mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,! ,,uncon/itutionality ,,( ,,slav]y4 ,,by ,,lys&] ,,spoon]4 ,,bo/on3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,bela ,,m>%1 ,,no4 #be ,,cornhill4 #ahde4 ,,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahde1 by ,,lys&] ,,spoon]1 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,d[ ,,jackson',s ,,anti-,,slav]y ,,press4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,:at ,,is ,,law8 ,,page #e ,,ii4--,,writt5 ,,con/itutions1 #ah ,,iii4--,,! ,,colonial ,,*>t]s1 #bd ,,iv4--,,colonial ,,/atutes1 #cf ,v4--,,! ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indep5d5ce1 #db ,,vi4--,,! ,,/ate ,,con/itutions ,,( #aghi4 7,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w ,,free17 #df ,,vii4--,,! ,,articles ,,( ,,conf$]ation1 #fa ,,viii4--,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #fe ,,ix4--,,! ,,int5tions ,,( ,,! ,,conv5tion1 #ace ,x4--,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nm5t1 #ade ,,xi4--,,! ,,und]/&+ ,,( ,,! ,,p1 #adg ,,xii4--,,! ,,/ate ,,con/itutions ,,( #ahde1 #aej ,,xiii4--,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,slaves ,,are ,,born ,,free1 #aec ,,! ,,uncon/itutionality ,,( ,,slav]y4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,law8 ,be=e exam9+ ! language ( ! ,con/itution1 9 reg>d to ,slav]y1 let u obta9 a view ( ! pr9ciples1 by virtue ( :i* law arises out ( ^? con/itutions & compacts1 by :i* p agree to e/abli% gov]nm5t4 ,to d ?is x is necess>y to def9e ! t]m law4 ,popul> op9ions are v loose & indef9ite1 bo? z to ! true def9ition ( law1 & also z to ! pr9ciple1 by virtue ( :i* law results f ! compacts or contracts ( mank9d ) ea* o!r4 ,:at !n is ,,law8 ,t law1 ,i mean1 :i*1 & :i* only1 judicial tribunals are morally b\nd1 "u all circum/ances1 to decl>e & su/a98 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 ,i %all attempt to %[ t law is an intelligible pr9ciple ( "r1 necess>ily result+ f ! nature ( man2 & n an arbitr>y rule1 t c be e/abli%$ by m]e w1 numb]s or p[]4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ?is proposition be correct1 we mu/ look at ! g5]al signification ( ! t]m law4 ,! true & g5]al mean+ ( x1 is t natural1 p]man5t1 unalt]able pr9ciple1 :i* gov]ns any p>ticul> ?+ or class ( ?+s4 ,! pr9ciple is /rictly a natural "o2 & ! t]m applies to e natural pr9ciple1 :e!r m5tal1 moral or physical4 ,?us we speak ( ! laws ( m9d2 mean+ !reby ^? natural1 univ]sal & necess>y pr9ciples1 accord+ to :i* m9d acts1 or by :i* x is gov]n$4 ,we speak too ( ! moral law2 :i* is m]ely an univ]sal pr9ciple ( moral obligation1 t arises out ( ! nature ( m51 & _! relations to ea* o!r1 & to o!r ?+s--& is consequ5tly z unalt]able z ! nature ( m54 ,& x is solely because x is unalt]able 9 its nature1 & univ]sal 9 its application1 t x is d5om9at$ law4 ,if x 7 *angeable1 p>tial or arbitr>y1 x w\ld be no law4 ,?us we speak ( physical laws2 ( ! laws1 = in/ance1 t gov]n ! sol> sy/em2 ( ! laws ( motion1 ! laws ( gravitation1 ! laws ( light1 c41 c4--,also ! laws t gov]n ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 9 all _! v>i\s dep>tm5ts3 among :i* laws may be nam$1 = example1 ! "o t l produces l4 ,unless ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 7 uni=m1 univ]sal & necess>y1 x w\ld be no law4 ,law1 !n1 appli$ to any object or ?+ :atev]1 signifies a natural1 unalt]able1 univ]sal pr9ciple1 gov]n+ su* object or ?+4 ,any rule1 n exi/+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 or t is n p]man5t1 univ]sal & inflexible 9 its application1 is no law1 accord+ to any correct def9ition ( ! t]m law4 ,:at1 !n1 is t natural1 univ]sal1 imp>tial & inflexible pr9ciple1 :i*1 "u all circum/ances1 necess>ily fixes1 det]m9es1 def9es & gov]ns ! civil rights ( m58 ,^? rights ( p]son1 prop]ty1 c41 :i* "o human be+ has1 z aga9/ o!r human be+s8 ,i %all def9e x to be simply ! rule1 pr9ciple1 obligation or requirem5t ( natural ju/ice4 ,?is rule1 pr9ciple1 obligation or requirem5t ( natural ju/ice1 has its orig9 9 ! natural rights ( individuals1 results necess>ily f !m1 keeps !m ev] 9 view z its end & purpose1 secures _! enjoym5t1 & =bids _! violation4 ,x also secures all ^? acquisitions ( prop]ty1 privilege & claim1 :i* m5 h a natural "r to make by labor & contract4 ,su* is ! true mean+ ( ! t]m law1 z appli$ to ! civil rights ( m54 ,& ,i d\bt if any o!r def9ition ( law c be giv51 t w prove correct 9 e1 or necess>ily 9 any possible case4 ,! v idea ( law orig9ates 9 m5's natural rights4 ,!re is no o!r /&>d1 ?an natural rights1 by :i* civil law c be measur$4 ,law has always be5 ! "n ( t rule or pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 :i* protects ^? rights4 ,?us we speak ( natural law4 ,natural law1 9 fact1 con/itutes ! great body ( ! law t is pr(ess$ly adm9i/]$ by judicial tribunals3 & x always necess>ily mu/ be--= x is impossible to anticipate a ?\s&? "p ( ! cases t arise1 s z to enact a special law = !m4 ,:]ev] ! cases h n be5 ?us anticipat$1 ! natural law prevails4 ,we ?us politically & judicially recognize ! pr9ciple ( law z orig9at+ 9 ! nature & rights ( m54 ,by recogniz+ x z orig9at+ 9 ! nature ( m51 we recognize x z a pr9ciple1 t is necess>ily z immutable1 & z inde/ructible z ! nature ( man4 ,we also1 9 ! same way1 recognize ! imp>tiality & univ]sality ( its application4 ,if1 !n1 law be a natural pr9ciple--"o necess>ily result+ f ! v nature ( man1 & capable ( be+ de/roy$ or *ang$ only by de/roy+ or *ang+ ! nature ( man--x necess>ily foll[s t x mu/ be ( high] & m inflexible obligation ?an any o!r rule ( conduct1 :i* ! arbitr>y w ( any man1 or comb9ation ( m51 may attempt to e/abli%4 ,c]ta9ly no rule c be ( su* high1 univ]sal & inflexible obligation1 z t1 :i*1 if obs]v$1 secures ! rights1 ! safety & lib]ty ( all4 ,natural law1 !n1 is ! p>am\nt law4 ,&1 be+ ! p>am\nt law1 x is necess>ily ! only law3 =1 be+ applicable to e possible case t c arise t\*+ ! rights ( m51 any o!r pr9ciple or rule1 t %\ld arbitr>ily be appli$ to ^? rights1 w\ld necess>ily conflict ) x4 ,&1 z a m]ely arbitr>y1 p>tial & tempor>y rule mu/1 ( necessity1 be ( less obligation ?an a natural1 p]man5t1 equal & univ]sal "o1 ! arbitr>y "o becomes1 9 reality1 ( no obligation at all1 :5 ! two come 9 collision4 ,consequ5tly !re is1 & c be1 correctly speak+1 no law b natural law4 ,!re is no o!r pr9ciple or rule1 applicable to ! rights ( m51 t is obligatory 9 comp>ison ) ?is1 9 any case :atev]4 ,& ?is natural law is no o!r ?an t rule ( natural ju/ice1 :i* results ei!r directly f m5's natural rights1 or f su* acquisitions z !y h a natural "r to make1 or f su* contracts z !y h a natural "r to ent] into4 ,natural law recognizes ! validity ( all contracts :i* m5 h a natural "r to make1 & :i* ju/ice requires to be fulfill$3 su*1 = example1 z contracts t r5d] equival5t = equival5t1 & are at ! same "t consi/5t ) morality1 ! natural rights ( m51 & ^? rights ( prop]ty1 privilege1 c41 :i* m5 h a natural "r to acquire by labor & contract4 ,natural law1 !re=e1 inasmu* z x recognizes ! natural "r ( m5 to ent] into obligatory contracts1 p]mits ! =mation ( gov]nm5t1 f\nd$ on contract1 z all our gov]nm5ts pr(ess to be4 ,b 9 ord] t ! contract ( gov]nm5t may be valid & lawful1 x mu/ purport to au?orize no?+ inconsi/5t ) natural ju/ice1 & m5's natural rights4 ,x _c lawfully au?orize gov]nm5t to de/roy or take f m5 _! natural rights3 = natural rights are inali5able1 & c no m be surr5d]$ to gov]nm5t--:i* is b an association ( individuals--?an to a s+le individual4 ,!y are a necess>y attribute ( man's nature2 & he c no m "p ) !m--to gov]nm5t or any body else--?an ) 8 nature itself4 ,b ! contract ( gov]nm5t may lawfully au?orize ! adoption ( means--n inconsi/5t ) natural ju/ice--= ! bett] protection ( m5's natural rights4 ,& ?is is ! legitimate & true object ( gov]nm5t4 ,& rules & /atutes1 n inconsi/5t ) natural ju/ice & m5's natural rights1 if enact$ by su* gov]nm5t1 are b9d+1 on ! gr\nd ( contract1 ^u ^? :o are p>ties to ! contract1 :i* creates ! gov]nm5t1 & au?orizes x to pass rules & /atutes to c>ry out its objects4#a ,b natural law tries ! contract ( gov]nm5t1 & decl>es x lawful or unlawful1 obligatory or invalid1 by ! same rules by :i* x tries all o!r contracts betwe5 man & man4 ,a contract = ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5t1 be+ no?+ b a volunt>y contract betwe5 individuals = _! mutual b5efit1 diff]s1 9 no?+ t is ess5tial to its validity1 f any o!r contract betwe5 man & man1 or betwe5 nation & nation4 ,if two individuals ent] into a contract to commit trespass1 !ft1 robb]y or murd] ^u a ?ird1 ! contract is unlawful & void1 simply because x is a contract to violate natural ju/ice1 or m5's natural rights4 ,if two nations ent] into a treaty1 t !y w unite 9 plund]+1 enslav+ or de/roy+ a ?ird1 ! treaty is unlawful1 void1 & ( no obligation1 simply because x is contr>y to ju/ice & m5's natural rights4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 if ! majority1 h[ev] l>ge1 ( ! p ( a c\ntry1 ent] into a contract ( gov]nm5t1 call$ a con/itution1 by :i* !y agree to aid1 abet or accompli% any k9d ( inju/ice1 or to de/roy or invade ! natural rights ( any p]son or p]sons :atsoev]1 :e!r su* p]sons be p>ties to ! compact or n1 ?is contract ( gov]nm5t is unlawful & void--& = ! same reason t a treaty betwe5 two nations = a simil> purpose1 or a contract ( ! same nature betwe5 two individuals1 is unlawful & void4 ,su* a contract ( gov]nm5t has no moral sanction4 ,x conf]s no rightful au?ority ^u ^? appo9t$ to adm9i/] x4 ,x conf]s no legal or moral rights1 & imposes no legal or moral obligation ^u ! p :o are p>ties to x4 ,! only duties1 :i* any "o c owe to x1 or to ! gov]nm5t e/abli%$ "u color ( its au?ority1 are disob$i5ce1 resi/ance1 de/ruction4 ,judicial tribunals1 sitt+ "u ! au?ority ( ?is unlawful contract or con/itution1 are b\nd1 equally ) o!r m51 to decl>e x1 & all unju/ enactm5ts pass$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 pursuance ( x1 unlawful & void4 ,^! judicial tribunals _c1 by accept+ (fice "u a gov]nm5t1 rid !mselves ( t p>am\nt obligation1 t all m5 are "u1 to decl>e1 if !y decl>e any ?+1 t ju/ice is law2 t gov]nm5t c h no lawful p[]s1 except ^? ) :i* x has be5 inve/$ by lawful contract2 & t an unlawful contract = ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5t1 is z unlawful & void z any o!r contract to d inju/ice4 ,no oa?s1 :i* judicial or o!r (fic]s may take1 to c>ry out & support an unlawful contract or con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 are ( any moral obligation4 ,x is immoral to take su* oa?s1 & x is crim9al to fulfil !m4 ,!y are1 bo? 9 morals & law1 l ! oa?s :i* individual pirates1 ?ieves & b&its give to _! conf$]ates1 z an assurance ( _! fidelity to ! purposes = :i* !y are associat$4 ,no man has any moral "r to assume su* oa?s2 !y impose no obligation ^u ^? :o d assume !m2 !y af=d no moral ju/ification = (ficial acts1 9 !mselves unju/1 done 9 pursuance ( !m4 ,if ^! doctr9es are correct1 !n ^? contracts ( gov]nm5t1 /ate & national1 :i* we call con/itutions1 are void1 & unlawful1 s f> z !y purport to au?orize1 7if any ( !m d au?orize17 any ?+ 9 violation ( natural ju/ice1 or ! natural rights ( any man or class ( m5 :atsoev]4 ,& all judicial tribunals are b\nd1 by ! highe/ obligations t c re/ ^u !m1 to decl>e t ^! contracts1 9 all su* p>ticul>s1 7if any su* !re be17 are void1 & n law4 ,& all ag5ts1 legislative1 executive1 judicial & popul>1 :o volunt>ily l5d _! aid to ! execution ( any ( ! unlawful purposes ( ! gov]nm5t1 are z mu* p]sonally guilty1 accord+ to all ! moral & legal pr9ciples1 by :i* crime1 9 its ess5tial "*1 is measur$1 z ?\gh !y p]=m$ ! same acts indep5d5tly1 & ( _! own volition4 ,su* is ! true "* & def9ition ( law4 ,yet1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to signify1 z x 9 reality does1 t natural1 univ]sal & inflexible pr9ciple1 :i* has its orig9 9 ! nature ( man1 keeps pace e :]e ) ! rights ( man1 z _! %ield & protector1 b9ds alike gov]nm5ts & m51 weighs by ! same /&>d ! acts ( communities & individuals1 & is p>am\nt 9 its obligation to any o!r requirem5t :i* c be impos$ ^u m5--in/ead1 ,i say1 ( ! t]m law be+ all[$ to signify1 z x really does1 ?is immutable & ov]rul+ pr9ciple ( natural ju/ice x has come to be appli$ to m]e arbitr>y rules ( conduct1 prescrib$ by individuals1 or comb9ations ( individuals1 self-/yl$ gov]nm5ts1 :o h no o!r title to ! pr]ogative ( e/abli%+ su* rules1 ?an is giv5 !m by ! possession or comm& ( suffici5t physical p[] to co]ce submission to !m4 ,! inju/ice ( ^! rules1 h[ev] palpable & atroci\s x may be1 has n det]r$ _! au?ors f dignify+ !m ) ! "n ( law4 ,&1 :at is mu* m to be deplor$1 su* has be5 ! sup]/ition ( ! p1 & su* _! bl9d v5]ation = physical p[]1 t ?is inju/ice has n op5$ _! eyes to ! di/9ction betwe5 law & =ce1 betwe5 ! sacr$ requirem5ts ( natural ju/ice1 & ! crim9al exactions ( unre/ra9$ selfi%ness & p[]4 ,!y h ?us n only suff]$ ! "n ( law to be /ol51 & appli$ to crime z a cloak to conceal its true nature1 b !y h r5d]$ homage & ob$i5ce to crime1 "u ! "n ( law1 until ! v "n ( law1 in/ead ( signify+1 9 _! m9ds1 an immutable pr9ciple ( "r1 has come to signify little m ?an an arbitr>y comm& ( p[]1 )\t ref]5ce to its ju/ice or its inju/ice1 its innoc5ce or its crim9ality4 ,& n[1 comm&s ! mo/ crim9al1 if *ri/5$ ) ! "n ( law1 obta9 ne>ly z ready an ob$i5ce1 (t5times a m ready ob$i5ce1 ?an law & ju/ice itself4 ,?is sup]/ition1 on ! "p ( ! p1 :i* has ?us all[$ =ce & crime to usurp ! "n & occupy ! ?rone ( ju/ice & law1 is h>dly p>allel$ 9 its grossness1 ev5 by t sup]/ition1 :i*1 9 d>k] ages ( ! _w1 has all[$ falsehood1 absurdity & cruelty to usurp ! "n & ! ?rone ( religion4 ,b ,i am aw>e t o!r def9itions ( law1 widely diff]5t f t ,i h giv51 h be5 attempt$--def9itions too1 :i* practically obta91 to a great ext5t1 9 our judicial tribunals1 & 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ^! o!r def9itions are nev]!less1 all1 9 !mselves1 unc]ta91 indef9ite1 mutable2 & !re=e incapable ( be+ /&>ds1 by a ref]5ce to :i* ! "q ( law1 or no law1 c be det]m9$4 ,law1 z def9$ by !m1 is caprici\s1 arbitr>y1 un/able2 is bas$ ^u no fix$ pr9ciple2 results f no e/abli%$ fact2 is susceptible ( only a limit$1 p>tial & arbitr>y application2 possesses no intr9sic au?ority2 does n1 9 itself1 recognize any moral pr9ciple2 does n necess>ily conf] ^u1 or ev5 ackn[l$ge 9 individuals1 any moral or civil rights2 or impose ^u !m any moral obligation4 ,= example4 ,"o ( ^! def9itions--"o t probably embraces ! ess5ce ( all ! re/--is ?is3 ,t law is a rule ( civil conduct1 prescrib$ by ! supreme p[] ( a /ate1 comm&+ :at its subjects are to d1 & prohibit+ :at !y are to =be>4 ,noah ,web/]4 ,9 ?is def9ition1 h>dly any ?+1 t is ess5tial to ! idea ( law1 is made c]ta94 ,let u see4 ,x says t1 ,law is a rule ( civil conduct1 prescrib$ by ! supreme p[] ( a /ate4 ,:at is ! supreme p[]1 t is "h spok5 (1 z ! f\nta9 ( law8 ,is x ! supreme physical p[]8 ,or ! l>ge/ conc5tration ( physical p[]1 :e!r x exi/ 9 "o man1 or 9 a comb9ation ( m58 ,su* is und\bt$ly its mean+4 ,& if su* be its mean+1 !n ! law is unc]ta92 = x is (t5times unc]ta9 :]e1 or 9 :at man1 or body ( m51 9 a /ate1 ! greate/ am\nt ( physical p[] is conc5trat$4 ,:5ev] a /ate %\ld be divid$ into factions1 no "o hav+ ! supremacy ( all ! re/1 law w\ld n m]ely be ineffici5t1 b ! v pr9ciple ( law itself w\ld be actually ext+ui%$4 ,& m5 w\ld h no rule ( civil conduct4 ,?is result alone is suffici5t to condemn ?is def9ition4 ,aga94 ,if physical p[] be ! f\nta9 ( law1 !n law & =ce are synonym\s t]ms4 ,or1 p]haps1 r1 law w\ld be ! result ( a comb9ation ( w & =ce2 ( w1 unit$ ) a physical p[] suffici5t to compel ob$i5ce to x1 b n necess>ily hav+ any moral "* :atev]4 ,are we prep>$ to admit ! pr9ciple1 t !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 law & =ce8 ,if n1 we mu/ reject ?is def9ition4 ,x is true t law may1 9 _m cases1 dep5d ^u =ce z ! means ( its practical effici5cy4 ,b are law & =ce !re=e id5tical 9 _! ess5ce8 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 too1 a comm& to d inju/ice1 is z mu* law1 z a comm& to d ju/ice4 ,all t is necess>y1 accord+ to ?is def9ition1 to make ! comm& a law1 is t x issue f a w t is support$ by physical =ce suffici5t to co]ce ob$i5ce4 ,aga94 ,if m]e w & p[] are suffici5t1 ( !mselves1 to e/abli% law--legitimate law--su* law z judicial tribunals are morally b\nd1 or ev5 h a moral "r to en=ce--!n x foll[s t :]ev] w & p[] are unit$1 & cont9ue unit$ until !y are successful 9 ! accompli%m5t ( any p>ticul> object1 to :i* !y are direct$1 !y con/itute ! only legitimate law ( t case1 & judicial tribunals c take cognizance ( no o!r4 ,& x makes no diff]5ce1 on ?is pr9ciple1 :e!r ?is comb9ation ( w & p[] be f\nd 9 a s+le individual1 or 9 a community ( an hundr$ millions ( individuals4--,! numb]s conc]n$ d n alt] ! rule--o!rwise law w\ld be ! result ( numb]s1 in/ead ( supreme p[]4 ,x is !re=e suffici5t to comply ) ?is def9ition1 t ! p[] be equal to ! accompli%m5t ( ! object4 ,& ! w & p[] ( "o man are !re=e z compet5t to make ! law relative to any acts :i* he is able to execute1 z ! w & p[] ( millions ( m5 are to make ! law relative to any acts :i* !y are able to accompli%4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 !n--t m]e w & p[] are compet5t to e/abli% ! law t is to gov]n an act1 )\t ref]5ce to ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( ! act itself1 ! w & p[] ( any s+le individual to commit !ft1 w\ld be suffici5t to make !ft lawful1 z lawful z is any o!r act ( inju/ice1 :i* ! w & p[] ( communities1 or l>ge bodies ( m51 may be unit$ to accompli%4 ,& judicial tribunals are z mu* b\nd to recognize1 z lawful1 any act ( inju/ice or crime1 :i* ! w & p[] ( a s+le individual may h succe$$ 9 accompli%+1 z !y are to recognize z lawful any act ( inju/ice1 :i* l>ge & organiz$ bodies ( m51 self-/yl$ gov]nm5ts1 may accompli%4 ,b1 p]haps x w be said t ! s\ndness ( ?is def9ition dep5ds ^u ! use ( ! ^w /ate--& t x !re=e makes a di/9ction betwe5 ! supreme p[] ( a /ate1 ov] a p>ticul> act1 & ! p[] ( an individual ov] ! same act4 ,b ?is addition ( ! ^w /ate1 9 reality leaves ! def9ition j :]e x w\ld h be5 )\t x4 ,= :at is a /ate8 ,x is j :at1 & only :at1 ! w & p[] ( individuals may arbitr>ily e/abli%4 ,!re is no?+ fix$ 9 ! nature1 "* or b\nd>ies ( a /ate4 ,w & p[] may alt] !m at pleasure4 ,! w & p[] ( ,ni*olas1 & t w & p[]1 :i* he has conc5trat$ ar\nd1 or r )9 himself1 e/abli%es all ,russia1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,asia1 z a /ate4 ,by ! same rule1 ! w & p[] ( ! own] ( an acre ( gr\nd1 may e/abli% t acre z a /ate1 & make 8 w & p[]1 = ! "t be+1 supreme & lawful )9 x4 ,! w & p[]1 also1 t e/abli%$ a /ate ye/]day1 may be ov]come to-day by an adv]se w & p[]1 t %all aboli% t /ate1 & incorporate x into ano!r1 ov] :i* ?is latt] w & p[] %all to-day be supreme4 ,& ?is latt] w & p[] may also to-morr[ be ov]come by /ill ano!r w & p[] mighti] ?an !y4 ,a /ate1 !n1 is no?+ fix$1 p]man5t or c]ta9 9 its nature4 ,x is simply ! b\nd>ies1 )9 :i* any s+le comb9ation or conc5tration ( w & p[]1 are effici5t1 or irresi/ible1 = ! "t be+4 ,?is is ! only true def9ition t c be giv5 ( a /ate4 ,x is m]ely an arbitr>y "n giv5 to ! t]ritorial limits ( p[]4 ,& if su* be its true "*1 !n x w\ld foll[1 t ! b\nd>ies1 ?\gh b two feet squ>e1 )9 :i* ! w & p[] ( a s+le individual are1 = ! "t be+1 supreme1 or irresi/ible1 are1 = all legal purposes1 a /ate--& 8 w & p[] con/itute1 = ! "t be+1 ! law )9 ^? limits2 & 8 acts are1 !re=e1 = ! "t be+1 z necess>ily lawful1 )\t respect to _! intr9sic ju/ice or inju/ice1 z are ! acts ( l>g] bodies ( m51 )9 ^? limits :]e _! w & p[] are supreme & irresi/ible4 ,if1 !n1 law really be1 :at ?is def9ition w\ld make x1 m]ely a rule ( civil conduct prescrib$ by ! supreme p[] ( a /ate--x w\ld foll[1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 t law is synonym\s m]ely ) w & =ce1 :]ev] !y are comb9$ & 9 successful op]ation1 = ! pres5t mom5t4 ,"u ?is def9ition1 law (f]s no p]man5t gu>anty = ! safety1 lib]ty1 rights or happ9ess ( any "o4 ,x lic5ses all possible crime1 viol5ce & wrong1 bo? by gov]nm5ts & individuals4 ,! def9ition 0 obvi\sly inv5t$ by1 & is suit$ m]ely to gloss ov] ! purposes (1 arbitr>y p[]4 ,we are !re=e compell$ to reject x2 & to seek ano!r1 t %all make law less caprici\s1 less unc]ta91 less arbitr>y1 m j1 m safe to ! rights ( all1 m p]man5t4 ,& if we seek ano!r1 :]e %all we f9d x1 unless we adopt ! "o fir/ giv51 viz4 t law is ! rule1 pr9ciple1 obligation or requirem5t ( natural ju/ice8 ,adopt ?is def9ition1 & law becomes simple1 intelligible1 sci5tific2 always consi/5t ) itself2 always h>moniz+ ) morals1 reason & tru?4 ,reject ?is def9ition1 & law is no long] a sci5ce3 b a *aos ( crude1 conflict+ & arbitr>y edicts1 unkn[n p]*ance to ei!r morals1 ju/ice1 reason or tru?1 & fleet+ & caprici\s z ! impulses ( w1 int]e/ & p[]4 ,if1 !n1 law really be no?+ o!r ?an ! rule1 pr9ciple1 obligation or requirem5t ( natural ju/ice1 x foll[s t gov]nm5t c h no p[]s except su* z individuals may rightfully delegate to x3 t no law1 inconsi/5t ) m5's natural rights1 c arise out ( any contract or compact ( gov]nm5t3 t con/itutional law1 "u any =m ( gov]nm5t1 consi/s only ( ^? pr9ciples ( ! writt5 con/itution1 t are consi/5t ) natural law1 & man's natural rights2 & t any o!r pr9ciples1 t may be express$ by ! lett] ( any con/itution1 are void & n law1 & all judicial tribunals are b\nd to decl>e !m s4 ,?\gh ?is doctr9e may make sad havoc ) con/itutions & /atute books1 x is nev]!less law4 ,x fixes & det]m9es ! real rights ( all m52 & its dem&s are z imp]i\s z any t c exi/ "u ! "n ( law4 ,x is possible1 p]haps1 t ?is doctr9e w\ld sp>e en\gh ( our exi/+ con/itutions1 to save our gov]nm5ts f ! necessity ( a new organization4 ,b :atev] else x might sp>e1 "o ?+ x w\ld n sp>e4 ,x w\ld sp>e no ve/ige ( t sy/em ( human slav]y1 :i* n[ claims to exi/ by au?ority ( law4#b ,footnote #a3 ,x is obvi\s t legislation c h1 9 ?is c\ntry1 no high] or o!r au?ority1 ?an t :i* results f natural law1 & ! obligation ( contracts3 = our con/itutions are b contracts1 & ! legislation !y au?orize c ( c\rse h no o!r or high] au?ority ?an ! con/itutions !mselves4 ,! /ream _c rise high] ?an ! f\nta94 ,! idea1 !re=e1 ( any inh]5t au?ority or sov]eignty 9 our gov]nm5ts1 z gov]nm5ts1 or ( any inh]5t "r 9 ! majority to re/ra9 individuals1 by arbitr>y enactm5ts1 f ! ex]cise ( any ( _! natural rights1 is z %e] an impo/ure z ! idea ( ! div9e "r ( k+s to reign1 or any o!r ( ! doctr9es on :i* arbitr>y gov]nm5ts h be5 f\nd$4 ,& ! idea ( any necess>y or inh]5t au?ority 9 legislation1 z su*1 is1 ( c\rse1 equally an impo/ure4 ,if legislation be consi/5t ) natural ju/ice1 & ! natural or intr9sic obligation ( ! contract ( gov]nm5t1 x is obligatory3 if n1 n4 ,footnote #b3 ,! mass ( m5 are s mu* accu/om$ to reg>d law z an arbitr>y comm& ( ^? :o adm9i/] political p[]1 t ! idea ( its be+ a natural1 fix$1 & immutable pr9ciple1 may p]haps want "s o!r support ?an t ( ! reason+ already giv51 to comm5d x to _! adoption4 ,i !re=e give !m ! foll[+ corroborations f s\rces ( ! highe/ au?ority4 ,jurisprud5ce is ! sci5ce ( :at is j & unju/4--,ju/9ian4 ,! prim>y & pr9cipal objects ( ! law are rights & wrongs4--,black/one4 ,ju/ice is ! con/ant & p]petual disposition to r5d] to e man 8 due4--,ju/9ian4 ,! precepts ( ! law are to live hone/ly2 to hurt no "o2 to give to e "o 8 due4--,ju/9ian ,black/one4 ,,law4 ,! rule & bond ( m5's actions2 or x is a rule = ! well gov]n+ ( civil society1 to give to e man t :i* do? belong to him4--,jacob's ,law ,diction>y4 ,laws are arbitr>y or positive1 & natural2 ! la/ ( :i* are ess5tially j & good1 & b9d e :]e1 & 9 all places :]e !y are obs]v$499 99 99 99 ,^? :i* are natural laws1 are f ,god2 b ^? :i* are arbitr>y1 are prop]ly human & positive in/itutions4--,seld5 on ,=tescue1 ,c4 #ag1 also ,jacob's ,law ,diction>y4 ,! law ( nature is t :i* ,god1 at man's creation1 infus$ into him1 = 8 pres]vation & direction2 & ?is is an et]nal law1 & may n be *ang$4--#b ,%ep4 ,abr4 #cef1 also ,jac4 ,law ,dict4 ,all laws d]ive _! =ce f ! law ( nature2 & ^? :i* d n1 are acc\nt$ z no laws4--,=tescue4 ,jac4 ,law ,dict4 ,no law w make a con/ruction to d wrong2 & !re are "s ?+s :i* ! law favors1 & "s x dislikes2 x favore? ^? ?+s t come f ! ord] ( nature4--#a ,in/4 #ahc1 #aig4--;,jac4 ,law ,dict4 ,( law no less c be ackn[l$g$1 ?an t h] seat is ! bosom ( ,god1 h] voice ! h>mony ( ! _w4 ,all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? d h] homage2 ! lea/ z feel+ h] c>e1 & ! greate/ z n exempt$ f h] p[]4--,hook]4 ,?is law ( nature be+ coeval ) mank9d1 & dictat$ by ,god himself1 is ( c\rse sup]ior 9 obligation to any o!r4 ,x is b9d+ ov] all ! globe1 9 all c\ntries1 & at all times3 no human laws are ( any validity1 if contr>y to ?is2 & su* ( !m z are valid1 d]ive all _! =ce1 & all _! au?ority1 m$iately or imm$iately1 f ?is orig9al4--,black/one1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #da4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ian1 "o ( ,black/one's editors1 9 a note to ! above passage1 says3 ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,hob>t has also advanc$1 t ev5 an act ( ,p>liam5t made aga9/ natural ju/ice1 z to make a man judge 9 8 own cause1 is void 9 itself1 = jura natur sunt immutabilia1 & !y are leges legum--7! laws ( nature are immutable--!y are ! laws ( laws47--,hob4 #hg4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ian !n adds3 ,) def]5ce to ^! high au?orities1 7,black/one & ,hob>t17 ,i %\ld conceive t 9 no case :atev] c a judge oppose 8 own op9ion & au?ority to ! cle> w & decl>ation ( ! legislature4 ,8 prov9ce is to int]pret & obey ! m&ates ( ! supreme p[] ( ! /ate4 ,& if an act ( ,p>liam5t1 if we c\ld suppose su* a case1 %\ld1 l ! edict ( ,h]od1 comm& all ! *ildr5 "u a c]ta9 age to be sla91 ! judge ought to resign 8 (fice r ?an be auxili>y to its execution2 b x c\ld only be decl>$ void by ! same legislative p[] by :i* x 0 orda9$4 ,if ! judicial p[] 7 compet5t to decide t an act ( p>liam5t 0 void because x 0 contr>y to natural ju/ice1 ^u an appeal to ! ,h\se ( ,lords ?is inconsi/5cy w\ld be ! consequ5ce1 t z judges !y mu/ decl>e void1 :at z legislators !y _h enact$ %\ld be valid4 ,! le>n$ judge himself 7,black/one7 decl>es 9 p4 #ia1 if ! ,p>liam5t w positively enact a ?+ to be done :i* is unreasonable1 ,i "k ( no p[] 9 ! ord9>y =ms ( ! con/itution1 t is ve/$ ) au?ority to control x4 ,x w be se5 f ?is note ( ,mr4 ,*ri/ian1 t he concurs 9 ! op9ion t an enactm5t contr>y to natural ju/ice is intr9sically void1 & n law2 & t ! pr9cipal1 if n ! only difficulty1 :i* he sees 9 c>ry+ out t doctr9e1 is "o t is peculi> to ! ,briti% con/itution1 & does n exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t difficulty is1 ! inconsi/5cy !re w\ld be1 if ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 7:i* is ! highe/ law c\rt 9 ,engl&1 & at ! same "t "o bran* ( ! legislature17 7 to decl>e1 9 _! capacity z judges1 t an act 0 void1 :i*1 z legislators1 !y _h decl>$ %\ld be valid4 ,& ?is is probably ! reason :y ,black/one admitt$ t he knew ( no p[] 9 ! ord9>y =ms ( ! 7,briti%7 con/itution1 t 0 ve/$ ) au?ority to control an act ( p>liam5t t 0 unreasonable1 7aga9/ natural ju/ice47 ,b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! judicial & legislative p[]s are ve/$ 9 diff]5t bodies1 & :]e !y are s ve/$ = ! v purpose ( hav+ ! =m] act z a *eck ^u ! latt]1 no su* inconsi/5cy w\ld occur4 ,! con/itutions t h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! discussions _h on ! =mation ( !m1 all atte/ ! importance :i* our ance/ors atta*$ to a sep>ation ( ! judicial1 f ! executive & legislative dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,& yet ! b5efits1 :i* !y _h promis$ to lib]ty & ju/ice f ?is sep>ation1 h 9 slight only1 if any degree1 be5 realiz$4--,al?\gh ! legislation ( ! c\ntry g5]ally has exhibit$ little less ?an an entire recklessness bo? ( natural ju/ice & con/itutional au?ority1 ! records ( ! judici>y nev]!less furni% h>dly an in/ance :]e an act ( a legislature has1 = ei!r ( ^! reasons1 be5 decl>$ void by its co-ord9ate judicial dep>tm5t4 ,!re h be5 cases1 few & f> betwe51 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ate's c\rts h decl>$ acts ( /ate legislatures uncon/itutional4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! co-ord9ate dep>tm5ts ( ! same gov]nm5ts has be51 t ! judicial sanction foll[$ ! legislative act ) ne>ly ! same un]r+ c]ta9ty1 t ! %ad[ foll[s ! sub/ance4 ,judicial decisions h consequ5tly _h ! same effects 9 re/ra9+ ! actions ( legislatures1 t %ad[s h 9 re/ra9+ ! motions ( bodies4 ,:y ?is uni=m concurr5ce ( ! judici>y ) ! legislature8 ,x is because ! sep>ation betwe5 !m is nom9al1 n real4 ,! judici>y receive _! (fices & sal>ies at ! h&s ( ! executive & ! legislature1 & are am5able only to ! legislature = _! (ficial "*4 ,!y are made entirely indep5d5t ( ! p at l>ge1 7^: highe/ int]e/s are lib]ty & ju/ice17 & entirely dep5d5t ^u ^? :o h too _m int]e/s inconsi/5t ) lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,c\ld a real & entire sep>ation ( ! judici>y f ! o!r dep>tm5ts take place1 we might !n hope t _! decisions w\ld1 9 "s measure1 re/ra9 ! usurpations ( ! legislature1 & promote progress 9 ! sci5ce ( law & ( gov]nm5t4 ,:e!r any ( our pres5t judges w\ld1 7z ,mr4 ,*ri/ian sugge/s !y ought17 resign _! (fices r ?an be auxili>y to ! execution ( an act ( legislation1 t1 l ! edict ( ,h]od1 %\ld require all ! *ildr5 "u a c]ta9 age to be sla91 we _c c]ta9ly "k4 ,b ?is we d "k--t our judges h hi!rto manife/$ no int5tion ( resign+ _! (fices to avoid decl>+ x to be law1 t *ildr5 ( two ye>s old & "u1 may be wre/$ =ev] f t p>5tal protection :i* is _! bir?right1 & subject$ = life to outrages :i* all civiliz$ m5 mu/ reg>d z worse ?an dea?4 ,to proce$ ) our au?orities3-- ,^? human laws t annex a puni%m5t to murd]1 d n at all increase its moral guilt or sup]add any fre% obligation 9 ! =um ( consci5ce to ab/a9 f its p]petration4 ,nay1 if any human law %\ld all[ or enjo9 u to commit x1 we are b\nd to transgress t human law1 or else we mu/ (f5d bo? ! natural & ! div9e4--,black/one1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #db1 #dc4 ,! law ( nations dep5ds entirely ^u ! rules ( natural law1 or ^u mutual compacts1 treaties1 leagues & agreem5ts betwe5 ^! sev]al communities2 9 ! con/ruction also ( :i* compacts1 we h no o!r rule to resort to1 b ! law ( nature3 7t7 be+ ! only "o to :i* all ! communities are equally subject4--,black/one1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #dc4 ,^? rights !n :i* ,god & nature h e/abli%$1 & are !re=e call$ natural rights1 su* z are life & lib]ty1 ne$ n ! aid ( human laws to be m effectually inve/$ 9 e man ?an !y are2 nei!r d !y receive any additional /r5g? :5 decl>$ by ! municipal laws to be inviolable4 ,on ! contr>y1 no human legislature has p[] to abridge or de/roy !m1 unless ! own] %all himself commit "s act t am\nts to a =feiture4--,black/one1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ed4 ,by ! absolute rights ( individuals1 we mean ^? :i* are s 9 _! prim>y & /ricte/ s5se2 su* z w\ld belong to _! p]sons m]ely 9 a /ate ( nature1 & :i* e man is entitl$ to enjoy1 :e!r out ( society1 or 9 x4--,black/one1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #abc4 ,! pr9cipal aim ( society 7gov]nm5t7 is to protect individuals 9 ! enjoym5t ( ^? absolute rights1 :i* 7 ve/$ 9 !m by ! immutable laws ( nature2 b :i* c\ld n be pres]v$ 9 peace )\t t mutual assi/ance & int]c\rse1 :i* is ga9$ by ! in/itution ( fri5dly & social communities4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! fir/ & prim>y end ( human laws is to ma9ta9 & regulate ^! absolute rights ( individuals4 ,su* rights z are social & relative result f1 & are po/]ior to1 ! =mation ( /ates & societies2 s t to ma9ta9 & regulate ^!1 is cle>ly a subsequ5t consid]ation4 ,& !re=e ! pr9cipal view ( human laws is1 or ought always to be1 to expla91 protect1 & en=ce su* rights z are absolute2 :i*1 9 !mselves1 are few & simple3 & !n su* rights z are relative1 :i*1 aris+ f a v>iety ( connexions1 w be f> m num]\s & m complicat$4 ,^! w take up a great] space 9 any code ( laws1 & h5ce may appe> to be m att5d$ to1 ?\gh 9 reality !y are n1 ?an ! rights ( ! =m] k9d4--,black/one1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #abd4 ,! absolute rights ( man1 consid]$ z a free ag5t1 end[$ ) disc]nm5t to "k good f evil1 & ) p[] ( *oos+ ^? measures :i* appe> to him mo/ desirable1 are usually summ$ up 9 "o g5]al appellation1 & d5om9at$ ! natural lib]ty ( mank9d4 ,?is natural lib]ty consi/s prop]ly 9 a p[] ( act+ z "o ?9ks fit1 )\t any re/ra9t or control1 unless by ! law ( nature1 be+ a "r inh]5t 9 u by bir?1 & "o ( ! gifts ( ,god to man at 8 creation1 :5 he end[$ him ) ! faculty ( free w4--,black/one1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #abe4 ,moral or natural lib]ty1 79 ! words ( ,burlamaqui1 *4 #c1 s4 #ae17 is ! "r1 :i* nature gives to all mank9d ( dispos+ ( _! p]sons & prop]ty aft] ! mann] !y judge mo/ consonant to _! happ9ess1 on condition ( _! act+ )9 ! limits ( ! law ( nature1 & t !y d n any way abuse x to ! prejudice ( any o!r m54--,*ri/ian's note1 ,black/one1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #abf4 ,all ! =ego+ def9itions ( law1 rights & natural lib]ty1 al?\gh "s ( !m are express$ 9 some:at vague & indef9ite t]ms1 nev]!less recognize ! prim>y idea1 t law is a fix$ pr9ciple1 result+ f m5's natural rights2 & t !re=e ! ackn[l$gm5t & security ( ! natural rights ( individuals con/itute ! :ole basis ( law z a sci5ce1 & a s9e qua non ( gov]nm5t z a legitimate in/itution4 ,& yet writ]s g5]ally1 :o ackn[l$ge ! true !ory ( gov]nm5t & law1 w nev]!less1 :5 discuss+ matt]s ( legislation1 violate cont9ually ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ) :i* !y set out4 ,on "s pretext ( promot+ a great public good1 ! violation ( individual rights w be ju/ifi$ 9 p>ticul> cases2 & ! gu>dian pr9ciple be+ once brok5 d[n1 no?+ c !n /ay ! irruption ( ! :ole horde ( pretexts = do+ inju/ice2 & gov]nm5t & legislation !nce=? become conte/s betwe5 factions = p[] & plund]1 in/ead ( in/rum5ts = ! pres]vation ( lib]ty & ju/ice equally to all4 ,! curr5t doctr9e t private rights mu/ yield to ! public good1 am\nts1 9 reality1 to no?+ m nor less ?an ?is1 t an individual or ! m9ority mu/ cons5t to h less ?an _! rights1 9 ord] t o!r individuals1 or ! majority1 may h m ?an _! rights4 ,on ?is pr9ciple no hone/ gov]nm5t c\ld ev] be =m$ by volunt>y contract1 7z our gov]nm5ts purport to be27 because no man ( common s5se w\ld cons5t to be "o ( ! plund]$ m9ority1 & no hone/ man c\ld wi% to be "o ( ! plund]+ majority4 ,! apology1 t is con/antly put =? = ! inju/ice ( gov]nm5t1 viz41 t a man mu/ cons5t to give up "s ( 8 rights1 9 ord] to h 8 o!r rights protect$--involves a palpable absurdity1 bo? legally & politically4 ,x is an absurdity 9 law1 because x says t ! law mu/ be violat$ 9 "s cases1 9 ord] t x may be ma9ta9$ 9 o!rs4 ,x is an absurdity politically1 because a man's giv+ up "o ( 8 rights has no t5d5cy :atev] to promote ! protection ( o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 x only r5d]s him less capable ( def5d+ himself1 & consequ5tly makes ! task ( 8 protection m burd5some to ! gov]nm5t4 ,at ! same "t x places him 9 ! situation ( "o :o has conc$$ a "p ( 8 rights1 & ?us *eap5$ ! "* ( all 8 rights 9 ! eyes ( ^? ( :om he asks assi/ance4 ,!re w\ld be z mu* reason 9 say+ t a man mu/ cons5t to h "o ( 8 h&s ti$ beh9d him1 9 ord] t 8 fri5ds might protect ! re/ ( 8 body aga9/ an enemy1 z !re is 9 say+ t a man mu/ give up "s ( 8 rights 9 ord] t gov]nm5t may protect ! rema9d]4 ,let a man h ! use ( bo? 8 h&s1 & ! enjoym5t ( all 8 rights1 & he w !n be m compet5t to 8 own def5ce2 8 rights w be m respect$ by ^? :o might o!rwise be dispos$ to invade !m2 he w want less ! assi/ance & protection ( o!rs2 & we %all ne$ mu* less gov]nm5t ?an we n[ h4 ,if individuals *oose to =m an association or gov]nm5t1 = ! mutual protection ( ea* o!r's rights1 :y b>ga9 = ! protection ( an indef9ite portion ( !m1 at ! price ( giv+ to ! association itself lib]ty to violate ! equally indef9ite rema9d]8 ,by su* a contract1 a man really surr5d]s e ?+1 & secures no?+4 ,su* a contract ( gov]nm5t w\ld be a burlesque on ! wisdom ( asses4 ,su* a contract nev] 01 nor ev] w be volunt>ily =m$4 ,yet all our gov]nm5ts act on t pr9ciple2 & s f> z !y act ^u x1 !y are z ess5tially usurp+ & tyrannical z any gov]nm5ts c be4 ,if a man pay 8 proportion ( ! aggregate co/ ( protect+ all ! rights ( ea* ( ! memb]s ( ! association1 he !reby acquires a claim ^u ! association to h 8 own rights protect$ )\t dim9ution4 ,! ultimate tru? on ?is subject is1 t man has an inali5able "r to s mu* p]sonal lib]ty z he w use )\t invad+ ! rights ( o!rs4 ,?is lib]ty is an inh]5t "r ( 8 nature & 8 faculties4 ,x is an inh]5t "r ( 8 nature & 8 faculties to develope !mselves freely1 & )\t re/ra9t f o!r natures & faculties1 t h no sup]ior pr]ogatives to 8 own4 ,& ?is "r has only ?is limit1 viz41 t he d n c>ry ! ex]cise ( 8 own lib]ty s f> z to re/ra9 or infr+e ! equally free developem5t ( ! natures & faculties ( o!rs4 ,! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! equal lib]ties ( ea* mu/ nev] be transgress$ by ei!r4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! f\ndation & ess5ce ( law & ( civil "r4 ,& legitimate gov]nm5t is =m$ by ! volunt>y association ( individuals1 = ! mutual protection ( ea* ( !m 9 ! enjoym5t ( ?is natural lib]ty1 aga9/ ^? :o may be dispos$ to invade x4 ,ea* individual be+ secur$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( ?is lib]ty1 mu/ !n take ! responsibility ( 8 own happ9ess & well-be+4 ,if 8 necessities require m ?an 8 faculties w supply1 he mu/ dep5d ^u ! volunt>y k9dness ( 8 fell[-m52 unless he be r$uc$ to t extremity :]e ! necessity ( self-pres]vation ov]-rides all ab/ract rules ( conduct1 & makes a law = ! occasion--an extremity1 t w\ld probably nev] occur b = "s antec$5t inju/ice4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,writt5 ,,con/itutions4 ,tak+ x = grant$ t x has n[ be5 %[n t no rule ( civil conduct1 t is inconsi/5t ) ! natural rights ( m51 c be rightfully e/abli%$ by gov]nm5t1 or consequ5tly be made obligatory z law1 ei!r ^u ! p1 or ^u judicial tribunals--let u n[ proce$ to te/ ! legality ( slav]y by ^? writt5 con/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 :i* judicial tribunals actually recognize z au?oritative4 ,9 mak+ ?is exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ,i %all n insi/ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 t !re c be no law contr>y to natural "r2 b %all admit1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 t !re may be su* laws4 ,i %all only claim t 9 ! int]pretation ( all /atutes & con/itutions1 ! ord9>y legal rules ( int]pretation be obs]v$4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! rules1 & ! "o to :i* x w be necess>y con/antly to ref]1 is ! "o t all language mu/ be con/ru$ /rictly 9 favor ( natural "r4--,! rule is laid d[n by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ^! words1 to wit3 ,:]e rights are infr+$1 :]e fundam5tal pr9ciples are ov]?r[n1 :]e ! g5]al sy/em ( ! law is dep>t$ f1 ! legislative int5tion mu/ be express$ ) irresi/ible cle>ness1 to induce a c\rt ( ju/ice to suppose a design to effect su* objects4#c ,x w probably appe> f ?is exam9ation ( ! writt5 con/itutions1 t slav]y nei!r has1 nor ev] _h any con/itutional exi/5ce 9 ?is c\ntry2 t x has always be5 a m]e abuse1 su/a9$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 m]ely by ! common cons5t ( ! /ronge/ p>ty1 )\t any law on ! subject1 &1 9 ! second place1 by a few uncon/itutional enactm5ts1 made 9 defiance ( ! pla9e/ provisions ( _! fundam5tal law4 ,= ! m conv5i5t consid]ation ( ?is po9t1 we w divide ! con/itutional hi/ory ( ! c\ntry into ?ree p]iods2 ! fir/ embrac+ ! "t f ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! c\ntry up to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 ! second embrac+ ! "t f ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce to ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aghi2 & ! ?ird embrac+ all ! "t s9ce ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,let u n[ consid] ! fir/ p]iod2 t is1 f ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry1 to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,footnote #c3 ,unit$ ,/ates vs4 ,fi%]1 #b ,cran*1 #cij4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,colonial ,,*>t]s4 ,:5 our ance/ors came to ?is c\ntry1 !y br\ght ) !m ! common law ( ,engl&1 includ+ ! writ ( habeas corpus1 7! ess5tial pr9ciple ( :i*1 z w h]eaft] be %[n1 is to d5y ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man17 ! trial by jury1 & ! o!r great pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 :i* prevail$ 9 ,engl&1 & :i* h made x impossible t h] soil %\ld be trod by ! foot ( a slave4 ,^! pr9ciples 7 incorporat$ into all ! *>t]s1 grant$ to ! colonies1 7if all ^? *>t]s 7 l ^? ,i h exam9$1 & ,i h exam9$ ne>ly all ( !m47--,! g5]al provisions ( ^? *>t]s1 z w be se5 f ! extracts giv5 9 ! note1 71 t ! laws ( ! colonies %\ld n be repugnant or contr>y1 b z ne>ly z circum/ances w\ld all[1 con=mable to ! laws1 /atutes & rights ( our k+dom ( ,engl&4#d ,^? *>t]s 7 ! fundam5tal con/itutions ( ! colonies1 ) "s immat]ial exceptions1 up to ! "t ( ! revolution2 z mu* s z our national & /ate con/itutions are n[ ! fundam5tal laws ( our gov]nm5ts4 ,! au?ority ( ^! *>t]s1 dur+ _! cont9uance1 & ! g5]al au?ority ( ! common law1 prior to ! revolution1 h be5 recogniz$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#e ,no "o ( all ^! *>t]s t ,i h exam9$--& ,i h exam9$ ne>ly all ( !m--conta9$ ! lea/ intimation t slav]y _h1 or c\ld h1 any legal exi/5ce "u !m4 ,slav]y 0 !re=e z mu* uncon/itutional 9 ! colonies1 z x 0 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 decid$ by ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5* 9 ,engl&--,"l ,mansfield be+ ,*ief ,ju/ice--be=e our revolution1 & :ile ! ,engli% ,*>t]s 7 ! fundam5tal law ( ! colonies--t ! pr9ciples ( ,engli% lib]ty 7 s pla9ly incompatible ) slav]y1 t ev5 if a slavehold]1 f ano!r "p ( ! _w1 br\ght 8 slave into ,engl&--?\gh only = a tempor>y purpose1 & ) no int5tion ( rema9+--he nev]!less !reby gave ! slave 8 lib]ty4 ,previ\s to ?is decision1 ! privilege ( br++ slaves into ,engl&1 = tempor>y purposes1 & ( c>ry+ !m away1 _h long be5 tol]at$4 ,?is decision 0 giv5 9 ! ye> #aggb4f ,& = aught ,i see1 x 0 equally obligatory 9 ?is c\ntry z 9 ,engl&1 & mu/ h fre$ e slave 9 ?is c\ntry1 if ! "q _h !n be5 rais$ "h4 ,b ! slave knew n 8 rights1 & _h no "o to raise ! "q = him4 ,! fact1 t slav]y 0 tol]at$ 9 ! colonies1 is no evid5ce ( its legality2 = slav]y 0 tol]at$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ,engl&1 7z we h already se517 = _m ye>s previ\s to ! decision j cit$--t is1 ! hold]s ( slaves f abroad 7 all[$ to br+ _! slaves into ,engl&1 hold !m dur+ _! /ay !re1 & c>ry !m away :5 !y w5t4 ,b ! tol]ation ( ?is practice did n make x lawful1 not)/&+ all cu/oms1 n palpably & grossly contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( ,engli% lib]ty1 h great weight1 9 ,engl&1 9 e/abli%+ law4 ,! fact1 t ,engl& tol]at$1 7i4e4 did n puni% crim9ally17 ! ,african slave-trade at t "t1 c\ld n legally e/abli% slav]y 9 ! colonies1 any m ?an x did 9 ,engl&--especially 9 defiance ( ! positive requirem5ts ( ! *>t]s1 t ! colonial legislation %\ld be consonant to reason1 & n repugnant to ! laws ( ,engl&4 ,besides1 ! m]e tol]ation ( ! slave trade c\ld n make slav]y itself--! "r ( prop]ty 9 man--lawful any :]e2 n ev5 on bo>d ! slave %ip4 ,tol]ation ( a wrong is n law4 ,& especially ! tol]ation ( a wrong1 7i4e4 ! b>e omission to puni% x crim9ally17 does n legalize "o's claim to prop]ty obta9$ by su* wrong4 ,ev5 if a wrong c be legaliz$ at all1 s z to enable "o to acquire rights ( prop]ty by su* wrong1 x c be done only by an explicit & positive provision4 ,! ,engli% /atutes1 on ! subject ( ! slave trade1 7s f> z ,i h se517 nev] attempt$ to legalize ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man1 9 any ( ! ?irte5 ,nor? ,am]ican colonies4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !y ev] attempt$ to d x any :]e else4 ,x is also d\btful :e!r ,p>liam5t _h ! p[]--or p]haps r x is c]ta9 t !y _h n ! p[]--to legalize x any :]e1 if !y _h attempt$ to d s4#g ,& ! cauti\s & curi\s phraseology ( _! /atutes on ! subject1 indicates pla9ly t !y !mselves ei!r d\bt$ _! p[] to legalize x1 or fe>$ to ex]cise x4 ,!y h !re=e *os5 to connive at slav]y1 to ins9uate1 intimate1 & imply _! approbation ( x1 r ?an risk an affirmative enactm5t decl>+ t "o man may be ! prop]ty ( ano!r4 ,b ,"l ,mansfield said1 9 ,som]set's case1 t slav]y 0 s odi\s t no?+ c be suff]$ to support x1 b positive law4--,no su* positive law 7,i presume7 0 ev] pass$ by p>liam5t--c]ta9ly n ) ref]5ce to any ( ^! ?irte5 colonies4 ,! /atute ( #aghh1 7:i* ,i h n se517 9 reg>d to ! slave trade1 may p]haps h reliev$ ^? engag$ 9 x1 9 c]ta9 cases1 f _! liability to be puni%$ crim9ally = ! act4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a /atute1 t %\ld m]ely scre5 a p]son f puni%m5t = a crime1 & "o t %\ld legalize 8 "r to prop]ty acquir$ by ! crime4 ,besides1 ?is act 0 pass$ aft] ! sep>ation betwe5 ,am]ica & ,engl&1 & !re=e c\ld h done no?+ t[>ds legaliz+ slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 if x _h legaliz$ x 9 ! ,engli% dom9ions4 ,! /atutes ( #agej1 7#bc1 ,george #b;d1 ,*4 #ca17 may h possibly au?oriz$1 by implication1 7s f> z p>liam5t c\ld ?us au?orize17 ! colonial gov]nm5ts1 7if gov]nm5ts !y c\ld be call$17 on t coa/ ( ,africa1 to all[ slav]y "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & )9 ! settlem5ts on t coa/4 ,b1 if x did1 x 0 at mo/ a grant ( a m]ely local au?ority4 ,x gave no au?ority to c>ry slaves f ! ,african coa/4 ,b ev5 if x _h purport$ di/9ctly to au?orize ! slave trade f ,africa to ,am]ica1 & to legalize ! "r ( prop]ty 9 ! p>ticul> slaves !reaft] br\ght f ,africa to ,am]ica1 x w\ld nev]!less h done no?+ t[>ds legaliz+ ! "r ( prop]ty 9 ! slaves t _h be5 br\ght to1 & born 91 ! colonies = an hundr$ & ?irty ye>s previ\s to ! /atute4 ,nei!r ! /atute1 nor any "r ( prop]ty acquir$ "u x1 79 ! individual slaves !reaft]w>ds br\ght f ,africa17 w\ld !re=e avail any?+ = ! legality ( slav]y 9 ?is c\ntry n[2 because ! desc5dants ( ^? br\ght f ,africa "u ! act1 _c n[ be di/+ui%$ f ! desc5dants ( ^? :o _h1 = ! hundr$ & ?irty ye>s previ\s1 be5 held 9 bondage )\t law4 ,b ! presumption is1 t1 ev5 aft] ?is /atute 0 pass$ 9 #agej1 if ! slave trad]'s "r ( prop]ty 9 ! slave he 0 br++ to ,am]ica1 c\ld h be5 br\ght be=e an ,engli% c\rt = adjudication1 ! same pr9ciples w\ld h be5 held to apply to x1 z w\ld h appli$ to a case aris+ )9 ! isl& ( ,great ,brita94 ,& x mu/ !re=e always h be5 held by ,engli% c\rts1 79 consi/5cy ) ! decision 9 ,som]set's case17 t ! slave trad] _h no legal own]%ip ( 8 slave4 ,& if ! slave trad] _h no legal "r ( prop]ty 9 8 slave1 he c\ld transf] no legal "r ( prop]ty to a pur*as] 9 ! colonies4 ,consequ5tly ! slav]y ( ^? t 7 br\ght into ! colonies aft] ! /atute ( #agej1 0 equally illegal ) t ( ^? :o _h be5 br\ght 9 be=e4#h ,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] is1 t until "s reason appe>s aga9/ !m1 we are b\nd by ! decision ( ! ,k+'s b5* 9 #aggb1 & ! colonial *>t]s4 ,t decision decl>$ t !re 01 at t "t1 9 ,engl&1 no "r ( prop]ty 9 man1 7not)/&+ ! ,engli% gov]nm5t _h = a long "t conniv$ at ! slave trade47--,! colonial *>t]s requir$ ! legislation ( ! colonies to be consonant to reason1 & n repugnant or contr>y1 b con=mable1 or agreeable1 z ne>ly z circum/ances w\ld all[1 to ! laws1 /atutes & rights ( ! realm ( ,engl&4 ,t decision1 !n1 if correct1 settl$ ! law bo? = ,engl& & ! colonies4 ,& if s1 !re 0 no con/itutional slav]y 9 ! colonies up to ! "t ( ! revolution4 ,footnote #d3 ,! second *>t] to ,virg9ia 7#afji7 grants ! p[] ( mak+ ord]s1 ord9ances1 con/itutions1 directions & in/ructions1 s always z ! said /atutes1 ord9ances & proce$+s1 z ne> z conv5i5tly may be1 be agreeable to ! laws1 /atutes1 gov]nm5t & policy ( ?is our realm ( ,engl&4 ,! ?ird *>t] 7#afaa-ab7 gave to ! ,g5]al ,c\rt p[] & au?ority to make laws & ord9ances s always z ! same be n contr>y to ! laws & /atutes ( our realm ( ,engl&4 ,! fir/ *>t] to ,c>ol9a1 7includ+ bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a17 dat$ #affc1 au?oriz$ ! mak+ ( laws "u ?is proviso--,provid$ nev]!less1 t ! said laws be consonant to reason1 & z ne> z may be conv5i5tly1 agreeable to ! laws & cu/oms ( ?is our k+dom ( ,engl&4 ,! second *>t] 7#affe7 has ?is proviso4 ,provid$ nev]!less1 t ! said laws be consonant to reason1 & z ne> z may be conv5i5tly1 agreeable to ! laws & cu/oms ( ?is our realm ( ,engl&4 ,! *>t] to ,georgia1 7#agcb17 an hundr$ ye>s aft] slav]y _h actually exi/$ 9 ,virg9ia1 makes no m5tion ( slav]y1 b requires ! laws to be reasonable & n repugnant to ! laws ( ?is our realm4 ,! said corporation %all & may =m & prep>e laws1 /atutes & ord9ances fit & necess>y = & conc]n+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! said colony1 & n repugnant to ! laws & /atutes ( ,engl&4 ,! *>t] to ,m>yl& gave ! p[] ( mak+ laws1 ,s1 nev]!less1 t ! laws a=esaid be consonant to reason1 & be n repugnant or contr>y1 b 7s f> z conv5i5tly may be17 agreeable to ! laws1 /atutes1 cu/oms1 & rights ( ?is our k+dom ( ,engl&4 ,! *>t] grant$ to ,sir ,edw>d ,pl[d5 _h ?is proviso4 ,s1 nev]!less1 t ! laws a=esaid be consonant to reason1 & n repugnant & contr>y1 7b z conv5i5t z may be to ! matt] 9 "q17 to ! laws1 /atutes1 cu/oms & rights ( our k+doms ( ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,9 ! *>t] to ,p5nsylvania1 p[] 0 grant$ to make laws1 & ! p 7 requir$ to obey !m1 ,provid$ nev]!less t ! said laws be consonant to reason1 & be n repugnant or contr>y1 b1 z ne> z conv5i5tly may be1 agreeable to ! laws1 /atutes1 & rights ( ?is our k+dom ( ,engl&4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d a copy ( ! *>t] grant$ to ! ,duke ( ,york1 ( ! t]ritory compris+ ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 c4 ,b ,gordon1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 7vol4 #a4 p4 #dc17 says1 ,! k+'s grant to ! ,duke ( ,york1 is pla9ly re/rictive to ! laws & gov]nm5t ( ,engl&4 ,! *>t] to ,connecticut gave p[] ,also f "t to "t1 to make1 orda9 & e/abli% all mann] ( :olesome & reasonable laws1 /atutes1 ord9ances1 directions & in/ructions1 n contr>y to ! laws ( ?is realm ( ,engl&4 ,! *>t] to ! ,massa*usetts ,bay ,colony1 7grant$ by ,william & ,m>y17 gave full p[] & au?ority1 f "t to "t1 to make1 orda9 & e/abli% all mann] ( :olesome & reasonable ord]s1 laws1 /atutes & ord9ances1 directions & in/ructions1 ei!r ) p5alties or )\t1 s z ! same be n repugnant or contr>y to ! laws ( ?is our realm ( ,engl&4 ,! *>t] to ,rhode ,isl& grant$ ! p[] ( mak+ laws1 ,s z su* laws1 ord9ances1 con/itutions1 s made1 be n contr>y & repugnant unto1 b 7z ne> z may be7 agreeable to ! laws ( ?is our realm ( ,engl&1 consid]+ ! nature & con/itution ( ! place & p !re4 ,sev]al o!r *>t]s1 pat5ts1 c4 t _h a tempor>y exi/5ce1 might be nam$1 t conta9$ sub/antially ! same provision4 ,footnote #e3 ,9 ! case ( ! t[n ( ,pawlet v4 ,cl>k & o!rs1 ! c\rt say-- ,let u n[ see h[ f> ^! pr9ciples 7 applicable to ,new ,hamp%ire1 at ! "t ( issu+ ! *>t] to ,pawlet4 ,new ,hamp%ire 0 orig9ally erect$ into a royal prov9ce 9 ! ?irty-fir/ ye> ( ,*>les ,,ii41 & f !nce until ! revolution cont9u$ a royal prov9ce1 "u ! imm$iate control & direction ( ! cr[n4 ,by ! fir/ royal commission grant$ 9 #ca ,*>les ,,ii41 among o!r ?+s1 judicial p[]s1 9 all actions1 7 grant$ to ! prov9cial gov]nor & c\ncil1 ',s always t ! =m ( proce$+ 9 su* cases1 & ! judgm5t !reupon to be giv51 be z consonant & agreeable to ! laws & /atutes ( ?is our realm ( ,engl&1 z ! pres5t /ate & condition ( our subjects inhabit+ )9 ! limits a=esaid 7i4e4 ( ! prov9ce7 & ! circum/ances ( ! place w admit4' ,indep5d5t1 h[ev]1 ( su* a provision1 we take x to be a cle> pr9ciple t ! common law 9 =ce at ! emigration ( our ance/ors1 is deem$ ! bir?right ( ! colonies1 unless s f> z x is inapplicable to _! situation1 or repugnant to _! o!r rights & privileges4 ,a =tiori ! pr9ciple applies to a royal prov9ce4--7#i ,cran*'s ,u4 ,/ate's ,reports1 #ccb-c47 ,footnote #f3 ,som]set v4 ,/ew>t4--,l(ft's ,reports1 p4 #a to #ai1 ( ,ea/] ,t]m1 #aggb4 ,9 ! ,dubl9 edition ! case is n ent]$ 9 ! ,index4 ,footnote #g3 ,h p>liam5t ! con/itutional pr]ogative ( aboli%+ ! writ ( habeas corpus8 ! trial by jury8 or ! fre$om ( spee* & ! press8 ,if n1 h !y ! pr]ogative ( aboli%+ a man's "r ( prop]ty 9 8 own p]son8 ,footnote #h3 ,mr4 ,bancr(t1 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 hi/ory1 7pp4 #dac1 #ad17 says3 ,& ! /atute book ( ,engl& soon decl>$ ! op9ion ( its k+ & its p>liam5t1 t '! trade1' 7by :i* he means ! slave trade1 ( :i* he is writ+17 'is highly b5eficial & advantage\s to ! k+dom & ! colonies4' ,to prove ?is he ref]s to /atute ( #agie1 #h & #aj ,wm4 #c1 *4 #bf4 7,%\ld be #agig1 #h-i & #aj ,wm4 #c1 *4 #bf47 ,n[ ! tru? is t1 al?\gh ?is /atute may h be51 & v probably 0 design$ to ins9uate to ! slave trad]s ! p]sonal approbation ( p>liam5t to ! slave trade1 yet ! /atute itself says n a ^w ( slaves1 slav]y1 or ! slave trade1 except to =bid1 "u p5alty ( five hundr$ p\nds1 any gov]nor1 deputy-gov]nor or judge1 9 ! colonies or plantations 9 ,am]ica1 or any o!r p]son or p]sons1 = ! use or on ! behalf ( su* gov]nor1 deputy-gov]nor or judges1 to be a factor or factor's ag5t or ag5ts = ! sale or disposal ( any negroes4 ,! /atute does n decl>e1 z ,mr4 ,bancr(t ass]ts1 t ! 7slave7 trade is highly b5eficial & advantage\s to ! k+dom & ! colonies2 b t ! trade to ,africa is highly b5eficial & advantage\s1 c4 ,x is an inf]5ce ( ,mr4 ,bancr(t's t ! trade to ,africa 0 ! slave trade4 ,ev5 ?is inf]5ce is n ju/ifi$ by ! words ( ! /atute1 consid]+ !m 9 t legal view1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,bancr(t's rem>ks purport to consid] !m4 ,x is true t ! /atute assumes t negroes w be import$ f ,africa into ,engl&1 7:]e ( c\rse !y 7 n slaves17 & into ! plantations & colonies 9 ,am]ica4 ,b x n[h]e calls ^! negroes slaves1 nor assumes t !y are slaves4 ,= aught t appe>s f ! /atute1 !y 7 free m5 & pass5g]s1 volunt>y emigrants1 go+ to ,engl& & ! plantations & colonies z labor]s1 z su* p]sons are n[ go+ to ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies4 ,! /atute1 al?\gh x app>5tly desires to ins9uate or fa9tly imply t !y are prop]ty1 or slaves1 nev]!less /udi\sly avoids to ackn[l$ge !m z su* di/9ctly1 or ev5 by any necess>y implication2 = x exempts !m f duties z m]*&ize1 & f =feiture = violation ( rev5ue laws1 & x also relieves ! ma/]s ( vessels f any obligation to r5d] any acc\nt ( !m at ! cu/om h\ses4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t slav]y1 prop]ty 9 man1 c be legaliz$1 accord+ to ! decision ( ,"l ,mansfield1 by no?+ less ?an positive law2 t ! rights ( prop]ty & p]son are ! same on bo>d an ,engli% %ip1 z 9 ! isl& ( ,great ,brita92 & t ?is /atute implies t ^! negroes 7 to be import$ into ,engl&1 z well z into ! ,plantations & colonies 9 ,am]ica1 & t x !re=e no m implies t !y 7 to be slaves 9 ! plantations & colonies ?an 9 ,engl&1 :]e we "k !y c\ld n be slaves2 :5 ^! ?+s are consid]$1 x is p]fectly cle>1 z a legal proposition1 t ! /atute legaliz$ nei!r slav]y 9 ! plantations & colonies1 nor ! slave trade f ,africa to ,am]ica--h[ev] we may suppose x to h be5 design$ to h9t a p]sonal approbation1 on ! "p ( p>liam5t1 ( ! actual traffic4 ,b le/ ,i may be suspect$ ( hav+ ei!r misrepres5t$ ! words ( ! /atute1 or plac$ ^u !m an errone\s legal con/ruction1 ,i give all ! words ( ! /atute1 t make any m5tion ( negroes1 or _! importation1 ) s mu* ( ! context z w enable ! read] to judge = himself ( ! legal import ( ! :ole4 ,! act is entitl$1 ,an ,act to settle ! ,trade to ,africa4 ,sec4 #a recites z foll[s3-- ,:]eas1 ! ,trade to ,africa is highly b5eficial & advantage\s to ?is k+dom & to ! ,plantations & ,colonies !reunto belong+4 ,! act conta9s tw5ty-"o sections1 regulat+ trade1 duties4 41 l any o!r navigation act4 ,negroes are m5tion$ only 9 ! foll[+ in/ances & connexions1 to wit3 ,sec4 #g4 ,& be x enact$ by ! au?ority a=esaid1 ,t f & aft] ! f\r-&-tw5tie? day ( ,june1 "o ?\s& six hundr$ n9ety-&-eight1 x %all & may be lawful to & = any ( ! subjects ( 8 maje/y's realms ( ,engl&1 z well z ! said ,company17,! ,royal ,african ,company7 to trade f ,engl& or any ( 8 maje/y's plantations or colonies 9 ,am]ica to ! coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,blanco & ,cape ,m\nt1 answ]+ & pay+ a duty ( t5 p\nds p] c5tum ad valorem = ! goods & m]*&izes to be export$ f ,engl& or any ( 8 maje/y's plantations or colonies 9 ,am]ica to & = ! coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,cape ,blanco & ,cape ,m\nt1 & 9 proportion = a great] or less] value1 & answ]+ & pay+ a fur!r sum & duty ( t5 p\nds p] c5tum ad valorem1 r$wood only except$1 :i* is to pay five p\nds p] c5tum ad valorem1 at ! place ( importation ^u all goods & m]*&ize 7negroes except$7 import$ 9 7into7 ,engl& or any ( 8 maje/y's plantations or colonies 9 ,am]ica1 f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,cape ,blanco & ,cape ,m\nt a=esaid499 99 99 99 ,& t all goods & m]*&ize1 7negroes except$17 t %all be lad$ or put on bo>d any %ip or vessel on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,cape ,blanco & ,cape ,m\nt1 & %all be import$ into ,engl& or into any ( 8 maje/y's plantations or colonies a=esaid1 %all answ] & pay ! duties a=esaid1 & t ! ma/] or *ief (fic] ( e su* %ip or vessel t %all lade or receive any goods or m]*&ize 7negroes except$7 on bo>d ( 8 or _! %ip or vessel betwe5 ,cape ,blanco & ,cape ,m\nt1 %all ^u mak+ entry at any ( 8 maje/y's cu/om h\ses a=esaid ( ! said %ip or vessel1 or be=e any goods or m]*&ize be l&$ or tak5 out ( ! said %ip or vessel 7negroes except$7 %all deliv] 9 a manife/ or p>ticul> ( 8 c>go1 & take ! foll[+ oa?1 viz4 ,i1 ,a4,b41 d swe> t ! manife/ or p>ticul> n[ by me giv5 9 & sign$1 to ! be/ ( my k & belief do? conta91 signify & express all ! goods1 w>es & m]*&izes 7negroes except$7 :i* 7 lad5 or put on bo>d ! %ip call$ !----1 dur+ h] /ay & cont9u+ on ! coa/ ( ,africa betwe5 ,cape ,blanco & ,cape ,m\nt1 :]e( ,i1 ,a4,b4 am ma/]4 ,sec4 #h4 ,& t ! own] or import] ( all goods & m]*&ize 7negroes except$7 :i* %all be br\ght to ,engl& or any ( 8 maje/y's plantations f any port ( ,africa betwe5 ,cape ,blanco & ,cape ,m\nt a=esaid %all make entry ( all su* goods & m]*&ize at "o ( 8 maje/y's *ief cu/om h\ses 9 ,engl&1 or 9 su* ( 8 maje/y's plantations :]e ! same %all be import$1 c4 ,sec4 #i499 99 99 99 t all goods or m]*&izes 7negroes except$7 :i* %all be br\ght f any "p ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,cape ,blanco & ,cape ,m\nt a=esaid1 :i* %all be unlad$ or l&$ be=e entry made & sign$ & oa? ( ! true & real value !re( made & ! duty paid z a=esaid %all be =feit$1 or ! value !re(4 ,sec4 #bj4 ,& be x fur!r enact$ by ! au?ority a=esaid1 t no gov]nor1 or deputy-gov]nor ( any ( 8 maje/y's colonies or plantations 9 ,am]ica1 or 8 maje/y's judges 9 any c\rts !re = ! "t be+1 nor any o!r p]son or p]sons = ! use or on behalf ( su* gov]nor or deputy-gov]nor or judges1 f & aft] ! n9e-&-tw5tie? day ( ,septemb]1 "o ?\s& six hundr$ & n9ety-eight1 %all be a factor or factor's ag5t or ag5ts = ! said ,company17,! ,royal ,african ,company7 or any o!r p]son or p]sons = ! sale or disposal ( any negroes1 & t e p]son (f5d+ h]e9 %all =feit five hundr$ p\nds to ! uses a=esaid1 to be recov]$ 9 any ( 8 maje/y's c\rts ( record at ,we/m9/]1 by action ( debt1 bill1 pla9t or in=mation1 :]e9 no essoign1 protection1 privilege or wag] ( law %all be all[$1 nor any m ?an "o imp>lance4 ,sec4 #ba4 ,provid$ t ?is act %all cont9ue & be 9 =ce ?irte5 ye>s1 & f !nce to ! end ( ! next sessions ( p>liam5t1 & no long]4 ,ev5 if ?is act _h legaliz$1 7z 9 reality x did n legalize17 ! slave trade dur+ ^? ?irte5 ye>s1 x w\ld be impossible n[ to di/+ui% ! desc5dants ( ^? :o 7 import$ "u x1 f ! desc5dants ( ^? :o _h be5 previ\sly1 & 7 subsequ5tly import$ & sold into slav]y )\t law4 ,! act w\ld !re=e avail no?+ t[>ds mak+ ! exi/+ slav]y 9 ?is c\ntry legal4 ,! next /atute1 ( :i* ,i f9d any trace1 pass$ by p>liam5t1 ) any app>5t view to c\nt5ance ! slave trade1 0 ! /atute ( #bc;d ,george ,,ii41 *4 #ca4 7#agdi-ej47 ,mr4 ,bancr(t has committ$ ano!r /ill m s]i\s error 9 8 /atem5t ( ! words1 7= he pr(esses to quote precise words17 ( ?is /atute4 ,he says1 7vol4 #c1 p4 #dad17 ,at la/1 9 #agdi1 to give ! highe/ activity to ! trade1 7mean+ ! slave trade17 e ob/ruction to private ent]prize 0 remov$1 & ! ports ( ,africa 7 laid op5 to ,engli% competition1 = '! slave trade1'--su* 7says ,mr4 ,bancr(t17 are ! words ( ! /atute--'! slave trade is v advantage\s to ,great ,brita94' ,z words are1 9 ?is case1 ?+s--& ?+s ( ! highe/ legal consequ5ce--& z ?is hi/ory is s ext5sively read & receiv$ z au?ority--x becomes important1 9 a legal1 if n hi/orical1 po9t ( view1 to correct s important an error z t ( ! ^w slave 9 ?is /atem5t4 ,! words ( ! /atute are n t ! slave trade1 b t ! trade to & f ,africa is v advantage\s to ,great ,brita94 ,! trade to & f ,africa no m means1 9 law1 ! slave trade1 ?an does ! trade to & f ,*9a4 ,f aught t appe>s1 !n1 f s mu* ( ! preamble1 ! trade to & f ,africa may h be5 entirely 9 o!r ?+s ?an slaves4 ,& x actually appe>s f ano!r "p ( ! /atute1 t trade 0 c>ri$ on 9 gold1 elephant's tee?1 wax1 gums & drugs4 ,f ! words imm$iately succe$+ ^? quot$ by ,mr4 ,bancr(t f ! preamble to ?is /atute1 x might mu* m plausibly1 7al?\gh ev5 f !m x c\ld n be legally7 inf]r$ t ! /atute legaliz$ ! slave trade1 ?an f ^? pret5d$ to be quot$ by him4 ,t ! succe$+ words may be se51 ! title & preamble to ! act are giv51 z foll[s3 ,an ,act = ext5d+ & improv+ ! trade to ,africa4 ,:]eas1 ! trade to & f ,africa is v advantage\s to ,great ,brita91 & necess>y = supply+ ! plantations & colonies !reunto belong+1 ) a suffici5t numb] ( ,,negroes at reasonable rates2 & = t purpose ! said trade 7i4e4 ! trade to & f ,africa7 ought to be free & op5 to all 8 maje/y's subjects4 ,!re=e be x enact$1 c4 ,negroes 7 n slaves by ! ,engli% law1 & !re=e ! ^w negroes1 9 ?is preamble1 does n legally mean slaves4 ,= aught t appe>s f ! words ( ! preamble1 or ev5 f any "p ( ! /atute itself1 ^! negroes1 ) :om x is decl>$ to be necess>y t ! plantations & colonies %\ld be suppli$1 7 free p]sons1 volunt>y emigrants1 t 7 to be induc$ to g to ! plantations z hir$ labor]s1 z are ^? :o1 at ?is day1 are induc$1 9 l>ge numb]s1 & by ! special ag5cy ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 to g to ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ?is emigration1 x 0 necess>y t ! trade to & f ,africa %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,& ! =m ( ! preamble is su* z x prop]ly might h be51 if su* _h be5 ! real object ( p>liam5t4 ,su* is und\bt$ly ! true legal mean+ ( ?is preamble1 = ?is mean+ be+ consi/5t ) natural "r1 public policy1 & ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,engli% law1 legal rules ( con/ruction imp]atively require t ?is mean+ %\ld be ascrib$ to x1 r ?an x %\ld be held to au?orize any?+ contr>y to natural "r1 or contr>y to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,briti% law4 ,we are oblig$ to put ?is con/ruction ^u ?is preamble1 = ! fur!r reason t x corresponds ) ! enact+ clauses ( ! /atute--n "o ( :i* m5tions su* a ?+ z ! transportation ( slaves to1 or ! sale ( slaves 9 ! plantations & colonies4 ,! fir/ section ( ! act is 9 ^! words1 to wit4 ,t x %all & may be lawful = all 8 maje/y's subjects to trade & traffic to & f any port or place 9 ,africa1 betwe5 ! port ( ,sallee 9 ,s\? ,b>b>y1 & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :51 at su* times1 & 9 su* mann]1 & 9 or ) su* quantity ( goods1 w>es & m]*&izes1 z he or !y %all ?9k fit1 )\t any re/ra9t :atsoev]1 save z is h]e9 aft] express$4 ,"h pla9ly is no au?ority giv5 to trade & traffic 9 any ?+ except :at is kn[n ei!r to ! ,engli% law1 or ! law ( nature1 z goods1 w>es or m]*&izes--among :i* m5 7 n kn[n1 ei!r to ! ,engli% law1 or ! law ( nature4 ,! second section ( ! act is 9 ^! words3 ,t all 8 maje/y's subjects1 :o %all trade to or f any ( ! ports or places ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,cape ,blanco & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 %all =ev] h]eaft] be a body corporate & politic1 9 "n & 9 de$1 by ! "n ( ! ,company ( ,m]*ants ,trad+ to ,africa1 & by ! same "n %all h p]petual succession1 & %all h a common seal1 & by t "n %all & may sue1 & be su$1 & d any o!r act1 matt] & ?+1 :i* any o!r body corporate or politic1 z su*1 may lawfully d4 ,nei!r ?is nor any o!r section ( ! act purports to give ?is ,company1 9 its corporate capacity1 any au?ority to buy or sell slaves1 or to transport slaves to ! plantations & colonies4 ,! #bj? section ( ! act is 9 ^! words3 ,& be x fur!r enact$ by ! au?ority a=esaid1 t no comm&] or ma/] ( any %ip trad+ to ,africa1 %all by fraud1 =ce or viol5ce1 or by any o!r indirect practice :atsoev]1 take on bo>d1 or c>ry away f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 any negro or native ( ! said c\ntry1 or commit1 or suff] to be committ$1 any viol5ce on ! natives1 to ! prejudice ( ! said trade2 & t e p]son s (f5d+ %all1 = e su* (f5ce1 =feit ! sum ( "o hundr$ p\nds ( lawful money ( ,great ,brita92 "o moiety !re( to ! use ( ! said ,company h]eby e/abli%$1 & _! successors1 = & t[>ds ! ma9ta9+ ( said =ts & settlem5ts1 & ! o!r moiety to & = ! use ( him or !m :o %all in=m or sue = ! same4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re is p]haps no good reason to d\bt t ! secret int5tion ( p>liam5t 9 ! passage ( ?is act1 0 to /imulate ! slave trade1 & t !re 0 a tacit und]/&+ betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & ! slave deal]s1 t ! slave trade %\ld g on unh>m$ 79 practice7 by ! gov]nm5t1 & al?\gh x 0 und\bt$ly und]/ood t ?is p5alty ( "o hundr$ p\nds w\ld ei!r n be su$ = at all1 or w\ld be su$ = s seldom z practically to int]pose no ob/acle to ! g5]al success ( ! trade1 /ill1 z no "p ( ! :ole /atute gives any au?ority to ?is ,company ( ,m]*ants trad+ to ,africa to transport m5 f ,africa aga9/ _! w1 & z ?is #bi? section conta9s a special prohibition to individuals1 "u p5alty1 to d s1 no "o c pret5d t ! trade 0 legaliz$4 ,if ! p5alty _h be5 b "o p\nd1 in/ead ( "o hundr$ p\nds1 x w\ld h be5 suffici5t1 9 law1 to h rebutt$ ! pret5ce t ! trade 0 legaliz$4 ,! act1 on its face1 & 9 its legal mean+1 is mu* m an act to prohibit1 ?an to au?orize ! slave trade4 ,! only possible legal inf]5ce f ! /atute1 s f> z x conc]ns ! supply+ ! plantations & colonies ) negroes at reasonable rates1 is1 t ^! negroes 7 free labor]s1 volunt>y emigrants1 t 7 to be induc$ to g to ! plantations & colonies2 & t ! trade to & f ,africa 0 ?r[n op5 9 ord] t ! facilities = ! transportation ( ^! emigrants might be increas$4 ,b al?\gh !re is1 9 ?is /atute1 no au?ority giv5 =--b1 on ! contr>y1 a special prohibition ^u--! transportation ( ! natives f ,africa aga9/ _! w1 yet ,i freely admit t ! /atute conta9s "o or two /rong1 p]haps decisive implications 9 favor ( ! fact t slav]y 0 all[$ 9 ! ,engli% settlem5ts on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 app>5tly 9 con=mity ) ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 & ) ! approbation ( p>liam5t4 ,b t is ! mo/ t c be said ( x4 ,slav]y1 :]ev] x exi/s1 is a local in/itution2 & its tol]ation1 or ev5 its legality1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 w\ld d no?+ t[>ds mak+ x legal 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,engli% dom9ions4 ,no?+ b positive & explicit legislation c\ld transplant x into any o!r "p ( ! empire4 ,! implications1 furni%$ by ! act1 9 favor ( ! tol]ation ( slav]y1 9 ! ,engli% settlem5ts1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 are ! foll[+3 ,! ?ird section ( ! act ref]s to ano!r act ( p>liam5t dive/+ ! ,royal ,african ,company ( _! *>t]1 =ts1 ca/les & milit>y /ores1 canoe-m5 & ca/le-slaves2 & section ?irty-fir/ requires t su* (fic]s ( 8 maje/y's navy1 z %all be appo9t$ = ! purpose1 %all inspect & exam9e ! /ate & condition ( ! =ts & settlem5ts on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,african ,company1 & ( ! numb] ( soldi]s !re91 & also ! /ate & condition ( ! milit>y /ores1 ca/les1 slaves1 canoes & o!r vessels & ?+s1 belong+ to ! said company1 & necess>y = ! use & def5ce ( ! said =ts & settlem5ts1 & %all ) all possible despat* report h[ !y f9d ! same4 ,"h ! fact is /at$ t ! ,royal ,african ,company1 7a company t _h be5 9 exi/5ce long previ\s to ! pass+ ( ?is act17 _h held ca/le-slaves = ! use & def5ce ( ! said =ts & settlem5ts4 ,! act does n say directly :e!r ?is practice 0 legal or illegal2 al?\gh x seems to imply t1 :e!r legal or illegal1 x 0 tol]at$ ) ! k & approbation ( p>liam5t4 ,b ! mo/ di/9ct approbation giv5 to slav]y by ! act1 is impli$ 9 ! #bh? section1 9 ^! words3 ,t x %all & may be lawful = any ( 8 maje/y's subjects trad+ to ,africa1 = ! security ( _! goods & slaves1 to erect h\ses & w>eh\ses1 "u ! protection ( ! said =ts1 c4 ,al?\gh ev5 ?is language w\ld n be /rong en\gh to ov]turn previ\sly e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ,engli% law1 & give ! slave hold]s a legal "r ( prop]ty 9 _! slaves1 9 any place :]e ,engli% law _h previ\sly be5 expressly e/abli%$1 7z x _h be5 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican colonies17 yet x suffici5tly ev9ces t p>liam5t approv$ ( ,engli%m5 hold+ slaves 9 ! settlem5ts on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 9 con=mity ) ! cu/oms ( t c\ntry4 ,b x implies no au?ority = transport+ _! slaves to ,am]ica2 x does no?+ t[>ds legaliz+ slav]y 9 ,am]ica2 x implies no tol]ation ev5 ( slav]y any :]e1 except ^u ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,_h slav]y be5 positively & explicitly legaliz$ on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 x w\ld /ill h be5 a local in/itution4 ,?is reason+ may appe> to "s l quibbl+2 & x w\ld p]haps be s1 7 n ! rule well settl$ t no?+ b explicit & irresi/ible language c be legally held to au?orize any?+ inconsi/5t ) natural "r1 & ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a gov]nm5t4 ,t ?is /atute did n legalize ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man1 7unless z a local pr9ciple on ! coa/ ( ,africa17 we h ! decision ( ,"l ,mansfield1 :o held t x did n legalize x 9 ,engl&2 & if x did n legalize x 9 ,engl&1 x did n legalize x 9 any ( ! colonies :]e ! pr9ciples ( ! common law prevail$4 ,( c\rse x did n legalize x 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican colonies4 ,b ev5 if x 7 admitt$ t ?is /atute legaliz$ ! "r ( prop]ty1 on ! "p ( ! slave trad]1 9 8 slaves tak5 9 ,africa aft] ! passage ( ! act1 & legaliz$ ! sale ( su* slaves 9 ,am]ica1 /ill ! /atute w\ld be ineffectual to su/a9 ! legality ( slav]y1 9 g5]al1 9 ! colonies4 ,x w\ld only legalize ! slav]y ( ^? p>ticul> individuals1 :o %\ld be transport$ f ,africa to ,am]ica1 subsequ5tly to ! passage ( ?is act1 & 9 /rict con=mity ) ! law ( ?is act--7a ?+1 by ! way1 t c\ld n[ be prov$ 9 no case :atev]47 ,?is act 0 pass$ 9 #agdi-ej1 & c\ld !re=e d no?+ t[>ds legaliz+ ! slav]y ( all ^? :o _h1 = an hundr$ & ?irty ye>s previ\s1 be5 held 9 bondage 9 ,virg9ia & else:]e4 ,& z no di/9ction c n[ be trac$ betwe5 ! desc5dants ( ^? :o 7 import$ "u ?is act1 & ^? :o _h illegally be5 held 9 bondage prior to its passage1 x w\ld be ( no practical avail to slav]y n[1 to prove1 7if x c\ld be prov$17 t ^? introduc$ into ! c\ntry subsequ5t to #agej1 7 legally ! prop]ty ( ^? :o introduc$ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,colonial ,,/atutes4 ,b ! colonial legislation on ! subject ( slav]y1 0 n only void z be+ =bidd5 by ! colonial *>t]s1 b 9 _m ( ! colonies x 0 void = ano!r reason1 viz3 t x did n suffici5tly def9e ! p]sons :o might be made slaves4 ,slav]y1 if x c be legaliz$ at all1 c be legaliz$ only by positive legislation4 ,natural law gives x no aid4 ,cu/om imp>ts to x no legal sanction4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e ( ! ,k+'s ,b5* 9 ,som]set's case1 z x is ! doctr9e ( common s5se4 ,"l ,mansfield said1 ,s high an act ( dom9ion mu/ be recogniz$ by ! law ( ! c\ntry :]e x is us$499 99 99 99 ,! /ate ( slav]y is ( su* a nature1 t x is incapable ( be+ introduc$ on any reasons1 moral or political--b only positive law1 :i* pres]ves its =ce long aft] ! reasons1 occasion1 & "t itself f :5ce x 0 creat$1 is eras$ f ! memory4 ,x is s odi\s t no?+ c be suff]$ to support x b positive law4 ,slav]y1 !n1 be+ ! creature ( positive legislation alone1 c be creat$ only by legislation t %all s p>ticul>ly describe ! p]sons to be made slaves1 t !y may be di/+ui%$ f all o!rs4 ,if !re be any d\bt left by ! lett] ( ! law1 z to ! p]sons to be made slaves1 ! efficacy ( all o!r slave legislation is defeat$ simply by t unc]ta9ty4 ,9 sev]al ( ! colonies1 includ+ "s ( ^? :]e slaves 7 mo/ num]\s1 !re 7 ei!r no laws at all def9+ ! p]sons :o might be made slaves1 or ! laws1 :i* attempt$ to def9e !m1 7 s loosely fram$ t x _c n[ be kn[n :o are ! desc5dants ( ^? designat$ z slaves1 & :o ( ^? held 9 slav]y )\t any color ( law4 ,z ! presumption mu/--"u ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution--& inde$ "u ! /ate con/itutions also--be always 9 favor ( lib]ty1 x w\ld probably n[ be impossible = a slavehold] to prove1 9 "o case 9 an hundr$1 t 8 slave 0 desc5d$1 7?r\gh ! mat]nal l9e1 accord+ to ! slave code17 f any "o :o 0 orig9ally a slave )9 ! description giv5 by ! /atutes4 ,:5 slav]y 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! c\ntry1 !re 7 no laws at all on ! subject4 ,m5 b\ght slaves ( ! slave trad]s1 z !y w\ld h b\ght horses2 & held !m1 & compell$ !m to labor1 z !y w\ld h done horses1 t is1 by brute =ce4 ,by common cons5t among ! :ite race1 ?is practice 0 tol]at$ )\t any law4--,at l5g? slaves _h 9 ?is way become s num]\s1 t "s regulations became necess>y1 & ! colonial gov]nm5ts began to pass /atutes1 :i* assum$ ! exi/5ce ( slaves1 al?\gh no laws def9+ ! p]sons :o might be made slaves1 _h ev] be5 enact$4 ,= in/ance1 !y pass$ /atutes = ! summ>y trial & puni%m5t ( slaves2 /atutes p]mitt+ ! ma/]s to *a/ise & baptise _! slaves1#i & provid+ t baptism %\ld n be consid]$1 9 law1 an emancipation ( !m4 ,yet all ! :ile no act _h be5 pass$ decl>+ :o might be slaves4 ,possession 0 app>5tly all ! evid5ce t public s5tim5t dem&$1 ( a ma/]'s prop]ty 9 8 slave4 ,"u su* a code1 multitudes1 :o _h ei!r nev] be5 pur*as$ z slaves1 or :o _h once be5 emancipat$1 7 d\btless seiz$ & r$uc$ to s]vitude by individual rapacity1 )\t any m public cognizance ( ! act1 ?an if ! p]son s seiz$ _h be5 a /ray %eep4 ,virg9ia4 ,incr$ible z x may seem1 slav]y _h exi/$ 9 ,virg9ia fifty ye>s be=e ev5 a /atute 0 pass$ = ! purpose ( decl>+ :o might be slaves2 & !n ! p]sons 7 s describ$ z to make ! designation ( no legal effect1 at lea/ z aga9/ ,africans g5]ally4 ,& x 0 n until sev5ty eight ye>s m1 7an hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ye>s 9 all17 t any act 0 pass$ t w\ld cov] ! case ( ! ,africans g5]ally1 & make !m slaves4 ,slav]y 0 introduc$ 9 #afbj1 b no act 0 pass$ ev5 purport+ to decl>e :o might be slaves1 until #afgj4 ,9 t ye> a /atute 0 pass$ 9 ^! words3 ,t all s]vants1 n be+ ,*ri/ians1 import$ into ?is c\ntry by %ipp+1 %all be slaves = _! lives4#aj ,?is ^w s]vants ( c\rse legally describes individuals kn[n z su* to ! laws1 & di/+ui%$ z su* f o!r p]sons g5]ally4 ,b no class ( ,africans import$1 7 kn[n z s]vants1 z di/+ui%$ f ,africans g5]ally1 or 9 any mann] to br+ !m )9 ! legal description ( s]vants1 z "h us$4 ,9 #afhb & 9 #agje acts 7 aga9 pass$ decl>+ t all s]vants1 c41 import$1 %\ld be slaves4 ,& x 0 n until #agdh1 aft] slav]y _h exi/$ an hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ye>s1 t ?is description 0 *ang$ = ! foll[+3 ,t all p]sons1 :o h be5 or %all be import$ into ?is colony1 c41 c41 %all be slaves4#aa ,9 #aggf1 ! only /atute 9 ,virg9ia1 "u :i* ! slavehold]s c\ld make any claim at all to _! slaves1 0 pass$ z late z #agec1 7"o hundr$ & ?irty-?ree ye>s aft] slav]y _h be5 introduc$27 all prior acts hav+ be5 !n repeal$1 )\t sav+ ! rights acquir$ "u !m4#ab ,ev5 if ! colonial *>t]s _h conta9$ no express prohibition ^u slave laws1 x w\ld nev]!less be absurd to pret5d t ! colonial legislature _h p[]1 9 #agec1 to look back an hundr$ & ?irty-?ree ye>s1 & arbitr>ily r$uce to slav]y all color$ p]sons t _h be5 import$ into1 or born 9 ! colony )9 t "t4 ,if !y c\ld n d ?is1 !n x foll[s t all ! color$ p]sons 9 ,virg9ia1 up to #agec1 7only tw5ty-?ree ye>s be=e ! revolution17 & all _! desc5dants to ! pres5t "t1 7 & are free2 & !y _c n[ be di/+ui%$ f ! desc5dants ( ^? subsequ5tly import$4 ,"u ! presumption--furni%$ by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--t all are free1 few or no exceptions c\ld n[ be prov$4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a no g5]al law at all 0 pass$1 prior to ! revolution1 decl>+ :o might be slaves1--7,see ,ir$ell's /atutes1 revis$ by ,m>t947 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ! only /atutes1 prior to ! revolution1 t attempt$ to designate ! slaves1 0 pass$ 9 #agdj--;aft] slav]y _h = a long "t exi/$4 ,& ev5 ?is /atute1 9 reality1 def9$ no?+2 = ! :ole purport ( x 01 to decl>e t all negroes1 ,indians1 mulattoes & me/izoes1 except ^? :o 7 !n free1 %\ld be slaves4 ,inasmu* z no prior /atute _h ev] be5 pass$1 decl>+ :o %\ld be slaves1 all 7 legally free2 & !re=e all came )9 ! exception 9 favor ( free p]sons4#ac ,! same law1 9 ne>ly ! same words1 0 pass$ 9 ,georgia1 9 #aggj4 ,^! 7 ! only g5]al /atutes1 "u :i* slaves 7 held 9 ^? f\r ,/ates1 7,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia17 at ! "t ( ! revolution4 ,!y w\ld all1 = ! reasons giv51 h am\nt$ to no?+1 z a f\ndation = ! slav]y n[ exi/+ 9 ^? /ates1 ev5 if !y _h n be5 specially prohibit$ by _! *>t]s4 ,footnote #i3 ,*a/is$4 ,an act pass$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #agdj1 au?oriz$ slaves to sue = _! lib]ty1 by a gu>dian appo9t$ = ! purpose4 ,! act !n provides t if judgm5t be = ! slave1 he %all be set free1 & recov] damages2 b 9 case judgm5t %all be giv5 = ! def5dant1 7! ma/]17 ! said c\rt is h]eby fully emp[]$ to inflict su* corporeal puni%m5t1 n ext5d+ to life or limb1 on ! w>d ( ! pla9tiff1 7! slave7 z !y 9 _! discretion %all see fit4 ,brev>d's ,dige/1 vol4 #b1 p4 #acj4 ,baptis$4 ,9 #agab ,s\? ,c>ol9a pass$ ?is act3 ,s9ce *>ity & ! ,*ri/ian religion :i* we pr(ess1 obliges u to wi% well to ! s\ls ( all m51 & t religion may n be made a pret5ce to alt] any man's prop]ty & "r1 & t no p]sons may neglect to baptize _! negroes or slaves1 or suff] !m to be baptiz$1 = fe> t !reby !y %\ld be manumitt$ & set free3 ,be x !re=e enact$1 ,t x %all be1 & is h]eby decl>$ lawful = any negro or ,indian slave1 or any o!r slave or slaves :atsoev]1 to receive & pr(ess ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & be !reunto baptis$4 ,b t not)/&+ su* slave or slaves %all receive & pr(ess ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & be baptis$1 he or !y %all n !reby be manumitt$ or set free1 or 8 or _! own]1 ma/] or mi/ress lose 8 or _! civil "r1 prop]ty & au?ority ov] su* slave or slaves1 b t ! slave or slaves1 ) respect to 8 or _! s]vitude1 %all rema9 & cont9ue 9 ! same /ate & condition1 t he or !y 0 9 be=e ! mak+ ( ?is act4--,grimke1 p4 #ah4 ,brev>d1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bbi4 ,9 #affg1 ! foll[+ /atute 0 pass$ 9 ,virg9ia3 ,:]eas1 "s d\bts h aris5 :e!r *ildr5 t are slaves by bir?1 & by ! *>ity & piety ( _! own]s made p>tak]s ( ! bless$ sacram5t ( baptism1 %\ld by virtue ( _! baptism be made free2 ,x is enact$ & decl>$ by ?is gr& assembly1 & ! au?ority !re(1 t ! conf]+ ( baptism do? n alt] ! condition ( ! p]son z to 8 bondage or fre$om2 t div]s ma/]s1 fre$ f ?is d\bt1 may m c>efully endeavor ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity by p]mitt+ *ildr51 ?\gh slaves1 or ^? ( great] gr[?1 if capable to be admitt$ to t sacram5t4--,h5+'s ,/atutes1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,h5+1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #aa3 ,h5+1 vol4 #e1 p4 #edg-h4 ,footnote #ab3 ,9 #agec ,virg9ia pass$ a /atute1 occupy+ "s twelve or fifte5 pages ( ! /atute book1 & int5d$ to cov] ! :ole g5]al subject ( slav]y4 ,"o ( ! sections ( ?is act is z foll[s3 ,t all & e o!r act & acts1 clause & clauses1 h]et(ore made1 = or conc]n+ any matt] or ?+ )9 ! provision ( ?is act1 %all be & are h]eby repeal$4--,h5+'s ,/atutes1 vol4 #f1 p4 #cfi4 ,no res]vation be+ made1 by ?is section1 ( rights acquir$ "u =m] /atutes1 & slave prop]ty be+ a matt] dep5d5t entirely ^u /atute1 all title to slave prop]ty1 acquir$ "u =m] acts1 0 by ?is act annihilat$2 & all ! slaves 9 ! ,/ate 7 made freem51 z aga9/ all prior legislation4 ,& ! slaves ( ! ,/ate 7 !nce=w>d held 9 bondage only by virtue ( ano!r section ( ! same act1 :i* 0 9 ^! words3 ,t all p]sons :o h be51 or %all be import$ into ?is colony1 by sea or l&1 & 7 n ,*ri/ians 9 _! native c\ntry1 except ,turks & ,moors 9 amity ) 8 maje/y1 & su* :o c prove _! be+ free 9 ,engl&1 or any o!r ,*ri/ian c\ntry1 be=e !y 7 %ipp$ = transportation hi!r1 %all be acc\nt$ slaves1 & z su* be "h b\ght & sold1 not)/&+ a conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity aft] _! importation4--,h5+1 vol4 #f1 p4 #cef-g4 ,! act also provid$1 ,t all *ildr5 %all be bond or free1 accord+ to ! condition ( _! mo!rs & ! p>ticul> directions ( ?is act4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! foll[+ is ! preamble & ! important enact+ clause ( ?is /atute ( #agdj3 ,:]eas1 9 8 maje/y's plantations 9 ,am]ica1 slav]y has be5 introduc$ & all[$2 & ! p commonly call$ negroes1 ,indians1 mulattos & me/izoes h 7be57 deem$ absolute slaves1 & ! subjects ( prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( p>ticul> p]sons2 ! ext5t ( ^: p[] ov] su* slaves ought to be settl$ & limit$ by positive laws1 s t ! slaves may be kept 9 due subjection & ob$i5ce1 & ! own]s & o!r p]sons hav+ ! c>e & gov]nm5t ( slaves1 may be re/ra9$ f ex]cis+ too great vigor & cruelty ov] !m2 & t ! public peace & ord] ( ?is prov9ce may be pres]v$3 ,be x enact$1 ,t all negroes1 ,indians1 7free ,indians 9 amity ) ?is gov]nm5t1 & negroes1 mulattos & me/izoes1 :o are n[ free1 except$17 mulattos & me/izoes1 :o n[ are or %all h]eaft] be 9 ?is prov9ce1 & all _! issue & (fspr+ born or to be born1 %all be & !y are h]eby decl>$ to be & rema9 =ev] h]eaft] absolute slaves1 & %all foll[ ! condition ( ! "m1 c4--,grimke1 p4 #afc-d4 ,brev>d1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bbi4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indep5d5ce4 ,admitt+1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 t prior to ! revolution1 slav]y _h a con/itutional exi/5ce1 7s f> z x is possible t crime c h su* an exi/5ce17 0 x n aboli%$ by ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce8 ,! ,decl>ation 0 c]ta9ly ! con/itutional law ( ?is c\ntry = c]ta9 purposes4 ,= example1 x absolv$ ! p f _! allegiance to ! ,engli% cr[n4 ,x w\ld h be5 s decl>$ by ! judicial tribunals ( ?is c\ntry1 if an ,am]ican1 dur+ ! revolution>y w> or s9ce1 _h be5 tri$ = treason to ! cr[n4 ,if1 !n1 ! decl>ation 7 ! con/itutional law ( ! c\ntry = t purpose1 0 x n also con/itutional law = ! purpose ( recogniz+ & e/abli%+1 z law1 ! natural & inali5able "r ( individuals to life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess8 ,! lawfulness ( ! act ( absolv+ !mselves f _! allegiance to ! cr[n1 0 av[$ by ! p ( ! c\ntry--& t too 9 ! same in/rum5t t decl>$ ! absolution--to re/ entirely ^u1 & to be only a consequ5ce ( ! natural "r ( all m5 to life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,if1 !n1 ! act ( absolution 0 lawful1 does x n necess>ily foll[ t ! pr9ciples t legaliz$ ! act1 7 also law8 ,& if ! c\ntry ratifi$ ! act ( absolution1 did !y n also necess>ily ratify & ackn[l$ge ! pr9ciples :i* !y decl>$ legaliz$ ! act8 ,x is suffici5t = our purpose1 if x be admitt$ t ?is pr9ciple 0 ! law ( ! c\ntry at t p>ticul> "t1 7#aggf7--;ev5 ?\gh x _h cont9u$ to be ! law only = a ye>1 or ev5 a day4 ,= if x 7 ! law ( ! c\ntry ev5 = a day1 x fre$ e slave 9 ! c\ntry--7if !re 71 z we say !re 7 n1 any legal slaves !n 9 ! c\ntry47 ,& ! burd5 w\ld !n be ^u ! slavehold] to %[ t slav]y _h s9ce be5 con/itutionally e/abli%$4 ,& to %[ ?is1 he mu/ %[ an express con/itutional designation ( ! p>ticul> individuals1 :o h s9ce be5 made slaves4 ,)\t su* p>ticul> designation ( ! individuals to be made slaves1 7& n ev5 ! pres5t con/itutions ( ! slave ,/ates make any su* designation17 all con/itutional provisions1 purport+ to au?orize slav]y1 are indef9ite1 & unc]ta9 9 _! application1 & = t reason void4 ,b aga94 ,! p ( ?is c\ntry--9 ! v in/rum5t by :i* !y fir/ ann\nc$ _! indep5d5t political exi/5ce1 & fir/ ass]t$ _! "r to e/abli% gov]nm5ts ( _! own--decl>$ t ! natural & inali5able "r ( all m5 to life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 0 a self-evid5t tru?4 ,n[1 all self-evid5t tru?s1 except su* z may be explicitly1 or by necess>y implication1 d5i$1 7& no gov]nm5t has a "r to d5y any ( !m17 ent] into1 are tak5 = grant$ by1 & con/itute an ess5tial "p ( all con/itutions1 compacts & sy/ems ( gov]nm5t :atsoev]4--,o!rwise x w\ld be impossible = any sy/ematic gov]nm5t to be e/abli%$2 = x mu/ obvi\sly be impossible to make an actual enum]ation ( all ! self-evid5t tru?s1 t are to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! adm9i/ration ( su* a gov]nm5t4 ,?is is m especially true ( gov]nm5ts f\nd$1 l ours1 ^u contract4 ,x is cle>ly impossible1 9 a contract ( gov]nm5t1 to enum]ate all ! self-evid5t tru?s :i* mu/ be act$ ^u 9 ! adm9i/ration ( law4 ,& !re=e !y are all tak5 = grant$1 unless p>ticul> ones be pla9ly d5i$4 ,?is pr9ciple1 t all self-evid5t tru?s1 ?\gh n enum]at$1 make a "p ( all laws & contracts1 unless cle>ly d5i$1 is n only indisp5sable to ! v exi/5ce ( civil society1 b x is ev5 indisp5sable to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 e individual case or suit1 t may arise1 out ( contract or o!rwise1 betwe5 individuals4 ,x w\ld be impossible = individuals to make contracts at all1 if x 7 necess>y = !m to enum]ate all ! self-evid5t tru?s1 t might h a be>+ ^u _! con/ruction be=e a judicial tribunal4 ,all su* tru?s are !re=e tak5 = grant$4 ,& x is ! same 9 all compacts ( gov]nm5t1 unless p>ticul> tru?s are pla9ly d5i$4 ,& gov]nm5ts1 no m ?an individuals1 h a "r to d5y !m 9 any case4 ,to d5y1 9 any case1 t self-evid5t tru?s are a "p ( ! law1 is equival5t to ass]t+ t self-evid5t falsehood is law4 ,if1 !n1 x be a self-evid5t tru?1 t all m5 h a natural & inali5able "r to life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 t tru? con/itutes a "p ( all our laws & all our con/itutions1 unless x h be5 unequivocally & au?oritatively d5i$4 ,x w h]eaft] be %[n t ?is self-evid5t tru? has nev] be5 d5i$ by ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 9 _! fundam5tal con/itution1 or 9 any o!r explicit or au?oritative mann]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has be5 reit]at$1 by !m1 annually1 daily & h\rly1 = ! la/ sixty-n9e ye>s1 9 almo/ e possible way1 & 9 ! mo/ solemn possible mann]4 ,on ! #d? ( ,july1 '#gf1 !y collectively ass]t$ x1 z _! ju/ification & au?ority = an act ! mo/ mom5t\s & responsible ( any 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,& ?is ass]tion has nev] be5 retract$ by u1 z a p4 ,we h virtually re-ass]t$ ! same tru? 9 ne>ly e /ate con/itution s9ce adopt$4 ,we h virtually re-ass]t$ x 9 ! national con/itution4 ,x is a tru? t lives on ! tongues & 9 ! he>ts ( all4 ,x is true we h1 9 our practice1 be5 s unju/ z to )hold ! b5efits ( ?is tru? f a c]ta9 class ( our fell[ m54--,b1 ev5 9 ?is respect1 ?is tru? has b %>$ ! common fate ( o!r tru?s4 ,!y are g5]ally all[$ b a p>tial application4 ,/ill1 ?is tru? itself1 z a tru?1 has nev] be5 d5i$ by u1 z a p1 9 any au!ntic =m1 or o!rwise ?an impli$ly by our practice 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,if x h1 say :5 & :]e4 ,if x h n1 x is /ill law2 & c\rts are b\nd to adm9i/] x1 z law1 imp>tially to all4 ,our c\rts w\ld want no o!r au?ority ?an ?is tru?1 ?us ackn[l$g$1 = sett+ at lib]ty any individual1 o!r ?an "o hav+ negro blood1 :om our gov]nm5ts1 /ate or national1 %\ld assume to au?orize ano!r individual to enslave4 ,:y1 !n1 d !y n apply ! same law 9 behalf ( ! ,african8 ,c]ta9ly n because x is n z mu* ! law ( 8 case1 z ( o!rs4 ,b x is simply because !y w n4 ,x is because ! c\rts are p>ties to an und]/&+1 prevail+ among ! :ite race1 b express$ 9 no au!ntic con/itutional =m1 t ! negro may be depriv$ ( 8 rights at ! pleasure ( av>ice & p[]4 ,& !y c>ry out ?is unexpress$ und]/&+ 9 defiance (1 & suff] x to prevail ov]1 all our con/itutional pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t--all our au!ntic1 av[$1 op5 & fundam5tal law4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,con/itutions ,,( #aghi4 ,( all ! /ate con/itutions1 t 7 9 =ce at ! adoption ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #aghi1 n "o ( !m e/abli%$1 or recogniz$ slav]y4 ,all ^? p>ts ( ! /ate con/itutions1 7i4e4 ( ! old ?irte5 /ates17 t recognize & attempt to sanction slav]y1 h be5 ins]t$1 by am5dm5ts1 s9ce ! adoption ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all ! /ates1 except ,rhode-,isl& & ,connecticut1 =m$ con/itutions prior to #aghi4 ,^? two /ates w5t on1 beyond ?is p]iod1 "u _! old *>t]s4#ad ,! elev5 con/itutions =m$1 7 all democratic 9 _! g5]al "*4 ,! mo/ ( !m em95tly s4 ,!y g5]ally recogniz$1 9 "s =m or o!r1 ! natural rights ( m51 z "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,sev]al ( !m ass]t$ ^! rights 9 ! mo/ emphatic & au?oritative mann]4 ,mo/ or all ( !m _h also specific provisions incompatible ) slav]y4 ,n "o ( !m _h any specific recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( slav]y4 ,n "o ( !m grant$ any specific au?ority = its cont9uance4 ,! only provisions or words 9 any ( !m1 t c\ld be claim$ by any body z recognitions ( slav]y1 are ! foll[+1 viz4 #a4 ,! use ( ! words our negroes 9 ! preamble to ! con/itution ( ,virg9ia4 #b4 ,! m5tion ( slaves 9 ! preamble to ! con/itution ( ,p5nsylvania4 #c4 ,! provisions1 9 "s ( ! con/itutions1 = cont9u+ 9 =ce ! laws t _h previ\sly be5 9 =ce 9 ! colonies1 except :5 alt]$ by1 or incompatible ) ! new con/itution4 #d4 ,! use1 9 sev]al ( ! con/itutions1 ( ! words free & freem54 ,z ea* ( ^! t]ms & clauses may be claim$ by "s p]sons z recognitions ( slav]y1 !y are wor?y ( p>ticul> notice4 #a4 ,! preamble to ! frame ( gov]nm5t ( ! con/itution ( ,virg9ia speaks ( negroes 9 ?is connexion1 to wit3 ,x *>ges ,george ! ,?ird1 among o!r ?+s1 ) prompt+ our negroes to rise 9 arms among u1 ^? v negroes1 :om1 by an inhuman use ( 8 negative1 he ha? refus$ u p]mission to exclude by law4 ,"h is no ass]tion t ^! negroes 7 slaves2 b only t !y 7 a class ( p :om ! ,virg9ians did n wi% to h 9 ! /ate1 9 any capacity--:om !y wi%$ to exclude by law4 ,! language1 consid]$ z legal language1 no m implies t !y 7 slaves1 ?an ! *>ge ( hav+ prompt$ our wom51 *ildr51 f>m]s1 me*anics1 or our p ) r$ hair1 or our p ) blue eyes1 or our ,dut*m51 or our ,iri%m5 to rise 9 arms among u1 w\ld h impli$ t ^? portions ( ! p ( ,virg9ia 7 slaves4 ,& especially :5 x is consid]$ t slav]y _h _h no prior legal exi/5ce1 ?is ref]5ce to negroes au?orizes no legal inf]5ce :atev] 9 reg>d to slav]y4 ,! re/ ( ! ,virg9ia con/itution is em95tly democratic4 ,! bill ( rights decl>es t all m5 are by nature equally free & indep5d5t1 & h c]ta9 inh]5t rights199 99 99 99 namely1 ! enjoym5t ( life & lib]ty1 ) ! means ( acquir+ & possess+ prop]ty1 & pursu+ & obta9+ happ9ess & safety4 #b4 ,! preamble to ! ,p5nsylvania con/itution us$ ! ^w slaves 9 ?is connexion4 ,x recit$ t ! k+ ( ,great ,brita9 _h employ$ aga9/ ! inhabitants ( t commonweal?1 =eign m]c5>ies1 savages & slaves4 ,?is is no ackn[l$gm5t t !y !mselves _h any slaves ( _! own2 mu* less t !y 7 go+ to cont9ue _! slav]y2 = ! con/itution conta9$ provisions pla9ly incompatible ) t4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! foll[+3 :i* con/itutes ! fir/ article ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,rights ( ! ,inhabitants1 7i4e4 ( all ! inhabitants7 ( ! /ate ( ,p5nsylvania4 #a4 ,t all m5 are born equally free & indep5d5t1 & h c]ta9 natural1 inh]5t & inali5able rights1 among :i* are1 ! enjoy+ & def5d+ life & lib]ty1 acquir+1 possess+ & protect+ prop]ty1 & pursu+ & obta9+ happ9ess & safety4 ,! #df? section ( ! frame ( gov]nm5t is 9 ^! words4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,rights is h]eby decl>$ to be a "p ( ! con/itution ( ?is commonweal?1 & ought nev] to be violat$ on any pret5ce :atev]4 ,slav]y 0 cle>ly impossible "u ^! two con/itutional provisions1 to say no?+ ( o!rs4 #b4 ,sev]al ( ! con/itutions provide t all ! laws ( ! colonies1 previ\sly 9 =ce1 %\ld cont9ue 9 =ce until repeal$1 unless repugnant to "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! con/itutions !mselves4 ,m>yl&1 ,new-,york1 ,new-,j]sey1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & p]haps "o or two o!rs _h provisions ( ?is "*4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a _h none1 ,georgia none1 ,virg9ia none4 ,! slave laws ( ^! ?ree latt] /ates1 !n1 necess>ily fell to ! gr\nd on ?is *ange ( gov]nm5t4 ,m>yl&1 ,new-,york1 ,new-,j]sey & ,s\?-,c>ol9a _h acts ^u _! /atute books1 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( slav]y1 & pret5d+ to legislate 9 reg>d to x2 & x may p]haps be argu$ t ^? laws 7 cont9u$ 9 =ce "u ! provision ref]r$ to4 ,b ^? acts d n come )9 ! above description ( laws 9 =ce--& = ?is reason1 viz4 ! acts 7 orig9ally uncon/itutional & void1 z be+ aga9/ ! *>t]s1 "u :i* !y 7 pass$2 & !re=e nev] _h be5 legally 9 =ce1 h[ev] !y might h be5 actually c>ri$ into execution z a matt] ( might1 or ( pret5d$ law1 by ! :ite race4 ,?is objection applies to ! slave acts ( all ! colonies4 ,none ( !m c\ld be cont9u$ "u ?is provision4--,none ( !m1 legally speak+1 7 laws 9 =ce4 ,b 9 p>ticul> /ates !re 7 /ill o!r reasons aga9/ ! colonial slave acts be+ valid "u ! new con/itutions4 ,= in/ance1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a _h no /atute 7z has be=e be5 m5tion$17 t designat$ h] slaves ) su* p>ticul>ity z to di/+ui% !m f free p]sons2 & = t reason none ( h] slave /atutes 7 legally 9 =ce4 ,new-,j]sey also 0 9 ! same situation4 ,%e _h slave /atutes2 b none designat+ ! slaves s z to di/+ui% !m f ! re/ ( h] population4 ,%e _h also "o or m specific provisions 9 h] con/itution incompatible ) slav]y1 to wit3 ,t ! common law ( ,engl&99 99 99 99 %all rema9 9 =ce1 until alt]$ by a future law ( ! legislature2 su* p>ts only z are repugnant to ! rights & privileges conta9$ 9 ?is *>t]4 7,sec4 #bb47 ,m>yl& _h also1 9 h] new con/itution1 a specific provision incompatible ) ! acts on h] colonial /atute book 9 reg>d to slav]y1 to wit3 ,sec4 #c4 ,t ! inhabitants--m>k ! ^w1 = x includes all ! inhabitants--t ! inhabitants ( ,m>yl& are entitl$ to ! common law ( ,engl&1 & ! trial by jury1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( t law1 c4 ,?is gu>anty1 ( ! common law ( ,engl& to all ! inhabitants ( ,m>yl&1 )\t discrim9ation1 is incompatible ) any slave acts t exi/$ on ! /atute book2 & ! latt] w\ld !re=e h become void "u ! con/itution1 ev5 if !y _h n be5 previ\sly void "u ! colonial *>t]4 #d4 ,sev]al ( ^! /ate con/itutions h us$ ! words free & freem54 ,= in/ance4 ,t ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a provid$1 7,sec4 #ac17 t ! electors ( t /ate %\ld be free :ite m54 ,t ( ,georgia 7,art4 #aa17 & t ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,art4 #dj17 use ! t]m free citiz54 ,t ( ,p5nsylvania 7,sec4 #db17 has ! t]m free d5iz54 ,^! f\r in/ances are ! only ones ,i h f\nd 9 all ! elev5 con/itutions1 :]e any class ( p]sons are designat$ by ! t]m free4 ,& x w be se5 h]eaft]1 f ! connexion & mann] 9 :i* ! ^w is us$1 9 ^! f\r cases1 t x implies no recognition ( slav]y4 ,sev]al ( ! con/itutions1 to wit1 ^? ( ,georgia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,m>yl&1 ,delaw>e1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new-,york--b n ,virg9ia1 ,new-,j]sey1 ,massa*usetts or ,new-,hamp%ire--repeat$ly use ! ^w freeman or freem51 :5 describ+ ! electors1 or o!r memb]s ( ! /ate4 ,! only que/ions t c arise f ! use ( ^! words free & freeman1 are ^!1 viz3 ,are !y us$ z ! correlatives1 or opposites ( slaves8 ,or are !y us$ 9 t political s5se1 9 :i* !y are us$ 9 ! common law ( ,engl&1 & 9 :i* !y _h be5 us$ 9 ! colonial *>t]s1 viz41 to describe ^? p]sons possess$ ( ! privilege ( citiz5%ip1 or "s corporate fran*ise1 z di/+ui%$ f ali5s1 & ^? n enjoy+ fran*ises1 al?\gh free f p]sonal slav]y8 ,if x be answ]$1 t !y are us$ 9 ! s5se fir/ m5tion$1 to wit1 z ! correlatives or opposites ( slav]y--!n x w\ld be argu$ t !y involv$ a recognition1 at lea/1 ( ! exi/5ce ( slav]y4 ,b ?is argum5t--:atev] x might be wor? to support an impli$ admission ( ! actual exi/5ce ( slav]y--w\ld be entirely insuffici5t to support an impli$ admission ei!r ( its legal1 or its cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,slav]y is s entirely contr>y to natural "r2 s entirely de/itute ( au?ority f natural law2 s palpably inconsi/5t ) all ! legitimate objects ( gov]nm5t1 t no?+ b express & explicit provision c be recogniz$1 9 law1 z giv+ x any sanction4 ,no h9ts1 ins9uations1 or unnecess>y implications c give any gr\nd = s gl>+ a dep>ture f1 & violation ( all ! o!r1 ! g5]al1 & ! legitimate pr9ciples ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,if1 !n1 x 7 admitt$ t ! words free & freem5 7 us$ z ! correlatives ( slaves1 /ill1 ( !mselves1 ! words w\ld give no direct or suffici5t au?ority = laws e/abli%+ or cont9u+ slav]y4 ,to call "o man free1 gives no legal au?ority = mak+ ano!r man a slave4 ,& if1 z 9 ! case ( ^! con/itutions1 no express au?ority = slav]y 7 giv51 slav]y w\ld be z mu* uncon/itutional z ?\gh ^! words _h n be5 us$4 ,! use ( ^! words 9 t s5se1 9 a con/itution1 "u :i* all p]sons are presum$ to be free1 w\ld involve no absurdity1 al?\gh x might be gratuit\s & unnecess>y4 ,x is a rule ( law1 9 ! con/ruction ( all /atutes1 contracts & legal in/rum5ts :atsoev]--t is1 ^? :i* c\rts design1 n to invalidate1 b to en=ce--t :]e words are susceptible ( two mean+s1 "o consi/5t1 & ! o!r inconsi/5t1 ) lib]ty1 ju/ice & "r1 t s5se is always to be adopt$1 :i* is consi/5t ) "r1 unless !re be some?+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! in/rum5t suffici5t to prove t ! o!r is ! true mean+4 ,9 ! case ( no "o ( all ^! e>ly /ate con/itutions1 is !re any ?+ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( !m1 to %[ t ^! words free & freem5 are us$ z ! correlatives ( slav]y4 ,! rule ( law1 !re=e1 is imp]ative t !y mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ! s5se consi/5t ) lib]ty & "r4 ,if ?is rule1 t requires c\rts to give an innoc5t con/ruction to all words t are susceptible ( x1 7 n imp]ative1 c\rts might1 at _! own pleasure1 p]v]t ! hone/ mean+ ( ! mo/ hone/ /atutes & contracts1 into some?+ di%one/1 = !re are almo/ always words us$ 9 ! mo/ hone/ legislation1 & 9 ! mo/ hone/ contracts1 t1 by implication or o!rwise1 are capable ( convey+ m ?an "o mean+1 & ev5 a di%one/ mean+4 ,if c\rts c\ld lawfully dep>t f ! rule1 t requires !m to attribute an hone/ mean+ to all language t is susceptible ( su* a mean+1 x w\ld be ne>ly impossible to frame ei!r a /atute or a contract1 :i* ! judici>y might n lawfully p]v]t to "s purpose ( inju/ice4 ,!re w\ld obvi\sly be no security = ! hone/ adm9i/ration ( any hone/ law or contract :atsoev]4 ,?is rule applies z well to con/itutions z to contracts & /atutes2 = con/itutions are b contracts betwe5 ! p1 :]eby !y grant au?ority to1 & e/abli% law = ! gov]nm5t4 ,:at o!r mean+1 !n1 ?an z correlatives ( slav]y1 are ! words free & freem5 susceptible (1 z !y are us$ 9 ! e>ly /ate con/itutions8 ,among ! def9itions giv5 by ,noah ,web/] are ^!3 ,freeman4 ,"o :o enjoys1 or is entitl$ to a fran*ise or peculi> privilege2 z ! freem5 ( a city or /ate4 ,free4 ,inve/$ ) fran*ises2 enjoy+ c]ta9 immunities2 ) (--z a man free ( ! city ( ,london4 ,possess+ )\t vassalage1 or slavi% conditions2 z a man free ( 8 f>m-- ,9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! ,engli% law ?r\gh\t1 z x exi/$ be=e & s9ce ! emigration ( our ance/ors to ?is c\ntry1 ! words free & freem5 7 political t]ms 9 ! mo/ common use2 & employ$ to designate p]sons enjoy+ "s fran*ise or privilege1 f ! mo/ important "o ( g5]al citiz5%ip 9 ! nation1 to ! mo/ insignificant "o 9 any incorporat$ city1 t[n or company4 ,= in/ance3 ,a man 0 said to be a free ,briti% subject--mean+ !reby t he 0 a naturaliz$ or native born citiz5 ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 z di/+ui%$ f an ali51 or p]son nei!r naturaliz$ nor native born4 ,aga94 ,a man 0 said to be free ( a p>ticul> trade 9 ! city ( ,london--mean+ !reby1 t by ! bye-laws ( ! city ( ,london1 he 0 p]mitt$ to foll[ t trade--a privilege :i* o!rs c\ld n h )\t hav+ s]v$ an appr5tice%ip 9 ! city1 or hav+ pur*as$ ! privilege ( ! city gov]nm5t4 ,! t]ms free & freem5 7 us$ ) ref]5ce to a great v>iety ( privileges1 :i*1 9 ,engl&1 7 grant$ to "o man1 & n to ano!r4 ,?us memb]s ( incorporat$ companies 7 call$ freem5 ( ! company1 or free memb]s ( ! company2 & 7 said to be free ( ! said company4 ,! citiz5s ( an incorporat$ city 7 call$ ! freem5 ( ! city1 z freem5 ( ! city ( ,london4 ,9 ,jacob's ,law ,diction>y ! foll[+ def9itions1 among o!rs1 are giv5 ( ! ^w freem54 ,freeman--lib] homo499 99 99 99 ,9 ! di/9ction ( a freeman f a vassal "u ! feudal policy1 lib] homo 0 commonly oppos$ to vassus1 or vassalus2 ! =m] d5ot+ an allodial proprietor2 ! latt] "o :o held ( a sup]ior4 ,! title ( a freeman is also giv5 to any "o admitt$ to ! fre$om ( a corporate t[n1 or ( any o!r corporate body1 consi/+1 among o!r memb]s1 ( ^? call$ freem54 ,!re are ?ree ways to be a freeman ( ,london2 by s]vitude ( an appr5tice%ip2 by bir?right1 z be+ ! son ( a freeman2 & by r$emption1 i4e4 by pur*ase1 "u an ord] ( ! c\rt ( ald]m54 ,! cu/oms ( ! city ( ,london %all be tri$ by ! c]tificate ( ! ,mayor & ,ald]m5199 99 99 99 z ! cu/om ( di/ribut+ ! effects ( freem5 deceas$3 ( enroll+ appr5tices1 or t he :o is free ( "o trade may use ano!r4 ,elections ( ald]m5 & common-c\ncilm5 are to be by freem5 h\sehold]s4 ,an agreem5t on m>riage1 t ! husb& %all take up ! fre$om ( ,london1 b9ds ! di/ribution ( ! effects4 ,! =ego+ & o!r illu/rations ( ! use ( ! words free & freem51 may be f\nd 9 ,jacob's ,law ,diction>y1 "u ! head ( ,freeman1 ,london1 c4 ,& ?is use ( ^! words has be5 common 9 ! ,engli% laws = c5turies4 ,! t]m freeman is us$ 9 ,magna ,*>ta1 7#abae74 ,! ,engli% /atutes ab\nd ) ! t]ms1 9 ref]5ce to almo/ e fran*ise or peculi> privilege1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 kn[n to ! ,engli% laws4 ,x w\ld be p]fectly prop]1 & 9 consonance ) ! legal mean+ & common und]/&+ ( ! t]m1 to say ( ,victoria1 t %e is free ( ! ?rone ( ,engl&1 & ( a cobbl]1 t he is free ( 8 trade 9 ! city ( ,london4 ,b ! m common & important signification ( ! words is to designate ! citiz5s1 native or naturaliz$1 & ^? specially entitl$1 z a matt] ( political & ackn[l$g$ "r1 to p>ticipate 91 or be protect$ by ! gov]nm5t1 z di/+ui%$ f ali5s1 or p]sons atta9t$1 or depriv$ ( _! political privileges z memb]s ( ! /ate4 ,?us !y use ! t]m free ,briti% subject--freeman ( ! realm1 c4 ,9 %ort1 ! t]ms1 :5 us$ 9 political pap]s1 h a mean+ v ne>ly1 if n entirely synonym\s1 ) t :i* we1 9 ?is c\ntry1 n[ give to ! ^w citiz54 ,b ?r\gh\t ! ,engli% law1 & among all ! v>iety ( ways1 9 :i* ! words free & freem5 are us$1 z legal t]ms1 !y are nev] us$ z ! correlatives1 or opposites ( slaves or slav]y--& = ! reason t !y h 9 ,engl& no su* p]sons or in/itutions1 kn[n to _! laws1 z slaves or slav]y4 ,! use ( ! words free & freem51 !re=e1 d n 9 ,engl& at all imply ! exi/5ce ( slaves or slav]y4 ,?is use ( ! words free & freem51 :i* is common to ! ,engli% law1 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry at its fir/ settlem5t1 9 all1 or v ne>ly all ! colonial *>t]s1 pat5ts1 c4 & cont9u$ 9 use1 9 ?is s5se1 until ! "t ( ! revolution2 &1 ( c\rse1 until ! adoption ( ! fir/ /ate con/itutions4#ae ,! p]sons & companies1 to :om ! colonial *>t]s 7 grant$1 & ^? :o 7 aft]w>ds to be admitt$ z _! associates1 7 describ$ z freem5 ( said colony1 freem5 ( said prov9ce1 freeman ( said company1 freem5 ( ! said company & body politick1 c4 7,see *>t] ( ,rhode ,isl&47 ,_m1 if n all ! *>t]s _h a provision simil> 9 sub/ance to ! foll[+ 9 ! *>t] to ,rhode ,isl&1 viz3 ,t all & e ! subjects ( u1 our heirs & successors1 7i4e4 ( ! k+ ( ,engl& grant+ ! *>t]17 :i* are already plant$ & settl$ )9 our said colony ( ,provid5ce ,plantations1 or :i* %all h]eaft] g to inhabit )9 ! said colony1 & all & e ( _! *ildr5 :i* h be5 born !re1 or :i* %all happ5 h]eaft] to be born !re1 or on ! sea go+ ?i!r1 or return+ f !nce1 %all h & enjoy all lib]ties & immunities ( free & natural subjects1 )9 any ( ! dom9ions ( u1 our heirs & successors1 to all int5ts1 con/ructions & purposes :atsoev]1 z if !y & e ( !m 7 born )9 ! realm ( ,engl&4 ,! foll[+ enactm5t ( ,william ,p5n1 z propriet>y & ,gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,p5nsylvania & its t]ritories1 illu/rates "o ( ! common uses ( ! ^w freeman1 z kn[n to ! ,engli% law1 & z us$ 9 ?is c\ntry prior to ! revolution--t is1 z di/+ui%+ a native born citiz51 & "o capable ( hold+ real e/ate1 c4 f a =eign]1 n naturaliz$1 & on t acc\nt subject to c]ta9 disabilities1 su* z be+ incompet5t to hold real e/ate4 ,& =asmu* z x is app>5t t ! j enc\ragem5t ( ! inhabitants ( ! prov9ce1 & t]ritories !reunto belong+1 is likely to be an effectual way = ! improvem5t !re(2 & s9ce "s ( ! p t live !re9 & are likely to come !reunto1 are =eign]s1 & s n freem51 accord+ to ! acceptation ( ! laws ( ,engl&1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* may prove v detrim5tal to !m 9 _! e/ates & traffic1 & s injuri\s to ! prosp]ity ( ?is prov9ce & t]ritories !re(4 ,be x enact$1 by ! propriet>y & gov]nor ( ! prov9ce & c\nties a=esaid1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! deputies ( ! freem5 !re(1 9 assembly met1 ,t all p]sons :o are /rang]s & =eign]s1 t d n[ inhabit ?is prov9ce & c\nties a=esaid1 t hold l& 9 fee 9 ! same1 accord+ to ! law ( a freeman1 & :o %all solemnly promise1 )9 ?ree mon?s aft] ! publication !re(1 9 _! respective c\nty c\rts :]e !y live1 ^u record1 fai? & allegiance to ! k+ ( ,engl& & 8 heirs & successors1 & fidelity & lawful ob$i5ce to ! said ,william ,p5n1 propriet>y & gov]nor ( ! said prov9ce & t]ritories1 & 8 heirs & assigns1 accord+ to ! k+'s lett]s1 pat5ts & de$ a=esaid1 %all be held & reput$ freem5 ( ! prov9ce & c\nties a=esaid1 9 z ample & full a mann] z any p]son resid+ !re94 ,& x is h]eby fur!r enact$1 by ! au?ority a=esaid1 ,t :5 at any "t any p]son1 t is a =eign]1 %all make 8 reque/ to ! propriet>y & gov]nor ( ?is prov9ce & t]ritories !re(1 = ! a=esaid fre$om1 ! said p]son %all be admitt$ on ! conditions h]e9 express$1 pay+ at 8 admission tw5ty %ill+s /]l+1 & no m1 any ?+ 9 ?is law1 or any o!r law1 act or ?+ 9 ?is prov9ce1 to ! contr>y 9 any wise not)/&+4 ,giv5 at ,*e/]1 c41 "u ! h& & broad seal ( ,william ,p5n1 propriet>y & gov]nor ( ?is prov9ce & t]ritories !reunto belong+1 9 ! second ye> ( 8 gov]nm5t1 by ! k+'s au?ority4 ,w4 ,,p5n4#af ,up to ! "t ( our revolution1 ! only mean+ :i* ! words free & freem5 _h1 9 ! ,engli% law1 9 ! *>t]s grant$ to ! colonies1 & 9 ! important docum5ts ( a political "*1 :5 us$ to designate "o p]son z di/+ui%$ f ano!r1 0 to designate a p]son enjoy+ "s fran*ise or privilege1 z di/+ui%$ f ali5s or p]sons n enjoy+ a simil> fran*ise4 ,!y 7 nev] us$ to designate a free p]son z di/+ui%$ f a slave--= ! v suffici5t reason t all ^! fundam5tal laws presum$ t !re 7 no slaves4 ,0 su* ! mean+ ( ! words free & freem51 z us$ 9 ! con/itutions adopt$ prior to #aghi1 9 ! ,/ates ( ,georgia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,m>yl&1 ,delaw>e & ,new ,york8 ,! legal rule ( int]pretation be=e m5tion$1 viz3 t an innoc5t mean+ mu/ be giv5 to all words t are susceptible ( x--w\ld compel u to give ! words ?is mean+1 in/ead ( a mean+ m]ely correlative ) slav]y1 ev5 if we _h no o!r gr\nd ?an ! rule alone1 = s do+4 ,b we h o!r gr\nds4 ,= in/ance3--,sev]al ( ^! con/itutions h !mselves explicitly giv5 to ! words ?is mean+4 ,:ile n "o ( !m h giv5 !m a mean+ correlative ) slaves1 inasmu* z none ( !m purport ei!r to e/abli%1 au?orize1 or ev5 to "k ( ! exi/5ce ( slav]y4 ,! con/itution ( ,georgia 7adopt$ 9 #aggg7 evid5tly uses ! ^w free 9 ?is s5se1 9 ! foll[+ article3 ,art4 #aa4 ,no p]son %all be entitl$ to m ?an "o vote1 :i* %all be giv5 9 ! c\nty :]e su* p]son resides1 except z be=e except$2 nor %all any p]son :o holds any title ( nobility1 be entitl$ to a vote1 or be capable ( s]v+ z a repres5tative1 or hold any po/ ( honor1 pr(it1 or tru/1 9 ?is ,/ate1 :ile su* p]son claims 8 title ( nobility2 b if ! p]son %all give up su* di/9ction1 9 ! mann] z may be direct$ by any future legislature1 !n1 & 9 su* case1 he %all be entitl$ to a vote1 & repres5t1 z be=e direct$1 & enjoy all ! o!r b5efits ( a ,,free citiz54 ,! con/itution ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 7adopt$ 9 #aggf71 us$ ! ^w 9 a simil> s5se1 z foll[s3 #dj4 ,t e =eign]1 :o comes to settle 9 ?is ,/ate1 hav+ fir/ tak5 an oa? ( allegiance to ! same1 may pur*ase1 or by o!r j means acquire1 hold1 & transf] l&1 or o!r real e/ate1 & aft] "o ye>'s resid5ce be deem$ a ,,free citiz54 ,?is con/itution also repeat$ly uses ! ^w freeman2 mean+ !reby a free citiz51 z ?us def9$4 ,! con/itution ( ,p5nsylvania1 7adopt$ 9 #aggf17 uses ! ^w 9 ! same s5se3 ,sec4 #db4 ,e =eign]1 ( good "*1 :o comes to settle 9 ?is ,/ate1 hav+ fir/ tak5 an oa? or affirmation ( allegiance to ! same1 may pur*ase1 or by o!r j means acquire1 hold & transf] l& or o!r real e/ate2 & aft] "o ye>'s resid5ce1 %all be deem$ a ,,free d5iz5 !re(1 & entitl$ to all ! rights ( a natural born subject ( ?is /ate1 except t he %all n be capable ( be+ elect$ a repres5tative until aft] two ye>'s resid5ce4 ,! con/itution ( ,new ,york1 7adopt$ 9 #aggg17 uses ! ^w 9 ! same mann]3 ,sec4 #f4 ,t e male inhabitant ( full age1 :o has p]sonally resid$ 9 "o ( ! c\nties ( ?is /ate = six mon?s1 imm$iately prec$+ ! day ( election1 %all at su* election be entitl$ to vote = repres5tatives ( ! said c\nty 9 assembly1 if dur+ ! "t a=esaid he %all h be5 a freehold]1 possess+ a freehold ( ! value ( tw5ty p\nds1 )9 ! said c\nty1 or h r5t$ a t5em5t !re9 ( ! ye>ly value ( =ty %ill+s1 & be5 rat$ & actually paid taxes to ! ,/ate4 ,provid$ always1 ,t e p]son :o n[ is a freeman ( ! city ( ,albany1 or :o 0 made a freeman ( ! city ( ,new ,york1 on or be=e ! f\rte5? day ( ,octob]1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-five1 & %all be actually & usually resid5t 9 ! said cities respectively1 %all be entitl$ to vote = repres5tatives 9 assembly )9 8 place ( resid5ce4 ,! con/itution ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 7=m$ 9 #aggh17 uses ! ^w free 9 a s5se :i* may1 at fir/ ?\ght1 be suppos$ to be diff]5t f t 9 :i* x is us$ 9 ! prec$+ cases3 ,sec4 #ac4 ,! qualification ( electors %all be t e free :ite man1 & no o!r p]son1 c41 %all be deem$ a p]son qualifi$ to vote =1 & %all be capable ( be+ elect$ a repres5tative4 ,x may be suppos$ t "h ! ^w free is us$ z ! correlative ( slav]y2 t x presumes ! :ites to be free2 & t x !re=e implies t o!r p]sons ?an :ite may be slaves4 ,n s4 ,no o!r p>ts ( ! con/itution au?orize su* an inf]5ce2 & ! implication f ! words !mselves cle>ly is1 t "s :ite p]sons might n be free4 ,! di/9ction impli$ is betwe5 ^? :ite p]sons t 7 free1 & ^? t 7 n free4 ,if ?is 7 n ! di/9ction int5d$1 & if all :ite p]sons 7 free1 x w\ld h be5 suffici5t to h designat$ ! electors simply z :ite p]sons1 in/ead ( designat+ !m z bo? free & :ite4 ,if !re=e x 7 admitt$ t ! ^w free1 9 ?is in/ance1 7 us$ z ! correlative ( slaves1 ! implication w\ld be t "s :ite p]sons 71 or might be slaves4 ,!re is !re=e no alt]native b to give to ! ^w free1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! same mean+ t x has 9 ! con/itutions ( ,georgia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 #agjd ,s\? ,c>ol9a pass$ an act entitl$1 ,an act = mak+ ali5s ,,free ( ?is "p ( ! ,prov9ce4--,?is /atute rema9$ 9 =ce until #aghd1 :5 x 0 repeal$ by an act entitl$ ,an act to conf] ! "r ( citiz5%ip on ali5s#ag ,"o m example ( ?is use ( ! ^w freeman4 ,! con/itution ( ,connecticut1 adopt$ z late z #ahah1 has ?is provision3 ,art4 #f4 ,sec4 #a4 ,all p]sons :o h be51 or %all h]eaft]1 previ\s to ! ratification ( ?is con/itution1 be admitt$ freem51 accord+ to ! exi/+ laws ( ?is ,/ate1 %all be electors4 ,surely no o!r pro( c be necess>y ( ! mean+ ( ! words free & freeman1 z us$ 9 ! con/itutions exi/+ 9 #aghi2 or t ! use ( ^? words furni% no implication 9 support ( ei!r ! 'exi/5ce'1 or ! con/itutionality ( slav]y1 prior to ! adoption ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 t ye>4 ,i h f\nd1 9 none ( ! ,/ate con/itutions be=e m5tion$1 7exi/+ 9 #aghi17 any o!r evid5ce or intimation ( ! exi/5ce ( slav]y1 ?an t already comm5t$ ^u & refut$4 ,& if !re be no o!r1 !n x is cle> t slav]y _h no legal exi/5ce "u !m4 ,& !re 0 consequ5tly no con/itutional slav]y 9 ! c\ntry up to ! adoption ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,/ate ,con/itutions ( #aghi 7 adopt$ z foll[s3 ,georgia1 #aggg2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #aggh2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #aggf2 ,virg9ia1 #aggf2 ,m>yl&1 #aggf2 ,delaw>e1 #aggf2 ,p5nsylvania1 #aggf2 ,new ,j]sey1 #aggf2 ,new ,york1 #aggg2 ,massa*usetts1 #aghj2 ,new ,hamp%ire1 #aghc4 ,^! e>ly ,con/itutions ought to be collect$ & publi%$ ) appropriate notes4 ,footnote #ae3 ,s9ce t "t ! words free & freem5 h be5 gradually fall+ into disuse1 & ! ^w citiz5 be5 sub/itut$--d\btless = ! reason t x is n pleasant to our pride or our humanity to use words1 "o ( ^: significations s]ves to sugge/ a contra/ betwe5 ourselves & slaves4 ,footnote #af3 ,dallas's edition ( ! ,laws ( ,p5nsylvania1 vol4 #a1 ,app5dix1 page #be4 ,footnote #ag3 ,coop]'s edition ( ! ,laws ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 vols4 #b & #d4 ,ali5s1 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,articles ,,( ,,conf$]ation4 ,! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation1 7=m$ 9 #aggh17 conta9$ no recognition ( slav]y4 ,! only words 9 !m1 t c\ld be claim$ by any body z recogniz+ slav]y1 are ! foll[+1 9 ,art4 #d1 ,sec4 #a4 ,! bett] to secure & p]petuate mutual fri5d%ip & int]c\rse among ! p ( ! diff]5t ,/ates 9 ?is ,union1 ! free inhabitants ( ea* ( ^! ,/ates1 paup]s1 vagabonds & fugitives f ju/ice except$1 %all be entitl$ to all ! privileges & immunities ( free citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates2 & ! p ( ea* ,/ate %all h free +ress & regress to & f any o!r ,/ate1 & %all enjoy !re9 all ! privileges ( trade & comm]ce1 subject to ! same duties1 impositions & re/rictions1 z ! inhabitants !re( respectively4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ?is provision conta9s no legal recognition ( slav]y4 #a4 ,! true mean+ ( ! ^w free1 z us$ 9 ! ,engli% law1 9 ! colonial *>t]s1 & 9 ! ,/ate con/itutions up to ?is "t1 :5 appli$ to p]sons1 0 to describe citiz5s1 or p]sons possess$ ( fran*ises1 z di/+ui%$ f ali5s or p]sons n possess$ ( ! same fran*ises4 ,usage1 !n1 w\ld give ?is mean+ to ! ^w free 9 ?is section4 #b4 ,! rules ( law require t an innoc5t mean+ %\ld be giv5 to all words t w be> an innoc5t mean+4 #c4 ,! ,conf$]ation 0 a league betwe5 /ates 9 _! corporate capacity2 & n1 l ! con/itution1 a gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ! p 9 _! individual "*4 ,! conf$]ation1 !n1 be+ a league betwe5 /ates or corporations1 z su*1 ( c\rse recogniz$ no?+ 9 ! "* ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts except :at _! corporate *>t]s or /ate con/itutions au?oriz$4 ,& z none ( ! /ate con/itutions ( ! day recogniz$ slav]y1 ! conf$]ation ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts c\ld n ( c\rse recognize x4 ,c]ta9ly none ( its language c1 consi/5tly ) legal rules1 h su* a mean+ giv5 to x1 :5 x is susceptible ( ano!r t p]fectly accords ) ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 ! con/itutions ( ! /ates1 t 7 p>ties to ! league4 #d4 ,no o!r mean+ c be giv5 to ! ^w free 9 ?is case1 )\t mak+ ! s5t5ce an absurd1 or1 at lea/1 a fooli% & inconsi/5t "o4 ,= in/ance1--,! ^w free is jo9$ to ! ^w citiz54 ,:at reason c\ld !re be 9 apply+ ! t]m free to ! ^w citiz51 if ! ^w free 7 us$ z ! correlative ( slav]y8 ,su* an use ( ! ^w w\ld imply t "s ( ! citiz5s 71 or might be slaves--:i* w\ld be an absurdity4 ,b us$ 9 ! o!r s5se1 x implies only t "s citiz5s _h fran*ises n enjoy$ by o!rs2 su*1 p]haps1 z ! "r ( suffrage1 & ! "r ( be+ elect$ to (fice2 :i* fran*ises 7 only enjoy$ by a "p ( ! citiz5s4 ,all :o 7 born ( ,engli% p>5ts1 = in/ance1 7 citiz5s1 & entitl$ to ! protection ( ! gov]nm5t1 & fre$om ( trade & occupation1 c41 c41 & 9 ^! respects 7 di/+ui%$ f ali5s4--,yet a prop]ty qualification 0 necess>y1 9 "s1 if n all ! ,/ates1 to entitle ev5 su* to ! fran*ises ( suffrage1 & ( eligibility to (fice4 ,! t]ms free inhabitants & p 7 probably us$ z synonym\s ei!r ) free citiz5s1 or ) citiz5s n free--t is1 n possess+ ! fran*ises ( suffrage & eligibility to (fice4 ,mr4 ,madison1 9 ! #db;d ,no4 ( ! ,f$]ali/1 9 comm5t+ ^u ! p[] giv5 to ! g5]al gov]nm5t by ! new con/itution1 ( naturaliz+ ali5s1 ref]s to ?is clause 9 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation2 & takes x = grant$ t ! ^w free 0 us$ 9 t political s5se1 9 :i* ,i h suppos$ x to be us$--t is1 z di/+ui%+ citiz5s & ! inhabitants or p prop]1 f ali5s & p]sons n all[$ ! fran*ises enjoy$ by ! inhabitants & p ( ! ,/ates4--,ev5 ! privilege ( resid5ce he assumes to be a fran*ise entitl+ "o to ! d5om9ation ( free4 ,he says3 ,! dissimil>ity 9 ! rules ( naturalization1 7i4e4 9 ! rules e/abli%$ by ! sep>ate /ates1 = "u ! conf$]ation ea* /ate e/abli%$ its own rules ( naturalization17 has long be5 rem>k$ z a fault 9 our sy/em1 & z lay+ a f\ndation = intricate & delicate que/ions4 ,9 ! f\r? article ( conf$]ation1 x is decl>$1 't ! free inhabitants ( ea* ( ^! /ates1 paup]s1 vagabonds1 & fugitives f ju/ice except$1 %all be entitl$ to all ! privileges & immunities ( free citiz5s 9 ! sev]al /ates2 & ! p ( ea* /ate %all1 9 e o!r1 enjoy all ! privileges ( trade & comm]ce1' c4 ,!re is a confusion ( language "h1 :i* is rem>kable4 ,:y ! t]ms free inhabitants are us$ 9 "o "p ( ! article1 free citiz5s 9 ano!r1 & p 9 ano!r2 or :at 0 meant by sup]add+ to 'all privileges & immunities ( free citiz5s1' 'all ! privileges ( trade & comm]ce1' _c easily be det]m9$4 ,x seems to be a con/ruction sc>cely avoidable1 h[ev]1 t ^? :o come "u ! d5om9ation ( free inhabitants ( a /ate1 al?\gh n citiz5s ( su* /ate1 are entitl$1 9 e o!r /ate1 to all ! privileges ( free citiz5s ( ! latt]2 t is1 to great] privileges ?an !y may be entitl$ to 9 _! own /ate2 s t x may be 9 ! p[] ( a p>ticul> /ate1 or r e /ate is laid "u ! necessity1 n only to conf] ! rights ( citiz5%ip 9 o!r /ates ^u any :om x may admit to su* rights )9 itself1 b ^u any :om x may all[ to become inhabitants )9 its jurisdiction4 ,b 7 an exposition ( ! t]m 'inhabitant' to be admitt$1 :i* w\ld conf9e ! /ipulat$ privileges to citiz5s alone1 ! difficulty is dim9i%$ only1 n remov$4 ,! v improp] p[] w\ld /ill be reta9$ by ea* /ate1 ( naturaliz+ ali5s 9 e o!r /ate4 ,9 "o /ate1 resid5ce = a %ort "t conf]s all ! rights ( citiz5%ip2 9 ano!r1 qualifications ( great] importance are requir$4 ,an ali51 !re=e1 legally incapacitat$ = c]ta9 rights 9 ! latt]1 may1 by previ\s resid5ce only 9 ! =m]1 elude 8 incapacity1 & ?us ! law ( "o /ate be prepo/]\sly r5d]$ p>am\nt to ! laws ( ano!r1 )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! o!r4 ,we owe x to m]e casualty1 t v s]i\s emb>rassm5ts on ?is subject h be5 hi!rto escap$4 ,by ! laws ( sev]al /ates1 c]ta9 description ( ali5s1 :o _h r5d]$ !mselves obnoxi\s1 7 laid "u int]dicts inconsi/5t1 n only ) ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 b ) ! privileges ( resid5ce4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce1 if su* p]sons1 by resid5ce1 or o!rwise1 _h acquir$ ! "* ( citiz5s "u ! laws ( ano!r /ate1 & !n ass]t$ _! rights z su*1 bo? to resid5ce & citiz5%ip1 )9 ! /ate proscrib+ !m8 ,:atev] ! legal consequ5ces might h be51 o!r consequ5ces w\ld probably h result$ ( too s]i\s a nature1 n to be provid$ aga9/4 ,! new con/itution has accord+ly1 ) great propriety1 made provision aga9/ !m1 & all o!rs proce$+ f ! defect ( ! conf$]ation on ?is head1 by au?oriz+ ! g5]al gov]nm5t to e/abli% an uni=m rule ( naturalization ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?r\gh\t ?is :ole quotation ,mr4 ,madison obvi\sly takes x = grant$ t ! ^w free is us$ 9 ! articles ( conf$]ation1 z ! correlative ( ali5s4--,& 9 ?is respect he no d\bt correctly repres5ts ! mean+ !n giv5 to ! ^w by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& 9 ! clos+ s5t5ce ( ! quotation1 he virtually ass]ts t su* is ! mean+ ( ! ^w free 9 ! new con/itution4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,we come n[ to ! p]iod comm5c+ ) ! adoption ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we h already se5 t slav]y _h n be5 au?oriz$ or e/abli%$ by any ( ! fundam5tal con/itutions or *>t]s t _h exi/$ previ\s to ?is "t2 t x _h always be5 a m]e abuse su/a9$ by ! common cons5t ( ! /ronge/ p>ty1 9 defiance ( ! av[$ con/itutional pr9ciples ( _! gov]nm5ts4 ,& ! "q n[ is1 :e!r x 0 con/itutionally e/abli%$1 au?oriz$ or sanction$ by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,x is p]fectly cle>1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates did n1 ( itself1 create or e/abli% slav]y z a new in/itution2 or ev5 give any au?ority to ! /ate gov]nm5ts to e/abli% x z a new in/itution4--,! greate/ /ickl]s = slav]y d n claim ?is4 ,! mo/ !y claim is1 t x recogniz$ x z an in/itution already legally exi/+1 "u ! au?ority ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts2 & t x virtually gu>anti$ to ! /ates ! "r ( cont9u+ x 9 exi/5ce dur+ _! pleasure4 ,& ?is is really ! only "q aris+ out ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ?is subject1 viz3 :e!r x did ?us recognize & sanction slav]y z an exi/+ in/itution8 ,?is "q is1 9 reality1 answ]$ 9 ! negative by :at has already be5 %[n2 = if slav]y _h no con/itutional exi/5ce1 "u ! /ate con/itutions1 prior to ! adoption ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !n x is absolutely c]ta9 t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates did n recognize x z a con/itutional in/itution2 = x _c1 ( c\rse1 be pret5d$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution recogniz$1 z con/itutional1 any /ate in/itution t did n con/itutionally exi/4 ,ev5 if ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h int5d$ to recognize slav]y1 z a con/itutional /ate in/itution1 su* int5d$ recognition w\ld h fail$ ( effect1 & be5 legally void1 because slav]y !n _h no con/itutional exi/5ce to be recogniz$4 ,suppose1 = an illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple1 t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h1 by implication1 pla9ly tak5 x = grant$ t ! /ate legislatures _h p[]--d]iv$ f ! /ate con/itutions--to ord] arbitr>ily t infant *ildr51 or t m5 )\t ! *>ge ( crime1 %\ld be maim$--depriv$1 = in/ance1 ( a h&1 a foot1 or an eye4 ,?is int5d$ recognition1 on ! "p ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( ! legality ( su* a practice1 w\ld obvi\sly h fail$ ( all legal effect--w\ld h be5 m]e surplussage--if x %\ld appe>1 f an exam9ation ( ! /ate con/itutions !mselves1 t !y _h really conf]r$ no su* p[] ^u ! legislatures4 ,& ?is pr9ciple applies ) ! same =ce to laws t w\ld arbitr>ily make m5 or *ildr5 slaves1 z to laws t %\ld arbitr>ily ord] !m to be maim$ or murd]$4 ,we might "h safely re/ ! :ole "q--= no "o1 z has already be5 said1 pret5ds t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by its own au?ority1 creat$ or au?oriz$ slav]y z a new in/itution2 b only t x int5d$ to recognize x z "o already e/abli%$ by au?ority ( ! /ate con/itutions4 ,?is int5d$ recognition--if !re 7 any su*--be+ f\nd$ on an error z to :at ! /ate con/itutions really did au?orize1 necess>ily falls to ! gr\nd1 a defunct int5tion4 ,we make a /&1 !n1 at ?is po9t1 & insi/ t ! ma9 "q--! only mat]ial "q--is already decid$ aga9/ slav]y2 & t x is ( no consequ5ce :at recognition or sanction ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may h int5d$ to ext5d to x4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at its adoption1 c]ta9ly took effect ^u1 & made citiz5s ( all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o 7 n slaves "u ! /ate con/itutions4 ,no "o c d5y a proposition s self-evid5t z t4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,/ate con/itutions1 !n exi/+1 au?oriz$ no slav]y at all1 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates took effect ^u1 & made citiz5s ( all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )\t discrim9ation4 ,& if all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 made citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution1 at its adoption1 x 0 !n =ev] too late = ! /ate gov]nm5ts to r$uce any ( !m to slav]y4 ,!y 7 !nce=? citiz5s ( a high] gov]nm5t1 "u a con/itution t 0 ! supreme law ( ! l&1 any ?+ 9 ! con/itution or laws ( ! /ates to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,if ! /ate gov]nm5ts c\ld enslave citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! /ate con/itutions1 & n ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld be ! supreme law ( ! l&--= no high] act ( supremacy c\ld be ex]cis$ by "o gov]nm5t ov] ano!r1 ?an t ( tak+ ! citiz5s ( ! latt] out ( ! protection ( _! gov]nm5t1 & r$uc+ !m to slav]y4 ,,secondly4 ,al?\gh we might /op--we yet d n *oose to /op--at ! po9t la/ sugge/$4 ,we w n[ g fur!r1 & attempt to %[1 specifically f its provisions1 t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n only does n recognize or sanction slav]y1 z a legal in/itution1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x presumes all m5 to be free2 t x positively d5ies ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man2 & t x1 ( itself1 makes x impossible = slav]y to h a legal exi/5ce 9 any ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! fir/ place--al?\gh ! ass]tion is con/antly made1 & r>ely d5i$1 yet x is palpably a m]e begg+ ( ! :ole "q 9 favor ( slav]y1 to say t ! con/itution int5d$ to sanction x2 = if x int5d$ to sanction x1 x did !reby necess>ily sanction x1 7t is1 if slav]y !n _h any con/itutional exi/5ce to be sanction$47 ,! int5tions ( ! con/itution are ! only means :]eby x sanctions any ?+4 ,& its int5tions necess>ily sanction ev]y?+ to :i* !y apply1 & :i*1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 !y are compet5t to sanction4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t ! con/itution int5d$ to sanction slav]y1 is ! same z to say t x did sanction x2 :i* is begg+ ! :ole "q1 & sub/itut+ m]e ass]tion = pro(4 ,:y1 !n1 d n m5 say di/9ctly1 t ! con/itution did sanction slav]y1 in/ead ( say+ t x int5d$ to sanction x8 ,we are n accu/om$ to use ! ^w int5tion1 :5 speak+ ( ! o!r grants & sanctions ( ! con/itution4 ,we d n say1 = example1 t ! con/itution int5d$ to au?orize congress to co9 money1 b t x did au?orize !m to co9 x4 ,nor d we say t x int5d$ to au?orize !m to decl>e w>2 b t x did au?orize !m to decl>e x4 ,x w\ld be silly & *ildi% to say m]ely t x int5d$ to au?orize !m to co9 money1 & to decl>e w>1 :5 ! language au?oriz+ !m to d s1 is full1 explicit & positive4 ,:y1 !n1 9 ! case ( slav]y1 d m5 say m]ely t ! con/itution int5d$ to sanction x1 in/ead ( say+ di/9ctly1 z we d 9 ! o!r cases1 t x did sanction x8 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,if !y 7 to say unequivocally t x did sanction x1 !y w\ld lay !mselves "u ! necessity ( po9t+ to ! words t sanction x2 & !y are aw>e t ! words alone ( ! con/itution d n come up to t po9t4 ,!y1 !re=e1 ass]t simply t ! con/itution int5d$ to sanction x2 & !y !n attempt to support ! ass]tion by quot+ c]ta9 words & phrases1 :i* !y say are capable ( cov]+1 or r ( conceal+ su* an int5tion2 & !n by ! aid ( ext]ior1 circum/antial & hi/orical evid5ce1 !y attempt to en=ce ^u ! m9d ! conclusion t1 z matt] ( fact1 su* 0 ! int5tion ( ^? :o draft$ ! con/itution2 & !nce !y f9ally inf] t su* 0 ! int5tion ( ! con/itution itself4 ,! error & fraud ( ?is :ole proc$ure--& x is "o purely ( error & fraud--consi/s 9 ?is--t x artfully sub/itutes ! suppos$ int5tions ( ^? :o draft$ ! con/itution1 = ! int5tions ( ! con/itution itself2 &1 secondly1 x p]sonifies ! con/itution z a crafty individual2 capable ( bo? op5 & secret int5tions2 capable ( legally p>ticipat+ 91 & giv+ effect to all ! subtleties & d\ble deal+ ( knavi% m52 & z actually int5d+ to secure slav]y1 :ile op5ly pr(ess+ to secure & e/abli% lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,x p]sonifies ! con/itution z an individual capable ( hav+ private & crim9al int5tions1 :i* x d>e n di/9ctly av[1 b only d>kly h9t at1 by ! use ( words ( an indef9ite1 unc]ta9 & d\ble mean+1 ^: application is to be ga!r$ f ext]nal circum/ances4 ,! falsehood ( all ^! imag9+s is app>5t1 ! mom5t x is consid]$ t ! con/itution is n a p]son1 ( :om an int5tion1 n legally express$1 c be ass]t$2 t x has none ( ! v>i\s & selfi% passions & motives ( action1 :i* sometimes prompt m5 to ! practice ( duplicity & disguise2 t x is m]ely a writt5 legal in/rum5t2 t1 z su*1 x mu/ h a fix$1 & n a d\ble mean+2 t x is made up entirely ( intelligible words2 & t x has1 & c h1 no s\l1 no int5tions1 no motives1 no be+1 no p]sonality1 except :at ^? words alone express or imply4 ,its int5tions are no?+ m nor less ?an ! legal mean+ ( its words4 ,its int5tions are no guide to its legal mean+--z ! advocates ( slav]y all assume2 b its legal mean+ is ! sole guide to its int5tions4 ,?is di/9ction is all important to be obs]v$2 = if we c gratuit\sly assume ! int5tions ( a legal in/rum5t to be :at we may wi% !m to be1 & c !n /ra9 or p]v]t ! ord9>y mean+ ( its words1 9 ord] to make !m utt] ^? int5tions1 we c make any ?+ we *oose ( any legal in/rum5t :atev]4 ,! legal mean+ ( ! words ( an in/rum5t is1 !re=e1 necess>ily our only guide to its int5tions4 ,9 asc]ta9+ ! legal mean+ ( ! words ( ! con/itution1 ^! rules ( law1 7! reasons ( :i* w be m fully expla9$ h]eaft]17 are vital to be borne con/antly 9 m9d1 viz3 #a/1 t no int5tion 9 violation ( natural ju/ice & natural "r1 7l t to sanction slav]y17 c be ascrib$ to ! con/itution1 unless t int5tion be express$ 9 t]ms t are legally compet5t to express su* an int5tion2 &1 #b;d1 t no t]ms1 except ^? t are pl5>y1 express1 explicit1 di/9ct1 unequivocal1 & to :i* no o!r mean+ c be giv51 are legally compet5t to au?orize or sanction any ?+ contr>y to natural "r4 ,! rule ( law is mat]ially diff]5t z to ! t]ms necess>y to legalize & sanction any ?+ contr>y to natural "r1 & ^? necess>y to legalize ?+s t are consi/5t ) natural "r4 ,! latt] may be sanction$ by implication & inf]5ce2 ! =m] only by inevitable implication1 or by language t is full1 def9ite1 express1 explicit1 unequivocal1 & ^: unavoidable import is to sanction ! specific wrong int5d$4 ,to ass]t1 !re=e1 t ! con/itution int5d$ to sanction slav]y1 is1 9 reality1 equival5t to ass]t+ t ! necess>y mean+1 ! unavoidable import ( ! words alone ( ! con/itution1 come fully up to ! po9t ( a cle>1 def9ite1 di/9ct1 express1 explicit1 unequivocal1 necess>y & p]emptory sanction ( ! specific ?+1 human slav]y1 prop]ty 9 man4 ,if ! necess>y import ( its words alone d b fall an iota %ort ( ?is po9t1 ! in/rum5t gives1 &1 legally speak+1 int5d$ to give no legal sanction to slav]y4 ,n[1 :o c1 9 good fai?1 say t ! words alone ( ! con/itution come up to ?is po9t8 ,no "o1 :o kn[s any ?+ ( law1 & ! mean+ ( words4 ,n ev5 ! "n ( ! ?+1 alleg$ to be sanction$1 is giv54 ,! con/itution itself conta9s no designation1 description1 or necess>y admission ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ z slav]y1 s]vitude1 or ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man4 ,we are oblig$ to g out ( ! in/rum5t1 & grope among ! records ( oppression1 lawlessness & crime--records unm5tion$1 & ( c\rse unsanction$ by ! con/itution--to f9d ! ?+1 to :i* x is said t ! words ( ! con/itution apply4 ,& :5 we h f\nd ?is ?+1 :i* ! con/itution d>e n "n1 we f9d t ! con/itution has sanction$ x1 7if at all17 only by enigmatical words1 by unnecess>y implication & inf]5ce1 by inu5do & d\ble ent5dre1 & "u a "n t entirely fails ( describ+ ! ?+4 ,e body mu/ admit t ! con/itution itself conta9s no language1 f :i* alone any c\rt1 t 7 ei!r /rang]s to ! prior exi/5ce ( slav]y1 or t did n assume its prior exi/5ce to be legal1 c\ld legally decide t ! con/itution sanction$ x4 ,& ?is is ! true te/ = det]m9+ :e!r ! con/itution does1 or does n1 sanction slav]y1 viz3 :e!r a c\rt ( law1 /rang]s to ! prior exi/5ce ( slav]y1 or n assum+ its prior exi/5ce to be legal--look+ only at ! nak$ language ( ! in/rum5t--c\ld1 consi/5tly ) legal rules1 judicially det]m9e t x sanction$ slav]y4 ,e lawy]1 :o at all des]ves t "n1 kn[s t ! claim = slav]y c\ld /& no su* te/4 ,! fact is palpable1 t ! con/itution conta9s no su* legal sanction2 t x is only by unnecess>y implication & inf]5ce1 by inu5do & d\ble-ent5dre1 by ! aid ( ext]ior evid5ce1 ! assumption ( ! prior legality ( slav]y1 & ! gratuit\s imputation ( crim9al int5tions t are n av[$ 9 legal t]ms1 t any sanction ( slav]y1 7z a legal in/itution17 c be extort$ f x4 ,b legal rules ( int]pretation entirely =bid & disall[ all su* implications1 inf]5ces1 inu5dos & d\ble-ent5dre1 all aid ( ext]ior evid5ce1 all assumptions ( ! prior legality ( slav]y1 & all gratuit\s imputations ( crim9al unexpress$ int5tions2 & consequ5tly compel u to come back to ! lett] ( ! in/rum5t1 & f9d !re a di/9ct1 cle>1 necess>y1 p]emptory sanction = slav]y1 or to surr5d] ! po9t4 ,to ! unpr(essional read] ^! rules ( int]pretation w appe> /r+5t1 & p]haps unreasonable & uns\nd4 ,= 8 b5efit1 !re=e1 ! reasons on :i* !y are f\nd$1 w be giv54 ,& he is reque/$ to fix bo? ! reasons & ! rules fully 9 8 m9d1 inasmu* z ! :ole legal mean+ ( ! con/itution1 9 reg>d to slav]y1 may p]haps be f\nd to turn ^u ! con/ruction :i* ^! rules fix ^u its language4 ,b be=e giv+ ! reasons ( ?is rule1 let u (f] a few rem>ks 9 reg>d to legal rules ( int]pretation 9 g5]al4 ,_m p]sons appe> to h ! idea t ^! rules h no f\ndation 9 reason1 ju/ice or necessity2 t !y are little else ?an :imsical & absurd conceits1 arbitr>ily adopt$ by ! c\rts4 ,no idea c be m errone\s ?an ?is4 ,! rules are absolutely indisp5sable to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ju/ice aris+ out ( any class ( legal in/rum5ts :atev]--:e!r ! in/rum5ts be simple contracts betwe5 man & man1 or /atutes enact$ by legislatures1 or fundam5tal compacts or con/itutions ( gov]nm5t agre$ ^u by ! p at l>ge4 ,9 reg>d to all ^! in/rum5ts1 ! law fixes1 & necess>ily mu/ fix _! mean+2 & = ! obvi\s reason1 t o!rwise _! mean+ c\ld n be fix$ at all4 ,! p>ties to ! simple/ contract may disagree1 or pret5d to disagree1 z to its mean+1 & ( c\rse z to _! respective rights "u x4 ,! diff]5t memb]s ( a legislative body1 :o vote = a p>ticul> /atute1 may h diff]5t int5tions 9 vot+ = x1 & may !re=e diff]1 or pret5d to diff]1 z to its mean+4 ,! p ( a nation may e/abli% a compact ( gov]nm5t4 ,! motives ( "o portion may be to e/abli% lib]ty1 equality & ju/ice2 & !y may ?9k1 or pret5d to ?9k t ! words us$ 9 ! in/rum5t convey t idea4 ,! motives ( ano!r portion may be to e/abli% ! slav]y or subord9ation ( "o "p ( ! p1 & ! sup]iority or arbitr>y p[] ( ! o!r "p2 & !y may ?9k1 or pret5d to ?9k1 t ! language agre$ ^u by ! :ole au?orizes su* a gov]nm5t4 ,9 all ^! cases1 unless !re 7 "s rules ( law1 applicable alike to all in/rum5ts1 & compet5t to settle _! mean+1 _! mean+ c\ld n be settl$2 & individuals w\ld ( necessity lose _! rights "u !m4 ,! law1 !re=e1 fixes _! mean+2 & ! rules by :i* x does s1 are f\nd$ 9 ! same ju/ice1 reason1 necessity & tru?1 z are o!r legal pr9ciples1 & are = t reason z inflexible z any o!r legal pr9ciples :atev]4 ,!y are also simple1 intelligible1 natural1 obvi\s4 ,e body are presum$ to "k !m1 z !y are presum$ to "k any o!r legal pr9ciples4 ,no "o is all[$ to plead ignorance ( !m1 any m ?an ( any o!r pr9ciple ( law4 ,all p]sons & p are presum$ to h fram$ _! contracts1 /atutes & con/itutions ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,& if !y h n done s--if !y h said black :5 !y meant :ite1 & "o ?+ :5 !y meant ano!r1 !y mu/ abide ! consequ5ces4 ,! law w presume t !y meant :at !y said4 ,no "o1 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 c claim any rights f\nd$ on a con/ruction diff]5t f t :i* ^! rules w\ld give to ! contract1 /atute1 or con/itution1 "u :i* he claims4 ,! judici>y _c dep>t f ^! rules1 = two reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! rules embody 9 !mselves pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 reason & tru?2 & are !re=e z necess>ily law z any o!r pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 reason & tru?2 &1 secondly1 because if !y c\ld lawfully dep>t f !m 9 "o case1 !y might 9 ano!r1 at _! own caprice4 ,c\rts c\ld ?us at pleasure become despotic2 all c]ta9ty z to ! legal mean+ ( in/rum5ts w\ld be de/roy$2 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 accord+ to ! true mean+ ( contracts1 /atutes & con/itutions1 w\ld be r5d]$ impossible4 ,:at1 !n1 are "s ( ^! rules ( int]pretation8 ,"o ( !m1 7z has be5 be=e /at$17 is1 t :]e words are susceptible ( two mean+s1 "o consi/5t1 & ! o!r inconsi/5t1 ) ju/ice & natural "r1 t mean+1 & only t mean+1 :i* is consi/5t ) "r1 %all be attribut$ to !m--unless o!r p>ts ( ! in/rum5t ov]rule t int]pretation4 ,ano!r rule1 7if inde$ x be n ! same17 is1 t no language1 except t :i* is p]emptory1 & no implication1 except "o t is inevitable1 %all be held to au?orize or sanction any ?+ contr>y to natural "r4 ,ano!r rule is1 t no extrane\s or hi/orical evid5ce %all be admitt$ to fix ^u a /atute an unju/ or immoral mean+1 :5 ! words !mselves ( ! act are susceptible ( an innoc5t "o4 ,"o ( ! reasons ( ^! /r+5t & inflexible rules1 d\btless is1 t judges h always kn[n t1 9 po9t ( fact1 natural ju/ice 0 itself law1 & t no?+ inconsi/5t ) x c\ld be made law1 ev5 by ! mo/ explicit & p]emptory language t legislatures c\ld employ4--,b judges h always1 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&1 be5 dep5d5t ^u ! executive & ! legislature = _! appo9tm5ts & sal>ies1 & be5 am5able to ! legislature by impea*m5t4 ,& z ! executive & legislature h always enact$ m or less /atutes1 & _h m or less purposes to accompli%1 t 7 inconsi/5t ) natural "r1 judges h se5 t x w\ld be impossible = !m to reta9 _! (fices1 & at ! same "t ma9ta9 ! integrity ( ! law aga9/ ! w ( ^? 9 ^: p[] !y 74 ,x is natural also t ! executive %\ld appo9t1 & t ! legislature %\ld approve ! appo9tm5t ( no "o = ! (fice ( judge1 ^: integrity !y %\ld suppose w\ld /& 9 ! way ( _! purposes4--,! consequ5ce has be5 t all judges1 7probably )\t exception17 ?\gh !y h n d>$ d5y1 h yet 9 practice yield$ ! vital pr9ciple ( law2 & h succumb$ to ! arbitr>y m&ates ( ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 s f> z to c>ry out _! enactm5ts1 ?\gh inconsi/5t ) natural "r4 ,b1 z if s5sible ( ! degradation & crim9ality ( s do+1 !y h made a /& at ! fir/ po9t at :i* !y c\ld make x1 )\t br++ !mselves 9 a direct collision ) ^? on :om !y 7 dep5d5t4 ,& t po9t is1 t !y w adm9i/]1 z law1 no /atute1 t is contr>y to natural "r1 unless its language be s explicit & p]emptory1 t !re is no way ( evad+ its au?ority1 b by flatly d5y+ ! au?ority ( ^? :o enact$ x4 ,!y 7! c\rt7 w !mselves add no?+ to ! language ( ! /atute1 to help out its suppos$ mean+4 ,!y w imply no?+1 inf] no?+1 & assume no?+1 except :at is inevitable2 !y w n g out ( ! lett] ( ! /atute 9 se>* ( any hi/orical evid5ce z to ! mean+ ( ! legislature1 to enable !m to effectuate any unju/ int5tions n fully express$ by ! /atute itself4 ,:]ev] a /atute is suppos$ to h 9 view ! accompli%m5t ( any unju/ end1 !y w apply ! mo/ /r+5t pr9ciples ( con/ruction to prev5t t object's be+ effect$4 ,!y w n g a hair's bread? beyond ! lit]al or inevitable import ( ! words ( ! /atute1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld be consci\s1 all ! :ile1 t ! real int5tions ( ! mak]s ( x w\ld be entirely defeat$ by _! refusal4 ,! rule1 7z has be5 already /at$17 is laid d[n by ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ^! words3 ,:]e rights are infr+$1 :]e fundam5tal pr9ciples are ov]?r[n1 :]e ! g5]al sy/em ( ! law is dep>t$ f1 ! legislative int5tion mu/ be express$ ) irresi/ible cle>ness1 to induce a c\rt ( ju/ice to suppose a design to effect su* objects4--7,unit$ ,/ates vs4 ,fi%] et al41 #b ,cran*1 #cij47ah ,su* has become ! settl$ doctr9e ( c\rts4 ,& al?\gh x does n come up to ! true /&>d ( law1 yet x is good 9 itself1 s f> z x goes1 & ought to be unfl9*+ly adh]$ to1 n m]ely = its own sake1 b also z a scaffold+1 f :i* to erect t high] /&>d ( law1 to wit1 t no language or au?ority :atev] c legalize any ?+ inconsi/5t ) natural ju/ice4#ai ,ano!r reason = ! rules be=e giv51 aga9/ all con/ructions1 implications & inf]5ces--except inevitable ones--9 favor ( inju/ice1 is1 t b = !m we %\ld h no gu>anty t our hone/ contracts1 or hone/ laws w\ld be hone/ly adm9i/]$ by ! judici>y4 ,x w\ld be ne>ly or q impossible = m51 9 fram+ _! contracts or laws1 to use language s z to exclude e possible implication 9 favor ( wrong1 if c\rts 7 all[$ to resort to su* implications4 ,! law !re=e excludes !m2 t is1 ! ends ( ju/ice--! security ( m5's rights "u _! hone/ contracts1 & "u hone/ legislative enactm5ts--make x imp]ative ^u c\rts ( ju/ice to ascribe an innoc5t & hone/ mean+ to all language t w possibly be> an innoc5t & hone/ mean+4 ,if c\rts ( ju/ice c\ld dep>t f ?is rule = ! purpose ( uphold+ :at 0 contr>y to natural "r1 & c\ld employ _! +5uity 9 spy+ out "s impli$ or inf]r$ au?ority1 = sanction+ :at 0 9 itself di%one/ or unju/1 :5 su* 0 n ! necess>y mean+ ( ! language us$1 !re c\ld be no security :atev] = ! hone/ adm9i/ration ( hone/ laws1 or ! hone/ fulfilm5t ( m5's hone/ contracts4 ,ne>ly all language1 on ! mean+ ( :i* c\rts adjudicate1 w\ld be liable1 at ! caprice ( ! c\rt1 to be p]v]t$ f ! fur!rance ( hone/1 to ! support ( di%one/ purposes4 ,judges c\ld con/rue /atutes & contracts 9 favor ( ju/ice or inju/ice1 z _! own pleasure might dictate4 ,ano!r reason ( ! rules1 is1 t z gov]nm5ts h1 & c h no legitimate objects or p[]s oppos$ to ju/ice & natural "r1 x w\ld be treason to all ! legitimate purposes ( gov]nm5t1 = ! judici>y to give any o!r ?an an hone/ & innoc5t mean+ to any language1 t w\ld be> su* a con/ruction4 ,! same reasons t =bid ! all[ance ( any unnecess>y implication or inf]5ce 9 favor ( a wrong1 9 ! con/ruction ( a /atute1 =bids also ! introduction ( any extrane\s or hi/orical evid5ce to prove t ! int5tions ( ! legislature 7 to sanction or au?orize a wrong4 ,! same rules ( con/ruction1 t apply to /atutes1 apply also to all ^? private contracts betwe5 man & man1 :i* c\rts actually en=ce4 ,b z x is bo? ! "r & ! duty ( c\rts to invalidate altoge!r su* private contracts z are inconsi/5t ) ju/ice1 !y w admit evid5ce ext]ior to _! words1 if (f]$ by a def5dant = ! purpose ( invalidat+ !m4 ,at ! same "t1 a pla9tiff1 or p>ty t wi%es to set up a contract1 or t claims its fulfilm5t1 w n be all[$ to (f] any evid5ce ext]ior to its words1 to prove t ! contract is contr>y to ju/ice--because1 if 8 evid5ce 7 admitt$1 x w\ld n make 8 unju/ claim a legal "o2 b only invalidate x altoge!r4 ,b z c\rts d n claim ! "r ( invalidat+ /atutes & con/itutions1 !y w n admit evid5ce1 ext]ior to _! language1 to give !m su* a mean+1 t !y ought to be invalidat$4 ,i ?9k no "o--no lawy]1 c]ta9ly--w n[ d5y t x is a legal rule ( int]pretation--t mu/ be appli$ to all /atutes1 & also to all private contracts t are to be en=c$--t an innoc5t mean+1 & no?+ beyond an innoc5t mean+1 mu/ be giv5 to all language t w possibly be> su* a mean+4 ,all w probably admit t ! rule1 z laid d[n by ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is correct1 to wit1 t :]e rights are infr+$1 :]e fundam5tal pr9ciples are ov]?r[n1 :]e ! g5]al sy/em ( ! law is dep>t$ f1 ! legislative int5tion mu/ be express$ ) irresi/ible cle>ness1 to induce a c\rt ( ju/ice to suppose a design to effect su* objects4 ,b p]haps x w be said t ^! rules1 :i* apply to all /atutes1 & to all private contracts t are to be en=c$1 d n apply to ! con/itution4 ,& :y d !y n8 ,no reason :atev] c be giv54 ,a con/itution is no?+ b a contract1 ent]$ into by ! mass ( ! p1 in/ead ( a few individuals4 ,?is contract ( ! p at l>ge becomes a law unto ! judici>y t adm9i/] x1 j z private contracts1 7s f> z !y are consi/5t ) natural "r17 are laws unto ! tribunals t adjudicate ^u !m4 ,all ! ess5tial pr9ciples t ent] into ! "q ( obligation1 9 ! case ( a private contract1 or a legislative enactm5t1 ent] equally into ! "q ( ! obligation ( a contract agre$ to by ! :ole mass ( ! p4 ,?is is too self-evid5t to ne$ illu/ration4 ,besides1 is x n z important to ! safety & rights ( all int]e/$1 t a con/itution or compact ( gov]nm5t1 e/abli%$ by a :ole p1 %\ld be s con/ru$ z to promote ! ends ( ju/ice1 z x is t a private contract or a legislative enactm5t %\ld be ?us con/ru$8 ,is x n z necess>y t "s *eck %\ld be impos$ ^u ! judici>y to prev5t !m f p]v]t+1 at pleasure1 ! :ole purpose & "* ( ! gov]nm5t1 z x is t !y %\ld be re/ra9$ f p]v]t+ ! mean+ ( a private contract1 or a legislative enactm5t8 ,obvi\sly writt5 compacts ( gov]nm5t c\ld n be upheld = a day1 if x 7 und]/ood by ! mass ( ! p t ! judici>y 7 at lib]ty to int]pret !m accord+ to _! own pleasure1 in/ead ( _! be+ re/ra9$ by su* rules z h n[ be5 laid d[n4 ,let u n[ look at "s ( ! provisions ( ! con/itution1 & see :at crimes might be held to be au?oriz$ by !m1 if _! mean+ 7 n to be asc]ta9$ & re/rict$ by su* rules ( int]pretation z apply to all o!r legal in/rum5ts4 ,! second am5dm5t to ! con/itution decl>es t ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,?is "r to keep & be> arms1 implies ! "r to use !m--z mu* z a provision secur+ to ! p ! "r to buy & keep food1 w\ld imply _! "r also to eat x4 ,b ?is impli$ "r to use arms1 is only a "r to use !m 9 a mann] consi/5t ) natural rights--z1 = example1 9 def5ce ( life1 lib]ty1 *a/ity1 c4 ,"h is an innoc5t & j mean+1 ( :i* ! words are susceptible2 & su* is !re=e ! ext5t ( _! legal mean+4 ,if c\rts c\ld g beyond ! innoc5t & necess>y mean+ ( ! words1 & imply or inf] f !m an au?ority = any?+ contr>y to natural "r1 !y c\ld imply a con/itutional au?ority 9 ! p to use arms1 n m]ely = ! j & innoc5t purposes ( def5ce1 b also = ! crim9al purposes ( aggression--= purposes ( murd]1 robb]y1 or any o!r acts ( wrong to :i* arms are capable ( be+ appli$4 ,! m]e v]bal implication w\ld z mu* au?orize ! p to use arms = unju/1 z = j1 purposes4 ,b ! legal implication gives only an au?ority = _! innoc5t use4 ,& :y8 ,simply because ju/ice is ! end ( all law--! legitimate end ( all compacts ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is itself law2 & !re is no "r or p[] among m5 to de/roy its obligation4 ,take ano!r case4 ,! con/itution decl>es t ,congress %all h p[] to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al /ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes4 ,?is p[] has be5 held by ! supreme c\rt to be an exclusive "o 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t--& "o t _c be controll$ by ! /ates4 ,yet x gives congress no con/itutional au?ority to legalize any comm]ce inconsi/5t ) natural ju/ice betwe5 man & man2 al?\gh ! m]e v]bal import ( ! words1 if /ret*$ to _! utmo/ t5sion 9 favor ( ! wrong1 w\ld au?orize congress to legalize a comm]ce 9 poisons & deadly weapons1 = ! express purpose ( hav+ !m us$ 9 a mann] inconsi/5t ) natural "r--z = ! purposes ( murd]4 ,at natural law1 & on pr9ciples ( natural "r1 a p]son1 :o %\ld sell to ano!r a weapon or a poison1 kn[+ t x w\ld1 or int5d+ t x %\ld be us$ = ! purpose ( murd]1 w\ld be legally an access>y to ! murd] t %\ld be committ$ ) x4 ,& if ! grant to congress ( a p[] to regulate comm]ce1 c be /ret*$ beyond ! innoc5t mean+ ( ! words--beyond ! p[] ( regulat+ & au?oriz+ a comm]ce t is consi/5t ) natural ju/ice--& be made to cov] e ?+1 intr9sically crim9al1 t c be p]petrat$ "u ! "n ( comm]ce--!n congress h ! au?ority ( ! con/itution = grant+ to individuals ! lib]ty ( br++ weapons & poisons f =eign nations into ?is1 & f "o /ate into ano!r1 & sell+ !m op5ly = ! express purposes ( murd]1 )\t any liability to legal re/ra9t or puni%m5t4 ,c any /rong] cases ?an ^! be requir$ to prove ! necessity1 ! s\ndness1 & ! inflexibility ( t rule ( law1 :i* requires ! judici>y to ascribe an innoc5t mean+ to all language t w possibly be> an innoc5t mean+8 & to ascribe only an innoc5t mean+ to language ^: m]e v]bal import might be susceptible ( bo? an innoc5t & crim9al mean+8 ,if ?is rule ( int]pretation c\ld be dep>t$ f1 !re is h>dly a p[] grant$ to congress1 t might n lawfully be p]v]t$ into an au?ority = legaliz+ crimes ( ! highe/ grade4 ,9 ! light ( ^! pr9ciples1 !n1 let u exam9e ^? clauses ( ! con/itution1 t are reli$ on z recogniz+ & sanction+ slav]y4 ,!y are b ?ree 9 numb]4 ,! "o mo/ frequ5tly quot$ is ! ?ird clause ( ,art4 #d1 ,sec4 #b1 9 ^! words3 ,no p]son1 held to s]vice or labor 9 "o /ate1 "u ! laws !re(1 escap+ into ano!r1 %all 9 consequ5ce ( any law or regulation !re91 be dis*>g$ f su* s]vice or labor2 b %all be deliv]$ up on claim ( ! p>ty to :om su* s]vice or labor may be due4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ?is clause r5d]s no sanction to slav]y4 #a4 ,x mu/ be con/ru$1 if possible1 z sanction+ no?+ contr>y to natural "r4 ,if !re be any s]vice or labor :atev]1 to :i* any p]sons :atev] may be held1 consi/5tly ) natural "r1 & :i* any p]son may1 consi/5tly ) natural "r1 claim z 8 due ( ano!r1 su* s]vice or labor1 & only su*1 is recogniz$ & sanction$ by ?is provision4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to det]m9e :e!r ! s]vice or labor1 t is exact$ ( a slave1 is su* z c be claim$1 consi/5tly ) natural "r1 z be+ due f him to 8 ma/]4 ,& if x _c be1 "s o!r s]vice or labor mu/1 if possible1 be f\nd = ?is clause to apply to4 ,! prop] def9ition ( ! ^w s]vice1 9 ?is case1 obvi\sly is1 ! labor ( a s]vant4 ,& we f9d1 t at & be=e ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 ! p]sons recogniz$ by ! /ate laws z s]vants1 con/itut$ a num]\s class4 ,! /atute books ( ! /ates ab\nd$ ) /atutes 9 reg>d to s]vants4 ,_m seem to h be5 ind5t$ z s]vants by ! public au?orities1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ suppos$ incompet5t1 by reason ( y\? & pov]ty1 to provide = !mselves4 ,_m 7 d\btless ind5t$ z appr5tices by _! p>5ts & gu>dians1 z n[4 ,! ,engli% laws recogniz$ a class ( s]vants--& _m p]sons 7 br\ght "h f ,engl&1 9 t "*1 & reta9$ t "* aft]w>d4 ,_m ind5t$ or contract$ !mselves z s]vants = ! paym5t ( _! passage money to ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ^! v>i\s ways1 ! class ( p]sons1 recogniz$ by ! /atute books ( ! /ates z s]vants1 0 v num]\s2 & =m$ a prom95t subject ( legislation4 ,inde$1 no o!r evid5ce ( _! numb] is necess>y ?an ! s+le fact1 t p]sons b\nd to s]vice = a t]m ( ye>s1 7 specially notic$ by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7,art4 #a1 ,sec4 #b17 :i* requires t !y be c\nt$ z units 9 mak+ up ! basis ( repres5tation4 ,!re is !re=e n ! slighte/ apology = pret5d+ t !re 0 n a suffici5t class = ! words s]vice or labor to ref] to1 )\t suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( slaves4#bj #b4 ,held to s]vice or labor1 is no legal description ( slav]y4 ,slav]y is prop]ty 9 man4 ,x is n necess>ily att5d$ ) ei!r s]vice or labor4 ,a v consid]able portion ( ! slaves are ei!r too "y1 too old1 too sick1 or too refractory to r5d] s]vice or labor4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 slaves1 :o are able to labor1 may1 9 g5]al1 be compell$ by _! ma/]s to d s4 ,yet labor is n an ess5tial or necess>y condition ( slav]y4 ,! ess5ce ( slav]y consi/s 9 a p]son's be+ own$ z prop]ty--)\t any ref]5ce to ! circum/ances ( 8 be+ compell$ to labor1 or ( 8 be+ p]mitt$ to live 9 idl5ess1 or ( 8 be+ too "y1 or too old1 or too sick to labor4 ,if s]vice or labor 7 ei!r a te/1 or a necess>y att5dant ( slav]y1 t te/ w\ld ( itself aboli% slav]y2 because all slaves1 be=e !y c r5d] s]vice or labor1 mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( infancy1 :5 !y c\ld r5d] nei!r s]vice nor labor1 & :51 !re=e1 accord+ to ?is te/1 !y 7 free4 ,& if !y 7 free 9 infancy1 !y c\ld n be subsequ5tly enslav$4 #c4 ,held to s]vice or labor 9 "o /ate1 "u ! laws !re(4 ,! laws take no note ( ! fact :e!r a slave labors1 or n4 ,!y recognize no obligation1 on 8 "p1 to labor4 ,!y w en=ce no claim ( a ma/]1 ^u 8 slave1 = s]vice or labor4 ,if ! slave refuse to labor1 ! law w n int]f]e to compel him4 ,! law simply recognizes ! ma/]'s "r ( prop]ty 9 ! slave--j z x recognizes 8 "r ( prop]ty 9 a horse4 ,hav+ done t1 x leaves ! ma/] to compel ! slave1 if he please1 & if he c--z he w\ld compel a horse--to labor4 ,if ! ma/] d n please1 or be n able1 to compel ! slave to labor1 ! law takes no m cognizance ( ! case ?an x does ( ! conduct ( a refractory horse4 ,9 %ort1 x recognizes no obligation1 on ! "p ( ! slave1 to labor1 if he c avoid do+ s4 ,x recognizes no claim1 on ! "p ( ! ma/]1 ^u 8 slave1 = s]vices or labor1 z due f ! latt] to ! =m]4 #d4 ,nei!r s]vice nor labor is necess>ily slav]y2 & n be+ necess>ily slav]y1 ! words _c1 9 ?is case1 be /ra9$ beyond _! necess>y mean+1 to make !m sanction a wrong4 ,! law w n all[ words to be /ra9$ a hair's bread? beyond _! necess>y mean+1 to make !m au?orize a wrong4 ,! /ret*+1 if !re be any1 mu/ always be t[>ds ! "r4 ,! words s]vice or labor d n necess>ily1 nor 9 _! common acceptation1 s mu* z sugge/ ! idea ( slav]y--t is1 !y d n sugge/ ! idea ( ! labor] or s]vant be+ ! prop]ty ( ! p]son = :om he labors4 ,an ind5t$ appr5tice s]ves & labors = ano!r4 ,he is held to d s1 "u a contract1 & = a consid]ation1 t are recogniz$1 by ! laws1 z legitimate1 & consi/5t ) natural "r4 ,yet he is n own$ z prop]ty4 ,a condemn$ crim9al is held to labor--yet he is n own$ z prop]ty4 ,! law all[s no su* /ra9+ ( ! mean+ ( words t[>ds ! wrong1 z t :i* w\ld conv]t ! words s]vice or labor 7( m57 into prop]ty 9 man--& ?us make a man1 :o s]ves or labors = ano!r1 ! prop]ty ( t o!r4 #e4 ,no p]son held to s]vice or labor1 9 "o /ate1 "u ! laws !re(4 ,! laws1 "h m5tion$1 & impli$ly sanction$1 are1 ( c\rse1 only con/itutional laws--laws1 t are consi/5t1 bo? ) ! con/itution ( ! /ate1 & ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,none o!rs are laws1 correctly speak+1 h[ev] !y may attempt to hold p]sons to s]vice or labor1 or h[ev] !y may h ! =ms ( laws on ! /atute books4 ,?is ^w laws1 !re=e1 be+ a mat]ial ^w1 leaves ! :ole "q j :]e x f\nd x--= x c]ta9ly does n1 ( itself--nor inde$ does any o!r "p ( ! clause--say t acts ( a legislature1 decl>+ "o man to be ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 is a law )9 ! mean+ ( ! con/itution4 ,z f> z ! ^w laws says any ?+ on ! subject1 x says t su* acts are n laws--= su* acts are cle>ly inconsi/5t ) natural law--& x yet rema9s to be %[n t !y are consi/5t ) any con/itution :atev]1 /ate or national4 ,! burd5 ( pro(1 !n1 /ill re/s ^u ! advocates ( slav]y1 to %[ t an act ( a /ate legislature1 decl>+ "o man to be ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 is a law1 )9 ! mean+ ( ?is clause4 ,to ass]t simply t x is1 )\t prov+ x to be s1 is a m]e begg+ ( ! "q--= t is ! v po9t 9 dispute4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 ( ! con/itutionality ( ! slave acts mu/ fir/ be det]m9$1 be=e x c be decid$ t !y are laws )9 ! mean+ ( ! con/itution4 ,t is1 !y mu/ be %[n to be consi/5t ) ! con/itution1 be=e !y c be said to be sanction$ z laws by ! con/itution4 ,c any proposition be pla9] ?an ?is8 ,& yet ! rev]se mu/ be assum$1 9 ?is case1 by ! advocates ( slav]y4 ,! simple fact1 t an act purports to hold p]sons to s]vice or labor1 cle>ly _c1 ( itself1 make ! act con/itutional4 ,if x c\ld1 any act1 purport+ to hold p]sons to s]vice or labor1 w\ld necess>ily be con/itutional1 )\t any reg>d to ! p]sons s held1 or ! conditions on :i* !y 7 held4 ,x w\ld be con/itutional1 solely because x purport$ to hold p]sons to s]vice or labor4 ,if ?is 7 ! true doctr9e1 any ( u1 )\t respect ( p]sons1 might be held to s]vice or labor1 at ! pleasure ( ! legislature4 ,& !n1 if s]vice or labor mean slav]y1 x w\ld foll[ t any ( u1 )\t discrim9ation1 might be made slaves4 ,& ?us ! result w\ld be1 t ! acts ( a legislature w\ld be con/itutional1 solely because !y made slaves ( ! p4 ,c]ta9ly ?is w\ld be a new te/ ( ! con/itutionality ( laws4 ,all ! argum5ts 9 favor ( slav]y1 t h h]et(ore be5 drawn f ?is clause ( ! con/itution1 h be5 f\nd$ on ! assumption1 t if an act ( a legislature did b purport to hold p]sons to s]vice or labor--no matt] h[1 on :at conditions1 or = :at cause--t fact alone 0 suffici5t to make ! act con/itutional4 ,! entire sum ( ! argum5t1 9 favor ( slav]y1 is b ?is1 viz4 ! con/itution recognizes ! con/itutionality ( laws t hold p]sons to s]vice or labor1--slave acts hold p]sons to s]vice or labor1--!re=e slave acts mu/ be con/itutional4 ,?is pr(\nd syllogism is ! great pill> ( slav]y 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has1 7if we are to judge by results17 )/ood ! scrut9y ( all ! legal acum5 ( ?is nation = fifty ye>s & m4 ,if x %\ld cont9ue to )/& x = z _m ye>s z x has already done1 x w !n be "t to prop\nd ! foll[+1 to wit3 ,! /ate con/itutions recognize ! "r ( m5 to acquire prop]ty2 !ft1 robb]y1 & murd] are among ! modes 9 :i* prop]ty may be acquir$2 !re=e !ft1 robb]y1 & murd] are recogniz$ by ^! con/itutions z lawful4 ,no d\bt ! clause contemplates t !re may be con/itutional laws1 "u :i* p]sons may be held to s]vice or labor4 ,b x does n foll[1 !re=e1 t e act1 t purports to hold p]sons to s]vice or labor1 is con/itutional4 ,we are oblig$1 !n1 to det]m9e :e!r a /atute be con/itutional1 be=e we c det]m9e :e!r ! s]vice or labor requir$ by x1 is sanction$ by ! con/itution z be+ lawfully requir$4 ,! simple fact1 t ! /atute w\ld hold p]sons to s]vice or labor1 is1 ( itself1 no evid5ce1 ei!r = or aga9/ its con/itutionality4 ,:e!r x be or be n con/itutional1 may dep5d ^u a v>iety ( cont+5cies--su* z ! k9d ( s]vice or labor requir$1 & ! conditions on :i* x requires x4 ,any s]vice or labor1 t is inconsi/5t ) ! duties :i* ! con/itution requires ( ! p1 is ( c\rse n sanction$ by ?is clause ( ! con/itution z be+ lawfully requir$4 ,nei!r1 ( c\rse1 is ! requirem5t ( s]vice or labor1 on any conditions1 t are inconsi/5t ) any rights t are secur$ to ! p by ! con/itution1 sanction$ by ! con/itution z lawful4 ,slave laws1 !n1 c obvi\sly be held to be sanction$ by ?is clause ( ! con/itution1 only by gratuit\sly assum+1 #a/1 t ! con/itution nei!r conf]s any rights1 nor imposes any duties1 ^u ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 inconsi/5t ) _! be+ made slaves2 &1 #b;d1 t x sanctions ! g5]al pr9ciple ( hold+ p]sons to s]vice or labor arbitr>ily1 )\t contract1 )\t comp5sation1 & )\t ! *>ge ( crime4 ,if ?is be really ! k9d ( con/itution t has be5 9 =ce s9ce #aghi1 x is some:at wond]ful t !re are s few slaves 9 ! c\ntry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! con/itution be n ( ?is k9d1 x is equally wond]ful t we h any slaves at all--= ! in/rum5t (f]s no gr\nd = say+ t a color$ man may be made a slave1 & a :ite man n4 ,aga94 ,slave acts 7 n laws accord+ to any /ate con/itution t 0 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 adopt$4 ,& if !y 7 n laws at t "t1 !y h n be5 made s s9ce4 #f4 ,! con/itution itself1 7,art4 #a4 ,sec4 #b17 9 fix+ ! basis ( repres5tation1 has pla9ly d5i$ t ^? describ$ 9 ,art4 #d1 z p]sons held to s]vice or labor1 are slaves1--= x decl>es t p]sons b\nd to s]vice = a t]m ( ye>s %all be includ$ 9 ! numb] ( free p]sons4 ,!re is no legal diff]5ce betwe5 be+ b\nd to s]vice1 & be+ held to s]vice or labor4 ,! addition1 9 ! "o in/ance1 ( ! words1 = a t]m ( ye>s1 does n alt] ! case1 = x does n appe> t1 9 ! o!r1 !y are held to s]vice or labor beyond a fix$ t]m--&1 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce f ! con/itution itself1 ! presumption mu/ be t !y are n--because su* a presumption makes x unnecess>y to g out ( ! con/itution to f9d ! p]sons int5d$1 & x is also m consi/5t ) ! preval5t municipal1 & ) natural law4 ,& x makes no diff]5ce to ?is result1 :e!r ! ^w free1 9 ! fir/ article1 be us$ 9 ! political s5se common at t day1 or z ! correlative ( slav]y4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! p]sons describ$ z free1 c\ld n be made slaves4 #g4 ,! words s]vice or labor _c be made to include slav]y1 unless by rev]s+ ! legal pr9ciple1 t ! great] includes ! less1 & hold+ t ! less includes ! great]2 t ! innoc5t includes ! crim9al2 t a sanction ( :at is "r1 includes a sanction ( :at is wrong4 ,ano!r clause reli$ on z a recognition ( ! con/itutionality ( slav]y1 is ! foll[+1 7,art4 #a4 ,sec4 #b473 ,repres5tatives & direct taxes %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al /ates1 :i* may be includ$ )9 ?is union1 accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 :i* %all be det]m9$ by add+ to ! :ole numb] ( free p]sons1 includ+ ^? b\nd to s]vice = a t]m ( ye>s1 & exclud+ ,indians n tax$1 ?ree-fif?s ( all o!r p]sons4 ,! argum5t claim$ f ?is clause1 9 support ( slav]y1 re/s entirely ^u ! ^w free1 & ! words all o!r p]sons4 ,or r x re/s entirely ^u ! mean+ ( ! ^w free1 = ! application ( ! words all o!r p]sons dep5ds ^u ! mean+ giv5 to ! ^w free4 ,! slave argum5t assumes1 gratuit\sly1 t ! ^w free is us$ z ! correlative ( slav]y & !nce x inf]s t ! words1 all o!r p]sons1 mean slaves4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ^w free af=ds no argum5t = slav]y1 unless a mean+ correlative ) slav]y be arbitr>ily giv5 to x1 = ! v purpose ( mak+ ! con/itution sanction or recognize slav]y4 ,n[ x is v cle> t no su* mean+ c be giv5 to ! ^w1 = su* a purpose4 ,! ord9>y mean+ ( a ^w _c be ?us arbitr>ily *ang$1 = ! sake ( sanction+ a wrong4 ,a *oice ( mean+ w\ld be p]fectly all[able1 & ev5 obligatory1 if made = ! purpose ( avoid+ any su* sanction2 b x is entirely inadmissable = ! purpose ( giv+ x4 ,! legal rules ( int]pretation1 h]et(ore laid d[n1 imp]atively require ?is pref]5ce ( ! "r1 ov] ! wrong1 9 all cases :]e a ^w is susceptible ( diff]5t mean+s4 ,! ,engli% law _h = c5turies us$ ! ^w free z describ+ p]sons possess+ citiz5%ip1 or "s o!r fran*ise or peculi> privilege--z di/+ui%$ f ali5s1 & p]sons n possess$ ( su* fran*ise or privilege4 ,?is law1 & ?is use ( ! ^w free1 z has already be5 %[n1 _h be5 adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry f its fir/ settlem5t4 ,! colonial *>t]s all1 7probably )\t an exception17 recogniz$ x4 ,! colonial legislation g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 recogniz$ x4 ,! /ate con/itutions1 9 exi/5ce at ! "t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 =m$ & adopt$1 us$ ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 & no o!r4 ,! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation--! !n exi/+ national compact ( union--us$ ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 & no o!r4 ,! s5se is an appropriate "o 9 itself2 ! mo/ appropriate to1 & consi/5t ) ! :ole "* ( ! con/itution1 ( any ( :i* ! ^w is susceptible4 ,9 fact1 x is ! only "o t is ei!r appropriate to1 or consi/5t )1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:y1 !n1 is x n ! legal mean+8 ,manife/ly x is ! legal mean+4 ,no reason :atev] c be giv5 aga9/ x1 except t1 if su* be its mean+1 ! con/itution w n sanction slav]y6 ,a v good reason--a p]fectly unansw]able reason1 9 fact--9 favor ( ?is mean+2 b a v futile "o aga9/ x4 ,x is evid5t t ! ^w free is n us$ z ! correlative ( slav]y1 because ,indians n tax$ are exclud$ f its application--yet !y are n !re=e slaves4 ,aga94 ,! ^w free _c be presum$ to be us$ z ! correlative ( slav]y--because slav]y !n _h no legal exi/5ce4 ,! ^w mu/ obvi\sly be presum$ to be us$ z ! correlative ( some?+ t did legally exi/1 r ?an ( some?+ t did n legally exi/4 ,if x 7 us$ z ! correlative ( some?+ t did n legally exi/1 ! words all o!r p]sons w\ld h no legal application4 ,until1 !n1 x be %[n t slav]y _h a legal exi/5ce1 au?oriz$ ei!r by ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution1 or by ! !n exi/+ /ate con/itutions--a ?+ t _c be %[n--! ^w free c]ta9ly _c be claim$ to h be5 us$ z its correlative4 ,b ev5 if slav]y _h be5 au?oriz$ by ! /ate con/itutions1 ! ^w free1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution1 c\ld n h be5 claim$ to h be5 us$ z its correlative1 unless x _h appe>$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution _h itself provid$ or sugge/$ no correlative ( ! ^w free2 = x w\ld obvi\sly be absurd & inadmissible to g out ( an in/rum5t to f9d ! int5d$ correlative ( "o ( its own words1 :5 x _h itself sugge/$ "o4 ,?is ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has done1 9 ! p]sons ( ali5s4 ,! p[] ( naturalization is1 by ! con/itution1 tak5 f ! /ates1 & giv5 exclusively to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re=e1 necess>ily supposes ! exi/5ce ( ali5s--& ?us furni%es ! correlative s\ght =4 ,x furni%es a class bo? = ! ^w free1 & ! words all o!r p]sons to apply to4 ,& yet ! slave argum5t cont5ds t we mu/ ov]look ^! di/9ctions1 necess>ily gr[+ out ( ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & g out ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to f9d p]sons :om x describes z ! free1 & all o!r p]sons4 ,& :at makes ! argum5t ! m absurd is1 t by go+ out ( ! in/rum5t to ! !n exi/+ /ate con/itutions--! only in/rum5ts to :i* we c g--we c f9d !re no o!r p]sons = ! words to apply to--no o!r classes answ]+ to ! description ( ! free p]sons & all o!r p]sons1--?an ! v classes sugge/$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution itself1 to wit1 citiz5s & ali5s2 7= x has previ\sly be5 %[n t ! !n exi/+ /ate con/itutions recogniz$ no su* p]sons z slaves47 ,if we are oblig$1 7z ! slave argum5t claims we are17 to g out ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to f9d ! class :om x describes z all o!r p]sons ?an ! free1 we %all1 = aught ,i see1 be equally oblig$ to g out ( x to f9d ^? :om x describes z ! free--= ! free1 & all o!r p]sons ?an ! free1 mu/ be presum$ to be f\nd describ$ some:]e 9 ! same in/rum5t4 ,if1 !n1 we are oblig$ to g out ( ! con/itution to f9d ! p]sons describ$ 9 x z ! free & all o!r p]sons1 we are oblig$ to g out ( x to asc]ta9 :o are ! p]sons on :om x decl>es t ! repres5tation ( ! gov]nm5t %all be bas$1 & on :om1 ( c\rse1 ! gov]nm5t is f\nd$4 ,& ?us we %\ld h ! absurdity ( a con/itution t purports to au?orize a gov]nm5t1 yet leaves u to g 9 se>* ( ! p :o are to be repres5t$ 9 x4 ,besides1 if we are oblig$ to g out ( ! con/itution1 to f9d ! p]sons on :om ! gov]nm5t re/s1 & ^? p]sons are arbitr>ily prescrib$ by "s o!r in/rum5t1 indep5d5t ( ! con/itution1 ?is contradiction w\ld foll[1 viz41 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t w\ld be a subord9ate gov]nm5t--a m]e app5dage to some?+ else--a tail to "s o!r kite--or r a tail to a l>ge numb] ( kites at once--in/ead ( be+1 z x decl>es itself to be1 ! supreme gov]nm5t--its con/itution & laws be+ ! supreme law ( ! l&4 ,aga94 ,x c]ta9ly _c be admitt$ t we mu/ g out ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution to f9d ! classes :om x describes z ! free1 & all o!r p]sons ?an ! free1 until x be %[n t ! con/itution has told u :]e to g to f9d !m4 ,9 all o!r cases1 7)\t an exception1 ,i ?9k17 :]e ! con/itution makes any ( its provisions dep5d5t ^u ! /ate con/itutions1 or /ate legislatures1 x has p>ticul>ly describ$ !m z dep5d+ ^u !m4 ,b x gives no intimation t x has left x ) ! /ate con/itutions1 or ! /ate legislatures1 to prescribe :om x means by ! t]ms free p]sons & all o!r p]sons1 on :om x requires its own repres5tation to be bas$4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no m au?ority f ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = go+ to ! /ate con/itutions1 to f9d ! classes describ$ 9 ! =m] z ! free p]sons & all o!r p]sons1 ?an we h = go+ to ,turkey or ,japan4 ,we are compell$1 !re=e1 to f9d !m 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates itself1 if any answ]+ to ! description c possibly be f\nd !re4 ,aga94 ,if we 7 p]mitt$ to g to ! /ate con/itutions1 or to ! /ate /atute books1 to f9d :o 7 ! p]sons int5d$ by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & if1 z ! slave argum5t assumes1 x 0 left to ! /ates respectively to prescribe :o %\ld1 & :o %\ld n1 be free )9 ! mean+ ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w\ld foll[ t ! t]ms free & all o!r p]sons1 might be appli$ 9 z _m diff]5t ways1 & to z _m diff]5t classes ( p]sons1 z !re 7 diff]5t /ates 9 ! union4 ,n only s1 b ! application might also be v>i$ at pleasure 9 ! same /ate4 ,"o inevitable consequ5ce ( ?is /ate ( ?+s w\ld be1 t !re c\ld be nei!r a p]man5t1 nor a uni=m basis ( repres5tation ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,ano!r possible1 & ev5 probable consequ5ce w\ld be1 su* inextricable confusion1 z to ! p]sons describ$ by ! same t]ms 9 ! diff]5t /ates1 t ,congress c\ld n apportion ! national repres5tation at all1 9 ! mann] requir$ by ! con/itution4 ,! que/ions ( law1 aris+ out ( ! diff]5t uses ( ! ^w free1 by ! diff]5t /ates1 might be made s endless & inexplicable1 t ! /ate gov]nm5ts might entirely defeat all ! p[] ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t to make an apportionm5t4 ,if ! slave con/ruction be put ^u ?is clause1 /ill ano!r difficulty1 9 ! way ( mak+ an apportionm5t1 w\ld foll[1 viz41 t congress c\ld h no legal k ( ! p]sons compos+ ea* ( ! two diff]5t classes1 on :i* its repres5tation mu/ be bas$2 = !re is no legal record--kn[n to ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ev5 to ! laws ( ! /ates--( ^? :o are slaves1 or ^? :o are n4 ,! in=mation obta9$ by ! c5sus tak]s1 7:o h no legal records to g to17 mu/1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be ( ! mo/ loose & unc]ta9 "*1 on su* po9ts z ^!4 ,any accurate or legal k on ! subject is1 !re=e1 obvi\sly impossible4 ,b if ! o!r con/ruction be adopt$1 ?is difficulty is avoid$--= congress !n h ! control ( ! :ole matt]1 & may adopt su* means z may be necess>y = asc]ta9+ accurately ! p]sons :o belong to ea* ( ^! diff]5t classes4 ,& by _! naturalization laws !y actually d provide = a legal record ( all :o are made free by naturalization4 ,& ?is consid]ation ( c]ta9ty1 z to ! individuals & numb]s belong+ to ea* ( ^! two classes1 free & all o!r p]sons1 acquires an increas$ & irresi/ible =ce1 :5 x is consid]$ t ^! diff]5t classes ( p]sons con/itute also diff]5t bases = taxation1 z well z repres5tation4 ,! requirem5t ( ! con/itution is1 t repres5tatives & direct taxes %all be apportion$1 c41 accord+ to ! numb] ( free p]sons & all o!r p]sons4 ,9 ref]5ce to s important a subject z taxation1 accurate & legal k ( ! p]sons & numb]s belong+ to ! diff]5t classes1 becomes indisp5sable4 ,yet "u ! slave con/ruction ?is legal k becomes impossible4 ,"u ! o!r con/ruction x is z p]fectly & entirely )9 ! p[] ( congress1 z1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 su* a subject c be--= naturalization is a legal process2 & legal records1 prescrib$ by congress1 may be1 & actually are1 pres]v$ ( all ! p]sons naturaliz$ or made free by _! laws4 ,if we adopt t mean+ ( ! ^w free1 :i* is consi/5t ) fre$om--t mean+ :i* is consi/5t ) natural "r--! mean+ giv5 to x by ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation1 by ! !n exi/+ /ate con/itutions1 by ! colonial *>t]s1 & by ! ,engli% law ev] s9ce our ance/ors enjoy$ ! "n ( freem51 all ^! difficulties1 inconsi/5cies1 contradictions & absurdities1 t mu/ o!rwise arise1 vani%4 ,! ^w free !n describes ! native & naturaliz$ citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! words all o!r p]sons describe resid5t ali5s1 ,indians n tax$1 & possibly "s o!rs4 ,! repres5tation is !n plac$ ^u ! be/1 mo/ j1 & mo/ rational basis t ! words us$ c be made to describe4 ,! repres5tation also becomes equal & uni=m ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! pr9ciple ( di/9ction betwe5 ! two bases1 becomes also a /able1 rational & intelligible "o--"o too necess>ily gr[+ out ( ! ex]cise ( "o ( ! p[]s grant$ to congress2--"o1 too1 ^: op]ation c\ld h be5 =ese5 & judg$ ( by ! p :o adopt$ ! con/itution--in/ead ( "o fluctuat+ ) ! ev] *ang+ & arbitr>y legislation ( ! v>i\s /ates1 ^: mode & motives ( action c\ld n h be5 anticipat$4 ,adopt ?is def9ition ( ! ^w free1 & ! same legislature1 7t is1 ! national "o17 t is requir$ by ! con/itution to apportion ! repres5tation accord+ to c]ta9 pr9ciples1 becomes inve/$--z x evid5tly ought to be1 & z x necess>ily mu/ be1 to be effici5t--) ! p[] ( det]m9+1 by _! own 7naturalization7 laws1 :o are ! p]sons compos+ ! diff]5t bases on :i* its apportionm5t is to be made2 in/ead ( be+1 z !y o!rwise w\ld be1 oblig$ to seek = ^! p]sons ?r\gh all ! /atute books ( all ! diff]5t /ates ( ! union1 & ?r\gh all ! evid5ces ( private prop]ty1 "u :i* "o ( ^! classes might be held4 ,adopt ?is def9ition ( ! ^w free1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t becomes1 s f> at lea/ z its popul> repres5tation--:i* is its mo/ important feature--is conc]n$1 an indep5d5t gov]nm5t1 subsi/+ by its own vigor1 & p]vad$ ?r\gh\t by "o uni=m pr9ciple4 ,reject ?is def9ition1 & ! popul> national repres5tation1 loses at once its nationality1 & becomes a m]e dep5d5cy on ! w ( local corporations--a m]e %uttlecock to be driv5 hi!r & ?i!r by ! arbitr>y & conflict+ legislation ( an indef9ite numb] ( sep>ate /ates4 ,adopt ?is mean+ ( ! ^w free1 & ! national gov]nm5t becomes capable ( kn[+ its own bases ( repres5tation & p[]1 & its own subjects ( taxation4 ,reject ?is def9ition1 & ! gov]nm5t kn[s n :om x repres5ts1 or on :om to levy taxes = its support4 ,adopt ?is mean+ ( ! ^w free1 & "s ?ree millions ( native born1 b n[ cru%$ human be+s1 become1 ) _! po/]ity1 m5 & citiz5s4 ,adopt ?is mean+--?is legal mean+--?is only mean+ t c1 9 ?is clause1 be legally giv5 to ! ^w free1 & our con/itution becomes1 in/ead ( a nef>i\s compact ( conspirators aga9/ ! rights ( man1 a consi/5t & imp>tial contract ( gov]nm5t betwe5 all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = secur+ to !mselves & _! po/]ity ! bless+s ( lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,aga94 ,we _c unnecess>ily place ^u ! con/itution a mean+ directly de/ructive ( ! gov]nm5t x 0 design$ to e/abli%4 ,by giv+ to ! ^w free ! mean+ univ]sally giv5 to x by our political pap]s ( a simil> "* up to ! "t ! con/itution 0 adopt$1 we give to ! gov]nm5t ?ree millions ( citiz5s1 ready to fight & be tax$ = its support4 ,by giv+ to ! ^w free a mean+ correlative ) slav]y1 we locate 9 our mid/ ?ree millions ( enemies2 ?us mak+ a diff]5ce ( six millions1 7"o ?ird ( our :ole numb]17 9 ! physical /r5g? ( ! nation4 ,c]ta9ly a mean+ s suicidal t[>ds ! gov]nm5t1 _c be giv5 to any "p ( ! con/itution1 except ! language be irresi/ibly explicit2 mu* less c x be done1 7z 9 ?is case x w\ld be17 wantonly1 unnecess>ily1 gratuit\sly1 wick$ly1 & 9 violation ( all previ\s usage4 ,aga94 ,if we look into ! con/itution itself = ! mean+ ( ! ^w free1 we f9d x to result f ! di/9ction !re recogniz$ betwe5 citiz5s & ali5s4 ,if we look into ! contempor>y /ate con/itutions1 we /ill f9d ! ^w free to express ! political relation ( ! individual to ! /ate1 & n any prop]ty relation ( "o individual to ano!r4 ,if we look into ! law ( nature = ! mean+ ( ! ^w free1 we f9d t by t law all mank9d are free4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we look to ! con/itution itself1 to ! contempor>y /ate con/itutions1 or to ! law ( nature1 = ! mean+ ( ?is ^w free1 ! only mean+ we %all f9d is "o consi/5t ) ! p]sonal lib]ty ( all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we are resolv$ to give ! ^w a mean+ correlative ) slav]y1 we mu/ g to ! lawless code ( ! kidnapp] to f9d su* a mean+4 ,does x ne$ any argum5t to prove to :i* ( ^! diff]5t codes our judicial tribunals are b\nd to g1 to f9d ! mean+ ( ! words us$ 9 a con/itution1 t is e/abli%$ pr(ess$ly to secure lib]ty & ju/ice8 ,once m4 ,x is altoge!r a false1 absurd1 viol5t1 unnatural & prepo/]\s proce$+1 9 con/ru+ a political pap]1 :i* purports to e/abli% m5's relations to ! /ate1 & especially 9 con/ru+ ! clause 9 x :i* fixes ! basis ( repres5tation & taxation1 to give to ! words1 :i* describe ! p]sons to be repres5t$ & tax$1 & :i* appropriately indicate ^? relations ( m5 to ! /ate :i* make !m prop] subjects ( taxation & repres5tation--to give to su* words a mean+1 :i*1 in/ead ( describ+ m5's relations to ! /ate1 w\ld describe m]ely a p]sonal or prop]ty relation ( "o individual to ano!r1 :i* ! /ate has n[h]e else recogniz$1 & :i*1 if admitt$ to exi/1 w\ld absolve ! p]sons describ$ f all allegiance to ! /ate1 w\ld d5y !m all "r to be repres5t$1 & dis*>ge !m f all liability to be tax$4 ,b x is unnecess>y to foll[ out ?is slave argum5t into all its ramifications4 ,x sets out ) no?+ b assumptions1 t are gratuit\s1 absurd1 improbable1 irrelevant1 contr>y to all previ\s usage1 contr>y to natural "r1 & !re=e inadmissible4 ,x conducts to no?+ b contradictions1 absurdities1 impossibilities1 indiscrim9ate slav]y1 an>*y1 & ! de/ruction ( ! v gov]nm5t :i* ! con/itution 0 design$ to e/abli%4 ,! o!r clause reli$ on z a recognition & sanction1 bo? ( slav]y & ! slave trade1 is ! foll[+3 ,! migration or importation ( su* p]sons z any ( ! /ates n[ exi/+ %all ?9k prop] to admit1 %all n be prohibit$ by ! congress prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight1 b a tax or duty may be impos$ on su* importation1 n exce$+ t5 doll>s = ea* p]son4--7,art4 #a1 ,sec4 #i47 ,! slave argum5t1 drawn f ?is clause1 is1 t ! ^w importation applies only to prop]ty1 & t x !re=e implies1 9 ?is clause1 t ! p]sons to be import$ are necess>ily to be import$ z prop]ty--t is1 z slaves4 ,b ! idea t ! ^w importation applies only to prop]ty1 is errone\s4 ,x applies correctly bo? to p]sons & ?+s4 ,! def9ition ( ! v]b import is simply to br+ f a =eign c\ntry1 or jurisdiction1 or f ano!r /ate1 into "o's own c\ntry1 jurisdiction or /ate4--,:5 we speak ( import+ ?+s1 x is true t we m5tally associate ) !m ! idea ( prop]ty4 ,b t is simply because ?+s are prop]ty1 & n because ! ^w import has any control1 9 t p>ticul>1 ov] ! "* ( ! ?+s import$4 ,:5 we speak ( import+ p]sons1 we d n associate ) !m ! idea ( prop]ty1 simply because p]sons are n prop]ty4 ,we speak daily ( ! importation ( =eign]s into ! c\ntry2 b no "o inf]s !refrom t !y are br\ght 9 z slaves1 b z pass5g]s4 ,a vessel imports1 or br+s 91 five hundr$ pass5g]s4 ,e vessel1 or ma/] ( a vessel1 t br+s 9 pass5g]s1 imports !m4 ,b su* pass5g]s are n !re=e slaves4 ,a man imports 8 wife & *ildr5--b !y are n !re=e 8 slaves1 or capable ( be+ own$ or sold z 8 prop]ty4 ,a man imports a gang ( labor]s1 to cle> l&s1 cut canals1 or con/ruct railroads2 b n !re=e to be held z slaves4 ,an innoc5t mean+ mu/ be giv5 to ! ^w1 if x w be> "o4 ,su* is ! legal rule4 ,ev5 ! popul> und]/&+ ( ! ^w import1 :5 appli$ to p]sons1 does n convey ! idea ( prop]ty4 ,x is only :5 x is appli$ di/9ctly to slaves1 t any su* idea is convey$2 & !n x is ! ^w slaves1 & n ! ^w import1 t sugge/s ! idea ( prop]ty4 ,ev5 slave trad]s & slave hold]s atta* no su* mean+ to ! ^w import1 :5 x is connect$ ) ! ^w p]sons2 b only :5 x is connect$ ) ! ^w slaves4 ,9 ! case ( ,ogd5 vs4 ,saund]s1 7#ab ,:eaton1 #ccb17 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all said1 t 9 con/ru+ ! con/itution1 ! int5tion ( ! in/rum5t mu/ prevail2 t ?is int5tion mu/ be collect$ f its words2 t its words are to be und]/ood 9 t s5se 9 :i* !y are g5]ally us$ by ^? = :om ! in/rum5t 0 int5d$4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ( con/ruction1 !re is n ! lea/ au?ority = say+ t ?is provision = ! importation ( p]sons1 au?oriz$ ! importation ( !m z slaves4 ,to give x ?is mean+1 requires ! same /ret*+ ( words t[>ds ! wrong1 t is appli$1 by ! advocates ( slav]y1 to ! words s]vice or labor1 & ! words free & all o!r p]sons4 ,ano!r reason1 :i* makes x necess>y t ?is con/ruction %\ld be plac$ ^u ! ^w importation1 is1 t ! clause conta9s no o!r ^w t describes ! immigration ( =eign]s4 ,yet t ! clause relat$ to ! immigration ( =eign]s g5]ally1 & t x re/ra9$ congress1 7up to ! ye> #ahjh17 f prohibit+ ! immigration ( =eign]s g5]ally1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,! object1 & ! only legal object1 ( ! clause 0 to re/ra9 congress f s ex]cis+ _! p[] ( regulat+ comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al /ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes--7:i* p[] has be5 decid$ by ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to include a p[] ov] navigation & ! transportation ( pass5g]s 9 boats & vessels#ba7--;z to ob/ruct ! introduction ( new population into su* ( ! /ates z 7 desir\s ( increas+ _! population 9 t mann]4 ,! clause does n imply at all1 t ! population1 :i* ! /ates 7 ?us to admit1 0 to be a slave population4 ,! ^w importation1 7,i repeat17 is ! only ^w 9 ! clause1 t applies to p]sons t 7 to come into ! c\ntry f =eign nations4 ,! ^w migration applies only to ^? :o 7 to g out f "o ( our own /ates or t]ritories into ano!r4 ,migration is ! act ( go+ out f a /ate or c\ntry2 & diff]s f immigration 9 ?is1 t immigration is ! act ( com+ into a /ate or c\ntry4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! migration1 :i* congress are "h =bidd5 to prohibit1 is simply ! go+ out ( p]sons f "o ( our own /ates or t]ritories into ano!r--7= t is ! only migration t c\ld come )9 ! jurisdiction ( congress7--& t x has no ref]5ce to p]sons com+ 9 f =eign c\ntries to our own4 ,if1 !n1 migration1 z "h us$1 has ref]5ce only to p]sons go+ out f "o /ate into ano!r1 ! ^w importation is ! only "o 9 ! clause t is applicable to =eign]s com+ into our c\ntry4 ,?is ^w importation1 !n1 be+ ! only ^w t c apply to p]sons com+ into ! c\ntry1 x mu/ be consid]$ z sub/antially synonym\s ) immigration1 & mu/ apply equally to all p]sons1 t are import$1 or br\ght into ! c\ntry z pass5g]s4 ,& if x applies equally to all p]sons1 t are br\ght 9 z pass5g]s1 x does n imply t any ( ^? p]sons are slaves2 = no "o w pret5d t ?is clause ev] au?oriz$ ! /ate gov]nm5ts to treat z slaves all p]sons t 7 br\ght into ! c\ntry z pass5g]s4 ,& if x did n au?orize !m to treat all su* pass5g]s z slaves1 x did n au?orize !m to treat any ( !m z su*2 = x makes no discrim9ation betwe5 ! diff]5t p]sons t %\ld be ?us import$4 ,aga94 ,! argum5t1 t ! all[ance ( ! importation ( p]sons1 implies ! all[ance ( prop]ty 9 su* p]sons1 w\ld imply a recognition ( ! validity ( ! slave laws ( o!r c\ntries2 = unless slaves 7 obta9$ by valid pur*ase abroad--:i* pur*ase implies ! exi/5ce & validity ( =eign slave laws--! import] c]ta9ly c\ld n claim to import 8 slaves z prop]ty2 b he w\ld appe>1 at ! cu/om-h\se1 z a m]e pirate1 claim+ to h 8 captures legaliz$4 ,s t1 accord+ to ! slave argum5t1 ! simple use ( ! ^w importation1 9 ! con/itution1 z appli$ to p]sons1 b\nd our gov]nm5t1 n only to ! sanction & tol]ation ( slav]y 9 our own c\ntry1 b to ! recognition ( ! validity ( ! slave laws ( o!r c\ntries4 ,b f>!r4 ,! all[ance ( ! importation ( slaves1 z su*1 "u ?is clause ( ! con/itution1 w\ld imply t congress mu/ take actual1 & ev5 ! mo/ critical cognizance ( ! slave laws ( o!r c\ntries2 & t !y %\ld all[ nei!r ! m]e ^w ( ! p]son call+ himself ! own]1 nor any ?+ %ort ( ! fulle/ & cle>e/ legal pro(1 accord+ to ! laws ( ^? c\ntries1 to be suffici5t to enable him to ent] 8 slaves1 z prop]ty1 at ! cu/om-h\se2 o!rwise any ma/]s ( vessels1 f ,engl& or ,france1 z well z f ,africa1 might1 on _! arrival "h1 claim _! pass5g]s z slaves4 ,did ! con/itution1 9 ?is clause1 by simply us+ ! ^w importation1 in/ead ( immigration1 int5d to ?r[ ^u ! national gov]nm5t--at ! haz>d ( mak+ x a p>ty to ! illegal enslavem5t ( human be+s--! responsibility ( inve/igat+ & decid+ ^u ! legality & cr$ibility ( all ! evid5ce t might be (f]$ by ! piratical ma/]s ( slave %ips1 to prove _! valid pur*ase (1 & _! "r ( prop]ty 9 _! human c>goes1 accord+ to ! slave laws ( ! c\ntries f :i* !y %\ld br+ !m8 ,su* mu/ h be5 ! int5tion ( ! con/itution1 if x int5d$1 7z x mu/1 if x int5d$ any ?+ ( ?is k9d17 t ! fact ( importation "u ! comm]cial regulations ( congress1 %\ld be !reaft] a suffici5t au?ority = hold+ 9 slav]y ! p]sons import$4 ,b p]haps x w be said t x 0 n ! int5tion ( ! con/itution1 t congress %\ld take any responsibility at all 9 ! matt]2 t x 0 m]ely int5d$ t :oev] came into ! c\ntry ) a c>go ( m51 :om he call$ 8 slaves1 %\ld be p]mitt$ to br+ !m 9 on 8 own responsibility1 & sell !m z slaves = life to our p2 & t congress 7 prohibit$ only f int]f]+1 or ask+ any que/ions z to h[ he obta9$ !m1 or h[ !y became 8 slaves4 ,suppose su* 7 ! int5tion ( ! con/itution--:at foll[s8 ,:y1 t ! national gov]nm5t1 ! only gov]nm5t t 0 to be kn[n to =eign nations1 ! only gov]nm5t t 0 to be p]mitt$ to regulate our comm]ce1 or make treaties ) =eign nations1 ! gov]nm5t on :om alone 0 to re/ ! responsibility ( w> ) =eign nations1 0 b\nd to p]mit1 7until #ahjh17 all ma/]s1 bo? ( our own %ips & ( ! %ips ( o!r nations1 to turn pirates1 & make slaves ( _! pass5g]s1 :e!r ,engli%m51 ,fr5*m51 or any o!r civiliz$ p1 7= ! con/itution makes no di/9ction ( p]sons on ?is po9t17 br+ !m into ?is c\ntry1 sell !m z slaves = life to our p1 & ?us make our c\ntry a r5dezv\s & h>bor = pirates1 involve u inevitably 9 w> ) e civiliz$ nation 9 ! _w1 cause ourselves to be outlaw$ z a p1 & br+ c]ta9 & swift de/ruction ^u ! :ole nation2 & yet ?is gov]nm5t1 t _h ! sole responsibility ( all our =eign relations1 0 con/itutionally prohibit$ f int]f]+ 9 ! matt]1 or f do+ any ?+ b lift+ its h&s 9 pray] to ,god & ^! pirates1 t ! =m] w\ld s f> dep>t1 & ! latt] s f> desi/ f _! usual c\rses1 z might be necess>y to save u1 until #ahjh1 7aft] :i* "t we w\ld take ! matt] into our own h&s1 &1 by prohibit+ ! causes ( ! dang]1 save ourselves17 f ! j v5geance1 :i* ! re/ ( mank9d 7 tak+ ^u u4 ,?is is ! k9d ( con/itution1 "u :i*1 7accord+ to ! slave argum5t17 we liv$ until #ahjh4 ,b is su* ! real "* ( ! con/itution8 ,by x1 did we ?us really av[ to ! _w t we 7 a nation ( pirates8 t our t]ritory %\ld be a h>bor = pirates8 t our p 7 con/itutionally lic5s$ to enslave ! p ( all o!r nations1 )\t discrim9ation1 7= ! in/rum5t makes no discrim9ation17 :om !y c\ld ei!r kidnap 9 _! own c\ntries1 or capture on ! high seas8 & t we _h ev5 prohibit$ our only gov]nm5t t c\ld make treaties ) =eign nations1 f mak+ any treaty1 until #ahjh1 ) any p>ticul> nation1 to exempt ! p ( t nation f _! liability to be enslav$ by ! p ( our own8 ,! slave argum5t says t we did av[ all ?is4 ,if we really did1 p]haps all t c be said ( x n[ is1 t x is v =tunate = u t o!r nations did n take u at our ^w4 ,= if !y _h tak5 u at our ^w1 we %\ld1 be=e #ahjh1 h be5 among ! nations t 74 ,suppose t1 on ! organization ( our gov]nm5t1 we _h be5 *>g$ by =eign nations1 ) hav+ e/abli%$ a piratical gov]nm5t--h[ c\ld we h rebutt$ ! *>ge o!rwise ?an by d5y+ t ! words importation ( p]sons legally impli$ t ! p]sons import$ 7 slaves8 ,suppose t ,european ambassadors _h repres5t$ to presid5t ,wa%+ton t _! gov]nm5ts consid]$ our con/itution z lic5s+ our p to kidnap ! p ( o!r nations1 )\t discrim9ation1 & br+ !m to ! ,unit$ ,/ates z slaves4 ,w\ld he n h d5i$ t ! legal mean+ ( ! clause did any ?+ m ?an secure ! free introduction ( =eign]s z pass5g]s & freem58 ,or w\ld he--he1 ! _w-r5[n$ *ampion ( human rights--h inde$ /oop$ to ! ackn[l$gm5t t 9 tru? he 0 ! head ( a nation ( pirates1 ^: con/itution did gu>antee ! fre$om ( kidnapp+ m5 abroad1 & import+ !m z slaves8 ,& w\ld he1 9 ! ev5t ( ?is ackn[l$gm5t1 h s\ght to av]t ! de/ruction1 :i* su* an av[al w\ld be likely to br+ ^u ! nation1 by plead+ t1 al?\gh su* 0 ! legal mean+ ( ! words ( our con/itution1 we yet _h an und]/&+1 7an honorable und]/&+67 among ourselves1 t we w\ld n take advantage ( ! lic5se to kidnap or make slaves ( any ( ! citiz5s ( ^? civiliz$ & p[]ful nations ( ,europe1 t kept %ips ( w>1 & knew ! use ( gunp[d] & cannon2 b only ! p ( poor1 weak1 b>b>\s & ignorant nations1 :o 7 incapable ( resi/ance & retaliation8 ,aga94 ,ev5 ! all[ance ( ! simple importation ( slaves--7& t is ! mo/ t is lit]ally provid$ =--& ! ^w importation mu/ be con/ru$ to ! lett]17 w\ld n1 ( itself1 give any au?ority = ! cont9uance ( ! slav]y aft] importation4 ,if a man br+ ei!r prop]ty or p]sons into ?is c\ntry1 he br+s !m 9 to abide ! con/itutional laws ( ! c\ntry2 & n to be held accord+ to ! cu/oms ( ! c\ntry f :i* !y 7 br\ght4 ,7 x n s1 ! ,turk might import a h>em ( ,georgian slaves1 &1 at 8 option1 ei!r hold !m z 8 own prop]ty1 or sell !m z slaves to our own p1 9 defiance ( any pr9ciples ( fre$om t %\ld prevail among/ u4 ,to all[ ?is k9d ( importation1 w\ld be to all[ n m]ely ! importation ( =eign p]sons1 b also ( =eign laws to take prec$5ce ( our own4 ,f9ally4 ,! conclusion1 t congress 7 re/ra9$1 by ?is clause1 only f prohibit+ ! immigration ( a =eign population1 & n f prohibit+ ! importation ( slaves1 to be held z slaves aft] _! importation--is ! m inevitable1 f ! fact t ! p[] giv5 to congress ( naturaliz+ =eign]s1 is entirely unlimit$--except t _! laws mu/ be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y h p]fect p[] to pass laws t %all naturalize e =eign] )\t di/9ction1 ! mom5t he sets foot on our soil4 ,& !y _h ?is p[] z p]fectly prior to #ahjh1 z s9ce4 ,& x is a p[] entirely inconsi/5t ) ! idea t !y 7 b\nd to admit1 & =ev] aft] to ackn[l$ge z slaves1 all or any :o might be attempt$ to be br\ght into ! c\ntry z su*4 ,"o o!r provision ( ! con/itution1 viz3 ! "o t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all protect ea* ( ! ,/ates aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce--has sometimes be5 claim$ z a special pl$ge ( impunity & succor to t k9d ( viol5ce1 :i* consi/s 9 "o portion ( ! p's /&+ con/antly ^u ! necks ( ano!r portion1 & robb+ !m ( all civil privileges1 & trampl+ ^u all _! p]sonal rights4 ,! argum5t seems to take x = grant$1 t ! only prop] way ( protect+ a republican /ate 7= ! /ates are all to be republican17 aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce1 is to plant m5 firmly ^u "o ano!r's necks1 7ab\t 9 ! proportion ( two ^u "o17 arm ! two ) :ip & spur1 & !n keep an arm$ =ce /&+ by to cut d[n ^? t are ridd51 if !y d>e attempt to ?r[ ! rid]s4 ,:5 ! ridd5 portion %all1 by ?is process1 h be5 s f> subdu$ z to be> ! burd5s1 la%+s & spurr+s ( ! o!r portion )\t resi/ance1 !n ! /ate w h be5 secur$ aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce1 & ! republican =m ( gov]nm5t w be completely successful4 ,?is v]sion ( ?is provision ( ! con/itution pres5ts a fair illu/ration ( ^? new ideas ( law & language1 t h be5 inv5t$ = ! special purpose ( br++ slav]y )9 ! pale ( ! con/itution4 ,we h ?us exam9$ all ^? clauses ( ! con/itution1 t h be5 reli$ on to prove t ! in/rum5t recognizes & sanctions slav]y4 ,no "o w\ld h ev] dream$ t ei!r ( ^! clauses alone1 or t all ( !m toge!r1 conta9$ s mu* z an allusion to slav]y1 _h x n be5 = circum/ances extrane\s to ! con/itution itself4 ,& :at are ^! extrane\s circum/ances8 ,!y are ! exi/5ce & tol]ation1 9 "o portion ( ! c\ntry1 ( a crime t embodies )9 itself ne>ly all ! o!r crimes1 :i* x is ! pr9cipal object ( all our gov]nm5ts to puni% & suppress2 a crime :i* we h !re=e no m "r to presume t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates int5d$ to sanction1 ?an we h to presume t x int5d$ to sanction all ! sep>ate crimes :i* slav]y embodies1 & our gov]nm5ts prohibit4 ,yet we h gratuit\sly presum$ t ! con/itution int5d$ to sanction all ^! sep>ate crimes1 z !y are compreh5d$ 9 ! g5]al crime ( slav]y4 ,& act+ ^u ?is gratuit\s presumption1 we h s\ght1 9 ! words ( ! con/itution1 = "s hidd5 mean+1 :i* we c\ld imag9e to h be5 und]/ood1 by ! initiat$1 z ref]r+ to slav]y2 or r we h presum$ its words to h be5 us$ z a k9d ( cyph]1 :i*1 among conf$]ates 9 crime1 7z we presume its au?ors to h be517 0 meant to /& = slav]y4 ,9 ?is way1 & 9 ?is way only1 we pret5d to h discov]$1 9 ! clauses t h be5 exam9$1 a hidd51 yet legal sanction ( slav]y4 ,9 ! "n ( all t is legal1 :o ( u are safe1 if our gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( se>*+ our con/itution to f9d au?orities = ma9ta9+ ju/ice1 are to cont9ue to busy !mselves 9 su* pry+ & microscopic inve/igations1 aft] su* disguis$ & enigmatical au?orities = su* wrongs z t ( slav]y1 & _! pret5d$ discov]ies are to be adopt$ z law1 :i* !y are sworn to c>ry into execution8 ,! clauses m5tion$1 tak5 ei!r sep>ately or collectively1 nei!r ass]t1 imply1 sanction1 recognize nor ackn[l$ge any su* ?+ z slav]y4 ,!y d n ev5 speak ( x4 ,!y make no allusion to x :atev]4 ,!y d n sugge/1 &1 ( !mselves1 nev] w\ld h sugge/$ ! idea ( slav]y4 ,!re is1 9 ! :ole in/rum5t1 no su* ^w z slave or slav]y2 nor any language t c legally be made to ass]t or imply ! exi/5ce ( slav]y4 ,!re is 9 x no?+ ab\t color2 no?+ f :i* a liability to slav]y c be pr$icat$ ( "o p]son m ?an ano!r2 or f :i* su* a liability c be pr$icat$ ( any p]son :atev]4 ,! clauses1 t h be5 claim$ = slav]y1 are all1 9 !mselves1 hone/ 9 _! language1 hone/ 9 _! legal mean+2 & !y c be made o!rwise only by su* gratuit\s assumptions aga9/ natural "r1 & su* /ra9+ ( words 9 favor ( ! wrong1 z1 if appli$ to o!r clauses1 w\ld utt]ly de/roy e pr9ciple ( lib]ty & ju/ice1 & all[ ! :ole in/rum5t to be p]v]t$ to e conceivable purpose ( tyranny & crime4 ,let u n[ look at ! positive provisions ( ! con/itution1 9 favor ( lib]ty1 & see :e!r !y are n only inconsi/5t ) any legal sanction ( slav]y1 b also :e!r !y mu/ n1 ( !mselves1 h necess>ily ext+ui%$ slav]y1 if x _h _h any con/itutional exi/5ce to be ext+ui%$4 ,&1 fir/1 ! con/itution made all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s "u ! gov]nm5t to be e/abli%$ by x2 = all ( ^?1 by ^: au?ority ! con/itution decl>es itself to be e/abli%$1 mu/ ( c\rse be presum$ to h be5 made citiz5s "u x4 ,& :e!r !y 7 entitl$ or n to ! "r ( suffrage1 !y 7 at lea/ entitl$ to all ! p]sonal lib]ty & protection1 :i* ! con/itution pr(esses to secure to ! p g5]ally4 ,:o1 !n1 e/abli%$ ! con/itution8 ,! preamble to ! con/itution has told u 9 ! pla9e/ possible t]ms1 to wit1 t ,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates d orda9 & e/abli% ?is con/itution1 c4 ,by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "h m5tion$1 ! con/itution int5ds all ! p !n p]man5tly inhabit+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if x does n int5d all1 :o 7 int5d$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8--,! con/itution itself gives no answ] to su* a "q4--,x does n decl>e t we1 ! :ite p1 or we1 ! free p1 or we1 a "p ( ! p--b t we1 ! p--t is1 we ! :ole p--( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is con/itution4 ,if ! :ole p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 n recogniz$ z citiz5s by ! con/itution1 !n ! con/itution gives no in=mation z to :at portion ( ! p 7 to be citiz5s "u x4 ,& ! consequ5ce w\ld !n foll[ t ! con/itution e/abli%$ a gov]nm5t t c\ld n "k its own citiz5s4 ,we _c g out ( ! con/itution = evid5ce to prove :o 7 to be citiz5s "u x4 ,we _c g out ( a writt5 in/rum5t = evid5ce to prove ! p>ties to x1 nor to expla9 its mean+1 except ! language ( ! in/rum5t on t po9t be ambigu\s4 ,9 ?is case !re is no ambiguity4 ,! language ( ! in/rum5t is p]fectly explicit & intelligible4 ,because ! :ole p ( ! c\ntry 7 n all[$ to vote on ! ratification ( ! con/itution1 x does n foll[ t !y 7 n made citiz5s "u x2 = wom5 & *ildr5 did n vote on its adoption2 yet !y are made citiz5s by x1 & are entitl$ z citiz5s to its protection2 & ! /ate gov]nm5ts _c enslave !m4 ,! national con/itution does n limit ! "r ( citiz5%ip & protection by ! "r ( suffrage1 any m ?an d ! /ate con/itutions4 ,"u ! mo/1 probably "u all ! /ate con/itutions1 !re are p]sons :o are d5i$ ! "r ( suffrage--b !y are n !re=e liable to be enslav$4 ,^? :o did take "p 9 ! actual ratification ( ! con/itution1 act$ 9 behalf (1 &1 9 !ory1 repres5t$ ! au?ority ( ! :ole p4 ,su* is ! !ory 9 ?is c\ntry :]ev] suffrage is conf9$ to a few2 & su* is ! virtual decl>ation ( ! con/itution itself4 ,! decl>ation t we ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates d orda9 & e/abli% ?is con/itution1 is equival5t to a decl>ation t ^? :o actually p>ticipat$ 9 its adoption1 act$ 9 behalf ( all o!rs1 z well z = !mselves4 ,any private int5tions or und]/&+s1 on ! "p ( "o portion ( ! p1 z to :o %\ld be citiz5s1 _c be admitt$ to prove t su* portion only 7 int5d$ by ! con/itution1 to be citiz5s2 = ! int5tions ( ! o!r portion w\ld be equally admissible to exclude ! exclusives4 ,! mass ( ! p c claim citiz5%ip "u ! con/itution1 on no o!r gr\nd ?an z be+ a "p ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & su* claim necess>ily admits t all o!r p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are equally citiz5s4 ,t ! designation1 ,we ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ$ ! :ole p t prop]ly belong$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is also prov$ by ! fact t no exception is made 9 any o!r "p ( ! in/rum5t4 ,if ! con/itution _h int5d$ t any portion ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be except$ f its b5efits1 disfran*is$1 outlaw$1 enslav$1 x w\ld ( c\rse h designat$ ^! exceptions ) su* p>ticul>ity z to make x sure t none b ! true p]sons int5d$ w\ld be liable to be subject$ to su* wrongs4 ,yet1 in/ead ( su* p>ticul> designation ( ! exceptions1 we f9d no designation :atev] ( ! k9d4 ,b on ! contr>y1 we d f9d1 9 ! preamble itself1 a sweep+ decl>ation to ! effect t !re are no su* exceptions2 t ! :ole p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are citiz5s1 & entitl$ to lib]ty1 protection1 & ! disp5sation ( ju/ice "u ! con/itution4 ,if x be admitt$ t ! con/itution designat$ its own citiz5s1 !n !re is no escape f ! conclusion t x designat$ ! :ole p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z su*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x be d5i$ t ! con/itution designat$ its own citiz5s1 "o ( ^! two conclusions mu/ foll[1 viz41 #a/1 t x has no citiz5s2 or1 #b;d1 t x has left an unre/ra9$ p[] 9 ! /ate gov]nm5ts to det]m9e :o may1 & :o may n1 be citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,if ! fir/ ( ^! conclusions be adopt$1 viz41 t ! con/itution has no citiz5s1 !n x foll[s t !re is really no ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 except on pap]--= !re w\ld be z mu* reason 9 talk+ ( an army )\t m51 z ( a gov]nm5t )\t citiz5s4 ,if ! second conclusion be adopt$1 viz41 t ! /ate gov]nm5ts h ! "r ( det]m9+ :o may1 & :o may n be citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 !n x foll[s t ! /ate gov]nm5ts may at pleasure de/roy ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by enact+ t none ( _! respective inhabitants %all be citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is latt] is really ! doctr9e ( "s ( ! slave /ates--! /ate-rights doctr9e1 s call$4 ,t doctr9e holds t ! g5]al gov]nm5t is m]ely a conf$]acy or league ( ! sev]al /ates1 z /ates2 n a gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ! p1 z p4 ,?is /ate-rights doctr9e has be5 decl>$ uncon/itutional by reit]at$ op9ions ( ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2#bb &1 :at is ( m consequ5ce1 x is d5i$ also by ! preamble to ! con/itution itself1 :i* decl>es t x is ! p1 7& n ! /ate gov]nm5ts17 t orda9 & e/abli% x4 ,x is true also t ! con/itution 0 ratifi$ by conv5tions ( ! p1 & n by ! legislatures ( ! /ates4 ,yet because ! con/itution 0 ratifi$ by conv5tions ( ! /ates sep>ately1 7z x naturally w\ld be = conv5i5ce1 & z x necess>ily mu/ h be5 = ! reason t none b ! p ( ! respective /ates c\ld recall any portion ( ! au?ority !y _h1 delegat$ to _! /ate gov]nm5ts1 s z to grant x to ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t17--yet because x 0 ?us ratifi$1 ,i say1 "s ( ! slave /ates h claim$ t ! g5]al gov]nm5t 0 a league ( /ates1 in/ead ( a gov]nm5t =m$ by ! p4 ,! true reason :y ! slave /ates h held ?is !ory1 probably is1 because x w\ld give1 or appe> to give1 to ! /ates ! "r ( det]m9+ :o %\ld1 & :o %\ld n1 be citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y probably saw t if x 7 admitt$ t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h designat$ its own citiz5s1 x _h und5iably designat$ ! :ole p ( ! !n ,unit$ ,/ates z su*2 & t1 z a /ate c\ld n enslave a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7on acc\nt ( ! supremacy ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates17 x w\ld foll[ t !re c\ld be no con/itutional slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,aga94 ,if ! con/itution 0 e/abli%$ by au?ority ( all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y 7 all legally p>ties to x1 & citiz5s "u x4 ,& if !y 7 p>ties to x1 & citiz5s "u x1 x foll[s t nei!r !y1 nor _! po/]ity1 nor any nor ei!r ( !m1 c ev] be legally enslav$ )9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 = ! con/itution decl>es its object to be1 among o!r ?+s1 to secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves1 & our po/]ity4 ,?is purpose ( ! national con/itution is a law p>am\nt to all /ate con/itutions2 = x is decl>$ t ?is con/itution1 & ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t %all be made 9 pursuance !re(1 & all treaties made1 or :i* %all be made "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&2 & ! judges 9 e /ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any ?+ 9 ! con/itution or laws ( any /ate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 d\bts t if ! /ate gov]nm5ts 7 to aboli% slav]y1 ! slaves w\ld !n1 )\t fur!r legislation1 become citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,yet1 9 reality1 if !y w\ld become citiz5s !n1 !y are equally citiz5s n[--else x w\ld foll[ t ! /ate gov]nm5ts _h an arbitr>y p[] ( mak+ citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or--:at is equally absurd--x w\ld foll[ t disabilities1 arbitr>ily impos$ by ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 ^u native inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 71 ( !mselves1 suffici5t to deprive su* inhabitants ( _! citiz5%ip1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 conf]r$ ^u !m by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to suppose t ! /ate gov]nm5ts are ?us able1 arbitr>ily1 to keep 9 abeyance1 or arbitr>ily to )hold f any ( ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 any ( ! b5efits or rights :i* ! national con/itution int5d$ to conf] ^u !m1 w\ld be to suppose t ! /ate con/itutions 7 p>am\nt to ! national "o4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is inevitable1 t ! /ate gov]nm5ts h no p[] to )hold ! rights ( citiz5%ip f any :o are o!rwise compet5t to become citiz5s4 ,& z all ! native born inhabitants ( ! c\ntry are at lea/ compet5t to become citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7if !y are n already su*17 ! /ate gov]nm5ts h no p[]1 by slave laws or any o!r1 to )hold ! rights ( citiz5%ip f !m4 ,b h[ev] cle> x may be1 t ! con/itution1 9 reality1 made citiz5s ( all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 yet x is n necess>y to ma9ta9 t po9t1 9 ord] to prove t ! con/itution gave no gu>anty or sanction to slav]y--= if x _h n already giv5 citiz5%ip to all1 x nev]!less gave to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates unlimit$ p[] ( (f]+ citiz5%ip to all4 ,! p[] giv5 to ! gov]nm5t ( pass+ naturalization laws1 is entirely unre/rict$1 except t ! laws mu/ be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,& ! gov]nm5t h und\bt$ p[] to (f] naturalization & citiz5%ip to e p]son 9 ! c\ntry1 :e!r =eign] or native1 :o is n already a citiz54 ,to suppose t we h 9 ! c\ntry ?ree millions ( native born inhabitants1 n citiz5s1 & :om ! national gov]nm5t has no p[] to make citiz5s1 :5 its p[] ( naturalization is entirely unre/rict$1 is a palpable contradiction4 ,b fur!r4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ be made consi/5t ) itself ?r\gh\t2 & if any ( its p>ts are irreconcilable ) ea* o!r1 ^? p>ts t are inconsi/5t ) lib]ty1 ju/ice & "r1 mu/ be ?r[n out = inconsi/5cy4 ,besides ! provisions already m5tion$1 !re are num]\s o!rs1 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t are entirely & irreconcilably inconsi/5t ) ! idea t !re ei!r 01 or c\ld be1 any con/itutional slav]y 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,among ^! provisions are ! foll[+3 ,fir/4 ,congress h p[] to lay a capitation or poll tax ^u ! p ( ! c\ntry4 ,^u :om %all ?is tax be levi$8 & :o mu/ be held responsible = its paym5t8 ,suppose a poll tax 7 laid ^u a man1 :om ! /ate laws %\ld pret5d to call a slave4 ,are ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! necessity ( inve/igat+1 or tak+ any notice ( ! fact ( slav]y1 ei!r = ! purpose ( excus+ ! man himself f ! tax1 or ( ?r[+ x ^u ! p]son claim+ to be 8 own]8 ,mu/ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f9d a man's pret5d$ own]1 or only ! man himself1 be=e !y c tax him8 ,cle>ly ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n b\nd to tax any "o b ! individual himself1 or to hold any o!r p]son responsible = ! tax4 ,any o!r pr9ciple w\ld enable ! /ate gov]nm5ts to defeat any tax ( ?is k9d levi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,yet a man's liability to be held p]sonally responsible = ! paym5t ( a tax1 levi$ ^u himself by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is inconsi/5t ) ! idea t ! gov]nm5t is b\nd to recognize him z n hav+ ! own]%ip ( 8 own p]son4 ,second4 ,! congress %all h p[] to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al /ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes4 ,?is p[] is held1 by ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to be an exclusive "o 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t2 & x obvi\sly mu/ be s1 to be effectual--= if ! /ates c\ld also int]f]e to regulate x1 ! /ates c\ld at pleasure defeat ! regulations ( congress4 ,congress1 !n1 hav+ ! exclusive p[] ( regulat+ ?is comm]ce1 !y only 7if any body7 c say :o may1 & :o may n1 c>ry x on2 & probably ev5 !y h no p[] to discrim9ate arbitr>ily betwe5 individuals4--,b1 9 no ev5t1 h ! /ate gov]nm5ts any "r to say :o may1 or :o may n1 c>ry on comm]ce ) =eign nations1 or among ! sev]al /ates1 or ) ! ,indian tribes4 ,e individual--naturally compet5t to make contracts--:om ! /ate laws decl>e to be a slave1 probably has1 & c]ta9ly may h1 "u ! regulations ( congress1 z p]fect a "r to c>ry on comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al /ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes1 z any o!r citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c h--any ?+ 9 ! con/itution or laws ( any /ate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,yet ?is "r ( c>ry+ on comm]ce is a "r entirely inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( a man's be+ a slave4 ,aga94 ,x is a pr9ciple ( law t ! "r ( traffic is a natural "r1 & t all comm]ce 7t is intr9sically innoc5t7 is !re=e lawful1 except :at is prohibit$ by positive legislation4 ,traffic ) ! slaves1 ei!r by p ( =eign nations1 or by p belong+ to o!r /ates ?an ! slaves1 has nev] 7s f> z ,i "k7 be5 prohibit$ by congress1 :i* is ! only gov]nm5t1 7if any17 t has p[] to prohibit x4 ,traffic ) ! slaves is !re=e z lawful at ?is mom5t1 "u ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z is traffic ) _! ma/]s2 & ?is fact is entirely inconsi/5t ) ! idea t _! bondage is con/itutional4 ,?ird4 ,! congress %all h p[] to e/abli% po/ (fices & po/ roads4 ,:o1 b congress1 h any "r to say :o may s5d1 or receive lett]s by ! ,unit$ ,/ates po/s8 ,c]ta9ly no "o4 ,!y h und\bt$ au?ority to p]mit any "o to s5d & receive lett]s by _! po/s--any ?+ 9 ! con/itutions or laws ( ! /ates to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,yet ! "r to s5d & receive lett]s by po/1 is a "r inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( a man's be+ a slave4 ,f\r?4 ,! congress %all h p[] to promote ! progress ( sci5ce & useful arts1 by secur+ = limit$ times to au?ors & inv5tors ! exclusive "r to _! respective writ+s & discov]ies4 ,suppose a man1 :om a /ate may pret5d to call a slave1 %\ld make an inv5tion or discov]y--congress h und\bt$ p[] to secure to su* individual himself1 by pat5t1 ! exclusive--7m>k ! ^w7--! exclusive "r to 8 inv5tion or discov]y4 ,b does n ?is exclusive "r 9 ! inv5tor himself1 exclude ! "r ( any man1 :o1 "u a /ate law1 may claim to be ! own] ( ! inv5tor8 ,c]ta9ly x does4 ,yet ! slave code says t :atev] is a slave's is 8 own]'s4 ,?is p[]1 !n1 on ! "p ( congress1 to secure to an individual ! exclusive "r to 8 inv5tions & discov]ies1 is a p[] inconsi/5t ) ! idea t t individual himself1 & all he may possess1 are ! prop]ty ( ano!r4 ,fif?4 ,! congress %all h p[] to decl>e w>1 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 & make rules conc]n+ captures on l& & wat]2 also to raise & support armies2 & to provide & ma9ta9 a navy4 ,h n congress au?ority1 "u ^! p[]s1 to enli/ soldi]s & sailors1 by contract ) !mselves1 & to pay !m _! wages1 grant !m p5sions1 & secure _! wages & p5sions to _! own use1 )\t ask+ ! p]mission ei!r ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 or ( any individuals :om ! /ate gov]nm5ts may see fit to recognize z ! own]s ( su* soldi]s & sailors8 ,c]ta9ly !y h1 9 defiance ( all /ate laws & con/itutions :atsoev]2 & !y h already ass]t$ t pr9ciple by enact+ t p5sions1 paid by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to _! soldi]s1 %all n be liable to be tak5 = debt1 "u ! laws ( ! /ates4 ,h !y n au?ority also to grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 & to secure ! prizes1 to a %ip's crew ( blacks1 z well z ( :ites8 ,to ^? :om ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts call slaves1 z well z to ^? :om ! /ate gov]nm5ts call free8--,h n congress au?ority to make contracts1 = ! def5ce ( ! nation1 ) any & all ! inhabitants ( ! nation1 :o may be will+ to p]=m ! s]vice8 ,or are !y oblig$ fir/ to ask & obta9 ! cons5t ( ^? private individuals :o may pret5d to own ! inhabitants ( ?is nation8 ,und\bt$ly congress h ! p[] to contract ) :om !y please1 & to secure wages & p5sions to su* individuals1 9 contempt ( all /ate au?ority4 ,yet ?is p[] is inconsi/5t ) ! idea t ! con/itution recognizes or sanctions ! legality ( slav]y4 ,six?4 ,! congress %all h p[] to provide = ! organiz+1 arm+ & discipl9+ ! militia1 & = gov]n+ su* "p ( !m z may be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 res]v+ to ! /ates respectively ! appo9tm5t ( ! (fic]s1 & ! au?ority ( tra9+ ! militia1 accord+ to ! discipl9e prescrib$ by congress4 ,also to provide = call+ =? ! militia to execute ! laws ( ! ,union1 suppress insurrections1 & repel invasions4 ,h n congress1 "u ^! p[]s1 z und\bt$ au?ority to enroll 9 ! militia1 & arm ^? :om ! /ates call slaves1 & au?orize !m always to keep _! arms by !m1 ev5 :5 n on duty1 7t !y may at all times be ready to be call$ =? to execute ! laws ( ! ,union1 suppress insurrections1 & repel invasions17 z !y h ?us to enroll & arm ^? :om ! /ates call free8 ,c ! /ate gov]nm5ts det]m9e :o may1 & :o may n compose ! militia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,look1 too1 at ?is p[]1 9 connection ) ! second am5dm5t to ! con/itution2 :i* is 9 ^! words3 ,a well regulat$ militia be+ necess>y to ! security ( a free /ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,^! provisions obvi\sly recognize ! natural "r ( all m5 to keep & be> arms = _! p]sonal def5ce2 & prohibit bo? congress & ! /ate gov]nm5ts f infr++ ! "r ( ! p--t is1 ( any ( ! p--to d s2 & m especially ( any :om congress h p[] to include 9 _! militia4 ,?is "r ( a man to keep & be> arms1 is a "r palpably inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( 8 be+ a slave4 ,yet ! "r is secur$ z effectually to ^? :om ! /ates presume to call slaves1 z to any :om ! /ates condesc5d to ackn[l$ge free4 ,"u ?is provision any man has a "r ei!r to give or sell arms to ^? p]sons :om ! /ates call slaves2 & !re is no con/itutional p[]1 9 ei!r ! national or /ate gov]nm5ts1 t c puni% him = s do+2 or t c take ^? arms f ! slaves2 or t c make x crim9al = ! slaves to use !m1 if1 f ! ineffici5cy ( ! laws1 x %\ld become necess>y = !m to d s1 9 def5ce ( _! own lives or lib]ties2 = ?is con/itutional "r to keep arms implies ! con/itutional "r to use !m1 if ne$ be1 = ! def5ce ( "o's lib]ty or life4 ,sev5?4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates decl>es t no /ate %all pass any law impair+ ! obligation ( contracts4 ,! obligation ( contracts1 "h spok5 (1 is1 ( necessity1 ! natural obligation2 = t is ! only real or true obligation t any contracts c h4 ,x is also ! only obligation1 :i* c\rts recognize 9 any case1 except :]e legislatures arbitr>ily int]f]e to impair x4 ,b ! prohibition ( ! con/itution is ^u ! /ates' pass+ any law :atev] t %all impair ! natural obligation ( m5's contracts4 ,yet1 if slave laws 7 con/itutional1 !y w\ld effectually impair ! obligation ( all contracts ent]$ into by ^? :o are made slaves2 = ! slave laws mu/ necess>ily hold t all a slave's contracts are void4 ,?is prohibition ^u ! /ates to pass any law impair+ ! natural obligation ( m5's contracts1 implies t all m5 h a con/itutional "r to ent] into all contracts t h a natural obligation4 ,x !re=e secures ! con/itutional "r ( all m5 to ent] into su* contracts1 & to h !m respect$ by ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,yet ?is con/itutional "r ( all m5 to ent] into all contracts t h a natural obligation1 & to h ^? contracts recogniz$ by law z valid1 is a "r pla9ly inconsi/5t ) ! idea t m5 c con/itutionally be made slaves4 ,?is provision !re=e absolutely prohibits ! passage ( slave laws1 because laws t make m5 slaves mu/ necess>ily impair ! obligation ( all _! contracts4 ,eigh?4 ,p]sons1 :om "s ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts recognize z slaves1 are made eligible1 by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ! (fice ( presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! con/itutional provision on ?is subject is ?is3 ,no p]son1 except a natural born citiz51 or a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is con/itution1 %all be eligible to ! (fice ( presid5t2 nei!r %all any p]son be eligible to t (fice1 :o %all n h atta9$ ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1 & be5 f\rte5 ye>s a resid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,accord+ to ?is provision1 all p]sons1#bc :o h resid$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f\rte5 ye>s1 h atta9$ ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1 & are ei!r natural born citiz5s1 or 7 citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 are eligible to ! (fice ( presid5t4 ,no o!r qualifications ?an ^! be+ requir$ by ! con/itution1 no o!rs c be legally dem&$4 ,! only "q1 !n1 t c arise1 is z to ! ^w citiz54 ,:o are ! p]sons t come )9 ?is def9ition1 z "h us$8 ,! clause itself divides !m into two classes1 to wit1 ! natural born1 & ^? :o 7 citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution4 ,9 reg>d to ?is latt] class1 x has be=e be5 %[n1 f ! preamble to ! con/itution1 t all :o 7 p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7t is1 p]man5t inhabitants17 at ! "t ! con/itution 0 adopt$1 7 made citiz5s by x4 ,& ?is clause1 describ+ ^? eligible to ! (fice ( presid5t1 implies ! same ?+4 ,?is is evid5t2 = x speaks ( ^? :o 7 citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution4 ,n[ !re cle>ly c\ld h be5 no citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 unless !y 7 made s by ! con/itution itself2 = !re 7 no citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e ! adoption ( ! con/itution4 ,! ,conf$]ation _h no citiz5s4 ,x 0 a m]e league betwe5 ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! sep>ate /ates belong+ to ! conf$]acy _h ea* _! own citiz5s respectively4 ,b ! conf$]ation itself1 z su*1 _h no citiz5s4 ,!re 71 !re=e1 no citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7b only citiz5s ( ! respective /ates17 be=e ! adoption ( ! con/itution4--,yet ?is clause ass]ts t imm$iately on ! adoption1 or at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is con/itution1 !re 7 citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^?1 !n1 :o 7 citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 7 necess>ily ^?1 & only ^?1 :o _h be5 made s by ! adoption ( ! con/itution2 because !y c\ld h become citiz5s at t precise "t 9 no o!r way4 ,if1 !n1 any p]sons 7 made citiz5s by ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 :o 7 ! individuals t 7 ?us made citiz5s8 ,!y 7 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( c\rse--z ! preamble to ! con/itution virtually ass]ts4 ,& if ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 made citiz5s by ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 !n all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 necess>ily made citiz5s by x--= no discrim9ation is made by ! con/itution betwe5 diff]5t individuals1 p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--& !re is !re=e no means ( det]m9+ :o 7 made citiz5s by ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 unless all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 s made4 ,any p]son1 !n1 :o 0 "o ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is con/itution1 & :o is ?irty-five ye>s old1 & has resid$ f\rte5 ye>s )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is eligible to ! (fice ( presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& if e su* p]son be eligible1 "u ! con/itution1 to ! (fice ( presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! con/itution c]ta9ly does n recognize !m z slaves4 ,! o!r class ( citiz5s1 m5tion$ z be+ eligible to ! (fice ( presid5t1 consi/s ( ! natural born citiz5s4 ,"h is an impli$ ass]tion t natural bir? 9 ! c\ntry gives ! "r ( citiz5%ip4 ,& if x gives x to "o1 x necess>ily gives x to all--= no discrim9ation is made2 & if all p]sons1 born 9 ! c\ntry1 are n entitl$ to citiz5%ip1 ! con/itution has giv5 u no te/ by :i* to det]m9e :o ( !m are entitl$ to x4 ,e p]son1 !n1 born 9 ! c\ntry1 & t %all h atta9$ ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1 & be5 f\rte5 ye>s a resid5t )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is eligible to ! (fice ( presid5t4 ,& if eligible to t (fice1 ! con/itution c]ta9ly does n recognize him z a slave4 ,p]sons1 :o are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accord+ to ! =ego+ def9itions1 are also eligible to ! (fices ( repres5tative & s5ator ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & !re=e _c be slaves4 ,n9?4 ,! con/itution decl>es t ! trial ( all crimes1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t1 %all be by jury4--,also t ,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all consi/ only 9 levy+ w> aga9/ !m1 or 9 adh]+ to _! enemies1 giv+ !m aid & com=t4 ,x is obvi\s t slaves1 if we _h any1 might levy w> aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & might also adh]e to _! enemies1 giv+ !m aid & com=t4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be d\bt$ :e!r !y c\ld commit ! crime ( treason--= treason implies a brea* ( fidelity1 tru/ or allegiance1 :]e fidelity1 tru/ or allegiance is due4 ,& x is v cle> t slaves c\ld owe allegiance1 tru/ or fidelity1 nei!r to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor to ! /ate gov]nm5ts2 = allegiance is due to a gov]nm5t only f ^? :o are protect$ by x4 ,slaves c\ld owe to our gov]nm5ts no?+ b resi/ance & de/ruction4 ,if !re=e !y 7 to levy w> aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y might n p]haps be liable to ! te*nical *>ge ( treason2 al?\gh !re w\ld1 9 reality1 be z mu* treason 9 _! act1 z !re w\ld ( any o!r crime--= !re w\ld1 9 tru?1 be nei!r legal nor moral crime ( any k9d 9 x4 ,/ill1 ! gov]nm5t w\ld be compell$1 9 ord] to protect itself aga9/ !m1 to *>ge !m ) "s crime or o!r--treason1 murd]1 or some?+ else4 ,& ?is *>ge1 :atev] x might be1 w\ld h to be tri$ by a jury4 ,& :at 79 crim9al cases17 is ! trial by jury8 ,x is a trial1 bo? ( ! law & ! fact1 by ! pe]s1 or equals1 ( ! p]son tri$4 ,:o are ! pe]s ( a slave8 ,none1 evid5tly1 b slaves4 ,if1 !n1 ! con/itution recognizes any su* class ( p]sons1 9 ?is c\ntry1 z slaves1 x w\ld foll[ t = any crime committ$ by !m aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y mu/ be tri$1 bo? on ! law & ! facts1 by a jury ( slaves4 ,! result ( su* trials we c readily imag9e4 ,does ?is look z if ! con/itution gu>anti$1 or ev5 recogniz$ ! legality ( slav]y8 ,t5?4 ,! con/itution decl>es t ,! privilege ( ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$1 unless :51 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion1 ! public safety may require x4 ,! privilege ( ?is writ1 :]ev] x is all[$1 is ( itself suffici5t to make slav]y impossible & illegal4 ,! object & pr]ogative ( ?is writ are to secure to all p]sons _! natural "r to p]sonal lib]ty1 aga9/ all re/ra9t except f ! gov]nm5t2 & ev5 aga9/ re/ra9ts by ! gov]nm5t itself1 unless !y are impos$ 9 con=mity ) e/abli%$ g5]al laws1 & ^u ! *>ge ( "s legal (f5ce or liability4 ,x accord+ly lib]ates all :o are held 9 cu/ody aga9/ _! w1 7:e!r by individuals or ! gov]nm5t17 unless !y are held on "s =mal writ or process1 au?oriz$ by law1 issu$ by ! gov]nm5t1 accord+ to e/abli%$ pr9ciples1 & *>g+ ! p]son held by x ) "s legal (f5ce or liability4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! writ seems to be1 t no "o %all be re/ra9$ ( 8 natural lib]ty1 unless ^! ?ree ?+s conspire2 #a/1 t ! re/ra9t be impos$ by special comm& ( ! gov]nm5t2 #b;d1 t !re be a g5]al law au?oriz+ re/ra9ts = specific causes2 &1 #c;d1 t ! gov]nm5t1 previ\sly to issu+ process = re/ra9+ any p>ticul> individual1 %all itself1 by its prop] au?orities1 take express cognizance (1 & inquire cauti\sly into ! facts ( ea* case1 & asc]ta91 by reasonable evid5ce1 t ! individual has br\ght himself )9 ! liabilities ( ! g5]al law4 ,all ^! ?+s ! writ ( habeas corpus secures to be done1 be=e x w suff] a man to be re/ra9$ ( 8 lib]ty2 = ! writ is a m&ate to ! p]son hold+ ano!r 9 cu/ody1 comm&+ him to br+ 8 prison] be=e ! c\rt1 & %[ ! au?ority by :i* x holds him4 ,unless he !n exhibit a legal precept1 w>rant or writ1 issu$ by1 & be>+ ! seal ( ! gov]nm5t1 specify+ a legal gr\nd = re/ra9+ ! prison]1 & au?oriz+ or requir+ him to hold him 9 cu/ody1 he w be ord]$ to let him g free4 ,h5ce all ! keep]s ( prisons1 9 ord] to hold _! prison]s aga9/ ! au?ority ( ?is writ1 are requir$1 9 ! case ( ea* prison]1 to h a writt5 precept or ord]1 be>+ ! seal ( ! gov]nm5t1 & issu$ by ! prop] au?ority1 p>ticul>ly describ+ ! prison] by "n or o!rwise1 & sett+ =? ! legal gr\nds ( 8 imprisonm5t1 & requir+ ! keep] ( ! prison to hold him 9 8 cu/ody4 ,n[ ! ma/] does n hold 8 slave 9 cu/ody by virtue ( any =mal or legal writ or process1 ei!r au?oriz$ by law1 or issu$ by ! gov]nm5t1 or t *>ges ! slave ) any legal (f5ce or liability4 ,a slave is incapable ( incurr+ any legal liability1 or obligation to 8 ma/]4 ,& ! gov]nm5t c\ld1 ) no m consi/5cy1 grant a writ or process to ! ma/]1 to enable him to hold 8 slave1 ?an x c\ld to enable him to hold 8 horse4 ,x simply recognizes 8 "r ( prop]ty 9 8 slave1 & !n leaves him at lib]ty to hold him by brute =ce1 if he c1 z he holds 8 ox1 or 8 horse--& n o!rwise4 ,if ! slave escape1 or refuse to labor1 ! slave code no m au?orizes ! gov]nm5t to issue legal process aga9/ ! slave1 to au?orize ! ma/] to cat* him1 or compel him to labor1 ?an x does aga9/ a horse = ! same purpose4--,! slave is held simply z prop]ty1 by individual =ce1 )\t legal process4 ,b ! writ ( habeas corpus ackn[l$ges no su* pr9ciple z ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man4 ,if x did1 x w\ld be p]fectly impot5t 9 all cases :atsoev]2 because x is a pr9ciple ( law1 9 reg>d to prop]ty1 t simple possession is prima facie evid5ce ( own]%ip2 & !re=e any man1 :o 0 hold+ ano!r 9 cu/ody1 c\ld defeat ! writ by plead+ t he own$ 8 prison]1 & by giv+1 z pro( ( own]%ip1 ! simple fact t he 0 9 possession ( him4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! writ ( habeas corpus did n1 ( itself1 involve a d5ial ( ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man1 ! fact /at$ 9 x1 t "o man 0 hold+ ano!r 9 cu/ody1 w\ld be prima facie evid5ce t he own$ him1 & _h a "r to hold him2 & ! writ w\ld !re=e c>ry an absurdity 9 its face4 ,! writ ( habeas corpus1 !n1 necess>ily d5ies ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man4 ,& ! con/itution1 by decl>+1 )\t any discrim9ation ( p]sons1 t ! privilege ( ?is writ %all n be susp5d$1--t is1 %all n be d5i$ to any human be+--has decl>$ t1 "u ! con/itution1 !re c be no "r ( prop]ty 9 man4 ,?is writ 0 unque/ionably int5d$ z a great con/itutional gu>anty ( p]sonal lib]ty4 ,b unless x d5ies ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man1 x 9 reality af=ds no protection to any ( u aga9/ be+ made slaves4 ,if x does d5y ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man1 ! slave is entitl$ to ! privilege ( ! writ2 = he is held 9 cu/ody by 8 ma/]1 simply on ! gr\nd ( prop]ty4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ian1 "o ( ,black/one's editors1 says t x is ?is writ t makes slav]y impossible 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 on ?is writ1 t ,som]set 0 lib]at$4 ,! writ1 9 fact1 ass]ts1 z a great con/itutional pr9ciple1 ! natural "r ( p]sonal lib]ty4 ,& ! privilege ( ! writ is n conf9$ to citiz5s1 b ext5ds to all human be+s4#bd ,& x is probably ! only absolute gu>anty1 t our national con/itution gives to =eign]s & ali5s1 t !y %all n1 on _! arrival "h1 be enslav$ by ^? ( our /ate gov]nm5ts t exhibit su* prop5sities = enslav+ _! fell[-m54 ,= ?is purpose1 x is a p]fect gu>anty to p :o come "h f any "p ( ! _w4 ,& if x be su* a gu>anty to =eign]s & ali5s1 is x no gu>anty to ^? born "u ! con/itution8 ,especially :5 ! con/itution makes no discrim9ation ( p]sons8 ,elev5?4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>anty to e /ate 9 ?is union a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 & %all protect ea* ( !m aga9/ invasion2 &1 on application ( ! legislature1 or ( ! executive1 7:5 ! legislature _c be conv5$17 aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce4 ,m>k ! /r5g? & explicitness ( ! fir/ clause ( ?is section1 to wit1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>antee to e /ate 9 ?is union a republican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,m>k also especially t ?is gu>anty is "o ( lib]ty1 & n ( slav]y4 ,we h all ( u h]et(ore be5 compell$ to he>1 f individuals ( slavehold+ pr9ciples1 _m arrogant & bomba/ic ass]tions1 t\*+ ! con/itutional gu>anties giv5 to slav]y2 & p]sons1 :o are 9 ! habit ( tak+ _! con/itutional law f o!r m5's m\?s1 in/ead ( look+ at ! con/itution = !mselves1 h probably be5 l$ to imag9e t ! con/itution _h really giv5 su* gu>anties 9 "s explicit & tangible =m4 ,we h1 nev]!less1 se5 t all ^? pret5d$ gu>anties are at mo/ no?+ b c]ta9 vague h9ts1 ins9uations1 ciph]s & innu5does1 t are imag9$ to be cov]$ up "u language :i* legally means no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b1 9 ! clause n[ cit$1 we d h an explicit & p]emptory gu>anty1 dep5d+ ^u no implications1 inf]5ces or conjectures1 & c\*$ 9 no unc]ta9 or ambigu\s t]ms4 ,& :at is ?is gu>anty8 ,is x a gu>anty ( slav]y8 ,no4 ,x is a gu>anty ( some?+ flatly incompatible ) slav]y3 a gu>anty ( a republican =m ( gov]nm5t to e /ate 9 ?is union4 ,& :at is a republican =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,x is :]e ! gov]nm5t is a commonweal?--! prop]ty ( ! public1 ( ! mass ( ! p1 or ( ! entire p4 ,x is :]e ! gov]nm5t is made up (1 & controll$ by ! comb9$ w & p[] ( ! public1 or ! mass ( ! p--& :]e1 ( natural consequ5ce1 x w h1 = its object1 ! protection ( ! rights ( all4 ,x is indisp5sable to a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 t ! public1 ! mass ( ! p1 if n ! entire p1 p>ticipate 9 ! grant ( p[]s to ! gov]nm5t1 & 9 ! protection af=d$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t a gov]nm5t1 "u :i* any consid]able numb] ( ! p1 7if inde$ any numb] ( ! p17 are disfran*is$ & enslav$1 c be a republic4 ,a slave gov]nm5t is an olig>*y2 & "o too ( ! mo/ arbitr>y & crim9al "*4 ,/range t m51 :o h eyes capable ( discov]+ 9 ! con/itution s _m cov]t1 impli$ & ins9uat$ gu>anties ( crime & slav]y1 %\ld be bl9d to ! legal import ( s op51 explicit & p]emptory a gu>anty ( fre$om1 equality & "r4 ,ev5 if !re _h really be51 9 ! con/itution1 two su* contradictory gu>anties1 z "o ( lib]ty or republicanism 9 e /ate ( ! ,union1 & ano!r ( slav]y 9 e /ate :]e "o portion ( ! p might succe$ 9 enslav+ ! re/1 "o ( ^! gu>anties mu/ h giv5 way to ! o!r--=1 be+ pla9ly inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r1 !y c\ld n h /ood toge!r4 ,& x might safely h be5 left ei!r to legal or to moral rules to det]m9e :i* ( ! two %\ld prevail--:e!r a provision to p]petuate slav]y %\ld triumph ov] a gu>anty ( fre$om4 ,b x is con/antly ass]t$1 9 sub/ance1 t !re is no propriety 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t's int]f]+ 9 ! local gov]nm5ts ( ! /ates4 ,^? :o make ?is ass]tion appe> to reg>d a /ate z a s+le individual1 capable ( manag+ 8 own affairs1 & ( c\rse unwill+ to tol]ate ! int]m$dl+ ( o!rs4 ,b a /ate is n an individual4 ,x is made up ( l>ge numb]s ( individuals1 ea* & all ( :om1 amid ! inte/9e mutations & /rifes to :i* /ates are subject1 are liable1 at "s "t or o!r1 to be trampl$ ^u by ! /ronge/ p>ty1 & may !re=e reasonably *oose to secure1 9 advance1 "s ext]nal protection aga9/ su* em]g5cies1 by mak+ reciprocal contracts ) o!r p simil>ly expos$ 9 ! neighbor+ /ates4 ,su* contracts = mutual succor & protection1 are p]fectly fit & prop] = any p :o are s situat$ z to be able to contribute to ea* o!r's security4 ,!y are z fit & prop] z any o!r political contracts :atev]2 & are f\nd$ on precisely ! same pr9ciple ( comb9ation = mutual def5ce--= :at are any ( our political contracts & =ms ( gov]nm5t1 b contracts betwe5 man & man = mutual protection aga9/ ^? :o may conspire to injure ei!r or all ( !m8 ,b ^! contracts1 fit & prop] betwe5 all m51 are peculi>ly appropriate to ^?1 :o1 :ile !y are memb]s ( v>i\s local & subord9ate associations1 are1 at ! same "t1 unit$ = specific purposes1 "u "o g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,su* a mutual contract1 betwe5 ! p ( all ! /ates1 is conta9$ 9 ?is clause ( ! con/itution4 ,& x gives to !m all an additional gu>anty = _! lib]ties4 ,^? :o object to ?is gu>anty1 h[ev]1 *oose to ov]look all ^! consid]ations1 & !n appe> to imag9e t _! notions ( propriety on ?is po9t1 c effectually expunge ! gu>anty itself f ! con/itution4 ,9 indulg+ ?is fancy1 h[ev]1 !y und\bt$ly ov]rate ! legal1 & p]haps also ! moral effect ( su* sup]lative fa/idi\sness2 = ev5 if !re 7 no propriety 9 ! int]f]5ce ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t to ma9ta9 a republican =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! /ates1 /ill1 ! unequivocal pl$ge to t effect1 giv5 9 ! con/itution1 w\ld nev]!less rema9 an irresi/ible rebutt] to ! allegation t ! con/itution int5d$ to gu>anty its opposite1 slav]y1 an olig>*y1 or a despotism4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 entirely =bid all ^? inf]5ces & implications1 drawn by slavehold]s1 f ^? o!r phrases1 :i* !y quote z gu>anties ( slav]y4#be ,b ! propriety1 & n only ! propriety1 b ! necessity ( ?is gu>anty1 may be ma9ta9$ on /ill o!r gr\nds4 ,"o ( ^! gr\nds is1 t x w\ld be impossible1 consi/5tly ) ! o!r provisions ( ! con/itution1 t ! g5]al gov]nm5t itself c\ld be republican1 unless ! /ate gov]nm5ts 7 republican also4 ,= example4 ,! con/itution provides1 9 reg>d to ! *oice ( congressional repres5tatives1 t ! electors 9 ea* /ate %all h ! qualifications requisite = electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ! /ate legislature4 ,x 0 indisp5sable to ! int]nal quiet ( ea* /ate1 t ! same body ( electors1 :o %\ld p>ticipate 9 ! suffrage ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 %\ld p>ticipate also 9 ! suffrage ( ! national "o--& vice v]sa1 t ^? :o %\ld p>ticipate 9 ! national suffrage1 %\ld also p>ticipate 9 t ( ! /ate4 ,if ! g5]al & /ate con/itutions _h ea* a diff]5t body ( electors )9 ea* /ate1 x w\ld obvi\sly give rise at once to implacable & irreconcilable feuds1 t w\ld result 9 ! ov]?r[ ( "o or ! o!r ( ! gov]nm5ts )9 ! /ate4 ,h>mony or invet]ate conflict 0 ! only alt]native4 ,z conflict w\ld necess>ily result 9 ! de/ruction ( "o ( ! gov]nm5ts1 h>mony 0 ! only mode by :i* bo? c\ld be pres]v$4 ,& ?is h>mony c\ld be secur$ only by giv+ to ! same body ( electors1 suffrage 9 bo? ! gov]nm5ts4 ,if1 !n1 x 0 indisp5sable to ! exi/5ce & au?ority ( bo? gov]nm5ts1 )9 ! t]ritory ( ea* /ate1 t ! same body1 & only ! same body ( electors1 t 7 repres5t$ 9 "o ( ! gov]nm5ts1 %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! o!r1 x 0 cle>ly indisp5sable1 9 ord] t ! national "o %\ld be republican1 t ! /ate gov]nm5ts %\ld be republican also4 ,h5ce ! int]e/ :i* ! nation at l>ge h 9 ! republicanism ( ea* ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,x be+ necess>y t ! suffrage "u ! national gov]nm5t1 )9 ea* /ate1 %\ld be ! same z = ! /ate gov]nm5t1 x is app>5t t unless ! sev]al /ate gov]nm5ts 7 all =m$ on "o g5]al plan1 or unless ! electors ( all ! /ates 7 unit$ 9 ! ackn[l$gem5t ( "s g5]al controll+ pr9ciple1 applicable to bo? gov]nm5ts1 x w\ld be impossible t !y c\ld unite 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a g5]al gov]nm5t t %\ld act 9 h>mony ) ! /ate gov]nm5ts2 because ! same body ( electors1 t %\ld support a despotic gov]nm5t 9 ! /ate1 c\ld n consi/5tly or cordially unite1 or ev5 unite at all1 9 ! support ( a republican gov]nm5t = ! nation4 ,if "o portion ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts %\ld be republican1 l ,v]mont1 :]e suffrage is op5 to all--& ano!r portion %\ld be olig>*ies1 l ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ! o!r slave /ates--ano!r portion limit$ mon>*ies1 l ,engl&--ano!r portion ecclesia/ical1 l t ( ! ,pope ( ,rome1 or t ( ! anci5t ,jews--& ano!r portion absolute despotisms1 l t ( ,ni*olas1 9 ,russia1 or t ( ,francia1 9 ,p>aguay1--& ! same body1 & only ! same body1 ( electors1 t su/a9$ ea* ( ^! gov]nm5ts at home1 %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! national gov]nm5t1 ea* /ate w\ld s5d into ! national legislature ! repres5tatives ( its own peculi> sy/em ( gov]nm5t2 & ! national legislature1 in/ead ( be+ compos$ ( ! repres5tatives ( any "o !ory1 or pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 w\ld be made up ( ! repres5tatives ( all ! v>i\s !ories ( gov]nm5t t prevail$ 9 ! diff]5t /ates--f ! extreme ( democracy to ! extreme ( despotism4 ,& ea* ( ^! v>i\s repres5tatives w\ld be oblig$ to c>ry 8 local pr9ciples into ! national legislature1 else he c\ld n reta9 ! confid5ce ( 8 peculi> con/itu5ts4 ,! consequ5ce w\ld be1 t ! national legislature w\ld pres5t ! spectacle ( a p]fect ,babel ( discordant tongues1 elem5ts1 passions1 int]e/s & purposes1 in/ead ( an assembly unit$ = ! accompli%m5t ( any agre$ or di/9ct object4 ,)\t "s di/9ct & agre$ object z a bond ( union1 x w\ld obvi\sly be impracticable = any g5]al union ( ! :ole p to subsi/2 & t bond ( union1 :atev] x be1 mu/ also h>monize ) ! pr9ciples ( ea* ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 else !re w\ld be a collision betwe5 ! g5]al & /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,n[ ! great bond ( union1 agre$ ^u 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 0 ! rights ( man--express$ 9 ! national con/itution by ! t]ms lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,:at o!r bond c\ld h be5 agre$ ^u8 ,on :at o!r pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t c\ld !y all h unit$8 ,c\ld !y h unit$ to su/a9 ! div9e "r ( k+s8 ,! feudal privileges ( nobles8 ,or ! supremacy ( ! ,*ri/ian1 ,mahometan1 or any o!r *ur*8 ,no4 ,!y all d5i$ ! div9e "r ( k+s1 & ! feudal rights ( nobles2 & !y 7 ( all cre$s 9 religion4 ,b !y 7 agre$ t all m5 _h c]ta9 natural1 inh]5t1 ess5tial & inali5able rights1 among :i* 7 life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess2 & t ! pres]vation ( ^! rights 0 ! legitimate purpose ( gov]nm5ts among m54 ,!y _h av[$ ?is pr9ciple be=e ! _w1 _h f\ght = x1 & successfully def5d$ x1 aga9/ ! mightie/ p[] 9 ! _w4 ,!y _h fill$ ! _w ) its glory2 & x1 9 turn1 _h fill$ ! _w ) !irs4 ,x _h also ga!r$1 & 0 !n ga!r+1 *oice spirits1 & l>ge numb]s ( ! oppress$ f o!r nations unto !m4 ,& ?is pr9ciple--9 :i* 7 involv$ ! safety1 int]e/s & rights ( ea* & e "o ( ! p1 :o 7 to unite = ! =mation ( ! gov]nm5t--n[ furni%$ a bond ( union1 t 0 at once suffici5t1 legitimate1 consi/5t1 honorable1 ( univ]sal application1 & hav+ m g5]al p[] ov] ! he>ts & heads ( all ( !m1 ?an any o!r t c\ld be f\nd to hold !m toge!r4 ,x comport$ ) _! !ory ( ! true objects ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is pr9ciple1 !re=e1 !y adopt$ z ! corn]-/one ( _! national gov]nm5t2 &1 z a matt] ( necessity1 all o!r ?+s1 on :i* ?is new gov]nm5t 0 9 any degree to dep5d1 or :i* 0 to dep5d 9 any degree ^u ?is gov]nm5t1 7 !n made to con=m to ?is pr9ciple4 ,h5ce ! propriety ( ! p[] giv5 to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ( gu>antee+ to e /ate 9 ! ,union a republican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,_h n ?is p[] be5 giv5 to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ! majorities 9 ea* /ate might h conv]t$ ! /ate gov]nm5ts into olig>*ies1 ari/ocracies1 mon>*ies or despotisms1 t %\ld n only h trampl$ ^u ! m9orities1 & defeat$ _! enjoym5t ( ! national con/itution1 b also introduc$ su* factions & feuds into ! national gov]nm5ts1 z w\ld h di/ract$ its c\ncils1 & pro/rat$ its p[]4 ,b !re 7 also motives ( a pecuni>y & social1 z well z political nature1 t made x prop] t ! nation %\ld gu>antee to ! /ates a republican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,comm]ce 0 to be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! p ( ! diff]5t /ates4 ,! comm]ce ( a free p is _m times m valuable ?an t ( slaves4 ,freem5 produce & consume va/ly m ?an slaves4 ,!y h !re=e m to buy & m to sell4 ,h5ce ! free /ates h a direct pecuni>y int]e/ 9 ! civil fre$om ( all ! o!r /ates4 ,comm]ce betwe5 free & slave /ates is n reciprocal or equal4 ,:o c measure ! increase t w\ld h be5 made to ! indu/ry & prosp]ity ( ! free /ates1 if all ! slaves 9 ! c\ntry _h be5 freem51 ) all ! wants & en]gies ( freem58 ,& _! ma/]s _h _h all ! ?rift1 indu/ry1 frugality & ent]prise ( m5 :o dep5d ^u _! own labor1 in/ead ( ! labor ( slaves1 = _! prosp]ity8 ,great ,brita9 ?\ght x policy to c>ry on a sev5 ye>s' w> aga9/ u pr9cipally to secure to h]self ! control & b5efits ( ! comm]ce ( ?ree millions ( p & _! po/]ity4 ,b we n[ h ne>ly or q ! same numb] ( slaves )9 our bord]s1 & yet we ?9k t comm]ce ) !m & _! po/]ity is a matt] ) :i* we h no conc]n2 t !re is no propriety 9 t provision ( ! national con/itution1 :i* requires t ! g5]al gov]nm5t--:i* we h inve/$ ) ! exclusive control ( all comm]ce among ! sev]al /ates--%\ld secure to ^! ?ree millions ! "r ( traffic ) _! fell[ m51 & to _! fell[ m5 ! "r ( traffic ) !m1 aga9/ ! imp]t95t usurpations & tyranny ( subord9ate gov]nm5ts1 t h no con/itutional "r to int]f]e 9 ! matt]4 ,aga94 ,! slave /ates1 9 proportion to _! population1 contribute no?+ l an equal or equitable %>e to ! aggregate ( national weal?4 ,x w\ld probably be )9 ! tru? to say t1 9 proportion to numb]s1 ! p ( ! free /ates h contribut$ t5 times z mu* to ! national weal? z ! p ( ! slave /ates4 ,ev5 = su* weal? z ! culture ( _! great /aple1 cotton1 has add$ to ! nation1 ! s\? are indebt$ pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 to ! inv5tive g5ius ( a s+le nor!rn man4#bf ,! agriculture ( ! slave /ates is c>ri$ on ) rude & clumsy implem5ts2 by li/less1 spiritless & ?riftless labor]s2 & 9 a mann] spe$ily to we> out ! natural f]tility ( ! soil1 :i* f]tility slave cultivation seldom or nev] replaces4 ,! me*anic arts are comp>atively dead among !m4 ,inv5tion is utt]ly dormant4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ei!r a slave or a slave hold] has ev] inv5t$ a s+le important article ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,& !y h h>dly _h ! skill or ent]prise to apply any ( ^? inv5t$ by o!rs4 ,:o c e/imate ! loss ( weal? to ! nation f ^! causes alone8 ,yet we ( ! free /ates give to ! s\? a %>e 9 ! incalculable weal? produc$ by our inv5tions & labor-sav+ ma*9]y1 our /eam eng9es1 & cotton g9s1 & manufactur+ ma*9]y ( all sorts1 & yet say at ! same "t t we h no int]e/1 & t !re is no propriety 9 ! con/itutional gu>anty ( t p]sonal fre$om to ! p ( ! s\?1 :i* w\ld enable !m to return u "s equival5t 9 k9d4 ,= ! want1 too1 ( an en=cem5t ( ?is gu>anty ( a republican =m ( gov]nm5t to ea* ( ! /ates1 ! population ( ! c\ntry1 by ! immigration ( =eign]s1 has no d\bt be5 greatly h9d]$4 ,multitudes almo/ innum]able1 :o w\ld h come "h1 ei!r f a love ( lib]ty1 or to bett] _! conditions1 & giv5 ! c\ntry ! b5efit ( _! tal5ts1 indu/ry & weal?1 h no d\bt be5 dissuad$ or det]r$ by ! hide\s tyranny t rides triumphant 9 "o half ( ! nation1 & ext5ds its pe/if]\s & dete/$ influ5ce ov] ! o!r half4 ,socially1 also1 we h an int]e/ 9 ! fre$om ( all ! /ates4 ,we h an int]e/ 9 free p]sonal int]c\rse ) all ! p liv+ "u a common gov]nm5t ) ourselves4 ,we wi% to be free to discuss1 ) any & all ( !m1 all ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty & all ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,we wi%1 :5 we meet a fell[ man1 to be at lib]ty to speak freely ) him ( 8 & our condition2 to be at lib]ty to d him a s]vice2 to advise ) him z to ! means ( improv+ 8 condition2 &1 if ne$ be1 to ask a k9dness at 8 h&s4 ,b all ^! ?+s are incompatible ) slav]y4 ,is ?is su* an union z we b>ga9$ =8 ,0 x nom9at$ 9 ! bond1 t we %\ld be cut (f f ^! ! common rights ( human nature8 ,if s1 po9t to ! l9e & lett]1 :]e x is s writt54 ,nei!r ( !m are to be f\nd4 ,b ! contr>y is expressly gu>anti$ aga9/ ! p[] ( bo? ! gov]nm5ts1 /ate & national2 = ! national gov]nm5t is prohibit$ f pass+ any law abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee* & ! press1 & ! /ate gov]nm5ts are prohibit$ f ma9ta9+ any o!r ?an a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* ( c\rse implies ! same fre$om4 ,! nation at l>ge h /ill ano!r int]e/ 9 ! republicanism ( ea* ( ! /ates2 an int]e/1 too1 t is indicat$ 9 ! same section 9 :i* ?is republicanism is gu>anti$4 ,?is int]e/ results f ! fact t ! nation are pl$g$ to protect ea* ( ! /ates aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce4 ,0 !re no acc\nt tak5--9 ref]5ce ei!r to ! co/ or ! pr9ciple ( ?is und]tak+--z to :at might be ! "* ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 :i* we are ?us pl$g$ to def5d aga9/ ! ris+s ( ! p8 ,did we cov5ant1 9 ?is clause1 to wage w> aga9/ ! rights ( man8 ,did we pl$ge ourselves t ^?1 h[ev] few1 :o might ev] succe$ 9 gett+ ! gov]nm5t ( a /ate into _! h&s1 %\ld !nce=? be recogniz$ z ! legitimate p[] ( ! /ate1 & be entitl$ to ! :ole =ce ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t to aid !m 9 subject+ ! rema9d] ( ! p to ! degradation & inju/ice ( slav]y8 ,or did ! nation und]take only to gu>antee ! pres]vation ( a republican =m ( gov]nm5t aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ^? :o might prove its enemies8 ,! reason ( ! ?+1 & ! connexion1 9 :i* ! two provisions /& 9 ! con/itution1 give ! answ]4 ,we h yet ano!r int]e/ /ill1 & t no trivial "o1 9 ! republicanism ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts2 an int]e/ indicat$1 too1 l ! "o la/ m5tion$1 9 ! v section 9 :i* ?is republicanism is assur$4 ,x relates to ! def5ce aga9/ invasion4 ,! g5]al gov]nm5t is pl$g$ to def5d ea* ( ! /ates aga9/ invasion4 ,is x a ?+ ( no mom5t1 :e!r we h giv5 su* a pl$ge to free or to slave /ates8 ,is !re no diff]5ce 9 ! co/ & haz>d ( def5d+ "o or ! o!r8 ,is x ( no consequ5ce to ! exp5se ( life & money1 involv$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 :e!r ! p ( ! /ate invad$ %all be unit$1 z freem5 naturally w be1 z "o man aga9/ ! enemy8 ,or :e!r1 z 9 slave /ates1 half ( !m %all be burn+ to jo9 ! enemy1 ) ! purpose ( satisfy+ ) blood ! long acc\nt ( wrong t %all h accru$ aga9/ _! oppressors8 ,did ,massa*usetts--:o dur+ ! w> ( ! revolution furni%$ m m5 = ! common def5ce1 ?an all ! six s\!rn /ates toge!r--did %e1 imm$iately on ! close ( t w>1 pl$ge h]self1 z ! slave hold]s w\ld h x1 t %e w\ld lavi% h] life 9 l mann] aga91 = ! def5ce ( ^? ^: wick$ness & tyranny 9 peace %\ld necess>ily multiply _! enemies & make !m def5celess 9 w>8 ,if s1 on :at pr9ciple1 or = :at equival5t1 did %e d x8 ,did %e n r take c>e t ! gu>anty = a republican gov]nm5t %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! same p>agraph ) t = protection aga9/ invasion1 9 ord] t bo? ! pr9ciple & ! ext5t ( ! liability %e incurr$1 might di/9ctly appe>8 ,! nation at l>ge1 !n1 z a political community "u ! con/itution1 h bo? int]e/s & rights1 & bo? ( ! mo/ vital "*1 9 ! republicanism ( ea* ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! gu>anty giv5 by ! national con/itution1 secur+ su* a gov]nm5t to ea* ( ! /ates1 is !re=e nei!r (fici\s nor imp]t95t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is gu>anty 0 a s9e qua non to any national contract ( union2 & ! en=cem5t ( x is equally indisp5sable1 if n to ! cont9uance ( ! union at all1 c]ta9ly to its cont9uance on any t]ms t are ei!r safe1 honorable or equitable = ! nor?4 ,?is gu>anty1 !n1 is n idle v]biage4 ,x is full ( mean+4 ,& t mean+ is n only fatal to slav]y itself1 b x is fatal also to all ^? pret5ces1 con/ructions1 surmises & implications1 by :i* x is claim$ t ! national con/itution sanctions1 legalizes1 or ev5 tol]ates slav]y4 ,footnote #ah3 ,?is language ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt conta9s an admission ( ! tru? ( ! *>ge j made aga9/ judges1 viz3 t r ?an lose _! (fices1 !y w violate :at !y "k to be law1 9 subs]vi5cy to ! legislatures on :om !y dep5d2 = x admits1 #a/1 t ! pres]vation ( m5's rights is ! vital pr9ciple ( law1 &1 #b;d1 t c\rts1 7& ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 p>ticul>17 w trample ^u t pr9ciple at ! bidd+ ( ! legislature1 :5 ! m&ate comes 9 ! %ape ( a /atute ( su* irresi/ible cle>ness1 t its mean+ _c be evad$4 ,footnote #ai3 ,laws are con/ru$ /rictly to save a "r4--,:itney et al4 vs4 ,emmett et al41 #a ,baldw91 ,c4,c4,r4 #caf4 ,no law w make a con/ruction d wrong2 & !re are "s ?+s :i* ! law favors1 & "s x dislikes2 x favore? ^? ?+s t come f ! ord] ( nature4--,jacob's ,law ,diction>y1 title ,law4 ,footnote #bj3 ,9 ! conv5tion t fram$ ! con/itution1 :5 ?is clause 0 "u discussion1 s]vants 7 spok5 ( z a di/9ct class f slaves4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,butl] & ,mr4 ,pickney mov$ to require 'fugitive slaves & s]vants to be deliv]$ up l crim9als4' ,mr4 ,%]man object$ to deliv]+ up ei!r slaves or s]vants4 ,he said he saw no m propriety 9 ! public seiz+ & surr5d]+ a slave or s]vant1 ?an a horse4--,madison ,pap]s1 p4 #addg-h4 ,! language f9ally adopt$ %[s t !y at la/ agre$ to deliv] up s]vants1 b n slaves--= z ! ^w s]vant does n mean slave1 ! ^w s]vice does n mean slav]y4 ,^! rem>ks 9 ! conv5tion are quot$1 n because ! int5tions ( ! conv5tion are ( ! lea/ legal consequ5ce :atev]2 b to rebut ! silly argum5ts ( ^? :o pret5d t ! conv5tion1 & n ! p1 adopt$ ! con/itution--& t ! conv5tion did n und]/& ! legal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ^w s]vant & slave1 & !re=e us$ ! ^w s]vice1 9 ?is clause1 z mean+ slav]y4 ,footnote #ba3 ,gibbons vs4 ,ogd54--7#i ,:eaton1 #a47 ,footnote #bb3 ,! gov]nm5t 7( ! ,u4,s47 proce$s directly f ! p2 is 'orda9$ & e/abli%$' 9 ! "n ( ! p4--,m',cullo* vs4 ,m>yl&1 #d ,:eaton1 #djc4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,union is emphatically & truly1 a gov]nm5t ( ! p2 & 9 =m & 9 sub/ance x emanates f !m4 ,its p[]s are grant$ by !m1 & are to be ex]cis$ directly on !m1 & = _! b5efit4--,same1 pages #djd1 #dje4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 orda9$ & e/abli%$1 n by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 _! sov]eign capacities1 b emphatically1 z ! preamble ( ! con/itution decl>es1 by '! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4'--,m>t9 vs4 ,hunt]'s lessee1 #a ,:eaton1 #cbd4 ,footnote #bc3 ,t is1 male p]sons4 ,! con/itution1 :5ev] x uses ! pron\n1 9 speak+ ( ! presid5t1 uni=mly uses ! mascul9e g5d]--f :i* x may be inf]r$ t male p]sons only 7 int5d$ to be made eligible to ! (fice4 ,footnote #bd3 ,som]set 0 n a citiz5 ( ,engl&1 or entitl$1 z su*1 to ! protection ( ! ,engli% law4 ,! privilege ( ! writ ( habeas corpus 0 grant$ to him on ! gr\nd simply ( 8 be+ a man4 ,footnote #be3 ,f :om come ^! objections to ! propriety ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t's int]f]+ to ma9ta9 republicanism 9 ! /ates8 ,d !y n come f ^? :o h ev] hi!rto claim$ t ! g5]al gov]nm5t 0 b\nd to int]f]e to put d[n republicanism8 ,& t ^? :o 7 republicans at ! nor?1 might ) p]fect propriety & consi/5cy1 pl$ge _! assi/ance to ! despots ( ! s\?1 to su/a9 ! wor/1 ! meane/ & mo/ atroci\s ( tyrannies8 ,yes1 f ! v same4 ,to int]f]e to assi/ "o half ( ! p ( a /ate 9 ! c[>dly1 cruel & fi5di% "w ( cru%+ ! o!r half into ! e>?1 corresponds precisely ) _! *ivalr\s notions ( propriety2 b x is insuff]able (fici\sness = !m to =m any political compacts t w require !m to int]f]e to protect ! weak aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! /rong1 or to ma9ta9 ju/ice1 lib]ty1 peace & fre$om4 ,footnote #bf3 ,eli ,:itney4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,int5tions ,,( ,,! ,,conv5tion4 ,! int5tions ( ! fram]s ( ! con/itution1 7if we c\ld h1 z we _c1 any legal k ( !m1 except f ! words ( ! con/itution17 h no?+ to d ) fix+ ! legal mean+ ( ! con/itution4 ,t conv5tion 7 n delegat$ to adopt or e/abli% a con/itution2 b only to consult1 devise & recomm5d4 ,! in/rum5t1 :5 x came f _! h&s1 0 a m]e proposal1 hav+ no legal =ce or au?ority4 ,x f9ally d]iv$ all its validity & obligation1 z a frame ( gov]nm5t1 f its adoption by ! p at l>ge4#bg ,( c\rse ! int5tions ( ! p at l>ge are ! only ones1 t are ( any importance to be reg>d$ 9 det]m9+ ! legal mean+ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,& _! int5tions are to be ga!r$ entirely f ! words1 :i* !y adopt$ to express !m4 ,& _! int5tions mu/ be presum$ to be j :at1 & only :at ! words ( ! in/rum5t legally express4 ,9 adopt+ ! con/itution1 ! p act$ z legislators1 9 ! highe/ s5se 9 :i* t ^w c be appli$ to human lawgiv]s4 ,!y 7 e/abli%+ a law t 0 to gov]n bo? !mselves & _! gov]nm5t4 ,& _! int5tions1 l ^? ( o!r legislators1 are to be ga!r$ f ! words ( _! enactm5ts4 ,su* is ! dictate ( bo? law & common s5se4#bh ,! in/rum5t _h be5 report$ by _! committee1 ! conv5tion4 ,b ! p did n ask ?is committee :at 0 ! legal mean+ ( ! in/rum5t report$4 ,!y adopt$ x1 judg+ = !mselves ( its legal mean+1 z any o!r legislative body w\ld h done4 ,! p at l>ge _h n ev5 an opportunity ( consultation ) ! memb]s ( ! conv5tion1 to asc]ta9 _! op9ions4 ,& ev5 if !y _h consult$ !m1 !y w\ld n h be5 b\nd at all by _! op9ions4 ,b be+ unable to consult !m1 !y 7 compell$ to adopt or reject ! in/rum5t1 on _! own judgm5t ( its mean+1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! op9ions ( ! conv5tion4 ,! in/rum5t1 !re=e1 is n[ to be reg>d$ z express+ ! int5tions ( ! p at l>ge2 & n ! int5tions ( ! conv5tion1 if ! conv5tion _h any int5tions diff]+ f ! mean+ :i* ! law gives to ! words ( ! in/rum5t4 ,b :y d ! p>tizans ( slav]y resort to ! debates ( ! conv5tion = evid5ce t ! con/itution sanctions slav]y8 ,pla9ly = no o!r reason ?an because ! words ( ! in/rum5t d n sanction x4 ,b c ! int5tions ( t conv5tion1 atte/$ only by a m]e skeleton ( its debates1 & n by any impress ^u ! in/rum5t itself1 add any ?+ to ! words1 or to ! legal mean+ ( ! words ( ! con/itution8 ,pla9ly n4 ,_! int5tions are ( no m consequ5ce1 9 a legal po9t ( view1 ?an ! int5tions ( any o!r equal numb] ( ! !n vot]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,besides1 z memb]s ( ! conv5tion1 !y 7 n ev5 p>ties to ! in/rum5t2 & no evid5ce ( _! int5tions1 at t "t1 is applicable to ! case4 ,!y became p>ties to x only by jo9+ ) ! re/ ( ! p 9 its subsequ5t adoption2 & !y !mselves1 equally ) ! re/ ( ! p1 mu/ !n be presum$ to h adopt$ its legal mean+1 & t alone--not)/&+ any ?+ !y may h previ\sly said4 ,:at absurdity !n is x to set up ! op9ions express$ 9 ! conv5tion1 & by a few only ( its memb]s1 9 opposition to ! op9ions express$ by ! :ole p ( ! c\ntry1 9 ! con/itution itself4 ,b not)/&+ ! op9ions express$ 9 ! conv5tion by "s ( ! memb]s1 we are b\nd1 z a matt] ( law1 to presume t ! conv5tion itself1 9 ! aggregate1 _h no int5tion ( sanction+ slav]y--& :y8 ,because1 aft] all _! debates1 !y agre$ ^u an in/rum5t t did n sanction x4 ,?is 0 confess$ly ! result 9 :i* all _! debates t]m9at$4 ,?is in/rum5t is also ! only au!ntic evid5ce ( _! int5tions4 ,x is subsequ5t 9 its date to all ! o!r evid5ce4 ,x comes to u1 also1 z none ( ! o!r evid5ce does1 sign$ ) _! own h&s4 ,& is ?is to be set aside1 & ! con/itution itself to be impea*$ & de/roy$1 & free gov]nm5t ov]turn$1 on ! au?ority ( a few meagre snat*es ( argum5t1 int5t or op9ion1 utt]$ by a few only ( ! memb]s2 jott$ d[n by "o ( !m1 7,mr4 ,madison17 m]ely = 8 own conv5i5ce1 or f ! sugge/ions ( 8 own m9d2 & only report$ to u fifty ye>s aft]w>ds by a po/hum\s publication ( 8 pap]s8 ,if any ?+ c\ld excite ! utt] contempt ( ! p ( ?is nation = ! mis]able subt]fuges1 to :i* ! advocates ( slav]y resort1 x w\ld seem t _! (f]+ su* evid5ce z ?is 9 support ( _! cause1 mu/ d x4 ,& yet ^!1 & su* z ^! m]e fragm5ts ( evid5ce1 all utt]ly inadmissible & wor?less 9 _! k9d1 = any legal purpose1 con/itute ! w>p & ! wo(1 ! v s9e qua non ( ! :ole argum5t = slav]y4 ,did ,mr4 ,madison1 :5 he took 8 oa? ( (fice1 z presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 swe> to support ^! scraps ( debate1 :i* he _h fil$ away among 8 private pap]s8--,or did he swe> to support t writt5 in/rum5t1 :i* ! p ( ! c\ntry _h agre$ to1 & :i* 0 kn[n to !m1 & to all ! _w1 z ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#bi ,b ev5 if ! unexpress$ int5tions1 :i* ^! notes ( debate ascribe to c]ta9 memb]s1 _h be5 p>ticipat$ 9 by ! :ole conv5tion1 we %\ld h _h no "r to hold ! p ( ! c\ntry at l>ge responsible = !m4 ,?is conv5tion sat ) clos$ doors1 & x 0 n until ne> fifty ye>s aft] ! p _h adopt$ ! con/itution itself1 t ^! private int5tions ( ! fram]s au!ntically transpir$4 ,& ev5 n[ all ! evid5ce disclos$ implicates1 directly & absolutely1 b few ( ! memb]s--n ev5 all f ! slavehold+ /ates4 ,! int5tions ( all ! re/1 we h a "r to presume1 concurr$ ) _! votes & ! words ( ! in/rum5t2 & !y _h !re=e no occasion to express contr>y ones 9 debate4 ,b suppose t all ! memb]s ( ! conv5tion _h p>ticipat$ 9 ^! int5tions--:at !n8 ,any =ty or fifty m51 l ^? :o fram$ ! con/itution1 may n[ secretly concoct ano!r1 t is hone/ 9 its t]ms1 & yet 9 secret conclave confess to ea* o!r ! crim9al objects !y int5d to accompli% by x1 if its hone/ "* %\ld enable !m to secure = x ! adoption ( ! p4--,b if ! p %\ld adopt su* con/itution1 w\ld !y !reby adopt any ( ! crim9al & secret purposes ( its au?ors8 ,or if ! guilty confessions ( ^! conspirators %\ld be reveal$ fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 w\ld judicial tribunals look to !m z giv+ ! gov]nm5t any au?ority = violat+ ! legal mean+ ( ! words ( su* con/itution1 & = s con/ru+ !m z to subs]ve ! crim9al & %ameless purposes ( its orig9ators8 ,! memb]s ( ! conv5tion1 z su*1 7 ! m]e scriv5]s ( ! con/itution2 & _! individual purposes1 op9ions or expressions1 !n utt]$ 9 secret cabal1 ?\gh n[ reveal$1 c no m be evid5ce ( ! int5tions ( ! p :o adopt$ ! con/itution1 ?an ! secret op9ions or expressions ( ! scriv5]s ( any o!r contract c be (f]$ to prove ! int5tions ( ! true p>ties to su* contract4 ,z fram]s ( ! con/itution1 ! memb]s ( ! conv5tion gave to x no validity1 mean+1 or legal =ce4 ,!y simply draft$ x1 & (f]$ x1 su* z x legally might be1 to ! p = _! adoption or rejection4 ,! p1 !re=e1 9 adopt+ x1 _h no ref]5ce :atev] to ! op9ions ( ! conv5tion4 ,!y _h no au!ntic evid5ce ( :at ^? op9ions 74 ,!y look$ simply at ! in/rum5t4 ,& !y adopt$ ev5 its legal mean+ by a b>e majority4 ,if ! in/rum5t _h conta9$ any tangible sanction ( slav]y1 ! p w\ld soon] h _h x burn$ by ! h&s ( ! common hangman1 ?an !y w\ld h adopt$ x1 & ?us sold !mselves z pimps to slav]y1 cov]$ z !y 7 ) ! sc>s !y _h receiv$ 9 fight+ ! battles ( fre$om4 ,& ! memb]s ( ! conv5tion knew t su* 0 ! feel+ ( a l>ge portion ( ! p2 & = t reason1 if = no o!r1 !y d>$ ins]t 9 ! in/rum5t no legal sanction ( slav]y4 ,!y *ose r to tru/ to _! craft & influ5ce to corrupt ! gov]nm5t1 7( :i* !y !mselves expect$ to be important memb]s17 aft] ! con/itution %\ld h be5 adopt$1 r ?an ask ! necess>y au?ority directly f ! p4 ,& ! success !y h _h 9 corrupt+ ! gov]nm5t1 proves t !y judg$ rightly 9 presum+ t ! gov]nm5t w\ld be m flexible ?an ! p4 ,= o!r reasons1 too1 ! p %\ld n be *>g$ ) design+ to sanction any ( ! secret int5tions ( ! conv5tion4 ,:5 ! /ates s5t delegates to ! conv5tion1 no av[al 0 made ( any int5tion to give any national sanction to slav]y4 ,! articles ( conf$]ation _h giv5 none2 ! !n exi/+ /ate con/itutions gave none2 & x c\ld n h be5 reasonably anticipat$ by ! p t any w\ld h be5 ei!r ask$ = or grant$ 9 ! new con/itution4 ,if su* a purpose _h be5 av[$ by ^? :o 7 at ! bottom ( ! movem5t1 ! conv5tion w\ld d\btless nev] h be5 held4 ,! av[$ objects ( ! conv5tion 7 ( a totally diff]5t "*4 ,comm]cial1 indu/rial & def5sive motives 7 ! prom95t ones av[$4 ,:51 !n1 ! con/itution came f ! h&s ( su* a conv5tion1 un/a9$ ) any legal or tangible sanction ( slav]y1 7 ! p--:o1 f ! nature ( ! case1 c\ld n assemble to draft "o = !mselves--b\nd ei!r to disc>d x1 or hold !mselves responsible = all ! secret int5tions ( ^? :o _h draft$ x8 ,_h !y no p[] to adopt its legal mean+1 & t alone6 ,unque/ionably !y _h ! p[]2 &1 z matt] ( law1 z well z fact1 x is equally unque/ionable t !y ex]cis$ x4 ,no?+ else ?an ! con/itution1 z a legal in/rum5t1 0 (f]$ to !m = _! adoption4 ,no?+ else 0 legally be=e !m t !y c\ld adopt4 ,no?+ else1 !re=e1 did !y adopt4 ,?is alleg$ design1 on ! "p ( ! conv5tion1 to sanction slav]y1 is obvi\sly ( no consequ5ce :atev]1 unless x c be transf]r$ to ! p :o adopt$ ! con/itution4 ,has any su* transf] ev] be5 %[n8 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x may h be5 kn[n among politicians2 & may h f\nd its way into "s ( ! /ate conv5tions4 ,b !re probably is n a little ( evid5ce 9 exi/5ce1 t x 0 g5]ally kn[n among ! mass ( ! p4 ,&1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 x 0 ne>ly impossible t x %\ld h be5 kn[n by !m4 ,! national conv5tion _h sat ) clos$ doors4 ,no?+ 0 kn[n ( _! discussions1 except :at 0 p]sonally report$ by ! memb]s4 ,ev5 ! discussions 9 ! /ate conv5tions c\ld n h be5 kn[n to ! p at l>ge2 c]ta9ly n until aft] ! con/itution _h be5 ratifi$ by ^? conv5tions4 ,! ratification ( ! in/rum5t1 by ^? conv5tions1 foll[$ close on ! heels ( _! discussions4--,! population mean:ile 0 ?9ly scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! public pap]s 7 few1 & small1 & f> betwe54 ,!y c\ld n ev5 make su* reports ( ! discussions ( public bodies1 z newspap]s n[ d4 ,! consequ5ce mu/ h be5 t ! p at l>ge knew no?+ ( ! int5tions ( ! fram]s ( ! con/itution1 b f its words1 until aft] x 0 adopt$4 ,nev]!less1 x is to be con/antly borne 9 m9d1 t ev5 if ! p _h be5 fully cognizant ( ^? int5tions1 !y w\ld n !re=e h adopt$ !m1 or become at all responsible = !m1 s long z ! int5tions !mselves 7 n incorporat$ 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,_m selfi%1 ambiti\s & crim9al purposes1 n express$ 9 ! con/itution1 7 und\bt$ly int5d$ to be accompli%$ by "o & ano!r ( ! ?\s&s ( unpr9cipl$ politicians1 t w\ld naturally sw>m ar\nd ! bir?-place1 & assi/ at ! nativity ( a new & spl5did gov]nm5t4 ,b ! p are n !re=e responsible = ^? purposes2 nor are ^? purposes1 !re=e1 a "p ( ! con/itution2 nor is its language to be con/ru$ ) any view to aid _! accompli%m5t4 ,b ev5 if ! p int5d$ to sanction slav]y by adopt+ ! int5tions ( ! conv5tion1 x is obvi\s t !y1 l ! conv5tion1 int5d$ to use no language t %\ld legally convey t mean+1 or t %\ld necess>ily convict !m ( t int5tion 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4--,!y1 at lea/1 _h en\gh ( virtu\s %ame to induce !m to conceal ?is int5tion "u ! cov] ( language1 ^: legal mean+ w\ld enable !m always to av]1 ,?\ can/ n say ,i did x4 ,! int5tion1 !re=e1 t ! judici>y %\ld con/rue c]ta9 language into an au?ority = slav]y1 :5 su* is n ! legal mean+ ( ! language itself1 _c be ascrib$ to ! p1 except ^u ! supposition t ! p presum$ _! judicial tribunals w\ld h s mu* less ( %ame ?an !y !mselves1 z to volunte] to c>ry out ^! _! secret wi%es1 by go+ beyond ! words ( ! con/itution !y %\ld be sworn to support1 & violat+ all legal rules ( con/ruction1 & all ! free pr9ciples ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is true t ! judici>y1 7:e!r ! p int5d$ x or n17 h prov$ !mselves to be ?us mu*1 at lea/1 m %ameless ?an ! p1 or ! conv5tion4 ,yet t is n :at ought to h be5 expect$ ( judicial tribunals4 ,& :e!r su* 7 really ! int5tion ( ! conv5tion1 or ! p1 is1 at lea/ a matt] ( conjecture & hi/ory1 & n ( law1 nor ( any evid5ce cognizable by any judicial tribunal4 ,:y %\ld we se>* at all = ! int5tions1 ei!r ( ! conv5tion1 or ( ! p1 beyond ! words :i* bo? ! conv5tion & ! p h agre$ ^u to express !m8 ,:at is ! object ( writt5 con/itutions1 & writt5 /atutes1 & writt5 contracts8 ,is x n t ! mean+ ( ^? :o make !m may be kn[n ) ! mo/ absolute precision ( :i* language is capable8 ,is x n to get rid ( all ! fraud1 & unc]ta9ty1 & disagreem5ts ( oral te/imony8 ,:]e w\ld be our con/itution1 if1 in/ead ( its be+ a writt5 in/rum5t1 x _h be5 m]ely agre$ ^u orally by ! memb]s ( ! conv5tion8 ,& by !m only orally report$ to ! p8 ,& only ?is oral report ( x _h be5 adopt$ by ! p8 ,& all our evid5ce ( :at x really 01 _h re/$ ^u reports ( :at ,mr4 ,a1 & ,mr4 ,b1 memb]s ( ! conv5tion1 _h be5 he>d to say8 ,or ^u ,mr4 ,madison's notes ( ! debates ( ! conv5tion8 ,or ^u ! oral reports made by ! sev]al memb]s to _! respective con/itu5ts1 or to ! respective /ate conv5tions8 ,or ^u fly+ reports ( ! op9ions :i* a few individuals1 out ( ! :ole body ( ! p1 _h =m$ ( x :5 !y adopt$ x8 ,no two ( ! memb]s ( ! conv5tion w\ld probably h agre$ 9 _! repres5tations ( :at ! con/itution really 04 ,no two ( ! p w\ld h agre$ 9 _! und]/&+ ( ! con/itution :5 !y adopt$ x4 ,& ! consequ5ce w\ld h be5 t we %\ld really h _h no con/itution at all4 ,yet !re is z mu* gr\nd1 bo? 9 reason & 9 law1 = ?us ?r[+ aside ! :ole ( ! writt5 in/rum5t1 & tru/+ entirely to ^! o!r s\rces = evid5ce ( :at any "p ( ! con/itution really is1 z !re is = ?r[+ aside ^? p>ticul> portions ( ! writt5 in/rum5t1 :i* be> on slav]y1 & attempt+ to supply _! place f su* evid5ce z ^! o!r s\rces may *ance to furni%4 ,& yet1 to ?r[ aside ! writt5 in/rum5t1 s f> z its provisions are prohibitory ( slav]y1 & make a new con/itution on t po9t1 out ( o!r te/imony1 is ! only means1 confess$ly ! only means1 by :i* slav]y c be made con/itutional4 ,& :at is ! object ( resort+ to ^! fly+ reports = evid5ce1 on :i* to *ange ! mean+ ( ! con/itution8 ,is x to *ange ! in/rum5t f a di%one/ to an hone/ "o8 f an unju/ to a j "o8 ,no4 ,b directly ! rev]se--& solely t di%one/y & inju/ice may be c>ri$ into effect4 ,a purpose1 = :i* no evid5ce ( any k9d :atev] c\ld be admitt$ 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,aga94 ,if ! pr9ciple be admitt$1 t ! mean+ ( ! con/itution c be *ang$1 on pro( be+ made t ! scriv5]s or fram]s ( x _h secret & knavi% int5tions1 :i* d n appe> on ! face ( ! in/rum5t1 !n p]fect lic5se is giv5 to ! scriv5]s ( con/itutions to contrive any secret s*eme ( villa9y !y may please1 & impose x ^u ! p z a sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 "u cov] ( a writt5 in/rum5t t is s pla9ly hone/ & j 9 its t]ms1 t ! p readily agree to x4 ,is su* a pr9ciple to be admitt$ 9 a c\ntry :]e ! p claim ! pr]ogative ( e/abli%+ _! own gov]nm5t1 & d5y ! "r ( any body to impose a gov]nm5t ^u !m1 ei!r by =ce1 or fraud1 or aga9/ _! w8 ,f9ally4 ,! con/itution is a contract2 a writt5 contract1 consi/+ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( precise words1 to :i*1 & to :i* only1 all ! p>ties to x h1 9 !ory1 agre$4 ,manife/ly nei!r ?is contract1 nor ! mean+ ( its words1 c be *ang$1 )\t ! cons5t ( all ! p>ties to x4 ,nor c x be *ang$ on a repres5tation1 to be made by any numb] ( !m less ?an ! :ole1 t !y int5d$ any ?+ diff]5t f :at !y h said4 ,to *ange x1 on ! repres5tation ( a "p1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! re/1 w\ld be a brea* ( contract z to all ! re/4 ,& to *ange its legal mean+1 )\t _! cons5t1 w\ld be z mu* a brea* ( ! contract z to *ange its words4 ,if !re 7 a s+le hone/ man 9 ! nation1 :o ass5t$1 9 good fai?1 to ! hone/ & legal mean+ ( ! con/itution1 x w\ld be unju/ & unlawful to *ange ! mean+ ( ! in/rum5t s z to sanction slav]y1 ev5 ?\gh e o!r man 9 ! nation %\ld te/ify t1 9 agree+ to ! con/itution1 he int5d$ t slav]y %\ld be sanction$4 ,if !re 7 n a s+le hone/ man 9 ! nation1 :o adopt$ ! con/itution 9 good fai?1 & ) ! int5t t its legal mean+ %\ld be c>ri$ into effect1 its legal mean+ w\ld nev]!less rema9 ! same2 = no judicial tribunal c\ld lawfully all[ ! p>ties to x to come into c\rt & allege _! di%one/ int5tions1 & claim t !y be sub/itut$ = ! legal mean+ ( ! words ( ! in/rum5t4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt say1 ,! in/rum5t1 :5 x came f _! h&s1 7t is1 ! h&s ( ! conv5tion17 0 a m]e proposal1 )\t obligation or pret5sion to x4 ,! p 7 at p]fect lib]ty to accept or reject x2 & _! act 0 f9al4--,m',cullock vs4 ,m>yl&1--#d ,:eaton #djc-d4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates say3 ,! int5tion ( ! in/rum5t mu/ prevail3 ?is int5tion mu/ be collect$ f its words4--,ogd5 vs4 ,saund]s1--#ab ,:eaton1 #ccb4 ,! int5tion ( ! legislature is to be se>*$ = 9 ! words :i* ! legislature has employ$ to convey x4--,s*r4 ,paul9a's ,c>go vs4 ,unit$ ,/ates1--#g ,cran*1 #fj4 ,footnote #bi3 ,elliot's ,debates1 s (t5 ref]r$ to1 are1 if possible1 a m mis]able au?ority ?an ,mr4 ,madison's notes4 ,he seems to h pick$ up ! mo/ ( !m f ! newspap]s ( ! day1 9 :i* !y 7 report$ by nobody n[ probably kn[s :om4 ,9 8 preface to 8 fir/ volume1 conta9+ ! debates 9 ! ,massa*usetts & ,new ,york conv5tions1 he says3 ,9 ! compilation ( ?is volume1 c>e has be5 tak5 to se>* into contempor>y publications1 9 ord] to make ! "w z p]fect z possible2 /ill1 h[ev]1 ! editor is s5sible1 f ! daily exp]i5ce ( newspap] reports1 ( ! pres5t "t1 t ! s5tim5ts !y conta9 may1 9 "s in/ances1 h be5 inaccurately tak5 d[n1 & 9 o!rs1 probably too fa9tly sket*$1 fully to gratify ! inquisitive politician4 ,he also speaks ( !m z rescu$ f ! ephem]al pr9ts ( t day1 & n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 pres5t$ 9 a uni=m & durable =m4 ,9 ! preface to 8 second volume1 :i* is devot$ to ! ,virg9ia conv5tion1 he says ! debates 7 report$ by an able /5ograph]1 ,david ,rob]tson2 & !n quotes ! foll[+ f ,mr4 ,wirt1 9 a note to ! life ( ,patrick ,h5ry3 ,f ! skill & ability ( ! report]1 !re c be no d\bt t ! sub/ance ( ! debates1 z well z _! g5]al c\rse1 are accurately pres]v$4 ,9 8 preface to ! ?ird volume1 embrac+ ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,p5nsylvania conv5tions1 he says3 ,! fir/ ( ! two ,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tions is conta9$ 9 ?is volume2 ! second conv5tion1 x is believ$1 0 nei!r sy/ematically report$ nor pr9t$4 ,! debates 9 ! ,p5nsylvania conv5tion1 t h be5 pres]v$1 x appe>s1 are on "o side only2 a se>* into ! contempor>y publications ( ! day1 has be5 unsuccessful to furni% u ) ! o!r side ( ! "q4 ,9 8 preface to ! f\r? volume1 he says3 ,9 compil+ ! op9ions1 on con/itutional que/ions1 deliv]$ 9 congress1 by "s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ s5ators & repres5tatives1 ! files ( ! ,new ,york & ,philadelphia newspap]s1 f #aghi to #ahjj1 _h to be reli$ on2 f ! latt] p]iod to ! pres5t1 ! ,national ,intellig5c] is ! au?ority consult$ = ! desir$ in=mation4 ,x is f su* /uff z ?is1 collect$ & publi%$ ?irty-five & =ty ye>s aft] ! con/itution 0 adopt$--/uff v suitable = con/itutional dreams to be made (--t our c\rts & p n[ make _! con/itutional law1 9 pref]5ce to adopt+ ! law ( ! con/itution itself4 ,9 ?is way !y manufacture law /rong en\gh to b9d ?ree millions ( m5 9 slav]y4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! practice ( ! gov]nm5t1 "u ! con/itution1 has n alt]$ ! legal mean+ ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x means n[ :at x did be=e x 0 ratifi$1 :5 x 0 fir/ (f]$ to ! p = _! adoption or rejection4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( a writt5 con/itution is1 t x enables ! p to see :at its "* is be=e !y adopt x2 & ano!r is1 t x enables !m to see1 aft] !y h adopt$ x1 :e!r ! gov]nm5t adh]es to x1 or dep>ts f x4 ,bo? ^! advantages1 ea* ( :i* is indisp5sable to lib]ty1 w\ld be entirely =feit$1 if ! legal mean+ ( a writt5 con/itution 7 "o ?+ :5 ! in/rum5t 0 (f]$ to ! p = _! adoption1 & c\ld !n be made ano!r ?+ by ! gov]nm5t aft] ! p _h adopt$ x4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce1 !re=e1 :at mean+ ! gov]nm5t h plac$ ^u ! in/rum5t2 b only :at mean+ !y 7 b\nd to place ^u x f ! beg9n+4 ,! only "q1 !n1 to be decid$1 is1 :at 0 ! mean+ ( ! con/itution1 z a legal in/rum5t1 :5 x 0 fir/ drawn up1 & pres5t$ to ! p1 & be=e x 0 adopt$ by !m8 ,to ?is "q !re c]ta9ly c be b "o answ]4--,!re is n room = a d\bt or an argum5t1 on t po9t1 9 favor ( slav]y4 ,! in/rum5t itself is palpably a free "o ?r\gh\t1 9 its language1 its pr9ciples1 & all its provisions4 ,z a legal in/rum5t1 !re is no trace ( slav]y 9 x4 ,x n only does n sanction slav]y1 b x does n ev5 recognize its exi/5ce4 ,m ?an ?is1 x is palpably & :olly incompatible ) slav]y4 ,x is also ! supreme law ( ! l&1 9 contempt ( any /ate con/itution or law t %\ld attempt to e/abli% slav]y4 ,su* 0 ! "* ( ! con/itution :5 x 0 (f]$ to ! p1 & be=e x 0 adopt$4 ,& if su* 0 its "* !n1 su* is its "* /ill4 ,x _c h be5 *ang$ by all ! errors & p]v]sions1 int5tional or un9t5tional1 ( :i* ! gov]nm5t may h s9ce be5 guilty4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,und]/&+ ,,( ,,! ,,p4 ,al?\gh ! inquiry may be ( no legal importance1 x may nev]!less be "o p]t95t to ! subject1 :e!r x be matt] ( hi/ory ev5--to say no?+ ( legal pro(--t ! p ( ! c\ntry did really und]/& or believe t ! con/itution sanction$ slav]y8 ,^? :o make ! ass]tion1 are b\nd to prove x4 ,! presumption is aga9/ !m4 ,:]e is _! contr>y hi/ory8 ,!y w say t a "p ( ! p 7 actually slavehold]s1 & t x is unreasonable to suppose !y w\ld h agre$ to ! con/itution1 if !y _h und]/ood x to be a free "o4 ,! answ] to ?is argum5t is1 t ! actual slavehold]s 7 few 9 numb] comp>$ ) ! :ole p2 compris+ probably n m ?an "o-eigh? or "o-six? ( ! vot]s1 & "o-=tie? or "o-?irtie? ( ! :ole population4 ,!y 7 s few z to be manife/ly incapable ( ma9ta9+ any sep>ate political organization2 or ev5 ( hold+ _! slave prop]ty1 except "u ! suff]ance1 tol]ation & protection ( ! non-slavehold]s4 ,!y 7 compell$1 !re=e1 to agree to any political organization1 :i* ! non-slavehold]s %\ld det]m9e on4 ,?is 0 at t "t ! case ev5 9 ! /ronge/ ( ! slavehold+ /ates !mselves4 ,9 all ( !m1 )\t exception1 ! slavehold]s 7 ei!r oblig$ to live1 or f *oice did live1 "u free con/itutions4 ,!y1 ( c\rse1 held _! slave prop]ty 9 defiance ( _! con/itutions4 ,!y 7 enabl$ to d ?is ?r\gh ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( _! weal? & union4 ,controll+ a l>ge proportion ( ! weal? ( _! /ates1 _! social & political influ5ce 0 entirely disproportionate to _! numb]s4 ,!y c\ld act 9 conc]t4 ,!y c\ld pur*ase tal5t by honors1 (fices & money4 ,be+ always unit$1 :ile ! non-slavehold]s 7 divid$1 !y c\ld turn ! scale 9 elections1 & fill mo/ ( ! (fices ) slavehold]s4 ,_m ( ! non-slavehold]s d\btless 7 poor1 dep5d5t & subs]vi5t1 7z l>ge portions ( ! non-slavehold]s are n[ 9 ! slavehold+ /ates17 & l5t !mselves to ! support ( slav]y almo/ f necessity4 ,by ^!1 & probably by _m o!r influ5ces t we _c n[ und]/&1 !y 7 enabl$ to ma9ta9 _! hold ^u _! slave prop]ty 9 defiance ( _! con/itutions4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! slavehold]s !mselves did n *oose to h ! subject ( slav]y m5tion$ 9 _! con/itutions2 t !y 7 s fully consci\s ( _! p[] to corrupt & control _! gov]nm5ts1 t !y did n reg>d any con/itutional provision necess>y = _! security2 & t out ( m]e %ame at ! crim9ality ( ! ?+1 & its inconsi/5cy ) all ! pr9ciples ! c\ntry _h be5 fight+ = & proclaim+1 !y did n wi% x to be nam$4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! cause ( ! fact1 ! fact itself is conspicu\s1 t f "s cause or o!r1 ei!r ) ! cons5t ( ! slavehold]s1 or 9 defiance ( _! p[]1 ! con/itutions ( e "o ( ! ?irte5 /ates 7 at t "t free ones4 ,n[ is x n idle & useless to pret5d1 :5 ev5 ! /ronge/ slavehold+ /ates _h free con/itutions--:5 n "o ( ! sep>ate /ates1 act+ = itself1 w\ld h any b a free con/itution--t ! :ole ?irte51 :5 act+ 9 unison1 %\ld concur 9 e/abli%+ a slavehold+ "o8 ,! idea is prepo/]\s4 ,! s+le fact t all ! /ate con/itutions 7 at t "t free ones1 scatt]s = ev] ! pret5ce t ! majority ( ! p ( all ! /ates ei!r int5d$ to e/abli%1 or c\ld h be5 induc$ to e/abli%1 any o!r ?an a free "o = ! nation4 ,( c\rse x scatt]s also ! pret5ce t !y believ$ or und]/ood t !y 7 e/abli%+ any b a free "o4 ,!re v probably may h be5 a g5]al belief among ! p1 t slav]y w\ld = a :ile live on1 on suff]ance2 t ! gov]nm5t1 until ! nation %\ld h become atta*$ to ! con/itution1 & cem5t$ & consolidat$ by ! habit ( union1 w\ld be too weak1 & too easily corrupt$ by ! innum]able & p[]ful appliances ( slavehold]s1 to wre/le ) & /rangle slav]y4 ,b to suppose t ! nation at l>ge did n look ^u ! con/itution z design$ to de/roy slav]y1 :5ev] its pr9ciples %\ld be c>ri$ into full effect1 is obvi\sly to suppose an intellectual impossibility2 = ! in/rum5t 0 pla91 & ! p _h common s5se2 & ^? two facts _c /& toge!r consi/5tly ) ! idea t !re 0 any g5]al1 or ev5 any consid]able misund]/&+ ( its mean+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,con/itutions ,,( #ahde4 ,( all ! exi/+ /ate con/itutions1 7except+ t ( ,florida1 :i* ,i h n se517 n "o ( !m conta9s provisions t are suffici5t1 7or t w\ld be suffici5t if n re/ra9$ by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates17 to au?orize ! slav]y t exi/s 9 ! /ates4 ,! mat]ial defici5cy 9 all ( !m is1 t !y nei!r designate1 nor give ! legislatures any au?ority to designate ! p]sons1 :o may be made slaves4 ,)\t su* a provision1 all _! o!r provisions 9 reg>d to slaves are nugatory1 simply because _! application is legally unkn[n4 ,!y w\ld apply z well to :ites z to blacks1 & w\ld z mu* au?orize ! enslavem5t ( :ites z ( blacks4 ,we h be=e se5 t none ( ! /ate con/itutions1 t 7 9 exi/5ce 9 #aghi1 recogniz$ slav]y at all4 ,s9ce t "t1 f\r ( ! old ?irte5 /ates1 viz41 ,m>yl&1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 h alt]$ _! con/itutions s z to make !m recognize slav]y2 yet n s z to provide = any legal designation ( ! p]sons to be made slaves4 ,! con/itution ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a has a provision t implies t "s ( ! slaves1 at lea/1 are negroes2 b n t all slaves are negroes1 nor t all negroes are slaves4 ,! provision1 !re=e1 am\nts to no?+ = ! purposes ( a con/itutional designation ( ! p]sons :o may be made slaves4 ,! con/itutions ( ,t5nessee & ,l\isiana make no direct m5tion ( slaves2 & h no provisions 9 favor ( slav]y1 unless ! g5]al "o = cont9u+ exi/+ laws 9 =ce1 be su* a "o4 ,b bo? h specific provisions inconsi/5t ) slav]y4 ,bo? purport to be e/abli%$ by ! p2 bo? h provisions = ! writ ( habeas corpus4 ,inde$1 ! con/itutions ( mo/ ( ! slave /ates h provisions = ?is writ1 :i*1 z has be5 be=e %[n1 d5ies ! "r ( prop]ty 9 man4 ,t ( ,t5nessee decl>es also t all c\rts %all be op51 & e man1 = an injury done him 9 8 l&s1 goods1 p]son or reputation1 %all h rem$y by due c\rse ( law1 & "r & ju/ice adm9i/]$ )\t sale1 d5ial or delay4 ,t5nessee also 0 =m]ly a "p ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 0 set (f f h] :ile ! con/itution ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 0 a free "o4 ,( c\rse !re has nev] be5 any legal slav]y 9 ,t5nessee4 ,! con/itutions ( ! /ates ( ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 ,mississippi1 & ,alabama1 all h provisions ab\t slaves2 yet none ( !m tell u :o may be slaves4 ,"s ( !m inde$ provide = ! admission into _! /ate ( su* p]sons z are slaves "u ! laws1 7:i* ( c\rse means only ! con/itutional laws17 ( o!r /ates4 ,b :5 we g to ^? o!r /ates1 we f9d t _! con/itutions h made no designation ( ! p]sons :o may be made slaves2 & !re=e we are z f> f f9d+ ! actual p]sons ( ! slaves z we 7 be=e4 ,! pr9cipal provision1 9 ! sev]al /ate con/itutions1 recogniz+ slav]y1 is1 9 sub/ance1 ?is1 t ! legislature %all h no p[] to emancipate slaves )\t ! cons5t ( _! own]s1 or )\t mak+ comp5sation4 ,b ?is provision is ( no avail to legalize slav]y1 = slav]y mu/ be con/itutionally e/abli%$1 be=e !re c be any legal slaves to be emancipat$2 & x _c be e/abli%$ )\t describ+ ! p]sons :o may be made slaves4 ,k5tucky 0 orig9ally a "p ( ,virg9ia1 & d]iv$ h] slaves f ,virg9ia4 ,z ! con/itution ( ,virg9ia 0 always a free "o1 x gave no au?ority = slav]y 9 t "p ( ! /ate :i* is n[ ,k5tucky4 ,( c\rse ,k5tucky nev] _h any legal slav]y4 ,slav]y 0 positively prohibit$ 9 all ! /ates includ$ 9 ! ,l\isiana pur*ase1 by ! ?ird article ( ! treaty ( cession--:i* is 9 ^! words3-- ,art4 #c4 ,! inhabitants 7t is1 all ! inhabitants17 ( ! c$$ t]ritory %all be incorporat$ 9 ! union ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & admitt$ z soon z possible1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! f$]al con/itution1 to ! enjoym5t ( all ! rights1 advantages1 & immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &1 9 ! mean "t1 !y %all be ma9ta9$ & protect$ 9 ! free enjoym5t ( _! lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & ! religion :i* !y pr(ess4 ,! cession ( ,florida to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 made on ! same t]ms4 ,! words ( ! treaty1 on ?is po9t1 are z foll[s3-- ,art4 #f4 ,! inhabitants ( ! t]ritories1 :i* 8 ,ca?olic maje/y c$es to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ?is treaty1 %all be incorporat$ 9 ! ,union ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z soon z may be consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( ! f$]al con/itution1 & admitt$ to ! enjoym5t ( all ! privileges1 rights & immunities ( ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to all[ any ( ! inhabitants1 includ$ 9 ^? treaties1 to be held z slaves1 or d5i$ ! rights ( citiz5%ip "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates' con/itution1 is a pla9 brea* ( ! treaties4 ,! con/itutions ( "s ( ! slave /ates h provisions l ?is1 viz41 t all laws previ\sly 9 =ce1 %all rema9 9 =ce until repeal$1 unless repugnant to ?is con/itution4 ,b ,i ?9k !re is no in/ance1 9 :i* ! slave acts1 !n on _! /atute books1 c\ld be p]petuat$ by ?is provision--& = two reasons2 #a/4 ,^! slave acts 7 previ\sly uncon/itutional1 & !re=e 7 n1 legally speak+1 laws 9 =ce4#cj #b;d4 ,e con/itution1 ,i ?9k1 t has ?is provision1 has "o or m o!r provisions t are repugnant to ! slave acts4 ,footnote #cj3 ,?is pr9ciple w\ld apply1 z we h be=e se51 :]e ! *ange 0 f ! colonial to a /ate gov]nm5t4 ,x w\ld also apply to all cases :]e ! *ange took place1 "u ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f a t]ritorial to a /ate gov]nm5t4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to prove t all our t]ritorial /atutes1 t h purport$ to au?orize slav]y1 7 uncon/itutional4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,slaves ,,are ,,born ,,free4 ,! idea t ! *ildr5 ( slaves are necess>ily born slaves1 or t !y necess>ily foll[ t natural law ( prop]ty1 :i* gives ! natural increase ( prop]ty to ! own] ( ! orig9al /ock1 is an errone\s "o4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( natural law 9 reg>d to prop]ty1 t a calf belongs to ! own] ( ! c[ t bore x2 fruit to ! own] ( ! tree or v9e on :i* x grew2 & s on4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( natural law1 :i* makes a calf belong to ! own] ( ! c[1 does n make ! *ild ( a slave belong to ! own] ( ! slave--& :y8 ,simply because bo? c[ & calf are naturally subjects ( prop]ty2 :ile nei!r m5 nor *ildr5 are naturally subjects ( prop]ty4 ,! law ( nature gives no aid to any ?+ inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,x !re=e gives no aid to ! transmission ( prop]ty 9 man--:ile x does give aid to ! transmission ( prop]ty 9 o!r animals & 9 ?+s4 ,brute animals & ?+s be+ naturally subjects ( prop]ty1 !re are obvi\s reasons :y ! natural increase %\ld belong to ! own] ( ! orig9al /ock4 ,b m51 n be+ naturally subjects ( prop]ty1 ! law ( nature w n transmit any "r ( prop]ty acquir$ 9 violation ( h] own au?ority4 ,! law ( nature d5ies all rights n d]iv$ f h]self4 ,( c\rse %e _c p]petuate or transmit su* rights--if rights !y c be call$4 ,"o important reason :y a calf belongs to ! own] ( ! c[ t bore x1 is1 t !re is no pr9ciple ( natural law t c be oppos$ to t own]%ip4 ,= ! calf is naturally a subject ( prop]ty1 & if x 7 n giv5 to ! own] ( ! c[1 x w\ld be lawful = any o!r p]son to assume ! own]%ip4 ,no wrong w\ld be done to ! animal by s do+4 ,b z man is n naturally a subject ( prop]ty1 & z ea* sep>ate individual is1 on pr9ciples ( natural law1 entitl$ to ! control ( 8 own p]son1 x is z mu* a wrong1 & z mu* a violation ( natural law1 to make a slave ( ! *ild ( a slave1 z to make a slave ( any o!r p]son4 ,! natural rights ( ! *ild to ! control ( 8 own p]son1 rise up1 f ! mom5t ( 8 bir?1 9 opposition to ! transmission to him ( any own]%ip1 :i*1 9 violation ( natural law1 has be5 ass]t$ to ! p>5t4 ,natural law may be ov]borne by arbitr>y in/itutions2 b %e w nev] aid1 or p]petuate !m4 ,= h] to d s1 w\ld be to resi/1 & ev5 d5y h] own au?ority4 ,x w\ld pres5t ! case ( a pr9ciple w>r+ aga9/ & ov]com+ itself4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 %e ass]ts h] own au?ority on ! fir/ opportunity4 ,! mom5t ! arbitr>y law expires by its own limitation1 natural law resumes h] reign4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! gov]nm5t decl>e ,a to be a slave1 natural law may be practically ov]borne by ?is arbitr>y au?ority2 b %e w n h]self p]petuate x beyond ! p]son ( ,a--= t w\ld be act+ 9 contradiction to h]self4--,%e w !re=e suff] ?is arbitr>y au?ority to exp5d itself on ! p]son ( ,a1 accord+ to ! lett] ( ! arbitr>y law2 b %e w ass]t h] own au?ority 9 favor ( ! *ild ( ,a1 to :om ! lett] ( ! law enslav+ ,a1 does n apply4 ,slav]y is a wrong to ea* individual enslav$2 & n m]ely to ! fir/ ( a s]ies4 ,natural law1 !re=e1 z mu* =bids ! enslav+ ( ! *ild1 z if ! wrong ( enslav+ ! p>5t _h nev] be5 p]petrat$4 ,slav]y1 !n1 is an arbitr>y in/itution ?r\gh\t4 ,x dep5ds1 f fir/ to la/1 ^u ! lett] ( ! arbitr>y law4 ,natural law gives x no aid1 no ext5sion1 no new application1 "u any circum/ances :atev]4 ,unless1 !re=e1 ! lett] ( ! arbitr>y law explicitly au?orize ! enslavem5t ( ! *ild1 ! *ild is born free1 ?\gh ! p>5t 7 a slave4 ,if ! views t h already be5 tak5 ( our writt5 con/itutions1 be correct1 no p>5t has ev] yet be5 legally enslav$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ( c\rse no *ild4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any "o ?9ks he c place 8 f+] ^u any con/itutional law1 t has enslav$ a p>5t1 let him foll[ t law1 & see :e!r x also expressly au?oriz$ ! enslavem5t ( ! *ild4 ,if x did n1 !n ! *ild w\ld be free4 ,x is no new pr9ciple t ! *ild ( a slave w\ld be born free1 b = an express law to ! contr>y4 ,"s ( ! slave codes admit ! pr9ciple--= !y h special provisions t ! *ild %all foll[ ! condition ( ! "m2 ?us virtually admitt+ t1 b = su* a provision1 ! *ild w\ld be free1 ?\gh ! "m 7 a slave4 ,"u ! con/itutions ( ! /ates & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x requires z explicit & pl5>y con/itutional au?ority1 to make slaves ( ! *ildr5 ( slaves1 z x w\ld to make slaves ( any body else4 ,is !re1 9 any ( ! con/itutions ( ?is c\ntry1 any g5]al au?ority giv5 to ! gov]nm5ts1 to make slaves ( :om !y please8 ,no "o w pret5d x4 ,is !re1 !n1 any p>ticul> au?ority = mak+ slaves ( ! *ildr5 ( ^?1 :o h previ\sly be5 held 9 slav]y8 ,if !re be1 let ! advocates ( slav]y po9t x out4 ,if !re be no su* au?ority1 all _! /atutes decl>+ t ! *ildr5 ( slaves %all foll[ ! condition ( _! mo!rs1 are void2 & ^? *ildr5 are free by =ce ( ! law ( nature4 ,?is law ( nature1 t all m5 are born free1 0 recogniz$ by ?is c\ntry 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4--,b x 0 no new pr9ciple !n4 ,ju/9ian says1 ,captivity & s]vitude are bo? contr>y to ! law ( nature2 = by t law all m5 are born free4 ,b ! pr9ciple 0 n new ) ,ju/9ian2 x exi/s 9 ! nature ( man1 & is z old z man--& ! race ( man g5]ally has ackn[l$g$ x4 ,! exceptions h be5 special2 ! rule g5]al4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates recognizes ! pr9ciple t all m5 are born free2 = x recognizes ! pr9ciple t natural bir? 9 ! c\ntry gives citiz5%ip#ca--:i* ( c\rse implies fre$om4 ,& no exception is made to ! rule4 ,( c\rse all born 9 ! c\ntry s9ce ! adoption ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h be5 born free1 :e!r !re 71 or 7 n any legal slaves 9 ! c\ntry be=e t "t4 ,ev5 ! provisions1 9 ! sev]al /ate con/itutions1 t ! legislatures %all n emancipate slaves1 w\ld1 if all[$ _! full effect1 unre/ra9$ by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hold 9 slav]y only ^? :o 7 !n slaves2 x w\ld d no?+ t[>ds enslav+ _! *ildr51 & w\ld give ! legislatures no au?ority to enslave !m4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t1 on ?is pr9ciple alone1 slav]y w\ld n[ be ext9ct 9 ?is c\ntry1 unless !re %\ld be an exception ( a few ag$ p]sons4 ,footnote #ca3 ,art4 #b1 ,sec4 #a1 ,clause #e1 ,no p]son1 except a natural born citiz5199 99 99 99 %all be eligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t4