,,etna4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,etna f ,catania ,,etna ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,( ,,its ,,eruptions4 ,,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,rodwell1 ,,sci5ce ,,ma/] ,,9 ,,m>lbor\gh ,,college4 ,,) ,,maps ,,& ,,illu/rations4 ,illu/ration ,,london ,c4 ,,kegan ,,paul ,,co41 #a1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e #ahgh ,! rights ( translation & ( reproduction are res]v$4 ,i ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,book ,,to ,,my ,,"m4 ,,preface4 ,:ile prep>+ an acc\nt ( ,,m\nt ,,etna = ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t !re exi/s no s+le "w 9 ! ,engli% language devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ fam\s volcano 9 ! _w4 ,i 0 consequ5tly induc$ to consid]ably enl>ge ! ,encyclopdia article1 & ! foll[+ pages are ! result4 ,! facts record$ h be5 collect$ f v>i\s s\rces--,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,engli%1 & f my own obs]vations made dur+ ! summ] ( #ahgg4 ,i desire to express my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,frank ,rutley1 ( ,h4,m4 ,geological ,survey1 = 8 c>eful exam9ation ( ! lavas :i* 7 collect$ dur+ my asc5t ( ! m\nta91 & = ! acc\nt :i* he has writt5 ( !m2 also to ,mr4 ,john ,murray = p]mission to copy figures f ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,my ?anks are also due to ,mr4 ,george ,d5nis1 ,h4,m4 ,consul-,g5]al 9 ,sicily2 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,o4 ,franck1 ,vice-,consul 9 ,catania2 & to ,pr(4 ,orazio ,silve/ri1 = in=mation ) :i* !y h sev]ally suppli$ me4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,rodwell4 ,,m>lbor\gh1 ,septemb] #f?1 #ahgh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 #a ,position4--,"n4--,m5tion ( ,etna by e>ly writ]s4--,p9d>4-- s*ylus4--,?ucydides4--,virgil4--,/rabo4- -,lucretius4--,lucilius ,junior4--,etna ! home ( e>ly my?s4--,c>d9al ,bembo4--,fazzello4-- ,filoteo4--,e>ly ,maps ( ! ,m\nta94--,hamilton4--,h\el4--,brydone4- - ,f]r>a4--,recup]o4--,capta9 ,smy?4--,gemell>o2 8 ,map ( ,etna4-- ,elie de ,beaumont4--,abi*4--,h(fmann4--,von ,walt]%aus5's ,atlas des ,aetna4--,lyell4--,map ( ! ,italian ,/ato ,maggiore4--,c>lo ,gemell>o4--,orazio ,silve/ri4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 #bf ,height4--,radius ( ,vision f ! summit4--,b\nd>ies4--,area4-- ,population4--,g5]al aspect ( ,etna4--,! ,val del ,bove4--,m9or ,cones4--,cav]ns4--,position & ext5t ( ! ?ree ,regions4-- ,regione ,coltivata4--,regione ,selvosa4--,regione ,des]ta4--,botanical ,regions4--,divisions ( ,raf9esque-,s*maltz1 & ( ,presl4--,animal life 9 ! upp] ,regions4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,asc5t ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 #dc ,! mo/ suitable "t = asc5d+ ,etna4--,! ,asc5t comm5c$4-- ,nicolosi4--,etna mules4--,night j\rney ?r\gh ! upp] ,regions ( ! m\nta94--,brilliancy ( ! ,/>s4--,propos$ ,obs]vatory on ,etna4--,! ,casa ,+lesi4--,summit ( ! ,great ,crat]4--,sunrise f ! summit4--,! ,crat]4--,desc5t f ! ,m\nta94-- ,effects ( ,refraction4--,fatigue ( ! ,asc5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,t[ns ,,situat$ ,,on ,,! ,,m\nta94 #fb ,pat]no4--,/e4 ,m>ia di ,licodia4--,! site ( ! anci5t t[n ( ,aetna4--,biancavilla4--,ad]no4--,sicili an ,inns4--,adranum4--,bronte4-- ,r&azzo4--,mascali4--,gi>re4--,aci ,reale4--,its position4--,! ,scogli de',ciclopi4--,catania1 its e>ly hi/ory1 & pres5t condition4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,eruptions ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 #gi ,_! frequ5cy )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4--#ebe ,b4,c4--#dgg ,b4,c4-- #dbf ,b4,c4--#cif ,b4,c4--#adj ,b4,c4--#acd ,b4,c4--#abf ,b4,c4--#abb ,b4,c4-- #di ,b4,c4--#dc ,b4,c4--#ch ,b4,c4--#cb ,b4,c4--#dj ,a4,d4--#gb4--bec4--dbj4--hab4-- #aafi4--aaha4--abhe4--acbi4--accc4--acga 4--adjh4--addd4--addf4--addg4-- ,close ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4--#aecf4--aecg4--aeff4--aegi4--a fjc4-- #afjg4--afaj4--afad4--afai4--afcc4--afdf 4--afea4--affi4--afhb4-- #afhh4--afhi4--afic4--afid4--agjb4--agbc 4--agcb4--agce4--agdd4--agdg4-- #agee4--;,flood ( #agee4--agei4--agfc4--agff4--aghj4--agha 4--aghg4-- #agib4--agig4--agih4--agii4--ahjj4--ahjb 4--ahje4--ahjh4--ahji4--ahaa4-- #ahai4--ahca4--ahcb4--ahch4--ahdb4--ahdc 4--aheb4--ahfe4--ahgd4-- ,g5]al "* ( ! ,eruptions4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,geology ,,& ,,m9]alogy ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 #aad ,elie de ,beaumont's classification ( ! rocks ( ,etna4--,h(fman's geological map4--,lyell's rese>*es4--,! p]iod ( e>lie/ eruption4--,! ,val del ,bove4--,two crat]s ( eruption4--,antiquity ( ,etna4--,! lavas ( ,etna4--,labradorite4--,augite4--,oliv9e 4-- ,analcime4--,titanif]\s iron4--,mr4 ,rutley's exam9ation ( ,etna lavas "u ! microscope4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,view ( ,etna f ,catania ,to face ,title4 ,topographical ,map ( ,etna ,to face page #a ,sections ( ,etna #cj ,grotto delle ,palombe #cf ,! ,casa ,+lesi & ,cone ( ,etna #eb ,view ( ! ,val de ,bove #eh ,view ( ,etna f ,bronte #ff ,isl& ( ,column> ,basalt (f ,trezza #gd ,geological ,map ( ,etna #aad ,map ( ! ,val del ,bove 7woodcut7 #aag ,ideal ,section ( ,m\nt ,etna #aai ,pr(ile ( ,etna #aba ,sections ( ,etna ,lavas se5 "u ! ,microscope1 to face p4 #ach ,illu/ration3 ,topographical ,map ( ,etna ,,etna4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,( ,,its ,,eruptions4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 ,position4--,"n4--,m5tion ( ,etna by e>ly writ]s4--,p9d>4-- s*ylus4--,?ucydides4--,virgil4--,/rabo4- -,lucretius4--,lucilius ,junior4--,etna ! home ( e>ly my?s4--,c>d9al ,bembo4--,fazzello4-- ,filoteo4--,e>ly ,maps ( ! ,m\nta94--,hamilton4--,h\el4--,brydone4- - ,f]r>a4--,recup]o4--,capta9 ,smy?4--,gemell>o2 8 ,map ( ,etna4-- ,elie de ,beaumont4--,abi*4--,h(fmann4--,von ,walt]%aus5's ,atlas des ,aetna4--,lyell4--,map ( ! ,italian ,/ato ,maggiore4--,c>lo ,gemell>o4--,orazio ,silve/ri4 ,! pr9cipal m\nta9 *a9 ( ,sicily skirts ! ,nor? & a portion ( ! ,nor?-ea/]n coa/1 & w\ld appe> to be a prolongation ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,an inf]ior gr\p passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 div]g+ t[>ds ! ,s\?1 z x approa*es ! ,ea/ coa/4 ,betwe5 ! two ranges1 & completely sep>at$ f !m by ! valleys ( ! ,alcant>a & ! ,simeto1 /&s ! mighty mass ( ,m\nt ,etna1 :i* rises 9 solit>y gr&eur f ! ea/]n sea-bo>d ( ! isl&4 ,volcanoes1 by ! v mode ( _! =mation1 are frequ5tly completely isolat$2 &1 if !y are ( any magnitude1 !y ?us acquire an impos+ cont\r & a maje/y1 :i* l>g] m\nta9s1 =m+ p>ts ( a *a91 d n possess4 ,?is specially applies to ,etna4 ,coelebs degit1 says ,c>d9al ,bembo1 et nullius montis dignata conjugium1 ca/e intra suos t]m9os cont9etur4 ,x is n alone ! conspicu\s appe>ance ( ! m\nta9 :i* has made x ! mo/ fam\s volcano ei!r ( anci5t or mod]n times3--! numb] & viol5ce ( its eruptions1 ! ext5t ( its lava /reams1 its association ) antiquity1 & its hi/ory prolong$ ov] m ?an #bdjj ye>s1 h all t5d$ to make x celebrat$4 ,! geographical position ( ,etna 0 fir/ accurately det]m9$ by ,capta9 ,smy? 9 #ahad4 ,he e/imat$ ! latitude ( ! highe/ po9t ( ! bifid peak ( ! great crat] at #cg #dc' #ca ,n42 & ! longitude at #ae ,ea/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,elie de ,beaumont repeat$ ! obs]vations 9 #ahcd ) ne>ly ! same result2 & ^! det]m9ations h be5 v g5]ally adopt$4 ,9 ! new ,italian map rec5tly con/ruct$ by ! ,/ato ,maggiore1 ! latitude ( ! c5tre ( ! crat] is /at$ to be #cg #dd' #ee ,n41 & ! longitude #dd' #ee ,e4 ( ! m]idian ( ,naples1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! ,obs]vatory ( ,capo di ,monte4 ,accord+ to ,bo*>t ! "n ( ,etna is d]iv$ f ! ,pho5ician a?ana--a furnace2 o!rs d]ive x f ai?--to burn4 ,pr(essor ,b5fey ( ,gott+51 a great au?ority on ! subject1 consid]s t ! ^w 0 creat$ by "o ( ! e>ly ,indo-,g]manic races4 ,he id5tifies ! root ait ) ! ,greek ai? & ! ,lat9 a$--to burn1 z 9 aes-tu4 ,! ,greek "n ,aitna 0 kn[n to ,hesiod4 ,! m mod]n "n1 ,mongibello1 by :i* ! m\nta9 is /ill commonly kn[n to ! ,sicilians1 is a comb9ation ( ! ,arabic ,gibel1 & ! ,italian ,monte4 ,dur+ ! ,s>ac5ic occupation ( ,sicily1 ,etna 0 call$ ,gibel ,uttamat--! m\nta9 ( fire2 & ! la/ syllables ( ,mongibello are a relic ( ! ,s>ac5ic "n4 ,a m\nta9 ne> ,pal]mo is /ill call$ ,gibel ,rosso--! r$ m\nta92 & names may n unfrequ5tly be f\nd 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,etna :i* are p>tly1 or sometimes ev5 entirely1 compos$ ( ,arabic words2 su*1 = example1 z ,alcant>a--! riv] ( ! bridge4 ,etna is also (t5 spok5 ( di/9ctively z ,il ,monte--! m\nta9 p> excell5ce2 a "n :i*1 9 its capacity ( ! l>ge/ m\nta9 9 ! k+dom ( ,italy1 & ! l(tie/ volcano 9 ,europe1 x fully ju/ifies4 ,etna is frequ5tly allud$ to by classical writ]s4 ,by ! poets x 0 sometimes feign$ to be ! prison ( ! giant ,enceladus or ,typhon1 sometimes ! =ge ( ,hephai/os1 & ! abode ( ! ,cyclops4 ,x is /range t ,hom]1 :o has s m9utely describ$ c]ta9 portions ( ! contigu\s ,sicilian coa/1 does n allude to ,etna4 ,?is has be5 ?\ght by "s to be a pro( t ! m\nta9 0 9 a quiesc5t /ate dur+ ! p]iod :i* prec$$ & co9cid$ ) ! "t ( ,hom]4 ,p9d> 7,b4,c4 #ebb-ddb7 is ! fir/ writ] ( antiquity :o has describ$ ,etna4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! ,py?ian ,odes = ,hi]on1 ( ! t[n ( ,aitna1 w9n] 9 ! *>iot race 9 ,b4,c4 #dgd1 he exclaims3 444 ,he 7,typhon7 is fa/ b\nd by a pill> ( ! sky1 ev5 by sn[y ,etna1 nurs+ ! :ole ye>'s l5g? h] dazzl+ sn[4 ,:]e\t pure spr+s ( unapproa*able fire are vomit$ f ! inmo/ dep?s3 9 ! daytime ! lava-/reams p\r =? a lurid ru% ( smoke2 b 9 ! d>kness a r$ roll+ flame sweepe? rocks ) upro> to ! wide deep sea4444 ,t dragon-?+ 7,typhon7 x is t make? issue f b5ea? ! t]rible fi]y flood4#a #a ,translat$ by ,erne/ ,my]s1 ,m4,a41 #ahgd4 s*ylus 7,b4,c4 #ebe-def7 speaks also ( ! mighty ,typhon1 7,prome!us ,v473 4 4 4 4 4 ,he lies ,a helpless1 p[]less c>case1 ne> ! /rait ,( ! great sea1 fa/ press$ b5ea? ! roots ,( anci5t ,etna1 :]e on highe/ peak ,heph/os sits & smites 8 iron r$ hot1 ,f :5ce h]eaft] /reams ( fire %all bur/1 ,dev\r+ ) fi]ce jaws ! gold5 pla9s ,( fruitful1 fair ,sikelia4#b #b ,translat$ by ,e4 ,my]s4 ,h]e9 he probably ref]s to ! eruption :i* _h occurr$ a few ye>s previ\sly 7,b4,c4 #dgf74 ,?ucydides 7,b4,c4 #dga-djb7 alludes 9 ! la/ l9es ( ! ,?ird ,book to sev]al e>ly eruptions ( ! m\nta9 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,9 ! fir/ days ( ?is spr+1 ! /ream ( fire issu$ f ,etna1 z on =m] occasions1 & de/roy$ "s l& ( ! ,catanians1 :o live ^u ,m\nt ,etna1 :i* is ! l>ge/ m\nta9 9 ,sicily4 ,fifty ye>s1 x is said1 _h elaps$ s9ce ! la/ eruption1 !re hav+ be5 ?ree 9 all s9ce ! ,hell5es h inhabit$ ,sicily4#c #c ,translat$ by ,e4 ,crawley4 ,virgil's (t-quot$ description ( ! m\nta9 7,eneid1 ,bk4 #c7 we give 9 ! spirit$ translation ( ,con+ton3 ,b ,etna ) h] voice ( fe> ,9 welt]+ *aos ?und]s ne>4 ,n[ pit*y cl\ds %e bel*es =? ,( c9d]s r$1 & vap\r sw>?2 ,& f h] cav]ns lifts on high ,live balls ( flame t lick ! sky3 ,n[ ) m dire convulsion fl+s ,displod$ rocks1 h] he>t's r5t /r+s1 ,& lava torr5ts hurls to-day ,a burn+ gulf ( fi]y spray4 ,_m o!r e>ly writ]s speak ( ! m\nta91 among !m ,!okritos1 ,ari/otle1 ,ovid1 ,livy1 ,s5eca1 ,lucretius1 ,pl9y1 ,lucan1 ,petronius1 ,cornelius ,sev]us1 ,dion ,cassius1 ,/rabo1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 & ,lucilius ,junior4 ,s5eca makes v>i\s allusions to ,etna1 & m5tions ! fact t lightn+ sometimes proce$$ f its smoke4 ,/rabo has giv5 a v fair description ( ! m\nta94 ,he ass]ts t 9 8 "t ! upp] "p ( x 0 b>e1 & cov]$ ) a%es1 & 9 w9t] ) sn[1 :ile ! l[] slopes 7 clo!d ) =e/s4 ,! summit 0 a pla9 ab\t tw5ty /adia 9 circumf]5ce1 surr\nd$ by a ridge1 )9 :i* !re 0 a small hillock1 ! smoke f :i* asc5d$ to a consid]able height4 ,he fur!r m5tions a second crat]4 ,etna 0 commonly asc5d$ 9 ,/rabo's "t f ! s\?-we/4 ,:ile ! poets on ! "o h& _h inve/$ ! m\nta9 ) v>i\s sup]natural attributes1 & _h made x ! prison-h\se ( a *a9$ giant1 & ! work%op ( a sw>t god1 ,lucretius endeav\r$ to %[ t ! eruptions & o!r ph5om5a c\ld be easily expla9$ by ! ord9>y op]ations ( nature4 ,& n[ at la/1 he writes1 ,i w expla9 9 :at ways yon flame1 r\s$ to fury 9 a mom5t1 blazes =? f ! huge furnaces ( ,aetna4 ,&1 fir/1 ! nature ( ! :ole m\nta9 is holl[ und]nea?1 und]propp$ ?r\gh\t ) cav]ns ( basalt rocks4 ,fur!rmore1 9 all caves are w9d & air1 = w9d is produc$ :5 ! air has be5 /irr$ & put 9 motion4 ,:5 ?is air has be5 ?or\ghly heat$1 &1 rag+ ab\t1 has imp>t$ its heat to all ! rocks ar\nd1 :]ev] x comes 9 contact ) !m1 & to ! e>?1 & has /ruck out f !m fire burn+ ) swift flames1 x rises up & !n =ces itself out on high1 /raight ?r\gh ! gorges2 & s c>ries its heat f>1 & scatt]s f> its a%es1 & rolls on smoke ( a ?ick pit*y blackness1 & fl+s out at ! same "t /ones ( prodigi\s weight--leav+ no d\bt t ?is is ! /ormy =ce ( air4 ,aga91 ! sea1 to a great ext5t1 breaks its waves & sucks back its surf at ! roots ( t m\nta94 ,cav]ns rea* f ?is sea z f> z ! deep gorges ( ! m\nta9 bel[4 ,?r\gh ^! y mu/ admit t air mix$ up ) wat] passes2 & ! nature ( ! case compels ?is air to ent] 9 f t op5 sea1 & pass "r )91 & !n g out 9 bla/s1 & s lift up flame1 & ?r[ out /ones1 & raise cl\ds ( s&2 = on ! summit are crat]s1 z !y "n !m 9 _! own language1 :at we call gorges & m\?s4#d #d ,de ,natur ,r]um1 ,book #f1 p4 #ehj4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,munro #ahfd4 ,^! ideas 7 develop$ by ,lucilius ,junior 9 a poem consi/+ ( #fdd hexamet]s entitl$ ,aetna4 ,! au?or%ip ( ?is poem has long be5 a disput$ po9t2 x has be5 attribut$ to ,virgil1 ,claudian1 ,qu9tilius ,v>us1 ,manilius1 &1 by ,joseph ,scalig]#e & o!rs1 to ,cornelius ,sev]us4 ,w5sdorff 0 ! fir/ to adduce reasons = attribut+ ! poem to ,lucilius ,junior1 & 8 views are g5]ally adopt$4 ,lucilius ,junior 0 ,procurator ( ,sicily "u ,n]o1 &1 :ile resid5t 9 ! ,isl&1 he asc5d$ ,etna2 & x is said t he propos$ writ+ a detail$ hi/ory ( ! m\nta94 ,he adopt$ ! sci5tific op9ions ( ,epicurus1 z e/abli%$ 9 ,rome by ,lucretius1 & 0 m imm$iately a disciple ( ,s5eca4 ,! latt] d$icat$ to him 8 ,qu/iones ,naturales1 9 :i* he alludes m ?an once to ,etna4 ,m4 ,*5u speaks ( ! poem ( ,lucilius ,junior z sans d\te trs-petique1 mais assez s\v5t dur1 heurt1 concis1 et p>cela mme1 d'une obscurit p>fois dsesprante4#f ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! poem1 ,lucilius ridicules ! ideas ( ! poets z reg>ds ! connection ( ,etna ) ,vulcan & ! ,cyclops4 ,he has no belief 9 ! practice1 :i* app>5tly prevail$ 9 8 "t1 ( asc5d+ to ! edge ( ! crat] & !re (f]+ inc5se to ! tutel>y gods ( ! m\nta94 ,he adopts to a great ext5t ! tone & /yle ( ,lucretius1 9 8 explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m\nta94 ,wat] filt]s ?r\gh ! crevices & cracks 9 ! rocks1 until x comes into contact ) ! int]nal fires1 :5 x is conv]t$ into vap\r & expell$ ) viol5ce4 ,! int]nal fires are n\ri%$ by ! w9ds :i* p5etrate into ! m\nta94 ,he traces "s curi\s connection betwe5 ! plants :i* gr[ ^u ! m\nta91 & ! supply ( sulphur & bitum5 to ! int]ior1 :i* is1 at be/1 b p>tly intelligible4 #e ,see ,lucilius ,junioris ,,aetna4 ,rec5suit notasque ,jos4 ,scalig]i1 ,frid4 ,l9d5bru*ii et suas addidit ,frid]icus ,jacob4 ,lipsi1 #ahbf4 #f ,l',etna de ,lucilius ,junior4 ,traduction n\velle p> ,jules ,*5u4 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ,nunc sup]ant1 quacunque regant inc5dia silv ,qu flammis alim5ta vac5t1 quid nutriat ,aetnam4 ,inc5di pati5s illis v]nacula caulis ,mat]ia1 appositumque igni g5us utile t]r e/1 ,uritur assidue calidus nunc sulfuris humor1 ,nunc spissus crebro prbetur flum9e succus1 ,p+ue bitum5 ade/1 et quidquid com9us acres ,irritat flammas2 illius corporis tna e/4 ,atque hanc mat]iam p5itus discurr]e fontes ,infect erumpunt et aqu radice sub ipsa4 ,_m ( ! my?s develop$ by ! e>li] poets _h _! home 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 sometimes ^u ! v sides1 ( ,etna--,demet] seek+ ,p]sephone2 ,acis & ,galatea2 ,polyphemus & ! ,cyclops4 ,mr4 ,symonds tells u t ! "o-ey$ giant ,polyphemus 0 ,etna itself1 ) its "o great crat]1 :ile ! ,cyclops 7 ! _m m9or cones4 ,p]sephone 0 ! patroness ( ,sicily1 because amid ! bill[y corn-fields ( h] "m ,demet]1 & ! mead[-fl[]s %e lov$ 9 girlhood1 are ev] f\nd sulphur\s rav9es1 & *asms brea?+ vap\r f ! pit ( ,hades4#g #g ,sket*es 9 ,italy & ,greece1 p4 #bja4 ,x is said t bo? ,plato & ! ,emp]or ,hadrian asc5d$ ,etna 9 ord] to witness ! sunrise f its summit4 ,! /ory ( ,he :o to be deem$ ,a god1 leap$ fondly into ,etna flames1 ,emp$okles is too trite to ne$ repetition4 ,a ru9$ t[] ne> ! head ( ! ,val del ,bove1 #i1egj feet above ! sea1 has f "t immemorial be5 call$ ! ,torre del ,filos(o1 & is ass]t$ to h be5 ! obs]vatory ( ,emp$okles4 ,o!rs reg>d x z ! rema9s ( a ,roman t[]1 :i* 0 possibly erect$ on ! occasion ( ,hadrian's asc5t ( ! m\nta94 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ,etna is frequ5tly allud$ to1 among o!rs by ,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio1 & ,c>d9al ,bembo4 ,! latt] gives a description ( ! m\nta9 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 :i* ,f]r>a *>act]ises z erudito1 e grecizzante1 ma s5sa n]vi4 ,he describes its g5]al appe>ance1 its well-wood$ sides1 & /]ile summit4 ,:5 he visit$ ! m\nta9 x _h two crat]s ab\t a /one's ?r[ ap>t2 ! l>g] ( ! two 0 said to be ab\t ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & x /ood some:at above ! o!r4#h #h ,petri ,bembi ,,de ,,aetna4 ,ad ,angelum ,*abrielem ,lib] ,impressum ,v5etiis ,a$ibus ,aldi ,romani4 ,m5se ,febru>io anno ,m4,v4,d4 7#adie74 ,9 #aeda ,fazzello made an asc5t ( ! m\nta91 :i* he briefly describes 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( 8 bulky volume ,de ,rebus ,siculis4#i ,?is *apt] is entitl$ ,de ,aetna monte et ejus ignibus2 x conta9s a %ort hi/ory ( ! m\nta91 & "s m5tion ( ! pr9cipal t[ns :i* he enum]ates 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,catana1 ,taurom5ium1 ,caltabianco1 ,l+uagrossa1 ,ca/roleone1 ,francavilla1 ,rocella1 ,r&atio 7,r&azzo71 ,bronte1 ,adrano1 ,pat]no1 & ,motta4 ,fazzello speaks ( only "o crat]4 #i ,fazzellus ,t4 ,,de ,,rebus ,,siculis4 ,panormi1 #aeeh2 folio4 ,9 #aeia ,antonio ,filoteo1 :o 0 born on ,etna1 publi%$ a "w 9 ,v5ice 9 :i* he describes ! g5]al features ( ! m\nta91 & gives a special acc\nt ( an eruption :i* he witness$ 9 #aecf4aj ,! m\nta9 0 !n1 z n[1 divid$ into ?ree ,regions4 ,! fir/ & upp]mo/ ( ^!1 he ass]ts1 is v arid1 rugg$1 & unev51 & full ( brok5 rocks2 ! second is cov]$ ) =e/s2 & ! ?ird is cultivat$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,( ! height he rem>ks1 ,asc5sum trig9ta circit] millia passuum ad plus habet4 ,9 reg>d to ! "n1 ,mongibello1 he makes a curi\s error1 d]iv+ x f ,mulcib]1 "o ( ! names ( ,vulcan1 :o1 z we h se51 0 feign$ by ! e>li] poets to h _h 8 =ge )9 ! m\nta94 #aj ,antonii ,philo!i de ,homodeis ,siculi1 ,,aetn ,,topographia1 inc5diorum ,aetnorum ,hi/oria4 ,v5etiis4 #aeia4 ,preface dat$ ,septemb]1 #aeij4 ,9 #afcf ,c>r]a gave an acc\nt ( ,etna1 foll[$ by t ( ! ,jesuit ,kir*]1 9 #afch4 ,! great eruption ( #affi 0 describ$ at l5g? by v>i\s eye-witnesses1 & furni%$ ! subject ( ! fir/ detail$ description ( ! eruptive ph5om5a ( ! m\nta94 ,public att5tion 0 n[ v g5]ally drawn to ! subject 9 all civilis$ c\ntries4 ,x 0 describ$ by ! naturali/1 ,borelli1 & 9 our own ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,"l ,w9*elsea1 our ambassador at ,con/ant9ople1 0 return+ to ,engl& by way ( ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a at ! "t ( ! eruption1 & he =w>d$ to ,*>les ,,ii ,a true & exact relation ( ! late prodigi\s e>?quake & eruption ( ,m\nt tna1 or ,monte ,gibello4 ,! fir/ map ( ! m\nta9 :i* we h be5 able to meet )1 0 publi%$ 9 ref]5ce to ! eruption ( #affi2 x is entitl$1 ,plan du ,mont ,etna commun55t dit ,m\nt ,gibel en l',isle de ,scicille et de t'inc$ie arrive p> un treblem5t de t]re le #hme ,m>s d]ni] #affi4 ,?is plan is 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 9 ,p>is2 x 0 probably drawn f a simple description1 or p]haps altoge!r f ! imag9ation1 z x is utt]ly unlike ! m\nta91 ! sides ( :i* possess an impossible /eepness4 ,ano!r v inaccurate map 0 publi%$ 9 ,nuremb]g ab\t #afhj1 annex$ to a map ( ,sicily1 :i* is entitl$1 ,regnorum ,sicili et ,s>d9i1 ,nova ,tabula4 ,aga91 9 #agad ,h4 ,moll1 geograph] 9 ,dev]eux ,/reet1 ,/r&1 publi%$ a new map ( ,italy1 9 :i* !re is a repres5tation ( ,etna dur+ ! eruption ( #affi4 ,?is also 0 probably drawn f ! imag9ation2 no "o :o has ev] se5 ! m\nta9 w\ld recognise x1 = x has a small base1 & sides :i* rival ! ,matt]horn 9 abruptness4 ,ov] aga9/ ! coa/ ( ,sicily1 & ne> ! m\nta91 is writt53--,m\nt ,etna1 or ,m\nt ,gibello4 ,?is m\nta9 sometimes issues out pure flame1 & at o!r times a ?ick smoak ) a%es2 /reams ( fire run d[n ) great quantities ( burn+ /ones1 & has made _m eruptions4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ,etna 0 frequ5tly asc5d$1 & z frequ5tly describ$4 ,we h ! acc\nts ( ,massa 7#agjc71 ,c\nt ,d',orville 7#agbg71 ,ri$esel 7#agfg71 ,sir ,william ,hamilton 7#agfi71 ,brydone 7#aggf71 ,h\el 7#aghf71 ,dolomieu 7#aghh71 ,spallanzani 7#agij71 & _m m9or writ]s1 su* z ,bor*1 ,broc*i1 ,sw9burne1 ,d5on1 & ,faujas de ,sa9t ,fond4 ,!re is great sam5ess 9 all ( ^! n>ratives1 & mu* repetition ( ! same facts2 "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 m]it a pass+ notice4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,campi ,phlegri relates ma9ly to ,vesuvius & ! surr\nd+ neighb\rhood2 b "o ( ! lett]s address$ to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society on ,octob] #ag?1 #agfi1 describes an asc5t ( ,etna4 ,hamilton asc5d$ on ,june #bd? ) ! ,canon ,recup]o & o!r companions2 ! few obs]vations ( any value :i* he made h be5 allud$ to else:]e "u ! head ( ! special subjects to :i* !y ref]4 ,! illu/rations ( ! ,campi ,phlegri1 specially ! orig9al wat]-col\rs :i* are conta9$ 9 "o ( ! ,briti% ,museum copies1 are magnific5t1 & convey a bett] idea ( volcanic ph5om5a ?an any am\nt ( simple read+4 ,f !m we c well realise ! op5+ ( a long rift ext5d+ d[n ! sides ( a m\nta9 dur+ its eruption1 & ! =mation ( subsidi>y crat]s along ! l9e ( fire ?us op5$4 ,v>i\s volcanic products are also admirably pa9t$4 ,9 ! picture ( ,etna1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 drawn by ,antonio ,fabris1 ! arti/ has sc>cely be5 m successful ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 & ! slope ( ! sides ( ! m\nta9 has be5 greatly exagg]at$4 ,m4 ,h\el1 9 8 ,voyage pittoresque dans les ,deux ,siciles1 #agha-aghf1 has giv5 a fairly good acc\nt ( ,etna1 accompani$ by "s really excell5t engrav+s4 ,9 #aggf ,patrick ,brydone1 a clev] ,iri%man ) a good deal ( native %rewdness & hum\r1 publi%$ two volumes ( a ,t\r 9 ,sicily & ,malta1 9 :i* he devot$ sev]al *apt]s to ,m\nt ,etna4 ,he made ! asc5t ( ! m\nta91 & collect$ f ! ,canon ,recup]o1 & f o!rs1 _m facts conc]n+ its !n pres5t1 & its pa/ hi/ory4 ,he also made obs]vations z to ! height1 temp]ature ( ! air at v>i\s elevations1 brightness ( ! />s1 & s on4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton calls ,brydone a v +5i\s & accurate obs]v]1 & adds t he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,alp9e measurem5ts4 ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 writ+ 9 #ahcf1 speaks ( him z le celebre ,brydone2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,abb ,spallanzani1 displeas$ at c]ta9 rem>ks :i* he made conc]n+ ,roman ,ca?olicism 9 ,sicily1 nev] fails to deprecate 8 "w1 & deplores 8 trivial & insipid pleasantries4 ,albeit ,brydone's *apt]s on ,etna furni%$ a m complete acc\nt ( ! volcano ?an any :i* _h appe>$ 9 ,engli% up to t "t2 8 rem>ks are frequ5tly v s\nd & j1 & we %all h occasion m ?an once to quote him4 ,x 0 res]v$1 h[ev]1 = ! ,abate ,francesco ,f]r>a1 ,pr(essor ( ,physical ,sci5ce 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,catania1 to furni% ! fir/ hi/ory ( ,etna & ( its eruptions1 :i* _h any j claim to complet5ess4 ,x is entitl$1 ,descrizione dell' ,etna1 con la ,/oria delle ,eruzioni e il ,catalogo del prodotti4 ,! fir/ edition appe>$ 9 #agic1 & a second 0 pr9t$ 9 ,pal]mo 9 #ahah4 ,! au?or _h an en?usia/ic love = 8 subject3--,nato sopra l',etna1 he writes1 *e io conobbi b5 pre/o palmo a palmo la mia passione p] lo /udio fiss la mia att5zione sul bello1 e t]ribile f5om5o *e avea avanti agli oc*i4 ,! "w comm5ces ) a g5]al description ( ! m\nta9--its height1 ! temp]ature ( ! diff]5t regions1 ! view f ! summit1 ! mass1 ! wat]-spr+s1 ! vegetable & animal life1 & ! int]nal fires4 ,?is ext5ds ov] sixty-n9e octavo pages4 ,! second "p ( ! book--eighty pages--gives a hi/ory ( ! eruptions f ! e>lie/ times to ! ye> #ahaa2 ! ?ird "p--sixty-sev5 pages--treats ( ! nature ( ! volcanic products2 & ! f\r? "p--?irty-f\r pages--discusses c]ta9 geological & physical consid]ations conc]n+ ! m\nta94 ,at ! end !re are a few badly drawn & engrav$ woodcuts1 & a map :i*1 al?\gh ! tr5d ( ! coa/-l9e is q wrong1 is o!rwise fairly good4 ,! engrav+s repres5t ! m\nta9 z se5 f ,catania2 ! ,isole dei ,ciclopi1 & ! neighb\r+ coa/2 ! ,montagna della ,motta2 & a view f ,catania ( ! eruption ( #aghg4 ,?is "w has evid5tly to a great ext5t be5 a lab\r ( love2 x is full ( p]sonal obs]vations1 & also embodies ! results ( _m o!r obs]v]s4 ,x has furni%$ ! f\ndation ( mu* t has s9ce be5 writt5 conc]n+ ,etna4 ,! ,canon ,recup]o has be5 allud$ to above2 he accompani$ ,hamilton1 ,brydone1 & o!rs to ! summit ( ! m\nta91 & he 0 employ$ by ! ,gov]nm5t to report on ! flood :i*1 9 #agee1 desc5d$ ) extraord9>y viol5ce ?r\gh ! ,val del ,bove4 ,beyond ?is1 ,recup]o does n appe> to h publi%$ any?+ conc]n+ ,etna1 al?\gh x 0 well kn[n t he _h pl5ty ( mat]ials4 ,he di$ 9 #aggh1 & x 0 n till ! ye> #ahae t 8 results 7 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,/oria ,naturale et ,g5]ale dell' ,etna1 del ,canonico ,giuseppe ,recup]o4--,op]a ,po/uma4 ,?is "w consi/s ( two bulky qu>to volumes1 ! fir/ ( :i* is devot$ to a g5]al description ( ! m\nta91 ! second to a hi/ory ( ! eruptions1 & an acc\nt ( ! products ( eruptions4 ,"s idea may be =m$ ( ! extreme prolixity ( ! au?or if we m5tion t two *apt]s1 toge!r conta9+ twelve qu>to pages1 are devot$ to ! discussion ( ! height ( ,etna1 :ile ! fir/ volume is t]m9at$ by sixty-?ree closely pr9t$ pages ( annotations4 ,a few r\gh woodcuts accompany ! volumes2 a view ( ! m\nta9 :i*1 z usual1 is out ( all reason z reg>ds abruptness ( asc5t1 & a c>ta oryctographia di ,mongibello 9 :i* ! tr5d ( ! coa/-l9e betwe5 ,catania & ,taorm9a is altoge!r inexact1 complete ! illu/rations ( ?is mo/ detail$ ( hi/ories4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahad-ahaf ,capta9 ,smy?1 act+ "u ord]s f ! ,admiralty1 made a survey ( ! coa/ ( ,sicily1 & ( ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,at ?is "t ! ,m$it]ranean *>ts 7 v defective2 "s places on ! coa/ ( ,sicily 7 mapp$ z mu* z tw5ty miles out ( _! true position1 & ev5 ! exact positions ( ! obs]vatories at ,naples1 ,pal]mo1 & ,malta 7 n kn[n4 ,among o!r results1 ,smy? c>efully det]m9$ ! latitude & longitude ( ,etna1 accurately measur$ its height1 & exam9$ ! surr\nd+s ( ! m\nta94 ,8 results 7 publi%$ 9 #ahbd1 & are (t5 reg>d$ z ! mo/ accurate t we possess4 ,9 #ahbd ,dr4 ,joseph ,gemell>o1 :o liv$ all 8 life on ! m\nta91 & made x 8 con/ant /udy1 publi%$ an ,hi/orical & ,topographical ,map ( ! ,eruptions ( ,etna f ! era ( ! ,sicani to ! ye> #ahbd4 ,9 x he del9eates ! ext5t ( ! ?ree ,regions1 ,coltivata1 ,selvosa1 & ,des]ta2 he places ! m9or cones1 to ! numb] ( sev5ty-f\r1 9 _! prop] places1 & he traces ! c\rse ( ! v>i\s lava-/reams :i* h fl[$ f !m & f ! great crat]4 ,?is map is ! result ( mu* pati5t lab\r & /udy1 & x is a great improvem5t ^u ^? ( ,f]r>a & ,recup]o1 b ( c\rse x is impossible = "o man to survey ) mu* accuracy an area ( ne>ly #ejj squ>e miles1 & to trace ! tortu\s c\rse ( a l>ge numb] ( lava-/reams4 ,h5ce we mu/ be prep>$ = inaccuracies1 & !y are n uncommon--! coa/ l9e is altoge!r wrong z to its be>+s1 "s ( ! small t[ns on ! sides ( ! m\nta9 are misplac$1 & b little att5tion has be5 paid to scale4 ,/ill ! map is v useful1 z x is ! only "o :i* %[s ! c\rse ( ! lava-/reams4 ,m>io ,gemell>o1 bro!r ( ! prec$+1 made almo/ daily obs]vations ( ! condition ( ,etna1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahjc & #ahcb4 ,^! results 7 tabulat$1 & !y are giv5 9 ! ,vulcanologia dell' ,etna ( 8 bro!r1 ,pr(essor ,c>lo ,gemell>o1 "u ! title ( ,regi/ro di ,oss]vazioni del ,sigr4 ,m>io ,gemell>o4 ,c>lo ,gemell>o contribut$ _m memoirs on subjects connect$ ) ! m\nta94 ,!y are *iefly to be f\nd 9 ! ,atti dell' ,accademia ,gio5ia ( ,catania1 & !y ext5d ov] a numb] ( ye>s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important is ! treatise entitl$ ,la ,vulcanologia dell' ,etna *e compr5de la ,topographia1 la ,geologia1 la ,/oria1 delle sue ,eruzioni4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,catania 9 #aheh1 & is d$icat$ to ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o asc5d$ ! m\nta9 "u ! guidance ( ! au?or4 ,! latt] also publi%$ a ,breve ,raggualio della ,eruzione dell' ,etna1 del #ba ,ago/o #aheb1 :i* conta9s ! mo/ au!ntic acc\nt ( ?is important eruption1 accompani$ by "s graphic sket*es made on ! spot4 ,! la/ contribution ( ,c>lo ,gemell>o to ! hi/ory ( ,etna1 is fitly entitl$ ,un ,addio al ,maggior ,vulcano di ,europa4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #ahff1 & ) p>donable vanity ! au?or reviews 8 "w 9 connection ) ! m\nta91 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( m ?an =ty ye>s4 ,he comm5ces 8 some:at florid f>ewell ) ! foll[+ apo/rophe3--,o ,etna6 spl5dida e p]5ne manife/azione della esi/5za dei ,fuo*i sott]anei massimo fra quanti altri monti1 dalle co/e m]idionali di ,europa1 dalle ori5tali dell' ,asia e delle sett5trionali dell' ,africa si spec*iano nel ,m$it]raneo3 trem5do pei tuoi inc5dii3 b5igno p] la f]tilit del vulcanico tuo t]r5o ridotto a prosp]a coltivazione 444 io1 nato appi del va/o tuo cono1 9 quella ,citt *e hai m9acciato pi d'una volta di sepellire sotto le tue infocate corr5ti3 allogato1 nella mia prima et1 9 una /anza della casa pat]na1 *e signoreggiava 9 allora pi basse abizioni vic9e1 ed inti]a godeva la v$uta della e/esa p>te m]idional della tua mole1 io non pot]a non av]ti di cont9uo sotto gli oc*i1 e non ess]e spettatore dei tuoi visibili f5om5i6 ,9 #ahcd1 ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont comm5c$ a m9ute geological exam9ation ( ! m\nta94 ,8 results 7 publi%$ 9 #ahch1 "u ! title ( ,re*]*es sur la /ructure et sur l'orig9e du ,mont ,etna1 & !y ext5d ov] #bbe pages4#aa ,he re-det]m9$ ! latitude & longitude ( ! m\nta91 measur$ ! slope ( ! cone1 & ! diamet] ( ! great crat]1 & m9utely exam9$ ! /ructure ( ! rocks at ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,he also gives a good sectional view1 elevations tak5 f ea* qu>t] ( ! compass1 & a geological map1 :i* al?\gh accurate 9 its g5]al details1 c sc>cely be consid]$ v satisfactory4 ,a relief map ( ,etna1 a copy ( :i* is 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 0 aft]w>ds con/ruct$ f ! flat map1 & ?is 01 we believe1 at ! same "t1 ! fir/ geological map1 & ! fir/ map 9 relief1 :i* _h be5 made ( ! m\nta94 ,elie de ,beaumont consid]s granite z ! basis ( ! m\nta91 because x is sometimes eject$ f ! crat]2 old basaltic rocks appe> 9 ! ,isole dei ,ciclopi1 & ne> ,pat]no1 ,licodia1 & ,ad]no2 caill\x r\ls ne> ,motta2 anci5t lavas on ea* side ( ! ,val del ,bove2 mod]n lavas 9 e "p ( ! m\nta91 & calc>e\s & ar5ace\s rocks 9 ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 #aa ,pr9t$ 9 vol4 ,,iv4 ( ,mmoires p\r s]vir a une description ,geologique de la ,france4 ,p> ,m4,m4 ,dufrnoy et ,elie de ,beaumont4 ,9 #ahcf1 ,abi* publi%$ "s excell5t sections ( ,etna1 & an accurate view ( ! int]ior ( ! crat]1 9 a "w entitl$ ,vues illu/ratives de quelques ,phnomnes ,gologiques prises sur le ,vsuve et l',etna p5dant les annes #ahcc & #ahcd4 ,! :ole ( ! ?irte5? volume 7#ahci7 ( ! ,b]l9 ,ar*iv fr ,m9]alogie1 ,geognosie1 ,b]ghau und ,htt5kunde1 is occupi$ by an elaborate memoir on ! geology ( ,sicily#ab by ,fri$ri* ,h(fmann1 accompani$ by an excell5t geological map4 ,a long acc\nt ( ! geology ( ,etna is giv51 & an enl>g$ map ( ! m\nta9 0 aft]w>ds con/ruct$ & publi%$ 9 ! ,vulkan5 ,atlas ( ,dr4 ,leonh>d 9 #ahej4ac #ab ,entitl$ ,geogno/i*e ,beoba*tung5 ,gesammelt auf e9] ,reise dur* ,italian und ,sicili51 9 d5 jahr5 #ahcj bis #ahcb1 von ,fri$ri* ,h(fmann4 #ac ,vulkan5 ,atlas zur naturges*i*te d] ,erde von ,k4 ,g4 ,von ,leonh>d4 ,/uttg>dt4 #ahej4 ,9 #ahcf ,b>on ,s>torius ,von ,walt]%aus5 comm5c$ a m9ute survey ( ,etna1 prep>atory to a complete description ( ! m\nta91 bo? geological & o!rwise4 ,he 0 assi/$ by ,pr(essor ,cavall>i ( ,pal]mo1 ,pr(essor ,pet]s ( ,h5sb\rg1 & ,pr(essor ,roos ( ,may5ce4 ,! survey occupi$ six ye>s1 7#ahcf-ahdb71 & ! results ( direct obs]vation 9 ! =m ( maps & draw+s1 occupi$ a hundr$ %eets #afj millimetres 7#f-a_/d in*es7 long1 by #acc m4m4 7#e-a_/d in*es7 broad4 ,tw5ty-n9e sep>ate po9ts 7 made use ( 9 ! triangulation2 & ! scale *os5 0 #a 9 #ej1jjj4 ,! results 7 publi%$ 9 a l>ge folio atlas1 :i* appe>$ 9 eight p>ts2 ! fir/ 9 #ahde & ! la/ 9 #ahfa1 :5 ! dea? ( ,von ,walt]%aus5 put an end to ! fur!r publication4 ,!re are #bf f9e col\r$ maps1 & #ca engrav+s4 ,! co/ ( ! atlas is #ab4 ,! maps are bo? geological & topographical1 & !y are accompani$ by outl9e engrav+s ( v>i\s details ( special int]e/4 ,! ,atlas des ,aetna furni%es ! mo/ exhau/ive hi/ory ( any "o m\nta9 on ! face ( ! e>?1 & ,s>torius ,von ,walt]%aus5 w always be ! pr9cipal au?ority on ! subject ( ,etna4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell visit$ ,etna 9 #ahbd1 #aheg1 & aga9 9 #aheh4 ,he embodi$ 8 rese>*es 9 a pap] pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahei1 & 9 a l5g?y *apt] 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,8 inve/igations h add$ mu* to our k ( ! =mation & geological *>act]i/ics ( ! m\nta91 especially ( t "p ( x call$ ! ,val del ,bove4 ,lat] writ]s usually quote ,von ,walt]%aus5 & ,lyell1 & d n add mu* orig9al matt]4 ,! facts ( all subsequ5t writ]s are tak5 m or less directly f ^! au?ors4 ,! late/ addition to ! lit]ature ( ! m\nta91 is ! ,w&]ung5 am ,aetna ( ,dr4 ,baltz]1 9 ! j\rnal ( ! ,swiss ,alp9e ,club = #ahgd4ad #ad ,jahrbu* des ,s*weiz] ,alp5 ,club4 ,neunt] ,jahrgang1 #ahgc-ahgd4 ,b]n #ahgd4 ,a f9e map ( ,sicily1 on ! unusually l>ge scale ( #a 9 #ej1jjj1 or #abff in* to a mile1 0 con/ruct$ by ! ,/ato ,maggiore ( ! ,italian gov]nm5t1 betwe5 #ahfd & #ahfh4 ,! portion relat+ to ,etna1 & its imm$iate surr\nd+s occupies f\r %eets4 ,all ! small roads & rivulets are introduc$2 ! m9or cones & monticules are plac$ 9 _! prop] positions1 & ! elevation ( ! gr\nd is giv5 at %ort int]vals ( space ov] ! entire map4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is map %[s u t di/ances1 areas1 & heights1 h be5 repeat$ly mis/at$1 ! m9or cones misplac$1 & ! tr5d ( ! coa/ l9e misrepres5t$4 ,= example1 if we draw a l9e due nor? & s\? ?r\gh ,catania1 & a second l9e f ! ,capo di ,taorm9a1 7! nor?-ea/]n limit ( ! base ( ,etna71 until x meets ! fir/ l9e at ,catania1 ! l9es1 w be f\nd to enclose an angle ( #bf4 ,if we adopt ! same plan ) ,gemell>o's map1 ! includ$ angle is f\nd to be #ec1 & 9 ! case ( ! maps ( ,f]r>a & ,recup]o m ?an #fj4 ,aga91 x has be5 /at$ on good au?ority1 t ! lava ( #cif ,b4,c4 :i* ent]s ! sea at ,capo di ,s*iso fl[$ = a di/ance ( ne>ly #cj miles2 ! map %[s u t its true c\rse 0 less ?an #af miles4 ,lyell 9 #aheh gives a section ( ! m\nta9 f ,we/ #bj ,n41 to ,ea/ #bj ,s41 b a comp>ison ) ! new map proves t ! section is really tak5 f ,we/ #ce ,n4 to ,ea/ #ce ,s41 an error :i* at a radius ( t5 miles f ! crat] w\ld am\nt to a diff]5ce ( ne>ly ?ree miles4 ,! mantle ( ,c>lo ,gemell>o appe>s to h fall5 ^u ,cav4 ,orazio ,silve/ri1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,catania4 ,he has devot$ himself ) unwe>y+ vig\r to ! /udy ( ! m\nta91 & 8 memoirs h done mu* to elucidate its pa/ & pres5t hi/ory4 ,8 mo/ rec5t "w ( importance on ! subject is entitl$ ,i ,f5om5i ,vulcanici pres5tati dall',etna nel #ahfc-fd-fe-ff4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,catania 9 #ahfg1 & conta9s an acc\nt ( "s v elaborate *emico-geological rese>*es4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 ,height4--,radius ( ,vision f ! summit4--,b\nd>ies4--,area4-- ,population4--,g5]al aspect ( ,etna4--,! ,val del ,bove4--,m9or ,cones4--,cav]ns4--,position & ext5t ( ! ?ree ,regions4--,regione ,coltivata4--,regione ,selvosa4--,regione ,des]ta4--,botanical ,regions4-- ,divisions ( ,raf9esque-,s*maltz1 & ( ,presl4--,animal life 9 ! upp] ,regions4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h discuss$ ! hi/ory ( ,m\nt ,etna2 ! ref]5ces to its ph5om5a af=d$ by writ]s ( v>i\s p]iods2 & ! pres5t /ate ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! g5]al aspect & physical features ( ! m\nta91 toge!r ) ! divisions ( its surface into di/9ct regions4 ,! height ( ,etna has be5 (t5 det]m9$4 ,! e>li] writ]s _h v extravagant notions on ! subject1 & ?ree miles has sometimes be5 assign$ to x4 ,brydone1 ,saussure1 ,%uckburgh1 ,irv9e1 & o!rs1 obta9$ approximations to ! real height2 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! cone ( a volcano is liable to v>iations 9 height at diff]5t p]iods1 & a dim9ution ( z mu* z #cjj feet occurr$ dur+ "o ( ! eruptions ( ,etna1 ow+ to ! fall+ 9 ( ! upp] portion ( ! crat]4 ,dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! height ( ! m\nta9 has be5 practically con/ant4 ,9 #ahae ,capta9 ,smy? det]m9$ x to be #aj1hgd feet4 ,9 #ahbd ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o 0 unacqua9t$ ) ,smy?'s results1 e/imat$ x at #aj1hgb-a_/b feet4 ,! new map ( ! ,/ato ,maggiore gives #ccabfa metres #ajhfgid feet4 ,:5 ! ,canon ,recup]o devot$ two *apt]s ( 8 qu>to volume to a discussion ( ! height ( ,etna1 no su* exact obs]vations _h be5 made1 consequ5tly he comp>$1 & critically exam9$1 ! v>i\s det]m9ations :i* !n exi/$4 ,! almo/ p]fect concordance ( ! results giv5 by ,smy?1 ,h]s*el1 & ! ,/ato ,maggiore1 r5d] x unnecess>y = u to fur!r discuss a subject ab\t :i* !re c n[ be no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,pr(essor ,jukes says1 ,if we 7 to put ,sn[don1 ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ,wales1 on ! top ( ,b5 ,nevis1 ! highe/ 9 ,scotl&1 & ,c>rantuohill1 ! highe/ 9 ,irel&1 on ! summit ( bo?1 we %\ld make a m\nta9 b a v little high] ?an ,etna1 & we %\ld require to heap up a great numb] ( o!r m\nta9s r\nd ! flanks ( our new "o 9 ord] to build a g5tle slop+ pile :i* %\ld equal ,etna 9 bulk4 ,! ext5t ( radius ( vision f ! summit ( ,etna is v v>i\sly /at$4 ,! exagg]at$ notions ( ! e>li] writ]s1 t ! coa/ ( ,africa & ( ,greece are sometimes visible1 may be at once set aside4 ,"l ,ormonde's /atem5t t he saw ! ,gulf ( ,t>anta1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,t]ra di ,lecce beyond x--a di/ance ( #bde miles--mu/ be receiv$ ) caution4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a fact t ,malta1 #acj miles di/ant1 is (t5 visible2 & ,capta9 ,smy? ass]ts t a consid]able portion ( ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta9 may sometimes be se51 & t he once saw m ?an half ( x1 f ,malta1 al?\gh t isl& is usually surr\nd$ by a sea-horizon4 ,x is /at$ on good au?ority t ,monte ,s4 ,giuliano above ,trapani1 & ! ,o,egadean ,isles1 #afj miles di/ant1 are sometimes se54 ,o!r writ]s give #abh miles z ! limit4 ,! fact is1 t atmosph]ic refraction v>ies s mu* ) diff]5t conditions ( ! atmosph]e t x is almo/ impossible to give any exact /atem5t4 ,! m s :5 we rememb] t !re may be _m lay]s ( atmosph]e ( diff]5t d5sity betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! horizon4 ,di/ant objects seem to be j "u "o's feet :5 se5 f ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,smy? gives ! radius ( vision z #aejg miles3 & ?is we are incl9$ to adopt z ! ne>e/ approa* to ! tru?1 because ,smy? 0 an accurate obs]v]1 & he made c>eful corrections bo? = error ( in/rum5ts & = refraction4 ,?is radius gives an horizon ( #idfd miles ( circumf]5ce1 & an includ$ area ( #ci1ijj squ>e miles--l>g] ?an ! area ( ,irel&4 ,if a circle be trac$ ) ! crat] ( ,etna z a c5tre1 & a radius ( #aejg miles1 x w be f\nd to take 9 ! :ole ( ,sicily & ,malta1 to cut ! we/]n coa/ ( ,italy at ,scalca 9 ,calabria1 leav+ ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ne> ,cape ,rizzuto4 ,su* a circle w include ! :ole ( ,irel&1 or if we take ,d]by z ! c5tre1 its circumf]5ce w t\* ! sea beyond ,y>m\? on ! ,ea/1 ! ,isle ( ,wight on ! ,s\?1 ! ,iri% ,*annel on ! ,we/1 & x w pass beyond ,c>lisle & ,newca/le-on-,tyne on ! ,nor?4 ,! road :i* surr\nds ! m\nta9 is c>ri$ along its l[] slopes1 & is #hg miles 9 l5g?4 ,x passes ?r\gh ! t[ns ( ,pat]no1 ,ad]no1 ,bronte1 ,r&azzo1 ,l+uaglossa1 ,gi>re1 & ,aci ,reale4 ,x is consid]$ by "s writ]s to def9e ! base ( ! m\nta91 :i* is h5ce mo/ errone\sly said to h a circumf]5ce ( #hg miles2 b ! road frequ5tly passes ov] high b$s ( lava1 & w9ds consid]ably4 ,x is ab\t #aj miles f ! crat] on ! ,nor?1 ,ea/1 & ,we/ sides1 increas+ to #ae-a_/b miles at ,pat]no1 7,s4,w474 ,! elevation on ! ,nor? & ,we/ flanks ( ! m\nta9 is ne>ly #b1ejj feet1 :ile on ! ,s\? x falls to #a1ejj feet1 & on ! ,ea/ to )9 #ej feet ( ! level ( ! sea4 ,x is q cle> t x _c be ass]t$ ) any degree ( accuracy to def9e ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,sections ( ,etna ,! natural b\nd>ies ( ,etna are ! riv]s ,alcant>a & ,simeto on ! ,nor?1 ,we/1 & ,s\?1 & ! sea on ! ,ea/ to ! ext5t ( #bc miles ( coa/1 along :i* lava /reams h be5 trac$1 sometimes =m+ headl&s sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,! base ( ! m\nta91 z def9$ by ^! natural b\nd>ies1 is said to h a circumf]5ce ( at lea/ #abj miles1 an exam9ation ( ! new map1 h[ev]1 proves t ?is is ov]-e/imat$4 ,if we take ! sea z ! ea/]n b\nd>y1 ! riv] ,alcant>a1 7imm$iately beyond :i* ,monte di ,mojo1 ! mo/ nor!rly m9or cone ( ,etna is situat$71 z ! nor!rn b\nd>y1 & ! riv] ,simeto z ! b\nd>y on ! we/ & s\?1 we obta9 a circumf]5ce ( #ia miles = ! base ( ,etna4 ,9 ?is e/imate ! small s9uosities ( ! riv] h be5 neglect$1 & ! s\!rn circuit has be5 complet$ by draw+ a l9e f ne> ,pat]no to ,catania1 because ! ,simeto runs = ! la/ few miles ( its c\rse ?r\gh ! pla9 ( ,catania1 q beyond ! mo/ s\!rly /ream ( lava4 ,! ,simeto 7anci5tly ,sim?us7 is call$ ! ,gi>etta along ! la/ ?ree miles ( its c\rse1 aft] its junction ) ! ,gurna ,longa4 ,! area ( ! region enclos$ by ^! b\nd>ies is approximately #dhj squ>e miles4 ,reclus gives ! area ( ! m\nta9 z #a1bjj squ>e kilometres--#dfa squ>e miles4 7,n\velle ,geographie ,univ]selle1 #ahge47 ,! la/ edition ( a /&>d ,gazette] /ates x z #hdi squ>e miles2 b ?is e/imate is altoge!r absurd4 ,?is w\ld require a circle hav+ a radius ( betwe5 sixte5 & sev5te5 miles4 ,if a circle be drawn ) a radius ( sixte5 miles f ! crat]1 x w pass out to sea to a di/ance ( #d-a_/b miles on ! ,ea/1 :ile on ! ,we/ & ,nor? x w pass ?r\gh lime/one & s&/one =mations f> beyond ! ,alcant>a & ! ,simeto1 & beyond ! limit ( ! lava /reams4 ,!re are two cities1 ,catania & ,aci ,reale1 & sixty-two t[ns or villages on ,m\nt ,etna4 ,x is f> m ?ickly populat$ ?an any o!r "p ( ,sicily or ,italy1 = :ile ! population ( ! =m] is #bbh p] squ>e mile1 & ( ! latt] #bcc1 ! population ( ! habitable zone ( ,etna am\nts to #a1dbd p] squ>e mile4 ,m ?an #cjj1jjj p]sons live on ! slopes ( ! m\nta94 ,?us ) an area r l>g] ?an t ( ,b$=d%ire 7#dfb squ>e miles7 ! m\nta9 has m ?an d\ble ! population2 & ) an area equal to ab\t "o-?ird t ( ,wilt%ire1 ! population ( ! m\nta9 is great] by ne>ly #ej1jjj inhabitants4 ,we h /at$ above t ! area ( ,etna is #dhj squ>e miles1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! habitable zone only comm5ces at a di/ance ( ab\t #i-a_/d miles f ! crat]4 ,a circle1 hav+ a radius ( #i-a_/d miles1 encloses an area ( #bfi squ>e miles2 & #dhj m9us #bfi leaves #baa squ>e miles z ! approximate area ( ! habitable zone4 ,only a few insignificant villages on ! ,ea/ side are ne>] to ! crat] ?an #i-a_/d miles4 ,tak+ ! inhabitants z #cjj1jjj1 we f9d1 by divid+ ?is numb] by #baa1 7! area ( ! habitable zone71 t ! population am\nts to #a1dbd p] squ>e mile4 ,ev5 ,lanca%ire1 ! mo/ popul\s c\nty 9 ,great ,brita91 7( c\rse except+ ,middlesex71 & ! possessor ( two cities1 :i* alone furni% m ?an a million inhabitants1 has a population ( only #a1dgi to ! squ>e mile4 ,"s idea ( ! clos5ess ( ! t[ns & villages may be f\nd by exam9+ ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ! map4 ,if we draw a l9e f ,aci ,reale to ,nicolosi1 & f ,nicolosi to ,catania1 we enclose a ne>ly equilat]al triangle1 hav+ ! coa/ l9e betwe5 ,aci ,reale & ,catania z its ?ird side4 ,/>t+ f ,aci ,reale ) #bd1aea inhabitants1 & mov+ we/w>ds to ,nicolosi1 we come 9 succession to ,aci ,s4 ,lucia1 ,aci ,cat5a1 ,aci ,s4 ,antonio1 ,via ,gr&e1 ,tre ,ca/agni1 ,p$>a1 ,nicolosi1 complet+ ! fir/ side ( ! triangle2 !n turn+ to ! s\?-ea/ & foll[+ ! ,catania road1 we pass ,torre di ,grifo1 ,mascalucia1 ,grav9a1 & rea* ,catania ) #he1jee inhabitants2 :ile on ! l9e ( coa/ betwe5 ,catania & ,aci ,reale we h ,ogn9a1 ,aci ,ca/ello1 & ,trezza4 ,)9 ! triangle we f9d ,aci ,patane1 ,aci ,s4 ,filippo1 ,valv]de1 ,bonacorsi1 ,s4 ,gregorio1 ,treme/i]i1 ,piano1 ,s4 ,agata1 ,trappeto1 & ,s4 ,giovanni la ,punta3 9 all tw5ty-five1 two ( :i* are cities1 sev]al ( ! o!rs t[ns ( ab\t #c1jjj inhabitants1 & ! re/ villages4 ,^! are all includ$ )9 an area ( less ?an ?irty squ>e miles1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ popul\s portion ( ! habitable zone ( ,etna4 ,t ! population is rapidly increas+ is well %[n by a comp>ison ( ! numb] ( inhabitants ( "s ( ! m important t[ns 9 #ahbd & 9 #ahgf4ae #ahbd #ahgf ,catania #de1jha #he1jee ,aci ,reale #ad1jid #bd1aea ,gi>re #ac1gje #ag1ife ,pat]n #i1hjh #af1eab ,ad]no #f1fbc #ae1feg ,bronte #i1aec #ae1jha ,biancavilla #e1hgj #ac1bfa ,l+uaglossa #b1dae #i1abj ,r&azzo #d1gjj #h1cgh ,pi$imonte ,etnea #a1djd #d1ibd ,zaff>ana ,etnea #gjj #c1hhd ,p$>a #b1jfh #c1aha ,treca/agni #b1djf #c1jfa #ae ,i am indebt$ = ^! figures to ,mr4 ,george ,d5nis1 ,h4,m4 ,consul ,g5]al = ,sicily4 ,! g5]al aspect ( ,etna is t ( a pretty regul> cone1 cov]$ ) vegetation1 except ne> ! summit4 ,! regul>ity is brok5 on ! ,ea/ side by a slightly oval valley1 f\r or five miles 9 diamet]1 call$ ! ,val del ,bove1 or 9 ! language ( ! di/rict ,val del ,bue4 ,?is comm5ces ab\t two miles f ! summit1 & is b\nd$ on ?ree sides by ne>ly v]tical precipices f #c1jjj to #d1jjj feet 9 height4 ,! bottom ( ! valley is cov]$ ) lavas ( v>i\s date1 & sev]al m9or crat]s h f "t to "t be5 uprais$ f x4 ,_m eruptions h comm5c$ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! ,val del ,bove1 & ,lyell believes t !re =m]ly exi/$ a c5tre ( p]man5t eruption 9 ! valley4 ,! ,val del ,bove is altoge!r /]ile2 b ! m\nta9 at ! same level is1 on o!r sides1 clo!d ) trees4 ,! va/ mass ( ! m\nta9 is realis$ by ! fact t1 aft] twelve miles ( ! asc5t f ,catania1 ! summit looks z f> (f z x did at />t+4 ,moreov]1 ,m\nt ,vesuvius might be almo/ hidd5 away 9 ! ,val del ,bove4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ,etna is ! l>ge numb] ( m9or crat]s :i* are scatt]$ ov] its sides4 ,!y look small 9 comp>ison ) ! great mass ( ! m\nta91 b 9 reality "s ( !m are ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,monte ,m9>do1 ne> ,bronte1 ! l>ge/ ( ^! m9or cones1 is /ill #gej feet high1 al?\gh its base has be5 rais$ by mod]n lava-/reams :i* h fl[$ ar\nd x4 ,!re are #hj ( ! m conspicu\s ( ^! m9or cones1 b ,von ,walt]%aus5 has mapp$ no less ?an #bjj )9 a t5 mile radius f ! great crat]1 :ile neglect+ _m monticules ( a%es4 ,z to ! /atem5t made by ,reclus to ! effect t !re are #gjj m9or cones1 & by ,jukes1 t ! numb] is #fjj1 x is to be suppos$ t !y include n only ! mo/ insignificant monticules & heaps ( c9d]s1 b also ! boc*e & bocc>elle f :i* at any "t lava or fire has issu$4 ,if ^! be includ$1 no d\bt ^! numb]s are n exagg]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,grotto delle ,palombe ,! only important m9or cone :i* has be5 produc$ dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod1 is ! d\ble m\nta9 kn[n z ,monti ,rossi1 f ! r$ col\r ( ! c9d]s :i* compose x4 ,?is 0 rais$ f ! pla9 ( ,nicolosi dur+ ! eruption ( #affi2 x is #dej feet 9 height1 & two miles 9 circumf]5ce at ! base4 ,9 a l9e betwe5 ! ,monti ,rossi & ! great crat]1 ?irty-?ree m9or cones may be c\nt$4 ,hamilton c\nt$ =ty-f\r1 look+ d[n f ! summit t[>ds ,catania1 & ,capta9 ,smy? 0 able to disc]n fifty at once f an elevat$ position on ! m\nta94 ,_m ( ^! p>asitic cones are cov]$ ) vegetation1 z ! names ,monte ,faggi1 ,monte ,ilice1 ,monte ,zapp9i1 indicate4 ,! names h n be5 happily *os52 ?us !re are sev]al cones 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! m\nta9 call$ by ! same "n--,monte ,arso1 ,monte ,n]o1 ,monte ,rosso1 ,monte ,frum5to1 are ! mo/ common ( ! duplicates4 ,moreov]1 ! names h f "t to "t be5 alt]$1 & x ?us sometimes becomes difficult to trace a cone :i* has be5 allud$ to "u a =m] "n1 or by an au?or :o wrote be=e ! "n 0 *ang$4 ,9 addition to ! m9or cones f :i* lava once proce$$1 !re are num]\s small] v5ts = ! subt]ranean fires call$ ,boc*e1 or if v small1 ,bocc>elle1 del ,fuoco4 ,9 ! eruption ( #affi1 ?irte5 m\?s op5$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few days2 & 9 ! eruption ( #ahji1 tw5ty new m\?s op5$ "o aft] ! o!r 9 a l9e ab\t six miles long4 ,two new crat]s 7 =m$ 9 ! ,val del ,bove 9 #aheb1 & sev5 crat]s 9 #ahfe4 ,! outbur/s ( lava f lat]al cones are no d\bt due to ! fact t ! pressure ( lava 9 ! great crat]1 :i* is ne>ly #ajjj feet 9 dep?1 becomes s great t ! lava is =c$ out at "s l[] po9t ( less resi/ance4 ,! mo/ nor!rly ( ! m9or cones is ,monte di ,mojo1 f :5ce issu$ ! lava ( #cif ,b4,c41 x is #aa-a_/b miles f ! crat]2 ! mo/ s\!rly cone is ,monte ,/e ,s(ia1 #af miles f ! crat]4 ,ne>ly all ! m9or cones are )9 #aj miles ( ! crat]1 & ! majority are collect$ betwe5 s\?-ea/1 & we/1 t is1 9 an angul> space ( #ace1 />t+ midway betwe5 ea/ & s\?1 7#de s\? ( due ea/7 to due we/1 7#ij we/ ( due s\?74 ,lyell speaks ( ! m9or cones z ! mo/ gr& & orig9al feature 9 ! physiognomy ( ,etna4 ,a numb] ( cav]ns are met ) 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,etna2 ,boccacio speaks ( ! ,cav]n ( ,?alia1 & sev]al e>ly writ]s allude to ! ,grotto delle ,palombe ne> ,nicolosi4 ,! latt] is situat$ 9 front ( ,monte ,fus>a1 & ! entrance to x is evid5tly ! crat] ( an ext9ct monticule4 ,x desc5ds = #gh feet1 & at ! bottom a cav]n is ent]$ by a long %aft2 ?is leads to a second cav]n1 :i* abruptly desc5ds1 & appe>s to be cont9u$ into ! he>t ( ! neighb\r+ ,monti ,rossi4 ,brydone says t p h lo/ _! s5ses 9 ^! cav]ns1 imag9+ t !y saw devils1 & ! spirits ( ! damn$2 = x is /ill v g5]ally believ$ t ,etna is ! m\? ( ,hell4 ,_m ( ! cav]ns ne> ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta9 are us$ = /or+ sn[1 & sometimes z places ( %elt] = %eph]ds4 ,we h already se5 to :at ext5t ,lucretius attribut$ ! eruptions to air p5t up )9 ! int]ior cav]ns ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! surface ( ! m\nta9 has be5 divid$ into ?ree zones or regions--! ,pi$imontana or ,coltivata2 ! ,selvosa or ,nemorosa2 & ! ,des]ta or ,discop]ta4 ,sometimes ! "n ( ,regione del ,fuoco is giv5 to ! c5tral cone & crat]4 ,z reg>ds temp]ature1 ! zones correspond m or less to ! ,torrid1 ,temp]ate1 & ,frigid4 ,! l[e/ ( ^!1 ! ,cultivat$ ,region1 yields 9 abundance all ! ord9>y ,sicilian products4 ,! soil1 :i* consi/s ( decompos$ lava1 is extremely f]tile1 al?\gh ( c\rse l>ge tracts ( l& are cov]$ by rec5t lavas1 or by ^? :i* decompose sl[ly4 ,9 ?is region ! v9e fl\ri%es1 & abundance ( corn1 olives1 pi/a*io nuts1 oranges1 lemons1 figs1 & o!r fruit trees4 ,! bread? ( ?is region v>ies2 x t]m9ates at an approximate height ( #bjjj feet4 ,a circle drawn ) a radius ( #aj miles f ! crat]1 r\ghly def9es ! limit4 ,! elevation ( ?is on ! nor? is #b1caj feet ne> ,r&azzo2 on ! s\?1 #b1ade feet ne> ,nicolosi2 on ! ea/1 #fjj feet ne> ,mascali2 & on ! we/1 #a1ade feet ne> ,bronte4 ,! bread? ( ?is cultivat$ zone is ab\t #b miles on ! nor?1 ea/1 & we/1 & #i or #aj on ! s\?1 if we take = ! base ( ! m\nta9 ! limits propos$ above4 ,! ,woody ,region comm5ces :]e ! cultivat$ region ends1 & ext5ds z a belt ( v>y+ wid? to an approximate height ( #f1cjj feet4 ,x is t]m9at$ above by a circle hav+ a radius ( ne>ly #a-a_/b miles f ! crat]4 ,!re are f\rte5 sep>ate =e/s 9 ?is region3 "s ab\nd+ ) ! oak1 bee*1 p9e1 & popl>1 o!rs ) ! *e/nut1 ilex1 & cork tree4 ,! celebrat$ ,ca/agno di ,c5to ,cavalli1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & olde/ trees 9 ! _w1 is 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,c>p9etto1 on ! ,ea/ side ( ! m\nta91 five miles above ,gi>re4 ,?is tree has ! appe>ance ( five sep>ate trunks unit$ into "o1 b ,f]r>a decl>es t by digg+ a v %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface he f\nd "o s+le /em4 ,! public road n[ passes ?r\gh ! mu*-decay$ trunk4 ,capta9 ,smy? measur$ ! circumf]5ce a few feet f ! gr\nd1 & f\nd x to be #afc feet1 :i* w\ld give x a diamet] ( m ?an #ej feet4 ,! tree d]ives its "n f ! /ory t "o ( ! ,que5s ( ,arragon took %elt] 9 its trunk ) a suite ( #ajj horsem54 ,ne> ?is patri>* are sev]al l>ge *e/nuts1 :i*1 )\t a %ad[ ( d\bt1 are s+le trees2 "o ( ^! is #ah feet 9 diamet]1 & a second #ae feet1 :ile ! ,ca/agno della ,galea1 high] up on ! m\nta91 is #be feet 9 diamet]1 & probably m ?an #ajjj ye>s old4 ,! bread? ( ! ,regione ,selvosa v>ies consid]ably1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ map2 9 ! direction ( ! ,val del ,bove x is v n>r[1 :ile else:]e x frequ5tly has a bread? ( f #f to #h miles4 ,! ,des]t ,region is embrac$ betwe5 ! limit ( #f1cjj feet & ! summit4 ,x occupies ab\t #aj squ>e miles1 & consi/s ( a dre>y wa/e ( black s&1 scori1 a%es1 & masses ( eject$ lava4 ,9 w9t] x rema9s p]man5tly cov]$ ) sn[1 & ev5 9 ! height ( summ] sn[ may be f\nd 9 c]ta9 rifts4 ,botani/s h divid$ ! surface ( ,etna into sev5 regions4 ,! fir/ ext5ds f ! level ( ! sea to #ajj feet above x1 & 9 x fl\ri%es ! palm1 banana1 ,indian fig or prickly pe>1 sug>-cane1 mimosa1 & acacia4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t x is only on ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta9 t ! level )9 ! base s9ks to #ajj feet above ! sea2 &1 moreov]1 t ! palm1 banana1 & sug>-cane1 are comp>ative r>ities 9 ?is "p ( ,sicily4 ,prickly pe>s & v9es are ! mo/ abundant products ( ! l[] slopes ( ! ea/]n side ( ,etna4 ,! second1 or hilly region1 rea*es f #ajj to #bjjj feet above ! sea1 & !re=e con/itutes1 ) ! prec$+1 ! ,regione ,coltivata ( our =m] division4 ,9 x are f\nd cotton1 maize1 orange1 lemon1 %addock1 & ! ord9>y ,sicilian produce4 ,! culture ( ! v9e ceases ne> its upw>d limit4 ,! ?ird1 or woody region1 rea*es f #bjjj to #djjj feet1 & ! pr9cipal trees )9 x are ! cork1 oak1 maple1 & *e/nut4 ,! f\r? region ext5ds f #djjj to #fjjj feet1 & conta9s ! bee*1 ,scot* fir1 bir*1 dock1 pla9ta91 & s&wor?4 ,! fif?1 or sub-,alp9e region1 ext5d+ f #fjjj to #gjjj feet1 conta9s ! b>b]ry1 soapwort1 toad-flax1 & junip]4 ,9 ! six? region1 #g1ejj to #ijjj feet1 are f\nd soapwort1 sorrel1 & gr\ndsel2 :ile ! la/ n>r[ zone1 #ijjj to #i1bjj feet1 conta9s a few li*5s1 ! commone/ ( :i* is ! ,/]eocaulon ,pas*ale4 ,! flora ( ,etna comprises #dgg species1 only #dj ( :i* are f\nd betwe5 #gjjj feet & ! summit1 :ile 9 ! la/ #bjjj feet only five phan]ogam\s species are f\nd1 viz41 ,an!mis ,etn5sis1 ,s5ecio ,etn5sis1 ,rob]tsia t>axacoides1 7:i* are peculi> to ,etna71 ,tanacetum vulg>e1 & ,a/ragulus ,siculus4 ,common f]ns1 su* z ! pt]is aquil9a1 are f\nd 9 abundance b5ea? ! trees 9 ! ,regione ,selvosa4 ,?is division has be5 advocat$ by ,presl 9 8 ,flora ,sicula4#af ,he names ! diff]5t regions beg9n+ f bel[3 ,regio ,subtropica1 ,regio ,coll9a1 ,regio ,sylvatica inf]ior1 ,regio fagi ,sylve/ris4 ,^! f\r are common to all ,sicily4 ,! ?ree rema9+ regions1 ,regio ,subalp9a1 ,regio ,alp9a1 & ,regio ,li*5um1 toge!r ext5d+ f #fjjj to #i1bjj feet1 belong to ,etna alone4 #af ,flora sicula3 exhib5s ,plantas vasculosas 9 ,sicilia aut sponte cresc5tes aut frequ5tissime cultas1 secundum sy/ema naturale dige/as4 ,auctore ,g4 ,b4 ,presl4 ,prag1 #ahbd4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! fir/ volume ( ,recup]o's ,/oria ,naturale et ,g5]ale dell' ,etna we f9d a some:at diff]5t botanical division propos$ by ,signor ,raf9esque-,s*maltz4#ag ,he makes 8 divisions 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- #a4 ,florula ,pi$emontana4 #b4 ,florula ,nemorosa4 #c4 ,florula excelsa o della ,regione ,discop]ta4 #d4 ,florula ,ar5osa o della ,regione delle ,scorie4 #ag ,*loris ,aetn5sis3 o le quattro ,florule dell' ,etna1 opusculo del ,sig4 ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque-,s*maltz1 ,pal]mo4 ,dicembre1 #ahac4 ,9 ! latt] region1 7to :i* he assigns no limit z to height71 he f\nd ,pot5tilla ,arg5tea1 ,rumex ,scutatus1 ,tanacetum ,vulg>e1 ,an!mis ,montana1 ,jacoba ,*rysan!mifolia1 ,s]iola ,uniflora1 & ,phal>is ,alp9a4 ,z reg>ds ! animal life on ,etna1 ( c\rse x is ! same z t ( ! ea/]n sea-bo>d ( ,sicily1 except 9 ! high] regions1 :]e x becomes m sp>se4 ,! only liv+ creatures 9 ! upp] regions are ants1 a little l[] d[n ,spallanzani f\nd a few p>tridges1 jays1 ?ru%es1 rav5s1 & kites4 ,brydone says ( ! ?ree regions3 ,besides ! corn1 ! w9e1 ! oil1 ! silk1 ! spice1 & delici\s fruits ( its l[] region2 ! beautiful =e/s1 ! flocks1 ! game1 ! t>1 ! cork1 ! honey ( its second2 ! sn[ & ice ( its ?ird2 x af=ds f its cav]ns a v>iety ( m9]als & o!r productions--c9nab>1 m]cury1 sulphur1 alum1 nitre1 & vitriol2 s t ?is wond]ful m\nta9 at ! same "t produces e necess>y1 & e luxury ( life4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,asc5t ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 ,! mo/ suitable "t = asc5d+ ,etna4--,! asc5t comm5c$4-- ,nicolosi4--,etna mules4--,night j\rney ?r\gh ! upp] ,regions ( ! m\nta94--,brilliancy ( ! ,/>s4--,propos$ ,obs]vatory on ,etna4--,! ,casa ,+lesi4--,summit ( ! ,great ,crat]4--,sunrise f ! summit4--,! ,crat]4--,desc5t f ! ,m\nta94--,effects ( ,refraction4--,fatigue ( ! ,asc5t4 ,! asc5t ( ,m\nt ,etna has be5 describ$ _m times dur+ ! la/ eighte5 c5turies1 f ,/rabo 9 ! second c5tury to ,dr4 ,baltz] 9 #ahge4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ acc\nts is c]ta9ly t ( ,brydone1 & 9 ?is c5tury p]haps t ( ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,( c\rse ! int]e/ ( ! exp$ition is greatly increas$ if x c be comb9$ ) t spice ( dang] :i* is af=d$ by ! fact ( ! m\nta9 be+ 9 a /ate ( eruption at ! "t4 ,! be/ p]iod = mak+ ! asc5t is betwe5 ,may & ,septemb]1 aft] ! melt+ ( ! w9t] sn[s1 & be=e ! autumnal ra9s4 ,9 w9t] sn[ frequ5tly ext5ds f ! summit d[nw>ds = n9e or t5 miles2 ! pa?s are oblit]at$1 & ! guides refuse to accompany travell]s4 ,ev5 s late 9 ! spr+ z ,may #bi? ,brydone _h to trav]se sev5 miles ( sn[ be=e rea*+ ! summit4 ,moreov]1 viol5t /orms (t5 rage 9 ! upp] regions ( ! m\nta91 & ! w9d acquires a =ce :i* x is difficult to )/&1 & is at ! same "t pi]c+ly cold4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 9 relat+ 8 asc5t on ! night ( ,june #bf?1 #agfi1 rem>ks t1 if !y _h n k9dl$ a fire at ! halt+ place1 & put on mu* w>m clo?+1 !y w\ld surely h p]i%$ ) ! cold4 ,at ! same "t ! w9d 0 s viol5t t !y _h sev]al times to ?r[ !mselves on _! faces to avoid be+ ov]?r[n4 ,yet ! guides said t ! w9d 0 n unusually viol5t4 ,"s writ]s1 well us$ to ,alp9e climb+1 h ass]t$ t ! cold on ,etna 0 m sev]e ?an any?+ !y h ev] exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,alps4 ,! writ] ( ?is memoir made ! asc5t ( ! m\nta9 9 ,augu/ #ahgg1 accompani$ by a c\ri] & a guide4 ,we took ) u two mules2 "s ?ick rugs2 provisions consi/+ ( bread1 meat1 w9e1 c(fee1 & br&y2 wood5 /aves = mak+ ! asc5t ( ! cone2 a geological hamm]2 a bag = specim5s2 & a few o!r requisites4 ,x has to be rememb]$ t absolutely no?+ is to be met ) at ! ,casa ,+lesi1 :]e ! halt is made = ! night2 ev5 firewood has to be tak51 a fire be+ mo/ necess>y 9 ^? elevat$ regions ev5 dur+ a midsumm]'s night4 ,= "s "t previ\s to our asc5t ! wea!r _h be5 uni=mly bright & f9e1 & !re _h be5 no ra9 = m ?an ?ree mon?s4 ,! mean temp]ature 9 ! %ade at ,catania1 & g5]ally along ! ea/]n sea-base ( ! m\nta91 0 #hb ,f4 ,z we desir$ to see ! sunrise f ! summit ( ! m\nta91 we det]m9$ to asc5d dur+ ! cool ( ! ev5+1 re/+ = an h\r or two be=e sunrise at ! ,casa ,+lesi at ! foot ( ! cone4 ,accord+ly we left ,catania soon aft] midday1 & drove to ,nicolosi1 twelve miles di/ant1 & #b1bhh feet above ! sea4 ,! road = "s di/ance pass$ ?r\gh a v f]tile di/rict2 on ei!r side !re 7 corn fields & v9ey>ds1 & g>d5s ( orange & lemon trees1 figs & almonds1 gr[+ luxuriantly 9 ! decompos$ lava4 ,ab\t half way betwe5 ,catania & ,nicolosi /&s ! village ( ,grav9a1 & a mile beyond x ,mascalucia1 a small t[n conta9+ ne>ly #djjj inhabitants4 ,ne> ?is is ! ru9$ *ur* ( ,/4 ,antonio1 f\nd$ 9 #acjj4 ,n9e miles f ,catania ! village ( ,torre di ,grifo is pass$1 & ! road !n ent]s a ne>ly b>r5 di/rict cov]$ ) ! lava & scori ( #aebg4 ,! only prom95t =m ( vegetation is a peculi> tall broom--,g5i/a ,etn5sis--:i* "h fl\ri%es4 ,we are n[ ent]+ ! region ( m9or cones2 ! v9eclad cone ( ,monpili]i is visible on ! left1 & j above x ,monti ,rossi1 #c1aaj feet above ! sea2 to ! "r ( ! latt] we see ,monte ,san ,nicola1 ,s]rapizzuta1 & ,monte ,arso4 ,we rea* ,nicolosi at half-pa/ f\r2 = al?\gh ! di/ance is %ort1 ! road is v rugg$ & /eep4 ,nicolosi has a population ( less ?an #c1jjj2 x consi/s ( a long /reet1 bord]$ by "o-/ori$ cottages ( lava4 ,9 ! *ur* ! prie/s 7 prep>+ = a fe/a 9 hon\r ( ,s4 ,an?ony ( ,padua4 ,!y politely took u into ! sacri/y1 & exhibit$ ) mu* pride "s grav5 images ( r co>se workman%ip1 :i* 7 cov]$ ) gild+ & bright col\r$ pa9t4 ,ne> ,nicolosi /&s ! conv5t ( ,s4 ,nicola dell' ,ar5a1 once inhabit$ by ,b5$ict9e monks1 :o h[ev] 7 compell$ to ab&on x 9 consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction produc$ by successive %ocks ( e>?quake4 ,nicolosi itself has be5 m ?an once %ak5 to ! gr\nd4 ,we d9$ pretty com=tably1 ?anks to ! c\ri] :o act$ z cook1 9 ! "o public room ( ! "o primitive inn ( ! t[n2 />t+ = ! ,casa ,+lesi at #f o'clock4 ,! good p ( ! inn surr\nd$ u at our dep>ture & ) mu* w>m? wi%$ u a safe & successful j\rney4 ,= a %ort di/ance above ,nicolosi1 /unt$ v9es are se5 gr[+ 9 black c9d]s1 b ^! soon give place to a l>ge tract cov]$ ) lava & a%es1 ) "h & !re pat*es ( broom4 ,!re 0 no visible pa?1 b ! mules seem$ to "k ! way p]fectly1 & !y cont9u$ to asc5d ) ! same easy ev5 pace )\t any guidance1 ev5 aft] ! sun _h disappe>$ beh9d ! we/]n flank ( ! m\nta94 ,9 fact1 y tru/ y\rself absolutely to y\r mule1 :i* picks 8 way ov] ! r\ghe/ gr\nd1 & r>ely /umbles or *anges 8 ev5 /ep4 ,i f\nd x q easy to write notes :ile asc5d+1 & ev5 to use a pocket spectroscope at ! "t ( ! sett+ sun4 ,subsequ5tly we saw a man ext5d$ at full l5g?1 & fa/ asleep ^u a mule1 :i* 0 leisurely plodd+ along ! highway4 ,! same confid5ce mu/ n h[ev] be ext5d$ to ! donkeys ( ,etna1 z ,i f\nd to my co/ a few days lat] at ,taorm9a4 ,"h ! only animal to be procur$ to c>ry me d[n to ! sea-%ore1 #hjj feet bel[1 0 a donkey4 ,x 0 dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day1 & x 0 necess>y to c>ry an umbrella 9 "o h&1 & com=table to we> a k9d ( turban ( _m folds ( ?9 musl9 r\nd "o's cap4 ,! donkey aft] c>efully select+ ! r\ghe/ & mo/ precipit\s "p ( ! road1 promptly fell d[n1 leav+ me ext5d$ at full l5g? on ! road1 ) ! op5 umbrella a few y>ds (f4 ,at ! same "t ! turban came unfold$1 & /ret*$ itself = _m a foot ^u ! gr\nd4 ,altoge!r x 0 a mo/ comical sight1 & x rem9d$ me =cibly1 & at ! in/ant1 ( a picture :i* ,i once saw ov] ! alt> ( a *ur* 9 ,pisa1 & :i* repres5t$ ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as discomfit+ ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,av]res4 ,! latt] 0 completely ov]?r[n1 & 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 = he 0 grovell+ 9 ! du/ at ! feet ( ,s4 ,?omas1 :ile 8 dis>rang$ turban _h fall5 f him4 ,! di/rict ( lava & a%es above ,nicolosi is succe$$ by =e/s ( small trees1 & we are n[ fairly )9 ! ,regione ,selvosa4 ,at half-pa/ #h o'clock ! temp]ature 0 #ff1 at ,nicolosi at #d o'clock x 0 #hj4 ,ab\t #i o'clock we arriv$ at ! ,casa del ,bosco1 7#d1baf feet71 a small h\se 9 :i* sev]al m5 9 *>ge ( ! =e/ live4 ,"h we re/$ till #aj o'clock1 & !n aft] ,i _h put on a great-coat & a second wai/coat1 we />t$ = ! high] regions4 ,at ?is "t ! air 0 extraord9>ily /ill1 ! flame ( a c&le plac$ ne> ! op5 door ( ! h\se did n flick]4 ,! asc5t f ?is po9t c>ri$ u ?r\gh =e/s ( poll>d oaks1 9 :i* x 0 q impossible to see ei!r a pa? or any ob/acles :i* might lie 9 "o's way4 ,! guide c>ri$ a lant]n1 & ! mules seem$ well accu/om$ to ! r\te4 ,at ab\t #f1cjj feet we ent]$ ! ,regione ,des]ta1 a lifeless wa/e ( black s&1 a%es1 & lava2 ! asc5t became m /eep1 & ! air 0 bitt]ly cold4 ,!re 0 no moon1 b ! />s %one ) an extraord9>y brilliancy1 & sp>kl$ l p>ticles ( :ite-hot /eel4 ,i _h nev] be=e se5 ! heav5s /udd$ ) su* myriads ( />s4 ,! milky-way %one l a pa? ( fire1 & meteors fla%$ across ! sky 9 su* numb]s t ,i soon gave up any attempt to c\nt !m4 ,! vault ( heav5 seem$ to be mu* ne>] ?an :5 se5 f ! e>?1 & m flat1 z if only a %ort di/ance above our heads1 & "s ( ! bright] />s appe>$ to be hang+ d[n f ! sky4 ,brydone1 9 speak+ ( 8 impressions "u simil> circum/ances says3 ,! sky 0 cle>1 & ! imm5se vault ( heav5 appe>$ 9 awful maje/y & spl5d\r4 ,we f\nd ourselves m /ruck ) v5]ation ?an bel[1 & at fir/ 7 at a loss to "k ! cause1 till we obs]v$ ) a/oni%m5t t ! numb] ( ! />s seem$ to be inf9itely increas$1 & ! light ( ea* ( !m appe>$ bright] ?an usual4 ,! :it5ess ( ! milky-way 0 l a pure flame t %ot across ! heav5s1 & ) ! nak$ eye we c\ld obs]ve clu/]s ( />s t 7 invisible 9 ! regions bel[4 ,we did n at fir/ att5d to ! cause1 nor recollect t we _h n[ pass$ ?r\gh t5 or twelve ?\s& feet ( gross vap\r1 t blunts & confuses e ray be=e x rea*es ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we 7 amaz$ at ! di/9ctness ( vision1 & exclaim$ toge!r1 ',:at a glori\s situation = an obs]vatory6 _h ,emp$ocles _h ! eyes ( ,galileo1 :at discov]ies mu/ he n h made6' ,we regrett$ t ,jupit] 0 n visible1 z ,i am p]suad$ we might h discov]$ "s ( 8 satellites ) ! nak$ eye1 or at lea/ ) a small glass :i* ,i _h 9 my pocket4 ,brydone wrote a hundr$ ye>s ago1 b 8 idea ( erect+ an obs]vatory on ,m\nt ,etna 0 only reviv$ la/ ye>1 :5 ,pr(4 ,tac*9i ! ,a/ronom] ,royal at ,pal]mo1 communicat$ a pap] to ! ,accademia ,gio5ia1 entitl$ ,della ,conv5i5za ed utilita di erig]e sull' ,etna una ,/azione ,a/ronomico-,meteorologico4 ,tac*9i m5tions ! extraord9>y blu5ess ( ! sky z se5 f ,etna1 & ! appe>ance ( ! sun1 :i* is :it] & m tranquil ?an :5 se5 f bel[4 ,moreov]1 ! spectroscopic l9es are def9$ ) wond]ful di/9ctness4 ,9 ! ev5+ at #aj o'clock1 ,sirius appe>$ to rival ,v5us1 ! peculi>ities ( ! r+ ( ,saturn 7 se5 f> bett] ?an at ,pal]mo2 & ,v5us emitt$ a light suffici5tly p[]ful to ca/ %ad[s2 x also sc9tillat$4 ,:5 ! *romosph]e ( ! sun 0 exam9$ ! next morn+ by ! spectroscope1 ! inv]sion ( ! magnesium l9e1 & ( ! l9e #adgd 0 imm$iately app>5t1 al?\gh x 0 impossible to obta9 ?is effect at ,pal]mo4 ,tac*9i proposes t an obs]vatory %\ld be e/abli%$ at ! ,casa ,+lesi1 9 connection ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,catania1 & t x be provid$ ) a good six-in* refract+ telescope1 & ) meteorological in/rum5ts4 ,9 ?is obs]vatory1 con/ant obs]vations %\ld be made f ! beg9n+ ( ,june to ! end ( ,septemb]1 & ! telescope %\ld !n be transport$ to ,catania1 :]e a duplicate m\nt+ might be provid$ = x1 & obs]vations cont9u$ = ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,!re seems to be e probability t ?is s*eme w be c>ri$ out 9 ! c\rse ( next ye>4 ,dur+ ?is digression we h be5 toil+ along ! slopes ( ! ,regione ,des]ta & look+ at ! sky2 at l5g? we rea* ! ,piano del ,lago or ,pla9 ( ! ,lake1 s call$ because a lake produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[s exi/$ "h till #afjg1 :5 x 0 fill$ up by lava4 ,! air is n[ excessively cold1 & a %>p w9d is bl[+4 ,progress is v sl[1 ! soil consi/s ( loose a%es1 & ! mules frequ5tly /op2 ! guide assures u t ! ,casa ,+lesi is q ne>1 b ! /oppages become s frequ5t t x seems a long way (f2 at l5g? we dism\nt1 & drag ! mules aft] u1 & aft] a toilsome walk ! small lava-built h\se1 call$ ! ,casa ,+lesi1 is rea*$ 7#a4cj a4m41 temp]ature #dj ,f47 ,x /&s at a height ( #i1feb feet above ! sea1 ne> ! base ( ! cone ( ! great crat]1 & x takes its "n f ! fact t x 0 erect$ by ! ,engli% (fic]s /ation$ 9 ,sicily 9 #ahaa4 ,x has suff]$ sev]ely f "t to "t f ! pressure ( sn[ & f e>?quakes1 b x 0 ?or\ghly repair$ 9 #ahfb1 on ! occasion ( ! visit ( ,pr9ce ,humb]t1 & is n[ 9 tol]able pres]vation4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree rooms1 conta9+ a few deal *airs1 a table1 & sev]al %elves l ! b]?s ( %ips furni%$ ) pla9 /raw mattresses2 !re is also a r\gh fireplace4 ,we _h no soon] rea*$ ?is h\se1 v we>y & s cold t we c\ld sc>cely move1 ?an x 0 discov]$ t ! c\ri] _h omitt$ to get ! key f ,nicolosi1 & !re seem$ a prospect ( sp5d+ ! h\rs till dawn 9 ! op5 air4 ,=tunately we _h ) u a *isel & a geological hamm]1 & by ! aid ( ^! we =c$ op5 ! %utt] s]v+ z a w9d[1 & crept into ! h\se2 t5 m9utes lat] a l>ge wood fire 0 blaz+ up ! *imney1 our eatables 7 unpack$1 "s hot c(fee 0 made1 & we 7 supremely com=table4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,casa ,+lesi & ,cone ( ,etna ,at #c a4m4 we left ! ,casa ,+lesi = ! summit ( ! great crat]1 #a1bjj feet above u1 9 ord] to be 9 "t to witness ! sunrise4 ,our road lay = a %ort di/ance ov] ! upp] portion ( ! ,piano del ,lago1 & ! walk+ 0 difficult4 ,! bright] />s _h disappe>$1 & x 0 mu* d>k] ?an x _h be5 "s h\rs be=e4 ,! guide l$ ! way ) a lant]n4 ,! asc5t ( ! cone 0 a v /iff piece ( "w2 x consi/s ( loose a%es & blocks ( lava1 & slopes at an angle ( #de or m accord+ to "o writ]1 & ( #cc accord+ to ano!r2 probably ! slope v>ies on diff]5t sides ( ! cone3 we d n ?9k t ! slope mu* exce$s #cc any:]e on ! side ( ! cone :i* we asc5d$4 ,=tunately !re 0 no /rong w9d1 & we did n suff] f ! sickness ( :i* travell]s con/antly compla9 9 ! r>efi$ air ( ! summit4 ,we rea*$ ! highe/ po9t at #d4cj a4m41 & f\nd a temp]ature ( #dg ,f4 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,hamilton asc5d$ t[>ds ! end ( ,june ! temp]ature at ! base ( ! m\nta9 0 #hd ,f41 & at ! summit #ef ,f4 ,:5 ,brydone left ,catania on ,may #bf?1 #aggj1 ! temp]ature 0 #gf ,f41 ,b>4 #bi 94 #h-a_/b l9es2 at ,nicolosi at midday on ! #bg? x 0 #gc ,f41 ,b>4 #bg 94 #a-a_/b l9es2 at ! ,spelonca del ,capriole 7#f1bjj feet71 #fa ,f41 ,b>4 #bf 94 #e-a_/b l9es2 at ! foot ( ! crat]1 temp4 #cc ,f41 ,b>4 #bj 94 #d-a_/b l9es1 & at ! summit ( ! crat] j be=e sunrise1 temp4 #bg ,f41 ,b>4 #ai 94 #d l9es4 ,on rea*+ ! summit we notic$ t a quantity ( /eam & sulphur\s acid gas issu$ f ! gr\nd "u our feet1 & 9 "s places ! c9d]s 7 s hot t x 0 necess>y to *oose a cool place to sit d[n ^u4 ,a !rmomet] ins]t$ j b5ea? ! soil f :i* /eam issu$ regi/]$ #ahb ,f4 ,= a %ort "t we anxi\sly await$ ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,ne>ly all ! />s _h fad$ away2 ! vault ( heav5 0 a pale blue1 becom+ a d>k] & d>k] grey t[>ds ! we/1 :]e x appe>$ to be ne>ly black4 ,j be=e sunrise ! sky _h ! appe>ance ( an enorm\s ar*$ spectrum1 extremely ext5d$ at ! blue end4 ,above ! place :]e ! sun w\ld pres5tly appe> !re 0 a brilliant r$1 %ad+ (f 9 ! direction ( ! z5i? to orange & yell[2 ?is 0 succe$$ by pale gre51 !n a long /ret* ( pale blue1 d>k] blue1 d>k grey1 end+ opposite ! ris+ sun ) black4 ,?is effect 0 q di/9ct1 x la/$ "s m9utes1 & 0 v rem>kable4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by ! usual ray$ appe>ance ( ! ris+ sun1 & at t5 m9utes to #e o'clock ! upp] limb ( ! sun 0 se5 above ! m\nta9s ( ,calabria4 ,exam9$ by ! spectroscope ! ,fraunh(] l9es 7 extremely di/9ct1 p>ticul>ly two l9es ne> ! r$ end ( ! spectrum4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9 0 n[ illum9at$1 :ile all bel[ 0 9 comp>ative d>kness1 & a light mi/ float$ ov] ! l[] regions4 ,we 7 s =tunate z to witness a ph5om5on :i* is n always visible1 viz41 ! projection ( ! triangul> %ad[ ( ! m\nta9 across ! isl&1 a hundr$ miles away4 ,! %ad[ appe>$ v]tically susp5d$ 9 space at or beyond ,pal]mo1 & re/+ on a slightly mi/y atmosph]e2 x gradually sank until x rea*$ ! surface ( ! isl&1 & z ! sun rose x approa*$ ne>] & ne>] to ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,9 a %ort "t ! flood ( light de/roy$ ! fir/ effects ( light & %ad[4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,calabria & ! we/ coa/ ( ,italy appe>$ v close1 & ,/romboli & ! ,lip>i ,isl&s almo/ "u our feet2 ! ea/ coa/ ( ,sicily c\ld be trac$ until x end$ at ,cape ,pass>o & turn$ to ! we/1 =m+ ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! isl&1 :ile to ! we/ di/ant m\nta9s appe>$4 ,no "o w\ld h ! h>dihood to attempt to describe ! v>i\s impressions :i* rapidly float ?r\gh ! m9d dur+ ! contemplation ( sunrise f ! summit ( ,etna4 ,brydone1 :o is by no means incl9$ to be raptur\s or ec/atic 9 reg>d to ! _m wond]ful sights he saw 9 ! c\rse ( 8 t\r1 calls ?is ! mo/ wond]ful & mo/ sublime sight 9 nature4 ,"h1 he adds1 description mu/ ev] fall %ort1 = no imag9ation has d>$ to =m an idea ( s glori\s & s magnific5t a sc5e4 ,nei!r is !re on ! surface ( ?is globe any "o po9t t unites s _m awful & sublime objects4 ,! imm5se elevation f ! surface ( ! e>?1 drawn z x 7 to a s+le po9t1 )\t any neighb\r+ m\nta9s = ! s5ses & imag9ation to re/ ^u1 & recov] f _! a/oni%m5t 9 _! way d[n to ! _w4 ,?is po9t or p9nacle1 rais$ on ! br9k ( a bottomless gulph1 z old z ! _w1 (t5 dis*>g+ riv]s ( fire & ?r[+ out burn+ rocks ) a noise t %akes ! :ole isl&4 ,add to ?is1 ! unb\nd$ ext5t ( ! prospect1 compreh5d+ ! greate/ div]sity & ! mo/ beautiful sc5]y 9 nature1 ) ! ris+ sun advanc+ 9 ! ea/ to illum9ate ! sc5e4 ,:5 ! sun _h ris5 we _h "t to exam9e ! crat]1 a va/ abyss ne>ly #ajjj feet 9 dep?1 & ) v precipit\s sides4 ,its dim5sions v>y1 b x is n[ betwe5 two & ?ree miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,sometimes x is ne>ly full ( lava1 at o!r times x appe>s to be bottomless4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is l an inv]t$ cone2 its sides are cov]$ ) incru/ations ( sulphur & ammonia salts1 & jets ( /eam p]petually issue f crevices4 ,ne> ! summit we f\nd a deposit1 sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness1 ( a :ite sub/ance1 app>5tly lava decompos$ by ! hot issu+ gases4 ,hydro*loric acid is said to frequ5tly issue f ! crat]2 ! gases t 7 mo/ abundant appe>$ to be sulphur\s acid & /eam4 ,! int]ior ( ! crat] appe>$ to be v simil> to t ( ! ,solfat>a ne> ,puzzuoli4 ,dur+ ! desc5t f ! cone we collect$ v>i\s specim5s ( a% & c9d]1 "s r$1 o!rs black & v vesicul>1 o!rs cry/all9e1 "s pale p9k4 ,! /eep slope ( ! cone 0 well %[n by ! fact t1 al?\gh ! surface is ei!r extremely rugg$ ow+ to ! accumulation ( masses ( lava1 or s(t & yield+ on acc\nt ( ! dep? ( c9d]s1 a l>ge mass ( lava set roll+ at ! top ru%es d[n ) increas+ velocity until x b\nds (f to ! level pla9 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ! ,val de ,bove ,! great cone is =m$ by ! accumulation ( s&1 scori1 & masses ( rock eject$ f ! crat]2 x is oval 9 =m1 & has v>i$ bo? 9 %ape & size 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,:5 we saw x1 x 0 n full ( smoke or /eam2 b x 0 possible to see to ! bottom ( x1 9 spite ( small jets ( /eam :i* issu$ f ! sides4 ,x pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a pr(\nd funnel-%ap$ abyss2 ! sides ( :i* 7 cov]$ ) an effloresc5ce ( a r$ or yell[1 & sometimes ne>ly :ite1 col\r4 ,! crat] pres5t$ ! same appe>ance :5 x 0 se5 by ,capta9 ,smy? 9 #ahad1 b he 0 s =tunate z to witness x 9 a less quiesc5t /ate4 ,:ile mak+ ^! obs]vations1 he writes1 on a sudd5 ! gr\nd trembl$ "u our feet1 a h>% rumbl+ ) sonor\s ?und] 0 he>d1 & volumes ( heavy smoke roll$ ov] ! side ( ! crat]1 :ile a light] "o asc5d$ v]tically1 ) ! electric fluid escap+ f x 9 frequ5t fla%es 9 e direction4444 ,dur+ "s "t ! gr\nd %ook s viol5tly t we appreh5d$ ! :ole cone w\ld tumble into ! burn+ gulf 7z x actually _h done sev]al times be=e7 & de/roy u 9 ! horrible consequ5ces2 h[ev]1 9 less ?an a c\ple ( h\rs all 0 aga9 cle> above & quiet )94 ,:5 ,mr4 ,glad/one asc5d$ 9 #ahch1 ! volcano 0 9 a slight /ate ( eruption3 ,! great features ( ?is action1 he writes1 are ! %>p & l\d claps1 :i* p]ceptibly %ook f "t to "t ! gr\nd ( ! m\nta9 "u our feet2 ! %eet ( flame :i* leapt up ) a sudd5 mom5t>y bla/1 & soon disappe>$ 9 smoke2 !n ! %[] ( r$-hot /ones & lava4 ,at ?is "t1 z we f\nd on our way d[n1 lava masses ( #aej or #bjj p\nd weight 7 be+ ?r[n a di/ance ( probably a mile & a half2 small] ones we f\nd ev5 m remote4 ,^! %[]s 7 mo/ copi\s1 & (t5 came 9 ! mo/ rapid succession4 ,ev5 :ile we 7 asc5d+ ! ext]ior ( ! cone1 we saw !m alight+ on its slope1 & sometimes b\nd+ d[n ) imm5se rapidity )91 p]haps1 "s ?irty or =ty y>ds ( our rickety foot+ on ! m\nta9 side4 ,!y disp]s$ l ! sp>ks ( a rocket2 !y lay b5ea? ! moon1 ov] ! m\nta91 ?ick] ?an ev] ! />s 9 heav52 ! l>g] ones asc5d$ z x 7 ) delib]ation1 & desc5d$1 fir/ ) spe$ & !n ) fury4 ,n[ !y pass$ ev5 ov] our heads1 & we c\ld pick up "s newly fall51 & almo/ intol]ably hot4 ,la/ly1 !re 0 ! black grey column1 :i* seem$ smoke1 & 0 really a%1 & :i* 0 %ot f "t to "t out ( ! v b[els ( ! crat]1 f> above its edge1 9 regul> unbrok5 =m4 ,at ! ,casa ,+lesi we rem\nt$ ! mules1 & made a slight det\r to ! ea/ 9 ord] to look d[n into ! ,val del ,bove1 :i* is "h se5 z a gigantic valley1 b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! precipit\s cliffs ( ! ,s]ra delle ,concazze1 & on ! ,s\? by ! ,s]ra del ,solfizio4 ,x is believ$ by ,lyell & o!rs t 9 ! ,balzo di ,trifoglietto1 at :i* po9t ! precipices are mo/ pr(\nd & abrupt1 !re 0 a second p]man5t crat] ( eruption4 ,! ,torre del ,filos(o1 a ru9$ t[]1 traditionally ! obs]vatory ( ,emp$ocles1 /&s ne> ! ,casa ,+lesi4 ,n f> f ?is a great deposit ( ice 0 f\nd 9 #ahbh4 ,x 0 pres]v$ f melt+ by a lay] ( a%es & s&1 :i* _h cov]$ x1 soon aft] its fir/ exi/5ce1 z a glaci]3 a /ream ( lava subsequ5tly fl[$ ov] ! a%es1 & completely protect$ ! ice2 ! non-conduct+ p[] ( ! a%es prev5t$ ! lava f melt+ ! ice4 ,! sn[ :i* falls on ! m\nta9 is /[$ away 9 caves1 & us$ by ! ,sicilians dur+ summ]4 ,a %ip load is also s5t to ,malta1 & ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,catania d]ives a good deal ( 8 income f ! sale ( ,etna sn[4 ,dur+ our desc5t f ! m\nta9 we 7 mu* /ruck by ! app>5t ne>ness ( ! m9or cones b5ea? u1 & ( ! villages at ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,!y seem$ to be pa9t$ on a v]tical wall 9 front ( u1 & al?\gh f t5 to fifte5 miles di/ant !y appe>$ to be almo/ )9 a /one's ?r[4 ,?is curi\s effect1 :i* has (t5 be5 obs]v$ be=e1 is due to refraction4 ,at ! summit ( ,etna we h left "o-?ird ( ! atmosph]e b5ea? u1 & ! air is n[ press+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? ) a weight ( t5 p\nds on ! squ>e in*1 in/ead ( ! usual fifte5 p\nds exp]i5c$ at ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 look+ t[>ds ! base ( ! m\nta9 we are consequ5tly look+ f a r>] to a d5s] m$ium2 & x is a law ( optics1 t :5 light passes f a d5s] to a r>] m$ium x is refract$ away f ! p]p5dicul>1 & ?us ! object1 f :i* x emanates1 appe>s rais$1 & ne>] to u ?an x really is4 ,! objects ar\nd ,etna appe> ne> to u & rais$ v]tically f ! horizon = ! same reason t a /ick plung$ 9 wat] appe>s b5t4 ,we rea*$ ,nicolosi aga9 ab\t noon1 hav+ left x eighte5 h\rs be=e4 ,! asc5t ( ! m\nta91 al?\gh x does n involve mu* h>d walk+1 is some:at try+ on acc\nt ( ! extremes ( temp]ature :i* h to be endur$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! morn+ ( our desc5t we _h exp]i5c$ a diff]5ce equal to m ?an #dj ,f4 ,z to ! asc5t1 y are mov+ upw>ds ne>ly all night2 y h six h\rs ( rid+ on a mule1 "s ( x 9 a bitt]ly cold atmosph]e2 y get v mu* heat$ by ! f9al /eep climb ( #aajj feet1 & y f9d at ! summit a pi]c+ w9d2 ( c\rse !re is no %elt]1 & y sit d[n to wait = sunrise on c9d]s :i* are g5tly giv+ (f /eam & sulphur\s acid2 ! =m] cond5ses to wat] z soon z x meets ! cold air1 & y f9d y\r great coat1 or ! rug on :i* y h sat d[n1 spe$ily saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,t[ns ,,situat$ ,,on ,,! ,,m\nta94 ,pat]no4--,/e4 ,m>ia di ,licodia4--,! site ( ! anci5t t[n ( ,aetna4--,biancavilla4--,ad]no4--,sicili an ,inns4--,adranum4--,bronte4-- ,r&azzo4--,mascali4--,gi>re4--,aci ,reale4--,its position4--,! ,scogli de',ciclopi4--,catania1 its e>ly hi/ory1 & pres5t condition4 ,we h be=e allud$ to ! fact t ,etna is f> m ?ickly populat$ ?an any o!r "p ( ,sicily or ,italy2 9 fact1 m s ?an almo/ any equal area 9 ! _w1 ( c\rse except+ l>ge cities & _! neighb\rhood4 ,?is is due to ! wond]ful f]tility ( ! soil1 ! salubrity ( ! climate1 &1 on ! ea/]n base1 to ! proximity ( a sea-coa/ ind5t$ ) excell5t h>b\rs4 ,! habitable zone ( ,etna is re/rict$ to ! ,regione ,coltivata1 nev]!less "s ( ! t[ns on ! nor? & we/ h a consid]able elevation2 ?us ,bronte is #b1ghb feet above ! sea1 & ,r&azzo #b1gah4 ,all ! pr9cipal t[ns are situat$ on ! base road ( ! m\nta91 :i* 0 inde$ con/ruct$ 9 ord] to connect !m4 ,out ( ! sixty-f\r t[ns & villages on ! m\nta91 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 ,catania1 ,aci ,reale1 ,pat]no1 ,ad]no1 ,bronte1 ,r&azzo1 ,aci ,s4 ,antonio1 ,biancavilla1 ,calatabiano1 ,gi>re1 ,francavilla1 ,l+uagrossa1 ,licodia1 ,mascali1 ,mi/]bianco1 ,nicolosi1 ,p$>a1 ,pi$emonte1 ,treca/agne1 & ,treme/i]i4 ,on our return f ! summit1 we re/$ = a:ile at ,nicolosi1 & 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+ />t$ to make a giro ( ! m\nta9 by way ( ! base road4 ,desc5d+ by ! ,nicolosi road z f> z ,mascalucia1 we bran*$ (f to ! we/1 & made = ,pat]no1 pass+ ne> ! t[n ( ,belpasso1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by ! e>?quake ( #affi1 & subsequ5tly erect$ on a new site4 ,x /ill conta9s m ?an #g1jjj inhabitants1 al?\gh ! di/rict is extremely unheal?y4 ,pat]no1 ! second l>ge/ t[n on ! flanks ( ,etna aft] ,catania & ,aci ,reale1 /&s 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,regione ,coltivata1 & possesses m ?an #af1jjj inhabitants4 ,accord+ to ,cluv]ius1 x is ! site ( ! city ( ,hybla ,major 7,hybla ,megal71 a ,sikelian city :i* 0 unsuccessfully attack$ by ! ,a!nians soon aft] !y fir/ l&$ 9 ,sicily4 ,dur+ ! second ,punic ,w>1 ! inhabitants w5t ov] to ! ,c>?ag5ians1 b ! city 0 spe$ily recov]$ by ! ,romans4 ,pl9y1 ,cic]o1 & ,pausanias allude to x1 b its lat] hi/ory has n come d[n to u4 ,an alt> 0 lately f\nd 9 ,pat]no d$icat$ to ,v5]i ,victrici ,hybl5si4 ,sev]al t[ns 9 ,sicily 7 call$ ,hybla1 probably--accord+ to ,pausanias--9 hon\r ( a local deity4 ,pat]no 0 f\nd$ by ,rog] ,i4 9 #ajgc3 x 0 once a feudal city ( "s importance1 & possess$ a ca!dral & ca/le1 & sev]al l>ge mona/]ies4 ,al?\gh mu* fall5 to decay1 x /ill possesses a good deal ( vitality1 & ! population is on ! increase4 ,on leav+ ,pat]no ! road turns to ! ,nor?-we/1 & passes ?r\gh ! village ( ,/e4 ,m>ia di ,licodia4 ,"h orig9ally /ood ! ,sikelian ,city ( ,inessa 7,9ssa71 :i*1 aft] ! dea? ( ,hi]o ,i41 0 peopl$ by coloni/s f ,katana 7!n call$ ,aitn74 ,! new occupants ( ! city *ang$ its "n f ,inessa to ,aetna1 :i* x reta9$4 ,! t[n lat] fell into ! h&s ( ! ,syracusans1 & 9 #dfb ,b4,c4 ! ,a!nians 9 va9 attempt$ to take x4 ,dur+ ! ,a!nian exp$ition bo? ,aetna & ,hybla 7 allies ( ,syracuse4 ,9 #djc ,b4,c4 ,aetna 0 tak5 by ,dionysius1 :o plac$ 9 x a body ( ,campanian m]c5>ies4 ,sixty-f\r ye>s lat] 7,b4,c4 #cci7 ! t[n 0 tak5 by ,timoleon4 ,= _m succe$+ ye>s we f9d no fur!r m5tion ( x4 ,cic]o speaks ( x 9 8 "t z an important place1 & ! c5tre ( a v f]tile di/rict2 x is also m5tion$ by ,pl9y & ,ptolemy1 & ,/rabo says t x 0 usually ! />t+ po9t = ^? :o asc5d$ ! m\nta94 ,( its lat] hi/ory we "k absolutely no?+4 ,six miles to ! nor?-we/ ( ,/4 ,m>iah di ,licodia1 ! road passes ?r\gh ,biancavilla--a t[n ( #ac1jjj inhabitants1 & ! c5tre ( a cotton di/rict4 ,! road cont9ues 9 ! same direction until ! t[n ( ,ad]no is rea*$2 & "h we arriv$ late 9 ! ev5+1 & ga9$ our fir/ exp]i5ce ( a ,sicilian inn 9 an out-(-!-way t[n4 ,aft] _m enquiries we 7 direct$ to ! only inn :i* ! place c\ld boa/1 kept by a doctor4 ,no "o appe>$ at or ne> ! entrance1 ( c\rse !re 0 no bell or knock]1 & we made our way up a d>k /one /aircase till we arriv$ at a dimly-light$ passage4 ,a horrible old ,sicilian woman n[ appe>$1 & %[$ u ) great incivility ! only room 9 ! h\se1 :i* its inmates 7 will+ to place at our disposal4 ,x 0 a fairly l>ge room1 ) a /one floor :i* app>5tly _h n be5 swept = weeks1 & walls t _h once be5 :itewa%$2 ! furniture consi/$ ( ?ree b$s plac$ on tressels1 a pla9 deal table1 & "s primitive *airs4 ,z to food !y _h nei!r bread1 meat1 w9e1 eggs1 mac>oni1 fruit1 or butt] 9 ! h\se2 nei!r did !y (f] to procure any?+4 ,ev5 :5 "s eggs _h be5 obta9$1 & 7aft] an h\r's delay7 cook$1 !re 0 n a s+le teaspoon to eat !m )4 ,! p ( ! t[n appe> to subsi/ *iefly on beans & a k9d ( dri$ fi%4 ,if our c\ri] _h n be5 a v h&y fell[ & a tol]able cook1 we %\ld h be5 oblig$ m ?an once to g to b$ supp]less4 ,z x 01 ! be/ he c\ld d on ?is occasion 0 to get "s bread1 eggs1 & w9e1 &--be/ ( all--"s sn[1 = ! heat 0 intol]able4 ,9 a t[n ( ! same size--#ae1feg inhabitants--9 ,engl&1 we %\ld h at lea/ two really com=table inns ready at any mom5t to receive & ent]ta9 ! we>y travell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,etna f ,bronte ,ad]no /&s on ! site1 & has pres]v$ ! "n1 ( ! anci5t ,sikelian city ( ,adranum 7,adranon74 ,accord+ to ,diodorus !re exi/$ "h1 f v e>ly times1 ! temple ( a local deity nam$ ,adranus4 ,! city 0 f\nd$ by ! eld] ,dionysius 9 #djj ,b4,c42 x ow$ its importance to ! r5[n ( its temple1 :i* 0 gu>d$ by a ?\s& dogs4 ,9 #cde ,b4,c4 ! city fell into ! h&s ( ,timoleon1 & x 0 tak5 by ! ,romans at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ ,punic ,w>4 ,aft] ?is we cease to he> ( x4 ,! mod]n t[n 0 f\nd$ by ,rog] ,i4 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,! f9e ,norman t[]--n[ us$ z a prison--& ! mona/]y1 7 bo? built by ,k+ ,rog]4 ,aft] leav+ ,ad]no ! base-road asc5ds1 turns ne>ly due nor?1 & leads u pa/ a numb] ( lava /reams1 notably ^? ( #afaj1 #afjc1 & #afea4 ,a good view ( ,monte ,m9>do1 & ! m9or cones 9 its m imm$iate neighb\rhood1 is obta9$ on ! left1 :ile on ! "r we see ! ,valley ( ! ,simeto1 & ,c5torbi high ^u ! hills4 ,ne>ly due we/ ( ! great crat] is ! t[n ( ,bronte1 :i* is #b1ghb feet above ! sea1 & has a population ( m ?an #ae1jjj4 ,x is a v primitive place1 & sev]al c5turies beh9d ! age2 x rem9d$ u =cibly1 9 "o or two p>ticul>s1 ( ,pompeii3 ! /reets are n>r[ & tortu\s1 & ! roadway v unev54 ,awn+s are sometimes hung across ! /reet f side to side to provide %ade4 ,! %ops are exactly l ^? at ,pompeii2 & 9 ! ma9 /reet we notic$ an op5-air kit*51 to :i* ! w\ld-be d9] repairs1 pur*ases a plateful ( food1 & eats x /&+ 9 ! public way4 ,! inn 0 ev5 worse ?an t ( ,ad]no1 & app>5tly _h nev] be=e receiv$ gue/s4 ,we 7 (f]$ "o mis]able room1 )\t a lock to ! door1 & unprovid$ ) ei!r table or *air4 ,( c\rse ! b>e idea ( (f]+ to procure1 or furni%1 or cook1 any k9d ( food 0 too mon/r\s to be ent]ta9$ = a mom5t4 ,) difficulty ! c\ri] obta9$ "s eggs1 mac>oni1 & fruit1 on :i* we d9$ 9 a small b>n atta*$ to a w9e-%op4 ,at ,bronte we are only n9e miles f ! crat]1 on ! /eepe/ side ( ! m\nta91 & ne> ! ,t]ti>y s&/one :i* und]lies ?is portion ( ! m\nta94 ,a %ort di/ance outside ! t[n we saw great b$s ( ! lava ( #ahcb1 pil$ up fanta/ically 9 all sorts ( =ms1 & excessively rugg$ & unev54 ,x is q b>e ( vegetation1 & does n appe> to h ev5 comm5c$ to be decompos$4 ,bronte gave its "n to ,"l ,nelson1 :o 0 creat$ ,duke ( ,bronte by ,f]d9& ,,iv43--an appropriate "n = a great w>rior 7,greek3 bront1 ?und]74 ,! ,nelson e/ates are scatt]$ ar\nd ! t[n4 ,on leav+ ,bronte ! road conduct$ u pa/ sev]al high hills ( s&/one & qu>tzite ne> ,monte ,rivoglia2 !n we pass$ ne> ,maletto1 &1 leav+ ! mal>i\s lake ,gurrita on our left1 we soon aft] arriv$ at ,r&azzo4 ,ne> ,maletto ! road rea*es x highe/ po9t--#c1heb feet4 ,! t[n ( ,r&azzo 0 f\nd$ by ! ,lomb>ds 9 ! #aj? c5tury2 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x appe>s to h be5 a prosp]\s1 popul\s1 place2 at pres5t x possesses m ?an #h1jjj inhabitants4 ,! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 creat$ 8 son ,duke ( ,r&azzo1 & add$ to ! "n ( ! t[n1 ,etnea4 ,x conta9s sev]al v int]e/+ ar*itectural rema9s2 a *ur* ( ! #ac? c5tury1 a m$ival palace--! ,palazzo ,f9o*i>o1--& a ducal palace n[ us$ z a prison4 ,! h\ses are = ! mo/ "p built ( lava1 & "s ( ! %ops h massive lava c\nt]s ext5d+ half across _! op5 front1 :ile ! door occupies ! rema9d]1 z at ,pompeii4 ,! view f ,r&azzo is v f9e 9 e direction2 ! crat] ( ,etna appe>s ne>1 & ,monte ,spagnuolo--_m h\rs di/ant--j outside ! t[n4 ,! t[n is #b1gah feet above ! sea1 j above ! ,valley ( ! ,alcant>a--( :i* x comm&s a f9e view1 & also ( ! lime/one hills on ! o!r side4 ,we 7 oblig$ to pass ! night 9 ! t[n1 9 an inn sc>cely sup]ior to t ( ,ad]no1 b di/9ctly bett] ?an ! mis]able ,alb]go ,collegio at ,bronte4 ,at lea/ ! p 7 civil1 & did _! be/4 ,! "o room ( ! inn _h a b$ 9 ea* corn]1 & a deal table 9 ! middle4 ,?ree ( ! b$s 7 occupi$ by eng9e]s :o 7 survey+ 9 connection ) a new l9e ( railway2 ! f\r? 0 made ov] to ! c\ri]4 ,i slept 9 a small k9d ( ante-room on a b$ *iefly compos$ ( deal bo>ds plac$ on tressels4 ,"h aga9 ! c\ri] 0 invaluable1 9 fact x w\ld be simply impossible to make ! circuit ( ,etna )\t a c\ri]4 ,he procur$ "s eggs1 mac>oni1 fruit1 sn[1 tomatoes1 & ev5 meat1 & cook$ ev]y?+ well1 )\t a trace ( g>lic4 ,he also took c>e t ! l95 0 clean1 & ! g5]al arrangem5ts z com=table z !y c\ld be "u ! circum/ances4 ,let u also admit t nei!r at ,ad]no1 ,bronte1 nor ,r&azzo 7 we tr\bl$ ) musquitoes or any worse species ( insect4 ,^!1 we 7 assur$1 w\ld appe> 9 full =ce 9 ! foll[+ mon? 7,septemb]74 ,our only inconv5i5ce ( ?is nature arose f sw>ms ( flies4 ,! inns ( ^! out-(-!-way t[ns probably receive sc>cely a doz5 travell]s 9 ! ye>1 & ^! are ,sicilians1 :o are n us$ to bett] accommodation4 ,evid5tly a =e/i>e is q a novelty3 ! p ( ^! small t[ns us$ to look at u ) great curiosity1 & cr[d$ r\nd ! c>riage :5 we />t$4 ,at ,bronte we _h a good example ( ?is curiosity3 ow+ to ! h>dness ( ! lava ( #ahcb ! head _h come (f ! h&le ( our hamm]1 & we w5t into a c>p5t]'s %op to h x put on aga94 ,pres5tly we notic$ t elev5 p1 includ+ a prie/1 7 look+ on1 app>5tly ) int5se & absorb+ int]e/4 ,f ,r&azzo ! base-road desc5ds1 until at ,gi>re x is ne> ! sea-level4 ,?is road is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,sicily2 x is "p ( ! old milit>y r\te f ,mess9a to ,pal]mo1 & x 0 trav]s$ by ,himilco 9 #cif ,b4,c42 by ,timoleon 9 #cdd ,b4,c42 & by ,*>les ,v4 9 #aecd4 ,aft] leav+ ,r&azzo ! valley ( ! ,alcant>a becomes visible1 :ile beyond x rise ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ! ,nebrodes4 ,! road passes ne> ,monte ,dolce1 & soon rea*es ,l+uaglossa1 a small t[n f :5ce ! crat]s ( #ahfe may be rea*$ 9 ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,! rapidly desc5d+ road passes ?r\gh ,pi$emonte & ,mascali1 9 ! he>t ( an extraord9>ily f]tile region4 ,mascali1 a village ( #cjej inhabitants1 0 consid]$ by ,cluv]ius to be ! site ( ! ,greek t[n ( ,callipolis1 f\nd$ by a colony f ,naxos z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury1 ,b4,c4 ,a full view ( ! coa/ l9e is obta9$ f ! ,capo di ,taorm9a on ! nor?1 to a po9t bel[ ,ripo/o on ! s\?4 ,we desc5d$ ?r\gh plantations ( nuts1 & groves ( oranges & lemons1 to g5tle slopes cov]$ ) v9ey>ds4 ,f ! t[n ( ,gi>re1 7#ag1ife inhabitants71 we get a view ( ! ,val del ,bove1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is almo/ always obscur$ by ?9 :ite cl\ds1 :ile ! summit ( ! m\nta9 is cle>4 ,we notic$1 inde$1 e day t ! summit1 :i* _h be5 absolutely cle> all ! day & night1 became cov]$ ) cl\ds %ortly be=e sunset1 :ile ab\t an h\r lat] ! cl\ds cle>$ (f1 & ! m\nta9 0 %>ply def9$ aga9/ ! sky dur+ ! />lit night4 ,"s ( ! effects ( sunset beh9d cl\ds re/+ on ! summit1 :ile all ! re/ ( ! sky 0 bright blue1 7 exce$+ly beautiful1 & 7 q untranslatable into any kn[n language1 save t ( pa9t+1 & ( music4 ,p]haps ,turn] c\ld h done ju/ice to !m4 ,aft] leav+ ,gi>re we pass$ ?r\gh a good deal ( highly cultivat$ l& belong+ to ,b>on ,p5nisi1 ! l>ge/ l&hold] & ri*e/ man 9 ,sicily4 ,he makes good use ( 8 weal?1 & seems to be v popul> among all classes4 ,he possesses ?ree palaces 9 ,aci ,reale1 & has done a great deal to beautify ! t[n4 ,ar*ologi/s w rememb] him z ! possessor ( ! f9e/ collection ( ,sicilian co9s 9 ! _w4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 f\nd on 8 own e/ates1 b he nev] scruples to give l>ge sums ( money = any co9 :i* he covets4 ,aci ,reale1 "o ( ! prettie/ t[ns 9 ,europe1 is situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( a v f]tile region #eej feet above ! sea4 ,to ! ea/ x faces ! ,ionian sea1 :ile on ! we/ t[]s ,etna4 ,! t[n is full ( weal?y inhabitants1 & ! h\ses are l>ge1 l(ty1 & well built4 ,x conta9s #bd1aea inhabitants1 & possesses celebrat$ sulphur ba?s1 & "o ( ! be/ hotels 9 ,sicily4 ,! weal? ( ?is small t[n is well %[n by ! foll[+ fact3 ,s9ce its f\ndation 9 ! t5? c5tury1 till )9 a ye> or two ( ! pres5t "t1 ! t[n _h be5 "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,catania4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 a few ye>s ago1 on ! occasion ( a religi\s procession 9 ,catania1 t ! p ( ,aci consid]$ t _! patron ,sa9t1 ,s4 ,v5]a1 0 slight$4 ,9 fact ! image ( ,s4 ,agata1 ! patron ,sa9t ( ! ,catanese--^: veil has s (t5 av]t$ ! lava-/reams f ! city--0 put 9 all ! prom95t p>ts ( ! procession1 :ile ! image ( ,s4 ,v5]a 0 comp>atively neglect$4 ,! p ( ,aci at once return$ home1 & s5t a petition to ! ,pope1 pray+ t !y might h a ,bi%op ( _! own directly subject to ! ,holy ,see1 9 ord] t !y might no long] be subject$ to su* slights4 ,! ,vatican hav+ duly consid]$ ! "q cons5t$ to raise ,aci to ! dignity ( a ,bi%opric1 & to pay ! ,bi%op a ye>ly /ip5d ( #aj1jjj lire1 7ab\t #djj1 b equal to #fjj 9 ,sicily71 on condition t #bjj1jjj lire 7 paid at once into ! c(f]s ( ! ,vatican4 ,?is 0 promptly done1 & n[ ,monsignore ,g]l&o ,g5u>di1 ,bi%op ( ,aci ,reale1 may snap 8 f+]s 9 ! face ( ,monsignore ,giuseppe ,b5$etto ,dusmet1 a ,b5$ict9e ( ! ,congregation ( ,monte ,cass9o1 & ,ar*bi%op ( ,catania4 ,illu/ration3 ,isl& ( ,column> ,basalt (f ,trezza ,six villages 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aci ,reale be> ! "n ( ,aci3 ,aci ,ca/ello1 ,aci ,sant' ,antonio1 & s on1 b ,aci ,reale claims to /& ^u ! v site r5d]$ memorable by ! /ory ( ,acis & ,galatea4 ,! riv] ,acis 7n[ call$ ,acque ,gr&e7 rises f a b$ ( lava1 & falls into ! sea a mile f its s\rce4 ,aci ,reale /&s on sev5 diff]5t b$s ( sup]pos$ lava1 hav+ lay]s ( e>? result+ f decompos$ lava betwe54 ,! ,canon ,recup]o calculat$ f obs]vation1 t a lava requires at lea/ #bjjj ye>s to =m ev5 a scanty lay] ( e>?1 consequ5tly he inf]r$ t ! l[e/ ( ! lava /reams ^u :i* ,aci re/s mu/ h be5 =m$ #ad1jjj ye>s ago4 ,^! views he /at$ to ,brydone a hundr$ ye>s ago2 ! latt] says1 ,recup]o tells me he is exce$+ly emb>rass$ by ^! discov]ies 9 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! m\nta94 ,t ,moses hangs l a dead weight ^u him1 & blunts all 8 zeal = enquiry2 = t really he has n ! consci5ce to make 8 m\nta9 s "y z t prophet makes ! _w4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ^! s5tim5ts f a ,roman ,ca?olic ,div9e8 ,! ,bi%op1 :o is /r5u\sly or?odox--= x is an excell5t ,see--has already w>n$ him to be ^u 8 gu>d1 & n to pret5d to be a bett] natural hi/orian ?an ,moses2 n to presume to urge any?+ t may1 9 ! smalle/ degree1 be deem$ contradictory to 8 sacr$ au?ority4 ,! ,canon ,recup]o lo/ 8 *ur* pref]m5t on ! publication ( ,brydone's book1 & ! :ole body ( cl]gy ( ,girg5ti receiv$ a reprim& on acc\nt ( a capital /ory :i* ,brydone told ( a d9n] at :i* ! ,bi%op presid$1 dur+ :i* sev]al ( ! rev]5d ,canons suff]$ sev]ely f ! effects ( ,engli% pun*1 :i* ,brydone _h brew$ = !m4 ,we q agree ) ,admiral ,smy? :5 he says1 ,x is a pity t ,mr4 ,brydone lab\r$ "u su* a cacoe!s1 z to sacrifice a fri5d = ! sake ( a good /ory4 ,( c\rse we n[ "k t ,recup]o's e/imate ( ! age ( ,etna 0 f> )9 ! true limits1 b we d]ive ?is in=mation f o!r s\rces4 ,no true e/imate c be obta9$ f ! obs]vation ( ! decomposition ( lavas1 = x has be5 (t5 obs]v$ t two lavas w decompose at v diff]5t rates4 ,a little to ! nor? ( ! village ( ,la ,scaletta1 at ! base ( ! rocks ^u :i* ,aci ,reale /&s1 !re are two small cav]ns 9 ! abrupt face ( ! basalt1 :i* c only be approa*$ 9 a boat4 ,!y consi/ ( column> basalt b5t v curi\sly1 & capp$ by amorph\s basalt4 ,a drive ( a few miles to ! ,s\? ( ,aci ,reale br+s u to ,trezza1 a small village built ( lava4 ,a %ort di/ance f ! %ore are ! celebrat$ ,scogli di ,ciclopi1 or rocks ( ! ,cyclops1 said to be ^? :i* ,polyphemus hurl$ at ,ulysses aft] 8 escape f ! cave4 ,! rocks1 sev5 9 numb]1 =m small islets1 ! l>ge/ ( :i*1 ! ,isola d',aci1 is ab\t #cjjj feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & #aej feet high4 ,x consi/s ( crudely column> basalt capp$ by a k9d ( m>l4 ,ne> ! top ( ! isl& !re is a cave call$ ! ,grotto ( ,polyphemus1 also a ci/]n ( wat]4 ,to ! s\? ( ?is isl& a v picturesque rock rises f ! sea4 ,x is #bjjj feet 9 circumf]5ce & ab\t #bjj feet 9 height1 & consi/s ( column> basalt 9 f\r & eight-sid$ prisms1 b n v regul>2 a h>d calc>e\s sub/ance is f\nd 9 _! int]/ices4 ,f9e cry/als ( analcime are sometimes met ) 9 ! basalts ( ! ,cyclops ,isl&s4 ,lyell consid]s ^! basalts ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts ( volcanic action )9 ! region ( ,etna4 ,a few miles s\? ( ! ,isole di ,ciclopi are ! bay & city ( ,catania4 ,we />t$ f ! latt] :5 we comm5c$ our asc5t ( ,etna1 & n[ on return+ to x1 we complet$ ! circuit ( ! m\nta9 by its base-road ( #hg miles4 ,katana 7,katan7 is believ$ to h be5 f\nd$ ab\t #gcj ,b4,c4 by a ,greek colony ( ,naxos1 :i* _h orig9ally come f ,*alcis4 ,! city ma9ta9$ its indep5d5ce till ! "t ( ,hi]on1 :o expell$ ! orig9al inhabitants 9 #dgf ,b4,c41 & peopl$ ! city ) ,syracusans & inhabitants ( ! ,peloponnesus to ! numb] ( #aj1jjj4 ,at ! same "t ! "n ( ! city 0 *ang$ to ,aetna 7,greek3 ,aitn74 ,9 #dfa ,b4,c41 h[ev]1 ! old inhabitants retook _! city1 & drove out ! newly-settl$ /rang]s1 :o betook !mselves to ,inessa1 occupi$ x1 & *ang$ its "n to ,aetna4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! ,katanians sid$ ) ! ,a!nians aga9/ ! ,syracusans4 ,b 9 #djc ,b4,c4 ,dionysius ( ,syracuse took & plund]$ ! city1 sold ! inhabitants z slaves1 & e/abli%$ 9 x a body ( ,campanian m]c5>ies4 ,! latt] quitt$ x & retir$ to ,aetna 9 #cif ,b4,c41 :5 ! city 0 tak5 by ! ,c>?ag9ians aft] a battle (f ! rocks ( ! ,cyclops4 ,katana submitt$ to ! ,romans 9 #bfc ,b4,c41 dur+ ! fir/ ,punic ,w>1 & x soon became a v popul\s city4 ,cic]o m5tions x z a weal?y city & important seaport4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x und]w5t _m *anges bo? at ! h&s ( nature & ( man2 x belong$ 9 succession to ! ,go?s1 ,s>ac5s1 & ,normans2 & 9 #aafi 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 dur+ :i* #ae1jjj ( its inhabitants p]i%$4 ,aga9 9 #affi1 & #afic1 x 0 almo/ de/roy$ by e>?quakes4 ,! pres5t t[n is comp>atively new1 _m ( its m anci5t rema9s are cov]$ ) lava1 among !m ! rema9s ( a f9e ,greco-,roman !atre1 9 :i* x is probable t ,alcibiades address$ ! ,catanians 9 #dae ,b4,c4 ,!re are also rema9s ( a ,roman amphi!atre1 ba?1 & tombs4 ,( m mod]n /ructures1 ! ca!dral is ! fir/ to claim our notice4 ,x 0 comm5c$ by ,rog] ,i4 9 #ajia1 b 9 less ?an a c5tury 0 almo/ entirely de/roy$ by an e>?quake4 ,at "o corn] ( ! build+ y desc5d ?r\gh a n>r[ passage cut 9 ! lava1 to a crypt 9 :i* "s anci5t ,roman ar*es are %[n1 p>tly fill$ up ) lava4 ,"h also is se5 a small /ream ( v cle> wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! lava4 ,! ca!dral conta9s sev]al int]e/+ tombs1 & 9 ! *apel ( ,s4 ,agata1 h] body is pres]v$ 9 a silv] s>cophagus1 :i* dur+ c]ta9 fetes is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! t[n 9 procession1 att5d$ by all ! au?orities4 ,s4 ,agata 0 m>tyr$ by ! ,prtor ,qu9tianus 9 ! reign ( ,decius1 & is ! patron sa9t ( ! city4 ,:5ev] ,catania has be5 9 tr\ble f ! approa* ( lava /reams1 or f e>?quakes1 ! veil ( ,s4 ,agata has be5 us$ z a *>m to av]t ! evil4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,catania is ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ,sicily4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #adde by ,alfonso ( ,arragon1 & has produc$ sev]al m5 ( em95ce4 ,! city also possesses "o ( ! f9e/ mona/]ies 9 ! _w1 n[ conv]t$ into s*ools & b>racks4 ,=m]ly ! mona/]y ( ,s4 ,nicola 0 occupi$ by #dj monks1 all memb]s ( noble families2 x is suffici5tly l>ge to hold #djj4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,eruptions ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 ,_! frequ5cy )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4--#ebe ,b4,c4--#dgg ,b4,c4-- #dbf ,b4,c4--#cif ,b4,c4--#adj ,b4,c4--#acd ,b4,c4--#abf ,b4,c4--#abb ,b4,c4--#di ,b4,c4 --#dc ,b4,c4--#ch ,b4,c4--#cb ,b4,c4--#dj ,a4,d4--#gb4--bec4--dbj4--hab4--aafi4 --#aaha4--abhe4--acbi4--accc4--acga4--ad jh4--addd4--addf4--addg4-- ,close ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4--#aecf4--aecg--aeff4--aegi4--af jc4-- #afjg4--afaj4--afad4--afai4--afcc4--afdf 4--afea4--affi4--afhb4--afhh4 --#afhi4--afic4--afid4--agjb4--agbc4--ag cb4--agce4--agdd4--agdg4-- #agee4--;,flood ( #agee4--agei4--agfc4--agff4--aghj4--agha 4--aghg4-- #agib4--agig4--agih4--agii4--ahjj4--ahjb 4--ahje4--ahjh4--ahji4--ahaa4 --#ahai4--ahca4--ahcb4--ahch4--ahdb4--ah dc4--aheb4--ahfe4--ahgd4-- ,g5]al "* ( ! ,eruptions4 ,a li/ ( all ! eruptions ( ,etna f ! e>lie/ times has be5 giv5 by sev]al writ]s1 notably by ,f]r>a 9 8 ,descrizione dell' ,etna1 & by ,gemell>o4 ,! latt] places ! fir/ eruption 9 #abbf ,b4,c4 9 ! "t ( ! ,sicani2 ! second 9 #aagj ,b4,c42 & ( ! ?ird he says1 ,9 #aadi ,b4,c4 !re 0 an eruption1 & ,h]cules 9 consequ5ce fl$ f ! isl&4 ,( c\rse ^! dates are wor?less1 & ! /atem5ts are no d\bt bas$ ^u ! ass]tion ( ,diodorus1 t be=e ! ,trojan w> ! ,sicani 7 driv5 f ! ea/ side ( ,sicily by ! eruptions ( ! volcano4 #a4 ,! fir/ eruption appe>s to h occurr$ 9 ! "t ( ,py?agoras2 we h no details z to its nature4 #b4 ,! second eruption occurr$ 9 #dgg ,b4,c4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,?ucydides1 & x mu/ be ! eruption to :i* ,p9d> & s*ylus allude4 ,! =m] visit$ ! tomb ( ,hi]o ,i4 ( ,syracuse 9 #dgc ,b4,c41 & ! latt] 0 9 ,sicily 9 #dga ,b4,c4 ,on ! occasion ( ?is eruption1 two h]oic y\?s nam$ ,anapias & ,amph9omus1 p]=m$ a de$ to :i* ,s5eca & o!r writ]s allude ) en?usiasm4 ,:ile ! lava 0 rapidly ov]:elm+ ! city ( ,katana1 !y plac$ _! ag$ p>5ts on _! %\ld]s1 &1 at ! risk ( _! lives1 bore !m ?r\gh ! flam+ /reets1 & succe$$ 9 plac+ !m 9 safety4 ,x 0 said t ! fi]y /ream ( lava p>t$ to make way = !m4 ,/atues 7 rais$ to ! hon\r ( ! ,pii ,fratres1 & _! burial place 0 long kn[n z ! ,campus ,piorum4 ,ev5 a temple 0 erect$ to commemorate ! de$4 ,lucilius ,junior devotes ! conclud+ l9es ( 8 poem on ,etna to ! glory ( ! bro!rs3 ,! flames blu%$ to t\* ! filial y\?s1 & :]ev] !y plant _! foot/eps1 !y retire4 ,t day is a day ( =tune2 h>mless t l&4 ,on _! "r h& fi]ce dang]s prevail2 on _! left are burn+ fires4 ,a?w>t ! flames !y pass 9 triumph1 8 bro!r & he1 ea* safe b5ea? 8 filial burd54 ,!re ! dev\r+ fire flees backw>d1 & *ecks itself r\nd ! tw9 pair4 ,at l5g? !y issue =? unh>m$1 & be> ) !m _! deities 9 safety4 ,songs ( poets hon\r & admire !m2 !m has ,pluto plac$ ap>t b5ea? a glori\s "n1 nor c ! mean ,fates rea* ! holy y\?s1 b h truly grant$ !m ! homes & dom9ion ( ! bless$4#ah #ah ,translat$ by ,l4 ,e4 ,upcott1 ,m4,a4 #c4 ,! ?ird eruption occurr$ 9 ! ye> #dbf ,b4,c4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,?ucydides z hav+ comm5c$ 9 ! six? ye> ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,x de/roy$ a portion ( ! t]ritory ( ! inhabitants ( ,katana4 #d4 ,an important eruption occurr$ 9 ! ye> #cif ,b4,c4 ,x broke out f ,monte di ,mojo1 ! mo/ nor!rly ( ! m9or cones ( ,etna1 & foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,aces9es1 7n[ ! ,alcant>a7 ent]$ ! sea at ! site ( ! anci5t ,greek colony ( ,naxos4 ,himilco ! ,c>?ag9ian g5]al1 0 at ?is "t on 8 way f ,messana to ,syracuse1 & he 0 compell$ to m>* 8 troops r\nd ! we/ side ( ! m\nta9 9 ord] to avoid ! /ream ( lava4 #e4 ,we he> ( no fur!r eruption = #bef ye>s1 :5 9 ! ye> #adj ,b4,c41 9 ! consul%ip ( ,c4 ,llius ,sapi5s & ,q4 ,s]vilius ,cpio1 !re 0 an outbur/ f ! volcano :i* de/roy$ #dj p4 #f4 ,six ye>s lat] an eruption occurr$ accord+ to ,orosius & ,julius ,obsequ5s1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,s]gius ,fulvius ,flaccus1 & ,qu9tus ,calpurnius ,piso4 ,we h no details conc]n+ its nature or ext5t4 #g4 ,! same au?orities /ate t 9 ! ye> #abf ,b4,c4 9 ! consul%ip ( ,l4 ,o,emilius ,lepidus1 & ,l4 ,aurelius ,ore/es1 ,sicily suff]$ f a v sev]e e>?quake1 & a deluge ( fi]y matt] p\r$ f ,etna1 ov]:elm+ l>ge tracts ( c\ntry1 & r5d]+ ! wat]s ( ! adjac5t ,ionian sea positively hot4 ,x is said t ! sea ne> ! isl& ( ,lip>i boil$1 & t ! inhabitants ate s l>ge a numb] ( ! fi%es :i* 7 ca/1 already cook$1 ^u _! %ores1 t a di/emp] appe>$ :i* de/roy$ a l>ge numb] ( p4 #h4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,katana 0 ne>ly de/roy$ by a new eruption4 ,! ro(s ( _m ( ! h\ses 7 brok5 9 by ! weight ( hot a%es :i* fell ^u !m2 b ! lava /ream turn$ aside ne> ! city & fl[$ into ! sea4 ,! lava is believ$ to h issu$ f a small crat] ne> ,grav9a1 ab\t #b-a_/b miles f ,katana4 ,! city 0 s mu* injur$ by ?is eruption t ! ,romans grant$ ! inhabitants an immunity f all taxes = a space ( t5 ye>s4 #i4 ,an eruption1 ( :i* we h no details1 occurr$ dur+ ! civil w> betwe5 ,cs> & ,pompey4 #aj4 ,livy speaks ( an eruption & e>?quake :i* took place %ortly be=e ! dea? ( ,cs>1 :i* x 0 believ$ to port5d4 #aa4 ,9 #ch ,b4,c41 dur+ ! civil w> betwe5 ,octavianus & ,sextus ,pompeius1 a viol5t eruption occurr$ on ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta91 accompani$ by fe>ful noises & outbur/s ( flame4 #ab4 ,six ye>s aft]w>ds an eruption ( a less viol5t "* took place4 #ac4 ,! next eruption ( :i* we he> is t m5tion$ by ,suetonius 9 8 ,life ( ,caligula4 ,! ,emp]or happ5$ to be at ,mess9a at ! "t1 & he fl$ f ! t[n ?r\gh fe> ( ! eruption4 ,?is 0 9 #dj ,a4,d4 #ad4 ,an eruption is said to h occurr$ 9 #gb1 9 ! second ye> aft] ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,titus4 #ae4 ,etna 0 n[ quiesc5t = ne>ly two c5turies1 b 9 ! ye> #bec1 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,decius1 a viol5t eruption la/+ n9e days occurr$4 ,! lava fl[$ 9 ! direction ( ,catania1 & ! inhabitants = ! fir/ "t te/$ ! efficacy ( ! veil ( ,s4 ,aga?a1 :i* aft]w>ds /ood !m 9 su* good /ead on m ?an "o occasion4 ,! ,sa9t _h be5 m>tyr$ ! ye> be=e1 & :5 ! fright5$ inhabitants saw ! /ream ( lava approa*+ ! city1 !y ru%$ to ! tomb1 & remov$ ! veil :i* cov]$ h] body4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ to ! edge ( ! desc5d+ torr5t ( lava1 & is ass]t$ to h at once arre/$ its progress4 #af4 ,accord+ to ,c>r]a & ,photius an eruption occurr$ 9 ! ye> #dbj4 #ag4 ,we n[ f9d no record ( any volcanic action = ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,ge(frey ( ,vit]bo /ates t an eruption occurr$ 9 #hab1 :5 ,*>lemagne 0 9 ,mess9a4 #ah4 ,aft] ano!r long int]val ( m ?an ?ree c5turies & a half1 ! m\nta9 aga9 ent]$ into eruption4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aafi1 occurr$ "o ( ! mo/ disa/r\s eruptions on record4 ,a viol5t e>?quake1 :i* 0 felt z f> z ,reggio1 occurr$ ab\t dawn1 & 9 a few m9utes ,catania 0 a heap ( ru9s4 ,x is e/imat$ t #ae1jjj p]sons 7 buri$ b5ea? ! ru9s4 ,x 0 ! vigil ( ! fea/ ( ,s4 ,aga?a1 & ! ,ca!dral ( ,catania 0 cr[d$ ) p1 :o 7 all buri$ b5ea? ! ru9s1 toge!r ) ! ,bi%op & =ty-f\r ,b5$ict9e monks4 ,! side ( ! cone ( ! great crat] t[>ds ,taorm9a fell into ! crat]4 ,at ,mess9a ! sea retir$ to "s di/ance f ! %ore1 & !n sudd5ly return$1 ov]:elm+ a portion ( ! city1 & sweep+ away a numb] ( p]sons :o _h fl$ to ! %ore = safety4 ,! cle> & pure f\nta9 ( ,are?usa at ,syracuse became muddy & bracki%2 :ile ! f\nta9 ( ,ajo1 ne> ! village ( ,s>ac5i1 ceas$ to fl[ = two h\rs1 & !n emitt$ wat] ( ! col\r ( blood4 ,ludovico ,aurelio /ates t ! v9es1 corn1 & trees 7 burnt up ov] l>ge di/ricts4 #ai4 ,accord+ to ,nicolo ,speziale1 !re 0 a great eruption f ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9 9 #aaha4 #bj4 ,a /ream ( lava is said to h bur/ f ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9 9 #abhe1 :5 ,*>les ( ,anj\ 0 on 8 dea?-b$1 & to h fl[$ fifte5 miles4 #ba4 ,9 ! ye> #acbi ,niccolo ,speziale 0 9 ,catania1 & witness$ ! eruption ( :i* he has left u an acc\nt4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,june #bh?1 ab\t ! h\r ( vesp]s1 ,etna 0 /rongly convuls$1 t]rible noises 7 emitt$1 & flames issu$ f ! s\? side ( ! m\nta94 ,a new crat]--,monte ,lepre--op5$ 9 ! ,val del ,bove above ! rock ( ,mus>ra1 & emitt$ l>ge quantities ( d5se black smoke4 ,soon aft]w>ds a torr5t ( lava p\r$ f ! crat]1 & r$-hot masses ( rock 7 project$ into ! air4 ,^! effects cont9u$ till ! #ae? ( ,july1 :5 a second crat] op5$ t5 miles to ! ,s4,e4 ( ,montelepre1 & ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,giovanni ,pap>ometto4 ,soon aft] f\r o!r crat]s op5$ ar\nd x1 & emitt$ smoke & lava4 ,! sun 0 obscur$ f morn+ till ev5+ by ! smoke & a%es1 & ! adjac5t fields 7 burnt up by ! hot s& & a%es4 ,multitudes ( birds & animals p]i%$1 & _m p]sons are said to h di$ f t]ror4 ,! lava /reams 7 divid$ into ?ree portions1 two ( :i* fl[$ t[>ds ,aci1 & ! ?ird t[>ds ,catania4 ,! a%es 7 c>ri$ z f> z ,malta1 a di/ance ( #acj miles4 #bb4 ,f\r ye>s aft]w>ds an eruption is record$ by ,silvaggio4 #bc4 ,a manuscript pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,catania m5tions an eruption :i* occurr$ on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 #acga1 :i* caus$ ! de/ruction ( num]\s olive groves ne> ! city4 #bd4 ,an eruption :i* la/$ = twelve days comm5c$ on ! #i? ( ,novemb]1 #adjh2 x orig9at$ 9 ! great crat]1 b sev]al m\?s subsequ5tly op5$ ne> ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,l>ge quantities ( r$-hot a%es 7 emitt$1 "s ( :i* fell 9 ,calabria4 ,! villages ( ,p$>a & ,tre ,ca/agne suff]$ sev]ely f ?is eruption4 #be4 ,a viol5t e>?quake 9 #addd caus$ ! upp] cone ( ! m\nta9 to fall into ! crat]4 ,a torr5t ( lava also issu$ f ! m\nta91 & mov$ = a space ( tw5ty days t[>ds ,catania1 b x did n rea* ! city4 #bf4 ,two ye>s lat] lava issu$ f ! ,val del ,bove ne> ! ,rock ( ,mus>ra2 ! crat] !n =m$ 0 p]haps ! pres5t ,monte ,f9oc*io4 #bg4 ,a %ort eruption1 ( :i* we h no details1 occurr$ 9 #addg3 aft] :i* ,etna 0 quiesc5t = #hi ye>s4 #bh4 ,bembo & ,fazzello m5tion an eruption :i* occurr$ t[>ds ! close ( ! #ae? c5tury1 dur+ :i* a curr5t ( lava fl[$ f ! great crat]1 & de/roy$ a portion ( ,catania4 ,9 #aecc ,filoteo1 ( :om we h be=e spok5 z "o ( ! e>lie/ hi/orians ( ,etna1 desc5d$ into ! crat]1 :i* possess$ its pres5t funnel-l =m4 ,he f\nd at ! bottom a hole1 n l>g] ?an a man's head1 f :i* issu$ a ?9 moi/ sulphur\s vap\r4 #bi4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aecf1 a quantity ( lava issu$ f ! great crat]1 & sev]al new ap]tures op5$ ne> ! summit ( ! m\nta9 & emitt$ lava4 ,x divid$ into sev]al /reams1 fl[+ 9 diff]5t directions1 "o t[>ds ,r&azzo1 a second t[>ds ,ad]no1 & a ?ird t[>ds ,bronte4 ,! lava swept ev]y?+ be=e x2 at ! same "t quantities ( smoke & a%es 7 eject$1 ! m\nta9 0 convuls$1 & fe>ful noises 7 he>d4 ,?ree new crat]s 7 =m$ on ! s\? & we/ sides ( ! m\nta91 & on ! #bf? ( ,m>* twelve new crat]s1 or boc*e1 op5$ betwe5 ,monte ,manfre & ,monte ,vituri4 ,a physician ( ,l5t9i1 nam$ ,negro di ,piazza1 hav+ approa*$ too ne> to ! sc5e ( ! eruption1 0 de/roy$ by a volley ( r$-hot /ones4 ,sev]al rifts 7 =m$ 9 ! sides ( ! m\nta9 f :i* issu$ flames & hot c9d]s4 #cj4 ,a ye> lat]1 9 ,may1 #aecg1 a fre% outbur/ occurr$2 a numb] ( new m\?s 7 op5$ on ! s\? slope ( ! m\nta9 ne> ,la ,fontanelle1 & a quantity ( lava 0 emitt$1 :i* fl[$ 9 ! direction ( ,catania1 de/roy+ a "p ( ,nicolosi1 & ,s4 ,antonio4 ,9 f\r days ! lava _h run fifte5 miles4 ,at ! same "t viol5t %ocks ( e>?quake occurr$ all ov] ,sicily1 ! inhabitants ?\ght t ! la/ day _h come1 & _m prep>$ = _! end by receiv+ ,extreme ,unction4 ,accord+ to ,filoteo ! noises 7 s viol5t t _m p]sons 7 /ruck deaf4 ,! sun 0 obscur$ by smoke & du/1 a%es fell 9 suffici5t quantities to de/roy ! olive plantations ( ,mess9a1 & 7 ev5 c>ri$ #cjj miles out to sea4 ,! great crat] sudd5ly fell 91 s z to become level ) ! ,piano del ,lago4 ,! height ( ! m\nta9 0 ?us dim9i%$ by #cbj feet4 #ca4 ,?ree new crat]s op5$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aeff1 on ! nor?-ea/ slope ( ! m\nta94 ,quantities ( lava 7 emitt$1 :i* fl[$ t[>ds ,l+uaglossa & ,r&azzo4 #cb4 ,a slight eruption1 ( :i* we h no details1 occurr$ 9 #aegi4 #cc4 ,accord+ to ,c>r]a1 an eruption occurr$ 9 ,june1 #afjc4 ,! m\nta9 0 %ak5 ) e>?quakes1 & great volumes ( smoke & flame 7 emitt$4 #cd4 ,a /ream ( lava issu$ f ! great crat] f\r ye>s lat]1 & fill$ up ! lake :i* _h previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! ,piano del ,lago4 #ce4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #afaj1 lava 0 emitt$ f ! great crat]4 ,x fl[$ t[>ds ,ad]no1 & fill$ up ! b$ ( ! ,simeto1 a little above ! ,ponte di ,c>caci4 ,a few mon?s lat] a second /ream de/roy$ a l>ge portion ( ! =e/ ,del ,p9o4 #cf4 ,9 #afad sev]al new crat]s 7 op5$ betwe5 ,r&azzo & ! great crat] on ! nor? side ( ! m\nta94 ,a quantity ( lava issu$ f !m1 :i* unit$ into "o /ream1 & ran = t5 miles1 de/roy+ a great deal ( wood$ c\ntry4 #cg4 ,a slight eruption occurr$ 9 #afai4 #ch4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #afcc1 ,nicolosi 0 p>tially de/roy$ by a viol5t e>?quake2 & 9 ! foll[+ ,decemb] e>?quakes became frequ5t on ! m\nta94 ,a new crat] op5$ above ! cone call$ ,s]rapizzuta1 five miles f ! great crat]1 & emitt$ a good deal ( lava4 ,a second crat] aft]w>ds op5$ ab\t two miles to ! ea/ ( ! =m]4 ,! eruption la/$ (f & on = f\r ye>s3 ! eject$ lava !n cov]$ a tract eighte5 miles 9 l5g? by two miles 9 wid?1 ! ?ickness sometimes atta9+ #db feet4 ,9 #afdc a sev]e e>?quake occurr$1 :i* 0 ma9ly felt on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta94 #ci4 ,9 #afdf a new m\? op5$ on ! nor?-nor?-ea/ side ( ! m\nta91 five miles f ! great crat]4 ,! lava fl[$ t[>ds ,ca/iglione4 #dj4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #afea1 sev]al new m\?s op5$ on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta91 & p\r$ out va/ volumes ( lava :i* ?reat5$ to ov]:elm ,bronte4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! lava ran sixte5 miles ) a bread? ( f\r miles4 #da4 ,we h a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! eruption ( #affi ?an ( any previ\s outbur/4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by _m m5 ( diff]5t nations2 & we f9d acc\nts ( x 9 our own ,philosophical ,transactions1 9 ,fr5*1 & ( c\rse 9 ,italian4 ,p]haps ! mo/ accurate & complete description is t giv5 by ,alfonso ,borelli1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ,catania4 ,! eruption 01 9 e respect1 "o ( ! mo/ t]rible on record4 ,on ! #h? ( ,m>* ! sun 0 obscur$1 & a :irlw9d blew ov] ! face ( ! m\nta92 at ! same "t e>?quakes comm5c$1 & cont9u$ to increase 9 viol5ce = ?ree days1 :5 ,nicolosi 0 conv]t$ into a heap ( ru9s4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #aa? a fissure ne>ly twelve miles 9 l5g? op5$ 9 ! side ( ! m\nta91 & ext5d$ f ! ,piano di ,s4 ,leo to ,monte ,frum5to1 a mile f ! summit4 ,! fissure 0 only six feet wide1 b x seem$ to be ( unkn[n dep?1 & a bright light proce$$ f x4 ,six m\?s op5$ 9 a l9e ) ! pr9cipal fissure2 !y emitt$ va/ columns ( smoke1 accompani$ by l\d bell[+s :i* c\ld be he>d #dj miles (f4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! day1 a crat] op5$ ab\t a mile bel[ ! o!rs1 & x eject$ r$ hot /ones to a consid]able di/ance1 & aft]w>ds s& & a%es :i* cov]$ ! c\ntry = a di/ance ( #fj miles4 ,! new crat] soon vomit$ =? a torr5t ( lava :i* pres5t$ a front ( two miles1 x encircl$ ,monpili]i1 & aft]w>ds fl[$ t[>ds ,belpasso1 a t[n ( #hjjj inhabitants1 :i* 0 spe$ily de/roy$4 ,sev5 m\?s ( fire op5$ ar\nd ! new crat]1 & 9 ?ree days unit$ ) x1 =m+ "o l>ge crat] #hjj feet 9 diamet]4 ,! torr5t ( lava all ?is "t cont9u$ to desc5d1 & x de/roy$ ! t[n ( ,mascalucia on ! #bcrd ( ,m>*4 ,on ! same day ! crat] ca/ up great quantities ( s&1 a%es1 & scori1 & =m$ above itself ! great d\ble-con$ hill n[ call$ ,monti ,rossi f ! r$ col\r ( ! a%es ( :i* x is ma9ly compos$4 ,on ! #be? v viol5t e>?quakes occurr$1 & ! cone ( ! great c5tral crat] 0 %ak5 d[n into ! crat] = ! fif? "t s9ce ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! orig9al curr5t ( lava _h divid$ into ?ree /reams1 "o ( :i* de/roy$ ,s4 ,pietro1 ! second ,camporotondo1 & ! ?ird ! l&s ab\t ,mascalucia1 & aft]w>ds ! village ( ,mi/]bianco4 ,f\rte5 villages 7 altoge!r de/roy$1 & ! lava 0 on its way to ,catania4 ,at ,albanelli1 two miles f ! city1 x und]m9$ a hill cov]$ ) cornfields1 & c>ri$ x =w>d a consid]able di/ance2 a v9ey>d 0 also se5 to be float+ on its fi]y surface4 ,:5 ! lava rea*$ ! walls ( ,catania x accumulat$ )\t progression until x rose to ! top ( ! wall1 #fj feet 9 height1 & x !n fell ov] 9 a fi]y cascade1 & ov]:elm$ a "p ( ! city4 ,ano!r portion ( ! same /ream ?rew d[n #abj feet ( ! wall1 & fl[$ into ! city4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,april ! lava rea*$ ! sea1 :i* x ent]$ z a /ream #fjj y>ds broad & #dj feet deep4 ,! /ream _h mov$ at ! rate ( ?irte5 miles 9 tw5ty days1 b z x cool$ x mov$ less quickly1 & dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-?ree days ( its c\rse x only mov$ two miles4 ,on rea*+ ! sea ! wat] ( c\rse began to boil viol5tly1 & cl\ds ( /eam arose1 c>ry+ ) !m p>ticles ( scori4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,april ! /ream on ! we/ side ( ,catania1 :i* _h appe>$ to be consolidat$1 aga9 bur/ =?1 & fl[$ into ! g>d5 ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,mona/]y ( ,s4 ,niccola1 & !n bran*$ (f into ! city4 ,attempts 7 made to build walls to arre/ its progress4 ,an attempt ( ano!r k9d 0 made by a g5tleman ( ,catania1 nam$ ,pappal>do1 :o took fifty m5 ) him1 hav+ previ\sly provid$ !m ) sk9s = protection f ! int5se heat1 & ) cr[b>s to effect an op5+ 9 ! lava4 ,!y pi]c$ ! solid out] cru/ ( solidifi$ lava1 & a rivulet ( ! molt5 int]ior imm$iately gu%$ out1 & fl[$ 9 ! direction ( ,pat]no2 :]eupon #ejj m5 ( t t[n1 al>m$ = its safety1 took up arms1 & caus$ ,pappal>do & 8 m5 to desi/4 ,! lava did n altoge!r /op = f\r mon?s2 & two ye>s aft] x _h ceas$ to fl[ x 0 f\nd to be r$ hot b5ea? ! surface4 ,ev5 eight ye>s aft] ! eruption quantities ( /eam escap$ f ! lava aft] a %[] ( ra94 ,! /ones :i* 7 eject$ f ! crat] dur+ ?is eruption 7 (t5 ( consid]able magnitude1 & ,borelli calculat$ t ! diamet] ( "o :i* he saw 0 #ej feet2 x 0 ?r[n to a di/ance ( a mile1 & z x fell x p5etrat$ ! e>? to a dep? ( #bc feet4 ,! volume ( lava emitt$ dur+ ?is eruption am\nt$ to _m millions ( cubic feet3 ,f]r>a consid]s t ! l5g? ( ! /ream 0 at lea/ fifte5 miles1 :ile its av]age wid? 0 betwe5 two & ?ree miles1 s t x cov]$ at lea/ =ty squ>e miles ( surface4 ,9 a some:at r>e tract1#ai ,"l ,w9*elsea1 :o 0 return+ to ,engl& f ,con/ant9ople1 & :o l&$ at ,catania1 gives an acc\nt ( :at he saw ( ! eruption4 ,he appe>s to h be5 fright5$ at ! sight1 & took good c>e to keep 9 a safe place2 h5ce 8 lett]1 :i* is a %ort "o1 is ma9ly f\nd$ on he>say4 ,h[ev]1 he says1 ,i c\ld disc]n ! riv] ( fire to desc5d ! m\nta91 ( a t]rible fi]y or r$ col\r1 & /ones ( a pal] r$ to swim !reon1 & to be z big z an ord9>y table4444 ,( #bj1jjj p]sons :i* inhabit$ ,catania1 #cjjj did only rema92 all _! goods are c>ri$ away1 ! cannon ( brass are remov$ out ( ! ca/le1 "s great bells tak5 d[n1 ! city gates wall$ up next ! fire1 & prep>ations made by all to ab&on ! city4 ,! noble e>l is less happy 9 8 sci5tific ideas ?an 9 8 g5]al /atem5t ( ! facts ( :i* he 0 an eye-witness2 we c only hope t he jo9$ ! rec5tly-=m$ ,royal ,society on 8 return to ,engl&1 & li/5$ to ,rob]t ,hooke's disc\rse on fire4 ,9 describ+ ! lava1 ,"l ,w9*elsea says1 ,! composition ( ?is fire1 /ones1 & c9d]s1 are sulphur1 nitre1 quicksilv]1 sal-ammoniac1 lead1 iron1 brass1 & all o!r mettals6 ,two o!r acc\nts are app5d$ to ! above lett]2 9 "o ( ^! we are told t z ! lava approa*$ ,catania1 ! v>i\s religi\s bodies c>ri$ _! relics 9 procession1 foll[$ by great multitudes ( p1 "s ( !m mortify+ !mselves ) :ips1 & o!r signs ( p5ance1 ) great compla9ts & cries1 express+ _! dreadful expectation ( ! ev5ts ( ^? prodigi\s fi]y inundations4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all ?is1 news 0 br\ght t a l>ge b& ( robb]s _h tak5 advantage ( ! g5]al di/ress1 & 7 robb+ "r & left1 & murd]+ ! p3 :]eupon a troop ( ,spani% horse 0 s5t out to protect ! city & c\ntry1 ?ree pair ( gall[s 7 set up1 & su* z 7 f\nd robb+ 7 execut$ )\t trial by m>tial law4 #ai ,a true & exact relation ( ! late prodigi\s e>?quake & eruption ( ,m\nt tna or ,monte ,gibello2 z x came 9 a lett] writt5 to 8 ,maje/y f ,naples by ! ,rt4 ,honble4 ! ,e>l ( ,w9*elsea late ,ambassad\r at ,con/ant9ople1 :o 9 8 return f !nce visit+ ,catania 9 ! ,isl& ( ,sicily1 0 an eye-witness ( t dreadful spectacle4 ,publi%$ by ,au?ority4 ,pr9t$ by ,t4 ,newcomb 9 ! ,savoy4 #affi4 ,z ! lava /reams approa*$ ! city1 ! ,s5ate1 accompani$ by ! ,bi%op & all ! cl]gy1 secul> & regul>1 w5t 9 procession out ( ! city to ,monte di ,s4 ,s(ia ) all _! relics1 etc4 ,!re !y erect$ an alt> 9 view ( ! burn+ m\nta91 & celebrat$ mass1 & us$ ! exorcismes accu/om$ ^u su* extraord9>y occasions1 all :i* "t ! m\nta9 ceas$ n z be=e ) excessive ro>+ to ?r[ up its smoak & flames ) extraord9>y viol5ce1 & abundance ( great /ones1 :i* 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air4 #db4 ,= a few ye>s aft] ?is t]rible eruption ,etna 0 quiesc5t1 b 9 #afhb a new m\? op5$ on ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta91 a little bel[ ! summit1 & above ! ,val del ,bove4 ,lava issu$ f x1 & ru%$ d[n ! precipices ( ! ,val del ,bove z f> z ! rock ( ,mus>ra4 #dc4 ,six ye>s lat] a torr5t ( lava bur/ f an op5+ 9 ! great cone1 & fl[$ into ! ,val del ,bove = a di/ance ( ?ree miles4 #dd4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> lava 0 emitt$ f a m\? 9 ! ,val del ,bove1 & x desc5d$ = ab\t t5 miles1 de/roy+ ev]y?+ 9 its c\rse1 until x rea*$ a little valley ne> ,mac*ia4 #de4 ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y #afic1 cl\ds ( black smoke 7 p\r$ f ! great crat]1 & l\d noises resembl+ ! dis*>ge ( artill]y 7 he>d4 ,a viol5t e>?quake succe$$1 & ,catania 0 %ak5 to ! gr\nd1 bury+ #ah1jjj ( its inhabitants 9 ! ru9s4 ,x is said t 9 all fifty t[ns 7 de/roy$ 9 ,sicily1 toge!r ) f #fj1jjj to #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 ,lava 0 emitt$ f ! crat]1 :i* 0 l[]$ by ! eruption4 #df4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,etna aga9 ent]$ into eruption1 eject+ l>ge quantities ( a%es1 "s ( :i* 7 c>ri$ z f> z ,malta4 #dg4 ,9 ,m>* #agjb1 ?ree m\?s op5$ 9 ! ,contrada del ,trifoglietto1 ne> ! head ( ! ,val del ,bove4 ,lava 0 emitt$ f !m1 :i* fl[$ into ! ,valley ( ,calanna4 #dh4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #agbc l\d bell[+s issu$ f ! m\nta92 e>?quakes occurr$1 & a torr5t ( lava issu$ f ! crat]1 :i* fl[$ t[>ds ,bronte1 ?r\gh ! ,bosco di ,bronte4 #di4 ,a small lava /ream issu$ f ! crat] 9 #agcb1 & desc5d$ ! we/]n slope ( ! m\nta91 b )\t produc+ any damage4 #ej4 ,9 ,octob] #agce1 ! usual noises :i* presage an eruption 7 he>d1 e>?quakes foll[$1 & a little lat] ! crat] emitt$ flames & r$-hot /ones4 ,lava also issu$ f x1 & ! /ream divid$ into ?ree bran*es1 "o ( :i* fl[$ t[>ds ,bronte1 a second t[>ds ,l+uaglossa1 & a ?ird t[>ds ,mascali2 b !y did n get beyond ! upp] regions ( ! m\nta94 #ea4 ,9 #agdd ! m\nta9 ?rew out great quantities ( a%es1 b no lava4 #eb4 ,9 #agdg a quantity ( lava fl[$ f ! great crat] into ! ,val del ,bove1 & ! height ( ! cone 0 consid]ably increas$ dur+ ! eruption4 #ec4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #agee1 ,etna began to %[ signs ( di/urbance2 a great column ( black smoke issu$ f ! crat]1 f :i* =k$ lightn+ 0 frequ5tly emitt$4 ,l\d detonations 7 he>d1 & two /reams ( lava issu$ f ! crat]4 ,a new m\? op5$ ne> ! ,rocca di ,mus>ra 9 ! ,val del ,bove1 f\r miles f ! summit1 & a quantity ( lava 0 eject$ f x4 ,an extraord9>y flood ( wat] desc5d$ f ! ,val del ,bove1 c>ry+ all be=e x1 & /rew+ its pa?1 ) huge blocks4 ,recup]o e/imat$ ! volume ( wat] z #af1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 probably a great] am\nt ?an c\ld be furni%$ by ! melt+ ( all ! w9t]'s sn[ on ! m\nta94 ,x =m$ a *annel two miles broad1 &1 9 "s places1 ?irty-f\r feet deep1 & x fl[$ at ! rate ( a mile 9 a m9ute & a half dur+ ! fir/ twelve miles ( its c\rse4 ,lyell consid]s ! flood 0 probably produc$ by ! melt+1 n only ( ! w9t]'s sn[1 b also ( old] lay]s ( ice1 :i* 7 sudd5ly melt$ by ! p]meation ( hot /eam & lava1 & :i* _h be5 previ\sly pres]v$ f melt+ by a deposit ( s& & a%es1 z 9 ! case ( ! anci5t glaci] f\nd ne> ! summit ( ! m\nta9 9 #ahbh4 ,9 ,novemb] #ageh1 a sm>t %ock ( e>?quake caus$ ! cone ( ! great crat] to fall 91 b no eruption occurr$ at ! "t4 #ed4 ,great quantities ( a%es1 & "s small /reams ( lava1 7 emitt$ f ! crat] 9 #agei1 a little lat] ! cone1 :i* _h be5 aga9 rais$ by ! eruption1 gave way1 & ! great] "p ( x fell into ! crat]4 ,two p>ts ( x h[ev] 7 left /&+4 #ee4 ,sev]e %ocks ( e>?quakes 7 felt on ! ea/ side ( ! m\nta9 9 #agfc1 & a new m\? op5$ 9 ! ,bosco di ,bronte1 t5 miles f ! t[n1 betwe5 ,monte ,rosso & ,monte ,lepre4 ,f\r o!r m\?s 7 aft]w>ds op5$ 9 a l9e2 !y ?rew up quantities ( scori & a%es1 & aft]w>ds lava4 ,9 ! middle ( ,june sev]al m\?s op5$ on ! s\? side ( ! m\nta91 & a fissure #bjjj feet long op5$ d[nw>ds 9 a s\!rly direction4 ,! lava divid$ into two bran*es1 ! l>g] ( :i* 0 t5 miles long & #bej feet wide1 ) a dep? ( #be feet4 #ef4 ,sev]al new m\?s op5$ 9 ! spr+ ( #agff1 & eject$ l>ge volumes ( a%es1 also /reams ( lava1 :i* fl[$ 9 ! direction ( ,nicolosi & ,p$>a4 ,! ,canon ,recup]o1 "o ( ! hi/orians ( ,etna1 witness$ ?is eruption1 & n>r[ly escap$ be+ de/roy$4 ,he _h asc5d$ a small hill #ej feet high1 ( anci5t volcanic matt]1 9 ord] to witness ! approa* ( ! lava /ream :i* 0 sl[ly advanc+ ) a front ( two miles & a half4 ,sudd5ly two small /reams deta*$ !mselves f ! ma9 /ream1 & ran rapidly t[>ds ! hill4 ,recup]o & 8 guide at once ha/5$ to desc5d1 & _h b>ely escap$ :5 !y saw ! hill surr\nd$ by lava1 & 9 a few m9utes x 0 melt$ d[n & sank into ! molt5 mass4 #eg4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #aghj1 e>?quakes 7 felt all ov] ,sicily1 & on ! #ah? ( ,may a fissure op5$ on ! s\?-we/ side ( ! m\nta91 & ext5d$ f ! base ( ! great crat] = sev5 miles1 t]m9at+ 9 a new m\? f :i* a /ream ( lava emanat$4 ,?is enc\nt]$ ! cone ( ,palm9telli 9 its c\rse1 & sep>at$ into two bran*es1 ea* ( :i* 0 #djj feet wide4 ,o!r m\?s op5$ lat] 9 ! ye>1 & emitt$ l>ge quantities ( lava1 :i* deva/at$ ! c\ntry ( ,montemazzo4 #eh4 ,9 #agha ! volcano emitt$ a quantity ( lava :i* fl[$ into ! ,val del ,bove4 ,cl\ds ( grey a%es 7 also eject$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! great ,calabrian e>?quake ( #aghc1 ,etna eject$ l>ge quantities ( smoke1 b x 0 o!rwise quiesc5t4 #ei4 ,9 ! middle ( #aghg lava bur/ f ! great crat]1 :i* also dis*>g$ quantities ( s&1 scori1 & r$-hot a%es4 ,l>ge heat$ masses ( rock 7 eject$ to a great height1 & subt]ranean bell[+s 7 he>d by ! dwell]s on ! m\nta94 #fj4 ,five ye>s aft]w>ds a fre% outbur/ occurr$1 e>?quakes 7 preval5t1 & va/ volumes ( smoke bore to seaw>d1 & seem$ to bridge ! sea betwe5 ,sicily & ,africa4 ,a torr5t ( lava fl[$ t[>ds ,ad]no1 & a second fl[$ into ! ,val del ,bove z f> z ,zoccol>o4 ,a pit call$ ,la ,ci/]na1 #dj feet 9 diamet]1 op5$ 9 ! ,piano del ,lago1 ne> ! great cone1 & eject$ smoke & masses ( old lava saturat$ ) wat]4 ,sev]al m\?s op5$ bel[ ! crat]1 & ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t ,zaff>ana 0 desolat$4 ,! ,abate ,f]r>a1 ! au?or ( ! ,descrizione dell' ,etna1 witness$ ?is eruption3 ,i %all nev] =get1 he writes1 t ?is la/ m\? op5$ precisely on ! spot :]e1 ! day be=e1 ,i _h made my meal ) a %eph]d4 ,on my return next day he relat$ h[1 aft] a /unn+ explosion1 ! rocks on :i* we _h sat toge!r 7 bl[n into ! air1 & a m\? op5$1 dis*>g+ a flood ( fire1 :i*1 ru%+ d[n ) ! rapidity ( wat]1 h>dly gave him "t to make 8 escape4 #fa4 ,9 #agig a slight eruption occurr$1 & ! great crat] ?rew out a%es & s&1 b no lava4 ,e>?quakes 7 frequ5t4 #fb4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> lava 0 emitt$1 & sev]e e>?quakes occurr$4 #fc4 ,! eruptions cont9u$ dur+ #agii4 #fd4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahjj l\d explosions 7 he>d by ! dwell]s on ! m\nta91 & columns ( fire issu$ f ! crat]1 accompani$ by =k$ lightn+4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by a dis*>ge ( hot a%es & scori1 :i*1 fall+ on ! sn[s accumulat$ ne> ! summit ( ! m\nta91 produc$ deva/at+ floods ( wat]4 #fe4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahjb a new m\? op5$ ne> ! ,rocca di ,mus>ra 9 ! ,val del ,bove1 :i* emitt$ a copi\s /ream ( lava4 ,9 a day & a half ! lava _h run twelve miles4 #ff4 ,9 #ahje ! great crat] 0 9 a /ate ( eruption1 & a cone 0 ?r[n up )9 x to a height ( #a1jej feet4 #fg4 ,9 #ahjh ! m\nta9 aga9 became active1 & fire & smoke 7 emitt$ f ! crat]4 #fh4 ,9 ,m>* #ahji1 no less ?an tw5ty-"o m\?s ( fire op5$ 9 ! direction ( ,ca/iglione4 ,!y eject$ volumes ( smoke1 l>ge quantities ( scori & a%es1 & aft]w>ds lava1 :i*1 unit+ into "o torr5t1 fl[$ ) a front ( #dej feet = #h miles4 ,fissures 7 =m$ 9 ! e>?1 & l\d explosions con/antly occurr$ )9 ! great crat]2 a small cone 0 ?r[n up4 #fi4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds m ?an ?irty m\?s op5$ 9 a l9e runn+ ea/w>ds = five miles4 ,!y eject$ jets ( fire accompani$ by mu* smoke4 ,! eruptions soon dim9i%$ 9 ! high] m\?s1 & became m & m viol5t 9 ! l[] m\?s1 until ! eruption c5tr$ 9 ! l[e/ "o call$ ,s4 ,simone1 ne> ! head ( ! ,val del ,bove4 ,f ?is1 great black cl\ds1 hav+ a lu/re l t ( black wool1 issu$1 & aft]w>ds quantities ( lava1 :i* =m$ a /ream a mile wide1 & eight miles long4 ,x fl[$ ne>ly z f> z ! village ( ,milo4 ,frequ5t e>?quakes accompani$ ?is outbur/1 & !y cont9u$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! isl& = ! foll[+ five ye>s4 #gj4 ,9 #ahai five new m\?s ( fire op5$ ne> ! sc5e ( ! eruption ( #ahaa2 ?ree ( ^! unit$ into "o l>ge crat]1 & p\r$ =? a quantity ( lava into ! ,val del ,bove4 ,! lava fl[$ until x rea*$ a ne>ly p]p5dicul> precipice at ! b5d ( ! valley ( ,calanna1 ov] :i* x fell 9 a cascade1 &1 be+ h>d5$ by its desc5t1 x 0 =c$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! tuface\s rock at ! bottom1 s z to produce an extraord9>y am\nt ( abrasion1 accompani$ by cl\ds ( du/1 worn (f by ! friction4 ,mr4 ,scrope obs]v$ t ! lava fl[$ at ! rate ( ab\t a y>d an h\r1 n9e mon?s aft] its emission4 #ga4 ,a slight eruption occurr$ 9 #ahca f ! great crat]1 :i* ?rew out lava on its nor!rn side4 #gb4 ,9 ,octob] ( ! foll[+ ye> a viol5t eruption occurr$4 ,a new crat] 0 =m$ 9 ! ,val del ,s]bo1 above ,bronte & ?ree miles f ! summit4 ,sev5 m\?s aft]w>ds op5$1 ?ree miles bel[ ! fir/4 ,f "o ( ^! lava 0 emitt$1 :i* fl[$ to )9 a mile & a half ( ,bronte4 ,! /ream 0 a mile & a half broad1 & #dj feet deep4 #gc4 ,a slight eruption occurr$ 9 #ahch1 :5 a small quantity ( lava 0 p\r$ f ! great crat] into ! ,val del ,bove4 #gd4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ! crat] dis*>g$ a%es & scori1 & lava bur/ f ! cone #cjj feet f ! summit4 ,x fl[$ into ! ,val del ,bove1 9 a /ream #fjj feet wide1 & x came to a /&/ill t5 miles f ! summit4 #ge4 ,ne> ! end ( ! foll[+ ye>1 fifte5 m\?s ( fire op5$ ne> ! crat] ( #ahcb1 at a height ( #gjjj feet above ! sea4 ,!y began by dis*>g+ scori & s&1 & aft]w>ds lava1 :i* divid$ into ?ree /reams1 ! two out] ones soon came to a /&/ill1 :ile ! c5tral /ream cont9u$ to fl[ at ! rapid rate ( #ahj feet a m9ute1 ! desc5t be+ an angle ( #be4 ,! heat at a di/ance ( #abj feet f ! curr5t 0 #ij ,f4 ,a new crat] op5$ j above ,bronte1 & dis*>g$ lava :i* ?reat5$ ! t[n1 b x =tunately enc\nt]$ ,monte ,vittoria & 0 div]t$ into ano!r c\rse4 ,:ile a numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ,bronte 7 wat*+ ! progress ( ! lava1 ! front ( ! /ream 0 sudd5ly bl[n out z by an explosion ( gunp[d]2 9 an in/ant r$-hot masses 7 hurl$ 9 e direction2 & a cl\d ( vap\r envelop$ ev]y?+4 ,?irty-six p]sons 7 kill$ on ! spot1 & tw5ty surviv$ b a few h\rs4 ,! great crat] %[$ signs ( di/urbance1 by emitt+ d5se volumes ( smoke1 & l\d bell[+s1 also quantities ( volcanic du/ saturat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 :i* de/roy$ ! vegetation :]ev] x fell4 #gf4 ,a v viol5t eruption :i* la/$ m ?an n9e mon?s1 comm5c$ on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/1 #aheb4 ,x 0 fir/ witness$ by a p>ty ( six ,engli% t\ri/s1 :o 7 asc5d+ ! m\nta9 f ,nicolosi 9 ord] to see ! sunrise f ! summit4 ,z !y approa*$ ! ,casa ,+lesi ! crat] comm5c$ to give =? a%es & flames ( fire4 ,9 a n>r[ defile !y 7 met by a viol5t hurricane1 :i* ov]?rew bo? ! mules & _! rid]s1 & urg$ !m t[>ds ! precipices ( ! ,val del ,bove4 ,!y %elt]$ !mselves b5ea? "s masses ( lava1 :5 sudd5ly an e>?quake %ook ! m\nta91 & _! mules 9 t]ror fl$ away4 ,!y return$ on foot t[>ds daylight to ,nicolosi1 =tunately )\t hav+ su/a9$ injury4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! night _m boc*e del fuoco op5$ 9 t "p ( ! ,val del ,bove call$ ! ,balzo di ,trifoglietto1 & a great fissure op5$ at ! base ( ! ,giannicola ,gr&e1 & a crat] 0 ?r[n up f :i* = sev5te5 days %[]s ( s& & scori 7 eject$4 ,dur+ ! next day a quantity ( lava fl[$ d[n ! ,val del ,bove1 bran*+ (f s t "o /ream advanc$ to ! foot ( ,monte ,f9oc*io1 & ! o!r to ,monte ,calanna4 ,aft]w>ds x fl[$ t[>ds ,zaff>ana1 & deva/at$ a l>ge tract ( woody region4 ,f\r days lat] a second crat] 0 =m$ ne> ! fir/1 f :i* lava 0 emitt$ toge!r ) s& & scori1 :i* caus$ cones to rise ar\nd ! crat]s4 ,! lava mov$ b sl[ly1 & t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/ x came to a /&1 only a qu>t] ( a mile f ,zaff>ana3 on ! second ( ,septemb]1 ,gemell>o asc5d$ ,monte ,f9oc*io 9 ! ,val del ,bove 9 ord] to witness ! outbur/4 ,he /ates t ! hill 0 viol5tly agitat$1 l a %ip at sea4 ,! surface ( ! ,val del ,bove appe>$ l a molt5 lake2 scori 7 ?r[n up f ! crat]s to a great height1 & l\d explosions 7 he>d at frequ5t int]vals4 ,! eruption cont9u$ to increase 9 viol5ce4 ,on ,octob] #f? two new m\?s op5$ 9 ! ,val del ,bove1 emitt+ lava :i* fl[$ t[>ds ! ,valley ( ,calanna1 & fell ov] ! ,salto della ,gium5ta1 a precipice ne>ly #bjj feet deep4 ,! noise :i* x produc$ 0 l t ( ! cla% ( metallic masses4 ,! eruption cont9u$ ) abat$ viol5ce dur+ ! e>ly mon?s ( #ahec1 & x did n f9ally cease till ,may #bg4 ,! entire mass ( lava eject$ is e/imat$ to be equal to an area six miles long by two miles broad1 ) an av]age dep? ( ab\t twelve feet4 ,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,anton9 ,moris ( ,pal]mo = ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! eruption ( #aheb3 ,! eruption ( #aheb comm5c$ on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/4 ,! e>?quakes1 ! jets ( flame f ! great crat]1 & ! subt]ranean rumbl+s :i* usually prec$e an eruption1 did n h]ald ! approa* ( ?is "o4 ,an ,engli% family1 :o 7 !n mak+ ! asc5t ( ! m\nta91 toge!r ) a poor %eph]d ( ,ripo/o1 7 ! only witnesses ( ! fir/ outbur/4 ,! latt] 0 asleep 9 ! mid/ ( 8 flocks1 & 0 awak5$ by viol5t %ak+s ( ! gr\nd2 he fl$ 9 ha/e1 & "s seconds aft]w>ds ! e>? op5$ ) a l\d noise1 vomit+ a t]rible column ( fire1 at ! v spot :i* he _h j ab&on$4 ,an enorm\s crevasse op5$ on ! nor? side ( ,trifoglietto 9 ! direction ( ! great crat]4 ,on its summit ne> ! op5+ call$ ! ,piccolo ,teatro1 sev]al op5+s 7 produc$ at ! v fir/1 b !y only emitt$ feeble curr5ts ( lava4 ,all ! =ce ( ! eruption 0 conc5trat$ at ! foot ( ! esc>pm5t ( ! ,s]ra di ,giannicola1 #d kilometres1 7#b-a_/b miles7 f ! summit ( ,etna4 ,to ! we/ (1 & some:at above ! pr9cipal crat]1 a second "o 0 =m$1 b its activity 0 ( %ort duration4 ,! liquid lava issu$ ) su* viol5ce t 9 #bd h\rs x _h rea*$ ! base ( ,monte ,calanna1 a di/ance ( #c kilometres1 7ne>ly #b miles74 ,aft] surr\nd+ ?is hill1 x divid$ into two curr5ts1 "o ( :i* ran t[>ds ,zaff>ana1 & ! o!r t[>ds ,milo4 ,at a di/ance !y seem$ to pres5t a unit$ front ( #b kilometres1 7#a-a_/d mile71 :i* ?reat5$ to de/roy all ! villages bel[4 ,! ,val del ,bove 0 already entirely ov]run2 ,isoletta dei ,zapp9elli 9 ! mid/ ( ! lavas ( #ahaa & #ahai 0 ov]:elm$2 ! valley ( ,calanna 0 buri$ "u ! fire ) lava1 :5 on ! #bh? ( ,augu/ ! lava hurl$ itself into ! n>r[ passage ( ! ,portella di ,calanna4 ,a frightful cascade ( lava 0 !n se5 to precipitate itself f a height ( #fj metres1 ) a h>% metallic noise1 accompani$ by l\d crack+4 ,zaff>ana 0 on ! eve ( total ru92 ! fire _h tak5 ! direction ( ! rav9e :i* t]m9ates !re1 :5 sudd5ly1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 ! deva/at+ /ream /ay$ its m>* aga9/ ! ill-fat$ di/rict4 ,on ! contr>y t :i* _h tak5 ! direction ( ,milo1 re9=c$ by a new curr5t on ! #aj? ( ,septemb]1 de/roy$ ! hamlet ( ,caselle del ,milo2 & aft]w>ds divid$ itself into two bran*es1 :i* left ! village ( ,caselle 9 safety betwe5 !m4 ,! inhabitants ( ,la ,mac*ia & ,gi>re gave !mselves up = lo/2 = x seem$ t ! lava w\ld be oblig$ to foll[ ! valley ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,/rada2 happily1 h[ev]1 f ! #bj? ( ,septemb] onw>d1 x ceas$ to advance p]ceptibly4 ,! eruption did n totally subside till ,m>* #ahec2 b ! lava-fl[s did no m ?an travel by ! side1 or on ! top ( ! old]1 )\t ext5d+ beyond !m4 ,! crat] ( #aheb 0 call$ ! ,c5t5>io1 f its hav+ be5 =m$ at ! "t ( ! c5t5>y ( ! fte ( ,s4 ,aga?a4 ,santiago1 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake on ! v day ( ! eruption4 ,dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! eruption1 only "o explosion proce$$ f ! great crat] ( ,etna4 ,by x an enorm\s column ( a%es & scori 0 ca/ into ! air4 ,on ! #i? ( ,septemb] :ite a%es 7 se5 on ! summit1 :i* at a di/ance appe>$ l sn[4 ,:5 press$ toge!r by ! h& !y took ! consi/5ce ( clay1 b !y h>d5$ 9 ! fire1 & c\ld !n be r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,!y h be5 consid]$ to be ! debris ( felspa?ic rocks1 dis9tegrat$ by ! heat ( ! lava1 & bl[n out by ! expansive p[] ( dis5gag$ gas4 ,! eruption ( #aheb 0 "o ( ! gr&e/ ( ! record$ eruptions ( ,etna4 ,m ?an #b1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( r$ hot lava 0 spread ov] ?ree squ>e miles4 ,?is eruption 0 m9utely describ$ by ,c>lo ,gemell>o1 9 a memoir entitl$1 ,breve ragguaglio della eruzione dell' ,etna del #ba ,ago/o1 #aheb4 #gg4 ,9 ,octob] #ahfd1 frequ5t %ocks ( e>?quakes 7 felt by ! dwell]s on ,etna4 ,9 ,janu>y cl\ds ( smoke 7 emitt$ by ! great crat]1 & ro>+ s\nds 7 he>d4 ,on ! night ( ! #cj? a viol5t %ock 0 felt on ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! m\nta91 & a m\? op5$ bel[ ,monte ,frum5to1 f :i* lava 0 eject$4 ,x fl[$ at a rate ( ab\t a mile a day1 & ultimately divid$ into two /reams4 ,by ,m>* #aj? ! new m\?s ( fire _h increas$ to sev5 9 numb]1 & !y 7 all situat$ along a l9e /ret*+ d[n f ! summit4 ,! ?ree upp] crat]s gave =? l\d detonations ?ree or f\r times a m9ute4 ,pr(essor ,orazio ,silve/ri has devot$ a qu>to ( #bfg pages to an acc\nt ( ,i ,f5om5i ,vulcanici pres5tati dall',etna nel #ahfc-fd-fe-ff4 #gh4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahgd ! inhabitants ( ! t[ns situat$ on ! nor?1 we/1 & ea/ sides ( ! m\nta91 7 awak5$ by l\d subt]ranean rumbl+s4 ,soon aft]w>ds a =midable column ( black smoke issu$ f ! crat]1 accompani$ by s&1 scori1 & ignit$ matt] 7infuocata mat]ia74 ,sev]e %ocks ( e>?quake 7 felt1 ! c5tre ( impulsion be+ app>5tly situat$ on ! nor!rn flank ( ! m\nta91 at a height ( #bdej metres above ! level ( ! sea4 ,"s small boc*e eruttive op5$ ne> ! great crat]1 & eject$ lava1 b ! quantity 0 comp>atively small1 & b little damage 0 done4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is eruption 0 giv5 by ,silve/ri 9 #ahgd1 9 a small pamphlet entitl$1 ,notizie sulla eruzione dell' ,etna del #bi ,ago/o1 #ahgd4 ,s9ce #ahgd ! m\nta9 has be5 9 a quiesc5t /ate4 ,! c5tre ( di/urbance 0 at an elevation ( #bdej metres 7#gfjj feet7 above ! sea1 on ! nor? side ( ! crat]1 & betwe5 ! m9or cones kn[n z ! ,fratelli ,pii & ,monte ,grigio4 ,a new crat]1 hav+ an elliptical cont\r1 & a diamet] ( ab\t #ajj metres1 0 =m$ at ?is po9t4 ,x is compos$ ( a prehi/oric grey labradorite1 & ( dol]itic lava4 ,d[nw>ds f ! ma9 crat]1 9 ! direction ( ,monte di ,mojo1 a long fissure ext5d$ = #djj metres1 & along ! l9e ( ?is fissure no less ?an ?irty-five m9or cones op5$1 ) crat]s ( f ?irty to ?ree metres 9 diamet]4 ,! /ream ( lava eject$ f ! v>i\s bocc>elle 0 #djj metres long1 #hj wide1 & #b metres 9 ?ickness1 & ! bulk ( volcanic mat]ial br\ght to ! surface1 includ+ ! pr9cipal cone & its ?irty-five subord9ates & _! ejectam5ta1 0 calculat$ to am\nt to #a1cea1jjj cubic metres4 ,! lava is ( an augitic "*1 & magnetic2 x possesses a specific gravity ( #bcfcf at #be ,c4 ,x w be se5 f ! acc\nt ( ! =ego+ eruptions t !re is a great simil>ity 9 ! "* ( ! eruptions ( ,etna4 ,e>?quakes presage ! outbur/2 l\d explosions foll[1 rifts & boc*e del fuoco op5 9 ! sides ( ! m\nta92 smoke1 s&1 a%es1 & scori are dis*>g$1 ! action localises itself 9 "o or m crat]s1 c9d]s are ?r[n up1 & accumulate ar\nd ! crat] & cone1 ultimately lava rises1 & frequ5tly breaks d[n "o side ( ! cone1 :]e ! resi/ance is lea/4 ,!n ! eruption is at an end4 ,smy? says1 ,! symptoms :i* prec$e an eruption are g5]ally irregul> cl\ds ( smoke1 f]illi1 or volcanic lightn+s1 holl[ intonations1 & local e>?quakes t (t5 al>m ! surr\nd+ c\ntry z f> z ,mess9a1 & h giv5 ! :ole prov9ce ! "n ( ,val ,demone1 z be+ ! abode ( inf]nal spirits4 ,^! agitations increase until ! va/ cauldron becomes sur*>g$ ) ! fus$ m9]als1 :51 if ! convulsion is n suffici5tly p[]ful to =ce !m f ! great crat] 7:i*1 f its great altitude & ! weight ( ! c&5t matt]1 requires an uncommon ef=t71 !y explode ?r\gh t "p ( ! side :i* (f]s ! lea/ resi/ance ) a gr& & t]rific effect1 ?r[+ r$-hot /ones & flakes ( fire to an incr$ible height1 & spread+ ignit$ c9d]s & a%es 9 e direction4 ,aft] ! eruption ( a%es1 lava frequ5tly foll[s1 sometimes ris+ to ! top ( ! cone ( c9d]s1 at o!rs brea*+ x on ! lea/ resi/+ side4 ,:5 ! lava has rea*$ ! base ( ! cone1 x beg9s to fl[ d[n ! m\nta91 & be+ !n 9 a v fluid /ate1 x moves ) great velocity4 ,z x cools ! sides & surface beg9 to h>d51 its velocity decreases1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few days x only moves a few y>ds 9 an h\r4 ,! int]nal portions1 h[ev]1 "p sl[ly ) _! heat1 & mon?s aft] ! eruption1 cl\ds ( /eam arise f ! black & ext]nally cold lava b$s aft] ra91 :i*1 hav+ p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! cracks1 has f\nd its way to ! heat$ mass )94 ,( ! sev5ty-eight eruptions describ$ above1 x w be notic$ t n m ?an n9ete5 h be5 ( extreme viol5ce1 :ile ! majority h be5 ( a slight & comp>atively h>mless "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,geological ,map ( ,etna ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,geology ,,& ,,m9]alogy ,,( ,,! ,,m\nta94 ,elie de ,beaumont's classification ( rocks ( ,etna4--,h(fman's geological map4--,lyell's rese>*es4--,! p]iod ( e>lie/ eruption4--,! ,val del ,bove4--,two crat]s ( eruption4--,antiquity ( ,etna4--,! lavas ( ,etna4--,labradorite4--,augite4--,oliv9e 4-- ,analcime4--,titanif]\s iron4--,mr4 ,rutley's exam9ation ( ,etna lavas "u ! microscope4 ,! op9ion ( geologi/s is divid$ z to ! mann] 9 :i* a volcano is fir/ =m$4 ,"s hold t ! volcanic =ces h uprais$ ! rocks f b5ea?1 & at la/ f9d+ v5t h scatt]$ ! light] portions ( su* rocks into ! air1 & h p\r$ out lava ?r\gh ! r5t masses1 ?us =m+ a crat] ( elevation4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t ! volcanic products are eject$ f an ap]ture or fissure already exi/+ 9 rocks previ\sly =m$1 & t ! accumulation ( ^! products ar\nd ! v5t =ms ! mass ( ! volcano & ! crat] ( eruption4 ,lyell fav\rs ! latt] view2 ,von ,bu*1 ,dufrnoy1 & ,elie de ,beaumont ! =m]4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 ,etna is an irregul> crat] ( elevation4 ,! orig9al deposits 7 ne>ly horizontal1 & lavas 7 p\r$ ?r\gh fissures 9 ^!1 & accumulat$ at fir/ 9 lay]s2 aft]w>ds ! :ole mass 0 upheav$ & a crat] =m$4#bj ,! upheav+ =ce does n appe> to h act$ at "o po9t1 b along a l9e trav]s+ ! ,val del ,bove4 ,! latt] he ref]s to a subsid5ce ( a portion ( ! m\nta94 ,he divides ! rocks ( ,etna into six ord]s3 #a4 ,! l[e/ basis ( ! m\nta9 w\ld appe> to consi/ ( granite1 because masses ( t rock h f "t to "t be5 eject$4 #b4 ,calc>e\s & ar5ace\s rocks1 ( :i* ! m\nta9s surr\nd+ ,etna are compos$1 & :i* appe> capp$ ) lava ne> ,bronte & else:]e4 #c4 ,basaltic rocks1 :i* are met ) ne> ,motta ,s4 ,ana/asia1 ,pat]no1 ,licodia1 & ,ad]no1 & 9 ! ,isole de',ciclopi4 #d4 ,roll$ pebbles1 :i* =m a range ( slightly ris+ gr\nd betwe5 ! fir/ slopes ( ,etna on ! s\!rn side & ! pla9 ( ,catania4 7,lyell speaks ( ?is ris+ gr\nd z consi/+ ( argillace\s & s&y b$s ) m>9e %ells1 ne>ly all ( liv+ ,m$it]ranean species1 & ) associat$ & contemporane\s volcanic rocks47 #e4 ,anci5t lavas =m+ ! esc>pm5ts ar\nd ! ,val del ,bove2 & #f?1 ,mod]n lavas4 ,he consid]s t ! fissures :i* ab\nd on ,etna are %ifts or faults produc$ by dislocation1 & t ! m9or cones are po9ts along su* fissures f :i* a%es & lava h be5 eject$4 ,he admits ! exi/5ce ( two cones4 ,! geological map ( ,etna prep>$ by ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont to accompany 8 memoir c sc>cely be reg>d$ z a great addition to our k ( ! m\nta94 ,= al?\gh 9 ! ma9 po9ts x is correct1 s _m details h be5 omitt$ t ! map mu/ be consid]$ to h n[ be5 q sup]s$$ by ^? ( ,von ,walt]%aus5 & ,fri$ri* ,h(fmann4 #bj ,r*]*es sur la /ructure et sur l'orig9e du ,mont ,etna4 #ahcf4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t geological map ( ! m\nta9 is )\t d\bt t ( ,h(fmann1 giv5 9 ! ,vulkan5 ,atlas ( ,dr4 ,von ,leonh>d2 & "h reproduc$4 ,von ,walt]%aus5's geological map has be5 ! f\ndation ( all o!rs :i* h subsequ5tly appe>$4 ,x is a m>vel ( accurate "w1 & pati5t indu/ry4 ,! =m h[ev] is inconv5i5t1 z x n[h]e appe>s z a :ole1 b 9 sep>ate portions1 :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! folio %eets ( ! v exp5sive ,atlas des ,aetna4 ,x is accurate1 & at ! same "t v cle> & intelligible4 ,by ref]5ce to ! map x w be se5 t f ,capo di ,s*iso we/w>d1 to ne> ,pat]no1 ,etna is surr\nd$ by s&/one hills2 at ! s\? we h rec5t clays1 &1 at int]vals1 *alk4 ,a l>ge triangul> space hav+ ! two angles at its base1 respectively ne> ,maletto & ,ad]no1 & its apex at ! great crat]1 is cov]$ ) new lava2 :ile ar\nd ,nicolosi !re is volcanic s&4 ,at ! ,isole de',ciclopi1 ,motta ,s4 ,ana/asia1 & a few o!r places1 basalt is se52 on ea* side ( ! ,val del ,bove1 dol]ite2 & ne> ,mi/]bianco & ,pi$emonte1 small deposits ( clay slate4 ,! great mass ( ! surface ( ! m\nta91 n specially m5tion$ above1 is volcanic tuff4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ! ,val del ,bove1 to illu/rate ! !ory ( a d\ble axis ( eruption4 7,lyell74 ,among ! m important & rec5t additions to our k ( ! geology ( ,etna may be m5tion$ ,lyell's pap] on ! subject1 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #aheh1 ! matt] ( :i* is incorporat$ 9 a l5g?y *apt] on ,etna 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,lyell visit$ ! m\nta9 9 #ahbh1 #aheg1 & #aheh1 & he !n collect$ toge!r a great numb] ( p]sonal obs]vations2 he also made use ( ! maps & plans ( ,von ,walt]%aus51 & he has analys$ ! views ( ,elie de ,beaumont & o!r writ]s4 ,he alludes at ! outset to ! num]\s m9or cones ( ,etna produc$ by lat]al eruption1 & po9ts out ! fact t !y are gradually oblit]at$ by ! lava desc5d+ f ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta91 :i* fl[s ar\nd !m & height5s ! gr\nd on :i* !y /&4 ,9 ?is way ! crat] ( ,monte ,nocilla is n[ level ) ! pla91 & ! crat] ( ,monte ,capreolo 0 ne>ly fill$ by a lava /ream 9 #affi4 ,?us )\t d\bt b5ea? ! slop+ sides ( ,etna a multitude ( oblit]at$ monticules exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,ideal section ( ,m\nt ,etna ,! /rata :i* surr\nd ,m\nt ,etna on ! s\? are ( ,new] ,plioc5e date1 & conta9 %ells :i* are ne>ly all ( species /ill liv+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,out ( sixty-five species collect$ by ,lyell 9 #ahbh1 sixty-"o 7 f\nd to belong to species /ill common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! /rata are ab\t ! age ( ! ,norwi* crag2 & ! olde/ eruptions ( ,etna mu/ h tak5 place dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 b be=e ! p]iod ( greate/ cold 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,be=e visit+ ,etna1 ,lyell _h be5 told by ,dr4 ,buckl& t 9 8 op9ion ! ,val del ,bove 0 ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ,etna1 accord+ly he specially & m9utely exam9$ t "p ( ! m\nta94 ,?is va/ valley is situat$ on ! ea/]n flanks ( ! m\nta91 & x comm5ces ne> ! base ( ! cone1 /ret*+ = ne>ly five miles d[nw>ds4 ,x is a l>ge oval bas9 =m$ 9 ! side ( ! m\nta91 & surr\nd$ by va/ precipices1 "s ( :i* at ! head ( ! valley are betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& feet 9 height4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) lava ( v>i\s dates1 & sev]al m9or cones1 notably ^? ( #aheb1 are )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,! abrupt precipices reveal ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( v]tical dikes1 radiat+ f a po9t )9 ! valley1 "s ( !m1 accord+ to ,von ,walt]%aus51 be+ ( anci5t gre5/one4 ,o!r dikes ( m mod]n dol]itic lava radiate f ! pres5t crat]4 ,f ! slope ( ! b$s 9 ! ,val del ,bove1 ,lyell & ,von ,walt]%aus5 h indep5d5tly inf]r$ t !re 0 once a second great c5tre ( eruption 9 ! ,val del ,bove betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,giannicola1 & ,zoccol>o 7vide ! ,figure on p4 #aag74 ,! axis ( eruption pass+ ?r\gh ?is po9t ,lyell calls ! ,axis ( ,trifoglietto2 :ile he di/+ui%es ! pres5t c5tre ( eruption z ! ,axis ( ,mongibello4 ,^! c5tres probably exi/$ simultane\sly1 b 7 unequal z reg>ds eruptive viol5ce2 ! crat] ( ,mongibello 0 ! m active ( ! two1 & ev5tually ov]:elm$ ! crat] ( ,trifoglietto ) its products1 by :i* means ! :ole m\nta9 became a fairly symmetrical cone1 hav+ ! crat] ( ,mongibello at its apex 7vide ! ,figures on pp4 #aai & #aba74 ,subsequ5tly ! ,val del ,bove 0 =m$1 probably by "s p>oxysmal explosion1 caus$ by p5t-up gases escap+ f fissures4 ,possibly also subsid5ce may h occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(ile ( ,etna ,we mu/ !n 9 ! fir/ place ?9k ( ,etna z a subm>9e volcano ( ! ,new] ,plioc5e age2 :5 x rea*$ ! surface x increas$ rapidly 9 bulk by p\r+ out scori & lava f its two c5tres ( eruption--! c5tre ( ,mongibello1 & ! c5tre ( ,trifoglietto1--g5]al upheaval ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict foll[$1 & ultimately ! crat] ( ,trifoglietto 0 oblit]at$ by ! dis*>ges f ! crat] ( ,mongibello4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,val del ,bove 0 bl[n out by sudd5 eruptive =ce f b5ea?1 & ! m\nta9 assum$ its pres5t aspect4 ,!n ! hi/orical eruptions comm5c$1 & ( ^! we h giv5 an acc\nt 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! mo/ obvi\s me?od ( obta9+ "s idea z to ! age ( ,etna1 is to asc]ta9 ! ?ickness ( matt] add$ dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod to ! sides ( ! m\nta91 & to comp>e ?is ) ! ?ickness ( ! b$s ( anci5t lava & scori expos$ at ! abrupt precipices ( ! ,val del ,bove4 ,!re is reason = believ+1 h[ev]1 t none ( ! anci5t lavas equall$ 9 volume ! lava /reams ( #ahji & #aheb1 & ! "q is mu* complicat$ by o!r consid]ations4 ,lyell comp>es ! gr[? ( a volcano to t ( an exog5\s tree1 :i* increases bo? 9 bulk & height by ! ext]nal application ( ligne\s matt]4 ,bran*es :i* %oot out f ! trunk1 fir/ pi]ce ! b>k & proce$ outw>ds1 b if !y die or are brok5 (f !y become inclos$ 9 ! body ( ! tree1 =m+ knots 9 ! wood4 ,simil>ly ! volcano consi/s ( a s]ies ( conical masses plac$ "o above ! o!r1 :ile ! m9or cones1 correspond+ to ! bran*es ( ! tree1 fir/ project1 & !n become buri$ aga91 z successive lay]s ( lava fl[ ar\nd !m4 ,b volcanic action is v int]mitt5t1 ! lay]s ( lava & scori d n accumulate ev5ly & regul>ly l ! lay]s ( a tree4 ,a viol5t p>oxysmal outbreak may be succe$$ by c5turies ( quiesc5ce1 or by a numb] ( ord9>y eruptions2 or1 aga91 sev]al p>oxysmal outbreaks may occur 9 succession4 ,moreov]1 ea* conical envelope ( ! m\nta9 is made up ( a numb] ( di/9ct curr5ts ( lava1 & %[]s ( scori4 ,yet we _c fail to =m ! mo/ exalt$ conception ( ! antiquity ( ?is m\nta91 :5 we consid] t its base is ab\t #ij miles 9 circumf]5ce2 s t x w\ld require n9ety fl[s ( lava1 ea* a mile 9 bread? at _! t]m9ation1 to raise ! pres5t foot ( ! volcano z mu* z ! av]age height ( "o lava curr5t4 ,if all ! m9or cones n[ visible on ,etna c\ld be remov$1 ) all ! lava & scori :i* h ev] proce$$ f !m1 ! m\nta9 w\ld appe> sc>cely p]ceptibly small]4 ,o!r cones w\ld reveal !mselves b5ea? ^? n[ exi/+4 ,s9ce ! "t :51 9 ! ,new] ,plioc5e p]iod1 ! f\ndations ( ,etna 7 laid 9 ! sea1 x is q impossible ev5 to h9t at ! numb] ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* h elaps$4 ,we collect$ specim5s ( lava f v>i\s po9ts ar\nd & ^u ! m\nta94 ,!y pres5t$ a wond]ful simil>ity ( /ructure1 & a m9]alogi/ to :om !y 7 %[n rem>k$ t !y might almo/ all h come f ! same crat]1 at ! same "t4 ,a specim5 ( ! lava ( #aece f\nd ne> ,borello1 0 gr\nd by a lapid>y until x 0 suffici5tly transp>5t to be exam9$ "u ! microscope by pol>is$ light4 ,x 0 f\nd to conta9 good cry/als ( augite & oliv9e1 well /riat$ labradorite1 & titanif]\s iron ore4 ,elie de ,beaumont affirms t ! lavas ( ,etna consi/ ( labradorite1 pyrox5e 7augite71 p]idot 7oliv9e71 & titanif]\s iron4 ,rose 0 ! fir/ to prove t ! lavas ( ,etna d n conta9 ord9>y felsp> 7or pota% felsp>71 b labradorite 7or lime felsp>47 7,annales des ,m9es1 #c s]ie1 t4 viii41 p4 #c47 ,elie de ,beaumont deta*$ a quantity ( :ite cry/als f ! int]ior ( a lava f\nd betwe5 ,gi>re & ,aci ,reale2 ^! 7 analys$ by ,m4 ,augu/e ,laur5t ) ! foll[+ results 9 #ajj p>ts3-- ,silica #dgi ,alum9a #cdj ,oxide ( ,iron #bd ,soda 7,na#b,o7 #ea ,pota% 7,k#b,o7 #i ,lime #ie ,magnesia #b ----- #ajjj ,von ,walt]%aus5 gives ! foll[+ z ! composition ( two specim5s ( ,labradorite f ,etna3-- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,silica #ecef #eehc ,alum9a #behb #beca ,sesquioxide ( ,iron #cda #cfd ,magnesia #eb #gd ,lime #aafi #ajdi ,soda #dji #ceb ,pota% #ed #hc ,wat] #ie -- ------ ------ #ajjeh #ajjcf ,specim5s ( ,augite f ,etna h be5 exam9$ by ,von ,walt]%aus5 & ,rammelsb]g1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,gre5i% ,f ,f ,black4 ,black4 ,mascali4 ,monti ,rossi4 ,silica #dgfc #eagj #difi #dgch ,alum9a #fgd #dch #ebb #eeb ,protoxide ( ,iron #aaci #dbd #ajge #ghi ,manganese #ba -- -- #aj ,magnesia #abij #baaa #adgd #aebi ,lime #bjhg #ahjb #ahdd #aiaj ,sesquioxide ( ,iron -- -- -- #che ,wat] #bh #di #ea #dc ------ ----- ----- ----- #ajjjb #iiid #iice #iief ,oliv9e is g5]ally met ) 9 ! lavas ( ,etna4 ,x has an olive1 or bottle-glass gre5 col\r1 & is dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! lavas 9 ! =m ( small cry/all9e gra9s1 sometimes ( "s magnitude4 ,specific gravity #cccd4 ,a specim5 f ,etna gave ! foll[+ results on analysis3-- ,silica #daja ,protoxide ( ,iron #ajjf ,magnesia #dgbg ,alum9a #fd ,oxide ( ,nickel #bj ,wat] #ajd ------ #ajjbb ,! titanif]\s iron ( ,etna is f\nd dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! mass ( ! lavas1 & is pla9ly di/+ui%$ :5 a ?9 section is exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,x is sometimes met ) 9 masses4 ,a specim5 f ,etna1 analys$ by ,von ,walt]%aus51 0 f\nd to conta93-- ,titanic ,acid #aaad ,sesquioxide ( ,iron #ehhf ,protoxide ( ,iron #cjjj ------ #ajjjj ,! basalts ( ! ,isole de',ciclopi enclose beautiful transp>5t cry/als ( ,analcime1 ! zeolite dure ( ,dolomieu4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f analkis weak1 9 allusion to ! weak electric p[] :i* ! m9]al acquires :5 heat$ or rubb$4 ,dana pref]s ! t]m analcite4 ,specim5s f ! ,cyclops ,isl&s h be5 analys$ by ,von ,walt]%aus5 & ,rammelsb]g1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,silica #ecgb #eebb #edcd ,alum9a #bdjc #bcad #bcfa ,lime #abc #be #ba ,soda 7,na#b,o7 #gib #abai #abie ,pota% 7,k#b,o7 #ddf #aeb #ff ,wat] #hej #gfh #haa ,magnesia #je -- -- ,sesquioxide ( ,iron -- -- #ab ----- ------ ------ #iiia #ajjjj #ajjjj ,! m9]als ( ,etna are n ne>ly z num]\s z ^? ( ,vesuvius4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t no area ( equal size on ! face ( ! globe furni%es s _m diff]5t species ( m9]als z ,vesuvius & its imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,out ( ! #chj species ( simple m9]als enum]at$ by ,hauy1 no less ?an #hb _h be5 f\nd on & ar\nd ,vesuvius1 z long ago z #ahbh1 & _m h be5 s9ce f\nd4 ,( o!r common products ( ,etna1 !re are sulphur 9 v>i\s =ms1 sulphur\s acid gas1 ammonia salts1 hydro*loric acid gas1 & /eam4 ,a curi\s :ite mass1 :i* we f\nd ne> ! summit1 prov$ to be ! result ( ! decomposition ( lava by hot acid vap\rs4 ,9 ! diff]5t lavas1 ! cry/als ( labradorite1 & ( oliv9e1 v>y 9 size consid]ably4 ,magnetic oxide ( iron is v visible 9 ?9 slices ( ! lavas :5 plac$ "u ! microscope2 & iron appe>s to be a con/ant con/itu5t 9 ne>ly all ! products ( ! m\nta94 ,)9 ! la/ few mon?s ,pr(4 ,silve/ri has detect$ a m9]al oil 9 ! cavities ( a prehi/oric dol]itic lava f\nd ne> ,pat]no4#ba ,! lava is 9 close contiguity to ! clay deposits ( a mud volcano1 & :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope is se5 to consi/ ma9ly ( augite1 toge!r ) oliv9e & transp>5t cry/als ( labradorite4 ,x conta9s num]\s cavities coat$ ) arragonite1 & fill$ ) a m9]al oil :i* con/itutes ab\t "o p] c5t ( ! :ole weight ( ! lava4 ,x 0 tak5 f ! lava at a temp]ature ( #bd ,c41 7#geb ,f471 & solidifi$ at #ag ,c4 7#fbf ,f47 to a yell[i% gre5 mass1 :i* on analysis gave ! foll[+ p]c5tage composition3-- ,liquid hydroc>bons boil+ at #gi ,c4 #agig ,hydroc>bons solidify+ bel[ #j ,c41 boil+ betwe5 #bhj & #djj ,c4 #caie ,p>aff9e melt+ betwe5 #eb & #eg ,c4 #dbgi ,asphalt conta9+ #ab p] c5t ( a% #bij ,sulphur #dcb ------ #iiic #ba ,atti ,accademia ,gio5ia1 s]ie iii41 vol4 xii4 ,pr(4 ,silve/ri has rec5tly made "s int]e/+ det]m9ations ( ! specific gravity & *emical composition ( ! diff]5t products ( ,etna4 ,!y are giv5 9 full 9 8 "w entitl$1 ,i ,f5om5i ,vulcanici pres5tati dall',etna1 nel #ahfc1 #ahfd1 #ahfe1 #ahff1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,catania 9 #ahfg4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! specific gravity ( v>i\s anci5t & mod]n =ms ( lava1 a%es1 etc4 ( ,etna3-- ,sp4 ,gr4 ,a%es eject$ 9 #ahfe #bfdd ,s& #bgae ,scori #bfcc ,compact lava #bgga ,scori eject$ 9 #affi #bfbb ,compact lava #bfig ,lapilli eject$ 9 #addd #bdbj ,compact lava eject$ 9 prehi/oric times #bhed ,a v decid$ *ange 9 ! specific gravity 0 f\nd to take place aft] fusion4 ,?is c only be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t a *emical *ange is effect$ dur+ ! fusion3-- ,sp4 ,gr4 ,sp4 ,gr4 be=e fusion4 aft] fusion4 ,pyrox5e ( ,etna #cdec #badh ,felsp> #bibe #acfa ,oliv9e #cdaj #bbij ,lava ( #ahfe #bgga #aigb ,anci5t basaltic lava f #bhed #bjjj ! ,scogli de',ciclopi ,anci5t basaltic lava f #bgie #aidg ,aci ,reale ,x w be se5 f ! foll[+ analyses t ! s&1 a%es1 scori1 & compact lava h virtually ! same composition--inde$ !y consi/ ( ! same sub/ance 9 diff]5t /ates ( aggregation4 ,a%es4 ,s&4 ,scori4 ,compact lava4 ,silica #ejjj #dihj #ejjj #diie ,alum9a #aijh #ahbj #aijj #ahge ,protoxide ( iron #abaf #abdb #aagj #aaba ,protoxide ( ,manganese #dj #de #ej #di ,lime #iih #aajj #ajbh #aaaj ,magnesia #dab #djj #dbj #dje ,pota% #fj #di #fi #gj ,soda #cgb #cfj #cdj #cga ,wat] #cf #bi #cc #bc ,phosphoric acid ,titanic acid traces traces traces traces ,vanadic acid ,sesquioxide ( iron ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajjdb #ajjbe #ajjaj #ajjai ,) ^! we may comp>e ! composition ( ! lava :i* issu$ f ,monti ,rossi 9 #affi1 & 0 analys$ by ,l[e1 & ( an anci5t lava ( ,etna eject$ dur+ an unkn[n eruption1 & analys$ by ,hess]4 ,anci5t lava4 ,lava ( #affi4 ,silica #difc #dhhc ,alum9a #bbdg #afae ,protoxide ( ,iron #ajhj #afcb ,protoxide ( ,manganese #fc #ed ,lime #ije #ica ,magnesia #bfh #deh ,soda #cjg #cde ,pota% #ih #gg ----- ----- #iica #iiie ,! sublimations f ! fum>oles are *iefly *loride ( ammonium1 p]*loride ( iron1 & sulphur4 ,an analysis ( ! gases ( ! fum>oles ( #ahfe gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,c>bonic acid #eje ,hydrosulphuric acid #aai ,oxyg5 #ga ,nitrog5 #cje ----- #ajjj ,an acc\nt ( microscopic analysis ( "s ( ! lavas ( ,etna1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,frank ,rutley1 w be f\nd app5d$ to ?is *apt]4 ,he consid]s t !y are ,plagioclase-basalts1 & occasionally ,oliv9e-basalts2 & t !y consi/ ( ,plagioclase1 ,augite1 ,oliv9e1 ,magnetite1 ,titanif]\s iron1 & a residuum ( glass4 ,ne> ! summit ( ! great crat] ,i f\nd a mass ( p]fectly :ite1 vesicul>1 & v friable sub/ance1 some:at pumice\s 9 appe>ance4 ,x prov$ to be a decompos$ lava1 & 0 f\nd else:]e on ! sides ( ! crat]4 ,mr4 ,rutley exam9$ a section ( x1 & reports3 ,"u ! microscope a tol]ably ?9 section %[s ! outl9es ( felsp> cry/als1 ly+ 9 a hazy milk-:ite semi-opaque granul> matrix4 ,! felsp> cry/als are light] & m transluc5t ?an ! matrix1 b are ( mu* ! same "*1 hav+ a granulat$ or floccul5t appe>ance1 some:at l t ( ! decompos$ felsp>s 9 diabase4 ,!re are num]\s r\ndi% cavities 9 ! section :i* may once h conta9$ oliv9e1 or "s o!r m9]al1 or !y may be m]ely vesicles4 ,a qualitative analysis ( ?is sub/ance1 made by ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,eld]1 has prov$ t x conta9s a l>ge quantity ( ,silica 7ab\t #gj p] c5t471 & small] proportions ( ,alum9a1 ,iron1 ,magnesium1 ,calcium1 & ,pota%2 toge!r ) v small am\nts ( ,sulphuric ,acid & a trace ( ,ammonia4 ,li?ium is abs5t1 & ,sodium is only pres5t 9 v m9ute quantity4 ,wat] is pres5t to ! ext5t ( ne>ly #bj p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! eruption ( ,etna 9 #ahfi ,von ,walt]%aus5 notic$ on "s ( ! lava blocks :i* 7 /ill hot & smok+1 silv]-col\r$ p>ticles1 :i* rapidly und]w5t *ange4 ,an insuffici5t quantity = analysis 0 collect$1 b dur+ ! eruption ( #ahgd1 ,silve/ri f\nd a quantity ( ! sub/ance & analys$ x4 7,pogg5dorff's ,annal51 ,,clvii4 #afe1 #ahgf47 ,x possesses a specific gravity ( #cadg1 & %[s a metallic lu/re simil> to t ( /eel4 ,on analysis x 0 f\nd to consi/ (3-- ,iron #ijhf ,nitrog5 #iad ------ #ajjjj :i* corresponds ) ! =mula ,fe#e,n#b1--;a =mula assign$ by ,fremy to ,nitride ( iron4 ,x has be5 nam$ ,sid]azote4 ,?is new m9]al species appe>s to be =m$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid1 & ( ammonia on r$-hot lava conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( iron4 ,x 0 =m$ artificially by expos+ fragm5ts ( lava alt]nately to ! action ( hydro*loric acid & ammonia 9 a r$-hot tube4 ,at a high temp]ature ,sid]azote und]goes decomposition1 nitrog5 be+ evolv$4 ,9 contact ) /eam at a r$ heat x =ms magnetite & ammonia4 ,! ,m9]al ,con/itution & ,microscopic ,*>act]s ( "s ( ! ,lavas ( ,etna4 ,by ,frank ,rutley1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ( ,h4,m4 ,,geological ,,survey4 ,a cursory exam9ation ( ! s]ies ( specim5s collect$ by ,mr4 ,rodwell1 seem$ to %[ t all ! lavas ( ,etna1 irrespective ( _! diff]5ces 9 age1 exhibit a rem>kable simil>ity 9 m9]alogical con/itution4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !re appe>s to h be5 a little diff]5ce 9 _! respective viscidity at ! "t ( ! eruption1 ! cry/als 9 "s ( !m ly+ 9 all directions1 :ile 9 o!rs !re appe>s to be a m or less def9ite arrangem5t ( ! felsp> cry/als1 z se5 9 ! lava ( ,a4,d4 #afhi4 ,al?\gh ! specim5s :i* ,i h exam9$ microscopically d n appe> to diff] 9 ! nature ( _! con/itu5ts1 yet 9 "s ( !m c]ta9 m9]als fluctuate 9 quantity1 "s conta9+ a comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( oliv9e & well-develop$ cry/als ( augite1 :ile1 9 o!rs1 ^! m9]als1 al?\gh "o or o!r is always pres5t1 are b poorly repres5t$ by m9ute & sp>sely-dissem9at$ gra9s4 ,x seems probable t all ! ,etna lavas conta9 traces ( a vitre\s residuum1 s9ce1 :5 sections are exam9$ "u ! microscope1 a m or less g5]al d>kness p]vades _! gr\nd mass z soon z ! ,nicols are cross$1 & ?is g5]al d>kness does n appe> to be dissipat$ dur+ ! horizontal revolution ( ! sections !mselves4 ,! transluc5t m9]als 9 ^! sections are all d\bly refract+1 & z ,i h n be5 able to detect ! pres5ce ( hauyne1 noseau1 sodalite1 analcime1 or any o!r cubic m9]al 9 !m1 ! natural inf]5ce is t ! obscurity betwe5 cross$ ,nicols is due to amorph\s matt]4 ,i h only be5 able to asc]ta9 ! pres5ce ( glass di/9ctly 9 a microscopic section ( ! lava ( ,salto di ,puli*ello4 ,9 ! o!r sections :i* ,i h exam9$ !re appe>s to be a small quantity ( int]/itial glass1 b x is s f9ely dissem9at$ betwe5 ! microli?s ( felsp> & granules ( oliv9e1 augite & magnetite1 :i* con/itute ! gr\nd-mass ( ^! rocks1 t x is mo/ difficult to det]m9e ! s+le refraction ( su* m9ute specks dur+ revolution betwe5 cross$ ,nicols1 & ,i !re=e m]ely express a belief1 :i*1 9 "s in/ances1 ,i _c demon/rate ) any c]ta9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,sections ( ,etna ,lavas se5 "u ! ,microscope ,plagiocla/ic felsp>s are unque/ionably ! dom9ant con/itu5ts ( ^! lavas4 ,lyell1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 7#i? ,edition1 p4 #daa71 /ates t ! felsp> is ,labradorite4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 give ! gr\nds = ?is conclusion1 &1 z microscopic exam9ation alone m]ely indicates ! cry/all9e sy/em & n ! species ( felsp>1 x is unsafe to speculate ^u ?is po9t 9 ! abs5ce ( *emical inve/igation4 ,9 "s ( ^! lavas ,sanid9e is also pres5t1 b x is always subord9ate to ! plagioclase1 & does n1 z a rule1 appe> to play a "p suffici5tly prom95t to entitle ! rock to ! appellation ,tra*y-dol]ite4 ,augite & oliv9e are g5]ally pres5t 9 ! ,etna lavas1 especially ! latt] m9]al4 ,magnetite appe>s to occur 9 all ( !m4 ,titanif]\s iron may also be repres5t$1 b ,i h fail$ to detect any well-def9$ cry/als1 or any traces ( ! *>act]i/ic :ite decomposition product :i* w\ld ju/ify me 9 cit+ ! pres5ce ( ?is m9]al1 al?\gh x is /at$ by ,lyell to occur 9 ^! rocks4 ,! con/itu5t m9]als ( ! ,etna lavas n[ to be describ$1 namely1 ^? ( ,b4,c4 #cif & ,a4,d4 #aece1 #afjc & #afhi1 are3-- ,plagioclase1 augite1 oliv9e1 magnetite1 &1 9 "s cases1 sanid9e--possibly titanif]\s iron--& 9 "s1 if n 9 all1 a slight residuum ( glass4 ,^! lavas mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z plagioclase-basalts1 or occasionally z oliv9e-basalts4 ,! plagioclase cry/als v>y greatly 9 size1 "s be+ m]e microli?s :ile o!rs are ov] ! eigh? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y %[ ! *>act]i/ic tw9 lamellation by pol>iz$ light1 b ! lamell are (t5 v irregul> z reg>ds _! b\nd>ies4 ,! sections ( ! cry/als !mselves are also frequ5tly b\nd$ by irregul> outl9es1 b !y (t5 %[ int]nally delicate zonal m>k+s1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #a1bb :i* correspond ) ! outl9es ( p]fectly develop$ cry/als4 ,! inclosures 9 ! l>g] plagiocla/ic felsp>s consi/ = ! mo/ "p ei!r ( br[ni% glass1 conta9+ f9e d>k granul> matt]--probably magnetite1 :i* (t5 r5d]s !m opaque1--or ( matt] simil> to t :i* con/itutes ! gr\ndmass ( ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,^! /one & glass cavities are v num]\s & mo/ irregul> 9 outl9e1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 to be elongat$ g5]ally 9 ! direction ( ! planes ( composition ( ! tw9 lamell4 ,zirkel has not$ ! pl5tiful occurr5ce ( ^! glass inclosures 9 ! felsp> cry/als & fragm5ts ( cry/als :i* p>tly con/itute ! volcanic s&s ( ,etna1 9 :i* he has also detect$ ! pres5ce ( num]\s isolat$ p>ticles ( br[ni% glass4#bc ,! felsp> microli?s1 :i* con/itute s l>ge a proportion ( ! gr\nd-mass 9 ! ,etna lavas1 are 9 mo/ in/ances probably tricl9ic4 ,monocl9ic felsp> does1 h[ev]1 occur 9 "s ( ^! rocks2 b ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ ! precise "* ( microli?s r5d]s x unsafe to speculate on ! am\nt ( sanid9e :i* may be pres5t4 ,"s cry/als1 su* z t %[n 9 ! c5tre ( ,fig4 #b1 appe> at fir/ sight to be sanid9e1 tw9n$ on ! ,c>lsbad type1 b clos] inspection (t5 demon/rates ! pres5ce ( o!r & v delicate tw9 lamell4 #bb ,! figures 9 ?is plate are magnifi$ #ce diamet]s4 ,fig4 #a4 ,lava ( ,b4,c4 #cif4 ,! upp] half ( ! draw+ is occupi$ by a cry/al ( plagiocla/ic felsp> %[+ tw9 lamellation & fa9t zonal m>k+s1 & ) num]\s irregul> d>k-br[n inclosures ( glass1 probably conta9+ magnetite du/ & matt] simil> to t ( ! gr\ndmass ( ! rock :i* consi/s ( felsp> microli?s1 granules ( oliv9e1 & augite cry/als1 gra9s ( magnetite1 & app>5tly a little int]/itial glass4 ,a cry/al ( augite is %[n ne> ! bottom ( ! draw+4 ,fig4 #b4 ,lava ( ,a4,d4 #afhi4 ,on ! "r h& side "p ( a plagioclase cry/al ) inclosures simil> to t 9 ! prec$+ figure4 ,9 ! c5tre a small cry/al ( plagioclase4 ,gr\ndmass simil> to t ( ,fig4 #a1 b %[+ a some:at def9ite arrangem5t ( ! small felsp> cry/als1 indicative ( fluxion4 #bc ,mikroskopis*e ,bes*aff5heit d] ,m9]ali5 und ,ge/e9e4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc2 p4 #dhj4 ,! augite 9 ^! lavas sometimes occurs 9 well-=m$ cry/als ( a gre5 or br[n col\r1 & (t5 %[s ! *>act]i/ic cleavage v well1 especially 9 ! augite cry/als ( ! lava ( ! ,bocc>elle del ,fuoco1 erupt$ 9 #aece4 ,a small cry/al ( gre5 augite is repres5t$ at ! bottom ( ,fig4 #a4 ,augite1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be m pl5tiful 9 ! rocks 9 ! =m ( small r\ndi% gra9s4 ,oliv9e is ( v common occurr5ce 9 ! ,etna lavas1 mo/ly 9 r\nd or irregul>ly %ap$ gra9s1 b also 9 cry/als :i* usually exhibit r\nd$ angles4 ,a specim5 ( lava f ,salto di ,puli*ello1 erupt$ 9 #afjc1 gave well-develop$ examples ( ! pres5ce ( oliv9e1 & also ( plagioclase4 ,! gr\nd mass 0 f\nd to consi/ ( felsp> microli?s1 & gra9s ( oliv9e1 augite1 & magnetite1 ) "s int]/itial glass4 ,magnetite is pres5t 9 all ( ! lavas "h describ$4 ,x occurs bo? 9 octah$ral cry/als & 9 ! =m ( irregul> gra9s & f9e du/4 ,to ! pres5ce ( ?is sub/ance mu* ( ! opacity ( ?9 sections ( ! ,etna lavas is due4 ,titanif]\s iron may also be pres5t4 ,"o small cry/al 9 ! lava ( #aece appe>$ to %[ a some:at *>act]i/ic =m1 b al?\gh mu* ( ! black opaque matt] has und]gone decomposition1 ,i h fail$ to detect any ( ! :ite or greyi% alt]ation product :i* *>act]ises titanif]\s iron1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is1 ( def9ite cry/all9e =m1 & ( *emical analysis1 x seems bett] to speak ( ?is m9]al ) res]ve1 al?\gh titanium is v probably pres5t1 s9ce mu* magnetite is kn[n to be titanif]\s4 ,! vitre\s matt] :i* occurs 9 ^! lavas is pr9cipally pres5t 9 ! =m ( inclosures 9 ! felsp>1 &1 sometimes1 ! augite & oliv9e cry/als previ\sly describ$4 ,its occurr5ce 9 ! gr\ndmass ( ^! rocks has also be5 allud$ to4 ,9 ?is int]/itial condition its am\nt is usually v small--a fact already po9t$ out by ,zirkel4 ,i h un=tunately _h no opportunity ( exam9+ ! volcanic s&s & a%es ( ,etna1 b ,zirkel's description ( !m seems to indicate _! close m9]alogical relation to lavas erupt$ 9 ?is di/rict1 ) "o exception1 z po9t$ out by ,ros5bus*1#bd namely1 t he makes no m5tion ( ! occurr5ce ( oliv9e 9 ^! ejectam5ta4 #bd ,mikroskopis*e ,physiographie d] ,massig5 ,ge/e9e4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgg2 p4 #edg4 ,ref]5ce to ! ,figures #a & #b w suffice to %[ h[ close a relation%ip 9 m9]al con/itution exi/s betwe5 ^! two lavas1 sep>at$ 9 ! dates ( _! eruption by an int]val ( ov] two ?\s& ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,maps ( ,etna4--,aft] ^! pages _h receiv$ _! f9al revision 9 type1 ,i met ) two new maps ( ,etna 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition4 ,! lit]ature ( our subject w obvi\sly be incomplete )\t "s notice ( !m1 al?\gh ?is belongs prop]ly to ! fir/ *apt] r ?an to ! la/4 ,! "o is a map 9 relief con/ruct$ by ,capta9 ,francesco ,pi/oja = ! ,i/ituto ,topografico ,milit>e ( ,flor5ce4 ,! v]tical scale is #a_/be1jjj & ! horizontal is #a_/ej1jjj4 ,! surface is col\r$ geologically3 ! lavas erupt$ dur+ ea* c5tury be+ diff]5tly col\r$1 :ile ! c\rse ( ea* /ream is trac$4 ,?is map1 al?\gh by no means free f errors1 is a va/ improvem5t on ! relief map ( ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont4 ,"o defect1 :i* might be easily rem$i$1 is due to ! fact t ! lavas ( ?ree consecutive c5turies are col\r$ s mu* alike1 t x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% !m4 ,! m9or cones are well %[n1 ! ,val del ,bove fairly well1 & ! map is altoge!r a valuable addition to our k ( ! m\nta94 ,! o!r map is a ,c>ta ,agronomica dell' ,etna1 %[+ ! surface cultivation4 ,diff]5t col\rs d5ote diff]5t plants1 pi/a*io nuts1 v9es1 olives1 *e/nuts1 etc4 ,x is beautifully drawn & col\r$ by h&1 & is ! "w ( ,signor ,l4 ,ard9i1 ( ,catania4 ,,index4 ,abi*1 #bb ,aces9es1 ,riv]1 #ha ,aci ,reale1 #gb1 #gc ,acis1 ,riv]1 #gc ,acque ,gr&e1 #gc ,ad]no1 #fe ,adranum1 ,city (1 #ff s*ylus1 #d ,aetna1 ,t[n (1 #fd ,ajo1 ,f\nta9 (1 #he ,alcant>a1 ,valley (1 #fi ,amph9omus1 #hj ,analcime1 ,analysis (1 #abh ,analcite1 #abg ,analysis ( ,augite1 #abf ,labradorite1 #abe1 #abf ,oliv9e1 #abg ,titanif]\s ,iron1 #abg ,analcime1 #abh ,m9]al ,oil1 #abi ,volcanic ,a%es1 #aca ,lava1 #aca1 #acb ,s&1 #aca ,scori1 #aca ,microscopic1 ( ,lavas1 #ace-ada ,sid]azote1 #acc1 #acd ,sublimations1 #acb :ite friable sub/ance1 #acc ,anapias1 #hj ,are?usa1 ,f\nta9 (1 #he ,asc5t1 ,fatigue (1 #fj ,a%es1 ,volcanic1 ,analysis (1 #aca ,specific ,gravity (1 #acj ,atlas des ,aetna1 #bc ,augite1 ,analysis (1 #abf ,axis ( ,mongibello1 #aai1 #abb ,trifoglietto1 #aai1 #abb ,baltz]1 #bd ,basalt1 ,column>1 #ge ,base1 ,circumf]5ce (1 #cj ,belpasso1 #fc ,bembo1 ,c>d9al1 #aj ,biancavilla1 #fe ,bocc>elle del ,fuoco1 #cf ,boc*e eruttive1 #aaj del ,fuoco1 #cf ,borelli1 #ij ,bosco di ,bronte1 #ii ,botanical ,regions1 #dj-db ,b\nd>ies ( ,etna1 #bi ,brilliancy ( ,/>s1 #dh1 #di ,bronte1 #fg1 #fh ,brydone1 #ae ,campi ,phlegri1 #ad ,campus ,piorum1 #hj ,c>d9al ,bembo1 #aj ,c>p9etto1 ,=e/ (1 #ci ,c>r]a1 #ab ,casa del ,bosco1 #dh ,+lesi1 #ea1 #eb ,ca/agno di ,c5to ,cavalli1 #ci della ,galea1 #ci ,catania1 #gf-gh ,de/ruction (1 #id-if ,cav]ns ( ,etna1 #cg ,cav]n ( ,?alia1 #cg ,c5t5>io1 #ajh ,*e/nuts1 #ci ,circumf]5ce ( base1 #cj ,ci/]na1 #aja ,coltivata1 ,regione1 #cg1 #ch ,cones1 ,m9or1 #cd-cf ,crat] ( ,elevation1 #aad ( ,eruption1 #aad ,! ,great1 #ef-eh ,crat]s1 ,m9or1 #cd-cf ,cultivat$ ,region1 #ch ,cyclops1 ,rocks (1 #ge ,decompos$ ,lava1 ,analysis (1 #acc ,des]t ,region1 #ci1 #dj ,effects ( ,refraction1 #ei1 #fj ,elevation1 ,crat] (1 #aad ,elie de ,beaumont1 #ba ,elie de ,beaumont's ,classification1 #aae1 #aaf ,emp$okles1 #aj ,errors 9 ,maps1 #bd ,eruption1 ,crat] (1 #aad ,eruptions1 ,g5]al ,"* (1 #aab ,numb] (1 #aac ,etna1 ! ,home ( ,e>ly ,my?s1 #i a ,subm>9e ,volcano1 #abb ,enceladus1 #d ,fatigue ( ,asc5t1 #fj ,fazzello1 #aa ,f]r>a1 #ae1 #af ,filoteo1 #aa ,flood ( #agee1 #ih ,=e/ ( ,c>p9etto1 #ci ,fratelli ,pii1 ,cone (1 #aaa ,fum>oles1 ,sublimations (1 #acb ,fuoco1 ,regione del1 #cg ,gemell>o1 ,giuseppe1 #ah ,m>io1 #ai ,c>lo1 #ai1 #bj ,g5]al aspect ( ,etna1 #cd ,g5i/a ,etn5sis1 #de ,geological ,maps ( ,etna1 #aag-ah ,gibel ,uttamat1 #c ,glad/one's ,acc\nt ( ,eruption1 #eh ,gravity1 ,specific1 ( ,ejectam5ta1 #acj ,great ,crat]1 #eg1 #eh ,grotto ( ,polyphemus1 #ge delle ,palombe1 #cg ,gr[? ( a ,volcano1 #abc ,gurrita1 ,lake1 #fh ,hamilton1 #ad ,height ( ,etna1 #bf1 #bg ,hephai/os1 ,=ge (1 #d ,himilco1 #ha ,h(fmann1 #bb ,hom]1 #d ,h\el1 #ad ,hybla ,major1 #fc ,increase ( ,population1 #cc ,inessa1 ,city (1 #fd ,+lesi1 ,casa1 #ea1 #eb ,inns1 ,sicilian1 #fe1 #fg1 #fi ,iron1 ,nitride (1 #acd ,p]*loride (1 #acb ,iron1 ,titanif]\s1 #abg ,isola d',aci1 #ge ,katana1 #gf1 #gg ,kir*]1 #ab ,labradorite1 ,analysis (1 #abe1 #abf ,la ,ci/]na1 #aja ,latitude ( ,crat]1 #b ,la ,scaletta1 #ge ,lava1 ,analysis (1 #aca1 #acb ,specific ,gravity (1 #acj ,decompos$1 ,analysis (1 #acc ,lavas1 ,microscopic ,analysis (1 #ace-ada ,lavas ( ,etna1 #abe-ada ,l+uaglossa1 #gj ,longitude ( ,crat]1 #b ,lucilius ,junior1 #g-i ,lucretius1 #f ,lyell1 #bc ,lyell's ,rese>*es1 #aah-abb ,magnetite1 #aci ,maletto1 #fh ,maps1 ,geological1 ( ,etna1 #aag1 #aah ( ,etna1 #ac1 #af1 #ba-bd ,mascali1 #ga ,microscopic ,analysis ( ,lavas1 #ace-ada ,milo1 #ajh ,m9]al ,oil 9 ,lava1 #abi ,m9or ,cones1 #cd-cf ,mongibello1 #c ,axis (1 #abb ,monte ,calanna1 #ajg ,capreolo1 #aah di ,mojo1 #cf1ha ,m9>do1 #cd ,/e4 ,s(ia1 #cf ,fus>a1 #cg ,grigio1 #aaa ,lepre1 #he ,nocilla1 #aah ,rosso1 #ii ,spagnuolo1 #fi ,/e4 ,s(ia1 #ie ,monti ,rossi1 #ce1 #ia ,mules1 #dg ,"n ( ,etna1 #c ,natural ,b\nd>ies ( ,etna1 #cj ,naxos1 #ha ,new] ,plioc5e ,/rata1 #abj ,nicolosi1 #df ,nitride ( ,iron1 #acd ,obs]vatory on ,etna1 #ej ,oil1 ,m9]al1 9 ,lava1 #abi ,oliv9e1 #aci ,analysis (1 #abg ,palombe1 ,grotto delle1 #cg ,pat]no1 #fc ,p5nisi1 ,b>on1 #ga1 #gb ,piano del ,lago1 #ea di ,s4 ,leo1 #ij ,pi$imontana1 ,regione1 #cg1 #ch ,pii ,fratres1 #hj1 #ha ,p9d>1 #d ,pol>iz$ ,light1 appli$ to ,analysis ( ,lavas1 #acf-aci ,polyphemus1 ,grotto (1 #ge ,population1 #ca-cc ,position ( ,etna1 #b ,presl's ,flora ,sicula1 #da1 #db ,radius ( ,vision1 #bh ,r&azzo1 #fh1 #fi ,recup]o1 #ag ,recup]o's ,acc\nt ( ,eruption1 #ii ,refraction1 ,effects (1 #ei1 #fj ,regions ( ,etna1 #cg-db ,regione del ,fuoco1 #cg ,riv]1 ,acis1 #gc ,road ar\nd ,etna1 #bi ,rocca di ,mus>ra1 #ih ,rocks ( ,cyclops1 #ge ,rutley's1 ,mr4 ,frank1 ,analysis ( ,lavas1 #ace-ada ,/4 ,aga?a1 ,veil (1 #hc ,m>ia di ,licodia1 #fd ,s4 ,niccola1 ,mona/]y (1 #ib ,s4 ,simone1 #ajb ,salto della ,guim5ta1 #ajf ,s&1 ,volcanic1 ,analysis (1 #aca ,specific ,gravity (1 #acj ,scogli di ,ciclopi1 #ge ,scori1 ,volcanic1 ,analysis (1 #aca ,specific ,gravity (1 #acj ,s]ra delle ,concazze1 #ei del ,solfizio1 #ei di ,giannicola1 #ajg ,s]rapizzuta1 #hi ,sicilian ,inns1 #fe1 #fg1 #fi ,sid]azote1 #acc1 #acd ,silve/ri1 ,rese>*es (1 #be ,simeto1 ,valley (1 #fg ,smy?1 #ah ,smy?'s ,obs]vations1 #b ,sn[ ( ,etna1 #ei ,specific ,gravity1 ,alt]ation (1 #acj ( ,ejectam5ta1 #acj ,/rabo1 #f ,/>s1 ,brilliancy (1 #dh1 #di ,/ato ,maggiore1 ,map (1 #bd ,sulphur 9 ,sublimations1 #acb ,sublimations f ,fum>oles1 #acb ,summit ( ,cone1 #ec1 #ed ,sunrise se5 f ,summit1 #ed1 #ee ,tac*9i1 #ej ,taorm9a1 #ga ,t]ti>y ,s&/one ( ,bronte1 #fg ,?ucydides1 #e ,titanif]\s ,iron1 #abg ,torre del ,filos(o1 #aj1 #ei ,t[ns on ,etna1 #ca ,trezza1 #ge ,trifoglietto1 ,axis (1 #aba ,trunks ( ,l>ge ,*e/nuts1 #ci ,val del ,bove1 #cd1 #ga1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aai-aba ,s]bo1 #ajc ,valley ( ,alcant>a1 #fi ,virgil1 #e ,vision1 ,radius (1 #bh ,volcano1 ,gr[? (1 #abc ,von ,walt]%aus51 #bc1 #abj ,vulkan5 ,atlas1 #aaf ,w9*elsea1 ,"l1 #ab1 #id1 #ie ,woody ,region1 #ch ,zeolite dure1 #abg ,zones ( ,temp]ature1 #ch 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]s ,notes3 ,,oe ligatures h be5 writt5 z two lett]s4 ,! *emical =mulae 9 ?is text h subscripts writt5 9 curly brackets4 ,= example1 wat] appe>s z ,h#b,o4 ,passages 9 italics indicat$ by und]scores4 ,passages 9 ,greek indicat$ by tildes4 ,pr9t]'s errors correct$ & o!r transcription po9ts z foll[s3 ,page ,correction ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- - ,"s arcane spell+s reta9$ :]e v]ifi$ z correct = ! "t ( publication or quote1 su* z 'musquitoes'1 'pla9ta9'1 'mettals'1 'felsp>'1 etc4 - ,italian quotations sometimes include phrases su* z sull' ,etna or dell' ,asia4 ,!re %\ld be no space aft] ! apo/rophes b spaces are (t5 pres5t4 ,?is may h be5 done to bett] space ! text dur+ ju/ification4 ,su* errors h n be5 correct$4 - ,! docum5t is inconsi/5t 9 ! use ( commas :]e quot+ numb]s ( ov] #a1jjj2 sometimes !y are us$ & sometimes !y are n us$4 ,^! inconsi/5cies rema94 ix ,add$ '4' at end ( ',silve/ri' 9 text block to ma9ta9 /yle ( o!r entries4 x ,add$ '4' at end ( ',eruptions' 9 text block to ma9ta9 /yle ( o!r entries4 x ,add$ '4' aft] '#adjh' 9 text block to ma9ta9 /yle ( o!r entries4 xi ,add$ '4' aft] 'microscope' 9 text block to ma9ta9 /yle ( o!r entries4 #d ,correct$ 'eng?' to 'l5g?'4 #ab ,correct$ 't'jnc$ie' to 't'inc$ie'4 't'jnc$ie' & 'treblem5t' bo? pr9t$ ) tildes ov] ! fir/ occurr5ce ( e 9 ea* ^w4 ,tildes omitt$ 9 ?is v]sion4 #ag ,correct$ ',guiseppe' to ',giuseppe'4 #bg ,add$ end quotes aft] f9al ^w on page4 #bi ,ins]t$ full-/op aft] '7,s4,w47'1 to end s5t5ce4 #cc ,correct$ 'f' to '('4 #db '(-c\rse' correct$ to '( c\rse'4 #dd ,correct$ 'unusally' to 'unusually'4 #ei ,correct$ 'subsequ5ly' to 'subsequ5tly'4 #fd ,correct$ 'a?\gh' to 'al?\gh'4 #gi ,add$ '4' aft] '#hab' 9 text block to ma9ta9 /yle ( o!r entries4 #hj ,anapias & ,amph9omus pr9t$ ) diacritic m>ks omitt$ 9 ?is text 7breves ov] fir/ 'a' 9 'anapias' & 'i' 9 ',amph9omus'74 #hb ,numb]$ li/ runs #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #e1 #g1 #h444 ,second occurr5ce ( #e am5d$ to #f4 #he ',9 ! #acbi' correct$ to ',9 ! ye> #acbi'4 #abg '! "t analcite' correct$ to '! t]m analcite'4 #add ,correct$ ',guiseppe' to ',giuseppe'4 #ade ,correct$ ',miscroscope' to ',microscope'4 #aeb ,correct$ 'magnitite' to 'magnetite'4