,naturalism ,& ,religion ,by ,dr4 ,rudolf ,otto ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de5 & ,m>g>et ,r4 ,?omson ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,morrison1 ,,ll4,d4 ,williams ,norgate ,ltd4 #ch ,great ,ormond ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4,c4#a #aijg ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,religi\s ,int]pretation ,( ,! ,_w4 ,:at is ,di/9ctive 9 ! ,religi\s ,outlook4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,naturalism4 ,:at is ,di/9ctive 9 ! ,naturali/ic ,outlook4 ,! ,true ,naturalism4 ,goe!'s ,attitude to ,naturalism4 ,! two ,k9ds ( ,naturalism4 ,aim & ,me?od ( ,naturalism4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples4 ,h[ ! ,religi\s & ! ,naturali/ic ,outlooks ,conflict4 ,my/]y 3 ,dep5d5ce 3 ,purpose4 ,! ,my/]y ( ,exi/5ce ,rema9s ,unexpla9$4 ,evolution & ,new ,beg9n+s4 ,! ,dep5d5ce ( ! ,ord] ( ,nature4 ,! 8,cont+5cy0 ( ! ,_w4 ,! ,real ,_w4 ,! ,antimony ( ,our ,conception ( ,"t4 ,! ,antimony ( ! ,condition$ & ! ,uncondition$4 ,! ,antimony ( ,our ,conception ( ,space4 ,! ,recognition ( ,purpose4 ,teleological & ,sci5tific ,int]pretations are ,alike ,necess>y4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,d>w9ism ,9 ,g5]al4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,d>w9ism4 ,d>w9ism & ,teleology4 ,! ,*>act]i/ic ,features ( ,d>w9ism4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,d>w9ism4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,haeckel's ,evolutioni/ ,position4 ,weismann's ,evolutioni/ ,position4 ,vir*['s ,position4 ,o!r ,in/ances ( ,dissatisfaction ) ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,religion ,& ,! ,!ory ,( ,desc5t4 ,! ,problema ,cont9ui4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,d>w9ism ,9 ,! ,/rict ,s5se4 ,diff]5ces ( ,op9ion ,z ,to ! ,factors ,9 ,evolution4 ,weismannism4 ,natural ,selection4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,critics ,( ,d>w9ism4 ,lam>ckism & ,neo-,lam>ckism4 ,!ory ( ,def9ite ,v>iation4 ,de ,vries's ,mutation-!ory4 ,eim]'s ,or?og5esis4 ,! ,spontane\s ,activity ( ! ,organism4 ,contra/ ,betwe5 ,d>w9ian & ,po/-,d>w9ian ,views4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,me*anical ,!ory ,( ,life4 ,! ,cons]vation ( ,matt] & ,en]gy4 ,! ,organic & ! ,inorganic4 ,irritability4 ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4 ,! ,me*anics ( ,developm5t4 ,h]$ity4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,criticism ,( ,me*anical ,!ories4 ,! ,law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,criticisms ( ! ,me*ani/ic ,!ory ( ,life4 ,vir*['s 8,caution04 ,prey]'s ,position4 ,! ,position ,( ,bunge & ,o!r ,physiologi/s4 ,! ,views ( ,botani/s ,illu/rat$4 ,con/ructive ,criticism4 ,! ,con/ructive ,"w ( ,dries*4 ,! ,views ( ,albre*t & ,s*neid]4 ,h[ all ?is affects ! ,religi\s ,outlook4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,autonomy ,( ,_s4 ,naturali/ic ,attacks on ! ,autonomy ( ! ,spiritual4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,answ]4 ,individual ,developm5t4 ,und]ivability4 ,pre-em95ce ( ,consci\sness4 ,creative ,p[] ( ,consci\sness4 ,activity ( ,consci\sness4 ,! ,ego4 ,self-,consci\sness4 ,! ,unity ( ,consci\sness4 ,consci\sness ( ! ,ego4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,fre$om ,( ,_s4 ,feel+1 ,individuality1 ,g5ius1 & ,my/icism4 ,feel+4 ,individuality4 ,g5ius4 ,my/icism4 ,m9d & ,_s4 ,! ,human & ! ,animal ,s\l4 ,p]sonality4 ,p>allelism4 ,no ,p>allelism4 ,! ,supremacy ( ,m9d4 8,! ,unconsci\s04 ,is !re ,age+ ( ! ,m9d8 ,immortality4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,_w ,& ,god4 ,footnotes ,,preface4 ,x is a rem>kable & 9 "s respects a disquiet+ fact t :il/ rival ecclesia/ical p>ties are engag$ 9 a furi\s & embitt]$ debate z to ! precise %ade ( religi\s in/ruction to be giv5 9 public elem5t>y s*ools1 ! ?9k+ classes 9 mod]n ,europe are becom+ m & m /irr$ by ! really vital "q :e!r !re is room 9 ! educat$ m9d = a religi\s conception ( ! _w at all4 ,! sl[ sil5t un9t]rupt$ advance ( rese>* ( all k9ds into nature1 life1 & hi/ory1 has imp]ceptibly b irrevocably1 revolutionis$ our traditional outlook ^u ! _w1 & "o ( ! supreme que/ions be=e ! contempor>y m9d is ! probable issue ( ! great /ruggle n[ tak+ place betwe5 ! religi\s & ! non-religi\s conception ( human life & de/9y4 ,:5 we look at ! developm5t ( ?is great fundam5tal conflict we feel t disputes betwe5 rival ecclesia/ical sy/ems are ( trifl+ mom5t2 ! real task at ! pres5t "t be=e e =m ( religion is ! task ( v9dicat+ itself be=e a ho/ile view ( life & ?+s4 ,x is ! consci\sness ( ?is fact :i* has l$ to ! translation & publication 9 ,engli% ( ,pr(essor ,otto's volume4 ,pr(essor ,otto is well kn[n on ! ,cont95t z a ?9k] :o possesses ! r>e m]it ( comb9+ a high philosophic discipl9e ) an accurate & compreh5sive k ( ! sci5ce ( organic nature4 ,x is ?is comb9ation ( aptitudes :i* has attract$ s mu* att5tion to 8 "w on ,naturalism & ,religion1 & :i* gives x a value peculi> to itself4 ,at a "t :5 s mu* loose & incoh]5t ?9k+ exi/s ab\t fundam5tal problems1 & :5 s _m irrelevant claims are made1 sometimes on behalf ( religion & sometimes on behalf ( hypo!ses said to be re/+ ^u sci5ce1 x is a real satisfaction to meet ) su* a compet5t guide z ,dr4 ,otto4 ,al?\gh 8 book is writt5 = ! g5]al read]1 x is 9 reality a solid sci5tific contribution to ! great debate at pres5t 9 progress betwe5 two diff]5t conceptions ( ! ultimate nature & mean+ ( ?+s4 ,z su* x is to be hop$ t x w receive ! fav\rable consid]ation :i* x des]ves at ! h&s ( ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,w4,d4,m4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,! title ( ?is book1 contra/+ z x does ! naturali/ic & ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! _w1 indicates t ! int5tion ( ! foll[+ pages is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to def9e ! relation1 or r ! anti!sis1 betwe5 ! two2 &1 secondly1 to endeav\r to reconcile ! contradictions1 & to v9dicate aga9/ ! c\nt]-claims ( naturalism1 ! validity & fre$om ( ! religi\s outlook4 ,9 do+ ?is x is assum$ t !re is "s sort ( relation betwe5 ! two conceptions1 & t !re is a possibility ( h>monis+ !m4 ,w ?is be admitt$8 ,is x n possible t ! two views are incomm5surable1 & w\ld x n be mo/ desirable = bo? sides if ?is 7 s1 = if !re is no logical anti!sis !n !re c be no real antagonism8 ,& is n ?is actually ! case8 ,surely we h n[ left f> beh9d u ! primitive expressions ( ! religi\s outlook :i* 7 conc]n$ ) ! creation ( ! _w 9 six days1 ! mak+ ( ,eve out ( ,adam's rib1 ! /ory ( ,p>adise & ! angelic & demoniacal =ces1 & ! accessory miracles & accompany+ signs by means ( :i* ! ,div9e control ( ! _w 0 suppos$ to manife/ itself4 ,we h surely le>nt by ?is "t to di/+ui% betwe5 ! simple my?ical or leg5d>y =ms ( expression 9 ! religi\s ar*ives1 & _! spiritual value & e?ical cont5t4 ,we c give to natural sci5ce & to religi\s feel+ :at is due to ea*1 & ?us h done = ev] ) t$i\s apologetic discussion4 ,x 7 well inde$ if we _h really atta9$ to ?is6 ,b ! relations1 & !re=e ! possibilities ( conflict betwe5 religion & _w-sci5ce1 are by no means s easily dispos$ (4 ,no actually exi/+ =m ( religion is s entirely made up ( 8feel+10 8subjectivity10 or 8mood10 t x c disp5se ) all assumptions or convictions reg>d+ ! nature & import ( ! _w4 ,9 fact1 e =m1 on clos] exam9ation1 reveals a m or less fix$ framework ( convictions1 !oretical assumptions1 & presuppositions 9 reg>d to man1 ! _w1 & exi/5ce3 t is to say1 a !ory1 h[ev] simple1 ( ! univ]se4 ,& ?is !ory mu/ be h>monis$ ) ! conceptions ( ?+s z !y are pres5t$ to u 9 g5]al _w-lore1 9 natural & hi/orical sci5ce1 9 p>ticul> sci5ces1 9 !ories ( k1 & p]haps 9 metaphysics2 x mu/ measure itself by & ) ^!1 & draw f !m support & corroboration1 & possibly also submit to contradiction & correction4 ,!re is no =m ( religion1 n ev5 ! mo/ r>efi$ 7:i* makes lea/ claim because x has lea/ cont5t71 t does n include 9 itself "s m9ute ,cr$o1 "s fai?1 imply+ atta*m5t to a set ( doctr9es & conclusions h[ev] few4 ,& x is always necess>y to %[ t ^! conclusions are wor?y ( adh]5ce1 & t !y are n at v>iance ) conclusions & tru?s 9 reg>d to nature & ! _w drawn f o!r s\rces4 ,& if we consid]1 n ! effloresc5ces & artificial products ( religion1 b religion itself1 x is c]ta9 t !re is1 & always mu/ be1 ar\nd x a bord]l& & fr+e ( religi\s _w-!ory1 ) :i* x is n inde$ id5tical1 b )\t :i* x is inconceivable2 t is1 a s]ies ( def9ite & *>act]i/ic convictions relat+ to ! _w & its exi/5ce1 its mean+1 its 8:5ce0 & 8:i!r02 to man & 8 intellig5ce1 8 place & function 9 ! _w1 8 peculi> dignity1 & 8 de/9y2 to "t & space1 to inf9ity & et]nity1 & to ! dep? & my/]y ( ,be+ 9 g5]al4 ,^! convictions & _! fundam5tal implications c be def9$ q cle>ly1 bo? s+ly & z a :ole1 & lat] we %all attempt s to def9e !m4 ,& x is ( ! greate/ importance to religion t ^! presuppositions & po/ulates %\ld h _! legitimacy & validity v9dicat$4 ,= !y are at once ! fundam5tal & ! m9imal po/ulates :i* religion mu/ make 9 its outlook on ! _w1 :i* x mu/ make if x is to exi/ at all4 ,& !y are s con/itut$ t1 ev5 :5 !y are releas$ f _! primitive & nave =m & association1 & p]mitt$ speculative developm5t & fre$om1 !y mu/1 nev]!less1 j because !y conta9 a !ory ( ! _w1 be br\ght into comp>ison1 contact1 or relation ( "s k9d1 :e!r ho/ile or fri5dly1 ) o!r _w-conceptions ( diff]5t orig94 ,?is relation w be ho/ile or fri5dly accord+ to ! =m ^! o!r conceptions h tak54 ,x is impossible to imag9e any religi\s view ( ! _w ^: network ( conceptions c h me%es s wide1 or con/itu5ts s ela/ic & easily adju/able1 t x w all[ e !oretical conception ( nature & ! _w to pass ?r\gh x )\t viol5ce or friction1 (f]+ to none ei!r let or h9drance4 ,x has inde$ (t5 be5 affirm$ t religion may1 )\t anxiety ab\t itself1 leave sci5tific k ( ! _w to g its own way4 ,! secret res]vation 9 ?is position is always ! belief t sci5tific k w nev] 9 any case rea* ! real dep? & mean+ ( ?+s4 ,p]haps ?is is true4 ,b ! assumption itself w\ld rema91 & w\ld h to be ju/ifi$4 ,& if religion _h no o!r int]e/ 9 g5]al _w-!ory1 x w\ld /ill h ?is pre-em95t "o1 t1 by def9+ ! limitations ( sci5tific !ory1 & %[+ t !y c nev] be transc5d$1 x ?us indicates = itself a position beyond !m 9 :i* x c dwell securely4 ,9 reality religion has nev] ceas$ to turn its nev]-re/+1 (t5 anxi\s gaze t[>ds ! progress1 ! *anges1 ! secure results & t5tative !ories 9 ! doma9 ( g5]al _w-sci5ce1 & aga9 & aga9 x has be5 =c$ to come to a new adju/m5t ) !m4 ,"o great c5tre ( int]e/1 ?\gh by no means ! only or ev5 ! *ief "o1 lies 9 ! special field ( _w-lore & !oretical int]pretation compris$ 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,& 9 ! foll[+ pages we %all make ?is our special int]e/1 & %all endeav\r to inquire :e!r our mod]n natural sci5ce consi/s ) ! 8m9imal requirem5ts0 ( ! religi\s po9t ( view1 ) :i* we %all make clos] acqua9tance lat]2 or :e!r x is at all capable ( be+ br\ght into fri5dly relations ) t po9t ( view4 ,su* a /udy ne$ n necess>ily be 8apologetic10 t is to say1 def5sive1 b may be simply an exam9ation4 ,= 9 tru? ! real results ( inve/igation are n n[ & nev] 7 8aggressive10 b are 9 !mselves neutral t[>ds n only religi\s b all ideali/ic conceptions1 & leave x1 s to speak1 to ! high] me?ods ( /udy to decide h[ ! mat]ial suppli$ is to be tak5 up into _! diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 & br\ght "u _! p>ticul> po9ts ( view4 ,our und]tak+ only becomes def5sive & critical because1 n f caprice or godlessness1 b1 z we %all see1 f an inh]5t necessity1 ! natural sci5ces1 9 association ) o!r convictions & aims1 t5d readily to unite into a di/9ctive & indep5d5t sy/em ( _w-int]pretation1 :i*1 if x 7 valid & suffici5t1 w\ld drive ! religi\s view into difficulties1 or make x impossible4 ,?is indep5d5t sy/em is ,naturalism1 & aga9/ its attacks ! religi\s conception ( ! _w has to /& on ! def5sive4 ,:at is ,di/9ctive 9 ! ,religi\s ,outlook4 ,at ! v beg9n+ & ?r\gh\t we mu/ keep ! foll[+ po9ts cle>ly be=e u1 o!rwise all our endeav\rs w only lead u a/ray1 & be direct$ t[>ds an altoge!r false issue4 ,fir/ly1 ev]y?+ dep5ds & mu/ dep5d ^u v9dicat+ ! validity & fre$om ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w z contra/$ ) _w-sci5ce 9 g5]al2 b we mu/ n attempt to d]ive x directly f ! latt]4 ,if religion is to live1 x mu/ be able to demon/rate--& x c be demon/rat$--t its convictions 9 reg>d to ! _w & human exi/5ce are n contradict$ f any o!r qu>t]1 t !y are possible & may be believ$ to be true4 ,x c1 p]haps1 also be %[n t a calm & unprejudic$ /udy ( nature1 bo? physical & metaphysical reflection on ?+s1 w supplem5t ! int]pretations ( religion1 & w l5d confirmation & corroboration to _m ( ! articles ( fai? already assur$ to x4 ,b x w\ld be q errone\s to ma9ta9 t we mu/ be able to read ! religi\s conception ( ! _w out ( nature1 & t x mu/ be1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 d]ivable f nature1 or t we c1 n to say mu/1 reg>d natural k z ! s\rce & basis ( ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,an apologetic bas$ on su* an idea z ?is w\ld greatly ov]e/imate its own /r5g?1 & n only v5ture too high a /ake1 b w\ld damage ! cause ( religion & alt] ! :ole position ( ! "q4 ,?is mi/ake has (t5 be5 made4 ,! old practice ( f9d+ 8evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god0 _h exactly ?is t5d5cy4 ,x 0 s]i\sly believ$ t "o c\ld !reby d m ?an v9dicate = religi\s conviction a "r ( way 9 ! sy/em ( k4 ,x 0 s]i\sly believ$ t k ( ,god c\ld be ga9$ f & read out ( nature1 ! _w1 & e>?ly exi/5ce1 & ?us t ! propositions ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w c\ld n only ga9 fre$om & security1 b c\ld be fundam5tally prov$1 & ev5 directly inf]r$ f ,nature 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! /r5g? ( ^! evid5ces 0 greatly ov]e/imat$1 & ,nature 0 too mu* /udi$ ) ref]5ce to h] h>mony1 h] m>vell\s weal? & purposeful wisdom1 h] significant arrangem5ts & endless adaptations2 & too little att5tion 0 paid to ! multitud9\s enigmas1 to ! _m in/ances ( :at seems unmean+ & purposeless1 confus$ & d>k4 ,p 7 f> too ready to reason f f9ite ?+s to inf9ite causes1 & ! validity or logical necessity ( ! inf]5ces drawn 0 f> too r>ely scrut9is$4 ,&1 above all1 ! ma9 po9t 0 ov]look$4 ,= ev5 if ^! 8evid5ces0 _h succe$$ bett]1 if !y _h be5 z suffici5t z !y 7 insuffici5t1 x is c]ta9 t religion & ! religi\s conception ( ! _w c\ld nev] h aris5 f !m1 b 7 9 exi/5ce long be=e any su* consid]ations _h be5 tak5 into acc\nt4 ,long be=e ^! 7 /udi$1 religion _h aris5 f q o!r s\rces4 ,^! s\rces lie deep 9 ! human _s1 & h _h a long hi/ory4 ,to trace !m back 9 detail is a special task belong+ to ! doma9 ( religi\s psy*ology1 hi/ory1 & philosophy1 & we _c attempt x "h1 b mu/ take x = grant$4 ,hav+ aris5 f ^! s\rces1 religion has long liv$ a life ( its own1 =m+ its own convictions 9 reg>d to ! _w & exi/5ce1 possess+ ^! z its fai? & tru?1 bas+ _! cr$ibility1 & ga9+ = !m ! adh]5ce ( its foll[]s1 on q o!r gr\nds ?an ^? us$ 9 8prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god40 ,ideas & conclusions :i* h n aris5 9 ?is way c h>dly be said to be religi\s1 ?\gh !y may resemble religi\s ideas4 ,b hav+ ?us aris51 ! religi\s view comes into contact ) k 9 g5]al1 & !n a ne$ = ju/ification1 or ev5 a /ate ( antagonism1 may arise4 ,x may !n be ask$ :e!r convictions & ideas :i*1 s f>1 h come solely f )91 & h be5 affirm$ & recognis$ z tru?s only by he>t & consci5ce1 c possibly be adh]$ to 9 ! face ( ! insight af=d$ by an inve/igation & sci5tific k ( nature4 ,let u take an example1 & at once ! highe/ t c be f\nd4 ,! religi\s recognition ( ! sway ( an et]nal ,provid5ce _c possibly be directly d]iv$ f1 or prov$ by1 any consid]ation ( nature & hi/ory4 ,if we _h n _h x already1 no apologetic & no evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god w\ld h giv5 x to u4 ,! task ( an apologetic :i* kn[s its limitations & its true aims c only be to inquire :e!r !re is scope & fre$om left = ^! religi\s ideas alongside ( our natural k ( ! _w2 to %[ t ! latt]1 because ( its prop] limitations1 has no p[] to make a pron\ncem5t 9 reg>d to ! highe/ mean+ ( ! _w2 & to po9t to c]ta9 indications 9 nature & hi/ory t ju/ify u 9 int]pret+ ! :ole 9 t]ms ( purpose & ultimate import4 ,?is is ! case ) all ! conceptions & conclusions ( ! religi\s view ( ! _w4 ,no s+le "o ( !m c be really prov$ f a /udy ( nature1 because !y are mu* too deep to be rea*$ by ord9>y reason+1 & mu* too peculi> 9 _! "* & cont5t to be discov]$ by any sci5tific consid]ation ( nature or int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t obvi\s t all apologetic mu/ foll[ religion1 & c nev] prec$e x4 ,religion c only be awak5$1 nev] co]c$4 ,once awak5$1 x c reflect on its validity & fre$om2 b x alone c really und]/& bo?4 ,& ap>t f religion1 or )\t its pres5ce1 all apologetic endeav\rs are gratuit\s1 & are1 moreov]1 expressly =bidd5 by its own highe/ au?orities 7,matt4 xxiii4 #ae74 ,! second po9t is ev5 m important4 ,religion does n hold its !ory ( ! _w & its int]pretations ( ! nature & mean+ ( ?+s 9 ! same way z poetry does its f9e-spun1 airy dreams1 ^: *ief value lies 9 ! fact t !y call up moods & ar\se a play ( feel+1 & :i* may be grave or gay1 elegiac or idyllic1 *>m+ or sublime1 b may be true or false indiff]5tly4 ,= !re is ?is out/&+ diff]5ce betwe5 religion & all 8moods0--all poetic or fanciful views ( nature--t x lives by ! c]ta9ty ( its ideas1 suff]s if !y be unc]ta91 & dies if !y be %[n to be unt5able1 h[ev] *>m+ or consol+1 sublime or simple !y may be4 ,its !ories ( ! _w are n poems2 !y are convictions1 & ^! require to be fir/ ( all n pleas+ b true4 7,h5ce x is t criticism may arise out ( religion itself1 s9ce religion seeks = its own sake to f9d secure f\ndations47 ,& 9 ?is respect ! religi\s conception ( ! _w is q 9 l9e ) _w-!ory 9 g5]al4 ,bo? desire to express reality4 ,!y d n wi% to lay gaily-col\r$ wrea?s & g>l&s ab\t reality t !y may enjoy x1 plung$ 9 _! respective moods2 !y desire to und]/& x & give an acc\nt ( x4 ,b !re is at once app>5t a *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! propositions & conclusions ( ! religi\s view & ^? ( ! secul>1 a diff]5ce n s mu* ( cont5t1 :i* goes )\t say+1 b 9 ! :ole =m1 mann] & me?od1 & tone4 ,z ,s*lei]ma*] put x3 8,y c nev] say t x advances ) ! sure tread0 ( :i* sci5ce 9 g5]al is capable1 & by :i* x is recognisable4 ,! web ( religi\s c]ta9ty is mu* m f9ely & delicately wov51 & m susceptible ( injury ?an ! m robu/ "o ( ord9>y k4 ,moreov]1 :]e religi\s c]ta9ty has atta9$ its highe/ po9t 9 a believ+ m9d1 & is great] r ?an less ?an ! c]ta9ty ( :at is appreh5d$ by ! s5ses or exp]i5c$ day by day1 ?is *>act]i/ic diff]5ce is mo/ easily disc]n$4 ,! believ] is probably mu* m confid5t ab\t 8! c>e ( 8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r10 or 8! life et]nal10 ?an he is ab\t ?is life ) its v>y+ & insignificant exp]i5ces & cont5t4 ,= he kn[s ab\t ! life beyond 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,! tru?s ( ! religi\s outlook _c be put on ! same level z ^? ( ord9>y & ev]yday life4 ,& :5 ! m9d passes f "o to ! o!r x does s ) ! consci\sness t ! diff]5ce is 9 k9d4 ,! k ( ,god & et]nity1 & ! real value1 transc5d+ space & "t1 ( our own inn] be+1 _c ev5 9 =m be mix$ up ) ! trivial tru?s ( ! normal human und]/&+ or ! conclusions ( sci5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! tru?s ( religion exhibit1 9 q a special way1 ! "* ( all ideal tru?s1 :i* are n really true = e day at all1 b are altoge!r b\nd up ) exalt$ /ates ( feel+4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! old phrase1 8,deus non scitur s$ cr$itur0 ,god is n kn[n b believ$ 94 ,= ! ,sorbonne 0 q "r & protect$ "o ( ! ess5tial int]e/s ( religion1 :5 x reject$ z h]esy ! contr>y position1 t x 0 possible to 8"k0 ,god4 ,?us1 9 ! way 9 :i* ,i 8"k0 t ,i am sitt+ at ?is writ+-table1 or t x ra9$ ye/]day1 or t ! sum ( ! angles 9 a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 ,i c "k no?+ ( ,god4 ,b ,i c "k ( ,him some?+ 9 ! way 9 :i* ,i "k t to tell ! tru? is "r1 t to keep fai? is duty1 propositions :i* are c]ta9 & :i* /ate some?+ real & valid1 b :i* ,i c\ld n h arriv$ at )\t consci\s cons5t1 & a c]ta9 exaltation ( _s on my own "p4 ,?is1 & especially ! second "p ( x1 holds true 9 an increas$ degree ( all religi\s conceptions4 ,!y weave !mselves toge!r out ( ! mo/ inw>d & subtle exp]i5ces1 out ( impressions :i* are co>s5$ 9 ! v act ( express+ !m4 ,_! import & value mu/ be judg$ entirely by ! /&>ds ( consci5ce & feel+1 by _! own self-suffici5cy & validity4 ,! be/ "p ( !m lies 9 ! int5sity & vitality ( _! exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! spontane\s acceptance & recognition :i* !y receive4 ,!y _c be appreh5d$ by ! prosaic1 secul> m9d2 :atev] is ?us appreh5d$ is at mo/ an indiff]5t analogue ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 if x is n self-deception4 ,x is only 9 exaltation1 9 quiet en?usiasm1 t religi\s feel+s c come to life & become p]vasive1 & religi\s tru? c only become a possession available = ev]yday use 9 proportion z x is possible to make ?is non-secul> & exalt$ /ate ( m9d p]man5t1 & to ma9ta9 en?usiasm z ! endur+ mood ( life & conduct4 ,& z ?is is capable ( all degrees ( int5sity f ov]p[]+ outbur/s & isolat$ raptures to a g5tle b p]man5t t5sion & elevation ( _s1 s also is ! c]ta9ty & actuality ( our k1 :e!r ( ! sway ( ! div9e p[]1 or ( our own high] nature & de/9y1 or ( any religi\s tru? :atev]4 ,?is is :at is meant by ,/4 ,paul's 8,pray+ )\t ceas+0 & 8 8,be+ 9 ! ,_s0 z a p]man5t mood2 & h]e9 lies ! ju/ification ( ! /atem5t ( en?usiasm t tru? is only f\nd 9 mom5ts ( ec/asy4 ,9 fact1 religion & religi\s int]pretations are no?+ if n 8en?usiasms10 t is to say1 expressions ( ! art ( su/a9+ a p]man5t exaltation ( _s4 ,& any "o :o is n capable ( ?is inw>d exaltation1 or is too little capable ( x1 is badly qualifi$ = ei!r religion or religi\s outlook4 ,! 8en?usia/s0 w und\bt$ly make a bett] figure 9 ! 8k+dom ( ,god10 z well z f9d an easi] entrance !re91 ?an ! prosaic matt]-(-fact p4 ,?is is really ! s\rce ( mu* t is vexati\s 9 all apologetic ef=ts1 & inde$ 9 all !oris+ ab\t religion1 z soon z we attempt to get beyond ! p]iph]y into ! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,= 9 ord] to und]/& ! subject at all a c]ta9 am\nt ( 8en?usiasm0 is necess>y1 & 9 mo/ cases ! disputants fail to rea* common gr\nd because ?is en?usiasm is lack+ 9 "o or bo?4 ,if !y bo? h x1 9 t case also dialectics are out ( ! "q4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t1 z ,lu!r puts x1 8,fai? always goes aga9/ appe>ances40 ,! religi\s conception ( ! _w n only nev] gr[s directly out ( a sci5tific & g5]al /udy ( ?+s1 b x c nev] be br\ght into absolute congru5ce ) x4 ,!re are endless tracts & doma9s ( ! _w1 9 nature & hi/ory1 :i* we _c br+ "u ! religi\s consid]ation at all1 because !y admit ( no int]pretation f ! high] or m g5]al po9ts ( view2 !y lie be=e u z ev]la/+ unrelat$ my/]ies1 uncompreh5d$ z to _! import & purpose4 ,moreov]1 ! religi\s !ory ( ! _w c nev] tell u1 or wi% to tell u1 :at ! _w is z a :ole1 or :at is ! mean+ ( its be+4 ,x is en\gh = u t x ?r[s light on our own be+1 & reveals to u our place & de/9y1 & ! mean+ ( our exi/5ce4 ,x is en\gh if1 9 ?is respect1 reality adapts itself to ! int]pretations ( religion1 admits ( _! tru? & all[s !m scope1 & corroborates !m 9 important ways & in/ances4 ,x actually does ?is1 & x c be demon/rat$ t x does4 ,& 9 demon/rat+ ?is ! task ( an apologetic t kn[s its own limitations alone consi/s4 ,x mu/ be aw>e t x w succe$ ev5 9 ?is1 only if x is support$ by a c\rage\s w to believe & joy 9 believ+1 t _m gaps & a ?\s& riddles w rema91 t ! ultimate & highe/ condition ( ! se>* aft] a _w-int]pretation is p]sonal decision & p]sonal *oice1 :i* f9ally dep5ds ^u 8:at mann] ( man "o is40 ,fai? has always meant go+ aga9/ appe>ances4 ,x has gone aga9/ !m n f ob/9acy or incorrigible lack ( und]/&+1 b because x has _h /rong reasons1 impossible to set aside1 = reg>d+ appe>ances lit]ally z appe>ances4 ,x has suff]$ f ! app>5t1 (t5 ev5 to ! po9t ( ext9ction1 & has aga9 drawn f x & f its opposition its highe/ /r5g?4 ,t !y ov]ma/]$ appe>ances made ( ! h]oes ( fai? ! greate/ ( all h]oes4 ,& ?us religion lives by ! v riddles :i* h frequ5tly caus$ its dea?1 & !y are a "p ( its inh]itance & con/itution4 ,to "w cont9ually t[>ds _! solution is a task :i* x w nev] give up4 ,until success has be5 a*iev$1 x is ( importance to %[1 t :at comes into conflict ) fai? 9 ^! riddles at ! pres5t day is n some?+ new & previ\sly unhe>d (4 ,9 cases :]e fai? has di$ because ( !m we almo/ inv>iably f9d ! op9ion t religion might h be5 possible 9 e>li] & m nave times1 b t x is no long] possible to u1 ) our deep] insight into ! d>k my/]y ( nature & de/9y4 ,?is is fooli%ness4 ,:5 fai? dies ?us1 x dies ( "o ( its infantile diseases4 ,= f ! trag$ies ( ,job & ( ,j]emiah to ! ,t[] ( ,siloam & ! horror ( ! ,mont-,pele eruption !re runs a direct l9eage ( ! same p]5nial riddle4 ,well-develop$ religion has nev] exi/$ )\t ?is--at once its %ad[ & its t\*/one4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,naturalism4 ,naturalism is n ( to-day or ( ye/]day1 b is v anci5t1--z old1 inde$1 z philosophy1--z old z human ?\ght & d\bt4 ,inde$1 we may say t x almo/ inv>iably play$ its "p :5ev] man began to reflect on ! :5ce & ! h[ ( ! actual _w ar\nd him4 ,9 ! philosophical sy/ems ( ,leucippus & ,democritus & ,epicurus x lies fully develop$ be=e u4 ,x p]si/$ z a lat5t & sil5tly dread$ antagoni/1 ev5 9 times :5 8or?odox0 anti-naturali/ic & sup]-naturali/ic sy/ems 7 ! (ficially prevail+ ones1 & 7 to all appe>ance g5]ally adh]$ to4 ,s 9 ! m mod]n sy/ems ( mat]ialism & positivism1 9 ! ,sy/me de la nature & 9 ! !ory ( l'homme ma*9e1 9 ! mat]iali/ic reactions f ! ideali/ic nature-speculations ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 9 ! discussions ( mat]ialism 9 ! pa/ c5tury1 9 ! naturali/ic writ+s ( ,moles*ott1 ,czolbe1 ,vogt1 ,b*n]1 & ,haeckel1 & 9 ! /ill dom9ant naturali/ic t5d5cy & mood :i* acquir$ new =m & deep-root$ individuality ?r\gh ,d>w9ism1--9 all ^! we f9d naturalism1 n inde$ orig9at+ z some?+ new1 b simply blossom+ afre% ) increas$ /r5g?4 ,! antiquity ( ,naturalism is no reproa*1 & no reason = reg>d+ x z a matt] long s9ce settl$2 x r indicates t ,naturalism is n a *ance ph5om5on1 b an inevitable gr[?4 ,! fav\rite me?od ( treat+ x z ?\gh x 7 ! outcome ( mod]n scepticism1 malice1 or obduracy1 is j z absurd z if ! 8naturali/s0 7 to treat ! convictions ( _! oppon5ts z ! result ( incr$ible n>r[-m9d$ness1 prie/ly deception1 s5ility1 or calcification ( ! bra9-cells4 ,& z naturalism is ( anci5t orig9 s also d its diff]5t hi/orical phases & =ms resemble ea* o!r 9 _! me?ods1 aims1 & argum5ts1 z well z 9 ! moods1 sympa?ies1 & antipa?ies :i* accompany !m4 ,ev5 9 its mo/ highly develop$ =m we c see t x did n spr+ orig9ally f a complet$ & unifi$ pr9ciple1 b 0 prim>ily criticism ( & opposition to o!r views4 ,:at is ,di/9ctive 9 ! ,naturali/ic ,outlook4 ,at fir/ t5tative1 b becom+ ev] m di/9ctly consci\s ( its real motive1 ,naturalism has always aris5 9 opposition to :at we may call 8sup]natural0 propositions1 :e!r ^! be ! nave my?ological explanations ( _w-ph5om5a f\nd 9 primitive religions1 or ! sup]natural popul> metaphysics :i* usually accompanies ! high] =ms4 ,x is actuat$ at ! same "t by "o ( ! mo/ admirable impulses 9 human nature1--! impulse to expla9 & und]/&1--& to expla91 if possible1 ?r\gh simple1 famili>1 & ord9>y causes4 ,! sane human und]/&+ sees all ab\t x ! doma9 ( ev]yday & famili> ph5om5a4 ,x is q at home 9 ?is doma92 ev]y?+ seems to x well-kn[n1 cle>1 transp>5t1 & easily und]/ood2 x f9ds 9 x intelligible causes & c]ta9 laws :i* gov]n ph5om5a1 z well z a con/ant association ( cause & effect4 ,"h ev]y?+ c be individually controll$ & exam9$1 & ev]y?+ 8happ5s naturally40 ,?+s gov]n !mselves4 ,no?+ unexpect$1 no?+ t has n its obvi\s causes1 no?+ my/]i\s or miracul\s happ5s "h4 ,%>ply contra/$ ) ?is /&s ! region ( ! app>5tly inexplicable1 ! sup]natural1 ) all its influ5ces & op]ations1 & results4 ,to ! religi\s int]pretation 9 its nave1 pi\s1 or sup]/iti\s =ms ( expression1 ?is region ( ! sup]natural seems to encroa* broadly & deeply on ! doma9 ( ! ev]yday _w4 ,b ) ! awak5+ ( criticism & reflection1 & ! deep5+ ( inve/igation into ?+s1 x retreats f>!r & f>!r1 x surr5d]s piece aft] piece to ! o!r realm ( ?\ght1 & ?is arises d\bt & suspicion4 ,) ^! !re soon awak5s a pr(\nd conviction t a simil> mode ( causal connection b9ds all ?+s toge!r1 a glimm]+ ( ! uni=mity & necessity embrac+1 compreh5d+1 & ultimately expla9+ all ?+s4 ,& ^! pres5tim5ts1 9 !mselves at fir/ q *ildi%ly & almo/ my?ologically conceiv$1 may /ill be1 ev5 :5 !y fir/ arise1 & :ile !y are /ill only vaguely =mulat$1 anticipations ( lat] m def9ite sci5tific conceptions4 ,su* a beg9n+ ( naturali/ic consci\sness may rema9 q nave & g no f>!r ?an a sil5t b p]si/5t prote/4 ,x makes free use ( su* famili> expressions z 8ev]y?+ comes ab\t ( itself02 8ev]y?+ happ5s by natural means02 8x is all #8nature' or #8evolution4' 0 ,b f ! primitive naturali/ic outlook !re may arise recon/ructions ( nature & cosmic speculations on a l>ge scale1 exp&+ into naturali/ic sy/ems ( ! mo/ manifold k9ds1 beg9n+ ) ^? ( ! ,ionic philosoph]s & com+ d[n to ^? ( ! mo/ rec5t times4 ,_! wat*words rema9 ! same1 ?\gh 9 an alt]$ dialect3 8nature & natural ph5om5a10 ! d5ial ( 8dualism10 ! uphold+ ( ! "o pr9ciple 8monism10 ! all-suffici5cy ( nature1 & ! abs5ce ( any int]v5+ influ5ces f )\t or beyond nature4 ,rapidly & ( necessity ?is la/ item becomes trans=m$ into a 8d5ial ( teleology03 nature kn[s nei!r w nor purpose1 x has only to d ) conditions & results4 ,) ^! x deals & ?r\gh !m x works4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y naturali/ic idea1 t 8ev]y?+ happ5s ( itself10 !re lurks t av]sion to purpose :i* *>act]ises all naturali/ic sy/ems4 ,a naturalism :i* has aris5 & gr[n 9 ?is mann] has 9 itself no?+ to d ) concrete & exact k ( nature4 ,x may comprise a l>ge numb] ( ideas :i* are %>ply oppos$ to 8sci5ce10 & :i* may be 9 !mselves my?ological1 or poetical1 or ev5 my/ical4 ,= :at 8nature0 itself really is fundam5tally1 h[ x moves1 unfolds1 or impels1 h[ ?+s actually happ5 8naturally10 ?is naturalism has nev] attempt$ to ?9k out4 ,inde$1 naturalism ( ?is type1 ?\gh x opposes 8dualism10 does n by any means usually int5d to set itself aga9/ religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 its lat] developm5ts1 x may take x up into itself 9 ! =m ( an apo!osis & a wor%ip ( nature4 ,almo/ inv>iably naturalism :i* beg9s ?us develops1 n into a!ism1 b into pan!ism4 ,x is true t all is nature & happ5s naturally4 ,b nature itself1 z ,?ales said1 is 8full ( gods10 in/9ct ) div9e life4 ,x is ! all-liv+ :i*1 unwe>i$ & inexhau/ible1 br+s =? =m aft] =m & p\rs out its fulness4 ,x is ,giordano ,bruno's 8,cause1 ,pr9ciple1 & ,unity10 9 endless beauty & ov]p[]+ magnific5ce1 & x is ,goe!'s 8,great ,goddess10 h]self ! object ( ! utmo/ admiration1 rev]5ce1 & devotion4 ,?is mood may readily pass ov] into a k9d ( wor%ip ( ,god & belief 9 ,him1 8,god0 be+ reg>d$ z ! s\l & m9d1 ! 8,logos0 ( ,h]aclitus & ! ,/oics1 ! inn] mean+ & reason ( ?is all-liv+ nature4 ,& ?us naturalism 9 its la/ /ages may sometimes be q dev\t1 & may assure u t x is compell$ to d5y only ! transc5d5tal & n ! imman5t ,god1 ! ,div9e be+ en?ron$ above ! _w1 b n ! liv+ ,god dwell+ )9 x4 ,& ev] anew ,goe!'s v]se is quot$3 ,:at ,god w\ld outw>dly alone control1 ,& on ,8 f+] :irl ! mighty ,:ole8 ,he loves ! inn] _w to move1 to view ,nature 9 ,him1 ,himself 9 nature too1 ,s t :at 9 ,him works1 & is1 & lives1 ,! measure ( ,8 /r5g?1 ,8 _s gives4 ,! ,true ,naturalism4 ,b naturalism becomes fundam5tally diff]5t :5 x ceases to rema9 at ! level ( nave or fancifully conceiv$ ideas ( 8nature0 & 8natural occurr5ces10 :51 in/ead ( poetry or religi\s s5tim5ts1 x incorporates some?+ else1 namely1 exact natural sci5ce & ! idea ( a ma!matical-me*anical calculability 9 ! :ole sy/em ( nature4 8,nature0 & 8happ5+ naturally01 z us$ by ! nave intellig5ce1 are half animi/ic ideas & modes ( expression1 :i* import into nature1 or leave 9 x1 life & s\l1 impulse1 & a k9d ( w4 ,& t speculative =m ( naturalism :i* t5ds to become religi\s develops ?is fault to its utmo/4 ,b a 8nature0 l ?is is n at all a possible subject = natural sci5ce & exact me?ods1 n a subject = exp]im5t1 calculation1 & fix$ laws1 = precise int]pretation1 or = int]pretation on simple rational pr9ciples4 ,in/ead ( ! nave1 poetical1 & half my/ical conceptions ( nature we mu/ h a really sci5tific "o1 s t1 s to speak1 ! sup]natural may be elim9at$ f nature1 & ! app>5tly irrational rationalis$2 t is1 s t all its ph5om5a may be trac$ back to simple1 unequivocal1 & easily und]/ood processes1 ! actual :y & h[ ( all ?+s p]ceiv$1 & ?us1 x may be1 und]/ood2 s t1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ may be se5 to come ab\t 8by natural means40 ,!re is obvi\sly "o doma9 & ord] ( processes 9 nature :i* exactly fulfils ^? requirem5ts1 & is really 9 ! fulle/ s5se 8natural10 t is1 q easily und]/ood1 q rational1 q am5able to computation & measurem5t1 q rigidly subord9ate to laws :i* c be =mulat$4 ,^! are ! processes ( physics & *emi/ry1 & 9 a /ill high] degree ^? ( movem5t 9 g5]al1 ! processes ( me*anics 9 %ort4 ,& to br+ into ?is doma9 & subord9ate to its laws ev]y?+ t occurs 9 nature1 all becom+1 & pass+ away1 & *ang+1 all developm5t1 gr[?1 nutrition1 reproduction1 ! orig9 ( ! individual & ( ! species1 ( animals & ( man1 ( ! liv+ & ! n liv+1 ev5 ( s5sation & p]ception1 impulse1 desire & in/9ct1 w & ?\ght--?is alone w\ld really be to %[ t ?+s 8happ5 naturally10 t is1 to expla9 ev]y?+ 9 t]ms ( natural causes4 ,& ! conviction t ?is c be done is ! only true naturalism4 ,naturalism ( ?is type is fundam5tally diff]5t 9 mood & "* f ! nave & poetic =m1 & is1 inde$1 9 %>p contra/ to x4 ,x is work+ aga9/ ! v motives :i* are mo/ vital to ! latt]--namely1 rev]5ce = & deification ( nature4 ,:]e ! two types ( naturalism really und]/& !mselves no?+ b %>p antagonism c exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,^? on ! "o side mu/ condemn ?is unfeel+ & irrev]5t1 cold & ma!matical dissection & analysis ( ! 8,great ,goddess0 z a sacrilege & outrage4 ,& ^? on ! o!r side mu/ utt]ly reject z romantic ! view :i* is summ$ up 9 ! confession3 8,i/ ni*t ,k]n d] ,natur ,m5s*5 im ,h]z580 ,is n ! secret ( nature 9 ! human he>t8 ,goe!'s ,attitude to ,naturalism4 ,! mo/ in/ructive example we c take is ,goe!3 8 v5]ation = nature on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r 8 pron\nc$ opposition to ! naturalism bo? ( ! mat]iali/s & ( ! ma!maticians4 ,mod]n naturali/s are fond ( seek+ repose & m5tal refre%m5t 9 ,goe!'s conception ( ! _w1 "u ! impression t x fits 9 be/ & mo/ closely ) _! own views4 ,t !y d ?is says mu* = _! mood & ta/e1 b n q s mu* = _! p[]s ( discrim9ation or = _! consi/5cy4 ,x is ev5 m ?\ghtless ?an :5 ! empirici/s & s5sationali/s acclaim z _! h]o1 ,sp9oza1 ! /rict1 pure rationali/1 ! despis] ( empiricism & ( k acquir$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,= to ,goe! nature is f> f be+ a piece ( me*anism :i* c be calculat$ on & summ$ up 9 ma!matical =mul1 an ev]la/+ 8p]petuum mobile10 a magnific5t all-p[]ful ma*9e4 ,9 fact1 all ?is & especially ! ^w 8ma*9e0 expresses exactly :at ,goe!'s conception 0 mo/ directly oppos$ to4 ,to him nature is truly ! 8,goddess10 ! great ,diana ( ! ,ephesians1 ! ev]la/+ ,beauty1 ! arti/ ( g5ius1 ceaselessly inv5t+ & creat+1 9 floods ( ,life1 9 ,action's /orm--an inf9ite ocean1 a re/less weav+1 a gl[+ ,life4 ,embrac+ )9 h]self ! highe/ & ! humble/1 %e is 9 all ?+s1 ?r\gh\t all *ange & trans=mation1 ! same1 %ad[+ =? ! mo/ p]fect 9 ! simple/1 & 9 ! highe/ only unfold+ :at %e _h already %[n 9 ! l[lie/4 ,!re=e ,goe! hat$ all divisions & rubrics1 all ! contra/s & b\nd>ies :i* le>n$ analysis attempts to introduce into nature4 ,passionately he seiz$ on ,h]d]'s idea ( evolution1 & x 0 t[>ds e/abli%+ x t all 8 endeav\rs1 botanical1 zoological1 morphological & o/eological1 7 direct$4 ,he discov]$ 9 ! human skull ! premaxill>y bone :i* occurs 9 ! upp] jaw ( all mammals1 & ?is 8key/one to man0 gave him1 z he himself said1 8su* joy t all 8 b[els mov$40 ,he int]pret$ ! skull z develop$ f ?ree modifi$ v]tebr4 ,he sket*$ a hypo!sis ( ! primitive plant1 & ! !ory t all ! organs ( ! plant are modifications & developm5ts ( ! leaf4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 :o def5d$ 8l'unit de composition organique0 9 ! =ms ( nature1 & evolution by gradual /ages1 & he 0 ! vehem5t oppon5t ( ,cuvi]1 :o attempt$ to pick ! _w to pieces accord+ to /rictly def9$ ar*itectural plans & rigid classes4 ,& :at ! inn] impulse to all ?is 0 he has summ$ up 9 ! motto to 8 8,morphology0 f ! v]se 9 ,job3 ,lo1 he goe? by me1 & ,i see him n2 ,he is trans=m$1 b ,i p]ceive him n4 ,he fur!r decl>es x 9 ! introductory v]se to 8 ,o/eology3 ,joyfully "s ye>s ago1 ,zeal\sly my _s s\ght ,to explore x all1 & "k ,h[ all nature liv$ & wr\ght3 ,& 'tis ev] ,"o 9 all1 ,?\gh 9 _m ways made kn[n2 ,small 9 great1 & great 9 small1 ,ea* 9 mann] ( its own4 ,ev] %ift+1 yet fa/ hold+2 ,ne> & f>1 & f> & ne>2 ,s1 ) m\ld+ & rem\ld+1-- ,to my wond] ,i am "h4 ,9 all ?is !re is absolutely no?+ ( ! *>act]i/ic mood & _s ( 8exact0 naturalism1 ) its me*anical & ma!matical categories4 ,x matt]s little t ,goe!1 :5 he ?\ght ( evolution1 nev] _h pres5t to 8 m9d ! idea ( ,desc5t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( 8,d>w9ism10 b r developm5t 9 ! l(ty s5se 9 :i* x is work$ out 9 ! nature-philosophy ( ,s*ell+ & ( ,hegel4 ,! *ief po9t is1 t to him nature 0 ! all-liv+ & ev]-liv+1 ^: creat+ & gov]n+ _c be r$uc$ to prosaic numb]s or ma!matical =mul1 b are to be appreh5d$ z a :ole by ! p]ceptions ( g5ius r ?an work$ out by calculation or 9 detail4 ,any o!r way ( reg>d+ nature ,goe! e>ly & decisively reject$4 ,& he has embodi$ 8 /rong prote/ aga9/ x 9 8 8,di*tung und ,wahrheit03 8,h[ holl[ & empty x seem$ to u 9 ?is melan*oly1 a!i/ical twilight4444 ,matt]1 we le>nt1 has mov$ f all et]nity1 & by means ( ?is movem5t to "r & left & 9 all directions1 x has be5 able1 unaid$1 to call =? all ! inf9ite ph5om5a ( exi/5ce40 ,! book--! 8,sy/me de la ,nature0--8seem$ to u s grey1 s ,cimm]ian1 s dea?like t x 0 ) difficulty we c\ld endure its pres5ce40 ,& 9 a "w ) rem>kable title & cont5ts1 8,die ,f>b5lehre10 ,goe! has summ$ up 8 antagonism to ! 8,ma!maticians10 & to _! *ief1 ,newton1 ! discov]] & f\nd] ( ! new ma!matical-me*anical view ( nature4 ,yet ! mode ( look+ at ?+s :i* is "h combat$ ) s mu* lab\r1 wit1 &1 9 "p1 inju/ice1 is precisely t ( ^? :o1 to ?is day1 swe> by ! "n ( ,goe! ) s mu* en?usiasm & s little intellig5ce ,! two ,k9ds ( ,naturalism4 ,b let u return to ! two k9ds ( naturalism we h already describ$4 ,mu* z !y diff] f "o ano!r 9 reality1 !y are v readily confus$ & mix$ up ) "o ano!r4 ,& ! *ief peculi>ity ( :at masqu]ades z naturalism among our educat$ or half-educat$ classes to-day lies 9 ! fact t x is a m+l+ ( ! two k9ds4 ,unwitt+ly1 p comb9e ! moods ( ! "o ) ! reasons & me?ods ( ! o!r2 & hav+ done s !y appe> to !mselves p>ticul>ly consi/5t & h>moni\s 9 _! ?\ght1 & are happy t !y h be5 able ?us to satisfy at once ! ne$s ( ! intellect & ^? ( ! he>t4 ,on ! "o h& !y /ret* ! ma!matical-me*anical view z f> z possible f bel[ upw>ds1 & ev5 attempt to expla9 ! activities ( life & consci\sness z ! results ( complex reflex me*anisms4 ,& on ! o!r h& !y br+ d[n w s\l & in/9cts into ! l[e/ /ages ( exi/5ce1 & become q animi/ic4 ,!y wi% to be no?+ if n 8exact10 & yet !y reckon ,goe! & ,bruno among ! greate/ apo/les ( _! fai?1 & set _! v]ses & say+s z a cr$o & motto ov] _! own op9ions4 ,9 ?is way !re arises a 8_w conception0 s indi>ubb]-l & ,protean t x is z difficult z x is unsatisfactory to attempt to come to an und]/&+ ) x4 ,if we attempt to get hold ( x by ! fr+e ( poetry & idealism x has assum$1 x promptly retires into its 8exact0 half4 ,& if we try to limit ourselves to ?is1 9 ord] to f9d a basis = discussion1 x spreads out be=e u all ! spl5d\rs ( a great nature pan!ism1 includ+ ev5 ! ideas ( ! good1 ! true1 & ! beautiful4 ,"o ?+ only x neglects1 & t is1 to %[ :]e its two v diff]5t halves meet1 & :at inn] bond unites !m4 ,?us if we are to discuss x at all1 we mu/ fir/ ( all pick out & arrange all ! =eign & mutually contradictory con/itu5ts x has incorporat$1 !n deal ) ,pan!ism & ,animism1 & ) ! problem ( ! possibility ( 8! true1 ! good1 ! beautiful0 on ! naturali/ic-empiric basis1 & f9ally !re w\ld rema9 a readily-grasp$ residue ( naturalism ( ! second =m1 to come to "s und]/&+ ) :i* is bo? necess>y & in/ructive4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we %all conf9e ourselves entirely to ?is type1 & we %all n labori\sly dis5tangle x f ! bewild]+ m$ley ( ideas =eign to x1 or attempt to make x consi/5t2 we %all neglect ^!1 & h reg>d solely to its cle> fundam5tal pr9ciples & aims4 ,?us reg>d$1 its horizons are p]fectly well-def9$4 ,x is />tl+ 9 its absolute pov]ty ( ideal cont5t1 w>m?1 & *>m1 b impressive & gr& 9 ! p]sev]ance & t5acity ) :i* x adh]es to "o ma9 po9t ( view ?r\gh\t4 ,9 reality1 x is aggressive to no?+1 b cold & indiff]5t to ev]y?+1 & = ?is v reason is m dang]\s ?an all ! excit$ prote/s & v]dicts ( ! en?usia/ic type ( naturalism1 :i* x is impossible to attack1 because ( its lack ( def9ite pr9ciples1 & :i*1 9 ! pa!tic /ress x lays on wor%ipp+ nature1 lives only by :at x has previ\sly borr[$ f ! religi\s conceptions ( ! _w4 ,aim & ,me?od ( ,naturalism4 ,! aim & me?od ( ! /rict type ( naturalism may be easily def9$4 ,9 its details x w become m di/9ct z we proce$ ) our analysis4 ,tak+ x z a :ole1 we may say t x is an endeav\r on a l>ge scale aft] consi/5t simplification & gradual r$uction to l[] & l[] t]ms4 ,s9ce x aims at expla9+ & und]/&+ ev]y?+ accord+ to ! axiom pr9cipia non tem]e esse multiplic&a pr9ciples are n to be he$lessly multipli$1 expla9+1 t is1 ) ! fewe/1 simple/1 & mo/ obvi\s pr9ciples possible1 x is incumb5t ^u x to attempt to ref] all ph5om5a to a s+le1 uni=m mode ( occurr5ce1 :i* admits ( no?+ outside ( or beyond itself1 & :i* regulates itself accord+ to its own sy/em ( fundam5tally simil> causal sequ5ces4 ,x is fur!r incumb5t ^u x to trace back ?is univ]sal mode ( occurr5ce to ! simple/ & cle>e/ =m possible1 & its uni=mities to ! fewe/ & mo/ intelligible laws1 t is1 ultimately1 to laws :i* c be det]m9$ by calculation & summ$ up 9 =mul4 ,?is trac+ back is equival5t to an elim9ation ( all incomm5surable causes1 ( all 8f9al causes10 t is1 ( ultimate causes & 8purposes0 :i*1 9 an unacc\ntable mann]1 "w into ! network ( proximate causes & control !m1 & by ?us int]rupt+ _! connect$ness1 make x difficult to come to a cle> und]/&+ ( ! 8,:y80 ( ?+s4 ,& ?is elim9ation is aga9 a 8r$uction to simpl] t]ms10 = x replaces ! 8teleological0 consid]ation ( purposes1 by a purely sci5tific consid]ation ( causes1 :i* inquires only into ! actual conditions antec$5t to c]ta9 sequ5ces4 ,b ,be+ & ,becom+ include two great realms3 t ( 8,nature0 & t ( 8,m9d10 i4e4 consci\sness & ! processes ( consci\sness4 ,& two app>5tly fundam5tally diff]5t bran*es ( k relate to ^!3 ! natural sci5ces1 & ! m5tal sci5ces4 ,if a unifi$ & 8natural0 explanation is really possible1 ! beg9n+ & end ( all ?is 8r$uc+ to simpl] t]ms0 mu/ be to bridge ov] ! gulf betwe5 ^!2 b ?is1 9 ! s5se ( naturalism1 necess>ily means t ! m5tal sci5ces mu/ 9 "s way be r$uc$ to t]ms ( natural sci5ce1 & t ! ph5om5a1 processes1 sequ5ces1 & laws ( consci\sness mu/ likewise be made 8comm5surable0 ) & be l9k$ on to ! app>5tly simpl] & cle>] k ( 8,nature10 &1 if possible1 be subord9at$ to its ph5om5a & laws1 if n inde$ d]iv$ f !m4 ,z x is impossible to reg>d consci\sness itself z corporeal1 or z a process ( movem5t1 naturalism mu/ at lea/ attempt to %[ t ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness are att5dant & consequ5t on corporeal ph5om5a1 & t1 ?\gh !y !mselves nev] become corporeal1 !y are /rictly regulat$ by ! laws ( ! corporeal & physical1 & c be calculat$ ^u & /udi$ 9 ! same way4 ,b ev5 ! doma9 ( ! natural itself1 z we "k x1 is by no means simple & capable ( a unifi$ int]pretation4 ,nature1 especially 9 ! realm ( organic life1 ! animal & plant _w1 appe>s to be fill$ ) m>vels ( purposefulness1 ) riddles ( developm5t & diff]5tiation1 9 %ort ) all ! my/]ies ( life4 ,"h mo/ ( all x is necess>y to 8r$uce0 ! 8teleological view0 to t]ms ( ! purely causal1 & to prove t all ! results1 ev5 ! evolution ( ! =ms ( life1 up to _! highe/ expressions & 9 ! m9ute/ details ( _! m>vell\s adaptations1 came 8( !mselves10 t is to say1 are q intelligible z ! results ( cle>ly traceable causes4 ,x is necess>y to r$uce ! physiological & developm5tal1 & all ! o!r processes ( life1 to t]ms ( physical & *emical processes1 & ?us to r$uce ! liv+ to ! n liv+1 & to d]ive ! organic f ! =ces & sub/ances ( inanimate nature4 ,! process ( r$uction does n /op ev5 "h4 ,= physical & *emical processes are only really und]/ood :5 !y c be resolv$ into ! simple/ processes ( movem5t 9 g5]al1 :5 all qualitative *anges c be trac$ hack to purely quantitative ph5om5a1 :51 f9ally1 9 ! me*anics ( ! great masses1 z well z ( ! inf9itely small atoms1 ev]y?+ becomes capable ( expression 9 ma!matical t]ms4 ,b naturalism ( ?is k9d is by no means pure natural sci5ce2 x consci\sly & delib]ately ov]/eps 9 speculation ! b\nds ( :at is /rictly sci5tific4 ,9 ?is respect x be>s "s resemblance to ! nature-philosophy associat$ ) :at we call$ ! fir/ type ( naturalism4 ,b its v pov]ty enables x to h a /rictly def9$ programme4 ,x kn[s exactly :at x wants1 & ?us x is possible to argue ) x4 ,! religi\s conception ( ! _w mu/ come to an und]/&+ ) x1 = x is q obvi\s t ! m indiff]5t ?is naturalism is to ev]y?+ outside ( itself1 & ! less aggressive x pret5ds to be1 ! m does ! picture ( ! _w :i* x attempts to draw ex]t a cramp+ influ5ce on religion4 ,:]e ! two come into contact we %all endeav\r to make cle> 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples4 ,! fundam5tal convictions ( naturalism1 its g5]al t5d5cies1 & ! po9ts ( view :i* det]m9e its outlook1 are prim>ily relat$ to t ord] ( facts :i* =ms ! subject ( ! natural sci5ces1 to 8,nature40 ,x is only second>ily t x attempts to p5etrate ) ! me?ods ( ! natural sci5ces into ! region ( ! consci\s1 ( ! m9d1 into ! doma9 t und]lies ! m5tal sci5ces1 includ+ hi/ory & ! /hetic1 political1 & religi\s sci5ces1 & to %[ t1 9 ?is region z 9 ! o!r1 natural law & ! same pr9ciples ( int]pretation obta91 t "h1 too1 ! 8mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory holds true1 & t !re is no autonomy ( m9d40 ,! int]e/s ( religion "h g h& 9 h& ) ^? ( ! m5tal sci5ces1 9 s f> z ^! claim to be di/9ct & indep5d5t4 ,= ! "q is altoge!r "o ( ! reality1 pre-em95ce1 & indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual z oppos$ to ! 8natural40 ,occasionally x has be5 ?\ght t ! :ole problem ( ! relations betwe5 religion & naturalism 0 conc5trat$ on ?is po9t1 & ! /udy ( nature has be5 left to naturalism z if x 7 indiff]5t or ev5 hopeless1 ?us leav+ a free field = !ories ( all k9ds1 ! mat]iali/ic includ$4 ,x is only 9 reg>d to ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( evolution & ! me*anical !ory ( ! orig9 & nature ( life1 & p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! relatively unimportant "q ( 8spontane\s g5]ation0 t a liveli] int]e/ is usually awak5$4 ,b ^! isolat$ !ories are only a "p ( ! 8r$uction10 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( naturalism1 & !y c only be rightly e/imat$ & und]/ood 9 connection ) x4 ,we %all turn our att5tion to !m only aft] we h c>efully consid]$ :at is fundam5tal & ess5tial4 ,b ! idea t religion may calmly neglect ! /udy ( nature z long z naturalism leaves brea?+-room = ! fre$om & indep5d5ce ( m9d is q errone\s4 ,if religion is true1 nature mu/ be ( ,god1 & x mu/ be> tok5s :i* all[ u to int]pret x z ( ,god4 ,& su* signs are to be f\nd4 ,:at we %all h to say 9 reg>d to !m may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,ev5 ! _w1 :i* has be5 br\ght "u ! reign ( sci5tific laws1 is a my/]y2 x has be5 =mulat$1 b n expla9$4 #b4 ,! _w gov]n$ by law is /ill dep5d5t1 condition$1 & 8cont+5t40 #c4 ,! conception ( ,nature z ob$i5t to law is n exclud$ b r dem&$ by belief 9 ,god4 #d1 #e4 ,we _c compreh5d ! true nature & dep? ( ?+s1 & ! _w :i* we d compreh5d is n ! true ,reality ( ?+s2 x is only its appe>ance4 ,9 feel+ & intuition ?is appe>ance po9ts beyond itself to ! true nature ( ?+s4 #f4 ,ideas & purposes1 & ) !m ,provid5ce & ! control ( ?+s1 c nei!r be e/abli%$ by ! natural sci5ces nor disput$ by !m4 #g4 ,! causal int]pretation dem&$ by natural sci5ce fits 9 ) an explanation accord+ to purpose1 & ! latt] presupposes ! =m]4 ,h[ ! ,religi\s & ! ,naturali/ic ,outlooks ,conflict4 ,religion comes into contact ) naturalism & dem&s to be reconcil$ ) x1 n m]ely at its p]iph]y1 b at its v core1 namely1 ) its *>act]i/ic ideal ( a ma!matical-me*anical int]pretation ( ! :ole _w4 ,?is ideal seems to be mo/ ne>ly1 if n inde$ completely1 atta9$ 9 ref]5ce to ! int]-relations ( ! great masses1 9 ! realm ( a/ronomy1 ) ! calculable1 inviolable1 & entirely compreh5sible conditions :i* gov]n ! purely me*anical correlations ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,to br+ ! same cle>ness & intelligibility1 ! same inevitabl5ess & calculability into ! _w 9 g5]al1 & into ! :ole realm ( nature d[n to ! my/]i\s law det]m9+ ! developm5t ( ! da9tie/ insect's w+1 & ! /irr+s ( ! grey matt] 9 ! cortex ( ! bra9 :i* reveal !mselves to u z s5sation1 desire1 & ?\ght1 ?is has always be5 ! aim & secret fai? ( ! naturali/ic mode ( ?\ght4 ,x is ?us aim+ at a ,cosmos ( all ,be+ & ,becom+1 :i* c be expla9$ f itself1 & compreh5d$ 9 itself alone1 support$ by its own complete & all-suffic+ causality & uni=mity1 re/+ 9 itself1 %ut up )9 itself1 complete 9 itself--a ,god suffici5t unto himself & re/+ 9 himself4 ,we d n ne$ to probe v deeply to f9d out h[ /rongly religion resi/s ?is attempt1 & we easily discov] :at is ! di/urb+ elem5t :i* awak5s ho/ile feel+4 ,x is ( ?ree k9ds1 & dep5ds on ?ree *>act]i/ic aims & requirem5ts ( religion1 :i* are closely associat$ ) "o ano!r1 yet di/9ct f "o ano!r1 ?\gh x is n always easy to repres5t !m 9 _! true proportions & relative values4 ,! fir/ ( ^! int]e/s seems to be 8teleology10 ! se>* aft] guid+ ideas & purposes1 aft] plan & directive control 9 ! :ole ma*9]y1 t sets itself 9 %>p opposition to a m]e inquiry into proximate causes4 ,little or no?+ is ga9$ by kn[+ h[ ev]y?+ came ab\t or mu/ h come ab\t2 all int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t ev]y?+ has come ab\t 9 su* a way t x reveals int5tion1 wisdom1 provid5ce1 & et]nal mean+1 realis+ itself 9 details & 9 ! :ole4 ,?is has always be5 rightly reg>d$ z ! true conc]n & int]e/ ( e religi\s conception ( ! _w4 ,b x has be5 sometimes =gott5 t ?is is by no means ! only1 or ev5 ! prim>y int]e/ t religion has 9 _w-lore4 ,we call x its highe/ & ultimate int]e/1 b we f9d1 on c>eful /udy1 t two o!rs are associat$ ) & prec$e x4 ,= be=e all belief 9 ,provid5ce & 9 ! div9e mean+ ( ! _w1 inde$ be=e fai? at all1 religion is prim>ily feel+--a deep1 humble consci\sness ( ! entire dep5d5ce & conditionality ( our exi/5ce1 & ( all ?+s4 ,! belief we h spok5 ( is1 9 relation to ?is feel+1 m]ely a =m--z yet n 9 itself religi\s4 ,x is n only ! "q 8,h ! _w & exi/5ce a mean+1 & are ph5om5a gov]n$ by ideas & purposes80 t br+s religion & its antagoni/s into contact2 !re is a prior & deep] "q4 ,is !re scope = ?is true inw>dness ( all religion1 ! p[] to compreh5d itself & all ! _w 9 humility 9 ! light ( t :i* is n ( ! _w1 b is above _w & exi/5ce8 ,b ?is is s]i\sly affect$ by t doctr9e :i* attempts to reg>d ! ,cosmos z self-gov]n+ & self-suffic+1 ne$+ no?+1 & fail+ 9 no?+4 ,x is ?is & n ,d>w9ism or ! desc5t f a ,simian /ock t prim>ily tr\bles ! religi\s _s4 ,x is m specially s5sitive to ! /range & antagoni/ic t5d5cy ( naturalism %[n ev5 9 t m>vell\s & t]rify+ ma!matical-me*anical sy/em ( ! great heav5ly bodies1 9 ?is clock ( ! univ]se :i*1 9 ob$i5ce to cle> & inviolable laws1 c>ries on its s\ndless play f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 ne$+ no p5dulum & no p$e/al1 )\t any /oppage & )\t room = dep5d5ce on any?+ outside ( itself1 app>5tly entirely godless1 b absolutely reason & ,god en\gh = itself4 ,x %r9ks 9 t]ror f ! ?\ght t ! same autonomy & self-regulation may be br\ght d[n f ! /age ( imm5sity into ! play ( ev]yday life & ev5ts4 ,b we mu/ p5etrate /ill deep]4 ,s*lei]ma*] has direct$ our att5tion anew to ! fact t ! mo/ pr(\nd elem5t 9 religion is t deep-ly+ consci\sness ( all creatures1 8,i t am du/ & a%es10 t humble feel+ ( ! absolute dep5d5ce ( e be+ 9 ! _w on ,"o t is above all ! _w4 ,b religion does n fully express itself ev5 9 ?is2 !re is yet ano!r note t s\nds /ill deep] & is ! keynote ( ! triad4 8,let a man exam9e himself40 ,is x n ! case t we ourselves1 9 z f> z ! delight 9 k & ! en?usiasm = solv+ riddles h tak5 hold ( u1 rejoice 9 e new piece ( elucidation & int]pretation t sci5ce succe$s 9 mak+1 t we are 9 ! fulle/ sympa?y ) ! impulse to und]/& ev]y?+ & br+ reason & cle>ness into x1 & t we give he>ty adh]5ce to ! lead+ ideas :i* guide ! inve/igations ( natural sci5ce8 ,yet on ! o!r h&1 9 z f> z we are religi\s1 d we n sometimes feel a sudd5 inw>d recoil f ?is almo/ pr(ane eag]ness to p5etrate into ! my/]y ( ?+s1 ?is desire to h ev]y?+ intelligible1 cle>1 rational & transp>5t8 ,?is feel+ :i* /irs 9 u has always exi/$ 9 all religi\s m9ds & w only die ) !m4 ,& we ne$ n hesitate to say s pla9ly4 ,= ?is is ! mo/ real *>act]i/ic ( religion2 x seeks dep? 9 ?+s1 rea*es out t[>ds :at is conceal$1 uncompreh5d$1 & my/]i\s4 ,x is m ?an humility2 x is piety4 ,& piety is exp]i5ce ( my/]y4 ,x is at ?is po9t t religion comes mo/ viol5tly into antagonism ) ! mean+ & mood ( naturalism4 ,"h !y fir/ conflict 9 e>ne/4 ,& x is "h above all t sci5tific inve/igation & its mat]iali/ic complem5t seem to take away fre$om & tru?1 air & light f religion4 ,= sci5ce is seek+ especially ?is3 ,deep] p5etration into & illum9ation ( ! _w4 ,x presses ) macroscope & microscope into its mo/ outly+ regions & mo/ hidd5 corn]s1 into its abysses & fa/nesses4 ,x expla9s away ! old idea ( two worlds1 "o on ?is side & "o on t1 & rejects heav5ly ?+s ) ! notice 8,no ,room0 ( :i* ,d4 ,fr4 ,/rauss speaks4 ,x aims at discov]+ ! ma!matical _w-=mul1 if n inde$ "o great g5]al =mula :i* embraces1 def9es unequivocally1 & rationalises all ! processes ( & 9 inf9ity1 f ! movem5ts ( ,sirius to ^? ( ! cilia ( ! infusorian 9 ! drop ( wat]1 & :i* n only cr[ds 8heav50 out ( ! _w1 b /rips away f ?+s ! fr+e ( ! my/]i\s & incomm5surable :i* seem$ to surr\nd !m4 ,my/]y 3 ,dep5d5ce 3 ,purpose4 ,!re is !n a ?reefold religi\s int]e/1 & !re are ?ree correspond+ po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! religi\s & ! naturali/ic int]pretations ( ! _w1 :]e1 z x appe>s1 !y are necess>ily antagoni/ic to "o ano!r4 ,arrang+ !m 9 _! prop] ord] we f9d1 fir/1 ! int]e/1 nev] to be rel9qui%$1 ( exp]i5c+ & ackn[l$g+ ! _w & exi/5ce to be a my/]y1 & reg>d+ all t is kn[n & manife/$ 9 ?+s m]ely z ! ?9 cru/ :i* sep>ates u f ! uncompreh5d$ & inexpressible4 ,secondly1 !re is ! desire on ! "p ( religion to br+ ourselves & all creatures into ! 8feel+ ( absolute dep5d5ce10 &1 z ! belief 9 creation does1 to subord9ate ourselves & !m to ! ,et]nal ,p[] t is n ( ! _w1 b is above ! _w4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! int]e/ 9 a teleological int]pretation ( ! _w z oppos$ to ! purely causal int]pretation ( natural sci5ce2 t is to say1 an int]pretation ( ! _w accord+ to et]nal ,god-will$ purposes1 gov]n+ ideas1 a plan & aim4 ,9 all ?ree respects1 x is important to religion t x %\ld be able to ma9ta9 its validity & fre$om z contra/$ ) naturalism4 ,b :ile religion mu/ inquire ( itself into ! reality ( ?+s1 ) special reg>d to its own ne$s1 !re are two possibilities :i* may s]ve to make peace betwe5 x & natural sci5ce4 ,x may1 = in/ance1 be possible t ! ma!matical-me*anical int]pretation ( ?+s1 ev5 if x be suffici5t )9 its own doma91 does n take away f nature ! *>act]s :i* religion seeks & requires 9 x1 namely1 purpose1 dep5d5ce & my/]y4 ,or x may be t nature itself does n correspond at all to ?is ideal ( ma!matical explicability1 t ?is ideal may be well en\gh z a guide = inve/igation1 b t x is n a fundam5tal clue really apply+ to nature z a :ole & 9 its ess5ce4 ,x may be t nature z a :ole _c be sci5tifically summ$ up )\t /ra9+ ! me*anical categories4 ,& ?is sugge/s ano!r possibility1 namely1 t ! naturali/ic me?od ( int]pretation _c be appli$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole t]ritory ( nature1 t x embraces c]ta9 aspects b n o!rs1 &1 f9ally1 t x is di/9ctly int]rupt$ & held 9 abeyance at p>ticul> po9ts by ! incomm5surable :i* breaks =? spontane\sly out ( ! dep?s ( ph5om5a1 reveal+ a dep? :i* is n to be expla9$ away4 ,all ^! possibilities occur4 ,& ?\gh !y ne$ n necess>ily be reg>d$ z ! key to our ord] ( discussion1 9 :at foll[s we %all (t5 meet !m s+ly or toge!r4 ,! ,my/]y ( ,exi/5ce ,rema9s ,unexpla9$4 #a4 ,let u beg9 ) ! problem ( ! my/]y ( all exi/5ce1 & see :e!r x rema9s unaffect$1 or :e!r x disappe>s 9 face ( naturali/ic int]pretation1 ) its discov]y & =mulation ( law & ord]1 ) its me?ods ( measur+ & comput+4 ,m prim>y ev5 ?an fai? & he>tfelt tru/ 9 ev]la/+ wisdom & purposeful ,provid5ce !re is piety2 !re is dev\t s5se ( awe be=e ! m>vell\s & my/]i\s1 be=e ! dep? & ! hidd5 nature ( all ?+s & all be+1 be=e unspeakable my/]ies ov] :i* we hov]1 & abysmal dep?s ov] :i* we are borne4 ,9 a _w :i* _h n ^!1 & c\ld n be fir/ felt 9 ?is way1 religion c\ld n live at all4 ,x c\ld n sail on its too %all[ wat]s1 or brea! its too ?9 air4 ,x is inde$ a fact t :at alone we c fitly speak ( & love z religion--! s5se ( my/]y & ! g5tle %udd]+ ( piety be=e ! dep? ( ph5om5a & _! ev]la/+ div9e abysses1--has its true place & k+dom 9 ! _w ( m9d & hi/ory1 ) its exp]i5ces1 riddles1 & dep?s4 ,b my/]y is to be f\nd 9 ! _w ( nature z well4 ,x is only to a v sup]ficial /udy t x c\ld appe> z ?\gh nature 71 or ev] c\ld become1 pla9 & obvi\s1 z if ! veil ( ,isis :i* %r\ds its dep?s f all inve/igation c\ld ev] be torn away4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x w\ld make no diff]5ce ev5 ?\gh ! attempt to range ! :ole realm ( nature "u ! sway ( inviolable laws 7 to be imm$iately successful4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! fir/ ( our ma9 propositions 7p4 #ce74 ,9 ord] to realise ?is x is necess>y to reflect = a little on ! relation ( 8explanation0 & 8description0 to "o ano!r1 & on :at is meant by 8e/abli%+ laws0 & 8und]/&+0 9 g5]al4 ,! aim ( all inve/igation is to und]/& ! _w4 ,to und]/& x obvi\sly means some?+ m ?an m]ely to "k x4 ,x is n en\gh = u to "k ?+s1 t is1 to "k :at1 h[ _m1 & :at diff]5t k9ds ( ?+s !re are4 ,on ! contr>y1 we want to und]/& !m1 to "k h[ !y came to be z !y are1 & :y !y are precisely z !y are4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is und]/&+ is m]ely to "k1 t is1 we mu/ rightly appreh5d & dis5tangle ! ?+s & processes ( ! _w1 gr\p+ !m1 & describ+ !m adequately & exhau/ively4 ,b :at ,i h m]ely describ$ ,i h n yet und]/ood2 ,i am only prep>+ to try to und]/& x4 ,x /&s be=e me envelop$ 9 all its my/]y1 & ,i mu/ n[ beg9 to attempt to solve x1 = describ+ is n expla9+2 x is only *all5g+ explanation4 ,! next /ep is to discov] & =mulate ! laws4 ,= :5 man sifts out ?+s & processes & foll[s !m out into _! *anges & /ages he discov]s ! iron regul>ity ( sequ5ces1 ! /rictly def9$ l9es & pa?s1 ! inviolable ord] & connection 9 ?+s & occurr5ces1 & he =mulates ^! into laws1 ascrib+ to !m ! idea ( necessity :i* he f9ds 9 himself4 ,9 s do+ he makes di/9ct progress1 = he c n[ g beyond :at is actually se51 he c draw inf]5ces ) c]ta9ty z to effects & "w back to causes4 ,& ?us ord]1 bread? ( view1 & uni=mity are br\ght into 8 acqua9tance ) facts1 & 8 sci5ce beg9s4 ,= sci5ce does n m]ely mean acqua9tance ) ph5om5a 9 _! cont+5t or isolat$ occurr5ce1 manifold & v>i$ z t may be2 x is ! discov]y & e/abli%m5t ( ! laws & g5]al modes ( occurr5ce4 ,)\t ?is we might collect curiosities1 b we %\ld n h sci5ce4 ,& to discov] ?is network ( uni=mities ?r\gh\t all ph5om5a1 9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies & 9 ! liv+ sub/ance ( ! cell alike1 is ! prim>y aim ( all inve/igation4 ,we are /ill f> away f ?is goal1 & x is m ?an que/ionable :e!r we %all ev] rea* x4 ,b if ! goal %\ld ev] be rea*$1 if1 9 o!r words1 we %\ld ev] be able to say ) c]ta9ty :at mu/ result if occurr5ces a & b are giv51 or :at a & b mu/ h be5 :5 c occurs1 w\ld explanation !n h tak5 ! place ( description8 ,or w\ld und]/&+ h replac$ my/]y8 ,obvi\sly n at all4 ,x has inde$ (t5 be5 suppos$ t ?is w\ld be ! case4 ,p h imag9$ !y h und]/ood1 :5 !y h se5 t 8t is always s1 & t x always happ5s 9 ?is p>ticul> way40 ,b ?is is a nave idea4 ,! region ( ! describ$ has m]ely become l>g]1 & ! riddle has become m complex4 ,= n[ we h be=e u n only ! ?+s !mselves1 b ! m m>vell\s laws :i* 8gov]n0 !m4 ,b laws are n =ces or impell+ causes4 ,!y d n cause any?+ to happ51 & !y d n expla9 any?+4 ,& z 9 ! case ( ?+s s 9 t ( laws1 we want to "k h[ !y are1 :5ce !y come1 & :y !y are z !y are & n q diff]5t4 ,! fact t we h describ$ !m simply excites /ill m /rongly ! desire to expla9 !m4 ,to expla9 is to be able to answ] ! "q 8,:y80 ,natural sci5ce is v well aw>e ( ?is4 ,x calls its previ\s descriptions 8m]ely hi/orical10 & x desires to supplem5t ^! ) tiology1 causal explanation1 a deep] int]pretation1 t 9 its turn w make laws sup]flu\s1 because x w p5etrate s deeply into ! nature ( ?+s t x w see precisely :y ^!1 & n o!r laws ( v>iation1 ( developm5t1 ( becom+1 hold sway4 ,?is is j ! mean+ ( ! 8r$uctions0 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,= in/ance1 9 reg>d to cry/al =mation1 8explanation0 w h replac$ description only :51 in/ead ( demon/rat+ ! =ms & laws accord+ to :i* a p>ticul> cry/al always & necess>ily arises out ( a p>ticul> solution1 we are able to %[ :y1 f a p>ticul> mixture & because ( c]ta9 co-op]at+ molecul> =ces1 & ( o!r m prim>y1 m remote1 b also intelligible conditions1 ^! =ms & processes ( cry/allisation %\ld always & ( necessity occur4 ,if ?is explanation 7 possible1 ! 8law0 w\ld also be expla9$1 & w\ld !re=e become sup]flu\s4 ,f ?is & simil> examples we c le>n at :at po9t 8explanation0 beg9s to replace description1 namely1 :5 processes resolve !mselves into simpl] processes f ! concurr5ce ( :i* !y arise4 ,?is is exactly :at natural sci5ce desires to br+ ab\t1 & :at naturalism hopes ultimately to succe$ 91 !reby solv+ ! riddle ( exi/5ce4 ,b ?is k9d ( r$uction to simpl] t]ms only becomes 8explanation0 :5 ^! simpl] t]ms are !mselves cle> & intelligible & n m]ely simple2 t is to say1 :5 we c imm$iately see :y ! simpl] process occurs1 & by :at means x is br\ght ab\t1 :5 ! "q z to ! 8:y0 is no long] necess>y1 because1 on becom+ aw>e ( ! process1 we imm$iately & directly p]ceive t x is a matt] ( c\rse1 indisputable1 & requir+ no pro(4 ,if ?is is n ! case1 ! r$uction to simpl] t]ms has be5 mislead+4 ,we h only replac$ "o un9telligibility by ano!r1 "o description by ano!r1 & s simply pu%$ back ! :ole problem4 ,naturalism supposes t by ?is gradual pu%+ back ! task w at lea/ become m & m simple1 until at la/ a po9t is rea*$ :]e ! riddle w solve itself1 because description becomes equival5t to explanation4 ,?is f9al /age is suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ! =ces ( attraction & repulsion1 ) :i* ! smalle/ simil> p>ticles ( matt] are equipp$4 ,out ( ! endlessly v>i$ correlations ( ^! !re arise all high] =ms ( en]gy & all ! comb9ations :i* make up m complex ph5om5a4 ,b 9 reality ?is does n help u at all4 ,= n[ we are def9itely br\ght face to face ) ! q unansw]able "q1 ,h[1 f all ?is homog5eity & unity ( ! ultimate p>ticles & =ces1 c we acc\nt = ! beg9n+s ( ! div]sity :i* is s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic ( ?is _w8 ,:5ce came ! causes ( ! syn!ses to high] unities1 ! reasons = ! comb9ation into high] resultants ( en]gy8 ,b ev5 ap>t f t1 x is q obvi\s t we h n yet rea*$ ! ultimate po9t4 ,= c 8attraction10 influ5ce at a di/ance1 vis a fronte1 be consid]$ z a fact :i* is 9 itself cle>8 ,is x n r ! mo/ puzzl+ fundam5tal riddle we c be call$ ^u to expla98 ,assur$ly4 ,& !re=e ! attempt is made to p5etrate /ill deep] to ! ultimate po9t1 ! la/ possible r$uction to simpl] t]ms1 by ref]r+ all actual 8=ces0 & r$uc+ all movem5t1 & !re) all 8action10 to t]ms ( attraction & repulsion1 :i* are free f any?+ my/]i\s1 ^: mode ( work+ c be unambigu\sly & pla9ly set =? 9 ! law ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,law8 ,set =?8 ,!re=e /ill only description8 ,c]ta9ly only description1 n explanation 9 ! lea/4 ,ev5 assum+ t x is true1 in/ead ( a m]e ,utopia1 t all ! secrets & riddles ( nature c be trac$ back to matt] mov$ by attraction & repulsion accord+ to ! simple/ laws ( ^!1 !y w\ld /ill only be summ$ up into a great g5]al riddle1 :i* is only ! m colossal because x is able to embrace all o!rs )9 itself4 ,= attraction & repulsion1 ! transf]5ce ( motion1 & ! comb9ation ( motion accord+ to ! law ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces--all ?is is m]ely description ( processes ^: inn] causes we d n und]/&1 :i* appe> simple1 & are s1 b are nev]!less n self-evid5t or to be tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse2 !y are n 9 !mselves intelligible1 b =m an absolute 8_w-riddle40 ,f ! v root ( ?+s !re gazes at u ! same ,sph9x :i* we _h app>5tly driv5 f ! =egr\nd4 ,b fur!rmore1 ?is r$uction to simpl] t]ms is an impossible & nev]-end+ task4 ,!re is fre% confusion at e /ep4 ,9 r$uc+ to simpl] t]ms1 x is (t5 =gott5 t ! pr9ciple ( comb9ation is n inh]5t 9 ! m simple1 & _c be 8r$uc$40 ,or else !re is an ignor+ ( ! fact t a transition has be5 made1 n f resultants to compon5ts1 b to q a diff]5t k9d ( ph5om5a4 ,innum]able z are ! possible r$uctions to simpl] t]ms1 & mi/ak5 z x w\ld be to rema9 prematurely at ! level ( description1 x _c be d5i$ t ! fundam5tal facts ( ! _w are pure facts :i* mu/ simply be accept$ :]e !y occur1 indisputable1 inexplicable1 imp5etrable1 ! 8:5ce0 & ! 8h[0 ( _! exi/5ce q uncompreh5d$4 ,& ?is is especially true ( e new & peculi> expression ( :at we call en]gy & en]gies4 ,gravitation _c be r$uc$ to t]ms ( attraction & repulsion1 nor action at a di/ance to action at close qu>t]s2 x might1 inde$1 be %[n t repulsion 9 its turn presupposes attraction be=e x c become possible2 ! 8en]gies0 ( pond]able matt] _c be r$uc$ to ! 8e!r0 & its processes ( motion1 nor ! complex play ( ! *emical aff9ities to ! attraction ( masses 9 g5]al or to gravity4 ,& ?us ! s]ies asc5ds ?r\gh\t ! sph]es ( nature up to ! my/]i\s directive en]gies 9 ! cry/al1 & to ! und]ivable ph5om5a ( movem5t 9 ! liv+ sub/ance1 p]haps ev5 to ! functions ( w-p[]4 ,all ^! c be discov]$1 b n really und]/ood4 ,!y c be describ$1 b n expla9$4 ,& we are absolutely ignorant z to :y !y %\ld h em]g$ f ! dep? ( nature1 :at t dep? really is1 or :at /ill rema9s hidd5 9 h] my/]i\s lap4 ,nei!r :at nature reveals to u nor :at x conceals f u is 9 any true s5se 8compreh5d$10 & we flatt] ourselves t we und]/& h] secrets :5 we h only become accu/om$ to !m4 ,if we try to break ! p[] ( ?is accu/om$ness & to consid] ! actual relations ( ?+s !re dawns 9 u a feel+ already awak5$ by direct impressions & exp]i5ce2 ! feel+ ( ! my/]i\s & enigmatical1 ( ! abyssmal dep?s b5ea?1 & ( :at lies f> above our compreh5sion1 alike 9 reg>d to our own exi/5ce & e o!r4 ,! _w is at no po9t self-explanatory1 b at all po9ts m>vell\s4 ,its laws are only =mulat$ riddles4 ,evolution & ,new ,beg9n+s4 ,all ?is ?r[s an important light ^u two subjects :i* are relevant 9 ?is connection1 b :i* _c "h be exhau/ively dealt )1--evolution & new beg9n+s4 ,let u consid]1 = in/ance1 ! m>vell\s range & div]sity ( ! *>act]i/ic *emical prop]ties & int]relations ( sub/ances4 ,ea* "o ( !m1 contra/$ ) ! prec$+ l[] =ms & /ages ( 8en]gy10 contra/$ ) m]e attraction1 repulsion1 gravitation1 is some?+ absolutely new1 a new int]polation 7( c\rse n 9 reg>d to "t b to grade71 a ph5om5on :i* _c be 8expla9$0 by :at has gone be=e4 ,x simply occurs1 & we f9d x 9 its own "t & place4 ,we may call ?is new em]g5ce 8evolution10 & we may use ?is t]m 9 connection ) e new /age high] ?an ^? prec$+ x4 ,b x is n evolution 9 a crude & quantitative s5se1 accord+ to :i* ! 8m highly evolv$0 is no?+ m ?an an addition & comb9ation ( :at 0 already !re2 x is evolution 9 ! old s5se ( ! ^w1 accord+ to :i* ! m develop$ is a high] analogue ( ! less develop$1 b is 9 its own way z indep5d5t1 z mu* a new beg9n+ z ea* ( ! antec$5t /ages1 & !re=e 9 ! /rict s5se nei!r d]ivable f !m nor r$ucible to !m4 ,x mu/ be not$ t 9 ?is s5se evolution & new beg9n+s are already pres5t at a v e>ly /age 9 nature & are "p ( its ess5ce4 ,we mu/ be> ?is 9 m9d if we are rightly to und]/& ! subtl] processes 9 nature :i* we f9d em]g+ at a high] level4 ,x is illusory to suppose t x is a 8natural0 assumption to 8d]ive0 ! liv+ f l[] processes 9 nature4 ,! non-liv+ & ! inorganic are also und]ivable z to _! individual /ages1 & ! leap f ! inorganic to ! organic is simply mu* great] ?an t f attraction 9 g5]al to *emical aff9ity4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! fir/ occurr5ce--und\bt$ly controll$ & condition$ by int]nal necessity--( cry/allisation1 or ( life1 or ( s5sation has j ! same m>vell\sness z ev]y?+ individual & ev]y?+ new 9 any asc5d+ s]ies 9 nature4 ,9 %ort1 e new beg9n+ has ! same m>vel4 ,p]haps ?is consid]ation goes /ill deep]1 ?r[+ light ^u or sugge/+ ! prop] basis = a /udy ( ! doma9 ( m9d & ( hi/ory4 ,x is imm$iately obvi\s t !re1 at any rate1 we ent] into a region ( ph5om5a :i* _c be d]iv$ f any?+ antec$5t1 or r$uc$ to any?+ l[]4 ,x mu/ be "o ( ! *ief tasks ( naturalism to expla9 away ^! facts1 & to ma9ta9 ! sway ( 8evolution10 n 9 our s5se b 9 its own1 t is 8to expla90 ev]y?+ new & individual f t :i* prec$es x4 ,b ! ass]tion t ?is c be done is "h d\bly false4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 x _c be prov$ t me?ods ( /udy :i* are relatively valid = natural ph5om5a are applicable also to ^? ( ! m9d4 ,& 9 ! second place we mu/ admit t ev5 9 nature--ap>t f m9d--we h to d ) new beg9n+s :i* are und]ivable f _! antec$5ts4 ,all be+ is inscrutable my/]y z a :ole1 & f its v f\ndations upw>ds ?r\gh ea* successively high] /age ( its evolution1 9 an increas+ degree1 until x rea*es a climax 9 ! incompreh5sibility ( individuality4 ,x is a my/]y t does n =ce itself into nature z sup]natural or miracul\s1 b is fundam5tally implicit 9 x1 a my/]y t 9 its unfold+ assur$ly foll[s ! /ricte/ law1 ! mo/ inviolable rules1 :e!r 9 ! *emical aff9ities a high] grade ( en]gies reveals itself1 or :e!r--unque/ionably also 9 ob$i5ce to ev]la/+ law--! physical & *emical conditions admit ( ! occurr5ce ( life1 or :e!r 9 8 own "t & place a g5ius arises47#a7 ,! ,dep5d5ce ( ! ,ord] ( ,nature4 7#b & #c74 ,! 8dep5d5ce0 ( all ?+s is ! second requirem5t ( religion1 )\t :i* x is altoge!r inconceivable4 ,we avoid ! words 8creation0 & 8be+ creat$10 because !y involve an?ropomorphic & altoge!r insuffici5t modes ( repres5tation4 ,b ?r\gh\t we h 9 m9d1 z sugge/$ by ,s*lei]ma*]'s expression already quot$1 :at all religion means :5 x decl>es nature & ! _w to be creatures4 ,! inali5able cont5t ( ?is idea is t deep & assur$ feel+ t our nature & all nature does n re/ 9 its own /r5g? & self-suffici5cy1 t !re mu/ be m secure reasons = nature :i* are absolutely outside ( x1 & t x is dep5d5t ^u1 & condition$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by some?+ above itself1 indep5d5t1 & uncondition$4 8,i believe t ,god has creat$ me toge!r ) all creatures40 7,lu!r47 ,?is fai? seem$ easi] 9 e>li] times1 :5 m5's eyes 7 n yet op5$ to see ! deep-ly+ connect$ness ( all ph5om5a1 ! inexorabl5ess ( causal sequ5ces1 :5 x 0 believ$ t1 9 ! app>5tly num]\s int]ruptions ( ! causal sequ5ces1 ! frailty & dep5d5ce ( ?is _w & its ne$ = heav5ly aid c\ld be directly obs]v$1 :51 !re=e1 x 0 n difficult to believe t ! _w 0 8no?+0 & p]i%able1 t x _h be5 call$ =? out ( no?+1 & t 9 its transi5t nature x c>ri$ = ev] ! traces ( ?is orig94 ,b to-day x is n s easy to believe 9 ?is dep5d5ce1 = nature seems to %[ itself1 9 its inviolable laws & unbrok5 sequ5ces1 z entirely suffici5t unto itself1 s t = e ph5om5on a suffici5t cause is to be f\nd )9 nature1 t is1 9 ! sum ( ! antec$5t /ates & conditions :i*1 accord+ to inevitable laws1 mu/ result 9 & produce :at foll[s4 ,we h already not$ t ?is is mo/ obvi\sly disc]nible 9 ! _w ( ! great masses1 ! heav5ly bodies :i* pursue _! c\rses f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 mutually condition+ !mselves & betray+ no ne$ = or dep5d5ce ^u any?+ outside ( !mselves4 ,ev]y?+1 ev5 ! smalle/ movem5t1 is "h det]m9$ /rictly by ! dep5d5ce ( ea* ^u all & ( all ^u ea*4 ,!re is no v>iation1 no *ange ( position = :i* an entirely satisfactory cause _c be f\nd 9 ! sy/em z a :ole1 :i* works l an imm5se ma*9e4 ,no?+ indicates dep5d5ce ^u any?+ ext]nal4 ,& z x is to-day s x 0 ye/]day1 & a million ye>s ago1 & innum]able millions ( ye>s ago4 ,x seems q gratuit\s to suppose t some?+ :i* does n occur to-day 0 necess>y at an e>li] p]iod1 & t ev]y?+ has n be5 f all et]nity j z x is n[4 ,we saw t naturalism is attempt+ to ext5d ?is "* ( indep5d5ce & self-suffici5cy f ! a/ronomical _w to ! _w z a :ole4 ,%all we attempt1 !n1 to oppose x 9 ?is ambition1 b surr5d] ! realm ( ! heav5ly bodies z already conqu]$8 ,by no means4 ,= religion _c exclude ! sol> sy/em f ! dep5d5ce ( all be+ ^u ,god4 ,& ?is v example is ! mo/ conspicu\s "o1 ! "o 9 reg>d to :i* ! :ole problem c be mo/ def9itely =mulat$4 ,a/ronomy tea*es u t all cosmic processes are gov]n$ by a m>vell\s f>-rea*+ uni=mity ( law1 :i* unites 9 /ricte/ h>mony ! ne>e/ & ! mo/ remote4 ,has ?is fact any be>+ ^u ! problem ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! _w8 ,no4 ,x surely _c be t a _w )\t ord] c\ld be br\ght "u ! religi\s po9t ( view m readily ?an "o gov]n$ by law6 ,let u suppose = a mom5t t we _h to d ) a _w )\t /rict nexus & def9ite ord] ( sequ5ce1 )\t law & )\t ord]1 full ( caprici\s ph5om5a1 unregulat$ associations1 an incon/ant play ( causes4 ,su* a _w w\ld be to u un9telligible1 /range1 absurd4 ,b x w\ld n necess>ily be m 8dep5d5t10 m 8condition$0 ?an any o!r4 ,_h ,i no o!r reasons = look+ beyond ! _w1 & = reg>d+ x z dep5d5t on some?+ outside ( itself1 ! abs5ce ( law & ord] w\ld assur$ly furni% me ) none4 ,=1 assum+ t x is possible at all to conceive ( a _w & its cont5ts z indep5d5t1 & z conta9+ its own suffici5t cause )9 itself1 x w\ld be q z easily ?\ght ( z a confus$ lawless play ( *ances z a well-ord]$ ,cosmos4 ,p]haps m easily2 = x goes )\t say+ t su* a conglom]ation ( promiscu\s *ances c\ld n possibly be ?\ght ( z a _w ( ,god4 ,ord] & /rict ob$i5ce to law1 f> f be+ exclud$1 are requir$ by fai? 9 ,god1 are inde$ a direct & inevitable prelim9>y to ?9k+ ( ! _w z dep5d5t ^u ,god4 ,?us we may /ate ! p>adox1 t only a ,cosmos :i*1 by its /rict ob$i5ce to law1 gives u ! impression ( be+ suffici5t unto itself1 c be conceiv$ ( z actually dep5d5t ^u ,god1 z ,8 creation4 ,if any man desires to /op %ort at ! consid]ation ( ! app>5t self-suffici5cy ( ! ,cosmos & its ob$i5ce to law1 & refuses to recognise any reasons outside ( ! _w = ?is1 we %\ld h>dly be able1 accord+ to our own proposition1 to require him to g f>!r4 ,= we ma9ta9$ t ,god c\ld n be read out ( nature1 t ! idea ( ,god c\ld nev] h be5 ga9$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f a /udy ( nature & ! _w4 ,! problem always be=e u is r1 :e!r1 hav+ ga9$ ! idea f o!r s\rces1 we c include ! _w )9 x4 ,our pres5t "q is :e!r ! _w1 z x is1 & j because x is z x is1 c be conceiv$ ( z dep5d5t ^u ,god4 ,& ?is "q c only be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 & 9 ! s5se ( ,s*ill]'s (t-quot$ l9es3 ,! great ,creator ,we see n--,he conceals himself )9 ,8 own et]nal laws4 ,! sceptic sees ,_! op]ation1 b beholds n ,him1 8,:]e=e a ,god60 he cries1 8! _w itself ,suffices = itself60 & ,*ri/ian pray] ,ne'er prais$ him m1 ?an does ?is blasphemy4 ,god's _w c\ld n possibly be a conglom]ation ( *ances2 x mu/ be ord]ly1 & ! fact t x is s proves its dep5d5ce4 ,b :ile we ?us hold fa/ to our canon1 we %all f9d t ! ass]tion ( ! _w's dep5d5ce receives indirect corroboration ev5 9 reg>d to ! a/ronomical realm1 f c]ta9 signs :i* x exhibits1 f c]ta9 sugge/ions :i* are impli$ 9 x4 ,we mu/ n :olly ov]look two facts :i*1 to say ! lea/1 are difficult to fit 9 ) ! idea ( ! indep5d5ce & self-suffici5cy ( ! _w2 ^! are1 on ! "o h&1 ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! idea ( an et]nal ma*9e1 & on ! o!r ! difficult fact ( 8entropy40 ,we h already comp>$ ! _w to a mighty clock1 or a ma*9e :i*1 z a :ole1 repres5ts :at c nev] be f\nd 9 "o ( its p>ts1 a p]petuum mobile4 ,let u h[ev] leave aside ! idea ( a p]petuum mobile1 & dwell r on ! comp>ison ) a ma*9e4 ,x seems obvi\s t 9 ord] to be a ma*9e !re mu/ be a clos$ solid>ity 9 ! sy/em4 ,b h[ c\ld a ma*9e h come into exi/5ce & become functional if x is driv5 by :eels1 :i* are driv5 by :eels1 :i* are aga9 driv5 by :eels 444 & s on unceas+ly8 ,x w\ld n be a ma*9e4 ,! idea falls to pieces 9 our h&s4 ,yet our _w is suppos$ to be j su* an inf9itely cont9u\s 8sy/em40 ,h[ does x beg9 to dep5d ^u & be suffici5t unto itself8 ,b fur!r4 ,x is a clock1 we are told1 :i* ev] w9ds itself up anew1 :i*1 )\t fatigue & 9 ceaseless repetition1 adju/s ! univ]sal cycles ( becom+1 & disappe>+1 & becom+ aga94 ,x seems a corroboration ( ! old ,h]aclitian & ,/oic conception1 t ! et]nal primitive fire br+s =? all ?+s out ( itself1 & takes !m back into itself to br+ !m =? anew4 ,ev5 to-day ! conception is probably g5]al t1 out ( ! orig9al /ates ( ! _w-matt]1 circl+ fi]y nebul =m !mselves & ?r[ (f _! r+s1 t ! break+ up ( ^! r+s gives rise to planets :i* circle 9 sol> sy/ems = _m ons ?r\gh space1 till1 f9ally1 _! en]gy less5$ by friction ) ! e!r1 !y plunge into _! suns aga91 t ! increas$ heat re/ores ! orig9al /ate & ! :ole play beg9s anew4 ,all ?is 0 well en\gh 9 ! days ( navely vitali/ic ideas ( ! _w z hav+ a life & s\l4 ,b n 9 ^! days ( me*anics1 ! /rict calculation ( ! am\nt ( en]gy us$1 & ! me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,! _w-clock _c w9d itself up4 ,x1 too1 owes its activity to ! trans=mation ( pot5tial en]gy into k9etic en]gy4 ,&1 s9ce movem5t & "w take place )9 x1 !re is 9 ! clock z a :ole j z 9 e "o ( its p>ts1 a mighty process ( relaxation ( an orig9ally t5se spr+1 !re is dissipation & trans=mation ( ! /or$ pot5tial en]gy into "w & ultimately into heat4 ,& ) e revolution ( ! e>? & its moon ! _w is mov+ sl[ly b inexorably t[>ds a f9al /age ( complete relaxation ( h] p[]s ( t5sion1 a /ate 9 :i* all en]gy w be trans=m$ into heat1 9 :i* !re w be no diff]5t /ates b only ! mo/ uni=m di/ribution1 9 :i* also all life & all movem5t w cease & ! _w-clock itself w come to a /&/ill4 ,h[ does ?is fit 9 ) ! idea ( indep5d5ce & self-suffici5cy8 ,h[ c\ld ! _w-clock ev] w9d itself up aga9 to ! orig9al /ate ( t5sion :i* 0 simply !re z if %ot f a pi/ol 89 ! beg9n+08 ,:]e is ! ev]la/+ impressive uni=mity & con/ancy ( ! _w8 ,h[ does x happ5 t ! _w-clock has n long ago come to a /&/ill8 ,= ev5 if ! orig9al sum ( pot5tial en]gy is po/ulat$ z inf9ite1 ! et]nity t lies beh9d u is also inf9ite4 ,& s "o inf9ity swall[s ano!r4 ,& innum]able que/ions ( a simil> k9d are cont9ually pres5t+ !mselves4 ,! 8,cont+5cy0 ( ! ,_w4 ,b we ne$ n dwell 9 ! meantime on ^! & ! _m o!r difficulties & riddles pres5t$ by our cosmological hypo!sis4 ,h[ev] ^! may be solv$1 a g5]al consid]ation w rema9--namely1 t :e!r ! _w is gov]n$ by law or n1 :e!r x is suffici5t unto itself or n1 !re is a _w full ( ! mo/ div]se ph5om5a1 & !re are laws4 ,:5ce !n h bo? ^! come8 ,is x a matt] ( c\rse1 is x q obvi\s t !y %\ld exi/ at all1 & t !y %\ld be exactly z !y are8 ,we d n "h appeal )\t fur!r c]emony to ! say+ 8ev]y?+ mu/ h a cause1 !re=e ! _w also40 ,x is n absolutely correct4 ,= in/ance1 if ! _w 7 s con/itut$ t x w\ld be impossible = x n to exi/1 t ! necessity = its exi/5ce & ! inconceivability ( its non-exi/5ce 7 at once explicit & obvi\s1 !n !re w\ld be no s5se 9 inquir+ aft] a cause4 ,9 reg>d to a 8necess>y0 ?+1 if !re 7 any su*1 we _c ask1 8,:y1 & f :at cause does ?is exi/80 ,if x 0 necess>y1 t implies t to ?9k ( x z n exi/+ w\ld be ridicul\s1 & logically or metaphysically impossible4 ,un=tunately !re are no 8necess>y0 ?+s1 s t we _c illu/rate ! case by examples4 ,b !re are at lea/ necess>y tru?s z di/+ui%$ f cont+5t tru?s4 ,& ?us "s light may be br\ght into ! matt] = ! inexp]t4 ,= in/ance1 a necess>y tru? is conta9$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 8,ev]y?+ is equal to itself10 or1 8,! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts is a /raight l9e40 ,we _c ev5 conceive ( ! contr>y4 ,!re=e ^! axioms h no reasons1 & c nei!r be d$uc$ nor prov$4 ,e "q z to _! reasons is q mean+less4 ,z examples ( a 8cont+5t0 tru? we may take 8,x ra9s to-day10 or 8,! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun40 ,= nei!r "o nor ! o!r ( ^! is necess>ily s4 ,x is s z a matt] ( fact1 b "u o!r circum/ances x might h be5 o!rwise4 ,! contr>y c be conceiv$ ( & repres5t$1 & has 9 itself an equal degree ( possibility4 ,!re=e su* a fact requires to be & is capable ( be+ reason$ out4 ,i c & mu/ ask1 8,h[ does x happ5 t x ra9s to-day8 ,:at are ! reasons = x80 ,b z we mu/ seek = suffici5t reasons = 8cont+5t0 tru?s1 t is1 = ^? ( :i* ! contr>y 0 equally possible1 s assur$ly we mu/ seek = suffici5t causes = 8cont+5t0 ph5om5a & ev5ts1 ^? :i* c be ?\ght ( z n exi/+1 or z exi/+ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,= ^! we mu/ f9d causes & actual reasons4 ,o!rwise !y h no f\ndation4 ,! elem5t ( 8cont+5cy0 mu/ be done away )2 !y mu/ be %[n to result f suffici5t causes4 ,t is to say no?+ less ?an t !y mu/ be trac$ back to "s necessity4 ,= x is "o ( ! curi\s fundam5tal convictions ( our reason1 & "o 9 :i* all sci5tific inve/igation has its ultimate roots1 t :at is 8cont+5t0 is only app>5tly s1 & 9 reality is 9 "s way or o!r bas$ on necessity4 ,!re=e reason seeks causes = ev]y?+4 ,! se>* = causes involves %[+ t a ?+ 0 necess>y4 ,& ?is mu/ obvi\sly apply to ! _w z a :ole4 ,if x 7 q obvi\s t ! _w & its exi/5ce z x is 7 necess>y1 t is1 t x w\ld be contr>y to reason to ?9k ( ! _w1 & its ph5om5a1 & _! ob$i5ce to law z non-exi/5t1 or z diff]5t f :at !y are1 all inquiry w\ld be at an end4 ,?is w\ld be ! ultimate necessity 9 :i* all ! app>5t cont+5cy ( isolat$ ph5om5a & exi/5ces 0 firmly bas$4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,t any?+ exi/s1 & t ! _w exi/s1 is = u absolutely ! greate/ 8cont+5cy0 ( all1 & 9 reg>d to x we c & mu/ cont9ually ask1 8,:y does any?+ exi/ at all1 & :y %\ld x n r be non-exi/5t80 ,inde$1 all our que/ = suffici5t causes "h rea*es its climax4 ,9 m detail3 t ^! cele/ial sy/ems & bodies1 ! e!r1 attraction & gravitation %\ld exi/1 & t ev]y?+ %\ld be gov]n$ by def9ite laws1 all lit]ally 8z if %ot f a pi/ol10 !re mu/ und\bt$ly be "s suffici5t reason1 c]ta9 z x is t we %all nev] discov] x4 ,x is true1 z "s "o has said1 t we live n only 9 a v =tuit\s _w1 b 9 an incr$ibly improbable "o4 ,& ?is is n affect$ by ! fact t ! _w is completely gov]n$ by law4 ,law only confirms x4 ,! fact t all details may be cle>ly & ma!matically calculat$ 9 no way prev5ts !m f be+ fundam5tally cont+5t4 ,= !y are only s calculable on ! basis ( ! giv5 fundam5tal *>act]s ( ! _w4 ,& t is precisely ! problem3 8,:y d ^! *>act]s exi/ & n q diff]5t ones1 & :y %\ld any exi/ at all80 ,if any "o %\ld say3 8,well1 we mu/ j cont5t ourselves ) recognis+ ! ess5tially #8cont+5t' nature ( exi/5ce1 = we %all nev] be able to get beyond t10 he w\ld be "r 9 reg>d to ! second /atem5t4 ,to get beyond t & to see :at x is--et]nal & 9 itself necess>y--t lies at ! basis ( ?is _w ( 8cont+5cy0 is inde$ impossible4 ,b he w\ld be wrong z to ! fir/ "p ( ! ass]tion4 ,= no "o w 8cont5t himself40 ,= t all *ance is only app>5tly *ance1 & is ultimately bas$ 9 necessity1 is a deeply-root$ & fundam5tal conviction ( our reason1 "o :i* directs all sci5tific inve/igation1 & :i* _c be ignor$4 ,x dem&s ceaselessly some?+ necess>y z ! p]man5t basis ( cont+5t exi/5ce4 ,& ?is fact is & rema9s ! tru? involv$ 9 ! 8cosmological pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god0 ( =m] days4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly errone\s to suppose t 8,god0 c\ld be prov$4 ,= x is a long way f t 8idea ( necessity0 to religi\s exp]i5ce ( ,god4 ,& x 0 errone\s1 too1 to suppose t any?+ c\ld be really 8prov$40 ,:at is necess>y c nev] really be prov$ f :at is cont+5t4 ,b ! recognition ( ! cont+5t nature ( ! _w is a /imulus t /irs up )9 our reason ! idea ( ! necess>y1 & x is a fact t reason f9ds re/ only 9 ?is idea4 ,! ,real ,_w4 7#d47 ,:at 0 /at$ sep>ately 9 our fir/ & second propositions1 & has hi!rto be5 discuss$1 n[ unites & culm9ates 9 ! f\r?4 ,= if we note ! vital expressions ( religion :]ev] x occurs1 we f9d above all "o ?+ z its mo/ *>act]i/ic sign1 inde$ z its v ess5ce1 9 all places & all times1 (t5 only z a sc>ce utt]$ wi% or long+1 b (t5 break+ =? ) impetu\s might4 ,?is "o ?+ is ! impulse & desire to get beyond "t & space1 & beyond ! oppressive n>r[ness & cramp+ness ( ! _w surr\nd+ u1 ! desire to see into ! dep? & 8o!r side0 ( ?+s & ( exi/5ce4 ,= x is ! v ess5ce ( religion to di/+ui% ?is _w f1 & contra/ x z insuffici5t ) ! real _w :i* is suffici5t1 to reg>d ?is _w :i* we see & "k & possess z only an image1 z only transi5tly real1 9 contra/ ) ! real _w ( true be+ :i* is believ$ 94 ,religion has clo!d ?is ess5tial feature 9 a hundr$ my?ologies & es*atologies1 & "o has always giv5 place to ano!r1 ! m sublim$ to ! m robu/4 ,b ! fundam5tal feature itself _c disappe>4 ,9 apologetics & dogmatics ! int]e/ 9 ?is matt] is (t5 conc5trat$ m or less exclusively ^u ! "q ( 8immortality40 ,wrongly s1 h[ev]1 = ?is que/ aft] ! real _w is n a f9al *apt] 9 religion1 x is religion itself4 ,& 9 ! religi\s s5se ! "q ( immortality is only ju/ifiable & significant :5 x is a "p ( ! g5]al religi\s conviction t ?is _w is n ! truly ess5tial _w1 & t ! true nature ( ?+s1 & ( our own be+1 is deep] ?an we c compreh5d1 & lies beyond ?is side ( ?+s1 beyond "t & space4 ,to ! religi\s m9d x _c be ( great importance :e!r exi/5ce is to be cont9u$ = a little at lea/ beyond ?is life4 ,9 :at way w\ld su* a wi% be religi\s8 ,b ! inw>d conviction t 8all t is transitory is only a p>able10 t all "h is only a veil & a curta91 & ! desire to get beyond semblance to tru?1 beyond insuffici5cy to suffici5cy1 conc5trate !mselves especially 9 ! ass]tion ( ! et]nity ( our true be+4 ,x is ) ?is *>act]i/ic ( religion t ! _s & me?od ( naturalism contra/ s %>ply4 ,naturalism po9ts out ) special satisfaction t ?is dep? ( ?+s1 ?is home ( ! s\l is n[h]e discov]able4 ,! great discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,newton h done away ) ! possibility ( t4 ,no empyrean1 no corn] ( ! _w rema9s available4 ,ev5 ! attempt$ flight to sun1 moon1 or />s does n help4 ,x is true t ! newly discov]$ _w is )\t end1 b1 beyond a d\bt1 9 its out]mo/ & inn]mo/ dep?s x is a _w ( space & "t4 ,ev5 9 ! /ell> abysses 8ev]y?+ is j ! same z ) u40 ,all ?is is d\btless correct1 & x is v :olesome = religion4 ,= x prompts religion no long] to seek its treasure1 ! true nature ( ?+s1 & its ev]la/+ home 9 "t & space1 z ! my?ologies & es*atologies h s\ght !m repeat$ly4 ,x ?r[s religion back on ! fundam5tal insight & on ! convictions :i* x _h atta9$ long be=e philosophy & criticism ( k _h arriv$ at simil> views3 namely1 t "t & space1 & ?is _w ( "t & space1 d n comprise ! :ole ( exi/5ce1 nor exi/5ce z x really is1 b are only a manife/ation ( x to our f9ite & limit$ k4 ,be=e ! days ( mod]n a/ronomy1 & )\t its help1 religion knew t ,god 0 n conf9$ to 8heav510 or any:]e 9 space1 & t "t z x is = u 0 n = ,him4 ,ev5 9 ! t]ms 8et]nity0 & 8inf9ity0 x %[s an anticipatory k ( a be+ & reality above "t & space4 ,^! ideas 7 n ga9$ f a contemplation ( nature1 b be=e x & f indep5d5t s\rces4 ,b ?\gh x is by no means ! task ( apologetics to build up ^! ideas directly f a /udy ( ?+s1 x is ( no little importance to inquire :e!r religion possesses 9 ^! convictions only po/ulates ( fai?1 = :i* x mu/ labori\sly & =cibly make a place 9 ! face ( k1 or :e!r a ?or\gh & self-critical k does n r confirm !m1 & %[ u1 )9 ! _w ( k itself1 unmi/akable signs t x _c be ! true1 full reality1 b po9ts to some?+ beyond itself4 ,to /udy ?is "q ?or\ghly w\ld involve sett+ =? a special !ory ( k & exi/5ce4 ,?is _c be attempt$ "h4 ,b ,kant's great doctr9e ( ! 8,ant9omy ( ,reason0 has = all "t brok5 up = u ! n>r[ness ( ! naturali/ic way ( ?9k+4 ,e "o :o has felt cramp$ by ! n>r[ limits 9 :i* reality 0 conf9$ by a purely mundane outlook mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! lib]at+ influ5ce ( ! ,kantian ,ant9omy if he has ?\ght ov] x c>efully4 ,! ?ick curta9 :i* sep>ates be+ f appe>ance seems to be torn away1 or at any rate to reveal itself z a curta94 ,kant %[s t1 if we 7 to take ?is _w z x lies be=e u = ! true reality1 we %\ld l& 9 inextricable contradictions4 ,^! contradictions %[ t ! true _w itself _c co9cide ) our ?\ght & compreh5sion1 = 9 be+ itself !re c be no contradictions4 ,o!rwise x w\ld n exi/4 ,! anci5t problems ( philosophy1 f ! "t ( ! ,eleatic s*ool onw>ds1 f9d "h _! adequate =mulation4 ,kant's disciple1 ,fries1 has c>ri$ ! matt] fur!r1 & has attempt$ to develop :at = ,kant /ill rema9$ a sort ( emb>rassm5t ( reason to m precise pron\ncem5ts z to ! relation ( true be+ to its manife/ation1 ,! ,antimony ( ,our ,conception ( ,"t4 ,a few examples may s]ve to make ! po9t cle>4 ,! fir/ ( ! ant9omies is also ! mo/ impressive4 ,x br+s be=e u ! insuffici5cy ( our conceptions ( "t1 & %[s ! impossibility ( transf]r+1 f ! _w z x appe>s to u1 to real ,be+ any mode ( conceiv+ "t :i* we possess4 ,! difficulty is1 :e!r we are to ?9k ( our _w z hav+ _h a beg9n+ or n4 ,! nave outlook w at once assume )\t fur!r ado a beg9n+ ( all ?+s4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ h _h a beg9n+1 ?\gh t may h be5 a v long "t ago4 ,b on m c>eful reflection x is f\nd impossible to imag9e ?is1 & !n ! assumption t ?+s _h no beg9n+ is made ) z little scruple4 ,let u suppose t ! beg9n+ ( ?+s 0 six ?\s&1 or1 :at is q z easy1 six ?\s& billion ye>s ago4 ,we are at once l$ to ask :at !re 0 ! ye> be=e or _m ye>s be=e1 & :at !re 0 be=e t aga91 & s on until we face ! inf9ite & beg9n+less4 ,?us we f9d t we h nev] really ?\ght ( a beg9n+ ( ?+s1 & nev] c\ld ?9k ( x1 b t our ?9k+ always c>ries u into ! inf9ite4 ,"t1 at any rate1 we h ?\ght ( z inf9ite4 ,we may !n amuse ourselves by try+ to conceive ( endless "t z empty1 b we %all h>dly be able to give any reason = arriv+ at t idea4 ,if "t goes back to inf9ity1 x seems difficult to see :y x %\ld n always h be5 fill$1 in/ead ( only be+ s fill$ f "s arbitr>y po9t4 ,& 9 any case ! v fact ( ! exi/5ce ( "t makes ! problem ( beg9n+ or n beg9n+ insoluble4 ,= su* reasons ,ari/otle ass]t$ t ! _w _h no beg9n+1 & reject$ ! contr>y idea z *ildi%4 ,b ! idea ( no beg9n+ is also *ildi% or r impossible1 & 9 reality inconceivable4 ,= if x be assum$ t ! _w & "t h nev] _h a beg9n+1 !re /ret*es back f ! "t at :i* ,i n[ f9d myself a pa/ et]nity4 ,x mu/ h pass$ completely z a :ole1 = o!rwise ?is p>ticul> po9t 9 "t c\ld nev] h be5 arriv$ at4 ,s t ,i mu/ ?9k ( an inf9ity :i* nev]!less comes to an end4 ,i _c d ?is4 ,x w\ld be l wood5 iron4 ,! matt] s\nds simple b is nev]!less difficult 9 its consequ5ces4 ,x confronts u at once ) ! fact1 confirm$ by ! !ory ( k1 t "t z we "k x is an absolutely necess>y & fundam5tal =m ( our conceptions & k1 b is likewise ! veil ov] :at is conceal$1 & _c be c>ri$ ov] 9 ! same =m into ! true nature ( ?+s4 ,z ! limits & contradictions 9 ! "t-conception reveal !mselves to u1 !re wakes 9 u ! idea :i* we accept z ! analogue ( "t 9 true be+1 an idea ( exi/5ce "u ! =m ( 8et]nity10 :i*1 s9ce we are ti$ d[n to temporal concepts1 _c be express$ or ev5 ?\ght ( ) any cont5t47#b7 ,! ,antimony ( ! ,condition$ & ! ,uncondition$4 ,! ant9omy ( ! condition$ & ! uncondition$ leads u along simil> l9es4 ,e individual f9ite ?+ or ev5t is dep5d5t on its causes & conditions1 :i* prec$e x or co-exi/ 9 int]-relation ) x4 ,x is condition$1 & is only possible ?r\gh its conditions4 ,b t implies t x c only occur or be grant$ :5 all its conditions are fir/ giv5 9 complete syn!sis4 ,if any "o ( !m fail$1 x w\ld n h come ab\t4 ,b e "o ( its condition+ circum/ances is 9 its turn condition$ by innum]able o!rs1 & e "o ( ^! aga9 by o!rs1 & s on into ! inf9ite1 backw>ds & on all sides1 s t "h aga9 some?+ )\t end & incapable ( end mu/ h come to an end1 & mu/ be ?\ght ( z hav+ an end1 be=e any ev5t :atev] c really come to pass4 ,b ?is aga9 is a %e] impossibility = our ?9k+3 we require & mu/ dem& some?+ complet$1 because n[ is really n[1 & some?+ happ5s n[1 & yet 9 ! _w z x appe>s to u we are always =c$ to face :at _c h an end4 ,! ,antimony ( ,our ,conception ( ,space4 ,to br+ our examples to a conclusion1 we f9d ! same sort ( ant9omy 9 reg>d to space1 & ! _w z x is ext5d$ 9 space4 ,"h1 too1 x becomes app>5t t space z we imag9e x1 & z we c>ry x ) u z a concept = arrang+ our s5se-impressions1 _c correspond to ! true reality4 ,z 9 reg>d to "t1 s also 9 reg>d to space1 we c nev] aft] any di/ance h[ev] enorm\s come to a halt & say1 8,"h is ! end ( space40 ,:e!r we ?9k ( ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit or ! di/ance to ,sirius1 & multiply !m by a million we always ask1 8,:at lies beh9d80 & s ext5d space into ! inf9ite4 ,& z a matt] ( c\rse we p x also )\t end ) heav5ly bodies1 />s1 nebulae1 ,milky ,ways & ! l4 ,= "h aga9 !re c be no obvi\s reason :y space 9 our neighb\rhood %\ld be fill$1 :ile space at a great] di/ance %\ld be ?\ght ( z empty4 ,!re=e we actually ?9k ( /> beyond />1 &1 z f> z we c reckon1 />s beyond t )\t end4 ,= space ext5ds n m]ely s f>1 b always f>!r4 ,& ! numb] ( ! />s is n s _m1 b always "o m4 ,?is s\nds q obvi\s1 b x has exactly ! same impossibility z we f\nd 9 our 8pa/ inf9ity40 ,= al?\gh we are c>ri$ by our conceptions into ! inf9ite1 & to :at nev] c\ld h an end1 x is impossible to assume ! same ( reality4 ,x is rem>kable & q *>act]i/ic t ! :ole difficulty & its peculi> nature become mu* m intelligible to u ?r\gh ! famili> images & expressions ( religion4 ,!re we readily admit t we _c compreh5d ! numb] ( ! />s & /ell> spaces1 because = u !y nev] rea* an end1 !re be+ always "o m2 b t 9 ! eyes ( ,god all is embrac$ 9 ,8 univ]sality1 9 a 8p]fect syn!sis10 & t to ,him ,be+ is nev] & 9 no po9t 8always "o m40 ,god does n c\nt4 ,)\t ! help ( religi\s expressions we say3 ,be+ itself is always itself & nev] implies any m2 = if !re 7 8always "o m0 x w\ld n be ,be+4 ,x c only exi/ 8z a p]fect syn!sis10 :i* does n mean an endless numb]1 :i* nev]!less some:]e comes to an end--aga9 wood5 iron--b some?+ above all reckon+ & beyond all numb]1 z x is beyond space & "t4 ,& t :i* we are able to weigh & measure & numb] is !re=e n reality itself1 b only its inadequate manife/ation to our limit$ capacity = und]/&+4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,! puzzles 9 ! doctr9es ( ! simple & ! complex1 ( ! causeless & ! caus$1 into :i* ?is _w ( ours =ces u1 %\ld tea* u fur!r to recognise x = :at x is--insuffici5t & po9t+ beyond itself1--to its own transc5d5t dep?s4 ,s1 too1 ! problems t arise :5 we p5etrate f>!r & f>!r into ! ev] m & m m9ute1 & ! indef9it5ess ( our ?\ght-horizons 9 g5]al %\ld h ! same effect4 ,intuitions ( ,reality4 7#e47 ,!re are o!r evid5ces ( ?is dep? & hidd5 nature ( ?+s1 t[>ds :i* an exam9ation ( our k po9ts4 ,= 89 feel+ & intuition appe>ance po9ts beyond itself to real be+40 ,s ran our fif? proposition4 ,?is subject inde$ is delicate1 & c only be treat$ ( 9 ! he>+ ( will+ e>s4 ,b all apologetic c\nts ^u will+ e>s2 x is n conv]sion ( d\bt]s t is aim$ at1 x is religion :i* seeks to reassure itself4 ,our proposition does n speak ( dreams b ( facts1 :i* are n ! less facts because !y are m subtle ?an o!rs4 ,:at we are speak+ ( are ! deep impressions1 :i* _c prop]ly be made comm5surable at all1 :i* may spr+ up directly out ( an inw>d exp]i5ce1 an appreh5sion ( nature1 ! _w & hi/ory1 9 ! dep?s ( ! _s4 ,!y call =? 9 u an 8anamnesis10 a 8rem9isc5ce0 9 ,plato's s5se1 awak5+ )9 u moods & intuitions 9 :i* some?+ ( ! ess5ce & mean+ ( be+ is directly exp]i5c$1 al?\gh x rema9s 9 ! =m ( feel+1 & _c easily1 if at all1 f9d expression 9 def9able ideas or cle> /atem5ts4 ,fries1 9 8 book1 8,wiss51 ,glaube1 und ,ahnung10 unhappily too mu* =gott51 takes acc\nt ( ?is fact1 = he places ?is region ( spiritual exp]i5ce beside ! c]ta9ties ( fai? & k1 & reg>ds ^! z 8animat$0 by x4 ,he has 9 m9d especially ! impressions ( ! beautiful & ! sublime :i* f> transc5d our k ( nature1 & to :i* k & its concepts c nev] d adequate ju/ice1 facts ?\gh !y und\bt$ly are4 ,9 !m we exp]i5ce directly1 9 intuitive feel+1 t ! reality is great] ?an our p[] ( und]/&+1 & we feel some?+ ( its true nature & mean+4 ,! utt]ances ( ,s*lei]ma*]7#c7 9 reg>d to religion foll[ ! same l9es4 ,= ?is is precisely :at he means :5 he insi/s t ! univ]se mu/ be exp]i5c$ 9 intuition & feel+ z well z 9 kn[+ & do+4 ,he is less incisive 9 8 expressions ?an ,fries1 b wid] 9 ideas4 ,he includes 9 ?is doma9 ( 8intuitive feel+0 n only ! ae/hetic exp]i5ces ( ! beautiful & sublime1 b takes ! mu* m g5]al & compreh5sive view1 t ! receptive m9d may ga!r f ! f9ite impressions ( ! inf9ite1 & may ?r\gh its exp]i5ces ( "t ga9 "s conception ( ! et]nal4 ,& he rightly emphasises1 t su* intuition has its true place 9 ! sph]e ( m9d & 9 face ( ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 r ?an 9 ! out] c\rt ( nature4 ,he1 too1 lays /ress on ! fact t doctr9al /atem5ts & ideas _c be =mulat$ out ( su* subtle mat]ial4 ,! exp]i5ce ( :i* we are speak+ may be mo/ directly & impressively ga9$ f ! great1 ! p[]ful1 ! sublime 9 nature4 ,x may be ga9$ f ! contemplation ( nature's h>monies & beauties1 b also ( h] ov]fl[+ abundance & h] enigmatical dmonic /r5g?1 f ! purposeful intelligibility z well z ! t]rify+ & bewild]+ enigmas ( nature's op]ations1 f all ! manifold ways 9 :i* ! m9d is affect$ & />tl$1 f all ! sugge/ive b indef9able s5sations :i* may be r\s$ 9 u by ! activity ( nature1 & :i* rise ?r\gh a long scale to intoxicat$ self-=getfulness & wordless ec/asy be=e h] beauty1 & h] half-reveal$1 half-conceal$ my/]y4 ,if any or all ( ^! be /irr$ up 9 a m9d :i* is o!rwise godless or undev\t1 x rema9s an indef9ite1 vacillat+ feel+1 br++ ) x no?+ else4 ,b 9 ! religi\s m9d x imm$iately unites ) :at is ak9 to x or ( simil> nature1 & becomes wor%ip4 ,no dogmas or argum5ts = disputati\s reason+ c be drawn f x4 ,x c h>dly ev5 be express$1 except1 p]haps1 9 music4 ,& if x be express$ x t5ds easily to become fanta/ic or romantic pomposity1 z is %[n ev5 by c]ta9 p>ts ( ! writ+s ( ,s*lei]ma*] himself4 ,! ,recognition ( ,purpose4 7#f47 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! "q ( 8teleology40 ,only n[1 n because x is a subord9ate matt]1 = x is 9 reality ! ma9 "o1 b because x is ! culm9at+ po9t1 n ! />t+ po9t1 ( our argum5t4 ,if ! _w be f ,god & ( ,god1 x & all t x conta9s mu/ be = "s def9ite purpose & = special ends4 ,x mu/ be sway$ by et]nal ideas1 & mu/ be subject to div9e provid5ce & guidance4 ,b naturalism1 & ev51 x appe>s1 natural sci5ce1 decl>es3 ,nei!r purposes nor ideas are ( necessity to be assum$ 9 nature4 ,!y d n occur ei!r 9 ! details or 9 ! :ole4 ,! :ole is an absolutely clos$ cont9uity ( causes1 a causal b bl9d ma*9]y1 9 reg>d to :i* we _c ask1 ,:at is meant to be produc$ by ?is8 b only1 ,:at causes h produc$ :at exi/s8 ,?is opposition goes deep & raises difficulties4 ,& 9 all v9dication or def5ce ( religion x ought rightly to be kept 9 ! =egr\nd ( att5tion1 al?\gh ! po9ts we h already insi/$ on h be5 wrongly ov]look$4 ,! opposition conc5trates itself to-day almo/ entirely ar\nd two !ories ( naturalism1 :i* d n1 inde$1 set =? ! :ole case1 b :i* are c]ta9ly typical examples1 s t1 if we analyse !m1 we %all h arriv$ at an ori5tation ( ! fundam5tal po9ts at issue4 ,! two doctr9es are ,d>w9ism & ! me*anical !ory ( life1 & x is to ^! t we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion4 ,& s9ce ! be/ elucidation & criticism ( bo? !ories is to be f\nd 9 _! own hi/ory1 & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( op9ion )9 _! own s*ool1 we %all h to comb9e our /udy ( _! fundam5tal pr9ciples ) t ( _! hi/ory4 ,we c "h set =?1 h[ev]1 only ! *ief po9t ( view1 ! gi/ ( ! matt]1 :i* w cont9ue to exi/ & hold good h[ev] ! analysis ( details may turn out4 ,= ! k]nel ( ! "q may be discuss$ indep5d5tly1 )\t involv+ ! p>ticul> int]e/s ( zoology or biology1 ?\gh we %all con/antly come across p>ticul> & concrete cases ( ! ma9 problem 9 our m detail$ /udy4 ,! /ruggle aga9/1 & ! av]sion to ideas & purposes on ! "p ( ! nature-int]pret]s is n 9 itself direct$ aga9/ religion4 ,x does n arise f any antagonism ( natural sci5ce to ! religi\s conception ( ! _w1 b is prim>ily an antagonism ( "o s*ool ( sci5ce to ano!r1 ! mod]n aga9/ ! m$ival-,ari/otelian4 ,! latt]1 aga91 0 n 9 itself a religi\s _w-outlook1 x 0 simply an attempt at an int]pretation ( ! processes ( nature1 & especially ( evolution1 :i* might be q neutral t[>ds religion1 or might be purely naturali/ic4 ,x 0 ! !ory ( ,entele*ies & =m sub/aniales4 ,9 ord] to expla9 h[ a ?+ _h come to be1 x taught t ! idea ( ! f9i%$ ?+1 ! 8=m10 0 implicit 9 x f ! v beg9n+1 & det]m9$ ! c\rse ( its developm5t4 ,?is 8=m10 ! end aim$ at 9 developm5t1 0 8pot5tially10 8ideally10 or 8virtually0 implicit 9 ! ?+ f ! beg9n+1 0 ! causa f9alis1 ! ultimate cause :i* det]m9$ ! developm5t4 ,mod]n natural sci5ce objects to ?is !ory t x (f]s no explanation1 b m]ely gives a "n to :at has to be expla9$4 ,! aim ( sci5ce1 x tells u1 is to elucidate ! play ( causes :i* br\ght ab\t a p>ticul> result4 ,! hypo!tical causa f9alis x reg>ds z a m]e asylum ignoranti1 & z ! problem itself n z its solution4 ,= in/ance1 if we inquire into ! pres5t =m & aspect ( ! e>?1 no?+ is advanc$ by /at+ t ! 8=m10 ! primitive model ( ! evolv+ e>? 0 implicit 9 x f ! beg9n+1 & t x gradually det]m9$ ! phases & transition-/ages ( its evolution1 until ! ultimate /ate1 ! end aim$ at1 0 atta9$4 ,! task ( sci5ce is1 ?r\gh geology1 geognosy1 m9]alogy1 geodesy1 physical geography1 meteorology1 & o!r sci5ces to discov] ! physical1 *emical1 & me*anical causes ( ! e>?'s evolution & _! laws1 & f ! co-op]ation ( ^! to int]pret ev]y?+ 9 detail & z a :ole4 ,:e!r mod]n natural sci5ce is "r 9 ?is or n1 :e!r or n x has neglect$ an elem5t ( tru? 9 ! old !ory ( ,entele*ies :i* x _c disp5se )1 especially 9 reg>d to liv+ organisms1 x is beyond dispute t1 f ! mo/ g5]al po9t ( view1 & 9 p>ticul> ) ref]5ce to teleology1 religion does n ne$ to conc]n itself 9 ! lea/ ab\t ?is opposition4 8,purposes10 8ideas10 8guidance0 9 ! religi\s s5se1 are q unaffect$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! result is realis$2 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! special & p>ticul> value ( :at has be5 atta9$ or realis$4 ,if a concat5ation ( causes & /ages ( developm5t lead to results 9 :i* we sudd5ly disc]n a special & p>ticul> value1 !n1 & n till !n1 h we a reason & crit]ion = our assumption t x is n simply a result ( a play ( *ances1 b t x has be5 br\ght ab\t by purposeful ?\ght1 by high] int]v5tion & guidance ( ?+s4 ,c]ta9ly n be=e !n4 ,?us we c only speak ( purposes1 aims1 guidance1 & creation 9 s f> z we h )9 u ! capacity = feel+ & recognis+ ! value1 mean+ & significance ( ?+s4 ,b natural sci5ce itself _c e/imate ^!4 ,x c or w only exam9e h[ ev]y?+ has come ab\t1 b :e!r ?is result has a high] value ?an ano!r1 or has a l[]1 or none at all1 x c nei!r ass]t nor d5y4 ,t lies q outside ( its prov9ce4 ,let u try to make ?is cle> by tak+ at once ! highe/ example--man & 8 orig94 ,let x be assum$ t natural sci5ce c\ld discov] all ! causes & factors :i*1 op]at+ = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 h produc$ man & human exi/5ce4 ,ev5 if ^! causes & factors _h actually be5 pure 8ideas10 =m sub/antiales & ! l1 t w\ld 9 no way det]m9e :e!r ! :ole process 0 really subject to a div9e idea ( purpose or n4 ,if we _h n ga9$1 f a diff]5t s\rce1 an insight into ! supreme & incomp>able wor? ( human exi/5ce1 spiritual1 rational1 & free1 ) its capacity = morality1 religion1 art & sci5ce1 we %\ld be compell$ to reg>d man1 along ) e o!r natural result1 z ! insignificant product ( a bl9d play ( nature4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if we h once felt & recognis$ ?is value ( human exi/5ce1 its highe/ dignity1 ! k t man has be5 produc$ ?r\gh a play ( highly complex natural processes1 fulfill+ !mselves 9 absolute ob$i5ce to law1 9 no way prev5ts our reg>d+ him z a 8purpose10 z ! realisation ( a div9e idea1 9 accordance ) :i* nature 9 its ord]l9ess 0 plann$4 ,9 fact1 ?is consid]ation leads u to discov] & admire et]nal plan & div9e guidance 9 nature4 ,= x does n re/ ) natural sci5ce ei!r to discov] or to d5y 8purpose0 9 ! religi\s s5se 9 nature2 x belongs to q a diff]5t ord] ( exp]i5ce1 an entirely inw>d "o4 ,j 9 proportion z ,i become aw>e (1 & ackn[l$ge 9 ! doma9 ( my inw>d exp]i5ce & ?r\gh my capacity ( e/imat+ values1 ! wor? ( ! spiritual & moral life ( man1 s1 ) ! confid5ce ( ?is peculi> mode ( conviction1 ,i subord9ate ! concat5ations ( ev5ts & causes on :i* ! possibility & ! occurr5ce ( ! spiritual & moral life dep5d1 to an et]nal teleology1 & see ! ord] ( ! _w t leads to ?is illum9at$ by ev]la/+ mean+ & by provid5ce4 ,teleological & ,sci5tific ,int]pretations are ,alike ,necess>y4 7#g47 ,?us religion confid5tly subjects ! _w to a teleological int]pretation4 ,& to a teleological /udy 9 ?is s5se ! /rictly causal int]pretations ( natural sci5ce are n ho/ile1 b indisp5sable4 ,= h[ d ?+s /&8 ,natural sci5ce endeav\rs by p]si/5t lab\r to compreh5d ! :ole ( ! facts occurr+ 9 our _w1 up to ! exi/5ce ( man1 z ! f9al outcome & result ( an age-long process ( evolution1 attempts also to foll[ ?is process ev] high] up ! ladd] ( /rictly causal & /rictly law-gov]n$ sequ5ces1 & f9ally to connect x ) ! prim>y & simple/ fundam5tal facts ( exi/5ce1 beyond :i* x _c g1 & :i* mu/ simply be accept$ z 8giv540 ,if ^! results ( ?is causally int]pret$ evolution reveal !mselves to our inw>d p[] ( valuation z full ( mean+ & value1 inde$ ( ! deepe/ & mo/ incomp>able value1 ! causal mode ( explanation is 9 no way affect$1 b its results are all at once plac$ 9 a new light & reveal a peculi>ity :i* 0 previ\sly n discov]able1 yet :i* is _! highe/ import4 ,!y become a /rictly unit$ sy/em ( means4 ,& purposefulness z a pot5tiality is ?us c>ri$ back to ! v f\ndation & 8beg9n+10 to ! fundam5tal conditions & prim>y factors ( ! cosmos itself4 ,! /rict nexus ( conditions & causes is ?us no?+ m ?an ! 8endeav\r aft] end & aim10 ! c>ry+ ?r\gh & realisation ( ! et]nal purpose1 :i* 0 implicit pot5tially 9 ! fundam5tal nature ( ?+s4 ,! absolute ob$i5ce to law1 & ! inexorabl5ess ( *a9s ( sequ5ce are1 in/ead ( be+ fatal to ?is position1 indisp5sable to x4 ,:5 !re is a purpose 9 view1 x is only :]e ! sy/em ( means is p]fect1 unbrok51 & absolute1 t ! purpose c be realis$1 & !re=e t int5tion c be inf]r$4 ,9 ! inexplicable datum ( ! fundam5tal factors ( ! _w's exi/5ce1 9 ! /rict nexus ( causes1 9 ! unfail+ occurr5ce ( ! results :i* are det]m9$ by bo? ^!1 & :i* reveal !mselves to u z ( value & purpose1 teleology & provid5ce are directly realis$4 ,! only assumptions are1 t x is possible to judge ! results accord+ to _! value1 & t bo? ! orig9al nature ( ! _w & ! sy/em ( its causal sequ5ces--t is1 ! _w z we "k x--c be conceiv$ ( 9 accordance ) ! ideas ( dep5d5ce & condition$ness4 ,bo? assumptions are n only possible1 b necess>y4 ,9 ?9k+ out ?is mo/ g5]al consid]ation1 we f9d ! real & fundam5tal answ] to ! "q z to ! validity & fre$om ( ! religi\s conception ( ! _w ) reg>d to teleology 9 nature4 ,& if x be held fa/ & associat$ ) ! insight into ! autonomy ( ! spiritual & its und]ivability f ! natural1 we are fre$ at once f all ! petty /rife ) ! naturali/ic doctr9es ( evolution1 desc5t1 & /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we %all nev]!less be oblig$ to discuss ^! to "s ext5t1 because x is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! detail$ /udy ( natural evolution fits 9 m or less easily ) ! conception ( purpose ^: validity we h demon/rat$ 9 g5]al4 ,if t proves to be ! case1 x w be an important factor 9 apologetics4 ,! conclusion :i* we h already arriv$ at on ab/ract gr\nds w !n be corroborat$ & emphasis$ 9 ! concrete4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,d>w9ism ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,d>w9ism1 :i* 0 orig9ally a te*nical !ory ( ! biological s*ools1 has long s9ce become a v]itable tangle ( ! mo/ div]se problems & op9ions1 & seems to press h>dly ^u ! religi\s conception ( ! _w f _m diff]5t sides4 ,9 its !ory ( bl9d 8natural selection0 & ! =tuit\s play ( ! factors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 x appe>s to surr5d] ! :ole ( ?is wond]ful _w ( life to ! r\gh & ready grip ( a process )\t me?od or plan4 ,9 ! g5]al !ory ( evolution & ! doctr9e ( ! desc5t ( ev5 ! highe/ f ! l[e/1 x seems to take away all special dignity f ! human m9d & _s1 all ! fre$om & all ! nobility ( pure reason & free w2 x seems to r$uce ! high] products ( religion1 morality1 poetry1 & ! /hetic s5se to ! level ( an ignoble tumult ( animal impulses1 desires & s5sations4 ,purely speculative que/ions relative to ! evolution !ory1 psy*ological & metaphysical1 logical & epi/emological1 e?ical1 /hetic1 & f9ally ev5 hi/orical & politico-economical que/ions h be5 drawn into ! coil1 & usually receive f ! ,d>w9ians an answ] at once robu/ & self-assur$4 ,a zoological !ory seems sudd5ly to h ?r[n light & intelligibility into ! mo/ div]se prov9ces ( k4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact x c be %[n t ,d>w9ism has n really done ?is & _c d x4 ,x leaves unaffect$ ! problem ( ! m9d ) its peculi> & und]ivable laws1 f ! logical to ! e?ical4 ,:e!r x be "r or wrong 9 its physiological !ories1 its g5ealogical trees & =tuit\s factors1 preoccupation ) ?is !ory is a task ( ! second ord]4 ,nev]!less x is necess>y to /udy x1 because ! *ief objections to ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! _w h come f x4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,d>w9ism4 ,9 /udy+ x we %\ld l to foll[ a me?od some:at diff]5t f t usually obs]v$ 9 apologetic writ+s4 8,d>w9ism10 ev5 9 its te*nical1 biological =m1 nev] 0 q1 & is to-day n at all a unifi$ & consi/5t sy/em4 ,x has be5 modifi$ 9 s _m ways & pres5t$ 9 su* diff]5t col\rs1 t we mu/ ei!r refra9 altoge!r f attempt+ to get into close qu>t]s ) x1 or we mu/ make ourselves acqua9t$ to "s ext5t ) ! phases ( ! !ory z x has gradually develop$ up to ! pres5t day4 ,?is is ! m necess>y & useful s9ce x is precisely )9 ! circle ( te*nical exp]ts t revolts f & criticisms ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory h 9 rec5t ye>s aris52 & ^! are s incisive1 s v>i$1 & s in/ructive1 t ?r\gh !m we c adju/ our /&po9t 9 relation to ! !ory bett] ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,& 9 ?us lett+ ! biologi/s speak = !mselves1 we are sp>$ ! fatal task ( ent]+ into ! discussion ( que/ions belong+ to a region outside our own p>ticul> /udies4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 give m ?an a %ort sket*4 ,b ev5 su* a sket* may d m t[>ds giv+ u a g5]al k ( ! "q & %[+ u a way out ( ! difficulties x raises ?an any ( ! curr5t 8refutations40 ,to supplem5t ?is sket*1 & facilitate a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! problem1 we %all give some:at full] ref]5ces ?an are usual to ! relevant lit]ature4 ,& ! same me?od w be pursu$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 :i* deals ) ! me*anical !ory ( life4 ,?is me?od ?r[s m ^u ! read]1 b x is probably ! mo/ satisfactory "o = ! s]i\s /ud5t4 ,! reactions f ! ,d>w9ism ( ! s*ools :i* we h j ref]r$ to1 & to :i* ! second half ( ?is *apt] is devot$1 are1 ( c\rse1 ( a purely sci5tific k9d4 ,& :ile we are devot+ our att5tion to !m1 we mu/ n be unfai?ful to ! canon laid d[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 namely t ) ref]5ce to ! "q ( teleology 9 ! religi\s s5se no real answ] c be look$ = f sci5tific /udy1 n ev5 if x be anti-,d>w9ian4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 x is impossible to read ! convictions & intuitions ( ! religi\s conception ( ! _w out ( a sci5tific /udy ( nature3 !y prec$e x4 ,b "h1 too1 we may f9d "s accessory support & indirect corroboration m or less /rong & secure4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by a s+le example4 ,x w be %[n t1 on clos] /udy1 x is n impossible to subord9ate ev5 ! app>5tly confus$ tangle ( naturali/ic factors ( evolution :i* are summ$ up 9 ! phrase 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 to int]pretation f ! religi\s po9t ( view4 ,b matt]s w be 9 q a diff]5t position if ! :ole !ory collapses1 & in/ead ( evolution & its pa?s be+ giv5 ov] to confusion & *ance1 x appe>s t f ! v beg9n+ & at e po9t !re is a pr$et]m9ation ( fix$ & inevitable l9es along & up :i* x mu/ advance4 ,9 _m o!r connections consid]ations ( a l nature w reveal !mselves to u 9 ! c\rse ( our /udy4 ,d>w9ism1 z popul>ly und]/ood1 is ! !ory t 8m5 are desc5d$ f monkeys10 & 9 g5]al t ! high] =ms ( life are desc5d$ f ! l[]1 & x is reg>d$ z ,d>w9's epo*-mak+ "w & 8 *ief m]it--or fault accord+ to ! po9t ( view--t he e/abli%$ ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,?is is only half correct1 & x leaves out ! real po9t ( ,d>w9ism altoge!r4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t _h its way prep>$ by ! evolutioni/ ideas & ! speculative nature-philosophy ( ,goe!1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel & ,ok52 by ! sugge/ions & glimm]+s ( ! nature-my/icism ( ! romantici/s2 by ! results ( comp>ative anatomy & physiology2 0 already h9t$ at1 at lea/ z f> z d]ivation ( species 0 conc]n$1 9 ! works ( ,l9n himself2 0 work$ out 9 ! 8zoological philosophies10 by ! eld] ,d>w91 by ,lam>ck1 ,eti5ne ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire & ,buffon2 0 9 ! field long be=e ,*>les ,d>w9's "t2 0 already 9 active conflict ) ! antagoni/ic !ory ( ! 8con/ancy ( species10 & _h its m or less decid$ adh]5ts4 ,yet und\bt$ly x 0 ?r\gh & aft] ,d>w9 t ! !ory grew s mu* m p[]ful & ga9$ g5]al acceptance4 ,d>w9ism & ,teleology4 ,b ! ess5tial & mo/ *>act]i/ic importance ( ,d>w9 & 8 "w1 ! reason = :i* he 0 call$ ! ,newton ( biology1 & :i* makes ,d>w9ism at once int]e/+ & dang]\s to ! religi\s conception ( ! _w1 is some?+ q special & new4 ,x is its radical opposition to teleology4 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 9 8 witty lecture 8,d>w9 v]sus ,galiani107#d7 expla9s ! gi/ ( ! matt]4 8,les ds de la nature sont pips0 7nature's dice are load$74 ,nature is almo/ always ?r[+ aces4 ,%e br+s =? n :at is mean+less & purposeless1 b 9 great prepond]ance :at is full ( mean+ & purpose4 ,:at 8load$0 h] dice l ?is8 ,ev5 if ! !ory ( desc5t be true1 9 :at way does x directly help ! purely sci5tific int]pretation ( ! _w8 ,w\ld n ?is evolution f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ simply be a s]ies ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ lucky ?r[s ( ! dice by :i* 9 p]plex+ 8endeav\r aft] an aim10 ! increas+ly p]fect1 & ultimately ! mo/ p]fect is produc$8 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 e individual organism1 f ! ,amba up to ! mo/ complex v]tebrate1 is1 9 its /ructure1 its =m1 its functions1 a /up5d\s m>vel ( adaptation to its end & ( co-ord9ation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole1 & ( ! :ole & its p>ts to ! functions ( ! organism1 ! functions ( nutrition1 self-ma9t5ance1 reproduction1 ma9t5ance ( ! species1 & s on4 ,h[ acc\nt = ! adaptiv5ess1 bo? g5]al & special1 )\t caus f9ales1 )\t int5tion & purposes1 )\t guidance t[>ds a consci\s aim8 ,h[ c x be expla9$ z ! necess>y result solely ( caus effici5tes1 ( bl9dly work+ causes )\t a def9ite aim8 ,d>w9ism attempts to answ] ?is "q4 ,& its answ] is3 8,:at appe>s to u #8purposeful' & #8p]fect' is 9 tru? only ! manifold adaptation ( ! =ms ( life to ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,& ?is adaptation is br\ght ab\t solely by means ( ^! conditions !mselves4 ,)\t *oice1 )\t aim1 )\t consci\s purpose nature (f]s a weal? ( possibilities4 ,! conditions ( exi/5ce act z a sieve4 ,:at *ances to correspond to !m ma9ta9s itself1 glid+ ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! sieve1 :at does n p]i%es40 ,x is an old idea ( ! naturali/ic philosophies1 dat+ f ,emp$ocles1 :i* ,d>w9 work$ up into ! !ory ( 8natural selection0 ?r\gh 8! survival ( ! fitte/0 89 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce40 ,( c\rse ! assumption necess>y to 8 idea is t ! =ms ( life are capable ( v>iation1 & ( cont9ually (f]+ 9 ceaseless flux new prop]ties & *>act]s to ! sieve ( selection1 & ( be+ rais$ !reby f ! orig9ally homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! l[] to ! high]4 ,?is is ! !ory ( desc5t1 & x is1 ( c\rse1 an ess5tial "p & ! v f\ndation ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,b x is ! doctr9e ( desc5t bas$ ^u natural selection t is ,d>w9ism itself4 ,! ,*>act]i/ic ,features ( ,d>w9ism4 ,we d n propose to exp\nd ! ,d>w9ian !ory = ! hundr$? "t2 a k ( x mu/ be tak5 = grant$4 ,we ne$ only briefly call to m9d ! *>act]i/ic features & cat*words ( ! !ory z ,d>w9 f\nd$ x1 :i* h also be5 ! />t+ po9ts ( subsequ5t modifications & controv]sies4 ,all liv+ creatures are b\nd toge!r 9 g5etic solid>ity4 ,ev]y?+ has evolv$ ?r\gh endless deviations1 gradations1 & diff]5tiations1 b at ! same "t by a p]fectly cont9u\s process4 ,v>iation cont9ually produc$ a crop ( het]og5e\s novelties4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce sift$ ^! out4 ,h]$ity fix$ & e/abli%$ !m4 ,)\t me?od or plan v>iations cont9ue to occur 7indef9ite v>iations74 ,!y manife/ !mselves 9 all mann] ( m9ute *anges 78fluctuat+0 v>iations74 ,e "p1 e function ( an organism may be subject individually to v>iation & selection4 ,! _w is /rictly gov]n$ by :at is useful4 ,! :ole organisation z well z ! individual organs & functions be> ! /amp ( utility1 at lea/1 !y mu/ be> x if ! !ory is correct4 ,9 ! g5]al cont9uity ! transitions are always easy2 !re are no fundam5tally di/9ct 8types10 ar*itectural plans1 or gr\ps ( =ms4 ,:]e gaps yawn ! int]m$iate l9ks h gone amiss+4 ,!re is no fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 g5us1 species1 & v>iety4 ,ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ organ su* z ! eye1 ! mo/ puzzl+ function su* z ! in/9ct ( ! bee1 may be expla9$ z ! outcome ( _m m primitive /ages4 ,! *ief evid5ces ( ! !ory ( desc5t are to be f\nd 9 homologies1 9 ! correspond5ces ( organs & functions1 z reveal$ by comp>ative anatomy & physiology1 9 ! recapitulation reveal$ by embryology1 9 ! /ructure ( p>asites1 9 rudim5t>y organs & rev]sions to e>li] /ages1 9 ! di/ribution ( animals & plants1 & 9 ! possibility ( /ill trans=m+1 at lea/ to a slight ext5t1 "o species into ano!r1 by exp]im5tal bre$+4 ,trans=mation & diff]5tiation g on 9 nature z a va/1 ceaseless1 b bl9d process ( selection4 ,9 artificial selection evolution is secur$ by *oos+ ! mo/ fit = bre$+ purposes2 s x is secur$ 9 natural selection by ! fav\r+ & survival ( ^? =ms :i* are ! mo/ fit among ! _m unfit or less fit1 :i* happ5$ to be expos$ to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 t is1 to ! competition = ! means ( subsi/5ce1 to ! /ruggle ) enemies1 to ho/ile environm5t1 & to dang]s ( e k9d4 ,! adaptation ?us br\ght ab\t is ( a purely 8passive0 k9d4 ,! v>iations arise =tuit\sly out ( ! organism1 & pres5t !mselves = selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 !y are n actively acquir$ by means ( ! /ruggle4 ,! second>y factors ( evolution recognis$ are3 correlation 9 ! gr[? & 9 ! developm5t ( p>ts1 ! orig9 ( new *>act]s ?r\gh use1 _! disappe>ance ?r\gh disuse 7,lam>ck71 ! transmission ( *>act]s ?us acquir$1 ! influ5ce ( environm5t & sexual selection47#e7 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory1 ! int]pretation ( ! teleological 9 ! animate _w by means ( ! !ory ( desc5t bas$ ^u natural selection1 ent]$ l a f]m5t into ! sci5tific ?\ght-movem5t1 & 9 a space ( =ty ye>s x has itself pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ages1 diff]5tiations1 & trans=mations :i* h 9 "p result$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! !ory1 & h 9 "p anticipat$ x4 ,^! are repres5t$ by ! names ( work]s belong+ to a g5]ation :i* has = ! mo/ "p already pass$ away3 ,d>w9's collaborateurs1 su* z ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 :o indep5d5tly & simultane\sly exp\nd$ ! !ory ( natural selection1 ,haeckel & ,fritz ,mll]1 ,ngeli & ,ask5asy1 von ,kllik]1 ,miv>t1 ,romanes & o!rs4 ,! diff]5tiation & elaboration ( ,d>w9's !ories has gone ev] f>!r & f>!r2 ! grades & %ades ( doctr9e held by 8 disciples are n[ almo/ beyond reckon+4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,d>w9ism4 ,! great majority ( ^! express :at may be call$ popul> ,d>w9ism 8,d>w9ismus vulg>is01 !oretically wor?less1 b practically possess$ ( great p[]s ( attraction & propag&ism4 ,x expresses 9 ! ma9 a conviction1 usually left unexpla9$1 t ev]y?+ 8happ5s naturally10 t man is really desc5d$ f monkeys1 & t life has 8evolv$ f l[] /ages0 ( itself1 t dualism is wrong1 & t monism is ! tru?4 ,x is exactly ! /&po9t ( ! popul> naturalism we h already describ$1 :i* "h m+les unsuspect+ly & )\t scruple ,lam>ckian & o!r pr9ciples ) ! ,d>w9ian1 :i* is en?usia/ic on ! "o h& ov] ! 8purely me*anical0 int]pretation ( nature1 & on ! o!r drags 9 directly psy*ical motives1 unconsci\s consci\sness1 impulses1 spontane\s self-diff]5tiation ( organisms1 :i* nev]!less adh]es to 8monism0 & possibly ev5 pr(esses to %>e ,goe!'s conception ( nature6 ,above ?is /ratum we come to t ( ! real exp]ts1 ! only "o :i* conc]ns u 9 ! lea/4 ,"h too we f9d an ev]-gr[+ di/ance betwe5 div]g5t views1 ! mo/ manifold diff]5ces am\nt+ sometimes to mutual exclusion4 ,^! diff]5ces occur ev5 ) ref]5ce to ! fundam5tal doctr9e g5]ally adh]$ to1 ! doctr9e ( desc5t4 ,to "o p>ty x is a prov$ fact1 to ano!r a probable1 sci5tific work+ hypo!sis1 to a ?ird a 8rescu+ plank40 ,"o p>ty is always f9d+ fre% corroborations1 ano!r new difficulties4 ,& )9 ! same gr\p we f9d ! contra/s ( believ]s 9 monophyletic & believ]s 9 polyphyletic evolution1 ! me*ani/s & ! half-confess$ or ?or\ghgo+ vitali/s1 ! pre=mationi/s & ! believ]s 9 epig5esis4 ,op9ions diff] ev5 m widely 9 reg>d to ! rle ( ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 9 ! production ( species4 ,on ! "o h& we h ! ,d>w9ism ( ,d>w9 fre$ f inconsequ5t additions & =mulat$ z or?odox 8neo-,d>w9ism02 on ! o!r h& we h het]odox ,lam>ckism4 ,! 8all-suffici5cy0 ( natural selection is proclaim$ by "s1 its impot5ce by o!rs4 ,indef9ite v>iation is oppos$ by or?og5esis1 fluctuat+ v>iation by saltatory mutation 7,halmatog5esis 9 8,greek071 passive adaptation by ! spontane\s activity & self-regulation ( ! liv+ organism4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is v>i\sly reg>d$ z ! *ief factor1 or z a co-op]at+ factor1 or z an indiff]5t1 or ev5 an inimical factor 9 ! orig9ation ( new species4 ,& among ! repres5tatives ( ^! diff]5t /&po9ts !re are mo/ int]e/+ p]sonal diff]5ces3 9 "s1 l ,weismann1 we f9d a great loyalty to1 & p]si/5ce 9 ! position once arriv$ at1 9 o!rs ! mo/ surpris+ transitions & *anges ( op9ion4 ,?us ,fleis*mann1 a pupil ( ,sel5ka's1 aft] illu/rat+ dur+ _m ye>s ( p]sonal rese>* ! or?odox ,d>w9ian /&po9t1 f9ally develop$ into an outspok5 oppon5t n only ( ! !ory ( selection b ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t4 ,s also ,fri$mann47#f7 ,dries* />t$ f ! me*anical !ory ( life & advanc$ ?r\gh ! connect$ s]ies ( 8 own biological essays to vitalism4 ,romanes1 a prom95t disciple ( ,d>w91 end$ 9 ,*ri/ian !ism1 & ,wallace1 ! discov]] ( 8! /ruggle = exi/5ce10 l&$ 9 spiritualism4 ,no?+ l an exhau/ive view ( ! pres5t /ate ( ,d>w9ism & its _m *ampions c "h be attempt$4 ,b x w be necess>y to get to "k :at we may call its possibilities by a /udy ( typical & lead+ examples4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our /udy _m ( ! problems to :i* ! !ory gives rise w reveal !mselves1 & _! ori5tation w be possible4 ,?is task falls naturally into two subdivisions3 7#a7 ! pres5t /ate ( ! !ory ( ,evolution & ,desc5t1 & h[ f> ! religi\s conception ( ! _w is or is n affect$ by x2 7#b7 ! tru? z to ! orig9ative & directive factors ( ,evolution1 especially z to 8natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce10 :e!r !y are t5able & suffici5t1 & :at attitude religion mu/ take t[>ds !m4 ,^! two problems mu/ be kept di/9ct ?r\gh\t1 & mu/ be discuss$ 9 ord]4 ,= ! validity ( :at is *>act]i/ically ,d>w9ism is 9 no way decid$ by prov+ desc5t & evolution1 al?\gh x appe>s s 9 mo/ popul> expositions47#g7 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,aga9 & aga9 we he> & read1 ev5 9 sci5tific circles & j\rnals1 t ,d>w9ism breaks d[n at _m po9ts1 t x is insuffici5t1 & ev5 t x has q collaps$4 ,ev5 ! assurances ( its mo/ conv9c$ *ampions are r =c$1 & are some:at sugge/ive ( bills payable 9 ! future47#h7 ,b "h aga9 x is obvi\s t we mu/ di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t & ,d>w9ism4 ,( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t x is by no means true t x has 8brok5 d[n40 ,) a slight exagg]ation1 b on ! :ole ) ju/ice1 ,weismann has ass]t$ t ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t is to-day a 8g5]ally accept$ tru?40 ,ev5 ,weismann's mo/ pron\nc$ oppon5ts1 su* z ,eim]1 ,wolff1 ,re9ke1 & o!rs1 are at "o ) him 9 ?is1 t !re has be5 evolution 9 "s =m2 t !re has be5 a progressive trans=mation ( species2 t !re is real 7n m]ely ideal7 relation%ip or affiliation connect+ our mod]n =ms ( life1 up to & includ+ man1 ) ! l[] & l[e/ =ms ( bygone ons4 ,! evid5ces are ! same z ^? adduc$ by ,d>w9 & be=e 8 "t1 b !y h be5 multipli$ & m %>ply def9$3--namely1 t ! =ms ( life c be arrang$ 9 an asc5d+ scale ( evolution1 bo? 9 _! morphological & _! physiological aspects1 bo? z reg>ds ! g5]al type & ! diff]5tiation ( individual organs & p>ticul> *>act]s1 bodily & m5tal4 ,all ! rubrics us$ by ,d>w9 9 ?is connection1 f comp>ative anatomy1 f ! palontological record itself1 & s on1 h be5 fill$ out ) ev]-increas+ detail4 ,palontology1 9 p>ticul>1 is cont9ually furni%+ new illu/rations ( desc5t & new evid5ce ( its probability1 m tell+ p]haps 9 respect ( g5]al features & p>ticul> gr\ps ?an 9 reg>d to ! hi/orical process 9 detail4 ,= c]ta9 species & g5]a palontology discloses ! primitive =ms1 discov]s 8syn!tic types0 :i* 7 ! />t+-po9t = div]g+ bran*es ( evolution1 bridges ov] or n>r[s ! yawn+ gulfs 9 evolution by ! discov]y ( 8int]m$iate =ms02 &1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 species1 furni%es complete g5ealogical trees4 ,! same holds true ( ! facts ( comp>ative anatomy1 embryology1 & s on4 ,9 all detail$ inve/igations into an animal type1 9 ! /udy ( ! /ructure1 functions1 or ! in/9cts ( an ant1 or ( a :ale or ( a tape-worm1 ! /&po9t ( ! !ory ( desc5t is assum$1 & x proves a useful clue = fur!r inve/igation4 ,9 reg>d to man--s we are assur$--! !ory f9ds confirmation ?r\gh ! discov]y ( ! ,ne&]?al1 ,spy1 ,s*ipka1 ,la ,naulette skulls & bones--! rema9s ( a prehi/oric human race1 ) 8pi!coid0 7ape-l7 *>act]s4 ,& ! !ory rea*es its climax 9 ,dubois' discov]y ( ! rema9s ( 8,pi!can?ropus10 ! upright ape-man1 9 ,java1 #ahia-ib1 ! long s\ght-= ,miss+ ,l9k betwe5 animals & man27#i7 & 9 ! /ill m rec5t pro(s ( 8aff9ity ( blood0 betwe5 man & ape1 furni%$ by exp]im5ts 9 transfusion4 ,fri$5?al has reviv$ ! old] exp]im5ts ( transfus+ ! blood ( "o animal into ano!r1 ! blood ( an animal ( "o species into t ( ano!r1 ( relat$ species into relat$ species1 m remote into m remote1 & f9ally ev5 f animals into man4 ,! fur!r ap>t ! two species are1 ! m diff]5t are ! physiological *>act]s ( ! blood1 & ! m difficult does a m+l+ ( ! two become4 ,blood ( a too di/antly relat$ =m does n unite ) t ( ! animal into :i* x is transfus$1 b ! r$ corpuscles ( ! =m] are de/roy$ by ! s]um ( ! latt]1 break up & are elim9at$4 ,9 ne>ly relat$ species or races1 h[ev]1 ! two k9ds ( blood unite1 z 9 ! case ( horse & ass1 or ( h>e & rabbit4 ,human blood s]um behaves 9 a ho/ile fa%ion to ! blood ( eel1 pigeon1 horse1 dog1 cat1 & ev5 to t ( ,lemuroids1 or t ( ! m remotely relat$ 8non-an?ropoid0 monkey2 human blood transfus$ f a negro into a :ite unites readily1 z does also t ( orang-utan transfus$ into a gibbon4 ,b human blood also unites )\t any break+-up or di/urbance ) ! blood ( a *impanzee2 f :i* ! inf]5ce is t man is n to be plac$ 9 a sep>ate sub-ord] beside ! o!r sub-ord]s ( ! ,primates1 ! platyrrh9e & cat>rh9e monkeys1 n ev5 9 a di/9ct sub ord] beside ! cat>rh9es2 b is to be includ$ ) !m 9 "o zoological sub-ord]4 ,?is classification 0 previ\sly sugge/$ by ,sel5ka on o!r gr\nds1 namely1 because ( ! po9ts 9 common 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! cat>rh9e monkeys & ( man1 & _! common di/9ctiv5ess z contra/$ ) ! platyrrh9es47#aj7 ,haeckel's ,evolutioni/ ,position4 ,! av]age type ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t ( ! old] or or?odox s*ool1 :i* /ill l+]s 9 ! backgr\nd ) its ,d>w9ism un%ak51 is t set =? by ,haeckel1 sci5tifically 9 8 8,g5]elle ,morphologie d] ,organism50 7#ahff71 & 8,sy/ematis*e ,phylog5ie0 7#ahif71 & popul>ly 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation0 & 8,riddles ( ! ,univ]se10 ) _! _m editions4 ,we may assume t x is well kn[n1 & ne$ only briefly recall its *ief *>act]i/ics4 ,! 8ine/imable value10 ! 8incomp>able significance10 ! 8immeasurable importance0 ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t lies1 accord+ to ,haeckel1 9 ! fact t by means ( x we c expla9 ! orig9 ( ! =ms ( life 89 a me*anical mann]40 ,! !ory1 especially 9 reg>d to ! desc5t ( man f ! apes1 is to him n a work+ hypo!sis or t5tative mode ( repres5tation2 x is a result comp>able to ,newton's law ( gravitation or ! ,kant-,laplace cosmogony4 ,x is 8a c]ta9 hi/orical fact40 ,! pro(s ( x are ^? already m5tion$4 ,:at is especially ,haeckelian is ! 8fundam5tal biog5etic law10 8ontog5y resembles phylog5y10 t is to say1 9 developm5t1 especially 9 embryonic developm5t1 ! individual recapitulates ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,?r\gh 8pal+5esis10 man1 = in/ance1 recapitulates 8 ance/ral /ages 7proti/1 ga/rad1 v]m9e1 pisc9e1 & simian74 ,?is recapitulation is cond5s$1 dis>rang$1 or obscur$ 9 detail by 8c5og5esis0 or 8cnog5esis40 ,! gr\ps & types ( organisms exhibit ! close/ g5etic solid>ity4 ,! g5ealogical tree ( man 9 p>ticul> runs directly ?r\gh a :ole s]ies4 ,f ! realm ( ! proti/s x leads to t ( ! ga/rad 7n[adays repres5t$ by ! ,cl5t]a71 !nce into ! doma9 ( ! worms1 t\*es ! hypo!tical 8primitive *ordates0 7= ! necess>y exi/5ce ( :i* 8c]ta9 pro(s0 c be giv571 ! class ( tunicates1 asc5ds ?r\gh ! fi%es1 amphibians & reptiles to =ms p>allel to ! mod]n monotremes1 !n directly ?r\gh ! m>supials to ! plac5tals1 ?r\gh lemuroids & baboons to ! an?ropoid apes1 f !m to ! 8fam\s ,pi!can?ropus0 discov]$ 9 ,java1 out ( :i* homo sapi5s arose4 7,! easy transition f "o gr\p ( =ms to ano!r is to be not$4 ,= x is aga9/ ?is po9t t mo/ ( ! opposition has be5 direct$1 :e!r f 8grumbl+0 critics1 or ?or\ghgo+ oppon5ts ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t47 ,haeckel's facile me?od ( con/ruct+ g5ealogical trees1 :i* ignores difficulties & discrepant facts1 has met ) mu* criticism & ridicule ev5 among ,d>w9ians4 ,! 8orator ( ,b]l910 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 decl>$ t if he mu/ read romances he w\ld pref] to read !m 9 "s o!r =m ?an t ( g5ealogical trees4 ,b !y h at lea/ ! m]it t !y give a vivid impression ( :at is mo/ plausible & attractive 9 ! idea ( desc5t1 & moreov] !y h help$ t[>ds ori5tation 9 ! discussion4 ,nor c we ignore ! v m>k$ taxonomic & ar*itectonic tal5t :i* _! con/ruction displays4 ,weismann's ,evolutioni/ ,position4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic repres5tative1 h[ev]1 ( ! mod]n s*ool ( unifi$ & purifi$ ,d>w9ism is n ,haeckel1 b ! ,freiburg zoologi/1 ,weismann4 ,?r\gh a long s]ies ( writ+s he has c>ri$ on ! conflict aga9/ het]odox1 & especially ,lam>ckian !ories ( evolution1 & has develop$ 8 !ories ( h]$ity & ! causes ( v>iation1 ( ! non-transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s1 & ! all-suffici5cy ( natural selection4 ,9 8 late/ great "w1 9 two volumes1 8,lectures on ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t107#aa7 he has def9itely summ$ up & sy/ematis$ 8 views4 ,^! w int]e/ u :5 we come to inquire into ! problem ( ! factors op]ative 9 evolution4 ,= ! mom5t we are only conc]n$ ) 8 attitude to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t z su*4 ,x is precisely ! same z ,haeckel's1 al?\gh he is oppos$ to ,haeckel 9 reg>d to ! /rictly ,d>w9ian /&po9t4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t has conqu]$1 & x may be said ) assurance1 = ev]4 ,t is ! firm conviction on :i* ! :ole "w is bas$1 & x is really r treat$ z a self-evid5t axiom ?an z a /atem5t to be prov$4 ,weismann takes little tr\ble to prove x4 ,all ! well-kn[n1 usually v cle> pro(s f palontology1 comp>ative anatomy1 c41 :i* we are accu/om$ to meet ) 9 evolutioni/ books are want+ "h1 ! g5ealogical trees ( ! ,equid1 ) ! gradually dim9i%+ numb] ( toes & ! v>y+ tee?1 ( ,planorbis multi=mis1 ( ! ammonites1 ! graduat$ s]ies ( /ages exhibit$ by individual organs1 = in/ance1 f ! ganglion m]ely s5sitive to light up to ! intricate eye1 or f ! ray$ skeleton ( ! pair$ f9s 9 fi%es up to ! five-f+]$ h&s & feet ( ! high] v]tebrates1 c4 ,^! are only briefly t\*$ ^u 9 ! t]se 8,introduction10 & ! :ole ( ! compreh5sive "w is !n direct$ to %[+ :at factors c h be5 op]ative1 & to prov+ t !y mu/ h be5 8,d>w9ian0 7selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce71 & n ,lam>ckian or any o!r4 ,?is is %[n 9 reg>d to ! coloration ( animals1 ! ph5om5a ( mimicry1 ! protective arrangem5ts ( plants1 ! developm5t ( in/9ct 9 animals1 & ! orig9 ( fl[]s4 ,9 reality ,weismann only adduces "o /rict pro(1 & ev5 t is only lay+ special /ress on :at is well kn[n 9 comp>ative embryology2 namely1 ! possibility ( 8pr$ict+0 on ! basis ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 z ,lev]ri] 8pr$ict$0 ,neptune4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! l[] v]tebrates f amphibians upw>ds !re is an os c5trale 9 ! skeleton ( wri/1 b !re is none 9 man4 ,n[ if man be desc5d$ f l[] v]tebrates1 & if ! fundam5tal biog5etic law be true 7t e =m ( life recapitulates 9 its own developm5t1 especially 9 its embryonic developm5t1 ! evolution ( its race1 ?\gh ) abbreviations & cond5sations71 x may be pr$ict$ t ! os c5trale is to be f\nd 9 ! e>ly embryonic /ages ( man4 ,& ,ros5b]g f\nd x4 ,9 ! same way ! 8gill-clefts0 ( ! fi%-l ance/ors h long s9ce be5 discov]$ 9 ! embryo ( ! high] v]tebrates & ( man4 ,weismann himself 8pr$ict$0 t ! m>k+s ( ! y\nge/ /age ( ! cat]pill>s ( ! ,sph+id 7hawk-mo?s7 w\ld be f\nd to be n oblique b longitud9al /ripes1 & t5 ye>s lat] a =tunate obs]vation v]ifi$ ! pr$iction4 ,because ( ! abundance ( evid5tial facts ,weismann does n g into any detail$ pro( ( evolution4 8,"o c h>dly take up any "w1 l>ge or small1 on ! f9] or m g5]al /ructural relations1 or on ! developm5t ( any animal1 )\t f9d+ 9 x pro(s = ! evolution !ory40 ,b assur$ z ! doctr9e ( desc5t appe>s17#ab7 & c]ta9 z x is t x has n only ma9ta9$ its hold s9ce ,d>w9's day1 b has /r5g!n$ x & has ga9$ adh]5ts1 ?is f\ndation ( ,d>w9ism is nev]!less n ! unanim\s & inevitable conclusion ( all sci5tific m5 9 ! s5se & to ! ext5t t ! utt]ances ( ,weismann & o!rs w\ld lead u to suppose4 ,ap>t f all apologetic attempts ei!r 9 religi\s1 e?ical1 or /hetic int]e/s1 ap>t1 too1 f ! sup]ior /&po9t ( ! philosoph]s1 :o h n1 s to speak1 tak5 ! !ory v s]i\sly1 b reg>d x z a provisional !ory1 z a m or less necess>y & useful me?od ( gr\p+ our ideas 9 reg>d to ! organic _w1 !re are ev5 among ! biologi/s !mselves "s :o1 indiff]5t t[>ds religi\s or philosophical or naturali/ic dogma1 hold /rictly to fact1 & r5\nce ) non*alance any pret5sions at complet5ess ( k if ! data d n admit ( x1 & on ^! gr\nds hold !mselves alo( f evolutioni/ g5]alisation4 ,f among ^! come ! c\nsels ( 8caution10 admissions t ! !ory is a sci5tific hypo!sis & a guide to rese>*1 b n k1 & confessions t ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t z a :ole is v]ifiable r z a g5]al impression ?an 9 detail4 ,vir*['s ,position4 ,w>n+s ( ?is k9d h come occasionally f ,du ,bois-,reymond1 b ! true type ( ?is gr\p1 & its mode ( ?\ght1 is ,vir*[4 ,x w repay u & suffice u to make acqua9tance ) x ?r\gh him4 ,8 opposition to ,d>w9ism & ! !ory ( desc5t 0 direct$ at its mo/ sali5t po9t3 ! desc5t ( man f ! apes4 ,9 lectures & treatises1 at zoological & an?ropological congresses1 especially at ! meet+s ( 8 own ,an?ropological-,e?nological ,society 9 ,b]l91 f 8 8,vortrge b] ,m5s*5-und ,aff5-,s*del0 7,lectures on ! ,skulls ( ,man & ,apes1 #ahfi71 to ! disputes ov] ,dubois' ,pi!can?ropus erectus 9 ! middle ( ! n9eties1 he ?rew ! :ole weight ( 8 imm5se le>n+--e?nological & an?ropological1 o/eological1 & above all 8craniological0--into ! scale aga9/ ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t & its support]s4 ,vir*[ has !re=e be5 reckon$ (t5 en\gh among ! anti-,d>w9ians1 & has be5 quot$ by apologi/s & o!rs z aga9/ ,d>w9ism1 & he has giv5 reason = ?is1 s9ce he has (t5 tak5 ! field aga9/ 8! ,d>w9i/s0 or has sc(f$ at _! 8long+ = a pro-an?ropos407#ac7 ,sometimes ev5 x has be5 sugge/$ t he 0 actuat$ by religi\s motives1 z :5 he occasionally *ampion$ n only fre$om = sci5ce1 b1 incid5tally1 ! "r ( exi/5ce = 8! *ur*es10 leav+1 = in/ance1 9 8 !ory ( psy*ical life1 gaps 9 k :i* fai? might occupy 9 mod]ation & mode/y4 ,b ?is la/ proves no?+4 ,) ,vir*['s altoge!r unemotional nature x is unlikely t religi\s or spiritual motives _h any rle 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 convictions1 & 9 ,haeckel's nave blu/]+ at religion1 !re is1 s to speak1 m religion ?an 9 ! cold-blood$ connivance ) :i* ,vir*[ leaves a few op5+s 9 o!rwise froz5 ponds = ! ducks ( fai? to swim 96 ,& he has no?+ ( ! pa?os ( ,du ,bois-,reymond's 8ignorabimus40 ,he is ! neutral1 prosaic sci5ti/1 :o w let no?+ 8tempt him to a transc5d5tal consid]ation107#ad7 ei!r !ological or naturali/ic1 :o holds t5aci\sly to matt]s ( fact1 :o1 )\t absolutely reject+ a g5]al !ory1 w n conc]n himself ab\t x1 except to po9t out e difficulty 9 ! way ( x2 9 %ort1 he is ! repres5tative ( a mood t is ! ideal ( e inve/igator & ! despair ( e !oris]4 ,8 lecture ( #ahfi already indicates 8 subsequ5t attitude4 8,consid]$ logically & speculatively0 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t seems to him 8excell5t107#ae7 inde$ a logical moral767 hypo!sis1 b unprov$ 9 itself1 & errone\s 9 _m ( its p>ticul> propositions4 ,z f> back z #aheh1 be=e ! publication ( ,d>w9's great "w1 he /at$ at ! ,naturali/s' ,congress 9 ,c>lsruhe1 t ! orig9 ( "o species out ( ano!r appe>$ to him a necess>y sci5tific inf]5ce1 b----,& ?r\gh\t ! :ole lecture he alt]nates betwe5 fav\rable recognition ( ! !ory 9 g5]al1 & emphasis ( ! difficulties :i* confront x 9 detail4 ,! skull1 :i*1 accord+ to ,goe!'s !ory1 has evolv$ f ?ree modifi$ v]tebr1 is fundam5tally diff]5t 9 man & monkeys1 bo? 9 reg>d to its ext]nals1 cre/s1 ridges & %ape1 & especially 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! cavity :i* x =ms = ! bra94 ,specifically di/9ctive diff]5ces 9 ! developm5t & /ructure ( ! re/ ( ! body mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! s-call$ ape-l /ructures 9 ! skull & ! re/ ( ! body1 :i* occasionally occur 9 man 7idiots1 microcephaloids1 c47 _c be reg>d$ z atavisms & !re=e z pro(s ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t2 !y are ( a pa?ological nature1 entirely facts sui g5]is1 & 8n to be plac$ 9 a s]ies ) ! normal results ( evolution40 ,a man modifi$ by disease 8is /ill ?or\ghly a man1 n a monkey40 ,vir*[ cont9u$ to ma9ta9 ?is attitude & p]si/$ 9 ?is k9d ( argum5t4 ,he en]getically reject$ all attempts to f9d 8pi!coid0 *>act]s 9 ! prehi/oric rema9s ( man4 ,he decl>$ ! n>r[ & less ar*$ =ehead1 ! elliptical =m1 & ! unusually l>ge frontal cavities ( ! 8,ne&]?al skull0 f\nd 9 ! ,wupp]?al 9 #ahef1 to be simply pa?ological features1 :i* occur z su* 9 c]ta9 examples ( homo sapi5s47#af7 ,he expla9$ ! abnormal appe>ance ( ! jaw f ! ,moravian cave ( ,s*ipka z a result ( ! ret5tion ( tee?17#ag7 accompani$ by directly 8antipi!coid0 *>act]s4 ,! proce$+s at ! meet+s ( ! ,e?nological ,society 9 #ahie1 at :i* ,dubois 0 pres5t1 _h an almo/ dramatic "*47#ah7 ,9 ! div]se op9ions ( ,dubois1 ,vir*[1 ,nehr+1 ,kollmann1 ,krause & o!rs1 we h almo/ an epitome ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,d>w9ian "q4 ,vir*[ d\bt$ :e!r ! p>ts put toge!r by ,dubois 7! head ( a femur1 two mol> tee?1 & ! top ( a skull7 belong$ to ! same individual at all1 disput$ ! calculations z to ! l>ge capacity ( ! skull1 plac$ aga9/ ,dubois' v /rik+ & clev] draw+ ( ! curves ( ! skull-outl9e1 :i* illu/rat$1 ) ! help ( ! ,pi!can?ropus1 ! gradual transition f ! skull ( a monkey to t ( man1 8 own draw+1 accord+ to :i* ! ,pi!can?ropus curve simply co9cides ) t ( a gibbon 7,hylobates71 & ass]t$ t ! rema9s discov]$ 7 ^? ( a species ( gibbon1 refus+ ev5 to admit t !y repres5t$ a new g5us ( monkeys4 ,he held fa/ to 8 cet]um c5seo3 8,z yet no diluvial discov]y has be5 made :i* c be ref]r$ to a man ( a pi!coid type40 ,inde$1 8 polemic or 8caution0 9 reg>d to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t w5t ev5 fur!r4 ,he n only refus$ to admit ! pro( ( ! desc5t ( man f monkey1 he w\ld n ev5 all[ t ! desc5t ( "o race f ano!r has be5 demon/rat$47#ai7 ,9 spite ( all ! plausible hypo!ses x rema9s 8s f> only a pium desid]ium40 ,! race ob/9ately ma9ta9s its specific di/9ctness1 & resi/s v>iation1 or gradual trans=mation into ano!r4 ,! negro rema9s a negro 9 ,am]ica1 & ! ,european coloni/ ( ,au/ralia rema9s a ,european4 ,yet all ,vir*['s opposition may be summ$ up 9 ! *>act]i/ic words1 :i* might almo/ be call$ 8 motto1 8,i w>n y ( ! ne$ = caution10 & x is n a s]i\sly-meant rejection ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,9 reality he holds ! evolution-idea z an axiom1 & 9 ! la/-nam$ treatise he %[s di/9ctly h[ he conceives ( ! process4 ,he />ts ) v>iation 7presumably 8kaleidoscopic071 :i* comes ab\t z a 8pa?ological0 ph5om5on1 t is to say1 n spontane\sly1 b z ! result ( environm5tal /imulus1 z ! organism's reaction to climatic & o!r conditions ( life4 ,! result is an alt]ation ( previ\s *>act]i/ics1 & a new /able race is e/abli%$ by an 8acquir$ anomaly407#bj7 ,o!r ,in/ances ( ,dissatisfaction ) ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,:at 0 ) ,vir*[ only a sugge/ion ( ! ne$ = caution1 or controv]sial matt] to be subsequ5tly all[$ = or contradict$1 _h m s]i\s consequ5ces to o!rs1 & l$ to /ill great] hesitancy z reg>ds evolutioni/ g5]alisations & speculations1 & sometimes to %>p antagonism to !m4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! e>li] examples ( ?is mood is ,k]n] von ,m>ilaun's l>ge & beautiful "w on 8,plant ,life407#ba7 ,he does1 inde$1 admit t our species are v>iations ( antec$5t =ms1 b only 9 a v limit$ s5se4 ,)9 ! /ocks or grades ( organisation :i* h always exi/$1 v>iations h come ab\t1 ?r\gh 8hybridisation10 ?r\gh ! cross+ ( simil>1 b relatively diff]5t =ms2 ^! v>iations alt] ! configuration & appe>ance 9 detail1 b nei!r affect ! g5]al "* nor cause any transition f 8l[]0 to 8high]40 ,k]n] disposes ( ! *ief argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 ! homology ( individual organs1 by expla9+ t ! homology is due to ! simil>ity ( function 9 ! diff]5t organisms4 ,a simil> argum5t is us$ 9 reg>d to 8ontog5y recapitulat+ phylog5y40 ,palontology does n disclose 9 ! plant-_w any 8syn!tic types10 :i* might h be5 ! common primitive /ock f :i* _m n[ div]g5t bran*es h sprung1 nor does x disclose any 8transition l9ks0 really int]m$iate1 = in/ance1 betwe5 cryptogams & gymnosp]ms1 or betwe5 gymnosp]ms & angiosp]ms4 ,t ! high] races are app>5tly abs5t f ! e>li] /rata is n a pro( t !y h nev] exi/$4 ,! peat-bog flora mu/ h involv$ ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge companion-flora1 )\t :i* ! peat c\ld n h be5 =m$1 b all trace ( ?is is abs5t 9 ! /ill p]si/5t ve/iges ( ^! times47#bb7 ,life1 ) en]gy & matt]1 has exi/$ z a ph5om5on ( ! univ]se f all et]nity1 & ?us its *ief =ms & manife/ations h n 8aris510 b h always be54 ,if facts su* z ^! contradict ! ,kant-,laplace !ory ( ! univ]se1 !n ! latt] mu/ be correct$ 9 ! light ( !m1 n conv]sely4 ,! extreme isolation ( ,k]n] & 8 !ory is probably due especially to ?is coroll>y ( 8 views4 ,among ! mo/ rec5t examples ( antagonism to ! ,evolution-,!ory1 ! mo/ int]e/+ is a book by ,fleis*mann1 pr(essor ( zoology 9 ,erlang51 publi%$ 9 #aija1 & entitl$1 8,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t40 ,x consi/s ( 8popul> lectures on ! rise & decl9e ( a sci5tific hypo!sis0 7namely1 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t71 & x is a complete recantation by a quondam ,d>w9ian ( ! doctr9e ( 8 s*ool1 ev5 ( its fundam5tal proposition1 ! concept ( evolution itself4 ,= ,fleis*mann is n guilty1 l ,weismann1 ( ! inaccuracy ( us+ 8,!ory ( ,desc5t0 z equival5t to ,d>w9ism2 he is absolutely indiff]5t to ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,8 book keeps /rictly to matt]s ( fact1 & rejects z speculation ev]y?+ 9 ! lea/ beyond ^!2 x does n express ev5 an op9ion on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species1 b m]ely criticises & analyses4 ,x does n br+ =w>d any new & ov]:elm+ argum5ts 9 refutation ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 b /rongly emphasises difficulties t h always beset x1 & discusses ^! 9 detail4 ,! old dispute :i* int]e/$ ,goe!1 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 & ,cuvi]1 z to ! unity or ! fundam5tal het]og5eity ( ! 8ar*itectural plan0 9 nature is reviv$4 ,mod]n zoology recognises n m]ely ! f\r types ( ,cuvi]1 b sev5te5 diff]5t /yles1 8phyla10 or gr\ps ( =ms1 to d]ive "o ( :i* f ano!r is hopeless4 ,& :at is true ( ! :ole is true also ( ! subdivisions )9 ea* phylum2 e4g41 )9 ! v]tebrate phylum ) its fi%es1 amphibians1 reptiles1 birds & mammals4 ,no bridge leads f "o to ! o!r4 ,?is is prov$ p>ticul>ly by ! v in/ance :i* is ! fav\rite illu/ration 9 support ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t--! f9 ( fi%es & its relation to ! five-f+]$ h& ( v]tebrates4 ,! s-call$ transition =ms 7,ar*opt]yx1 monotremes1 c47 are discr$it$4 ,s ) ! 8/alk+-horse0 ( evolutioni/s--! g5ealogical tree ( ! ,equid1 :i* is said to be traceable palontologically "r back1 )\t a break1 f ! "o-to$ horses ( ! pres5t day to ! normal five-to$ ance/ry2 & s ) ano!r fav\rite in/ance ( evolution1 ! hi/ory ( ! pond-snails 7,planorbis multi=mis71 ! num]\s v>ieties ( :i* occur ) transitions betwe5 !m 9 actual contiguity 9 ! ,/e9heim b$s1 & ?us seem to af=d an obvi\s example ( ! trans=mation ( species4 ,aga9/ ^! cases1 & aga9/ us+ ! palontological ar*ives z a basis = ! con/ruction ( g5ealogical trees 9 g5]al1 ! weighty & app>5tly decisive objection is urg$1 t n[h]e are ! s(t p>ts ( ! e>li] =ms ( life pres]v$1 & t x is impossible to e/abli% relation%ips ) any c]ta9ty on ! basis ( h>d p>ts only1 su* z bones1 tee? & %ells4 ,ev5 ,haeckel admits t snails ( v diff]5t bodily /ructure may =m v simil> & ev5 h>dly di/+ui%able %ells4 ,fleis*mann fur!r ass]ts t ,haeckel's 8fundam5tal biog5etic law0 has utt]ly collaps$4 8,recapitulation0 does n occur4 ,sel5ka's figures ( ovum-segm5tation %[ t !re are specific diff]5ces 9 ! individual gr\ps4 ,! orig9 & developm5t ( ! bla/od]m or g]m9al disc has no?+ to d ) recapitulation ( ! phylog5y4 ,x is n ! case t ! embryos ( high] v]tebrates are indi/+ui%able f "o ano!r4 ,ev5 ! egg-cell has a specific "*1 & is totally diff]5t f any unicellul> organism at ! ,proti/an level4 ,! mu*-cit$ 8gill-clefts0 ( high] v]tebrates 9 ! embryonic /age are n p]si/5t rem9isc5ces ( e>li] l[] /ages2 !y are rudim5ts or primordia %>$ by all v]tebrates1 & develop+ diff]5tly at ! diff]5t levels2 7?us 9 fi%es !y become brea?+ organs1 & 9 ! high] v]tebrates !y become 9 "p associat$ ) ! organs ( he>+1 or 9 "p disappe> aga974 ,?\gh ,fleis*mann's vigor\s prote/ aga9/ ov]-ha/9ess 9 con/ruction & ov]-confid5ce on ! "p ( ! adh]5ts ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t is v int]e/+1 & may (t5 be ju/ifi$ 9 detail1 x is difficult to resi/ ! impression t ! :eat has be5 reject$ ) ! *aff47#bc7 ,ev5 a layman may raise ! foll[+ objections3 ,admitt+ t ! great gr\ps ( =ms _c be trac$ back to "o ano!r1 ! palontological record /ill proves1 ?\gh x may be only 9 g5]al outl9e1 t )9 ea* phylum !re has be5 a gradual succession & asc5t ( =ms4 ,h[ is ! orig9 ( :at is new to be acc\nt$ =8 ,)\t do+ viol5ce to our ?9k+1 )\t a sort ( intellectual autonomy1 we _c re/ cont5t ) ! m]e fact t new elem5ts occur4 ,s1 9 spite ( all 8difficulties10 ! assumption ( an actual desc5t quietly =ces itself ^u u z ! only satisfactory clue4 ,& ! fact1 :i* ,fleis*mann does n discuss1 t ev5 at pres5t we may obs]ve ! e/abli%m5t ( :at are at lea/ new bre$s1 impels u to accept an analog\s orig9 ( new species4 ,ev5 if ! biog5etic law really 8f9ds its *ief confirmation 9 its exceptions10 ev5 if we _c speak ( a /rict recapitulation ( e>li] /ages ( evolution1 !re are indisputable facts :i* are mo/ readily int]pret$ z rem9isc5ces1 z due to affiliation 7ideal or h]$it>y71 ) ance/ral =ms4 7,note1 = in/ance1 ,weismann's 8pr$iction10 c47#bd77 ,ev5 if ,ar*opt]yx & o!r int]m$iate =ms _c be reg>d$ z connect+ l9ks 9 ! /rict s5se1 i4e41 z be+ /ages 9 ! actual p$igree1 yet ! occurr5ce ( reptilian & avian peculi>ities side by side 9 "o organism1 goes f> to prove ! close relation%ip ( ! two classes4 ,fleis*mann's book /r5g!ns ! impression ga9$ else:]e1 t a g5]al survey ( ! doma9 ( life z a :ole gives =ce & conv9c+ness to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 :ile a /udy ( details (t5 results 9 break+ ! ?reads & br++ ! difficulties into prom95ce4 ,b ! same holds true ( _m o!r !oretical con/ructions1 & yet we d n s]i\sly d\bt _! validity4 7,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,kant-,laplace !ory1 & !ories ( e?nology1 ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 ( ! hi/ory ( language1 & s on47 ,& x is q commonly to be obs]v$ t ^? :o h an exp]t & speciali/ k1 :o are aw>e ( ! refractor9ess ( detail$ facts1 (t5 take up a sceptical attitude t[>ds e compreh5sive !ory1 ?\gh ! ultimate use ( detail$ inve/igation is to make ! con/ruction ( g5]al !ories possible4 ,fleis*mann does exactly :at1 say1 an an?ropologi/ w\ld d if1 "u ! impression ( ! con/ancy & di/9ctiv5ess ( ! human races1 :i* w\ld become /rong] ! m deeply he p5etrat$1 he %\ld resign$ly r5\nce all possibility ( affiliat+ !m1 & %\ld re/ cont5t ) ! facts z he f\nd !m4 ,simil>ly1 ^? :o are mo/ intimately acqua9t$ ) ! races ( dome/icat$ animals (t5 resi/ mo/ /r5u\sly all attempts1 al?\gh ^! seem to o!rs a matt] ( c\rse1 to d]ive our 8tame0 =ms f 8wild0 species liv+ 9 fre$om4 ,b to return4 ,ev5 :]e ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t is recognis$1 :e!r fully or only half-he>t$ly1 ! recognition does n always mean ! same ?+4 ,ev5 ! adh]5ts ( ! g5]al1 b 9 itself q vague view t a trans=mation f l[] =ms to high]1 & f simil> to diff]5t =ms1 has tak5 place1 may pres5t s _m po9ts ( disagreem5t1 & may ev5 /& 9 su* antagonism to "o ano!r1 t onlook]s are apt to receive ! impression t !y occupy q diff]5t /&po9ts1 & are no long] at "o ev5 9 ! fundam5tals ( _! hypo!ses4 ,! mo/ div]se que/ions & answ]s crop up2 :e!r evolution has be5 br\ght ab\t 8monophyletically0 or 8polyphyletically10 i4e41 ?r\gh "o or _m g5ealogical trees2 :e!r x has tak5 place 9 a cont9u\s easy transition f "o type to ano!r1 or by leaps & b\nds2 :e!r ?r\gh a gradual trans=mation ( all organs1 ea* v>y+ individually1 or ?r\gh correlat$ 8kaleidoscopic0 v>iations ( _m k9ds ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em2 :e!r x is ess5tially asymptotic1 or :e!r organisms pass f 8labile0 phases ( vital equilibrium by v>i\s halt+-places to /able /ates1 :i* are def9itive1 & are1 s to speak1 ! bl9d alleys & t]m9al po9ts ( evolution>y possibilities1 e4g41 ! ext9ct gigantic saurians1 & p]haps also man4 ,& to ^! problems mu/ be add$ ! v>i\s answ]s to ! "q1 ,:at prec$es1 or may h prec$$1 ! e>lie/ /ages ( life ( :i* we "k8 ,:5ce came ! fir/ cell8 ,:5ce ! fir/ liv+ protoplasm8 & ,h[ did ! liv+ arise f ! inorganic8 ,^! deep] que/ions w occupy u 9 our *apt] on ! !ory ( life4 ,"s ( ! =m]1 9 c]ta9 ( _! aspects1 w be consid]$ 9 ! six? *apt]1 :i* deals ) factors 9 evolution4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t itself & ! diff]5ces t obta9 ev5 among its adh]5ts c be/ be /udi$ by consid]+ = a little ! works ( ,re9ke & ( ,hamann4 ,re9ke1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ,kiel1 has set =? 8 views 9 8 book1 8,die ,welt als ,tat107#be7 & m rec5tly 9 8 8,e9leitung 9 die !oretis*e ,biologie0 7#aija74 ,bo? books are address$ to a wide circle ( read]s4 ,re9ke & ,hamann bo? revive "s ( ! argum5ts & op9ions set =? 9 ! e>ly days ( ,d>w9ism by ,wig&17#bf7 an au?or ^: works are gradually ga9+ increas$ appreciation4 ,x is ,re9ke's 8unalt]able conviction0 t organisms h evolv$1 & t !y h done s aft] ! mann] ( fan-%ap$ g5ealogical trees4 ,! ,!ory ( ,desc5t is to him an axiom ( mod]n biology1 ?\gh z a matt] ( fact ! circum/antial evid5ce 9 fav\r ( x is extremely fragm5t>y4 ,! ma9 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( x appe> to him to be ! g5]al ones2 ! homologies & analogies reveal$ by comp>ative morphology & physiology1 ! asc5d+ s]ies 9 ! palontological record1 ve/igial organs1 p>asitic deg5]ation1 ! orig9 ( ^? vital associations :i* we call consortism & symbiosis4 ,^! he illu/rates ma9ly by examples f 8 own special doma9 & p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! simple/ unicellul> =ms ( life are to be ?\ght ( z at ! beg9n+ ( evolution2 &1 s9ce me*anical causes _c expla9 _! asc5t1 x mu/ be assum$ t !y h an inh]5t 8phylog5etic pot5tial ( developm5t10 :i*1 work+ epig5etically1 results 9 asc5d+ evolution4 ,he leaves u to *oose betwe5 monophyletic & polyphyletic evolution1 b himself incl9es t[>ds ! latt]1 associat+ ) x a rehabilitation ( ,wig&'s !ory ( ! primitive cells4 ,if1 9 ! beg9n+1 primitive =ms ( life arose 7probably z unicellul>s7 f ! n-liv+1 x is n obvi\s :y we ne$ ?9k ( only "o s aris+1 &1 if _m did s1 :y !y %\ld n h inh]5t diff]5ces :i* w\ld at once result 9 typically diff]5t evolution>y s]ies & gr\ps ( =ms4 ,b evolution does n g on ad libitum or ad inf9itum1 = ! capacity = diff]5tiation & trans=mation gradually dim9i%es4 ,! organisation passes f a labile /ate ( equilibrium to an increas+ly /able /ate1 & at _m po9ts x may rea* a t]m9us :]e x comes to a /&/ill4 ,man1 ! dog1 ! horse1 ! c]eals1 & fruit trees appe> to ,re9ke to h rea*$ _! goal4 ,! prelim9>y /ages he calls 8,phylembryos10 because !y be> to ! possible outcome ( _! evolution ! same relation t ! embryo does to ! p]fect individual4 ,?us1 ,ph5acodus may be reg>d$ z ! ,phylembryo ( ! mod]n horse4 ,x is q conceivable t ea* ( our mod]n species may h _h an indep5d5t s]ies ( ,phylembryos rea*+ back to ! primitive cells4 ,b ! palontological record1 & especially its syn!tic types1 lead ,re9ke r to assume t in/ead ( innum]able s]ies1 !re h be5 bran*+ g5ealogical trees1 n "o1 h[ev]1 b sev]al4 ,^! views1 toge!r or sep>ately1 :i* are *>act]is$ *iefly by ! cat*-words 8polyphyletic desc5t10 8labile & /able equilibrium10 & s on1 crop up toge!r or sep>ately 9 ! writ+s ( v>i\s evolutioni/s belong+ to ! opposition w+4 ,!y are usually associat$ ) a d5ial ( ! !ory ( natural selection1 & ) !ories ( 8,or?og5esis10 8,het]og5esis10 & 8,epig5esis40 ,we %all discuss !m lat] :5 we are consid]+ ! factors 9 evolution4 ,b we mu/ fir/ take notice ( a "w 9 :i* ! !ories oppos$ to ,d>w9ian or?odoxy h be5 mo/ decisively & aggressively set =?4 ,z f> back z #ahib ,o4 ,hamann1 !n a lectur] on zoology 9 ,gtt+51 ga!r$ ^! toge!r & br\ght !m into ! field1 aga9/ ,haeckel 9 p>ticul>1 9 8 book 8,entwicklungslehre und ,d>w9ismus407#bg7 ,hamann's ma9 !me is t ,d>w9ism ov]looks ! fact t 8!re _c h be5 an orig9 ( high] types f types already f9i%$40 ,= ?is 8un=tunate & unsupport$ assumption0 !re are no pro(s 9 embryology1 palontology1 or anatomy4 ,he adopts & exp&s ! argum5ts & anti-,haeckelian deliv]ances ( ,8 9 embryology1 ( ,snell & ,he] 9 palontology1 ( ,kllik] & von ,ba] 9 _! special int]pretation ( evolution1 ( ,snell p>ticul>ly z reg>ds ! desc5t ( man4 ,x is impossible to d]ive ,metazoa f ,protozoa 9 _! pres5t f9i%$ /ate ( evolution2 ev5 ! ,amoeba is s exactly adapt$ 9 organisation & functional activity to ! conditions ( its exi/5ce t x is a 8f9i%$0 type4 ,x is only by a /ret* ( fancy t fi%es c be d]iv$ f worms1 or high] v]tebrates f fi%es4 ,"o ( 8 fav\rite argum5ts--& x is a weighty "o1 ?\gh neglect$ by ! or?odox ,d>w9ians--is t liv+ sub/ance is capable1 "u simil> /imuli1 ( develop+ spontane\sly & afre%1 at q diff]5t po9ts & 9 diff]5t gr\ps1 simil> organs1 su* z spots s5sitive to light1 accumulations ( pigm5t1 eye-spots1 l5ses1 complete eyes1 & simil>ly ) ! noto*ord1 ! excretory organs1 & ! l4 ,!re=e homology ( organs is no pro( ( _! h]$it>y affiliation47#bh7 ,!y r illu/rate 8it]ative evolution40 ,ano!r fav\rite argum5t is ! fact ( 8,pdog5esis40 ,c]ta9 animals1 su* z ,amphioxus lanceolatus1 ,p]ipatus1 & c]ta9 ,m$us1 are v frequ5tly br\ght =w>d z examples ( p]si/5t primitive /ages & 8transitional connect+ l9ks40 ,b consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ,pdog5esis1 !y all assume q a diff]5t aspect1 & seem r to repres5t v highly evolv$ species1 & to be1 n primitive =ms1 b cons]vative & regressive =ms4 ,pdog5esis is ! ph5om5on exhibit$ by a numb] ( species1 :i* may /op %ort at "o ( ! /ages ( _! embryonic or l>val developm5t1 become sexually mature1 & produce (fspr+ )\t hav+ atta9$ _! own fully develop$ =m4 ,ano!r argum5t is ! old1 sugge/ive1 & really important "o urg$ by ,kllik]1 t 8inorganic nature %[s a natural sy/em among m9]als 7cry/als7 j z mu* z animals & plants d1 yet 9 ! =m] !re c be no "q ( any g5etic connection 9 ! production ( =ms40 ,yet ano!r argum5t is f\nd 9 ! occurr5ce ( 8inv]sions0 & anomalies 9 ! palontological succession ( =ms1 :i* to "s ext5t upsets ! ,d>w9ian-,haeckelian g5ealogical trees4 7,?us !re are =ms 9 ! ,cambrian ^: alleg$ ance/ors d n appe> till ! ,silurian4 ,=am9if]a & o!r ,protozoa d n appe> till ! ,silurian47 ,f embryology 9 p>ticul>1 z else:]e 9 g5]al1 we read ! 8fundam5tal biog5etic law10 t evolution is f ! g5]al to ! special1 f ! imp]fect to ! m p]fect1 f :at is /ill indef9ite & exub]ant to ! well-def9$ & precise1 b nev] f ! special to ! special4 ,accord+ to ,hamann's hypo!sis we mu/ ?9k ( evolution z go+ on1 s to speak1 n ab\t ! top b ab\t ! bottom4 ,! phyla or gr\ps ( =ms are great trunks be>+ _m bran*es & twigs1 b n giv+ rise to "o ano!r4 ,/ill less d ! little side bran*es ( "o trunk be> ! :ole great trunk ( ano!r animal or plant phylum4 ,b !y all gr[ f ! same roots among ! primitive =ms ( life4 ,unicellul>s ^! mu/ h be51 b n l our 8,proti/s40 ,!y %\ld be ?\ght ( z primitive =ms hav+ )9 !mselves ! pot5tialities ( ! mo/ div]se & widely sep>ate evolution-s]ies to :i* !y gave rise1 z x 71 along div]g+ fan-l rays4 ,x w\ld be in/ructive to foll[ "s naturali/ into 8 own p>ticul> doma91 = in/ance a palontologi/ into ! detail$ facts ( palontology1 or an embryologi/ into ^? ( embryology1 9 ord] to le>n :e!r ^! corroborate ! assumptions ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t or n4 ,x is j 9 relation to ^! detail$ facts t criticisms or ev5 d5ials ( ! !ory h be5 mo/ frequ5t4 ,kok51 o!rwise a conv9c$ support] ( ! !ory1 inquires 9 8 8,vorwelt10 apropos ( ! tortoises1 :at has become ( ! g5ealogical trees t 7 scatt]$ abroad 9 ! _w z prov$ facts 9 ! e>ly days ( ,d>w9ism4 ,he ass]ts1 9 reg>d to ,ar*opt]yx1 ! in/ance :i* is always put =w>d z ! int]m$iate l9k 9 ! evolution ( birds1 t x does n %[ 9 any ( its *>act]s a fundam5tal diff]5ce f any ( ! birds ( to-day1 & fur!r1 t1 ?r\gh conv]g5t developm5t "u simil> influ5ces1 simil> organs & /ructural relations result1 it]ative arrangem5ts :i* come ab\t q indep5d5tly ( desc5t4 ,he ma9ta9s1 too1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is r disprov$ ?an corroborat$ by ! palontological record4 ,9 embryology1 s compet5t an au?ority z ,o4 ,h]twig--himself a =m] pupil ( ,haeckel's--has react$ f ! 8fundam5tal biog5etic law40 ,8 !ory ( ! matt] is v mu* t ( ,hamann :i* we h already discuss$2 developm5t is n s mu* a recapitulation ( f9i%$ ance/ral types z ! lay+ d[n ( f\ndations aft] ! patt]n ( g5]alis$ simple =ms1 n yet specialis$2 & f ^! f\ndations ! special organs rise to diff]5t levels & grades ( diff]5tiation accord+ to ! type47#bi7 ,b we mu/ n lose ourselves 9 details4 ,look+ back ov] ! :ole field once m1 we feel t we are ju/ifi$ 9 ma9ta9+ ) "s confid5ce t ! diff]5t pron\ncem5ts 9 reg>d to ! detail$ application & p>ticul> features ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t1 & ! diff]5t /&po9ts t are occupi$ ev5 by evolutioni/s1 are at lea/ suffici5t to make x obvi\s t1 ev5 if evolution & desc5t h actually tak5 place1 !y h n run s simple & smoo? a c\rse z ! ov]-confid5t w\ld h u believe2 t ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t r emphasises ?an cle>s away ! riddles & difficulties ( ! case1 & t ) ! m]e corroboration ( ! !ory we %all h ga9$ only some?+ relatively ext]nal1 a clue to creation1 :i* does n s mu* solve its problems z re/ate !m4 ,! :ole criticism ( ! 8"r w+10 f capti\s objections to actual d5ials1 proves ?is indisputably4 ,& x seems likely t 9 ! c\rse ( "t a %>p5+ ( ! critical insight & temp] w give rise to fur!r reactions f ! academic !ory z we h come to "k x47#cj7 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be assum$ ) ev5 great] c]ta9ty t ! g5]al evolutioni/ po9t ( view & ! great argum5ts = desc5t 9 "s =m or o!r w ultimately be victori\s if !y are n s already1 & t1 soon] or lat]1 we %all take ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t 9 its mo/ g5]al =m z a matt] ( c\rse1 j z we n[ d ! ,kant-,laplace !ory4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,desc5t4 ,9 seek+ to def9e our position 9 reg>d to ! !ory ( desc5t x is mo/ important t we %\ld recognise t1 :5 x is look$ into closely1 ! true problem at issue is n a special zoological "o1 b is q g5]al1 & also t x is n a new gr[? :i* has sprung up sudd5ly & f\nd u unprep>$1 b t x is v anci5t & has long exi/$ 9 our mid/4 ,9 ! :ole !ory ! "q ( 8desc5t0 is aft] all a m]e accessory4 ,ev5 if x fell ?r\gh & 7 se5 to be sci5tifically undemon/rable1 8evolution 9 ! realm ( life0 w\ld rema9 an indisputable fact1 & ) x !re w\ld arise precisely ! same difficulties = ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! _w :i* are usually attribut$ to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,evolution or developm5t has be5 a prom95t idea 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 b desc5t is1 s to speak1 a mod]n up/>t4 ,accord+ to long-e/abli%$ modes ( ?\ght1 to evolve means to pass f to 1 f pot5tia to actus1 f ! exi/5ce ( ! rudim5t z 9 ! se$ to full realisation z 9 ! tree4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t ! organism passes ?r\gh _m successive phases1 :i* are relat$ to "o ano!r l /eps1 ea* ris+ directly f ! "o b5ea?1 & prep>+ = ! "o above4 ,?us all nature1 & especially ! realm ( life1 implies a ladd] ( 8evolution40 ,:at is 8pot5tially0 inh]5t 9 ! l[e/ =m ( life has 9 ! highe/1 z 9 man1 become actual or 8realis$0 ?r\gh a cont9u\s sequ5ce ( phases1 successively m & m evolv$4 ,?is view 9 its e>li] =ms 0 v f> f imply+ t ea* high] /ep 0 lit]ally 8desc5d$0 f ! "o bel[ x1 ?r\gh ! physical & m5tal trans=mation ( "s ( its repres5tatives4 ,z ! _w1 9 ,ari/otle's view = in/ance1 _h exi/$ f all et]nity1 s also _h ! /ages & =ms ( life1 ea* giv+ rise aga9 to its l4 ,inde$1 ! ess5tial idea 0 t ea* high] /ep is simply a developm5t1 a full] unfold+ ( ! l[] /age1 & f9ally t man 0 ! complete realisation ( :at 0 pot5tially inh]5t 9 ! l[e/ ( all4 ,?is doctr9e ( evolution 0 9 mod]n times ! fundam5tal idea ( ,leibnitz & ,kant1 ( ,goe!1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,x br\ght unity & connect$ness into ! sy/em ( nature1 unit$ ev]y?+ by /eps1 d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( gap+ *asms1 & proclaim$ ! solid>ity ( all ! =ms ( life4 ,b to all ?is ! idea ( actual desc5t 0 unnecess>y4 ,an actual mat]ial v>iation & transition f "o /age to ano!r seem$ to x a wood5 & gross expression ( ! evolution idea1 an 8all too *ildi% & nebul\s hypo!sis0 7,hegel74 ,all ! important results ( comp>ative morphology & physiology1 :i* ! mod]n support]s ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t s confid5tly utilise z argum5ts 9 its fav\r1 w\ld h be5 welcom$ by ^? :o held ! orig9al & g5]al evolution idea1 z a corroboration ( _! own /&po9t4 ,& z a matt] ( fact !y all af=d conclusive pro(s ( evolution2 b n "o ( !m1 includ+ ev5 ! fundam5tal biog5etic law & ! inoculat$ *impanzee1 is decisive 9 reg>d to desc5t4 ,?is cont5tion is suffici5tly important to claim our att5tion = a little4 ,let u take ! la/ example4 ,transfusion ( blood betwe5 two species is possible1 n necess>ily because !y are desc5d$ f "o ano!r or f a common root1 b solely because ( _! sy/ematic 7ideal7 relation%ip1 t is to say because !y are suffici5tly ne> to "o ano!r & l "o ano!r 9 _! physiological qualities & functions4 ,if1 assum+ desc5t1 ?is homology 7 di/urb$1 & ! sy/ematic relation%ip done away )1 = in/ance ?r\gh saltatory evolution1 ! m]e fact ( desc5t w\ld n br+ ! two species any ne>] "o ano!r4 ,?us ! case proves only sy/ematic relation%ip1 & only evolution4 ,b z to ! mean+ ( ?is sy/ematic relation%ip1 :e!r x c be 8expla9$0 by desc5t1 :e!r x has exi/$ f all et]nity1 or h[ x has aris51 ! exp]im5t does n in=m u4 ,! same idea may be illu/rat$ 9 reg>d to ,weismann's 8pr$ict+40 ,?is1 too1 is a pro( ( evolution1 b n ( desc5t4 ,exactly z ,weismann pr$ict$ ! /rip+ ( ! hawk-mo? cat]pill>s & ! human os c5trale1 ,goe! pr$ict$ ! =mation ( ! skull f modifi$ v]tebr1 & ! premaxill>y bone 9 man4 ,9 precisely ! same way he 8d]iv$0 ! cavities 9 ! human skull f ^? ( ! animal skull4 ,?is 0 q 9 keep+ ) ! mann] & /yle ( 8 ,goddess ,nature & h] creative trans=mations1 rais+ ! type ( h] creations f /age to /age1 develop+ & exp&+ ea* new type f an e>li] "o1 yet keep+ ! lat] analog\s to & recapitulative ( ! e>li]1 record+ ! e>li] by means ( ve/igial & gradually dw9dl+ p>ts4 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) desc5t8 ,ev5 ! 8biog5etic law0 itself1 especially if x 7 correct1 w\ld fit admirably into ! frame ( ! pure evolution idea4 ,= x is q consi/5t ) t idea to say t ! high] type 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 especially 9 its embryonic /ages1 passes ?r\gh /ages repres5tative ( ! =ms ( life :i* are bel[ x & prec$e x 9 ! 7ideal7 g5ealogical tree4 ,inde$1 ! old] doctr9e ( evolution took acc\nt ( ?is long ago4 8,! same /ep-ladd] :i* is exhibit$ by ! :ole animal k+dom1 ! /eps ( :i* are ! diff]5t races & classes1 ) at ! "o extreme ! l[lie/ animals & at ! o!r ! highe/1 is exhibit$ also by e high] animal 9 its developm5t1 s9ce f ! mom5t ( its orig9 until x has rea*$ its full developm5t x passes ?r\gh--bo? z reg>ds int]nal & ext]nal organisation--! ess5tials ( all ! =ms :i* become p]man5t = a lifetime 9 ! animals l[] ?an itself4 ,! m p]fect ! animal is1 ! long] is ! s]ies ( =ms x passes ?r\gh40 ,s ,j4 ,fr4 ,meckel wrote 9 #ahab 9 8 8,h&book ( ,pa?ological ,anatomy10 ) no ?\ght ( desc5t4 ,& ! facts :i* l$ to ! con/ruction ( ! biog5etic law 7 discov]$ 9 no small measure by ,agassiz1 :o 0 an oppon5t ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t47#ca7 ,b ! advance f ! doctr9e ( evolution to t ( desc5t 0 imp]atively prompt$ by a recognition ( ! fact t ! e>? is n f ev]la/+1 & t ! =ms ( life ^u x are likewise n f ev]la/+1 t1 9 fact1 _! sev]al grades appe> 9 an ord]ly asc5d+ s]ies4 ,x is !re=e simpl] & m plausible to suppose t ea* high] /ep has aris5 f ! "o be=e x1 ?an to suppose t ea* has1 s to speak1 begun an evolution on its own acc\nt4 ,a s]ies ( corroborative argum5ts might be adduc$1 & !re is no d\bt1 z we h said be=e1 t ! transition f ! g5]al idea ( evolution to t ( desc5t w be fully accompli%$4 ,b x is pla9 t ! special idea ( desc5t contributes no?+ ess5tially new on ! subject4 ,x is an (t-repeat$ & self-evid5t /atem5t1 t x is 9 reality a matt] ( entire indiff]5ce :e!r man arose f ! du/ ( ! e>? or f liv+ matt] already =m$1 or1 let u say1 f "o ( ! high] v]tebrates4 ,! "q /ill w\ld be1 h[ mu* or h[ little ( any ( !m does he /ill reta91 & h[ f> does he diff] f all8 ,ev5 if !re be really desc5t1 ! diff]5ce may q z well be s great--= in/ance1 ?r\gh saltatory developm5t--t man1 9 spite ( physical relation%ip1 might belong to q a new category f> transc5d+ all 8 ance/ors 9 8 intellectual *>act]i/ics1 9 8 emotional & moral qualities4 ,!re is no?+ aga9/ ! assumption1 & !re is mu* to be said 9 its fav\r1 t ! la/ /ep f animal to man 0 su* an imm5se "o t x br\ght ) x a fre$om & ri*ness ( psy*ical life incomp>able ) any?+ t _h gone be=e--z if life "h realis$ itself = ! fir/ "t 9 v tru?1 & made ev]y?+ t previ\sly _h be5 a m]e prelim9>y play4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 7 !re no desc5t b sep>ate individual creation1 man might1 9 virtue ( 8 ideal relation%ip & evolution1 appe> no?+ m ?an a /age relatively sep>ate f ^? b5ea? him 9 evolution4 ,x 0 n ! doctr9e ( desc5t1 x 0 ! doctr9e ( evolution t fir/ rank$ man 9 a s]ies ) ! re/ ( creation1 & reg>d$ him z ! developm5t ( :at is b5ea? him & leads up to him ?r\gh a gradual sequ5ce ( /ages4 ,& 8 ne>ness1 analogy1 or relation%ip to :at is b5ea? him is 9 no way increas$ by desc5t1 or r5d]$ a :it m intimate or m di/urb+4 ,! ,problema ,cont9ui4 ,! problem ( desc5t ?us %[s itself to be "o :i* has nei!r isolat$ "* nor special value4 ,x is an accessory accompanim5t ( all ! que/ions & problems :i* h be5 rais$ by1 or are associat$ )1 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 :i* w\ld h be5 9 our mid/ )\t ,d>w91 :i* are made nei!r easi] nor m difficult by zoological k1 & ! difficulties ( :i*1 if solv$1 w\ld solve at ! same "t any difficulties pres5t$ by desc5t4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations w s]ve to make ?is cle>4 ,! mo/ oppressive coroll>y ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t is und\bt$ly t ?r\gh x ! human race seems to become lo/ 9 ! infra-human1 f :i* x _c be sep>at$ by any h>d & fa/ b\nd>ies1 or absolute l9es ( dem>cation4 ,b x is easy to see t ?is problem is 9 fact only a "p ( a l>g] problem1 & t x c really be solv$ only ?r\gh ! l>g] "o4 ,ev5 if x 7 possible to d away ) ?is unpleas+ inf]5ce z reg>ds ! :ole human race1 s t x c\ld be 9 "s way sep>at$ (f securely f ! animal k+dom1 ! same fatality w\ld rema9 9 reg>d to ea* individual human be+4 ,= we h "h to face ! problem ( individual developm5t by easy transitions1 ! asc5t f ! animal to ! human /ate1 & ! "q3 ,:5 is !re really s\l & _s1 :5 man & ego1 :5 fre$om & responsibility8 ,b ?is is ! same problem aga91 only writt5 ) small] lett]s1 ! g5]al problema cont9ui 9 ! doma9 ( life & m9d4 ,& ! problem is v f>-rea*+4 ,9 all que/ions conc]n+ m5tal heal? & disease1 abnormalities or cases ( arre/ at an e>ly /age ( m5tal developm5t1 conc]n+ ! great] or less degree ( end[m5t = intellectual1 moral1 & religi\s life1 d[n to utt] abs5ce ( capacity1 & ?is 9 relation to individuals z well z races & peoples1 & times2 & aga91 conc]n+ ! gradual developm5t ( ! e?ical & religi\s consci\sness 9 ! long c\rse ( hi/ory1 9 its cont9uity & gradual transition f l[] to high] =ms3 ev]y:]e we meet ?is same problema cont9ui4 ,& our oppressive difficulty is b\nd up ) ?is problem1 & c be dispell$ only by its solution1 = ! gi/ ( ! difficulty is no?+ else ?an ! gradualness ( human becom+4 ,?is is n ! place = a ?or\ghgo+ discussion ( ?is problema cont9ui4 ,we c only call to m9d "h t ! 8evolution idea0 has be5 ! doctr9e ( ! great philosophical sy/ems f ,ari/otle to ,leibnitz1 & ( ! great ,g]man ideali/ philosoph]s1 9 ^: s*ool ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! _w is at home4 ,we may briefly emphasise ! mo/ important consid]ations to be kept 9 m9d 9 =m+ a judgm5t z to gradual developm5t4 #a4 ,to recognise any?+ z 9 c\rse ( evolv+ does n mean t we und]/& its 8becom+40 ,! true inw>dness ( 8becom+0 is hidd5 9 ! my/]y ( ! transc5d5tal4 #b4 ,! gradual orig9 ( ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect f ! primitive 9 no way affects ! specific "*1 ! uniqu5ess & newness ( ! highe/ /age1 :5 comp>$ ) its antec$5ts4 ,=1 close z ea* /ep is to ! "o bel[1 & directly z x seems to arise out ( x1 ea* high] /ep has a m9imum & diff]5tia ( newness 7or at lea/ an individual gr\p+ ( ! elem5ts ( ! old71 :i* ! prec$+ /age does n expla91 or = :i* x is n a suffici5t reason1 b :i* em]ges z new f ! v he>t ( ?+s4 #c4 ,evolution does n dim9i% ! absolute value ( ! p]fect /age1 :i* is incomp>ably great] ?an ! value ( ! int]m$iate /ages1 x r acc5tuates x4 ,! /ages f ! half-develop$ acorn-%oot are n equival5t 9 value to ! p]fect tree2 !y are to x z means to an end1 & are ( m9imal value comp>$ ) x4 #d4 ,all 8desc5t0 & 8evolution10 :i*1 ev5 9 reg>d to ! gradual developm5t ( physical organisation & its secrets1 (f] n s mu* an explanation z a clue1 are /ill less suffici5t 9 reg>d to ! orig9 & gr[? ( psy*ical capacity 9 g5]al1 & 9 relation to ! awak5+ & autonomy ( ! m9d 9 man1 because ! psy*ical & spiritual _c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( physiological processes1 f ei!r ! quantity or ! quality ( n]v\s /ructure4 ,?is problem1 & ! relation ( ! human _s to ! animal m9d1 w fall to be dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,x is nei!r ! "r nor ! duty ( ! religi\s conception ( ! _w to inquire into & *oose betwe5 ! diff]5t =ms ( ! idea ( desc5t :i* we h met )4 ,if x has made itself ma/] ( ! g5]al evolution idea1 !n desc5t1 ev5 9 its mo/ gradual1 cont9u\s1 monophyletic =m1 affects x n at all4 ,x c !n look on1 p]haps n ) joy1 b c]ta9ly )\t anxiety1 at ,dubois' monkey-man & ,fri$5?al's *impanzee4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\s t a secret bond ( sympa?y w always unite x ) ! "r w+ ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 ) ! *ampions ( 8halmatog5esis107#cb7 het]og5esis17#cc7 kaleidoscopic readju/m5t1 c41 because 9 all ^! ! dep? & weal? & ! my/]y ( ph5om5a are m obvi\sly recognisable4 ,= ! same reasons ! religi\s outlook mu/ always be int]e/$ 9 all prote/s aga9/ ov]-ha/9ess1 aga9/ too great confid5ce 9 hypo!ses1 & aga9/ too rapid simplification & =mulation4 ,& x is n go+ beyond our prov9ce to place "s reliance on ! fact t !re are increas+ signs ( revolt f ! too great confid5ce hi!rto %[n 9 relation to ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,! g5]al frame ( ! !ory w c]ta9ly nev] be brok51 b ! enclos$ picture ( natural evolution w be less pla9 & plausible1 m complex & subtle1 m full ( po9ts ( int]rogation & recognitions ( ! limits ( our k & ! dep?s ( ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,d>w9ism ,,9 ,,! ,,/rict ,,s5se4 ,x rema9s = u to consid] :at is ess5tially ,d>w9ian 9 ,d>w9ism1 namely1 ! !ory ( natural selection z ! det]m9+ factor 9 evolution4 ,=1 giv5 ! reality ( evolution & desc5t1 & t trans=mations f "o =m to ano!r1 f l[] to high]1 h really tak5 place1 :at 0 ! guid+ & impell+ factor 9 evolution1 :at =c$ x =w>ds & upw>ds8 ,x is "h t ! real problem ( ,d>w9ism beg9s4 ,only f ?is po9t onw>ds does ! doctr9e ( evolution1 :i* is n 9 itself necess>ily committ$ to any !ory ( ! factors1 become def9itely ,d>w9ian or anti-,d>w9ian4 ,& x is ?is problem t is ma9ly conc]n$ 9 ! discussions tak+ place to-day z to :e!r ,d>w9 0 "r1 or :e!r ,d>w9ism z a hypo!sis has n brok5 d[n4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ,d>w9's !ory 0 8natural teleology10 t is1 ! explanation ( :at is app>5tly full ( purpose & plan 9 ! _w1 purely z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( v simple conditions1 )\t purpose or any /riv+ aft] an aim4 ,he s\ght to %[ t evolution & asc5t c be realis$ ?r\gh purely 8natural0 causes1 t ?is _w ( life1 man includ$1 mu/ h come ab\t1 b n because x 0 int5d$ s to d4 ,9 ?is s5se1 inde$1 8 doctr9e is an attempt to d away ) teleology4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se x is s ev5 m emphatically4 ,! _w1 & especially ! _w ( life1 is und\bt$ly full ( :at is de facto purposive4 ,! liv+ organism1 z a :ole & 9 e "o ( its p>ts1 is m>vell\sly adapt$ to ! end ( p]=m+ its functions1 ma9ta9+ its own life & reproduc+4 ,e s+le liv+ be+ is a miracle ( inexhau/ible adaptations to an end4 ,:5ce came ^!8 ,!y1 too1 are products1 uns\ght =1 un9t5d$1 & yet necess>y1 & com+ ab\t 8( !mselves10 t is )\t teleological or any sup]natural guid+ pr9ciples4 ,to elim9ate purpose & ! purposive creat+ & guid+ activity ( transc5d5tal pr9ciples f int]pretations ( nature1 & to introduce purely naturali/ic pr9ciples--8pr9ciples ( *ance10 if we und]/& *ance 9 ?is connection n z oppos$ to necessity1 b to plan & purpose--?is is ! aim ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,& x only becomes def9itely anti-!ological because x is anti-teleological4 ,! conclusions :i* ,d>w9 arriv$ at z to ! factors 9 ! trans=mation ( species1 & 9 ! production ( 8adaptations10 h be5 9 "p support$ by ! speciali/s he influ5c$1 9 "p /r5g!n$1 b 9 "p modifi$ & ev5 rev]s$1 s t a great crisis has come ab\t 9 reg>d to ,d>w9ism 9 ! /rict s5se--a crisis :i* ?reat5s to be fatal to x4 ,we mu/ "h attempt to take a g5]al survey ( ! /ate ( ! "q & to def9e our own position4 ,d>w9's int]pretation is well kn[n4 ,x is ! !ory ( ! natural selection ( ! be/ adapt$ ?r\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :i* is ( itself a natural selection1 & results 9 ! sift+ out ( p>ticul> =ms & ( high] =ms4 ,d>w9's ?9k+ foll[s ! c\rse t all anti-teleological ?\ght has foll[$ s9ce ! e>lie/ times4 ,9 br++ =? ! =ms ( life1 nature (f]s1 )\t *oice or aim or int5tion1 a weal? ( possibilities4 ,! =ms :i* happ5 to be be/ adapt$ to ! surr\nd+ conditions ( life ma9ta9 !mselves1 & reproduce2 ! o!rs p]i%1 & are elim9at$ 7survival ( ! fitte/74 ,?us arises adaptation at fir/ 9 ! r\gh1 b gradually 9 m & m m9ute detail4 ,?is adaptation1 br\ght ab\t by *ance1 gives ! impression ( intellig5t creative purpose4 ,9 ,d>w9 ?is fundam5tal mode ( naturali/ic int]pretation took1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! social-economic !ories ( ,mal?us1 ! special =m ( natural selection by means ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 9 association ) ! assumption ( unlimit$ & fluctuat+ v>iability 9 ! =ms ( life4 ,all liv+ be+s h a t5d5cy to increase 9 numb] )\t limit4 ,b ! means ( subsi/5ce & o!r conditions ( exi/5ce d n increase at ! same rate2 !y are relatively con/ant4 ,?us competition mu/ come ab\t4 ,any organism t is1 by =tuit\s v>iation1 m fav\rably equipp$ ?an its fell[s ma9ta9s itself & reproduces itself2 ! less fav\r$ p]i%4 ,= all ?+s liv+ are expos$ to enemies1 to unt[>d circum/ances1 & ! l4 ,e individual fav\r$ above its rivals p]si/s1 & c transmit to its desc5dants its own m fav\rable1 m diff]5tiat$1 m highly equipp$ "*4 ,?us evolution is begun1 & is =c$ on into ! ev] m div]se & ev] 8high]40 ,to ,d>w9 ?is /ruggle = exi/5ce & ?is selection accord+ to utility seem$1 at any rate1 ! *ief factor 9 progress4 ,he did1 inde$1 make "s concessions to ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple t new *>act]s may be acquir$ by increas$ use1 & to o!r 8second>y0 pr9ciples4 ,b ^! are ( small importance z comp>$ ) 8 ma9 factor4 ,diff]5ces ( ,op9ion ,z ,to ! ,factors ,9 ,evolution4 ,! !ory ( natural selection 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce rapidly ga9$ wide acceptance1 b f ! fir/ x 0 call$ 9 "q f _m sides4 ,bronn1 :o translat$ ,d>w9's works into ,g]man1 0 & rema9$ loyal to ! idea ( a 8developm5tal law0--t !re is )9 ! organism an innate t5d5cy t[>ds self-diff]5tiation & progress1 ?us a purely teleological pr9ciple47#cd7 ,simil>ly1 von ,ba] emphasis$ ! idea ( an endeav\r to realise an aim2 von ,kllik]1 t ( 8het]og5esis02 ,ngeli1 t ( an impulse t[>ds p]fection--all ?ree ?us recognis+ ! !ory ( evolution1 b diss5t+ f ! view t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ! impell+ factor & actual guide 9 ! process4 ,v soon1 9 ano!r direction1 antagonism became pron\nc$ betwe5 ! /rictly ,d>w9ian elem5ts ( ! !ory 7! /ruggle = exi/5ce & its coroll>ies7 & ! accessory ,lam>ckian elem5ts4 ,?r\gh ^! & o!r controv]sies ! pres5t /ate ( ! "q has em]g$4 ,! ma9 anti!sis at pres5t is ! foll[+4 ,on ! "o side1 ! 8all-suffici5cy ( natural selection0 is ma9ta9$1 t is1 progressive evolution is reg>d$ z com+ ab\t )\t direct self-ex]tion on ! "p ( ! organisms !mselves1 simply ?r\gh ! fact t =tuit\s v>iations are cont9ually pres5t+ !mselves1 & are be+ select$ & e/abli%$ accord+ to _! utility 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r side--) ,lam>ck--! progress is reg>d$ z due to ef=t & function on ! "p ( ! organism itself4 7,increas$ use ( an organ /r5g!ns x2 a *ang$ use trans=ms x2 disuse causes x to deg5]ate4 ,?us new *>act]s appe>1 old ones pass away1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ! manifold div]sity ( ! =ms ( life has be5 br\ght ab\t47 ,fur!r1 by ^? ( ! "o side v>iation is reg>d$ z occurr+ by ! smalle/ /eps t c\ld h selective value 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,to ! o!rs v>iation seems to h tak5 place by leaps & b\nds1 ) relatively sudd5 trans=mations ( ! functional & /ructural equilibrium on a l>ge scale4 ,9 reg>d to ^! ! rle ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce mu/ be m]ely subsidi>y4 ,?is saltatory k9d ( evolution-process is call$ 8halmatog5esis10 or1 m neatly1 8kaleidoscopic v>iation10 because1 z ! pictures 9 a kaleidoscope *ange n gradually b by a sudd5 leap to an ess5tially new patt]n1 s also d ! =ms ( life4 ,associat$ ) ?is is ! foll[+ contra/4 ,"o side believes 9 free & indep5d5t v>iation ( any organ1 any "p1 any function1 physical or m5tal1 any in/9ct1 & s on1 ap>t f *ange or p]si/5ce 9 ! re/ ( ! organism2 ! o!r side believes 9 ! close connect$ness ( e "p ) ! :ole1 9 ! /rict 8correlation0 ( all p>ts1 9 v>iation 9 "o "p be+ always simultane\sly associat$ ) v>iation 9 _m o!r p>ts1 all be+ compris$ 9 ! 8:ole10 :i* is above & be=e all ! p>ts & det]m9es !m4 ,& fur!r1 to "o s*ool v>iation seems )\t plan 9 all directions1 simply plus or m9us on ei!r side ( a mean2 to ! o!r1 v>iation seems pr$et]m9$ & 9 a def9ite direction--an 8or?og5esis10 9 fact1 :i* is inh]5t 9 ! organism1 & :i* is indiff]5t to utility or disadvantage1 or natural selection1 or any?+ else1 b simply foll[s its prescrib$ pa? 9 ob$i5ce to innate law4 ,! repres5tatives ( ?is la/ position diff] aga9 among !mselves4 ,"s reg>d x z true 9 detail1 9 reg>d1 = in/ance1 to ! m>k+s ( a butt]fly's w+1 ! /rip+ ( a cat]pill>1 ! developm5t ( spots on a liz>d2 :ile o!rs reg>d x z gov]n+ ! g5]al process ( evolution z a :ole4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! mo/ important contra/ ( all4 ,on ! "o side1 subord9ation1 passivity1 complete dep5d5ce on ! selective or directive factors 9 evolution1 :i* alone h any p[]2 on ! o!r1 activity1 spontane\s p[] ( adaptation & trans=mation1 ! relative fre$om ( all ?+s liv+1 &--! deepe/ answ] to ! "q ( ! controll+ =ce 9 evolution--! secret ( life4 ,?is la/ contra/ goes deep] ev5 ?an ! "o we h already not$1 t betwe5 ! ,d>w9ian & ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple ( explanation2 & x leads ultimately f ! special ,d>w9ian problem to q a new "o1 to be solv$ by itself--! problem ( ! nature & secret ( liv+ matt]4 ,weismannism4 ,9 reg>d to almo/ all ! po9ts to :i* we h ref]r$1 ! mo/ consi/5t & decid$ *ampion ( ,d>w9ism 9 its ess5tial pr9ciples is ! zoologi/ ( ,freiburg1 ,augu/ ,weismann47#ce7 ,9 long *apt]s on ! protective coloration ( animals1 on ! ph5om5a ( mimicry--t resemblance to =eign objects 7leaves1 pieces ( wood1 b>k1 & well-protect$ animals7 by :i* ! mimics secure _! own safety f enemies--on ! protective devices 9 plants1 ! selective value ( 8! useful0 is demon/rat$4 ,9 reg>d to ! m>vell\s ph5om5a ( 8c>nivor\s0 plants1 ! /ill m m>vell\s in/9cts ( animals1 :i* _c be int]pret$ on ,lam>ckian l9es z 8inh]it$ habit10 b only z due to ! cumulative influ5ce ( selection on inborn t5d5cies1 z well z 9 reg>d to 8symbiosis10 8! orig9 ( fl[]s10 & s on1 he attempts to %[ t ! het]odox attempts at explanation are insuffici5t1 & t selection alone really expla9s4 ,at ! same "t ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple is c>ri$ /ill fur!r4 ,x is n only among ! individuals1 ! 8p]sons10 t ! selective /ruggle = exi/5ce goes on4 ,p]sonal selection dep5ds ^u a 8g]m9al selection0 )9 ! g]m-plasm1 influ5c+ x1 & be+ influ5c$ by x--= in/ance1 re/ra9$4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! my/]y ( h]$ity1 ,weismann long ago elaborat$1 9 8 g]m-plasm !ory1 ! doctr9e t ! develop+ individual is mat]ially pre=m$1 or r pr$et]m9$ 9 ! 8idants0 & 8ids0 ( ! g]m-cell4 ,?us e "o ( its physical *>act]s 7&1 ?r\gh ^!1 its psy*ical *>act]s71 d[n to hairs1 sk9 spots1 & bir?-m>ks1 is repres5t$ 9 ! 8id0 by 8det]m9ants0 :i* control ! 8det]m9ates0 9 developm5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! gr[? & developm5t ^! det]m9ants are subject to div]se influ5ces due to ! position !y happ5 to occupy1 to _! quality1 to *anges 9 ! nutritive conditions1 & s on4 ,?r\gh ^! influ5ces v>iations 9 ! det]m9ants may be br\ght ab\t4 ,& ?us !re comes ab\t a 8/ruggle0 & a process ( selection among ! det]m9ants1 ! result ( :i* is express$ 9 *anges 9 ! det]m9ates1 9 ! direction ( great] or less developm5t4 ,on ?is basis ,weismann attempts to rea* explanations ( ! ph5om5a ( v>iation1 ( _m app>5tly ,lam>ckian ph5om5a1 & ( recognis$ cases ( 8or?og5esis10 & seeks to complete & deep5 ,r\x's !ory ( ! 8/ruggle ( p>ts10 :i* 0 j ano!r attempt to c>ry ,d>w9ism )9 ! organism4 ,:at di/+ui%es ,weismann1 & makes him especially useful = our pres5t purpose ( com+ to an und]/&+ 9 reg>d to ! !ory ( selection is1 t 8 views are unifi$1 def9ite & consi/5t4 ,9 8 case we h n to cle> up ! gr\nd & to foll[ ?+s out to _! conclusions1 nor to purge 8 !ories f irrelevant1 vitali/ic1 or pan!i/ic accessory !ories1 z we h1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ,haeckel4 ,8 book1 too1 is kept /rictly )9 its own limits1 & does n attempt to =mulate a !ory ( ! univ]se 9 g5]al1 or ev5 a new religion on ! basis ( biological !ories4 ,let u !re=e inquire :at has to be said 9 reg>d to ?is cle>e/ & be/ /atem5t ( ! !ory ( selection :5 we consid] x f ! po9t ( view ( ! religi\s conception ( ! _w4 ,:atev] else may be said z to ! all-suffici5cy ( natural selection !re c be no d\bt t x presupposes two absolute my/]ies :i* defy naturali/ic explanation & e o!r1 & :i* are s important t 9 comp>ison ) !m ! problem ( ! /ruggle = efficacy & its mean+ fades into insignificance4 ,^! are ! functions & capacities ( liv+ organisms 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> ^? ( v>iation & inh]itance1 ( developm5t & self-diff]5tiation4 ,:at is1 & :5ce comes ?is my/]i\s p[] ( ! organism to build itself up f ! smalle/ beg9n+s1 f ! g]m8 ,& ! equally my/]i\s p[] ( fai?fully repeat+ ! type ( its ance/ors8 ,&1 aga91 ( v>y+ & becom+ diff]5t f its ance/ors8 ,ev5 ! 8me*anical0 !ory ( selection is =c$ to presuppose ! secret ( life4 ,weismann inde$ attempts to solve ?is riddle ?r\gh 8 g]m-plasm !ory1 ! pr$isposition ( ! future organism 9 ! 8ids10 det]m9ants1 & biophors1 & ?r\gh ! v>iation ( ! det]m9ants 9 g]m9al selection1 amphimixis & s on4 ,b ?is is aft] all only %ift+ ! problem to ano!r place1 & translat+ ! my/]y into algebraical t]ms1 s to speak1 into symbols ) :i* "o c calculate & "w = a little1 :i* =mulate a def9ite s]ies ( obs]vations1 an ord]ly sequ5ce ( ph5om5a1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 aft] all1 8unkn[n quantities0 t expla9 no?+4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! develop+ organism ,weismann assumes t ea* ( its organs or p>ts1 or 8indep5d5t regions10 is repres5t$ 9 ! g]m-plasm by a det]m9ant1 ^u ! fate ( :i* ! developm5t ( ! future det]m9ate dep5ds4 ,x is ?\ght ( z a v m9ute corpuscle ( liv+ matt]4 ,?us !re are det]m9ants ( hairs & scales1 pieces ( sk91 pits1 m>ks1 c4 ,b e det]m9$ organ1 or "p1 or 8indep5d5t region10 is itself 9 its turn an 8organism10 is inde$ a sy/em ( an inf9ite numb] ( int]relat$ compon5t p>ts1 & ea* ( ^! aga9 is ano!r1 d[n to ! individual cells4 ,& ea* cell is an 8organism0 9 itself1 & s on into inf9ity4 ,is all ?is repres5t$ 9 ! det]m9ants8 ,& h[8 ,fur!r1 ! individual det]m9ate1 = in/ance ( a piece ( sk91 is n some?+ isolat$1 b passes ov] )\t def9ite b\nd>y into o!rs4 ,!re=e ! det]m9ants also _c be isolat$1 b mu/ be sy/ems )9 sy/ems1 dep5d5t ^u & m]g+ into "o ano!r4 ,h[1 at ! build+ up ( ! organism1 d ! det]m9ants f9d _! direction & _! localisation8 ,&1 especially1 h[ d !y set to "w to build up _! organ8 ,"h ! :ole riddle ( ! !ory ( epig5esis1 :i* ,weismann wi%$ to d away ) z a my/]y1 is repeat$ a ?\s& times & made m difficult4 ,9 ord] to expla9 puzzl+ processes on a l>ge scale1 o!rs h be5 con/ruct$1 :i* on close inve/igation prove to be j ! same my/]i\s & unexpla9$ processes1 only made inf9itely small]4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if ! :ole ( 8,weismannism10 includ+ g]m9al selection1 c\ld be accept$1 & if x 7 z suffici5t z x is insuffici5t1 :at we advanc$ at ! end ( ,*apt] ,,iii4 z a /&po9t ( g5]al validity 9 relation to teleology & !ology w\ld /ill hold good4 ,ev5 an entirely nave1 an?ropomorphic1 8sup]natural0 !ology is ready to see1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 9 ! 8caus secund>i10 ! realisation ( ,div9e purpose1 teleology1 & does n fail to recognise t ! ,div9e purpose may fulfil itself n only 9 an extraord9>y mann]1 ?r\gh 8miracles0 & 8uncondition$0 ev5ts1 b also 9 ord9>y ways1 8?r\gh means0 & ! univ]sal causal nexus4 ,?us x is q consi/5t ev5 ) a !ology ( ?is k9d to reg>d ! :ole sy/em ( causes & effects1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,d>w9-,weismann doctr9e1 h gradually br\ght =? ! :ole div]sity ( ! _w ( life1 ) man at its head1 9 a purely causal way )\t teleological int]v5tion1 z an imm5se sy/em ( means m>vell\s 9 its intricacy1 9 ! inevitable necessity ( its int]-relations1 & 9 ! exactness ( its "w1 ! ultimate result ( :i* mu/ h come ab\t1 b p]haps at ! same "t 0 int5d$ to come ab\t4 ,:e!r ,i reg>d ?is ultimate result z ! m]e consequ5ce ( bl9d happ5+s1 or z an int5d$ purpose1 does n dep5d1 z we h se51 ^u ! k ga9$ by natural sci5ce1 b dep5ds above all on :e!r ?is ultimate result seems to me ( suffici5t value to be ?\ght ( z ! purpose ( a _w-gov]n+ intellig5ce1 & ?us dep5ds ^u my p]sonal attitude to human nature1 reason1 m9d1 & ! spiritual1 religi\s1 & moral life4 ,if ,i v5ture to attribute wor?1 & absolute wor?1 to ^! ?+s1 no?+1 n ev5 ! fact ( ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 9 its ?\s& =ms1 9 its gradually trans=m+ effects1 9 ! almo/ endless nexus ( its causes & results1 g]m9al selection includ$1 c take away my "r 7& ev5tually my duty7 to reg>d ! ultimate result z an end1 & ! nexus ( causes z a sy/em ( means4 ,to enable me to d ?is1 x is only requisite t int]nal necessity %\ld gov]n ! sy/em1 & t ! result %\ld n be a *ance "o1 s t x might ev5 h be5 suppress$1 h fail$1 or h turn$ out q diff]5tly4 ,necessity & pr$et]m9ation are *>act]i/ic ( ! relation betwe5 means & purpose4 ,b ?is requisite is precisely t :i* natural sci5ce does af=d u1--namely1 ! pro( t all ph5om5a are /rictly gov]n$ by law1 & are absolutely pr$et]m9$ by _! antec$5ts4 ,at ?is po9t ! religi\s & ! sci5tific consid]ation co9cide exactly4 ,! hairs ( our head1 & ! hairs 9 ! fur ( a pol> be>1 :i* is v>y+ t[>ds :ite1 & is !re=e select$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce17#cf7 ev5 ! fluctuat+ v>iations ( a det]m9ant 9 ! g]m1 are 8numb]$0 accord+ to bo? conceptions4 ,e v>iation t cropp$ up1 e factor t 8select$0 ! fit1 & elim9at$ ! unfit1 0 /rictly pr$e/9$1 & mu/ ( necessity h appe>$ z1 & :51 & :]e x did appe>47#cg7 ,! :ole nexus ( conditions & results1 ! incl9$ plane ( evolution & ! p[] ( ,be+ to move up x1 has its suffici5t reason 9 ! nature & orig9al /ate ( ! cosmos1 9 ! con/itution ( its 8matt]10 its 8en]gy10 its laws1 its sequ5ces & ! gr\p+ ( its ph5om5a4 ,only f beg9n+s s con/itut$ c\ld our pres5t _w h come to be z x is1 & t necess>ily4 ,only because ! prim>y possibility & fitness = life--vegetable1 animal & human--0 9 x f ! beg9n+1 c\ld all ^! h come to be4 ,?is prim>y possibility did n 8come into be+10 x 0 priori imman5t 9 x4 ,:5ce came ?is8 ,!re is no logical1 compreh5sible1 or any o!r necessity :y !re %\ld be a _w at all1 or :y x %\ld be su* t life & evolution mu/ become "p ( x4 ,:]e !n lies ! reason :y x is1 r ?an is n1 & :y x is z x is8 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ :at ,weismann himself readily admits & expressly emphasises4 ,! :ole !ory treats1 & mu/ treat plant1 animal1 & man z only +5i\s ma*9es1 m]e sy/ems ( physical processes4 ,?is is ! ideal aim$ at--to int]pret all ! ph5om5a ( life1 gr[?1 & reproduction ?us4 ,ev5 in/9cts & m5tal end[m5ts are s int]pret$1 s9ce !re mu/ be correspond+ morphological v>iations ( ! f9e /ructure ( ! n]v\s organ1 & in/9ctive actions are !n 8expla9$0 z ! functions ( ^!4 ,b h[ 8me*anical happ5+0 comes to h ?is m>vell\s inw>dness1 :i* we call s5sation1 feel+1 p]ception1 ?\ght & w1 :i* is nei!r me*anical nor d]ivable f any?+ me*anical2 &1 fur!r1 h[ physical & psy*ical c condition "o ano!r )\t do+ viol5ce to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( ! sum ( en]gy1 is an absolute riddle4 ,b ?is :ole psy*ical _w exi/s1 ) graduat$ /ages p]haps z close to ea* o!r z 9 ! physical _w1 b ev5 less capable ?an ^! ( be+ expla9$ z hav+ aris5 out ( _! antec$5t l[] /ages4 ,& ?is psy*ical _w1 :i* is1 inde$1 relat$ to & dep5d5t ^u ! corporeal life1 z also conv]sely1 has its own q peculi> laws3 ?\ght does n foll[ natural laws1 b ^? ( logic1 :i* is entirely indiff]5t to excit+ /imuli1 = in/ance ( ! bra91 :i* con=m to natural laws4 ,b ?is _w1 its riddles & my/]ies1 its great cont5t & its hi/ory1 beyond ! rea* ( me*anical !ories1 is s absolutely ! ma9 ?+ 7especially 9 reg>d to ! "q ( ! possibility ( religion71 t ! "q ( bodily /ructure & evolution becomes beside x a m]e accessory problem1 & ev5 ! la/ is only a relatively unimportant r\ndab\t way ( com+ at ! gi/ ( ! bus9ess4 ,h[ completely ! evolution ( ! high] m5tal faculties transc5ds su* n>r[ & meagre =mul z ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! l1 ,weismann himself indicates 9 connection ) man's musical s5se1 & its relation to ! 8musical0 in/9ct 9 animals4 ,! same & mu* m might be alleg$ 9 reg>d to ! :ole _w ( m9d1 ( ! /hetic1 e?ical & religi\s1 ( ! k+dom ( ?\ght1 ( sci5ce1 & ( poetry4 ,natural ,selection4 ,we h = ! mom5t provisionally admitt$ ! !ory ( natural selection1 9 ord] to see :e!r x c\ld be includ$ 9 a religi\s int]pretation ( ?+s4 ,b 9 reality su* an admission is n to be ?\ght (1 9 face ( :at is at pres5t s app>5t--! break+ d[n ( ?is hypo!sis1 :i* has be5 upheld ) s mu* p]si/5ce4 ,we %all h to occupy ourselves ) ?is lat] on4 ,9 ! meantime a few m rem>ks mu/ be add$ to :at has be5 already said4 ,x might be said1 p>adoxically1 t ! wor/ fate t c\ld befall ?is hypo!sis w\ld be to be prov$1 = !n x w\ld be mo/ c]ta9ly refut$4 ,:at we mean is ?is3 ,if x is really 8utility0 t rules ! _w & ?+s1 !re c be no c]ta9ty & objectivity ( k1 no gu>antee ( tru?4 ,! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 is n conc]n$ ) select+ be+s :o see ! _w z x is4 ,x selects only ! int]pretation & conception ( ! environm5t t is mo/ s]viceable = ! exi/5ce & ma9t5ance ( ! species4 ,b !re is no?+ to gu>antee t ! 8true0 k w also be ! mo/ useful4 ,x might q well be t an entirely subjective & 9 itself :olly false int]pretation w\ld be ! mo/ s]viceable4 ,& if1 by "s extraord9>y *ance1 ! select$ int]pretation %\ld be also ! true "o1 !re w\ld be no means ( e/abli%+ ! fact4 ,& :at is true ( ?is int]pretation is true also ( all !ories t are d]iv$ f x1 = example ( ! !ory ( selection itself4 ,fur!rmore1 a great "p1 p]haps ! greate/ "p ( ! confid5ce plac$ 9 ! !ory ( selection is due to an involunt>y1 b entirely fallaci\s habit ( cr$it+ x ) ! probabilities 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t4 ,! ma9 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( evolution & desc5t are v (t51 ?\gh unwitt+ly1 adduc$ 9 support ( ,d>w9ism 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is is a great mi/ake4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! evid5ce ( ! 8palontological0 record4 ,x af=ds hundr$s ( pro(s ( evolution1 b n a s+le pro( ( selection4 ,its 8int]m$iate0 & 8connect+ l9ks0 d possibly prove ! affiliation ( species & ! validity ( g5ealogical trees4 ,b precisely ! 8int]m$iate l9ks0 :i* selection requires--! myriads ( =ms ( life :i* 7 n successfully adapt$1 ! unfit competitors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* mu/ h accompani$ ! fav\rably adapt$ v>iants f /ep to /ep1 f g5]ation to g5]ation--^! are altoge!r awant+4 ,ano!r circum/ance seems to u to h be5 entirely ov]look$1 & x is "o :i* gives ! !ory ( selection an inevitable appe>ance ( tru?1 ev5 if x is ess5tially false1 & ?us makes x v difficult to refute4 ,assum+ t ! recognition ( teleological factors is valid1 t !re is an inw>d law ( developm5t1 t 8,moses0 or :oev] "o w 0 und\bt$ly "r1 x is self-evid5t t1 because ( ! indubitable ov]-production ( organisms1 !re w\ld ev5 !n be a /ruggle = exi/5ce on an imm5se scale1 & t x w\ld h a f>-rea*+ 8selective0 influ5ce1 because ( ! relative pla/icity ( _m =ms ( life4 ,beyond d\bt x w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( ons1 h appli$ its %e>s to _m =ms ( life1 & probably !re w\ld be no organisms1 organs1 or associations 9 ! evolution ( ! ultimate =m ( :i* x _h n en]getically co-op]at$4 ,its influ5ce w\ld1 p]haps1 be omnipres5t1 yet x might be f> f be+ ! all-suffici5t factor 9 evolution2 inde$1 z f> z ! actual impulse ( evolution is conc]n$1 x might be a m]e accessory4 ,unless we are to ?9k ( ! =ms ( life z :olly passive & wood51 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce mu/ necess>ily be op]ative1 & ! magnitude ( its results1 & _! /rik+ & (t5 biz>re outcome1 w t5d ev] anew to conceal ! fact t ! /ruggle is aft] all only an inevitable accompanim5t ( evolution4 ,& ?us we und]/& h[ x is t int]pretations f ! po9t ( view ( an inw>d law ( developm5t1 ( or?og5esis1 or ( teleology1 not)/&+ _! inh]5t validity1 h priori always _h a relatively difficult position z comp>$ ) ! ,d>w9ian view4 ,x is usual to speak ( ! 8all-suffici5cy ( natural selection10 yet ! *ampion ( ! selection-!ory admits1 z he ne$s mu/1 t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & selection c ( !mselves create absolutely no?+1 no new "*1 no new or high] comb9ation ( ! vital elem5ts2 !y c only take :at is already giv52 !y c only select & elim9ate among ! weal? ( :at is (f]$47#ch7 ,& ! (f]] is ,life itself by virtue ( its my/]i\s capacity = b\ndless & inexhau/ible v>iability1 self-enri*m5t & increase4 ,! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 only digs ! b$ ?r\gh :i* life's /ream fl[s1 draws ! guid+-l9e1 & cont9ually /imulates x to "s fre% revelation ( its weal?4 ,b ?is weal? 0 !re f ! beg9n+2 x 01 to use ! old ^w1 8pot5tial0 9 ! liv+1 & includ$ ) x 9 ! univ]sal be+ f :i* life 0 call$ =?4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is only ! /eel :i* /rikes ! sp>k f ! fl9t2 is1 ) its inf9ite =ms & compon5ts1 only ! incr$ibly complex *annel ?r\gh :i* life =ces its way upw>ds4 ,if we keep ?is cle>ly 9 m9d1 ! al>m+ & om9\s elem5t 9 ! !ory %r9ks to half its dim5sions4 ,&1 f9ally1 if we c rid ourselves ( ! peculi> fasc9ation :i* ?is !ory ex]cises1 we soon beg9 to discov] :at extraord9>y improbability & fundam5tal artificiality x implies4 8,utility0 is ma9ta9$ to be t :i* absolutely1 almo/ tyrannically1 det]m9es =m & developm5t 9 ! realm ( ! liv+4 ,is ?is an idea t f9ds any analogy else:]e 9 nature8 ,^? :o uphold ! !ory mo/ /rongly are wont to comp>e ! developm5t ( organisms to cry/al-=mation 9 ord] 9 "s way to tack on ! liv+ to ! n-liv+4 ,cry/al-=mation1 ) its processes ( movem5t & =m-developm5t1 is1 !y say1 a k9d ( connect+ l9k betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n-liv+4 ,& 9 tru? we f9d "h1 z 9 ! realm ( life1 species-=mation1 developm5t into individuals1 /ages & sy/ems4 ,b all ?is takes place )\t any h9t ( 8/ruggle = exi/5ce10 ( labori\sly 8selective0 processes1 or ( +5i\s accumulation ( 8v>iations40 ,! 8species0 ( cry/als are =m$ n accord+ to utility1 b accord+ to inh]5t1 det]m9+ laws ( developm5t1 to :i* ! div]sity ( _! individual appe>ances is due4 ,if 8,life0 7 only a high] pot5tial ( :at is already /irr+ 9 cry/allisation1 z ?is view sugge/s1 !n we %\ld expect to f9d fix$ t5d5cies1 det]m9$ f )91 9 accordance ) :i* life w\ld pass ?r\gh ! cycle ( its =ms & possibilities1 & rise spontane\sly ?r\gh gradual /ages4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,critics ,,( ,,d>w9ism4 ,let u turn n[ to ! o!r side4 ,:at is oppos$ to ,d>w9ism 9 ! biological inve/igations ( ! exp]ts ( to-day is 9 "p simple criticism ( ! ,d>w9ian position z a :ole or 9 "s ( its details1 & 9 "p con/ructive individual !ories & int]pretations ( ! evolution ( organisms4 ,a4 ,fleis*mann's book1 8,die ,d>w9s*e ,!orie107#ci7 is pr(ess$ly only critical4 ,he sugge/s no !ory ( 8 own z to ! evolution ( life 9 contra/ to ,d>w9's2 =1 z we h already se5 9 connection ) 8 e>li] book1 8,die ,desz5d5z!orie10 he d5ies evolution altoge!r4 ,8 agno/ic position is ma9ta9$1 if possible1 m resolutely ?an be=e4 ,natural sci5ce1 accord+ to him1 mu/ keep to facts4 ,draw+ conclusions & sp9n+ !ories is inexact1 & di/racts f objective /udy4 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory ( selection seems to him a p>ticul>ly good example ( ?is1 = x is built up priori on !ories & hypo!ses1 x /&s ap>t f exp]im5tation1 & x twi/s facts =cibly to its own ends4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 to be ackn[l$g$ t ,fleis*mann's book is )\t any 8apologetic0 int5tions4 ,x holds equally alo( f teleology4 ,to seek = purposes & aims 9 nature he holds to be outside ! bus9ess ( sci5ce1 z ,kant's 8,critique ( ,judgm5t0 suffices to %[4 ,aft] hav+ be5 m ?an a decade "u ! *>m ( ! !ory ( selection1 ,fleis*mann kn[s its fasc9ation well1 b he n[ reg>ds x z s errone\s t no "o :o wi%es to d s]i\s "w %\ld conc]n himself ab\t x at all4 ,po9t by po9t he foll[s all ! details ( ,d>w9's "w1 & seeks to analyse ! sep>ate views & !ories :i* g to make up ,d>w9ism z a :ole4 ,d>w9's ma9 example ( ! evolution ( ! mod]n races ( pigeons f "o ance/ral =m1 ,columba livia1 is1 accord+ to ,fleis*mann1 n only unprov$ b unprovable47#dj7 ,= ?is itself is n a unifi$ type4 ,! process ( 8unconsci\s selection0 by man is obscure1 & x is n demon/rable1 especially 9 reg>d to pigeon-bre$+4 ,x is a hazy idea :i* _c be transf]r$ to ! realm ( nature4 ,! ,mal?usian assumption ( ! necessity ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is errone\s4 ,mal?us 0 wrong 9 8 law ( population z appli$ to human life1 & ,d>w9 0 /ill m mi/ak5 :5 he transf]r$ x to ! organic _w 9 g5]al4 ,x 0 m]e !ory4 ,/ati/ics %\ld h be5 collect$1 & obs]vations in/ead ( !ories %\ld h be5 s\ght =4 ,! alleg$ sup]abundance ( organisms is n a fact4 ,! m>vell\sly int]tw9$ conditions 9 ! economy ( nature make ! proportion ( supply & dem& relatively con/ant4 ,& ev5 :5 !re is actual /ruggle = exi/5ce1 advantages ( situation17#da7 :i* are q indiff]5t z f> z selection is conc]n$1 are mu* m decisive ?an any v>iational diff]5ces4 ,! !ory does n expla9 ! fir/ orig9 ( new *>act]s1 :i* c only become advantage\s :5 !y h atta9$ to a c]ta9 degree ( developm5t4 ,z to ! illu/rations ( ! influ5ce ( selection giv5 by ,d>w91 f ! mu* discuss$ fictiti\s cases1 9 :i* ! fleet /ags select ! li! wolf1 to ! m>vell\s mutual adaptations ( insects & fl[]s1 ,fleis*mann objects t !re is n ev5 !oretical ju/ification = any "o ( !m4 ,! spade-l foot ( ! mole is n 8m useful0 ?an ! =m ( foot :i* probably prec$$ x 7cf4 ,goette71 x is m]ely 8diff]5t40 ,= :5 ! mole took to burr[+ 9 ! e>? & adapt+ itself to t mode ( life1 x ipso facto =feit$ all ! advantages ( liv+ above gr\nd4 ,! po/ulat$ myriads ( less well-adapt$ =ms ( life are no m to be f\nd to-day ?an !y are 9 ! fauna & flora ( palontological times4 ,! fam\s giraffe /ory has already be5 dispos$ ( by ,miv>t's objections4 ,z to ! :ales1 x is object$ t ! e>lie/ /ages ( _! :alebone & _! exagg]at$ nak$ness c h be5 ( no use1 & a s]ies ( o!r alleg$ selective effects ( 8utility0 are critically analys$4 ,! refutation ( ! mo/ brilliant *apt] 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 t on protective coloration & mimicry1 is v insuffici5t4 ,a long conclud+ *apt] sums up ! fundam5tal defects ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ,fleis*mann simply br+s =w>d objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! !ory ( selection f ! fir/1 ei!r by naturali/s or f o!r qu>t]s4 ,! *ief & ! mo/ fatal ( ^! :i* are /ill curr5t are ! foll[+3 ,! !ory ( selection does n expla9 ! actually exi/+ discont9uity ( species4 ,! real *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% species f species are 9 innum]able cases q indiff]5t f ! po9t ( view ( 8utility0 7,ngeli1 ,bateson74 8,selection pres]ves ! good & we$s out ! bad40 ,b :]e does ! good come f8 7,de ,vries74 ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( :at may lat] be useful are almo/ always useless4 ,! !ory ( selection might p]haps expla9 ! useful qualities1 b n ! sup]flu\s1 useless1 or directly injuri\s *>act]s :i* actually exi/4 ,confirmation ( ! !ory ( desc5t may be f\nd 9 ! palontological record1 b x af=ds none ( ! !ory ( selection4 ,natural selection is cont9ually be+ neutralis$ by subsequ5t int]-cross+ & rev]sion4 ,natural selection may inde$ prev5t deg5]ation )9 ! limits ( ! species by we$+ out :at is weak & bad1 b x is p[]less beyond ^! limits1 & s =?47#db7 ,^! ev]-repeat$ & ev]-increas+ objections are purely critical4 ,z ?is is true ( ,fleis*mann's :ole book1 x is !re=e unsatisfactory4 ,x leaves ev]y?+ 9 ! mi/1 & puts no?+ 9 place ( :at x attempts to demoli%4 ,b attempts are be+ made 9 o!r qu>t]s1 especially among ! ,lam>ckians1 to build up an opposition !ory4 ,lam>ckism & ,neo-,lam>ckism4 ,! 8,lam>ckian0 view z oppos$ to ! ,d>w9ian cont9ues to hold its own1 & inde$ is m ard5tly support$ ?an ev]4 ,on ?is view1 evolution has be5 accompli%$ n by a labori\s selection ( ! be/ :i* *anc$ to pres5t itself--a selection 9 relation to :i* organisms rema9$ passive1 b r ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( ! organisms !mselves4 ,x has be5 especially ?r\gh ! use & ex]cise ( ! v>i\s organs 9 response to ! requirem5ts ( life1 ?r\gh ! increas$ ex]cise ( physical & m5tal functions1 t ! organism has adapt$ itself m div]sely & m fully to ! conditions ( its life4 ,:at "o g5]ation acquir$ 9 diff]5tiation ( /ructure1 9 capacities & habits1 ?r\gh its own ex]tions1 x h&$ on to ! next4 ,by cumulative inh]itance !re ultimately arose ! fix$ specific *>act]s1 & ! div]sity & progressive gradations ( organisms h gone h& 9 h& ) an ev] increas+ activity4 ,& z ) ! physical s x has be5 ) ! m5tal4 ,?r\gh cont9ual use & ex]cise ( ! functions _! capacity has be5 increas$ & modifi$4 ,?r\gh ! frequ5t repetition ( volunt>y actions necess>y to life ! habitual use ( !m has come ab\t4 ,habits t h become fix$ are correlat$ ) habitual psy*ical pr$ispositions4 ,^!1 gradually h&$ on by inh]itance to ! desc5dants1 h result$ 9 ! m>vell\s in/9cts ( animals4 ,in/9ct is inh]it$ habit t has become fix$4 ,correspond+ to ?is !re is on ! o!r h& ! recognition--9 !ory at lea/--t ! disuse ( an organ1 ! non-ex]cis+ ( a function leads to deg5]ation ( /ructure & s co-op]ates 9 br++ ab\t a gradual b p]si/5t modification ( ! features & con/itution ( organisms4 ,^! views1 :i* h gr[n out ( ,lam>ck's fundam5tal ideas 78,philosophie zoologique10 #ahji7 are n[ usually associat$ ) ! !ory advanc$ *iefly by ,eti5ne ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire 78,philosophie zoologique10 #ahcj71 ! oppon5t ( ,cuvi]1 & ! ally ( ,goe!1 ( ! direct influ5ce ( ! monde ambiant4 ,! 8surr\nd+ _w10 ! influ5ces ( climate1 ( locality1 ( ! wea!r1 ( nutrition1 ( temp]ature1 ( ! sal9ity ( ! wat]1 ( ! moi/ure 9 ! air1 & all o!r conditions ( exi/5ce1 influ5ce ! liv+ organism4 ,& !y d s n indirectly1 z is impli$ 9 ! process ( selection1 simply play+ ! "p ( a sieve1 & n !mselves m\ld+ & trans=m+1 b directly by necessitat+ ! production ( new developm5ts 9 ! liv+ sub/ance1 new *emical & physiological activities1 new gr\p+s & *anges ( =m1 & new organs4 ,d>w9 himself did n reg>d ^! two !ories z oppos$ to ! !ory ( selection1 b utilis$ !m z subsidi>y int]pretations4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t at bottom !y conceal an ess5tially diff]5t fundam5tal idea1 :i*1 if foll[$ out to its logical consequ5ces1 r$uces ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 to at mo/ a :olly indiff]5t accessory circum/ance4 ,weismann felt ?is1 & h5ce 8 entirely consi/5t endeav\rs to %[ by great examples1 su* z ! orig9 ( fl[]s1 ! mutual adaptations ( fl[]s & insects1 ! ph5om5a ( mimicry1 & _m o!r cases1 t nei!r ! ,lam>ckian nor any o!r factor 9 evolution1 except only natural1 passive selection1 suffices z an int]pretation4 ,f ! ,d>w9ian /&po9t he is absolutely "r1 & mu/ ne$s speak ( ! 8omnipot5ce ( natural selection10 = x mu/ ei!r be omnipot5t1 or x mu/ give place to ! o!r two factors1 & reta9 only ! significance we attribut$ to x 9 ano!r connection 7p4 #aeg71 :i* am\nts to say+ none at all4 ,x is obvi\s en\gh :y ! discussion z to ^! factors %\ld c5tre r\nd ! "q ( ! 8inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s10 8acquir$0 ei!r ?r\gh ! use or disuse ( organs1 ! ex]cise or non-ex]cise ( functions1 or ?r\gh ! /imuli ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,! neo-,lam>ckian conflict ) ,d>w9ism has become m & m acute 9 rec5t times1 & ! neo-,lam>ckians h sometimes pass$ f contra/+ rival int]pretations to exclud+ ! ,d>w9ian factor altoge!r4 ,z ! p>ticul> *ampion ( ! neo-,lam>ckian view1 we mu/ "n ,?4 ,eim]1 ! rec5tly deceas$ ,tb+5 zoologi/4 ,8 *ief "w is 9 ?ree volumes1 entitl$ 8,die ,ent/ehung d] ,art5 auf ,grund von ,v]]bung erworb5] ,eig5s*aft51 na* ,gesetz5 organis*5 ,wa*s5s407#dc7 ,x is a polemic aga9/ ,weismannism 9 all details1 ev5 to ! !ory ( 8g]m9al selection40 ,eim] foll[s 9 ! foot/eps ( ,/4 ,hilaire1 & %[s :at a relatively pla/ic & s5sitive creature ! organism is to ! surr\nd+ _w1 ! conditions ( nutrition & o!r su* influ5ces4 ,!re is 9 ?is connection a p>ticul>ly in/ructive *apt] on ! physiological & o!r v>iations br\ght ab\t by ext]nal influ5ces :i* act z 8/imuli ( ! n]v\s sy/em40 ,! :ole !ory ( ,lam>ck & ,/4 ,hilaire transc5ds--not)/&+ ! prote/s ( ,eim] to ! contr>y--! categories ( ! me*anical !ory ( life1 & ?is *apt] does s 9 p>ticul>4 ,! array ( facts "h m>%all$ z to ! spontane\s self-adaptation ( organisms to _! environm5t--9 relation to col\r ma9ly--=ms ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ refutation ( ,d>w9ism t x is possible to imag9e4 ,x is %[n1 too1 by a weal? ( examples f o/eology1 h[ use 7& ! necessities ( ! case--a consid]ation :i* aga9 goes beyond ! b\nds ( m]e ,lam>ckism7 may modify1 increase or dim9i% v]tebr1 ribs1 skull & limbs1 9 %ort1 ! :ole skeleton4 ,kass[itz is equally ke5 & conv9c$ 9 8 opposition to natural selection1 & 9 8 compreh5sive 8,allgeme9e ,biologic07#dd7 he attacks or?odox ,d>w9ism f ! neo-,lam>ckian /&po9t4 ,! :ole ( ! fir/ volume is almo/ *apt] = *apt] a critical analysis1 & ! polemical elem5t r outweighs 8 positive p]sonal contribution4 ,he criticises v sev]ely all attempts to c>ry ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple ( expla9+ adaptations into int]nal & m9ute details1 argu+ aga9/ ,r\x's 8,/ruggle ( ,p>ts0 & ,weismann's 8,g]m9al ,selection40 ,& ?\gh he himself ma9ta9s v decid$ly t ! ultimate aim ( biology is to f9d a me*anical solution ( ! problem ( life1 he criticises ! mod]n hypo!ses 9 ?is direction )\t prejudice1 & decl>es !m unsuccessful & insuffici5t1 incl9+ himself t[>ds ! 8neo-vitali/ic reaction0 9 its mo/ rec5t expression4 ,along ) ,eim] & ,kass[itz1 we may "n ,w4 ,haacke1 especially 9 relation to 8 views on ! acquisition & transmission ( functional modifications & 8 ?or\ghgo+ d5ial ( ,d>w9ism prop]4 ,b 8 "w mu/ be dealt ) lat] 9 a diff]5t connection47#de7 ,^! neo-,lam>ckian views give u a picture ( ! evolution ( ! _w t is mu* m conv9c+ ?an ! /rictly ,d>w9ian "o4 ,in/ead ( passive & ess5tially un9tellig5t 8adaptation0 ?r\gh ! sieve ( selection1 we h "h direct self-adaptation ( organisms to ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 ?r\gh _! own cont9ual re/less activity & ex]tion1 an asc5t ( _! own accord to ev] great] heights & p]fections4 ,a !ory ( ?is k9d might easily =m "p ( a religi\s conception ( ! _w4 ,we might ?9k ( ! _w ) primitive t5d5cies & capacities1 9 :i* ! pot5tialities ( its evolution 7 impli$1 & s ord]$ t x _h to /ruggle by its own ex]tions to a*ieve ! full realisation ( its possibilities1 to atta9 to ev] high]--up to ! highe/--=ms ( ,be+4 ,! process ( nature w\ld ?us be ! direct anticipation ( :at occurs 9 ! hi/ory ( man & ( m9d4 ,& ! task set to ! fre$om ( individual m51 & to mank9d z a :ole1 namely1 to "w out _! own nature ?r\gh _! own lab\r & ex]tion1 & to asc5d to p]fection--?is deepe/ mean+ ( all individual & collective exi/5ce--w\ld h its exact prelude & prep>ation 9 ! g5]al nature & evolution ( all liv+ creatures4 ,! transition f ^! !ories ( nature to a teleological outlook f ! highe/ & mo/ human po9t ( view is s obvi\s z to be almo/ unavoidable4 ,& al?\gh a natural sci5ce :i* keeps to its own bus9ess & )9 its own b\nd>ies has c]ta9ly no "r to make ?is transition = itself1 x has /ill less "r to prev5t its be+ made outside ( its limits4 ,!ory ( ,def9ite ,v>iation4 ,b ! "q n[ arises1 :e!r bo? ,d>w9ism & ,lam>ckism mu/ n be replac$1 or at lea/ r$uc$ to ! level ( accessory !ories & factors1 by ano!r !ory ( evolution :i* 0 9 ! field be=e ,d>w91 & :i* s9ce 8 "t has be5 advanc$ anew1 especially by ,ngeli1 & has n[ _m adh]5ts :o support x 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,?is view affects ! v f\ndations ( ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e4 ,! !ory ( 8indef9ite0 v>iation1 br++ ab\t easy transitions & affect+ e "p ( ! organism sep>ately1 :i* is ! necess>y correlate ( ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce10 is reject$ altoge!r4 ,evolution takes place only along a few def9ite l9es1 pr$et]m9$ ?r\gh ! int]nal organisation & ! laws ( gr[?4 ,x is :olly indiff]5t to 8utility10 & br+s =? only :at x mu/ accord+ to its own inn] laws1 n seldom ev5 ! mon/r\s4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 new species arise1 n 9 easy transition1 b ) a visible leap1 by a consid]able & f>-rea*+ displacem5t ( ! organic equilibrium4 ,:at ,d>w9 calls ! correlation ( p>ts1 & 9 no way d5ies1 is "h ma9ta9$ 9 /rong opposition to 8 doctr9e ( ! isolat$ v>iation ( individual p>ts2 e memb] or "* ( ! organism dep5ds ^u o!rs1 & v>iation ( "o affects _m1 & 9 "s way all ( ! re/4 ,?is !ory is = ! mo/ "p int5d$ by its *ampions to be purely naturali/ic4 ,b e "o ( its po9ts yields support to teleological consid]ations1 mo/ obvi\sly s ! concrete in/ances ( correlation4 ,if any "o 7 to attempt to make a !ory ( evolution f a decid$ly teleological /&po9t1 he w\ld probably con/ruct "o v simil> to ! "o we are n[ consid]+4 ,x is notewor?y t x has g5]ally be5 ! botani/s :o h especially support$ ^! views ( saltatory evolution 9 a def9ite direction & accord+ to int]nal law1 :o h !re=e t5d$ to react mo/ /rongly f ,d>w9ism4 ,we f9d examples 9 ,ngeli's l>ge & compreh5sive "w1 8,me*anis*-physikalis*e ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre02 &1 be=e him1 9 ,wig&'s 8,d>w9ismus und die ,natur=s*ung ,newton's und ,cuvi]'s02 9 von ,kllik]'s 8,het]og5esis02 9 von ,ba]'s 8,endeav\r aft] an ,end02 9 ! *apt] add$ by ! translator1 ,bronn1 to ! fir/ ,g]man edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 :]e he urges weighty objections aga9/ ! !ory ( selection1 & ref]s to ! 8innate impulse to developm5t1 p]si/5tly v>y+ 9 a def9ite direction02 9 ,ask5asy's (t-quot$ 8,beitrge zur ,kritik d] ,d>w9s*5 ,lehre10 also ref]r+ to 8v>iation 9 a def9ite direction10 = in/ance1 9 fl[]s2 9 ,delp9o's views1 & 9 ! works ( _m o!r old] writ]s4 ,b we mu/ leave all ^! out ( acc\nt "h1 s9ce we are conc]n$ only ) ! pres5t /ate ( ! "q4 ,de ,vries's ,mutation-!ory4 ,! "w t has probably excit$ mo/ int]e/ 9 ?is connection is ,de ,vries' 8,die ,mutation/heorie3 ,v]su*e und ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,ent/ehung von ,art5 im ,pflanz5leb5407#df7 ,9 a %ort prelim9>y pap] he _h previ\sly giv5 "s acc\nt ( 8 lead+ exp]im5ts on a species ( ev5+ primrose 7no!ra lam>ckiana71 & ! outl9es ( 8 !ory4 ,9 ! "w itself he ext5ds ?is1 add+ mu* concrete mat]ial1 & comp>+ 8 views 9 detail ) o!r !ories4 ,d>w91 he says1 _h already di/+ui%$ betwe5 v>iability & mutability2 ! =m] manife/+ itself 9 gradual & isolat$ *anges1 ! latt] 9 saltatory *anges on a l>g] scale4 ,! mi/ake made by ,wallace & by ! lat] ,d>w9ians has be5 t !y reg>d$ ?is latt] =m 78s+le v>iation07 z unimportant & n affect+ evolution1 & ! =m] z ! real me?od ( evolution>y process4 ,t fluctuat+ individual v>iations d occur ,de ,vries admits1 b only )9 n>r[ limits1 nev] ov]/epp+ ! type ( ! species4 ,"h ,de ,vries utilises ! rec5t /ati/ical inve/igations into ! ph5om5a ( individual v>iation & _! laws1 z =mulat$ *iefly by ,quetelet & ,bateson1 :i* 7 unkn[n to ,d>w9 & ! e>li] ,d>w9ians4 ,! actual transition f 8species to species0 is made sudd5ly1 by mutation1 n ?r\gh v>iation4 ,& ! /ate ( equilibrium ?us rea*$ is su* a relatively /able "o t individual v>iations c only take place )9 its limits1 b c 9 no way di/urb x4 ,de ,vries m>%als a s]ies ( facts :i* pres5t insurm\ntable difficulties to ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 b af=d corroboration ( ! ,mutation !ory4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he br+s =w>d1 f 8 ye>s ( exp]im5t & horticultural obs]vation1 compreh5sive evid5ce ( ! mutational orig9 ( new species f old ones by leaps1 & ?is n 9 long-pa/ geological times1 b 9 ! c\rse ( a human life & be=e our v eyes4 ,! ma9 importance ( ! book lies 9 ! record ( ^! exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 r ?an 9 ! !ory z su*1 = ! way _h be5 pav$ = x by o!r work]s4 ,9 contra/ to ,d>w9ism1 ,de ,vries /ates ! case = 8,halmatog5esis0 7saltatory evolution7 & 8,het]og5esis0 7! production ( =ms unlike ! p>5ts71 tak+ 8 examples f ! plant _w1 b 8 attitude to ,d>w9ism is conciliatory ?r\gh\t4 ,eim]1 on ! o!r h&1 is %>ply antagoni/ic1 especially to ,weismann2 he takes 8 pro(s f ! animal k+dom1 & 9 ! second volume ( 8 l>ge "w already m5tion$1 :i* deals ) ! 8or?og5esis ( butt]flies10 he attempts to set aga9/ ! ,d>w9ism 8*ance !ory10 a pro( ( 8def9itely direct$ evolution10 & !re=e ( ! 8insuffici5cy ( natural selection 9 ! =mation ( species40 ,eim]'s ,or?og5esis4 ,organisation is due to int]nal causes4 ,/ructural *>act]s cry/allise out1 z x 74 8,or?og5esis10 or ! def9itely det]m9$ t5d5cy ( evolution to advance 9 a few directions1 is a law = ! :ole ( ! animate _w4 ,9 active response to ! /imuli & influ5ces ( ! environm5t ! organism expresses itself 9 8organic gr[?0 )\t any relation to utility4 ,butt]flies 9 p>ticul>1 & especially _! m>k+s & coloration1 are tak5 z illu/rations4 ,9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( 8mimicry0 ^! play$ a brilliant "p4 ,! great resemblance to leaves1 to dri$ twigs1 or to well-protect$ species :i* are secure f enemies1 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! op]ation ( natural selection4 ,b ,eim] %[s t m>k+s1 /rip+1 spots1 ! developm5t ( patt]n1 & ! alleg$ or real resemblances to leaves1 are really subject to def9ite laws ( gr[?1 9 ob$i5ce to :i* !y gradually appe>1 develop+ accord+ to _! own int]nal laws1 v>y+ & progress+ altoge!r by int]nal necessity1 & )\t any ref]5ce to advantage or disadvantage1 ,9 association ) ?is or?og5esis1 ,eim] recognises halmatog5esis1 correlation & 8g5epi/asis0 7com+ to a /&/ill at a fix$ & def9ite /age71 & ^! seem to him to make ! ,d>w9ian !ory utt]ly impossible4 ,! text & ! illu/rations ( ! book %[ h[1 9 ! sequ5ce ( evolution 7accord+ to ,eim]'s laws ( trans=mation71 ! gr\p+s ( /ripes1 b&s1 & eye-spots mu/ h appe>$ on ! butt]fly's w+1 h[ convex or concave curv+s ( ! cont\r mu/ h come ab\t at c]ta9 po9ts1 s t ! =m ( a 8leaf0 & ! l9es ( its v5ation result$1 h[ ! eye-spots mu/ h be5 m\ld$ & %unt$1 s t !y produc$ ! effect ( ru/ or o!r spots on )]$ leaves4 ,p>ticul> int]e/ atta*es to ! detail$ argum5ts aga9/ ! idea t ! butt]fly mu/ receive "s advantage f its 8mimicry40 ,ev5 ! ,d>w9ians h to admit t 9 a :ole s]ies ( cases ! advantage is n obvi\s4 ,!y talk ) "s emb>rassm5t ( 8pseudomimicry40 ,"s butt]flies t are suppos$ to be protect$ h ! protective m>k+s on ! und]side1 s t ^! are actually hidd5 :5 ! insects are fly+ f pursu+ birds4 ,_m ( ! leaf-l butt]flies are n wood-butt]flies at all1 b mead[ species17#dg7 & s ,eim]'s argum5ts cont9ue4 ,a specially en]getic fell[-work] on ,eim]'s l9e is ,w4 ,haacke1 a zoologi/ ( ,j5a1 au?or ( 8,ge/altung und ,v]]bung10 & 8,die ,s*pfung des ,m5s*5 und se9] ,ideale407#dh7 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! works ,haacke combats1 en]getically & ) mu* detail1 ,weismann's 8pre=mation !ory10 & def5ds 8epig5esis10 = :i* he endeav\rs to con/ruct graphic diagrams1 8 aim be+ to make a f\ndation = ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 def9itely direct$ evolution1 saltatory1 symmetrical1 & correlat$ v>iation4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! new s*ool are v widespread to-day1 b we _c "h foll[ _! developm5t 9 ! works ( individual inve/igators1 su* z ,re9ke1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 ,o4 ,h]twig1 ,wiesn]1 ,hamann1 ,drey]1 ,wolff1 ,goette1 ,kass[itz1 v4 ,wett/e91 ,kors*9sky1 & o!rs47#di7 ,! ,spontane\s ,activity ( ! ,organism4 ,:at is p>ticul>ly lum9\s 9 all ! !ories t express ! mo/ rec5t anti-,d>w9ian t5d5cy is t !y t5d to br+ into prom95ce ! my/]i\s p[]s ( liv+ organisms1 by means ( :i*1 in/ead ( passively wait+ = natural selection & ! cont9ual accumulation ( unceas+ v>iations1 !y are able spontane\sly & ( !mselves to br+ =? :at is necess>y = self-ma9t5ance1 (t5 :at is new & diff]5t1 ( c\rse n unlimit$ly1 b ) consid]able fre$om & (t5 ) a surpris+ range ( possibilities4 ,x is1 p]haps1 p>tly ! fault ( ! "o-sid$ness ( /rict ,d>w9ism t ?is consid]ation has be5 s sl[ly br\ght into prom95ce & subject$ to inve/igation & exp]im5t4 ,x is b\nd up ) ! capacity t all =ms ( life h ( react+ spontane\sly to 8/imuli0 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( help+ !mselves if ! conditions ( exi/5ce be unfav\rable4 ,!y are able1 = in/ance1 to produce protective adaptations aga9/ cold or heat1 to 8reg5]ate0 lo/ p>ts1 (t5 to replace entire organs t h be5 lo/1 &1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to produce new organs altoge!r4 ,if all ?is be true1 x seems almo/ l caprice to foll[ only ! r\ndab\t !ory ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & n to take acc\nt ( ^! spontane\s capacities ( ! liv+ organism directly & be=e all o!r factors 9 ! attempt to expla9 evolution4 ,!re is no end to ! illu/rations t are be+ adduc$1 t mu/ =ce inve/igation to pass f m]ely sup]ficial consid]ations ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce type to ! deep] & m real problems !mselves4 ,an effectively modifi$ & adapt$ type ( ,alp9e flora has n be5 evolv$ by a labori\s process ( selection la/+ = _m ?\s& ye>s2 ! organism may quickly & imm$iately produce ! new *>act]s by its own reaction4 ,cru/aceans gradually transf]r$ f a salt-wat] to a fre%-wat] habitat1 or conv]sely1 produce 9 a few g5]ations ! type ( a new 8species0 ) correlat$ v>iations 7,s*mankewits*74 ,birds wean$ by c>eful exp]im5t f a diet ( se$s to "o ( fle%1 or conv]sely1 produce *anges ( effective correlation & adaptation 9 ! *>act]s ( _! alim5t>y sy/em4 ,plants t h be5 depriv$ ( _! normal organs = absorb+ wat] & prev5t$ f gr[+ new ones produce entirely new & effective 8hydatodes407#ej7 ,x is in/ructive to notice t ,d>w9ism seems likely to be robb$ ( its /ock illu/ration1 namely1 8protective coloration40 ,by its own int]nal p[] ( reaction1 & sometimes )9 "o g5]ation1 & ev5 9 ! lifetime ( an individual1 an organism may assume ! col\r ( ! sub/ratum b5ea? x 7soles1 gras%opp]s71 ( its surr\nd+s 7,eim]'s tree frogs71 ! col\r & spott9ess ( ! granite rock on :i* x hangs1 ! col\r ( ! leaves & twigs among :i* x lives 7,p\lton's butt]fly pup71 & ev5 t ( ! brightly col\r$ %eets ( pap] amid/ :i* x is kept imprison$4 ,c]ta9 spid]s assume a :ite1 p9k1 or gre5i% 8protective coloration0 correspond+ to ! t9t$ blossom ( ! plants :i* !y frequ5t1 & s on47#ea7 ,eim] alleg$ t direct psy*ical factors co-op]at$ 9 br++ ab\t ^! *anges4 ,9 any case1 all ?is c>ries u f> beyond ! doma9 ( m]e naturali/ic factors into ! my/]y ( life itself4 ,ev5 :at is call$ ! 8influ5ce ( ! ext]nal _w10 & ! 8active acquirem5t ( new *>act]s10 h _! basis & ! reason ( _! possibility 9 ?is doma94 ,& ! :ole doma9 is saturat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) 8teleology40 ,a recognition ( ! impressive secret ( ! organism l$ ,gu/av ,wolff to become a v pron\nc$ critic ( ,d>w9ism1 especially 9 ! =m ( ,weismannism4 ,z f> back z #ahif1 9 a lecture 8,on ! pres5t position ( ,d>w9ism10 9 :i* he dealt only ) ,weismann1 he criticis$ & analys$ t au?or's la/ attempt to uphold ,d>w9ism by ! con/ruction ( 8 !ory ( 8g]m9al selection40 ,he conclud$ ) ! wi%3 8,t a _s ( e>ne/ness w\ld once m ent] into biological inve/igation1 :i* w\ld no long] attempt to f9d 9 nature j :at x want$ to f9d1 b w\ld be ready to foll[ tru? at all co/s1 & to approa* ! riddle ( life ) an op5 m9d40 ,8 8,beitrge zur ,kritik d] ,d>w9is*5 ,lehre10 :i* appe>$ fir/ z pap]s 9 ! 8,biologis*es ,c5tralblatt10 did n see ! light 9 book =m until #ahih4 ,! doctr9e ( selection 0 reg>d$ z s unassailable t no publi%] w\ld take ! risk ( ! book4 ,its appe>ance is a sure indication ( ! g5]al modification ( op9ions t _h tak5 place 9 ! int]val4 ,! fir/ & second essays are m]ely critical objections to ! !ory ( selection1 v simil> to ^? frequ5tly urg$ be=e1 b m precisely /at$47#eb7 ,! ?ird is int5d$ to %[ t !re is 9 ! =ms ( life !mselves1 z a faculty ( adaptation peculi> to !m1 a prim>y purposiv5ess1 :i* is unque/ionably active ?r\gh\t ! lifetime & developm5t ( e individual1 b :i* is also ! deepe/ cause ( 8phylog5esis10 or ! =mation ( a race4 ,?is doctr9e makes bo? ! ,d>w9ian & ,lam>ckian !ories m]ely second>y4 ,= ! ph5om5a :i* sugge/ ! ,lam>ckian int]pretation presuppose ?is mo/ ess5tial factor--! prim>y adaptiv5ess4 ,wolff concludes ) a v /rik+ in/ance--discov]$ by himself--( ?is prim>y adaptiv5ess ( ! organism--! reg5]ation ( ! l5s 9 ! newt's eye4 ,m compreh5sively1 b f a precisely simil> /&po9t1 ,dries* has foll[$ up ! discussion ( ?is problem47#ec7 ,he is1 ( all mod]n inve/igators1 p]haps ! "o :o has mo/ p]si/5tly & ?or\ghly work$ out ! problem ( causal & teleological int]pretation1 & he has also ?r[n mu* light on ! sci5tific & epi/emological aspects ( ! problem4 ,t he c\ld1 9 a rec5t volume ( ! 8,biologis*es ,z5tralblatt10 write a respectful & sympa!tic exposition ( ! ,hegelian nature-philosophy--z reg>ds its aims1 ?\gh n its me?ods--is z rem>kable a symptom z we c in/ance ( ! mod]n tr5d ( views & op9ions47#ed7 ,contra/ ,betwe5 ,d>w9ian & ,po/-,d>w9ian ,views4 ,! new views t h ?us aris5 h be5 def9itely summ>is$ & cle>ly contra/$ ) ,d>w9ism by ! botani/ ,kors*9sky4 ,he di$ be=e complet+ 8 g5]al "w1 8,het]og5esis und ,evolution10 b he has else:]e7#ee7 giv5 an excell5t summ>y ( 8 results1 :i* we app5d 9 ab/ract4 ,,d>w94 7#a7 ,ev]y?+ organic is capable ( v>iation4 ,v>iations arise 9 "p f int]nal1 9 "p f ext]nal causes4 ,!y are slight1 inconspicu\s1 individual diff]5ces4 ,,kors*9sky ,,& ,,! ,,mod]ns4 7#a7 ,ev]y?+ organic is capable ( v>iation4 ,?is capability is a fundam5tal1 inh]5t "* ( liv+ =ms 9 g5]al1 & is indep5d5t ( ext]nal conditions4 ,x is usually kept lat5t by 8h]$ity10 b occasionally breaks =? 9 sudd5 v>iations4 ,,d>w94 7#b7 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?is comb9es1 increases1 fixes useful v>iations1 & elim9ates ! useless4 ,all ! *>act]s & peculi>ities ( a f9i%$ species are ! results ( long-cont9u$ selection2 !y mu/ !re=e be adapt$ to ! ext]nal conditions4 ,,kors*9sky ,,& ,,! ,,mod]ns4 7#b7 ,saltatory v>iations4--,^! are1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 ! />t+-po9t ( new & con/ant races4 ,! *>act]s may sometimes be useful1 sometimes q indiff]5t1 nei!r advantage\s nor disadvantage\s4 ,sometimes !y are n 9 h>mony ) ext]nal circum/ances4 ,,d>w94 7#c7 ,! species is subject to con/ant v>iation4 ,x is cont9ually subject to selection & augm5tation ( its *>act]s4 ,h5ce aga9 ! orig9 ( new species4 ,,kors*9sky ,,& ,,! ,,mod]ns4 7#c7 ,all fully develop$ species p]si/1 b ?r\gh het]og5esis a splitt+ up into new =ms may take place1 & ?is is accompani$ by a di/urbance ( ! vital equilibrium4 ,! new /ate is at fir/ insecure & fluctuat+1 & only gradually becomes /able4 ,?us new =ms & races arise ) gradual consolidation ( _! con/itution4 ,,d>w94 7#d7 ,! %>p] & m acute ! effect ( ! environm5t1 ! ke5] is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! m rapidly & c]ta9ly d new =ms arise4 ,,kors*9sky ,,& ,,! ,,mod]ns4 7#d7 ,only 9 specially fav\rable conditions1 only :5 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is weak1 or :5 !re is none1 c new =ms arise & become fix$4 ,:5 ! conditions are sev]e no new =ms arise1 or if !y d !y are spe$ily elim9at$4 ,,d>w94 7#e7 ,! *ief condition ( evolution is !re=e ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! selection :i* ?is involves4 ,,kors*9sky ,,& ,,! ,,mod]ns4 7#e7 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce simply decimates ! ov]:elm+ abundance ( possible =ms4 ,:]e x occurs x prev5ts ! e/abli%m5t ( new v>iations1 & 9 reality /&s 9 ! way ( new developm5ts4 ,x is r an unfav\rable ?an an advantage\s factor4 ,,d>w94 7#f7 ,if !re 7 no /ruggle = exi/5ce !re w\ld be no adaptation1 no p]fect+4 ,,kors*9sky ,,& ,,! ,,mod]ns4 7#f7 ,7 !re no /ruggle = exi/5ce1 !re w\ld be no de/ruction ( new =ms1 or ( =ms 9 process ( aris+4 ,! _w ( organisms w\ld !n be a colossal g5ealogical tree ( enorm\s luxuriance1 & ) an incalculable weal? ( =ms4 ,,d>w94 7#g7 ,progress 9 nature1 ! 8p]fect+0 ( organisms1 is only an increas+ly complex & ev] m p]fect adaptation to ! ext]nal circum/ances4 ,x is atta9$ by purely me*anical me?ods1 by an accumulation ( ! v>iations mo/ useful at ! "t4 ,,kors*9sky ,,& ,,! ,,mod]ns4 7#g7 ,! adaptation :i* ! /ruggle = exi/5ce br+s ab\t has no?+ to d ) p]fect+1 = ! organisms :i* are physiologically & morphologically high] are by no means always bett] adapt$ to ext]nal circum/ances ?an ^? l[] 9 ! scale4 ,evolution _c be expla9$ me*anically4 ,! orig9 ( high] =ms f l[] is only possible if !re is a t5d5cy to progress innate 9 ! organism itself4 ,?is t5d5cy is ne>ly relat$ to or id5tical ) ! t5d5cy to v>iation4 ,x compels ! organism to p]fect itself z f> z ext]nal circum/ances w p]mit4 ,all ?is implies an admission ( evolution & ( desc5t1 b a sett+ aside ( ,d>w9ism prop] z an unsuccessful hypo!sis1 & a positive recognition ( an endeav\r aft] an aim1 int]nal causes1 & teleology 9 nature1 z aga9/ =tuit\s & sup]ficial factors4 ,?is op5s up a vi/a into ! backgr\nd ( ?+s1 & !reby yields to ! religi\s conception all t a /udy ( nature c yield--namely1 an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! possibility & legitimacy ( int]pret+ ! _w 9 a religi\s s5se1 & assi/ance 9 s do+4 ,! mo/ important po9t has already be5 emphasis$4 ,ev5 if ! !ory ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 7 correct1 x w\ld be possible to subject ! _w z a :ole to a teleological int]pretation4 ,b ^! anti-,d>w9ian !ories n[ em]g+1 ?\gh !y d n directly induce teleological int]pretation1 sugge/ x mu* m /rongly ?an or?odox ,d>w9ism does4 ,a _w :i* 9 its evolution is n expos$1 = good or ill1 to ! action ( *ance factors--play+ ) x & =c+ x hi!r & ?i!r--b :i*1 expos$ inde$ to ! mo/ div]se conditions ( exi/5ce & _! influ5ces1 & h>monis+ ) !m1 nev]!less c>ries implicitly & infallibly )9 itself ! laws ( its own expression1 & especially ! necessity to develop upw>ds into high] & high] =ms1 is expressly suit$ = teleological consid]ation1 & we c und]/& h[ x is t ! old physico-teleological evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god are beg9n+ to hold up _! heads aga94 ,!y are wrong :5 !y try to demon/rate ,god1 b q "r :5 !y simply seek to %[ t nature does n contradict--9 fact t x all[s room & validity to--belief 9 ! ,highe/ ,wisdom z ! cause & guide ( all ?+s natural4 ,z f> z ! "q ( ! "r to int]pret nature teleologically is conc]n$1 x w\ld be entirely indiff]5t :e!r :at ,kors*9sky calls 8! t5d5cy to progress10 & ! sy/em ( laws 9 ob$i5ce to :i* evolution br+s =? its =ms1 c be int]pret$ 8me*anically0 or n2 t is to say1 :e!r or n evolution dep5ds on conditions & pot5tialities ( liv+ matt]1 :i* c be demon/rat$ & made me*anically comm5surable or n4 ,x may be t !y c nei!r be demon/rat$ nor made me*anically comm5surable1 b lie 9 ! imp5etrable my/]y inh]5t 9 all life4 ,:e!r ?is my/]y really exi/s1 & :e!r religion has any p>ticul> int]e/ 9 x if x does1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ory ,,( ,,life4 ,:at is life--n 9 ! spiritual & transc5d5tal s5se1 b 9 its physical & physiological aspects8 ,:at is ?is my/]i\s complex ( processes & ph5om5a1 common to ev]y?+ animate1 f ! seawe$ to ! rose1 & f ! human body to ! bact]ium1 ?is ability to 8move0 ( itself1 to *ange & yet to rema9 l itself1 to take up dead sub/ances into itself1 to assimilate & to excrete1 to initiate & su/a91 9 respiration1 9 nutrition1 9 ext]nal & int]nal movem5ts1 ! mo/ complex *emical & physical processes1 to develop & build up ?r\gh a long s]ies ( /ages a complete :ole f ! primitive beg9n+s 9 ! g]m1 to gr[1 to become mature1 & gradually to break up aga91 & ) all ?is to repeat 9 itself ! type ( its p>5t1 & to br+ =? o!rs l itself1 ?us p]petuat+ its own species1 to react effectively to /imuli1 to produce protective devices aga9/ injury1 & to reg5]ate lo/ p>ts8 ,all ?is is done by liv+ organisms1 all ?is is ! expression 9 !m ( 8,life40 ,:at is x8 ,:5ce comes x8 ,& h[ c x be expla9$8 ,! problem ( ! nature ( life1 ( ! pr9ciple ( vitality1 is almo/ z old z philosophy itself1 & f ! e>lie/ times 9 :i* m5 began to pond] ov] ! problem1 ! same anti!ses h be5 app>5t :i* we f9d to-day4 ,disguis$ "u v>i\s cat*words & ) ! greate/ div]sities ( expression1 ! anti!ses rema9 ess5tially ! same ?r\gh ! c5turies1 compet+ ) "o ano!r1 (t5 m+l+ curi\sly1 s t f "t to "t "o or o!r almo/ disappe>s1 b always crops up aga91 s t x seems z if ! conflict w\ld be a nev]-end+ "o--! anti!ses betwe5 ! me*anical & ! 8vitali/ic0 view ( life4 ,on ! "o side !re is ! conviction t ! processes ( life may be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( natural processes ( a simple & obvi\s k9d1 inde$ directly 9 t]ms ( ^? :i* are mo/ g5]al & mo/ intelligible--namely1 ! simple/ movem5ts ( ! smalle/ p>ticles ( matt]1 :i* are gov]n$ by ! same laws z movem5t 9 g5]al4 ,& associat$ ) ?is is ! attempt to take away any special halo f ar\nd ! processes ( life1 to admit ev5 "h no o!r processes b ! me*anical ones1 & to expla9 ev]y?+ z ! effect ( mat]ial causes4 ,on ! opposite side is ! conviction t vital ph5om5a occupy a special & peculi> sph]e 9 ! _w ( natural ph5om5a1 a high] plat=m2 t !y _c be expla9$ by m]ely physical or *emical or me*anical factors1 & t1 if 8expla9+0 means r$uc+ to t]ms ( su* factors1 !y d 9 tru? include some?+ inexplicable4 ,^! oppos+ conceptions ( ! liv+ & ! organic h be5 contra/$ ) "o ano!r1 9 mo/ precise =m & exact expression1 by ,kant 9 c]ta9 *apt]s ( ! ,kritik d] ,urteilskraft1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z a classic = our subject47#ef7 ,b z f> z _! g5]al t5d5cy is conc]n$1 !y 7 already repres5t$ 9 ! nature-philosophies ( ,democritus on ! "o h&1 & ( ,ari/otle on ! o!r4 ,all ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! mod]n me*anical !ories are really to be f\nd 9 ,democritus1 ! causal int]pretation1 ! d5ial ( any op]ative purposes or =mative pr9ciples1 ! admission & ass]tion ( quantitative explanations alone1 ! d5ial ( qualities1 ! r$uction ( all cosmic developm5ts to ! 8me*anics ( ! atom0 7ev5 to attractions & repulsions1 ?us sett+ aside ! 8en]gies071 ! inevitable necessity ( ^! me*anical sequ5ces1 inde$ at bottom ev5 ! conviction ( ! 8con/ancy ( ! sum ( matt] & en]gy40 7,=1 z he says1 8no?+ comes out ( no?+407 ,& al?\gh he makes ! 8s\l0 ! pr9ciple ( ! ph5om5a ( life1 t is 9 no way contradictory to 8 g5]al me*anical !ory1 b is q congru5t ) x4 ,= ! 8s\l0 is to him only an aggregation ( ?9n]1 smoo!r1 & r\nd] atoms1 :i* z su* are m mobile1 & c1 z x 71 qu>t] !mselves 9 ! body1 b nev]!less /& 9 a purely me*anical relation to x4 ,ari/otle1 :o 0 well aw>e ( ! diametrical opposition1 repres5ts1 z comp>$ ) ,democritus1 ! ,socratic-,platonic teleological int]pretation ( nature1 & 9 reg>d to ! "q ( liv+ organisms 8 po9t ( view may q well be designat$ by ! mod]n "n ( 8vitalism40 ,especially 9 8 !ory ( ! vegetable s\l1 ! ess5ce ( vitalism is already conta9$4 ,x is ! 7logos enhylos71 ! idea imman5t 9 ! matt]1 ! conceptual ess5ce ( ! organism1 or its ideal :ole1 :i* is inh]5t 9 x f its beg9n+s 9 ! g]m1 & det]m9es1 l a direct+ law1 all its vegetative processes1 & s raises x f a /ate ( 8possibility0 to "o ( 8reality40 ,all t we meet ) lat] z 8nisus =mativus10 z 8life-=ce0 7vis vitalis71 z 8endeav\r aft] an end0 7,ziel/rebigkeit71 is includ$ 9 ! scope ( ,ari/otelian ?\ght4 ,& he has ! advantage ov] _m ( 8 successors ( be+ v mu* cle>]47#eg7 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! problem ( life may be reg>d$ z due to a reaction ( biological inve/igation & op9ion f ! 8vitali/ic0 !ories :i* prevail$ 9 ! fir/ half ( la/ c5tury1 & :i* 7 9 turn at once ! root & ! fruit ( ! ,g]man ,nature-philosophy ( t "t4 ,lotze 9 8 (t-quot$ article1 8,leb51 ,leb5skraft0 7,life1 ,vital ,=ce71 9 ,wagn]'s 8,h&-,wrt]bu* d] ,physiologie10 #ahdb1 gave ! signal = ?is reaction4 ,! *ange1 h[ev]1 did n take place sudd5ly4 ,! mo/ important inve/igators 9 _! special doma91 ! physiologi/ ,johannes ,mll]1 ! *emi/ ,julius ,liebig1 rema9$ fai?ful to a modifi$ vitali/ic /&po9t4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ g5]ation ! revolution 0 complete & en]getic4 ,) ,du ,bois-,reymond1 ,vir*[1 ,haeckel1 ! anti-vitali/ic tr5d became m def9ite & m widespread4 ,x _h a p[]ful ally 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 :i* _h be5 promulgat$ mean:ile1 & at ! same "t 9 ! increas+ly mat]iali/ic t5d5cy ( ?\ght1 :i* af=d$ support to ! me*anical sy/em & also s\ght f\ndations 9 x4 ,! naturali/ic1 8me*anical0 int]pretation ( life 0 s mu* 9 ! t5or ( ,d>w9's doctr9e t x w\ld h aris5 out ( x if x _h n exi/$ be=e4 ,x is s g5]ally reg>d$ z a self-evid5t & necess>y coroll>y ( ! /rictly ,d>w9ian doctr9e1 t x is (t5 includ$ ) x "u ! "n ( ,d>w9ism1 al?\gh ,d>w9 p]sonally did n devote any att5tion to ! problem ( ! me*anical int]pretation ( life4 ,any e/imate ( ! value ( "o mu/ be associat$ ) an e/imate ( ! o!r also4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! !ory ( life is dep5d5t ^u1 & 9 a l>ge measure consi/s ( physico-*emical int]pretations1 inve/igations1 & me?ods4 ,= ev] s9ce ! att5tion ( inve/igators 0 direct$ to ! problems ( gr[?1 ( nutrition1 ( developm5t & s on1 & p>ticul>ly z k has pass$ f primitive & unme?odical =ms to real sci5ce1 x has be5 tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse t *emical & physical processes play a l>ge "p 9 life1 & inde$ t ev]y?+ demon/rable1 visible1 or analysable1 does come ab\t 8naturally10 z x is said4 ,& f ! vitali/ic /&po9t x has to be ask$ :e!r detail$ biological inve/igation & analysis c ev] accompli% m ?an ! obs]vation & trac+ out ( ^! *emical & physical processes4 ,any?+ beyond ?is w probably be only ! def9+ & =mulat+ ( ! limits ( its own prop] sph]e ( inquiry1 & a recognition1 ?\gh no k1 ( :at lies beyond & ( ! co-op]ative factors4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 vitalism & ! me*anical !ory ( life is n1 t ! "o reg>ds ! processes 9 ! organism z oppos$ to ^? 9 ! inorganic _w :ile ! o!r id5tifies !m1 b t vitalism reg>ds life z a comb9ation ( *emical & physical processes1 ) ! co-op]ation & "u ! regulation ( o!r pr9ciples1 :ile ! me*anical !ory leaves ^! o!r pr9ciples out4 ,not)/&+ ! _m notewor?y reactions1 we are b\nd to reg>d ! pres5t /ate ( ! !ory ( life z on ! :ole me*anical4 ,! majority ( exp]ts--n to speak ( ! popul> mat]iali/s1 & especially ^? :o1 sail+ "u ! flag ( mat]iali/ic int]pretation1 h _! %ips full ( vitali/ic contrab&--reg>d z ! ideal ( _! sci5ce an ultimate analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( life into me*anical processes1 into 8me*anics ( ! atom40 ,!y believe 9 ?is ideal1 & )\t conceal+ t x is /ill v f> (f1 d n d\bt its ultimate atta9ability1 & reg>d vitali/ic assumptions z ob/acles to ! progress ( inve/igation4 ,moreov]1 ?is aspect ( ! problem seems likely en\gh to be p]man5t ) ! majority1 or1 at any rate1 ) _m naturali/s1 ?\gh x is obvi\sly "o-sid$4 ,= x has always be5 ! task ( ?is l9e ( inve/igation to ext5d ! sph]e )9 :i* physical & *emical laws c be validly appli$ 9 int]pret+ vital processes1 & ! results rea*$ along ?is l9e w always be s num]\s & important t ev5 on psy*ological gr\nds ! me*anical po9t ( view has ! be/ *ance = ! future4 ,fur!rmore1 ! maxim t all ! ph5om5a ( nature mu/ be expla9$ by means ( ! simple/ factors & accord+ to ! smalle/ possible numb] ( laws1 is usually reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ legitimate maxims ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 s t ! resolute p]t9acity ) :i* _m inve/igators ma9ta9 ! entire suffici5cy ( ! me*anical int]pretation1 f> f be+ condemn$ z mat]iali/ic fanaticism1 mu/ be respect$ z ! expression ( sci5tific consci5ce4 ,ev5 :5 confid5ce 9 ! "o-sid$ me*anical int]pretation ( vital processes sometimes fails 9 face ( ! great & /rik+ riddles ( life1 x is to be expect$ t x w revive aga9 ) ea* new success1 great or small47#eh7 ,! me*anical conception ( life :i* n[ prevails is made up ( ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics & compon5t elem5ts4 ,^! also indicate ! l9es along :i* ! argum5ts are work$ out--l9es :i* glimm]$ fa9tly ?r\gh ! me*anical !ories ( anci5t times1 b :i* h n[ be5 def9itely =mulat$ & support$ by evid5ce4 ,! ,cons]vation ( ,matt] & ,en]gy4 #a4 ,! :ole me*anical !ory is bas$ ^u a law :i* is n /rictly biological b belongs to sci5ce 9 g5]al--! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,?is 0 fir/ recognis$ by ,kant z a g5]al rational concept 9 8 8,critique0 & 9 ! 8,grundlegung d] ,metaphysik d] ,naturwiss5s*aft10 & 0 transf]r$ by ,rob]t ,may] & ,helmholtz7#ei7 to ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce4 ,j z no p>ticle ( matt] c come f no?+ or become no?+1 s no quantum ( en]gy c come f no?+ or become no?+4 ,x mu/ come f some:]e & mu/ rema9 some:]e4 ,! =m ( en]gy is cont9ually *ang+1 b ! sum ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se rema9s inv>iable & con/ant4 ,!re=e1 x seems to foll[1 !re c be no specific vital ph5om5a4 ,! en]gies conc]n$ 9 ! up-build+1 gr[?1 & decay ( ! organism1 & ! sum ( ! functions p]=m$ by x1 mu/ be ! exact resultant & equival5t ( ! pot5tial en]gies /or$ 9 its mat]ial sub/ance & ! co-op]ative en]gies ( its environm5t4 ,! p>ticul> c\rse ( trans=mations !y foll[ mu/ h its suffici5t reason 9 ! configuration ( ! p>ts ( ! organism1 9 its relations to ! environm5t1 & ! l4 ,an int]v5tion ( 8vitali/ic0 pr9ciples1 directions & s =?1 w\ld1 we are told1 involve a sudd5 obtrusion & disappe>ance aga9 ( en]gy-effects :i* _h no effici5t cause 9 ! previ\s ph5om5a4 ,f any po9t ( view x w\ld be a miracle1 & 9 p>ticul> x w\ld be do+ viol5ce to ! law ( ! con/ancy ( ! sum ( en]gy4 ,ap>t f ! inh]5t g5]al 8in/9ct0--sit v5ia v]bo1 = no m def9ite ^w is available--:i* is ! quiet ,socius1 ! conceal$ b p[]ful spr+ ( ! me*ani/ic convictions1 z ( mo/ o!rs1 ?is law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is probably ! really c5tral argum5t1 & x meets u aga9 m or less disguis$ 9 :at foll[s4 ,! ,organic & ! ,inorganic4 #b4 ,:at is on priori gr\nds dem&$ z a necessity1 or set aside z impossible1 on ! /r5g? ( ! axiom ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 mu/ be prov$ po/]iori by inve/igation4 ,x mu/ be %[n 9 detail t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! organic & ! inorganic is only app>5t4 ,& x is "h t ! me*anical view ( life celebrates its greate/ triumph4 ,= a long "t x seem$ z ?\gh !re 7 an absolute diff]5ce betwe5 8inorganic0 & 8organic0 *emi/ry1 betwe5 ! *emical processes & products f\nd 9 free nature1 & ^? )9 ! 8liv+0 body4 ,! same elem5ts 7 inde$ f\nd 9 bo?1 b x seem$ z if !y 7 subject 9 ! liv+ body to o!r & high] laws ?an ^? obs]v$ 9 inanimate nature4 ,out ( ^! elem5ts ! organism builds up1 by unexpla9$ processes1 peculi> *emical individualities1 highly organis$ & complex comb9ations :i* are nev] atta9$ 9 inorganic nature4 ,?is seems to af=d indubitable evid5ce ( a vital =ce ) my/]i\s sup]-*emical capacities4 ,b mod]n *emical sci5ce has succe$$ 9 do+ away ) ?is absolute diff]5ce betwe5 ! two dep>tm5ts ( *emi/ry1 = x has a*iev$1 9 retorts1 9 ! laboratory1 & ) 8natural0 *emical means1 :at _h hi!rto only be5 accompli%$ by 8organic0 *emi/ry4 ,s9ce ,whl]'s discov]y t urea c\ld be built up by artificial comb9ation1 m & m ( ! c>bon-comp\nds :i* 7 previ\sly reg>d$ z specialities ( ! vital =ce h be5 produc$ by artificial syn!ses4 ,! highe/ syn!sis1 t ( proteids1 has n yet be5 discov]$1 b p]haps t1 too1 may yet be a*iev$4 ,& fur!r3 int5sive obs]vation ?r\gh ! microscope & 9 ! laboratory increases ! k ( processes :i* c be analys$ into simple *emical processes1 bo? 9 ! plant & ! animal body4 ,^! are a/oni%+ 9 _! div]sity & complexity1 b nev]!less !y fulfil !mselves accord+ to kn[n *emical laws1 & !y c be imitat$ ap>t f ! liv+ sub/ance4 ,! 8break+ up0 ( ! molecules ( nutritive mat]ial1--t is to say1 ! prep>ation ( !m z build+ mat]ial = ! body1--does n take place magically & automatically1 b is associat$ ) def9itely demon/rable *emical /uffs1 :i* produce _! effect ev5 outside ( ! organism4 ,! fundam5tal function ( liv+ matt]--8metabolism10--t is1 ! con/ant disruption & recon/ruction ( its own sub/ance1 has1 x seems1 be5 br\ght at lea/ ne>] to a possible future explanation by ! recognition ( a s]ies ( ph5om5a ( a purely *emical nature1 ! catalytic ph5om5a 7! effects ( f]m5ts or 8enzymes074 ,+5i\s hypo!ses are already be+ con/ruct$1 if n to expla91 at lea/ to give a g5]al =mulation ( ^! facts1 :i* w s]ve z a framework & guid+ clue1 z a 8work+ hypo!sis0 = ! fur!r progress ( inve/igation4 ,! mo/ rec5t ( ^! hypo!ses is t set =? by ,v]worn 9 8 book 8,die ,biog5hypo!se407#fj7 ,he assumes1 z ! c5tral vehicle ( ! vital functions1 a unifi$ liv+ sub/ance1 ! 8biog510 ne>ly relat$ to ! proteids :i* =m ! fundam5tal sub/ance ( protoplasm & ( ! cell-nucleus1 & 9 contra/ to :i* ! o!r sub/ances f\nd 9 ! liv+ body are 9 "p raw mat]ials & res]ves1 & 9 "p ( a d]ivative nature1 or ! results ( disruptive metabolism4 ,v complex *emically1 8biog50 is able to op]ate ^u ! circulat+ or res]ve 8nutritive0 mat]ials 9 a way comp>able1 = in/ance1 to ! action ( 8nitric acid 9 ! production ( ,engli% sulphuric acid40 ,t is to say1 x is able to set up processes ( disruption & ( recomb9ation1 app>5tly by its m]e pres5ce1 b1 9 reality1 by its own cont9ual break+ d[n & build+ up aga94 ,at ! same "t x has ! p[]1 analog\s to t ( polym]isation 9 molecules1 ( increas+1 ( 8gr[+40 ,! case is ! same 9 reg>d to physical laws4 ,!y are id5tical 9 ! liv+ & ! non-liv+4 ,& _m ( ! processes ( life h already be5 analys$ into a complex ( simpl] physical processes4 ,! circulation ( ! blood is subject to ! same laws ( hydro/atics z are illu/rat$ 9 all o!r fluids4 ,me*anical1 /atic1 & osmotic processes occur 9 ! organism & con/itute its vital ph5om5a4 ,! eye is a cam]a obscura1 an optical app>atus2 ! e> an ac\/ic in/rum5t2 ! skeleton an +5i\s sy/em ( lev]s1 :i* obey ! same laws z all o!r lev]s4 ,e4 du ,bois-,reymond1 9 8 lectures on 8,! ,physics ( ,organic ,metabolism0 78,physik des organis*5 ,/(fwe*sels0717#fa7 compiles a long & detail$ li/ ( ! physical factors associat$ & int]tw9$ 9 ! mo/ div]se ways ) ! fundam5tal ph5om5on ( life1 namely1 metabolism3--! capacities & effects ( solution1 diffusion ( liquids1 capill>ity1 surface t5sion1 coagulation1 transfusion ) filtration1 ! capacities & effects ( gases1 a]o-diffusion ?r\gh por\s walls1 ! absorption ( gases ?r\gh solid bodies & ?r\gh fluids1 & s on4 ,v impressive1 too1 are ! manifold 8me*anical0 int]pretations ( intimate vital *>act]i/ics1 su* z ! inf9itely f9e /ructure ( protoplasm4 ,= protoplasm does n fill ! cell z a compact mass1 b spreads itself out & builds itself up 9 ! mo/ delicate network or me%work1 ( :i* x =ms ! ?reads & walls1 enclos+ innum]able vacuoles & alveoli1 & ,bts*li succe$$ 9 mak+ a surpris+ly good imitation ( ?is 8/ructure0 by me*anical means4 ,drops ( oil intimately mix$ ) pota% & plac$ betwe5 glass plates =m$ a v simil> emulsion-l or foam-l /ructure ) a visible network & ) enclos$ alveoli47#fb7 ,rhumbl]1 too1 succe$$ 9 expla9+ by 8developm5tal me*anics0 "s ( ! app>5tly extremely subtle processes at ! beg9n+ ( embryonic developm5t 7! invag9ation ( ! bla/ula to =m ! ga/rula72 by imitat+ ! sph]e ( cells :i* compose ! bla/ula ) ela/ic /eel b&s he d$uc$ ! invag9ation me*anically f ! model47#fc7 ,"h1 too1 mu/ be m5tion$ ,v]worn's attempts to expla9 8! movem5ts ( ! liv+ sub/ance407#fd7 8,k9esis10 ! p[] to move1 has s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( life4 ,f ! glid+ 8amboid0 movem5ts ( ! mon]on1 ) its my/]i\s p[] ( %ift+ its position1 spread+ itself out1 & sp9n+ out long ?reads 78pseudopodia071 up to ! contractility ( ! muscle-fibre1 ! same riddle reappe>s 9 _m diff]5t =ms4 ,v]worn attacks x at ! l[e/ level1 & attempts to solve x by ref]5ce to ! surface t5sion to :i* all fluid bodies are subject1 & to ! p>tial relaxation ( ?is1 :i* =ces ! mass to give (f radiat+ processes or 8pseudopodia40 ,! me*anical causes ( ! susp5sion ( ! surface t5sion are inquir$ into1 & /rik+ examples ( pseudopod-l rays are f\nd 9 ! inorganic _w1 = in/ance1 9 a drop ( oil4 ,?us a />t+-po9t is discov]$ = me*anical int]pretations at a high] level47#fe7 ,irritability4 #c4 ,a prop]ty :i* seems to be q peculi> to liv+ matt] is irritability1 or ! p[] ( respond+ to 8/imuli10 t is to say1 ( react+ to "s influ5ce f )\t 9 su* a mann] t ! reaction is n ! m]e equival5t ( ! action1 b t ! /imulus is to ! organism z a cont+5t cause or impulse sett+ up a new process or a new s]ies ( processes1 :i* seem z ?\gh !y occurr$ spontane\sly & freely4 ,?us ! s5sitive plant ,mimosa pudica droops its fea!ry leaves :5 t\*$4 ,"h1 too1 mu/ be class$ also all ! innum]able ph5om5a ( ,heliotropism1 ,geotropism1 ,rheotropism1 ,*emotropism1 & o!r tropisms1 9 :i* ! sun1 or ! e>?1 or curr5ts1 or *emical /imuli s affect a =m ( life--plant1 alga1 or spore--t x disposes its own movem5ts or ! arrangem5ts ( its p>ts accord+ly1 turn+ t[>ds1 or away f1 or 9 an oblique direction to ! s\rce ( /imulus1 or o!rwise behav+ 9 "s def9ite mann] :i* c\ld n h be5 d$uc$ or pr$ict$ f ! direct effects ( ! /imulat+ factors4 ,! uphold]s ( ! me*anical !ory h attempt$ to conqu] ?is va/ & my/]i\s doma9 ( facts by seek+ to d away ) ! appe>ance ( spontaneity & fre$om1 by demon/rat+ 9 suitable cases t ^! ph5om5a ( spontaneity & ! l w\ld be impossible 7 x n t ! pot5tial en]gies previ\sly /or$ up )9 ! organism are lib]at$ by ! /imulus4 ,?us ! effect caus$ is n equival5t to ! /imulus alone1 b is r ! resultant ( ! conditions giv5 9 ! *emo-physical pr$ispositions ( ! organism itself1 & 9 ! ar*itecture ( its p>ts1 plus ! /imulus4 ,directly associat$ ) ?is prop]ty ( irritability is ano!r =m ( spontaneity & fre$om 9 liv+ be+s--! p[] ( adapt+ !mselves to *ang$ conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,"s d n %[ ?is at all1 :ile o!rs %[ x 9 an a/oni%+ degree1 help+ !mselves out by new contrivances1 s to speak4 ,?us ! organism may protect itself aga9/ temp]ature & o!r influ5ces1 aga9/ injury1 mak+ damages good aga9 by self-repair+ processes1 8reg5]at+0 lo/ organs1 & sometimes ev5 build+ up ! :ole organism anew f amputat$ p>ts4 ,! me*anical int]pretation mu/ "h proce$ 9 ! same way z 9 deal+ ) ! "q ( /imuli1 apply+ to ! developm5t ( =m ! same explanations z are !re employ$4 ,& j because ?is doma9 does n l5d itself readily to me*anical explanation1 we c und]/& t confid5ce 9 ! suffici5cy ( ?is mode ( int]pretation gr[s rapidly ) ea* fre% conque/1 :5 ?is or t p>ticul> process is %[n to be actually explicable on me*anical pr9ciples4 ,processes ( developm5t or morphog5esis--:i* are among ! mo/ intricate & difficult--are attack$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! processes ( reg5]ation1 = in/ance1 are comp>$ ) ! simil> t5d5cies obs]v$ 9 cry/als1 :i* :5 !y are injur$ h ! capacity ( re/or+ _! normal =m4 ,?is capacity !re=e obta9s 9 ! realm ( ! inorganic z well z among organisms1 & is ref]r$ to ! t5d5cy ( all sub/ances to ma9ta9 a def9ite /ate ( equilibrium1 condition$ by _! =m1 &1 if t is di/urb$1 to return to a simil> or a new /ate ( equilibrium4 ,or1 ! proc$ure may be to r$uce ! processes ( a developm5tal or morphog5etic category to processes ( /imulation 9 g5]al1 & !n x is believ$1 or ev5 demon/rat$1 t *emo-physical analogies or explanations c be f\nd = !m4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x is %[n t ! egg ( ! sea-ur*9 may be 8/imulat$0 to developm5t1 n exclusively by ! f]tilis+ sp]m1 b ev5 by a simple *emical ag5t1 or t sp]matozoids :i* are seek+ ! ovum to be f]tilis$ may be attract$ by malic acid4 ,^! are 8r$uctions0 ( ! high] ph5om5a ( life to ! t]ms ( a l[] & simpl] process ( 8/imulus10 t is to say1 to *emotropism 9 ! second case & some?+ analog\s 9 ! fir/4 ,a fur!r r$uction w\ld be to %[ t ! movem5t ( ! sp]matozoids t[>ds ! malic acid is n a 8vitali/ic0 act1 mu* less a psy*ically condition$ "o1 7t is1 condition$ by 8ta/e10 8s5sation10 & ! volunt>y or in/9ctive impulse lib]at$ !reby71 b is a *emo-physical process1 al?\gh p]haps an exce$+ly complex "o4 ,x w\ld be ano!r 8r$uction0 ( ?is second k9d1 if1 = in/ance1 ! well-kn[n effect ( light on plants1 :i* makes !m turn _! leaves t[>ds x 7heliotropism71 c\ld be %[n to be due to m rapid gr[? ( ! leaf on ! %ad$ side1 :i* w\ld lift up ! leaf & cause x to turn1 or to an increase ( turgesc5ce on ! %ad$ side1 & if x c\ld be %[n t ! increase 9 ei!r case 0 a simple & obvi\s physical process1 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! decreas$ am\nt ( light4 ,x is obvi\s1 & x is also ?or\ghly ju/ifiable1 t all attempts along ^! l9es ( int]pretation %\ld be und]tak5 9 ! fir/ place 9 connection ) ! simple/ & l[e/ =ms ( life4 ,x is 9 ! inve/igation ( ! 8,proti/s10 ! /udy ( ! vital ph5om5a ( ! microscopically m9ute unicellul> organisms1 t attempts ( ?is k9d h be5 mo/ frequ5tly made4 ,& !y foll[ ! c\rse we h j indicat$2 ! 8app>5tly0 vitali/ic & psy*ical behavi\r ( unicellul>s 7impulse1 w1 spontane\s movem5t1 select+ & exp]im5t+7 is int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( reflex processes & ! 8irritability0 ( ! cell1 & ^! aga9 are trac$ back1 l all /imulus-processes1 to ! subtle me*anics ( ! atoms4 ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4 #d4 ,?is r$uction ( kn[n biological ph5om5a to simpl] t]ms1 ! less5+ ( ! gap betwe5 inorganic & organic *emi/ry1 & ! =mulation ( ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 h all prep>$ ! way = a f\r? /ep1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! inevitable !ory ( g5]atio spontanea sive equivoca1 ! spontane\s g5]ation ( ! liv+1 t is to say1 ! gradual evolution ( ! liv+ f ! n liv+4 ,s9ce ! e>?1 & ) x ! conditions "u :i* alone life is possible1 h _h a beg9n+ 9 "t1 life ^u ! e>? mu/ also h _h a beg9n+4 ,! assumption t ! fir/ liv+ organisms may h come to ! e>? on meteorites simply %ifts ! problem a /ep f>!r back1 = accord+ to all curr5t !ories ( ! univ]se1 if !re are 9 any ( ! heav5ly bodies conditions admitt+ ( ! pres5ce ( life1 ^! conditions h aris5 f o!rs 9 :i* life 0 impossible4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ?is sugge/ion is on ! face ( x a m]e evasion ( ! difficulty1 ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation naturally arose4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ comical 9 ! *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! natural sci5ces to ?is !ory4 ,= c5turies x 0 "o ( ! beliefs ( popul> sup]/ition1 ) its nave way ( reg>d+ nature1 t e>?worms 8develop$0 f damp soil1 & v]m9 f %av+s1 & 9 g5]al t ! liv+ arose f ! non-liv+4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics & axioms ( sci5tific ?\ght to reject ?is nave g5]atio equivoca1 & to hold fa/ to ! proposition1 omne vivum ex ovo1 or1 at lea/1 omne vivum ex vivo4 ,& x 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! triumphs ( mod]n sci5ce :51 ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,pa/eur gave def9it5ess to ?is doctr9e1 & :5 ?r\gh him1 ?r\gh ,vir*[1 & inde$ ! :ole y\ng] g5]ation ( naturali/s1 ! proposition 0 modifi$1 on ! basis ( ! newly discov]$ cell-!ory1 to omnis cellula ex cellula4 ,b a %ort "t aft] ,pa/eur's discov]ies1 ! ideas ( ,d>w9ism & ! !ory ( evolution ga9$ widespread acceptance4 ,& n[ x appe>$ t1 9 reject+ ! !ory ( g5]atio equivoca1 naturali/s _h1 s to speak1 sawn (f ! bran* on :i* !y desir$ to sit1 & ?us _m1 l ,haeckel1 became en?usia/ic conv]ts to ! !ory :i* natural sci5ce _h previ\sly reject$4 ,con/ruct+ !ories & speculations z to ! possibilities ( spontane\s g5]ation is reg>d$ by "s naturali/s z some:at gratuit\s 7cf4 ,du ,bois-,reymond74 ,9 g5]al1 x is reg>d$ z suffici5t to po9t out t ! r$uction ( ! ph5om5a ( life z we "k !m to ^? ( a simpl] ord]1 & ! unification ( organic & inorganic *emi/ry1 h made ! problem ( ! fir/ orig9 ( life ess5tially simpl]1 & t ! law ( ! con/ancy & id5tity ( en]gy ?r\gh\t ! univ]se p]mits no o!r !ory4 ,b o!rs g m det]m9$ly to "w1 & attempt to give concrete illu/rations ( ! problem4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y =m ( life kn[n to u is ! cell4 ,f cells & _! comb9ations1 _! products & secretions1 all organisms1 plant & animal alike1 are built up4 ,if we succe$ 9 d]iv+ ! cell1 ! d]ivation ( ! :ole _w ( life seems1 ) ! help ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t1 a comp>atively simple matt]4 ,! cell itself seems to /& ne>] to ! inorganic1 & to be less absolutely ap>t f ! inanimate _w ?an a highly organis$ body1 diff]5tiat$ z to its functions & organs1 su* z a mammal4 ,x almo/ seems z if we might reg>d ! l[e/ =ms ( life kn[n to u1 :i* seem little m ?an aggregat$ homog5e\s masses ( fl[+ r ?an creep+ protoplasm1 z an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! high] =ms ( life & ! non-liv+4 ,b ! !ory does n beg9 ) ! cell2 x assumes a s]ies ( connect+-l9ks 7:i* may ( c\rse be z long & z complicat$ z ! s]ies f ! cell upw>ds to man7 betwe5 ! cell & matt] :i* is /ill q 8inorganic0 & :i* is capable only ( ! ev]yday *emical & physical ph5om5a1 & n ( ! high] syn!ses ( ^!1 :i* 9 _! increas+ complexity & div]sity ultimately come to repres5t 8life0 9 its mo/ primitive =ms4 ,z proteid is ! *ief con/itu5t ( protoplasm1 x is reg>d$ z ! specific physical basis ( life1 & life is look$ ^u z ! sum ( its functions4 ,& x is n d\bt$ t1 if ! conditions ( ! univ]se br\ght ab\t a natural comb9ation ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 c]ta9 proportions1 s t proteid result$1 ! transition to proteid :i* =ms itself & r5ews itself f ! surr\nd+ elem5ts1 to assimilat+1 gr[+1 divid+ proteid1 & ultimately to ! mo/ primitive plasmic /ructure1 to non-nucleat$1 nucleat$1 & f9ally fully =m$ cells1 c\ld also come ab\t4 ,haeckel's demon/ration ( ! possibility ( spontane\s g5]ation is along ^! l9es4 ,he ref]s to ! cytodes1 ! blood corpuscles1 to alleg$ or actual non-nucleat$ cells1 to bact]ia1 to ! simple/ =ms ( cell-/ructure1 z pro(s ( ! possibility ( a desc5d+ s]ies ( connect+-l9ks4 ,he 7& ) him ,ngeli7 calls ^! l9ks1 bel[ ! level ( ! cell1 ,probia or ,probions1 & = a "t he believ$ t he _h discov]$ 9 ,ba?ybius ,haeckeli pres5tly exi/+ homog5e\s liv+ masses1 )\t cell division1 nucleus or /ructure1 ! 8primitive slime0 :i* app>5tly exi/$ 9 ! abysmal dep?s ( ! ocean to ?is day4 ,un=tunately1 ?is primitive slime soon prov$ itself an illusion4 ,op9ions diff] z to :e!r spontane\s g5]ation took place only 9 ! beg9n+ ( evolution1 or :e!r x occurr$ repeat$ly & is /ill go+ on4 ,mo/ naturali/s incl9e to ! =m] idea2 ,ngeli *ampions ! latt]4 ,!re are also diff]5ces ( op9ion z to :e!r ! orig9 ( life f ! non-liv+ 0 manifold1 & took place at _m diff]5t places on ! e>?1 or :e!r all ! =ms ( life n[ 9 exi/5ce h aris5 f a common s\rce 7monophyletic & polyphyletic !ories74 ,! ,me*anics ( ,developm5t4 #e4 ,! m9ds ( ! support]s ( ! me*anical !ory _h /ill to move along a fif? l9e 9 ord] to solve ! riddle ( ! developm5t ( ! liv+ individual f ! egg1 or ( ! g]m to its f9i%$ =m1 ! riddle ( morphog5esis4 ,!y _c assume ! exi/5ce ( 8! :ole0 be=e ! "p1 or equip x ) ! idea ( ! ?+ z a spiritus rector1 play+ ! "p ( a metaphysical controll+ ag5cy4 ,"h z else:]e !y mu/ demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( purely me*anical pr9ciples4 ,x is simply f ! pot5tial en]gies inh]5t 9 its con/itu5t p>ts t ! supply ( en]gy mu/ fl[1 by means ( :i* ! g]m is able to make use ( inorganic mat]ial f )\t1 to assimilate x & increase its own sub/ance1 &1 by us+ x up1 to ma9ta9 & increase its p[] ( "w1 to break up ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e & to ga9 ! c>bon :i* is s important = its vital functions1 to in/itute & organise ! innum]able *emico-physical processes by means ( :i* its =m is built up4 ,purely z a consequ5ce ( ! *emico-physical nature ( ! g]m1 ( ! prop]ties ( ! sub/ances includ$ 9 x on ! "o h&1 & ( ! implicit /ructure & configuration ( its p>ts1 d[n to ! intr9sic specific undulatory rhy?m ( its molecules1 x mu/ foll[ t its mass gr[s exactly z x does1 & n o!rwise1 t x behaves z x does & n o!rwise1 duplicat+ itself by division aft] division1 & by intricate *anges arrang+ & re>rang+ ! results ( division until ! embryo or l>va1 & f9ally ! complete organism1 is =m$4 ,an extraord9>y am\nt ( +5uity has be5 exp5d$ 9 ?is connection1 9 ord] to avoid "h1 :]e p]haps x is mo/ difficult ( all1 ! use ( 8teleological0 pr9ciples1 & to rema9 fai?ful to ! or?odox1 exclusively me*anical mode ( int]pretation4 ,to ?is category belong ,d>w9's gemmules1 ,haeckel's pla/idules1 ,ngeli's micell1 ,weismann's labyr9? ( ids1 det]m9ants1 & biophors )9 ! g]m-plasm1 & ,r\x's +5i\s hypo!sis ( ! /ruggle ( p>ts1 :i* is an attempt to apply ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple )9 ! organism 9 ord] "h also to rebut ! teleological int]pretation by giv+ a sci5tific "o47#ff7 ,h]$ity4 #f4 ,) ?is fif? l9e ( ?\ght a six? is associat$ & int]tw9$4 ,! problem ( developm5t is closely b\nd up ) t ( 8h]$ity40 ,a develop+ organism foll[s ! p>5tal type4 ,! acorn 9 its gr[? foll[s ! type ( ! p>5t oak1 repeat+ all its morphological & physiological *>act]s d[n to ! mo/ intimate detail4 ,& ! animal organism adds to ?is also ! :ole psy*ical equipm5t1 ! in/9cts1 ! capacities ( w & consci\sness :i* di/+ui% its p>5ts4 ,! problems ( ! fif? & six? ord] are closely int]-relat$1 ! six? problem be+ 9 reality ! same z ! fif?1 only 9 great] complexity4 ,a /ep t[>ds ! me*anical solution ( ?is problem 0 indicat$ 9 ! 8pre=mation !ory0 advanc$ by ,leibnitz1 & elaborat$ by ,bonnet4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! develop+ organism is enclos$ 9 ! m9ute/ possible =m )9 ! egg1 & is ?us includ$ 9 ! p>5tal organism1 9 m9iature inde$1 b q complete4 ,?us ! problem ( ! 8developm5t ( =m0 or ( 8h]$ity0 01 s to speak1 rul$ out ( c\rt2 all t 0 assum$ 0 cont9u\s gr[? & self-unfold+4 ,oppos$ to ?is !ory 0 "o ( lat] gr[?1 ! !ory ( epig5esis1 :i* ma9ta9$ t ! organism develop$ )\t pre=mation f ! /ill undiff]5tiat$ & homog5e\s sub/ance ( ! egg4 ,! support]s ( ! fir/ !ory consid]$ !mselves mu* m sci5tific & exact ?an ^? ( ! second4 ,& n )\t reason4 ,= ! !ory ( epig5esis obvi\sly requir$ my/]i\s =mative pr9ciples1 & equally my/]i\s p[]s ( recollection & recapitulation1 :i* impell$ ! undiff]5tiat$ ovum sub/ance into ! f9al =m1 precisely l t ( its ance/ors4 ,nor ne$ ! pre=mationi/s h greatly fe>$ ! reproa*1 t ! p>5tal organism mu/ h be5 includ$ )9 ! gr&-p>5tal1 & s on backw>ds to ! fir/ p>5ts 9 ,p>adise4 ,= ?is 8,*9ese box0 encapsulem5t !ory only requires t we %\ld grant ! idea ( ! inf9itely little1 & t idea is already an integral "p ( our ?9k+4 ,mod]n biologi/s ridicule ! pre=mation hypo!sis z altoge!r too artificial4 ,& und\bt$ly x f\nd]s on ! facts ( embryology1 :i* disclose no?+ to sugge/ ! unfold+ ( a pre-exi/5t m9iature model1 b %[ u h[ ! egg-cell divides into two1 into f\r1 & s on1 ) cont9u$ multiplication foll[$ by v>i$ arrangem5ts & re>rangem5ts ( cells--9 %ort1 all ! complex *anges :i* con/itute developm5t4 ,b a pre=mation 9 "s s5se or o!r !re mu/ be2--"s peculi> mat]ial pr$isposition ( ! g]m1 :i*1 z su*1 supplies ! direct+ pr9ciple = ! developm5t1 & ! suffici5t reason = ! repetition ( ! p>5tal =m4 ,?is is ( su* obvi\s importance f ! me*anical po9t ( view t ! speculations ( to-day t5d to move along ! old pre=mationi/ l9es4 ,to ^! mod]n pre=mationi/s are oppos$ ! mod]n uphold]s ( epig5esis or gradual diff]5tiation1 :o attempt to elaborate a me*anical !ory ( developm5t4 ,& ) ! contra/ betwe5 ^! two s*ools !re is necess>ily associat$ ! discussion z to ! inh]itance or non-inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,d>w9's contribution to ! problem ( ! six? ord] 0 8 r vague !ory ( 8,pang5esis40 ,! liv+ organism1 accord+ to him1 =ms 9 its v>i\s organs1 p>ts1 & cells exce$+ly m9ute p>ticles ( liv+ matt] 7gemmules71 :i*1 89 "s way or o!r10 be> )9 !m ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! "p 9 :i* !y are produc$4 ,^! may w&] ?r\gh ! organism & meet 9 ! g]m-plasm1 & !n1 :5 a *ild-organism is produc$1 !y 8sw>m10 s to speak1 9 x aga9 89 "s way or o!r10 & 9 "s fa%ion control ! developm5t4 ,?is gemmule-!ory 0 too obvi\sly a quid pro quo to hold its gr\nd = long4 ,v>i\s !ories 7 elaborat$1 & ! _w ( ! invisibly m9ute 0 flood$ ) speculations4 ,! mo/ subtle ( ^!1 on ! side ( consi/5t ,d>w9ism1 is t ( ,weismann1 a pron\nc$ pre=mation !ory :i* has be5 increas+ly ref9$ & elaborat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s ( reflection4 ,accord+ to ,weismann1 ! individual p>ts & *>act]i/ics ( ! organism are repres5t$ 9 ! g]m-plasm1 n 9 f9i%$ =m1 b z 8det]m9ants0 9 a def9ite sy/em :i* is itself ! direct+ pr9ciple 9 ! build+ up ( ! bodily sy/em1 & ) def9ite *>act]i/ics1 :i* det]m9e ! peculi>ities ( ! individual organs & p>ts1 d[n to scales1 hairs1 sk9-spots1 & bir?-m>ks4 ,z ! g]m-cells h ! p[] ( gr[?1 & c increase endlessly by divid+ & re-divid+1 & z ea* process ( division takes place 9 su* a way t ea* half 7ea* product ( division7 ma9ta9s ! previ\s sy/em1 !re arise innum]able g]m-cells correspond+ to "o ano!r1 f :i*1 !re=e1 correspond+ bodies mu/ arise 7inh]itance74 ,x is n 9 reality ! newly develop$ bodies :i* give rise to new g]m-cells & transf] to !m some?+ ( _! own *>act]s2 ! g]m-cells ( ! *ild-organism develop f t ( ! p>5t 78immortality0 ( ! g]m-cells74 ,!re=e !re c be no inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 & no modifications ( type ?r\gh ext]nal causes2 & all v>iations :i* appe> 9 a s]ies ( g5]ations are due solely to int]nal v>iations 9 ! g]m-cells1 :e!r br\ght ab\t by ! complication ( _! sy/em ?r\gh ! fusion ( ! male & female g]m-cells1 or ?r\gh diff]5ces 9 ! gr[? ( ! individual det]m9ants !mselves4 ,! num]\s subsidi>y !ses int]wov5 9 ,weismann's !ory are entirely coh]5t1 & h be5 ?\ght out to _! conclusions ) praisewor?y det]m9ation47#fg7 ,to ! !ory z a :ole1 because ( its fundam5tal conception ( pre=mation1 & to its subsidi>y hypo!ses1 piece by piece1 !re has be5 en]getic opposition on ! "p ( ! uphold]s ( ! mod]n me*anical !ory ( epig5esis4 ,?is opposition is mo/ concretely & compreh5sively express$ 9 ,haacke's 8,ge/altung und ,v]]bung40 ,! inf9itely complex intricacy ( ,weismann's m9ute microcosm )9 ! g]m-cell1 inde$ )9 e id 9 x1 is ju/ly describ$ z a m]e duplication1 a repetition 9 ! inf9itely little ( ! ess5tial difficulties to be expla9$4 ,! complicat$ processes ( develop+ 9 ! gr[+ & inh]it+ organism _c be expla9$1 !y say1 9 t]ms ( processes ( ! equally complex & likewise develop+ g]m-plasm4 ,! complex1 if x is to be expla9$ at all1 mu/ be expla9$ by ! simple--9 ?is case by ! functions ( a homog5e\s uni=m plasm4 ,at an e>li] date ,haeckel _h made an attempt 9 ?is direction 9 8 !ory ( ! 8p]ig5esis ( ! pla/idules40 ,peculi> /ates ( oscillation & rhy?m 9 ! molecules ( ! g]m-sub/ance1 h&$ on to x f ! p>5t organism & transf]able to all ! assimilat$ matt] ( ! (fspr+1 repres5t1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! pr9ciple :i* impels developm5t to foll[ a p>ticul> c\rse correspond+ to ! type ( ! p>5ts4 ,?is 0 a physical way ( int]pret+ ! matt]4 ,o!r inve/igators h giv5 a *emical expression to _! !oretical s*emes = expla9+ h]$ity4 ,haacke decl>es bo? ^! to be unsatisfactory1 & replaces !m by morphological =mative pr9ciples4 ,x is ! /ructure ( ! o!rwise homog5e\s liv+ matt] t expla9s morphog5esis & inh]itance4 ,m9ute 8gemm10 homog5e\s fundam5tal p>ticles ( liv+ sub/ance1 n to be comp>$ to or confus$ ) ,d>w9's 8gemmules10 are aggregat$ 9 8,gemm>ia10 ^: configuration1 /ability1 symmetrical or asymmetrical /ructure1 & s on1 are det]m9$ by ! relative positions ( ! gemm to ea* o!r1 & ^! 9 _! turn control ! organism & give x a correspond+ symmetrical or asymmetrical1 a firmly or loosely aggregat$ /ructure4 ,! complet$ organism !n =ms a sy/em 9 organic equilibrium1 :i* is con/antly expos$ to v>iations & influ5ces due to ext]nal causes 7,/4 ,hilaire71 & to use & disuse ( organs 7,lam>ck74 ,^! influ5ces affect ! /ructure ( ! gemm>ia1 & z ! g]m-cells consi/ ( gemm>ia1 l ^? ( ! re/ ( ! organism1 ! possibility ( ! transmission ( acquir$ new *>act]s is self-evid5t4 ,! importance ( correlat$ gr[? & or?og5esis is expla9$ on a simil> basis1 & ! ,d>w9ian conceptions ( ! indep5d5t v>iation ( individual p>ts1 ( ! exclusive dom9ance ( utility1 ( ! influ5ce ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 reg>d to individual selection1 & ( ! omnipot5ce ( natural selection1 are en]getically d5i$4 ,osc> ,h]twig17#fh7 de ,vries1 ,dries*7#fi7 & o!rs attempt to reconcile ! pre=mationi/ & ! epig5etic /&po9ts1 & 8to extract :at is good & usable out ( bo?40 ,h]twig & ,dries*1 h[ev]1 c only be m5tion$ ) res]vations 9 ?is connection4 ,we _c bett] sum up ! :ole t5d5cy ( ! con/ruction ( me*anical !ories on ^! la/ l9es ?an 9 ! words ( ,s*wann3 8,!re is )9 ! organism no fundam5tal =ce work+ accord+ to a def9ite idea2 x arises 9 ob$i5ce to ! bl9d laws ( necessity40 ,s mu* = ! diff]5t l9es foll[$ by ! me*anical !ories ( to-day4 ,an idea ( _! g5]al t5or c be ga9$ f a s]ies ( mu* quot$ g5]al treatises1 ( :i* we mu/ m5tion at lea/ ! 8classics40 ,9 ,wagn]'s 8,h&wrt]bu* d] ,physiologie10 #ahdb1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,lotze wrote a long introductory article to ! :ole "w1 on 8,life & ,vital ,=ce40 ,x 0 ! *all5ge ( ! new] views to ! previ\sly vitali/ic /&po9t1 & at ! same "t x 0 bas$ on ,lotze's g5]al pr9ciples & int]sp]s$ ) philosophical criticism ( ! concepts ( =ce1 cause1 effect1 law1 c47#gj7 ,a simil> tra9 ( ideas to ,lotze's is foll[$ to-day by ,o4 ,h]twig1 especially 9 8 8,me*anismus und ,biologie407#ga7 ,light] & m elegant 0 ! polemic aga9/ vital =ce1 & ! outl9e ( a me*anical !ory :i* ,du ,bois-,reymond prefac$ to 8 great "w1 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die ti]is*e ,electricitt0 7#ahdi74 ,x did n g ne>ly s deep z ,lotze's essay1 b p]haps = t v reason its phrases & epigrams soon became common prop]ty4 ,we may recall h[ he speaks ( vital =ce z a 8g5]al s]vant = ev]ybody10 ( ! iron atom :i* rema9s ! same :e!r x be 9 ! meteorite 9 cosmic space1 9 ! :eel ( ! railway c>riage1 or 9 ! blood ( ! ?9k]1 & ( analytic me*anics :i* may be appli$ ev5 to ! problem ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive & detail$ elaboration ( ! me*anical !ory ( life is to be f\nd 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s 8,pr9ciples ( ,biology407#gb7 ,fri$ri* ,alb]t ,lange's 8,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism0 is a brilliant plea = me*anical !ories17#gc7 :i* he aft]w>ds surpass$ & neutralis$ by 8 ,kantian ,criticism4 ,v]worn1 too1 9 8 8,physiology07#gd7 gives a cle> example ( ! way 9 :i* ! me*anical !ory 9 its mo/ consi/5t =m is sublim$1 app>5tly 9 ! idealism ( ,kant & ,fi*te1 b 9 reality 9 its opposite--! ,b]keleyan psy*ology4 ,a simil> outcome is 9 v>i\s ways indicat$ 9 ! mod]n tr5d ( ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,me*anical ,,!ories4 ,9 attempt+ to def9e our attitude to ! me*anical !ory ( life1 we h fir/ ( all to make sure t we h a "r to take up a def9ite position at all4 ,we %\ld h less "r1 or p]haps none1 if ?is !ory ( life 7 really ( a purely 8biological0 nature1 built up entirely f ! exp]t k & data :i* ! biologi/ alone possesses4 ,b ! pr9ciples1 assumptions1 supplem5t>y ideas & modes ( expression along all ! six l9es we h discuss$1 ! /yle & me?od accord+ to :i* ! hypo!sis is con/ruct$1 ! multitude ( sep>ate presuppositions ) :i* x works1 & inde$ ev]y?+ t helps to build up & knit ! biological details into a sci5tific hypo!sis1 are ! mat]ials ( rational syn!sis 9 g5]al1 & z su* are subject to g5]al z well z to biological criticism4 ,:at is !re1 = in/ance1 9 ,weismann's +5i\s biophor-!ory t c be call$ specifically biological1 & n borr[$ f o!r p>ts ( ! sci5tific sy/em8 ,"o advantage1 inde$1 ! biologi/ always has 9 ?is matt]1 ap>t f 8 special k2 t is1 ! te*nical in/9ct1 ! p[] ( sc5t+ out1 s to speak1 & imm$iately feel+ ! importance ( ! facts p]ta9+ to 8 own discipl9e4 ,x is ?is t gives e speciali/ ! advantage ov] ! layman 9 deal+ ) ! data ( 8 own subject4 ,?is p[] ( in/9ctively apprais+ facts1 :i* develops 9 ! c\rse ( all special "w1 c1 = in/ance 9 hypo!ses 9 ! doma9 ( hi/ory1 trans=m small details1 :i* to ! layman seem trivial1 into weighty argum5ts4 ,simil>ly x may be t ! success ( ! me*anical int]pretation 9 reg>d to isolat$ processes may make its validity = _m o!r alli$ processes c]ta91 ev5 ?\gh !re is no precise pro( ( ?is4 ,b we _c reg>d ?is z a f9al demon/ration ( ! applicability ( ! me*anical !ory1 s9ce ! same te*nical in/9ct 9 o!r exp]ts leads !m to reject ! :ole hypo!sis4 ,b "h we are met ) some?+ surpris+4 ,may x n be t :ile we are impell$ on g5]al gr\nds to cont5d aga9/ ! me*anical int]pretation ( vital ph5om5a1 we are n s impell$ on religi\s gr\nds8 ,may x n be t ! in/9ct ( ! religi\s consci\sness is mislead+ :5 x impels u--z probably e "o w be able to c]tify f 8 own exp]i5ce--to rebel aga9/ ?is me*anisation ( life1 ! me*anical solution ( its my/]ies8 ,lotze1 ! en]getic antagoni/ ( 8vital =ce10 ! f\nd] ( ! me*anical !ory ( vital processes1 0 himself a !i/1 & 0 s f> f recognis+ any contradiction betwe5 ! me*anical po9t ( view & ! ,*ri/ian belief 9 ,god1 t he includ$ ! =m] )\t c]emony 9 8 !i/ic philosophical speculations4 ,8 view has become t ( _m !ologians1 & is (t5 express$ 9 a def9ition ( ! b\nd>ies betwe5 !ology & natural sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ! idea :i* 0 =mulat$ by ,lotze1 & develop$ by o!rs along 8 l9es1 ! matt] is q simple4 ,! int]e/ :i* religion has 9 ! processes ( nature is at once & exclusively to be f\nd 9 teleology4 ,are !re purposes1 plans1 & ideas :i* gov]n & give mean+ to ! :ole8 ,! int]e/ ( natural sci5ce is purely 9 recognis+ inviolable causality2 e ph5om5on mu/ h its compell+ & suffici5t reason 9 ! sy/em ( causes prec$+ x4 ,all t is & happ5s is absolutely det]m9$ by its causes1 & no?+1 no caus f9ales = in/ance1 c co-op]ate ) ^! causes 9 det]m9+ ! result4 ,b1 z ,lotze says1 & z we h repeat$ly po9t$ out1 causal explanation does n exclude a consid]ation f ! po9t ( view ( purpose1 & ! me*anical int]pretation does n d s ei!r4 ,= ?is is no?+ m ?an ! causal explanation itself1 only c>ri$ to complete consi/5cy & def9it5ess4 ,purposes & ideas are n effici5t causes b results4 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 !re is a controll$ purposive occurr5ce1 ! 8purpose0 n[h]e appe>s z a factor co-op]at+ ) ! s]ies ( causes1 = ^! foll[ accord+ to /rict law1 & ! 8purpose0 reveals itself at ! close ( ! s]ies1 z ! result ( a clos$ causal nexus1 complete 9 itself1 always provid$ t ! initial l9ks 9 ! *a9 h be5 accurately e/imat$4 ,! same is true ( ! processes ( life4 ,!y are ! ultimate result1 /rictly necess>y & suffici5tly acc\nt$ = 9 t]ms ( me*anical sequ5ce1 ( a long *a9 ( causes ^: initial l9ks imply a def9ite con/itution :i* c\ld n be fur!r r$uc$4 ,:e!r ?is ultimate result is m]ely a result or :e!r x is also a 8purpose0 is a "q :i*1 z we h se5 twice already1 x is :olly beyond ! p[] ( ! causal mode ( int]pretation to answ]4 ,giv5 t an inf9ite intellig5ce 9 ! _w wi%$ to realise purposes )\t in/itut+ !m z directly accompli%$1 b by lett+ !m express !mselves ?r\gh a gradual 8becom+10 ! me?od w\ld be exactly :at is %[n 9 ! me*anical !ory ( life1 t is1 ! primitive data & />t+-po9ts w\ld h inh]5t 9 !m a peculi> con/itution & a rigidly inexorable ord]l9ess ( causal sequ5ce4 ,& ,lotze emphasises t x w\ld also be wor?i] ( ,god to a*ieve ! greate/ by means ( ! simple/1 & to "w out ! realisation ( ,8 et]nal purposes accord+ to ! /rict inevitabl5ess ( me*anism1 ?an to atta9 ,8 ends ?r\gh ! complicat$ means1 ! adv5titi\s aids1 & all ! irregul>ities impli$ 9 ! incomm5surable activities ( a 8vital =ce40 78,god ne$s no m9or gods407 ,to ,lotze himself ^! orig9al data & />t+ po9ts are ! primitive =ms ( life1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 view1 are directly 8giv510 & _c be ref]r$ back to any?+ else 7except to 8creation074 ,b x is obvi\s t 8 view c be enl>g$ & ext5d$ s z to ref] ! d]ivation ( ! :ole animate _w to ! orig9al raw mat]ials ( ! cosmos 7en]gy1 matt]1 or :atsoev] !y may be71 & to ! ord]ly process by :i* ^! mat]ials 7 comb9$ 9 v>i\s configurations to =m ! *emical elem5ts1 ! *emical comp\nds1 liv+ proteids1 ! fir/ cell1 & ! :ole s]ies ( high] =ms4 ,if ?is nexus has tak5 place1 x is no?+ else ?an ! trans=mation ( ! 8pot5tial0 into ! 8actual0 ?r\gh /rict causality4 ,& if ?is actuality proves itself to h claims1 because ( its own intr9sic wor?1 to be consid]$ z intellig5t 8purpose10 ! :ole sy/em ( means1 includ+ ! />t+-po9t1 c be recognis$ z ! means to an end1 & ! orig9al wisdom & ! intellig5ce :i* orda9$ ! purpose is only glorifi$ ! m ?r\gh ! great simplicity1 ! rational compreh5sibility1 & ! inexorable necessity ( ! sy/em1 :i* excludes all *ance1 & !re) all possibility ( error4 ,?is ext5sion ( ,lotze's reconciliation ( ! me*anical causal ) ! teleological po9t ( view is impressive &1 z f> z x goes1 also q conv9c+4 ,x w nev] be giv5 up1 ev5 if ! po9t ( view %\ld *ange some:at4 ,& we h already se5 t x is q suffici5t z long z we are deal+ only ) ! "q ( teleology4 ,b we mu/ ask :e!r religion w be satisfi$ ) 8teleology0 alone1 or :e!r ?is is ev5 ! fir/ requirem5t t x makes 9 reg>d to natural ph5om5a4 ,we h already ask$ ! "q & attempt$ to cle> ! gr\nd = an answ]4 ,let u try to make x m def9ite4 ,_m p w h a c]ta9 uneas9ess 9 reg>d to ! ,lotzian ideas2 !y w be unable to rid !mselves ( a feel+ t ?is way ( look+ at ?+s is only a pis all] = ! religi\s po9t ( view1 & t ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( religi\s feel+ receive v inadequate satisfaction on ?is me?od4 ,! _w ( life :i* has aris5 ?us is altoge!r too rational & transp>5t4 ,x is calculable & ma!matical4 ,x satisfies well en\gh ! ne$ = teleology1 & ) t ! ne$ = a supreme1 univ]sally p[]ful & free intellig5ce2 b x gives nei!r support nor n\ri%m5t to ! ess5tial elem5t 9 religi\s feel+1 ?r\gh :i* alone fai? becomes 9 ! /rict s5se religi\s4 ,religion1 ev5 ,*ri/ian religion1 is1 s to speak1 a /ratifi$ /ructure1 a graduat$ pyramid1 express+ itself1 at its second 7& und\bt$ly high]7 level1 9 our recognition ( purpose1 ! rationality ( ! _w1 our own spiritual & p]sonal be+ & wor?1 b imply+ at its basis an inw>d s5se ( ! my/]i\s1 a joy 9 t :i* is incomm5surable & unspeakable1 :i* fills u ) awe & devotion4 ,& religion at ! second /age mu/ n sweep away ! ess5ce ( ! /age bel[1 b mu/ include x1 at ! same "t in=m+ x ) new significance4 ,:oev] does n possess 8 religion 9 ?is way w agree )1 & w be q satisfi$ ) ! ,lotzian /&po9t4 ,b to any "o :o has exp]i5ce ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic elem5t 9 religion1 x w be obvi\s t !re mu/ be a vague b deep-root$ antipa?y betwe5 religion & ! ma!matical-me*anical conception ( ?+s4 ,evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! in/9ctive p]ceptions & valuations :i* m>k ev5 ! nave expressions ( ! religi\s consci\sness47#ge7 ,= x is 9 full sympa?y ) a _w :i* is riddl$ ) :at is inconceivable & incomm5surable1 9 full sympa?y ) e evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( su* an elem5t 9 ! _w ( nature & m9d1 & !re=e ) e pro( t ! m]ely me*anical !ory has its limits1 t x does n suffice1 & t its v insuffici5cy is a pro( t ! _w is & rema9s 9 its dep?s my/]i\s4 ,n[ we h already said t ! true sph]e = su* feel+ is n ! out] c\rt ( nature1 b )9 ! realm ( ! emotional life & ( hi/ory1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ev5 if ! attempt to trace life back to ! simpl] =ces ( nature 7 successful1 we %\ld /ill be confront$ ) ! riddle ( ! sph9x4 ,b any "o :o w\ld say frankly :at he felt w\ld at once be oblig$ to admit t ! religi\s s5se is v /rongly /irr$ by ! my/]y ( vital ph5om5a1 & t 9 los+ ?is he w\ld lose a doma9 v de> to him4 ,^! sympa?ies & antipa?ies are 9 !mselves suffici5t to give an int]e/ to ! "q ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! me*anical view ( ?+s4 ,= x is by no means ! case t ! me*anical !ory1 ) its premisses & pr9ciples1 is ! int]pretation t be/ fits ! facts1 & t mo/ naturally arises out ( a calm consid]ation ( ! animate _w4 ,x is an artificial s*eme1 & a/oni%+ en]gy has be5 exp5d$ on ! attempt to fit x to ! actual _w1 t x may make ?is ord]ly & transluc5t4 ,x c]ta9ly yields ?is s]vice s f>1 b n )\t (t5 becom+ a k9d ( /rait-jacket1 & reveal+ itself z an artificiality4 ,9 s f> z ! special problems ( biology are conc]n$1 we %all aft]w>ds foll[ our previ\s me?od ( tak+ our ori5tation f ^? speciali/s 9 ! subject :o1 9 reaction f ! "o-sid$ness ( ! me*anical doctr9e1 h f\nd$ ! 8neo-vitalism0 ( to-day4 ,"h we are only conc]n$ ) ! g5]alities & presuppositions ( ! !ory4 ,we mu/ dispute ev5 ! ma9 ju/ification ( ! !ory1 :i* is s\ght = 9 ! old maxim ( p>simony 9 ! use ( pr9ciples ( explanation 7entia1 & also pr9cipia1 prt] necessitatem non esse multiplic&a71 & 9 ,kant's 8regulative pr9ciple10 t sci5ce mu/ proce$ z if ev]y?+ c\ld ultimately be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( me*anism4 ,= surely our task is to try to expla9 ?+s1 n at any co/ ) ! fewe/ possible pr9ciples1 b r ) ! aid ( ^? pr9ciples :i* appe> mo/ correct4 ,if nature is n fundam5tally simple1 !n x is n sci5tific b unsci5tific to simplify x !oretically4 ,& ! proposition bracket$ above has its obvi\s conv]se side1 t :ile entities & pr9ciples mu/ n be multipli$ except :5 x is necess>y1 on ! o!r h& _! numb] mu/ n be arbitr>ily less5$4 ,to proce$ accord+ to ! fundam5tal maxims ( ! me*ani/ic view c only be :olesome = a "t &1 s to speak1 = pdagogical reasons4 ,to apply !m s]i\sly & p]man5tly w\ld be highly injuri\s1 =1 by prejudg+ :at is discov]able 9 nature1 x w\ld t5d to prev5t ! calm1 objective /udy ( ?+s :i* asks = no?+ m ?an to see !m z !y are4 ,x w\ld ?us de/roy ! f95ess ( our appreciation ( :at !re really is 9 nature4 ,?is is true alike ( =cible attempts to r$uce ! processes ( life to me*anical processes1 & ( ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e ( ! univ]sal dom9ance ( utility4 ,bo? be> unmi/akably ! /amp ( =egone conclusions1 & betray a desire = ! simple/1 r ?an = ! mo/ correct pr9ciples ( int]pretation4 ,!re is "o po9t :i* presses itself on ! notice ev5 ( outsid]s1 & is probably realis$ ev5 m ke5ly by speciali/s4 ,! confid5ce ( ! support]s ( ! me*anical !ories ( e>li] days1 f ,desc>tes onw>d1 t animals & ! bodies ( m5 7 ma*9es1 me*anical automata1 d[n to ! me*anical !ories ( ,lamettrie & ,holba*1 ( l'homme ma*9e1 & ( ! sy/me de la nature1 0 at lea/ z great z1 probably great] ?an1 t ( ! support]s ( ! mod]n !ories4 ,yet h[ nave & presumptu\s seem ! crude & wood5 !ories ^u :i* ! me*anical sy/em 0 =m]ly built up1 & h[ falsely int]pret$ seem ! physiological & o!r facts :i* l5t !m support1 :5 se5 9 ! light ( our mod]n physiological k4 ,vaucanson's or ,drozs*'s duck-automaton or clockwork-man1 ) :i* ! me*anical !ori/s ( bygone days amus$ !mselves1 w\ld n g f> to enc\rage ! physiologi/ ( to-day to pursue 8 me*anical /udies1 b w\ld r ?r[ a vivid light on ! impossibility ( comp>+ ! liv+ 8ma*9e0 ) ma*9es 9 ! usual s5se4 ,= ?+s emphatically d n happ5 )9 ! liv+ organism 9 ! same way z 9 ! automatic duck1 & ! m exact ! resemblance to ! functions ( a 8real0 duck became1 ! m did ! sy/em ( means by :i* ! end 0 atta9$ become unlike vital processes4 ,x is difficult to resi/ ! impression t 9 ano!r hundr$ ye>s1--p]haps aga9 f ! /&po9t ( new & def9itely accept$ me*anical explanations1--p w reg>d our developm5tal me*anics1 cellul> me*anics1 & o!r vital me*anics mu* 9 ! same way z we n[ look on ,vaucanson's duck4 ,associat$ or ev5 id5tical ) ?is is ! fact t 9 proportion z me*anical int]pretation advances1 ! difficulties x has to surm\nt cont9ually crop up anew4 ,processes :i* seem ( ! simple/ k9d & ! mo/ likely to be capable ( purely me*anical explanation1 processes su* z ^? ( assimilation1 dige/ion1 respiration1 = :i* x 0 believ$ t exact p>allels exi/$ 9 ! purely me*anical doma91 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! osmotic processes ( por\s membranes1 are se5 :5 closely scrut9is$ z !y occur 9 ! liv+ body to be extremely complex2 9 fact !y h to be transf]r$ 8provisionally0 f ! me*anical to ! vital rubric4 ,to ?is category belong ! :ole mod]n developm5t ( ! cell-!ory1 :i* replaces ! previ\sly s+le me*anism 9 ! liv+ body by millions ( !m1 e "o ( :i* raises z _m problems z ! "o _h done 9 ! days ( crud] int]pretation4 ,e individual cell1 z x appe>s to our und]/&+ to-day1 is at lea/ z complicat$ a riddle z ! :ole organism =m]ly appe>$4 ,b fur!r3 ! mod]n developm5t ( biology has emphasis$ a special problem1 :i* 0 fir/ =mulat$ by ,leibnitz 7?\gh x is 9 anti!sis to 8 fundam5tal ,monad-!ory71 & :i* appe>s incapable ( solution on me*anical l9es4 ,leibnitz decl>$ liv+ be+s to be 8ma*9es10 b ma*9es ( a peculi> k9d4 ,ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ ma*9e1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 consi/s ( a comb9ation ( small] 8ma*9es10 t is to say1 ( :eels1 sy/ems ( lev]s1 c41 ( a simpl] k9d4 ,& ^! sub-ma*9es may 9 _! turn consi/ ( /ill simpl] ones1 & s on4 ,b ultimately a /age is rea*$ :5 ! compon5t p>ts are homog5e\s1 & _c be analys$ into simpl] ma*9es4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! organism4 ,accord+ to ,leibnitz x consi/s ( ma*9es made up ( o!r ma*9es1 & s on1 into ! inf9itely little4 ,h[ev] f> we c proce$ 9 our analysis ( ! p>ts1 we %all /ill f9d t !y are syn!ses1 made up ( mo/ +5i\sly complex compon5t p>ts1 & ?is z f> z our p[]s ( see+ & di/+ui%+ w c>ry u4 ,t is to say3 organisation is cont9u$ on into ! inf9itely little4 ,leibnitz's illu/ration ( ! fi%-pond is well kn[n4 ,he c\ld h no bett] corroboration ( 8 !ory ?an ! results ( mod]n inve/igation af=d4 ,8 doctr9e ( ! cont9uation ( organisation d[nw>ds into ev] small] expression is confirm$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 by anatomy4 ,by analys+ /ructural organisation d[n to cells a def9ite po9t seem$ to h be5 rea*$4 ,b x n[ appe>s t at t po9t ! problem is only beg9n+4 ,"o organisation is made up ( o!r organisations--cells1 protoplasm1 nucleus1 nucleolus1 c5trosomes1 & s on1 accord+ to ! p[] ( ! microscope2 & ^! /ructures1 in/ead ( expla9+ ! vital functions ( gr[?1 developm5t1 multiplication by division1 & ! re/1 simply repeat !m on a small] scale1 & are ?us 9 _! turn liv+ units1 ! aggregation ( :i* is illu/rat$ bett] by ! analogy ( a social organism ?an by t ( a me*anical /ructure4 ,9 ord] to foll[ ! me*anical explanation along ! six l9es we h previ\sly indicat$1 we %all1 z we h already said1 entru/ ourselves to ! speciali/s :o are on ! opposite side4 ,! difficulties & objections :i* ! me*anical !ory has to face h =c$ !mselves insi/5tly ^u u ev5 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort sket* su* z has j be5 giv51 b !y w be cle>ly realis$ if we approa* !m f ! o!r side4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 a ^w z to ! fundam5tal &1 x is alleg$1 unassailable doctr9e on :i* ! !ory z a :ole is bas$1 ! 8law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy40 ,! appeal to ?is1 at any rate 9 ! way 9 :i* x is usually made1 is apt to be s di/ort$ t ! case mu/ fir/ be cle>ly /at$ be=e we c get fur!r ) ! discussion4 ,! ,law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,helmholtz's pro( e/abli%$ ma!matically :at ,kant _h already1 by direct insight1 advanc$ z an priori fundam5tal axiom3 t 9 any giv5 sy/em ! sum ( en]gy c nei!r increase 7impossibility ( a p]petuum mobile7 nor dim9i% 7!re is no disappe>ance ( en]gy1 b only trans=mation into ano!r =m74 ,b ev5 ! vitali/ _h no ne$ to d5y ?is proposition4 ,! 8en]gy0 :i* is requir$ = ! "w ( direct+1 sett+ ago+1 *ang+ & re>rang+ ! *emico-physical processes 9 ! body1 & br++ ab\t ! effective reactions to /imuli :i* result 9 8developm5t10 8transmission10 8reg5]ation10 & s on--if inde$ any en]gy is requir$--( c\rse c\ld n come 8f )90 z a spontane\s increase ( ! exi/+ sum ( en]gy--t w\ld1 inde$1 be a magical becom+ out ( no?+6--b mu/ naturally be ?\ght ( z com+ 8f )\t40 ,! appeal to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is !re=e 9 itself irrelevant2 b x conceals beh9d x an ass]tion ( a totally diff]5t k9d1 namely1 t 9 relation to physico-*emical sequ5ces !re c be no 8)\t10 no?+ transc5d+ !m--an ass]tion :i* ,helmholtz's argum5ts _c & 7 nev] int5d$ to e/abli%4 ,b be=e any def9ite attitude to ?is newly import$ ass]tion c\ld be tak5 up1 x w\ld require to be di/9ctly def9$1 & t w\ld lead u at once into all ! dep?s ( epi/emological discussion4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we c only say s mu*3 ,if ?is ass]tion is accept$ x is well to see :]e x c>ries u2 namely1 back to ! fir/-describ$ nave /&po9t1 :i*1 )\t critical scruples1 q s]i\sly accepts ! _w z x appe>s to x = ! reality1 & q s]i\sly speaks ( an inf9ity ly+ 9 "t beh9d u--& !re=e come to an end--& is n 9 ! lea/ di/urb$ f its 8dogmatic slumb]0 by ?is or any ( ! o!r great ant9omies ( our conception ( ! univ]se4 ,& x rema9s1 too1 = ?is /&po9t to come to t]ms ) ! fact t1 9 volunt>y actions1 ( :i* we h ! mo/ direct k1 we h ?r\gh our w ! p[] ( int]v5tion 9 ! physico-*emical nexus ( our bodily en]gies--a fact :i* implies ! exi/5ce ( a 8)\t10 f :i* int]polations or influ5ces may fl[ into ! physico-*emical sy/em1 ev5 if !re be none 9 reg>d to ! doma9 ( 8vital0 ph5om5a4 ,& we %\ld require to f9d out ?r\gh :at p>alleli/ic or abruptly ideali/ic sy/em ! 8)\t0 0 done away ) 9 ?is case4 ,= if a transc5d5tal basis1 or rev]se side1 or cause ( ?+s1 be admitt$--ev5 if only 9 ! =m ( our mat]iali/ic popul> metaphysics 7! 8sub/ance0 ( ,haeckel's 8_w-riddle07--!n a 8)\t10 f :i* prim>ily ! cosmic sy/em ) its con/ant sum ( matt] & en]gy is expla9$1 is also admitt$1 & x is difficult to see :y x %\ld h exhau/$ itself 9 ?is s+le ef=t4 ,criticisms ( ! ,me*ani/ic ,!ory ( ,life4 ,! c\rse ( ! me*ani/ic !ory ( life has be5 surpris+ly simil> to t ( its complem5t1 ! !ory ( ! g5]al evolution ( ! organic _w4 ,! two great doctr9es ( ! s*ools1 ,d>w9ism on ! "o h&1 ! me*anical int]pretation ( life on ! o!r1 are bo? tott]+1 n because ( ! criticism ( outsid]s1 b ( speciali/s )9 ! s*ools !mselves4 ,& ! int]e/ :i* religion has 9 ?is is ! same 9 bo? cases3 ! transc5d5tal nature ( ?+s1 ! my/]i\s dep? ( appe>ance1 :i* ^! !ories d5i$ or obscur$1 become aga9 app>5t4 ,! incomm5surabl5ess & my/]y ( ! _w1 :i* are1 p]haps1 ev5 m necess>y to ! v life ( religion ?an ! "r to reg>d x teleologically1 reass]t !mselves afre% 9 ! all-too-compreh5sible & ma!matically-=mulat$ _w1 & re-e/abli% !mselves1 not)/&+ ob/9ate & p]si/5t attempts to d away ) !m4 ,?is is p]haps to ! advantage ( bo? natural sci5ce & religion3 to ! advantage ( religion because x c ) difficulty co-exi/ ) ! univ]sal dom9ance ( ! ma!matical way ( look+ at ?+s2 to ! advantage ( natural sci5ce because1 9 giv+ up ! "o-sid$ness ( ! purely quantitative outlook1 x does n give up its 8f\ndations10 its 8"r to exi/10 b only a petitio pr9cipii & a prejudice t compell$ x to exploit nature r ?an to expla9 x1 & to prescribe its ways r ?an to seek !m out4 ,! reaction f ! "o-sid$ me*anical !ories %[s itself 9 _m diff]5t ways & degrees4 ,x may1 accord+ to ! individual naturali/1 affect ! !ory z a :ole1 or only c]ta9 p>ts ( x1 or only p>ticul> l9es4 ,x />ts ) m]e criticism & ) objections1 :i* g no fur!r ?an say+ t 89 ! meantime0 we are /ill f> f hav+ rea*$ a physico-*emical solution ( ! riddle ( life2 x may asc5d ?r\gh all /ages up to an absolute rejection ( ! !ory z an idiosyncrasy ( ! "t :i* imp$es ! progress ( inve/igation1 & z an uncritical prejudice ( ! s*ools4 ,x may rema9 at ! level ( m]e prote/1 & cont5t itself ) demon/rat+ ! insuffici5cy ( ! me*anical explanation1 )\t attempt+ to =mulate any indep5d5t !ory = ! doma9 ( ! vital2 or x may con/ruct a specifically biological !ory1 claim+ indep5d5ce amid o!r discipl9es1 & bas+ ?is claim on ! autonomy ( vital processes2 or x may wid5 out delib]ately into metaphysical /udy & speculation4 ,tak5 at all ^! levels x pres5ts su* a complete section ( ! tr5d ( mod]n ideas & problems t x w\ld be an attractive /udy ev5 ap>t f ! special int]e/ :i* atta*es to x f ! po9t ( view ( religi\s & ideali/ic conceptions ( ! univ]se4 ,bo? ,liebig & ,johannes ,mll] rema9$ vitali/s1 not)/&+ ! discov]y ( ! syn!sis ( urea & ! increas+ numb] ( organic comp\nds :i* 7 built up artificially by purely *emical me?ods4 ,x 0 only ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury t ! y\ng] g5]ation1 "u ! lead]%ip1 9 ,g]many1 ( ,du ,bois-,reymond 9 p>ticul>1 w5t ov] decid$ly to ! me*ani/ic side1 & c>ri$ ! doctr9es ( ! s*ool to ev] fre% victories4 ,b opposition 0 n lack+ f ! outset1 ?\gh x 0 re/ra9$ & cauti\s4 ,vir*['s 8,caution04 ,"h1 z also 9 reg>d to 8,d>w9ism10 :i* 0 advanc$ ab\t ! same "t1 ! typical advocate ( 8caution0 0 ,rudolf ,vir*[4 ,8 d\bts & res]vations f\nd utt]ance v soon aft] ! !ory itself _h be5 promulgat$4 ,9 8 8,cellul> ,pa?ologie107#gf7 & 9 an essay on 8,! ,old ,vitalism & ! ,new107#gg7 he puts 9 a ^w = a vis vitalis4 ,! old vitalism1 he decl>$1 _h be5 false because x assum$1 n a vis1 b a spiritus vitalis4 ,! sub/ances 9 animate & 9 inanimate bodies h und\bt$ly absolutely ! same prop]ties4 ,nev]!less1 8we mu/ at once rid ourselves ( ! sci5tific prud]y ( reg>d+ ! processes ( life solely z ! me*anical result ( ! molecul> =ces inh]5t 9 _! con/itu5t bodily p>ts40 ,! ess5tial feature ( life is a d]iv$ & communicat$ =ce additional to ! molecul> =ces4 ,:5ce x comes we are n told4 ,he glid$ all r\nd ! problem ) platitud9>ian expressions1 :i* 7 int5d$ to %[ 8 own adh]5ce z a matt] ( c\rse to ! new biological s*ool1 & :i* reveal$ at ! same "t 8 /rik+ incapacity = def9+ a problem ) any precision4 ,at a 8c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! evolution ( ! e>?0 ?is =ce arose1 z ! ord9>y me*anical movem5ts 8swung ov]0 into ! vital4 ,b x is ?us a special =m ( movem5t1 :i* deta*es itself f ! great con/ants ( g5]al movem5t1 & runs its c\rse alongside (1 & 9 con/ant relation to1 ^!4 7,did ev] vitali/ ass]t m87 ,aft] ?us prep>+ ! way = a return ( ! ve]+ process at a p>ticul> /age ( evolution1 & giv+ ! necess>y assurances aga9/ ! 8diametrically oppos$ duali/ic position10 ,vir*[ employs almo/ all ! argum5ts aga9/ ! me*anical !ory :i* vitali/s h ev] br\ght =w>d4 ,ev5 ! catalytic prop]ties ( f]m5ts are above ! 8ord9>y0 physical & *emical =ces4 ,! movem5t ( cry/allisation1 too1 _c be comp>$ ) ! vital movem5t4 ,= vital =ce is n imman5t 9 matt]1 b is always ! product ( previ\s life47#gh7 ,9 ! simple/ processes ( gr[? & nutrition ! vis vitalis plays its vital rle4 ,?is is true 9 a mu* great] degree ( ! processes ( developm5t & morphog5esis4 ,9 ! ph5om5a ( irritability life reveals its spontaneity ?r\gh 8responses10 & s on4 8,peu d'anatomie pa?ologique loigne du vitalisme1 beauc\p d'anatomie pa?ologique y ramne40 ,x is impossible to make mu* ( ?is position4 ,x leaves ! !ory ) "o ( ! oppos+ p>ties1 ! practice ) ! o!r1 & ! problem j :]e x 0 be=e4 ,prey]'s ,position4 ,along ) ,vir*[1 we mu/ "n ano!r ( ! old] g5]ation1 ! physiologi/ ,william ,prey]1 :o combat$ 8vitalism10 8dualism10 & 8me*anism0 ) equal vehem5ce1 & issu$ a manife/o1 already some:at solemn & (ficial1 aga9/ 8vital =ce40 ,& yet he mu/ und\bt$ly be reg>d$ z a vitali/ by me*ani/s & vitali/s alike47#gi7 ,he is m def9ite ?an ,vir*[1 = he does n cont5t himself ) g5]al /atem5ts z to ! 8orig90 ( vital =ce1 & ( ! 8sw++ ov]0 ( ! m]ely me*anical en]gies into ! doma9 ( ! vital1 b holds decid$ly to ! proposition omne vivum e vivo4 ,he !re=e ma9ta9s t life has always exi/$ 9 ! cosmos1 & entirely rejects spontane\s g5]ation4 ,! fallacy1 he says1 ( ! me*ani/ic claims 0 due to ! increas+ numb] ( physical explanations ( isolat$ vital ph5om5a1 & ( imitations ( ! *emical products ( organic metabolism4 ,a wrong conclusion 0 drawn f ^!4 8,any "o :o hopes to d$uce f ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! f]tilis$ egg ! necessity t an animal1 torm5t$ by hung] & love mu/1 aft] a c]ta9 "t1 arise !refrom1 has a pa!tic resemblance to ! mis]able manufactur]s ( homunculi40 ,life is "o ( ! und]ivable & inexplicable fundam5tal functions ( univ]sal be+4 ,f all et]nity life has only be5 produc$ f life4 ,z ,prey] accepts ! ,kant-,laplace !ory ( ! orig9 ( our e>? f ! sun1 he rea*es ideas :i* h po9ts ( contact ) ! 8cosmo-organic0 ideas ( ,fe*n]4 ,life 0 pres5t ev5 :5 ! e>? 0 a fi]y fluid sph]e1 & 0 possibly m g5]al & m abundant !n ?an x is n[4 ,& life z we "k x may only be a small] & isolat$ expression ( t m g5]al life47#hj7 ,among ! y\ng] g5]ation ( speciali/s1 ^? mo/ (t5 quot$ z oppon5ts ( ! me*anical !ory are probably ,bunge1 ,r9dfleis*1 ,k]n] von ,m>ilaun1 ,neumei/] & ,wolff4 ,a special gr\p among !m1 n v easy to classify1 may be call$ ! ,tectoni/s4 ,associat$ ) !m is ,re9ke's 8,!ory ( ,dom9ants40 ,dries* />t$ f _! ranks1 & is a mo/ int]e/+ example ( consi/5t developm5t f a recognition ( ! impossibilities ( ! me*ani/ic position to an individually ?\ght-out vitali/ic !ory4 ,h]twig1 too1 takes a v def9ite position ( 8 own 9 reg>d to ^! matt]s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ orig9al contribution 9 ! :ole field is ,albre*t's 8,!ory ( ,diff]5t ,modes ( ,reg>d+ ,?+s40 ,we may close ! li/ ) ! "n ( ,k4 ,c4 ,s*neid]1 :o has c>ri$ ^! mod]n ideas on into metaphysical speculation4 ,sev]al o!rs might be m5tion$ along ) & connect+ ^! repres5tative names47#ha7 ,! ,position ,( ,bunge & ,o!r ,physiologi/s4 ,= a long "t "o ( ! mo/ prom95t figures 9 ! controv]sy 0 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,bunge1 ( ,basle1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ mod]n physiologi/s to *ampion vitalism1 & :o has tri$ to %[ by analogies & illu/rations :at is necess>ily impli$ 9 vital activity47#hb7 ,! me*anical r$uction ( vital ph5om5a to physico-*emical =ces1 he says1 is impossible1 & becomes m & m s z our k deep5s4 ,he br+s =w>d a s]ies ( conv9c+ examples ( ! way 9 :i* app>5t me*anical explanations h brok5 d[n4 ,! absorption ( ! *yle ?r\gh ! walls ( ! inte/9e seem$ to be a me*anically intelligible process ( osmosis & diffusion4 ,b 9 reality x proves to be r a process ( selection on ! "p ( ! epi!lial cells ( ! inte/9e1 analog\s to ! selection & rejection ex]cis$ else:]e by unicellul> organisms4 ,9 ! same way ! epi!lial cells ( ! mamm>y gl&s 8select0 ! suitable sub/ances f ! blood4 ,x is impossible to expla9 9 a me*anical way ! p[] :i* directs ! innum]able diff]5t *emical & physical processes )9 ! organism1 :e!r !y be ! bewild]+ly purposeful reactions 9 ! individual life ( ! cell1 :i* seem to po9t to psy*ic processes )9 ! plasm1 or ! riddles ( developm5t & ( inh]itance 9 p>ticul>2 = h[ c a sp]matozoon1 s small t #ejj millions c lie on a cubic l9e1 be ! be>] ( all ! peculi>ities ( ! fa!r to ! son8 ,9 ,lecture ,,iii4 ,bunge def9es 8 attitude t[>ds ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,9 s do+ he unconsci\sly foll[s ! l9es laid d[n by ,desc>tes4 ,all processes ( movem5t & all functions exhibit$ by ! liv+ sub/ance are ! results ( ! accumulat$ pot5tial en]gies1 & ! sums ( "w done & en]gy utilis$ rema9 ! same4 ,b ! lib]ation & ! direction ( ^! en]gies is a factor by itself1 :i* nei!r increases nor dim9i%es ! sum ( en]gies4 8,occasiones0 & 8caus0 are br\ght into ! field once m4 ,! en]gies effect ! ph5om5a1 b !y require 8occasiones0 to lib]ate !m--?us a /one may fall to ! gr\nd by virtue ( ! pot5tial en]gies /or$ 9 x at ! "t ( its susp5sion1 b x _c fall until ! ?read by :i* x hangs has be5 cut4 ,! function ( ! 8occasio0 itself is some?+ q outside ( & )\t relation to ! effect caus$2 x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! ?read be cut g5tly ?r\gh ) a razor or %ot 9 two ) a cannon ball4 ,kass[itz7#hc7 is an in/ructive example ( h[ mu* ! =ce ( criticism has be5 recognis$ ev5 by ^? occupy+ a conv9c$ me*anical po9t ( view4 ,he subjects all ! diff]5t !ories :i* attempt to expla9 ! *ief vital ph5om5a 9 me*anical t]ms to a long & exhau/ive exam9ation4 ,! !ories ( ! organism z a !rmodynamic eng9e1 osmotic !ories1 !ories ( f]m5ts1 int]pretations 9 t]ms ( electro-dynamics & molecul>-physics--are all exam9$ 7*ap4 iv472 & ! failure ( all ^! hypo!ses1 not)/&+ ! enorm\s am\nt ( +5uity exp5d$ 9 _! con/ruction1 is summ$ up 9 an emphatic 8,ignoramus40 8,! failure is a /rik+ "o10 & x is frankly admitt$ t1 9 /rong contra/ to ! e>li] mood ( confid5t hope1 !re n[ prevails a mood ( resignation 9 reg>d to ! me*anical-exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! liv+ organism1 & t ev5 speciali/s ( ! fir/ rank are f9d+ t !y h to reckon aga9 s]i\sly ) vital =ce4 ,?is breakd[n & ^! admissions d n exactly t5d to prejudice u 9 fav\r ( ! au?or's own attempt to sub/antiate new me*anical !ories4 ,9 ! compreh5sive text-book ( physiological *emi/ry by ,r4 ,neumei/]1 ! me*anical /&po9t seem$ to be adh]$ to z ! ideal4 ,b ! same writ] =sakes x entirely1 & disputes x en]getically 9 8 mo/ rec5t "w1 8,betra*tung5 b] das ,wes5 d] ,leb5s]s*e9ung507#hd7 78,consid]ations z to ! ,nature ( ,vital ,ph5om5a074 ,he passes ov] all ! l>g] problems1 su* z ^? ( developm5t1 inh]itance1 reg5]ation1 & conf9es himself 9 ! ma9 to ! physiological functions ( protoplasm1 especially to ^? ( ! absorption ( food & metabolism4 ,& he %[s1 by means ( illu/rations1 9 "p ,bunge's1 9 "p 8 own1 & 9 close sympa?y ) ,wundt's views1 t ev5 ^! vital ph5om5a _c possibly be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( *emical aff9ity1 physical osmosis1 & ! l4 ,9 processes ( selection 7su* z1 = in/ance1 ! excretion ( urea & ! ret5tion ( sug> 9 ! blood71 ! 8aim is obvi\s1 b ! causes _c be recognis$40 ,psy*ical processes play a c]ta9 "p 9 ! functions ( protoplasm 9 ! =m ( qualitative & quantitative s5sitiv5ess4 ,all ! me*anical processes 9 liv+ organisms are initiat$ & direct$ by psy*ical processes4 ,physical1 *emical & me*anical laws are p]fectly valid1 b !y are n absolutely dom9ant4 ,liv+ matt] is to be def9$ z 8a unique *emical sy/em1 ! molecules ( :i*1 by _! peculi> reciprocal action1 give rise to psy*ical & mat]ial processes 9 su* a way t ! processes ( ! "o k9d are always causally condition$ & />t$ by ^? ( ! o!r k9d40 ,! psy*ical ph5om5a he reg>ds z transc5d5tal1 sup]natural1 8my/ical10 yet unque/ionably also subject to a /rict causal nexus1 al?\gh ! causality mu/ rema9 = ev] conceal$4 ,/>t+ f ?is basis1 he analyses & rejects ! explanations :i* h be5 (f]$ 9 t]ms ( ! analogy ( f]m5ts1 enzymes1 or catalytic processes4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he disputes ,o/wald's 8,en]gismus0 & ,v]worn's ,biog5 hypo!sis47#he7 ,among ! vitali/s ( to-day1 "o ( ! mo/ frequ5tly cit$1 p]haps1 except ,dries* ! mo/ frequ5tly cit$1 is ,g4 ,wolff1 a ,privatdoz5t1 =m]ly at ,wrzburg1 n[ at ,basle4 ,he has only publi%$ %ort lectures & essays1 & ^! deal n s mu* ) ! me*anical !ory z ) ,d>w9ism47#hf7 ,b 9 ^! writ+s 8 ma9 argum5t is t ( 8 conclud+ *apt]3 ! spontane\s adaptiv5ess ( ! organism1 :i* nullifies all cont+5t !ories to expla9 ! purposiv5ess 9 ontog5y & phylog5y4 ,& 9 8 lecture1 8,me*anismus und ,vitalismus107#hg7 9 :i* he directs 8 att5tion especially to criticis+ ,bts*li's def5ce ( me*anism1 ! only problem to :i* prom95ce is giv5 is ! "o ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,9 spite ( _! brevity1 ^! writ+s h giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy1 because :at is peculi> to ! two /&po9ts is describ$ ) precision1 & ! problem is cle>ly def9$4 ,8 criticism _h its />t+-po9t 91 & receiv$ a special impulse f an empirical pro(1 due to a v happy exp]im5t ( 8 own1 ( ! m>vell\s reg5]ative capacity1 & ! inh]5t purposive activity ( ! liv+ organism4 ,he succe$$ 9 prov+ t if ! l5s ( ! eye ( ! newt be excis$1 x may be regr[n4 ,! importance ( ?is fact is greatly increas$ if we trace out 9 detail ! v>i\s impossible rival me*anical int]pretations :i* h gr[n up ar\nd ?is int]e/+ case4 ,z ,dries* says1 8,x is n a re/oration />t+ f ! w\nd1 x is a sub/itution />t+ f a diff]5t place40 ,! ,views ( ,botani/s ,illu/rat$4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t 9 ! doma9 ( plant-biology1 if any:]e1 ! me*ani/ic /&po9t w\ld h be5 ! prevail+ "o4 ,= x is almo/ a matt] ( c\rse to reg>d plants z devoid ( s5sation or 8psy*ical0 life1 & z me*anical sy/ems1 *emical laboratories1 & reflex me*anisms1 & ?is way ( reg>d+ !m has be5 made easy by ! v m>k$ uni=mity & lack ( spontaneity 9 _! vital processes z comp>$ ) ^? ( animals4 ,b x is n ! case t me*anical !ories h "h prevail$4 ,! opposition to !m is j z great "h z else:]e1 & f ! days ( ,wig& onw>ds x has be5 almo/ cont9u\sly su/a9$47#hh7 ,v *>act]i/ic is ,pfeff]'s 8,pflanz5-,physiologie0 7#ahig71 :i* is writt5 pr(ess$ly f ! me*ani/ po9t ( view4 8,vitalism10 accord+ to ?is au?ority1 is to be reject$1 b in/ead ( 8vital =ce0 he (f]s u 8giv5 prop]ties10 & ! alleg$ ma*9e-l collocations ( ! mo/ m9ute elem5ts4 ,9 reg>d1 = in/ance1 to ! riddle ( developm5t & morphog5esis1 we mu/ simply accept x z a 8giv5 prop]ty10 t ! acorn gr[s 9 an oak & no?+ else4 ,! *emical explanation ( ! vital functions ( protoplasm is also to be reject$2 z a %att]$ wat* is no long] a wat* ?\gh x rema9s *emically ! same1 s x is ) protoplasm4 ,! available *emical k ( ! sub/ances ( :i* protoplasm is made up is insuffici5t to r5d] ! vital processes intelligible4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e else1 we h to reckon ) ultimate 8prop]ties 7entities71 :i* we nei!r c1 nor desire to analyse fur!r40 8,! human m9d is no m capable ( =m+ a conception ( ! ultimate cause ( ?+s ?an ( et]nity40 ,if all ! views "h indicat$ 7 foll[$ out to _! logical conclusions1 !y w\ld h9d] r ?an fur!r ! process ( r$uction to t]ms ( physico-*emical sequ5ces4 ,k]n] von ,m>ilaun 9 8 8,pflanz5leb50 delib]ately takes up a ?or\gh-go+ vitali/ position1 & on ?is po9t z well z on _m o!rs he oppos$ ! curr5t !ory ( ! s*ool 7,d>w9ism74 ,x is true1 he admits1 t _m ( ! ph5om5a 9 plants c be expla9$ 9 purely me*anical t]ms1 b !y are only ^? :i* may occur also 9 non-liv+ /ructures4 ,! specific expressions ( life _c be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,he %[s ?is m fully 9 reg>d to ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all ! vital processes 9 ! plant-body--! break+ up ( c>bonic acid gas by ! *lorophyll to obta9 ! c>bon :i* is ! fundam5tal elem5t 9 all liv+ organisms4 ,we "k ! requisite conditions3 ! supply ( raw mat]ial1 & ! sunlight f :i* ! en]gy is d]iv$4 ,b h[ ! *lorophyll makes use ( ^! to effect ! break+ up1 & h[ x />ts ! subsequ5t syn!ses ( ! c>bon into ! mo/ complex organic comp\nds rema9s a my/]y4 ,& s on upw>ds ?r\gh all ! /rictly vital ph5om5a4 ,wiesn]'s7#hi7 view ( ?+s is ess5tially simil>4 ,he gives a v impressive picture ( ! my/]y ( ! *emi/ry ( ! plant1 %[+ h[ small is ! numb] ( food-/uffs & raw mat]ials 9 comp>ison to ! ?\s&s ( highly complex *emical sub/ances :i* ! plant produces1 & h[ mu* "w !re is involv$ 9 de-oxydis+ ! food & 9 =m+ syn!ses4 ,he1 too1 refuses1 z usual1 to po/ulate 8vital =ce40 ,yet to speak ( 8! fundam5tal peculi>ities ( ! liv+ matt] inh]5t 9 ! organism0 & to admit t plants are 8irritable10 8heliotropic10 8geotropic10 c41 am\nts to mu* ! same ?+ z po/ulat+ vital =ce2 t is to say1 to a m]e nam+ ( ! specific problem ( life )\t expla9+ x4 ,! au?or himself admits ?is :5 he says 9 ano!r place3 8,if ,i comp>e organisms ) inorganic sy/ems1 ,i f9d t ! progress ( our k is cont9ually enl>g+ ! gulf :i* sep>ates ! "o f ! o!r60 ,^! anti-me*anical t5d5cies %[ !mselves mo/ emphatically 9 ! "w ( ,fr4 ,ludwig47#ij7 ,9 8 conclud+ *apt]1 aft] a discussion ( ! !ories ( ,d>w91 ,ngeli1 & ,weismann1 he po/ulates1 = v>iation1 h]$ity1 & species-=mation 9 p>ticul>1 8=ces o!r ?an physico-*emical10 8let u call !m frankly psy*ical40 ,x is in/ructive to see h[ ^! 8vitali/ic0 views crop up ev5 9 /udies ( detail & ( ! microscopically small1 z = in/ance 9 ,e4 ,crato's 8,beitrge zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie des ,elem5t>-organismus40 ,h[ ! liv+ organism conta9s )9 itself :at is 9 its turn liv+1 d[n into ev] small] detail1 7amboid movem5ts ( c]ta9 pla/9es1 physodes17 h[ incomp>able ! liv+ organism is ) a 8ma*9e10 to :i* its libell]s are s fond ( lik5+ x1 h[ x builds itself up1 /e]s1 & /okes itself1 h[ x produces ) 8playful ease0 ! mo/ m>vell\s & graceful =ms1 makes comb9ations & breaks !m up1 h[ analog\s its :ole activity is to 8be+ able0 & 8will+10 all ?is is cle>ly br\ght out47#ia7 ,a v fre% & lucid pres5tation ( ! :ole case is giv5 by ,borod91 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 8 essay1 8,protoplasm & ,vital ,=ce407#ib7 ,he %>ply ca/igates ! "o-sid$ness & impetuosity ( ! me*anical !ory1 z 9 ,haeckel's discov]y ( ,ba?ybius & ( non-nucleat$ bact]ia4 ,! latt] are problematical1 & ! =m] has be5 prov$ an illusion4 ,to p5etrate f>!r into ! processes ( life is simply to become aw>e ( an ev]-deep5+ s]ies ( riddles4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z 8protoplasm10 or 8liv+ proteid10 or inde$ any unifi$1 simple 8liv+ matt]0 :atev]4 ,artificial 8oil-emulsion amoeb07#ic7 be> ! same relation to liv+ ones t ,vaucanson's me*anical duck be>s to a real "o2 t is1 none at all4 ,our 8protoplasm0 is z my/ical z ! old 8vital =ce10 & bo? are only camp+-gr\nds = our ignorance4 ,nei!r ! me*anical nor ! atomic !ory 7 ! results ( exact inve/igations2 !y 7 borr[$ f philosophy4 ,we d inde$ inve/igate ! typically vital process ( irritability by physical me?ods4 ,b ! response made by ! organism to physical co]cion may be call$ a mock]y ( physics4 ,! me*ani/s help !mselves out ) crude analogies f ! me*anical1 conceal ! problem ) ! "n 8irritability10 & ?us get rid ( ! greate/ m>vels4 ,if vital =ce itself 7 to call out f its cells1 8,"h ,i am10 !y w\ld probably see 9 x only a rem>kable case ( 8irritability40 ,me*anism is no m positive k ?an vitalism is2 x is only ! dogmatic fai? ( ! majority ( pres5t-day naturali/s4 ,con/ructive ,criticism4 ,^? ^: prote/s we h hi!rto be5 consid]+ h n add$ to _! criticism ( ! me*anical !ory any positive contribution ( _! own1 or at lea/ !y give no?+ m ?an v slight h9ts po9t+ t[>ds a psy*ical !ory4 ,b !re are o!rs :o h s\ght to ov]come ! me*anical !ory by ga9+ a deep] grasp ( ! nature ( 8=ce0 9 g5]al4 ,_! attempts h be5 ( v>i\s k9ds1 b usually t5d 9 "o direction1 :i* c p]haps be mo/ precisely & briefly indicat$ ?r\gh ,lloyd ,morgan's views1 z summ$ up1 = in/ance1 9 8 essay on 8,vitalism407#id7 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( biological text-books1 we usually f9d 7he says7 a *apt] on ! nature ( 8=ce10 b x is 8l grace be=e meat0--)\t influ5ce on quality or dige/ion4 ,yet ?is problem mu/ be cle>$ up be=e we c arrive at any und]/&+ ( ! :ole subject4 ,9 all attempts at 8r$uc+ to simpl] t]ms10 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 8=ce0 reveals its nature 9 ev] high] /ages1 ( :i* e "o is new4 ,ev5 cohesion _c be r$uc$ to t]ms ( gravitation1 nor ! *emical aff9ities & molecul> =ces to some?+ m primitive4 ,!y are already some?+ 8outside ! recognis$ ord] ( nature40 ,9 a /ill high] =m =ce is express$ 9 ! processes ( cry/allisation4 ,at ! =mation ( ! fir/ cry/al !re came into action a direct+ =ce ( ! same k9d z ! w ( ! sculptor at ! mak+ ( ! ,v5us ( ,melos4 ,?is new elem5t1 :i* int]v5es e "t1 ,lloyd ,morgan reg>ds1 ) ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 78,pr9ciples ( ,biology071 z 8due to t ultimate reality :i* und]lies ?is manife/ation1 z x und]lies all o!r manife/ations40 ,!re c be no 8und]/&+0 9 ! s5se ( 8gett+ beh9d ?+s03 ev5 ! actions ( 8brute matt]0 _c be 8und]/ood40 ,! play ( *ance n only does n expla9 ! liv+2 x does n ev5 expla9 ! n-liv+4 ,b life 9 p>ticul> c nei!r be br\ght into ! cell f )\t1 nor be expla9$ z simply 8em]g+ f ! co-op]ation ( ! compon5ts ( ! protoplasm10 & x is 89 its ess5ce n to be conceiv$ 9 physico-*emical t]ms10 b repres5ts 8new modes ( activity 9 ! n\m5al cause10 :i*1 j because x is n\m5al1 is beyond our grasp4 ,= only ph5om5a are 8accessible to ?\ght40 ,among ! biologi/s :o conc]n !mselves ) deep] consid]ations1 ,osc> ,h]twig17#ie7 ! ,director ( ! ,anatomical ,in/itute at ,b]l91 has express$ ideas simil> to ^? we h be5 discuss+1 little z ?is may seem to be ! case at fir/ sight4 ,he desires to ou/ ! ord9>y me*anism1 s to speak1 by replac+ x by a me*anism ( a high] ord]1 & 9 mak+ ! attempt he exam9es & deep5s ! traditional ideas ( causality & 8=ce10 & def9es ! "r & wrong ( ! quantitative-ma!matical int]pretation ( nature 9 g5]al1 & ( me*anics 9 p>ticul>4 ,he foll[s confess$ly 9 ,lotze's pa?1 n s mu* 9 reg>d to t ?9k]'s insi/5ce ^u ! association ( ! causal & ! teleological modes ( int]pretation1 z 9 modify+ ! idea ( causality4 ,o4 ,h]twig puts =w>d 8 own !ories ) special ref]5ce to ^? ( ,w4 ,r\x1 ! f\nd] ( ! new 8,sci5ce ( ! ,future0--! me*anical1 & !re=e only sci5tific !ory ( developm5t1 :i* no long] only describes1 b und]/&s & causally expla9s ph5om5a 78,ar*iv fr ,entwicklungsme*anik074 ,!re are two k9ds ( me*anism 7,h]twig says73 t 9 ! high] philosophical s5se1 & t 9 ! purely physical s5se4 ,! =m] decl>es t all ph5om5a are connect$ by a guid+ ?read ( causal connection & c be causally expla9$4 ,z su*1 its application to ! doma9 ( vital ph5om5a is ju/ifiable & self-evid5t4 ,b x is n ju/ifiable if cause be simply made id5tical ) & limit$ to 8=ce10 if ! causal connection be only admitt$ 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ! transf]5ce & trans=mation ( en]gy1 & if1 ov] & above1 x is suppos$ to give an 8explanation10 9 ! s5se ( an insight into ?+s !mselves4 ,ev5 me*anics is 7z ,kir*(f ma9ta9$7 a 8descriptive0 sci5ce4 ,h]twig agrees ) ,s*op5hau] & ,lotze 9 reg>d+ e primitive natural 8=ce0 z unique1 n r$ucible to simpl] t]ms1 b qualitatively di/9ct1--a 8qualitas occulta10 capable n ( physical b only ( metaphysical explanation4 ,& ?us 8 conclusions imply rejection ( me*anism 9 ! crud] s5se4 ,z su*1 x has only a v limit$ sph]e ( action 9 ! realm ( ! liv+4 ,! hi/ory ( me*anical int]pretations is a hi/ory ( _! collapse4 ,! attempt to d]ive ! organic f ! inorganic has (t5 be5 made4 ,b no su* attempts h held ! field = long4 ,we c n[ say ) "s reason t 8! gulf betwe5 ! two k+doms ( nature has become deep] j 9 proportion z our physical & *emical1 our morphological & physiological k ( ! organism has deep5$40 ,ma*'s expression 8me*anical my?ology10 is quot$1 & !n a f9e passage on ! insuffici5cy ( ! ma!matical view ( ?+s 9 g5]al concludes ?us3 8,ma!matics is only a me?od ( ?\ght1 an excell5t tool ( ! human m9d1 b x is v f> f be+ ! case t all ?\ght & k moves 9 ?is "o direction1 & t ! cont5t ( our m9ds c ev] f9d exhau/ive expression ?r\gh x alone40 ,9 8 8,!ory ( ,dom9ants107#if7 ,re9ke1 ! botani/ ( ,kiel1 has attempt$ to =mulate 8 opposition to ! physico-*emical conception ( life into a vitali/ic !ory ( 8 own4 ,among biologi/s :o confess !mselves support]s ( ! me*anical !ory1 !re are "s :o expressly reject explanations 9 t]ms ( *emical & physical pr9ciples1 & emphasise1 m en]getically ?an o!rs1 t ^! c only give rise to vital ph5om5a & complex processes ( movem5t1 on ! basis ( a mo/ delicately diff]5tiat$ /ructure & ar*itecture ( ! liv+ sub/ance 9 its m9ute details1 & f ! egg onw>ds4 ,!y h creat$ ! /rict 8ma*9e !ory10 & !y may be gr\p$ toge!r z ! 8tectoni/s40 8,a wat* t has be5 /amp$ to pieces is no long] a wat*40 ,?us ! m]ely mat]ial & *emical is n ! ess5tial "p ( ! liv+2 x is ! tectonic1 ! ma*9]y ( /ructure t is ess5tial4 ,! fundam5tal idea 9 ?is position is precisely t ( ,lotze4 ,x is n a 8my/ical10 vital pr9ciple1 t sets up1 controls1 & regulates ! physical & *emical processes )9 ! develop$ or develop+ organism4 ,!y receive _! direction & impulse ?r\gh ! fact t !y are associat$ ) a giv5 peculi> me*anical /ructure4 ,?is !ory c]ta9ly conta9s all ! mon/rosities ( pre=mation 9 ! g]m1 ! my?ologies ( ! inf9itely small1 & x suff]s %ipwreck 9 ways z div]se z ! numb] ( its sides & p>ts4 ,b x has ! m]it ( cle>ly disclos+ ! impossibilities ( purely *emical explanations4 ,re9ke's 8,!ory ( ,dom9ants0 />t$ f su* tectonic conceptions1 & s orig9ally did ,dries*'s ,neovitalism1 ( :i* we %all pres5tly h to speak4 ,re9ke's !ory has gone ?r\gh sev]al /ages ( developm5t4 ,at fir/ its g5]al t5or 0 z foll[s3 ,e liv+ ?+ is typically diff]5t f ev]y?+ t is n liv+4 ,:at expla9s ?is diff]5ce8 ,c]ta9ly n ! hypo!sis ( vital =ce1 :i* is f> f be+ cle>4 ,! idea t =ces ( a psy*ic nature are inh]5t 9 ! organism is also reject$4 ,! illu/ration ( a wat* helps u to und]/&4 ,! impell+ =ce 9 x is c]ta9ly n m]ely ! ord9>y =ce ( gravity or ! g5]al ela/icity ( /eel4 ,! efficacy ( simple =ces su* z ^! c be increas$ 9 inf9ite div]sity by ! 8con/ruction ( ! app>atus0 9 :i* !y op]ate4 ,life is ! function ( a q unique1 m>vell\sly complex1 inimitable comb9ation ( ma*9es4 ,if ^! be giv51 ! mo/ complex processes fulfil !mselves ( necessity & )\t ! int]v5tion ( special vital =ces4 ,b h[ c !y be 8giv508 ,! sole analogy to be f\nd is ! mak+ ( real ma*9es1 artificial products z di/+ui%$ f =tuit\s products4 ,!y _c be made )\t ! influ5ce & activity ( intellig5ce4 ,to expla9 ! incomp>ably m +5i\s & complex vital ma*9e z due to a =tuit\s orig9 & collocation ( its individual p>ts w\ld be m absurd ?an x w\ld be to ?9k ( a wat* be+ made 9 ?is way4 ,! dom9ance ( a creative idea _c b be recognis$4 ,an intellig5t natural =ce :i* is consci\s ( its aims & calculates its means mu/ be presuppos$1 if we are really to satisfy our s5se ( causality4 ,x is a matt] ( p]sonal conviction :e!r we f9d ?is =ce 9 8,god0 or 9 ! 8,absolute40 ,^! views are m fully develop$ 9 ! !ory ( dom9ants exp\nd$ 9 ,re9ke's lat] "w1 8,die ,welt z ,tat0 7aft] :at has be5 said ! mean+ ( ! title w be self-evid5t71 & 9 8 8,!oretis*e ,biologie407#ig7 ,v vigor\s & conv9c+ are ! au?or's objections to ! naturali/ic !ories ( organic life1 especially to ! 8self-orig90 ( ! liv+1 or spontane\s g5]ation4 ,9 all vital processes we mu/ reckon ) a 8physiological x10 :i* _c be elim9at$1 :i* gives to life its unique & und]ivable "*4 ,!re are 8second>y =ces10 8sup]=ces10 8dom9ants10 :i* br+ ab\t :at is peculi> 9 vital functions & direct _! processes4 8,vitalism0 9 ! /rict s5se is ?us "h also reject$4 ,! ma*9e-!ory is held valid4 ,!re are 8dom9ants0 ev5 9 our tools & ut5sils1 9 our hamm] & spoon1 & ! 8op]ation0 ( ^! _c be expla9$ m]ely physico-*emically1 b ?r\gh ! dom9ants ( ! =m1 /ructure & composition1 ) :i* !y h be5 inve/$ by intellig5ce4 ,! association ) ! views ( ! tectoni/s is s f> q app>5t4 ,b ! idea ( 8dom9ants0 soon broad5s out4 ,we f9d dom9ants ( =m-developm5t1 ( evolution1 & s on4 ,:at 7 at fir/ only peculi>ities ( /ructure & ar*itecture h gr[n almo/ unaw>es into dynamic pr9ciples ( =m :i* h no?+ m to d ) ! me*anical !ory1 & :i*1 because ( _! duali/ic nature1 result 9 conclusions & modes ( explanation :i* c h>dly be call$ v useful4 ,! l9es along :i* ! idea has develop$ are intelligible en\gh4 ,x />t$ orig9ally f t ( ! organism z a f9i%$ product1 function+ actively1 especially 9 its metabolism4 ,"h ! comp>ison ) a /eam eng9e ) self-regulators & automatic :i/les is admissible1 & "o may speak ( dom9ants 9 ! s5se ( me*anical dom9ants4 ,b ! idea ?us />t$ 0 press$ into g5]al s]vice4 ,& ?us arose dom9ants ( developm5t1 ( morphog5esis1 ev5 ( phylog5etic evolution 78phylog5etic evolution-pot5tial074 ,new dom9ants are add$1 & ! !ory advances f>!r & f>!r f ! 8ma*9e !ory10 becomes ev] m enigmatical1 & m vitali/ic4 ,! ,con/ructive ,"w ( ,dries*4 ,:at 9 ,re9ke's case came ab\t almo/ unp]ceiv$1 ,dries* did ) full consci\sness & int5tion1 foll[+ ! necessity laid ^u him by 8 own gradual p]sonal developm5t & by 8 consi/5t1 t5aci\s prosecution ( ! problem4 ,! acut5ess ( 8 ?9k+1 ! conc5tration ( 8 endeav\rs ?r\gh long ye>s1 8 compreh5sive k & ma/]y ( ! mat]ial1 ! deep logicalness & consi/5t evolution ( 8 8/&po9ts10 & 8 philosophical & !oretical grasp ( ! subject make him probably ! mo/ in/ructive type1 inde$1 we may almo/ say1 ! v inc>nation ( ! :ole disput$ "q4 ,9 #ahia he publi%$ 8 8,ma!matis*--me*anis*e ,betra*tung morphologis*] ,probleme d] ,biologie10 ! "w 9 :i* he fir/ t\*$ ! dep?s ( ! problem4 ,x is direct$ *iefly aga9/ ! m]ely 8hi/orical0 me?ods 9 biology1 us$ by ! curr5t s*ools 9 ! =m ( ,d>w9ism4 ,d>w9ism & ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t h be5 s f> no?+ m ?an 8gall]ies ( ance/ors10 & ! sci5ce rang$ "u _! bann] is only descriptive1 n explanatory4 ,in/ead ( sett+ up cont+5t !ories we mu/ =m a 8conception0 ( ! int]nal necessity1 inh]5t 9 ! sub/ratum itself1 9 accordance ) :i* ! =ms ( life h f\nd expression--a necessity correspond+ to t :i* conditions ! =m-developm5t ( ! cry/al4 ,exp]im5tal inve/igations & discov]ies1 & fur!r reflection1 result$1 9 #ahib1 9 8 8,entwicklungsme*anis*e ,/udi510 & l$ him to insi/ on ! ne$ = :at ! title ( 8 next ye>'s "w calls 8,biologie als selb/ndige ,grundwiss5s*aft40 ,9 ?is "w two important po9ts are emphasis$4 ,! fir/ is1 t biology mu/ c]ta9ly /rive aft] precision1 b t ?is precision consi/s n 9 subord9ation to1 b 9 co-ord9ation ) physics4 ,biology mu/ rank side by side ) physics z an 8indep5d5t fundam5tal sci5ce10 & t 9 ! =m ( tectonic4 ,& ! second po9t is1 t ! teleological po9t ( view mu/ take its place beside ! causal4 ,only by recognis+ bo? c biology become a complete sci5ce4 ,9 ! 8,analytis*e ,!orie d] organis*5 ,entwicklung0 7#ahid7 ,dries* picks up ! ?read :]e he dropp$ x 9 ! book be=e1 & sp9s x f>!r1 8trav]s+0 8 previ\s !oretical & exp]im5tal results4 ,9 ?is "w ! au?or /ill /rives to rema9 )9 ! frame ( ! tectonic & ma*9e-!ory1 b ! edges are already %[+ signs ( giv+ way4 ,life1 he says1 is a me*anism bas$ ^u a giv5 /ructure 7x is h[ev] a ma*9e :i* is con/antly modify+ & develop+ itself74 ,ontog5esis7#ih7 is a /rictly causal nexus1 b foll[+ 8a natural law ! work+s ( :i* are entirely enigmatical0 7) ,wig&74 ,causality fulfils itself ?r\gh 8lib]ations10 t is to say1 cause & effect are n quantitatively equival5t2 & all effect is1 not)/&+ its causal condition+1 some?+ absolutely new & n to be calculat$ f ! cause1 s t !re c be no "q ( me*anism 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,& ! :ole is direct$ by purpose47#ii7 ,! vital processes compel u to admit t x seems 8z if intellig5ce det]m9$ quality & ord]40 ,dries* /ill tries to reconcile causes & purposes z diff]5t 8modes ( reg>d+ ?+s10 b ?is device he aft]w>ds ab&ons4 ,we _c p5etrate to ! nature ( ?+s ei!r by ! causal or by ! teleological me?od4 ,b !y are--z ,kant ma9ta9$--two modes ( look+ at ?+s1 bo? ( :i* are po/ulates ( our capacity = kn[+4 ,ea* mu/ /& by itself1 & nei!r c h its sequ5ce di/urb$ by ! int]polation ( pieces f ! o!r4 ,9 ! doma9 ( ! causal !re c be no teleological explanation1 & conv]sely2 "o might z well seek = an optical explanation ( ! syn!sis ( wat]2 b bo? are true 9 _! own place4 ,! ,madonna della ,s$ia1 look$ at microscopically1 is a mass ( blots1 look$ at macroscopically x is a picture4 ,& x 8is0 bo? ( ^!4 ,dries*'s conclusions cont9ue to advance1 l$ /eadily onw>ds by 8 exp]im5tal /udies4 ,9 ! 8,mas*95!orie des ,leb5s107#ajj7 he attacks 8 own e>li] !ories ) praisewor?y det]m9ation1 & remorselessly pursues !m to ! mon/r\s conclusions to :i* !y lead1 & %[s t !y necess>ily p]i% because ( ^!4 ,he _h previ\sly decl>$1 at fir/ emphatically1 lat] ) hesitation 7we h already se5 :y71 t e s+le vital process is ( a physico-*emical k9d1 on ! basis ( a giv5 8/ructure0 ( liv+ be+s4 ,b n[ he consid]s ! liv+ organism z itself a result ( vital processes--t is1 ( developm5t4 ,if ?is also is to be expla9$ me*anically 7z physico-*emical processes bas$ on mat]ial /ructure71 !n ! ovum mu/ possess 9 p>vo ?is inf9itely f9e /ructure1 by virtue ( :i* x fulfils its own physiological processes ( ma9t5ance1 & also becomes ! effici5t cause ( ! subsequ5t developm5t4 ,x mu/ be> ! type ( ! individual & ( ! species1 z a rudim5t 7or primordium7 )9 its own /ructure4 ,e specific type mu/1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! !ory ( desc5t1 be d]iv$ ?r\gh an endless process ( evolution1 by gradual /ages1 f "s primitive organism4 ,j z 9 ! me*anical becom+ ( ! individual organism1 s ! primitive protovum mu/ also be extraord9>ily intricate & complex 9 its organisation if x is to give rise to all ! processes ( evolution & developm5t involv$ 9 ! succe$+ ontog5ies1 phylog5ies1 reg5]ations1 & s =?4 ,?is is a necess>y conclusion if ! ma*9e-!ory be correct1 & if we refuse to admit t vital ph5om5a are gov]n$ by specific laws4 ,?is consequ5ce is mon/r\s1 & ! !ory ( ! tectoni/s !re=e false4 ,b if x be false1 :at !n8 ,dries* answ]s ?is "q 9 ! books publi%$ 9 subsequ5t ye>s47#aja7 ,9 ^! he atta9s 8 f9al /&po9t1 & makes x m & m secure4 ,! 8ma*9e-!ory10 & all o!rs l x1 are n[ def9itely ab&on$4 ,!y repres5t ! uncritical dogmatism ( a mat]iali/ic mode ( ?\ght1 :i* b9ds all ph5om5a to sub/ance1 & refuses to admit any immat]ial or dynamic ph5om5a4 ,! alleg$ initial /ructure is n[h]e to be f\nd4 ,! pursuit ( ?+s into ! mo/ m9ute details leads to no indication ( x4 ,! *romat91 9 :i* ! mo/ important vital processes h _! basis1 is v f> f hav+ ?is ma*9e-l /ructure2 x is homog5e\s4 ,! =mation ( ! skeleton1 = in/ance1 ( a ,plubeus l>va is due to migratory spontane\sly mov+ cells 7comp>able to ! leucocytes ( our own body1 ^: migrations & activities rem9d "o mu* m ( a social organism ?an ( a ma*9e74 ,! organism arises1 n f me*anical1 b f 8h>moni\sly-equipot5tial sy/ems03 t is to say1 f sy/ems e elem5t ( :i* has equal functional effici5cy2 s t ea* individual "p be>s )9 itself 9 an equal degree ! pot5tiality ( ! :ole--an impossibility f ! me*anical po9t ( view4 ,dries* _h giv5 an exp]im5tal basis = ?is !ory at an e>li] /age1 9 8 exp]im5ts on ! initial /ages ( ! developm5t ( sea-ur*9s1 />fi%es1 zoophytes1 & ! l4 ,a ,plan>ian worm cut into pieces develop$ a new worm ( small] size f ea* "p4 ,a mutilat$ ,pluteus l>va develop$ a new food-canal1 & re/or$ ! :ole typical =m4 ,8 exp]im5t ( #ahib w5t f>!r /ill1 = he succe$$ 9 sep>at+ ! fir/ f\r segm5tation-cells ( ! sea-ur*9's egg2 & f ea* cell obta9$ a develop+ embryo4 ,^! facts1 he ma9ta9s1 compel u to assume a mode ( occurr5ce :i* is dynamically sui g5]is1 a 8prospective t5d5cy0 :i* is a sub-concept 9 ! ,ari/otelian 8,dynamis40 ,& ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is k9d ( op]ation & a me*anical op]ation is1 t ! same typical effect is always rea*$1 ev5 if ! :ole normal causal nexus be di/urb$4 ,ev5 :5 =c$ into circuit\s pa?s ! embryo advances t[>ds ! same goal4 ,?us 8vitalism10 t is1 ! indep5d5ce & autonomy ( ! vital processes1 is prov$4 ,! effect requir$ is atta9$ ?r\gh 8action at a di/ance10 a mode ( happ5+ :i* is specifically diff]5t f any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! inorganic _w1 & :i* has its directive1 = in/ance1 9 ! reg5]ation ( lo/ p>ts1 n 9 any?+ corporeal or sub/antial1 b 9 ! end to be atta9$4 ,9 8 "w on 8,organic ,regulations10 ,dries* collects f ! mo/ div]se biological fields m & m a/oni%+ pro(s ( ! activity ( ! liv+ z contra/$ ) physico-*emical ph5om5a1 & ( ! m>vell\s p[] ! organism has to 8help itself0 & to atta9 ! typical =m & rea* ! end aim$ at1 ev5 "u ! greate/ div]sity 9 ! *a9 ( conditions4 ,! mat]ial "h br\ght =w>d is enorm\s1 & ! au?or's grasp ( x v rem>kable2 & n ! lea/ ( ! m]its ( ! book is1 t ! bewild]+ weal? & div]sity ( ^! ph5om5a1 :i* are usually pres5t$ to u z isolat$ & uncoord9at$ in/ances1 is "h def9itely sy/ematis$ accord+ to _! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities1 & f ! po9t ( view ( ! increas+ di/9ctness ( ! 8autonomy0 ( ! processes4 ,! sy/em beg9s ) ! active regulatory functions ( liv+ matt] 9 ! *emi/ry ( metabolism 7see p>ticul>ly ! ph5om5a ( immunisation71 & asc5ds ?r\gh diff]5t /ages up to ! regulations ( reg5]ation4 ,!re c\ld be no m impressive way ( %[+ h[ little life & its 8regulations0 c be comp>$ to ! 8self-regulations0 ( ma*9es1 or to ! re/or+ ( typical /ates ( equilibrium & ( =m 9 ! physical & *emical doma91 to :i* ! me*ani/s are fond ( ref]r+4 ,! facts ?us empirically br\ght toge!r are !n l9k$ toge!r 9 a !ory1 & consid]$ epi/emologically4 ,we may leave out ( acc\nt all t is includ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( mod]n idealism1 imman5ce-philosophy1 & solipsism4 ,all ?is does n arise directly out ( ! vitali/ic ideas1 ?\gh ! latt] are fitt$ into an ideali/ic framework4 ,extremely vivid is ! excursus on respiration & assimilation4 7,all processes ( build+ up & break+ d[n take place )9 ! organism "u conditions notori\sly diff]5t f ^? obta9+ 9 ! laboratory4 ,x is radically impossible to speak ( a liv+ 8sub/ance0 accord+ to ! =mula ,cx,hy,oz1 :i* assimilates & disassimilates itself sibi47 ,excell5t1 too1 are ,dries*'s rem>ks on mat]iali/ic elucidations ( inh]itance & morphog5esis4 ,x is q impossible to succe$ ) epig5etic speculations on a mat]ial basis 7cf4 ,haacke74 ,weismann is s f> "r1 he admits1 f 8 mat]iali/ic premisses :5 he />ts ) pre=mations4 ,b 8 !ory1 & all o!rs ( ! k9d1 c d no?+ m ?an make an inf9itely small photograph ( ! difficulty4 ,!y 8expla90 ! processes ( =m-developm5t & ! reg5]ation ( animals & plants1 by con/ruct+ inf9itely small animals & plants1 :i* develop _! =m & reg5]ate lo/ p>ts4 ,& ,dries* holds x to be impossible to di/ribute a complicat$ tectonic among ! elem5ts ( an equipot5tial sy/em4 ,9 d5y+ ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( developm5t1 ,dries* aga9 det]m9$ly 8trav]ses0 8 own e>li] views4 ,he does ?is1 too1 :5 he n[ rejects ! reconciliation betwe5 causality & teleology z diff]5t modes ( look+ at ?+s4 ,! teleological n[ seems to him itself a factor play+ a "p 9 ! *a9 ( causes1 & ?us mak+ x teleological4 ,! key-^w ( all is to him ! 8entele*y0 ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 8 la/ "w on 8,! ,s\l10 ,dries* foll[s ! impossibilities ( ! me*anical !ories f ! doma9 ( vital processes into t ( behavi\r & volunt>y actions4 ,! ,views ( ,albre*t & ,s*neid]4 ,an outlook & int]pretation :i* ,dries*7#ajb7 ma9ta9$ = a :ile1 b aft]w>ds ab&on$1 has be5 develop$ 9 an orig9al & peculi> fa%ion by ,eug5 ,albre*t1 ,prosector & ,pa?ologi/ 9 ,muni*47#ajc7 ,x is ! !ory ( diff]5t ways ( look+ at ?+s4 ,albre*t inde$ firmly adh]es to ! *emical & physical int]pretation ( vital processes1 reg>ds approximate complet5ess along ^! l9es z ! ideal ( sci5ce1 & ma9ta9s _! ess5tial suffici5cy4 ,b he holds t ! me*ani/s h be5 mi/ak5 & "o-sid$ 9 t !y h upheld ?is int]pretation & mode ( consid]+ ?+s z ! sole & ! 8true0 "o4 ,accord+ to our subjective attitude to ?+s & _! *anges1 !y appe> to u 9 q diff]5t s]ies ( associations1 ea* ( :i* =ms a complete s]ies 9 itself1 runn+ p>allel to ! o!rs1 b n intrud+ to fill up gaps 9 !m4 ,microscopic & macroscopic /udy ( ?+s illu/rate su* sep>ate & complete s]ies4 ,! classical example = ! :ole !ory is ! psy*o-physical p>allelism4 ,psy*ical ph5om5a are n 8expla9$0 :5 ! correlat$ l9e ( mat]ial *anges & ! ph5om5a ( ! n]v\s sy/em h be5 trac$ out4 ,simil>ly ) ! s]ies ( 8vital0 ph5om5a1 8vital0 int]pretation f ! po9t ( view ( ! 8liv+ organism10 runs p>allel to1 b di/9ct f ! *emical & physical analyses ( vital processes4 ,b ea* ( ^! p>allel ways ( reg>d+ ?+s is 8true40 ,= ! curr5t sep>ation ( ! 8appe>ance0 & 8nature0 ( ?+s is false1 s9ce x assumes t only "o ( ! possible ways ( reg>d+ ?+s1 e4g41 ! me*anical-causal mode ( int]pretation is ess5tial1 & t all ! o!rs deal only ) associat$ appe>ance4 ,! idea t only "o or two ( ^! s]ies c repres5t ! 8true nature0 ( ! ph5om5on 8c only be call$ *eap dogma40 ,ea* s]ies is complete 9 itself1 & e successive phase foll[s directly & )\t a break f ! antec$5t "o1 :i* alone expla9s x4 ,9 ?is lies ! relative ju/ification ( ! ev]-recurr+ reactions to 8vitalism40 ,?is !ory ( ,albre*t's has all ! *>ms & difficulties1 or impossibilities1 ( p>alleli/ic int]pretations 9 g5]al4 ,its validity might be discuss$ ) ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> case ( psy*o-physical p>allelism47#ajd7 ,to make a s\nd basis = itself x w\ld require fir/ to cle> up ! causality problem1 & to answ]1 or at lea/ def9itely =mulate ! great "q :e!r caus+ 7,bewirkung7 is to be replac$ by m]e necess>y sequ5ce--= ?is is :]e x ends4 ,! conclusion :i*1 ) reg>d to biological me?ods & ideals1 seems to make all concessions to ! purely me*anical mode ( int]pretation1 is n suffici5tly obvi\s f ! premisses4 ,if ! vital s]ies be a 8real0 "o1 we %\ld expect t a 8vitali/ic0 mode ( int]pretation1 ) me?ods & aims ( its own1 w\ld be requir$1 j z a special sci5ce ( psy*ology is requir$4 ,! assumption t ea* s]ies is complete )\t a break1 & t an all-includ+ analysis ( vital processes 9 t]ms ( me*anical processes mu/ ultimately be possible1 is a petitio pr9cipii1 & breaks d[n be=e ! objections rais$ by ! vitali/s4 ,! mo/ c5tral problem 9 ! :ole matt]1 namely1 ! relation ( ! causal to ! teleological1 has n be5 t\*$4 ,^! two concepts w\ld1 ( c\rse1 n yield 8p>allels10 b w\ld be diff]5t po9ts ( view1 :i* c\ld ev5tually be appli$ to ea* s]ies4 ,k4 ,camillo ,s*neid]17#aje7 ,privatdoz5t 9 ,vi5na1 uses ! s\l1 ! psy*ical 9 ! true s5se1 z ! explanation ( ! vital4 ,:at _h be5 ?\ght secretly & individually by "s ( ! vitali/s already m5tion$1 b _h1 s to speak1 cropp$ up only z ! incid5tally reveal$ rev]se side ( _! negations ( me*anism1 ,s*neid] attempts def9itely to =mulate into a !ory4 ,! *ief m]it ( 8 book on 8,vitalism0 is to be f\nd1 9 ,*apt]s ,,ii4 to ,x41 9 8 ?or\gh discussion ( ! *emical1 physical1 & me*anical !ories along ! special l9es ( ea*4 ,! li/ ( critics might be add$ to1 & ! numb] ( /&po9ts 9 opposition to me*anism greatly increas$4 ,?is div]sity ( /&po9t1 & ! individual way 9 :i* ea* indep5d5t ?9k] reacts f ! me*anical !ory %[s t "h1 z also 9 reg>d to ,d>w9's !ory ( selection1 we h to d ) a dogmatic !ory & a =c$ simplification ( ph5om5a1 n ) an objective & calm consid]ation ( ?+s z !y are4 ,x is a !ory :]e simplex has become sigillum falsi4 ,h[ all ?is affects ! ,religi\s ,outlook4 ,^! d5ials & de/ructive criticisms ( ! me*anical !ory1 :i* are n[ cont9ually cropp+ up1 lead1 z mu/ be obvi\s1 t[>ds a deep] conception & int]pretation ( reality 9 g5]al1 & t[>ds a religi\s conception 9 p>ticul>4 ,unque/ionably ! mo/ important fact 9 connection ) !m is ! fre% revelation ( ! dep? ( ?+s & ( appe>ance1 ! increas$ recognition t our k is only lead+ u t[>ds my/]y4 ,x is inde$ que/ionable :e!r any?+ m ?an ?is c be said 9 reg>d to ! problem ( life1 :e!r we ought n to cont5t ourselves ) recognis+ ! limits ( our k1 & reject all positive /atem5ts t g beyond ^! limits4 ,= ! me*ani/s are und\bt$ly "r 9 ?is1 t 8entele*y10 8! idea ( ! :ole10 8co-op]ation10 8guidance10 8psy*ical factors10 & ! l1 are only names = riddles1 & d n 9 !mselves con/itute k47#ajf7 ,! case "h is some:at simil> to :at we h already se5 9 connection ) 8ant9omies40 ,!y1 too1 give u no positive insight into ! true nature ( ?+s1 b !y at any rate prove to u t we h n yet und]/ood :at t is4 ,&1 j z !y %[ u t our k ( ! _w z x appe>s to u c nev] be complete1 s "h x appe>s t we come ^u inexplicabilities ev5 )9 ! doma9 accessible to our k4 ,?us ! religi\s conception ( ! _w ga9s some?+ "h z f ! ant9omies1 namely1 a fre% pro( t ! _w :i* appe>s to u & c be compreh5d$ by u1 proclaims its true nature & dep?s1 b does n reveal !m4 ,p]haps !re is /ill ano!r ga94 ,= 9 any case ! vital processes & ! m>vels ( evolution & developm5t are examples ( ! way 9 :i* physical processes are con/antly subject to a peculi> guidance1 :i* c]ta9ly _c be expla9$ f !mselves or 9 t]ms ( me*anism1 organisation1 & ! l4 ,all attempts to demon/rate ?is 9 detail1 all 8explanations0 9 t]ms ( dynamic co-op]ation1 ( dom9ants1 ( ideas1 or any?+ else1 are vague1 & seem to g to pieces :5 we try to take firm hold ( !m4 ,b ! fact rema9s none ! less4 ,may n ?is be a p>adigm ( ! processes & developm5t ( ! _w at l>ge1 & ev5 ( evolution 9 ! doma9 ( hi/ory8 ,"h1 too1 all ideas ( guidance1 ( endeav\r aft] an aim1 c41 :i* philosophical /udy ( hi/ory or religi\s intuition seems to f9d1 make %ipwreck aga9/ ! fact t e attempt to demon/rate _! nature1 fails4 ,all ^! !ories ( influx1 concursus1 & s on1 :e!r transc5d5tal or imman5t factors be employ$1 imm$iately become wood51 & nev] admit ( v]ification 9 detail4 ,b precisely ! same is true ( ! dom9ance ( ! 8idea10 or ( ! 8law ( evolution10 or ( ! 8pot5tial ( developm5t0 9 e develop+ organism4 ,yet incompreh5sible & undemon/rable 9 detail z ?is 8dom9ance0 is1 & completely z x may be conceal$ beh9d ! play ( physical causes1 x is !re1 none ! less4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,autonomy ,,( ,,_s4 ,! aim ( our /udy has be5 to def9e our attitude to naturalism1 & to ma9ta9 9 ! tee? ( naturalism ! validity & fre$om ( ! religi\s conception ( ! _w4 ,?is seem$ to be cramp$ & m5ac$ by ^? 8r$uctions to simpl] t]ms0 :i* we h already discuss$4 ,b "o ( ^! r$uctions1 ! mo/ important ( all1 we h n yet enc\nt]$1 & x rema9s to be dealt ) n[4 ,9 comp>ison ) ?is "o all o!rs are relatively unimportant1 & x is easy to und]/& h[ "s h reg>d$ ! problem ( ! relations ( ! naturali/ic & ! religi\s outlook z beg9n+ at ?is po9t1 & h neglect$ ev]y?+ bel[ x4 ,= we h n[ to consid] ! attempt ( naturalism to 8r$uce0 _s itself to t]ms ( nature1 ei!r to d]ive x f nature1 or1 :5 t is recognis$ z q too confus$ & impossible1 to make x subject to nature & h] sy/em ( laws1 or to simil> laws1 & ?us to rob x ( its fre$om & indep5d5ce1 ( its ess5tial "* z above nature & free f x1 & to br+ x d[n to ! level ( an accompany+ %ad[ or a m]e rev]se side ( nature4 ,! aggressive naturalism :i* we h discuss$ has f v e>ly times ex]cis$ itself on ?is po9t1 & has in/9ctively & rightly felt t h]e9 lies ! k]nel ( ! :ole problem "u dispute4 ,x has = ! mo/ "p conc5trat$ its int]e/ & its attacks ^u ! 8immortality ( ! s\l40 ,b :ile ?is 0 (t5 ! />t+-po9t1 ! nature ( s\l1 & _s1 & consci\sness 9 g5]al h be5 br\ght "u discussion & subject$ to attacks :i* s\ght to %[ h[ vague & que/ionable 0 ! reality ( _s z contra/$ ) ! palpable1 solid & indubitable reality ( ! out] _w4 ,prom95ce 0 giv5 to ! fact t ! spiritual side ( our nature is dep5d5t on & condition$ by ! body & bodily /ates1 ! ext]nal environm5t1 exp]i5ces & impressions4 ,^! 7 (t5 ! sole1 & always ! *ief subjects ( ! doctr9e ( ! vulg> naturalism4 ,b ! same is true ( ! naturalism ( ! high] ord]1 z we describ$ x 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,9 ord] to acquire def9ite guid+ pr9ciples ( inve/igation1 x makes ! attempt to f9d ! true reality ( ph5om5a 9 ! me*anical1 corporeal1 physiological processes1 & to take little or no acc\nt ( ! co-op]ation1 ! int]polation1 ! g5]al effici5cy ( s5sation1 p]ception1 ?\ght1 or w1 & to treat !m z ?\gh !y 7 a %ad[ & accompanim5t ( reality1 b n z an equival5t1 mu* less a prepond]at+ con/itu5t ( x4 ,out ( ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( inve/igation1 & out ( ! opposition & d\bt ) :i* ! spiritual is reg>d$1 !re is comp\nd$ ! curr5t mongrel naturalism1 :i*1 )\t precision 9 its ideas1 & )\t any great cle>ness or logical consequ5ce 9 its views1 is ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! notion t t only is truly real :i* we c see1 he>1 & t\*--! solid objective _w ( matt] & en]gy1 & t 8sci5ce0 beg9s & ends ) ?is4 ,z = any?+ outside ( or beyond ?is1 x is at mo/ a beautiful dream ( fancy1 ) :i* x is q safe to occupy oneself z long z "o cle>ly und]/&s t ( c\rse x is n true4 8,nature0 is ! only indubitable reality1 & m9d is b a k9d ( lusus or luxus natur1 :i* accompanies x at "s few places1 l a peculi>ly col\r$ aura or %ad[1 b :i* mu/1 z f> z reality is conc]n$1 yield pre-em95ce to 8,nature0 9 e respect4 ,! religi\s conception is deeply & ess5tially antagoni/ic to all su* attempts to range _s1 spiritual be+1 & ! subjective _w "u 8nature10 8matt]10 8en]gy10 or :atev] we may call :at is oppos$ to m9d & rank$ above x 9 reality & value4 ,! religi\s conception is made up ess5tially ( a belief 9 _s1 its wor? & pre-em95ce4 ,x does n ev5 seek to comp>e ! reality & orig9 ( _s ) any?+ else :atev]4 ,= all its beliefs1 ! mo/ sublime & ! crude/ alike1 conceal )9 !m ! conviction t fundam5tally _s alone has tru? & reality1 & t ev]y?+ else is d]iv$ f x4 ,x is a some:at pitiful mode ( proc$ure to direct all apologetic endeav\rs t[>ds ! "o relatively small "q ( 8immortality10 ?us foll[+ exactly ! l9es usually adopt$ by ! aggressive expon5ts ( naturalism1 & ?us all[+ oppon5ts to dictate ! =m ( ! que/ions & answ]s4 ,x is q c]ta9 t all religion :i* is 9 any way complete1 includes )9 itself a belief 9 ! ev]la/+ness ( our spiritual1 p]sonal nature1 & its indep5d5ce ( ! becom+ or pass+ away ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,b1 on ! "o h&1 ?is p>ticul> "q c only be settl$ 9 connection ) ! :ole problem1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is only a fraction ( ! mu* f>!r-rea*+ belief 9 ! reality ( _s & its sup]iority to nature4 ,! v be+ ( religion dep5ds ^u ?is4 ,t x may be able to take itself s]i\sly & reg>d itself z true2 t all deep & pi\s feel+s1 ( humility & devotion1 may be *]i%$ z g5u9e & z f\nd$ 9 tru?2 t x behoves x to f9d & exp]i5ce ! noble & div9e 9 ! _w's c\rse1 9 hi/ory & 9 individual life2 t ! :ole _w ( feel+ ) all its deep /irr+s & my/]ies is ( all ?+s ! mo/ real & true1 & ! mo/ significant fact ( exi/5ce--all ^! are features ap>t f :i* x is impossible to ?9k ( religion at all4 ,b !y all dep5d ^u ! reality1 indep5d5ce & absolute pre-em95ce ( _s4 ,fre$om & responsibility1 duty1 moral control & self-developm5t1 ! valuation ( life & our life-"w accord+ to our life's mission & ideal aims1 ev5 accord+ to ev]la/+ aims1 & 8sub specie t]ni10 ! idea ( ! good1 ! true & ! beautiful--all ?+s ap>t f :i* religion _c be ?\ght (--all ^! dep5d ^u _s & its tru?4 ,& f9ally 8,god is ,_s03 religion _c repres5t1 or conceive1 or possess its own highe/ good & supreme idea1 except by ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( ! highe/ analogies ( :at x kn[s 9 itself z spiritual be+ & reality4 ,if _s is n real & above all o!r realities2 if x is d]ivable1 subord9ate & dep5d5t1 x is impossible to ?9k ( any?+ :atev] to :i* ! "n ( 8,god0 c be giv54 ,& ?is is z true ( ! ref9$ speculations ( ! pan!i/ic poetic religions1 z ( ! idea ( ,god 9 simple piety4 ,! int]e/ ( religion z aga9/ ! claims ( naturalism includes all ?is4 ,& x w\ld be do+ ! cause ( religion sorry s]vice to extract f ?is :ole "s isolat$ "q to :i* ! mood ( ! "t or traditional cu/om has giv5 prom95ce4 ,our task mu/ be to %[ t religion ma9ta9s its validity & fre$om because ( ! tru? & indep5d5ce ( _s & its sup]iority to nature4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to give an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ?is problem 9 a %ort /udy l ?is4 ,! answ] to ?is "q w\ld include ! :ole range ( m5tal sci5ce ) all its p>ts & bran*es4 ,m5tal sci5ce1 f logic & epi/emology up to & includ+ ! moral & /hetic sci5ces1 proves by its v exi/5ce1 & by ! fact t x _c be r$uc$ to t]ms ( natural sci5ce1 t _s c nei!r be d]iv$ f nor analys$ into any?+ else4 ,& x is only :5 we h ma/]$ all ?is t we c say h[ f> & h[ /rongly k & kn[n realities corroborate religion & its great conclusions z to _s & spiritual exi/5ce1 h[ !y re9=ce x & admit its validity & fre$om4 ,s9ce ?is is s1 all isolat$ & p>ticul> endeav\rs 9 ?is direction c only be a prelude or introduction1 & a m or less arbitr>y selection f ! relevant mat]ial ( facts & ideas4 ,& no?+ m ?an ?is is aim$ at 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,naturali/ic ,attacks on ! ,autonomy ( ! ,spiritual4 ,! attacks t h be5 made by naturalism ^u ! indep5d5ce & fre$om ( ! spiritual are s famili> to e "o--ev5 f s*ool days--?r\gh books ( ! type ( ,b*n]'s 8,kraft und ,/(f10 & ,haeckel's 8,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se10 & o!r half or :olly mat]iali/ic popul> dogmatics1 t x is unnecess>y to ent] into any detail4 ,v little t is new has be5 add$ 9 ?is connection to ! attack made by ,plato on himself 9 ! 8,phd0 ?r\gh ,simmias & ,kebes4 ,x is only app>5tly t ! mod]n attacks h become m s]i\s ?r\gh ! deep5$ k ( natural sci5ce4 ,at all times !y h be5 z s]i\s & z significant z possible1 & ! religi\s & e o!r ideali/ic conception ( ! univ]se has always suff]$ f !m4 ,x is pla9 t "h1 if any:]e1 8fai? goes aga9/ appe>ances10 & t 9 ! la/ res\rce we h to po/ulate free moral resolution1 ! w to believe1 ! desire = ! ideal1 = fre$om1 & = ! et]nity ( ! _s1 & ! confid5ce ( ! _s 9 itself4 ,all ?is is1 or at lea/ ought to be1 self-evid5t & g5]ally admitt$4 ,let u once m take a brief survey ( ! reasons on ! o!r side & arrange !m 9 ord]4 ,t nature is ev]y?+ & _s v little seems to foll[ f a v simple circum/ance4 ,!re are :ole worlds ( purely natural & corporeal exi/5ce )\t m9d1 s5sation1 or consci\sness1 :i*1 q untr\bl$ by _! abs5ce1 simply exi/ accord+ to ! ev]la/+ laws ( matt] & en]gy4 ,b n[h]e d we f9d _s or m9d )\t a mat]ial basis4 ,all t is psy*ical occurs 9 connection ) a physical be+1 & ) relatively few physical be+s4 ,_s seems :olly b\nd up ) & dep5d5t ^u ! /ates1 developm5t1 & conditions ( mat]ial be+4 ,) ! body ( liv+ be+s !re arises :at we call 8s\l02 ) ! body x gr[s1 ga9s cont5t1 *anges1 matures1 ages1 & disappe>s4 ,accord+ z ! body is con/itut$ & compos$1 z x is influ5c$ by h]$ity1 race1 & selection1 by nutrition1 mode ( life1 climate1 & o!r circum/ances1 !re are develop$ 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways :at we call ! natural disposition or "*1 incl9ations1 virtues or vices1 passions or temp]am5ts4 ,ev5 ! names giv5 to ! diff]5t temp]am5ts emphasise ?is dep5d5ce ( :at is inn]mo/ 9 u1 ! deepe/ t5d5cies ( our be+1 on ! bodily organisation & ! nature ( its physiological con/itution4 ,! man ^: blood fl[s easily & freely is call$ sangu9e1 & ! melan*olic is ! victim ( 8 liv]4 ,accord+ z our organs are good or bad1 function freely or sluggi%ly1 our mood rises or s9ks1 we are bold or c[>dly1 languid or impetu\s1 & en?usiasm is (t5 en\gh only a peculi> "n = a /ate :i*1 physiologically express$1 might be call$ alcoholic poison+4 ,!re is "o s\l 9 ! s\nd body1 ano!r 9 ! sickly4 ,fev]1 & ! impot5ce ( ! s\l aga9/ x1 made ,holba* a mat]iali/4 ,if ! bra9 be diseas$1 t m>vell\s ord] ( psy*ical processes :i* we call reason+ is brok52 ! 8s\l0 is :olly or p>tly elim9at$2 x fades away1 or becomes no?+ m ?an a confus$ disconnect$ m$ley ( images & desires4 ,ev5 artificial int]f]5ce )1 & *anges 9 ! bodily organisation react ^u ! m9d4 ,! removal ( ! ?yroid gl& may result 9 idiocy4 ,ca/ration n only prev5ts ! 8break+0 ( ! voice 9 ! ,si/9e *ori/]s1 x damps ! fires ( life to dulness1 & makes ( ! impetu\s ,abel>d a com=table discursive fa!r-confessor4 ,! m9d is b\nd up almo/ piece by piece ) its mat]ial basis4 ,?r\gh ! 8localisation0 ( psy*ic processes 9 ! p>ticul> p>ts ( ! bra91 naturalism has enorm\sly /r5g!n$ ! impression t exi/$ ev5 among ! anci5ts1 t s5sation & imag9ation are no?+ m ?an1 let u say1 :at ! note is to a tightly /ret*$ /r+4 ,c]ebrum & c]ebellum are reg>d$ z ! seats ( diff]5t psy*ic processes4 ,! secret ( ! high] processes is believ$ to be hidd5 9 ! grey matt] ( ! cortex ( ! c]ebrum4 ,we seek & f9d 9 ! v>i\s lobes & convolutions ( ! bra9 ! 8c5tres0 = ! diff]5t capacities1 ! p[] ( sight1 ( smell1 ( mov+ ! arms1 ( mov+ ! legs1 ( associat+ ideas1 ( co-ord9at$ spee*1 & s on4 ,:5 bra9 & sp9al cord are injur$ or remov$ piece by piece f a pigeon or a frog1 x seems z if ! 8s\l0 7 elim9at$ piece by piece1--! capacity = spontane\s free co-ord9ation1 = volunt>y action1 = ! v>i\s s5se-impressions1 & s on f ! high] to ! l[]4 ,x has ev5 be5 ma9ta9$ t ! diff]5t feel+s & p]ceptions :i* are gradually acquir$ c be apportion$ among ! individual cells ( ! bra9 9 :i* !y are localis$1 & ! ?\ght-processes1 ! associations ( p]cepts1 ! orig9 ( consecutive ideas1 ! rapid & easy recall+ ( memory-images1 & ! process ( volunt>y control1 ( in/9cts1 c be expla9$ z due to ! 8gradual lay+ d[n ( n]ve-pa?s0 betwe5 ! diff]5t c5tres & areas ( localisation 9 ! bra94 ,all ?is seems to refute utt]ly ! old belief 9 ! unity & p]sonality ( ! s\l4 ,x is diff]5t 9 y\? & 9 age1 & inde$ v>ies cont9ually4 ,x is ! ev]-v>i$ h>mony ( ! notes ( all ! /r+s :i* are repres5t$ by ! fibres & ganglion-cells ( ! n]ve-sub/ance4 ,x app>5tly c n only be completely confus$ & br\ght to di%>mony1 b x may be halv$ & divid$4 ,an almo/ t]rify+ impression 0 produc$ :5 ,trembley 9 #agdj made ! exp]im5t ( cutt+ a 8hydra0 9 two1 & %[$ t ea* ( ! halves became a complete animal1 s t obvi\sly ea* ( ! two halves ( ! s\l grew into a new hydra-s\l4 ,& ,trembley's hydra 0 only ! precursor ( all ! cut-up worms1 ( ! frogs1 birds1 & gu9ea-pigs t h be5 behead$1 or h _h _! bra9 remov$1 or _! n]ves cut1 & h furni%$ fur!r examples ( ?is divisibility ( 8s\ls40 ,if ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual is ?us %[n to be a va9 assumption1 ! alleg$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! animal & ! human ,psy*e is mu* m s4 ,n f ! days ( ,d>w9ism alone1 b f ! v beg9n+1 naturalism has oppos$ ?is claim to di/9ctiv5ess4 ,b x is due to ,d>w9ism t ! fundam5tal simil>ity ( ! psy*ical 9 man & animals has come to be reg>d$ z almo/ self-evid5t4 ,! m5tal organisation ( man1 z well z 8 corporeal organisation1 is trac$ back ?r\gh gradual /ages to animal antec$5ts1 & 9 ?us trac+ x !re are two fav\rite me?ods ( proc$ure1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 apt to be mutually de/ructive4 ,on ! "o h&1 "s naturali/s reg>d ! animal an?ropomorphically1 insi/ on its lik5ess to man1 discov]+ & extoll+1 n )\t emotion1 all ! high] & nobl] possessions ( ! human m9d1 intellectual capacities1 reason1 reflection1 syn!sis1 fancy1 ! p[] ( =m+ ideas & judgm5ts1 ( draw+ conclusions & le>n+ f exp]i5ce1 besides w 9 ! true s5se1 e?ical1 social & political capacities1 /hetic p]ceptions1 & ev5 fits ( religion 9 elephants1 apes1 dogs1 d[n ev5 to ants & bees1 & ^! naturali/s reject old-fa%ion$ explanations 9 t]ms ( in/9ct1 & f9d ! highe/ already conta9$ 9 ! l[e/4 ,^? ( ano!r s*ool are incl9$ to reg>d man !riomorphically1 to insi/ on 8 lik5ess to animals1 expla9+ reason 9 t]ms ( p]ception & s5sation1 d]iv+ w f impulse & desire1 & e?ical & /hetic valuations f physiological antec$5ts & purely animal psy*ological processes1 ?us1 9 %ort1 seek+ to f9d ! l[e/ 9 ! highe/4 7,we h already met ) an analog\s in/ance ( a simil>ly fallaci\s d\ble-play on p>allel l9es47 ,s x comes ab\t t bo? ! orig9 & ! developm5t ( ! psy*ical & spiritual seem to be satisfactorily cle>$ up & expla9$1 & at ! same "t a new pro( is adduc$ = its dep5d5ce ^u ! physical4 ,= :at is true ( all o!r p>ts ( ! organisation1 ( ! build+ up & p]fect+ ( e memb] & e sy/em ( organs1 ! bony skeleton1 ! circulatory sy/em1 ! alim5t>y canal1 t !y c be ref]r$ back to v simple beg9n+s1 & t _! evolution may be trac$ ?r\gh all its /ages--is equally true ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 g5]al & ( ! bra9 9 p>ticul>4 ,x increases m & m 9 volume & 9 intricacy ( /ructure1 x exp&s ! cranial cavity & div]sifies its convolutions4 ,& ! m x gr[s1 & ! m complex x becomes1 ! m d ! m5tal capacities increase 9 p]fection1 s t "h aga9 x seems once m app>5t t ! psy*ical is an accompanim5t & result ( ! physical4 ,popul> naturalism usually /ops %ort "h1 & cont5ts itself ) half-tru?s & inconsequ5ces1 = x navely admits t psy*ical processes1 s5sation1 p]ception1 w1 h a real influ5ce ^u ! physical1 &1 n p]ceiv+ h[ mu* ! admission involves1 x does n tr\ble itself ov] ! fact t1 = in/ance 9 ! s-call$ volunt>y movem5ts ( ! body1 9 ord9>y behavi\r1 ! psy*ical1 & ! w1 9 p>ticul>1 is capable ( real effect1 & c move h& & foot & ! :ole body1 & ?us has a real reciprocal relation ) ! physical4 ,?is =m ( popul> naturalism sometimes amuses itself ) assum+ a psy*ical inw>dness ev5 9 non-liv+ matt]1 & admitt+ ! co-op]ation ( psy*ical motives ev5 9 reg>d to x4 ,b x is f> o!rwise ) naturalism 9 ! /rict s5se1 :i* takes its fundam5tal pr9ciples & its me?od ( inve/igation s]i\sly4 ,x is aw>e t su* half-&-half measures int]rupt ! cont9uity ( ! sy/em at ! mo/ decisive po9t4 ,& !re=e ) ! greate/ det]m9ation x repeats along psy*ological l9es ! same k9d ( treatm5t t x has previ\sly s\ght to apply to biological ph5om5a3 ! corporeal mu/ =m a sequ5ce ( ph5om5a complete 9 itself & n brok5 into f )\t4 ,all processes ( movem5t1 all t looks z if x happ5$ 8?r\gh our w10 ?r\gh a resolve due to ! int]v5tion ( a psy*ical motive1 e flu% ( %ame t r$d5s ! *eek1 e /roke execut$ by ! h&1 e s\nd-wave caus$ by tongue & lips1 mu/ be ! result ( conditions ( /imulation & t5sion 9 ! en]gy ( ! body itself4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( all ^? psy*o-physical exp]im5ts t h be5 c>ri$ on ) s mu* +5uity & p]si/5ce 7usually associat$ ) attempts to expla9 vital ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( me*anism74 ,fir/1 !y attempt to int]pret ! expressions ( w1 feel+ & ne$1 ! spontane\s activities & movem5ts ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life--proti/s--z 8pure reflexes10 z processes :i* take place 9 ob$i5ce to /imuli1 & ?us are ultimately due to *emical & physical influ5ces & causes )\t ! int]v5tion ( a psy*ical motive2 &1 secondly1 :5 ?is has be5 app>5tly or really a*iev$1 ! !ory ( irritability & reflex me*anism is pu%$ f bel[ upw>ds1 until ev5 ! mo/ intricate & complex movem5ts & op]ations ( our own body1 :i* we h wrongly di/+ui%$ z acts or behavi\r f m]e processes ( /imulation1 are f9ally recognis$ z reflexes & lib]ations due to /imuli4 ,"s /imulus or o!r1 f light or s\nd or some?+ else1 is1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 conduct$ to ! n]v\s c5tre1 ! ganglion1 ! sp9al cord1 ! c]ebellum or ! c]ebrum4 ,"h x produces an effect1 n ( a psy*ical nature1 b "s m9ute *emical1 or physical1--or purely me*anical *ange1 :i* goes ?r\gh _m p]mutations )9 ! n]v\s c5tre itself1 unites !re ) ! /or$ en]gies1 & !n1 ?us alt]$1 returns by ! eff]5t n]ve pa?s to effect a muscle-contraction 9 "s organ1 a /ret*+ ( ! h&1 or a movem5t ( ! :ole body4 ,! physical process is accompani$ by a peculi> inw>d mirror+1 :i* is ! psy*ical p5umbra or %ad[ ( ! :ole bus9ess4 ,?us :at is 9 reality a purely me*anical & reflex sequ5ce appe>s l a psy*ical exp]i5ce1 l *oice & w & psy*ical causality4 ,we may be comp>$ to ,sp9oza's /one2 x 0 ?r[n1 & x ?\ght x 0 fly+4 ,! reasons = int]pret+ ?+s 9 ?is way lie 9 ! pr9ciples ( inve/igation4 ,x is only 9 ?is way1 we are told1 t nature c be r$uc$ to natural t]ms1 t is1 to *emi/ry1 physics1 & me*anics4 ,only 9 ?is way is x possible to ga9 a true insight into & und]/&+ ( ?+s1 & to br+ !m "u ma!matical =mul4 ,?us only1 too1 c 8! miracul\s0 be elim9at$4 ,= if we are oblig$ to admit t ! w has a real influ5ce on ! corporeal1 = in/ance ^u our bra91 & n]ves1 & arm-muscles1 ?is w\ld be a violation ( ! law ( ! con/ancy ( ! sum ( en]gy4 ,= 9 ?is case !re w\ld occur1 at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! nexus ( ph5om5a1 a piece ( "w done1 h[ev] small x might be1 = :i* !re 0 no equival5t ( en]gy 9 ! previ\s con/itution4 ,b ?is is1 s9ce ! days ( ,helmholtz1 an impossible assumption4 ,& ?us all ^? exp]im5ts & !ories on :at we h call$ ! 8second l9e0 ( me*ani/ic int]pretation ( ! univ]se %[ !mselves to be relevant to our pres5t subject4 ,int]pretations ( ! psy*ical su* z ^! h giv5 rise to f\r peculi> 8isms0 ( an epi/emological nature1 i4e41 relat$ to a !ory ( k4 ,n infrequ5tly !y are ! hi/orical antec$5ts :i* result 9 ! naturali/ic !ory ( ! psy*ical4 ,^! are nom9alism & s5sualism1 empiricism & a-po/]iorism1 :i*1 sett+ !mselves aga9/ epi/emological rationalism1 assail ! dignity1 ! indep5d5ce1 & ! autonomy ( ! ?9k+ m9d4 ,!y are s necess>ily & closely associat$ ) naturalism t _! fate is intimately b\nd up ) its fate1 & !y are corroborat$ or refut$ ) x4 ,& x w\ld be possible to conduct ! :ole discussion ) :i* we are conc]n$ purely ) ref]5ce to ^! f\r 8isms40 ,! /rife really beg9s 9 _! camp4 ,! s\l is a tabula rasa1 all f\r ma9ta91 a :ite pap] on :i*1 to beg9 )1 no?+ is inscrib$4 ,x br+s ) x nei!r innate k nor comm&s4 ,:at x possesses 9 ! way ( p]cepts1 concepts1 op9ions1 convictions1 pr9ciples ( action1 rules ( conduct1 are inscrib$ ^u x ?r\gh exp]i5ce 7empiricism74 ,t is1 n antec$5t to1 b subsequ5t to exp]i5ce 7a po/]iori74 ,b exp]i5ce c only be ga9$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,only ?us does reality p5etrate into & /amp itself ^u u4 8,:at 0 n fir/ 9 ! s5ses 7s5sus7 _c be 9 ! intellig5ce40 ,:at ! s5ses convey to u alone builds up our m5tal cont5t1 f m]e s5sory p]ceptions upw>ds to ! mo/ ab/ract ideas f ! simple/ psy*ical elem5ts up to ! mo/ complex ideas1 concepts1 & conclusions1 to ! mo/ v>i$ imag9ative con/ructions4 ,& 9 ! developm5t ( ! m5tal cont5t ! 8s\l0 itself is m]ely ! /age ^u :i* all t is acquir$ ?r\gh ! s5ses cr[ds1 & jo/les1 & unites to =m images1 p]ceptions1 & precepts4 ,b x is itself purely passive1 & x becomes :at happ5s to x4 ,!re=e x is n really _s at all1 = _s implies spontaneity1 activity1 & autonomy4 ,philosophy & ! m5tal sci5ces h always _h to c>ry on ! /rife ) ^! f\r oppon5ts4 ,& x is 9 ! teacup ( logic & epi/emology t ! /orm 9 reg>d to !ories ( ! univ]se has aris54 ,x is !re1 & n 9 ! doma9 ( neurology1 or zoology1 t ! real battlefield lies1 ^u :i* ! controv]sy mu/ be f\ght out to ! end4 ,:at foll[s is only a sort ( skirmi% ab\t ! outpo/s4 ,:at naturalism holds 9 reg>d to ! psy*ical & spiritual may be1 p]haps1 mo/ simply express$ by means ( an illu/ration4 ,ov] a wide field !re glide mighty %ad[s 9 con/ant int]play4 ,!y exp& & contract1 become d5s] or light]1 disappe> = a little1 & !n reveal !mselves aga94 ,:ile !y are ?us =m+ & *ang+1 "o /ate foll[s q connect$ly on ano!r4 ,at fir/ "o is tempt$ to believe t !y are self-act+ & self-regulat+1 t !y move freely & pass f "o /ate to ano!r accord+ to causes )9 !mselves4 ,b !n "o sees t !y are ?r[n ^u ! e>? f ! cl\ds above1 n[ 9 ?is way & n[ 9 t1 t all _! /ates & =ms & *anges are no?+ 9 !mselves1 & nei!r effect any?+ 9 !mselves nor react ^u ! occurr5ces & realities up above1 :i* !y only accompany1 & by :i* !y are det]m9$ )\t any co-op]ation on _! own "p1 ev5 9 det]m9+ _! own =m4 ,s x is ) nature & _s4 ,nature is ! true effective reality2 _s is its %ad[1 :i* effects no?+ ei!r )9 or outside ( itself1 b simply happ5s4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,answ]4 ,h[ c ! religi\s conception ( ! _w ju/ify itself & ma9ta9 its fre$om 9 face ( su* views ( _s & spiritual be+8 ,x is que/ionable :e!r x is wor? :ile attempt+ to d s4 ,is n ! ess5ce ( ! validity & fre$om ( _s made mo/ c]ta9 simply ?r\gh ! fact t x is able to inquire into x8 ,if we leave popul> naturalism out ( ! "q1 is n ! attempt made by sci5tific naturalism ! be/ witness aga9/ itself8 ,= sci5tific /udy1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( fundam5tal conceptions & guid+ pr9ciples are only possible if m9d & ?\ght are free & active & creative4 ,! direct exp]i5ce t _s has ( itself1 ( its individuality & fre$om1 ( its incomp>ability ) all t is b5ea? x1 is f> too con/ant & g5u9e to admit ( its be+ put into a difficulty by a doctr9e :i* x has itself e/abli%$4 ,& ?is doctr9e has f> too mu* ! "* ( a 8fix$ !ory0 to c>ry p]man5t inw>d conviction ) x4 ,"h aga91 ! mi/ake made is 9 />t+ ) scepticism & ) ! fewe/ & simple/ assumptions4 ,x is by no means ! case t 9 ord] to discov] ! tru? we mu/ />t always f a position ( scepticism1 in/ead ( f calm confid5ce 9 ourselves & 9 our conviction t we possess 9 direct exp]i5ce ! be/ gu>antee ( tru?4 ,= we exp]i5ce no?+ m c]ta9ly ?an ! cont5t & ri*es ( our own m9d1 its p[] ( act+ & creat+1 & all its great capacities4 ,& x is "p ( ! duty laid ^u u by ! religi\s conception ( ! univ]se1 z well z by all o!r ideali/ic conceptions1 to foll[ ?is pa? ( self-assurance alone1 t is1 ?r\gh self-developm5t & self-deep5+1 ?r\gh self-realisation & self-discipl9e1 to use to ! full 9 our lives all t we h 9 he>t & m9d z possibilities1 t5d5cies1 cont5t1 & capacities1 & s practically to exp]i5ce ! reality & p[] ( ! spiritual t ! mood ( suspicion & di/ru/ ( x mu/ disappe>4 ,! validity ( ?is me?od is corroborat$ by all ! critical insight into ! nature ( our k t we h ga9$ 9 ! c\rse ( our /udy1 & x might be deep5$ 9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> case4 ,= "h1 if any:]e1 we mu/ recognise ! limitations ( our k2 ! impossibility ( atta9+ to a full und]/&+ ( ! true nature & dep?s ( ?+s applies to ! inquir+ m9d & its hidd5 nature4 ,f ,desc>tes to ,leibnitz1 ,kant1 & ,fries1 d[n to ! hi/orian ( mat]ialism itself1 ,f4 ,a4 ,lange1 x has be5 an axiom ( ! ideali/ic philosophy1 express$ n[ 9 dogmatic1 n[ 9 critical =m1 t ! ma!matical-me*anical outlook & causal int]pretation ( ?+s1 n exclud+ a naturali/ic psy*ology1 is ?or\ghly ju/ifiable z a me?od ( arrang+ sci5tifically ! ph5om5a accessible to u & ( p5etrat+ m deeply t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ^!4 ,x is1 inde$1 ju/ifiable1 s long z x does n pr(ess to reveal ! true nature ( ?+s1 b rema9s consci\s ( ! free _s1 ^: own "w & und]tak+ ! :ole is4 ,yet "h aga9 x is by no means necess>y to surr5d] to naturalism a field :i* x has tri$ to take possession (1 b is c]ta9ly unable to hold4 ,we ne$ n try to =ce naturalism to read out ( empirical psy*ology ! high conclusions z to human nature & _s :i* p]ta9 to ! religi\s outlook1 or to f9d 9 ! 8simplicity0 ( ! 8s\l monad0 a k9d ( physical pro( ( its inde/ructibility1 or any?+ ( t k9d4 ,we ma9ta9 t to compreh5d ! true inw>dness ( ! vitality1 fre$om1 dignity1 & p[] ( ! _s is n ! bus9ess ( psy*ology at all1 b may p]haps be dealt ) 9 e?ics1 if x be n admitt$ t ) ^! concepts "o has already ent]$ ! realm ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 & t !y are ! v c5tre ( religi\s !ory4 ,b und\bt$ly we mu/ reject 9 great measure ! claims :i* naturalism makes ^u our doma91 & ma9ta9 t ! mo/ important />t+-po9ts = ! high] view are to be f\nd 9 ! priority ( ev]y?+ spiritual ov] ev]y?+ mat]ial1 9 ! und]ivability ( ! spiritual & ! impossibility ( describ+ x 9 corporeal-ma!matical t]ms & concepts4 ,individual ,developm5t4 ,:at lives 9 u1 z f> z we c p]ceive & trace x 9 its empirical expression1 is n a f9i%$ & spiritual be+ t leaps1 mature & complete1 f "s pre-exi/5ce or o!r into its embodi$ =m1 b is obvi\sly some?+ t only develops & becomes actual v gradually4 ,its becom+ is condition$ by 8/imuli10 influ5ces1 impressions f )\t1 & p]fects itself 9 ! close/ dep5d5ce ^u ! becom+ ( ! body1 is inhibit$ or advanc$ ) x1 & may be entirely arre/$ by x1 =c$ into abnormal developm5ts :i* nev] atta9 to ! level ( an 8ego0 or 8p]sonality10 b rema9 incompreh5sible anomalies & mon/rosities4 ,9 g5]al1 ! psy*ical /ruggles sl[ly & labori\sly free f purely vegetative & physiological processes1 & ga9s control ov] itself & ov] ! body4 ,its self-developm5t & conc5tration to full unity & complet5ess ( p]sonality is only a*iev$ ?r\gh ! deepe/ self-culture1 ?r\gh complete 8simplification0 z ! anci5ts said1 ?r\gh great acts & exp]i5ces ( inw>d c5tralisation su* z t :i* f9ds religi\s expression 9 ! metaphor ( 8reg5]ation40 ,:at 8build+ up0 & self-developm5t ( ! psy*ical means rema9s obscure4 ,if we ?9k ( x z a summation1 an add+ on ( new p>ts & con/itu5ts1 & ?us try to =m a concrete image ( ! process1 we spoil x altoge!r4 ,if we speak ( ! transition f ! pot5tial to ! actual1 f ! t5d5cy to ! realisation1 we may n inde$ spoil x1 b we h done little to make ! process m intelligible4 ,s mu* only we c say3 c]ta9 z x is t ! ,psy*e1 especially z consci\s inn] life1 only gradually develops & becomes actual1 & t 9 ! close/ dep5d5ce ^u ! developm5t1 matur+1 & e/abli%m5t ( ! n]v\s basis & ! bodily organisation 9 g5]al1 yet ! naturali/ic view1 a =tiori ! mat]iali/ic1 is nev] at any po9t correct4 ,!re are ?ree ?+s to be borne 9 m9d4 ,fir/1 ! orig91 ! 8:5ce0 ( ! psy*ical is :olly hidd5 f u1 &1 not)/&+ ! !ory ( evolution & desc5t1 x rema9s an insoluble riddle4 ,& secondly1 h[ev] closely x is associat$ ) & ti$ d[n to ! processes ( bodily developm5t1 x is nev] at any /age ( its developm5t really a function ( x 9 actual & exact correspond5ce & dep5d5ce4 ,& f9ally1 ! fur!r x advances 9 its self-realisation1 ! fur!r ! relation ( dep5d5ce rec$es into ! backgr\nd1 & ! m d ! indep5d5ce & autonomy ( ! psy*ical processes become prom95t4 ,we h /ill to consid] & amplify ?is 9 sev]al respects1 & !n we may g on to /ill m important matt]s4 ,und]ivability4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree po9ts we h call$ att5tion to has1 s to speak1 become fam\s ?r\gh ! lectures ( du ,bois-,reymond1 :i* attract$ mu* att5tion1 on 8,! ,limits ( ,natural ,k10 & 8,! ,sev5 ,riddles ( ! ,univ]se40 ,t ^! ?\ghtful lectures made s great an impression did n mean t a great new discov]y _h be5 made1 b 0 r a sign ( ! g5]al lack ( reflection on ! "p ( ! public1 = !y only express$ :at _h always be5 self-evid5t1 & :at _h only be5 =gott5 ?r\gh ?\ghtlessness1 or conceal$ by polemical rhetoric4 ,consci\sness1 ?\ght1 ev5 ! commone/ s5sation ( pleasure & pa91 or ! simple/ s5se-p]ception1 _c be comp>$ ) 8matt] & en]gy10 ) ! movem5ts ( masses4 ,!y repres5t a =eign & altoge!r inexplicable gue/ 9 ?is _w ( matt]1 molecules1 & elem5ts4 ,ev5 if we c\ld foll[ ! play ( ! n]v\s processes ) :i* s5sation1 consci\sness1 pa91 or pleasure are b\nd up1 into _! mo/ intricate & delicate details1 if we c\ld make ! bra9 transp>5t1 & enl>ge its cells to ! size ( h\ses1 s t1 ) se>*+ glance1 we c\ld c\nt & obs]ve all ! processes1 & ev5 foll[ ! dance ( ! molecules )9 x1 we %\ld nev] see 8pa910 8pleasure10 or 8?\ght10 or any?+ m ?an bodies & _! movem5ts4 ,a ?\ght1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! p]ception t two & two make f\r1 is n long or broad1 above or b5ea?2 x _c be measur$ or weigh$ 9 in*es or p\nds l matt]1 te/$ ) ! manomet]1 !rmomet]1 or electromet] = its pot5tial or int5sity & t5sion1 measur$ by ampres or volts or horse-p[]s l en]gies & electric curr5ts2 x is some?+ :olly diff]5t1 :i* c be kn[n only ?r\gh inn] exp]i5ce1 b :i* is mu* bett] kn[n ?an any?+ else :atev]1 & :i* x is absolutely impossible to comp>e ) any?+ b itself4 ,ev5 if we admit t x c only become actual & develop z an accompanim5t ( processes )9 bodies1 & only )9 ^? bodies we call 8liv+10 & t :]ev] bodies exi/ psy*ical ph5om5a occur2 ev5 if we 7 able1 z we nev] %all be able1 to produce liv+ be+s artificially 9 a retort1 & ev5 if psy*ical ph5om5a occurr$ 9 ^! also1 we %\ld /ill h made no progress t[>ds expla9+ :at ! psy*ical really is4 ,x w\ld /ill only be ! blaz+ up 9 ^! bodies ( a flame :i*1 9 "s inexplicable way1 _h fall5 ^u !m1 & associat$ itself ) !m4 ,we d n d\bt t ?is association1 :]e x takes place1 does s 9 ob$i5ce to ! /ricte/ law & ! mo/ inexorable necessity2 !re=e1 t :]ev] & h[ev] ! corporeal conditions are produc$1 s5sation & consci\sness w awak54 ,= we believe 9 a _w gov]n$ by law4 ,b ! my/]y is 9 no way less5$ by ?is1 & ! mod]n !ory ( evolution ?r[s no light into ?is utt]ly imp5etrable d>kness4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! :ole idea ( 8expla9+0 9 t]ms ( 8evolution0 is a futile "o4 ,! process ( becom+ is pictur$ z a simple process ( cumulation1 a gradual increase ( int5sities1 :ile ! bus9ess is really "o ( *ange 9 quality & ! introduction ( :at is new4 ,9 ! second place1 ! occurr5ce ev5 ( ! fir/ & mo/ primitive s5sation conta9s ! :ole riddle conc5trat$ on a s+le po9t4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! riddle meets u anew & undim9i%$ 9 e develop+ individual4 ,= to say t ! physical inw>dness1 once x has aris51 is 8transmitt$10 is n an explanation b m]ely an admission t ! riddle exi/s4 ,& ! idea t ! psy*ical is j a p5umbra or %ad[ ( reality1 :i* comes ( itself & s to speak gratis1 is q inadmissible f ! po9t ( view ( /rict natural sci5ce4 ,!re are no long] luxus & lusus natur4 ,reality _c ?r[ a 8%ad[40 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy1 we mu/ be able to %[ :5ce x gets ! s-call$ %ad[1 & ) :at x comp5sates = x4 ,pre-em95ce ( ,consci\sness4 ,b we h already sp5t too mu* "t ov] ?is nave mode ( look+ at ?+s1 :i*1 ?\gh x pr(esses to place ?+s 9 _! true light1 9 reality di/orts !m & turns !m upside d[n4 ,z if ?is _w ( ! ext]nal & mat]ial1 all ^! bodies & =ces1 7 our fir/ & mo/ direct data1 & 7 n really all d]iv$ f1 & only discov]able by1 consci\sness4 ,we h "h to d ) ! anci5t view ( all philosophy & all reflection 9 g5]al1 al?\gh 9 mod]n days x has tak5 its place z a great new discov]y ev5 among naturali/s !mselves1 by :om x is extoll$ & recognis$ z 8! conque/ ( mat]ialism40 ,su* exagg]at$ emphasis t5ds to conceal ! fact t ?is tru? has be5 reg>d$ z self-evid5t f v e>ly times4 ,:at is a body1 ext5sion1 movem5t1 col\r1 smell & ta/e8 ,:at d ,i possess ( !m1 or "k ( !m1 except ?r\gh ! images1 s5sations & feel+s :i* !y call up 9 my receptive m9d8 ,no s+le ?+ w&]s into me z itself1 or reveals itself to me directly2 only ?r\gh ! way 9 :i* !y affect me1 ! peculi> *anges :i* !y "w 9 me1 d ?+s reveal to me _! exi/5ce & _! special "*4 ,i h no k ( an apple-tree or ( an apple1 except ?r\gh ! s5se p]ceptions !y call up 9 me4 ,b ^! s5se p]ceptions1 :at are !y b diff]5t peculi> /ates ( my consci\sness1 peculi> det]m9ations ( my m9d8 ,i see t ! tree /&s !re1 b :at is x to see8 ,:at is ! p]ception ( a col\r1 ( light1 ( %ade1 & _! *anges8 ,surely only a peculi> *ange ( my m9d itself1 a p>ticul> /ate ( /imulus & aw>5ess br\ght ab\t 9 myself4 ,& 9 ! same way ,i c feel t ! apple lies !re4 ,b :at is ! p]ception ( resi/ance1 ( h>dness1 ( imp5etrability8 ,no?+ m ?an a feel+1 a *ange 9 my psy*ical /ate1 :i* is unique & _c be describ$ 9 t]ms ( any?+ b itself4 ,ev5 z reg>ds 8attraction & repulsion10 ext]nal exi/5ce only reveals itself to u ?r\gh *anges 9 ! m9d & consci\sness1 :i* we !n attribute to a cause outside ourselves4 ,x is well en\gh kn[n t ?is simple b incontrov]tible fact has (t5 l$ to ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any?+ outside ( ourselves & our consci\sness4 ,b ev5 if we leave ?is difficult subject alone1 x is q c]ta9 t1 if ! "q z to ! pre-em95ce ( consci\sness & its relation to ext]nal ?+s is to be ask$ at all1 x %\ld be =mulat$ z foll[s1 & n conv]sely3 8,h[ c ,i1 />t+ f ! directly giv5 reality & c]ta9ty ( consci\sness & its /ates1 arrive at ! c]ta9ty & reality ( ext]nal ?+s1 sub/ances1 =ces1 physics & *emi/ry80 ,creative ,p[] ( ,consci\sness4 ,to ?is insight into ! und]ivability & pre-em95ce ( consci\sness ov] ! _w ( ext]nal reality !re mu/ be add$ at ?is /age a recognition ( its peculi> creative "*4 ,we h "h to recognise t consci\sness itself creates its _w1--t is1 ! _w t becomes our own ?r\gh actual exp]i5ce1 possession1 & enjoym5t4 ,we are l$ to ?is position ev5 by ! conception n[ curr5t 9 natural sci5ce ( ! _w z x is1 n z x is mirror$ 9 consci\sness1 & ! !ory ( ! 8subjectivity ( s5sory qualities40 ,! qualities :i* we p]ceive 9 ?+s ?r\gh ! s5ses are 8subjective02 philosophy has long taught t1 & n[ natural sci5ce tea*es x too4 ,t is to say1 ^! qualities are n actually pres5t 9 ! ?+s !mselves2 !y are r ! p>ticul> responses :i* our consci\sness makes to /imuli4 ,take1 = in/ance1 tone or col\r4 ,:at we call tone or s\nd is n kn[n to ac\/ics4 ,t takes cognisance only ( vibrations & ! conditions ( vibration 9 ela/ic bodies1 :i*1 by means ( ! e> & ! n]ves ( he>+1 become a /imulus ( consci\sness4 ,consci\sness 8responds0 to ?is /imulus by receiv+ a s5se-impression ( he>+4 ,b 9 ?is1 obvi\sly1 !re is no?+ ( ! nature ( oscillations & vibrations1 b some?+ q diff]5t4 ,:at outside ( u is no?+ m ?an a complex process ( movem5t accord+ to ma!matical conditions1 blossoms )9 u to a _w ( s\nd1 tone1 & music4 ,! _w itself is s\ndless1 toneless4 ,& ! same is true ( light & col\r2 8light0 & 8blue0 are no?+ 9 !mselves--are n prop]ties ( ?+s !mselves4 ,!y are only ! inf9itely rapid movem5ts ( an inf9itely delicate sub/ance1 ! e!r4 ,b :5 ^! meet our consci\sness1 !y sp9 !mselves )9 u into ?is _w ( light & col\r1 ( brilliance & beauty4 ,?us )\t u !re is a _w ( a purely ma!matical nature1 )\t quality1 *>m1 or value4 ,b ! _w we "k1 ! _w ( s\nd1 light1 & col\r1 ( all prop]ties :atsoev]1 ( ! ugly or ! beautiful1 ( pa9 & pleasure1 is 9 ! mo/ real s5se ! product ( consci\sness itself1 a creation :i*1 incit$ by some?+ outside ( itself & ( a totally diff]5t nature1 :i* we c h>dly call 8_w10 evolves out ( itself & causes to blossom4 ,no "p ( ?is creation is giv5 f )\t2 n ! blue ( ! heav5s1 = outside ( u !re is no col\r1 only vibrations ( ! e!r2 n ! gold ( ! sun nor ! r$ glory ( ! ev5+ sky4 ,ext]nal nature is no?+ m ?an ! /imulus1 ! pressure ^u ! m9d1 :i* lib]ates f its dep?s ! peculi> reactions & responses to ?is /imulus1 & calls !m =? f its own treasure-/ores4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ?is creat+ ! consci\sness is entirely dep5d5t on ! impressions /amp$ on x f outside1 & to t ext5t ^u 8exp]i5ce40 ,b x is by no means a tabula rasa1 & a m]ely passive mirror ( ! out] _w1 = x translates ! /imulus ?us receiv$ into q a diff]5t language1 & builds up f x a new reality1 :i* is q unlike ! ma!matical & qualityless reality )\t4 ,& ?is activity on ! "p ( consci\sness beg9s on ! v l[e/ /ages4 ,! simple/ p]ception ( light or col\r1 ! fir/ feel+ ( pleasure or discom=t1 is a reaction ( ! psy*ical1 :i* br+s ab\t some?+ entirely new & unique4 8,! _s is nev] passive40 ,t ! psy*ical is n d]ivable f ! physical1 t x does n arise out ( x1 is n second>y to x1 b pre-em95t ov] x1 is n passive b creative2 s mu* we h already ga9$ to set ov] aga9/ naturalism4 ,b its claims are ev5 m affect$ by ! fact ( real psy*ical causality4 ,we ne$ n "h conc]n ourselves ) ! difficult "q1 :e!r ! m9d c ( itself act ^u ! body1 & ?r\gh x ^u ! ext]nal _w4 ,b 9 ! logical consi/5ce ( naturalism !re 0 impli$ n only a negative answ] to ?is la/ "q1 b also a d5ial ( ! causality ( ! psy*ical1 ev5 )9 itself & its own doma94 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! figure ( ! cl\d %ad[s4 ,9 consci\sness /ate foll[s ^u /ate1 a ^u b1 b ^u c4 ,accord+ to naturalism1 b is n really ! result ( a1 nor c ( b1 = 9 t case !re w\ld be indep5d5ce ( ph5om5a1 & di/9ctness ( laws 9 ! psy*ical4 ,b z all ! /ates1 a1 b1 & c1 ( ! cl\d %ad[s1 dep5d ^u /ates a1 b1 & c1 ( ! cl\ds !mselves1 b d n !mselves =m a concat5ation ( causes1 s all ! /ates ( ! m9d dep5d ^u ^? ( ! body1 9 :i* alone !re is a true *a9 ( causes because !y alone h true reality4 ,?is is a complete di/ortion ( ! facts ( ! case4 ,x w\ld nev] be possible to p]suade oneself or any "o else t ! arm1 = in/ance1 did n b5d simply because we will$ t x %\ld4 ,& x is /ill less possible to d\bt t !re are sequ5ces ( causes )9 ! psy*ical1 t 9 ! _w ( ?\ght & feel+1 ( desire & w1 "o ?+ calls up ano!r1 awakes x1 impels x onw>ds1 & influ5ces x4 ,inde$1 ! mode ( influ5ce is peculi>ly ri*1 subtle1 & c]ta94 ,m5tal images & exp]i5ces ar\se joy or sorr[1 admiration or repulsion4 ,"o image calls up ano!r1 =ces x to appe> accord+ to q peculi> laws1 or may cr[d x out4 ,feel+s call up desires1 desires lead to det]m9ation4 ,good news actually causes joy1 ?is is actually /r5g!n$ to will+1 & ! new situation gives rise to actual resolves4 ,all ?is is s obvi\s & s unque/ionable t no naturalism c possibly prevail aga9/ x4 ,x has also long be5 made ! subject ( special inve/igation & c>efully regulat$ exp]im5t1 & x is "o ( ! *ief subjects ( mod]n psy*ological sci5ce4 ,& especially z reg>ds ! diff]5t =ms ( 8association ( ideas10 ! p>ticul> laws ( ?is psy*ical causality h be5 e/abli%$4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t ?is psy*ology ( association has itself 9 a deep] s5se c]ta9 dang]s f ! po9t ( view ( ! fre$om ( ! m9d1 & x is apt to lead1 n inde$ to naturali/ic conceptions1 b to views accord+ to :i* ! 8s\l0 is r$uc$ to ! level ( a passive frame & /age1 s to speak1 = ! exhibition ( m5tal me*anics & /atics4 8,ideas0 or ?\ghts1 or /ates ( feel+s1 are sometimes repres5t$ almo/ z actual little realities1 :i* come & g 9 accordance ) _! own laws ( attraction & repulsion1 unite & sep>ate aga91 by virtue ( a k9d ( m5tal gravitation1 move & cr[d "o ano!r1 s t "o mu/ almo/ say 8x ?9ks10 z "o says 8x ra9s10 & n 8! m9d ?9ks0 or 8,i ?9k40 ,b m ( ?is lat]4 ,?is psy*ological ord]l9ess is 9 %>p antagonism to pure naturalism4 ,x describes ! laws ( a sequ5ce ( causes1 :i* h no?+ to d ) ! physical1 *emical1 or me*anical1 & cle>ly e/abli%es ! uniqu5ess1 indep5d5ce1 & und]ivability ( ! psy*ical z contra/$ ) ! physical4 ,! individuality & incomm5surability ( ?is psy*ical causality %[s itself 9 ano!r s]ies ( factors :i* make ev5 ! =m ( ! psy*ical process q di/9ctive1 & produce ph5om5a :i* h no p>allel 9 ! mat]ial sequ5ces ( ! _w1 inde$1 conflict ) all its fundam5tal laws4 ,! great psy*ologi/s ( to-day1 ,wundt 9 p>ticul>1 & ,james1 h frequ5tly emphasis$ ^! factors4 ,we c only briefly call att5tion to a few po9ts1 z1 = in/ance1 ,wundt's !ory ( ! creative resultants ?r\gh :i* ! psy*ical processes %[ !mselves to be q outside ( ! scope ( ! laws ( equival5ce :i* hold good 9 ! physical4 ,if1 9 ! realm ( ! corporeal1 two compon5ts ( en]gy1 a & b1 come toge!r1 !y unite 9 a common resultant c1 :i* includes 9 "p a new movem5t1 9 "p trans=mation into heat1 b always 9 su* a way t c rema9s equal to a & b4 ,b x is o!rwise 9 ! psy*ical4 ,"h !re occurs :at may be call$ an increase 7& a qualitative *ange7 ( ! psy*ical en]gy4 ,if we take ! notes1 c1 e1 & g1 & call ! s5sation- & p]ception-value ( ! individual notes x1 y1 z1 :5 !y come toge!r1 ! result+ s5sation-value is by no means simply x y z1 = a 8h>mony0 results ( :i* ! effect is n only great] ?an ! m]e sum ( x y z1 b is qualitatively diff]5t4 ,?is is true ( all doma9s ( psy*ical exp]i5ce4 ,! p>allels f me*anical op]ation _c be appli$ 9 any case4 ,^! only supply inadequate analogies & symbols :i* nev] really repres5t ! actual /ate ( ! case4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 a motive1 m1 t impels u t[>ds a p>ticul> action1 & ano!r1 n1 t h9d]s u4 ,if ^! meet 9 u1 ! result is n simply a weak5+ ( ! p[] ( ! "o1 & a rema9+ motive ( ! /r5g? ( m m9us n4 ,! meet+ ( ! two creates an entirely new & peculi> m5tal situation1 :i* gives rise to conflict & *oice1 & ! resultant victori\s motive is nev] "u any circum/ances m-n1 b may be a d\ble or ?ree-fold m or n4 ,?us1 9 ! diff]5t aspects ( psy*ical activity1 !re are factors :i* make x impossible to comp>e ^! ) o!r activities1 remove !m outside ( ! scope ( ! law ( ! equival5ce ( cause & effect1 & prove t !re is self-increase & gr[? on ! "p ( psy*ical en]gies4 ,& all su* ph5om5a lead u away f ! /&po9t ( any m]e !ory ( association4 ,activity ( ,consci\sness4 ,naturalism takes refuge 9 ! doctr9e ( association1 :5 x does n atta9 any?+ ) its fir/ claims1 & applies ?is !ory 9 su* a way t x seems possible f ?is /&po9t to int]pret m5tal processes z hav+ an approximate resemblance to me*anically & ma!matically calculable ph5om5a4 ,z 9 physics ! molecules & atoms1 s "h ! smalle/ m5tal elem5ts1 ! simple/ units ( feel+ are s\ght =1 & f _! relations ( attraction & repulsion1 _! gr\p+s & movem5ts1 x is suppos$ t ! :ole m5tal _w may be con/ruct$ up to its highe/ cont5ts1 w1 ideals1 & developm5t ( "*4 ,b ev5 ! analogy1 ! model :i* is foll[$1 & ! fact t a model is foll[$ at all1 %[ t ?is me?od is uncritical & n unprejudic$4 ,:at reason is !re = reg>d+ occurr5ces 9 ! realm ( physics z a norm = ! psy*ical8 ,:y %\ld "o n r />t f ! peculi> & v /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! two1 f ! prim>y & fundam5tal fact1 n inde$ capable ( explanation1 b all ! m wor?y ( att5tion on t acc\nt1 t !re is an absolute diff]5ce betwe5 physical occurr5ces & m5tal behavi\r1 betwe5 physical & m5tal causality8 ,^! mo/ primitive & simple/ m5tal elem5ts :i* are suppos$ to float & h _! be+ )9 ! m9d z 9 a k9d ( spiritual e!r are n atoms at all1 b de$s1 actions1 p]=mances4 ,! laws ( ! association ( ideas are n ! laws ( a m5tal *emi/ry1 b laws ( m5tal behavi\r2 v fix$ & reliable laws1 b /ill hav+ to d ) modes ( behavi\r4 ,_! sep>at+ & unit+1 _! relations to "o ano!r1 _! gr\p+ into unities1 _! 8syn!ses10 are n automatic p]mutations & comb9ations1 b express ! activity ( a ?9k+ intellig5ce4 ,n ev5 ! simple/ actual syn!sis comes ab\t ( itself1 z psy*ologi/s h %[n by a neat illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,squ>e a#b1 next to small] squ>e b#b4 ,above !m are horizontal l9es a & b1 ! same l5g?s z ! wid?s ( ! squ>es bel[ !m4 ,caption3 a & b only associat$4 ,squ>es ( a & b 9 juxtaposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,squ>e c#b4 ,above x is horizontal l9e c1 ! same l5g? z ! wid? ( ! squ>e bel[ x4 ,caption3 a & b really syn!tis$ to c4 ,squ>e ( a b z a true unity c#b4 ,giv5 t1 ?r\gh "s association1 ! image ( ! l9e a calls up t ( ! l9e b1 & bo? are associatively rang$ toge!r1 we h /ill n made ! real syn!sis a b c4 ,= to ?9k ( a & b side by side is n ! same ?+ z ?9k+ ( c1 z we %all readily see if we squ>e !m4 ,! squ>es ( a & b ?\ght ( beside "o ano!r1 t is1 a#b & b#b1 are some?+ q diff]5t f ! squ>e ( ! really syn!tis$ a & b1 :i* is 7a b7#b a#b #b;ab b#b1 or c #b4 ,?is requires q a new view1 a spontane\s syn!sis1 :i* is an action & n a m]e exp]i5ce4 ,! ,ego4 ,x 0 cu/om>y 9 e>li] psy*ology1 z x /ill is 9 all apologetic psy*ology1 to reg>d ! s\l z a unifi$1 immat]ial1 indivisible & !re=e inde/ructible sub/ance1 z a monad1 :i*1 z a unity )\t p>ts1 sup]ior to its own capacities & ! *anges ( its /ates1 is at all times "o & ! same subject4 ,_m attempts h be5 made s9ce ! "t ( ,plot9us to accumulate pro(s ( ?is sub/antial unity4 ,we may leave ?is "q unt\*$ "h1 & ne$ n ev5 inquire :e!r ^! def9itions are n !mselves ?+s ( ! ext]nal _w employ$ z images & analogies & pu%$ too f>4 ,b !re are ?ree factors :i* may be e/abli%$ 9 reg>d to ! psy*ical 9 spite ( all naturali/ic opposition2 & ^? :o h attempt$ to f9d pro(s = ! traditional idea we h not$1 h usually really _h ^! ?ree 9 m9d1 & q rightly s3 !y are1 self-consci\sness1 ! unity ( consci\sness1 & ! consci\sness ( ! ego4 ,self-,consci\sness4 #a4 ,our consci\sness is n m]ely a k ( _m individual ?+s1 ! possession ( concrete & ab/ract1 p>ticul> or g5]al conceptions & ideas1 ! *]i%+ ( s5sations1 feel+s & ! l4 ,we n only "k1 b we "k t we "k1 & we c pond] 9 ?\ght ov] ! v fact t we are able ?us to reflect 9 ?\ght4 ,?\ght c turn its att5tion ^u itself1 c e/abli% t x takes place1 & h[ x runs its c\rse1 c reflect ^u ! =ms 9 :i* x expresses itself1 its p[]s1 its laws1 possibilities1 & limits1 & c pond] ov] ! g5]al nature ( ?\ght & ! cont+5t individual nature ( ! p>ticul> ?9k+ subject4 7,! v possibility & prelim9>y condition ( moral fre$om is impli$ 9 ?is47 ,h[ naturalism is to d ju/ice to ?is fact x is n easy to see4 ,ev5 if x 7 possible t ! m5tal cont5t 0 ga9$ ?r\gh m]e exp]i5ce1 t comp>isons1 syn!ses1 & ab/ractions 7 =m$ simply accord+ to ! laws ( association1 & t ^! 7 sublim$ & ref9$ to g5]al ideas1 & c\ld gr[ into axioms ( logic & ( geometry1 or cry/allise into necess>y & axiomatic pr9ciples--none ( :i* c happ5--yet x w\ld always be a k ( some?+4 ,b h[ ?is some?+ c\ld be giv5 to itself rema9s undiscov]able4 ,! s\l is a tabula rasa & a m]e mirror1 says ?is !ory4 ,b x w\ld /ill require to %[ h[ ! silv] lay] beh9d ! mirror began to see itself 9 ! mirror4 ,! ,unity ( ,consci\sness4 #b4 ,! same holds true ( ! unity ( consci\sness1 ( :i* we are directly conv9c$4 ,x is q inexplicable if consci\sness is a function ( ! ext5d$ & divisible physical sub/ratum :i* is built up ( n]ve-cells & n]ve-fibres4 ,& yet ?is unity is ! fundam5tal condition ( our :ole inn] life4 ,ev5 ! facts ( association demon/rate x4 ,two images c\ld n come toge!r1 ! "o c\ld n call up ! o!r1 if !y 7 n possess$ 9 ! same consci\sness1 & c\ld unite 9 x4 ,x is ! prelim9>y condition ( e high] mode ( ?\ght1 ( e relat+ ( ?+s1 ( e comp>ison & ab/raction4 ,no judgm5t c be =m$1 no conclusion drawn )\t ?is4 ,h[ c\ld a pr$icate become associat$ ) its subject1 or a pr9cipal clause ) its subord9ate clause1 if !y 7 9 sep>ate consci\snesses1 & h[ c\ld ! conclusion be drawn f !m8 ,consci\sness ( ! ,ego4 #c4 ,?is unifi$ self-consci\sness is consci\sness ( ! ego4 ,x is only by means ( an artificial ab/raction t we c leave out ( acc\nt 9 ! consid]ation ( processes ( ?\ght ! peculi> factor ( p]sonal relation%ip t absolutely atta*es to e ?\ght )9 u4 ,!re are no ?\ghts 9 g5]al t play _! "p ( !mselves alone4 8,x0 nev] 8?9ks0 9 me4 ,on ! contr>y1 all s5sation1 ?\ght1 & w has 9 e human be+ a peculi> c5tral relation%ip to :i* we ref] :5 we say 8my idea10 8my s5sation40 ,:at ! 8,i0 is _c be def9$4 ,x is t ?r\gh :i* ! relation ( all exp]i5ces & actions is ref]r$ to a po9t1 & ?r\gh :i* ! treasur+ ( !m = good or ill1 ! appreciation1 ! valuation ( !m is accompli%$4 ,& x plays its "p ev5 9 ! case ( cold & indiff]5t items ( k4 ,= in/ance1 t twice two are f\r is n simply a p]ception1 x is my p]ception4 ,( ! ego itself no?+ m c be said ?an t x is ! ?\ght ( me z ! subject ( all exp]i5ce1 will+1 & action1 & if we try to take hold ( x no?+ m ?an ?is =mula rema9s4 ,yet ! fact t ! ego is ! subject ( all ?is1 gives conduct1 w1 & exp]i5ce t peculi> "* :i* di/+ui%es !m f m]e action & reaction4 ,= x is directly c]ta9 t all ! psy*ical cont5ts are n only co-exi/5ces 9 "o consci\sness b t !y are possess$ by x4 ,?us 9 summ+ up we h to say1 t x is ?r\gh ! ego t all psy*ical activities & exp]i5ces are c5tr$ & relat$1 t ! ego is itself ! po9t ( relation1 t x is ! reason ( ! unity ( consci\sness & ( ! possibility ( self-consci\sness1 & t 9 all ?is x is ! mo/ c]ta9 reality1 )\t :i* ! simple/ psy*ical life w\ld be impossible4 ,at ! same "t1 x is difficult to /ate :at ! 8ego0 is 9 itself1 ap>t f ! effects 9 :i* x reveals itself4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,_s4 ,! consci\sness ( ! ego leads u naturally to ! consci\sness ( fre$om4 ,fre$om ( ! m9d is no simple idea2 x embraces v>i\s cont5ts :i* be> ! relation ( /ages to "o ano!r1 & ea* high] /age presupposes ! "o bel[ x4 ,fre$om is1 fir/ ( all1 ! ^w :i* expresses t we are really ag5ts1 n m]e po9ts ( transit = ph5om5a =eign to ourselves1 b />t+-po9ts ( ph5om5a peculi> to u1 actual causes1 be+s :o are able to initiate activity1 to control ?+s & set !m 9 motion4 ,"h ! :ole "q ( fre$om becomes simply ! "q ( ! reality & causality ( ! w4 ,is ! w some?+ really factual1 or is x only ! /range illusion to :i* ,sp9oza1 = in/ance1 ref]r$ 9 8 illu/ration ( ! fly+ /one8 ,x w\ld be purely an illusion ( t k9d if mat]ialism 7 ! true int]pretation ( ?+s1 & ! psy*ical 7 no?+ m ?an an accompanim5t ( o!r 8true0 realities1 & ev5 if ! doctr9e ( psy*ical atoms we h already m5tion$ 7 correct4 ,?is idea ( fre$om spe$ily rises to a high] plane4 ,fre$om is always fre$om f some?+1 9 ?is case f a compulsion com+ f outside1 & f ?+s & circum/ances =eign to u4 ,9 ma9ta9+ fre$om ( ! m9d x is ass]t$ t x c pres]ve its own nature & laws 9 face ( ext]nal compulsion or laws1 & 9 face ( ! m]ely psy*ological compulsion ( ! 8l[] c\rses ( ?\ght10 ev5 f ! 8half-natural0 laws ( ! association ( ideas4 ,?us 8fre$om0 is pre-em95tly fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,& 9 speak+ ?us we are presuppos+ t ! m9d has a nature ( its own1 di/+ui%$ ev5 f ! purely psy*ological nature1 & has a code ( laws ( its own1 ly+ beyond ! scope ( all natural laws1 :i* psy*ical motives & physical conditions may prev5t x foll[+1 b :i* !y c nev] susp5d or pull d[n to _! own level4 8,d] ,m5s* i/ frei1 und wr' er 9 ,kett5 gebor540 ,"h at la/ we arrive at :at is s (t5 exclusively1 b errone\sly1 includ$ "u ! "n ( fre$om1 or 8fre$om ( ! w10 t is practical fre$om1 ! fre$om to recognise moral laws & ideals1 & to =m moral judgm5ts aga9/ all psy*ological compulsion1 & to w to all[ ourselves to be det]m9$ by ^!4 ,f ?is "q ( moral fre$om we might f9ally pass to t ) :i* x is usual ov]-ha/ily to beg93 ! problem ( s-call$ fre$om ( *oice1 ( ! 8equilibrium0 ( ! w1 a problem 9 :i* are c5tr$ all ! purely !oretical int]e/s ( ! doctr9e ( ! w 9 g5]al1 & e?ical int]e/s 9 p>ticul>4 ,! :ole doma9 is s enorm\s t we _c ev5 attempt to sket* x "h4 ,! g5]al be>+ ( ! :ole c be made cle>e/ at ! second /age1 b we _c entirely pass ov] ! fir/4 ,9 ?is inquiry into ! problem ( ! w x is n necess>y to discuss :e!r we are able by x to br+ ab\t ext]nal effects1 movem5ts1 & *anges 9 our bodies4 ,we may po/pone ?is "q once m4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! problem lies 9 ! doma9 ( ! psy*ical4 ,to move an arm or a leg is a relatively unimportant function ( ! w z comp>$ ) ! delib]ate adoption ( a rule ( conduct1 ) inw>d self-discipl9e1 self-culture1 & ! developm5t ( "*4 ,t we 8w10 & :at x is to w1 _c really be demon/rat$ at all1 or def5d$ aga9/ attacks4 ,x simply is s4 ,x is a fundam5tal psy*ical fact :i* c only be prov$ by be+ exp]i5c$4 ,if !re 7 any:]e a w-less be+1 ,i c\ld n prove to him t !re is su* a ?+ z w1 because ,i c\ld nev] make cle> to him :at w is4 ,& ! !ories oppos$ to fre$om ( ! w _c be refut$ 9 any way except by simply say+ t !y are false4 ,!y d n describe :at really takes place 9 u4 ,we d n f9d )9 ourselves ei!r ! cl\d-%ad[s or ! play ( psy*ical1 m9ima already ref]r$ to1 ) _! cr[d+ up ( images1 br++ "s into prom95ce & displac+ !m aga9 :ile we rema9 passive--we f9d ourselves will+4 ,^! !ories %\ld at lea/ be able to expla9 :5ce came ?is m>vell\s halluc9ation1 ?is appe>ance ( w 9 u1 :i* mu/ h its cause1 & !y %\ld also be able to say :5ce came ! idea ( ! w4 ,sp9oza's example ( ! /one1 :i* seem$ to itself to fly :5 x 0 simply ?r[n1 does n meet ! facts ( ! case4 ,if ! ?r[n /one _h self-consci\sness1 x w\ld c]ta9ly n say1 8,i am fly+10 b w\ld m]ely wond]1 8,:at has happ5$ to me sudd5ly80 ,we _c demon/rate :at w is1 we c only make x cle> to ourselves by p]=m+ an act ( w & obs]v+ ourselves 9 ! do+ ( x4 ,let u comp>e1 = in/ance1 a psy*ical /ate :i* we call 8att5tion0 ) ano!r :i* we call 8di/raction40 ,9 ?is la/ !re is a /age :]e ! w re/s4 ,!re is actually an un9hibit$ activity ( 8! l[] c\rse ( ?\ght10 a disconnect$ 8dream+10 a confus$ automatic movem5t ( ?\ghts & feel+s accord+ to purely associative laws4 ,!n sudd5ly we pull ourselves toge!r1 r\se ourselves out ( ?is /ate ( di/raction4 ,some?+ new comes into ! c\rse ( our ?\ghts4 ,x is ! w4 ,n[ !re is control & def9ite guidance ( our ?\ghts & rejection ( subsidi>y association--ideas t ?ru/ !mselves ^u u4 ,p>ticul> ?\ghts c be select$1 p>ticul> feel+s or m5tal cont5ts kept 9 focus z long z we desire4 ,9 ?us select+ & guid+ ideas1 9 keep+ !m 9 m9d or lett+ !m g1 we see ! w 9 action4 ,?is br+s u to fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,?is lies 9 ! fact1 n m]ely t we c ?9k1 b t we c & desire to ?9k rightly1 & t we are able to measure our ?\ghts by ! /&>d ( 8true0 or 8false40 ,naturalism is pr\d ( ! fact t x desires no?+ m ?an to se>* aft] tru?4 ,to ?is x is ready to sacrifice all expressions ( feel+ or s5tim5t1 & all prejudices4 ,! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru? is its ideal1 ev5 if all pet ideas h to give way be=e x4 ,x usually saddles itself ) ! idea ( ! good & ! beautiful along ) ?is 8idea ( tru?10 b is resolv$1 s9ce x mu/ soon see = itself t x is able to secure only a v d\btful basis = ^!1 to sacrifice !m to tru? if ne$ be4 ,?is is wor?y ( hon\r17#ajg7 b x implies a curi\s self-deception4 ,= if naturalism be 9 ! "r1 ?\ght is n free1 & if ?\ght be n free !re c be no su* ?+ z tru?1 = !re c be no e/abli%+ ( :at tru? is4 ,let u attempt to make ?is pla9 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,accord+ to ! naturali/ic-psy*ological !ory1 ! play ( our ?\ghts1 our impressions ( ?+s & prop]ties1 _! comb9ation 9 judgm5ts or 9 8p]ceptions10 are dep5d5t on physiological processes ( ! bra91 & !re=e ^u natural laws1 or1 accord+ to "s1 on peculi> attractions & repulsions among ! impressions !mselves1 regulat$ by ! laws ( association4 ,if t & t only 7 ! case1 ,i %\ld be able to say t su* a conception 0 pres5t 9 my m9d1 or t ?is or t ?\ght _h aris5 9 me1 & ,i might p]haps be able to trace ! connection :i* made x necess>y t x %\ld arise at t p>ticul> "t4 ,b e ?\ght w\ld be equally "r4 ,or r !re c\ld be no "q ( "r or wrong 9 ! matt] at all4 ,i c\ld n =bid any ?\ght to be !re1 c\ld n compel x to make way = ano!r1 p]haps exactly its opposite4 ,yet ,i d ?is cont9ually4 ,i nev] m]ely obs]ve :at ?\ghts are 9 my own m9d or 9 ano!r's4 ,= ,i h a con/ant ideal1 a plumb-l9e accord+ to :i* ,i measure1 or c measure1 e tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,& ,i c compel o!rs to apply ?is same plumb-l9e to _! ?\ghts4 ,?is plumb-l9e is logic4 ,x is ! unique law ( ! m9d itself :i* conc]ns itself ab\t no law ( nature or ( association :atsoev]4 ,& h[ev] mighty a flood ( conceptions & associations may at times p\r ?r\gh me 9 consequ5ce ( v>i\s confus$ physiological /ates ( excitem5t affect+ ! bra91 or 9 consequ5ce ( ! fanta/ic dance ( ! associations ( ideas1 ! ego is always able 9 free ?\ght to int]v5e 9 its own psy*ical exp]i5ces1 & to te/ :i* comb9ations ( ideas h be5 logically ?\ght out & are !re=e "r1 & :i* are wrong4 ,x (t5 en\gh refra9s f ex]cis+ ?is control1 leav+ ! l[] c\rses ( ?\ght free play4 ,h5ce ! mi/akes 9 our ?9k+1 ! errors 9 judgm5t1 ! ?\s& inconsi/5cies & self-deceptions4 ,b ! m9d c d o!rwise1 c def5d itself f int]ruptions & extrane\s influ5ces by mak+ use ( its fre$om & ( its p[] to foll[ its own laws & no o!rs4 ,x is ?us possible = u to h n only psy*ical exp]i5ces b k2 only 9 ?is way c tru? be rea*$1 & error reject$4 ,?us sci5ce c foll[ a sure c\rse4 ,?us alone1 = in/ance1 c\ld ! great edifice ( geometry & ari?metic h be5 built up 9 its inde/ructible c]ta9ty4 ,! progress f axiom to !orem & to all t foll[s is due to free ?\ght1 obey+ ! laws ( inf]5ce & demon/ration1 & entirely unconc]n$ ab\t ! laws ( association or ! natural laws ( ! n]v\s agitations1 ! electric curr5ts1 & o!r plays ( en]gy :i* may g on 9 ! bra9 at ! same "t4 ,:at h ! laws ( ! syllogism to d ) ! tempor>y /ates ( t5sion 9 ! bra91 :i*1 if !y _h free c\rse1 w\ld probably foll[ l9es v diff]5t f ^? ( ,euclid1 & if !y *anc$ once 9 a way to foll[ ! "r l9es f among ! millions ( possibilities1 w\ld c]ta9ly soon turn to diff]5t ones1 & c\ld nev] exam9e !m to see :e!r !y 7 "r or n4 ,?us x is n any highly aspir+ emotional desire or any premature prejudice1 b ! solid old sci5ce ( logic t fir/ & mo/ det]m9$ly %uts ! door 9 face ( ! claims ( naturalism4 ,if we comb9e ?is ) :at has already be5 said on page #aed1 we %all see h[ dang]\s x w\ld be = naturalism to be prov$ "r 9 ! dispute2 = !n x w\ld be :olly wrong4 ,=1 z x is only ?r\gh ! free1 ?9k+ m9d t true & false c be di/+ui%$ & br\ght into relation ) ?+s1 s only ?r\gh x c we h an ideal ( tru? to be recognis$ & /riv5 aft]1 & t spontane\s1 p]t9aci\s1 se>*+1 foll[+1 & discov]+ :i* con/itutes sci5ce z a :ole & 9 detail4 ,& 9 s f> z naturalism itself claims to be no?+ m ?an an attempt t[>ds ?is goal1 x is itself only possible on ! basis ( some?+ :i* x d5ies4 ,fre$om ( ?\ght is also ! mo/ obvi\s example ( t fre$om ( ! _s 9 morally 8will+10 :i* x is ! bus9ess ( e?ical sci5ce to tea* & def5d4 ,z 9 ! "o case ?\ght %[s itself sup]ior to ! physiologically or psy*ologically condition$ sequ5ce ( its concepts1 s ! free _s1 9 ! uniqu5ess ( its moral laws1 reveals itself z "l ov] all ! motives1 ! l[] feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 t h _! play )9 u4 ,z 9 ! "o case x is free to measure accord+ to ! crit]ia ( true or false1 & ?us is able to int]v5e 9 ! sequ5ce ( its own conceptions1 correct+ & confirm+1 s 9 ! o!r x is able to e/imate by ! crit]ia ( good or bad4 ,z 9 ! "o case x c>ries )9 x its own fundam5tal laws z logic1 s 9 ! o!r ! moral ideals & fundam5tal judgm5ts :i* arise out ( its own be+4 ,& 9 bo? cases x is free f nature & natural law1 & capable ( subord9at+ nature to its own rules1 9 s f> z x 8wills10 & ( becom+ subord9ate to nature--9 errone\s ?9k+ & non-moral act+--9 s f> z x does n w4 ,feel+1 ,individuality1 ,g5ius1 & ,my/icism4 ,! f\r ?+s "h m5tion$ are v closely associat$ ) "o ano!r1 especially ! second & ?ird1 z is easily p]ceiv$1 b ! second is root$ 9 ! fir/4 ,& 9 ! second & ?ird !re is already to be discov]$ a factor :i* goes beyond ! sph]e ( ! purely rational1 & is no long] accessible to our compreh5sion1 b c>ries u ov] into ! sph]e ( ! f\r?4 ,?is is really true ev5 ( ! ph5om5a ( moral consci\sness & moral 8fre$om40 ,9 ?is quality1 & 9 ! e?ical ideal ( 8p]sonality10 !re is impli$ some?+ t is inaccessible to a purely rational consid]ation1 & is directly relat$ to my/]y & div9ation4 7,:at is 8p]sonality08 ,we all feel x4 ,we respect x f ! dep?s ( our s\l :]ev] we meet x4 ,we b[ d[n be=e x unconditionally4 ,b :at x is no philosophy has ev] yet be5 able def9itely to /ate4 ,9 seek+ to compreh5d x intuition & feel+ mu/ always play ! l>ge/ "p47 ,feel+4 ,x is 9 ! f\r attributes "h emphasis$ t ! true nature ( m9d 9 its und]ivability & sup]iority to all nature fir/ becomes cle>4 ,all t we h s f> consid]$ "u ! "n ( m9d is only prelim9>y & leads up to ?is4 ,all reality ( ext]nal ?+s is ( little acc\nt comp>$ ) t ( ! m9d4 ,x does n occur to any "o 9 practice to reg>d any?+ 9 ! :ole _w z m real & g5u9e ?an 8 own love & hate1 fe> & hope1 8 pa91 f ! simple/ discom=t due to a w\nd to ! pangs ( consci5ce & ! gnaw+s ( remorse--8 pleasure1 f ! m]e/ com=t to ! highe/ raptures ( delight4 ,?is _w ( feel+ is = u ! mean+ ( all exi/5ce4 ,! m we plunge ourselves into x1 ! deep] are ! intricacies & my/]ies x reveals4 ,at e po9t und]ivable & un9telligible 9 t]ms ( physiological processes1 x reveals itself f /age to /age z m deeply & :olly unique 9 its relations1 int]actions1 & processes1 & gr[s f>!r & f>!r beyond ! lab\r$ & insuffici5t s*emes & =mulas "u :i* sci5ce desires to range all psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,individuality4 ,x is especially 9 8feel+0 t :at we call individuality has its roots4 ,! individual really means ! 8indivisible10 & 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w ne$ mean no?+ m ?an ! ego1 & ! unity ( consci\sness ( :i* we h already spok54 ,b ?r\gh a *ange 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w we h come to mean mu* m ?an t by x4 ,?is individuality =ces itself mo/ di/9ctly ^u our att5tion 9 reg>d to prom95t & di/+ui%$ p]sons4 ,x is ! p>ticul> det]m9ation ( _! psy*ical nature t m>ks !m out s di/9ctly1 & x (t5 r escapes analysis & *>act]isation ?an is atta9$ by x4 8,individuum e/ ineffabile40 ,x c only be grasp$ intuitively & by exp]i5ce4 ,& p ( a non-reflective mood are usually m successful 9 und]/&+ x ?an ^? :o reflect & analyse4 ,x requires 8f9e feel+10 :i* kn[s exactly h[ x /&s t[>ds ! p]son 9 "q1 :i* yet c seldom give any def9ite acc\nt ( 8 *>act]i/ics4 ,individuality usually meets u mo/ obvi\sly 9 exceptional m51 & we are apt to contra/ ^! ) ord9>y m54 ,b on clos] exam9ation we see t ?is diff]5ce is only "o ( degree4 8,individuality0 9 a less m>k$ mann] belongs to !m all1 & :]e x exi/s x is a di/9ctly orig9al ?+1 :i* _c be d]iv$ f its antec$5ts4 ,no psy*e is simply d]ivable f o!r psy*es4 ,:at a *ild receives f its p>5ts by 8h]$ity0 are factors :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 am\nt to m ?an ! m]e sum ( !m4 ,! syn!sis ( ^! is at once ! creation ( some?+ new & peculi>1 & :at has be5 h&$ d[n is m]ely ! build+ mat]ial4 ,?is c be felt 9 an int5sifi$ & /rik+ degree 9 reg>d to 8pron\nc$ individuality10 b c>eful /udy w disclose ! fact t !re are no m5 q alike4 ,?is k9d ( 8creative syn!sis10 t is1 ! und]ivability ( ! individual1 0 ! elem5t ( tru? 9 ! my?ologies ( 8creationism0 held by ! ,*ur* fa!rs1 or 9 ! !ory ( ! 8pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l0 ma9ta9$ by ,plato & o!rs4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view we mu/ safegu>d :at has already be5 said 9 reg>d to ! culture & gradual developm5t ( our psy*ical inn] nature4 ,x is true t ! 8s\l0 does n spr+ up ready-made 9 ! develop+ body1 ly+ dormant 9 x1 & only requir+ to wak5 up gradually4 ,x really becomes4 ,b ! becom+ is a self-realisation4 ,x is n true t x is put toge!r & built up bit by bit by exp]i5ce1 s t a diff]5t be+ might develop if ! exp]i5ces 7 diff]5t4 ,x is und\bt$ly dep5d5t ^u exp]i5ce1 impressions1 & circum/ances1 & )\t ^! its developm5t w\ld be impossible4 ,b ^! impressions act z a /imulus1 develop+ only :at is previ\sly inh]5t4 ,!y d n !mselves create any?+4 ,a *>act]i/ic pr$et]m9ation re/ricts ! developm5t to comp>atively n>r[ limits4 ,& ?is is id5tical ) ! individuality itself4 ,a man may turn out v diff]5t accord+ to circum/ances1 education1 influ5ces4 ,b he w\ld nev]!less recognise 8himself0 "u any circum/ances4 ,he w nev] become any?+ ( :i* he _h n ! possibility )9 him f ! v beg9n+1 any m ?an ! rose w become a violet if x is nurtur$ ) a diff]5t k9d ( manure4 ,g5ius4 ,we _c v5ture to say mu* ab\t g5ius & ! my/]y ( x4 ,9 x & its creative p[] some?+ ( ! _s1 ! nature ( ! _s1 seems to look up at u1 z we might ?9k ( x 9 itself & ap>t f ! limits ( exi/5ce 9 "t & space4 ,x is usually mo/ obvi\s & mo/ accessible to u 9 ! doma9 ( art4 ,b x has its place too 9 ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,& x is mo/ ( all g5ius1 & !re=e mo/ inaccessible to u ord9>y mortals1 9 ! doma9 ( religion4 ,my/icism4 ,ev5 8pron\nc$ individuality0 8has an elem5t ( my/icism0 9 x--( ! non-rational1 :i* we feel ! m di/9ctly ! m decid$ly we reject all attempts to make x rational aga9 ?r\gh crude or subtle my?ologies4 ,?is is mu* m true ( g5ius1 arti/ic insight1 & inspiration4 ,b ^! are mu* too delicate to be expos$ to ! buffet+ ( controv]sy1 mu* m s ! d>k & my/]i\s b\nd>y region 9 ! life ( ! human _s :i* we "k "u ! "n ( my/icism 9 ! true s5se1 )\t inv]t$ commas4 ,x is n a subject t is adapt$ = sy/ematic treatm5t4 ,:]e x has be5 subject$ to x1 ev]y?+ becomes crude & repulsive1 a m]e c>icature ( pure my/icism l ! recrudesc5t occultism ( to-day4 ,!re=e x is en\gh simply to call ! att5tion ( ! sympa!tic read] to x & !n to pass x by4 ,9 face ( ! witness borne to x by all t is f9e/ & deepe/ 9 hi/ory1 especially 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 naturalism is p[]less4 ,m9d & ,_s4 ,! ,human & ! ,animal ,s\l4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! human & ! animal m9d8 ,?is has always be5 a vital "q 9 ! conflict betwe5 naturalism & ! religi\s outlook4 ,& z 9 ! :ole problem ( ! psy*ical s "h ! int]e/ on bo? sides has be5 ma9ly conc5trat$ on ! "q ( 8mortality0 or 8immortality40 ,man is immortal because he has a s\l4 ,animals 8h no s\ls40 8,animals also h s\ls1 diff]+ only 9 degree b n 9 sub/antial nature f ! s\l ( man3 z !y are mortal1 man mu/ be s too40 8,animals h m9ds3 ! m]ely psy*ical passes away ) ! body4 ,b man has _s 9 addition4 ,x is imp]i%able40 ,^! & _m o!r ass]tions 7 made on "o side or ! o!r4 ,& bo? sides made precisely ! same mi/ake3 !y made ! belief 9 ! immortality ( our true nature dep5d5t ^u a pro( t ! s\l has a physical 8sub/antial nature10 :i* is to be reg>d$ z an inde/ructible sub/ance1 a k9d ( spiritual atom4 ,& on ! o!r h& !y ov]look$ ! gi/ ( ! :ole matt]1 ! true />t+-po9t1 :i* _c be ov]look$ if ! religi\s outlook is n to be br\ght into discr$it4 ,x is und\bt$ly a fundam5tal po/ulate1 & "o :i* ! religi\s outlook _c give up1 t ! human _s is m ?an all creatures1 & is 9 q a diff]5t ord] f />s1 plants1 & animals4 ,b absolutely ! fir/ necessity f ! po9t ( view ( ! religi\s outlook is to e/abli% ! incomp>able value ( ! human _s2 ! "q ( its 8sub/antial nature0 is 9 itself a matt] ( entire indiff]5ce4 ,! religi\s outlook obs]ves t man c w good & c pray1 & no o!r creature c d ?is4 ,& x sees t ?is makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 two worlds4 ,:e!r ! bodily & m5tal physics 9 bo? ^! worlds is ! same or diff]5t1 is to x a matt] r ( curiosity ?an ( importance4 ,:at occurs or does n occur )9 ! animal m9d is1 z a matt] ( fact1 :olly hidd5 f u4 ,we h no way ( det]m9+ ?is except by analogy ) ourselves1 & !re=e our idea ( x is necess>ily an?ropomorphic4 ,& apologi/s are und\bt$ly "r :5 !y ma9ta9 t ?is is f> too mu* ! case4 ,to rea* a m unprejudic$ attitude t[>ds ! cu/om>y an?ropomorphisation ( animals1 x is pr(itable to /udy ,wundt's lectures on 8,! ,human & ! ,animal ,m9d0 7see especially ,lecture ,,xx474 ,p]haps x is true t1 not)/&+ all ! mu*-prais$ clev]ness1 intellig5ce & tea*abl5ess ( elephants1 dogs1 & *impanzees1 !y are incapable ( =m+ 8g5]al ideas10 8rules10 & 8laws10 ( =m+ judgm5ts 9 ! /rict s5se1 & con/ructive syllogisms1 t !y h only associations ( ideas1 & expectations ( simil> exp]i5ce1 b no ?9k+ 9 conceptual t]ms1 & _c p]ceive any?+ g5]al or necess>y1 t !y recognise po/]iori b n priori1 z ,leibnitz suppos$1 & t !y =m only p]ceptual inf]5ces1 n judgm5ts f exp]i5ce4 ,b x is n easy to see t ?is contributes any?+ ( importance to our problem4 ,x does n ev5 help u 9 reg>d to ! int]e/+ "q ( a physical gu>antee = ! inde/ructibility ( ! s\l4 ,= ev5 if ! psy*ical acts ( animals 7 few] & less important ?an !y are admitt$ to be1 !y h c]ta9ly s5sations1 images1 feel+s1 pleasure1 pa91 & desire4 ,all ^! are ( a psy*ical nature1 immat]ial1 & und]ivable f ! mat]ial4 ,& x is difficult to see1 = in/ance1 :y ! =m+ ( judgm5ts %\ld be reg>d$ z m durable & inde/ructible ?an s5sation & desire4 ,! diff]5ce lies high] ?an ?is1--n 9 ! fact t man has a few 8capacities0 m ?an ! animal1 b 9 ! diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple1 t ! psy*ical 9 man c be develop$ to _s1 & t ?is is impossible any:]e else4 ,! v example t naturalism loves to cite 9 its own fav\r makes its error cle>4 ,x asks :e!r ! diff]5ce1 let u say1 betwe5 a ,fuegian & "o ( ! high] mammals su* z an ape1 is n mu* less ?an t betwe5 a ,fuegian & a ,european4 ,?is s\nds obvi\s1 if we measure simply by habits1 morals1 & possibly also ! cont5t ( feel+ & imag9ation 9 a 8savage0 z we f9d him4 ,& yet x is obvi\sly false4 ,i c tra9 a "y ape or an elephant1 c tea* x to op5 w9e-bottles & p]=m tricks4 ,b ,i c educate ! *ild ( ! savage1 c develop 9 him a m5tal life equal 9 f95ess1 dep?1 & en]gy1 frequ5tly m ?an equal1 to t ( ! av]age ,european1 z ! mission to ! ,eskimos & to ! ,fuegians proves1 & z ,d>w9 frankly admitt$4 ,psy*ical capacity is no?+ m ?an raw mat]ial4 ,x is 9 ! possibility ( rais+ ?is to ! level ( _s1 ( us+ ! raw mat]ial to its purpose1 t ! absolute diff]5ce1 ! impassable gulf betwe5 man & animals lies4 ,ev5 9 animals !re is a primitive ?9k+1 ris+ above ! level ( bl9d in/9ct4 ,b x c nei!r be s*ool$1 nor is x capable ( develop+ ev5 ! crude/ beg9n+s ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 ! animal has a s5sory satisfaction 9 col\r1 =m & tone 7n ne>ly s mu*1 h[ev]1 z ! !ory ( sexual selection requires u to suppose74 ,b art1 ev5 ! mo/ rudim5t>y self-expression ( ! _s ^u ?is basis1 is :olly seal$ to x4 ,ev5 ! animal possesses /rong altrui/ic in/9cts1 impulses t[>ds companion%ip1 pair+1 & c>+ = its "y1 & "s h se5 9 ?is ! beg9n+s ( morality4 ,b morality is a matt] ( ! _s1 :i* beg9s ) ! idea ( duty & rises to ! recognition ( an ideal ( life4 ,n[h]e else d we see s directly & emphatically ! incomp>ability ( ! natural-psy*ical & ! spiritual z 9 ! idea ( duty & an ideal ( life1 al?\gh ! contra/ is equally great at all po9ts ( ! spiritual life4 ,f9ally & highe/ ( all1 we h ! capacity ( ! human _s to rise to religion & ! greate/ heights ( feel+4 ,9 sci5ce & art1 9 morality & religion1 ! _s possesses itself4 ,& z su* x is a unique & /range gue/ 9 ?is _w1 absolutely incomp>able ) any?+ b5ea? or ar\nd x4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be true t ! psy*ical diff]5ce betwe5 ! ape & man is small] ?an t betwe5 ! ape & unicellul> organisms 7?\gh we really c "k no?+ ab\t t74 ,b n[h]e 9 ! animal _w does ! psy*ical ov]/ep ! limits ( purely natural exi/5ce1 ( /riv+ aft] & be+ prompt$ by ! directly & purely natural ends ( a vegetative & animal in/9ctive life1 physical pleasure1 self-pres]vation1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! species4 ,& !re is m ?an ?is4 ,h[ev] diff]5t ! psy*ical equipm5t may be at diff]5t animal /ages1 x has "o ?+ 9 common 9 !m all1 x is absolutely limit$ to :at is giv5 x by nature4 ,an animal species may la/ = a million ye>s4 ,b x has no hi/ory4 ,x is & rema9s ! same hi/ory-less natural product4 ,9 ?is respect ! animal is n a /ep 9 advance ( ! /one or ! cry/al4 ,! only ?+ x c a*ieve is to express m or less p]fectly ! "* ( ! species4 ,?is is ! utmo/ height ( its capacity4 ,b = man ?is is only ! />t+-po9t1 & ! really human beg9s j !re4 ,:at is implicit 9 him z homo sapi5s1 a memb] ( a zoological ord]1 is no?+ m ?an ! natural basis ^u :i*1 9 human & individual hi/ory1 he may build up an entirely unique & new creation1 an upp] /ory3 ! _w & life ( ! _s4 ,x is also errone\s to reg>d ! gradual developm5t ( ! psy*ical capacities at ! diff]5t levels ( animal evolution z ! developm5t ( & prep>ation = ! human _s4 ,x is n ! _s1 b ! raw mat]ial ( x1 t is ?us be+ prep>$ & develop$4 ,x is z if1 9 ! hi/ory ( col\r manufacture1 an 8evolution0 ( col\r 7 tak+ place4 ,! quality ( ! col\r gradually becomes bett] & bett]4 ,ea* g5]ation le>ns to make x pur] & m brilliant4 ,b ! pa9t+ :i* is pa9t$ ) ! mo/ brilliant col\r _c be reg>d$ z a l9k 9 ! evolution>y sequ5ce1 & is c]ta9ly n ! cr[n & culm9ation ( ! pigm5t2 ! latt] is only ! gradual p]fect+ ( a necess>y prelim9>y condition4 ,x is only ( second>y int]e/ to po9t out ! imm5se leaps 9 ! evolution ( col\r & col\r-te*nique1 & especially ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! la/ /age & ! "o be=e x1 or1 to drop ! metaphor1 ! enorm\s psy*ological diff]5ces betwe5 ! animal & ! human m9d4 ,!re is no d\bt t an apologetic :i* int]e/s itself 9 su* matt]s w\ld f9d abundant opportunity = "w1 & c\ld f9d a p[]ful argum5t aga9/ a too ha/y naturalism 9 ! diff]5ces betwe5 animal & human psy*ical capacities1 :i* h be5 recognis$ mu* m sanely & cle>ly ?r\gh rec5t inve/igation ?an !y usually 7 9 e>li] times4 ,b ! "q has no special int]e/ = u "h4 ,p]sonality4 ,9 z f> z man is end[$ ) a capacity = spiritual life & spiritual possession1 he is likewise de/9$ = p]sonality4 ,?is includes & designates ev]y?+ t expresses ! peculi> dignity ( human nature4 ,p]sonality is a ^w :i* gives u an inw>d ?rill4 ,x expresses :at is mo/ individual 9 u1 :at is set be=e u1 our highe/ task & ! inmo/ t5d5cy ( our be+4 ,:at is p]sonality8 ,c]ta9ly some?+ :i* is only a rudim5t 9 u at bir?1 & is n !n realis$1 & at ! same "t an ideal :i* we feel m or less indi/9ctly1 b )\t be+ able to outl9e x cle>ly4 ,to exhau/ ! idea z f> z possible is ! task ( e?ical sci5ce4 ,b "o ?+ at any rate we c affirm ab\t x ) c]ta9ty3 x is absolutely b\nd$ (f f ! :ole _w & all exi/5ce z a self-conta9$ & indep5d5t _w 9 itself4 ,! m we become p]sons1 ! m cle>ly1 def9itely1 & indissolubly we raise ourselves ) our spiritual life & spiritual possessions out ( all ! curr5ts ( natural ph5om5a1 ! m d we cease to be m]e modes ( a g5]al exi/5ce & happ5+ t fl[s ab\t u1 & 9 :i* we w\ld o!rwise float ) vaguely def9$ outl9es4 ,a microcosm =ms itself 9 contradi/9ction to ! macrocosm1 & a unity1 a monad1 arises1 9 reg>d to :i* !re is n[ w>rant = inquir+ into its duration & immortality z comp>$ ) ! /ream ( g5]al becom+ & pass+ away4 ,= :at does x matt] to religion :e!r1 9 addition to physical indivisible atoms1 !re are spiritual ones :i*1 by reason ( _! simplicity1 are inde/ructible8 ,b t ! unities :i* we call p]sonalities are sup]ior to all ! manifoldness & div]sity ( ! _w1 t !y are n fleet+ =tuit\s =mations among ! _m :i* evolution is always giv+ rise to & break+ d[n aga91 b t !y are ! aim & mean+ ( all exi/5ce1 & t z su* !y are above ! common lot ( all t has only a transi5t mean+ & a temporal wor?--to inquire into all ?is & to affirm x is religion itself4 ,p>allelism4 ,! indep5d5ce & und]ivability ( ! psy*ical1 ! incomp>ability ( its uni=mities ) ^? ( me*anical or physico-*emical laws1 has prov$ itself s cle> & incontrov]tible1 not)/&+ all ! di/ortions ( naturalism1 t x is n[ reg>d$ z a self-evid5t fact1 n only among philosoph]s & epi/emologi/s1 & te*nical psy*ologi/s1 b = ! la/ decade ev5 among all ?9k+ m51 & 8mat]ialism0 is n[ an obsolete position4 ,x 0 too crude & too contr>y to all exp]i5ce to def9e ! relation betwe5 physical & m5tal1 z if ! latt] 7 a m]e secretion ( ! =m]1 al?\gh a v subtle "o1 or a m]e epi-ph5om5on ( x1 9 su* a way t all reality & effectiv5ess 0 on ! side ( ! physical4 ,9 place ( ?is1 ano!r !ory has become widespread1 :i* claims to def9e ! relation ( ! two s]ies ( ph5om5a bett] & m adequately3 ! !ory ( psy*ophysical p>allelism4 ,x is n new4 ,!re are occasional indications ( x ev5 9 ,ari/otle's psy*ology4 ,x 0 sugge/$ by ,desc>tes 9 8 automaton !ory1 by ! occasionali/s 9 _! p>able ( ! two wat*es runn+ 9 exact agreem5t2 x 0 develop$ by ,sp9oza & ,leibnitz1 & ref9$ by ! ideali/ic philosoph]s1 by ,s*op5hau]1 ,fe*n]1 & ! mod]n psy*ologi/s4 ,! =m 9 :i* x is mo/ preval5t n[ is t giv5 to x by ,sp9oza1 & he is usually ref]r$ to 9 connection ) x4 ,its g5]al t5or is z foll[s3 ,! physical _c be ref]r$ back to ! psy*ical1 nor ! psy*ical to ! physical4 ,bo? ord]s ( ph5om5a run side by side z p>allels t nev] sep>ate4 ,bo? repres5t a concat5ation ( causes complete 9 itself1 t is nev] brok51 or int]rupt$1 or complet$4 ,& 9 bo? !re is real causality4 ,?\ght really causes ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,movem5t really causes movem5ts4 ,b ! "o s]ies is always /rictly correlat$ ) ! o!r1 & corresponds ) x4 ,& ?us all exi/5ce is d\ble1 & man is an obvi\s illu/ration ( ?is4 ,to e ?\ght1 feel+1 or ex]cise ( w !re corresponds "s excitem5t1 movem5t or *ange 9 ! body4 ,i w3 my arm moves4 ,subtle n]v\s processes run _! c\rse 9 my bra91 & ,i ?9k4 ,t ,i w has its suffici5t reasons1 its causes lie entirely 9 ! prec$+ /ate ( my m9d1 9 motives ( feel+1 9 ideas :i* aga9 h _! effici5t causes 9 a previ\s psy*ical condition1 & s on4 ,& t my arm moves has its effici5t cause 9 ! /or$-up en]gies ( ! muscle-sub/ance1 9 ! /imulus & impulse convey$ by ! motor n]ve f ! bra94 ,& ^! conditions h _! purely physiological causes & reasons aga9 9 prec$+ purely physiological /ates & processes4 7,x goes )\t say+ t a me*anical !ory ( life is ! necess>y presupposition ( ?is p>alleli/ic !ory47 ,b bo? sets ( processes correspond exactly "o to ano!r1 & ! fir/ is only ! inn] aspect ( ! second1 & ! second ! out] aspect ( ! fir/4 ,?us x is q true t my arm moves :5 ,i w4 ,b 9 reality x is q z true to say t :5 my arm moves ,i w4 ,b we mu/ n sub/itute 8because0 = 8:540 ,?is !ory mu/ ma9ta91 & does ma9ta91 t ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract & subtle ideas1 ! deepe/ processes ( consci\sness1 h "s correspond+ bodily processes1 ei!r 9 ! bra9 or 9 ! n]v\s sub/ance g5]ally1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t no physical process is )\t ?is psy*ical inw>dness4 ,! result is t ?is inw>dness & s\l are attribut$ also to ! purely mat]ial _w1 ! _w ( 8dead0 matt]4 ,9 ?is way x is believ$ t ev]y?+ gets its due2 ! ?or\gh me*anical explicability ( bodily ph5om5a1 & ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & ( matt]1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 v decisively also1 ! indep5d5ce & uniqu5ess ( law :i* c no long] be d5i$ to ! psy*ical4 ,& f ?is latt] /&po9t %>p prote/s are rais$ aga9/ all mat]iali/ic di/ortions4 ,! only ?+ d5i$ is ! old idea ( ! 8influxus physicus10 ! idea1 t is1 t m9d c op]ate beyond itself & take effect on ! physical _w1 & conv]sely ! physical _w ^u x4 ,?is aga9 is reg>d$ z a brea* ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,= if ! bodily affects consci\sness1 !n at a giv5 mom5t a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy mu/ be trans=m$ into some?+ t is n en]gy4 ,& if consci\sness affects ! bodily1 a process ( movem5t mu/ sudd5ly occur1 = :i* no previ\s equival5t ( en]gy c be %[n4 ,?is /&po9t is mo/ impressively set =? 9 ,pauls5's widely read 8,introduction to ,philosophy40 ,! same ideas =m ! c5tral feature 9 ! "w ( ,fe*n]1 :i* is hav+ su* a m>k$ r5aissance to-day4 ,x seems z ?\gh all high] e/imates ( _s1 ev5 ! religi\s e/imate1 c\ld q well re/ ^u ?is basis4 ,= full scope is "h giv5 to ! idea t m9d & ! m5tal sci5ces h _! own p>ticul> field4 ,god1 z ! absolute all-consci\sness & self-consci\sness1 compreh5d+ )9 ,himself all individual consci\sness1 is ?\ght ( z ! et]nal correlate ( ?is univ]se 9 space4 ,& ! !ory has room also = a belief 9 immortality4 ,( all imag9ative attempts to make ! idea ( immortality cle> & possible1 und\bt$ly t ( ,fe*n] is ! gr&e/ & mo/ effective4 ,& x1 too1 is bas$ entirely ^u ! idea ( p>allelism4 7,yet z a matt] ( fact x c\ld be %[n t nei!r mortality nor immortality really fit into ! s*eme ( ?is conception47 ,?\gh its ma9 features are v simil> z set =? by its v>i\s *ampions1 ?is !ory diff]s accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ?is a/oni%+ & my/]i\s co-ord9ation1 ?is p>allelism itself1 is expla9$4 ,h[ is x t 8?\ght0 & 8ext5sion0 c correspond to "o ano!r8 ,! answ] may be ei!r navely dogmatic1 t ?is is "o ( ! great riddles ( ! univ]se1 & t we mu/ simply take x = grant$4 ,o!rs decl>e ) ,sp9oza t ! two s]ies ( ph5om5a are only ! two sides ( "o & ! same fundam5tal be+ & happ5+1 :i* may be designat$ z natura sive deus1 & t :at is inw>dly unifi$ expresses itself outw>dly 9 ^! two =ms ( be+4 ,b because bo? sides1 ?\ght & ext5sion1 are only expressions ( "o & ! same fundam5tal sub/ance1 !y correspond exactly to "o ano!r4 ,! be/ illu/ration ( ?is is ,fe*n]'s simile ( ! curv$ l9e4 ,x is concave on "o side1 convex on ! o!r1 & ?us entirely diff]5t on ! two sides4 ,b at e po9t ! concavity corresponds exactly to ! convexity4 ,& ?is is possible because ! two are ! inn] & ! out] aspects ( ! same l9e4 ,o!rs1 aga91 g back to ! fundam5tal ideas ( critical idealism1 & decl>e ! :ole ext5d$ _w accessible to ! s5ses & ! me*anical-physical nexus ( cause & ph5om5a1 to be simply ! =m ( appe>ance 9 :i* ! fundam5tally spiritual exi/5ce pres5ts itself to our s5ses4 ,body1 movem5t1 physiological processes1 are all no?+ m ?an ! w1 to speak ) ,fi*te & ,s*op5hau]1 or ! idea1 or ! _s itself1 :i* appe>s ?us to s5sory be+s4 ,o!r !ories1 "s ( !m new1 are also put =w>d4 ,no ,p>allelism4 ,= a long "t x seem$ z if ! !ory ( p>allelism 0 to ga9 g5]al acceptance4 ,"o might write a :ole hi/ory ( ! gradually increas+ criticisms (1 & reactions f ! academic !ories :i* _h become almo/ canonical4 ,b we may "h conf9e ourselves to ! mo/ g5]al ( ! objections to ! p>alleli/ic !ory4 ,!y apply to ! g5]al idea ( p>allelism itself1 & affect ! diff]5t /&po9ts ( ! p>alleli/s 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,! !ory 9 no way corresponds to :at we f9d 9 ourselves f direct exp]i5ce4 ,x is only ) ! greate/ difficulty t we c conv9ce ourselves t our arm moves only :5 & n because we w4 ,! consci\sness ( be+1 ?r\gh ! w1 ! actual cause ( our own bodily movem5ts is s en]getic & direct & c]ta91 t x ma9ta9s its sway 9 spite ( all objections1 & confuses ! argum5t ev5 ( ! p>alleli/s !mselves4 ,usually aft] !y h laid ! f\ndations ( a purely p>alleli/ic !ory1 !y ab&on x aga9 z quickly z possible1 & rev]t to ! expressions & images ( ord9>y ?\ght4 ,inde$ we h no cle>] & m c]ta9 example ( causality 9 g5]al ?an 9 our own capacity = controll+ *anges 9 our own bodies4 ,fur!r1 a v fatal addition & burd5some accessory ( ! p>alleli/ic !ory is involv$ 9 ! two coroll>ies x has above & b5ea? x4 ,on ! "o h& !re is ! necessity = attribut+ s\l to ev]y?+4 ,^! my?ologies ( atom-s\ls1 molecule-s\ls1 ?is hatr$ & love :i* are ! inn] aspects ev5 ( ! simple facts ( attraction & repulsion among ! elem5ts1 fit bett] into ! nature-philosophy ( ,emp$ocles & ,anaxagoras ?an into ours4 ,! ma9 support1 inde$ ! sole support1 ( ?is position is t ?is _w ( ! inf9itely little _c be br\ght "u control z f> z its 8s\l0 is conc]n$4 ,?us we c impute 8a s\l0 to x )\t dang]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a difficulty :i* made itself felt ev5 9 reg>d to ,sp9oza's sy/em4 ,all bodily processes mu/ h psy*ical processes correspond+ to !m1 said ,sp9oza4 ,conv]sely1 all ideas 9 _! turn mu/ h bodily processes4 ,to ! sy/em includ+ all bodily processes corresponds ! sum-total ( psy*ical processes4 ,?is sum-total we call ! s\l4 ,& 9 its entirety x is ! idea corporis4 ,if 8s\l0 7 really no?+ m ?an ?is1 ! !ory ( p>allelism might be "r4 ,b x is m ?an ?is4 ,x rises above itself1 & becomes also ! idea ide2 x is self-consci\sness & ! consci\sness ( ! ego2 x makes its own ?\ght & ! laws ( x1 its feel+s & _! int5sity--its exp]i5ces 9 %ort--a subject ( ?\ght4 ,h[ does ?is fit 9 ) p>allelism8 ,wundt himself1 ! mo/ notable mod]n *ampion ( p>allelism1 admits & def9es ^! limits ( ! p>alleli/ic !ory on bo? sides4 ,fur!rmore1 ! !ory ( p>allelism1 not)/&+ its opposition to mat]ialism1 mu/ presuppose t localisation ( psy*ical processes ( :i* we h already spok51 & to :i* all naturalism appeals ) s mu* emphasis4 ,because ( ! fact t p>ticul> psy*ical functions seem to be limit$ to a p>ticul> & def9able area ( ! bra9-cortex1 or to a spot :i* c\ld be isolat$ on a p>ticul> convolution1 x seem$ z if naturalism c\ld prove t 8s\l0 0 obvi\sly a function ( ?is p>ticul> organ or "p ( an organ4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( p>allelism ?is does n foll[4 ,x w\ld ass]t3 8,:at 9 "o aspect appe>s to be a psy*ical process1 appe>s 9 ano!r aspect to be a def9ite physiological process ( ! bra940 ,yet x is cle> t 9 ord] to ga9 support = ! doctr9e ( mutual correspond5ce1 p>allelism has also ! same int]e/ 9 su* localisation4 ,= ?is is ! only me?od by :i* x c empirically control its !ory4 ,b ?is :ole idea ( localisation does n hold good to any?+ l ! ext5t to :i* ! memb]s ( ! naturali/ic s*ool are wont to ass]t t x does4 ,9 reg>d to ?is po9t1 too1 !re has be5 consid]able disillusion+ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,p]haps all t c be said is1 t localisation ( psy*ical processes is a fact analog\s to ! fact t sight is associat$ ) ! optic n]ves & he>+ ) ! auditory n]ves4 ,progressive inve/igation leads m & m cle>ly to ! recognition ( a fact :i* makes localisation comp>atively unimportant1 namely1 ! vic>i\s function+ ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra94 ,9 _m cases :]e ?is or t 8c5tre0 is injur$1 & r5d]$ incapable ( function1 or ev5 extirpat$1 ! correspond+ "p ( ! m9d is by no means de/roy$ along ) x4 ,at fir/ ! m9d may suff] f 8! effect ( %ock0 z ! phrase runs1 b gradually x may recov] & ! same function may be transf]r$ to ano!r "p ( ! bra91 & !re be fulfill$ sometimes less p]fectly1 sometimes q z p]fectly z be=e4 ,we _h to deal ) ?is fact ( vic>i\s function 9 discuss+ ! g5]al !ory ( life4 ,x is "o ( ! greate/ difficulties 9 ! way ( ! me*ani/ic & mat]iali/ic !ories4 ,b x mu/ give "s tr\ble to ! p>alleli/s too4 ,we ne$ n speak ( ! wond]ful duplication ( all exi/5ce :i* p>allelism mu/ e/abli%1 ?\gh x is difficult to evade ! "q h[ a natura sive deus c\ld h come1 s sup]flu\sly1 to say ! same ?+ twice ov]4 ,sup]flu\sly1 = s9ce bo? are alike self-conta9$ & indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 "o c h no ne$ ( ! o!r4 ,"o objection1 h[ev]1 may be urg$ aga9/ bo? p>allelism & mat]ialism1 :i* makes !m bo? impossible1 & t is1 automatism4 ,bo? p>allelism & mat]ialism ma9ta9 t ! sequ5ce ( physical processes is complete 9 itself & c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( itself4 ,all physical processes6 ,n only ! movem5ts ( ! />s1 ! *anges 9 inanimate matt]1 ! orig9 & evolution ( ! =ms ( life1 b also :at we call actions1 = in/ance ! movem5ts ( our arms & our legs1 & ! complicat$ processes affect+ ! brea?+ organs & tongue1 :i* we call 8spee*40 ,e plant1 e animal1 e human be+ mu/ be z x is & :]e x is1 mu/ move & act1 mu/ p]=m its functions1 :i* we expla9 z due to love or hate1 to fe> or hope1 ev5 if !re 7 no su* ?+ z s5sation1 w1 idea1 nei!r love nor hate1 fe> nor hope4 ,m ?an ?is1 all t we call hi/ory1 build+ t[ns & de/roy+ !m1 c>ry+ on w> & conclud+ peace1 unit+ into /ates & hold+ national assemblies1 go+ to s*ool & ex]cis+ m\? & tongue1 argum5t1 mak+ books & =m+ lett]s1 writ+ ,iliads1 ,bibles1 & treatises on ! s\l or on free w1 hold+ psy*ological congresses & talk+ ab\t p>allelism2--all ?is mu/ h be5 done ev5 if !re _h be5 no consci\sness1 no psy*ical activity 9 any bra96 ,?is is ! necess>y consequ5ce to :i* ! !ories ( p>allelism & mat]ialism lead4 ,if x does n foll[1 !n !re 0 f ! outset no mean+ 9 e/abli%+ !m4 ,b ! mon/rosity ( _! coroll>y is fatal to !m4 ,x is idle to set up !ories 9 :i* x is impossible to believe4 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation t affects p>allelism alone4 ,s9ce ! !ory cr$its ea* ( ! two s]ies ) a clos$ & suffici5t causal sequ5ce1 ea* ( :i* excludes ! o!r1 x does away ) causality altoge!r4 ,t ! "o l9e runs p>allel ) ! o!r excludes ! idea t a unique sy/em ( laws prevails1 det]m9+ ! "* & c\rse ( ea* l9e4 ,"o ( ! two l9es mu/ c]ta9ly be dep5d5t1 & "o mu/ lead4 ,o!rwise !re c be no di/9ctness ( laws 9 ei!r4 ,let u recall our illu/ration ( ! cl\d %ad[s once m2 ! *ang+ =ms ( ! %ad[s correspond po9t = po9t ) ^? ( ! cl\ds only because !y are entirely dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,we may illu/rate x 9 ?is way3 a p>allel may be drawn to an ellipse1 x also =ms a clos$ curv$ l9e4 ,b x is by no means aga9 an ellipse1 b is an entirely dep5d5t figure )\t any =mula or law ( its own4 ,p>allelism mu/ make "o ( its l9es ! lead+ "o1 :i* is guid$ & direct$ by an actual causal connection )9 itself4 ,! o!r l9e may !n run p>allel ) ?is1 b its c\rse mu/ c]ta9ly be det]m9$ by ! o!r4 ,& z ! l9e ( corporeal processes1 ) its inviolable nexus ( sequ5ces1 is n easily brok51 p>allelism1 aft] _m h>d words aga9/ mat]ialism1 frequ5tly returns to t aga9 or becomes inconsi/5t4 ,b if "o says t ! two aspects ( ph5om5a are only ! =ms ( "o fundam5tal ph5om5on1 t means tak+ away actual causality f bo? alike1 & leav+ only a temporal sequ5ce4 ,= !n ! actually real is ! hidd5 some?+ t ?r[s ! cl\d-%ad[s to "r & left4 ,b 9 ! sequ5ce ( %ad[s !re is no causal connection1 only a s]ies ( /ates succe$+ "o ano!r 9 "t1 & ?is po9ts to a causal connection else:]e4 ,x is easy en\gh to f9d examples to prove t ! m5tal 9 u influ5ces ! bodily4 ,b ! mo/ conv9c+1 deepe/ & mo/ tru/wor?y ( ^! are n ! volunt>y actions :i* are express$ 9 bodily movem5ts1 nor ev5 ! passions & emotions1 ! joy :i* makes our blood circulate m quickly1 & ! %ame :i* br+s a flu% to our =eheads1 ! sugge/ions :i* "w ?r\gh ! m9d t[>ds ! reviv+1 vitalis+ or heal+ ( ! body1 b ! cold & simple c\rse ( logical ?\ght itself4 ,?r\gh logical ?9k+ we h ! p[] to correct ! c\rse ( our conceptions1 to inhibit1 modify1 or logically direct ! natural c\rse1 z x w\ld h be5 _h x be5 br\ght ab\t by our prec$+ physiological & psy*ical /ates1 if !y 7 dom9ant & uncontroll$4 ,b if s1 !n we mu/ also h ! p[]1 especially if x be widely true t physiological /ates correspond to psy*ical /ates1 to influ5ce1 inhibit1 modify ! n]ve-processes 9 our bra91 or to lib]ate entirely new ones1 namely1 ^? t correspond to ! correct$ conceptions4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is "h appli$ 9 z di/ort$ a s5se z we detect$ be=e 9 reg>d to ! g5]al !ory ( life4 ,& :at we said !re holds good "h also4 ,t some?+ :i* is 9 itself n en]getic %\ld det]m9e processes & directions ( en]gy is und\bt$ly an absolute riddle4 ,b to recognise ?is is less difficult ?an to accept ! impossibilities :i* me*anism & automatism (f] u "h1 ev5 m pron\nc$ly ?an 9 reg>d to ! !ory ( life4 ,p]haps "o ( ! famili> ant9omies ( ,kant %[s u ! way1 n1 inde$1 to f9d ! solution ( ! riddle1 b to recognise1 s to speak1 its geometrical position & associations4 ,we h already se5 t inquiry into ! causal conditions ( processes l&s u 9 contradictions ( ?\ght1 :i* %[ u t we c nev] really p5etrate into ! actual /ate ( ! matt]4 ,p]haps we h "h to d only ) ! obv]se side ( ! problem dealt ) !re4 ,!re ! *a9 ( conditions c\ld n be f9i%$ because x l$ on to inf9ity1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x 0 requir$ t x %\ld be complete4 ,"h aga9 ! *a9 is incomplete4 ,9 ! previ\s case a solution is f\nd ?r\gh ! nave proce$+ ( simply break+ ! empirical connection ( conditions & po/ulat+ beg9n+s 9 "t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! admission ( an influxus physicus trans=ms consci\sness almo/ unnotic$ into a me*anically op]ative causality4 ,! prop] attitude 9 bo? cases is a critical "o4 ,we mu/ admit t we _c p5etrate into ! true /ate ( ! case1 because ! _w is deep] ?an our k1 we mu/ reject p>allelism z be+1 l ! influxus physicus1 an unsatisfactory cutt+ ( ! critical knot1 & we mu/ frankly recognise ! incontrov]tible fact1 nev] inde$ s]i\sly call$ 9 "q1 ( ! controll+ p[] ( ! m9d1 ev5 ov] ! mat]ial4 ,! ,supremacy ( ,m9d4 ,f ! /&po9t we h n[ rea*$ we c look back once m on ^? tr\blesome naturali/ic ins9uations z to ! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d ^u ! body1 :i* we h already consid]$4 ,x is evid5t to u all t our m5tal developm5t & ! fate ( our inn] life are closely b\nd up ) ! /ates & *anges ( ! body4 ,& x did n ne$ ! attacks & ins9uations ( naturalism to po9t ?is out4 ,b ! reasons br\ght =w>d by naturalism are n conv9c+1 & all ! weighty facts x adduces c\ld be balanc$ by facts equally weighty on ! o!r side4 ,we h already %[n t ! app>5tly dang]\s doctr9e ( localisation is f> f be+ s]i\sly prejudicial4 ,b if ! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d ^u ! body be great1 t ( ! body ^u ! m9d is great] /ill4 ,ev5 ,kant wrote t]sely & drily ab\t 8! p[] ( our m9d ?r\gh m]e w to be ma/] ov] our morbid feel+s40 ,& e "o :o has a w kn[s h[ mu* /rict self-discipl9e & firm will+ c a*ieve ev5 ) a frail & wret*$ body1 & h&icapp$ by exhau/ion & weakness4 ,joy heals1 c>e wa/es away1 & bo? may kill4 ,! influ5ce :i* 8blood0 & 8bile0 or any o!r pr$isposition may h ^u temp]am5t & "* c be obviat$ or modifi$ ?r\gh education1 or trans=m$ & guid$ into new *annels ?r\gh /rong psy*ical impressions & exp]i5ces1 mo/ ( all by great exp]i5ces 9 ! doma9 ( morals & religion4 ,no "o d\bts ! reality ( ^? great int]nal revolutions ( :i* religion is well aw>e1 :i* arise purely f ! m9d1 & are able to rid u ( all natural bonds & burd5s4 ,?is my/]i\s region ( ! influ5ce ( ! m9d 9 modify+ bodily /ates or produc+ new ones is 9 ^! days be+ m & m op5$ up4 ,t grief c turn ! hair grey & disgu/ br+ out eruptions on ! sk9 has long be5 kn[n4 ,b new & (t5 m>vell\s facts are be+ cont9ually add$ to our k ?r\gh curi\s exp]im5ts ) sugge/ion1 hypnosis1 & auto-sugge/ion4 ,& we are no long] f> f believ+ t ?r\gh exaltations1 =c$ /ates ( m9d associat$ ) auto-sugge/ion1 _m ph5om5a1 su* z 8/igmata10 = in/ance1 :i* h hi!rto be5 ov] ha/ily relegat$ to ! doma9 ( pi\s leg5d1 may possibly h a 8sci5tific0 backgr\nd4 8,! ,unconsci\s04 ,b "o has a repugnance to desc5d+ into ?is /range region4 ,& religion1 ) its cle> & l(ty mood1 c nev] h ei!r ta/e = or relation%ip ) consid]ations :i* s easily take an 8occult0 turn4 ,nor is its my/icism conc]n$ ) physiologies4 ,b x is in/ructive & notewor?y t ! old ideali/ic fai?1 8,x is ! m9d t builds up ! body = itself10 is becom+ /rong] aga9 9 all k9ds ( philosophies & physiologies ( 8! unconsci\s10 z a reaction f ! onesid$ness ( ! me*ani/ic !ories1 & t x draws its *ief support f ! dep5d5ce ( n]v\s & o!r bodily processes ^u ! psy*ical1 :i* is be+ cont9ually br\ght into great] & great] prom95ce4 ,! mod]ate & lum9\s views ( ! y\ng] ,fi*te1 :o probably also fir/ introduc$ ! n[ curr5t t]m 8! unconsci\s10 mu/ be at lea/ briefly m5tion$4 ,accord+ to him1 ! impulse t[>ds ! developm5t ( =m :i* is inh]5t 9 ev]y?+ liv+1 & :i* builds up ! organism f ! g]m to ! complete :ole1 by =c+ ! *emical & physical processes into p>ticul> pa?s1 is id5tical ) ! psy*ical itself4 ,9 in/9cts1 ! unconsci\s purposive actions ( ! l[] animals 9 p>ticul>1 he sees only a special mode ( ?is at fir/ unconsci\s psy*ical nature1 :i*1 build+ up organ aft] organ1 makes use 9 do+ s ( all ! physical laws & en]gies1 & is at fir/ :olly imm]s$ 9 purely physiological processes4 ,x is only aft] ! body has be5 develop$1 & pres5ts a relatively indep5d5t sy/em capable ( p]=m+ ! necess>y functions ( daily life1 t x rises beyond itself & gradually unfolds to consci\s psy*ical life 9 increas+ self-realisation4 ,edw>d von ,h>tmann has attempt$ to apply ?is pr9ciple ( ! unconsci\s z a pr9ciple ( all cosmic exi/5ce4 ,& :]ev]1 among ! y\ng] g5]ation ( biologi/s1 "o has brok5 away f ! fasc9ations ( ! me*ani/ic !ory1 he has usually turn$ to 8psy*ical0 co-op]at+ factors4 ,is !re ,age+ ( ! ,m9d8 ,naturalism is also only app>5tly "r 9 ass]t+ t ! m9d ages ) ! body4 ,to le>n ! answ] :i* all idealism gives to ?is com=tless !ory1 x is well to read ,s*lei]ma*]'s 8,monologues10 & especially ! *apt] 8,y\? & ,age40 ,! argum5ts put =w>d by naturalism1 ! blunt+ ( ! s5ses1 ! fail+ ( ! memory1 are well kn[n4 ,b "h aga9 !re are lum9\s facts on ! o!r side :i* are mu* m true4 ,x is no wond] t a m9d ages if x has nev] tak5 life s]i\sly1 nev] consolidat$ itself to individual & def9ite be+ ?r\gh education & self-culture1 ?r\gh a deep5+ ( morality1 & has ga9$ = itself no cont5t ( la/+ wor?4 ,h[ c\ld he d o!rwise ?an become poor1 dull & lifeless1 z ! excitability ( 8 organ dim9i%es & its susceptibility to ext]nal impressions disappe>s8 ,b did ,goe! become old8 ,did n ,s*lei]ma*]1 frail & ail+ z he 0 by nature1 prove ! tru? ( :at he wrote 9 8 y\?1 t !re is no age+ ( ! m9d8 ,! :ole problem1 9 its highe/ aspects1 is a "q ( w & fai?4 ,if ,i "k m9d & ! nature ( m9d1 & believe 9 x1 ,i believe ) ,s*lei]ma*] 9 et]nal y\?4 ,if ,i d n believe 9 x1 !n ,i h giv5 away ! be/ ( all means = w>d+ (f old age4 ,= ! m9d c only hold itself erect :ile tru/+ 9 itself4 ,& ?is is ! be/ argum5t 9 ! :ole bus9ess4 ,b ev5 aga9/ ! concrete special facts & ! obs]vable processes ( dim9ution ( psy*ical p[]s1 & ( ! disappe>ance ( ! :ole m5tal cont5t1 we c\ld range o!r concrete & obs]vable facts1 :i* pres5t ! :ole problem 9 q a diff]5t light f t 9 :i* naturalism attempts to %[ x4 ,!y indicate t ! matt] is r "o ( ! ru/+ ( ! in/rum5t to :i* ! m9d is b\nd ?an an actual decay ( ! m9d itself1 & t x is a )draw+ ( ! m9d )9 itself1 comp>able r to sleep ?an to decay4 ,! rem>kable p[] ( call+ up =gott5 memories 9 hypnosis1 ! sudd5ly re-awak5+ memory a few m9utes be=e dea?1 9 :i* sometimes ! :ole pa/ life is unroll$ ) surpris+ cle>ness & detail1 ! flam+ up anew ( a ru/y m9d 9 mom5ts ( great excitem5t1 ! great cle>+ up ( ! m9d be=e its dep>ture1 & _m o!r facts ( ! same nature1 are r to be reg>d$ z signs t 9 reality ! m9d nev] loses any?+ ( :at x has once exp]i5c$ or possess$4 ,x has only become buri$ "u ! surface4 ,x has be5 )drawn f ! /age1 b is /or$ up 9 safe treasure-*amb]s4 ,& ! :ole /age may sudd5ly become fill$ ) x aga94 ,! simile ( an in/rum5t & ! ma/] :o plays ^u x1 :i* is (t5 us$ ( ! relation betwe5 body & m9d1 is 9 _m respects a v imp]fect "o2 = ! ma/] does n develop ) & 9 8 in/rum5t4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! mo/ oppressive argum5ts ( naturalism1 ! influ5ce ( disease1 ( old age1 ( m5tal di/urbances due to bra9 *anges1 ! comp>ison s]ves our turn well en\gh1 = und\bt$ly ! ma/] is dep5d5t ^u 8 in/rum5t2 ^u an organ :i* is go+ m & m out ( tune1 ru/+1 los+ its pipes1 8 h>monies w become poor]1 m imp]fect4 ,& if we ?9k ( ! association betwe5 ! two z fur!r ob/ruct$1 ! ma/] becom+ deaf1 ! /ops confus$1 ! relation betwe5 ! notes & pipes alt]$1 !n :at may /ill live )9 him 9 p]fect & uncl\d$ purity1 & 9 undim9i%$ ri*ness1 may pres5t itself outw>dly z confus$ & un9telligible1 may ev5 f9d only disconnect$ expression1 & f9ally cease altoge!r2 s t no conclusion w\ld be possible except t ! ma/] himself _h become diff]5t or poor]4 ,! melan*oly field ( m5tal diseases p]haps yields pro(s aga9/ naturalism to an ev5 great] degree ?an = x4 ,x is by no means ! case t all m5tal diseases are inv>iably diseases ( ! bra91 = ev5 m frequ5tly !y are real sicknesses ( ! m9d1 :i* yield n to physical b to psy*ical rem$ies4 ,& ! fact t ! m9d c be ill1 is a sad b emphatic pro( t x goes its own way4 ,immortality4 ,x is 9 a fai? 9 a ,beyond1 & 9 ! immortality ( our true be+1 t :at lies f9ely di/ribut$ ?r\gh all religion sums itself up & comes to full blossom+3 ! c]ta9ty t _w & exi/5ce are insuffici5t1 & ! /rong desire to break ?r\gh into ! true be+1 ( :i* at ! be/ we h "h only a =eta/e & intuition4 ,! doctr9e ( immortality /&s by itself z a matt] ( great solemnity & deep rapture4 ,if x is to be talk$ ab\t1 bo? speak] & he>]s ought to be 9 an exalt$ mood4 ,x is ! conviction :i*1 ( all religi\s convictions1 c be lea/ /riv5 = consci\sly2 x mu/ well =? f devotional p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! _s & its dignity1 & ?us c ma9ta9 itself )\t1 & inde$ aga9/ mu* reason+4 ,to educate & cultivate x 9 u requires a discipl9e ( m$itation1 ( conc5tration1 & ( spiritual self-culture f )9 outw>ds4 ,if we und]/ood bett] :at x meant to 8live 9 ! _s10 to develop ! receptivity1 f95ess1 & dep? ( our inn] life1 to li/5 to & cultivate :at belongs to ! _s1 to in=m x ) ! wor? & cont5t ( religion & morality1 & to integrate x 9 ! unity & complet5ess ( a true p]sonality1 we %\ld atta9 to ! c]ta9ty t p]sonal _s is ! fundam5tal value & mean+ ( all ! confus$ play ( evolution1 & is to be e/imat$ on q a diff]5t scale f all o!r be+ :i* is driv5 hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! /ream ( ,becom+ & ,pass+ away1 hav+ no mean+ or value because ( :i* x mu/ endure4 ,& x w\ld be well also if we und]/ood bett] h[ to li/5 ) ke5] s5ses to our intuitions1 to ! direct self-consci\sness ( ! _s 9 reg>d to itself1 :i* sleeps 9 e m9d1 b :i* few rem>k & few] /ill int]pret4 ,"h1 :]e ! gaze ( self-exam9ation rea*es its horizon1 & c only guess at :at lies beyond1 b c no long] int]pret x1 lie ! true motives & reasons = our conviction ( immortality4 ,an apologetic _c d m ?an cle> away ob/acles1 nor ne$ x d mu* m ?an has hi!rto be5 done4 ,x rem9ds u1 z we h already se51 t ! _w :i* we "k & /udy1 & :i* includes ourselves1 does n %[ its true nature to u2 hidd5 dep?s lie beh9d appe>ances4 ,& x ga!rs toge!r & sums up all ! great reasons = ! indep5d5ce & und]ivability ( ! spiritual z contra/$ ) ! corporeal4 ,! spiritual has reveal$ itself to u z a reality 9 itself1 :i* _c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ! corporeal1 & :i* has dom9ion ov] x4 ,its beg9n+ & its end are :olly unfa?omable4 ,!re is no practical mean+ 9 discuss+ its 8orig90 or its 8pass+ away10 z we d ) reg>d to ! corporeal4 ,"u c]ta9 corporeal conditions x is !re1 x simply appe>s4 ,b x does n arise out ( !m4 ,& z x is n no?+1 b an actual & effective reality1 x c nei!r h come out ( no?+ nor disappe> into no?+ aga94 ,x appe>s out ( ! absolutely transc5d5tal1 associates itself ) corporeal processes1 det]m9es ^! & is det]m9$ by !m1 & 9 its own "t passes back f ?is _w ( appe>ance to ! transc5d5tal aga94 ,x is l a great unkn[n sea1 t p\rs its wat]s into ! configuration ( ! %ore & )draws !m aga94 ,b nei!r ! fl[+ 9 nor ! ebb+ aga9 is ( no?+ or 9 no?+4 ,:e!r & h[ x reta9s ! cont5t1 =m1 & /ructure t x assumes 9 o!r sph]es ( animate & consci\s nature1 :5 x retires into ! transc5d5tal aga92 or :e!r x dissolves & breaks up into ! univ]sal we d n "k2 nor d we attribute ev]la/+ness to ^? individual =ms ( consci\sness :i* we call animal s\ls4 ,b ( ! self-consci\s1 p]sonal _s religion kn[s t x is ev]la/+4 ,x kn[s ?is f its own s\rces4 ,9 its insight into ! und]ivability & autonomy ( ! spiritual x f9ds w>rant & fre$om to ma9ta9 ?is k z some?+ ap>t f or ev5 9 contra/ to ! g5]al outlook on ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,god4 ,! _w & nature are m>vell\s 9 _! be+1 b !y are n 8div9e06 ,! =mula 8natura sive deus0 is a mon/r\s misuse ( ! ^w 8deus10 if we are to use ! words 9 ! s5se :i* hi/ory has giv5 to !m4 ,god is ! ,absolute ,be+1 p]fect1 :olly indep5d5t1 re/+ 9 ,himself1 & necess>y2 nature is entirely cont+5t & dep5d5t1 & at e po9t ( x we are impell$ to ask 8,:y80 ,god is ! immeasurable fulness ( ,be+1 nature is inde$ div]se 9 ! manifoldness ( h] productions1 b %e is nev]!less limit$1 & h] possibilities are re/rict$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,god is ! unre/ra9$1 & ev]la/+ omnipot5ce itself1 & ! p]fect wisdom2 nature is inde$ mighty en\gh 9 ! atta9m5t ( h] ends1 b h[ (t5 is %e ob/ruct$1 h[ (t5 does %e fail to rea* !m1 & h[ seldom does %e d s p]fectly & )\t mi/akes8 ,%e %[s wisdom1 inde$1 cunn+ 9 h] products1 subtlety & da9t9ess1 ta/e & beauty1 all ^! (t5 9 an ov]:elm+ degree1 yet j z (t5 %e br+s =? :at is mean+less1 contradictory & mutually hurtful1 trav]ses h] own l9es1 & bewild]s u by ! brutality1 ! ?\ghtlessness1 & purposelessness1 ! crook$ness1 incomplet5ess1 & di/ort$ness ( h] op]ations4 ,& :at is true ( ! _w ( ext]nal nature is true 9 a f> great] degree ( ! _w ( hi/ory4 ,nature is n a god1 b a demigod1 says ,ari/otle4 ,& on ?is1 ,pan!ism ) its cre$1 8natura sive deus10 makes %ipwreck4 ,! words ( ?is cr$o are ei!r a m]e tautology1 & 8deus0 is misus$ z a new "n = nature2 or !y are false4 ,x is n possible to transf] to nature & ! _w all ! great ideas & feel+s :i* ! religi\s m9d *]i%es "u ! "n ( 8,god40 ,on ! o!r h&1 nature is really1 z ,ari/otle said1 1 t is1 /range1 my/]i\s1 & m>vell\s1 indicat+ ,god1 & po9t+1 all naturalism & sup]ficial consid]ation not)/&+1 z we h se51 to some?+ outside ( & beyond itself4 ,religion dem&s no m ?an ?is4 ,x does n insi/ ^u f9d+ a solution = all ! riddles ( !oretical _w-lore4 ,x is n di/ress$ because ! c\rse ( nature (t5 seems to our eyes confus$1 & to our judgm5t contradictory & un9telligible at a hundr$ places & 9 a hundr$ respects4 ,on ! contr>y1 t ?is is ! case is to religion 9 ano!r aspect a /rong /imulus & corroboration4 8,! _w is an odd fell[2 may ,god soon make an end ( x10 said ,lu!r1 & ?us gave a crude b truly religi\s p>allel to ! words ( ,ari/otle1 1 7,ari/ot4 8,de ,div94 9 ,somn410 c4 ii474 ,x is "p ( ! v ess5ce ( religion1 z we h se51 to read 9 ! pages ( nature1 insuffici5cy1 illusion1 & p]plexities1 & to be made !reby impati5t & desir\s ( p5etrat+ to ! true nature ( ?+s4 ,religion does n claim to be directly d$ucible out ( a consid]ation ( nature2 x dem&s only ! "r & fre$om to int]pret ! _w 9 its own way4 ,& = ?is x is suffici5t t ?is _w af=ds ^? h9ts & sugge/ions = its convictions t we h se5 x does af=d4 ,to =m cle> ideas 9 reg>d to ! actual relations ( ! inf9ite to ! f9ite1 & ( ,god to ! _w1 & ( :at religion calls creation1 pres]vation1 & et]nal provid5ce1 self-revelation 9 ! _w & 9 hi/ory1 is h>dly ! task ( religion at all1 b r p]ta9s to our g5]al speculative in/9ct1 :i* c only satisfy itself ) ! help ( imag9ation4 ,attempts ( ?is k9d h (t5 be5 made4 ,!y are by no means valueless1 = ev5 if no real k c be ga9$ by ?is me?od1 we may p]haps get an analogue ( x :i* w help u to und]/& exi/5ce & ph5om5a1 & to def9e our position1 z well z to give at lea/ provisional answ]s to _m press+ que/ions 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! problem ( !odicy74 ,if we /udy ! _w unprejudic$ by ! naturali/ic int]pretation1 or hav+ %ak5 ourselves free f x1 we are mo/ p[]fully impress$ by "o fundam5tal ph5om5on 9 all exi/5ce3 x is ! fact ( evolution4 ,x *all5ges att5tion & int]pretation1 & analogies quickly reveal !mselves :i* give some?+ ( ! same tr5d to all su* int]pretations4 ,f /age to /age exi/5ce advances onw>ds1 f ! _w ( l>ge masses subject only to ! laws ( me*anics1 to ! delicately complex play ( ! =ces ( developm5t 9 gr[? & o!r vital processes4 ,! nature ( ! =ces is reveal$ 9 ev] high] expression1 & at ! same "t 9 ev] m closely connect$ s]ies ( /ages4 ,ev5 betwe5 ! inorganic & ! organic !re is an int]m$iate /age--cry/al =mation--:i* is no long] entirely ( ! "o1 yet n ( ! o!r4 ,& 9 ! organic _w evolution reveals itself mo/ cle>ly ( all2 f ! crude/ & simple/ x presses onw>ds to ! mo/ delicate & complex4 ,9 ! corporeal z 9 ! psy*ical1 9 ! :ole z 9 ea* ( its p>ts1 !re are ev] high] /ages1 sometimes f> ap>t1 sometimes close toge!r4 ,h[ev] we picture to ourselves ! way 9 :i* evolution accompli%es itself 9 "t1 we c sc>cely describe x )\t us+ su* expressions z 8nature advances upw>ds /ep by /ep10 8x presses & /rives upw>ds & unfolds itself /age by /age40 ,& x is ) u z x 0 ) ,plato2 we in=m ! _w ) a s\l1 ) a desire & endeav\r :i* cont9ually expresses itself 9 high] & high] =ms4 ,& x is ) u also z ) ,fi*te2 we speak ( ! w :i*1 unconsci\s ( itself1 p\rs itself =? 9 unconsci\s & lifeless nature1 & !n on ?is f\ndation /rives =w>d1 express+ its activity 9 ev] high] developm5ts1 break+ =? 9 life1 s5sation1 & desire1 & f9ally com+ to itself 9 consci\s exi/5ce & w4 ,! :ole _w seems to u a be+ :i* wills to become1 presses re/lessly =w>d1 & passes f ! pot5tial to ! actual1 realis+ itself4 ,& ! height ( its self-realisation is consci\s1 will+ life4 ,?is outlook is l(ty & significant1 x supplies a guid+ clue by :i* ! facts ( life & nature c be arrang$4 ,! religi\s outlook1 too1 :5 x wi%es to indulge 9 speculation1 c make use ( ?is guid+ ?read4 ,x w !n say3 ,god e/abli%$ ! _w z 8a w to exi/5ce1 to consci\sness1 to _s40 ,he e/abli%$ x1 n z complete1 b z becom+4 ,he does n build x z a h\se1 b plants x1 l a fl[]1 9 ! se$1 t x may gr[1 t x may /ruggle upw>ds /age by /age to full] exi/5ce1 aspir+ ) toil & endeav\r t[>ds ! height :]e1 9 ! image ( ! ,creator1 z a free & reasonable _s capable ( p]sonality1 x may realise ! aim ( its be+4 ,?us ! _w is ( ,god1 t is1 its rudim5ts came f ,god1 & x is to ,god1 9 ! purpose ( lik5ess to ,god4 ,& x is imbu$ ) ! brea? ( ,godhead :i* moves 9 x & impels x onw>ds1 ) ! logos ( ! ev]la/+ ,zeus ( :om ,clean!s s+s1 ) ! _s ( ,jehovah :om ,isaiah & ! ,psalmi/ praise1 & :om ! poet ( ! ,creation figuratively pa9ts2 ! div9e brea? is 9 ev]y?+ t lives1 f grass to fl[]1 f animal to man4 ,b x is implant$ z becom+4 ,& 9 reg>d to ?is1 religion c say ( ! :ole _w :at x says ( man4 ,= man1 too1 is n giv5 z a f9i%$ product1 ei!r z reg>ds ! g5us or ! individual1 b z a rudim5t1 ) 8 de/9y to "w out1 9 hi/orical becom+1 by realis+ :at is inh]5t 9 him4 ,we call ?is fre$om4 ,& an adumbration ( su* fre$om1 :i* is ! aim ( self-realisation1 w\ld help u to p5etrate deeply into ! nature ( ?+s4 ,_m riddles & app>5t contradictions c\ld be fitt$ 9 ) ?is view ( ?+s3 ! unity ( ! _w1 & yet ! gradations2 ! relation%ip ( all liv+ creatures1 ! unity ( all psy*ical life1 & yet ! uniqu5ess ( ! rational _s2 causal concat5ation1 yet guidance by means ( ! highe/ ideas & purposes2 ! t5tativ5ess1 illogicalness1 & ineffectiv5ess ( nature1 unconsci\sly press+ =w>d along unc]ta9 pa?s1 yet ! directness & purposefulness ( ! ma9 l9es ( evolution 9 g5]al4 ,?is ,god-awak5$ w to be lies at ! roots ( ! my/]ies ( developm5t 9 all liv+ creatures1 ( ! unconsci\s purposiv5ess ( in/9ctive action1 ( ! gradually asc5d+ developm5t ( psy*ical life & its organ4 ,op]at+ 9 cry/als & plants purely z a =mative impulse & 8entele*y10 x awakes 9 ! bodies ( animals m & m z 8s\l40 ,!n x awakes fully 9 man1 & 9 him1 9 an entirely new phase ( real free developm5t1 x builds itself up to _s4 ,x resembles a /ream ^: waves fl[ casually & transi5tly 9 animal consci\sness1 & are soon )drawn aga91 to break =? anew at ano!r place1 9 ! p]sonal _s1 :]e !y atta9 to p]man5t indissoluble =m1 s9ce !y h n[ at la/ atta9$ to self-realisation1 & fulfill$ ! purpose ( all cosmic exi/5ce1 ! reflect+ ( ! et]nal p]sonality 9 ! creature4 ,b x is only 9 human hi/ory t :at 0 prep>$ = 9 natural evolution is complet$4 ,! riddle ( !odicy ?us becomes easi]1 = :at surr\nds u 9 nature & hi/ory has n come direct f ! h& ( et]nal wisdom1 b is 9 ! fir/ place ! product ( ! develop+1 /riv+ _w1 :i* only gradually & aft] _m mi/akes & failures works out :at is inh]5t 9 x z et]nal idea & aim4 ,we see & blame its mi/akes1 = in/ance 9 our own human /ructure4 ,we see ! defici5cies 9 ! hi/orical c\rse ( ?+s4 ,b :5 we f9d fault we d n see t evolution & self-realisation & fre$om are m wor?y ( praise ?an ready-made exi/5ce incapable ( indep5d5t action4 ,?is pr9ciple ( developm5t1 :]ev] x is reg>d$ z 8_w-s\l0 or z 8w0 or z ! 8unconsci\s10 is frequ5tly1 ?r\gh pan!ism & ! doctr9e ( imman5ce1 made equival5t ) ! object ( religion1 ) ,god4 ,?is is an impossible und]tak+4 ,we _c wor%ip :at only rea*es its full developm5t 9 ourselves4 ,b t we c wor%ip1 & t x is only 9 ! feel+ ( complete dep5d5ce t ! full dep? ( :at is develop+ )9 u to consci\s life reveals itself1 proves bett] ?an any?+ else t ,god is above all 8,_w-w40 ,x 0 m ?an allegory :5 ,plato 9 ,timu set ! 8et]nal fa!r & creator ( ! _w0 above all s\l & psy*e4 ,& x 0 religion t broke ?r\gh :5 ,fi*te 9 8 little book1 8,anweisung zum seelig5 ,leb510 set be+ be=e becom+1 & ,god above ! creatures /ruggl+ t[>ds self-realisation4 ,religion kn[s 9 advance t ?is is s4 ,& calm reflection confirms x4 ,all t we h already le>nt ( ! dep5d5ce1 condition$ness1 & cont+5t nature ( ! _w is equally true ( a _w 8evolv+ itself0 out ( its pot5tiality1 ( a w to exi/5ce1 & ( an unconsci\s realis+ itself4 ,no fl[] c gr[ & develop )\t be+ fir/ implicit 9 ! se$4 ,no?+ c atta9 to 8actuality10 to realisation1 t 0 n pot5tially impli$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,b :o orig9at$ ! se$ ( ! _w-fl[]8 ,:o enclos$ )9 x ! 8t5d5cies10 ! 8rudim5ts0 :i* realise !mselves 9 evolution8 ,inv>iably 8! actual is be=e ! pot5tial0 & ,be+ be=e ,becom+4 ,a _w c\ld only become if x 7 call$ to become by an ev]la/+ ,be+4 ,god plant+ ! _w-fl[] t x might radiate =? 9 its blossoms ,8 own image & lik5ess1 is an allegory :i* may well symbolise = religion ! relation betwe5 ,god & ! _w4 ,& ?us x is possible to draw ! outl9e ( a religi\s outlook on ! _w1 into :i* ! results ( _w-lore c\ld well be fitt$4 ,?is frame 0 con/ruct$ by ,plato on ! basis ( a religi\s /udy ( ?+s1 & aft] ,plato x 0 fir/ def9itely outl9$ 9 ,fi*te's too mu* =gott5 b un=gettable books 8,be/immung des ,m5s*50 & 8,anweisung zum seelig5 ,leb510 & x is ?us a new creation ( ! great ,g]man idealism & its mighty fai?4 ,& x is n easy to see :y x %\ld be ab&on$1 :y we %\ld give x up 9 fav\r ( an irreligi\s1 semi-naturali/ic outlook on ! _w4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be kept con/antly 9 m9d3 ev5 su* an int]pretation ( ! _w z ?is is poetry1 n k4 ,!re is a poetry ( ! w to live1 ( ! unconsci\s1 :i* is /ruggl+ t[>ds exi/5ce1 b !re is no philosophy4 ,!re are only analogies & h9ts ( :at goes on at ! f\ndations ( ! _w4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! unconsci\s creative impulse 9 all liv+ organisms1 ?is 8w0 t[>ds =m1 its relation%ip ) in/9ct & ! relation%ip ( in/9ct to consci\s psy*e1 af=d u a /ep-ladd] ( illu/rations1 & an illu/ration ( ! /ep-ladd] ( ! 8w t[>ds exi/5ce10 :i* invite u to ov]/ep ! b\nds ( our k1 & indulge 9 our imag9ation4 ,we c say no?+ ( pre-consci\s consci\sness & w1 we c at be/ only make guesses ab\t !m4 ,we _c ?9k def9itely ( a g5]al _w-w1 :i* wills & aspires 9 individual be+s2 we _c picture to ourselves ! em]g5ce ( ! individual 8s\ls0 ( animals & man f a univ]sal psy*e4 ,imag9ation plays a l>g] "p "h ?an cle> ?9k+4 ,& = our pres5t purpose x mu/ be cle>ly borne 9 m9d t religion does n require any speculative con/ruction ( !ories ( ! _w4 ,b 8y %all "k t x is y\r imag9ation :i* creates ! _w = y407#ajh7 ,& if a speculative con/ruction be desir$1 x w always be mo/ easily atta9$ along ^! l9es1 & w 9 ?is way come ne>e/ to our mod]n k ( nature4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t ! objections :i* may be urg$ aga9/ ?is =m ( speculation are equally applicable aga9/ any o!r4 ,= ! orig9 ( ! individual psy*e1 ! graduat$ s]ies ( its =ms1 ! developm5t ( "o aft] ! o!r1 & ( t ( ! *ild f t ( its p>5ts1 are riddles :i* _c be solv$ by any speculative ?9k+4 ,monadology1 !ories ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 creationism1 or ! curr5t traducianism--:i* to-day1 ) its p>tly or :olly mat]iali/ic basis1 is j z nave z ! old]--all reveal equal d>kness4 ,b ! speculation we h h9t$ at1 if x gives no explanation1 at lea/ supplies a framework = _m que/ions :i* attract u1 & d s ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( religion3 = in/ance ! collective1 diffuse1 & almo/ divisible nature ( consci\sness 9 ! l[] /ages1 its increas+ & ev] m /rict c5tralisation1 ! natural relation%ip ( ! psy*ical 9 man to ! psy*ical 9 g5]al1 & yet its incomm5surability & sup]iority to all ! _w4 ,b let u once m turn f all ! poetical & imag9ative illu/rations ( ! relation ( ,god to ! _w1 :i* c at be/ be only provisional1 & only applicable at c]ta9 po9ts1 to ! m g5]al aspect ( ! problem4 ,religion itself consi/s 9 ?is3 believ+ & exp]i5c+ t 9 "t ! ,et]nal1 9 ! f9ite ! ,inf9ite1 9 ! _w ,god is work+1 reveal+ ,himself1 & t 9 ,him lies ! reason & cause ( all be+4 ,= ?is x has names l creation1 provid5ce1 self-revelation ( ,god 9 ! _w1 & x lives by ! my/]ies :i* are indicat$ "u ^! names4 ,! my/]ies !mselves x recognises 9 vague or nave =ms ( conception long be=e x attempts any def9ite =mulation4 ,if dogmatics beg9 ) ! latt]1 "s =m or o!r ( ! /iff & wood5 doctr9es ( concursus1 ( influxus ord9>ius & extraord9>ius usually develops ) _m o!r subtleties1 :i* are no?+ m ?an attempts to =mulate ! div9e influ5ce 9 f9ite t]ms1 & to ?9k ( x z a =ce along ) o!r =ces4 ,two s]ies ( causes are usually di/+ui%$2 ! sy/em ( causes & effects )9 ! _w1 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ natural takes place1 ! 8caus secund>i02 & 9 addition to ^! ! div9e causality co-op]at+ & influ5c+ ! o!rs1 ord]+ !m ) g5tle & delicate pressure1 & guid+ !m t[>ds _! true end1 & :i* may also reveal itself z 8extraord9>ia0 9 miracles & signs4 ,?is d\ble op]ation is reg>d$ z giv+ rise to all ph5om5a1 & 9 x consi/s guidance1 disp5sation1 provid5ce1 & natural revelation4 ,?is k9d ( conception is extremely primitive1 & is unfav\rable to religion itself1 = 9 x my/]y is done away ) & arrang$ accord+ to rubric1 & ev]y?+ has become q 8simple40 ,moreov]1 ?is doctr9e has a necess>y t5d5cy to turn into ! dread$ 8,deism40 ,accord+ to ! dei/ic view1 ,god made ! _w 9 ! beg9n+1 & set ! sy/em ( natural causes 9 motion1 9 su* a way t no f>!r assi/ance 0 giv51 & ev]y?+ w5t on ( itself4 ,?is !ory is incr$ibly pr(ane1 & /rikes ,god out ( ! _w1 & nature1 & hi/ory at a s+le /roke1 sub/itut+ = ,him ! c\rse ( a well-arrang$ sy/em ( clockwork4 ,b ! =m] !ory is a v unsatisfactory & d\btful make%ift z comp>$ ) t ( deism1 = x is impossible to see :y1 if ,god arrang$ ^! caus secund>i1 ,he %\ld h made !m s weak & ineffective t !y ne$ all ^! +5i\s concursus1 influxus1 det]m9ationes1 gub]nationes1 & ! l4 ,bo? !ories are crude fabrications ( ! dogmati/s1 & !y h no?+ left 9 !m ( ! piety !y 7 int5d$ to protect1 nor d !y become any bett] 9 ?is respect1 h[ev] _m attempts are made to def9e !m4 ,religion possesses1 )\t ! aid ( any /ilt$ & artificial !ories1 all ! ?+s we h nam$ above1 & especially & mo/ directly ! la/ ( !m1 namely1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! revelation & communication ( ! ,div9e 9 ! great developm5ts & movem5ts ( spiritual & religi\s hi/ory4 ,& x f9ds its corroboration & ju/ification & fre$om n by way ( dogmatics b ( criticism4 ,x is impossible to di/+ui% artificially two sets ( causes1 & to give to ! _w :at is alleg$ to be ( ! _w1 & to ,god :at is alleg$ to be ( ,god4 ,b x is p]missible to po9t to ! insuffici5cy ( our causal /udy 9 g5]al1 & to ! limits ( our k4 ,ev5 :5 we h e/abli%$ x z a fact t all ph5om5a are l9k$ toge!r 9 a *a9 ( causes we are /ill f> f hav+ discov]$ h[ ?+s actually come to pass4 ,e qualitative effect & *ange is entirely hidd5 f u z f> z ! cause ( its com+ ab\t & its real & inn] nature are conc]n$4 ,e effect :i* 9 k9d or quantity goes beyond its cause 7& we _c make any?+ ( ! doma9 ( liv+ =ms1 ( ! psy*ical & ( hi/ory )\t ^!71 %[s u t we are /ill only at ! surface4 ,inde$1 ev5 me*anical action1 (t5 alleg$ to be entirely intelligible1 su* z ! transf]5ce or trans=mation ( en]gy1 is1 z we h se51 a complete riddle4 ,9 addition1 all causality runs its c\rse 9 "t1 & !re=e p>takes ( all ! defects & limitations ( our views ( "t4 ,& f9ally we are guid$ by ! ,kantian ant9omy reg>d+ ! conditions ( :at is 8giv540 ,x de/roys ! *>m ( ! 8purely causal0 po9t ( view by %[+ t ?is 9 itself _c be made complete & is !re=e contradictory4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ph5om5a ( life1 & 9 ! fact t consci\sness & w control our corporeal processes1 & yet c h>dly be ?\ght ( z a cause 8co-op]at+0 ) o!r causes1 we f\nd an analogy1 if a weak & obscure "o1 ( ! relation t a div9e teleology & gov]n+ ( ! _w may be> to mundane ph5om5a4 ,?us my/]y rema9s 9 all its /r5g? & is n replac$ by ! surrogate ( a too simple & %all[ dogmatic !ory4 ,9 confess+ my/]y & re/+ cont5t ) x we are ju/ifi$ by reflection on ! nature & ant9omy ( our k4 ,all ?is is true also ( :at religion means by creation4 ,9 ! feel+ ( complete humility1 9 its exp]i5ce ( absolute dep5d5ce & condition$ness1 ! creature becomes consci\s ( itself z a creature1 & exp]i5ces ) full cle>ness :at x means to be a 8creature0 & 8creat$40 ,! dogmatic !ory is "h aga9 only a surrogate ( my/]y4 ,& aga9 critical self-reflection proves a bett] guide ?an any !ory ( creation1 :i* is q 9 its place z a means ( expression 9 religi\s disc\rse & poetry1 b is q insuffici5t z true k4 ,t we mu/ b _c ?9k ( ?is _w ei!r z beg9n+ or z n-beg9n+ is ! analogue 9 k ( :at religion exp]i5ces 9 my/]y2 & t ?is cont+5t & condition$ _w is f\nd$ 9 ev]la/+1 necess>y1 true ,be+1 is ! analogue ( :at religion possesses & kn[s ?r\gh dev\t feel+1 m directly & cle>ly ?an by any ?9k+1 ( ! relations ( ,god to ! _w4 ,,footnotes #a ,?is has be5 urg$ (t5 en\gh ev5 by sci5tific inve/igators4 ,9 su* cases !y h frequ5tly be5 reproa*$ = dragg+ miracles into nature :5 !y call a halt 9 face ( ! 8und]ivable0 & ! 8my/]i\s40 ,?is is a complete misund]/&+4 ,) miracles & ) ! sup]natural 9 ! hi/orical s5se ( ^! words1 ?is mode ( reg>d+ nature has no?+ :atev] to d4 ,x w\ld be mu* m reasonable to ma9ta9 ! conv]se3 t !re exi/s betwe5 sup]natural ideas & ! belief 9 ! absolute explicability & rationalisation ( nature a peculi> mutual relation & attraction4 ,=1 if we ?9k out ! relation cle>ly1 we mu/ see t all real & consi/5t belief 9 miracles dem&s z its mo/ effective backgr\nd ! cle>e/ possible explicability ( nature4 ,x pictures to itself two natures1 s to speak3 nature & sup]nature1 & ! latt] ( ^! int]polates itself into ! =m] 9 ! =m ( sudd5 & occasional int]ruptions2 t is to say1 z miracles4 ,! purpose ( miracles is to be recognis$ z su*1 z ev5ts absolutely diff]5t f ! ord9>y c\rse ( happ5+4 ,& !y are mo/ likely ?us to be recognis$ :5 nature itself is transluc5t & ma!matical4 ,?us we f9d t sup]naturalism q readily accepts1 & ev5 insi/s ^u a rationali/ic explanation ( nature4 ,b ?is is q incorrect4 ,nature is n s ?or\ghly rationalis$ & calculable z su* a po9t ( view w\ld h u believe4 ,! really religi\s elem5t 9 belief 9 miracles is t x1 too1 9 its own way1 is seek+ aft] my/]y1 dep5d5ce & provid5ce4 ,x fails because x navely seeks = ^! 9 isolat$ & exceptional acts1 :i* h no analogy to o!r ph5om5a4 ,x reg>ds ^! z arbitr>y acts1 & does s because x ov]looks or und]e/imates ! fact t !y h to be reckon$ ) ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nature4 #b ,n ev5 aft] ! s*ola/ic mann] ( reg>d+ et]nity z a 8nunc /ans10 a /ation>y n[1 an ev]la/+ pres5t4 8,pres5t0 is a mom5t 9 our own "t1 & an 8ev]la/+0 pres5t is nons5se4 #c 8,r$5 b] die ,religion1 an die ,gebildet5 unt] ihr5 ,v]*t]n40 ,neu h]ausgegeb5 von ,r4 ,otto4 #aijf4 #d ,kgl4 ,preuss4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #ahgf4 #e ,"s ( ^! subsidi>y factors are difficult to h>monise ) ! ma9 pr9ciple ( selection2 !y endang] x or x endang]s !m1 z we %all see :5 we consid] ! controv]sies )9 ! ,d>w9ian camp4 #f ,h4 ,fri$mann1 8,die ,konv]g5z d] ,organism510 ,b]l91 #aijd4 #g ,x is some:at confus+ t ev5 ,weismann 9 8 mo/ rec5t "w pr(esses to give 8,lectures on ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t10 & 9 reality only assumes x1 conc]n+ himself ) ! ,d>w9ian !ory 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,! ,engli% translation is m correctly entitl$ 8,! ,evolution ,!ory40 #h ,cf4 ,wagn]1 8,zur geg5wrtig5 ,lage des ,d>w9ismus40 8,die ,ums*au10 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 #i ,eug5 ,dubois 7,milit>y ,surgeon ( ! ,dut* ,army71 8,pi!can?ropus erectus1 a man-l transition-=m f ,java40 ,batavia4 #aijd4 #aj ,h4 ,fri$5?al4 8,ueb] e95 exp]im5tell5 ,na*weis von ,blutsv]w&ts*aft40 ,ar*iv4 f4 ,anatomie und ,physiologie1 #aijj1 p4 #djd4 #aa ,j5a1 #aijd4 ,trans4 8,! ,evolution ,!ory10 ,arnold4 ,london #aijd4 #ab ,a def5ce ( ?is v confid5t ,d>w9ian po9t ( view1 = ! b5efit ( non-sci5tific read]s1 w be f\nd 9 ! rec5t 8,geme9v]/ndli*5 d>w9i/is*5 ,vortrg5 und ,abh&lung510 by ,plate1 ,simro?1 ,s*midt1 & o!rs4 ,see also ,ziegl]'s 8,ueb] d5 d]zcitig5 ,/& d] ,desc5d5zlehre 9 d] ,zoologie40 #ac 8,rass5bildung und ,erbli*keit10 ,fe/s*rift fr ,ba/ian1 p4 #i4 #ad 8,rass5bildung und ,erbli*keit10 ,fe/s*rift fr ,ba/ian1 p4 #f4 #ae 8,sammlung geme9v]/ndl4 ,vortrge1 hrsg4 v4 ,vir*[ und ,holtz5dorf10 ,heft #if4 8,m5s*5 und ,aff5s*del10 ,b]l91 #ahgj4 #af 8,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie10 #ahhb1 p4 #bgf4 #ag 8,v]h4 ,b]l9 an?ropolog4 ,gesells*aft iv40 7#ahgb71 p4 #acb4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 appe> /range to ! lay m9d t x %\ld h be5 only ! pa?ological subjects ( prehi/oric times t _h _! rema9s pres]v$ = our mod]n /udy4 #ah ,cf4 8,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie10 #ahie1 pp4 #gh1 #gce4 #ai ,cf4 8,rass5bildung und ,erbli*keit40 ,fe/s*rift fr ,ba/ian1 #ahie4 #bj ,see also 8,desc5d5z und ,pa?ologie40 ,ar*4 f4 pa?4 ,anat4 a4 ,physiol41 #ahhf2 8,trans=mation und ,ab/ammung40 ,b]l9] ,kl94 ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahic4 #ba ,fir/ edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,a second edition & an ,engli% translation h s9ce be5 publi%$4 ,see especially ! discussion ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( species 9 ! second volume4 #bb ,see ,engli% translation ( ,k]n]'s ,plant ,life4 #bc ,cf4 a criticism ( ! book f ! ,d>w9ian po9t ( view by ,plate 9 ,biologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #aija4 #bd ,t ?is po9ts only to ! fact ( evolution1 & n necess>ily to actual desc5t1 w be se5 lat] on4 #be ,fir/ edition1 #ahii2 n[ 9 a second edition4 #bf 8,g5ealogie d] ,urzell5 als ,lsung des ,desc5d5zproblems0 7#ahgb71 & 8,d] ,d>w9ismus und die ,natur=s*ung ,newtons und ,cuvi]s0 7#ahgd-ahgg74 #bg 8,e9e kritis*e ,d>/ellung d] mod]n5 ,entwicklungslehre10 ,j5a1 #ahib4 #bh ,comp>e ,d>w9's d]ivation ( fi%es f ,tunicata because ( ! noto*ord :i* occurs 9 ! tunicate l>v4 #bi ,see ,h]twig's 8,biological ,problem ( ,to-day40 ,london #ahif4 #cj ,! ju/ice ( ?is prophecy has be5 mean:ile illu/rat$ by ! rec5t "w ( ,h4 ,fri$mann1 8,die ,konv]g5z d] ,organism510 ,b]l91 #aijd4 #ca ,if we wi% to1 we c ev5 read ! 8biog5etic law0 9 ,dante4 ,see 8,purgatory10 p4 #bf1 :]e ! embryo atta9s successively to ! plant1 animal & human /ages3 8,anima fatta la virtute attiva1 ,qual d'una pianta4444 ,come fungo m>9o 444 ,ma come d'animal div5ga fante40 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 no?+ else ?an ,ari/otle's !ory ( evolution1 done into t]z>ima1 & correct$ by ,/4 ,?omas4 ,= ! late/ application ( ^! views1 ev5 9 relation to ! 8biog5etic fundam5tal law10 see ! f9ely f9i%$ 8,morpho-g5etic ,/udies0 ( ,t4 ,g>b[ski 7,j5a1 #aijc73 8,! great] "p ( :at is usually ref]r$ to ! s-call$ fundam5tal biog5etic law dep5ds on illusion1 s9ce all ?+s undevelop$ or imp]fect mu/ be> a great] or less resemblance "o to ano!r40 #cb ,i4e41 ,! occurr5ce ( saltatory1 transili5t1 or discont9u\s v>iations or mutations4 #cc ,i4e41 ,! em]g5ce ( a di/9ctively new patt]n ( organisation4 #cd ,see ,h4 ,g4 ,bronn's ,app5dix to 8 translation ( ,d>w9's 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,fir/ ,g]man edition4 #ce ,f9ally & compreh5sively 9 ! two volumes we h already m5tion$1 8,vortrge b] die ,desz5d5z!orie10 ,j5a1 #aijb 7,eng4 trans41 ,london1 #aijd74 8,natural selection dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! cumulative augm5tation ( ! mo/ m9ute useful v>iations 9 ! direction ( _! utility2 only ! useful is develop$ & increas$1 & great effects are br\ght ab\t sl[ly ?r\gh ! summ+ up ( _m v m9ute /eps4444 ,b ! philosophical significance ( natural selection lies 9 ! fact t x %[s u h[ to expla9 ! orig9 ( useful1 well-adapt$ /ructures purely by me*anical factors1 & )\t hav+ to fall back ^u a directive pr9ciple40 #cf ,if x 7 n :ite x w\ld be obs]v$ by ! seals1 :i* w\ld ?us avoid be+ dev\r$ by x4 ,see ,weismann1 ,i41 p4 #gj4 7,engli% edition1 p4 #fe47 #cg ,x is almo/ comical :5 ,weismann1 ! *ampion ( ! purely naturali/ic outlook1 occasionally =gets 8 rle altoge!r1 & puts 9 a ^w = 8*ance10 or attempts to s(t5 absolute pr$et]m9ation4 ,= if ev5 a s+le wolf %\ld de/roy a /ag 8by *ance10 or if a s+le 8id0 %\ld 8*ance0 to gr[ 9 a mann] slightly diff]5t f t laid d[n = x by ! compell+ =ce ( prec$+ & accompany+ circum/ances1 ! :ole ,d>w9ian edifice w\ld be lab\r lo/4 #ch ,see ,d>w91 8444 *ance v>iations4 ,unless su* occur1 natural selection c d no?+40 #ci 8,die ,d>w9sehe ,!orie4 ,geme9v]/ndli*e ,vorlesung5 b] die ,naturphilosophie d] ,geg5w>t gehalt5 vor ,/udi]5d5 all] ,fakultt510 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,?is book is ! cont9uation ( ! au?or's 8,desz5d5z!orie40 #dj ,fleis*mann's book comp>es fav\rably ) ^? ( o!r naturali/s1 9 t he does n contra/ 8,moses0 & natural sci5ce1 z is cu/om>y1 b has a deep] k ( ! mod]n view ( ,g5esis ,i4 ?an is usually f\nd among naturali/s1 :e!r ( ! 8positive0 or 8negative0 /&po9t4 #da ,see also ,wolff4 #db ,see ,c4,c4 ,coe1 8,nature v]sus ,natural ,selection10 ,london1 #ahie4 ,p]haps ! mo/ compreh5sive1 _m-sid$1 critical analysis ( ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,see also ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 8,! ,inadequacy ( ,natural ,selection10 #ahic4 #dc ,leipzig1 #ahhh1 #ahig1 #aija4 ,9 "p translat$ z 8,organic ,evolution40 ,we are "h ma9ly conc]n$ ) ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,iii4 ,lat] on we %all h to discuss ,vol4 ,,ii4 #dd ,wi51 #ahii4 #de ,see ,wett/e91 8,neolam>ckism10 ,j5a1 #aijb4 ,see also ,demoor1 ,mass>t1 ,v&]velde1 8,l',evolution rgressive en ,biologie et ,sociologie10 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,biblio?que sci5tific int]nationale1 vol4 lxxxv4 ,?is "w is on ! ,lam>ckian basis4 ,x is orig9al 9 apply+ ,lam>ckian pr9ciples to a !ory ( society4 #df ,two vols41 ,leipzig1 #aija & #aijb4 #dg ,x rema9s op5 to "q :e!r ,eim]'s explanation is suffici5t 9 all cases1 ev5 ^? ( ! exagg]at$ly deceptive copies ( leaves or b>k1 or ! col\r ( ! environm5t4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! sorry explanation 9 t]ms ( 8,v>iation & ,selection10 b t ( a spontane\s imitation ( ! surr\nd+s1 t =ces itself irresi/ibly ^u u 9 ?is connection4 #dh ,j5a1 #ahib & #ahie4 #di ,see ,re9ke1 8,e9leitung 9 die !oretis*e ,biologie10 #aija1 especially pp4 #dfc onw>ds on 8,phylog5etis*es ,bildungspot5tial40 von ,wett/e9 7,on direct adaptation71 8,neolam>kismus10 ,j5a1 #aijb4 ,cf4 8,wiss5s*-,beitrge zum #ae ,jahresb]i*te 7#aijb7 d] ,philos4 ,gesells*aft an d] ,univ]sitt zu ,wi53 ,vortrge und ,bespre*ung5 b] die ,krisis d] ,d>w9ismus40 ,m4 ,kass[itz1 8,allgeme9e ,biologie10 ,i4 & ,,ii41 #ahii4 ,o4 ,h]twig1 8,entwicklung d] ,biologie im #ai4 ,jahrhund]t40 ,wiesn]1 8,elem5te d] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,botanik40 7cf4 especially ,,iii4 8,biologie d] ,pflanz5071 & on p4 #bhh ! summ>y ( propositions :i* are v simil> to ^? =mulat$ lat] by ,kors*9sky4 78,auf ,grund des d5 ,organism5 innewohn5d5 ,v]vollkommnung/riebes407 #ej ,see ! p>ticul>ly beautiful & sugge/ive exp]im5ts ( ,hab]l&t3 8,exp]im5telle ,h]vorrufung e9es neu5 ,organs40 ,9 8,fe/s*rift fr ,s*w5d5]10 ,b]l9 ,borntraeg]1 #ahii4 #ea ,see 8,nature10 #ahia1 p4 #dda #eb ,see 8,nature10 #ahia1 p4 #dda4 #ec ,! v>iation-increm5t ( ! selection !ory ought to be a diff]5tial4 ,b 9 _m cases x is n s4 ,z = in/ance 9 symmetrical correlat$ v>iation1 c4 ,9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce x is usually n advantages ( organisation :i* are decisive1 b ! *ance advantages ( situation1 ?\gh ^! h no 8selective0 influ5ce4 ,! case ( ! tapeworm is illu/rative4 ,8 "w1 8,die organis*5 ,regulation51 ,vorb]eitung5 zu e9] ,!orie des ,leb5s10 #aija1 is a sy/ematic survey ( illu/rations ( ! 8autonomy0 ( vital processes4 ,9 8 8,analytis*5 ,!orie d] organis*5 ,entwicklung10 ,leipzig1 #ahid1 8 special biological 78ontog5etic07 views are /ill 9 process ( developm5t4 ,b ev5 "h 8 %>p rejection ( ,d>w9ism is complete 7see ,,vi41 ,p>4 #c1 on 8! absurd assumption ( a cont+5t "* ( morphog5esis074 ,x is n = no?+ t ! book is d$icat$ to ,wig& & ,c4 ,f4 von ,ba]4 ,he says t 9 reg>d to developm5t we mu/ 8picture to ourselves ext]nal ag5ts act+ z /imuli & a*iev+ trans=mations :i* h ! "*1 n analysable z to its causes1 ( be+ adapt$ to _! end1 t is1 capable ( life40 ,incomplete1 b v in/ructive too1 are 8 discussions on ! causal & ! teleological outlook1 ! necessity = bo?1 & ! impossibility ( elim9at+ ! latt] f ! /udy ( nature4 ,9 a s]ies ( subsequ5t works1 ,dries* has def9$ & /r5g!n$ ?is position1 f9ally rea*+ ! decl>ation3 8,d>w9 belongs to hi/ory1 j l t o!r curiosity ( our c5tury1 ! ,hegelian philosophy4 ,bo? are v>iations on ! !me1 #8,h[ to lead a :ole g5]ation by ! nose6' 0 78,biolog4 ,z5tralbl40 #ahif1 p4 #af74 ,we are conc]n$ ) ,dries* m p>ticul>ly 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 #ed ,see ,dries* 8,kritis*es und ,polemis*es10 ,biol4 ,z5trabl41 #aijb1 p4 #ahg1 ,note #b4 #ee 8,naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,wo*5s*rift10 xiv41 p4 #bgc4 #ef ,see #gj & subsequ5t sections4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! s5t5ces3--8,e production ( mat]ial ?+s & ( _! =ms mu/ be int]pret$ z possible 9 t]ms ( purely me*anical laws10 & ! contra/3 8,"s products ( mat]ial nature _c be int]pret$ z possible 9 t]ms ( purely me*anical laws40 #eg ,to ,ari/otle ! 8,s\l0 7 ,psy*e1 phytike7 0 9 ! fir/ place a purely biological pr9ciple4 ,b by means ( 8 ela/ic =mula ( ,pot5tiality & ,actuality he 0 able to make ! transition to ! psy*ological ) app>5t ease4 ,! biological is to him 9 8pot5tiality0 :at s5sation1 impulse1 imag9ation are 9 8realisation40 ,b ! biological & ! psy*ological are n relat$ to "o ano!r z /ages4 ,gr[?1 =m1 developm5t1 c41 _c be c>ri$ ov] ?r\gh any 8actualisatio0 into s5sation1 consci\sness & ! l4 ,an ess5tially diff]5t "q is1 :e!r ! biological may n be n inde$ d]ivable f ! psy*ological--t w\ld be ! same mi/ake--b dep5d5t on1 & condition$ by x1 j z we reg>d ! volunt>y mov+ & direct+ ( ! body z dep5d5t on x4 ,an imag9ative int]pretation ( ! _w w always take ?is c\rse4 #eh ,( c\rse all ?is /ill gives u no gr\nd = draw+ conclusions z to ! correctness ( ! me*ani/ic !ory1 b only af=ds a reason = its p[] ( p]si/5ce4 ,inde$1 ! v fact t1 9 inve/igat+ ! problem ( life1 in/9ct directs u t[>ds me*anical int]pretations1 %\ld give add$ weight to ! o!r fact1 t among ! ranks ( naturali/s !mselves !re con/antly arise d\bts & criticisms ( ! adequacy ( ?is mode ( int]pretation1 & t _m ( !m g ov] m or less completely to ! vitali/ic po9t ( view4 #ei ,h4 ,helmholtz1 8,ueb] die ,erhaltung d] ,kraft1 e9e physikalis*e ,abh&lung10 ,b]l91 #ahdg4 #fj ,max ,v]worn1 8,die ,biog5hypo!se10 ,j5a1 #aijc4 ,cf4 criticisms by ,czapek 9 ! 8,botanis*e ,zeitung10 ,no4 #b1 #aijc1 & by ,loeb 9 ! 8,biologis*es ,z5tralblatt10 #aijb4 #fa ,b]l91 #aijj4 ,edit$ by ,r4 du ,bois-,reymond4 #fb ,bts*li1 8,unt]su*ung5 b] microscopis*e ,s*ume und das ,protoplasma10 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,cf4 ,b]?old1 8,/udi5 zur ,protoplasmame*anik40 #fc ,rhumbl]1 8,zur ,me*anik des ,ga/rulationvorganges 4440 9 8,ar*iv4 f4 ,entwicklungsme*anik10 ,bd4 #ad4 #fd 8,bewegung d] leb5dig5 ,sub/anz40 ,j5a1 #ahib4 #fe ,a %ort1 v attractive description ( ^! me*anical me?ods1 & "o :i* appeals p>ticul>ly to u laym5 because ( its excell5t illu/rations1 is ,drey]'s 8,ziele und ,wege biologis*] ,=s*ung0 7,j5a1 #ahib71 especially ! fir/ "p1 8,die ,flssigkeitsme*anik als e9e ,grundlage d] organis*5 ,=m- und ,g]/-,bildung40 ,! a/oni%+ & fasc9at+ =ms ( ,radiol>ian frameworks & 8skeletons0 7! arti/ic appreciation ( :i* 0 made possible to a wid] public by ,haeckel's 8,kun/=m5 d] ,natur07 are "h made ! subject ( me*anical explanations1 :i* are c]ta9ly 9 a high degree plausible4 #ff ,cf4 ,r\x1 8,ar*iv4 fur ,entwicklungsme*anik40 ,! "n suffici5tly indicates ! scope4 #fg ,= a discussion ( ! difficulties & impossibilities ( ?is !ory see page #adh above4 #fh 8,pre=mation od] ,epig5esis80 ,outl9es ( a !ory ( ! developm5t ( organisms4 ,j5a1 #ahid4 7,"p ,i4 ( 8,zeit- und ,/reit-frag5 d] ,biologie407 ,translat$ by ,p4 ,*alm]s ,mit*ell1 8,! ,biological ,problem ( ,to-day40 #fi ,9 8 e>li] p]iod4 ,lat] he rejects bo? pre=mation & epig5esis1 z me*anical di/ortions ( vital processes4 #gj ,see also ,lotze's int]e/+ article 8,in/9ct0 9 ! same "w4 #ga ,"p ,,ii4 ( 8 8,zeit- und ,/reit-frag5 d] ,biologie40 #gb ,second ,edition1 #aijb4 #gc ,9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aci4 #ahih4 #gd 8,g5]al ,physiology40 ,translat$ by ,lee4 ,london4 #ahii4 ,p4 #agj4 #ge ,z a rem>kable in/ance & corroboration ( ?is1 we may ref] to ! ev]-recurr+1 in/9ctive antipa?y ( deeply religi\s temp]am5ts1 f ,augu/9e to ,lu!r & ,s*lei]ma*]1 to ! ,ari/otelian mood & its conception ( ! _w1 & _! sympa?y ) ,plato's 7mo/ly & especially 9 _! 8,platonis$0 expressions74 ,! cle>-cut1 lum9\s1 conception ( ! _w :i* expresses ev]y?+ 9 t]ms ( comm5surable concepts is ?or\ghly ,ari/otelian4 ,b x w\ld be difficult to f9d a place 9 x = ! peculi> elem5t :i* lies at ! root ( all true devotional feel+1 & :i* makes fai? some?+ m ?an ! highe/ 8rev]5ce1 love & tru/40 #gf 8,ar*4 fr pa?ol4 ,anatomie und ,physiologie10 ,bd4 ,,viii4 #ahee4 #gg ,vol4 ,,ix41 #ahef4 #gh ,! same is true ev5 ( cry/als1 8omne cry/allum e cry/allo40 #gi ,cf4 8,ueb] die ,aufgabe d] ,naturwiss5s*aft10 ,j5a1 #ahgf4 8,naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,tatsa*5 und ,probleme40 8,physiologie und ,entwicklungslehre10 #ahhf1 9 ! collection ( ! 8,allgeme9] ,v]e9s fr ,deuts*e ,lit]atur40 ,also 9 ! same collection1 8,aus ,natur- und ,m5s*5-leb540 #hj ,^! ideas are n fully work$ out1 & !y are disguis$ 9 poetic =m--= in/ance1 :5 ev5 ! play ( flames is comp>$ to vital processes4 ,b if !y be /ripp$ ( _! poetic g>b1 !y lead to ! same conclusions to :i* "o is always l$ :5 "o approa*es ! problem unprejudic$ by naturali/ic or an?ropomorphic preconceptions ( ! relation ( ! inf9ite to ! f9ite1 or ! div9e to ! natural4 ,if we exclude ! mat]iali/ic or semi-mat]iali/ic position :i* reg>ds teleological ph5om5a1 vital processes1 & ev5 /ates ( s5sation & consci\sness z ! function ( a 8sub/ance0 or ( matt]1 we c q well speak ( !m z g5]al 8cosmo-organic0 functions ( univ]sal be+1 mean+ t !y occur ( necessity :]ev] ! prop] conditions exi/4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( pot5tiality & actuality1 ?is is to say t all possible /ages ( ! high] & highe/ ph5om5a are semp] et ubique pot5tially pres5t 9 univ]sal be+1 & t !y become actual :]ev] ! physical processes are f> en\gh advanc$ to af=d ! necess>y conditions4 ,prey]'s ideas h be5 reviv$ ( late1 especially 9 ! romantic =m1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,willy ,pa/or's 8,leb5sges*i*te d] ,erde0 78,leb5 und ,wiss510 ,vol4 ,i41 ,leipzig1 #aijc74 ,& 9 c]ta9 circles1 *>act]is$ by a simultane\s v5]ation = & comb9ation ( mod]n natural sci5ce--,haeckel1 ,romanticism1 ,novalis & o!r anti!ses--,fe*n] appe>s to h come to life aga94 ,! type ( ?is gr\p is ,w4 ,bls*e4 ,naturally en\gh1 ,pa/or has turn$ 8 att5tion also to ! rec5t views ( ,s*ro5 9 reg>d to cry/allisation4 ,! fact1 omne cry/allum e cry/allo1 l ! correspond+ fact1 omne vivum e vivo1 0 long a b>ri] aga9/ me*ani/ic d]ivation4 ,b ,s*ro5 draws a p>allel betwe5 cry/allisation & organic processes1 s t ! alleg$ cle>ness & obvi\sness ( ! inorganic c no long] be c>ri$ ov]--9 ! old fa%ion--into ! realm ( life1 b1 conv]sely1 ! my/]y ( life mu/ be ext5d$ d[nw>ds1 & cont9u$ into ! inorganic4 #ha ,wor?y ( note & mu* cit$ is a some:at indef9ite essay on 8,neovitalism10 by ! ,wurzburg pa?ologi/1 ,e4 von ,r9dfleis* 79 8,deuts*e ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5sehrift10 #ahie1 ,no4 #ch74 #hb ,already giv5 9 detail 9 8 8,lehrbu* d] phys4 und pa?ol4 ,*emie0 7,second ,edition1 #ahhi71 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 8,vitalism & ,me*anism40 ,9 ! meantime a fif? revis$ & enl>g$ edition ( ,bunge's book has appe>$ z a 8,lehrbu* d] ,physiologie des ,m5s*50 7,leipzig1 #aija71 ,! relevant e>ly essays appe> "h aga9 "u ! title 8,idealism & ,me*anism40 ,! argum5ts are ! same4 ,x is (t5 suppos$ t x is m]ely a "q ( "t1 & t 9 ! long run we mu/ succe$ 9 f9d+ pro(s t ! :ole process ( life is only a complex process ( movem5t2 b ! hi/ory ( physiology %[s t ! contr>y is ! case4 ,all ! processes :i* c be expla9$ me*anically are ^? :i* are n vital ph5om5a at all4 ,x is 9 activity t ! riddle ( life lies4 ,! solution ( ?is riddle is look$ =1 m decid$ly ?an be=e b /ill some:at vaguely1 9 ! 8idealism0 ( self-consci\sness & its implications1 8,physiologus nemo nisi psy*ologus40 ,^! views h be5 also /at$ 9 a sep>ate lecture3 ,g4 ,bunge1 8,vitalismus und ,me*anismus10 7,leipzig1 #ahhf74 #hc 8,allgeme9e ,biologie0 7#b vols471 ,vi5na1 #ahii4 #hd ,j5a1 #aijc4 #he ,cf4 especially ,v]worn's example ( ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,see :at we h previ\sly said on ! 8second l9e0 ( me*ani/ic !ory1 along :i* ,neumei/]'s ?\ght ma9ly moves4 ,see especially p4 #aih4 ,z reg>ds ! 8fif? l9e10 ! problem ( ! developm5t ( =m 9 its pres5t phase1 !re is an in/ructive %ort essay by ,fr4 ,m]kel 7,na*ri*t5 d] ,k4 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 ,gtt+54 ,ges*ftl4 ,mitt4 #ahig1 ,heft #b7--8,wel*e ,krfte wirk5 ge/alt5d auf d5 ,krp] d] ,m5s*5 und ,ti]e80 ,?is essay avoids1 obvi\sly int5tionally1 ! %ibbole?s ( controv]sy4 ,! me*anical po9t ( view & ! play ) me*anical analogies & models are abruptly dismiss$4 8,if ?+s1 :i* 7 9 !mselves susceptible ( me*anical explanations1 occur 9 ! abs5ce ( ! me*anical antec$5t conditions1 !n we mu/ seek = o!r =ces to enable u to und]/& !m40 ,& q calmly a return is made to ! old1 simple conception ( a 8regulative0 & a 8=mative =ce10 inh]5t z a capacity sui g5]is )9 ! 8en]gids10 ! really liv+ p>ts ( ! cell4 ,! cell-en]gid c>ries )9 x ! 8patt]n0 ( ! organisation1 & ! p>tial or p]fect 8capacity0 78,f]tigkeit07 = produc+ & reproduc+ ! :ole organism4 ,b ^! two =ces 8make use (0 ! physico-*emical =ces z tools to "w out details4 ,s to describe ! /ate ( ! case is n ( c\rse a solution ( ! problem2 x is only a figurative =mulation ( x4 ,b t1 at ! pres5t day1 we c & mu/ return to do+ ?is if we are to describe ?+s simply & z !y actually occur1 is precisely :at is mo/ in/ructive 9 ! matt]4 #hf 8,beitrge zur ,kritik d] ,d>w9s*5 ,lehre10 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! 8,biologis*es ,z5tralblatt10 #ahih4 #hg ,leipzig1 #ahib4 #hh ,be=e ,wig&'s l>g] works !re _h appe>$ ,f4 ,delp9o3 8,applicazione della ,teoria ,d>w9ia ai ,fiori ed agli ,insetti ,visitatori dei ,fiori0 7,bull4 della ,societa ,entomologica ,ital41 ,flor5ce #ahgj74 ,he says3 8,un pr9cipio intr9sico1 reag5te1 f9* dura la vita1 contro le influ5ze e/r9se*e ossia contro gli ag5ti *imici e fisici40 #hi 8,elem5te d] ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,botanik4 ,biologie d] ,pflanz540 #ahhi4 #ij 8,lehrbu* d] ,biologie d] ,pflanz540 ,/uttg>t1 #ahie4 #ia ,cf4 ,cohn1 8,beitrge zur ,biologie d] ,pflanz510 vii4 #djg1 ,see especially ! conclud+ *apt]1 8,e9iges b] ,function5 d] e9zeln5 ,zellorgane40 ,f ,zoology we may cite ,e4 ,tei*mann's inve/igation1 8,ueb] die ,beziehung zwis*5 ,a/rosphr5 und ,fur*540 8,exp]im5telle ,unt]su*ung5 am ,seeigelei0 78,ar*iv4 f4 ,entw4 ,me*40 xvi4 #b1 #aijc74 ,?is pap] conta9s no ref]5ces to 8psy*ical ph5om5a10 8p[]10 or 8w10 & we _c b approve ( ?is 9 te*nical rese>*4 ,b x is po9t$ out t ! me*ani/ic int]pretation ( ! detail$ processes ( developm5t has def9ite limitations1 & we are ref]r$ to 8fundam5tal *>act]s ( liv+ matt] :i* we mu/ take = grant$40 ,?is is ev5 m decid$ly ! case 9 ,tad4 ,g>b[ski's beautiful 8,morphog5etis*e ,/udi51 als ,beitrag zur ,me?odologie zoologis*] ,=s*ung40 ,^! belong to ! l9e ( ?\ght foll[$ by ,dries* & ,wolff1 :o are bo? frequ5tly & approv+ly quot$1 & !y af=d an excell5t in/ance ( t mood ( dissatisfaction ) & prote/ aga9/ ! 8dogmas0 ( desc5t1 selection & phylog5y1 :i* is obs]vable 9 _m qu>t]s among ! y\ng] g5]ation ( inve/igators4 ,g>b[ski vigor\sly combats ,haeckel's !ories ( developm5t1 especially 8! fundam5tal biog5etic law1 & ! ,ga/ra !ory40 ,he criticises 8me*ani/ic0 int]pretations ( ! developm5t ( ! embryo1 :i* 8treat ! liv+ be+ morphologically1 z if ! matt] 7 "o ( vesicles1 cyl9d]s & plates1 & n ( vital units03 & he does n look ) fav\r on 8artificial amoeb10 :i* c move1 creep1 & d ev]y?+ except live4 ,! ideal ( biology is ( c\rse always a sci5ce ) laws & equations1 b ! key to ^! w n be f\nd 9 me*anics4 ,g>b[ski's /udies may be highly recomm5d$ z giv+ a %>p & vivid impression ( ! mod]n anti-me*ani/ic t5d5cies obs]vable ev5 9 te*nical rese>*4 #ib ,trans4 by ,lev9sohn4 8,beilage zur ,allgeme95 ,zeitung10 ,muni*1 #ahih1 ,no4 #aff4 #ic ,bts*li1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjj4 #id 8,! ,moni/10 #ahii1 p4 #agi4 #ie ,cf4 8,entwicklung d] ,biologie 9 #ai4 ,jahrhund]t0 78,natur=s*] ,v]sammlung10 #aijj71 & 8,zeit- und ,/reit-frag5 d] ,biologie10 #ahid-g1 especially ,"p ,,ii41 8,me*anik und ,zoologie40 #if 8,die ,organism5 und ihr ,ursprung10 publi%$ 9 8,nord und ,sd10 xviii41 p4 #bja seq4--8,die ,welt als ,tat10 ,b]l9 #ahii1 s9ce !n 9 second edition4--8,e9leitung 9 die !oretis*e ,biologie10 #aija4--;,& 8,d] ,ursprung des ,leb5s auf d] ,erde10 9 ! 8,trm]-,jahrbu*10 #aijc4 #ig ,cf41 ! discussion by ,a4 ,drews 9 ! 8,preuss4 ,jahrbu*10 ,octob]1 #aijb1 p4 #aja1 a review ( ,re9ke's 8,e9leitung 9 die !oretis*e ,biologie40 #ih ,( all ! bad ,greek zoology has produc$1 8,ontog5esis0 is probably ! wor/4 ,! ,becom+ ( ! ,be+6 ,! ^w is us$ 9 contra/ to ,phylog5esis1 ! becom+ ( ! race or ( ! species1 & x d5otes ! developm5t ( ! individual4 #ii ,cf4 p4 #acj4 ,excell5t obs]vations on 8purpose40 ,if two or m *a9s ( causes meet1 we call x 8*ance20 if !y d s con/antly & 9 a typical mann]1 we call x 8purpose40 #ajj 8,biolog4 ,c5tralbl410 #ahif1 p4 #cfc4 #aja 8,die ,lokalisation 7 spatial det]m9ation7 morphog5etis*] ,vorgnge1 e9 ,beweis vitali/is*5 ,ges*eh5s10 #ahii 79 8,ar*iv4 f4 ,entw4-,me*anik10 viii41 #a1 & sep>ately publi%$71 & 8,die organis*5 ,regulation53 ,vorb]eitung5 zu e9] ,!orie des ,leb5s10 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,also 8,die #8,seele' als elem5t>] ,natur-factor10 7/udies on ! movem5ts ( organisms71 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,he gives a g5]al review ( 8 own evolution 9 ! 8,sddeuts*e ,monat%efte10 ,janu>y #aijd1 "u ! title 8,die ,selb/ndigkeit d] ,biologie und ihre ,probleme40 #ajb ,9 ! 8,biol4 ,z5tralbl410 ,june #aijc1 p4 #dbg1 ,dries* is criticis$ by ,moszk[ski1 :o rejects ,dries*'s teleological /&po9t4 ,b ev5 ?is criticism %[s u h[ f> ! unt5ability ( ! me*ani/ic position has be5 recognis$4 ,x is bas$ ^u a some:at vague dynamism1 :i* admits t ! physico-*emical & all o!r me*anical int]pretations h be5 de/ructively criticis$ by ,dries*1 & recognises entele*y 78 074 ,an entele*y )\t 6 #ajc 8,vorfrag5 d] ,biologie10 #ahii4 8,die #8,ueb]w9dung des ,me*anismus' 9 d] ,biologie40 8,biolog4 ,z5tralbl410 #aija1 p4 #acj4 #ajd ,cf4 ,tad4 ,g>b[ski1 8,morphog5etis*e ,/udi510 p4 #afg4 ,! illu/ration "h employ$ ( ! arc & ! 8explanation ( =m by =m0 w\ld be a good criticism ( _m ( ,albre*t's /atem5ts4 #aje ,s*neid] has exp\nd$ 8 physiological & morphological view 9 8 8,comp>ative ,hi/ology40 ,9 8,vitalismus0 78,elem5t>e ,leb5sfunction510 ,vi5na1 #aijc7 he sums up 8 vitali/ic views4 ,x is a compreh5sive "w :i* goes deep] ?an o!rs ( its class into ! detail$ description & analysis ( ! intimate ph5om5a ( life4 ,inde$ x almo/ am\nts to an indep5d5t biology4 ,b ! mo/ ess5tial vital problems1 ! developm5t ( =m1 reg5]ation1 & inh]itance1 to :i* ,dries* gives ! fulle/ consid]ation1 are all too briefly treat$4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 ! "q ( vitalism exp&s into a f>-rea*+ discussion ( ! g5]al outlook ^u nature4 ,we ne$ n "h conc]n ourselves ) 8 m g5]al views4 ,s*neid] mu/ be reg>d$ z a repres5tative ( ! mo/ mod]n t5d5cy ( 8,psy*ism10 :i*1 /imulat$ by ,ma*1 ,av5>ius1 & ! s*ool ( 8imman5ce-philosophy10 f9ds expression among ! y\ng] physiologi/s & biologi/s1 f ,s*neid] to ,dries*1 ,v]worn1 ,albre*t1 & o!rs4 ,to ov]?r[ 8mat]ialism0 & 8realism10 !y utilise1 ) impetu\s delight1 ! anci5t self-evid5t idea t :at is giv5 to u is s5sation4 ,!y confuse & id5tify su* opposites z ,kant & ,b]keley1 & _! own position ) t ( 8solipsism40 ,?is outlook is /ill vague & vacillat+1 & x may p]haps compel epi/emology to return on its old pa? f ! sophi/s to ,plato1 f ,hume to ,kant4 ,9 ,s*neid]'s case1 h[ev]1 ! ?9 /ream ( ?is new s5sualism is int]m+l$ ) s _m intuitions & p]ceptions ( ! deep] nature ( k t "o is n[ curi\s to "k h[ ?is /range mixture ( semi-mat]ialism1 idealism1 solipsism1 & a priorism is to make ! transition f its pres5t extremely labile phase to a condition ( /able equilibrium4 ,"o fe>s le/ soon] or lat] a reaction aga9/ ! contortions ( ?is empiricism & psy*ism %\ld lead to a mod]n rehabilitation ( my/icism or occultism4 7,cf4 p4 #bie ff47 ,9 an essay on 8,vitalism0 9 ! 8,preuss4 ,jahrbu*10 ,aug4 #aijc1 p4 #bgf1 ,s*neid] has supplem5t$ 8 previ\s "w4 #ajf ,if ! prote/ ( natural sci5ce aga9/ ^! means no m ?an t !y %\ld be exclud$ z inaccessible to sci5tific und]/&+1 f ! doma9 ( its inve/igation1 b n f reality1 x is p]haps fully ju/ifi$ 9 its me?ods4 #ajg ,?\gh some:at inconsequ5t1 s9ce at any rate ! en?usiasm = tru? c\ld n result f a naturali/ic1 b only f "s k9d ( ideali/ic basis4 #ajh ,s*lei]ma*]1 8,r$5 b] die ,religion10 ii4