,john2 see6 he kn[s 8 own pipe2' or ',t's ,c\s9 ,emma2 see6 %e kn[s h] m>ket calaba%2' & s on4 ,b x is n only among/ ,au/ralian black fell[s or ,we/ ,african negroes t ! attempt is made to extract consolation = dea? f ! speculation t we die only to be reborn 9 ?is _w4 ,! !ory ( rebir? is put =w>d by a di/+ui%$ /ud5t ( ,hegel--,dr4 ,mc,taggart--9 a "w entitl$ ,"s ,dogmas ( ,religion4 ,x is admitt$ by ,dr4 ,mc,taggart to be true t we h no memory :atev] ( our previ\s /ages ( exi/5ce2 b he decl>es1 we may say t1 9 spite ( ! loss ( memory1 x is ! same p]son :o lives 9 ! successive lives 7p4 #acj72 & he appe>s to f9d ! same consolation z 8 remote =efa!rs did 9 look+ =w>d to a future /age ( exi/5ce 9 :i* he w h no m memory ( 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 & no m reason to believe 9 x1 ?an he n[ has memory (1 or reason to believe 91 8 prexi/5ce4 ,x is c]ta91 he says1 t 9 ?is life we rememb] no previ\s lives1 & he accepts ! position t x is equally c]ta9 we %all h 9 our next life absolutely no memory ( our #ej pres5t exi/5ce4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 di/+ui%es ,dr4 ,mc,taggart f ! ,we/ ,african ,uncle ,john :o1 :5 he is reborn1 at any rate kn[s 8 own pipe4 ,! human m9d1 z ,i h said1 seeks su* consolation z x may f9d 9 ! doctr9e ( rebir?4 ,x f9ds evid5ce ( rebir? ei!r 9 ! behavi\r ( ! new-born *ild or 9 its resemblance to deceas$ relations4 ,b x also comes to ! conclusion t ! re9c>nation may be 9 animal =m4 ,:e!r t conclusion is sugge/$ by ! /rangely human expression 9 ! eyes ( "s animals1 or :e!r x is bas$ ^u ! belief 9 ! p[] ( trans=mation1 ne$ n be discuss$4 ,x is beyond d\bt t trans=mation is believ$ 93 ! ,*]okee ,indian s+s a v]se to ! effect t he becomes a real wolf2 & aft] /at+ t he has become a real wolf1 ! song/] utt]s a prolong$ h[l1 & paws ! gr\nd l a wolf ) 8 feet 7,fraz]1 ,k+%ip1 p4 #ga74 ,inde$1 id5tity may be atta9$ or manife/$ )\t any process ( trans=mation2 9 ,au/ralia1 among/ ! ,di]i tribe1 ! head man ( a totem consi/+ ( a p>ticul> sort ( a se$ is spok5 ( by 8 p z be+ ! plant itself :i* yields ! se$ 7ib41 p4 #aji74 #ea ,:]e su* beliefs are preval5t1 ! doctr9e ( ! re9c>nation ( ! s\l 9 animal =m w obvi\sly arise at ! /age ( evolution :i* we are n[ discuss+1 t is to say :5 ! s\l is n yet suppos$ to dep>t to ano!r _w1 & mu/ !re=e manife/ itself 9 ?is _w 9 "o way or ano!r1 if n 9 human %ape1 !n 9 animal =m4 ,9 ! =m ( :at animal ! deceas$ w be re9c>nat$ is a "q :i* w be answ]$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,purely =tuit\s circum/ances may lead to p>ticul> animals be+ consid]$ to be ! re9c>nation ( ! deceas$4 ,or ! fact t ! deceas$ has a p>ticul> animal = totem may lead ! survivors to expect 8 reappe>ance 9 ! =m ( t p>ticul> animal4 ,! "o fact ( importance = our pres5t purpose is t at its orig9 ! belief 9 animal re9c>nation _h no necess>y connection ) ! !ory ( future puni%m5ts & rew>ds4 ,at ! /age ( evolution 9 :i* ! belief 9 transmigration arose _m animals 7 ! object ( g5u9e respect because ( ! virtues ( c\rage1 etc41 :i* 7 manife/$ by !m2 or because ( ! position !y occupi$ z totems4 ,consequ5tly no loss ( /atus 0 involv$ :5 ! s\l transmigrat$ f a #eb human to an animal =m4 ,no notion ( puni%m5t 0 involv$ 9 ! belief4 ,! doctr9es ( re9c>nation & transmigration belong to a /age 9 ! evolution ( belief1 or to a sy/em ( ?\ght1 9 :i* ! conviction t ! dea? ( ! body does n entail ! de/ruction ( ! s\l is und\bt$1 b f :i* ! conception1 inde$ ! v idea1 ( ano!r _w ?an ?is is exclud$4 ,t conception beg9s to manife/ itself :]e ance/or wor%ip e/abli%es itself2 b ! manife/ation is incomplete4 ,deceas$ *iefta9s & h]oes1 :o h be5 b5efactors to ! tribe1 are rememb]$2 & ! good !y did is rememb]$ also4 ,!y are !mselves rememb]$ z ! do]s ( good2 & _! spirits are naturally conceiv$ z cont9u+ to be b5evol5t1 or ready to conf] b5efits :5 prop]ly approa*$4 ,b ?us envisag$1 !y are se5 r 9 _! relation to ! liv+ ?an 9 _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,x is _! assi/ance 9 ?is _w t is s\ght2 _! condition 9 ! next _w is ( less practical importance & !re=e provokes less ( speculation1 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,b :5 speculation is provok$1 x proves ultimately fatal to ance/or wor%ip4 #ec ,fir/1 x may lead to ! "q ( ! relation ( ! spirits ( ! deceas$ b5efactors to ! god or gods ( ! community4 ,!re w be a t5d5cy to blur ! di/9ction betwe5 ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s1 if any ( ! wor%ipp]s come to be reg>d$ z be+ aft] dea? spirits f :om aid may be invok$ & to :om (f]+s mu/ be made4 ,& if ! di/9ction ceases aft] dea?1 x is difficult & sometimes impossible to ma9ta9 x dur+ life2 an emp]or :o is to be deifi$ aft] dea? may f9d 8 deification beg9n+ be=e 8 dea?4 ,belief 9 su* deification may be accept$ by "s memb]s ( ! community4 ,o!rs w reg>d x z pro( t religion is naught2 & yet o!rs w be driv5 to seek = a =m ( religion :i* af=ds no place = su* deifications1 b ma9ta9s explicitly t di/9ction betwe5 a god & 8 wor%ipp]s :i* is pres5t 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y =ms ( religion4 ,b ?\gh ! t5d5cy ( ance/or wor%ip is to run ?is c\rse & to pass 9 ?is way out ( ! evolution ( religion1 x may be arre/$ at ! v outset1 if ! religi\s _s is1 z x has be5 9 "o case at lea/1 /rong en\gh to /& aga9/ x at ! beg9n+4 ,?us1 among/ ! ,jews !re #ed 0 a t5d5cy to ance/or wor%ip1 z is %[n by ! fact ( its prohibition4 ,b x 0 /amp$ out2 & x 0 /amp$ out s effectually t belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea? ceas$ = long to h any practical influ5ce4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ,hebrews reg>d$ ! grave z ! f9al end ( all s5ti5t & intellig5t exi/5ce1 '! l& :]e all ?+s are =gott5' 7,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 s4v4 ,%eol74 ,9 dea?1 ! ,psalmi/ says to ! ,"l1 !re is no remembrance ( !e3 9 ,%eol :o %all give !e ?anks8 ,%all !y t are deceas$ arise & praise !e8 ,%all ?y lov+-k9dness be decl>$ 9 ! grave8 or ?y righte\sness 9 ! l& ( =getfulness8 ,?us ! ,%eol ( ! ,old ,te/am5t rema9s to te/ify to ! view tak5 ( ! /ate ( ! dead by a p among/ :om ! wor%ip ( ance/ors 0 arre/$ at ! outset4 ,among/ su* a p ! dead are suppos$ simply to cont9ue 9 ! next _w z !y left ?is3 9 ,%eol ! k+s ( ! nations h _! ?rones1 & ! mighty _! weapons ( w>1 j z 9 ,virgil ! gho/ ( ,deiphobus /ill %[s ! gha/ly w\nds by :i* he p]i%$ 7,jevons1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #cja74 #ee ,?is cont9uation !ory1 ! view t ! dead cont9ue 9 ! next _w z !y left ?is1 means t1 to ! p :o ent]ta9 x1 ! dead are m]ely a memory4 ,x is =bidd5 to ?9k ( !m z do+ any?+1 z affect+ ! liv+ 9 any way4 ,!y are conceiv$ z p[]less to gratify ! wi%es ( ! liv+1 or to ?w>t !m4 ,:]e ! ,"l ,god is a jeal\s ,god1 religion _c tol]ate ! idea t any o!r _s %\ld be conceiv$ z usurp+ ,8 functions1 /ill less t su* spirits %\ld receive ! (f]+s & ! pray]s :i* are ! due ( ,him alone4 ,b ?\gh ! dead are ?us r$uc$ to a m]e memory1 ! memory itself does n & _c die4 ,accord+ly ! dead1 or r ^? ^: bodies are dead1 cont9ue to live4 ,b1 z !y ex]cise no action 91 or control ov]1 ! _w ( ! liv+1 _! place ( abode comes to be reg>d$ z ano!r _w1 to :i* !y are conf9$4 ,speculation1 !re=e1 :]e speculation is made1 z to ! case ( ! inhabitants ( ?is o!r _w1 mu/ take ! direction ( enquir+ z to _! fate4 ,:]e speculation is n made1 ! dead are conceiv$ m]ely to cont9ue to be z !y are rememb]$ to h be5 9 ?is life4 ,b1 if !re is to be room = any speculation #ef at all1 !re mu/ be assum$ to be "s div]sity 9 _! fate1 & !re=e "s reason1 intelligible to man1 = t div]sity4 ,t is a conclusion to :i* tribes atta9 :o h app>5tly gone ?r\gh no p]iod ( ance/or wor%ip1--inde$1 ance/or wor%ip only imp$es or def]s ! atta9m5t ( t conclusion4 ,! div]sity ( fate c\ld only consi/ 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ :]e y w\ld be & be+ :]e y w\ld n4 ,b ! reasons = t div]sity may be v diff]5t among/ diff]5t peoples4 ,fir/1 :]e religion is at its l[e/ or is 9 its lea/ develop$ =m1 ! gods are n ! cause ( ! div]sity nor d !y seem conc]n$ 9 x4 ,su* div]sity z !re is seems 9 its simple/ =m m]ely to be a cont9uance ( ! social di/9ctions :i* prevail among ! liv+3 ! high *iefta9s re/ 9 a calm1 pl5te\s1 sunny l& 9 ! sky2 :ile all ,indians ( l[ degree g deep d[n "u ! e>? to ! l& ( ,*ay-h]1 ) its poor h\ses & no salmon & no de]1 & blankets s small & ?91 t :5 ! dead are buri$ ! fri5ds (t5 bury blankets ) !m 7,tylor1 ,p4 ,c41 ,,ii1 #he74 ,else:]e1 x is n social di/9ctions1 b moral1 t make ! diff]5ce3 ! rude ,tup9ambas ( ,brazil ?9k #eg ! s\ls ( su* z _h liv$ virtu\sly1 t is to say :o h well av5g$ !mselves & eat5 _m ( _! enemies1 7ib47 rejo9 ! s\ls ( _! fa!rs 9 ! happy l&1 :ile ! c[>ds g to ! o!r place4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! di/9ctions 9 ! next _w d n seem orig9ally to h sprung f or to h be5 connect$ ) morality1 & /ill less ) religion1 !y are1 or may be at a v e>ly p]iod1 seiz$ ^u by ! moral consci\sness z conta9+ tru? or imply+ x1 :5 rightly und]/ood4 ,tru? inde$ ( ! highe/ import = morality is impli$ 9 ! di/9ctions ?us essay$ to be drawn4 ,b be=e ! tru? implicit c\ld be made explicit1 x 0 necess>y t ! di/9ctions %\ld be recognis$ to h _! basis 9 religion4 ,& t 0 impossible :]e religion 0 at its l[e/ or 9 its lea/ develop$ =m4 ,f ! fact t on ! "o h& ! conception ( a future life 9 ano!r _w1 :5 x arose among/ p 9 a l[ /age ( religi\s developm5t1 bore b little moral & no religi\s fruit2 & on ! o!r1 :]e x did yield fruit1 !re _h be5 a previ\s p]iod :5 religion clos$ its eyes z f> z possible to ! condition ( ! dead #eh 9 ,hades or 9 ,%eol1--we may draw ! inf]5ce t ! conception ( ! future /ate =m$ by su* p1 z ! rude ,tup9ambas ( ,brazil _h to be /]ilis$1 s to speak1--to be purifi$ f associations dang]\s bo? to morality & religion4 ,we may fairly say t z a matt] ( fact t 0 ! consequ5ce :i* actually happ5$1 & t bo? 9 ,greece & ,juda ! prospect ( a future life at "o "t became practically a tabula rasa on :i* might be writt5 a fair] message ( hope ?an _h ev] be5 giv5 be=e4 ,9 ,greece ! message 0 writt51 inde$1 & 0 receiv$ ) hope by ! ?\s&s :o jo9$ 9 ! celebration ( ! my/]ies4 ,b ! *>act]s 9 :i* x 0 writt5 fad$ soon4 ,! message 0 f\nd to reveal no?+4 ,x reveal$ no?+ because x dem&$ no?+4 ,x dem&$ nei!r a high] life nor a high] conception ( ! deity4 ,x did n set =? a new & nobl] morality2 & x accommodat$ itself to ! exi/+ poly!ism4 ,:at x did d 0 to famili>ise ! ,hell5ic _w ) ! conviction t !re 0 a life h]eaft]1 bett] ?an ?is life2 & t ! condition ( its atta9m5t 0 communion ) ! true ,god1 p]adv5ture ,he c\ld be f\nd4 ,x 0 by ?is #ei conviction & ?is expectation t ! gr\nd 0 prep>$1 :]ev] ,hell5ism exi/$1 = ! message t 0 to come f ,israel4 ,f ! beg9n+1 or let u say 9 ! l[e/ =ms 9 :i* religion manife/s itself1 religion is ! bond 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s are unit$ ) "o ano!r & ) _! ,god4 ,! community :i* is ?us unit$ is at fir/ ! e>lie/ =m ( society1 :atev] t =m may h be51 9 :i* m5 dwell toge!r = _! common purposes4 ,x is ! fact t its memb]s h common purposes & common int]e/s :i* con/itute !m a community2 & among/ ! common int]e/s )\t :i* !re c\ld be no community is t ( common wor%ip3 k ( ! sacra1 be+ conf9$ to ! memb]s ( ! community1 is ! te/ by :i* memb]s are kn[n1 outsid]s exclud$1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! community z a community secur$4 ,at ?is /age1 9 a l>ge numb] ( societies--negro1 ,malayo-,polynesian1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,eskimo1 ,au/ralians--! belief 9 re9c>nation takes a =m 9 :i* ! pres5ce ( s\ls ( ! dep>t$ is recognis$ z necess>y to ! v conception ( ! community4 ,?us 9 ,alaska1 among ! ,unalits ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's #fj ,bay1 a fe/ival ( ! dead is obs]v$1 ! equival5t ( :i* appe>s to be f\nd among/ all ! ,eskimo4 ,m4 ,mauss 7,l',anne ,sociologique1 ,,ix1 #ii7 ?us describes x3 ,x comprises two ess5tial p>ts4 ,x beg9s ) pray+ ! s\ls ( ! dead graci\sly to cons5t to re9c>nate !mselves = ! mom5t 9 ! namesake :i* ea* deceas$ p]son has2 = ! cu/om is t 9 ea* /ation ! *ild la/ born always takes ! "n ( ! la/ p]son :o has di$4 ,!n ^! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! deceas$ receive pres5ts1 & hav+ receiv$ !m ! s\ls are dismiss$ f ! abodes ( ! liv+ to return to ! l& ( ! dead4 ,?us at ?is fe/ival n only does ! gr\p rega9 its unity1 b ! rite recon/itutes ! ideal gr\p :i* consi/s ( all ! g5]ations :i* h succe$$ "o ano!r f ! e>lie/ times4 ,my?ical & hi/oric ance/ors z well z lat] ones ?us m+le ) ! liv+1 & communion betwe5 !m is conduct$ by means ( ! ex*ange ( pres5ts4 ,among/ p o!r ?an ! ,eskimo1 a new-born *ild n only takes ! "n ( ! la/ memb] ( ! family or clan :o has di$1 b is reg>d$ z ! re9c>nation ( ! deceas$4 ,?us ! numb] ( individuals1 #fa ( names1 ( s\ls1 ( social functions 9 ! clan is limit$2 & ! life ( ! clan consi/s 9 ! dea? & rebir? ( individuals :o are always id5tically ! same 7l4c4 #bfg74 ,! l9e ( evolution ?us foll[$ by ! belief 9 re9c>nation results 9 ! total sep>ation ( ! belief f morality & f religion1 & results 9 r5d]+ x inf]tile alike = morality1 religion1 & progress 9 civilisation g5]ally4 ,:]e ! belief 9 re9c>nation takes ! =m ( belief 9 ! transmigration ( ! s\l into "s animal =m1 x may be utilis$ = moral purposes1 provid$ t ! p among/ :om ! belief obta9s h o!rwise advanc$ s f> z to see t ! puni%m5ts & rew>ds :i* are ess5tial to ! developm5t ( morality are by no means always realis$ 9 ?is life4 ,:5 t conviction has e/abli%$ itself1 ! re9c>nation !ory w provide ma*9]y by :i* ! belief 9 future puni%m5ts & rew>ds c be conceiv$ z op]ative3 rebir? 9 animal =m1 if ! belief 9 x already exi/s1 may be held out z a det]r5t to wrongdo+4 ,t is1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! use to :i* ! belief has be5 put by ,buddhism4 ,! =m & /ation 9 :i* ! deceas$ w be #fb reborn is no long]1 z among/ ! peoples j m5tion$1 conceiv$ to be det]m9$ automatically1 s to speak1 b is suppos$ to dep5d on ! moral qualities exhibit$ dur+ life4 ,if ?is view ( ! future life has /ruck deep] root & has spread ov] a great] surface ?an ! doctr9e taught 9 ! ,greek my/]ies ev] did1 ! reason may probably be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ,greek my/]ies _h no high] morality to tea* ?an 0 already recognis$1 :il/ ! moral tea*+ ( ! ,buddha 0 f> m exalt$ & f> m pr(\ndly true ?an any?+ t _h be5 prea*$ 9 ,india be=e4 ,if a moral sy/em by itself1 on its own m]its1 7 capable ( af=d+ a sure f\ndation = religion1 ,buddhism w\ld be built ^u a rock4 ,to ! spiritual community by :i* man may be unit$ to 8 fell[-man & to 8 ,god1 morality is ess5tial & indisp5sable4 ,b ! moral life d]ives its value solely f ! fact t on x dep5ds1 & by means ( x is realis$1 t communion ( man ) ,god aft] :i* man has f ! beg9n+ /riv54 ,if !n t communion & ! v possibility ( t communion is d5i$1 ! d5ial mu/ prove fatal alike to religion & to morality4 ,n[1 t is ! d5ial :i* ,buddhism #fc makes4 ,b ! fact ( ! d5ial is obscur$ to ^? :o believe1 & to ^? :o w\ld l to believe1 9 ,buddhism1 by ! way 9 :i* x is made4 ,x is made 9 su* a way t x appe>s & is believ$ to be an affirmation in/ead ( a d5ial4 ,communion ) ,god is decl>$ to be ! f9al end to :i* ! transmigration ( s\ls conducts4 ,b ! communion to :i* x leads is s intimate t ! human s\l1 ! individual1 ceases to be4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 if x ceases to be1 ! communion also mu/ cease2 !re is no real communion subsi/+ betwe5 two spirits1 ! human & ! div9e1 = two spirits d n exi/1 b only "o4 ,if ?is way ( /at+ ! case be look$ ^u ) suspicion z possibly n do+ ju/ice to ! tea*+ ( ,buddhism1 or z press+ unduly f> ! union betwe5 ! human & ! div9e :i* is ! ultimate goal ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 ! reply is t 9 tru? ! case aga9/ ,buddhism is /rong] ?an appe>s f ?is mode ( /at+ x4 ,to say t f ! ,buddhi/ po9t ( view ! human s\l1 ! individual1 ev5tually ceases to be1 is inde$ an incorrect way ( putt+ ! matt]4 ,x implies t ! human s\l1 ! individual1 n[ is2 & h]eaft] ceases to be4 ,b s f> f #fd admitt+ t ! individual n[ is1 ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e is t ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 n[1 is m]e illusion1 my4 ,x is !re=e logical en\gh1 & at any rate self-consi/5t1 to say t h]eaft]1 :5 ! s]ies ( transmigrations is complete1 ! individual w n inde$ cease to be1 = he nev] 01 b ! illusion t he exi/$ w be dissipat$4 ,logically aga91 x foll[s f ?is t if ! exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l is an illusion f ! beg9n+1 !n !re c /rictly speak+ be no transmigration ( s\ls1 = !re is no s\l to transmigrate4 ,b ) p]fect self-consi/5cy ,buddhism accepts ?is position3 :at is transmitt$ f "o be+ to ! next 9 ! *a9 ( exi/5ces is n ! individuality or ! s\l1 b ! "*4 ,pr(essor ,rhys ,davids says 7,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #ia1 #ib73 ,i h no hesitation 9 ma9ta9+ t ,gotama did n tea* ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,:at he did tea* w\ld be bett] summ>iz$1 if we wi% to reta9 ! ^w transmigration1 z ! transmigration ( "*4 ,b x w\ld be m accurate to drop ! ^w transmigration altoge!r :5 speak+ ( ,buddhism1 & to call its doctr9e ! doctr9e ( k>ma4 ,gotama held t aft] ! dea? ( any be+1 #fe :e!r human or n1 !re surviv$ no?+ at all b t be+'s 'k>ma1' ! result1 t is1 ( its m5tal & bodily actions4 ,he disc>d$ ! !ory ( ! pres5ce1 )9 ea* human body1 ( a s\l :i* c\ld h a sep>ate & et]nal exi/5ce4 ,he !re=e e/abli%$ a new id5tity betwe5 ! individuals 9 ! *a9 ( exi/5ce1 :i* he1 l 8 =]unn]s1 ackn[l$g$1 by ! new ass]tion t t :i* made two be+s to be ! same be+ 0--n s\l1 b--k>ma 7ib41 pp4 #ic1 #id74 ,?us once m x appe>s t !re c be no ev5tual communion betwe5 ! human s\l1 at ! end ( its *a9 ( exi/5ce1 & ! div9e1 = ! reason1 n t ! human s\l ultimately ceases to be1 b t x nev] is or 01 & !re=e nei!r transmigrates f "o body to ano!r1 nor is ev5tually absorb$ 9 ! tmn4 ,logically consi/5t ?\gh ?is tra9 ( argum5t be1 x leaves unansw]$ ! simple "q1 ,h[ c ! result ( my actions h any int]e/ = me--n h]eaft]1 b at ! pres5t mom5t--if ,i n only %all n exi/ h]eaft] b d n exi/ at ! pres5t mom5t8 ,x is n impossible = a man :o believes t 8 exi/5ce w absolutely #ff cease at dea? to take "s int]e/ 9 & lab\r = ! good ( o!rs :o w come aft] him2 b x is impossible = a man :o does n exi/ n[ to believe 9 any?+ :atev]4 ,& x is on t fundam5tal absurdity t ,buddhism is built3 x is direct$ to ! conv]sion ( ^? :o d n exi/ to be conv]t$1 & x is direct$ to ! object ( reliev+ f exi/5ce ^? :o h no exi/5ce f :i* to be reliev$4 ,:]e !n lies ! /r5g? ( ,buddhism1 if z a logical /ructure x is r5t f top to bottom by gl>+ inconsi/5cy8 ,x lies 9 its appeal to ! _s ( self-sacrifice4 ,:at x d5\nces1 f beg9n+ to end1 is ! w to live4 ,! reason :y x d5\nces ! w to live is t t w manife/s itself exclusively 9 ! desires ( ! individual2 & x is to ! desires ( man t all ! mis]y 9 ! _w are directly due4 ,de/roy ^? desires by annihilat+ ! w to live--& 9 no o!r way c !y be de/roy$--& ! mis]y ( ! _w w cease4 ,! only t]m9ation to ! mis]y ( ! _w :i* ,buddhism c imag9e is ! volunt>y cessation ( life :i* w ultimately ensue on ! cessation ( ! w to live4 ,& ! means by :i* t is to be br\ght ab\t is #fg ! uproot+ & de/ruction ( ! self-reg>d+ desires by means ( ! high] morality ( self-sacrifice4 ,:at ! ,buddhi/ ov]looks is t ! uproot+ & de/ruction ( ! self-reg>d+ desires results1 n 9 ! annihilation1 b 9 ! purification & enhanc$ vitality1 ( ! self t uproots !m4 ,! outcome ( ! unselfi% & self-sacrific+ life is n ! de/ruction ( individuality1 b its highe/ realisation4 ,n[1 x is only 9 society & by liv+ = o!rs t ?is unselfi%ness & self-sacrifice c be c>ri$ out2 man c only exi/ & unselfi%ness c only op]ate 9 society1 & society means ! communion ( man ) 8 fell[s4 ,x is true t only 9 society c selfi%ness exi/2 b x is recogniz$ f ! beg9n+ z t :i* is de/ructive ( society1 & x is !re=e condemn$ alike by ! morality & ! religion ( ! society4 ,! communion ( man ) 8 fell[s & 8 ,god is h9d]$1 imp$$1 & block$ :olly & solely by 8 self-reg>d+ desires2 x is fur!r$ & realis$ solely by 8 unselfi% desires4 ,b 8 unselfi% desires involve & imply 8 exi/5ce--,i 0 go+ to say1 j z mu*1 ,i mean--f> m ?an 8 selfi% desires1 = !y imply1 & are only possible on1 ! assumption ( #fh ! exi/5ce ( 8 fell[-man1 & ( 8 communion ) him4 ,nay6 m1 by ! te/imony ( ,buddhism itself z well z ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( mank9d at l>ge1 ! unselfi% desires1 ! _s ( self-sacrifice1 require bo? = _! logical & _! emotional ju/ification1 /ill m = _! practical op]ation1 ! fai? t by means ( !m ! w ( ,god is c>ri$ out1 & t 9 !m man %[s like/ ,god4 ,x is 9 !m & by !m t ! communion ( man ) 8 fell[-man & ) 8 ,god is realis$4 ,x is ! fai? t su* communion1 ?\gh x may be int]rupt$1 c nev] be entirely brok5 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! belief 9 immortality4 ,t belief may take %ape 9 ! idea t ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ revisit ?is e>? tempor>ily 9 gho/ly =m1 or m p]man5tly z re9c>nat$ 9 ! new-born memb]s ( ! tribe2 x may body =? ano!r _w ( bliss or woe1 & if x is to subs]ve ! purposes ( morality1 x mu/ s d2 nay6 m1 if x is to subs]ve ! purposes ( morality1 x is into ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l t ! s\l mu/ g4 ,b 9 any & :atev] %ape ! belief takes1 ! s\l is conceiv$ or impli$ to be 9 communion ) o!r spirits4 ,!re is no o!r way 9 :i* x is #fi possible to conceive ! exi/5ce ( a s\l2 j z any p>ticle ( matt]1 to be compreh5d$ 9 its full reality1 implies n only e o!r p>ticle ( matt] b ! univ]se :i* compreh5ds !m1 s ! exi/5ce ( any _s logically implies n only ! exi/5ce ( e o!r b also ( ,him )\t :om no "o ( !m c\ld be4 ,x is 9 ?is belief 9 ! communion ( spirits :]ev] he may f9d x--& :]e w he n8--t ! mission>y may obta9 a lev]age = 8 "w4 ,x is a sure basis = 8 op]ations because ! desire = communion is univ]sal2 & ,*ri/ianity alone1 ( ! religions ( ! _w1 tea*es t self-sacrifice is ! way to life et]nal4 #gj ,,magic ,( all ! topics :i* pres5t !mselves to ! /ud5t ( ! sci5ce ( religion = inve/igation & explanation !re is none :i* has caus$ m div]sity ( op9ion1 none :i* has produc$ m confusion ( ?\ght1 ?an magic4 ,! fact is t ! belief 9 magic is condemn$ alike by sci5ce & religion1--by ! "o z ess5tially irrational1 & by ! o!r z ess5tially irreligi\s4 ,b ?\gh x is ?us condemn$1 x fl\ri%es1 :]e x does fl\ri%1 z be+ sci5ce1 ?\gh ( a m secret k9d ?an t usually recognis$1 or z be+ a m pot5t application ( ! rites & c]emonies ( religion4 ,x is inde$ nei!r sci5ce nor religion2 x lives by mimick+ "o or o!r or bo?4 ,9 ! natural hi/ory ( belief x owes its survival1 s long z x does survive1 to its protective col\r+ & its p[] ( mimicry4 ,x is1 always & ev]y:]e1 an error1--:e!r tri$ by ! canons ( sci5ce or religion2 #ga b x lives1 z error c only live1 by pos+ & pass+ itself (f z tru?4 ,if n[ ! only p]sons deceiv$ by x 7 ! p]sons :o believ$ 9 x1 /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion w\ld h be5 sav$ f mu* fruitless controv]sy4 ,b s subtly protective is its col\r+ t "s sci5tific enquir]s h confid5tly & unhesitat+ly id5tifi$ x ) religion1 & h decl>$ t magic is religion1 & religion is magic4 ,! tyranny ( t error1 h[ev]1 is n[ well-nigh ov]pa/4 ,x is errone\s1 & we may suppose is se5 to be errone\s1 9 exactly ! same way z x w\ld be to say t sci5ce is magic1 & magic sci5ce4 ,! tru? is t magic 9 "o aspect is a col\rable imitation ( sci5ce3 9 %ort1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] says 7,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 p4 #ch71 magic is a spuri\s sy/em ( natural law4 ,t is1 we mu/ note1 x is a sy/em :i* is spuri\s 9 our eyes1 b :i*1 to ^? :o believ$ 9 x1 0 a /atem5t ( ! rules :i* det]m9e ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts ?r\gh\t ! _w--a set ( precepts :i* human be+s obs]ve 9 ord] to comp>e _! ends 7ib41 p4 #ci74 ,! po9t1 !n1 f :i* ,i wi% to />t is t #gb magic1 z x is n[ view$ by /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 on ! "o h& is a spuri\s sy/em ( natural law or sci5ce1 & on ! o!r a spuri\s sy/em ( religion4 ,our next po9t is t magic c\ld n be spuri\s = ^? :o believ$ 9 x3 !y held t !y knew "s ?+s & c\ld d ?+s :i* ord9>y p did n "k & c\ld n d2 &1 :e!r _! k 0 ( ! secrets ( nature or ( ! _s _w1 x 0 n 9 _! eyes spuri\s4 ,our ?ird po9t is m difficult to expla91 ?\gh x w appe> n m]ely obvi\s1 b self-evid5t1 if ,i succe$ 9 expla9+ x4 ,x w facilitate ! "w ( explanation1 if y w = ! mom5t suppose--)\t consid]+ :e!r ! supposition is true or n--t !re 0 a "t :5 no "o _h he>d t !re 0 su* a ?+ z magic4 ,let u fur!r suppose t at t "t man _h obs]v$ su* facts z t heat produces w>m?1 t ! "y ( animals & man resemble _! p>5ts3 9 a ^w1 t he _h atta9$ m or less consci\sly to ! idea1 z a matt] ( obs]vation1 t l produces l1 & z a matt] ( practice t l may be produc$ by l4 ,hav+ atta9$ to t practical idea1 he w ( #gc c\rse "w x n only = all t x is wor?1 b = m4 ,t is inde$ ! only way he has ( f9d+ out h[ mu* x is good =2 & x is only repeat$ failure :i* w conv9ce him t "h at l5g? he has rea*$ ! limit1 t 9 ?is p>ticul> po9t ?+s d n realise 8 expectations1 t 9 ?is in/ance 8 anticipation ( nature has be5 too previ\s4 ,until t fact has be5 hamm]$ into him1 he w g on expect+ & believ+ t 9 ?is in/ance also l w produce l1 :5 he sets x to "w2 & he w be p]fectly conv9c$ t he is employ+ ! natural & reasonable means = atta9+ 8 end4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 z we ) our sup]ior k c see1 9 ! fir/ place ^? means nev] c produce ! desir$ effect2 & next1 ! idea t !y c1 z x )]s & be=e x f9ally falls to ! gr\nd1 w *ange its col\r & assume ! hue ( magic4 ,?us ! idea t by :i/l+ y c produce a w9d is at fir/ z natural & z purely rational z ! idea t y c produce w>m? by means ( fire4 ,!re is no?+ magical 9 ei!r4 ,bo? are matt]-(-fact applications ( ! practical maxim t l produces l4 #gd ,t1 !n1 is ! po9t :i* ,i h be5 wi%+ to make1 ! ?ird ( ! ?ree po9ts f :i* ,i wi% to />t4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( look+ at id5tically ! same ?+1 e4g4 :i/l+ to produce a w9d4 ,fir/1 we may reg>d x1 & ,i sugge/ t x 0 9 ! beg9n+ reg>d$1 z an application1 hav+ no?+ to di/+ui% x f any o!r application1 ( ! g5]al maxim t l produces l4 ,! idea t eat+ ! fle% ( de] makes a man timid1 or t if y wi% to be /rong & bold y %\ld eat tig]1 is1 9 ?is /age ( ?\ght1 no m magical ?an is ! idea ( dr9k+ wat] because y are dry4 ,next1 ! idea ( :i/l+ to produce a w9d1 or ( /ick+ spl9t]s ( bone into a man's footpr9ts 9 ord] to injure 8 feet1 may be an idea n g5]ally kn[n1 a ?+ n commonly done1 a proce$+ n g5]ally approv$ (4 ,x is ?us m>k$ (f f ! commonplace actions ( dr9k+ wat] to moi/5 y\r p>*$ ?roat or sitt+ by a fire to get w>m4 ,:5 x is ?us m>k$ (f1 x is reg>d$ z magic3 n e "o kn[s h[ to d x1 or n e "o has ! p[] to d x1 or n e "o c>es to d x4 ,t is ! second /age1 ! heyday ( magic4 #ge ,! ?ird & f9al /age is t 9 :i* no educat$ p]son believes 9 x1 :51 if a man ?9ks to get a w9d by :i/l+ he may :i/le = x4 ,^! ?ree ways ( look+ at id5tically ! same ?+ may & d coexi/4 ,! idea ( :i/l+ = a w9d is = y & me simply a mi/ak5 idea2 b possibly at ?is mom5t !re are sailors act+ ^u ! idea & to "s ( !m x appe>s a p]fectly natural ?+ to d1 :ile to o!rs !re is a flav\r ( ! magical ab\t x4 ,b ?\gh ! ?ree ways may & d coexi/1 x is obvi\s t our way ( look+ at x is & mu/ be ! late/ ( ! ?ree1 = ! simple reason t an error mu/ exi/ be=e x c be explod$4 ,i say t our way ( look+ at x mu/ be ! late/1 b 9 say+ s ,i d n mean to imply t ?is way ( look+ at x orig9ates only at a late /age 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is pres5t 9 a rudim5t>y =m f v e>ly times2 & ! pro( is ! fact g5]ally recognis$ t magicians among/ ! l[e/ races1 ?\gh !y may believe to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 _! own magical p[]s1 d practise a good deal ( magic :i* !y !mselves "k to be fraudul5t4 ,progress takes place :5 o!r p also1 & a #gf /eadily increas+ numb] ( p1 come to see t x is fraudul5t4 ,9 ! next place1 j z among/ v primitive peoples we see t "s magic is kn[n by "s p1 viz4 ! magicians !mselves1 to be fraudul5t1 ?\gh o!r p believe 9 x2 s1 among/ v primitive peoples1 we f9d beliefs & practices exi/+ :i* h n yet come to be reg>d$ z magical1 ?\gh !y are su* z might come1 & d else:]e come1 to be consid]$ pure magic4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 :5 ,*]okee ,indians :o suff] f rheumatism ab/a9 f eat+ ! fle% ( ! common grey squirrel because ! squirrel eats 9 a cramp$ position1 :i* w\ld cle>ly aggravate ! pangs ( ! rheumatic pati5t 7,fraz]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 p4 #gj71 or :5 !y w n we> ! fea!rs ( ! bald-head$ buzz>d = fe> ( !mselves becom+ bald 7ib471 !y are simply foll[+ ! be/ m$ical advice ( _! day1--!y c]ta9ly d n imag9e !y are practis+ magic1 any m ?an y or ,i d :5 we are foll[+ ! prescriptions ( our m$ical advis]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is q z obvi\s1 !n1 t ! fea!rs ( ! bald-head$ buzz>d are infecti\s z x is n[ t ! clo!s #gg ( a fev] pati5t are infecti\s4 ,nei!r proposition1 to be accept$ z true1 requires u to believe 9 magic3 ei!r might spr+ up :]e magic _h nev] be5 he>d (4 ,&1 if t is ! case1 x simply complicates ?+s unnecess>ily to talk ( magic 9 su* cases4 ,! t5d5cy to believe t l produces l is n a consequ5ce ( or a d$uction f a belief 9 magic3 on ! contr>y1 magic has its root or "o ( its roots 9 t t5d5cy ( ! human m9d4 ,b ?\gh t t5d5cy helps to produce magic among/ o!r ?+s1 magic is n ! only ?+ :i* x produces3 x produces beliefs su* z ^? ( ! ,*]okees j quot$1 :i* are no m magical ?an ! belief t fire produces w>m?1 or t causa aequat effectum1 t an effect is1 :5 analys$1 indi/+ui%able f ! conditions :i* con/itute x4 ,to attempt to def9e magic is a risky ?+2 &1 in/ead ( do+ s at once1 ,i w try to m>k (f proce$+s :i* are n magical2 & ,i w\ld v5ture to say t ?+s :i* x is believ$ any "o c d1 & felt t any "o may d1 are n magical 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o h t belief & t feel+4 ,y may ab/a9 f eat+ #gh squirrel or we>+ f9e fea!rs because ( ! consequ5ces2 & e "o w ?9k y are %[+ y\r common s5se4 ,y may hang up ! bones ( animals y h kill$1 9 ord] to attract m animals ( ! l k9d2 & y are simply practis+ a dodge :i* y ?9k w be useful4 ,wives ^: husb&s are abs5t on hunt+ or fight+ exp$itions may d or ab/a9 f do+ ?+s :i*1 on ! pr9ciple t l produces l1 w affect _! husb&s' success2 & ?is application ( ! pr9ciple may be z irrational--& z p]fectly natural--z ! behavi\r ( ! beg9n] at billi>ds ^: body wri!s1 :5 he has made 8 /roke1 9 excess ( sympa?y ) ! ball :i* j won't make ! cannon4 ,9 bo? cases ! pr9ciple act$ on1--delib]ately 9 ! "o case1 less volunt>ily 9 ! o!r1--! in/9ctive feel+ is t l produces l1 n z a matt] ( magic b z a matt] ( fact4 ,if ! behavi\r ( ! billi>d play] is due to an impulse :i* is 9 itself natural & 9 8 case is n magical1 we may fairly take ! same view ( ! hunt]'s wife :o ab/a9s f sp9n+ = fe> ! game %\ld turn & w9d l ! sp9dle & ! hunt] be unable to hit x 7,fraz]1 #gi p4 #ee74 ,! pr9ciple 9 bo? cases is t l produces l4 ,"s applications ( t pr9ciple are correct2 "s are n4 ,! incorrectness ( ! latt] is n at once discov]$3 ! belief 9 _! case is errone\s1 b is n kn[n to be errone\s4 ,& unless we are prep>$ to take up ! position t magic is ! only =m ( errone\s belief :i* is to be f\nd among/ primitive m51 we mu/ endeav\r to draw a l9e betwe5 ^? errone\s beliefs :i* are magical & ^? errone\s beliefs :i* are n4 ,! l9e w n be a h>d & fa/ l9e1 because a belief :i* orig9ally _h no?+ magical ab\t x may come to be reg>d$ z magical4 ,inde$1 on ! assumption t belief 9 magic is an error1 we h to enquire h[ m5 come to fall into ! error4 ,if !re is no su* ?+ z magic1 h[ did man come to believe t !re 08 ,my sugge/ion is t ! rise ( ! belief is n due to ! introduction ( a novel practice1 b to a new way ( look+ at an exi/+ practice4 ,x is due 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! fact t ! practice is reg>d$ ) disapproval z f> z its consequ5ces are conc]n$ & )\t reg>d to ! means employ$ to produce !m4 ,injury to a memb] ( ! community1 #hj especially injury :i* causes dea?1 is view$ by ! community ) indignant disapproval4 ,:e!r ! dea? is produc$ by actual bl[s or by draw+ ! figure ( a p]son & !n /abb+ x or do+ x any o!r injury 7,fraz]1 p4 #da71 x is visit$ ) ! condemnation ( ! community4 ,& consequ5tly all su* attempts to injure or de/roy an enemy by injur+ or de/roy+ an effigy ( him 7ib471 :5ev] !y are made1 :e!r !y come (f or n1 are res5t$ & disapprov$ by society4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sympa!tic or homoeopa?ic magic ( ?is k9d1 :5 us$ by ! hunt] or ! fi%]man to secure food1 meets ) no condemnation4 ,bo? assass9 & hunt] use sub/antially ! same means to effect _! object2 b ! disapproval ) :i* ! community views ! object ( ! assass9 is ext5d$ also to ! means :i* he employs4 ,9 f9e1 ! practice ( us+ l to produce l comes to be look$ on ) loa?+ & ) dread :5 x is employ$ = antisocial purposes4 ,any "o c injure or de/roy 8 private enemy by injur+ an effigy ( him1 j z any "o c injure or de/roy 8 enemy by assault+ & w\nd+ him4 ,b ?\gh any "o may d ?is1 x is felt #ha t no "o ought to d x4 ,su* practices are condemn$ by public op9ion4 ,fur!r1 z !y are condemn$ by ! community1 !y are ipso facto (f5sive to ! god ( ! community4 ,to him only ^? pray]s c be (f]$1 & by him only ^? practices c be approv$1 :i* are n injuri\s to ! community or are n felt by ! community to be injuri\s4 ,t is ! reason :y su* practices are condemn$ by ! religi\s z well z by ! moral feel+ ( ! community4 ,& !y are condemn$ by religion & morality long be=e _! futility is expos$ by sci5ce or recognis$ by common s5se4 ,:5 !y are felt to be futile1 !re is no call ^u religion or morality especially to condemn ! practices--?\gh ! int5tion & ! w to injure our fell[-man rema9s (f5sive bo? to morality & religion4 ,) ! means adopt$ = realis+ ! w & c>ry+ out ! int5tion1 morality & religion h no conc]n4 ,if ! same or simil> means c be us$ = purposes consi/5t ) ! common weal1 !y d n1 s f> z !y are us$ = su* purposes1 come "u ! ban ( ei!r morality or religion4 ,!re9 we h1 ,i sugge/1 ! reason ( a c]ta9 confusion ( ?\ght #hb 9 ! m9ds ( /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,we ( ! pres5t day look at ! means employ$4 ,we see ! same means employ$ = ends t are1 & = ends t are n1 antisocial2 &1 inasmu* z ! means are ! same & are alike irrational1 we gr\p !m all toge!r "u ! head ( magic4 ,! gr\p+ is p]fectly correct1 inasmu* z ! proce$+s gr\p$ toge!r h ! common attribute ( be+ proce$+s :i* _c possibly produce ! effects :i* ^? :o employ !m believe t !y w & d produce4 ,b ?is gr\p+ becomes p]fectly mislead+1 if we g on to inf]1 z is sometimes inf]r$1 t primitive man adopt$ x4 ,fir/1 x is bas$ on ! fact t ! proce$+s are uni=mly irrational--a fact ( :i* man is at fir/ :olly unaw>e2 & :i*1 :5 x beg9s to dawn ^u him1 pres5ts itself 9 ! =m ( ! fur!r error t :ile "s ( ^! proce$+s are absurd1 o!rs are n4 ,9 nei!r case does he adopt ! mod]n1 sci5tific position t all are irrational1 impossible1 absurd4 ,next1 ! mod]n position deals only ) ! proce$+s z means1--decl>+ !m all absurd1--& ov]looks entirely :at is to primitive man ! po9t ( fundam5tal importance1 viz4 ! object #hc & purpose ) :i* !y are us$4 ,yet x is ! object & purpose :i* det]m9e ! social value ( ^! proce$+s4 ,= him1 or 9 8 eyes1 to class toge!r ! ?+s :i* he approves ( & ! ?+s ( :i* he disapproves w\ld be mon/r\s3 ! means employ$ 9 ! two cases may be ! same1 b t is ( no importance 9 face ( ! fact t ! ends aim$ at 9 ! two cases are n m]ely diff]5t b contradictory4 ,9 ! "o case ! object promotes ! common weal1 or is suppos$ by him to promote x4 ,9 ! o!r x is de/ructive ( ! common weal4 ,if1 !re=e1 we wi% to avoid confusion ( ?\ght1 we mu/ 9 discuss+ magic con/antly be> 9 m9d t we gr\p toge!r--& !re=e are 9 dang] ( confus+--?+s :i* to ! savage diff] toto caelo f "o ano!r4 ,a /ep t[>ds avoid+ ?is confusion is tak5 by ,dr4 ,fraz]1 :5 he di/+ui%es 7,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 p4 #hi7 betwe5 private magic & public magic4 ,! di/9ction is made /ill m emphatic by ,dr4 ,haddon 7,magic & ,feti*ism1 p4 #bj7 :5 he speaks ( nef>i\s magic4 ,! v same means :5 employ$ aga9/ ! good ( ! community are reg>d$1 by morality & religion #hd alike1 z nef>i\s1 :i* :5 employ$ = ! good ( ! community are reg>d$ ) approval4 ,! v same illegitimate application1--,i mean logically illegitimate 9 our eyes1--! v same application ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l w be condemn$ by ! public op9ion ( ! community :5 x is employ$ = purposes ( murd] & prais$ by public op9ion :5 x is employ$ to produce ! ra9 :i* ! community desires4 ,! di/9ction drawn by primitive man betwe5 ! two cases is t1 ?\gh any "o c use ! means to d ei!r1 no "o ought to d ! "o :i* ! community condemns4 ,t is condemn$ z nef>i\s2 & because x is nef>i\s1 ! wit* may be smell$ out by ! wit*-doctor & de/roy$ by1 or ) ! approval (1 ! community4 ,b ?\gh t is1 ,i sugge/1 ! fir/ /age 9 ! process by :i* ! belief 9 magic is evolv$1 x is by no means ! :ole ( ! process4 ,inde$1 x may fairly be urg$ t practices :i* any "o c p]=m1 ?\gh no "o ought to p]=m1 may be nef>i\s 7z simple1 /raight=w>d murd] is71 b s f> !re is no?+ magical ab\t !m4 ,& ,i am prep>$ to accept t view4 ,inde$1 #he x is an ess5tial "p ( my argum5t1 = ,i seek to %[ t ! belief 9 magic _h a beg9n+ & 0 evolv$ out ( some?+ t 0 n a belief 9 magic1 ?\gh x gave rise to x4 ,! belief t l produces l c be ent]ta9$ :]e magic has n s mu* z be5 he>d (4 ,&1 ?\gh x may ultimately be work$ out into ! sci5tific position t ! sum ( conditions necess>y to produce an effect is indi/+ui%able f ! effect1 x may also be work$ out on o!r l9es into a belief 9 magic2 & ! fir/ /ep 9 t evolution is tak5 :5 ! belief t l produces l is us$ = purposes pron\nc$ by public op9ion to be nef>i\s4 ,! next /ep is tak5 :5 x comes to be believ$ n only t ! ?+ is nef>i\s b t n e "o c d x4 ,! reason :y only a c]ta9 p]son c d x may be t he alone kn[s h[ to d x--or he & ! p]son f :om he le>nt x4 ,! lore ( su* p]sons :5 exam9$ by folk-lore /ud5ts is f\nd g5]ally to come "u "o or o!r ( ! two classes kn[n z sympa!tic & mimetic magic1 or homoeopa?ic & contagi\s magic4 ,9 ^! cases x is obvi\s t ! modus op]&i is ! same z x #hf 0 9 :at ,i h call$ ! fir/ /age 9 ! evolution ( magic & h already describ$ at great l5g?4 ,:at diff]5tiates ?is second /age f ! fir/ is t :]eas 9 ! fir/ /age ^! applications ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l are kn[n to e "o1 ?\gh n practis$ by e "o1 9 ! second /age ^! applications are n kn[n to e "o1 b only to ! deal]s 9 magic4 ,"s ( ^? applications ( ! pr9ciple may be applications :i* h desc5d$ to ! deal] & h pass$ out ( ! g5]al memory2 & o!rs may simply be ext5sions ( ! pr9ciple :i* h be5 inv5t$ by ! deal] or 8 tea*]4 ,aga91 ! public disapproval ( nef>i\s arts w t5d fir/ to segregate ! foll[]s ( su* arts f ! re/ ( ! community2 & next to fo/] ! notion t ! arts ?us segregat$1 & !reby made m or less my/]i\s1 include n only ?+s :i* ! ord9>y dec5t memb] ( society w\ld n d if he c\ld1 b also ?+s :i* he c\ld n d if he w\ld4 ,! m]e belief 9 ! possibility ( su* arts creates an atmosph]e ( suspicion 9 :i* ?+s are believ$ because !y are impossible4 ,:5 ?is /age has be5 rea*$1 :5 he :o #hg practises nef>i\s arts is report$ & believ$ to d ?+s :i* ord9>y dec5t p c\ld n d if !y w\ld1 8 p]sonality inevitably comes to be consid]$ z a factor 9 ! results t he produces2 he is cr$it$ ) a p[] to produce !m :i* o!r p1 t is to say ord9>y p1 d n possess4 ,& x is t p]sonal p[] :i* ev5tually comes to be ! mo/ important1 because ! mo/ my/]i\s1 article 9 8 equipm5t4 ,x is 9 virtue ( t p]sonal p[] t he is commonly believ$ to be able to d ?+s :i* are impossible = ! ord9>y memb] ( ! tribe4 ,?us f> ,i h be5 trac+ ! /eps ( ! process by :i* ! work] ( nef>i\s arts />ts by employ+ = nef>i\s purposes means :i* any "o c\ld use if he w\ld1 & ends by be+ cr$it$ ) a p[] peculi> to himself ( work+ impossibilities4 ,i n[ wi% to po9t out t a process exactly p>allel is simultane\sly c>ri$ on by :i* arts b5efic5t to society are suppos$ to be evolv$4 ,ra9-mak+ may be tak5 z an art socially b5eficial4 ,! modus op]&i ( ra9-mak+ appe>s 9 all cases to be bas$ on ! pr9ciple t l produces l2 & to be 9 its #hh nature a process :i* any "o c c>ry out & :i* requires no my/]i\s art to effect & no my/]i\s p]sonal p[] to produce4 ,at ! same "t1 z x is a proce$+ :i* is b5eficial to ! tribe z a :ole1 x is "o 9 :i* ! :ole tribe1 & no "o tribesman 9 p>ticul>1 is int]e/$4 ,x mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 ! int]e/ ( ! tribe & by "s "o :o 9 c>ry+ x out acts = ! tribe4 ,! natural repres5tative ( ! tribe is ! head-man ( ! tribe2 &1 ?\gh any "o might p]=m ! simple actions necess>y1 & c\ld p]=m !m j z well z ! head-man1 !y t5d to fall into ! h&s ( ! head-man2 & 9 any case ! p]son :o p]=ms !m p]=ms !m z ! repres5tative ( ! tribe4 ,! natural inf]5ce comes 9 c\rse ( "t to be drawn t he :o alone p]=ms !m is ! man :o alone c p]=m !m2 & :5 t inf]5ce is drawn x becomes obvi\s t 8 p]sonality1 or ! p[] peculi> to him p]sonally1 is necess>y if ra9 is to be made1 & t ! acts & c]emonies ?r\gh :i* he goes & ?r\gh :i* any "o c\ld g w\ld n be efficaci\s1 or n z efficaci\s1 )\t 8 p]sonal ag5cy & my/]i\s p[]4 ,h5ce ! man :o works #hi wond]s = 8 tribe or 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 tribe1 9 virtue ( 8 p]sonal p[]1 does ?+s :i* are impossible = ! ord9>y memb] ( ! tribe4 ,up to ?is po9t1 9 trac+ ! evolution ( magic1 we h n f\nd x once necess>y to br+ 9 or ev5 to ref] to any belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( spiritual be+s ( any k9d4 ,s f> z ! necessities ( ! argum5t are conc]n$1 ! belief 9 magic might h orig9at$ 9 ! way ,i h describ$ & might h develop$ on ! l9es sugge/$1 9 a tribe :i* _h nev] s mu* z he>d ( spirits4 ,( c\rse1 z a matt] ( fact1 e tribe 9 :i* ! belief 9 magic is f\nd does also believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( spirits2 animism is a /age ( belief l[] ?an :i* or back ( :i* sci5ce does n pr(ess to g4 ,b x is only 9 an advanc$ /age ( its evolution t ! belief 9 magic becomes involv$ ) ! belief 9 spirits4 ,orig9ally1 eat+ tig] to make y bold1 or eat+ saffron to cure jaundice1 0 j z matt] ( fact a proce$+ z dr9k+ wat] to moi/5 y\r ?roat or sitt+ by a fire to get w>m2 l produces l1 & beyond t obvi\s fact x 0 n necess>y to g--!re 0 no m ne$ to imag9e t ! action ( ! saffron 0 due to a _s ?an to imag9e #ij t x 0 a wat] _s :i* slakes y\r ?ir/4 ,! fact seems to be t animism is a savage philosophy :i* is compet5t to expla9 ev]y?+ :5 call$ ^u1 b t ! savage does n sp5d e mom5t ( 8 wak+ life 9 invok+ x3 until !re is "s ne$ to fall back ^u x1 he goes on treat+ inanimate ?+s z ?+s :i* he c utilise = 8 own purposes )\t ref]5ce to spirits4 ,t is ! attitude also ( ! man :o 9 virtue ( 8 lore or 8 p]sonal p[] c produce effects :i* ! ord9>y man _c or w n3 he p]=ms 8 c]emony & ! effect foll[s--or w foll[--because he kn[s h[ to d x or has my/]i\s p]sonal p[] to produce ! effect4 ,b he consults no spirits--at any rate 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,ev5tually he may d s2 & !n magic ent]s on a fur!r /age 9 its evolution4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,if ! man :o has ! lore or ! p]sonal p[]1 & :o uses x = nef>i\s purposes1 proposes to employ x on obta9+ ! same control ov] spirits z he has ov] ?+s1 8 magic rea*es a /age ( evolution 9 :i* x is difficult & practically unnecess>y to di/+ui% x f ! /age ( feti*ism 9 :i* ! own] ( a feti* #ia applies co]cion to make ! feti* _s d :at he wi%es4 ,) feti*ism ,i deal 9 ano!r lecture4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! man :o has ! lore or ! p]sonal p[] & uses x = social or communal purposes 7,haddon1 p4 #da7 comes to believe t1 = ! effects :i* he has hi!rto s\ght to produce by means ( 8 sup]ior k or sup]ior p[]1 x is necess>y to invoke ! aid ( spirits1 he w naturally address himself to ! _s or god :o is wor%ipp$ by ! community because he has at he>t ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! community2 or x may be t ! _s :o produces su* a b5efit = ! community at l>ge1 z ra9 = example1 w take 8 place among ! gods ( ! community z ! ra9-god1 9 virtue ( ! b5efit :i* he conf]s ^u ! community g5]ally4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! attitude ( ! prie/ or p]son :o approa*es him on behalf ( ! community w be t :i* befits a supplicant invok+ a fav\r f a p[] t has %[n fav\r 9 ! pa/ to ! community4 ,& x w n surprise u if we f9d t ! c]emonies :i* 7 us$ = ! purpose ( ra9-mak+1 be=e ra9 0 recognis$ z ! gift ( ! gods1 cont9ue = a "t to be practis$ z ! prop] rites ) #ib :i* to approa* ! god ( ! community or ! ra9-god 9 p>ticul>4 ,su* survivals are !n 9 dang] ( be+ mis9t]pret$ by /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 = !y may be reg>d$ z evid5ce t religion 0 evolv$ out ( magic1 :5 9 tru? !y %[ t religion t5ds to drive out magic4 ,?us ,dr4 ,fraz]1 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip 7pp4 #gc-ge71 describes ! practice ( ! ,new ,cal$onians :o1 to promote ! gr[? ( t>o1 bury 9 ! field c]ta9 /ones resembl+ t>os1 pray+ to _! ance/ors at ! same "t1 & he goes on to say3 ,9 ^! practices ( ! ,new ,cal$onians ! magical efficacy ( ! /ones appe>s to be deem$ insuffici5t ( itself to accompli% ! end 9 view2 x has to be re9=c$ by ! spirits ( ! dead1 ^: help is s\ght by pray] & sacrifice4 ,?us 9 ,new ,cal$onia sorc]y is bl5t ) ! wor%ip ( ! dead2 9 o!r words1 magic is comb9$ ) religion4 ,if ! /ones ceas$ to be employ$1 & ! pray]s & sacrifices to ! ance/ors rema9$1 ! transition f magic to religion w\ld be complete4 ,?us x seems to be sugge/$ 9 ^! words ( ,dr4 ,fraz]'s t religion may be evolv$ out ( magic4 ,if t is :at is sugge/$1 #ic !n !re is little d\bt t ! sugge/ion is n borne out by ! in/ance giv54 ,let u conc$e = ! mom5t :at "s ( u w\ld be incl9$ to d\bt1 viz4 t pray]s & sacrifice (f]$ to a human be+1 alive or dead1 is religion2 & let u enquire :e!r ?is =m ( religion is evolv$ out ( magic4 ,! magic "h is q cle>3 /ones resembl+ t>os are buri$ 9 ! t>o field to promote ! gr[? ( t>os4 ,t is an application ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l :i* might be employ$ by m5 :o _h nev] he>d ( ance/or wor%ip or ( any k9d ( religion1 & :o _h nev] utt]$ pray]s or (f]$ sacrifices ( any k9d4 ,next1 ! religi\s elem5t1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,fraz]1 is also q cle>3 x consi/s 9 (f]+ sacrifices to ! dead ) ! pray] or ! words1 ,"h are y\r (f]+s1 9 ord] t ! crop ( yams may be good4 ,n[1 x is n sugge/$1 ev5 by ,dr4 ,fraz]1 t ?is religi\s elem5t is a =m ( magic or is 9 any way develop$ out ( or evolv$ f magic4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ?is elem5t is religi\s--inde$1 :e!r x be really religi\s or n--x is obvi\sly entirely di/9ct & diff]5t f sympa!tic or homoeopa?ic magic4 ,! m]e fact t ! magical #id rite ( bury+ 9 ! t>o fields /ones :i* resemble t>os has to be supplem5t$ by rites :i* are1 on ,dr4 ,fraz]'s own %[+1 non-magical1 %[s t ! primitive belief 9 ?is application ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l 0 already dy+ out1 & 0 9 process ( becom+ a m]e survival4 ,suppose t x di$ out entirely & ! rite ( bury+ /ones became an un9telligible survival1 or 0 dropp$ altoge!r1 & suppose t ! pray]s & sacrifices rema9$ 9 possession ( ! field1 :i* w\ld be ! m correct way ( /at+ ! facts1 to say t ! magic _h di$ out & its place _h be5 tak5 by some?+ totally diff]5t1 viz4 religion2 or t :at 0 magic _h become religion1 t magic & religion are b two manife/ations1 two /ages1 9 ! evolution ( ! same pr9ciple8 ,! latt] /atem5t 0 =mally reject$ by ,dr4 ,fraz] 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 :5 he decl>$ t he _h come to recognise a fundam5tal di/9ction & ev5 opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 magic & religion 7,preface1 xvi74 ,8 words1 !re=e1 ju/ify u 9 assum+ t :5 he speaks1 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 ( ! transition f magic to religion1 he _c #ie mean t magic becomes religion1 or t religion is evolv$ out ( magic1 = ! di/9ction & ev5 opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 ! two is fundam5tal4 ,he c1 !re=e1 only mean t magic is foll[$ & may be driv5 out by some?+ :i* is fundam5tally oppos$ to x1 viz4 religion4 ,:at !n is ! fundam5tal opposition betwe5 magic & religion8 & is x su* z to require u to believe ) ,dr4 ,fraz] t magic prec$$ religion1 & t ( two opposite ideas ! m9d c conceive ! "o )\t conceiv+--& reject+--! o!r8 ,! fundam5tal opposition betwe5 magic & religion ,i take to be t religion is suppos$ to promote ! int]e/s ( ! community1 & t magic1 s f> =? z x is nef>i\s1 is condemn$ by ! moral & by ! religi\s feel+ ( ! community4 ,x is ! ends = :i* nef>i\s magic is us$ t are condemn$1 & n ! means4 ,! means may be &1 z we see1 are silly & futile2 &1 = intellectual progress1 _! sill9ess & futility mu/ be recognis$ by ! intellect4 ,b1 x is only :5 !y are us$ = purposes inimical to ! public good t !y are #if condemn$ by religion & morality z nef>i\s4 ,if !re=e we talk ( a fundam5tal opposition betwe5 magic & religion1 we mu/ und]/& t ! fundam5tal opposition is t betwe5 nef>i\s magic & religion2 nei!r religion nor morality condemns ! desire to increase ! food supply or to promote any o!r int]e/ ( ! community4 ,:e!r a man uses skill t he has acquir$1 or p]sonal p[]1 or =ce ( w1 matt]s n1 provid$ he uses x = ! g5]al good4 ,! "q :e!r1 z a cold matt] ( fact1 ! means he uses are efficaci\s is n "o :i* moral f]v\r or religi\s ard\r is compet5t by itself to settle3 ! cool atmosph]e & dry light ( reason h r t function to p]=m2 & !y h to p]=m x 9 ! case bo? ( means t are us$ = ! g5]al good & ( ^? us$ aga9/ x4 ,i take x !re=e t :at religion is fundam5tally oppos$ to is magic--or any?+ else--t is us$ = nef>i\s purposes4 ,! "q !n arises :e!r we h any reason to believe t magic us$ = nef>i\s purposes mu/ h exi/$ be=e religion4 ,n[ by nef>i\s purposes ,i mean purposes inconsi/5t ) or de/ructive ( ! common good4 #ig ,!re c be no su* purposes1 h[ev]1 unless & until !re is a community1 h[ev] small1 hav+ common int]e/s & a common good4 ,z soon z !re exi/s su* a community1 !re w be a di/9ction betwe5 actions :i* promote & actions :i* are de/ructive ( ! common good4 ,! "o class w be approv$1 ! o!r disapprov$1 ( by public op9ion4 ,magic w be approv$ & disapprov$ ( accord+ z x is or is n us$ 9 a way inconsi/5t ) ! public good4 ,if !re is a _s or a god :o is wor%ipp$ by ! community because he is believ$ to be conc]n$ ) ! good ( ! community1 !n he w disapprove ( nef>i\s proce$+s :e!r magical or n4 ,b ,dr4 ,fraz]'s position ,i take to be t no su* _s or god c come to be believ$ 91 unless !re has be5 previ\sly a belief 9 magic4 ,n[1 t argum5t ei!r is or is n bas$ on ! assumption t magic & religion are b two manife/ations1 two /ages1 9 ! evolution ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,if t is ! basis1 !n :at manife/$ itself at fir/ z magic subsequ5tly manife/s itself z religion2 & ! transition f magic to religion implies ! priority ( magic to religion4 ,b1 z we h se51 ,dr4 ,fraz] #ih =mally po/ulates1 n an id5tity1 b an opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 ! two4 ,we mu/ !re=e reject ! assumption ( an id5tity ( pr9ciple2 & accept ! opposition ( pr9ciple4 ,b if s1 !n !re mu/ be two pr9ciples :i* are oppos$ to "o ano!r1 religion & magic2 & we might urge t l9e ( argum5t consi/5tly en\gh to %[ t !re c be no magic save :]e !re is religion to be oppos$ to x4 ,n[1 !re is an opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 magic us$ = nef>i\s purposes & religion2 & ! opposition is t ! "o promotes social & ! o!r anti-social purposes4 ,nef>i\s purposes1 :e!r work$ by magic or by o!r means1 are condemn$ by religion & are nef>i\s especially because (f5sive to ! god :o has ! int]e/s ( ! community at he>t4 ,t f ! mom5t society exi/$ anti-social t5d5cies also manife/$ !mselves w n be d\bt$2 & nei!r ne$ we d\bt t ! pr9ciple t l produces l 0 employ$ f ! beg9n+ = social z well z = anti-social purposes4 ,! "q is :e!r1 9 ! /age ( animism1 ! e>lie/ & ! l[e/ /age :i* sci5ce recognises 9 ! evolution ( man1 !re is ev] f\nd a society #ii ( human be+s :i* has n appropriat$ "s "o or m ( ! spirits by :i* all ?+s1 on ! animi/ic pr9ciple1 are work$1 to ! purposes ( ! community4 ,no su* society has yet be5 prov$ to exi/2 /ill less has any priori pro( be5 produc$ to %[ t su* a society mu/ h exi/$4 ,! presumption inde$ is r ! o!r way4 ,*ildr5 g ?r\gh a p]iod ( helpless infancy long] ?an ! "y ( any o!r creatures2 & c\ld n rea* ! age ( self-help1 if ! family did n hold toge!r = "s ye>s at lea/4 ,b :]e !re is a family !re is a society1 ev5 if x be conf9$ to memb]s ( ! family4 ,!re also1 !re=e1 !re are social & anti-social t5d5cies & purposes2 &1 9 ! animi/ic /age1 ! spirits1 by :i* man conceives himself to be surr\nd$1 are ei!r ho/ile or n ho/ile to ! society1 & are accord+ly ei!r wor%ipp$ or n wor%ipp$ by x4 ,d\btless1 ev5 9 ^? e>ly times1 ! fa!r & ! husb& conceiv$ himself to be ! :ole family2 & if t view _h its unamiable side--& x /ill has--x also on occasion _h ! ine/imable advantage ( s9k+ self1 ( self-sacrifice1 9 def5ce ( ! family4 #ajj ,?us f> ,i h be5 conc]n$ to %[ h[1 />t+ f a pr9ciple su* z t l produces l1 ab\t :i* !re is no?+ magical 9 ! eyes ei!r ( ^? :o believe 9 magic or ( ^? :o h left ! belief beh9d1 man might evolve ! conception ( magic z be+ ! lore or ! p]sonal p[] :i* enables a man to d :at ord9>y p _c d4 ,a few words are necess>y z to ! decl9e ( ! belief4 ,! fir/ is t ! belief is rott5 be=e x is ripe4 ,^? applications ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l :i* are magical are g5]ally precisely ^? :i* are false4 ,! fact t !y are false has n prev5t$ !m f surviv+ 9 c\ntless numb]s to ! pres5t day4 ,b "s suspicion ( _! falsity 9 "s cases does arise2 & ! p]son :o has ! mo/ frequ5t opportunities ( discov]+ _! falsity1 ! p]son on ^: notice ! discov]y ( _! falsity is ?ru/ mo/ po9t$ly1 is ! p]son :o deals habitually & pr(essionally 9 magic4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh x is 8 pr(ession to "w wond]s1 he takes c>e z f> z may be n to attempt impossibilities4 ,?us ,dr4 ,haddon 7l4c41 p4 #fb7 f\nd t ! m5 ( ,murray ,isl&1 ,torres ,/raits1 :o made a big w9d by magic1 only made x 9 ! #aja season ( ! s\!a/ trade w9d4 ,on my ask+1 he says1 :e!r ! c]emony 0 done 9 ! nor? monsoon1 my in=mant said emphatically1 ',c't d x 9 nor?we/4' ,t is1 ! *>m is p]=m$ only at t season ( ! ye> :5 ! requir$ result is possible--inde$ :5 x is ( normal occurr5ce4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 ,i f\nd t ! impossible 0 nev] attempt$4 ,a ra9 *>m w\ld n be made :5 !re 0 no expectation ( ra9 com+1 or a s\!a/ w9d be rais$ dur+ ! wrong season4 ,! in/ance ?us giv5 to u by ,dr4 ,haddon %[s h[ ! belief 9 magic beg9s to give way be=e ! sci5tific obs]vation ( fact4 ,! collapse ( magic becomes complete :5 e "o sees t ! s\!a/ trade w9d bl[s at its appo9t$ "t1 :e!r ! magic rites are p]=m$ or n4 ,9 f9e1 :at kills magic reg>d$ z a means = produc+ effects is ! discov]y t x is sup]flu\s1 :5 = in/ance ! desir$ w9d or ra9 is com+1 & futile :5 x is n4 ,& :]eas morality & religion only condemn ! end aim$ at by magic1 & only condemn x :5 x is anti-social1 sci5ce sl[ly %[s t magic z a means to any end is sup]flu\s & silly4 #ajb ,sci5ce1 h[ev]1 %[s ?is b sl[ly2 & if we wi% to und]/& h[ x is t ! belief 9 ! magician's p[] has surviv$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s d[n to ! pres5t mom5t among/ num]\s peoples1 we mu/ rememb] t 8 equipm5t & app>atus are n limit$ to purely nons5sical notions4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 8 /ock ( k1 c>efully h&$ d[n1 are _m tru?s & facts n g5]ally kn[n2 & !y are ! mo/ efficaci\s articles ( 8 /ock 9 trade4 ,dr4 ,fraz] may n g f>!r ?an 8 argum5t requires1 b he c]ta9ly goes f>!r ?an ! facts w support him1 :5 he says 7l4c41 p4 #hc7 = x mu/ always be rememb]$ t e s+le pr(ession & claim put =w>d by ! magician z su* is false2 n "o ( !m c be ma9ta9$ )\t deception1 consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,if n[1 9 conclusion1 we look once m at ! subject ( magic & look at x f ! practical po9t ( view ( ! mission>y1 we %all see t !re are sev]al conclusions :i* may be ( use to him4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 8 attitude to magic w be ho/ile1 & 9 8 ho/ility to x he w f9d ! be/ />t+-po9t = 8 campaign aga9/ x to be 9 ! fact t ev]y:]e magic is felt1 to a great] #ajc or less ext5t1 to be anti-social1 & is condemn$ bo? by ! moral s5tim5ts & ! religi\s feel+ ( ! community4 ,x is felt to be ess5tially wick$2 & 9 w>r+ aga9/ x ! mission>y w be *ampion+ ! cause ( ^? :o "k x to be wrong b :o simply d>e n defy x4 ,! fact t defiance is n v5tur$ on is ess5tial to ! cont9uance ( ! tyranny2 & :at is necess>y1 if x is to be defi$1 is an actual concrete example ( ! fact t :5 defi$ x is futile4 ,next1 :]e magic is practis$ = social purposes1 :]e x mimics sci5ce or religion & survives 9 virtue ( its p[] ( protective col\r+1 x is 9 fact sup]flu\s & silly2 & :]e ! natives !mselves are beg9n+ to recognise t ! magic :i* is suppos$1 = in/ance1 to raise ! s\!a/ trade w9d won't act at ! wrong season1 x %\ld n be difficult to get !m to see t x is unnecess>y at ! "r season4 ,! natural process :i* t5ds ?us to get rid ( magic may be accel]at$ by ! s5sible mission>y2 & "s k ( sci5ce w be f\nd 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 an indisp5sable "p ( 8 tra9+4 ,f9ally1 ! mission>y may re/ assur$ 9 ! conviction t 8 flank w n be turn$ by ! #ajd sci5ce ( religion4 ,! idea t religion 0 prec$$ by & evolv$ out ( magic may h be5 ent]ta9$ by "s /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion 9 ! pa/1 & may n yet h be5 ?r[n (f by all4 ,b x holds no place n[ 9 ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,to d]ive ei!r sci5ce or religion f ! magic :i* exi/s only by mimick+ "o or ! o!r is j z absurd z to imag9e t ! insect :i* imitates ! col\r ( ! leaf :]eon x lives prec$es & creates ! tree :i* is to support x4 #aje ,,feti*ism ,! l9e ( action tak5 by ! mission>y at "w w1 l t ( any o!r practical man1 be condition$1 n only by ! object :i* he wi%es to atta91 b also by ! nature ( ! mat]ial on :i* & ) :i* he has to "w4 ,he requires !re=e all ! in=mation :i* ! sci5ce ( religion c place at 8 disposal ab\t ! beliefs & practices ( ^? among/ :om 8 "w is ca/2 &1 if he is to make practical use ( t in=mation1 he mu/ "k n only t c]ta9 beliefs & practices d z a matt] ( fact obta91 he mu/ "k also :at is _! value = 8 special purpose--:at1 if any1 are ! po9ts ab\t !m :i* h religi\s value1 & c be utiliz$ by him2 & :at are ^? po9ts ab\t !m :i* are ob/ructive to 8 purpose1 & h[ be/ !y may be remov$ & c\nt]act$4 ,to supply him ) ?is in=mation1 to give him ?is e/imate ( values1 to guide him z to ! attitude he %\ld assume & ! way 9 :i* he may utilise or mu/ #ajf attack native practices & beliefs1 is ! object ) :i* ! appli$ sci5ce ( religion1 :5 x has be5 con/itut$ by ! action ( ,h>t=d ,!ological ,sem9>y1 w address itself4 ,n[1 x may seem f ! practical po9t ( view ( ! mission>y t ) reg>d to feti*ism !re c be no "q z to :at its value is or z to :at 8 attitude %\ld be t[>ds x4 ,b1 ev5 if we %\ld ultimately f9d t feti*ism is ob/ructive to religion1 we %all /ill want to "k :at h9ts we c extract f ! sci5ce ( religion z to ! be/ way ( cutt+ at ! roots ( feti*ism2 & !re=e x w be necess>y to consid] :at exactly feti*ism is4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re is a t5d5cy manife/+ itself among/ /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion to say1 z ,dr4 ,haddon says 7,magic & ,feti*ism1 p4 #ia71 t feti*ism is a /age ( religi\s developm5t2 & among/ writ]s on ! philosophy ( religion to take feti*ism & treat x1 provisionally at any rate1 if n z ! primitive religion ( mank9d1 !n z t =m ( religion :i* we f9d among/ m5 at ! l[e/ /age ( developm5t kn[n to u 7,hffd+1 ,philosophy ( ,religion1 ,e4 ,t41 #de1 #df74 ,if1 !n1 feti*ism is ! primitive religion ( #ajg mank9d or a /age ( religi\s developm5t1 a basis f :i* _m o!r modes ( religi\s ?\ght h be5 develop$ 7,haddon1 p4 #ia71 x w h a value :i* ! mission>y mu/ recognise4 ,& 9 any case he mu/ "k :at value1 if any1 x has4 ,n[1 if we are1 ,i w n say to d ju/ice to ! view t feti*ism is ! primitive religion ( mank9d or a /age f :i* o!r modes ( religi\s ?\ght h be5 develop$1 b if we are simply to und]/& x1 we mu/ cle>ly di/+ui% x f ! view--some:at p>adoxical to say ! lea/--t feti*ism has no religi\s value1 & yet is ! s\rce ( all religi\s values4 ,! inf]5ce :i* may legitimately be drawn f ?is second view is t all =ms ( religi\s ?\ght1 hav+ be5 evolv$ f ?is primitive religion ( mank9d1 h precisely ! same value z x has2 !y d b make explicit :at x really 02 ! hi/ory ( religion does b write l>ge & set out at l5g? :at 0 conta9$ 9 x f ! fir/2 9 feti*ism we see :at f ! fir/ religion 01 & :at at ! la/ religion is4 ,on ?is view1 ! s\rce f :i* all religi\s values spr+ is feti*ism2 feti*ism has no value ( any k9d1 & !re=e ! #ajh evolv$ =ms ( feti*ism :i* we call =ms ( religion h no value ei!r ( any k9d4 ,?us1 sci5ce--! sci5ce ( religion--is suppos$ to demon/rate by sci5tific me?ods ! real nature & ! ess5tial "* ( all religion4 ,n[1 ! error 9 ?is reason+ proce$s p>tly on a false conception ( ! object & me?od ( sci5ce--a false conception :i* is sl[ly b surely disappe>+4 ,! object ( all sci5ce1 :e!r x be physical sci5ce or o!r1 :e!r x be hi/oric sci5ce or o!r1 is to e/abli% facts4 ,! object ( ! hi/oric sci5ce ( religion is to record ! facts ( ! hi/ory ( religion 9 su* a way t ! accuracy ( ! record z a record w be disput$ by no "o qualifi$ to judge ! fact4 ,= t purpose1 x ab/a9s delib]ately & consi/5tly f ask+ or consid]+ ! religi\s value ( any ( ! facts ) :i* x deals4 ,x has n to consid]1 & does n consid]1 :at w\ld h be51 /ill less :at ought to h be51 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 b simply :at x 04 ,9 ?is x is foll[+ m]ely ! dictates ( common s5se2 be=e we c pr(itably express an op9ion on any occurr5ce1 we mu/ "k :at exactly x 0 t occurr$2 & to le>n :at occurr$ we mu/ #aji dive/ our m9ds ( preconceptions4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! sci5ce ( religion to set aside preconceptions z to :e!r religion has or has n any value2 & if x does set !m aside1 t is to say s f> z x is sci5tific1 x w end z x began )\t t\*+ on ! "q ( ! value ( religion4 ,9 f9e1 x is1 & w\ld ,i ?9k n[ be g5]ally admitt$ to be1 a misconception ( ! function ( ! sci5ce ( religion to imag9e t x does1 or c1 prove any?+ z to ! tru? ( religion1 "o way or ! o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r error 9 ! reason+ :i* is direct$ to %[ t 9 feti*ism we see :at religion 0 & ess5tially is4 ,t error consi/s n only 9 a false conception ( :at religion is1--! man :o has himself no religion may be excus$ if he fails to und]/& fully :at x is1--x is bas$ on a misund]/&+ ( :at feti*ism is4 ,& s confusion is d\bly conf\nd$4 ,! s\rce ( t misund]/&+ is to be f\nd 9 ,bosman 7,p9k]ton1 ,voyages & ,travels1 ,london1 #ahad1 ,,xvi1 #dic71 :o says3 ,i once ask$ a negro ) :om ,i c\ld talk v freely 444 h[ !y celebrat$ _! div9e wor%ip1 & :at numb] ( gods !y _h2 he1 laugh+1 answ]$ t ,i _h #aaj puzzl$ him2 & assur$ me t nobody 9 ! :ole c\ntry c\ld give me an exact acc\nt ( x4 ',=1 z = my own "p1 ,i h a v l>ge numb] ( gods1 & d\bt n b t o!rs h z _m4 ,= any ( u be+ resolv$ to und]take any?+ ( importance1 we fir/ ( all se>* out a god to prosp] our design$ und]tak+2 & go+ out ( doors ) ! design1 take ! fir/ creature t pres5ts itself to our eyes1 :e!r dog1 cat1 or ! mo/ contemptible creature 9 ! _w = our god2 or1 p]haps1 in/ead ( t1 any inanimate t falls 9 our way1 :e!r a /one1 a piece ( wood1 or any?+ else ( ! same nature4 ,?is new-*os5 god is imm$iately pres5t$ ) an (f]+1 :i* is accompani$ by a solemn v[1 t if x please? him to prosp] our und]tak+s1 = ! future we w always wor%ip & e/eem him z a god4 ,if our design prove successful1 we h discov]$ a new & assi/+ god1 :i* is daily pres5t$ ) a fre% (f]+2 b if ! contr>y happ51 ! new god is reject$ z a useless tool1 & consequ5tly returns to 8 primitive e/ate4 ,we make & break our gods daily1 & consequ5tly are ! ma/]s & inv5tors ( :at we sacrifice to4' ,n[1 all ?is 0 said by ! #aaa negro1 z ,bosman himself obs]v$1 to ridicule 8 own c\ntry gods4 ,& x is n surpris+ t x %\ld h be51 or %\ld be1 accept$ z a tru/wor?y description ( ! e>lie/ =m ( religion by ^? :o 9 ! highe/ =m c f9d no m ?an ?is negro f\nd 9 feti*ism :5 he wi%$ to ridicule x4 ,let u hold ov] = ! mom5t ! "q :e!r feti*ism is or is n a =m ( religion2 & let u enquire h[ f> ! acc\nt giv5 by ,bosman's negro accords ) ! facts4 ,fir/1 ?\gh !re is no d\bt t animals are wor%ipp$ z gods1 & ?\gh !re is no d\bt t ! gu>dian spirits ( individuals are *os51 or are suppos$ to manife/ !mselves1 = example1 among/ ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 9 animal =m1 & t ! fir/ creature t pres5ts itself to ! man seek+ ! manife/ation ( 8 gu>dian _s may be tak5 to be 8 god1 ev5 ?\gh x be ! mo/ contemptible creature 9 ! _w 2 /ill /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion are fairly satisfi$ t su* gods or gu>dian spirits are n to be confus$ ) feti*es4 ,a feti* is an inanimate or lifeless object1 ev5 if x is ! fea!r1 claw1 bone1 eyeball1 or any o!r "p ( an animal or ev5 ( a man4 ,x is z #aab ,bosman's negro said1 any inanimate t falls 9 our way4 ,:5 he goes on to say t x is imm$iately pres5t$ ) an (f]+1 &1 s long z its own] believes 9 x1 is daily pres5t$ ) a fre% (f]+1 he is /at+ a fact t is beyond dispute1 & :i* is fully recognis$ by all /ud5ts4 ,a typical in/ance is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,tylor 7,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii1 #aeh7 ( ! own] ( a /one :i* _h be5 tak5 z a feti*3 ,he 0 once go+ out on important bus9ess1 b cross+ ! ?re%old he trod on ?is /one & hurt himself4 ,ha6 ha6 ?\ght he1 art ?\ !re8 ,s he took ! /one1 & x help$ him ?r\gh 8 und]tak+ = days4 ,:5 ,bosman's negro fur!r goes on to /ate t if ! feti* is discov]$ by its own] n to prosp] 8 und]tak+s1 z he expect$ x to d1 x is reject$ z a useless tool1 he makes a /atem5t :i* is admitt$ to be true & :i*1 9 its tru?1 may be und]/ood to mean t :5 ! own] f9ds t ! object is n a feti*1 he ca/s x aside z be+ no?+ b ! inanimate :i* x is4 ,bosman's negro1 h[ev]1 says n t ! inanimate b t ! new god is reject$ z a useless tool4 ,t we mu/ take z be+ b a c>elessness ( expression2 ! evid5ce ( ,colonel #aac ,ellis1 an obs]v] ^: compet5ce is und\bt$1 is3 ,e native ) :om ,i h conv]s$ on ! subject has laugh$ at ! possibility ( x be+ suppos$ t he c\ld wor%ip or (f] sacrifice to "s su* object z a /one1 :i* ( itself w\ld be p]fectly obvi\s to 8 s5ses 0 a /one only & no?+ m 7,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #aib74 ,f ^! words x foll[s t ! object wor%ipp$ z a feti* is a /one 7or :atev] x is7 & some?+ m1 & t ! object reject$ z a useless tool is a /one 7or :atev] x is7 & no?+ m4 ,:51 !n1 ,bosman's negro goes on to say1 we make & break our gods daily1 he is n describ+ accurately ! processes z !y are conceiv$ by ^? :o p]=m !m4 ,! feti* wor%ipp] believes t ! object :i* arre/s 8 att5tion has already ! p[]s :i* he ascribes to x2 & x is 9 consequ5ce ( t belief t he takes x z 8 feti*4 ,& x is only :5 he is conv9c$ t x is n a feti* t he rejects x z a useless tool4 ,b :at ,bosman's negro sugge/s1 & app>5tly int5d$ to sugge/1 is t ! feti* wor%ipp] makes1 say1 a /one 8 god1 kn[+ t x is a /one & no?+ m2 & t he breaks 8 feti* believ+ x to be a god4 #aad ,?us ! wor%ipp] kn[s t ! object is no god :5 he is wor%ipp+ x2 b believes x to be a god :5 he rejects x z a useless tool4 ,n[ t is1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 delib]ately or n1 a misrepres5tation ( feti*ism2 & x is precisely on t misconception ( :at feti*ism is t !y base !mselves :o id5tify religion ) feti*ism1 & !n argue t1 z feti*ism has no value1 religi\s or reasonable1 nei!r has religion itself4 ,return+ n[ to ! "q :at feti*ism is--a "q :i* mu/ be answ]$ be=e we c enquire :at religi\s value x possesses1 & :e!r x c be ( any use = ! practical purposes ( ! mission>y 9 8 "w--we h n[ se5 t a feti* is n m]ely an inanimate1 b some?+ m2 & t an object to become reg>d$ z a feti* mu/ attract ! att5tion ( ! man :o is to adopt x1 & mu/ attract ! att5tion ( ! man :5 he has bus9ess on h&1 t is to say :5 he has "s end 9 view :i* he desires to atta91 or g5]ally :5 he is 9 a /ate ( expectancy4 ,! process ( *oice is "o ( natural selection4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ sees 9 x ! simple/ conceivable con/ruction ( religi\s ideas4 ,! *oice is entirely elem5t>y #aae & involunt>y1 z elem5t>y & involunt>y z ! exclamation :i* is ! simple/ =m ( a judgm5t ( wor?4 ,! object *os5 mu/ be some?+ or o!r :i* is closely b\nd up ) :atev] engrosses ! m9d4 ,x p]haps awak5s memories ( e>li] ev5ts 9 :i* x 0 pres5t or cop]ative1 or else x pres5ts a c]ta9--p]haps a v di/ant--simil>ity to objects :i* help$ 9 previ\s times ( ne$4 ,or x may be m]ely ! fir/ object :i* pres5ts itself 9 a mom5t ( /ra9$ expectation4 ,x attracts att5tion1 & is !re=e involunt>ily associat$ ) :at is ab\t to happ51 ) ! possibility ( atta9+ ! desir$ end 7,philosophy ( ,religion1 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #aci74 ,& !n ,pr(essor ,hffd+ goes on to say1 ,9 su* ph5om5a z ^! we enc\nt] religion "u ! guise ( desire4 ,n[1 )\t d5y+ t !re are su* ?+s z religi\s desires--& hold+ z we d t religion is ! se>* aft] ,god & ! ye>n+ ( ! human he>t aft] ,him1 ! desire ( all nations1 we %all h no temptation to d5y t !re are su* ?+s z religi\s desires--yet we mu/ = ! mom5t res]ve our decision on ! "q :e!r x is 9 su* ph5om5a #aaf z ^! t we enc\nt] religi\s desires1 & we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re are desires :i* are n religi\s1 & t we want to "k :e!r x is 9 ! ph5om5a ( feti*ism t we enc\nt] religi\s desires4 ,t 9 ! ph5om5a ( feti*ism we enc\nt] desires o!r ?an religi\s is beyond dispute3 ! use ( a feti* is1 z ,dr4 ,nassau says1 to aid ! possessor 9 ! accompli%m5t ( "s specific wi% 7,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #hb72 t is1 ( any specific wi%4 ,n[1 a feti* is1 z we h se51 an inanimate object & some?+ m4 ,:at m8 ,9 actual tru?1 no?+ m ?an ! fact t x is involunt>ily associat$ ) :at is ab\t to happ51 ) ! possibility ( atta9+ ! desir$ end4 ,b to ! possessor ! some?+ m1 x may be said1 is ! fact t x is n m]ely an inanimate b also a _s1 or ! habitation ( a spiritual be+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we reflect t feti*ism goes back to ! animi/ic /age ( human ?\ght1 9 :i* all ! ?+s t we t]m inanimate are believ$ to be animat$ by spirits1 x is obvi\s t we require "s diff]5tia to m>k (f ^? ?+s 7animat$ by spirits7 :i* are feti*es f ^? ?+s 7animat$ by spirits7 #aag :i* are n4 ,& ! diff]5tia is1 ( c\rse1 t feti*es are spirits1 or objects animat$ by spirits1 :i* w aid ! possessor 9 ! accompli%m5t ( "s specific wi%1 & are ?\ght to be will+ s to aid1 ow+ to ! fact t by an involunt>y association ( ideas !y become connect$ 9 ! wor%ipp]'s m9d ) ! possibility ( atta9+ ! end he has 9 view at ! mom5t4 ,to recognise feti*ism1 !n1 9 its simple/ if n 9 its mo/ primitive =m1 all we ne$ po/ulate is animism--! belief t all ?+s are animat$ by spirits--& ! process ( v natural selection :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,at ?is /age 9 ! hi/ory ( feti*ism x is especially difficult to judge :e!r ! feti* is ! _s or ! object animat$ by ! _s4 ,z ,dr4 ,haddon says 7p4 #hc71 ,j z ! human body & s\l =m "o individual1 s ! mat]ial object & its occupy+ _s or p[] =m "o individual1 m vague1 p]haps1 b /ill ) _m attributes di/9ctively human4 ,x possesses p]sonality & w 444 x possesses mo/ ( ! human passions1--ang]1 rev5ge1 also g5]osity & gratitude2 x is )9 rea* ( influ5ce & may be b5evol5t1 h5ce to be deprecat$ & placat$1 & its aid enli/$4 #aah ,a m advanc$ /age 9 ! hi/ory ( feti*ism is t :i* is rea*$ by reflection on ! fact t a feti* n unfrequ5tly ceases to prosp] ! und]tak+s ( its possessor 9 ! way he expect$ x to d4 ,on ! pr9ciples ( animism1 ev]y?+ t is--:e!r animate1 or inanimate accord+ to our notions--is made up ( _s1 or s\l1 & body4 ,9 ! case ( man1 :5 he dies1 ! _s leaves ! body4 ,:51 !re=e1 a feti* ceases to act1 ! explanation by analogy is t ! _s has left ! body1 ! inanimate1 ) :i* x 0 orig9ally associat$2 & :5 t is ! case1 !n1 z we le>n f ,miss ,k+sley 7,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 pp4 #cjd-cje71 ! little ?+ y kept ! _s 9 is no m use n[1 & only fit to sell to a :ite man z 'a big curio4' ,! fact t1 9 native belief1 :at we call an inanimate ?+ may lose its s\l & become really dead is %[n by ,miss ,k+sley 9 a passage quot$ by ,dr4 ,haddon3 ,ev]y?+ t he1 ! native1 kn[s by means ( 8 s5ses he reg>ds z a tw(old entity--"p _s1 "p n _s1 or1 z we %\ld say1 matt]2 ! connection ( a c]ta9 _s ) a c]ta9 mass ( matt]1 he holds1 is n p]man5t4 ,he w po9t out to y a lightn+-/ruck tree1 & tell #aai y its _s has be5 brok52 he w tell y :5 ! cook+-pot has be5 brok51 t x has lo/ its _s 7,folk-,lore1 ,,viii1 #ada74 ,we might safely inf] !n t z any object may lose its _s1 s too may an object :i* has be5 *os5 z a feti*2 ev5 if we _h n1 z we h1 direct te/imony to ! belief4 ,next1 :5 x is believ$ t an object may lose its _s & become dead inde$1 !re is room & opportunity = ! belief to gr[ t its _s may pass into "s o!r object3 t !re may be a transmigration ( spirits4 ,& :5 ?is belief arises1 a fre% /age 9 ! hi/ory ( feti*ism is evolv$4 ,& ! fre% /age is evolv$ 9 accordance ) ! law t gov]ns ! :ole evolution ( feti*ism4 ,t law is t a feti* is an object believ$ to aid its possessor 9 atta9+ ! end he desires4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /age ( its hi/ory any?+ :i* happ5s to arre/ a man's att5tion :5 he is 9 a /ate ( expectancy is involunt>ily associat$ ) :at is ab\t to happ51 & s becomes a feti*4 ,9 ! mo/ develop$ /age ( feti*ism1 m5 are n cont5t to wait until !y /umble across a feti*1 & :5 !y d s to say1 ,ha6 ha6 art ?\ !re8 ,_! m5tal attitude becomes #abj int]rogative3 ,ha6 ha6 :]e art ?\8 ,!y no long] wait to /umble across a feti*1 !y proce$ to make "o2 & = t proc$ure a belief 9 ! transmigration ( spirits is ess5tial4 ,an object1 a habitation = ! _s1 is prep>$2 & he is invit$1 conjr$1 or cnjur$1 into x4 ,if he is conjr$ into x1 ! attitude ( ! man :o invites him is submissive2 if cnjur$1 ! m5tal attitude ( ! p]=m] is "o ( sup]iority4 ,colonel ,ellis ?r\gh\t all 8 c>eful enquiries f\nd t s great is ! fe> ( giv+ possible (f5ce to any sup]human ag5t t 79 ! region ( 8 obs]vation7 we may well believe t ev5 ! mak]s ( feti*es did n assume to comm& ! spirits4 ,b else:]e1 9 o!r regions1 x is impossible to d\bt b t ! own]s ( feti*es n only conjre ! spirits into ! objects1 b also apply co]cion to !m :5 !y fail to aid _! possessor 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 wi%es4 ,t1 ,i take x1 is ! ultimate /age 9 ! evolution1 ! f9e fl[]1 ( feti*ism4 ,& x is n religion1 x has no value z religion1 or r its value is anti-religi\s4 ,ev5 if we 7 to accept z a def9ition ( religion t x is ! conciliation ( be+s conceiv$ to be sup]ior1 we %\ld be compell$ by #aba ! def9ition to say t feti*ism 9 its ev5tual outcome is n religion1 = ! attitude ( ! own] t[>ds 8 feti* is !n "o ( sup]iority1 & 8 me?od is1 :5 conciliation fails1 to apply co]cion4 ,b x may p]haps be argu$ t feti*ism1 except 9 :at ,i h t]m$ its ultimate evolution1 is religion & has religi\s value2 or1 to put x o!rwise1 t :at ,i h repres5t$ z ! ev5tual outcome is really a p]v]sion or ! decl9e ( feti*ism4 ,!n1 9 ! feti*ism :i* is or repres5ts ! primitive religion ( mank9d we meet1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,hffd+1 religion "u ! guise ( desire4 ,n[1 n all desires are religi\s2 & ! "q1 :i* is purely a "q ( fact1 arises :e!r ! desires :i* feti*ism subs]ves are religi\s4 ,& 9 us+ ! ^w religi\s ,i w n "h place any extravagant mean+ on ! ^w2 ,i w take x 9 ! mean+ :i* w\ld be und]/ood by ! community 9 :i* ! own] ( a feti* dwells himself4 ,9 ! tribes describ$ by ,colonel ,ellis1 = in/ance1 !re are wor%ipp$ p]sonal gods hav+ prop] names2 & ! wor%ip is s]v$ by duly appo9t$ prie/s2 & ! wor%ipp]s consi/ ( a body ( #abb p]sons ^: welf>e ! god has at he>t4 ,su* are "s ( ! sali5t features ( :at all /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion w\ld include "u ! head ( ! religion ( ^? tribes4 ,n[ among/ ^? same tribes ! feti*1 or suhman1 z x is t]m$ by !m1 is f\nd2 & !re are sev]al features :i* make a feti* q di/+ui%able f any ( ! gods :i* are wor%ipp$ !re4 ,?us1 ! feti* has no body ( wor%ipp]s3 x is ! private prop]ty1 ( its own]1 :o alone makes (f]+s to x4 ,its raison d'tre1 its special & only function1 is to subs]ve ! private wi%es ( its own]4 ,9 s f> z he makes (f]+s to x he may be call$ its prie/2 b he is n1 z 9 ! case ( ! prie/s ( ! gods :o are wor%ipp$ !re1 ! repres5tative ( ! community or congregation1 = a feti* has no plurality ( wor%ipp]s2 & none ( ! prie/s ( ! gods w h any?+ to d ) x4 ,next1 ?\gh (f]+s are made to ! suhman by its own]1 !y are made 9 private 7,jevons1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 p4 #afe7--!re is no public wor%ip--& public op9ion does n approve ( !m4 ,! int]e/s & ! desires :i* ! feti* exi/s to promote are n ^? ( ! community3 !y are antisocial1 =1 z ,colonel ,ellis #abc tells u1 "o ( ! special attributes ( a suhman is to procure ! dea? ( any p]son :om its wor%ipp] may wi% to h remov$--inde$ ! mo/ important function ( ! suhman appe>s to be to "w evil aga9/ ^? :o h injur$ or (f5d$ its wor%ipp]4 ,?us1 a v cle> di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! wor%ip ( a feti* & ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,x is n m]ely t ! feti* is invok$ occasionally 9 aid ( antisocial desires3 no?+ c prev5t ! wor%ipp] ( a god1 if ! wor%ipp] be bad en\gh1 f pray+ = t :i* he ought n to pray =4 ,x is t ! gods ( ! community are !re to sanction & fur!r all desires :i* are = ! good ( ! community1 & t ! feti* is !re to fur!r desires :i* are n = ! good ( ! community1--h5ce x is t public op9ion does n approve ( !m4 ,at ano!r /age ( religi\s evolution1 x becomes app>5t & is op5ly pron\nc$ t nei!r does ! god ( ! community approve ( !m2 & !n feti*ism1 l ! s9 ( wit*craft1 is /amp$ out m or less4 ,b among/ ! tribes :o h only rea*$ ! po9t ( religi\s progress atta9$ by ! natives ( ,we/ ,africa1 public op9ion has #abd only gone s f> z to express disapproval1 n to decl>e w>4 ,if1 !n1 we are to hold to ! view ( ,pr(essor ,hffd+ & ( ,dr4 ,haddon1 t feti*ism is 9 its ess5ce1 or 0 at ! beg9n+1 religi\s 9 its nature1 ?\gh x may be p]v]t$ into some?+ non-religi\s or anti-religi\s1 we mu/ at any rate admit t x has become non-religi\s n only 9 ! case ( ^? feti*i/s :o assume an attitude ( sup]iority & comm& to _! feti*es1 b also 9 ! e>li] /age ( evolution :5 ! feti*i/ pres]ves an attitude ( submission & conciliation t[>ds 8 feti*1 b assumes ! attitude only = ! purpose ( realis+ desires :i* are anti-social & recognis$ to be anti-religi\s4 ,b1 if we take--z ,i ?9k we mu/ take--t l9e ( argum5t1 ! conclusion to :i* x w br+ u is fairly cle> & is n f> (f4 ,! diff]5tia or r t diff]5tia :i* *>act]i/ically m>ks (f ! feti* f ! god is ! nature ( ! desires :i* ea* exi/s to promote2 ! function :i* ea* exi/s to fulfil1 ! end :i* is !re = ea* to subs]ve4 ,b ! ends are diff]5t4 ,n only are !y diff]5t1 !y are antagoni/ic4 ,& ! process ( evolution does #abe b br+ out ! antagonism1 x does n create x4 ,x 0 !re f ! beg9n+4 ,f ! mom5t !re 0 society1 !re 7 desires :i* c\ld only be realis$ at ! co/ & to ! loss ( society1 z well z desires 9 ! realisation ( :i* ! good ( society 0 realis$4 ,! assi/ance ( p[]s o!r ?an human might be s\ght2 & ! nature ( ! p[] :i* 0 s\ght 0 det]m9$ by ! end or purpose = :i* its aid 0 employ$ or invok$--if = ! good ( society1 x 0 approv$ by society2 if n1 n4 ,its function1 ! end x subs]v$1 det]m9$ its value = society--det]m9$ :e!r public op9ion %\ld approve or disapprove ( x1 :e!r x 0 a god ( ! community or ! feti* ( an individual4 ,society c only exi/ :]e !re is a c]ta9 community ( purpose among its memb]s2 & c only cont9ue to exi/ :]e anti-social t5d5cies are to "s ext5t suppress$ or *eck$ by =ce ( public op9ion4 ,feti*ism1 !n1 9 its t5d5cy & 9 its purpose1 9 ! function :i* x p]=ms & ! end at :i* x aims is n only di/+ui%able f religion1 x is antagoni/ic to x1 f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its hi/ory to ! late/4 ,religion is social1 an #abf affair ( ! community2 feti*ism is anti-social1 condemn$ by ! community4 ,public op9ion1 express+ ! moral s5tim5ts ( ! community z well z its religi\s feel+1 pron\nces bo? moral & religi\s disapproval ( ! man :o uses a suhman = its special purpose ( caus+ dea?--committ+ murd]4 ,feti*ism is (f5sive to ! morality z well z to ! religion ev5 ( ! native4 ,to seek ! orig9 ( religion 9 feti*ism is z va9 z to seek ! orig9 ( morality 9 ! selfi% & self-seek+ t5d5cies ( man4 ,!re is no ne$ to enquire :e!r feti*ism is hi/orically prior to religion1 or :e!r religion is hi/orically prior to feti*ism4 ,man1 z long z he has liv$ 9 societies1 mu/ h _h desires :i* 7 incompatible ) ! welf>e ( ! community z well z desires :i* promot$ its welf>e4 ,! p[]s :i* are suppos$ to c>e :e!r ! community f>es well are ! gods ( ! community2 & _! wor%ip is ! religion ( ! community4 ,! p[]s :i* h no su* c>e are n gods1 nor is _! wor%ip--if co]cion or cajol]y c be call$ wor%ip--religion4 ,! ess5ce ( feti*ism on its ext]nal side is t ! own] ( ! feti* alone has access #abg to x1 alone c pray to x1 alone c (f] sacrifices to x4 ,x is !re=e 9 its inw>d ess5ce directly de/ructive ( ! unity ( int]e/s & purposes t society dem&s & religion promotes4 ,p]haps x w\ld be go+ too f> to say t ! practice ( mak+ pray]s & (f]+s to a feti* is borr[$ f religi\s wor%ip3 !y are ! natural & in/9ctive me?od ( approa*+ any p[] :i* is capable ( grant+ or refus+ :at we desire4 ,x is ! qu>t] to :i* !y are address$1 & ! end = :i* !y are employ$1 t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,x is ! fact t 9 ! "o case !y are1 & 9 ! o!r are n1 address$ to ! qu>t] to :i* !y ought to be address$1 & employ$ = ! end = :i* !y ought to be employ$1 t makes ! diff]5ce 9 religi\s value betwe5 !m4 ,if we be> 9 m9d ! simple fact t feti*ism is condemn$ by ! religi\s & moral feel+s ( ! communities 9 :i* x exi/s1 we %all n fall into ! mi/ake ( reg>d+ feti*ism ei!r z ! primitive religion ( mank9d or z a /age ( religi\s developm5t or z a basis f :i* _m o!r modes ( religi\s ?\ght h be5 develop$4 #abh ,pr(essor ,hffd+1 hold+ t feti*ism is ! primitive religion1 out ( :i* poly!ism 0 develop$1 adopts ,us5]'s !ory z to ! mode ( its evolution4 ,! feti*1 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ says 7p4 #adj71 is only ! provisional & mom5t>y dwell+-place ( a _s4 ,z ,h]mann ,us5] has /rik+ly call$ x1 x is '! god ( a mom5t4' ,b ?\gh ,pr(essor ,hffd+ adopts ?is def9ition ( a feti*1 x is obvi\s t ! c\rse ( 8 argum5t requires u to und]/& x z subject to a c]ta9 limitation4 ,8 argum5t 9 effect is t feti*ism is n poly!ism1 b some?+ diff]5t1 some?+ out ( :i* poly!ism 0 evolv$4 ,& ! diff]5ce is t poly!ism means a plurality ( gods1 :]eas feti*ism kn[s no gods1 b only spirits4 ,inasmu* !n z1 on ! !ory--:e!r x is held by ,hffd+ or by anybody else--t ! spirits ( feti*ism become ! gods ( poly!ism1 !re mu/ be diff]5ces betwe5 ! spirits ( ! "o & ! gods ( ! o!r1 let u enquire :at ! diff]5ces are suppos$ to be4 ,fir/1 !re is ! /atem5t t a feti* is ! god ( a mom5t1 by :i* mu/ be meant t ! spirits :i*1 s long z !y are mom5t>y & #abi tempor>y1 are feti*es1 mu/ come to be p]man5t if !y are to atta9 to ! rank ( gods4 ,b on ?is po9t ,dr4 ,haddon diff]s4 ,he is q cle> t a feti* may be wor%ipp$ p]man5tly )\t ceas+ to be a feti*4 ,& x is inde$ abundantly cle> t an object only ceases to be wor%ipp$ :5 its own] is conv9c$ t x is n really a feti*2 z long z he is satisfi$ t x is a feti*1 he cont9ues its cult--& he cont9ues x because x is 8 p]sonal prop]ty1 because he1 & n ! re/ ( ! community1 has access to x4 ,next1 ,hffd+ argues t x is f ^! mom5t>y feti*es t special or specialis$ deities--dep>tm5tal gods1 z ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang has t]m$ !m--arise4 ,& ^! specialis$ div9ities con/itute an advance on gods ( ! mom5t 7p4 #adb74 ,n[1 :at is impli$ 9 ?is argum5t1 :at is po/ulat$ b n express$1 is t a feti* has only "o p>ticul> ?+ :i* x c d4 ,a dep>tm5tal god c only d "o p>ticul> sort ( ?+1 has "o specialis$ function4 ,a dep>tm5tal god is b a feti* advanc$ "o /age 9 ! hi]>*y ( div9e be+s4 ,!re=e ! function ( ! feti* 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 specialis$ #acj & limit$4 ,b !re x is t ! priori argum5t comes into collision ) ! actual facts4 ,a feti*1 :5 x pres5ts itself to a man1 assi/s him 9 ! p>ticul> bus9ess on :i* he is at ! mom5t engag$4 ,b x only cont9ues to act z a feti*1 provid$ t x assi/s him aft]w>ds & 9 o!r matt]s also4 ,! desires ( ! own] are n limit$1 & consequ5tly nei!r are 8 expectations2 ! bus9ess ( ! feti* is to procure him g5]al prosp]ity 7,haddon1 p4 #hc74 ,z f> z feti*es are conc]n$1 x is simply rev]s+ ! facts to suppose t x is because "o feti* c only d "o ?+1 t _m feti*es are pick$ up4 ,_m objects are pick$ up on ! *ance ( _! prov+ feti*es1 because if ! object turns out really to be a feti* x w br+ its own] good luck & prosp]ity g5]ally--!re is no kn[+ :at x may d4 ,b x is only to its own] t x br+s prosp]ity--n to o!r p1 n to ! community1 = ! community is deb>r$ access to x4 ,! next diff]5ce betwe5 feti*ism & poly!ism1 accord+ to ,hffd+1 is t ! gods ( poly!ism h develop$ t p]sonality :i* is n inde$ absolutely want+ 9 ! spirits ( feti*ism b c h>dly be said to be prop]ly #aca !re4 ,! transition1 he says1 f mom5t>y & special gods to gods :i* c prop]ly be call$ p]sonal is "o ( ! mo/ important transitions 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,x d5otes ! transition f animism to poly!ism 7p4 #ade74 ,& "o ( ! outw>d signs t ! transition has be5 effect$ is1 z ,us5] po9ts out ) special emphasis1 t only at a c]ta9 /age ( evolution1 i4e41 on ! appe>ance ( poly!ism1 d ! gods acquire prop] names 7ib4 #adg74 ,n[1 ?is argum5t1 ,i sugge/1 seeks to make1 or to make mu* (1 a diff]5ce betwe5 feti*ism & poly!ism :i* sc>cely exi/s1 & s f> z x does exi/ is n ! real diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,x seeks to m9imise1 if n to d5y1 ! p]sonality ( ! feti*1 9 ord] to exalt t ( ! gods ( poly!ism4 ,& !n ?is diff]5ce 9 degree ( p]sonality1 ?is transition f ! "o degree to ! o!r1 is exhibit$ z "o ( ! mo/ important transitions 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,! "q !re=e is fir/ :e!r ! diff]5ce is s great1 & next :e!r x is ! real diff]5ce betwe5 feti*ism & religion 9 ! poly!i/ic /age4 ,! diff]5ce 9 po9t ( p]sonality betwe5 ! spirits ( feti*ism & ! gods ( poly!ism is n #acb absolute4 ,! feti*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,haddon1 possesses p]sonality & w1 x has also _m human *>act]s4 ,x possesses mo/ ( ! human passions1 ang]1 rev5ge1 also g5]osity & gratitude2 x is )9 rea* ( influ5ce & may be b5evol5t1 is h5ce to be deprecat$ & placat$1 & its aid to be enli/$ 7p4 #hc72 ! feti* is wor%ipp$1 pray$ to1 sacrific$ to1 & talk$ ) 7p4 #hi74 ,b1 p]haps x may be said t1 ?\gh ! feti* does possess p]sonality1 x is only :5 x has acquir$ suffici5t p]sonality to enjoy a prop] "n t x becomes a god1 or feti*ism passes into poly!ism4 ,to ?is ! reply is t poly!ism does n wait ?us def]5tially on ! evolution ( prop] names4 ,!re 0 a p]iod 9 ! evolution ( ! human race :5 m5 nei!r _h prop] names ( _! own nor knew _! fell[s by prop] names2 & yet !y d\bt$ n _! p]sonality4 ,! simple fact is t he :o is to receive a "n--:e!r he be a human be+ or a spiritual be+--mu/ be !re 9 ord] to be nam$4 ,:5 he is !re he may receive a "n :i* has lo/ all mean+1 z prop] names at ! pres5t day h g5]ally done2 or "o :i* has a mean+4 #acc ,a "m may address h] *ild z ,john or z boy1 b1 :i*ev] =m ( address %e uses1 %e has no d\bt t ! *ild has a p]sonality4 ,! fact t a feti* has n acquir$ a prop] "n is n a pro( t x has acquir$ no p]sonality2 if x c1 z ,dr4 ,haddon says x c1 be pett$ or ill-treat$ ) reg>d to its pa/ or future behavi\r 7p4 #ij71 its p]sonality is und5iable4 ,if x c be wor%ipp$1 pray$ to1 sacrific$ to1 talk$ )1 x is z p]sonal z any deity 9 a pan!on4 ,if x has no prop] "n1 nei!r at "o "t _h m5 !mselves4 ,& ,hffd+ himself seems dis9cl9$ to foll[ ,us5] on ?is po9t3 no important p]iod1 he says 7p4 #adg71 9 ! hi/ory ( religion c beg9 ) an empty ^w4 ,! ^w c nei!r be ! beg9n+ nor exi/ at ! beg9n+4 ,f9ally ,hffd+1 to en=ce ! conclusion t poly!ism is evolv$ f feti*ism1 says3 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ by wor%ip on ! life ( religi\s ideas c f9d no m /rik+ exemplification ?an 9 ! ^w 'god' itself3 :5 we /udy ^? etymologies ( ?is ^w :i*1 f ! philological po9t ( view1 appe> mo/ likely to be correct1 we f9d ! ^w really means 'he to :om sacrifice is made1' or 'he :o is wor%ipp$' 7p4 #adh74 #acd ,pr(essor ,wilhelm ,?oms5 consid]s ! fir/ explanation ! m probable3 ,9 t case !re w\ld be a relation%ip betwe5 ! root ( ! ^w 'gott' & 'giess5' 7to p\r71 z also betwe5 ! ,greek *e91 ^: root *u ! ,sanskrit hu1 f :i* comes huta1 :i* means 'sacrific$1' z well z 'he to :om sacrifices are made' 7p4 #cif74 ,n[1 if god means ei!r he to :om sacrifice is made or he :o is wor%ipp$1 we h only to enquire by :om ! sacrifice is made or ! wor%ip paid1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,hffd+1 9 ord] to see ! value ( ?is philological argum5t4 ,a lead+ diff]5ce betwe5 a feti* & a god is t sacrifice is made & wor%ip paid to ! feti* by its own]1 to ! god by ! community4 ,n[ ?is philological d]ivation ( god ?r[s no light :atev] on ! "q by :om ! god is wor%ipp$2 b ! cont5t ( ! passage :i* ,i h quot$ %[s t ,pr(essor ,hffd+ himself "h und]/&s ! wor%ip ( a god to be ! wor%ip paid by ! community4 ,if t is s1 & if ! function or a function ( ! be+ wor%ipp$ is to grant ! desires ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 !n ! function ( ! be+ wor%ipp$ by ! community is to grant ! desires ( ! community4 #ace ,& if t is ! di/+ui%+ m>k or a di/+ui%+ m>k ( a god1 !n ! wor%ip ( a god diff]s toto caelo f ! wor%ip paid to a feti*1 ^: di/+ui%+ m>k is t x is subs]vi5t to ! anti-social wi%es ( its own]1 & is n wor%ipp$ by ! community4 ,& x is j z impossible to ma9ta9 t a god is evolv$ out ( a feti* z x w\ld be to argue--inde$ x is argu+--t practices de/ructive ( society or social welf>e h only to be pu%$ f> en\gh & !y w prove ! salvation ( society4 ,if 9 ! animi/ic /age1 :5 ev]y?+ t is is work$ by spirits1 x is possible & desirable = ! individual to ga9 8 individual ends by ! cop]ation ( "s _s1 x is equally possible & m desirable = ! community to ga9 ! aid ( a _s :i* w fur!r ! ends = ! sake ( :i* ! community exi/s4 ,b ^? ends are n transi5t or mom5t>y1 nei!r !re=e c ! _s :o promotes !m be a mom5t>y god4 ,& if we accept ,hffd+'s description ( ! simple/ & e>lie/ manife/ation ( ! religi\s _s z be+ belief 9 a p[] :i* c>es :e!r he man has or has n exp]i5ces :i* he values1 we mu/ be c>eful to make x cle> t ! #acf p[] wor%ipp$ by a community is wor%ipp$ because he is believ$ to c>e t ! community %\ld h ! exp]i5ces :i* ! community values4 ,hav+ made t /ipulation1 we may accept ,hffd+'s fur!r /atem5t 7p4 #adg7 t ev5 ! mom5t>y & special gods impli$ ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonify+ t5d5cy & faculty2 =1 al?\gh f our po9t ( view a mom5t>y god is a self-contradictory notion1 we are q will+ to agree t ?is t5d5cy to p]sonification may be tak5 z prim>y & primitive3 religion f ! beg9n+ has be5 ! se>* aft] a p[] ess5tially p]sonal4 ,b t way ( conceiv+ spiritual p[]s is n 9 itself di/9ctive ( or conf9$ to religion3 x is an intellectual conception2 x is ! ess5ce ( animism1 & animism is n religion4 ,to say t an emotional elem5t also mu/ be pres5t is true2 b nei!r w t s]ve to m>k (f feti*ism f religion4 ,feti*ism also is emotional 9 tone3 x is 9 hope t ! savage picks up ! ?+ t may prove to h ! feti* p[]2 & x is ) fe> t he recognises 8 neighb\r's suhman4 ,a god is n m]ely a p[] conceiv$ ( intellectually & felt emotionally to be a p]sonal p[] f :om ?+s may #acg be hop$ or fe>$2 he mu/ inde$ be a p]sonal p[] & be reg>d$ ) hope & fe>1 b x is by a community t he mu/ be s reg>d$4 ,& ! community1 9 turn+ to su* a p[]1 wor%ips him ) sacrifice3 a god is inde$ he to :om sacrifice is made & wor%ip paid by ! community1 ) ^: int]e/s & ^: morality--) ^: good1 9 a ^w1 he is f ! beg9n+ id5tifi$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( exp]i5ce ( good z "o ( ! realities ( life1 no "o1 ,hffd+ says1 w\ld ev] h believ$ 9 ! goodness ( ! gods2 &1 we may add1 x is z int]e/$ 9 & c>+ = ! good ( ! community t ! god ( ! community is wor%ipp$4 ,x is 9 ! conviction t he does s c>e1 t religi\s feel+ is root$2 or1 z ,hffd+ puts x 7p4 #afb71 x is root$ 9 ! ne$ to collect & conc5trate ourselves1 to resign ourselves1 to feel ourselves support$ & c>ri$ by a p[] rais$ above all /ruggle & opposition & beyond all *ange4 ,!re we h1 implicit f ! beg9n+1 t communion ) god1 or /riv+ !reaft]1 :i* is ess5tial to wor%ip4 ,x is fai?4 ,x is re/4 ,x is ! he>t's desire4 ,& x is n feti*ism1 nor is feti*ism x4 #ach ,,pray] ,! physician1 if he is to d 8 "w1 mu/ "k bo? a heal?y & a diseas$ body1 or organ1 :5 he sees x4 ,he mu/ "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two & ! symptoms bo? ( heal? & disease4 ,o!rwise he is 9 dang] ( try+ to cure an organ :i* is heal?y already--9 :i* case 8 rem$ies w simply aggravate ! disease4 ,t is obvi\sly true ( ! physician :o seeks to heal ! body1 & x is equally1 if n s obvi\sly1 true ( ! physician :o seeks to m9i/] to a m9d1 or a s\l1 diseas$4 ,n[1 ! mission>y w f9d t ! hea!n1 to :om he is to m9i/]1 h ! habit ( pray]2 & ! "q arises1 ,:at is to be 8 attitude t[>ds x8 ,he _c take up ! position t pray] is 9 itself a habit to be condemn$2 he is n !re to eradicate ! habit1 or to uproot ! t5d5cy4 ,nei!r is he !re to create ! habit2 x already exi/s1 & ! wise mission>y w ackn[l$ge its exi/5ce ) ?ankfulness4 ,8 bus9ess is n to tea* 8 flock to #aci pray1 b h[ to pray1 t is to say1 = :at & to :om4 ,b ev5 if he ?us wisely recognises t pray] is a habit n to be creat$1 b to be tra9$ by him1 x is /ill possible = him to assume ra%ly t x is simply impossible = a hea!n ev] to pray = any?+ t is "r1 & !re=e1 t x is a mission>y's duty fir/ to insi/ t ev]y?+ = :i* a savage or b>b>ian prays mu/ be condemn$ z ess5tially irreligi\s & wick$4 ,9 t case1 :at w su* a mission>y1 if s5t to ! ,khonds ( ,orissa1 say1 :5 he f9ds !m pray+ ?us3 ,we are ignorant ( :at x is good to ask =4 ,y "k :at is good = u4 ,give x to u68 ,c he possibly say to 8 flock1 ,all y\r pray]s1 all ! ?+s t y pray = n[1 are wick$2 & y\r only hope ( salvation lies 9 ceas+ to pray = !m8 ,if n1 !n he mu/ recognise ! fact t x is possible = ! hea!n to pray1 & to pray = "s ?+s t x is "r to pray =4 ,& he mu/ n only recognise ! fact1 b he mu/ utilise x4 ,nay6 m1 he mu/ n only recognise ! fact if x *ances to =ce itself ^u him1 he mu/ g out ( 8 way ) ! delib]ate purpose ( f9d+ out :at ?+s are pray$ =4 ,he w !n f9d himself 9 #adj m intimate contact ) ! s\l ( ! man ?an he c ev] atta9 to 9 any o!r way2 & he may !n f9d t !re are o!r ?+s = :i* petitions are put up :i* c\ld n be pray$ = save by a man :o _h a defective or errone\s conception ( ,him :o alone c answ] pray]4 ,b x is a blund]+1 unbus9esslike way ( manag+ ?+s if ! mission>y has to g out to 8 "w unprep>$ 9 ?is ess5tial matt]1 & has to f9d out ^! ?+s = himself--& p]haps n f9d !m out at all4 ,! appli$ sci5ce ( religion %\ld equip him 9 ?is respect2 x %\ld be able to take ! facts & tru?s e/abli%$ by ! sci5ce ( religion & apply !m to ! purposes ( ! mission>y4 ,b x is a /rik+ example ( ! y\? & immaturity ( ! sci5ce ( religion t no attempt has yet be5 made by x to collect ! facts1 mu* less to cord9ate & /ate !m sci5tifically4 ,if a ?+ is cle>1 :5 we come to ?9k ( x1 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 x is t ! gods are !re to be pray$ to3 man wor%ips !m because x is on _! knees t all ?+s lie4 ,x is f !m t man hopes all ?+s2 x is 9 pray] t man expresses 8 hopes & desires4 ,x is f 8 pray]s t we %\ld be able to f9d out #ada :at ! gods really are to :om man prays4 ,:at is said ab\t !m 9 my?ology--or ev5 9 !ology--is ! product ( reflection1 & is 9 _m cases demon/rably diff]5t f :at is giv5 9 consci\sness at ! mom5t :5 man is /riv+ aft] communion ) ! ,highe/4 ,yet x is f my?ology1 or f ! /ill m reflective & delib]ative expression ( ritual1 ( rites & c]emonies1 t ! sci5ce ( religion has s\ght to inf] ! nature ( ! gods man wor%ips4 ,! :ole app>atus ( religion1 rites & c]emonies1 sacrifice & alt>s1 nature-wor%ip & poly!ism1 has be5 inve/igat$2 ! "o ?+ ov]look$ has be5 ! "o ?+ = ! sake ( :i* all ! o!rs exi/1 ! pray] 9 :i* man's s\l rises1 or seeks to rise1 to ,god4 ,! reason giv5 by ,pr(essor ,tylor 7,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii1 #cfd7 = ?is is n t ! subject is unimportant1 b t x is s simple2 s simple & famili>1 he says1 is ! nature ( pray] t its /udy does n dem& t detail ( fact & argum5t :i* mu/ be giv5 to rites 9 comp>ison practically insignificant4 ,n[1 x is inde$ ! case t ?+s :i* are famili> may appe> to be simple2 b x is also ! case t sometimes ?+s #adb are consid]$ simple m]ely because !y are famili>1 & n because !y are simple4 ,! fact t !y are n s simple z e "o has assum$ comes to be suspect$ :5 x is discov]$ t p take slightly diff]5t views ( !m4 ,su* slightly diff]5t views may be detect$ 9 ?is case4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ holds t1 9 ! l[e/ =m 9 :i* religion manife/s itself1 religion appe>s "u ! guise ( desire1 ?us rang+ himself on ! side ( an op9ion m5tion$ by ,pr(essor ,tylor 7op4 cit41 ,,ii1 #dfd7 t1 z reg>ds ! religion ( ! l[] culture1 9 pray] ! accompli%m5t ( desire is ask$ =1 b desire is z yet limit$ to p]sonal advantage4 ,n[1 />t+ f ?is position t pray] is ! expression ( desire1 we h only to ask1 ^: desire8 t ( ! individual or t ( ! community8 & we %all see t "u ! simple & famili> phrase ( ! accompli%m5t ( desire !re lurks a diff]5ce ( view :i* may possibly wid5 out into a v wide diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,if we appeal to ! facts1 we may take z an in/ance a pray] utt]$ 9 l\d unc\? voice ( pla9tive1 pite\s tone by "o ( ! ,osages to ,wohkonda1 #adc ! ,ma/] ( ,life3 ,wohkonda1 pity me1 ,i am v poor2 give me :at ,i ne$2 give me success aga9/ m9e enemies1 t ,i may av5ge ! dea? ( my fri5ds4 ,may ,i be able to take scalps1 to take horses6 etc4 7,tylor1 ,,ii1 #cfe74 ,s on ! ,gold ,coa/ a negro 9 ! morn+ w pray1 ,heav56 grant t ,i may h some?+ to eat ?is day 7ib41 #cfh71 n give u ?is day our daily bread2 or1 rais+ 8 eyes to heav51 he w ?us address ! god ( heav53 ,god1 give me to-day rice & yams1 gold & agries1 give me slaves1 ri*es & heal?1 & t ,i may be brisk & swift6 7ib474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,john ,tann] 7,n>rative1 p4 #df7 relates t :5 ,algonqu9 ,indians 7 sett+ out 9 a fleet ( frail b>k canoes across ,lake ,sup]ior1 ! *ief address$ a pray] to ! ,great ,_s3 ,y h made ?is lake2 & y h made u1 y\r *ildr52 y c n[ cause t ! wat] %all rema9 smoo? :ile we pass ov] 9 safety4 ,! *ief1 x w be obs]v$1 did n expressly call ! ,great ,_s our ,fa!r1 b he did speak ( himself & 8 m5 z y\r *ildr54 ,if we cross ov] to ,africa1 aga91 we f9d ! ,masai wom5 pray+ ?us2 & be x obs]v$ t ?\gh ! fir/ p]son s+ul> is us$1 #add x is us$ by ! *orus ( wom51 & is plural 9 effect3-- ,i ,my ,god1 to !e alone ,i pray ,t (fspr+ may to me be giv54 ,!e only ,i invoke ea* day1 ,o morn+ /> 9 highe/ heav54 ,god ( ! ?und] & ! ra91 ,give e> unto my suppliant /ra94 ,"l ( ! p[]s ( ! air1 ,to !e ,i raise my daily pray]4 ,,ii ,my ,god1 to !e alone ,i pray1 ,^: sav\r is z pass+ sweet ,z only *oice/ h]bs display1 ,?y bless+ daily ,i entreat4 ,?\ he>e/ :5 ,i pray to !e1 ,& li/5e/ 9 ?y clem5cy4 ,"l ( ! p[]s ( ! air1 ,to !e ,i raise my daily pray]4 --,,hollis1 ,! ,masai1 p4 #cdf4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,tylor says t by ! savage ! accompli%m5t ( desire is ask$ =1 b desire is z yet limit$ to p]sonal advantage1 we mu/ be c>eful n to inf] t ! only advantage a savage is capable ( pray+ = is 8 own selfi% advantage4 ,pr(essor ,tylor himself quotes 7,,ii1 #ade #cff7 ! foll[+ pray] f ! w>-song ( a ,delaw>e3-- ,o ,great ,_s !re above1 ,h pity on my *ildr5 ,& my wife6 ,prev5t t !y %all m\rn = me6 ,let me succe$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 ,t ,i may slay my enemy ,& br+ home ! tok5s ( victory ,to my de> family & my fri5ds ,t we may rejoice toge!r4444 ,h pity on me & protect my life1 ,& ,i w br+ !e an (f]+4 ,nor is x exclusively = _! own p]sonal advantage t ! ,masai wom5 are conc]n$ :5 !y pray = ! safe return ( _! sons f ! w>s3-- ,o ?\ :o gave/1 ?\ to :om we pray ,= (fspr+1 take n n[ ?y gift away4 ,o morn+ />1 t %9e/ f af>1 ,br+ back our sons 9 safety f ! w>4 --,,hollis1 p4 #cea4 ,nor is x 9 a purely selfi% _s t ! ,masai wom5 pray t _! w>riors may h ! advantage ov] all _! enemies3-- ,i ,o ,god ( battles1 break ,! p[] ( ! foe4 #adf ,_! cattle may we take1 ,_! mightie/ lay l[4 ,,ii ,s+1 ,o ye maid5s fair1 ,= triumph o'er ! foe4 ,?is is ! "t = pray] ,success our arms may "k4 ,,iii ,morn+ & ev5+ />s ,t 9 ! heav5s gl[1 ,break1 z 9 o!r w>s1 ,! p[] ( ! foe4 ,,iv ,o dwell]1 :]e on high ,flu%es at dawn ! sn[1 ,o ,cl\d ,god1 break1 we cry1 ,! p[] ( ! foe4 --,ib41 p4 #ceb4 ,aga91 ! ra9 t is pray$ = by ! ,manganja ( ,lake ,nyassa is an advantage inde$1 b "o enjoy$ by ! community & pray$ = by ! community4 ,!y made (f]+s to ! ,supreme ,deity t he might give !m ra91 & ! prie/ess dropp$ ! meal h&ful by h&ful on ! gr\nd1 ea* "t call+ 9 a high-pit*$ voice1 #adg ',he> ?\1 ,o ,god1 & s5d ra96' & ! assembl$ p respond$1 clapp+ _! h&s s(tly & inton+ 7!y always intone _! pray]s71 ',he> ?\1 ,o ,god' 7,tylor1 p4 #cfh74 ,! appeal !n to facts %[s t x is ) ! desires ( ! community t ! god ( ! community is conc]n$1 & t x is by a repres5tative ( ! community t ^? desires are (f]$ up 9 pray]1 & t ! community may jo9 94 ,! appeal to facts %[s1 also1 t an individual may put up individual petitions1 z :5 a ,yebu w pray3 ,god 9 heav5 protect me f sickness & dea?4 ,god give me happ9ess & wisdom4 ,b we may safely inf] t ! only pray]s t ! god ( ! community is expect$ to h>k5 to are pray]s t are consi/5t ) ! int]e/s & welf>e ( ! community4 ,f t po9t ( view we mu/ refuse to give m ?an a gu>d$ ass5t to ! op9ion t pray] appe>$ 9 ! religion ( ! l[] culture1 b t 9 ?is its e>li] /age x 0 une?ical 7,tylor1 #cfd74 ,pray] obvi\sly does appe> 9 ! religion ( ! l[] culture1 b to say t x !re is une?ical is to make a /atem5t :i* requires def9+4 ,! /atem5t means :at #adh ,pr(essor ,tylor expresses lat] on 9 ! words3 ,x sc>cely appe>s z ?\gh any savage pray]1 au!ntically native 9 its orig91 7 ev] direct$ to obta9 moral goodness or to ask p>don = moral s9 7p4 #cgc74 ,b x might be misund]/ood to mean t among savages x 0 cu/om>y or possible to pray = ?+s recognis$ by ! savage himself z wrong1 & condemn$ by ! community at l>ge4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 ! god ( ! community simply z be+ ! god ( ! community w\ld n tol]ate su* pray]s4 ,next1 ! range & ext5t ( savage morality is less ext5sive ?an x is--or at any rate ?an x ought to be--9 our day2 & ?\gh we mu/ recognise & at ! "r "t insi/ ^u ! diff]5ce1 t ought n to make u close our eyes to ! fact t ! savage does pray to d ! ?+s :i* savage morality holds x incumb5t on him to d1 = in/ance to fight bravely = ! good ( 8 wife1 8 *ildr51 & 8 tribe1 to c>ry out ! duty ( av5g+ murd]4 ,& if he prays = weal? he also prays = wisdom2 if he prays t 8 god may deliv] him f sickness1 t %[s he is human r ?an t he is a l[ type ( humanity4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ?\gh 9 religions ( l[ #adi culture we meet religion "u ! guise ( desire1 we also f9d t religion makes a di/9ction betwe5 desires2 !re are desires :i* may be express$ to ! god ( ! community1 & desires :i* may n4 ,fur!r1 ?\gh x is 9 ! he>t ( a p]son & an individual t desire mu/ orig9ate1 x does n foll[ t pray] orig9ates 9 individual desire4 ,to say s1 we mu/ assume t ! same desire _c possibly orig9ate simultane\sly 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,b t is a pat5tly errone\s assumption3 9 "t ( w>1 ! desire = victory w spr+ up simultane\sly 9 ! he>ts ( all ! tribe2 9 "t ( dr\ght1 ! pray] = ra9 w asc5d f ! he>ts ( all ! p2 at ! "t ( ! s[+ ( se$ a pray] = ! k9dly fruits ( ! e>? may be utt]$ by e memb] ( ! community4 ,n[ x is precisely ^! desires1 :i* be+ desires mu/ orig9ate 9 individual s\ls1 yet be+ desires ( e individual 9 ! community are ! desires ( ! community1 t are ! desires :i* take ! =m ( pray] (f]$ by ! community or its repres5tative to ! god ( ! community4 ,anti-social desires _c be express$ by ! community or sanction$ by religion4 ,pray] is ! ess5tial #aej expression ( true socialism2 & ! _s :i* prompts x is & has always be5 ! mov+ _s ( social progress4 ,pr(essor ,tylor1 notic+ ! extreme developm5t ( me*anical religion1 ! pray]-mill ( ! ,tibetan ,buddhi/s1 sugge/s t x may p]haps lead u to =m an op9ion ( l>ge application 9 ! /udy ( religion & sup]/ition2 namely1 t ! !ory ( pray]s may expla9 ! orig9 ( *>ms4 ,*>m-=mul1 he says1 are 9 v _m cases actual pray]s1 & z su* are intelligible4 ,:]e !y are m]e v]bal =ms1 produc+ _! effect on nature & man by "s unexpla9$ process1 may n !y or ! types !y h be5 modell$ on h be5 orig9ally pray]s1 s9ce dw9dl$ into my/ic s5t5ces8 7,p4 ,c4 ,,ii1 #cgb-cgc74 ,n[1 if ?is sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,tylor's be correct1 x w foll[ t z *>ms & spells are degrad$ survivals ( pray]1 s magic g5]ally--( :i* *>ms & spells are b "o dep>tm5t--is a degradation ( religion4 ,t 9 _m cases *>ms & spells are survivals ( pray]--=mul f :i* all _s ( religion has entirely evaporat$--all /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion w\ld n[ admit4 ,t pray]s may #aea /iff5 into traditional =mul1 & !n become va9 repetitions :i* may actually be un9telligible to ^? :o utt] !m1 & s be conceiv$ to h a =ce :i* is purely magical & a nature practically assimilat$ m or less to t ( *>ms 7l4c471 is a fact :i* _c be d5i$4 ,b :5 once ! tru? has be5 admitt$ t pray]s may pass into spells1 ! possibility is sugge/$ t x is out ( spells t pray] has orig9at$4 ,m]cury rais$ to a high temp]ature becomes r$ precipitate2 & r$ precipitate expos$ to a /ill great] heat becomes m]cury aga94 ,spells may be ! orig9 ( pray]s1 if pray]s %[ a t5d5cy to relapse into spells4 ,t possibility fits 9 ei!r ) ! !ory t magic prec$$ religion or /ill m exactly ) ! !ory t religion simply is magic rais$1 s to speak1 to a high] moral temp]ature4 ,we h !re=e to consid] ! possibility t ! process ( evolution has be5 f spell to pray] 7,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 ,folk-,lore ,,xv1 #b1 pp4 #acb-aff72 & let u beg9 ! consid]ation by obs]v+ t ! rev]se passage--f pray] to spell--is only possible on ! condition t religion evaporates entirely 9 ! process4 ,! pray] does n become a *>m until ! #aeb religion has disappe>$ entirely f x3 a *>m !re=e is t 9 :i* no religion is1 & out ( :i* consequ5tly no religion c be extract$4 ,if !n1 p] impossibile1 x c\ld be demon/rat$ t !re 0 a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 :5 *>ms & magic exi/$1 & religion 0 utt]ly unkn[n2 if x be argu$ t ! _s ( religion1 :5 at l5g? x brea!d ^u mank9d1 trans=m$ spells into pray]s--/ill all t w\ld !n be ma9ta9$ is t spok5 =mul :i* 7 spells 7 foll[$ by o!r =mul :i* are ! v opposite ( spells4 ,mu/ we n1 h[ev]1 g "o /ep fur!r & admit t "o & ! same =m ( words may be pray] & religion :5 brea!d 9 "o _s1 & va9 repetition & m]e magic :5 utt]$ 9 ano!r8 ,let u admit t ! diff]5ce betwe5 pray] & spell lies 9 ! diff]5ce ( ! _s inspir+ !m2 & !n we %all see t ! diff]5ce is ess5tial1 fundam5tal1 z little to be ignor$ z x is impossible to bridge4 ,! =mula us$ by ! p]son employ+ x to express 8 desire may or may n 9 itself suffice to %[ :e!r x is religi\s 9 int5t & value4 ,?us 9 ,we/ ,africa ! wom5 ( ,fram9 dance #aec & s+1 ,our husb&s h gone to ,a%antee l&2 may !y sweep _! enemies (f ! face ( ! e>? 7,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b ,i1 #cd74 ,we may comp>e ! song sung 9 "t ( w> by ! ,masai wom53 ,o ,god1 to :om ,i pray = (fspr+1 may our *ildr5 return hi!r 7,hollis1 p4 #cea72 & !re seems no reason :y1 s9ce ! ,masai song is religi\s1 ! ,fram9 song may n be reg>d$ z religi\s also4 ,b we h to rememb] t bo? pray]s & spells h a sett+ ( _! own3 ! desires :i* !y express manife/ !mselves n only 9 :at is said b 9 :at is done2 &1 :5 we enquire :at ! ,fram9 wom5 d :il/ !y s+ ! words quot$ above1 we f9d t !y dance ) bru%es 9 _! h&s4 ,! bru%es are q z ess5tial z ! words4 ,x is !re=e sugge/$ t ! :ole c]emony is magical1 t ! sweep+ is sympa!tic magic & ! song is a spell4 ,! words expla9 :at ! action is int5d$ to effect1 j z 9 ,new ,cal$onia :5 a man has k9dl$ a smoky fire & has p]=m$ c]ta9 acts1 he invokes 8 ance/ors & says1 ',sun6 ,i d ?is t y may be burn+ hot1 & eat up all ! cl\ds 9 ! sky' 7,fraz]1 ib41 #aaf74 ,aga91 among/ ! ,masai 9 "t ( #aed dr\ght a *>m call$ ol-kora is ?r[n into a fire2 ! old m5 encircle ! fire & s+3-- ,god ( ! ra9-cl\d1 slake our ?ir/1 ,we "k ?y f>-ext5d+ p[]s1 ,z h]dsm5 lead _! k9e to dr9k1 ,refre% u ) ?y cool+ %[]s4 --,,hollis1 p4 #cdh4 ,if ! ol-kora :i* is ?r[n into ! fire makes x rise 9 cl\ds ( smoke1 resembl+ ! ra9-cl\ds :i* are desir$1 !n "h too ! c]emony tak5 z a :ole pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a magical rite accompani$ by a spok5 spell4 ,x is true t 9 ?is case ! c]emony is ren=c$ by an appeal to a god1 j z 9 ! ,new ,cal$onian case x is ren=c$ by an appeal to ance/or wor%ip4 ,b ?is may be expla9$ z %[+ t "h we h magic & *>ms be+ gradually sup]s$$ by religion & pray]2 ! old =mula & ! old rite are 9 process ( be+ suffus$ by a new _s1 ! _s ( religion1 :i* is ! v negation & ultimately ! de/ruction ( ! old _s ( magic4 ,be=e accept+ ?is int]pretation1 h[ev]1 :i* is int5d$ to %[ ! priority ( magic to religion1 we may notice t x is n ! only int]pretation ( :i* ! facts are susceptible4 ,x is #aee bas$ on ! assumption t ! words utt]$ are int5d$ z an explanation ( ! mean+ ( ! acts p]=m$4 ,if t assumption is correct1 !n ! p]=m] ( ! c]emony is expla9+ its mean+ & int5tion to somebody4 ,to :om8 ,9 ! case ( ! ,new ,cal$onian c]emony1 to ! ance/ral spirits2 9 ! case ( ! ,masai old m51 to ! god4 ,?us1 ! religi\s aspect ( ! c]emony appe>s aft] all to be an ess5tial "p ( ! c]emony1 & n a new elem5t 9 an old rite4 ,&1 !n1 we may consi/5tly argue t ! ,fram9 wom5 :o s+1 ,our husb&s h gone to ,a%antee l&2 may !y sweep _! enemies (f ! face ( ! e>?1 are ei!r /ill consci\s t !y are address+ a pray] to _! native god2 or t1 if !y are no long] consci\s ( ! fact1 !y once 71 & :at 0 orig9ally pray] has become by va9 repetition a m]e spell4 ,all ?is is on ! assumption t 9 ^! c]emonies1 ! words are int5d$ to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! acts p]=m$1 & !re=e to expla9 x to somebody1 p]adv5ture he w und]/& & grant ! p]=m] ( ! c]emony 8 he>t's desire4 ,b1 z ! consequ5ces ( ! assumption d n fav\r ! !ory t pray] mu/ be #aef prec$$ by spell1 let u disc>d ! assumption t ! words expla9 ! mean+ ( ! acts p]=m$4 ,let u consid] ! possibility t p]haps ! actions :i* are gone ?r\gh are meant to expla9 ! words & make !m m =cible4 ,x is und5iable t 9 mom5ts ( emotion we express ourselves by ge/ure & ! play ( our features z well z by our words2 inde$1 9 read+ a play we are apt to miss ! full mean+ ( ! words simply because !y are n assi/$ & int]pret$ by ! actor's ge/ures & features4 ,if we take up ?is position1 t ! ?+s done are explanatory ( ! words utt]$ & ren=ce !m1 !n ! sweep+ :i* is act$ by ! ,fram9 wom5 aga9 is n magical2 x simply emphasises ! words1 may !y sweep _! enemies (f ! face ( ! e>?1 & %[s to ! p[] appeal$ to :at x is t is desir$4 ,! smoke s5t up by ! ,new ,cal$onian ance/or wor%ipp] or ! ,masai old m5 is a way ( indicat+ ! cl\ds :i* !y wi% to attract or av]t respectively4 ,an equally cle> case comes f ! ,kei ,isl&s3 ,:5 ! w>riors h dep>t$1 ! wom5 return indoors & br+ out c]ta9 baskets conta9+ fruits & /ones4 ,^! fruits & /ones !y ano9t & place on a bo>d1 #aeg murmur+ z !y d s1 ',o "l sun1 moon1 let ! bullets reb\nd f our husb&s1 bro!rs1 betro!d1 & o!r relations1 j z ra9drops reb\nd f ^! objects :i* are sme>$ ) oil' 7,fraz]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cc74 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 p]fectly reasonable to reg>d ! act p]=m$ z explanatory ( ! words utt]$ & ( ! ?+ desir$2 ! wom5 !mselves expla9 to _! lords1 ! sun & moon1--) ! precision natural to wom5 :5 expla9+ :at !y want1--exactly h[ !y want ! bullets to b\nce (f1 j l ra9drops4 ,dr4 ,fraz]1 h[ev]1 f :om ,i h quot$ ?is illu/ration1 n hav+ p]haps consid]$ ! possibility t ! acts p]=m$ may be explanatory ( ! words1 is compell$ to expla9 ! action z magical3 9 ?is cu/om ! c]emony ( ano9t+ /ones 9 ord] t ! bullets may recoil f ! m5 l ra9drops f ! /ones is a piece ( pure sympa!tic or imitative magic4 ,he is !re=e compell$ to sugge/ t ! pray] to ! sun is a pray] t he w give effect to ! *>m1 & is p]haps a lat] addition4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ! possibility t ! actions p]=m$ are explanatory ( ! words1 or r t words & actions bo? are int5d$ to make cle> to ! sun precisely #aeh :at ! petition is1 :at tells aga9/ ,dr4 ,fraz]'s sugge/ion is t ! wom5 want ! bullets to b\nce (f1 & x is ! p[] ( ! god to :i* !y appeal & on :i* !y rely = ! fulfilm5t ( _! pray]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r consid]ation :i* we %\ld p]haps take into acc\nt4 ,man1 :5 he has a desire :i* he wi%es to realise1--& ! :ole ( our life is sp5t 9 try+ to realise :at we wi%1--takes all ! /eps :i* exp]i5ce %[s to be necess>y or reason sugge/s2 &1 :5 he has done ev]y?+ t he c d1 he may /ill feel t no?+ is c]ta9 9 ?is life1 & ! ?+ may n come (f4 ,"u ^? circum/ances he may1 & (t5 does1 pray t success may att5d 8 ef=ts4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,fraz]1 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 wi%+ to %[ t ! p]iod ( religion 0 prec$$ by a non-religi\s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 sugge/s t at fir/ man _h no idea t 8 attempts to realise 8 desires c\ld fail1 & t x 0 8 t>dy recognition ( ! fact t l$ him to religion4 ,?is t>dy recognition1 he says1 probably proce$$ v sl[ly1 & requir$ long ages = its m or less p]fect accompli%m5t4 ,= ! recognition ( man's p[]lessness to influ5ce ! c\rse ( #aei nature on a gr& scale mu/ h be5 gradual 7,i1 #gh74 ,i w\ld sugge/1 h[ev]1 t x _c h tak5 long ages = savage man to discov] t 8 wi%es & 8 plans did n always come (f4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 go+ too f> to imag9e t = long ages man _h no idea t 8 attempts to realise 8 desires c\ld fail4 ,if religion arises1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] sugge/s1 :5 man recognises 8 own weakness & 8 own p[]lessness1 (t51 to effect :at he mo/ desires1 !n man 9 8 mo/ primitive & mo/ helpless condition mu/ h be5 mo/ ready to recognise t !re 7 p[]s o!r ?an himself1 & to desire1 t is to pray =1 _! assi/ance4 ,d\btless x w\ld be at ! great] crises1 times ( pe/il5ce1 dr\ght1 fam9e & w>1 t 8 pray]s w\ld be mo/ insi/5t2 b x is 9 ! p]iod ( savag]y t fam9e is mo/ frequ5t & dr\ght mo/ to be fe>$4 ,aga9/ !m he takes all ! measures kn[n to him1 all ! practical /eps :i* natural sci5ce1 z und]/ood by him1 c sugge/4 ,n[ 8 !ory & practice include _m ?+s :i*1 ?\gh !y are 9 lat] days reg>d$ z uncanny & magical1 are to him ! ord9>y natural means ( produc+ ! effects :i* he desires4 ,b :5 he has tak5 all #afj ! /eps :i* practical reason sugge/s1 & exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ approves1 savage man1 h>ass$ by ! dread ( approa*+ dr\ght or fam9e1 may /ill brea! out ! ,manganja pray]1 ,he> ?\1 ,o ,god1 & s5d ra94 ,:51 h[ev]1 he does s1 x is1 ,i sugge/1 d\bly errone\s to inf] t ?is pray] takes ! place ( a spell or t ap>t f ! pray] ! acts p]=m$ are1 & orig9ally 71 magical4 ,^! acts may be bas$ on ! pr9ciple t l produces l & may be p]=m$ z ! ord9>y1 natural means = produc+ ! effect1 :i* h no?+ magical ab\t !m4 ,& !y are accompani$ by a pray] :i* is n a m]e explanation or /atem5t ( ! purpose ) :i* ! acts are p]=m$1 b is ! expression ( ! he>t's desire4 ,no priori pro(s ( any cog5cy1 !re=e1 h be5 adduc$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]1 & none !re=e are likely to be produc$ by any "o else1 to %[ t !re 0 ev] a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( man :5 pray]s & religion 7 unkn[n to him4 ,! "q rema9s :e!r any actual in/ances are kn[n to ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,un=tunately1 z ,i po9t$ out at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lecture1 s neglect$ by ! sci5ce ( religion has be5 ! subject ( pray] t ev5 n[ we are sc>cely #afa able to g beyond ! /atem5t made m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago by ,pr(essor ,tylor t1 at l[ levels ( civilisation !re are _m races :o di/9ctly admit ! exi/5ce ( spirits1 b are n c]ta9ly kn[n to pray to !m ev5 9 ?\ght 7,p4 ,c4 ,,ii1 #cfd74 ,pr(essor ,tylor's /atem5t is prop]ly gu>d$3 !re are races n c]ta9ly kn[n to pray4 ,! possibility t !y may yet be discov]$ to make pray]s is n exclud$4 ,n[1 if we turn to "o ( ! l[e/ levels ( culture1 t ( ! ,au/ralian black fell[s1 we %all f9d t !re is mu* d\bt among/ /ud5ts :e!r ! aborig9es h consci\sly any =m ( religion :atev] 7,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s4 ,e4 ,au/ralia71 & 9 s\!a/ ,au/ralia ,mr4 ,h[itt ?9ks x _c be alleg$ t !y h1 ?\gh _! beliefs are su* t !y might easily h develop$ into an actual religion 7p4 #ejg74 ,n[ "o ( ! tribes ( s\!a/ ,au/ralia is t ( ! ,di]i4 ,) !m ra9 is v important1 = p]iods ( dr\ght are frequ5t2 & ra9-mak+ c]emonies are consid]$ ( mu* consequ5ce 7p4 #cid74 ,! c]emonies are symbolic3 !re is blood to symbolise ! ra9 & two l>ge /ones repres5t+ ga!r+ #afb cl\ds presag+ ra91 j z ! ,new ,cal$onian s5ds up cl\ds ( smoke to symbolise ra9-cl\ds1 & ! ,masai1 we h conjectur$1 ?r[ ol-kora into ! fire = ! same purpose4 ,b ! ,new ,cal$onian n only p]=ms ! actions prescrib$ = ! rite1 he also invokes ! spirits ( 8 ance/ors2 & ! ,masai n only g ?r\gh ! prop] dance1 b call ^u ! god ( ! ra9-cl\d4 ,! ,di]i1 h[ev]1 ought to be cont5t ) _! symbolic or sympa!tic magic & n (f] up any pray]4 ,b1 be+ unaw>e ( ?is fact1 !y d pray3 !y call ^u ! ra9-mak+ ,mura-muras to give !m p[] to make a heavy ra9fall1 cry+ out 9 l\d voices ! impov]i%$ /ate ( ! c\ntry1 & ! half-/>v$ condition ( ! tribe1 9 consequ5ce ( ! difficulty 9 procur+ food 9 suffici5t quantity to pres]ve life 7p4 #cid74 ,! ,mura-muras seem to be ance/ral spirits1 l ^? invok$ by ! ,new ,cal$onian4 ,if we turn to ! ,euahlayi tribe ( nor?we/]n ,new ,s\? ,wales1 we f9d t at ! ,boorah rites a pray] is (f]$ to ,byamee1 ask+ him to let ! blacks live long1 = !y h be5 fai?ful to 8 *>ge z %[n by ! obs]vance ( ! ,boorah c]emony 7,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi #afc ,tribe1 p4 #gi74 ,t is ! pray] ( ! community to ,byamee1 & is 9 con=mity ) :at we h not$ be=e1 viz4 t x is ) ! desires ( ! community t ! god ( ! community is conc]n$4 ,ano!r pray]1 ! nature ( :i* is n /at$ by ,mrs4 ,p>k]1 by :om ! in=mation is giv5 u1 is put up at fun]als1 presumably to ,byamee by ! community or its repres5tative4 ,mrs4 ,p>k] adds3 ,?\gh we say t actually ^! p h b two attempts at pray]s1 "o at ! grave & "o at ! inn] ,boorah r+1 ,i ?9k p]haps we are wrong4 ,:5 a man invokes aid on ! eve ( battle1 or 9 8 h\r ( dang] & ne$2 :5 a woman croons ov] h] baby an incantation to keep him hone/ & true1 & t he %all be sp>$ 9 dang]1--surely ^! croon+s are ( ! nature ( pray]s born ( ! same elem5t>y frame ( m9d z our m elaborate litanies4 ,z an in/ance ( ! croon+s ,mrs4 ,p>k] gives ! "m's song ov] h] baby z soon z x beg9s to crawl3--- ,k9d be1 ,d n /eal1 ,d n t\* :at to ano!r belongs1 ,leave all su* alone1 ,k9d be4 #afd ,^! in/ances may suffice to %[ t x w\ld n h be5 safe to inf]1 a ye> or two ago1 f ! fact t ! ,au/ralians 7 n kn[n to pray1 t !re=e pray] 0 unkn[n to !m4 ,inde$1 we may safely g f>!r & surmise t o!r in/ances besides ^? not$ really exi/1 ?\gh !y h n be5 obs]v$ or if obs]v$ h n be5 und]/ood4 ,among ! nor!rn tribes ( c5tral ,au/ralia rites are p]=m$ to secure food1 j z !y are p]=m$ by ! ,di]i to av]t dr\ght4 ,! ,di]i rites are accompani$ by a pray]1 z we h se54 ,! ,kaiti% rites to promote ! gr[? ( grass are accompani$ by ! s++ ( words1 :i* h no mean+ kn[n to ! natives ( ! pres5t day 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes1 p4 #bib74 ,among/ ! ,m>a tribe ! ra9-mak+ rite consi/s simply 9 s++ ! wat]1 dr9k+ x & spitt+ x out 9 all directions4 ,9 ! ,anula tribe dugongs are a fav\rite article ( food1 & if ! natives desire to br+ !m out f ! rocks1 !y c d s by 's++' & ?r[+ /icks at ! rocks 7ib41 pp4 #cac1 #cad74 ,x is reasonable to suppose t 9 all ^! cases ! s++ is n[ m]ely a *>m4 ,b if we rememb] t pray]s1 :5 #afe _! mean+ is =gott51 pass by va9 repetitions into m]e *>ms1 we may also reasonably suppose t ^! ,au/ralian *>ms are degrad$ pray]s2 & we %all be confirm$ 9 ?is supposition to "s ext5t by ! fact t 9 ! ,kaiti% tribes ! words sung h no mean+ kn[n to ! natives ( ! pres5t day4 ,if ! mean+ has evaporat$1 ! religion may h evaporat$ ) x4 ,t ! rites1 ( :i* ! s++ is an ess5tial "p1 h n[ become magical & are us$ & und]/ood to be practis$ purely to promote ! supply ( dugongs & o!r articles ( food1 may be freely admitt$2 b x is unsafe to inf] t ! purpose ) :i* ! rites cont9ue to be practis$ is ! :ole ( ! purpose ) :i* !y 7 orig9ally p]=m$4 ,if ! mean+ ( ! s++ has pass$ entirely away1 ! mean+ ( ! rites may h suff]$ a *ange4 ,at ! pres5t day ! rite is und]/ood to increase ! supply ( dugongs or o!r articles ( food4 ,b x may h be5 us$ orig9ally = o!r purposes4 ,presumably rites ( a simil> k9d1 c]ta9ly ( "s k9d1 are practis$ by ! ,au/ralians :o h = _! totem ! bl[-fly1 ! wat]-beetle1 or ! ev5+ />4 ,b !y d n #aff eat flies or beetles4 ,_! orig9al purpose 9 *oos+ ! ev5+ /> _c h be5 to increase its numb]4 ,nor c t h be5 ! object ( *oos+ ! mosquito = a totem4 ,b if ! object ( ! rites is n to increase ! numb] ( mosquitoes1 flies1 & beetles1 x ne$ n 9 ! fir/ in/ance h be5 ! object ) :i* ! rites 7 celebrat$ 9 ! case ( o!r totems4 ,let u n[ return to ,pr(essor ,tylor's /atem5t t at l[ levels ( civilisation !re are _m races :o di/9ctly admit ! exi/5ce ( spirits1 b are n c]ta9ly kn[n to pray to !m ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,! numb] ( ^? races :o are n kn[n to pray is be+ r$uc$1 z we h se54 ,& ,i ?9k we may g ev5 f>!r ?an t & say t :]e ! exi/5ce ( spirits is n m]ely believ$ 91 b is utilis$ = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ p]man5t relations betwe5 a community & a _s1 we may safely inf] t ! community (f]s pray] to ! _s1 ev5 ?\gh ! fact may h escap$ ! notice ( travell]s4 ,! reason :y we may inf] x is t at ! l[] levels ( civilisation we meet ) religion1 9 ,hffd+'s words1 9 ! guise ( desire4 ,we may put ! same tru? 9 o!r words & say t religion is #afg f ! beg9n+ practical4 ,su* pray]s z are kn[n to u to be put up by ! l[e/ races are always practical3 !y may be def9ite petitions = def9ite goods su* z h>ve/ or ra9 or victory 9 "t ( w>2 or !y may be g5]al petitions su* z t ( ! ,khonds3 ,we are ignorant ( :at x is good = u to ask =4 ,y "k :at is good = u4 ,give x u4 ,b 9 any case :at ! god ( a community is !re = is to promote ! good ( ! community4 ,x is because ! savage has petitions to put up t he believes !re are p[]s :o c grant 8 petitions4 ,pray] is ! v root ( religion4 ,:5 ! savage has tak5 e measure he kn[s ( to produce ! result he desires1 he !n goes on to pray = ! ra9fall he desires1 cry+ out 9 a l\d voice ! impov]i%$ /ate ( ! c\ntry & ! half-/>v$ condition ( ! tribe4 ,x is true t x is 9 mom5ts ( /ress p>ticul>ly1 if n solely1 t ! savage turns to 8 god--& ! same may be said ( _m ( u--b x is ) confid5ce & hope t he turns to him4 ,if he _h no confid5ce & no hope1 he w\ld (f] no pray]s4 ,b he has hope1 he has fai?2 & e "t he prays 8 he>t says1 if 8 words d n1 9 ,!e1 ,"l1 d we put our tru/4 #afh ,t pray] is ! ess5ce1 ! v brea?1 ( religion1 )\t :i* x dies1 is %[n by ! fact t among/ ! v l[e/ races ( mank9d we f9d frequ5t traditions ( ! exi/5ce ( a high god or supreme be+1 ! creator ( ! _w & ! fa!r ( mank9d4 ,! num]\s traces ( ?is dy+ tradition h be5 collect$ by ! untir+ en]gy & ! unrivall$ k ( ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang 9 8 book1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa ,dr4 ,nassau 7,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa1 pp4 #cf ff47 hundr$s ( times 7p4 #cg7 has f\nd t !y "k ( a ,be+ sup]ior to !mselves1 ( :om !y !mselves1 he says1 in=m me t he is ! ,mak] & ! ,fa!r4 ,:at is *>act]i/ic ( ! belief ( ! savages 9 ?is god is t1 9 ,dr4 ,nassau's words1 x is an accept$ belief1 b x does n (t5 influ5ce _! life4 ',god is n 9 all _! ?\ght4' ,9 practice !y give ,him no wor%ip4 ,! belief is 9 fact a dy+ tradition2 & x is dy+ because pray] is n (f]$ to ?is remote & traditional god4 ,i say t ! belief is a dy+ tradition1 & ,i say s because its elem5ts1 :i* are all f\nd pres5t & active :]e a community believes 91 prays to1 & wor%ips ! god ( ! community1 #afi are f\nd p>tially1 b only p>tially1 pres5t :]e ! belief survives b z a tradition4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 :]e ! belief is fully op]ative1 ! god ( ! community sanctions ! morality ( ! community2 b sometimes :]e ! belief has become m]ely traditional1 ?is traditional god is suppos$ to take no int]e/ 9 ! community & ex]cises no e?ical influ5ce ov] ! community4 ,?us1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ,nyankupon is ignor$ r ?an wor%ipp$4 ,9 ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! god ,puluga is /ill ang]$ by s9 or wrong-do+1 he is pitiful to ^? 9 pa9 or di/ress & sometimes deigns to af=d relief 7,lang p4 #bab quot+ ,man1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,,xii1 #aeh74 ,aga91 :]e ! belief 9 ! god ( ! community is fully op]ative1 ! occasions on :i* ! pray]s ( ! community are (f]$ are also ! occasions on :i* sacrifice is made4 ,:]e sacrifice & pray]s are n (f]$1 ! belief may /ill = a "t survive1 at x does among ! ,fuegians4 ,!y make no sacrifice &1 z f> z is kn[n1 (f] no pray]s2 b to kill a man br+s d[n ! wra? ( _! god1 ! big man 9 ! woods3 ,ra9 come d[n1 sn[ come d[n1 hail come d[n1 w9d bl[1 bl[1 v mu* bl[4 #agj ,v bad to kill man4 ,big man 9 woods no l x1 he v angry 7,lang1 p4 #ahh1 quot+ ,fitzroy1 ,,ii1 #ahj74 ,b :5 sacrifice & pray] cease1 ! ultimate outcome is t :i* is f\nd among/ ! ,we/ ,african natives1 :o1 z ,dr4 ,nassau tells u 7p4 #ch71 say ) reg>d to ,anzam1 :om !y admit to be _! ,creator & ,fa!r1 ,:y %\ld we c>e = him8 ,he does n help nor h>m u4 ,x is ! spirits :o c h>m u :om we fe> & wor%ip1 & = :om we c>e4 ,:o ! spirits are ,dr4 ,nassau does n say1 b !y mu/ be ei!r ! o!r gods ( ! place or ! feti* spirits4 ,& ! reason :y ,anzam is no long] believ$ to help or h>m ! natives is obvi\sly t1 f "s cause or o!r1 !re is n[ no long] any e/abli%$ =m ( wor%ip ( him4 ,! community ( :i* he 0 orig9ally ! god may h brok5 up1 or m probably may h be5 brok5 up1 ) ! result t ! congregation :i* met to (f] pray] & sacrifice to ,anzam 0 scatt]$2 & ! memory ( him alone survives4 ,no?+ w\ld be m natural1 !n1 ?an t ! natives1 :5 ask$ by ,dr4 ,nassau1 ,:y d y n wor%ip him8 7p4 #ch71 %\ld inv5t a reason1 viz4 t x is no use wor%ipp+ #aga him n[--! tru? be+ t ! =m ( wor%ip has p]i%$ = reasons n[ no long] pres5t to ! natives' m9d4 ,9 any case1 :5 pray]s cease to be (f]$--:e!r because ! community is brok5 up or because "s new qu>t] is discov]$ to :i* pray]s c be (f]$ ) great] hope ( success--:5 pray]s1 = any reason1 d cease to be (f]$ to a god1 ! wor%ip ( him beg9s to cease also1 = ! brea? ( life has dep>t$ f x4 ,9 ?is lecture1 z my subject is primitive religion1 ,i h made no attempt to trace ! hi/ory ( pray] f>!r ?an ! highe/ po9t :i* x rea*es 9 ! l[] levels ( religion4 ,t is ! po9t rea*$ by ! ,khond pray]3 ,we are ignorant ( :at x is good to ask =4 ,y "k :at is good = u4 ,give x u4 ,t is also ! highe/ po9t rea*$ by ! mo/ religi\s m9d among/ ! anci5t ,greeks3 ,socrates pray$ ! gods simply = ?+s good1 because ! gods knew be/ :at is good 7,x541 ,mem41 ,i1 iii1 #b74 ,! g5]al impression left on "o's m9d by ! pray]s (f]$ 9 ?is /age ( religi\s developm5t is t man is "h & ! gods are--!re4 ,b !re is su* a long way (f4 ,& yet1 f> (f z x is1 man #agb nev] came to ?9k x 0 s f> (f t ! gods c\ld n he>4 ,! possibility ( man's ent]+ into "s sort ( communication ) !m 0 always pres5t4 ,nay6 m1 a community ( int]e/s betwe5 him & !m 0 po/ulat$3 ! gods 7 to promote ! int]e/s ( ! community1 & man 0 to s]ve ! gods4 ,on occasions :5 sacrifice 0 made & pray] 0 (f]$1 ! wor%ipp]s ent]$ into ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & communion ) ,him 0 s\ght2 b /ress 0 laid r on ! sacrifice (f]$ ?an on ! pray]s s5t up4 ,! communion at :i* animal sacrifice aim$ may h be5 gross at times1 & at o!rs my/ic2 b x 0 ! sacrifice r ?an ! pray] :i* accompani$ x t 0 reg>d$ z ess5tial to ! communion desir$1 z ! means ( bridg+ ! gap betwe5 man "h & ! gods !re4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gap 0 to be bridg$1 a new revelation 0 necess>y1 "o reveal+ ! real nature ( ! sacrifice requir$ by ,god1 & ( ! communion desir$ by man4 ,& t revelation is made 9 ,our ,"l's ,pray]4 ,) ! mo/ e>ne/ & unfeign$ desire to use ! !ory ( evolution z a means ( ord]+ ! facts ( ! hi/ory ( religion & ( enabl+ #agc u--s f> z x c enable u--to und]/& !m1 "o is b\nd to notice z a fact t ! !ory ( evolution is unable to acc\nt = or expla9 ! revelation1 made 9 ,our ,"l's ,pray]1 ( ! _s :i* is bo? human & div9e4 ,x is ! beam ( light :i*1 :5 turn$ on ! d>kness ( ! pa/1 enables u to see :i!r man ) 8 pray]s & 8 sacrifices _h be5 bl9dly /riv+1 ! place :]e he fa9 w\ld be4 ,x is ! sure/ beacon ! mission>y c hold out to ^? :o are /ill 9 d>kness & :o %[ by ! fact t !y pray--if only = ra91 = h>ve/1 & victory ov] all _! enemies--t !y are battl+ ) ! d>kness & t !y h n turn$ entirely away f ! light ( ,8 c\nt5ance :o is nev] at any "t f> f any "o ( u4 ,_! he>t )9 !m is ready to be> witness4 ,religion is pres5t 9 !m1 if only "u ! guise ( desire2 b x is ! desire ( all nations = :i* !y ye>n4 ,!re are1 ,hffd+ says1 two t5d5cies 9 ! nature ( religi\s feel+3 on ! "o h& !re is ! ne$ to collect & conc5trate ourselves1 to resign ourselves1 to feel ourselves support$ & c>ri$ by a p[] rais$ above all #agd /ruggle & opposition & beyond all *ange4 ,b )9 ! religi\s consci\sness ano!r ne$ makes itself felt1 ! ne$ ( feel+ t 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ruggle we h a fell[-/ruggl] at our side1 a fell[-/ruggl] :o kn[s f 8 own exp]i5ce :at x is to suff] & meet resi/ance 7,! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 #ed74 ,betwe5 ^! two t5d5cies ,hffd+ discov]s an opposition or contradiction1 an ant9omy ( religi\s feel+4 ,b x is precisely because ,*ri/ianity alone ( all religions recognises bo? ne$s t x transc5ds ! ant9omy4 ,! ant9omy is inde$ purely intellectual4 ,hffd+ himself says1 only :5 recollection1 collation1 & comp>ison are possible d we discov] ! opposition or ! contradiction betwe5 ! two t5d5cies4 ,& 9 say+ t1 inasmu* z recollection1 collation1 & comp>ison are intellectual processes1 he admits t ! ant9omy is intellectual4 ,t x is n an ant9omy ( religi\s feel+ is %[n by ! fact t ! two ne$s exi/1 t is to say1 are bo? felt4 ,to say priori t bo? _c be satisfi$ is useless 9 face ( ! fact t ^? :o feel !m f9d t ,*ri/ianity satisfies !m4 #age ,,sacrifice ,9 my la/ lecture ,i call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! subject ( pray] has be5 /rangely neglect$ by ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,religion1 9 :atev] =m x manife/s itself1 is ess5tially practical2 man desires to ent] into communication or into communion ) 8 god1 & 9 s do+ he has a practical purpose 9 view4 ,t purpose may be to secure a mat]ial bless+ ( a p>ticul> k9d1 su* z victory 9 w> or ! enjoym5t ( ! fruits ( ! e>? 9 _! due season1 or ! purpose may be to (f] ?anks = a h>ve/ & to pray = a cont9uance ( prosp]ity g5]ally4 ,or ! purpose ( pray] may be to ask = deliv]ance f mat]ial evils1 su* z fam9e or plague4 ,or x may be to ask = deliv]ance f moral evils & = p[] to d ,god's w4 ,9 a ^w1 if man _h no pray] to make1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 if n ! only1 motive incit+ him to seek communion w\ld be want+4 ,n[1 to "s ( u x may seem priori t !re is no reason :y ! communion ?us s\ght 9 #agf pray] %\ld require any ext]nal rite to sanction or condition x4 ,if t is our priori view1 we %all be ! m surpris$ to f9d t 9 actual fact an ext]nal rite has always be5 felt to be ess5tial2 & t rite has always be5 & /ill is sacrifice1 9 "o or o!r ( its =ms4 ,or1 to put ! same fact 9 ano!r way1 public wor%ip has be5 f ! beg9n+ ! condition )\t :i* private wor%ip c\ld n beg9 & )\t :i* private wor%ip _c cont9ue4 ,to any =m ( religion1 :atev] x be1 x is ess5tial1 if x is to be religion1 t !re %all be a community ( wor%ipp]s & a god wor%ipp$4 ,! bond :i* unites ! wor%ipp]s ) "o ano!r & ) _! god is religion4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! public wor%ip 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s h unit$ has express$ itself 9 rites--rites ( sacrifice--& 9 ! pray]s ( ! community4 ,to ! end1 ! pray]s (f]$ are pray]s to ,our ,fa!r2 & if ! wor%ipp] is spatially sep>at$ f1 he is spiritually unit$ to1 8 fell[-wor%ipp]s ev5 9 private pray]4 ,we may !n recognise t pray] logically & ultimately implies sacrifice 9 "o or o!r ( its s5ses2 & t sacrifice z a rite is mean+less & impossible )\t pray]4 ,b if we recognise #agg t sacrifice :]ev] x occurs implies pray]1 !n ! fact t ! obs]v]s ( savage or b>b>\s rites h describ$ ! ritual acts ( sacrifice1 b h n obs]v$ or h neglect$ to report ! pray]s impli$1 w n lead u into ! error ( imag9+ t sacrifice is a rite :i* c exi/--t x c h a religi\s exi/5ce--)\t pray]4 ,we may att5d to ei!r1 ! sacrifice or to ! pray]1 z we may att5d ei!r to ! concavity or ! convexity ( a curve1 b we may n d5y ! exi/5ce & pres5ce ( ! "o because our att5tion happ5s to be conc5trat$ on ! o!r4 ,! relation 9 primitive religion ( ! "o to ! o!r we may express by say+ t pray] /ates ! motive ) :i* ! sacrifice is made1 & t sacrifice is ess5tial to ! pray]1 :i* w\ld n be efficaci\s )\t ! sacrifice4 ,! reason :y a community c address ! god :i* x wor%ips is t ! god is felt to be id5tifi$ 9 "s way ) ! community & to h its int]e/s 9 8 *>ge & c>e4 ,& ! rite ( sacrifice is felt to make ! id5tification m real4 ,pray]1 aga91 is possible only to ! god to :om ! community is kn[n2 ) :om x is id5tifi$1 m or less2 & ) :om1 :5 8 help is requir$1 ! #agh community seeks to id5tify itself m effectually4 ,! means ( t id5tification )\t :i* ! pray]s ( ! community w\ld be ineffectual is sacrifice4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( sacrifice may probably be tak5 to be ! sacrifice ( an animal1 foll[$ by a sacrificial meal4 ,lat]1 :5 ! god has a /at$ place 9 :i* he is believ$ to manife/ himself1--tree or temple1--!n ! id5tification may be effect$ by atta*+ (f]+s to ! tree or temple4 ,b 9 ei!r case :at is s\ght by ! (f]+ d$icat$ or ! meal ( sacrifice is 9 a ^w incorporation4 ,! wor%ipp]s desire to feel t !y are at "o ) ! _s :om !y wor%ip4 ,& ! desire to exp]i5ce ?is s5se ( union is p>ticul>ly /rong :5 plague or fam9e makes x evid5t t "s e/rangem5t has tak5 place betwe5 ! god & ! community :i* is normally 9 8 c>e & "u 8 protection4 ,! sacrifices & pray]s t are (f]$ 9 su* a case obvi\sly d n op5 up communication = ! fir/ "t betwe5 ! god & 8 tribe3 !y revive & ren=ce a communion :i* is felt to exi/ already1 ev5 ?\gh temporal mis=tunes1 su* z dr\ght or fam9e1 te/ify t x has be5 all[$ by ! tribe to become less close ?an x ought to be1 or t #agi x has be5 /ra9$ by transgressions on ! "p ( individual memb]s ( ! community4 ,b x is n only 9 times ( public di/ress t ! community approa*es its god ) sacrifice & pray]4 ,x s happ5s t ! pray]s (f]$ = victory 9 w> or = ra9 or = deliv]ance f fam9e are in/ances ( pray] ( s m>k$ a "* t !y h =c$ !mselves on ! notice ( travell]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 f ! ,eskimo to ! ,au/ralian black fell[s or ! negroes ( ,africa4 ,& x 0 to ?is class ( pray]s t ,i call$ y\r att5tion pr9cipally 9 ! la/ lecture4 ,b !y are1 :5 we come to ?9k ( x1 ess5tially occasional pray]s1 pray]s t are (f]$ at ! great crises ( tribal life1 :5 ! v exi/5ce ( ! tribe is at /ake4 ,su* crises1 h[ev]1 by _! v nature are n regul> or normal2 & x w\ld be an error to suppose t x is only on ^! occasions t pray]s are made by savage or b>b>\s peoples4 ,if we wi% to discov] ! e>lie/ =m ( regul>ly recurr+ public wor%ip1 we mu/ look = "s regul>ly recurr+ occasion = x4 ,"o su* regul>ly recurr+ occasion is h>ve/ "t1 ano!r is se$ "t1 ano!r is ! annual c]emonial at :i* ! boys :o #ahj atta9 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> to ! age ( manhood are initiat$ into ! secrets or my/]ies ( ! tribe4 ,^! are ! *ief & p]haps ! only regul>ly recurr+ occasions ( public wor%ip z di/+ui%$ f ! irregul> crises ( w>1 pe/il5ce1 dr\ght1 & fam9e :i* affect ! community z a :ole1 & f ! irregul> occasions :5 ! individual memb] ( ! community prays = (fspr+ or = deliv]y f sickness or = success 9 ! private und]tak+ 9 :i* he happ5s to be engag$4 ,( ! regul>ly recurr+ occasions ( public wor%ip ,i w select1 to beg9 )1 ! rites :i* are associat$ ) h>ve/ "t4 ,& ,i w d s p>tly because ! sci5ce ( religion provides u ) v def9ite p>ticul>s bo? z to ! sacrifices & z to ! pray]s :i* are usually made on ^! occasions2 & p>tly because ! pray]s t are made are ( a special k9d & ?r[ a fre% light on ! nature ( ! communion t ! tribe seeks to effect by means ( ! sacrificial (f]+4 ,at ,saa1 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 yams are (f]$1 & ! p]son (f]+ !m cries 9 a l\d voice1 ,?is is y\rs to eat 7,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4#b1 ,,ii1 #dfe74 ,9 #aha ! ,society ,isl&s ! =mula is1 ,"h1 ,t>i1 ,i h br\ght y some?+ to eat 7ib41 #dfi74 ,9 ,indo-,*9a1 ! invitation is ! same3 ,ta/e1 ,o goddess1 ^! fir/-fruits :i* h j be5 reap$ 7ib41 #cbe74 ,!re are no actually express$ words ( ?anks 9 ^! in/ances2 b we may safely conjecture t ! (f]+s are ?ank-(f]+s & t ! feel+ ) :i* ! (f]+s are made is "o ( gratitude & ?ankfulness4 ,?us 9 ,c]am we are told t fir/-fruits are (f]$ z a tok5 ( gratitude 7ib41 #dfc74 ,on ! ,nig] ! ,onit%a =mula is explicit3 ,i ?ank ,god = be+ p]mitt$ to eat ! new yam 7ib41 #cbe74 ,at ,tjumba 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 vessels fill$ ) rice are pres5t$ z a ?ank-(f]+ to ! gods 7ib41 #dfb74 ,! p ( ,nias on ^! occasions (f] ?anks = ! bless+s be/[$ on !m 7ib41 #dfc74 ,by a v natural transition ( ?\ght & feel+1 ?ankfulness = pa/ fav\rs leads to pray] = ! cont9uance ( fav\r 9 ! future4 ,?us 9 ,tana1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! =mula is3 ,compassionate fa!r6 "h is "s food = y2 eat x2 be k9d to u on acc\nt ( x 7ib41 #dfd72 :ile ! ,basutos say3 ,?ank y1 gods2 give u bread to-morr[ also 7ib41 #dei72 & 9 ,tonga ! pray]s #ahb made at ! (f]+ ( fir/-fruits implore ! protection ( ! gods1 & besee* !m = welf>e g5]ally1 ?\gh 9 especial = ! fruits ( ! e>? 7ib41 #dff74 ,! pray]s ( primitive man :i* ,i quot$ 9 my la/ lecture 7 9 ! nature ( petitions or reque/s1 z 0 natural & inde$ inevitable 9 view ( ! fact t !y 7 pref]r$ on occasions :5 ! tribe 0 9 exceptional di/ress & requir$ ! aid ( ! gods on ^: protection ! community reli$4 ,b ! pray]s :i* ,i h j quot$ are n 9 _! ess5ce petitions or reque/s1 ev5 ?\gh 9 "s cases !y t5d to become s4 ,!y are ess5tially pray]s ( ?anksgiv+ & ! (f]+s made are ?ank-(f]+s4 ,?us our conception ( primitive pray] mu/ be ext5d$ to include bo? m5tal attitudes--t ( ?ankfulness = pa/ or pres5t bless+s z well z ! hope ( bless+s yet to come4 ,& inasmu* z sacrifice is ! concomitant ( pray]1 we mu/ recognise t sacrificial (f]+s also s]ve z ! expression ( bo? m5tal attitudes4 ,& we mu/ note t 9 ! regul>ly recurr+ =m ( public or tribal wor%ip ) :i* we are n[ deal+ ! dom9ant feel+ to :i* expression is giv5 is #ahc t ( ?ankfulness4 ,! tribe seeks = communion ) its god = ! purpose ( express+ its ?anks4 ,ev5 ! savage :o simply says1 ,"h1 ,t>i1 ,i h br\ght y some?+ to eat1 or1 /ill m curtly1 ,?is is y\rs to eat1 is express+ ?anks1 albeit 9 savage fa%ion4 ,& ! means :i* ! savage adopts = secur+ t communion :i* he seeks to r5ew regul>ly ) ! tribal god is a sacrificial meal1 ( :i* ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s p>take4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole c]emony1 :e!r we reg>d ! spok5 words or ! acts p]=m$1 !re is no sugge/ion ( magic & no possibility ( twi/+ ! c]emony into a piece ( magic int5d$ to produce "s desir$ result or to ex]cise any con/ra9t ov] ! p[]s to :i* ! c]emony is address$4 ,! m5tal attitude is t ( ?ankfulness4 ,n[1 x is1 ,i v5ture to sugge/1 impossible to dissociate f ! fir/-fruits c]emonials :i* ,i h describ$ ! c]emonies obs]v$ by ,au/ralian black fell[s on simil> occasions4 ,& x is also impossible to ov]look ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! c]emony 9 ,au/ralia & ! c]emony else:]e4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 z else:]e1 :5 ! "t ( ye> arrives at :i* ! food becomes fit = eat+1 #ahd a c]emony has to be p]=m$ be=e cu/om p]mits ! food to be eat5 freely4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 z else:]e1 a c]emonial eat+1 a sacram5tal meal1 has to take place4 ,b :]eas else:]e ! god ( ! community is expressly invit$ to p>take ( ! sacram5tal meal1 ev5 ?\gh he be n m5tion$ by "n & ?\gh ! invitation take ! curt =m ( ,?is is y\rs to eat1 9 ,au/ralia no words :atev] are spok52 ! p]son :o p]=ms ! c]emony p]=ms x inde$ ) e indication ( rev]5tial feel+1 he eats solemnly & sp>+ly1 t is to say =mally & because ! eat+ is a matt] ( ritual1 b no ref]5ce is made by him s f> z we "k1 to any god4 ,h[ !n are we to expla9 ! abs5ce ( any su* ref]5ce8 ,!re seems to me to be only "o explanation :i* is reasonably possible4 ,x is t 9 ! ,au/ralian c]emony1 :i* w\ld be p]fectly intelligible & p]fectly 9 l9e ) ! c]emony z x occurs ev]y:]e else1 ! ref]5ce to ! god :o is or 0 invit$ to p>take ( ! fir/-fruits has 9 ! process ( "t &1 we mu/ add1 9 ! c\rse ( religi\s decay1 gradually dropp$ out4 ,! invitation may nev] h be5 m ample ?an ! curt =m1 ,?is is y\rs to eat4 ,ev5 9 ! #ahe abs5ce ( any v]bal invitation :atev]1 a ge/ure may long h suffic$ to indicate :at 0 9 ! m9d & 0 impli$ by ! act ( ! savage p]=m+ ! c]emony4 ,words may n h be5 felt necess>y to expla9 :at e p]son pres5t at ! c]emony knew to be ! purpose ( ! rite4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( any v]bal =mula :atev] ! purpose & mean+ ( ! rite w\ld be apt to pass out ( m9d1 to evaporate1 ev5 ?\gh cu/om ma9ta9$1 z x does 9 ,au/ralia to ?is day ma9ta91 ! punctual & punctili\s p]=mance ( ! outw>d c]emony4 ,i sugge/1 !re=e1 t 9 ,au/ralia1 z else:]e1 ! solemn eat+ ( ! fir/-fruits has be5 a sacram5tal meal ( :i* bo? ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s 7 p>tak]s4 ,! alt]native is to my m9d mu* less probable3 x is to use ! ,au/ralian c]emony z x n[ exi/s to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! c]emony z we f9d x else:]e4 ,9 ,au/ralia x is n n[ app>5tly associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( any god2 !re=e x may be argu$ 9 o!r c\ntries also x 0 n orig9ally "p ( ! wor%ip ( any god ei!r4 ,if1 !n1 x 0 n an act ( public wor%ip orig9ally1 h[ are we to und]/& x8 ,! sugge/ion is t ! fruits ( ! e>? or ! animals :i* become ! food ( #ahf man are1 until !y become fit = eat+1 reg>d$ z sacr$ or taboo1 & !re=e may n be eat54 ,t sugge/ion d]ives "s support f ! fact t 9 ,au/ralia any?+ t is eat5 may be a totem & be+ a totem is taboo4 ,b if x is ?us sacr$1 !n 9 ord] to be eat5 x mu/ be desacralis$1 ! taboo mu/ be tak5 (f4 ,& x is sugge/$ t t precisely is :at is effect$ by ! c]emonial eat+ ( ! totem by ! headman ( ! totem clan3 ! totem is desacralis$ by ! m]e fact t x is =mally & c]emonially eat5 by ! headman1 aft] :i* x may be consum$ by o!rs z an ord9>y article ( food4 ,b ?is explanation ( ! fir/-fruits c]emony is bas$ ^u an assumption :i* is contr>y to ! facts ( ! case z x occurs 9 ,au/ralia4 ,x assumes t ! plant or ! animal until desacralis$ is taboo to all memb]s ( ! tribe1 & t none ( !m c eat x until x has be5 desacralis$ by ! c]emonial eat+4 ,b ! assumption is false2 ! plant or animal is sacr$ & taboo only to memb]s ( ! clan ^: totem x is4 ,x is n sacr$ to ! va/ majority ( ! tribe1 = !y h totems ( _! own2 to !m x is n sacr$ or taboo1 !y may kill x--& !y d--)\t break+ any taboo4 ,! c]emonial #ahg eat+ ( ! fir/-fruits raises no taboo z f> z ! tribe g5]ally is conc]n$1 = ! plant or animal is n taboo to !m4 ,z f> z ! tribe g5]ally is conc]n$1 no process ( desacralisation takes place & none is effect$ by ! c]emonial eat+4 ,x is ! p>ticul> totem gr\p alone :i* is affect$ by ! c]emony2 & ! inf]5ce :i* x seems to me pref]able to draw is t ! c]emonial eat+ ( ! fir/-fruits is1 or r has be51 9 ,au/ralia :at x is else:]e1 viz4 an in/ance ( pray] & sacrifice 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s ( a god are br\ght into p]iodic--9 ?is case annual--communion ) _! god4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,au/ralian case & o!rs seems to be t 9 ! o!r cases ! god :o p>takes ( ! fir/-fruits is ! god ( ! :ole community1 :ile 9 ,au/ralia he is ! god ( ! p>ticul> totem gr\p & is analog\s to ! family gods :o are wor%ipp$ else:]e1 ev5 :]e !re is a tribal or national god to be wor%ipp$ z well4 ,we are !n incl9$1 = ^! & o!r reasons1 to expla9 ! c]emonial eat+ ( ! totem plant or animal 9 ,au/ralia by ! analogy ( ! c]emonial eat+ ( fir/-fruits else:]e1 & to reg>d ! c]emony z be+ 9 all cases an act ( wor%ip1 #ahh 9 :i* at h>ve/ "t ! wor%ipp]s ( a god seek communion ) him by means ( sacrifice & pray]s ( ?anksgiv+4 ,b if we take ?is view ( ! sacrifice & pray]s (f]$ at h>ve/ "t1 we %all be incl9$ to reg>d ! rites :i* are p]=m$ at se$ "t1 or ! p]iod analog\s to x1 z be+ also possibly1 9 "p1 ( a religi\s "*4 ,9 ! case ( agricultural peoples x is beyond d\bt t "s ( ! c]emonies are religi\s 9 "*3 :]e ! food plant is itself reg>d$ z a deity or ! mode 9 :i* a deity is manife/$1 n only may !re be at h>ve/ "t a sacram5tal meal 9 :i*1 z among/ ! ,aztecs1 ! deity is =mally communicat$ to 8 wor%ipp]s1 b at se$ "t sacrifice & pray] may be made to ! deity4 ,su* a religi\s c]emony1 :atev] be ! degree ( civilisation or semicivilisation :i* has be5 rea*$ by ^? :o obs]ve ! c]emony1 does n ( c\rse take ! place ( ! agricultural op]ations :i* are necess>y if ! fruits are to be produc$ 9 due season4 ,& ! comb9ation ( ! religi\s rites & ! agricultural op]ations does n conv]t ! agricultural op]ations into magical op]ations1 or prove t ! religi\s rites are m]ely pieces ( magic #ahi int5d$ to con/ra9 ! sup]ior p[] ( ! deity conc]n$4 ,inde$1 if among ! op]ations p]=m$ at se$ "t we f9d "s t f ! po9t ( view ( mod]n sci5ce are p]fectly ineffectual1 z va9 z eat+ tig] to make y bold1 we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ !m z pieces ( primitive sci5ce1 ev5tually disc>d$ inde$ 9 ! progress ( advanc+ k1 b orig9ally practis$ 7on ! pr9ciple t l produces l7 z ! natural means ( produc+ ! effect desir$4 ,if we s reg>d !m1 we %all escape ! error ( consid]+ !m to be magical2 & we %all h no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ !m f ! religi\s rites :i* may be comb9$ ) !m4 ,fur!r1 :]e h>ve/ "t is m>k$ by ! (f]+ ( sacrifice & pray]s ( ?anksgiv+1 we may n unreasonably take x t ! religi\s rites obs]v$ at se$ "t or ! p]iod analog\s to x are 9 ! nature ( sacrifice & pray]s address$ to ! appropriate deity to besee* him to fav\r ! gr[? ( ! plant or animal 9 "q4 ,9 a ^w1 ! practice ( giv+ ?anks to a god at h>ve/ "t = ! h>ve/ creates a reasonable presumption t pray] is (f]$ to him at se$ "t2 & if ?anks are giv5 at a p]iod analog\s to #aij h>ve/ "t by a p l ! ,au/ralian black fell[s1 :o h no dome/icat$ plants or animals1 pray]s ( ! nature ( petitions may be (f]$ by !m at ! p]iod analog\s to se$ "t4 ,! deity to :om pray]s are (f]$ at ! "o p]iod & ?anksgiv+ is made at ! o!r may be1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,aztec ,xilon51 or ! ,h9doo ,maize-"m1 ! _s ( ! plant envisag$ z a deity2 or may be1 n a dep>tm5tal deity ( ?is k9d1 b a supreme deity hav+ p[] ov] all ?+s4 ,b :5 we turn f ! regul>ly recurr+ acts ( public wor%ip connect$ ) se$ "t & h>ve/ to ! regul>ly recurr+ c]emonies at :i* ! boys ( a tribe are initiat$ into ! duties & rights ( manhood1 x is obvi\s t ! deity conc]n$ 9 !m1 ev5 if we assume 7z is by no means necess>y7 t he 0 orig9ally dep>tm5tal & at fir/ connect$ m]ely ) ! gr[? ( a plant or animal1 mu/ be reg>d$ at ! initiation c]emonies z a god hav+ 9 8 c>e all ! int]e/s ( t tribe ( :i* ! boys to be initiat$ are ab\t to become full memb]s4 ,unmi/akable traces ( su* a deity are f\nd among/ ! ,au/ralian black fell[s 9 ! fa!r ( all1 ! all-fa!r describ$ by ,mr4 ,h[itt4 ,! #aia wor%ip ( ! all-fa!r is inde$ n[ ( a fragm5t>y k9d2 b x =tunately happ5s t 9 ! case ( "o tribe1 ! ,euahlayi1 we h evid5ce1 rescu$ by ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 to %[ t pray] is (f]$ to ,byamee2 ! ,euahlayi pray to him = long life1 because !y h kept 8 law4 ,! nature ( ,byamee's law may safely be inf]r$ f ! fact t at ?is fe/ival1 bo? among/ ! ,euahlayi & o!r ,au/ralians1 ! boys :o are be+ initiat$ are taught ! moral laws or ! cu/om>y morality ( ! tribe4 ,b ?\gh pray]s are /ill (f]$ by ! ,euahlayi & may h at "o "t be5 (f]$ by all ! ,au/ralian tribes1 !re is no evid5ce at pres5t to %[ t ! pray] is accompani$ by a sacrifice1 z is cu/om>y among/ tribes ^: wor%ip has n dis9tegrat$ s mu* z is ! case among/ ! ,au/ralians4 ,! c]emonies by :i* boys are admitt$ to ! /atus ( manhood are1 probably among/ all ! peoples ( ! e>? :o obs]ve !m1 ( a religi\s "*1 = ! simple reason t ! community to :i* ! boy is admitt$ :5 he atta9s ! age ( manhood is a community1 unit$ toge!r by religi\s bonds z a community wor%ipp+ ! same god or gods2 & x is to ! #aib wor%ip & ! s]vice ( ^! gods t he is admitt$4 ,b ! c]emonies !mselves v>y too mu* to all[ ( our draw+ f !m any valuable or important conclusion z to ! nature & import ( sacrifice z a religi\s in/itution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c]emonies obs]v$ at h>ve/ "t1 or ! analog\s p]iod1 h1 :]ev] !y occur1 su* m>k$ simil>ity among !mselves1 & ! in/itution ( pray] & sacrifice is su* a prom95t feature 9 !m1 t ! evid5ce !y af=d mu/ be decisive = u 9 attempt+ to =m a !ory ( sacrifice4 ,nor c we dissociate ! c]emonies obs]v$ 9 spr+ f ! h>ve/ c]emonies2 z ,dr4 ,fraz] rem>ks 7,g4 ,b41 ,,ii1 #aij71 ,pla9ly ^! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms are bas$ on ! same anci5t modes ( ?\ght & =m p>ts ( ! same primitive hea!ndom4 ,:at1 !n1 are ^! anci5t modes ( ?\ght & :at ! primitive cu/oms bas$ ^u !m8 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 classify !m 9 f\r gr\ps4 ,if we are to take fir/ ^? in/ances 9 :i* ! anci5t mode ( ?\ght is mo/ cle>ly express$--:e!r because !y are ! mo/ fully develop$ or because !y reta9 ! anci5t mode mo/ fai?fully & ) ! lea/ dis9tegration--we mu/ #aic turn to anci5t ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,9 ,mexico a pa/e idol or d\gh image ( ! god 0 made2 ! prie/ hurl$ a d>t into its brea/2 & ?is 0 call$ ! kill+ ( ! god1 s t 8 body might be eat54 ,! d\gh image 0 brok5 & ! pieces 7 giv5 9 ! mann] ( a communion to ! p1 :o receiv$ x ) su* te>s1 fe>1 & rev]5ce1 z x 0 an admirable ?+1 says ,fa!r ,aco/a1 say+ t !y did eat ! fle% & bones ( ,god4 ,or1 aga91 an image ( ! goddess ,*icomecoatl 0 made ( d\gh & exhibit$ by ! prie/1 say+1 ,?is is y\r god4 ,all k9ds ( maize1 beans1 etc41 7 (f]$ to x & !n 7 eat5 9 ! temple 9 a g5]al scramble1 take :o c\ld4 ,9 ,p]u e>s ( maize 7 dress$ 9 ri* g>m5ts & wor%ipp$ z ! ,"m ( ! ,maize2 or little loaves ( maize m+l$ ) ! blood ( %eep 7 made2 ! prie/ gave to ea* ( ! p a morsel ( ^! loaves1 & all did receive & eat ^! pieces1 & pray$ t ! god w\ld %[ !m fav\r1 grant+ !m *ildr5 & happy ye>s & abundance & all t !y requir$4 ,9 ?is1 ! fir/ gr\p ( in/ances1 x is pla9 beyond all possibility ( ga9say+ t ! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms consi/ #aid ( ! wor%ip ( a god1 ( sacrifice & pray]s to him1 & ( a communion :i* b\nd ! wor%ipp]s to "o ano!r & to him4 ,our second gr\p ( in/ances consi/s ( cases 9 :i* ! corn or d\gh or pa/e is n inde$ made into ! =m or image ( a god1 b1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] says 7,g4 ,b4 ,,ii1 #cah71 ! new corn is itself eat5 sacram5tally1 t is1 z ! body ( ! corn _s4 ,! _s ?us wor%ipp$ may n yet h acquir$ a prop] "n2 ! only designation us$ may h be5 su* a "o z ! ,h9doo ,bhogaldai1 mean+ simply ,cotton-"m4 ,inde$1 ev5 among/ ! ,p]uvians1 ! goddess _h n yet acquir$ a prop] "n1 b 0 kn[n only z ! ,"m ( ! ,maize4 ,b precisely because ! /age illu/rat$ 9 our second gr\p ( in/ances is n s highly develop$ z 9 ,mexico or ,p]u x is mu* m widely spread4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian isl& ( ,euro1 among/ ! ,alfoors ( ,m9ahassa1 9 ! ,celebes1 9 ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills ( ,s\? ,india1 9 ! ,h9doo ,koo%1 9 ,indo-,*9a1 on ! ,nig]1 among/ ! ,zulus & ! ,pondos1 & among/ ! ,creek1 ,sem9ole1 & ,nat*ez ,indians 7ib4 #cba-cdb74 ,9 ?is1 ! second gr\p ( in/ances1 !n1 ?\gh ! god #aie may h no special1 prop]1 "n1 & ?\gh no image ( him is made out ( ! d\gh or pa/e1 /ill ! new corn is itself eat5 sacram5tally1 t is z ! body ( ! corn _s2 by means ( ! sacram5tal eat+1 ( sacrifice & pray]1 communion betwe5 ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s is r5ew$ & ma9ta9$4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( in/ances consi/s ( ! h>ve/ cu/oms ( nor!rn ,europe--! h>ve/ supp] & ! rites ( ! ,corn-"m or ! ,corn-maid5 or ! ,k]n ,baby4 ,x c sc>cely be cont5d$ t ^! rites & cu/oms1 s f> z !y survive at ! pres5t day1 reta91 if !y ev] _h1 any religi\s value2 !y are p]=m$ z a matt] ( tradition & cu/om & n because any "o kn[s :y !y are p]=m$4 ,b t !y orig9ally _h a mean+--ev5 ?\gh n[ x has evaporat$--_c be d\bt$4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t ! mean+1 if x is to be recov]$1 mu/ be recov]$ by means ( ! comp>ative me?od4 ,&1 if ! comp>ative me?od is to be appli$1 ! ,corn-"m ( nor!rn ,europe _c be dissociat$ f ! ,maize-"m ( anci5t ,p]u4 ,b if we g ?us f>1 !n we mu/1 ) ,dr4 ,fraz] 7ib4 #bhh71 recognise cle>ly ! #aif sacram5tal "* ( ! h>ve/-supp]1 9 :i*1 z a sub/itute = ! real fle% ( ! div9e be+1 bread & dumpl+s are made & eat5 sacram5tally4 ,?us1 once m1 h>ve/ cu/oms te/ify 9 nor!rn ,europe1 z else:]e1 to ! fact t !re 0 once a /at$1 annual1 p]iod at :i* communion betwe5 ! god & 8 wor%ipp] 0 s\ght by pray] & sacrifice4 ,! ,nor?-,european h>ve/ cu/oms are fur!r int]e/+ & important because1 if !y are cle>ly connect$ on ! "o h& ) ! gr\ps ( in/ances already giv51 !y are also connect$ on ! o!r ) ! gr\p to :i* we h yet to call att5tion4 ,?us f> ! :eat or maize1 if n eat5 9 ! =m ( little loaves or cakes1 has be5 made into a d\gh image1 or else ! e>s ( maize h be5 dress$ 9 ri* g>m5ts to indicate t !y repres5t ! ,"m ( ! ,maize2 & 9 ,europe also bo? =ms ( symbolism are f\nd4 ,b 9 nor!rn ,europe1 ! corn _s is also believ$ to be manife/$1 ,dr4 ,fraz] says1 9 ! animal :i* is pres5t 9 ! corn & is caught or kill$ 9 ! la/ %eaf4 ,! animal may be a wolf1 dog1 cock1 h>e1 cat1 goat1 bull1 c[1 horse1 or pig4 ,! animal is sla9 & its fle% & blood are p>tak5 #aig ( by ! h>ve/]s1 &1 ,dr4 ,fraz] says1 ^! cu/oms br+ out cle>ly ! sacram5tal "* ( ! h>ve/ supp]4 ,n[1 ?is manife/ation ( ! corn _s 9 animal =m is n conf9$ to ,europe2 x occurs = in/ance 9 ,gu9ea & 9 all ! prov9ces & di/ricts ( ,*9a4 ,& x is important z =m+ a l9k betwe5 ! agricultural & ! pre-agricultural p]iods2 9 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s words1 hunt+ & pa/oral tribes1 z well z agricultural peoples1 h be5 9 ! habit ( kill+ _! gods 7ib4 #cff74 ,9 ! pa/oral p]iod1 z well z 9 agricultural times1 ! god :o is wor%ipp$ by ! tribe & ) :om ! tribe seeks communion by means ( pray] & sacrifice1 may manife/ himself 9 animal =m1 & ! animal is sla9 & its fle% & blood are p>tak5 (4 ,we n[ come to ! f\r? & ! la/ ( our gr\ps ( in/ances4 ,x consi/s ( ! rites obs]v$ by ,au/ralian tribes4 ,among/ ^! tribes too !re is :at ,dr4 ,fraz] t]ms a sacram5tal eat+ ( ! totem plant or animal4 ,?us ,c5tral ,au/ralian black m5 ( ! kang>oo totem eat a little kang>oo fle%1 z a sacram5t 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 #bjd ff474 ,n[1 x is impossible1 ,i ?9k1 to #aih dissociate ! ,au/ralian rite1 to sep>ate ?is f\r? gr\p1 f ! ?ree gr\ps already describ$4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 ! cu/oms are obs]v$ 9 spr+ & h>ve/ "t1 & 9 h>ve/ "t1 9 ,au/ralia z well z else:]e1 !re is a solemn & sp>+ eat+ ( ! plant or animal2 &1 9 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s words1 pla9ly ^! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms are bas$ on ! same anci5t modes ( ?\ght1 & =m "p ( ! same primitive hea!ndom4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is anci5t & primitive mode ( ?\ght8 ,9 all ! cases except ! ,au/ralian1 ! ?\ght manife/ly impli$ & express$ is t by ! solemn eat+ ( ! plant or ! animal1 or ! d\gh image or pa/e idol1 or ! little loaves1 ! community ent]s into communion ) its god1 or r5ews communion ) him4 ,on ?is occasion ! ,p]uvians pray$ = *ildr51 happy ye>s & abundance4 ,on ?is occasion1 ev5 among ! ,au/ralians1 ! ,euahlayi tribe pray = long life1 because !y h kept ,byamee's law4 ,x w\ld n1 !re=e1 be unreasonable to int]pret ! ,au/ralian cu/om by ! same anci5t mode ( ?\ght :i* expla9s ! cu/om :]ev] else--& t is all ov] ! _w--x is f\nd4 ,b p]haps1 if we c f9d "s o!r int]pretation #aii ( ! ,au/ralian cu/om1 we %\ld d bett] to rev]se ! process & expla9 ! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms :i* are f\nd else:]e by means (1 & 9 accordance )1 ! ,au/ralian cu/om4 ,n[ ano!r int]pretation ( ! ,au/ralian cu/om has be5 put =w>d by ,dr4 ,fraz]4 ,he treats ! ,au/ralian c]emony z be+ a piece ( pure magic1 ! purpose ( :i* is to promote ! gr[? & increase ( ! plants & animals :i* provide ! black fell[s ) food4 ,b if we />t f ?is po9t ( view1 we mu/ g fur!r & say t among/ o!r peoples ?an ! ,au/ralian ! kill+ ( ! repres5tative animal ( ! _s ( vegetation is1 9 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s words1 a magical rite int5d$ to assure ! revival ( nature 9 spr+4 ,& if t is ! nature ( ! rite :i* appe>s 9 nor!rn ,europe z ! h>ve/ supp]1 x w also be ! nature ( ! rite z x appe>s bo? 9 our second gr\p ( in/ances1 :]e ! corn is eat5 z ! body ( ! corn-_s1 & 9 ! fir/ gr\p1 :]e ! d\gh image or pa/e idol 0 eat5 9 ,mexico z ! fle% & bones ( ! god4 ,t ?is l9e ( ?\ght runs ?r\gh ,dr4 ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh1 9 its second edition1 is indicat$ by ! fact t ! rite is spok5 ( ?r\gh\t z a #bjj sacram5t4 ,t ! ,mexican rite z describ$ 9 our fir/ gr\p is sacram5tal1 is cle>4 ,( ! rites :i* =m our second gr\p ( in/ances1 ,dr4 ,fraz] says t ! corn-_s1 or god1 is kill$ 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative & eat5 sacram5tally1 & t ! new corn is itself eat5 sacram5tally2 t is1 z ! body ( ! corn-_s 7p4 #cah74 ,( ! ,nor? ,european rites1 aga91 he says1 ! animal is sla9 & its fle% & blood are p>tak5 ( by ! h>ve/]s--^! cu/oms br+ out cle>ly ! sacram5tal "* ( ! h>ve/ supp]--z a sub/itute = ! real fle% ( ! div9e be+1 bread or dumpl+s are made 9 8 image & eat5 sacram5tally4 ,f9ally1 ev5 :5 speak+ ( ! ,au/ralians z m5 :o h no gods to wor%ip1 & ) :om ! rite is pure & unadult]at$ magic1 he yet describes ! rite z a sacram5t4 ,n[ if1 on ! "o h&1 f its beg9n+ among/ ! ,au/ralians to ! =m :i* x f9ally took among/ ! ,mexicans ! rite is1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] sy/ematically calls x1 a sacram5t2 & if1 on ! o!r1 x is1 9 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s words1 a magical rite int5d$ to assure ! revival ( nature 9 spr+1 !n ! conclusion :i* ! read] _c help #bja draw+ is t a sacram5t1 or ?is sacram5t at lea/1 is 9 its orig91 & 9 its nature ?r\gh\t1 a piece ( magic4 ,religion is b magic writt5 9 diff]5t *>act]s2 & = ^? :o c int]pret !m x spells ! same ?+4 ,b ?\gh ?is is ! conclusion to :i* ,dr4 ,fraz]'s argum5t leads1 & to :i* 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh x cle>ly seem$ to po9t2 9 ! preface to ! second edition he =mally disav[s x4 ,he recognises t religion does n spr+ f magic1 b is fundam5tally oppos$ to x4 ,a sacram5t1 !re=e1 we may inf]1 _c be a piece ( magic4 ,! ,au/ralian sacram5t1 !re=e1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] calls x1 _c1 we %\ld be incl9$ to say1 be a piece ( magic4 ,b ,dr4 ,fraz] /ill holds t ! ,au/ralian rite or sacram5t is pure magic--religi\s x _c be1 = 9 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s view ! ,au/ralians "k no religion & h no gods4 ,n[ if ! rite z x occurs 9 ,au/ralia is pure magic1 & if religion is n a v>iety ( magic b fundam5tally diff]5t f x1 !n ! rite :i*1 z x occurs ev]y:]e else1 is religi\s1 _c be d]iv$ f1 or a v>iety (1 ! ,au/ralian piece ( magic2 & ! spr+ & h>ve/ cu/oms :i* are f\nd 9 ,au/ralia _c be bas$ on ! #bjb same anci5t modes ( ?\ght or =m "p ( ! same primitive hea!ndom z ! sacram5tal rites :i* are f\nd ev]y:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,! solemn annual eat+ ( ! totem plant or animal 9 ,au/ralia mu/ h a totally diff]5t basis f t on :i* ! sacram5t & communion /&s 9 e o!r "p ( ! globe3 9 ,au/ralia x is bas$ on magic1 else:]e on t :i* is1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,fraz]1 fundam5tally diff]5t & oppos$ to magic1 viz4 religion4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we commit ourselves to ?is conclusion1 we may be all[$ to ask1 ,:at is x t compels u ?us to sev] ! ,au/ralian f ! o!r =ms ( ! rite8 ,! reply w\ld seem to be t1 :]eas ! o!r =ms are admitt$ly religi\s1 ! ,au/ralian is a magical rite int5d$ to assure ! revival ( nature 9 spr+4 ,n[1 if t 7 really ! nature ( ! ,au/ralian rite1 we might h to accept ! conclusion to :i* we hesitate to commit ourselves4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,au/ralian rite is n int5d$ to assure ! revival ( nature 9 spr+1 & has no?+ magical ab\t x4 ,x is p]fectly true t 9 spr+ 9 ,au/ralia c]ta9 proce$+s are p]=m$ :i* are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t l produces l2 & #bjc t ^! proce$+s are1 by /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 t]m$--p]haps incorrectly--magical4 ,b ^! spr+ cu/oms are q diff]5t f ! h>ve/ cu/oms2 & x is ! h>ve/ cu/oms :i* con/itute ! l9k betwe5 ! rite 9 ,au/ralia & ! rite 9 ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! crucial "q1 !re=e1 is :e!r ! ,au/ralian h>ve/ rite is magical1 or is ev5 bas$ on ! pr9ciple t l produces l4 ,& ! answ] is t x is pla9ly n4 ,! h>ve/ rite 9 ,au/ralia consi/s1 z we "k x n[1 simply 9 ! fact t at ! appo9t$ "t a little ( ! totem plant or animal is solemnly & sp>+ly eat5 by ! headman ( ! totem4 ,! solemnity ) :i* ! rite is p]=m$ is unmi/akable1 & may well be t]m$ religi\s4 ,& no attempt ev51 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has be5 made to %[ t ?is solemn eat+ is reg>d$ z magic by ! p]=m]s ( ! rite1 or h[ x c be s reg>d$ by /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,until ! attempt is made & made successfully1 we are m ?an ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to reg>d ! rite z magical2 we are b\nd to refuse to reg>d x z su*4 ,b if ! rite is n magical--& =tiori if x is1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] t]ms x1 sacram5tal--!n x is #bjd religi\s2 & ! anci5t mode ( ?\ght1 =m+ "p ( primitive hea!ndom1 :i* is at ! base ( ! rite1 is ! conviction t manife/s itself :]ev] ! rite cont9ues to live1 viz4 t by pray] & sacrifice ! wor%ipp]s 9 any community are br\ght into communion ) ! god !y wor%ip4 ,! rite is1 9 tru?1 :at ,dr4 ,fraz] t]ms x z x occurs 9 ,au/ralia--a sacram5t4 ,b n ev5 9 ,au/ralia is a sacram5t a piece ( magic4 ,9 ! animi/ic /age ( ! evolution ( humanity1 ! only causes man c conceive ( are animat$ ?+s2 &1 9 ! pres5ce ( any occurr5ce suffici5tly /rik+ to arre/ 8 att5tion1 ! que/ions :i* pres5t !mselves to 8 m9d are1 ,:o did ?is ?+1 & :y8 ,occurr5ces :i* arre/ ! att5tion ( ! community are occurr5ces :i* affect ! community2 & 9 a l[ /age ( evolution1 :5 ! mo/ press+ ( all practical que/ions is h[ to live1 ! occurr5ces :i* mo/ effectually arre/ att5tion are ^? :i* affect ! food supply ( ! community4 ,if1 !n1 ! food supply fails1 ! occurr5ce is due to "s ( ! p]sonal1 or quasi-p]sonal1 p[]s by :om ! community is surr\nd$2 & ! reason :y su* p[] s act$ is f\nd 9 ! wra? :i* #bje mu/ h actuat$ him4 ,! situation is abnormal1 = fam9e is abnormal2 & x indicates ang] & wra? on ! "p ( ! p[] :o br\ght x ab\t4 ,b x also implies t :5 ?+s g on 9 ! normal way1--:5 ! relations betwe5 ! _s & ! community are normal1--! attitude ( ! _s to ! community is peaceable & fri5dly4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ! community desire to r5ew peaceable & fri5dly relations1 :]e pe/il5ce or fam9e %[ t !y h be5 di/urb$3 ! community also desires to b5efit by !m :5 !y are 9 _! normal condition4 ,! spirits t c di/urb ! normal conditions by s5d+ pe/il5ce or fam9e c also assi/ ! community 9 und]tak+s1 ! success ( :i* is indisp5sable if ! community is to ma9ta9 its exi/5ce2 = in/ance1 ^? und]tak+s on :i* ! food supply ( ! community dep5ds4 ,h5ce ! petitions :i* are put up at se$ "t1 or1 9 ! pre-agricultural p]iod1 at seasons analog\s to se$ "t4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! rites at h>ve/ "t or ! analog\s season1 rites :i* are in/itut$ & develop$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ fri5dly relation & communion betwe5 ! community1 & ! _s ^: fav\r #bjf is s\ght & ^: ang] is dread$ by ! community4 ,su* sacrificial rites may inde$ be int]pret$ z ! mak+ ( gifts to ! gods2 & !y d1 z a matt] ( fact1 (t5 come s to be reg>d$ by ^? :o p]=m !m4 ,f ?is und5iable fact ! inf]5ce may !n be drawn1 & by _m /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion x is inf]r$1 t f ! beg9n+ !re 0 9 su* sacrificial rites no o!r int5tion ?an to bribe ! god or to pur*ase 8 fav\r & ! good ?+s he _h to give4 ,b ! inf]5ce1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly limit$1 has "s tru? 9 x1 becomes mislead+ :5 put =w>d z be+ ! :ole tru?4 ,unless !re 7 "s tru? 9 x1 ! rite ( sacrifice c\ld nev] h develop$ into ! =m :i* 0 d5\nc$ by ! ,hebrew prophets & m]cilessly expos$ by ,plato4 ,b _h t be5 ! :ole tru?1 ! rite w\ld h be5 incapable ( dis*>g+ ! really religi\s function :i* x has 9 its hi/ory fulfill$4 ,t function has be5 to place & ma9ta9 ! society :i* practises x 9 communion ) its god4 ,d\btless 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! hi/ory ( ! rite1 ! communion ?us felt to be e/abli%$ 0 priz$ & 0 ma9ly s\ght = ! ext]nal bless+s :i* 7 believ$ #bjg to foll[ f x1 or1 z a means to av]t ! public disa/]s :i* a brea* ( communion entail$4 ,d\btless x 0 only by degrees1 & by sl[ degrees1 t ! communion ?us e/abli%$ came to be reg>d$ z be+ 9 itself ! end :i* ! rite ( sacrifice 0 truly int5d$ to atta94 ,b ! communion ( ! wor%ipp]s ) _! god 0 n a purpose orig9ally =eign to ! rite1 & :i*1 :5 introduc$1 trans=m$ ! rite f :at x at fir/ 0 into some?+ radically diff]5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 pres5t1 ev5 ?\gh n prom95t or pr$om9ant1 f ! beg9n+2 & ! rite1 z a religi\s in/itution1 foll[$ diff]5t l9es ( evolution1 accord+ z ! "o aspect or ! o!r 0 develop$4 ,:]e ! aspect "u :i* ! sacrificial rite 0 reg>d$ 0 t ! (f]+ 0 a gift made to ! deity 9 ord] to secure "s specifi$ temporal advantage1 ! religi\s value ( ! rite dim9i%$ to ! vani%+ po9t 9 ! eyes bo? ( ^? :o1 l ,plato1 c\ld see ! intr9sic absurdity ( pret5d+ to make gifts to ,him f :om alone all good ?+s come1 & ( ^? :o felt t ! sacrificial rite s conceiv$ did n af=d ! spiritual communion = :i* !y ye>n$4 ,:]e ev5 ! #bjh sacrificial rite 0 reg>d$ z a means :]eby communion betwe5 ! wor%ipp] & 8 god 0 atta9$ or ma9ta9$1 ! emphasis might be ?r[n on ! rite & its due p]=mance r ?an on ! spiritual communion ( :i* x 0 ! condition4 ,t is to say1 ) ! gr[? ( =malism att5tion 0 conc5trat$ on ! ritual & correspond+ly )drawn f ! pray] :i*1 f ! beg9n+1 _h be5 ( ! ess5ce ( ! rite4 ,by ! rite ( sacrifice ! community _h always be5 br\ght into ! pres5ce ( ! god x wor%ipp$2 &1 9 ! pray]s !n (f]$ on behalf ( ! society1 ! society _h be5 br\ght into communion ) its god4 ,f t communion x 0 possible to fall away1 ev5 ?\gh ! p]=mance ( ! rite 0 ma9ta9$4 ,! v object ( t communion might be mis9t]pret$ & mi/ak5 to be a means m]ely to temporal bless+s = ! community1 or ev5 to p]sonal advantages = ! individual4 ,or ! punctili\s p]=mance ( ea* & e detail ( ! rite might t5d to become an end 9 itself & displace ! spiritual communion1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* _h be5 f ! beg9n+ ! highe/1 ev5 if n ! only or ! mo/ prom95t1 #bji end :i* ! rite might subs]ve4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! possibilities :i* ! rite might h realis$ & ! actual purposes = :i* x _h come to be us$ be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ is a diff]5ce pat5t to ! mo/ casual obs]v] ( ! facts4 ,! dissatisfaction felt alike by ,plato & ! ,hebrew prophets ) ! rite z x _h come to be practis$ may be reg>d$1 if we *oose s to reg>d x1 z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( pre-exi/+ facts1 & z necess>ily entail+ ! rejection or ! recon/itution ( ! rite4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 ! rite 0 recon/itut$ & n reject$2 & z recon/itut$ x became ! c5tral fact ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x became ! means :]eby1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 all m5 might be br\ght to ,god4 ,we may say1 if we w1 t a new mean+ 0 put into ! rite1 or t its true mean+ 0 n[ made manife/4 ,! facts !mselves cle>ly indicate t f ! beg9n+ ! rite 0 ! means :]eby a society s\ght or might seek communion ) its god4 ,!y also indicate t ! rite ( animal sacrifice came to be f\nd insuffici5t z a means4 ,x 0 ?r\gh our ,"l t mank9d le>n$ :at sacrifice 0 ne$$--le>n$ to (f] & pres5t unto !e1 ,o ,"l1 ourselves1 our #baj s\ls & bodies1 to be a reasonable1 holy & lively sacrifice unto !e4 ,t is ! sacrifice ,*ri/ %[$ u ! example (2 t is ! example :i* ! mission>y devotes himself to foll[ & to tea*4 #baa ,,morality ,9 ?is lecture ,i propose to consid] ! "q :e!r morality is bas$ on religion or religion on morality4 ,x is a "q :i* may be approa*$ f ! po9t ( view ei!r ( philosophy or ( hi/ory4 ,q rec5tly x has be5 treat$ f ! =m] po9t ( view by ,pr(essor ,hffd+ 9 ,! ,philosophy ( ,religion 7translat$ into ,engli%1 #aijf72 & f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( morality by ,mr4 ,hobh\se 9 8 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7#aijf74 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 also be q prop]ly approa*$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( religion2 & f :atev] /&po9t x is treat$1 ! "q is "o ( importance = ! mission>y1 bo? because ( its intr9sic int]e/ = ! philosophy ( religion1 & because its discussion is apt to proce$ on a mi/ak5 view ( facts 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,ab\t ^? facts & _! mean+1 ! mission>y1 :o is to be prop]ly equipp$ = 8 "w1 %\ld be 9 no d\bt3 a "r view & a prop] e/imate ( ! facts are ess5tial bo? = #bab 8 practical "w & = ! !oretical ju/ification ( 8 position4 ,"o answ] to ! "q be=e u is t morality is ! basal fact--! bottom fact3 if we reg>d ! "q hi/orically1 we %all f9d t morality came fir/ & religion aft]w>ds2 &1 ev5 if t 7 n s1 we %\ld f9d t z a matt] ( logic & philosophy religion presupposes morality--religion may1 = a "t1 be ! lev] t moves ! _w1 b x w\ld be p[]less if x _h n a fulcrum1 & t fulcrum is morality4 ,s long & s f> z religion op]ates b5eficially on ! _w1 x does s simply because x supports & ren=ces morality4 ,b ! "t is n f> di/ant1 & may ev5 n[ be come1 :5 morality no long] requires any support f religion--& !n religion becomes useless1 nay6 an encumbrance :i* mu/ ei!r fall (f or be lopp$ (f4 ,if1 !re=e1 morality c /& by itself1 & all along has n m]ely /ood by itself1 b has really upheld religion1 9 :at is morality root$8 ,! answ] is t morality has its roots1 n 9 ! comm& t ?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t & all ?y s\l1 b 9 human solid>ity1 9 humanity reg>d$ z a spiritual :ole4 ,to #bac ?is conclusion1 x is said1 ! hi/ory ( rec5t philosophy has /eadily be5 mov+4 ,if ! movem5t _h tak5 place 9 only "o s*ool ( philosophic ?\ght1 x might h be5 a movem5t runn+ into a side-track4 ,b x is ! direction tak5 by s*ools s diff]5t 9 _! presuppositions & _! me?ods z t ( ,hegel & t ( ,comte2 & x is ! undesign$ co9cid5ce ( _! t5d5cy1 :i* at fir/ c\ld nev] h be5 surmis$1 t c>ries ) x a conviction ( its correctness4 ,human solid>ity1 humanity reg>d$ z a spiritual :ole1 may be call$1 z ,hegel calls x1 self-consci\s _s2 or y may call x1 z ,comte calls x1 ! ,m9d ( ,humanity--x is b ! collective wisdom ( a common humanity ) a common aim2 &1 t be+ s1 morality is root$1 n 9 ! w & ! love ( a b5efic5t & omnipot5t ,provid5ce1 b 9 ! self-realis+ _s 9 man sett+ up its common aim at morality4 ,! v conception ( a b5efic5t & omnipot5t ,god--hav+ n[ done its "w z an aid to morality--mu/ n[ be put aside1 because x /&s 9 ! way ( our recognis+ :at is ! real spiritual :ole1 besides :i* !re is none o!r _s1 viz4 ! self-realis+ _s 9 man4 ,t _s is only realis+2 x is n yet #bad realis$4 ,x is 9 process ( realisation2 & ! conception ( x1 z 9 process ( realisation1 enables x to be br\ght into h>mony1 or r reveals its inn] h>mony1 ) ! notion ( evolution4 ,!re is no?+ outside evolution1 no be+ to :om evolution is pres5t$ z a spectacle or by :om1 z a process1 x is direct$4 ,be+ itself1 z ,hffd+ says 7,problems ( ,philosophy1 p4 #acf71 is to be conceiv$ z 9 process ( becom+1 ( evolution4 ,! _s 9 man1 z we h j said1 is ! real spiritual :ole1 & x is self-realis+2 x is evolv+ & progress+ bo? morally & rationally4 ,9 ,hffd+'s words ,be+ itself becomes m rational ?an be=e 7ib41 p4 #acg74 ,be+ itself is n ready-made b /ill incomplete1 & r to be conceiv$ z a cont9ual becom+1 l ! individual p]sonality & l k 7ib41 p4 #abj74 ,we may say1 !n1 t be+ is becom+ rationalis$ & moralis$ z & because ! _s 9 man realises itself4 ,= a "t ! process ( moralisation & self-realisation 0 work$ by & ?r\gh ! conception ( a b5efic5t & omnipot5t god4 ,t conception 01 x w\ld seem1 a hypo!sis1 valuable z long x 0 a work+ hypo!sis1 b to be ca/ aside n[ t humanit>ianism is f\nd #bae m adequate to ! facts & m 9 h>mony ) ! consi/5t application ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,we h1 !n1 to consid] :e!r x is adequate to ! facts1 :e!r1 :5 we reg>d ! facts ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 we d f9d t morality comes fir/ & religion lat]4 ,:at1 ,mr4 ,hobh\se enquires 9 8 ,morals 9 ,evolution 7,,ii1 #gd71 ,:at is ! e?ical "* ( e>ly religion8 & 8 reply is t 9 ! fir/ /age we f9d t spirits1 z su*1 are n conc]n$ ) morality4 ,t 0 also ! answ] :i* _h previ\sly be5 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,hffd+1 :o says 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,religion3 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( x 444 religion _c be said to h any e?ical significance 7p4 #cbc74 ,orig9ally1 ! gods 7 purely natural =ces :i* c\ld be defi$ or evad$1 ?\gh ev5tually !y became e?ical p[]s :om m5 nei!r c\ld nor wi%$ to defy 7p4 #cbd74 ,?is fir/ /age ( e>ly religion seems on ! t]ms ( ! hypo!sis to be suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ! p]iod ( animism & feti*ism2 & ! primitive conception ( _s is1 ,mr4 ,hobh\se says 7,,ii1 #af71 ( some?+ feel+ & ?9k+ l a r /upid man1 & op5 l him to supplication1 exhortation1 or intimidation4 ,if #baf t is s1 !n ,pr(essor ,hffd+ may be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( religion ! gods appe> z p[]s on :i* man is dep5d5t1 b n z patt]ns ( conduct or adm9i/rators ( an e?ical _w ord] 7p4 #cbd74 ,n[1 9 ! p]iod t]m$ animi/ic because inanimate ?+s are suppos$ to be animat$ & actuat$ by spirits1 x may be t _m or mo/ ( su* spirits are suppos$ to feel & ?9k l a r /upid man1 & !re=e to be capable ( be+ cajol$1 delud$1 intimidat$1 & ca/igat$ by ! human be+ :o desires to make use ( !m4 ,b x is n all su* spirits t are wor%ipp$ !n4 ,inde$1 x is impossible1 ,mr4 ,hobh\se says 7,,ii1 #ae71 t any su* _s c\ld be an object ( wor%ip 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 ,wor%ip implies ! sup]iority ( ! object wor%ipp$ to ! p]son wor%ipp+4 ,b1 ?\gh n an object ( wor%ip 9 our s5se ( ! t]m1 ! _s t c\ld be delud$1 intimidat$1 & ca/igat$ 01 accord+ to ,mr4 ,hobh\se1 ! object ( a religi\s cult on ! "p ( ! man :o believ$ t he c\ld & did intimidate & ca/igate ! _s4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 mo/ /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion w\ld agree t a cult :i* includ$ or #bag all[$ intimidation & ca/igation ( ! object ( ! cult 0 z little entitl$ to be t]m$ religi\s z x is to be call$ wor%ip4 ,9 ! p]iod ( animism1 !n1 ei!r !re 0 no religi\s cult1 no wor%ip 9 our s5se ( ! t]m2 or1 if !re 0 religion1 !n ! _s wor%ipp$ 0 wor%ipp$ z a be+ high] ?an man4 ,:e!r man has at any "t be5 )\t religion is a "q on :i* !re is "h no ne$ to ent]4 ,! allegation we are n[ consid]+ is t :5ev] religion does appe>1 !n 9 its fir/ & e>lie/ /age x is n conc]n$ ) morality2 & ! gr\nd = t allegation is t ! spirits ( ! animi/ic p]iod h no?+ to d ) morality or conduct4 ,n[1 x may be t ^! spirits :i* animate inanimate ?+s are n conc]n$ ) morality2 b !n nei!r are !y wor%ipp$1 nor is ! relation betwe5 !m & man religi\s4 ,religion implies a god2 & a _s to be a god mu/ h wor%ipp]s1 a community ( wor%ipp]s--:e!r t community be a nation1 a tribe1 or a family4 ,fur!r1 x is z ! protector ( ! int]e/s ( t community--h[ev] small--t ! god is wor%ipp$ by ! community4 ,! indisp5sable condition ( religion is ! exi/5ce ( a community2 #bah & f ! beg9n+ man mu/ h liv$ 9 "s sort ( community1--:e!r a family or a horde1--= ! p]iod ( helpless infancy is s long 9 ! case ( human be+s t )\t "s sort ( p]man5t community ! race c\ld n be p]petuat$4 ,! indisp5sable condition ( religion1 !re=e1 has always exi/$ f ! "t :5 man 0 man4 ,fur!r1 :atev] ! =m ( community 9 :i* man orig9ally dwelt1 x 0 only 9 ! community & by means ( ! community t ! individual c\ld exi/--t is to say1 if ! int]e/ ( any "o individual conflict$ or 0 suppos$ to conflict ) ! int]e/s ( ! community1 !n ! int]e/s ( ! community mu/ prevail1 if ! community 0 to exi/4 ,"h1 !n1 f ! beg9n+ we h ! second condition indisp5sable = ! exi/5ce ( religion1 viz4 ! possibility t ! conduct ( "s memb] ( ! community might n be ! conduct requir$ by ! int]e/s or suppos$ int]e/s ( ! community1 & prescrib$ by ! cu/om ( ! community4 ,9 ! case ( su* div]g5ce ( int]e/s & conduct1 ! be+ wor%ipp$ by ! community 0 necess>ily1 z be+ ! god ( ! community1 & receiv+ ! wor%ip ( ! community1 on ! side #bai ( ! community & aga9/ ! memb] :o violat$ ! cu/om ( ! community4 ,b1 at ?is p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity1 ! morality ( ! community 0 ! cu/om ( ! community2 & ! god ( ! community f ! fir/ necess>ily upheld ! cu/om1 t is1 ! morality ( ! community4 ,spirits z su*1 t is to say1 spirits :i* animat$ inanimate ?+s b :i* 7 n ! protectors ( any human community1 71 = ! v reason t !y 7 n ! gods ( any community1 n conc]n$ ) morality4 ,spirits1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 ! protectors ( a community necess>ily upheld ! cu/oms & !re=e ! morality ( ! community2 !y 7 n )\t e?ical significance4 ,x 0 an ess5tial "p ( ! v conception ( su* spirits--( spirits /&+ 9 ?is relation to ! community--t !y 7 e?ical p[]s4 ,hffd+'s dictum t ! gods appe> z p[]s on :i* man is dep5d5t1 b n z patt]ns ( conduct or adm9i/rators ( an e?ical _w ord] 7p4 #cbc71 ov]looks ! fact t 9 ! e>lie/ times n only are gods p[]s on :i* man is dep5d5t1 b p[]s :i* en=ce ! conduct requir$ by ! cu/om ( ! community & sanction ! e?ical ord] z #bbj f> z x has !n be5 reveal$4 ,! fact t ! wor%ip ( ! family1 ( ! clan1 or ( ! nation is %>$ 9 by all1 n m]ely helps to n\ri% a feel+ ( solid>ity :i* may acquire e?ical significance1 z ,hffd+ says 7p4 #cbe71 x creates a solid>ity :i* o!rwise w\ld n exi/4 ,if !re 7 no wor%ip %>$ 9 by all1 !re w\ld be no religi\s solid>ity2 &1 judg+ f ! v g5]al1 if n univ]sal1 occurr5ce ( religion 9 ! l[e/ races z well z ! highe/1 we may conjecture t )\t religi\s solid>ity a tribe f\nd x h>d or impossible to survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,t religi\s solid>ity h[ev] is n1 z ,hffd+ sugge/s1 some?+ :i* may ev5tually acquire e?ical significance2 x is 9 its ess5ce & f ! beg9n+ ! wor%ip ( a god :o puni%es ! community = ! e?ical transgression ( its memb]s1 because !y are n m]ely violations ( ! cu/om ( ! community1 b (f5ces aga9/ him4 ,:5 ,hffd+ says 7p4 #cbh7 religi\s fai? 444 assumes an indep5d5t human e?ic1 :i* has1 z a matt] ( fact1 develop$ hi/orically "u ! practical influ5ce ( ! e?ical feel+ ( man1 he seems to ov]look ! fact t z a matt] ( hi/ory human #bba e?ics h always be5 bas$--rightly or wrongly--on religi\s fai?1 t moral transgressions h always be5 reg>d$ z n m]ely wrongs done to a man's neighb\r1 b also z (f5ces aga9/ ! god or gods ( ! community1 t ! p]son suff]+ f f\l wrong = :i* he c get no human r$ress has always appeal$ f man to ,god1 & t ! remorse ( ! wrong-do] :o has evad$ human puni%m5t has always tak5 %ape 9 ! fe> ( :at ,god may yet d4 ,^? :o desire to prove t at ! pres5t day morality c exi/ ap>t f religion1 & t 9 ! future x w d s1 f9d+ its basis 9 humanit>ianism & n 9 religion1 are mov$ to %[ t z a matt] ( hi/oric fact religion & morality h be5 ?+s ap>t4 ,we h exam9$ ! ass]tion t religion 9 its l[e/ =ms is n conc]n$ ) morality2 & we h attempt$ to %[ t ! god ( a community1 or ! _s wor%ipp$ by a community1 is necess>ily a be+ conceiv$ z conc]n$ ) ! int]e/s ( ! community & z ho/ile to ^? :o violate ! cu/oms--:i* is to transgress ! morality--( ! community4 ,b ev5 if ?is be admitt$1 x may /ill be said t x does n 9 ! lea/ disprove ! ass]tion t #bbb morality exi/$ be=e religion did4 ,! !ory we are exam9+ freely admits t religion is suppos$1 9 c]ta9 /ages ( ! hi/ory ( humanity1 to ren=ce morality & to be necess>y 9 ! int]e/ ( morals1 ?\gh ev5tually x is f\nd t morality ne$s no su* support2 & n only ne$s n[ no su* support b nev] did ne$ x2 & ! fact t x did n ne$ x is %[n by demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( morality be=e religion exi/$4 ,if1 !n1 x be admitt$ t religion f ! mom5t x fir/ appe>$ ren=c$ morality1 & did n pass ?r\gh a non-moral p]iod fir/1 /ill morality may h exi/$ be=e religion 0 evolv$1 & mu/ h s exi/$ if morality & religion are ?+s ess5tially ap>t4 ,:at evid5ce !n is !re on ! po9t8 ,we f9d ,mr4 ,hobh\se say+ 7,i1 #hj7 t at almo/1 if n q1 ! l[e/ /ages ( human developm5t !re are c]ta9 actions :i* are res5t$ z involv+ ! community z a :ole 9 mis=tune & dang]4 ,^! include1 besides actual treason1 conduct :i* br+s ^u ! p ! wra? ( ,god1 or ( c]ta9 spirits1 or :i* violates "s mighty & my/]i\s taboo4 ,! actions mo/ frequ5tly reg>d$ 9 ?is light are c]ta9 brea*es ( ! m>riage law & wit*craft4 #bbc ,^! (f5ces1 we are told 7ib41 #hb71 endang] ! community itself1 & ! puni%m5t is prompt$ by ! s5se ( a dang] to ! :ole community4 ,"h1 !n1 f ! beg9n+ we f9d t (f5ces aga9/ ! common good are puni%$1 n simply z su*1 b z misconduct br++ on ! community1 & n m]ely on ! (f5d]1 ! wra? ( gods or spirits4 ,9 o!r words--,mr4 ,hobh\se's words1 p4 #aai--;9 ! evolution ( public ju/ice1 we f9d t at ! outset ! community int]f]es ma9ly on :at we may call sup]natural gr\nds only ) actions :i* are reg>d$ z endang]+ its own exi/5ce4 ,we may !n fairly say t if ! community inflicts puni%m5ts ma9ly on sup]natural gr\nds f ! "t :5 ! evolution ( public ju/ice fir/ beg9s1 !n morality f its v beg9n+ 0 ren=c$--inde$ prompt$--by religion4 ,! morality 0 inde$ only ! cu/om ( ! community2 b violation ( ! cu/om 0 f ! beg9n+ reg>d$ z a religi\s (f5ce & 0 puni%$ on sup]natural gr\nds4 ,! view t morality & religion are ess5tially di/9ct1 t morality n only c /& alone1 )\t support f religion1 b has 9 reality always /ood )\t su* support--h[ev] mu* #bbd ! fact has be5 obscur$ by religi\s prepossessions--?is view receives /rik+ confirmation f ! curr5t & g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ! orig9 & nature ( ju/ice4 ,t !ory traces ! orig9 ( ju/ice back to ! feel+ ( res5tm5t exp]i5c$ by ! individual aga9/ ! p>ticul> cause ( 8 pa9 7,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 ,i1 #bb74 ,res5tm5t leads to retaliation & takes ! =m ( rev5ge4 ,v5geance1 at fir/ execut$ by ! p]son injur$ 7or by 8 k91 if he be kill$71 comes ev5tually1 if sl[ly1 to be tak5 out ( ! h&s ( ! p]son injur$ or 8 av5g]s1 & to be ex]cis$ by ! ,/ate 9 ! int]e/s ( ! community & 9 fur!rance1 n ( rev5ge1 b ( ju/ice & ! good ( society4 ,?us n only ! orig9 ( ju/ice1 b ! :ole c\rse ( its gr[? & developm5t1 is entirely indep5d5t ( religion & religi\s consid]ations4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! individual & society are ! only p>ties involv$2 ! gods d n appe>--or1 if !y d appe>1 !y are intrusive & sup]flu\s4 ,if ?is be ! true view ( ! hi/ory & nature ( ju/ice1 x may--& probably mu/--be ! tru? ab\t ! :ole ( morality & n only ab\t ju/ice4 ,we h b #bbe to foll[ ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck 7ib41 p4 #ba7 9 gr\p+ ! moral emotions "u ! two heads ( emotions ( approval & emotions ( disapproval1 we h b to note ) him t bo? gr\ps belong to ! class ( retributive emotions1 & we see t ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ju/ice are typical ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( morals3 morality 9 g5]al1 j z mu* z ju/ice 9 p>ticul>1 bo? orig9ates indep5d5tly ( religion & developes--:]e moral progress is made--indep5d5tly ( religion4 ,let u n[ proce$ to exam9e ?is view ( ! relation ( religion & morality & to consid] :e!r _! absolute indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r is hi/oric fact4 ,x traces back ju/ice to ! feel+ ( res5tm5t exp]i5c$ by ! individual2 b if ! individual ev] exi/$ by himself & ap>t f society1 !re c\ld nei!r !n be ju/ice nor any?+ analog\s to ju/ice1 = ju/ice implies1 n m]ely a plurality ( individuals1 b a society2 x is a social virtue4 ,! individual exi/+ by himself & ap>t f society is n a hi/oric fact b an impossible ab/raction--a conception ess5tially false because x expresses some?+ :i* nei!r exi/s nor has exi/$ nor c\ld possibly #bbf exi/4 ,! orig9 ( ju/ice--or ( any virtue--_c be f\nd 9 ! impossible & self-contradictory conception ( ! individual exi/+ ap>t f society2 x _c be f\nd 9 a m]e plurality ( su* individuals3 x c only be f\nd 9 a society--:e!r t society h ! organisation ( a family1 a tribe1 or a nation4 ,ju/ice 9 p>ticul> & morality 9 g5]al1 l religion1 imply ! exi/5ce ( a society2 nei!r is a m]ely individual affair4 ,ju/ice is1 z ,mr4 ,hobh\se /ates1 public action tak5 = ! sake ( public safety 7,i1 #hc73 x is1 f ! outset ( its hi/ory1 public action2 & back ( t we _c g1 = ! individual did n1 z a matt] ( hi/ory1 exi/ be=e society1 & c\ld n s h exi/$4 ,9 ! next place1 ju/ice is n ! res5tm5t ( any individual1 x is ! s5tim5t ( ! community express+ itself 9 public action1 tak5 n = ! sake ( any individual1 b = ! sake ( public safety4 ,its object f ! beg9n+ is n ! gratification ( individual res5tm5t1 b ! safety & welf>e ( ! community :i* takes common action4 ,pro( ( ?is1 if pro( 7 ne$$1 w\ld be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! exi/5ce ( ! individual1 z su*1 is n recognis$4 ,n only does #bbg ! community :i* has suff]$ 9 ! wrong done to any ( its memb]s take action z a community2 x proce$s1 n aga9/ ! individual :o has inflict$ ! wrong1 b aga9/ ! community to :i* he belongs4 ,! wrong done1 is1 z ,mr4 ,hobh\se says 7,i1 #ia71 ! act ( ! family or clan & may be av5g$ on any memb] ( t family or clan4 ,!re is collective responsibility = ! wrong done1 j z !re is collective responsibility = right+ x4 ,if1 n[1 we enquire1 ,:at are ! e>lie/ (f5ces aga9/ :i* public action is tak58 & :y8 we may rememb] t ,mr4 ,hobh\se has /at$ !m to be wit*craft & brea*es ( ! m>riage law2 & t ! puni%m5t ( ^? (f5ces corresponds1 z he has said1 r\ghly to our own adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 7,i1 #ha74 ,n[1 9 ! case ( brea*es ( ! m>riage laws--mat+ ) a c\s9 on ! "m's side in/ead ( ) a c\s9 on ! fa!r's side1 m>ry+ into a =bidd5 class--x is obvi\s t !re is no individual :o has suff]$ injury & t !re is no individual to exp]i5ce res5tm5t4 ,x is ! community t suff]s or is expect$ to suff]2 & x expects to suff]1 because x1 9 ! p]son ( "o ( its #bbh memb]s1 has (f5d$4 ,collectively x is responsible = ! misde$s ( its memb]s4 ,:om1 !n1 has x (f5d$8 ,to :om is x responsible8 ,:o w visit x ) puni%m5t1 unless x makes ha/e to set itself "r8 ,! answ] giv5 by a c]ta9 tribe ( ! ,sea ,dyaks makes ! matt] cle>3 !y1 ,mr4 ,/4 ,john tells u 9 8 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/ 7,i1 #fc1 quot$ by ,we/]m>ck1 ,i1 #di71 are ( op9ion t an unm>ri$ girl prov+ ) *ild mu/ be (f5sive to ! sup]ior p[]s1 :o1 in/ead ( always *a/is+ ! individual1 puni% ! tribe by mis=tunes happ5+ to its memb]s4 ,!y !re=e on ! discov]y ( ! pregnancy f9e ! lov]s1 & sacrifice a pig to propitiate (f5d$ heav51 & to av]t t sickness or ^? mis=tunes t might o!rwise foll[4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 only "o in/ance4 ,b we may safely say t ! m>riage law is g5]ally ascrib$ to ! ord9ance ( ! gods1 ev5 9 ! l[e/ tribes1 & t brea*es ( x are (f5ces aga9/ heav54 ,x is unnecess>y to prove1 x ne$ only be m5tion$1 t wit*craft is conspicu\sly (f5sive to ! religi\s s5tim5t1 & is puni%$ z an (f5ce aga9/ ! god or gods4 ,:51 !n1 we consid] ! orig9 & nature ( ju/ice1 n f #bbi an ab/ract & priori po9t ( view1 b 9 ! light ( hi/oric fact1 s f> f f9d+ t x orig9ates & op]ates 9 complete indep5d5ce ( religion1 we discov] t f ! beg9n+ ! (f5ces ) :i* ! ju/ice ( ! primitive community deals are (f5ces1 n aga9/ ! community1 b aga9/ heav54 ,9 ! evolution ( public ju/ice1 z ,mr4 ,hobh\se says1 at ! outset ! community int]f]es ma9ly on :at we may call sup]natural gr\nds4 ,f ! beg9n+ misde$s are puni%$1 n m]ely z wrongs done to society1 b z wrong done to ! gods & z wrong-do+ = :i* ! community collectively is responsible to ! gods4 ,ju/ice f ! beg9n+ is n individual res5tm5t1 b public action tak5 = ! public safety4 ,x is n1 z ,mr4 ,hobh\se calls x1 rev5ge guid$ & limit$ by cu/om4 ,x is ! cu/om>y action ( ! community tak5 to av]t div9e v5geance4 ,! action tak5 assumes 9 extreme cases ! =m ( ! dea? p5alty2 b its usual =m ( action is t ( taboo4 ,if ! orig9 ( ju/ice is to be s\ght 9 some?+ t is n ju/ice1 if ju/ice 9 p>ticul> & morality 9 g5]al are to be treat$ z hav+ be5 evolv$ out ( some?+ :i* 0 9 a way diff]5t #bcj f !m & yet 9 a way mu/ h conta9$ !m1 inasmu* z !y came =? f x1 we %all d well to look = t some?+1 n 9 ! unhi/orical1 unreal ab/raction ( an imag9>y individual1 ap>t f society1 b 9 society itself :5 x is z yet n cle>ly consci\s ( ! ju/ice & morality at "w )9 x4 ,su* a /age 9 ! developm5t ( society is1 ,i ?9k1 to be disc]n$4 ,we h se5 t1 at almo/1 if n q1 ! l[e/ /ages ( human developm5t1 !re is some?+ :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,hobh\se1 corresponds r\ghly to our own adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 7,i1 #ha74 ,b ?is r\gh ju/ice implies consci\s1 delib]ate action on ! "p ( ! community4 ,x implies t ! community z su* makes "s sort ( enquiry into :at c be ! cause ( ! mis=tunes :i* are befall+ x2 & t1 hav+ f\nd out ! p]son responsible1 x delib]ately takes ! /eps x deems necess>y = putt+ itself "r ) ! sup]natural p[] t has s5t ! sickness or fam9e4 ,n[1 su* consci\s1 purposive1 delib]ate action may & probably does take place at almo/ ! l[e/ /age ( developm5t ( society2 b n1 we may surmise1 at q ! l[e/4 ,:at ev5tually is done #bca consci\sly & delib]ately is probably done 9 ! fir/ place mu* m summ>ily & automatically4 ,&--9 q ! l[e/ /age ( social developm5t--x is by means ( ! action ( taboo t summ>y & automatic puni%m5t = brea*es ( ! cu/om ( ! community is inflict$4 ,its action is automatic & imm$iate3 m]ely to come 9 contact ) ! =bidd5 ?+ is to become taboo$ y\rself2 & s great is ! horror & dread ( su* contact1 ev5 if made unwitt+ly1 t x is capable ( caus+1 :5 discov]$1 dea?4 ,l ! ju/ice1 h[ev]1 ( :i* x is ! =]unn]1 x does n result always 9 dea?1 nor does x produce t effect 9 mo/ cases4 ,b :at x does d is to make ! (f5d] himself taboo & z infecti\s z ! ?+ t r5d]$ him taboo4 ,"h1 too1 ! action ( taboo1 9 excommunicat+ ! (f5d]1 anticipates1 or r =e%ad[s1 ! action ( ju/ice :5 x excludes ! guilty p]son f ! community & makes ( him an outlaw4 ,aga91 9 ! r\gh ju/ice f\nd at almo/1 ?\gh n q1 ! l[e/ /ages1 ! e>lie/ (f5ces ( :i* (ficial notice1 s to speak1 is tak51 are (f5ces = :i* ! puni%m5t--disease or fam9e1 etc4--falls on ! community z a :ole1 because ! #bcb community1 9 ! p]son ( "o ( its memb]s1 has (f5d$ z a :ole aga9/ heav54 ,9 ! e>li] /age ( feel+1 also1 :i* survives :]e taboo prevails1 x is ! community z a :ole :i* may be infect$1 & :i* mu/ suff] if ! (f5d] is all[$ to spread ! infection2 x is ! community1 z a :ole1 :i* is conc]n$ to ?ru/ out ! guilty p]son--e "o %uns him because he is taboo4 ,?us1 9 ?is ! e>lie/ /age1 ! (f5d] aga9/ ! cu/om ( ! community is outlaw$ j z effectively z 9 lat] /ages ( social developm5t4 ,b no =mal s5t5ce is pron\nc$2 no meet+ ( ! m5 or ! eld]s ( ! community is held to try ! (f5d]2 no reason is giv5 or s\ght :y ! (f5ce %\ld ?us be puni%$4 ,! op]ation ( taboo is l t ( ! laws ( nature3 ! man :o eats poison\s food dies ) no reason giv54 ,a reason may ev5tually be f\nd by sci5ce1 & is ev5tually discov]$1 ?\gh ! process ( discov]y is sl[1 & _m mi/akes are made1 & _m false reasons are giv5 be=e ! true reason is f\nd4 ,s1 too1 ! true reason = ! prohibition ( _m ( ! ?+s1 :i* ! community feels to be =bidd5 & pron\nc$ to be taboo1 is f\nd1 ) ! progress ( society--:5 x does #bcc progress1 :i* is n always--to be t !y are immoral & irreligi\s1 ?\gh "h1 too1 _m mi/akes are made be=e true morality & true religion are f\nd4 ,b at ! outset no reason is giv53 ! ?+s are simply (f5sive to ! community & are taboo$ z su*4 ,we1 look+ back at t /age 9 ! evolution ( society1 c see t among/ ! ?+s ?us (f5sive & taboo$ are "s :i*1 9 lat] /ages1 are equally (f5sive1 b are n[ =bidd5 = a reason t c be =mulat$ & giv51 viz4 t !y are (f5ces aga9/ ! law ( morality & ! law ( ,god4 ,t reason1 at ! outset ( society1 may sc>cely h be5 consci\sly pres5t to ! m9d ( man3 progress1 9 "p at lea/1 has consi/$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! reasons ( ?+s4 ,b t man did f ! beg9n+ avoid "s ( ! ?+s :i* are =bidd5 by morality & religion1 & t ^? ?+s 7 taboo to him1 is beyond ! possibility ( d\bt4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t 9 ! prohibition & puni%m5t ( !m !re 0 in*oate ju/ice & in*oate religion4 ,su* prohibition 0 due to ! collective action & express$ ! collective feel+ ( ! community z a :ole4 ,& x is f su* social action & feel+ t #bcd ju/ice1 ,i sugge/1 has be5 evolv$--n f ! feel+ ( res5tm5t exp]i5c$ by ! individual z an individual4 ,p]sonal res5tm5t & p]sonal rev5ge may h /imulat$ ju/ice to action4 ,b1 by ! hypo!sis we h be5 exam9+1 !y 7 n ju/ice4 ,nei!r h !y be5 trans=m$ into ju/ice3 !y /ill exi/ z some?+ di/9ct f ju/ice & capable ( p]v]t+ x4 ,! =m :i* ju/ice takes 9 ! p]iod :i* is almo/1 b n q1 ! l[e/ /age ( human evolution is ! s5se ( ! collective responsibility ( ! community = all its actions1 t is to say1 = ! acts ( all its memb]s4 ,& t responsibility 9 its e>lie/ %ape is felt to be a responsibility to heav51 to ! sup]natural p[]s t s5d disease & fam9e ^u ! community4 ,9 ^? days no man s9s to himself alone1 j z1 9 /ill e>li] days1 no man c\ld break a taboo )\t becom+ a s\rce ( dang] to ! :ole community4 ,! wrong-do] has (f5d$ aga9/ ! sup]natural p[]s & has br\ght d[n calamity ^u ! community4 ,he is !re=e puni%$1 directly z an (f5d] aga9/ ! god ( ! community1 & indirectly = hav+ involv$ ! #bce community 9 suff]+4 ,9 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's words 7,i1 #aid71 !re is g5u9e indignation aga9/ ! (f5d]1 bo? because he rebels aga9/ ,god1 & because he !reby exposes ! :ole community to sup]natural dang]s4 ,b ?\gh society = _m long c5turies cont9ues to puni% rebellion aga9/ ,god1 /ill 9 ! long run x ceases1 or t5ds to cease1 do+ s4 ,its reason = s ceas+ is int]pret$ diff]5tly by diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is said 9 d]ision1 let ! gods puni% (f5ces aga9/ ! gods--! implication be+ t !re are no su* (f5ces to puni%1 because !re is no god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is said1 ,i w repay1 sai? ! ,"l--! implication be+ t man may n assume to be ! m9i/] ( div9e v5geance4 ,if1 !n1 we be> 9 m9d t ! fact may be int]pret$ 9 ei!r ( ^! diff]5t ways1 we %all n fall into ! fallacy ( imag9+ t ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! fact suffices to prove ei!r int]pretation to be true4 ,yet ?is fallacy plays its "p 9 l5d+ fictiti\s support to ! doctr9e t morality is 9 no wise dep5d5t ^u religion4 ,! (f5ces n[ puni%$ by law1 x is argu$1 are no long] puni%$ z (f5ces aga9/ religion1 b solely z (f5ces #bcf aga9/ ! good ( ! community4 ,to ?is argum5t ! reply is t m5 believe ! good ( ! community to be ! w ( ,god1 & d n believe murd]1 !ft1 adult]y1 etc41 to be m]ely (f5ces aga9/ man's laws4 ,ov]look+ ?is fact1 :i* is fatal to ! doctr9e t morality is 9 no wise dep5d5t on religion1 ! argum5t we are discuss+ proce$s to ma9ta9 t ! basis = ! en=cem5t ( morality by ! law is recognis$ by e "o :o kn[s any?+ ( ! philosophy ( law to be :at is good = ! community & its memb]s3 fraud & viol5ce are puni%$ z su*1 & n because !y are (f5ces aga9/ ?is or t religion4 ,! fact t ! law no long] puni%es !m z (f5ces aga9/ ,god suffices to %[ t x is only z (f5ces aga9/ humanity t !re is any s5se1 or ev] 0 any s5se1 9 puni%+ !m4 ,religion may h ren=c$ morality v usefully at "o "t1 by mak+ out t moral misde$s 7 (f5ces aga9/ ,god1 b su* argum5ts are n n[ requir$4 ,! good & ! well-be+ ( humanity is 9 itself suffici5t argum5t4 ,humanit>ianism is tak+ ! place ( religion1 & by s do+ is demon/rat+ t morality is1 z x always has be51 #bcg indep5d5t ( religion2 & t 9 tru? religion has built ^u x1 n x ^u religion4 ,z ,hffd+ puts x 7p4 #cbh73 ,religi\s fai? 444 assumes an indep5d5t human e?ic develop$ hi/orically "u ! practical influ5ce ( ! e?ical feel+ ( man4 ,t is to say1 morality is 9 ,hffd+'s view indep5d5t ( religion1 & prior to religion1 bo? z a matt] ( logic & ( hi/ory4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory--( ! hi/ory ( religion--?is seems to me1 = ! reasons already giv51 to be contr>y to ! facts z !y are kn[n4 ,! real reason = ma9ta9+ t morality is & mu/ be--& mu/ h be5--indep5d5t ( religion1 seems to me to be a philosophical reason4 ,i may give x 9 ,hffd+'s own words3 ,:at o!r aims & qualities1 he asks 7p4 #cbd71 c\ld man attribute to 8 gods or conceive z div9e1 b ^? :i* he has le>nt f 8 own exp]i5ce to recognise z ! highe/8 ,! answ] expect$ to ! "q pla9ly is n m]ely t x is f exp]i5ce t man le>ns1 b t man has no exp]i5ce ( ,god f :i* he c\ld le>n4 ,! answ] giv5 by ,mr4 ,hobh\se1 9 ! conclud+ words ( 8 ,morals 9 ,evolution is t ! collective wisdom ( man is all t we directly "k ( ! ,div9e4 #bch ,"h1 too1 no direct access to ,god is all[$ to be possible to man4 ,x is f 8 exp]i5ce ( o!r m5--p]haps ev5 ( himself & 8 own do+s--t man le>ns all he kn[s ( ,god3 b he has himself no exp]i5ce ( ,god4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 f ?is humanit>ian po9t ( view1 :at a man goes ?r\gh 9 8 religi\s mom5ts is n exp]i5ce1 & we are mi/ak5 if we imag9e t x 0 exp]i5ce2 x is only a mis9t]pretation ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is on ! supposition t we are mi/ak51 on ! assumption t we make a mis9t]pretation1 t ! argum5t is built to prove t morality is & mu/ be indep5d5t ( religion4 ,argum5t to %[1 or pro( to demon/rate1 t we _h n ! exp]i5ce1 or1 t we mi/ook some?+ else = x1 is1 ( c\rse1 n =?com+4 ,b if we hold fa/ to our conviction1 we are told t we are flee+ to ! bosom ( fai?4 ,until "s bett] argum5t is produc$1 we may be well cont5t n m]ely to flee b to re/ !re4 #bci ,,*ri/ianity ,! subject dealt ) 9 ?is lecture w be ! place ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! evolution ( religion2 & ,i %all approa* x by consid]+ ! place ( religion 9 ! evolution ( humanity4 ,x w be !re=e advisable1 inde$ necess>y1 = me to consid] :at is meant by evolution2 & ,i wi% to beg9 by expla9+ ! po9t ( view f :i* ,i propose to approa* ! ?ree ideas ( evolution1 ( ! evolution ( humanity & ! evolution ( religion4 ,! individual exi/s1 & c only exi/1 9 society4 ,society _c exi/ )\t individuals z memb]s !re(2 & ! individual _c exi/ save 9 society4 ,f ?is x foll[s t f "o po9t ( view ! individual may be reg>d$ z a means--a means by :i* society atta9s its end or purpose3 e "o ( u has 8 place or function 9 society2 & society ?rives accord+ z ea* memb] p]=ms 8 function & dis*>ges 8 duty4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view #bdj ! individual may be reg>d$ z an end4 ,if man is a social animal1 if m5 live 9 society1 x is because s alone c a man d :at is be/ = himself3 x is by means ( society t he realises 8 end4 ,x is !n f ?is proposition1 viz4 t ! individual is bo? a means & an end1 t ,i wi% to approa* ! idea ( evolution4 ,i w beg9 by call+ att5tion to ! fact t t proposition is true bo? /atically1 t is to say1 is true ( ! individual's position 9 a community1 & is also true dynamically1 t is to say1 is true ( 8 place 9 ! process ( evolution4 ,on ! =m] po9t1 t ! proposition is true /atically1 ( ! position ( ! individual 9 ! community1 ,i ne$ say b little4 ,9 moral philosophy x is ! utilit>ian s*ool :i* has p>ticul>ly insi/$ ^u ?is tru?4 ,t s*ool has /eadily argu$ t1 9 ! di/ribution ( happ9ess or ( ! good1 e man is to c\nt z "o1 & nobody to c\nt z m ?an "o--t is to say1 9 ! community ! individual is to be reg>d$ z ! end4 ,! object to be aim$ at is n happ9ess 9 g5]al & no "o's happ9ess 9 p>ticul>1 b ! happ9ess ( ea* & e individual4 ,x is ! individual & 8 happ9ess :i* is ! #bda end1 = ! sake ( :i* society exi/s & to :i* x is ! means2 o!rwise ! individual might d]ive no b5efit f society4 ,b if ! tru? t ! individual is an end z well z a means is recognis$ by moral philosophy1 t tru? has also play$ at lea/ an equally important "p 9 political philosophy4 ,x is ! v brea? ( ! cry = lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity1--a cry wrung out f ! he>t ( man by ! sy/em ( oppression :i* d5i$ t ! ord9>y citiz5 _h a "r to be any?+ b a means = procur+ enjoym5t to ! memb]s ( ! rul+ class4 ,! tru? t any "o man--:atev] 8 place 9 society1 :atev] ! col\r ( 8 sk9--has z mu* "r z any o!r to be treat$ z an end & t no man 0 m]ely a means to ! enjoym5t or happ9ess or well-be+ ( ano!r1 0 ! *>t] = ! emancipation ( slaves4 ,x is /ill ! magna *>ta = ! fre$om ( e memb] ( ! human race4 ,no man is or c be a *attel--a ?+ exi/+ = no o!r purpose ?an to subs]ve ! int]e/s ( its own] & to be a means to 8 ends4 ,b ?\gh f ! tru? t ! individual is 9 himself an end z well z a means1 x foll[s t all m5 h ! "r to #bdb fre$om1 x does n foll[ z a logical inf]5ce t all m5 are equal z means--z means to ! mat]ial happ9ess or to ! moral improvem5t ( society4 ,i ne$ n fur!r dwell ^u ! fact t /atically z reg>ds ! relations ( m5 to "o ano!r 9 society at any mom5t1 ! tru? is fully recognis$ t ! individual is n m]ely a means to ! happ9ess or well-be+ ( o!rs1 b is also 9 himself an end4 ,b :5 we consid] ! proposition dynamically1 :5 we wi% to f9d out ! "p x has play$ z "o ( ! =ces at "w 9 evolution1 we f9d t its tru? has be5 f> f fully recognis$--p>tly p]haps because utilit>ianism dates f a "t :5 evolution1 or ! be>+ ( x1 0 n und]/ood4 ,b ! tru? is at lea/ ( z great importance dynamically z x is /atically4 ,& on "o side1 its tru? & ! importance ( its tru? has be5 fully develop$3 t ! individual is a means to an end beyond him2 & t1 dynamically1 he has be5 & is a factor 9 evolution1 & z a factor m]ely a means & no?+ else--all ?is has be5 work$ out fully1 if n to excess4 ,! o!r side ( ! tru?1 ! fact t ! individual is always an end1 has1 h[ev]1 #bdc be5 z mu* neglect$ by ! sci5tific evolutioni/ z x 0 by ! slave-driv]3 he has be5 liable to reg>d m5 z *attels1 z in/rum5ts by :i* ! "w ( evolution is c>ri$ on4 ,! "w has got to be done 7by m5 among/ o!r animals & ?+s71 ?+s h to be evolv$1 evolution mu/ g on4 ,b1 :y8 & = :om8 ) :at purpose & = ^: b5efit8 ) :at end8 are que/ions :i* sci5ce leaves to be answ]$ by ^? p :o are fooli% en\gh to ask !m4 ,sci5ce is conc]n$ simply ) ! individual z a means1 z "o ( ! means1 :]eby evolution is c>ri$ on2 & d\btless sci5ce is ju/ifi$--if only on ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r--9 conf9+ itself to ! dep>tm5t ( enquiry :i* x takes 9 h& & 9 refus+ to travel beyond x4 ,any !ory ( man1 !re=e1 or ( ! evolution ( humanity1 :i* pr(esses to base itself /rictly on sci5tific fact & to exclude o!r consid]ations z unsci5tific & !re=e z unsafe mat]ial to build on1 w naturally1 & p]haps necess>ily1 be dom9at$ by ! notion t ! individual exi/s z a factor 9 evolution1 z "o ( ! means by :i*1 & n z 9 any s5se ! end = :i*1 evolution is c>ri$ on4 #bdd ,su* seems to be ! case ) ! !ory ( humanit>ianism4 ,x bases itself ^u sci5ce1 ^u exp]i5ce1 & rules out communion ) ,god z n be+ a sci5tific fact or a fact ( exp]i5ce at all4 ,bas$ ^u sci5ce1 x is a !ory :i* seeks among/ o!r ?+s to assign to religion its place 9 ! evolution ( humanity4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 ! day ( religion is ov]1 its "p play$ out1 its function 9 ! evolution ( humanity dis*>g$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ?ree /ages may be disc]n$ 9 ! evolution ( humanity :5 we reg>d man z a moral be+1 z an e?ical consci\sness4 ,^? ?ree /ages may be *>act]is$ fir/ z cu/om1 next religion1 & f9ally humanit>ianism4 ,by ! !ory1 9 ! fir/ /age--t ( cu/om--! spirits to :om cult is paid are v9dictive4 ,9 ! second /age--t ( religion--man1 hav+ atta9$ to a high] morality1 cr$its 8 gods ) t high] morality4 ,9 ! ?ird /age--t ( humanit>ianism--he f9ds t ! gods are b lay figures on :i* ! robes ( righte\sness h be5 display$ t man alone c we>--:5 he is p]fect4 ,he is n yet p]fect4 ,if he 71 ! evolution ( humanity #bde w\ld be atta9$--:]eas at pres5t x is z yet 9 process4 ,! end ( evolution is n yet atta9$3 x is to e/abli%1 9 "s future g5]ation1 a p]fect humanity4 ,= t end we mu/ "w2 to x we may "k t1 z a matt] ( sci5tific evolution1 we are work+4 ,on x1 we may be satisfi$1 man w n ent] 9 our g5]ation4 ,n[ ?is !ory ( ! evolution ( humanity1 & ( ! place religion takes 9 t evolution1 is 9 ess5tial h>mony ) ! sci5tific treatm5t ( ! evolution !ory1 inasmu* z x treats ( ! individual solely z an in/rum5t to some?+ o!r ?an himself1 z a means ( produc+ a /ate ( humanity to :i* he w n belong4 ,b if ! assumption t ! individual is always a means & nev] an end 9 himself be false1 !n a !ory ( ! evolution ( man 7z an e?ical consci\sness7 :i* is bas$ on t wrong assumption w itself be wrong4 ,if ea* individual is an end1 z valuable & z important z any o!r individual2 if ea* c\nts = "o & n less ?an any "o o!r1--!n 8 end & 8 good _c lie 9 ! p]fection ( "s future g5]ation4 ,9 t case1 8 end w\ld be "o t ex hypo!si he c\ld nev] enjoy1 a re/ into :i* he c\ld nev] ent]2 #bdf & consequ5tly x w\ld be an irrational end1 & c\ld n s]ve z a basis = a rationali/ !ory ( e?ics4 ,man's object 7to be a rational object7 mu/ h ref]5ce to a society ( :i* he may be a memb]4 ,! realisation ( 8 object1 !re=e1 _c be ref]r$ to a /age ( society yet to come1 on e>?1 aft] he is dead1--a society ( :i* he1 :e!r dead or annihilat$1 c\ld n be a memb]4 ,if1 !n1 ! individual's object is to be a rational object1 z ! humanit>ian or rationali/ assumes1 !n t end mu/ be "o 9 :i* he c %>e2 & !re=e _c be 9 ?is _w4 ,nor c t end be atta9$ by do+ man's w--= man's w may be evil1 & regress z well z progress is a fact 9 ! evolution ( humanity2 its atta9m5t1 !re=e1 mu/ be effect$ by do+ ,god's w4 ,! tru? t ! individual is an end z well z a means is1 ,i sugge/1 valuable 9 consid]+ ! dynamics z well z ! /atics ( society4 ,at lea/1 x saves "o f ! self-complac5cy ( imag9+ t "o's ance/ors exi/$ ) no o!r end & = no high] purpose ?an to produce--me2 & if ! gold5 days anticipat$ by ! !ory ( humanit>ianism ev] arrive1 x is to be suppos$ t ! #bdg m5 ( t "t w f9d x j z intol]able & revolt+ z we d n[1 to believe t pa/ g5]ations toil$ & suff]$ = no o!r reason1 = no o!r end1 & to no o!r purpose ?an t _! successors %\ld ent] into ! fruits ( _! lab\r4 ,9 a ^w1 ! !ory t 9 ! evolution ( man z an e?ical consci\sness1 z a moral be+1 religion is to be sup]s$$ by humanit>ianism1 is only possible s long z we d5y or ignore ! fact t ! individual is an end & n m]ely a means4 ,we w !re=e n[ g on to consid] ! evolution ( religion f ! po9t ( view t ! individual is 9 himself an end z well z a means4 ,if1 ( ! _w religions1 we take t :i* is ! greate/1 z measur$ by ! numb] ( its adh]5ts1 viz4 ,buddhism1 we %all see t1 tri$ by ?is te/1 x is at once f\nd want+4 ,! object at :i* ,buddhism proclaims t man %\ld aim is n ! developm5t1 ! p]fection1 & ! realisation ( ! individual to ! fulle/ ext5t3 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! utt] & complete effacem5t ( ! individual1 s t he is n m]ely absorb$1 b absolutely wip$ out1 9 nirvana4 ,9 ! atman1 ) :i* x is ! duty ( man to seek to id5tify himself1 ! individuality ( man does n survive3 #bdh x simply ceases to be4 ,n[ ?is oblit]ation ( 8 exi/5ce may seem to a man 9 a c]ta9 mood desirable2 & t mood may be cultivat$1 z inde$ ,buddhism seeks to cultivate x1 sy/ematically4 ,b "h x is t ! inn] inconsi/5cy1 ! self-contradictor9ess ( ,buddhism1 becomes pat5t4 ,! individual1 to d any?+1 mu/ exi/4 ,if he is to desire no?+ save to cease to exi/1 he mu/ exi/ to d t4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ,buddhism is t ?is _w & ?is life is illusion--& fur!r1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! individual self is precisely ! mo/ mis*iev\s illusion1 t illusion above all o!rs f :i* x is incumb5t on u to free ourselves4 ,we are "h = no o!r end ?an to free ourselves f t illusion4 ,?us1 !n1 by ! tea*+ ( ,buddhism !re is an end1 x may be said1 = ! individual to aim at4 ,yes6 b by ! same tea*+ !re is no individual to aim at x--individual exi/5ce is ! mo/ p]nici\s ( all illusions4 ,& fur!r1 by ! tea*+1 ! f9al end & object ( religion is to get rid ( an individual exi/5ce1 :i* does n exi/ to be got rid (1 & :i* x is an illusion to believe 94 ,9 f9e1 ,buddhism d5ies t ! individual is ei!r an end or a means1 = x d5ies #bdi ! exi/5ce ( ! individual1 & contradicts itself 9 t d5ial4 ,! individual is n an end--! happ9ess or immortality1 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce1 ( ! individual is n to be aim$ at4 ,nei!r is he a means1 = 8 v exi/5ce is an illusion1 & z su* is an ob/acle or imp$im5t :i* has to be remov$1 9 ord] t he :o is n may cease to d :at he has nev] begun to d1 viz4 to exi/4 ,9 ,buddhism we h a develop$ religion--a religion :i* has be5 develop$ by a sy/em ( philosophy1 b sc>cely1 z religion1 improv$ by x4 ,if1 n[1 we turn to o!r religions less highly develop$1 ev5 if we turn to religions ! developm5t ( :i* has be5 e>ly arre/$1 :i* h nev] got beyond ! /age ( infantile developm5t1 we %all f9d t all proce$ on ! assumption t communion betwe5 man & ,god is possible & does occur4 ,9 all1 ! exi/5ce ( ! individual z well z ( ! god is assum$1 ev5 ?\gh "t & developm5t may be requir$ to realise1 ev5 inadequately1 :at is conta9$ 9 ! assumption4 ,9 all1 & f ! beg9n+1 religion has be5 a social fact3 ! god has be5 ! god ( ! community2 &1 z su*1 has #bej repres5t$ ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,^? int]e/s h be5 reg>d$ n m]ely z o!r1 b z high]1 ?an ! int]e/s ( ! individual1 :5 ! two h be5 at v>iance1 = ! simple reason 7:5 ! "t came = a reason to be s\ght & giv57 t ! int]e/s ( ! community 7 ! w ( ! community's god4 ,h5ce at all times ! man :o has po/pon$ 8 own int]e/s to ^? "u ! sanction ( ! god & ! community--! man :o has respect$ & upheld ! cu/om ( ! community--has be5 reg>d$ z ! high] type ( man1 z ! bett] man f ! religi\s z well z f ! moral po9t ( view2 :ile ! man :o has sacrific$ ! high] int]e/s to ! l[]1 has be5 puni%$--:e!r by ! automatic action ( taboo1 or ! delib]ate s5t5ce ( outlawry--z "o :o1 by break+ cu/om1 has (f5d$ aga9/ ! god & s br\ght suff]+ on ! community4 ,n[1 if ! int]e/s1 :e!r ( ! individual or ! community1 are reg>d$ z purely e>?ly1 ! div]g5ce betwe5 !m mu/ be utt] & irreconcileable2 & to expect ! individual to =ego 8 own int]e/s mu/ be ev5tually discov]$ to be1 z x fundam5tally is1 unreasonable4 #bea ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 = ! individual to =ego !m is 7z1 9 a cool mom5t1 we all recognise x to be7 reasonable1 !n ! int]e/s "u ! sanction ( ! god & ! community--! high] int]e/s--_c be o!r ?an1 !y mu/ be id5tical )1 ! real int]e/s ( ! individual4 ,x is only 9 & ?r\gh society t ! individual c atta9 8 highe/ int]e/s1 & only by do+ ! w ( ! god t he c s atta9 !m4 ,d\btless--despite ( logic & feel+--9 all communities all individuals 9 a great] or less degree h delib]ately pref]r$ ! l[] to ! high]1 & 9 s do+ h be5 actuat$ nei!r by love ( ,god nor by love ( _! fell[-man4 ,b1 9 s do+1 !y h at all times1 9 ! late/ z well z ! e>lie/ /ages ( society1 be5 felt to be brea*+ ! v basis ( social solid>ity1 ! ma9t5ance ( :i* is ! w ( ! ,god wor%ipp$ by society4 ,f t po9t ( view ! individual is reg>d$ z a means4 ,b he is also 9 himself an end1 intr9sically z valuable z any o!r memb] ( ! community1 & !re=e an end :i* society exi/s to fur!r & promote4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t ! end1 view$ z t :i* society #beb z well z ! individual aims at1 & :i* society mu/ realise1 z f> z x c realise x1 ?r\gh ! individual1 %\ld be "o :i* c only be atta9$ by "s future /ate ( society 9 :i* he does n exi/4 ,! k+dom ( ,heav5 is )9 y & n some?+ to :i* y _c atta94 ,god is n f> f u at any "t4 ,t tru? 0 implicit at all /ages 9 ! evolution ( religion--consci\sly recognis$1 p]haps m1 p]haps less1 b :e!r m or less consci\sly recognis$1 x 0 !re4 ,t is ! conviction impli$ 9 ! fact t man ev]y:]e seeks ,god4 ,if he seeks ,him 9 plants1 9 animals1 9 /ocks or /ones1 t only %[s t man has tri$ 9 _m wrong directions--n t !re is n a "r direction4 ,x is ! g5]al law ( evolution3 ( a ?\s& se$s ?r[n out1 p]haps "o alone falls into good soil4 ,b ! failure ( ! #iii avails no?+ aga9/ ! fact t ! "o be>s fruit abundantly4 ,:at sanctifies ! failures is t !y 7 attempts4 ,we inde$ may1 if we are s selfi% & bl9d1 reg>d ! attempts z made 9 ord] t we might succe$4 ,c]ta9ly we pr(it by ! "w ( our ance/ors1--or r we may pr(it1 if we w4 ,b our savage ance/ors 7 !mselves ends1 & #bec n m]ely means to our b5efit4 ,x is mon/r\s to imag9e t our salvation is b\ght at ! co/ ( _! condemnation4 ,no man c d m ?an turn to su* light z !re may be to guide him4 ,to him t ha?1 %all be giv51 x is true--b e man at e "t _h some?+2 nev] 0 !re "o to :om no?+ 0 giv54 ,to u at ?is day1 9 ?is disp5sation1 mu* has be5 giv54 ,b t5 tal5ts z well z "o may be wrapp$ up3 "o z well z t5 may be put to pr(it4 ,x is mon/r\s to say t "o c\ld n be1 _c h be51 us$ prop]ly4 ,x 0 = n us+ ! "o tal5t he _h t ! unfai?ful s]vant 0 condemn$--n = n hav+ t5 to use4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( religion1 !n1 two facts h be5 impli$1 :i*1 if implicit at ! beg9n+1 h be5 r5d]$ explicit 9 ! c\rse ( its hi/ory or evolution4 ,!y are1 fir/1 ! exi/5ce ( ! individual z a memb] ( society1 9 communion or seek+ communion ) ,god2 &1 next1 t :ile ! individual is a means to social ends1 society is also a means ( :i* ! individual is ! end4 ,nei!r end--nei!r t ( society nor t ( ! individual--c be =w>d$ at #bed ! co/ ( ! o!r2 ! realisation ( ea* is to be atta9$ only by ! realisation ( ! o!r4 ,two consequ5ces !n foll[ ) reg>d to evolution3 fir/1 x dep5ds on u2 evolution may h help$ to make u1 b we are help+ to make x4 ,next1 ! end ( evolution is n :olly outside any "o ( u1 b 9 "p is realis$ 9 u1 or may be1 if we s w4 ,t is to say1 ! true end may be realis$ by e "o ( u2 = ea* ( u1 z be+ himself an end1 is an object ( c>e to ,god--& n m]ely ^? :o are to live on e>? at ! f9al /age ( evolution4 ,if ! end is outside u1 x is 9 love ( neighb\r2 if beyond u1 x is 9 ,god's love4 ,x is j because ! end is 7or may be7 bo? )9 u & )\t u t we are b\nd up ) our fell[-man & ,god4 ,x is precisely because we are individuals t we are n ! be-all & ! end-all--t ! end is )\t u4 ,& x is because we are memb]s ( a community1 t ! end is n :olly outside u4 ,9 8 ,problems ( ,philosophy 7p4 #afc7 ,hffd+ says3 ,! te/ ( ! p]fection ( a human society is3 to :at degree is e p]son s plac$ & treat$ t he is n only a m]e means1 b also always at ! same "t an end8 & he po9ts #bee out t ?is is ,kant's fam\s dictum1 ) ano!r motive ?an t giv5 to x by him4 ,b if x is reasonable to apply ?is te/ to society1 reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( /atics1 x is also reasonable to apply x to society reg>d$ dynamically4 ,if x is ! prop] te/ = asc]ta9+ :at degree ( p]fection society at any giv5 mom5t has atta9$1 x is also ! prop] te/ = asc]ta9+ :at advance1 if any1 t[>ds p]fection has be5 made by society betwe5 any two p]iods ( its gr[?1 any two /ages 9 its evolution4 ,b ! mom5t we admit ! possibility ( apply+ a te/ to ! process ( evolution & ( discov]+ to :at end ! process is mov+1 we are ab&on+ sci5ce & ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution4 ,sci5ce =mally refuses to consid] :e!r !re be any end to :i* ! process ( evolution is work+3 end is a category :i* sci5ce decl9es to apply to its subject-matt]4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( k x decl9es to be influ5c$ by any consid]ation ( :at ! end aim$ at by evolution may be1 or :e!r !re be any end aim$ at at all4 ,x simply notes :at does take place1 :at is1 :at has be51 & to "s ext5t :at may be1 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts--n _! object or purpose4 ,& ! #bef sci5ce ( religion1 be+ a sci5ce1 re/ricts itself 9 ! same way4 ,z !re=e sci5ce decl9es to use ! category1 end1 progress is an idea impossible = sci5ce--= progress is movem5t t[>ds an end1 ! realisation ( a purpose & object4 ,& sci5ce decl9es to consid] :e!r progress is s mu* z possible4 ,b1 s f> z ! subject-matt] ( ! sci5ce ( religion is conc]n$1 x is positive 7t is to say1 x is m]e fact ( obs]vation7 t 9 religion an end is aim$ at1 = man ev]y:]e seeks ,god & communion ) ,him4 ,:at ! sci5ce ( religion decl9es to d is to pron\nce or ev5 to consid] :e!r t end is possible or n1 :e!r x is 9 any degree a*iev$ or n1 :e!r progress is made or n4 ,b if we d n1 z sci5ce does1 m]ely con/ate ! fact t 9 religion an end is aim$ at1 viz4 t communion ) ,god :i* issues 9 do+ ,8 w f love ( ,him & !re=e ( our fell[-man2 if we recognise t end z ! end t ought to be aim$ at1--!n our attitude t[>ds ! :ole process ( evolution is *ang$3 x is n[ a process ) an end--& t end ! same = ! individual & = society4 ,b at ! same "t x is no long] a process det]m9$ by me*anical #beg causes work$ by ! iron h& ( necessity--& !re=e x is no long] evolution 9 ! sci5tific s5se2 x is no long] evolution z und]/ood by sci5ce4 ,x is n[ a process 9 :i* !re may or may n be progress made2 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to h a te/ ( progress--a te/ :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! individual is n m]ely a means1 b an end4 ,:e!r progress is made dep5ds 9 "p on :e!r !re is ! w 9 man to move t[>ds ! end propos$2 & t w is n uni=mly ex]cis$1 z is %[n by ! fact t det]ioration z well z advance takes place--regress occurs z well z progress2 :ole nations1 & ^? n small ones1 may be arre/$ 9 _! religi\s developm5t4 ,if we look ) ! eye ( ! mission>y ov] ! globe1 ev]y:]e we see arre/$ developm5t1 imp]fect communion ) ,god4 ,x may be t 9 su* cases ( imp]fect communion !re is an unconsci\s or h>dly consci\s recognition t ! =m ( religion !re & !n preval5t does n suffice to af=d ! communion desir$4 ,or1 worse /ill1 & mu* m g5]al1 !re is ! belief t su* communion z does exi/ is all t c exi/--t advance & improvem5t are impossible4 ,f #beh ?is /ate x has be5 ! "w ( ! religi\s _s to wake u1 to reveal to u ,god's w1 to make u und]/& t x is )9 u1 & t x may1 if we w1 "w )9 u4 ,x is z su* a revelation ( ! w ( ,god & ! love ( ,god1 & z ! manife/ation ( ! p]sonality ( ,god1 t our ,"l appe>$ on e>?4 ,t appe>ance z a hi/oric fact mu/ take its place 9 ! ord] ( hi/oric ev5ts1 & mu/ /& 9 relation to :at prec$$ & to :at foll[$ & is yet to foll[4 ,9 relation to :at prec$$1 ,*ri/ianity claims to be ! fulfilm5t ( all t is true 9 previ\s religion 7,ill+wor?1 ,p]sonality3 ,human & ,div9e1 p4 #ge74 ,! mak+ ( t claim assumes t !re 0 "s tru? 9 previ\s religion1 t s f> z previ\s =ms 7 religi\s1 !y 7 true--a fact t mu/ con/antly be borne 9 m9d by ! mission>y4 ,! tru? & ! good inh]5t 9 all =ms ( religion is t1 9 all1 man seeks aft] ,god4 ,! f9ality ( ,*ri/ianity lies 9 ! fact t x reveals ! ,god = :om man seeks4 ,:at 0 true 9 o!r religions 0 ! belief 9 ! possibility ( communion ) ,god1 & ! belief t only z a memb] ( a society c\ld ! individual man atta9 #bei to t communion4 ,:at is (f]$ by ,*ri/ianity is a means ( grace :]eby t communion may be atta9$ & a society 9 :i* ! individual may atta9 x4 ,*ri/ianity (f]s a means :]eby ! end aim$ at by all religions may be realis$4 ,its f9ality1 !re=e1 does n consi/ 9 its *ronological relation to o!r religions4 ,x is n f9al because1 or 9 ! s5se t1 x sup]v5$ 9 ! ord] ( "t ^u previ\s religions1 or t x fulfill$ only _! tru?4 ,o!r religions h1 z a matt] ( *ronology1 foll[$ x1 & yet o!rs may foll[ x h]eaft]4 ,b _! *ronological ord] is irrelevant to ! "q3 ,:i* ( !m be/ realises ! end at :i* religion1 9 all its =ms1 aims8 ,& x is ! answ] to t "q :i* mu/ det]m9e ! f9ality ( any =m ( religion4 ,no "o w\ld consid] ! fact t ,mahomm$anism dates "s c5turies aft] ,*ri/ any pro( ( its sup]iority to ,*ri/ianity4 ,& ! lapse ( "t1 h[ev] mu* great]1 w\ld con/itute no great] pro(4 ,t diff]5t =ms ( religion d realise ! end ( religion 9 diff]5t degrees is a po9t on :i* !re is g5]al agreem5t4 ,mono!ism is pron\nc$ high] ?an poly!ism1 e?ical religions #bfj high] ?an non-e?ical4 ,:at diff]5tiates ,*ri/ianity f o!r e?ical religions & f o!r =ms ( mono!ism1 is t 9 !m religion appe>s z ancill>y to morality1 & imposes p5alties & rew>ds ) a view to en=ce or enc\rage morality4 ,9 !m1 at _! highe/1 ! love ( man is = 8 fell[-man1 & usually = himself4 ,*ri/ianity alone makes love ( ,god to be ! true basis & ! only end ( society1 bo? t :]eby p]sonality exi/s & ! end 9 :i* x seeks its realisation4 ,!re9 ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( society diff]s f all o!rs4 ,n m]ely does x hold t man _c make himself bett] )\t mak+ society bett]1 t developm5t ( p]sonality _c be effect$ )\t a correspond+ developm5t ( society4 ,b x holds t su* moral developm5t & improvem5t ( ! individual & ( society c f9d no rational basis & has no rational end1 save 9 ! love ( ,god4 ,9 ano!r way ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( society diff]s f all o!rs4 ,l all o!rs x holds t ! unify+ bond ( e society is f\nd 9 wor%ip4 ,unlike o!rs x recognises t ! individual is re/rict$ by exi/+ society1 ev5 :]e t society is bas$ ^u a common wor%ip4 ,! #bfa adequate realisation ( ! pot5tialities ( ! individual po/ulates ! realisation ( a p]fect society1 j z a p]fect society is possible only provid$ t ! pot5tialities ( ! individual are realis$ to ! full4 ,su* p]fection1 to :i* bo? society & ! individual are means1 is nei!r atta9$ nor possible on e>?1 ev5 :]e communion ) ,god is recognis$ to be bo? ! true end ( society & ! individual1 & ! only means by :i* t end c be atta9$4 ,/ill less is su* p]fection a possible end1 if morality is set above religion1 & ! love ( man be sub/itut$ = ! love ( ,god4 ,9 t case ! life ( ! individual ^u e>? is pron\nc$ to be ! only life ( :i* he is1 or c be1 consci\s2 & ! end to :i* he is a means is ! good ( humanity z a :ole4 ,n[ human society1 f ! beg9n+ ( its evolution to its end1 may be reg>d$ z a :ole1 j z ! society exi/+ at any giv5 mom5t ( its evolution may be reg>d$ z a :ole4 ,b if we are to consid] human society f ! =m] po9t ( view & to see 9 x1 s reg>d$1 ! end to :i* ! individual is a means1 !n x is cle> t1 until p]fection is atta9$ 9 "s remote & v improbable future1 ! individual memb]s ( ! #bfb human race w h lab\r$ & n e>n$ _! rew>d1 w h work$ = an end :i* !y h n atta9$1 & = an end :i* :51 if ev]1 x is atta9$1 society z a :ole w n enjoy4 ,su* an end is an irrational & impossible object ( pursuit4 ,p]fection1 if x is to be atta9$ by ! individual or by society1 is n to be atta9$ on e>?1 nor 9 man's communion ) man4 ,religion f its outset has be5 ! que/ ( man = ,god4 ,x has be5 ! que/ ( man1 :e!r reg>d$ z an individual or z a memb] ( society4 ,b if t que/ is to be realis$1 x is n to be realis$ ei!r by society or ! individual1 reg>d$ z hav+ a m]e e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,a new conception ( ! real nature ( bo? is requisite4 ,n only mu/ ! individual be reg>d$ z cont9u+ to exi/ aft] dea?1 b ! society ( :i* he is truly a memb] mu/ be reg>d$ z "o :i*1 if x manife/s or beg9s to manife/ itself on ?is e>?1 requires = its realisation--t is1 = p]fect communion ) ,god--! po/ulate t ?\gh x manife/s itself 9 ?is _w1 x is realis$ 9 ! next4 ,?is new conception ( ! real nature ( society & ! individual1 involv+ belief 9 ! communion ( ! sa9ts1 & 9 ! k+dom ( ,heav5 z t #bfc :i* may be 9 ea* individual1 & !re=e mu/ ext5d beyond ea* & include all :e!r 9 ?is _w or ! next--?is conception is "o :i* ,*ri/ianity alone1 ( all religions1 (f]s to ! _w4 ,religion is ! que/ ( man = ,god4 ,man ev]y:]e has be5 9 se>* ( ,god1 p]adv5ture he might f9d ,him2 & ! hi/ory ( religion is ! hi/ory ( 8 se>*4 ,b ! mom5t we reg>d ! hi/ory--! evolution--( religion z a se>*1 we ab&on ! me*anical idea ( evolution3 ! cause at "w is n mat]ial or me*anical1 b f9al4 ,! cause is no long] a necess>y cause :i* c only h "o result & :i*1 :5 x op]ates1 mu/ produce t result4 ,progress is no long] some?+ :i* mu/ take place1 :i* is ! inevitable result ( antec$5t causes4 ,x is some?+ :i* may or may n take place & :i* _c take place unless ef=t is made4 ,9 a ^w1 x is dep5d5t 9 "p ^u man's w--)\t ! action ( :i* nei!r se>* c be made nor progress 9 ! se>*4 ,b ?\gh 9 "p dep5d5t ^u man's w1 progress c only be made s f> z man's w is to d ,god's w4 ,& t is n always1 & has n be5 always1 #bfd man's w4 ,h5ce evolution has n always be5 progress4 ,nor is x s n[4 ,!re h be5 lapses 9 civilisation1 d>k ages1 p]iods :5 man's love = man has wan$ p>i passu ) ! wan+ ( 8 love = ,god4 ,su* lapses !re may be yet aga94 ,! fall ( man may be great]1 9 ! spiritual s5se1 ?an x ev] yet has be51 = man's w is free4 ,b ,god's love is great1 & our fai? is 9 x4 ,if ,*ri/ianity %\ld cease to gr[ :]e x n[ gr[s1 & cease to spread :]e x z yet is n1 !re w\ld be ! great] fall4 ,& on u w\ld re/ "s1 at lea/1 ( ! responsibility4 ,*ri/ianity _c be /ation>y3 if x /&s1 let x bew>e2 x is 9 dang] ( fall+4 ,betwe5 religions1 z well z o!r organisations1 !re is a /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 t /ruggle we h to fight--= a religion to decl9e to fight is = t religion to die4 ,! mission>y is n engag$ 9 a "w ( sup]]ogation1 some?+ ) :i* we at home h no conc]n4 ,we speak ( him z 9 ! =efront ( ! battle4 ,we d n usually or con/antly realise t x is our battle he is fight+--t 8 defeat1 if he 7 defeat$1 w\ld be ! beg9n+ ( ! end = u2 t on 8 success our fate dep5ds4 ,! metaphor ( ! mission>y z an #bfe outpo/ s\nds r picturesque :5 he>d 9 a s]mon1--or did s s\nd ! fir/ "t x 0 us$1 ,i suppose1--b x is n a m]e picture2 x is ! b>e/ tru?4 ,! ext5t to :i* we pu% our outpo/s =w>d is ! measure ( our vitality1 ( h[ mu* we h 9 u to d = ! _w4 ,six out ( sev5 ( ,*ri/5dom's mission>ies come f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,until ,i he>d t f ! pulpit ( ,durham ,ca!dral1 ,i _h r a horror ( big ?+s & a c]ta9 appreh5sion ab\t go+ to a l& :]e bigness1 r ?an ! gold5 mean1 seem$ to be tak5 z ! /&>d ( m]it4 ,b f t s]mon ,i le>nt some?+1 viz4 n only t !re are big ?+s to be done 9 ! _w1 b t ,am]ica does !m1 & t ,am]ica does m ( !m ?an %e talks ab\t4 #bfg ,,app5dix ,s9ce ! *apt] on ,magic 0 writt51 ! publication ( ,wilhelm ,wundt's ,vlk]psy*ologie1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 has l$ me to believe t ,i ought to h laid m /ress on ! p[] ( ! magician1 :i* ,i m5tion on pages #gd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 & less on ! savage's recognition ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l4 ,9 ! /age ( human evolution kn[n z ,animism1 e ev5t :i* calls = explanation is expla9$ z ! do+ ( "s p]son or consci\s ag5t4 ,:5 a savage falls ill1 8 sickness is reg>d$ z ! "w ( "s ill-dispos$ p]son1 ^: p[] _c be d\bt$--= x is manife/ 9 ! sickness x has caus$--& ^: p[] is z my/]i\s z x is indubitable4 ,t p[] is :at a savage means by magic2 & ! p]sons believ$ to possess x are magicians4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! sick savage's fri5ds to f9d out :o is caus+ 8 sickness4 ,_! suspicion may fall on any "o ^: appe>ance or behavi\r is suspici\s or my/]i\s2 & ! p]son #bfh suspect$ comes to be reg>d$ z a wit* or magician1 f ! v fact t he is suspect$4 ,su* p]sons h ! p[] ( wit*craft or magic1 because !y are believ$ to h ! p[]3 possunt quia posse vid5tur4 ,n only are !y believ$ to possess ! p[]2 !y come to believe1 !mselves1 t !y possess x4 ,!y believe t1 possess+ x1 !y h b to ex]cise x4 ,! ,au/ralian magician has b to po9t 8 /ick1 &1 9 ! belief bo? ( himself & ( e "o conc]n$1 ! victim w fall4 ,all ov] ! _w ! wit* has b to /ab ! image %e has drawn or made1 & ! p]son portray$ w feel ! w\nd4 ,9 ?is proce$+1 ! image is l ! p]son1 & ! bl[ deliv]$ is l ! bl[ :i* ! victim is to feel4 ,x is op5 to u1 !re=e1 to say t1 9 ?is typical case ( imitative or mimetic magic1 l is believ$ to produce l4 ,& on pages #ge-gg1 & else:]e1 above1 ,i h tak5 t position4 ,b ,i w\ld n[ add two qualifications4 ,! fir/ is1 z already intimat$1 t1 ?\gh /abb+ an effigy is l /abb+ ! victim1 x is only a magician or wit* t has ! p[] ?us to inflict w\nds1 sickness1 or dea?3 ! s]vices ( ! magician or wit* are employ$ = no o!r reason ?an t #bfi ! ord9>y p]son has n ! p[]1 ev5 by ! aid ( ! rite1 to cause ! effect4 ,! second qualification is t1 :]eas we di/+ui% betwe5 ! categories ( lik5ess & id5tity1 ! savage makes b little di/9ction4 ,to u x is evid5t t /abb+ ! image is only l /abb+ ! victim2 b to ! believ] 9 magic1 /abb+ ! image is ! same ?+ z /abb+ ! victim2 & 9 8 belief1 z ! wax5 image melts1 s ! victim )]s away4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be m precise & m correct to say 7page #gd1 above7 t eat+ tig] to make y bold po9ts r to a confusion1 9 ! savage's m9d1 ( ! categories ( lik5ess & id5tity1 ?an to a consci\s recognition ( ! pr9ciple t l produces l3 z y eat tig]'s fle%1 s y become bold ) ! tig]'s boldness4 ,! _s ( ! tig] ent]s y4 ,b no magic is necess>y to enable y to make ! meal3 any "o c eat tig]4 ,! belief t s ! tig]'s _s w ent] y is a piece ( ,animism2 b x is n !re=e a piece ( magic4 #bga ,,bibliography ,,abt1 ,a4 ,die ,apologie des ,apuleius von ,madaura und die antike ,zaub]ei4 ,giess54 #aijh4 ,,alviella1 ,g4 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,conception ( ,god4 ,london4 #ahib4 ,,ba/ian1 ,a4 ,all]lei aus ,volks- und ,m5s*5kunde4 ,b]l94 #ahhh4 ,,b\sset1 ,w4 ,:at is ,religion8 7,e4 ,t474 ,london4 #aijg4 ,,davies1 ,t4 ,w4 ,magic1 ,div9ation1 & ,demonology4 ,leipzig4 #ahih4 ,,ellis1 ,a4 ,b4 ,! ,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/4 ,london4 #ahij4 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,london4 #ahhg4 ,! ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/4 ,london4 #ahid4 ,,fahz1 ,l4 ,de poet>um ,romanorum doctr9a magica4 ,giess54 #aijd4 ,,f>nell1 ,l4 ,r4 ,! ,place ( ! ,sond]-,gtt] 9 ,greek ,poly!ism1 9 ,an?ropological ,essays4 ,ox=d4 #aijg4 ,,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g4 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris4 ,london4 #aije4 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,london4 #aijj4 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip4 ,london4 #aije4 ,,grang]1 ,f4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans4 ,london4 #ahie4 ,,haddon1 ,h4 ,c4 ,magic & ,feti%ism4 ,london4 #aijf4 ,,h>rison1 ,j4 ,e4 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion4 ,cambridge4 #aijc4 ,,h>tl&1 ,e4 ,s4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus4 ,london4 #ahie4 ,,hobh\se1 ,l4 ,t4 ,morals 9 ,evolution4 ,london4 #aijf4 ,h,,ffd+1 ,h4 ,philosophy ( ,religion 7,e4 ,t474 ,london4 #aijf4 #bgb ,,hollis4 ,! ,masai4 ,ox=d4 #aije4 ,,h[itt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,ea/ ,au/ralia4 ,london4 #aijd4 ,,hub]t1 ,h4 ,magia4 ,9 ,d>emb]g ,saglio's ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits4 ,p>is4 #aijd4 ,,hub]t1 ,h4 ,,mauss1 ,m4 ,?orie gnrale de la magie4 ,l',anne ,sociologique4 ,p>is4 #aijd4 ,la ,nature et la fonction du sacrifice4 ,l',anne ,sociologique4 ,p>is4 #ahii4 ,,huvel91 ,p4 ,magie et droit individual4 ,l',anne ,sociologique4 ,p>is4 #aijg4 ,,ill+wor?1 ,j4 ,r4 ,p]sonality3 ,human & ,div9e4 ,london4 #ahid4 ,,jevons1 ,f4 ,b4 ,! ,def9ition ( ,magic4 ,sociological ,review = ,april1 #aijh4 ,london4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,religi\s ,consci\sness4 ,9 ,pan-,anglican ,pap]s4 ,london4 #aijh4 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,london4 #ahif4 ,magic4 ,9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions4 #aijh4 ,,lang1 ,a4 ,cu/om & ,my?4 ,london4 #ahic4 ,magic & ,religion4 ,london4 #aija4 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion4 ,london4 #ahih4 ,mod]n ,my?ology4 ,london4 #ahig4 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion4 ,london4 #ahhg4 ,,l5ormant1 ,f4 ,*aldean ,magic 7,e4 ,t474 ,london4 #ahgg4 ,,maccull\gh1 ,j4 ,a4 ,comp>ative ,!ology4 ,london4 #aijb4 ,,m>ett1 ,r4 ,r4 ,is ,taboo a ,negative ,magic8 ,9 ,an?ropological ,essays4 ,ox=d4 #aijg4 ,,mauss1 ,m4 ,des ,socits ,eskimos4 ,l',anne ,sociologique4 ,p>is4 #aijf4 ,m,,ll]1 ,j4 ,g4 ,ges*i*te d] am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion54 ,basel4 #ahee4 ,,nassau1 ,r4 ,h4 ,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,london4 #aijd4 #bgc ,,p>k]1 ,k4 ,l4 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe4 ,london4 #aije4 ,,payne1 ,e4 ,j4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica4 ,ox=d4 #ahib4 ,,re9a*1 ,s4 ,cultes1 ,my!s1 et ,religions4 ,p>is4 #aije4 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits4 ,cambridge 7,engl&74 #aijh4 ,,rhys ,,davids1 ,t4 ,w4 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion4 ,london4 #ahia4 ,,ruhl1 ,l4 ,de ,mortuorum indicio4 ,giess54 #aijc4 ,,s*midt1 ,h4 ,vet]es ,philosophi quomodo indicav]9t de precibus4 ,giess54 #aijg4 ,,s*rad]1 ,o4 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tum]4 ,/rassburg4 #aija4 ,,skeat1 ,w4 ,w4 ,malay ,magic4 ,london4 #aijj4 ,,smi?1 ,w4 ,r4 ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,london4 #ahid4 ,,sp5ce1 ,l4 ,! ,my?ologies ( ,anci5t ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,london4 #aijg4 ,,sp5c] ,,gill54 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,london4 #ahii4 ,! ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,london4 #aijd4 ,,tylor1 ,e4 ,b4 ,primitive ,culture4 ,london4 #ahgc4 ,,waitz1 ,t4 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]4 ,leipzig4 #ahfd4 ,,web/]1 ,h4 ,primitive ,secret ,societies4 ,london4 #aijh4 ,,we/]m>ck1 ,e4 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas4 ,london4 #aijf4 ,,wundt1 ,w4 ,vlk]psy*ologie4 ,leipzig4 #aijd-aijg4 #bge ,,index ,aco/a1 ,fa!r1 #aic4 ,agno/ic1 #d1 #f4 ,agries1 #adc4 ,alfoors1 #aid4 ,algonqu9s1 #adc4 ,all-fa!r1 #aij4 ,ance/ors1 #afb4 ,ance/or wor%ip1 #eb1 #ec2 may be arre/$ by religion1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee4 ,&aman ,isl&s1 #afi4 ,animal sacrifice1 #bji2 animal meal1 #agh4 ,animals1 wor%ipp$1 #aaa4 ,animism1 #bjd1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag2 & magic1 #hi1 #ij1 #ih2 & feti*ism1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah2 poly!ism1 #aca2 n religion1 #acf4 ,anticipation1 ( nature1 #gc4 ,ant9omy1 !1 ( religi\s feel+1 #agd4 ,anzam1 #agj4 ,appli$ sci5ce ( religion1 #b ff42 looks to ! future1 #c2 is us$ by ! mission>y z a practical man1 #ae1 #af2 its object1 #ah1 #ba4 ,a%antee ,l&1 #aec1 #aee4 ,a!i/1 #d1 #f4 ,atman1 #bdg4 ,at-"o-m5t1 #agh4 ,att5tion1 #i1 #aj4 ,au/ralia1 #ahc ff4 ,au/ralian tribes1 religion (1 #bg1 #bh4 ,aztecs1 #ahh1 #aij4 ,basutos1 #aha4 ,becom+1 #bad4 ,be+1 is 9 process ( evolution1 #bad2 /ill incomplete1 #bad4 ,belief1 & desire1 #ci1 #dj2 9 immortality & ,god1 #ca1 #cb2 errone\s1 & magic1 #gi2 9 magic1 #he2 religi\s1 #acg4 ,bhogaldai1 #aid4 ,billi>ds1 #gh4 ,blood1 & ra91 #afa4 ,bones1 ( animals1 hung up1 #gh4 ,boorah1 #afb ff4 ,bosman1 #aji ff41 #aab1 #aac4 ,bread1 pray] = daily1 #aha4 ,buddhism1 #bdg ff42 & immortality1 #cf1 #cg1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc2 its fundam5tal illogicality1 #ff2 its /r5g?1 #ff4 ,buro1 #aid4 ,buzz>d1 #gf4 ,byamee1 #afb ff41 #aia1 #aih4 ,cause1 & conditions1 #gg1 #he4 ,celebes1 #aid4 ,c]am1 #aha4 ,c]emonies1 = ra91 #afa4 ,*a9 ( exi/5ce1 #fe4 ,*>ms1 & pray]s1 #aej1 #aae1 #aeb4 ,*attels1 #bda1 #bdc4 ,*]okee ,indian1 #ej1 #gf1 #gg4 ,*icomecoatl1 #aic4 ,*ildhood1 #ih4 ,*9a1 #aid1 #aig4 ,*ri/ianity1 #bci ff41 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj2 ! highe/ =m ( religion1 #ae1 #ah1 #bb1 #bc2 & o!r =ms ( religion1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #ce2 alone tea*es self-sacrifice z ! way to life et]nal1 #fi2 & sacrifice1 #bji4 ,cl\ds1 #aec2 ( smoke & ra91 #afa1 #afb4 ,communal purposes1 & magic1 #ia4 ,communion1 #age2 n s mu* an intellectual belief z an object ( desire1 #dc1 #dd2 ( man ) ,god ! basis ( morality1 #fb2 logically incompatible ) ,buddhism1 #fc2 involves p]sonal exi/5ce1 #fg2 ) ,god1 #acg2 s\ght 9 pray]1 #agb2 & sacrifice1 #agb2 9 ,mexico1 #aic2 ma9ta9$ by sacram5tal eat+1 #aie2 annually1 #aif2 r5ew$1 #aih2 ! true end ( sacrifice1 #bjg1 #bjh2 betwe5 man & ,god1 #bdi2 imp]fect1 #beg4 ,community1 #bed2 & magic1 #ha1 #ig2 & its ,god1 #ia4 ,community1 !1 & feti*es1 #abb2 & its gods1 #ace2 & pray]1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #aff2 & ! individual1 #bah1 #bci4 ,comp>ative me?od1 #bj1 #ba4 ,comp>ative ,philology1 #bj4 ,comp>ison1 me?od (1 #ag2 implies simil>ity 9 ! religions comp>$1 #ai2 & implies diff]5ce also1 #bj2 contra/$ ) comp>ative me?od1 #ba2 deals ) diff]5ces1 #bb4 ,comte1 #bac4 ,conciliation1 & co]cion1 ( spirits1 #aba4 ,congregations1 #agj4 ,contagi\s magic1 #he4 ,cont9uation !ory1 #ee1 #ef4 ,corn1 eat5 sacram5tally1 #aid1 #aie4 ,corn-maid51 #aie4 ,corn-"m1 #aie4 ,corn-_s1 #aif1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,cotton-"m1 #aid4 ,creator1 #agj4 ,creek ,indians1 #aid4 ,cu/om1 #bdd2 protect$ by ! god ( ! community1 #bai4 ,dances1 #afb2 & pray]1 #aec4 ,dead1 !1 #ch2 return1 #dg2 spirits ( !1 #ib4 ,dea?1 a mi/ake accord+ to ! primitive view1 #dd1 #de2 or else due to magic1 #de1 #df1 #hj4 ,de]1 #gd4 ,degradation ( religion1 #bd4 ,deification1 #ec4 ,deiphobus1 #ed4 ,delaw>e pray]1 #ade4 ,dep>tm5tal deities1 #aij4 ,desacralisation1 #ahf4 ,desire = immortality1 is ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 immortality1 #dj1 #da2 is n a selfi% desire1 #db2 ! root ( all evils1 #ff2 religi\s1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aba2 & pray]1 #adb1 #adi2 & ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 #ace2 & religion1 #aeh1 #aff2 ( ! community1 #afc4 ,desire ( all nations1 #aae1 #agc4 ,di]i1 #ej1 #afa1 #afd4 ,diff]5ce1 implies simil>ity1 #bg4 ,diff]5ces1 to be tak5 into acc\nt by me?od ( comp>ison1 #bb2 _! value1 #bc1 #bd2 po/ulat$ by sci5ce1 #bd4 ,diff]5tiation ( ! homog5e\s1 #bc1 #bd1 #be4 ,dome/icat$ plants & animals1 #aij4 ,dreams1 & ! s\l1 #cg2 _! emotional value1 #db4 ,dr\ght1 #afd4 ,dugongs1 #afd1 #afe4 ,dynamics1 ( society1 #bdf1 #bee4 ,ea/ ,indies1 #aha4 ,eat+ ( ! god1 #aic4 ,eat+ tig]1 #gd1 #hi4 ,ellis1 ,colonel1 #aac1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4 ,emotional elem5t1 9 feti*ism & religion1 #acf4 ,end1 !1 gives value to :at we d1 #ac2 & is a matt] ( w1 #ac2 ( society1 #bea1 #bec2 a category unkn[n to sci5ce1 #bee4 ,ends1 anti-social1 #ha4 ,error1 #be4 ,euahlayi1 #dh1 #afb1 #aia1 #aih4 ,evolution1 #bad2 ( religion1 #f1 #bci1 #bdg1 #bec2 & progress1 #i1 #ab1 #bd1 #bfd2 !ory (1 #bc2 & ! hi/ory ( religion1 #agb1 #agc2 ( humanity1 #bci1 #bdd1 #bdf2 law (1 #beb2 end (1 #bed1 #bef4 ,fai?1 #acg1 #bch2 ! conviction t we c atta9 our ends1 #ad2 %>$ by ! religi\s man ) all practical m51 #ad1 #ae2 exhibit$ 9 adopt+ me?od ( comp>ison 9 religion1 #ag2 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #ah2 bani%es fe> ( comp>isons1 #ah1 #ai2 9 ! communion ( man ) ,god manife/s itself 9 ! desire = immortality1 #fh4 ,family1 & society1 #ih4 ,fam9e1 #bje4 ,fa!r1 #ih4 ,feel+1 religi\s1 #acg2 moral & religi\s1 #ha4 ,feti*1 def9$1 #aaa1 #aab2 (f]+s made to x1 #aab2 n m]ely an inanimate1 #aac1 #aaf2 b a _s1 #aaf1 #aag2 possesses p]sonality & w1 #aag2 aids 9 ! accompli%m5t ( desire1 #aag1 #aai2 may be made1 #abj2 is fe>$1 #abj2 has no religi\s value1 #abj1 #aba2 di/9ct f a god1 #abb2 subs]vi5t to its own]1 #abb2 has no plurality ( wor%ipp]s1 #abb2 its pr9cipal object to "w evil1 #abc2 s]ves its own] only1 #abg2 p]man5ce ( its wor%ip1 #abi2 has no specialis$ function1 #abi1 #acj2 is pray$ to & talk$ )1 #acb2 wor%ipp$ by an individual1 #acd2 & n by ! community1 #ace1 #agj4 ,feti*ism1 #aje ff41 #bae2 z ! l[e/ =m ( religion1 #ajf1 #ajg2 z ! s\rce ( religi\s values1 #ajg1 #ajh2 & magic1 #ij2 & religion1 #aad1 #abj1 #acf2 ! law ( its evolution1 #aai1 #abj2 condemn$ by public op9ion1 #abb1 #abc2 (f5sive to ! morality ( ! native1 #abf2 & at v>iance ) 8 religion1 #abf1 #abg2 n ! basis ( religion1 #abg2 & poly!ism1 #abh1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc2 & fe>1 #acf4 ,f9ality ( ,*ri/ianity1 #beh1 #bei4 ,fir/-fruit c]emonials1 #ahc1 #ahd2 & ! gods1 #ahe1 #ahg2 an act ( wor%ip1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,fir/-fruits1 #aha4 ,fle% ( ! div9e be+1 #aif4 ,fly-totem1 #afe1 #aff4 ,folk-lore1 #he4 ,food supply1 #bje4 ,footpr9ts1 #gd4 ,=ms ( religion1 #ai4 ,fram9 wom51 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef4 ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 #ej1 #gf1 #gh1 #gi1 #hc1 #ib1 #id1 #ajb1 #aec1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afj1 #ahj1 #aib1 #aid-bjj1 #bjb1 #bje4 ,fuegians1 #afi4 ,fun]als1 & pray]1 #afc4 ,future1 k ( !1 #ad1 #ae4 ,future life1 its relation to morality & religion1 #cf1 #cg1 #eg4 ,future puni%m5ts1 & rew>ds1 #ea1 #fa4 ,future _w1 #eb ff4 ,gho/s1 #ch1 #db4 ,gift-!ory ( sacrifice1 #bjf4 ,god1 wor%ipp$ by community1 #ia1 #ih2 a supreme be+1 #afh2 etymology ( ! ^w1 #acc1 #acd2 a p]sonal p[]1 #acf1 #acg2 correlative to a community1 #acg4 ,gods & wor%ipp]s1 #ec2 & feti*ism1 #aaj2 made & brok51 #aaj2 p]sonal1 #aba2 dep>tm5tal1 #abi2 _! p]sonality1 #acj1 #aca2 & ! good ( ! community1 #abc2 & feti*es1 #abd2 are ! p[]s t c>e = ! welf>e ( ! community1 #abf1 #agb2 & spirits1 #abh2 ( a mom5t1 #abh1 #acf2 _! prop] names1 #aca2 wor%ipp$ by a community1 #acd2 & ! desires ( _! wor%ipp]s1 #acd2 n evolv$ f feti*es1 #ace2 promote ! community's good1 #ace1 #acg1 #afg2 & pray]1 #adj1 #adg1 #adh2 & morality1 #afi2 ( a community id5tifi$ ) ! community1 #agg2 z e?ical p[]s1 #bae2 puni% transgression1 #bbj4 ,gold ,coa/1 pray]1 #adc4 ,gold5 ,age1 #be4 ,good1 !1 #adj2 & ! gods1 #acg4 ,gotama1 #fd4 ,gott1 & giess51 #acd4 ,grace1 #bei4 ,gratitude1 #aha4 ,great ,_s1 !1 #adc4 ,gu>dian spirits1 #aaa4 ,gu9ea1 #aig4 ,haddon1 ,dr41 #hc1 #ia1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aag1 #aah1 #abd1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc4 ,hades1 #eh4 ,halluc9ations1 #ch4 ,happ9ess1 #bdj4 ,h>t=d ,!ological ,sem9>y1 #a1 #bb1 #ajf4 ,h>ve/1 pray]s & sacrifice1 #ahj ff4 ,h>ve/ communion1 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,h>ve/ cu/oms1 #aib1 #aih1 #bjc4 ,h>ve/ supp]1 #aie ff41 #bjj2 its sacram5tal "*1 #aig4 ,heal?1 & disease1 #ach4 ,heav51 k+dom (1 #beb1 #bfb4 ,hebrew prophets1 #bjg1 #bji4 ,hebrews1 #ed4 ,hegel1 #bac4 ,h9doo ,koo%1 #aid4 ,hi/oric sci5ce1 has ! hi/oric ord] = its object1 #aa2 b does n !re=e d5y t its facts may h value o!r ?an tru? value1 #aa4 ,hi/ory1 ( art & lit]ature1 #h2 ( religion1 #bec1 #bfc4 ,ho dirge1 #dg4 ,hobh\se1 ,l4 ,t41 #baa1 #bad-baf1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbf-bbi1 #bcj1 #bcg4 ,hffd+1 ,h41 #dd1 #aff1 #agc1 #bed2 on feti*ism1 #ajf1 #aad1 #aae1 #aba1 #abd1 #abh-acj1 #acc-acg2 on ant9omy ( religi\s feel+1 #agd2 & morality1 #baa1 #bad-baf1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bcg4 ,hollis1 ,mr41 #adc ff4 ,hom]1 #af1 #ag4 ,homoeopa?ic magic1 #hj1 #he1 #ic4 ,homog5e\s1 !1 #bc1 #bd4 ,h[itt1 ,mr41 #aij4 ,hu1 huta1 #acd1 ,humanit>ianism1 #bad1 #bae1 #bcf1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bdg2 & morality1 #bba4 ,humanity1 #bac2 its evolution1 #bdd4 ,husb&1 #ih4 ,ideals1 a matt] ( ! w1 #ac4 ,idols1 #aic4 ,ill+wor?1 ,j4 ,r41 #beh4 ,illusion1 #fd1 #bdh4 ,images1 ( d\gh1 #aic1 #aif4 ,imitative magic1 #aeg4 ,immortality1 #cd ff4 ,incorporation1 #agh4 ,individual1 & ! community1 #bah1 #bci2 _c exi/ save 9 society1 #bbe2 bo? a means & an end = society1 #bdj ff41 #bdf1 #bdg2 exi/5ce (1 #bdh2 int]e/s (1 #bej1 #bea2 end (1 #bec4 ,individuality1 n de/roy$ b /r5g!n$ by uproot+ selfi% desires1 #fg4 ,indo-,*9a1 #aha1 #aid4 ,indo-,european languages1 #bj4 ,infancy1 helpless1 #ih4 ,initiation c]emonies1 #aij1 #aia2 admit to ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 #aib2 important = !ory ( sacrifice1 #aib4 ,int]e/s1 ( ! community1 #bej2 & ! individual1 #bej4 ,inton+1 ( pray]1 #adg4 ,israel1 #ei4 ,jaundice1 #hi4 ,jews1 #ec1 #ed4 ,judgm5ts1 ( value1 #aae4 ,ju/ice1 public1 #bbc1 #bbd ff4 ,kaiti% rites1 #afd1 #afe4 ,kang>oo totem1 #aig4 ,kant1 #bee4 ,k>ma1 #fd1 #fe4 ,kei ,isl&s1 #aef4 ,k]n ,baby1 #aie4 ,khonds ( ,orissa1 & pray]1 #aci1 #afg1 #aga4 ,kill+ ( ! god1 #aig4 ,k+sley1 ,miss1 #dh1 #di1 #aaf4 ,lake ,nyassa1 #adf4 ,lake ,sup]ior1 #adc4 ,lang1 ,&rew1 #abi1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj4 ,l',anne ,sociologique1 #fj4 ,l produces l1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #gi1 #hj1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #ih1 #ajj1 #afj1 #ahi4 ,litanies1 #afc4 ,love ( neighb\rs1 #bed4 ,mac,cullough1 ,j4 ,a41 #dg4 ,mc,taggart1 ,dr41 #di1 #ej4 ,magic1 #cb1 #gj ff42 & murd]1 #de1 #dg2 a col\rable imitation ( sci5ce1 #ga2 a spuri\s sy/em1 #ga1 #gb2 fraudul5t1 #ge1 #gf2 orig9 ( belief 91 #gi2 reg>d$ ) disapproval1 #gi2 sympa!tic or homoeopa?ic1 #hj2 (f5sive to ! god ( ! community1 #ha2 n prior to religion1 #ig2 condemn$ :5 inconsi/5t ) ! public good1 #ig2 & anti-social purposes1 #ih2 decl9e (1 #ajj2 & ! impossible1 #aja2 private & public1 #hc2 nef>i\s1 #hc2 b5efic5t1 #hg1 #hh2 does n imply spirits1 #hi2 & religion1 #ib ff42 fundam5tally diff]5t1 #ie1 #aeh1 #afj2 mimics sci5ce & religion1 #ajc2 & ! degradation ( religion1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb2 & pray]1 #aec1 #aed2 priority (1 to religion1 #aed1 #aeg2 & sacram5tal eat+1 #aii-bjd4 ,see ,app5dix4 ,magician1 8 p]sonality1 #hg4 ,mahomm$anism1 #bei4 ,maize-"m1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie1 #aif4 ,mak]1 !1 #afh4 ,manganja1 #adf1 #afj4 ,m>a tribe1 #afd4 ,m>ett1 ,r4 ,r41 #aea4 ,m>riage law1 #bbb1 #bbg4 ,masai1 & pray]1 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #aec-aef1 #afb4 ,ma/] ( ,life1 #adc4 ,mauss1 ,m41 #fj4 ,my1 #fd4 ,m$ical advice1 #gf4 ,mexico1 #aic1 #aid1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,mimetic magic1 #he4 ,m9ahassa1 #aid4 ,m9d ( ,humanity1 #bac4 ,mission>y1 #f1 #adj1 #baj1 #baa1 #beg1 #bfe2 int]e/$ 9 ! value r ?an ! *ronological ord] ( religions1 #ab2 be+ practical1 uses appli$ sci5ce1 #ae2 & me?od ( comp>ison1 #ag2 & notes resemblances1 #bb2 requires sci5tific k ( ! mat]ial he has to "w on1 #cd2 may use z a lev] ! belief 9 man's communion ) spirits1 #fi2 & magic1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd2 & feti*ism1 #aje2 & hea!n pray]1 #ach1 #agc4 ,mom5t>y gods1 #abh1 #acf4 ,morality1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #ie1 #baa ff41 #bfj1 #bfa2 & communion ) ,god1 #fb2 & ! my/]ies1 #aia2 & pray]1 #adh4 ,moral transgression1 & s91 #bba4 ,mosquito-totem1 #aff4 ,mura-muras1 #afb4 ,my/]ies1 ! ,greek1 #eh1 #fb2 & pray]1 #ahj4 ,names1 & gods1 #aba4 ,names1 ( gods1 #aba1 #aca1 #acb2 ( m51 #acb2 & p]sonality1 #acc4 ,nassau1 ,dr41 #aaf1 #afh1 #agj4 ,nat*ez ,indians1 #aid4 ,natural law1 #gb4 ,nature1 uni=mity (1 #ad1 #ae4 ,nef>i\s magic1 #hc-hg1 #ie4 ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 #aid4 ,new ,cal$onia1 #ib1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #afb4 ,new ,hebrides1 #aha4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #afb4 ,nias1 #aha4 ,nig]1 #aha4 ,nirvana1 #bdg4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 #aaa4 ,nyankupon1 #afi4 ,(f]+s1 #agh2 & _! object1 #ahj2 made to feti*es1 #aab1 #abb4 ,old ,te/am5t1 #ed4 ,ol-kora1 #aed1 #afb4 ,onit%a1 #aha4 ,ord] ( value1 #g2 di/9ct f *ronological ord]1 #g1 #i1 #ae1 #af2 hi/oric1 #h4 ,orig91 & validity1 #ch1 #ci4 ,osages1 #adc4 ,p>k]1 ,mrs4 ,l41 #afb ff41 #aia4 ,p]ception1 #i4 ,p]sonality1 ( magician1 #hg2 ( gods & feti*es1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb2 ( ,god1 #beh2 & prop] names1 #acc4 ,p]sonification1 #acf4 ,p]u1 #aic1 #aid1 #aih4 ,pe/il5ce1 #bje4 ,p9k]ton1 #aji4 ,plato1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bji4 ,political economy1 #e1 #f4 ,political philosophy1 #bda4 ,poly!ism & feti*ism1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc4 ,pondos1 #aid4 ,p[]1 p]sonal1 #hg1 #hh1 #ajj4 ,pray]1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ach ff42 among ! hea!n1 #ach2 to feti*es1 #abg2 & desire1 #adb2 & p]sonal advantage1 #add2 & ! community1 #adf2 ( individuals1 #adg2 une?ical1 #adh1 #adi2 & magic1 #aed2 & spells1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afj2 & fam9e1 #aeh2 = ra91 #afj2 ! expression ( ! he>t's desire1 #afj2 nev] unkn[n to man1 #afj1 #afa2 9 exceptional di/ress1 #ahb2 ( ?anksgiv+1 #ahb2 occasional & recurr+1 #agi ff42 & communion1 #ahj2 its purpose1 #age2 & ext]nal rites1 #agf2 implies sacrifice1 #agf2 n always report$ by obs]v]s1 #agg2 & sacrifice g toge!r1 #afi2 no wor%ip )\t1 #agj2 ( ,socrates1 #aga2 & sacrifice1 #agb2 ,our ,"l's1 #agb1 #agc2 practical1 #afg2 ! root ( religion1 #afg1 #afh2 & its objects1 #afc2 a "m's pray]1 #afc2 s++1 #afd2 & *>ms1 #aej1 #afe2 at se$ "t1 #bje4 ,pray]-mill1 #aej4 ,prie/s1 #ia1 #aic2 & gods1 #aba2 & feti*es1 #abb4 ,primitive man1 believes 9 immortality1 #cg4 ,private prop]ty1 #e1 #f4 ,progress1 #i1 #bdf1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfc2 & evolution1 #bd4 ,protective col\r+1 #gj1 #ajc4 ,psalmi/1 #ed4 ,puluga1 #afi4 ,pure sci5ce ( religion1 is a hi/oric sci5ce1 #b2 its facts may be us$ = diff]5t & contradictory purposes1 #d4 ,ra91 pray$ =1 #adf1 #afj1 #afa4 ,ra9-cl\ds1 #aed1 #aef1 #afa1 #afb4 ,ra9-god1 #ia1 #ib4 ,ra9-mak+1 #hd1 #hg1 #hh1 #ia1 #afa1 #afd4 ,rebir?1 #dh1 #di1 #ej4 ,regress1 #bdf1 #beg4 ,re9c>nation1 #ei2 9 animal =m1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb2 9 new-born *ildr51 #dh-ej2 9 namesakes1 #ej2 its relation to morality & religion1 #fa4 ,religion1 is a fact1 #e2 nev] unkn[n to man1 #afj1 #afa2 ess5tially practical1 #afj1 #age2 its evolution1 #bci2 z a survival ( b>b>ism1 #bd2 l[e/ =ms to be /udi$ fir/1 #bf1 #bg2 is a ye>n+ aft] & se>* = ,god1 #bh1 #aae1 #acf2 a bond ( community f ! fir/1 #dc1 #ei1 #agf2 implies gods & _! wor%ip1 #aba1 #abb1 #agg1 #bag2 implies rites & pray]s1 #agf2 "u ! guise ( desire1 #dd1 #aae1 #adi1 #aeh1 #aff1 #agc2 b x is ! desire ( ! community1 #dd2 & morality1 #cg1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #baa1 #bae2 & animism1 #acf2 & feti*ism1 #ajf-aji1 #aae1 #aca1 #acb1 #acf2 & magic1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #ib-ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #aja1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aed2 me*anical1 #aej2 appli$ sci5ce (1 #aje2 & its value1 #aji4 ,religi\s values1 #i1 #af4 ,resemblances1 n m important ?an diff]5ces1 = ! me?od ( comp>ison1 #bb2 _! value1 #bc1 #bd4 ,res5tm5t & ju/ice1 #bbd4 ,responsibility1 collective1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcd4 ,revelation1 #agb1 #bee2 & evolution1 #agc4 ,rev5ge & ju/ice1 #bbi4 ,rheumatism1 #gf4 ,rhys ,davids1 #fd4 ,saa1 #ahj4 ,sacram5t1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #aig1 #bjj4 ,sacram5tal meals1 #ahc ff41 #aig1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc4 ,sacrifice1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #age ff42 to feti*es1 #aac2 & wor%ip1 #acg1 #agg2 & pray]1 #agb1 #agg2 & ! gift !ory1 #bjf2 & communion1 #bjg1 #bjh2 its ultimate =m1 #bji1 #baj2 & ! etymology ( god1 #acc ff41 #acg4 ,saffron1 #hi4 ,sci5ce1 has tru?1 n assignm5t ( value1 = its object1 #aj1 #aa1 #ajh2 & hi/ory1 #ajh2 does n deal ) ends1 #bee2 & evolution1 #beg2 & magic1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #aja2 ( ! savage1 #aei1 #ahi4 ,sci5ce ( religion1 #bef2 pure & appli$1 #b ff42 suppos$ to be incompatible ) religi\s belief1 #d2 really has no?+ to d ) ! tru? or value ( religion1 #e1 #aj2 & pray]1 #adj1 #ada2 & ! mission>y1 #aje4 ,sea ,dyaks1 #bbh4 ,se>* = ,god1 !1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #cd1 #ce1 #beb1 #beh1 #bfb4 ,se$ "t1 #ahh1 #bje4 ,self-realis+ _s1 #bac1 #bad4 ,sem9ole ,indians1 #aid4 ,%akespe>e1 #af1 #ag4 ,%eol1 #ed1 #eh4 ,simil>ity1 betwe5 high] & l[] =ms ( religion1 #bg2 ! basis = ! mission>y's "w1 #bh4 ,s++1 #afd1 #afe4 ,slav]y1 #bda1 #bdc4 ,smell+ out1 #hd4 ,social purpose1 & magic1 #ia4 ,society1 a means1 #bec2 z an end1 #bfa2 p]fection (1 #bed1 #bfa2 & ! family1 #ih4 ,society ,isl&s1 #aha4 ,solid>ity1 #bab1 #bac1 #bea2 religi\s1 #bbj4 ,solomon ,isl&s1 #ahj4 ,s\l1 !1 #cg2 sep>able f ! body1 #cg2 its cont9u$ exi/5ce1 #ch4 ,spells1 & pray]s1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afd4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 #de1 #df1 #afd1 #aig4 ,sp9n+1 #gh1 #gi4 ,spirits1 #afb1 #agj2 n ess5tial to magic1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia2 & feti*es1 #aah1 #aai2 ( feti*ism & gods ( poly!ism1 #abh2 gu>dian1 #aaa2 mom5t>y1 & gods1 #ace2 & pray]1 #aff2 & morality1 #bae1 #bag1 #bai2 n wor%ipp$1 #baf4 ,spr+ cu/oms1 #aib1 #aih1 #bjc4 ,squirrel1 #gf1 #gh4 ,/ate1 !1 & ju/ice1 #bbd4 ,/4 ,john1 ,mr41 #bbh4 ,/ones1 #ib1 #ic1 #id4 ,/ruggle = exi/5ce1 #bfd4 ,suhman1 #abb1 #abc1 #abf1 #acf4 ,sun1 #aec1 #aeg4 ,sup]/ition1 #aej4 ,sympa!tic magic1 #hj1 #he1 #ic1 #aec1 #aeg1 #afb4 ,taboo1 #ahf ff41 #bbb1 #bbi1 #bca-bcd1 #bej4 ,tal5ts1 #bec4 ,tana1 #aha4 ,tann]1 ,john1 #adc4 ,t>i1 #aha1 #ahc4 ,t>o1 #ib1 #ic1 #id4 ,temples1 #agh4 ,te/1 ( p]fection 9 society1 #bee4 ,?anks1 d n ne$ words1 #aha1 #ahe4 ,?ank-(f]+s1 #aha4 ,?oms51 ,pr(essor1 #acd4 ,tibetan ,buddhi/s1 #aej4 ,tig]1 #gd1 #hi4 ,tjumba1 #aha4 ,tonga1 #aha4 ,totems1 #ea1 #afe1 #aff1 #aig1 #bjc2 eat+ (1 #ahf4 ,trade w9d1 #aja4 ,transmigration1 #ea1 #fa1 #aai1 #abj2 ( "*1 #fd4 ,tru?1 #be2 & value1 #aj4 ,tup9ambas1 #ef1 #eh4 ,tylor1 ,pr(essor1 #cg1 #dg1 #ef1 #aab1 #ada-add1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #afa1 #aff4 ,unalits1 #ei1 #fj4 ,uncle ,john1 kn[s 8 own pipe1 #di1 #ej4 ,uni=mity ( nature1 #ad2 matt] ( fai?1 n ( k1 #ae4 ,unselfi%ness1 developes & does n weak5 individuality1 #fg4 ,us5]1 ,pr(essor1 #abh1 #aca1 #acc4 ,utilit>ianism1 #bdj1 #bdb4 ,value1 #g2 lit]>y & arti/ic1 #h1 #i2 religi\s1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji2 c>ries a ref]5ce to ! future1 #ab2 relative to a purpose or end1 #ac1 #ae2 ( lit]ature & art1 felt1 n prov$1 #af1 #ag2 ( feti*ism1 #aad1 #aae1 #abj2 ( feti*ism & religion = society1 #abe2 religi\s1 & feti*ism1 #abg4 ,virgil1 #ed4 ,we/ ,africa1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,e41 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bce4 ,:i/l+1 to produce a w9d1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge4 ,w1 !1 #ac4 ,w to injure1 #ha4 ,w to live1 !1 #da2 involves ! desire = immortality1 #da2 d5\nc$ by ,buddhism1 #ff4 ,w9d1 #ajj1 #aja4 ,wisdom1 collective1 ( man1 #bcg4 ,wit*1 & wit*-doctor1 #hd4 ,wit*craft1 #bbb1 #bbg4 ,wives1 ( hunt]s & w>riors1 #gh4 ,wohkonda1 #adc4 ,wor%ip1 #aba1 #abb1 #agg1 #ahj1 #bfj2 & ! etymology ( god1 #acc ff41 #acg2 ( gods & ( feti*es1 #abc1 #acd1 #ace2 ( ! community1 giv5 to ! p[]s t protect x1 #abf2 may break up1 #agj4 ,x5ophon1 #aga4 ,xilon51 #aij4 ,yams1 #ic1 #adc1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,yebu1 #adg4 ,zulus1 #aid4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4