,transcriber's ,note3 ,an accented n is noted by 'n4 ,a u with a breve is noted by 7u4 ,,what ,,bird ,,is ,,that8 ,by ,,frank ,m4 ,,chapman ,,autobiography ,,of ,a ,,bird-,,lover ,,handbook ,,of ,,birds ,,of ,,eastern ,,north ,,america ,,my ,,tropical ,,air ,,castle ,,bird-,,life ,,camps ,,and ,,cruises ,,of ,,an ,,ornithologist ,,color ,,key ,,to ,,north ,,american ,,birds ,,the ,,travels ,,of ,,birds ,,our ,,winter ,,birds ,,what ,,bird ,,is ,,that8 ,,bird ,,studies ,,with ,a ,,camera ,,life ,,in ,,an ,,air ,,castle ,illustration3 ',,map' ,,of ,a ,,bird 7,bluebird not quite life size74 ,the student should learn to name the parts of a bird's plumage in order that he may write1 as well as understand1 descriptions of a bird's color and markings4 ,,what ,,bird ,,is ,,that8 ,a ,,pocket ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states ,,arranged ,,according ,,to ,,season ,,by ,,frank ,m4 ,,chapman ,,curator ,,of ,,birds ,,in ,,the ,,american ,,museum ,,of ,,natural ,,history ,,and ,,editor ,,of ,,bird-,,lore ,illustration ,,with #cja ,,birds ,,in ,,color ,,by ,,edmund ,j4 ,,sawyer ,d4 ,,appleton-,,century ,,company ,,incorporated ,,new ,,york ,,london ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,company ,all rights reserved4 ,this book1 or parts thereof1 must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers4 ,,printed ,,in ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,introduction ,,as ,curator of the ,department of ,birds of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history ,i have had exceptional facilities for the arrangement of collections designed to give students a comprehensive view of local bird-life without confusing them with unnecessary details4 ,among other aids to this end a collection of ',birds ,found within #ej ,miles of ,new ,york' has been placed in a special hall and so grouped that the visitor who wishes to identify some bird seen within these limits may do so with the least possible difficulty4 ,in addition to the ',general ,systematic ,collection1' containing specimens of the #cej-odd species of birds which have been recorded from the ,new ,york ,city region1 there is also a ',seasonal ,collection4' ,this ,seasonal ,collection contains only the birds of the month4 ,its base is the ',permanent ,resident ,birds1' or those which1 like the ,crow1 are with us throughout the year4 ,to these1 the migratory species are added or subtracted1 as they come or go4 ,the collection of migratory species is therefore revised the first of each month4 ,birds which are due to arrive during the month are added1 those which have left us are withdrawn4 ,the ,seasonal ,collection thus gives us1 at a glance1 a picture of the bird-life of the month and correspondingly limits the field of our inquiry when we go to it to learn the name of some strange bird recently observed4 ,in ,january1 therefore1 we have not to consider the birds of ,june1 nor need we be concerned with winter birds in summer4 ,the season of occurrence thus gives us an important clue to a bird's identity4 ,for somewhat more than a quarter of a century this small collection has achieved its object so effectively that ,i have attempted to embody the idea it demonstrates in a series of drawings which have been admirably executed by ,mr4 ,edmund ,sawyer4 ,as foundation plates or 'collections1' we have first two 'cases' of the winter land birds of the ,northeastern ,states1 or from about ,maryland northward1 containing the ,permanent ,residents1 which form part of the bird-life of every month of the year1 and the ,winter ,visitants1 or those birds which come from the ,north in the fall to remain with us until the following spring4 ,cases #c and #d contain the ,permanent ,resident and ,winter ,visitant land birds of the ,southern ,states4 ,whether the student is in the ,north or in the ,south he has1 therefore1 a 'collection' of the land birds which he may expect to find during the winter months4 ,cases #e to #h contain the migrants arranged according to the order of their arrival from the ,south in the vicinity of ,new ,york ,city4 ,since it is not practicable to have cases containing collections of migrants for other latitudes1 data are given showing what changes in dates should be made to adapt the schedule presented to other localities1 including ,washington1 ,d4,c41 ,ossining1 ,n4,y41 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 northern ,ohio1 ,glen ,ellyn1 near ,chicago1 and southeastern ,minnesota4 ,the records for these localities are quoted from the author's ',handbook of ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america' to which they were contributed respectively by ,dr4 ,c4,w4 ,richmond1 ,dr4 ,a4,k4 ,fisher1 ,william ,brewster1 ,lynds ,jones1 ,b4,t4 ,gault1 and ,dr4 ,thos4 ,s4 ,roberts4 ,with these facts1 the cases in a large measure tell their own story1 just as does our ,museum ,seasonal ,collection2 but further to assist the student ,i have added what may be termed a 'label' for each of the 'specimens' they contain4 ,these labels include comments on each bird's distinctive characters1 a statement of its nesting and winter range1 the notes on its status at various localities1 to which ,i have just referred1 and brief remarks on its habits4 ,it is the specimens1 however1 not the labels1 which warrant the publication of this little volume1 for ,i hope that1 like their prototypes in the ,american ,museum1 they will be a means of acquainting us with the most eloquent expressions of ,nature's beauty1 joy and freedom1 and thereby add to our lives a resource of incalculable value4 ,while the birds in the cases are small1 they are drawn and reproduced with such accuracy that no essential detail of color or form is lost4 ,above all1 they have the rare merit of being all drawn to nearly the same scale4 ,one will soon learn therefore to measure the proportions of unknown birds by comparison with those with which one is familiar1 and since relative size is the most obvious character in naming birds in nature1 this is a feature of the first importance4 ,the student is strongly urged first1 to become thoroughly familiar with the 'map' of a bird given in the frontispiece3 second1 to use an opera- or field-glass when observing birds3 third1 to write descriptions of unknown birds while they are in view stating their length1 shape1 and as many details of their color and markings as can be seen3 fourth1 to remember that one is not likely to find birds except in their regular seasons3 and1 fifth1 to take this book afield with him and make direct comparison of the living bird with its colored figure4 ,the wide margins are designed for use in recording field-notes4 ,,frank ,m4 ,,chapman4 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction vii ,,birds ,,and ,,seasons xi ,,abbreviations xxvi ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states #a ,,the ,,pocket ,,museum ,,case ,,facing ,,page ,,no4 #a ,,permanent ,,resident ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,united ,,states xviii ,,no4 #b ,,permanent ,,residents 7,,concluded7 ,,and ,,winter ,,visitants ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,united ,,states xix ,,no4 #c ,,winter ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,southern ,,united ,,states xx ,,no4 #d ,,winter ,,land ,,birds 7,,concluded7 xxi ,,no4 #e ,,early ,,spring ,,migrant ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states xxii ,,no4 #f ,,early ,,spring ,,migrant ,,land ,,birds 7,,concluded7 xxiii ,,no4 #g ,,late ,,spring ,,migrant ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states xxiv ,,no4 #h ,,late ,,spring ,,migrant ,,land ,,birds 7,,concluded7 xxv ,,birds ,,and ,,seasons ,,before a leaf unfolds or a flower spreads its petals1 even before the buds swell1 and while yet there is snow on the ground1 the birds tell us that spring is at hand4 ,the ,song ,sparrow sings ,spring1 spring1 spring1 sunny days are here2 the ,meadowlark blows his fife1 the ,downy rattles his drum1 and company after company of ,grackles in glistening black coats1 and of ,red-wings with scarlet epaulets1 go trooping by4 ,for the succeeding three months1 in orderly array1 the feathered army files by1 each member of it at his appointed time whether he comes from the adjoining ,state or from below the equator4 ,besides the ,blackbirds1 ,march brings the ,robin and ,bluebird1 ,woodcock1 ,phoebe1 ,meadowlark1 ,cowbird1 ,kingfisher1 ,mourning ,dove1 ,fox1 ,swamp1 ,white-throated and ,field ,sparrows4 ,near ,new ,york ,city the ,new ,year of the birds has now passed its infancy and in ,april each day adds perceptibly to its strength4 ',pussy' willows creep out along each bough1 skunk cabbage rears its head in low1 wet woods1 and in sun-warmed places early wild flowers peep from beneath the sodden leaves4 ,with swelling ranks the migratory army moves more steadily northward4 ,species which arrived late in ,march become more numerous1 and to them are soon added the ,vesper1 ,savannah1 and ,chipping ,sparrows1 and other seed-eaters2 and when1 with increasing warmth1 insects appear1 the pioneer ,phoebe is followed by other insect-eating birds1 like the ,swallows1 ,pipit1 ,hermit ,thrush1 ,myrtle and ,palm ,warblers1 ,louisiana ,water-thrush and ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet4 ,the true bird student will now pass every available moment afield1 eagerly watching for the return of old friends and more eagerly still for possible new ones4 ,but enjoyment of this yearly miracle should not be left only to the initiated4 ,we need not be ornithologists to be thrilled when the ,robin's song in ,march awakes long silent echoes1 or the ,thrasher's solo rings loud and clear on an ,april morning4 ,the ,catbird singing from near his last year's home in the thickening shrubbery1 the ,house ,wren whose music bubbles over between bustling visits to an oft-used bird-box1 the ,chimney ,swift twittering cheerily from an evening sky1 may be heard without even the effort of listening and each one1 with a hundred others1 brings us a message if we will but accept it4 ,and ,i make no fanciful statement when ,i say that it is a message we can ill afford to lose4 ,illustration3 ,,red-,,wings ,,with ,,scarlet ,,epaulets ,,go ,,trooping ,,by ,with ,may come the ,thrushes--,wood ,thrush1 ,veery1 ,olive-back and ,gray-cheek1 the last two en route to the north--the ,orioles1 ,cuckoos1 ,vireos1 and the ,bobolink who began his four thousand mile journey from northern ,argentina in ,march4 ,but ,may is preminently the ,month of ,warblers1 most beautiful1 most abundant1 and least known of our birds4 ,to the eight species which have already arrived1 there may be added over twenty more1 represented by a number of individuals beyond our power to estimate4 ,we may hear the ,robin1 ,thrasher1 and ,wren1 without listening1 but we will see few ,warblers without looking2 and this1 in a measure1 accounts for the fascination which attends their study4 ,after ,may #ae there is an evident thinning in the ranks of the migrating army1 and by ,june #a we shall see only a few stragglers4 ,the ,transient ,visitors will have gone to their more northern homes and our bird population will then consist only of the ever present ,permanent ,residents and the ,summer ,residents which the great northward march of the birds has brought us from the ,south4 ,although ,june may be called the ,month of ,nests1 nest-building begins long before the migration ends4 ,some ,owls and ,hawks lay in ,march1 and the ,bluebird1 ,white-breasted ,nuthatch and ,robin have eggs by ,april #bj1 while most of our birds go to housekeeping during the latter half of ,may4 ,nevertheless1 it is in ,june that their domestic life is at its height2 and to the student of birds' habits this is by far the most interesting month in the year4 ,illustration3 ,,tree ,,swallows 4 4 4 ,,resting ,,in ,,rows ,,on ,,wayside ,,wires ,birds that raise two or even three broods will still be occupied with household affairs in ,july1 but one-brooded birds1 having launched their families1 will seek retirement to undergo the trying ordeal of molt1 whereby they will get a complete new costume4 ,often this will be quite unlike the one in which they arrived from the ,south--as the student will discover1 sometimes to his confusion6 ,in ,august1 the ,month of ,molt1 the seclusion sought by many of our summer birds induces the belief that they have left us1 but toward the latter part of the month they reappear4 ,the first week in ,august virtually marks the end of the song season4 ,the ,wood ,pewee and ,red-eyed ,vireo remain in voice throughout the month1 but the great chorus which has made ,may1 ,june and most of ,july vocal1 we shall not hear before another spring--so short is the time when we are blessed by the songs of birds4 ,meanwhile the feathered army has begun its retreat to winter quarters4 ,as early as ,july #ae1 ,tree ,swallows will arrive and by the end of the month will be seen resting in rows on wayside telegraph wires1 or en route to their roosts in the marshes4 ,in the now heavily leaved forests the returning ,warblers and ,flycatchers will not be so easily observed as they were in ,may1 but in ,september they become too abundant to be overlooked4 ,the southward movement grows in strength until late ,september1 when the greater part of the insect-eating birds have left us1 and it is terminated by the frosts1 and consequent falling leaves1 of ,october4 ,but just as in the spring some of the northbound migrants drop from the ranks to spend the summer with us1 so in the fall some of the southbound travelers will remain with us for the winter4 ,the ,junco1 which we are wont to think of as only a winter bird1 arrives the latter part of ,september to remain until ,april1 and with him come the ,golden-crowned ,kinglet1 ,brown ,creeper and ,winter ,wren--all to stay until spring4 ,october will bring the ,horned ,lark1 ,pine ,finch1 ,snow ,bunting1 ,tree ,sparrow and ,northern ,shrike and these birds with the ones just mentioned1 and the ever faithful ,permanent ,residents1 give us a goodly winter company4 ,but the possibilities do not end here2 there may be ,redpolls1 ,american and also ,white-winged ,crossbills1 perhaps ,pine ,grosbeaks1 and1 best of all1 ,evening ,grosbeaks1 who of recent years have been coming to us more or less regularly from no man knows where4 ,so from one year's end to the other1 there is not a month1 a week or day which has not interests of its own4 ,the bird student may pass his life in one place1 but he can never say ,i have finished for the morrow may bring some new bird or new fact4 ,how immeasurably this association with the birds adds to the joy of life6 ,what new meanings their comings and goings give to the changing seasons2 the very air is made eloquent by their calls and songs4 ,why should we not all come at these enchantments8 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,october1 ,,when ,,migrating ,,hawks ,,dot ,,the ,,sky1 ,,the ,,great ,,southward ,,march ,,of ,,the ,,birds ,,is ,,nearing ,,its ,,end4 ,a ,,pocket ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states ,arranged according ,,to ,,season ,illustration3 ,,case ,,no4 #a ,,figs4 #a-ai ,,case ,,no4 #a ,,figs4 #a-ai ,,permanent ,,resident ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,united ,,states #a ,bob-white1 male1 p4 #a #b ,bob-white1 female1 p4 #a #c ,ruffed ,grouse1 p4 #b #d ,red-shouldered ,hawk1 adult1 p4 #ab #e ,red-tailed ,hawk1 young1 p4 #aa #f ,red-tailed ,hawk1 adult1 p4 #aa #g ,sparrow ,hawk1 male1 p4 #ag #h ,sparrow ,hawk1 female1 p4 #ag #i ,cooper's ,hawk1 young female1 p4 #aj #aj ,cooper's ,hawk1 adult male1 p4 #aj #aa ,sharp-shinned ,hawk1 adult male1 p4 #i #ab ,sharp-shinned ,hawk1 young female1 p4 #i #ac ,screech ,owl1 gray phase1 p4 #bb #ad ,screech ,owl1 rufous phase1 p4 #bb #ae ,barred ,owl1 p4 #bj #af ,great ,horned ,owl1 p4 #bb #ag ,long-eared ,owl1 p4 #ai #ah ,short-eared ,owl1 p4 #bj #ai ,american ,crow1 p4 #df ,illustration3 ,,permanent ,,residents ,,case ,,no4 #b ,,figs4 #bj-fc ,,permanent ,,resident ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,united ,,states #bj ,blue ,jay1 p4 #dd #ba ,flicker1 male1 p4 #cb #bb ,flicker1 female1 p4 #cb #bc ,meadowlark1 p4 #ej #bd ,starling1 winter1 p4 #dg #be ,starling1 summer1 p4 #dg #bf ,downy ,woodpecker1 male1 p4 #bh #bg ,downy ,woodpecker1 female1 p4 #bh #bh ,hairy ,woodpecker1 male1 p4 #bh #bi ,hairy ,woodpecker1 female1 p4 #bh #cj ,english ,sparrow1 male1 p4 #eg #ca ,english ,sparrow1 female1 p4 #eg #cb ,purple ,finch1 female1 p4 #eg #cc ,purple ,finch1 male1 p4 #eg #cd ,song ,sparrow1 p4 #gd #ce ,goldfinch1 female1 p4 #fj #cf ,goldfinch1 male1 p4 #fj #cg ,chickadee1 p4 #abe #ch ,white-breasted ,nuthatch1 male1 p4 #abc #ci ,white-breasted ,nuthatch1 female1 p4 #abc #dj ,cedar ,waxwing1 p4 #he ,,winter ,,visitant ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,united ,,states or those which come from the ,north in the ,fall and usually remain until ,spring3 #da ,saw-whet ,owl1 p4 #ba #db ,prairie ,horned ,lark1 p4 #dc #dc ,junco1 p4 #gc #dd ,tree ,sparrow1 p4 #ga #de ,white-throated ,sparrow1 adult1 p4 #gj #df ,white-throated ,sparrow1 young1 p4 #gj #dg ,redpoll1 female1 p4 #ei #dh ,redpoll1 male1 p4 #ei #di ,american ,crossbill1 male1 p4 #eh #ej ,american ,crossbill1 female1 p4 #eh #ea ,white-winged ,crossbill1 male1 p4 #eh #eb ,white-winged ,crossbill1 female1 p4 #eh #ec ,pine ,grosbeak1 male1 p4 #ef #ed ,pine ,grosbeak1 female1 p4 #ef #ee ,siskin1 p4 #fj #ef ,northern ,shrike1 p4 #hf #eg ,snow ,bunting1 p4 #fa #eh ,winter ,wren1 p4 #abj #ei ,brown ,creeper1 p4 #abb #fj ,red-breasted ,nuthatch1 male p4 #abd #fa ,red-breasted ,nuthatch1 female1 p4 #abd #fb ,golden-crowned ,kinglet1 female1 p4 #abg #fc ,golden-crowned ,kinglet1 male1 p4 #abg ,illustration3 ,,case ,,no4 #c ,,figs4 #a-bg ,,case ,,no4 #c ,,figs4 #a-bg ,,winter ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,southern ,,united ,,states ,permanent ,resident species1 or those which are present throughout the year1 are marked ,r4 ,winter ,visitant species1 or those which come from the ,north in the ,fall and remain until ,spring1 are marked ,w4 #a ,bob-white1 male1 ,r41 p4 #a #b ,bob-white1 female1 ,r41 p4 #a #c ,mourning ,dove1 ,r41 p4 #e #d ,ground ,dove1 ,r41 p4 #e #e ,sparrow ,hawk1 female1 ,r41 p4 #ag #f ,sparrow ,hawk1 male1 ,r41 p4 #ag #g ,sharp-shinned ,hawk1 adult male1 ,r41 p4 #i #h ,sharp-shinned ,hawk1 young female1 ,r41 p4 #i #i ,turkey ,vulture1 ,r41 p4 #f #aj ,black ,vulture1 ,r41 p4 #g #aa ,bald ,eagle1 adult1 ,r41 p4 #ad #ab ,red-shouldered ,hawk1 adult1 ,r41 p4 #ab #ac ,red-tailed ,hawk1 adult1 ,r41 p4 #aa #ad ,osprey1 ,r41 p4 #ah #ae ,marsh ,hawk1 adult male1 ,r41 p4 #i #af ,barred ,owl1 ,r41 p4 #bj #ag ,barn ,owl1 ,r41 p4 #ai #ah ,belted ,kingfisher1 male1 ,r41 p4 #bf #ai ,screech ,owl1 gray phase1 ,r41 p4 #bb #bj ,flicker1 male1 ,r41 p4 #cb #ba ,red-headed ,woodpecker1 adult1 ,r41 p4 #ca #bb ,red-headed ,woodpecker1 young1 ,r41 p4 #ca #bc ,red-bellied ,woodpecker1 male ,r41 p4 #cb #bd ,hairy ,woodpecker1 male1 ,r41 p4 #bh #be ,downy ,woodpecker1 male1 ,r41 p4 #bh #bf ,yellow-bellied ,sapsucker1 adult male1 ,w41 p4 #cj #bg ,american ,crow1 ,r41 p4 #df ,illustration3 ,,case ,,no4 #d ,,figs4 #bh-hb ,,case ,,no4 #d ,,figs4 #bh-hb ,,winter ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,southern ,,united ,,states ,permanent ,resident species1 or those which are present throughout the year1 are marked ,r4 ,winter ,visitant species1 or those which come from the ,north in the ,fall and remain until ,spring1 are marked ,w4 #bh ,red-winged ,blackbird1 male ,r41 p4 #di #bi ,red-winged ,blackbird1 female1 ,r41 p4 #di #cj ,cowbird1 male1 ,r41 p4 #dh #ca ,cowbird1 female1 ,r41 p4 #dh #cb ,towhee1 female1 ,r41 p4 #gf #cc ,towhee1 male1 ,r41 p4 #gf #cd ,cardinal1 female1 ,r41 p4 #gg #ce ,cardinal1 male1 ,r41 p4 #gg #cf ,vesper ,sparrow1 ,w41 ,r41 ,ap4 #fc #cg ,fox ,sparrow1 ,w41 p4 #gf #ch ,house 7or ,english7 ,sparrow1 male1 ,r41 p4 #eg #ci ,house 7or ,english7 ,sparrow1 female1 ,r41 p4 #eg #dj ,white-throated ,sparrow1 adult1 ,w41 p4 #gj #da ,junco1 ,w41 p4 #gc #db ,song ,sparrow1 ,r41 p4 #gd #dc ,field ,sparrow1 ,r41 p4 #gb #dd ,swamp ,sparrow1 ,w41 p4 #ge #de ,chipping ,sparrow1 winter1 ,r41 p4 #ga #df ,tree ,sparrow1 ,w41 p4 #ga #dg ,savannah ,sparrow1 ,w41 p4 #fd #dh ,purple ,finch1 adult male1 ,w41 p4 #eg #di ,purple ,finch1 female and young male1 ,w41 p4 #eg #ej ,goldfinch1 male1 summer1 ,r41 p4 #fj #ea ,goldfinch1 female and winter1 ,r41 p4 #fj #eb ,phoebe1 ,r41 p4 #ch #ec ,tree ,swallow1 ,w41 p4 #hc #ed ,cedar ,waxwing1 ,r41 ,w41 ,ap4 #he #ee ,loggerhead ,shrike1 ,r41 p4 #hg #ef ,myrtle ,warbler1 winter1 ,w41 p4 #ajj #eg ,pine ,warbler1 ,r41 p4 #ajg #eh ,palm ,warbler1 winter1 ,w41 p4 #ajh #ei ,yellow ,palm ,warbler1 winter1 ,w41 p4 #ajh #fj ,maryland ,yellow-throat1 male1 ,r41 p4 #aac #fa ,maryland ,yellow-throat1 female1 ,r41 p4 #aac #fb ,pipit1 ,w41 p4 #aaf #fc ,house ,wren1 ,r41 p4 #abj #fd ,carolina ,wren1 ,r41 p4 #aai #fe ,white-breasted ,nuthatch1 ,r41 p4 #abc #ff ,brown-headed ,nuthatch1 ,r41 p4 #abd #fg ,tufted ,titmouse1 ,r41 p4 #abe #fh ,carolina ,chickadee1 ,r41 p4 #abf #fi ,blue-gray ,gnatcatcher1 ,r41 p4 #abi #gj ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet1 male1 ,w41 p4 #abh #ga ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet1 female1 ,w41 p4 #abh #gb ,golden-crowned ,kinglet1 male1 ,w41 p4 #abg #gc ,golden-crowned ,kinglet1 female1 ,w41 p4 #abg #gd ,florida ,grackle1 ,r41 p4 #ec #ge ,blue ,jay1 ,r41 p4 #dd #gf ,mockingbird1 ,r41 p4 #aag #gg ,hermit ,thrush1 ,w41 p4 #acb #gh ,bluebird1 male1 ,r41 p4 #acd #gi ,meadowlark1 ,r41 p4 #ej #hj ,robin1 ,r41 ,w41 ,ap4 #acc #ha ,catbird1 ,r41 p4 #aag #hb ,brown ,thrasher1 ,r41 p4 #aah ,a ,winter ,visitant only in the more southern ,states2 a ,permanent ,resident in ,north ,carolina and ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,,case ,,no4 #e ,,figs4 #a-ch ,,case ,,no4 #e ,,figs4 #a-ch ,,early ,,spring ,,migrant ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states ,the birds are arranged in the order of their arrival from the ,south in the vicinity of ,new ,york ,city4 ,nos4 #a-ai1 #bb-bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cf-ch winter in the ,southern 7chiefly ,gulf7 ,states4 ,the remainder winter in the tropics and reach the ,southern ,states a month or more before they arrive at ,new ,york4 ,compared with the dates here given for ,new ,york ,city1 ,washington dates are from ten to fifteen days earlier2 ,boston1 about a week later2 northern ,ohio1 eight to twelve days earlier2 northern ,illinois1 six to ten days earlier2 southeastern ,minnesota1 about the same as those for ,new ,york4 #a ,purple ,grackle1 male1 p4 #ec #b ,bronzed ,grackle1 male1 p4 #ec #c ,rusty ,blackbird1 female1 p4 #eb #d ,rusty ,blackbird1 male1 p4 #eb #e ,red-winged ,blackbird1 female1 p4 #di #f ,red-winged ,blackbird1 male1 p4 #di #g ,fox ,sparrow1 p4 #gf #h ,cowbird1 male1 p4 #dh #i ,cowbird1 female1 p4 #dh #aj ,kingfisher1 male1 p4 #bf #aa ,mourning ,dove1 p4 #e #ab ,robin1 p4 #acc #ac ,bluebird1 male1 p4 #acd #ad ,field ,sparrow1 p4 #gb #ae ,phoebe1 p4 #ch #af ,vesper ,sparrow1 p4 #fc #ag ,american ,pipit1 p4 #aaf #ah ,yellow-throated ,warbler1 p4 #aje 7,southern ,states7 #ai ,sycamore ,warbler1 p #aje4 7lower ,mississippi ,valley7 #bj ,bachman's ,warbler1 female1 p4 #id 7,southern ,states7 #ba ,bachman's ,warbler1 male1 p4 #id 7,southern ,states7 #bb ,swamp ,sparrow1 p4 #ge #bc ,savannah ,sparrow1 p4 #fd #bd ,tree ,swallow1 p4 #hc #be ,purple ,martin1 male1 p4 #hb #bf ,hermit ,thrush1 p4 #acb #bg ,myrtle ,warbler1 p4 #ajj #bh ,swainson's ,warbler1 p4 #ic 7,southern ,states7 #bi ,prothonotary ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ic 7,southern ,states and ,mississippi ,valley7 #cj ,sapsucker1 male1 p4 #cj #ca ,chipping ,sparrow1 p4 #ga #cb ,barn ,swallow1 p4 #hc #cc ,summer ,tanager1 male1 p4 #ha 7,southern ,states7 #cd ,summer ,tanager1 female1 p4 #ha 7,southern ,states7 #ce ,louisiana ,water-,thrush1 p4 #aaj #cf ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet1 male1 p4 #abh #cg ,ruby-crowned ,kinglet1 female1 p4 #abh #ch ,yellow ,palm ,warbler1 p4 #ajh ,illustration3 ,,case ,,no4 #f ,,figs4 #ci-gd ,,case ,,no4 #f ,,figs4 #ci-gd ,,early ,,spring ,,migrant ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states ,the birds are arranged in the order of their arrival from the ,south in the vicinity of ,new ,york ,city4 ,nos4 #dc1 #df1 #dg1 #ea1 #eg1 #fj-fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj-gb winter in the ,southern 7chiefly ,gulf7 ,states4 ,the remainder winter in the tropics and reach the ,southern ,states a month or more before they arrive at ,new ,york4 ,compared with the dates here given for ,new ,york ,city1 ,washington dates are from ten to fifteen days earlier2 ,boston1 about a week later2 northern ,ohio1 eight to twelve days earlier2 northern ,illinois1 six to ten days earlier2 southeastern ,minnesota1 about the same as those for ,new ,york4 #ci ,nighthawk1 male1 p4 #cd #dj ,chuckwill's ,widow 7,southern ,states71 p4 #cc #da ,whip-poor-will1 male1 p4 #cd #db ,chimney ,swift1 p4 #ce #dc ,red-headed ,woodpecker1 p4 #ca #dd ,least ,flycatcher1 p4 #db #de ,yellow-headed ,blackbird1 male1 p4 #di 7,mississippi ,valley7 #df ,seaside ,sparrow1 p4 #fg #dg ,sharp-tailed ,sparrow1 p4 #ff #dh ,clay-colored ,sparrow1 p4 #gb 7,mississippi ,valley7 #di ,painted ,bunting1 female1 p4 #gi 7,southern ,states7 #ej ,painted ,bunting1 male1 p4 #gi 7,southern ,states7 #ea ,towhee1 male1 p4 #gf #eb ,blue ,grosbeak1 male1 p4 #gh 7,southern ,states7 #ec ,blue ,grosbeak1 female1 p4 #gh 7,southern ,states7 #ed ,bank ,swallow1 p4 #hd #ee ,cliff ,swallow1 p4 #hb #ef ,rough-winged ,swallow1 p4 #hd #eg ,black and ,white ,warbler1 p4 #ib #eh ,black-throated ,blue ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ii #ei ,black-throated ,blue ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ii #fj ,pine ,warbler1 p4 #ajg #fa ,palm ,warbler1 p4 #ajh #fb ,black-throated ,green ,warbler1 p4 #ajf #fc ,blue-gray ,gnatcatcher1 p4 #abi 7,southern ,states7 #fd ,oven-bird1 p4 #aji #fe ,bell's ,vireo1 p4 #ib 7,mississippi ,valley7 #ff ,red-eyed ,vireo1 p4 #hh #fg ,white-eyed ,vireo1 p4 #ia #fh ,blue-headed ,vireo1 p4 #ij #fi ,yellow-throated ,vireo1 p4 #ij #gj ,house ,wren1 p4 #abj #ga ,catbird1 p4 #aag #gb ,brown ,thrasher1 p4 #aah #gc ,veery1 p4 #acj #gd ,wood ,thrush1 p4 #abi ,illustration3 ,,case ,,no4 #g ,,figs4 #a-ci ,,case ,,no4 #g ,,figs4 #a-ci ,,late ,,spring ,,migrant ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states ,for times of arrival at other localities see remarks under ,case ,no4 #f #a ,yellow-billed ,cuckoo1 p4 #be #b ,black-billed ,cuckoo1 p4 #be #c ,ruby-throated ,hummingbird1 female1 p4 #cf #d ,ruby-throated ,hummingbird1 male1 p4 #cf #e ,crested ,flycatcher1 p4 #ch #f ,kingbird1 p4 #cg #g ,gray ,kingbird1 p4 #cg 7,southern ,states7 #h ,baltimore ,oriole1 male1 p4 #eb #i ,baltimore ,oriole1 female1 p4 #eb #aj ,orchard ,oriole1 adult male1 p4 #ea #aa ,orchard ,oriole1 female1 p4 #ea #ab ,orchard ,oriole1 young male1 p4 #ea #ac ,bobolink1 female1 p4 #dh #ad ,bobolink1 male1 p4 #dh #ae ,lincoln's ,sparrow1 p4 #ge #af ,grasshopper ,sparrow1 p4 #fd #ag ,henslow's ,sparrow1 p4 #fe #ah ,leconte's ,sparrow1 p4 #fe 7,mississippi ,valley7 #ai ,lark ,sparrow1 p4 #fh 7,mississippi ,valley7 #bj ,dickcissel1 p4 #hj 7,mississippi ,valley7 #ba ,harris's ,sparrow1 p4 #fi 7,mississippi ,valley7 #bb ,white-crowned ,sparrow1 p4 #fi #bc ,indigo ,bunting1 male1 p4 #gi #bd ,indigo ,bunting1 female1 p4 #gi #be ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak1 female1 p4 #gh #bf ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak1 male1 p4 #gh #bg ,scarlet ,tanager1 male1 p4 #hj #bh ,scarlet ,tanager1 p4 #hj #bi ,warbling ,vireo1 p4 #hi #cj ,philadelphia ,vireo1 p4 #hi #ca ,worm-eating ,warbler1 p4 #ic #cb ,orange-crowned ,warbler1 p4 #if #cc ,nashville ,warbler1 p4 #if #cd ,golden-winged ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ie #ce ,blue-winged ,warbler1 p4 #id #cf ,golden-winged ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ie #cg ,lawrence's ,warbler1 p4 #ie #ch ,brewster's ,warbler1 p4 #ie #ci ,parula ,warbler1 p4 #ig ,illustration3 ,,case ,,no4 #h4 ,,figs4 #dj-hb ,,case ,,no4 #h4 ,,figs4 #dj-hb ,,late ,,spring ,,migrant ,,land ,,birds ,,of ,,the ,,eastern ,,united ,,states ,for times of arrival at other localities see remarks under ,case ,no4 #f4 #dj ,yellow ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ii #da ,yellow ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ii #db ,magnolia ,warbler1 p4 #aja #dc ,chestnut-sided ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ajb #dd ,chestnut-sided ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ajb #de ,kirtland's ,warbler1 p4 #ajf #df ,cerulean ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ajb #dg ,cerulean ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ajb #dh ,prairie ,warbler1 p4 #ajh #di ,chat1 p4 #aac #ej ,maryland ,yellow-throat1 male1 p4 #aac #ea ,maryland ,yellow-throat1 female1 p4 #aac #eb ,kentucky ,warbler1 p4 #aaa #ec ,canadian ,warbler1 p4 #aae #ed ,hooded ,warbler1 male1 p4 #aad #ee ,hooded ,warbler1 female1 p4 #aad #ef ,northern ,water-,thrush1 p4 #aaj #eg ,redstart1 female1 p4 #aae #eh ,redstart1 male1 p4 #aae #ei ,olive-sided ,flycatcher1 p4 #ci #fj ,acadian ,flycatcher1 p4 #da #fa ,yellow-bellied ,flycatcher1 p4 #dj #fb ,alder ,flycatcher1 p4 #da #fc ,wood ,pewee1 p4 #dj #fd ,tennessee ,warbler1 p4 #ig #fe ,cape ,may ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ih #ff ,cape ,may ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ih #fg ,blackburnian ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ajd #fh ,blackburnian ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ajd #fi ,bay-breasted ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ajc #gj ,bay-breasted ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ajc #ga ,blackpoll ,warbler1 male1 p4 #ajc #gb ,blackpoll ,warbler1 female1 p4 #ajc #ga ,wilson's ,warbler1 female1 p4 #aad #gd ,wilson's ,warbler1 male1 p4 #aad #ge ,mourning ,warbler1 male1 p4 #aab #gf ,mourning ,warbler1 female1 p4 #aab #gg ,connecticut ,warbler1 male1 p4 #aaa #gh ,connecticut ,warbler1 female1 p4 #aaa #gi ,long-billed ,marsh ,wren1 p4 #abb #hj ,short-billed ,marsh ,wren1 p4 #aba #ha ,olive-backed ,thrush1 p4 #aca #hb ,gray-cheeked ,thrush1 p4 #acj ,,list ,,of ,,abbreviations ,a4,v4 ,accidental ,visitant4 ,a bird found beyond the limits of its usual range4 ,l4 ,length of a bird from the tip of its bill to the end of its tail4 ,remember that living birds look shorter than the measurements of specimens given beyond4 ,p4,r4 ,permanent ,resident4 ,a species which is found in the same locality throughout the year4 ,the ,bob-white1 ,ruffed ,grouse1 most ,owls1 and ,hawks1 the ,crow1 ,jays1 ,black-capped ,chickadee and the ,white-breasted ,nuthatch are ,permanent ,residents4 ,s4,r4 ,summer ,resident4 ,a species which comes from the ,south in the spring and1 after nesting1 returns to its winter quarters4 ,t4,v4 ,transient ,visitant4 ,a species which visits us in the spring while en route to its more northern nesting grounds1 and in the fall when returning to its winter home in the ,south4 ,most ,transient ,visitants are found both in the spring and fall1 but some1 like the ,connecticut ,warbler1 are found in the ,north ,atlantic ,states only in the fall4 ,w4,v4 ,winter ,visitant4 ,a species which comes from the ,north to remain with us all1 or part of the winter and then return to the ,north4 ,winter ,visitants may arrive in ,september and remain until ,april1 or they may come later and only for a brief stay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4 ,measurements are in inches4 ,land ,birds of the ,eastern ,united ,states ,,gallinaceous ,,birds4 ,,order ,,gallin ,,american ,,quail4 ,,family ,,odontophorid ,,bob-,,white ,colinus virginianus virginianus4 ,case #a4 ,figs4 #a1 #b ,the black and white markings of the male are respectively buff and brown in the female4 ,in flight the ,bob-white1 or ,quail1 suggests a ,meadowlark1 but the tail is without white feathers4 ,l4 #aj4 ,range4 ,eastern ,united ,states north to ,minnesota and ,maine south to the ,gulf4 ,a ,permanent ,resident4 ,severe winters and much shooting have made it rare in the more northern parts of its range4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 ,p4,r4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,p4,r4 ,except when nesting ,bob-whites live in flocks or coveys usually composed of the members of one family4 ,their song1 heard in spring and summer1 is the clear1 ringing two- or three-noted whistle which gives them their common name4 ,their fall and winter notes1 which sportsmen term scatter calls are signals by which the members of a flock keep within speaking distance of one another4 ,where are you8 ,where are you8 they seem to say4 ,as with other protectively colored1 ground-inhabiting birds1 ,bob-whites do not take wing until one almost steps upon them4 ,then1 like a bursting bomb1 the covey seems to explode1 its brown pieces flying in every direction4 ,the nest is on the ground and the #aj-ah white1 pear-shaped eggs are laid in ,may or ,june4 ,the ,florida ,bob-white 7,c4 v4 floridanus1 ,case #c1 ,figs4 #a1 #b71 a smaller darker race is resident in ,florida1 except in the northern part of the state4 ,it begins to nest in ,april4 ,,grouse4 ,,family ,,tetraonid ,,canada ,,spruce ,,partridge ,canachites canadensis canace ,the male is a grayish bird with a jet black throat and breast1 the former bordered with white2 the skin above the eye is red4 ,the female is barred with black and reddish brown with a black mottled tail tipped with brown4 ,l4 #ae4 ,range4 ,northern parts of ,united ,states from ,new ,brunswick to ,manitoba4 ,other races are found throughout the wooded parts of ,canada and ,alaska4 ,an unsuspicious inhabitant of swampy coniferous forests4 ,now rare in the ,united ,states4 ,it nests on the ground in ,june1 laying #i-af eggs1 buff1 lightly speckled with brown4 ,,ruffed ,,grouse ,bonasa umbellus umbellus4 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #c ,the female resembles the male in color but has the black neck-tufts smaller4 ,the tail-feathers vary from gray to bright rusty4 ,l4 #ag4 ,range4 ,eastern ,united ,states south in the ,alleghanies to ,georgia4 ,in the southern states the ,grouse is often called ',pheasant4' ,a ,permanent ,resident4 ,washington1 not common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 ,p4,r41 formerly very common4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare and local ,p4,r4 ,on our western plains and prairies there is a ,grouse which we call ,prairie ,hen and we might well apply the name ,wood ,hen to this ,grouse of our forests4 ,to flush a ,grouse in the quiet of the woods always makes the heart jump4 ,his whirring wings not only produce the roar which accompanies his flight1 but they are also responsible for the drumming which constitutes the ,grouse's song as sitting upright on some favorite log1 he rapidly beats the air with his wings4 ,the horny fringes which in winter border the toes of the ,grouse1 or ,partridge1 as he is also called1 form in effect snow-shoes which help to support the bird on soft snow4 ,at this season they also feed in trees on buds and catkins1 and they may roost in trees or seek a bed by plunging into a snow-bank4 ,the nest1 lined with leaves1 is placed at the base of a tree or stump2 the #h-ad buffy eggs are laid in ,may4 ,the ,canada ,ruffed ,grouse 7,b4 u4 togata71 of northern ,new ,england and northwards is grayer above and more distinctly barred below4 ,,prairie ,,chicken ,tympanuchus americanus ,the ,prairie ,hen has a rounded or nearly square tail and a barred breast2 in the ,sharp-tailed ,grouse the tail is pointed1 the breast with ,v-shaped markings4 ,l4 #ah4 ,range4 ,central ,plains region from ,texas to ,manitoba1 east to ,indiana4 ,migratory at its northern limits4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,p4,r4 local1 ,s4,e4 ,minn41 ,p4,r4 much decreased in numbers4 ,the ,ruffed ,grouse sounds his rolling1 muffled drum-call in the seclusion of the forest1 but the ,prairie ,hen beats his loud boom-ah-boom in the open freedom of the plains4 ,hardy and strong of wing1 he can cope with winter storms and natural enemies1 but against the combined assault of man1 dog1 and gun1 he cannot successfully contend4 ,about a dozen buff-olive eggs are laid on the ground in ,april or early ,may4 ,,heath ,,hen ,tympanuchus cupido ,this is a close relative of the ,prairie ,hen1 having the black neck-tuft of less than ten feathers with pointed1 not rounded1 ends4 ,it is now found only on the ,island of ,martha's ,vineyard1 but formerly inhabited plains or barrens1 locally1 from ,new ,jersey to ,massachusetts4 ,it nests in ,june4 ,,turkeys4 ,,family ,,meleagrid ,,wild ,,turkey ,meleagris gallopavo silvestris ,the ,wild ,turkey was formerly found as far north as ,maine and ,ontario but it is unknown now north of central ,pennsylvania4 ,south of ,maryland it is not uncommon locally4 ,range4 ,kansas and central ,pennsylvania to the ,gulf coast1 and northern ,florida4 ,non-migratory4 ,washington1 rare ,p4,r4 ,our domestic ,turkey is descended from the ,mexican ,wild ,turkey and like that race has the upper tail-coverts and tail tipped with whitish1 whereas in our eastern ,wild ,turkey these tips are chestnut4 ,the nest is on the ground and #aj-ad eggs1 pale cream-color finely speckled with brownish1 are laid in ,april4 ,the ,florida ,wild ,turkey 7,m4 g4 osceola71 of southern ,florida1 is smaller and the white bars on the primaries are narrower and more broken4 ,,pigeons ,,and ,,doves4 ,,order ,,columb ,,pigeons ,,and ,,doves4 ,,family ,,columbid ,,mourning ,,dove ,zenaidura macroura carolinensis4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #c2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #aa ,except the southern little ,ground ,dove1 this is our only ,dove4 ,its long1 pointed tail and the swift1 darting flight are its field characters4 ,it is often mistaken for the ,wild or ,passenger ,pigeon1 now extinct4 ,the two birds differ in size and in color1 but size is a matter of distance1 and color1 of comparison1 so it seems probable that as long as there is a possibility of seeing a ,passenger ,pigeon1 ,mourning ,doves will be mistaken for them4 ,l4 #aa-c_/d4 ,the ,wild ,pigeon is about five inches longer4 ,range4 ,north ,america4 ,in a railway journey from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific one may expect to see the ,dove daily4 ,winters from ,virginia southward1 migrating northward in ,march4 ,washington1 ,p4,r41 common1 except in midwinter4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #c-,nov4 #bg2 a few winter4 ,cambridge1 rather rare ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #h-;,june #ah2 ,sept4 #ah-,nov4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bj-,oct4 #be2 rare ,w4,v4 ,glen ,ellyn1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 formerly common1 ,mch4 #ab-,oct4 #ba4 ,s4,e4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ae-;,dec4 #be4 ,doves are particularly common in the southern states where1 ranked as game-birds1 they are shot in large numbers4 ,the ,wild ,pigeon's note was an explosive squawk2 the ,dove's is a soft1 mournful coo-oo-ah1 coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o-4 ,during the winter1 ,doves are usually found in small flocks but1 unlike the ,wild ,pigeon1 they nest in scattered pairs4 ,the nest is in a tree or on the ground4 ,two white eggs are laid in ,april4 ,,ground ,,dove ,chmepelia passerina terrestris4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #d ,the female is duller than the male4 ,l4 #f-c_/d4 ,range4 ,tropical and subtemperate parts of the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,our form is found in ,florida and on the coast region from ,north ,carolina to ,texas4 ,washington1 accidental2 two records1 ,sept41 ,oct4 ,this dainty1 miniature ,pigeon is common in southern gardens and old fields4 ,it runs gracefully before one1 and when flushed rises with a whirring flight but soon alights1 usually on the ground4 ,its call is a crooning coo4 ,the nest is placed on the ground and in low trees and bushes4 ,two white eggs are laid in ,march4 ,,birds ,,of ,,prey4 ,,order ,,raptores ,,american ,,vultures4 ,,family ,,cathartid ,,turkey ,,vulture ,cathartes aura septentrionalis4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #i ,head red1 plumage with a brownish cast4 ,young birds have the head covered with brownish down4 ,l4 #cj4 ,range4 ,most of the ,western ,hemisphere in several subspecies2 in the eastern states north to northern ,new ,jersey and1 locally1 southern ,new ,york4 ,migrating south from the northern part of its range4 ,washington1 abundant ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 ,a4,v4 ,cambridge1 casual1 two records4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #e-,oct4 #cj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg4 ,the ',turkey ,buzzard' has a wider wing-stretch and is a better aviator than the ,black ,vulture4 ,it is more a bird of the country than the last-named species which is the common ,vulture of the streets in many southern cities4 ,extremely graceful in the air1 it is far from pleasing when at rest4 ,the two dull white1 brown-marked eggs are laid on the ground under logs1 in crevices in rocks1 etc41 in ,march in ,florida1 in ,april in ,virginia4 ,,black ,,vulture ,catharista urubu urubu4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #aj ,head black1 plumage without the brownish cast of the ,turkey ,vulture4 ,range4 ,eastern ,u4,s41 north to ,virginia2 an abundant ,permanent ,resident4 ,washington1 casual1 ,mch41 ,july1 ,dec4 ,the ,vulture of southern cities2 a frequenter of slaughter houses and markets4 ,in flight the under surfaces of the wing look silvery4 ,it is by no means so impressive a figure in the air as the ,turkey ,vulture4 ,two pale bluish white eggs1 generally with brown markings1 are laid on the ground under logs1 bushes1 palmettoes1 etc41 in ,march and ,april4 ,,hawks1 ,,eagles1 ,,kites1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,buteonid ,,swallow-,,tailed ,,kite ,elanoides forficatus forficatus ,the head and lower parts are white1 the rest of the plumage glossy black2 the tail deeply forked4 ,l4 #bd4 ,range4 ,florida to ,south ,carolina1 and up the ,mississippi ,valley rarely to ,saskatchewan2 winters south of the ,united ,states1 returning in ,march4 ,washington1 three records1 ,aug42 ,apl4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,may #d4 ,color1 form1 grace1 and power of motion combine to make the flight of the ,swallow-tail an impressive demonstration of the bird's mastery of the air4 ,it feeds on lizards and small snakes which it captures when on the wing from the branches of trees4 ,the nest is placed in the upper branches of tall trees1 #b-c eggs heavily marked with brown being laid in ,florida in ,april2 in ,iowa in ,june4 ,,white-,,tailed ,,kite ,elanus leucurus ,a gray bird with white underparts1 rather short white tail and black shoulders4 ,l4 #ae-a_/b4 ,range4 ,chiefly southwestern ,united ,states and southward east to the lower ,mississippi ,valley4 ,this is a rare bird east of the ,mississippi4 ,it frequents open marshy places and feeds upon small snakes1 lizards1 grasshoppers1 etc41 which it captures on the ground4 ,the nest is built in trees1 and the #c-e eggs1 heavily marked with brown1 are laid in ,may4 ,,mississippi ,,kite ,ictinia mississippiensis ,a slaty-blue bird with black tail and wings and red eyes4 ,l4 #ad4 ,range4 ,southern ,united ,states1 north to ,south ,carolina1 and southern ,indiana2 winters chiefly south of the ,united ,states and returns in ,april4 ,a low-flying hunter of insects1 snakes and frogs4 ,it migrates in loose flocks sometimes near the earth1 at others far above it4 ,the nest is placed in tall trees4 ,the eggs are laid in ,may2 they number #a-c1 and are dull white1 occasionally with a bluish tinge4 ,,everglade ,,kite ,rostrhamus sociabilis ,a dark slate-colored bird with a white rump and a rather slender hooked bill4 ,the young are quite different2 black above1 tipped with reddish brown1 below mottled and barred with black1 reddish brown and buff1 but with the white rump-patch of the adult4 ,l4 #ah4 ,range4 ,tropical ,america north to southern ,florida4 ,the ,everglade ,kite is found in marshes and about lakes and ponds hunting for its favorite food of large snails1 which it extracts from their shells by means of its hooked bill4 ,it is rarely seen north of southern ,florida4 ,the nest is placed in bushes or among reeds4 ,the #b-c eggs1 which are heavily marked with brown1 are laid in ,march4 ,,marsh ,,hawk ,circus hudsonius4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ae ,the immature bird and adult female are dark brown above1 reddish brown below1 but1 in any plumage1 the species may be known by the white upper tail-coverts which show clearly in flight4 ,l41 male1 #ai2 female1 #bb4 ,range4 ,north ,america1 wintering from ,new ,jersey southward2 migrates northward in ,march4 ,washington1 common ,w4,v41 ,july-,apl4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #f-,oct4 #cj2 a few winter4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bj-,nov4 #aj1 one breeding record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #e-,nov4 #cj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,s4,r41 several pairs1 ,apl4 #d-,nov4 #f4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #f-,nov4 #a4 ,the ,marsh ,hawk quarters low over the fields turning sharply here and there to follow the course of a meadow mouse in the grass forest below4 ,as a rule the bird is silent but in the mating season he repeats a 'screeching' note4 ,the nest is made on the ground in the marshes2 the #d-f white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,sharp-,,shinned ,,hawk ,accipiter velox4 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab2 ,case #c1 ,figs4 #g1 #h ,the sexes differ only in size1 the female being much the larger4 ,there is a marked difference in color between adult and immature birds1 the latter being more commonly seen4 ,l4 male1 #aa-a_/d2 female1 #ac-a_/b4 ,range4 ,north ,america2 wintering from ,massachusetts southward4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #c-,may #aa2 ,sept4 #e-,oct4 #be2 rare ,s4,r41 uncommon ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,p4,r41 a few winter4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ai-;,dec4 #i4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bh-;,dec #bh4 ,this small1 bird-killing ,hawk dashes recklessly after its victims1 following them through thick cover4 ,it is less often seen in the open than the ,sparrow ,hawk1 which it resembles in size1 but from which it may be known by its different color1 longer tail1 and much shorter wings4 ,it nests in trees #ae-dj feet from the ground4 ,the eggs1 #c-f in number1 are bluish white or cream1 marked with brown and are laid in ,may4 ,illustration3 ,,sharp-,,shinned ,,hawk4 ,note the ,long ,tail4 ,,cooper',s ,,hawk ,accipiter cooperi4 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #i1 #aj ,a large edition of the ,sharp-shinned ,hawk1 with the tail more rounded1 the adult with a darker crown4 ,l4 male1 #ae-a_/b2 female1 #ai4 ,range4 ,nests throughout ,united ,states2 winters from southern ,new ,england southward4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 less common ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 not uncommon ,s4,r41 rare ,w4,v41 ,apl4 #aj-,oct4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common1 ,mch4 #bj-,nov4 #a2 a few winter4 ,glen ,ellyn1 local ,s4,r41 a few winter4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #c4 ,this is the real ',chicken ,hawk1' but it is less often seen and heard than the soaring1 screaming ,buteos to which the name is usually applied4 ,it resembles the ,sharp-shinned in habits but being larger may prey on larger birds4 ,the female may be easily distinguished from the ,sharp-shinned by her larger size1 but the male is not appreciably larger than a female ,sharp-shin4 ,the nest is built in a tree #be-ej feet up4 ,the bluish white1 rarely spotted eggs are laid in late ,april or early ,may4 ,,goshawk ,astur atricapillus ,the adult is blue-gray above with a darker crown and a white line over the eye4 ,the underparts are finely and beautifully marked with gray and white4 ,young birds resemble the young of ,cooper's ,hawk1 but are much larger4 ,l41 male1 #bb2 female1 #bd4 ,range4 ,north ,america1 nests chiefly north of the ,united ,states and winters southward1 usually rarely1 as far as ,virginia4 ,washington1 casual in winter4 ,ossining1 rare ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #aj-;,jan4 #ad4 ,cambridge1 irregular and uncommon ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,w4,r41 ,nov4 #e-;,apl4 #d4 ,like its smaller relatives the ,sharp-shin and ,cooper's ,hawks1 this powerful raptor is a relentless hunter of birds4 ,it is particularly destructive to ,ruffed ,grouse4 ,fortunately it does not often visit us in numbers4 ,it nests in trees1 laying #b-e white eggs1 rarely marked with brownish1 in ,april4 ,,red-,,tailed ,,hawk ,buteo borealis borealis4 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #e1 #f2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,this1 the largest of our common ,hawks1 is a heavy-bodied bird with wings which when closed1 reach nearly to the end of the tail4 ,the adult has the tail bright reddish brown with a narrow black band near the tip4 ,the immature bird has the tail rather inconspicuously barred with blackish1 and a broken band of blackish spots across the underparts4 ,l4 male1 #bj2 female1 #bc4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america1 migrating only at the northern limit of its range4 ,there are several races1 ,krider's ,red-tail1 a paler form inhabiting the great ,plains1 and ,harlan's ,hawk1 a darker form with a mottled tail1 the lower ,mississippi ,valley4 ,washington1 common ,w4,v41 rare ,s4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r41 less common in winter4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v41 locally ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #aj-;,apl4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,p4,r41 not common1 chiefly ,t4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #b4 ,the ,red-tail resembles the ,red-shoulder in general habits1 but it is more a bird of the fields1 where it may be seen perched on the limb of a dead tree or similar exposed situation4 ,its note1 a long-drawn1 squealing whistle1 is quite unlike that of the ,red-shoulder4 ,the ,red-tail feeds chiefly on mice and other small mammals4 ,with the ,red-shoulder it is often called ',chicken ,hawk1' but does not deserve the name4 ,it nests in trees #cj-gj feet up and in ,april lays #b-d eggs1 dull white sparingly marked with brown4 ,,red-,,shouldered ,,hawk ,buteo lineatus lineatus4 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #d2 ,case #c ,fig4 #ab ,illustration3 ,,red-,,shouldered ,,hawk4 ,,adult4 ,note the ,barred ,tail4 ,seen from below the reddish brown underparts and black and white barred tail will identify adults of this species4 ,immature birds are streaked below with blackish2 the tail is dark grayish brown indistinctly barred1 but the shoulder is always rusty1 though this is not a marking one can see in life4 ,l41 male4 #ah-a_/b2 female1 #bj-a_/d4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america from northern ,florida to ,canada2 resident except in the northern part of its range4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common1 ,apl4-,nov41 less common in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,p4,r41 more common than the ,red-tail2 chiefly ,t4,v4 ,a medium-sized1 heavy-bodied ,hawk with wings which1 when closed1 reach well toward the tip of the tail4 ,it lives both in the woods and open places1 and may be flushed from the border of a brook or seen soaring high in the air4 ,its note1 frequently uttered1 as it swings in wide circles1 is a distinctive ,ke-you1 ,ke-you1 quite unlike the call of any of our other ,hawks4 ,it is often well imitated by the ,blue ,jay4 ,the ,red-shoulder feeds chiefly on mice and frogs4 ,it nests in trees #cj-fj feet up and1 in ,april1 lays #c-e eggs1 white marked with brown4 ,the ,florida ,red-shouldered ,hawk 7,buteo lineatus alleni71 a smaller form with grayer head and paler underparts1 is a resident in ,florida and along the coast from ,south ,carolina to ,mexico4 ,it nests in ,february4 ,,broad-,,winged ,,hawk ,buteo platypterus ,with a general resemblance to the ,red-shouldered ,hawk1 but smaller2 no red on the bend of the wing1 or rusty in the primaries1 only the outer three of which are 'notched4' ,l41 male1 #ae-c_/d2 female1 #af-c_/d4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america4 ,breeding from the ,gulf ,states to the ,st4 ,lawrence2 winters from ,ohio and ,delaware to ,s4,a42 migrates northward in ,march4 ,washington1 uncommon ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ae-,oct4 #bc4 ,cambridge1 uncommon ,t4,v4 in early fall1 rare in spring and summer2 ,apl4 #be-,sept4 #cj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,oct4 #d4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #aa4 ,a rather retiring1 unwary ,hawk which nests in thick woods and is less often seen in the open than the ,red-shoulder1 but1 when migrating1 hundreds pass high in the air1 with other ,hawks4 ,its call is a high1 thin1 penetrating whistle4 ,it nests in late ,april and early ,may1 laying #b-d whitish eggs marked with brown4 ,,rough-,,legged ,,hawk ,archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis ,legs feathered to the toes2 basal half of tail white2 belly black4 ,some individuals are wholly black4 ,l41 male1 #ba2 female1 #bc4 ,range4 ,breeds in northern ,canada2 usually rare and irregular in the northern ,u4,s41 from ,november to ,april4 ,washington1 rare and irregular ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 casual4 ,cambridge1 ,t4,v41 not common1 ,nov4-,dec42 ,mch4-,apl4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,w4,v41 ,nov4 #bj-;,apl4 #c4 ,glen ,ellyn1 quite common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #ab-;,apl4 #cj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #ae-,mch4 ,frequents fields and marshes1 where it hunts to and fro after mice1 which form its principal fare4 ,,golden ,,eagle ,aquila chrysaetos ,with the ,bald ,eagle1 largest of our raptorial birds2 with a general resemblance to the young of that species1 in which the head and tail are dark1 but with the legs feathered to the toes4 ,l41 male1 #cb-a_/b2 female1 #cg-a_/b4 ,range4 ,northern parts of the northern ,hemisphere2 in the ,united ,states1 rare east of the ,mississippi4 ,washington1 rare ,w4,v41 ,ossining1 ,a4,v4 ,cambridge1 #a record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,p4,r4 ,the ,golden ,eagle is so rare in the eastern ,united ,states and its general resemblance to a young ,bald ,eagle is so close1 that only an experienced ornithologist could convince me that he had seen a ,golden ,eagle east of the ,mississippi4 ,,bald ,,eagle ,halietus leucocephalus leucocephalus4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #aa ,when immature the head and tail resemble the body in color1 and at this age the bird is sometimes confused with the more western ,golden ,eagle4 ,the latter has the head browner and the legs feathered to the toes4 ,l41 male1 #cc2 female1 #ce-a_/b4 ,range4 ,north ,america but rare in the interior and in ,california1 migratory at the northern limit of its range4 ,washington1 not common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 of irregular occurrence at all seasons4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,p4,r41 becoming rare4 ,an adult ,bald ,eagle will at once be recognized by its white head and tail2 the immature birds by their large size4 ,eagles are usually found near the water where fish may be obtained either on the shore or from the ,osprey4 ,the call of the male is a human-like1 loud1 clear cac-cac-cac2 that of the female is said to be more harsh and often broken4 ,eagles nest in tall trees and on cliffs1 and lay two or three dull white eggs1 in ,florida1 in ,november and ,december2 in ,maine1 in ,april4 ,,falcons1 ,,caracaras1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,falconid ,,gyrfalcon ,falco rusticolus gyrfalco ,a large ,hawk with long1 pointed wings1 the upper parts brown with numerous narrow1 buffy bars or margins1 the tail evenly barred with grayish and blackish1 the underparts white lightly streaked with black4 ,l4 #bb4 ,range4 ,arctic regions2 south in winter rarely to ,new ,york and ,minnesota4 ,the ,gray ,gyrfalcon 7,f4 r4 rusticolus7 a paler form1 with a streaked crown1 the ,black ,gyrfalcon 7,f4 r4 obsoletus7 a slate-colored race1 and the ,white ,gyrfalcon 7,f4 islandus7 are also rare winter visitants to the northern ,united ,states4 ,these great ,falcons are so rare in the ,united ,states that unless they are seen by an experienced observer1 under exceptionally favorable conditions1 authentic records of their visits can be based only on the actual capture of specimens4 ,,duck ,,hawk ,falco peregrinus anatum ,the adult is slaty blue above2 buff below marked with black1 and with black cheek-patches4 ,immature birds are blackish above margined with rusty1 below deep rusty buff streaked with blackish4 ,l41 male1 #af2 female1 #ai4 ,range4 ,northern ,hemisphere1 breeding south locally to ,new ,jersey and in ,alleghanies to ,south ,carolina2 winters from ,new ,jersey southward4 ,washington1 rare and irregular ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 casual4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v41 casual in winter1 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #d4 ,as the ,peregrine of falconry we know of the ,duck ,hawk as a fearless1 dashing hunter of greater power of wing and talon4 ,it nests in rocky cliffs in ,april and from its eyrie darts upon passing ,pigeons and other birds4 ,it is most often seen following the coast-line during migrations where it takes toll of ,ducks and shore-birds4 ,three to four heavily marked1 brownish eggs are laid in ,april4 ,,pigeon ,,hawk ,falco columbarius ,a small ,hawk1 about the size of a ,sparrow ,hawk4 ,the adult is slaty blue above1 with a rusty collar and a barred1 white-tipped tail2 below buff1 streaked with blackish4 ,young birds have the upperparts blackish brown4 ,l4 #aa4 ,range4 ,breeds north of1 and winters chiefly south of the ,united ,states4 ,migrates northward in ,april and ,may1 and southward in ,september and ,october4 ,washington1 not uncommon ,t4,v4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #a-,may #aa2 ,aug4 #aj-,oct4 #ae4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #be-,may #e2 ,sept4 #be-,oct4 #bj2 occasional in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 regular but rare ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bf-,may #e2 ,sept4 #a-,oct4 #af4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,apl4 #ac4 ,we know this ,hawk as a not common migrant generally seen in open places and along the shores4 ,it feeds chiefly on small birds4 ,,sparrow ,,hawk ,falco sparverius sparverius4 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #g1 #h2 ,case #c1 ,figs4 #e1 #f ,the male has the tail with only one bar2 the breast unmarked2 the abdomen with black spots2 while the female has the tail with several bars1 the underparts streaked with brownish4 ,in both sexes the bright reddish brown of the upperparts1 black markings about the head1 and small size are gold field characters4 ,l4 #aj4 ,range4 ,sparrow ,hawks are found throughout the greater part of the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,our eastern race inhabits the region east of the ,rockies and is migratory at the northern limit of its range4 ,southern ,florida specimens are slightly smaller and darker and are known as the ,florida ,sparrow ,hawk 7,f4 s4 paulus74 ,illustration3 ,,sparrow ,,hawk ,,hovering ,,above ,,its ,,prey4 ,washington1 common ,w4,v41 rare ,s4,r4 ,ossining1 rather rare ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 ,p4,r41 common in summer1 rare in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rather rare ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #aj-,oct4 #bf4 ,the ,sparrow ,hawk is one of our commonest and most familiar ,hawks4 ,he is a handsome little ,falcon1 and though his prey is chiefly humble grasshoppers1 he captures them in a sportsmanlike manner by waiting on or hovering on rapidly beating wings over his game and dropping on it with deadly aim4 ,his call is a high1 rapidly repeated ,killy-killy-killy4 ,the three to seven eggs1 finely marked with reddish brown1 are laid in a hollow limb or similar situation in ,april4 ,,audubon',s ,,caracara ,polyborus cheriway cheriway ,a falcon-like ,vulture with a bare face1 black cap1 white throat1 breast and nape2 the rest of the plumage is black1 the tail barred with white4 ,l4 #bb4 ,range4 ,mexican border and southward2 south central ,florida4 ,in the eastern ,united ,states the ,caracara is found only in the ,kissimmee prairie region of southern ,florida where its presence1 so far from others of its kind1 furnishes one of the problems in distribution which stimulate the imagination of the faunal naturalist4 ,,ospreys4 ,,family ,,pandionid ,,osprey ,pandion halitus carolinensis4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ad ,the ,osprey or ,fish ,hawk is often miscalled ',eagle1' but it is a smaller bird with white1 instead of blackish underparts4 ,l4 #bc4 ,range4 ,the ,osprey is found throughout the greater part of the world2 the ,american form occurs in both ,north and ,south ,america and winters from the southern ,united ,states southward1 starting northward in ,march4 ,washington1 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ai-,nov4 #cj4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 rare ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #c-,may #bf2 ,sept4 #bi-,oct4 #bj4 ,cambridge1 rather common ,t4,v41 ,apl4-,may2 ,sept4-,oct4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,oct4 ,glen ,ellyn1 two records1 ,may and ,sept4 ,the ,osprey1 or ,fish ,hawk1 feeds on fish and nothing but fish4 ,he is1 therefore1 never found far from his fishing grounds1 where no one who has seen him plunge for his prey and rise with it from the water will doubt his ability to supply his wants4 ,ospreys usually nest in trees at varying distances from the ground1 but sometimes on cliffs or even on the ground itself1 and return year after year to the same nest4 ,the ,osprey's alarm note is a high1 loud1 complaining whistle1 frequently repeated4 ,the eggs are laid in late ,april and early ,may4 ,they are usually four in number1 buffy white1 heavily marked with chocolate4 ,,barn ,,owls4 ,,family ,,aluconid ,,barn ,,owl ,aluco pratincola pratincola4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ag ,a light-colored ,owl1 looking almost white in the dusk4 ,l4 #ah4 ,range4 ,barn ,owls are found throughout the world4 ,our species is rare north of ,new ,jersey and ,ohio4 ,it is migratory only at the northern limit of its range4 ,washington1 not rare ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 ,a4,v4 ,this is the ',monkey-faced ,owl' of towers and steeples4 ,few who hear its loud1 sudden scream or rapidly repeated crree-crree-crree know their author1 who may live for years in the heart of a village a stranger to its human inhabitants4 ,the mice1 however1 have tragic evidence of his presence in the nightly raids he makes upon their ranks4 ,the nest is made in the diurnal retreat1 #e-i white eggs being laid in ,april4 ,,horned ,,owls1 ,,hoot ,,owls1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,strigid ,,long-,,eared ,,owl ,asio wilsonianus4 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #ag ,distinguished by very long ear-tufts4 ,l4 #ad-c_/d4 ,range4 ,temperate ,north ,america4 ,winters south to ,georgia and ,louisiana4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 rare1 ,p4,r4 but sometimes common in fall and winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 uncommon ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare1 fall records only1 ,nov4 #g-;,dec4 #ad4 ,an ,owl of evergreen clumps and dense growths1 where its presence is often betrayed by the litter below of undigested pellets of hair and bones which ,owls eject at the mouth4 ,it is not a hoot ,owl1 and even many ornithologists have not heard its notes1 which are described as a soft-toned1 slow wu-hunk1 wu-hunk1 and a low twittering1 whistling dicky1 dicky1 dicky4 ,it is not a hole-inhabiting ,owl and like the ,great ,horned nests in an old ,hawk1 ,crow1 or ,squirrel nest4 ,three to six white eggs are laid in ,april4 ,,short-,,eared ,,owl ,asio flammeus4 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #ah ,the 'ears' are barely evident1 the eyes are yellow2 underparts streaked4 ,l4 #ae-a_/b4 ,range4 ,found throughout the greater part of the world2 migrating southward at the northern part of its ,north ,american range4 ,washington1 common ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 casual4 ,cambridge1 ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ae-;,apl4 #ae1 rare2 ,oct4-,nov41 uncommon4 ,n4 ,ohio1 uncommon ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare1 ,dec4 #aa-,may #ae4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r4 ,this is a marsh ,owl and we are therefore not likely to find it associated with other members of its family4 ,its notes are said to resemble the ki-yi of a small dog4 ,four to seven white eggs are laid in an open nest in the grasses in ,april4 ,,barred ,,owl ,strix varia varia4 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #ae ,a large ,owl with black eyes 7the figure is incorrect7 and no 'ears4' ,l4 #bj4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america4 ,generally a ,permanent ,resident4 ,the ,florida ,barred ,owl 7,s4 v4 alleni1 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #af71 is somewhat darker than the northern form and has nearly naked toes4 ,it inhabits ,florida and the coast region from ,south ,carolina to ,texas4 ,washington1 not common1 rare ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 rare ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 ,p4,r41 sometimes common in ,nov4 and ,dec4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare and local ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,p4,r4 ,an ,owl of the woods1 common in the less thickly settled parts of its range4 ,its loud1 sonorous notes1 whoo1 whoo-whoo who-whoo1 to-whoo-ah1 are often uttered4 ,when two birds come together their united calls produce some of the most startling sounds to be heard in nature4 ,the ,barred ,owl feeds chiefly on mice4 ,it nests in hollow trees in ,march1 laying #b-d white eggs4 ,,great ,,gray ,,owl ,scotiaplex nebulosa nebulosa ,largest of ,american ,owls1 with a general resemblance to the ,barred ,owl1 but nearly a third larger and with yellow eyes4 ,l4 #bg4 ,range4 ,northern ,north ,america1 rarely straggling to ,united ,states in winter4 ,cambridge1 very rare and irregular ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 rare ,w4,v4 ,,richardson',s ,,owl ,cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni ,a small ,owl about the size of a ,screech ,owl1 but without ear-tufts4 ,it is grayish brown above and both head and back are spotted with black2 the underparts are white heavily streaked with grayish brown4 ,range4 ,northern ,canada and ,alaska1 rarely visiting the eastern ,united ,states in winter4 ,we are not likely to meet this ,owl4 ,cambridge1 very rare ,w4,v4 ,,saw-,,whet ,,owl ,cryptoglaux acadica acadica4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #da ,smallest of our ,owls2 eyes yellow1 no ear-tufts4 ,l4 #h4 ,range4 ,nests in the northern ,united ,states and northward1 south in the ,alleghanies to ,maryland2 winters rather rarely and irregularly southward to ,virginia4 ,washington1 rare ,w4,v41 ,oct4-,mch4 ,ossining1 rather rare ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #bh-;,jan4 #ac4 ,cambridge1 not uncommon1 ,w4,v41 ,nov4-,mch4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon4 ,p4,r4 ,a tame little ,owl which sometimes may be caught in one's hand4 ,it passes the day in dense growth1 usually evergreens4 ,its note resembles the sound made when a large-tooth saw is being filed4 ,,screech ,,owl ,otus asio asio4 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ad ,the two sexes are alike1 the two color phases being individual and representing dichromatism4 ,among animals1 gray and black squirrels furnish a similar case4 ,the ear-like feather-tufts give the bird a cat-like appearance1 hence the name ',cat ,owl4' ,the young are downy-looking creatures evenly barred with dusky4 ,l4 #i-a_/b4 ,range4 ,screech ,owls are found throughout the greater part of the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,our eastern form occurs in the eastern ,united ,states from ,canada southward4 ,the ,florida race 7,o4 a4 floridanus1 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ai7 is smaller and of a darker gray than the northern bird4 ,the 'red' phase is rare4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common ,p4,r4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,p4,r4 ,this1 the smallest of our 'horned' ,owls1 is also the commonest4 ,it lives near and sometimes in our homes even when they are situated in towns4 ,its tremulous1 wailing whistle 7in no sense a 'screech'7 is therefore one of our most characteristic twilight bird-notes4 ,mice and insects form the greater part of the ,screech ,owl's fare4 ,four to six white eggs are laid in a hollow tree1 bird-box1 or similar site in ,april4 ,,great ,,horned ,,owl ,bubo virginianus virginianus4 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #af ,largest of the 'horned' ,owls4 ,l4 #bb4 ,range4 ,western ,hemisphere in many forms2 our form is confined to the eastern ,united ,states4 ,a ,permanent ,resident4 ,washington1 rare ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 uncommon1 autumn or winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,p4,r4 ,the ,great ,horned ,owl retreats before the civilization that destroys the forests in which it lives4 ,in thinly settled regions its deep-toned1 monotone1 whoo-hoo-hoo-hoo1 whooo1 whooo is still a characteristic bird voice1 but most of us hear it only when we camp in the wilderness4 ,the bird's fierce nature has won for it the name of tiger among birds4 ,rabbits1 skunks1 game birds and smaller prey form its fare4 ,the #b-c white eggs are laid in an abandoned ,hawk1 ,crow1 or squirrel nest in ,february2 it is the first of our northern birds to nest4 ,,snowy ,,owl ,nyctea nyctea ,a large ,owl with no 'ear' tufts and yellow eyes2 chiefly white with small brownish or blackish markings4 ,l4 #be4 ,range4 ,nests in ,arctic regions1 migrating southward irregularly in winter to the northern ,united ,states4 ,washington1 casual ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 ,a4,v4 ,cambridge1 rare and irregular ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,w4,v4 ,glen ,ellyn1 very rare ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4-,apl4 ,a rare winter visitant which is more often seen along the seashore4 ,unlike most ,owls it hunts by day1 feeding chiefly on mice but also on birds4 ,,hawk ,,owl ,surnia ulula caparoch ,a medium-sized ,owl with a whitish face and yellow eyes and a long1 rounded tail2 the head is spotted1 the back barred with whitish2 the underparts are barred with white and blackish4 ,l4 #ae2 ,t4 #g-a_/d4 ,range4 ,northern ,north ,america1 rarely visiting the northern ,united ,states in winter4 ,cambridge1 very rare in late fall4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,w4,v41 ,oct4-,mch4 ,the ,hawk ,owl is strictly diurnal1 as much so as any of the ,hawks1 and like some of them often selects a tall shrub or dead-topped tree in a comparatively open place for a perch1 where it sits in the bright sunlight watching for its prey 7,fisher74 ,,florida ,,burrowing ,,owl ,speotyto cunicularia floridana ,a small1 ground ,owl1 with nearly naked legs and feet and no ear-tufts4 ,the upperparts are grayish brown marked with white2 the throat is white1 rest of underparts barred with grayish brown and white4 ,l4 #i4 ,range4 ,southern ,florida1 chiefly in the ,kissimmee ,prairie region4 ,this is a representative of our western ,burrowing ,owl1 which1 in some way unknown to man1 has established itself far from others of its kind in central southern ,florida1 where it is locally common4 ,it nests in a hole in the ground1 excavated by itself1 and lays #e-g white eggs in ,march4 ,,parrots1 ,,macaws1 ,,paroquets1 ,,cockatoos4 ,,order ,,psittaci ,,parrots ,,and ,,paroquets4 ,,family ,,psittacid ,,carolina ,,paroquet ,conuropsis carolinensis carolinensis ,a long-tailed1 green ,paroquet with a yellow head1 orange forehead and cheeks4 ,l4 #ab-a_/b4 ,range4 ,formerly southeastern ,united ,states north to ,virginia1 west to ,nebraska and ,texas2 now southern ,florida where it is on the verge of extinction1 if not extinct4 ,washington1 extinct1 known only from specimens shot in ,sept41 #ahfe4 ,the ,paroquet has paid the penalty of wearing bright plumes1 of making a desirable cage-bird1 of being destructive to fruit1 and of having little fear of man4 ,once abundant and wide-spread1 for nearly the past half a century it has been restricted to ,florida1 where the species will soon go out of existence1 if it has not already done so4 ,its nesting habits are unknown4 ,,cuckoos1 ,,kingfishers1 ,,etc4 ,,order ,,coccyges ,,cuckoos1 ,,anis1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,cuculid ,,yellow-,,billed ,,cuckoo ,coccyzus americanus americanus4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #a ,broadly white-tipped tail-feathers1 a partly yellow bill1 and largely reddish brown primaries distinguish this species from its black-billed cousin4 ,l4 #ab-a_/b1 of which one-half is tail4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,florida to ,canada2 winters in tropical ,america1 returning to the ,united ,states in ,april4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #c-,oct4 #ac4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #d-,oct4 #ca4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #ab-,sept4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,sept4 #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 quite common ,s4,r41 ,may #ae-,sept4 #bi4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #ba-;,aug4 #bj4 ,cuckoos are common birds1 but are more often heard than seen4 ,their notes are not like those of the cuckoo clock1 which exactly imitates the voice of the ,european ,cuckoo1 but a series of cuck-cuck-cucks and cow-cows repeated a varying number of times4 ,the ,cuckoo rarely makes long flights but slips from one tree to another1 seeking at once the inner branches and avoiding an exposed perch4 ,the nest1 a platform of sticks1 thinly covered1 is placed in low trees or bushes4 ,the #c-e greenish blue eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,black-,,billed ,,cuckoo ,coccyzus erythrophthalmus4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #b ,a wholly black bill 7note that in both our ,cuckoos it is slightly curved71 wings without reddish brown1 and small1 inconspicuous white tips to the tail-feathers distinguish this species from the preceding4 ,range4 ,a more northern species than the ,yellow-billed ,cuckoo4 ,nests from ,virginia 7,georgia in the mountains7 to ,quebec2 winters in tropical ,america1 reaching the southern ,states in ,april4 ,washington1 rather rare ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,oct4 #f4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #c-,oct4 #g4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #ab-,sept4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,oct4 #ba4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #h-,sept4 #bg4 ,the day after penning the foregoing notes on the ,yellow-billed ,cuckoo1 ,i saw a ,black-bill make a prolonged1 dashing flight through the open1 alight on the limb of a dead1 leafless tree1 directly over a young girl who was calling loudly to an active dog near her1 and from this conspicuous perch utter its low coo-coo notes1 both looking and sounding more like a ,dove than a conventional ,cuckoo4 ,so while we may say that the ,cuckoos are much alike in habits one must not accept generalized statements too literally4 ,there is much individuality among birds1 a fact that makes their study far more interesting than if all were cast in the same mold4 ,the notes of this species are softer than those of the ,yellow-bill1 but the difference between the calls of the two species must be learned from the birds1 not from books4 ,the nest of the ,black-bill is the more compactly built of the two1 and its eggs are of a deeper shade4 ,,kingfishers4 ,,family ,,alcedinid ,,belted ,,kingfisher ,ceryle alcyon4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ah2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #aj ,the female resembles the male1 but the sides and the band across the breast are reddish brown4 ,this is our only ,kingfisher4 ,crest1 color1 size1 habits1 all distinguish him4 ,l4 #ac4 ,range4 ,north ,america2 winters from ,illinois and ,virginia1 southward2 migrates north in early ,april4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r41 except in midwinter4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #a-,nov4 #bc2 casual in winter4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,nov4 #a2 rare ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bj-,nov4 #a2 rare ,w4,v4 ,glenn ,ellyn1 isolated pairs1 ,apl4 #a-,nov4 #ai4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ba-;,dec4 #ab4 ,the ,belted ,kingfisher is a watchman of the waterways who sounds his loud rattle when we trespass on his territory1 a gallant fisherman1 who1 like a ,falcon 'waits on' with fluttering wing1 and the moment his aim is taken plunges headlong with a splash on some fish that has ventured too near the surface4 ,the nest is made at the end of a burrow in a bank2 #e-h white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,woodpeckers1 ,,wrynecks1 ,,etc4 ,,order ,,pici ,,woodpeckers4 ,,family ,,picid ,,ivory-,,billed ,,woodpecker ,campephilus principalis ,our largest ,woodpecker1 black with a white stripe down each side of the neck1 white showing in the wing in flight1 the male with a flaming red crest1 the female with a black one and both with an ivory-white bill4 ,l4 #bj4 ,range4 ,formerly southeastern ,united ,states to ,north ,carolina2 now rare and local in the wilder1 less settled portions of the ,gulf ,states4 ,when man appears1 the ,ivory-bill disappears4 ,this is not alone due to the destruction of the birds' haunts but to the bird's shy1 retiring nature4 ,its days are numbered even more surely than are those of the forests it inhabits4 ,the nesting cavity is usually made in a cypress some forty feet from the ground1 and #c-e white eggs are laid in ,march4 ,,hairy ,,woodpecker ,dryobates villosus villosus4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #bh1 #bi ,the ,hairy is a large edition of the ,downy with white1 unmarked outer tail-feathers4 ,the male has a red head-band4 ,l4 #i-a_/b4 ,range4 ,middle and northern states2 a permanent resident4 ,the southern ,hairy ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 auduboni7 inhabits the southeastern ,united ,states north to southern ,virginia4 ,it is smaller than the ,hairy and has less white in the plumage4 ,l4 #h-a_/aj4 ,the ,northern ,hairy ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 leucomelas7 is found from the northern ,united ,states northward4 ,it is larger and whiter than the ,hairy4 ,l4 #aj4 ,the ,newfoundland ,hairy ,woodpecker 7,d4 v4 terrnov7 is larger and darker than the ,hairy2 it inhabits ,newfoundland4 ,washington1 rare ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 rare ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 uncommon ,w4,v41 one summer record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,p4,r4 ,the ,hairy is not so common as his small cousin the ,downy1 and does not so readily make friends4 ,he prefers the woods to our orchards and is for these reasons less often seen at our feeding-stands4 ,the ,hairy's notes are noticeably louder than the ,downy's4 ,the nest-hole is usually in a dead tree4 ,the #b-d white eggs are laid the last half of ,april4 ,,downy ,,woodpecker ,dryobates pubescens medianus4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #bf1 #bg ,the ,downy differs from the ,hairy ,woodpecker in color by having the outer tail-feathers with black bars1 but it is the bird's obviously smaller size that will serve to distinguish it4 ,l4 #f-c_/d4 ,range4 ,from ,virginia northward into ,canada4 ,a ,permanent ,resident4 ,the ,southern ,downy ,woodpecker 7,d4 p4 pubescens1 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #be7 is smaller1 darker below and with the white markings smaller4 ,l4 #f4 ,it inhabits the south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states north to ,north ,carolina4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common ,p4,r4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,p4,r4 ,our commonest ,woodpecker2 an alert1 active little driller for insects and their eggs and larv1 and frequent visitor to our lunch-counters1 particularly if we supply them with suet4 ,his sharp peek1 peek1 running at times into a diminishing string of peeks1 and his rolling tatoo1 as he pounds a limb with amazing rapidity1 are prominent parts of every-day bird language1 the tatoo being a 'song' of the breeding season4 ,four to six white eggs are laid in a hole1 usually in a dead tree1 the first week in ,may4 ,the ,southern ,downy nests in ,april4 ,,red-,,cockaded ,,woodpecker ,dryobates borealis ,between the ,downy and ,hairy in size 7,l4 #h-a_/b7 with a general resemblance to both1 but the male with a small tuft of red feathers on each side of the back of the head4 ,range4 ,southeastern ,states north to ,north ,carolina4 ,an inhabitant of the pine woods1 who utters a coarse yank-yank note and may at times be seen feeding from the terminal tufts of pine 'needles' in the higher branches4 ,the nest is usually in a living pine2 the #b-e white eggs are laid in ,april4 ,,arctic ,,three-,,toed ,,woodpecker ,picoides arcticus ,two toes in front and one behind1 a solid black back and an orange-yellow crown in the male distinguish this from all our other ,woodpeckers4 ,size of the ,hairy1 ,l4 #i-a_/b4 ,range4 ,canada1 and northern parts of our border states1 rarely south in winter1 as far as ,nebraska and ,ohio4 ,cambridge1 one record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 rare4 ,an inhabitant of the spruce and balsam forests of our northern states1 occasionally straggling southward in winter4 ,nests in ,may4 ,,three-,,toed ,,woodpecker ,picoides americanus americanus ,two toes in front and one behind1 an orange-yellow crest in the male1 and a black back closely and evenly barred with white distinguish this bird2 it is somewhat smaller than the preceding1 ,l4 #h-c_/d4 ,range4 ,canada1 south to the northern parts of our boundary states2 unknown south of ,massachusetts4 ,not so common as the ,arctic ,three-toed ,woodpecker1 and less often found south of its breeding range4 ,nests in early ,june4 ,,yellow-,,bellied ,,sapsucker ,sphyrapicus varius varius4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #bf1 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #cj ,the female has the throat white1 and rarely1 crown wholly black4 ,young birds have the throat whitish1 crown dull black1 breast brownish4 ,the black breast-patch and red forehead1 and red or white throat are distinguishing characters4 ,l4 #h-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and ,minnesota 7in ,alleghanies from ,north ,carolina7 to ,canada2 winters from ,pennsylvania 7rarely7 southward to the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4-,may2 ,sept4 and ,oct41 ,occasional in winter4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #e-,may #ac2 ,sept4 #ah-,oct4 #bc2 casual in winter4 ,cambridge1 not uncommon ,t4,v41 ,apl4 and ,sept4 #ae-,nov4 #a2 occasional ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #a-,may #bj2 ,sept4 #ae-,oct4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ca-,may #ab2 ,sept4 #ad-,oct4 #ac4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #be-,oct4 #ai4 ,this is the mysterious maker of the rows of little holes drilled in even lines1 like hieroglyphics1 on the trunks of apple and other trees4 ,using his brush-tipped tongue as a swab1 he drinks the sap that oozes from these punctures4 ,as a migrant the ,yellow-belly is not conspicuous4 ,his business takes him into the heart of living trees and he is usually seen only when flying from one to another4 ,his low 'snarling' note attracts the attention of only the observant4 ,the nest-hole is #be-dj feet up2 the #e-g white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,pileated ,,woodpecker ,phloeotomus pileatus pileatus ,next to the nearly extinct ,ivory-bill this is the largest of our ,woodpeckers4 7,l4 #ag47 ,both sexes have a flaming red crest 7reaching the forehead in the male7 the remainder of the plumage being black1 with the throat1 a stripe from the bill down the sides of the neck1 and the basal half of the wing-feathers white2 bill horn-color4 ,range4 ,southeastern and ,gulf ,states1 north to ,north ,carolina4 ,the ,northern ,pileated ,woodpecker 7,p4 p4 abieticola7 is found thence northward into ,canada and west to the ,pacific4 ,it is a larger bird1 with the white areas larger4 ,in the south the ,pileated is by no means rare and seems not averse to the presence of man2 but in the north he retires to the wilder forested areas and we are apt to see him only when we go a-camping4 ,and he is well worth seeing with his flaming crest and powerful bill which1 used either as a chisel or drum-stick1 produces impressive results4 ,strangely enough the ,pileated's notes resemble those of the ,flicker but are louder4 ,the nest is usually well up2 the #c-e white eggs are laid in ,april in the south1 in ,may in the north4 ,,red-,,headed ,,woodpecker ,melanerpes erythrocephalus4 ,case #c1 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dc ,adults of both sexes have the whole head red2 young1 during their first winter1 have the head grayish brown1 and a black band across the white wing-feathers4 ,l4 #i-c_/d4 ,range4 ,eastern ,united ,states1 west to ,rockies2 local east of the ,alleghanies and north of ,pennsylvania4 ,washington1 rather common ,s4,r41 rare ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 rare ,p4,r41 common in fall1 ,aug4 #bg-,oct4 #ab4 ,cambridge1 irregular at all seasons2 sometimes common in fall4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,sept4 #be2 occasionally winters4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #ai-,nov4 #f2 a few winter4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #d-,sept4 #ag2 rare in winter4 ,adding to the normal habits of a ,woodpecker marked skill as a flycatcher1 the ,red-head stops his grub-hunting and swings out after a passing insect with a dazzling display of red1 white and blue-black4 ,noisy as he is conspicuous1 he beats his log-drum1 rolls a tree toad-like krrring1 or1 with tireless persistency utters a whistled croak4 ,in the northeastern states ,red-heads are distributed irregularly4 ,they are rarely common in the summer1 but in the fall they sometimes appear in numbers4 ,whenever they come we are soon aware of their presence4 ,the nest is generally in a dead tree2 the #d-f white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,red-,,bellied ,,woodpecker ,centurus carolinus4 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #bc ,back and wings evenly barred with black and white1 hence the name ',zebra'2 the female and young have the front part of the crown gray4 ,l4 #i-a_/b4 ,range4 ,eastern ,united ,states1 north to southern ,pennsylvania1 western ,new ,york and southern ,minnesota2 casually further4 ,washington1 locally common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 ,a4,v41 one record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,p4,r4 ,a common1 hoarse-voiced resident of orange groves and gardens who with a chuh-chuh1 jerkily hitches himself upward in the routine of the daily grub hunt4 ,it is rare at the northern part of its range1 but resident wherever found4 ,the nest is in dead or living trees2 the #d-f white eggs are laid in late ,april or early ,may4 ,,northern ,,flicker ,colaptes auratus luteus4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #bj ,the white rump and yellow wing-linings1 displayed in flight2 black breast-crescent1 spotted underparts and fairly large size1 readily distinguish this beautiful bird4 ,the female very properly lacks the male's 'moustache4' ,l4 #ab4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america1 from ,north ,carolina and southern ,illinois to ,canada and ,alaska4 ,the ,southern ,flicker 7,c4 a4 auratus7 a smaller1 darker race1 inhabits the ,south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 rare ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #be-,oct4 #cj2 a few winter4 ,cambridge1 very common ,s4,r41 common ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #aj-,nov4 #ae a few winter4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #g-;,dec4 #bd2 a few winter4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ba-,oct4 #af4 ,thirty years ago the ,flicker1 ,high-hole or ,yellow-hammer1 was prey of any boy with a gun and was correspondingly wild and little known2 now1 thanks to the ,audubon ,society1 he is almost as domestic as the ,robin4 ,in search of ants and their eggs1 he hunts our lawns and even accepts the hospitality of our nest-logs4 ,a great acquisition to our dooryard life is this bird of beautiful colors1 quaint habits1 and strange notes4 ,his loud1 strongly accented call1 ke-yer1 his rapidly repeated mellow wechew1 wechew1 possess character even if they lack musical quality4 ,the ,flicker nests in holes and lays from #e-i white eggs in late ,april or early ,may4 ,,goatsuckers1 ,,swifts1 ,,hummingbirds4 ,,order ,,macrochires ,,nighthawks1 ,,whip-,,poor-,,wills1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,caprimulgid ,,chuckwill',s ,,widow ,antrostromus carolinensis4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dj ,a larger1 browner bird than the ,whip-poor-will1 with branched1 not simple bristles at the sides of the bill4 ,breast-patch whiter in the male than in the female4 ,l4 #ab4 ,range4 ,southern states north to ,virginia2 wintering from southern ,florida southward and migrating northward in ,march4 ,washington1 one record4 ,cambridge1 ,a4,v41 one record1 ,dec4 ,what the ,whip-poor-will is to the north the ,chuckwill is to the south4 ,the difference in their names expresses the syllabic difference in their calls1 but the ,chuckwill's notes are uttered more evenly and lack the marked accent on the first ,whip of its northern cousin's song4 ,the ,chuckwill lays its two eggs in ,april on the ground in the woods1 where it lives4 ,they are white with delicate lilac markings and a few brownish spots4 ,,whip-,,poor-,,will ,antrostomus vociferus vociferus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #da ,outer wing-quills barred with rusty1 breast-band white in the male1 buff in the female4 ,l4 #i-c_/d4 ,range4 ,breeds from northern ,georgia north to ,canada1 winters from the ,gulf ,states southward1 starting north in ,april4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ac-,oct #ac4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ai-,oct4 #ag4 ,cambridge1 formerly ,s4,r41 now chiefly ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #cj-,sept4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 locally common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare1 spring records only1 ,apl4 #ai-,may #ba4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ag-,sept4 #bh4 ,a mysterious1 silent1 flitting shadow1 should we chance to arouse it from its sleep in the forest by day1 at dusk the ,whip-poor-will takes the center of the stage and announces his presence to the world4 ,whi'p-poor-will1 whi'p-poor-will he calls with a snap and a swinging rhythm that makes the twilight ring with the oft-repeated notes4 ,two eggs are laid on the ground in the woods in ,may4 ,they are dull white with delicate obscure lilac markings1 and a few brownish gray spots4 ,,nighthawk ,chordeiles virginianus virginianus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ci ,a white mark across the black outer wing-quills is very conspicuous in flight2 seen from below it suggests a hole in the bird's wing4 ,the female has the throat buff and no white band in the tail4 ,l4 #aj4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america from the ,gulf ,states and ,georgia north to ,canada and ,alaska4 ,winters in the tropics coming north in ,april4 ,the ,florida ,nighthawk 7,c4 v4 chapmani7 a smaller race 7,l4 #h-a_/b7 is a ,summer ,resident in the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 not common ,s4,r42 abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ai-,oct4 #h4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #i-,oct4 #aa4 ,cambridge1 rare ,s4,r41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #ae-,sept4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 locally common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #a-,oct4 #ad4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r44 ,may #d-,sept4 #cj4 ,doubtless because we see the ,nighthawk and only hear the ,whip-poor-will the notes of the latter have been often attributed to the former1 with the result that many people think there is but one species4 ,while it is true that there is a general resemblance in form1 in details of color and markings1 the two birds are quite unlike1 while so far as notes and habits are concerned1 few members of the same family differ more4 ,the ,whip-poor-will haunts the shadows of the woods and rarely flies far above the ground1 the ,nighthawk1 like a ,swift1 courses high in the open1 even over city house-tops1 where anyone who looks may see him4 ,the ,whip-poor-will's notes have made him famous1 the ,nighthawk calls only a nasal peent1 peent1 and1 diving earthward on set wings1 produces a hollow1 booming sound4 ,both nest on the ground1 but the ,nighthawk lays in the fields or on pebbly roofs1 and its two finely marked eggs 7laid in ,may or ,june7 are quite unlike those of the ,whip-poor-will4 ,,swifts4 ,,family ,,micropodid ,,chimney ,,swift ,chtura pelagica4 ,case #f4 ,fig4 #db ,a near relative of the ,hummingbird1 not of ,swallows4 ,note the 'spine'-tipped tail-feathers4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 winters in ,central ,america2 reaches the ,gulf ,states in ,march4 ,washington1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #f-,oct4 #bg4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ai-,oct4 #bc4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-,sept4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,oct4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #af-,sept4 #bi4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,sept4 #ah4 ,a twittering courser of evening skies who makes his home in our chimneys4 ,here the bracket-like nest of dead twigs is attached to the bricks by the bird's saliva1 to be loosened1 at times1 after heavy rains and fall to the fire-place below4 ,in the fall great flocks roost in chimneys1 generally large ones1 returning night after night4 ,the #d-f white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,hummingbirds4 ,,family ,,trochilid ,,ruby-,,throated ,,hummingbird ,archilochus colubris4 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #d1 #c ,females and young lack the 'ruby' throat4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america1 nesting from ,florida to ,quebec2 winters from central ,florida to ,panama4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bc-,oct4 #bc4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,oct4 #c4 ,cambridge1 very common ,t4,v41 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-,sept4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #bb4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #ai-,oct4 #h4 ,any ,hummingbird seen east of the ,mississippi may1 with confidence1 be called a ,ruby-throat2 exceptions will probably prove to be sphinx moths1 which1 it must be confessed1 look singularly hummingbird-like as they hover before flowers4 ,when the eggs are laid the male deserts the female1 leaving to her the task of incubation and care of the young4 ,the nest1 most exquisite of bird homes1 is saddled to a limb usually #ae or more feet up4 ,the two bean-like white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,perching ,,birds4 ,,order ,,passeres ,,flycatchers4 ,,family ,,tyrannid ,,kingbird ,tyrannus tyrannus4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #f ,note the white-tipped tail2 young birds lack the orange crest4 ,l4 #h-a_/b4 ,range4 ,north ,america2 nests from northern ,florida to ,canada2 winters in ,south ,america1 reaching ,florida in ,march4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ah-,sept4 #bc4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,sept4 #aj4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r4 ,may #e-,sept4 #a4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #af-,sept4 #f4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bf-;,aug4 #ca4 ,a valiant defender of his home who1 at the approach of ,crow or ,hawk1 utters his steely1 chattering1 battle-cry and sallies forth to attack4 ,fearlessly he plunges down on an enemy many times his size who dodging this way and that beats a hasty retreat before his active1 aggressive assailant4 ,in the fall migration ,kingbirds gather in loose flocks4 ,the nest is placed near the end of a branch about #bj feet up2 the #c-e white eggs spotted with dark brown1 are laid in ,may4 ,,gray ,,kingbird ,tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #g ,resembles the ,kingbird but is lighter gray1 and the tail lacks the conspicuous white tip4 ,range4 ,west ,indies1 nesting north through ,florida to southeastern ,south ,carolina2 winters to ,south ,america2 reaches ,florida early in ,may4 ,a not uncommon summer resident in parts of ,florida and the coastal region of ,georgia and ,south ,carolina1 with the general habits and appearance of our ,kingbird1 but with a quite different call which suggests the words pitrri-pitrri4 ,it nests in ,may1 laying four salmon-colored eggs1 marked with dark brown and lilac4 ,,crested ,,flycatcher ,myiarchus crinitus4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #e ,the reddish brown tail-feathers may sometimes be seen and the crest is usually evident4 ,l4 #i4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nests from ,florida to ,canada2 winters in the tropics1 reaching ,florida on its northward journey in ,march4 ,washington1 very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,sept4 #bi4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #g-,sept4 #ab4 ,cambridge1 rare ,s4,r41 ,may #ae-,sept4 #aa4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ah4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be4 ,a character of the woods distinguished alike by appearance1 voice and habits4 ,his crested head seems too big for his body2 his exclamatory whistle1 which sounds like a shout above a monotone of conversation1 his habit of always lining his nest with a cast-off snake skin1 all mark him as an odd genius4 ,even his wife's eggs1 with their long chocolate streaks1 are quite unlike any other birds' eggs4 ,they are laid in a hole in a tree in ,may or ,june4 ,,phoebe ,soyornis phoebe4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #eb2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ae ,head slightly crested1 somewhat darker than body4 ,in the fall the underparts are tinged with yellow4 ,l4 #g4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nests from northern ,mississippi and northwestern ,georgia to ,canada2 winters from ,south ,carolina to ,mexico4 ,the only ,flycatcher to winter in the eastern ,united ,states and hence the first to reach us in the spring4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #be-,oct42 occasionally winters4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ad-,oct4 #bi4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 and not uncommon ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #be-,oct4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ad-,oct4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ac-,oct4 #f4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bb-,oct4 #aa4 ,the ,phoebe is the best known member of a group of small ,flycatchers which the beginner1 and not infrequently the advanced student1 names with more or less uncertainty4 ,fortunately for the field student1 and as if to compensate for their close resemblance in plumage1 they all possess distinctive1 quite unlike1 and easily recognizable calls1 and consequently can readily be identified by their voices if not by their colors4 ,the ,phoebe shows so marked a fondness for our society1 nesting under our piazzas1 in barns or outbuildings1 and calls his pewit-phoebe so plainly1 wagging his tail the while in a friendly1 sociable kind of a way1 that there is never any doubt about his identity2 but we will not make the acquaintance of his less common1 less confiding relatives so readily4 ,the ,phoebe's #d-f white eggs 7rarely with a few brown spots7 are laid the latter half of ,april4 ,,olive-,,sided ,,flycatcher ,nuttalornis borealis4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #ei ,with the general appearance of a large ,phoebe1 but with the breast and sides the color of the back1 and a tuft of white feathers on each flank4 ,l4 #g-a_/b4 ,range4 ,north ,america2 nests from northern ,new ,england northward 7southward in the ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina72 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 casual ,t4,v4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #bj2 ,aug4 #ae-,sept4 #af4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #bj-;,june #f2 formerly not uncommon ,s4,r41 one ,sept4 record4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #ac-;,june #aa2 ,aug4 #aa-,sept4 #ae4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #aj-,sept4 #i4 ,to most of us the ,olive-sided is known as a rare migrant passing northward in ,may1 among the later transients1 and southward in ,september4 ,when traveling the bird retains the fondness of its kind for perching on tall tree-tops1 but its loud1 unmistakable1 whistled come right here1 come right here is usually heard only on the nesting ground4 ,the nest is placed in coniferous trees about #be feet up1 and #c-e white1 brown-spotted eggs are laid in ,june4 ,,wood ,,pewee ,myiochanes virens4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fc ,resembles the ,phoebe but is smaller with relatively longer wings and more evident wing-bars4 ,l4 #f-a_/b4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nesting from ,florida to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,oct4 #ab4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-,oct4 #b4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 not uncommon ,s4,r41 ,may #ah-,sept4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #b-,sept4 #bg4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 ,may #i-,sept4 #bi4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-,sept4 #bc4 ,in color ,phoebe and ,pewee are much alike and both are ,flycatchers1 but the resemblance ends there4 ,pewee loves the solitude of the forest rather than the sociability of the barnyard1 and his pensive pee-a-wee does not even suggest the business-like pewit-phoebe of his better-known cousin4 ,nor does his dainty lichen-covered nest saddled so skillfully on the limb of a forest tree1 recall the ,phoebe's bulky moss and mud dwelling4 ,finally1 the ,pewee's eggs1 laid in ,may1 are wreathed with brown4 ,,yellow-,,bellied ,,flycatcher ,empidonax flaviventris4 ,case #h4 ,fig4 #fa ,the entire underparts1 including the throat1 are unquestionably sulphur-yellow4 ,l4 #e-a_/b ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nests from northern ,new ,york and northern ,new ,england northward into ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rather common ,t4,v41 ,may2 ,july #bh-,oct4 #f4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #ag-;,june #d2 ,aug4 #h-,sept4 #bj4 ,cambridge1 ,t4,v41 sometimes rather common1 ,may #be-;,june #c2 ,aug4 #bh-,sept4 #h4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rather rare ,t4,v41 ,may #bj-;,june #e2 ,sept4 #c4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #ai4 ,known chiefly as a not common migrant who visits our woods on his journey to and from his northern home4 ,he is a silent traveler and gives no clue to his identity by calling or singing1 but his underparts are so much yellower than those of any other of our small ,flycatchers that they make a definite field character4 ,nests in coniferous forests on the ground1 laying #d white1 lightly spotted eggs in ,june4 ,,acadian ,,flycatcher ,empidonax virescens4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fj ,throat white1 upperparts bright1 light olive-green1 without tinge of brown as in the ,alder ,flycatcher4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 rather southern1 nesting from ,florida north to ,connecticut and ,michigan2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ae4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-;,aug4 #bg4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #d-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,may #f-;,aug4 #bg1 and probably later4 ,on the low-sweeping limb of a beech over a stream is an ideal site for the frail nest of the ,acadian4 ,the bird is never found far from it and its low-ranging habits permit us to see its characteristic markings and hear its peculiar sudden1 explosive little pee-e-yk and more commonly uttered spee or peet4 ,the creamy white1 brown-spotted eggs are laid the latter part of ,may4 ,,alder ,,flycatcher ,empidonax trailli alnorum4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fb ,larger than the ,least ,flycatcher1 but resembling it in having the back olive-brown instead of olive-green as in the ,acadian and ,yellow-bellied ,flycatchers4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nests from northern ,new ,jersey 7locally7 and mountains of ,west ,virginia to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 irregularly common ,t4,v41 ,may #h-,may #bh2 ,aug4 #af-,sept4 #ag4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #ai-,may #ca2 ,aug4 #bi4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #bh-;,june #f2 ,aug42 occasional in summer4 ,traill's ,flycatcher 7,e4 t4 trailli71 a slightly browner bird is the ,mississippi ,valley form4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #g-,sept4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 quite common ,s4,r41 ,may #ad-,sept4 #ai4 ,s4,e4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #f-;,aug4 #aj4 ,a rare recluse of the alders who1 traveling silently between his summer and his winter homes1 makes few friends among men4 ,dwight describes its call note as a single pep1 and its song as ee-zee-e-up1 resembling that of the ,acadian4 ,the bird places the nest low down in the crotch of one of the bushes among which it lives and lays #c-d white1 brown-spotted eggs in ,june4 ,,least ,,flycatcher ,empidonax minimus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dd ,smallest of the ,flycatchers2 like the ,alder ,flycatcher its back is olive-brown rather than olive-green2 no evident yellow on the underparts4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nests from ,iowa1 ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bj-,may #bj2 ,aug4 #ac-,sept4 #ae4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-;,aug4 #bf4 ,cambridge1 very common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-;,aug4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v4 ,apl4 #ae-,may #be2 ,aug4 #be-,oct4 #a2 rare in summer4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 chiefly ,t4,v41 ,may #d-,sept4 #bd4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,sept4 #ac4 ,a ,flycatcher of lawns and orchard1 seldom going far from the tree in which its nest with its white eggs is placed4 ,a dry-voiced little bird whose unmusical1 but distinctly uttered chebc1 chebc makes up in character what it lacks in sweetness4 ,between whiles he swings out for a passing insect only to call chebc1 chebc1 chebc when he returns to his perch4 ,,larks4 ,,family ,,alaudid ,,prairie ,,horned ,,lark ,otocoris alpestris praticola4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #db ,note the long hind-toe nail 7or the track it leaves71 the little feathered 'horns1' the black patch on cheeks and breast 7less evident in winter74 ,smaller than the ,northern ,horned ,lark1 which visits the ,united ,states only in winter1 with the line over the eye white1 and throat but faintly tinged with yellow4 ,l4 #g-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests in the ,upper ,mississippi ,valley from ,missouri and in the ,atlantic ,states 7locally71 from ,connecticut northward2 winters southward to ,texas and ,georgia4 ,the ,horned ,lark 7,otocoris alpestris alpestris71 is a more northern race1 nesting in the ,arctic regions and migrating southward as far as ,ohio and rarely ,georgia1 when it is often associated with the resident ,prairie ,horned ,lark4 ,it is larger than that race 7,l4 #g-c_/d7 and has the throat and line over the eye yellow4 ,washington1 common ,w4,v41 ,aug4 #aa-;,apl4 ,cambridge1 one record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,s4,r41 ,mch4-,nov41 a few in mild winters4 ,a bird of open places--shores1 plains1 and prairies1 and roadways--who runs 7not hops7 nimbly ahead of one1 or1 with a short note1 rises1 and on its long1 pointed wings1 flies on ahead4 ,he usually returns to the ground1 but may alight on a fence2 his long hind toe-nail not being suited to grasping a small perch4 ,the weak1 twittering song is uttered on the wing1 when the bird1 like its relative the ,skylark1 mounts into the air4 ,it also sings from a perch near the ground4 ,the ,prairie ,horned ,lark is the first of our small birds to nest1 making its home on the ground and laying four finely speckled eggs early in ,march4 ,after the nesting season the birds gather in flocks4 ,,crows1 ,,jays1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,corvid ,,blue ,,jay ,cyanocitta cristata cristata4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #bj ,color1 habits and voice combine to render the ,blue ,jay conspicuous4 ,l4 #aa-c_/d4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america from ,georgia to ,quebec2 migratory only at the northern limit of its range4 ,the ,florida ,blue ,jay 7,cyanocitta cristata florincola1 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ge7 is smaller 7,l4 #aj-c_/d7 and grayer above4 ,it is found throughout ,florida4 ,washington1 rather rare ,p4,r41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bh-,may #ae2 ,sept4 #ae-,oct4 #ae4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common ,p4,r41 abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl4 and ,may2 ,sept4 and ,oct4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,p4,r4 ,if the ,blue ,jay were as good as he is beautiful he would be our most popular bird4 ,but fine feathers do not always make fine birds1 and to those who judge birds by human standards the ,blue ,jay's loud1 harsh voice1 overbearing manners1 and nest-robbing habits are unpardonable4 ,with all his faults1 however1 the true bird enthusiast loves him still4 ,his bright colors1 dashing ways and intelligence win our admiration and we feel honored when he makes his home near ours1 building in early ,may a well-made nest in a tree-crotch1 for the reception of the #d-f olive-green1 thickly speckled eggs4 ,,florida ,,jay ,aphelocoma cyanea ,size of the ,blue ,jay but quite unlike it in color4 ,the head1 wings and tail are grayish blue without white markings2 the back is pale brown1 the underparts dirty white1 with the throat inconspicuously streaked and a faint bluish breast-band4 ,range4 ,florida between lat4 #bg and #cj1 and chiefly along the coasts4 ,this is the ',scrub-,jay' of ,florida and is not to be confused with the ,florida ,blue ,jay4 ,it lives in districts where scrub palmetto grows1 but also comes into gardens and grows where it soon responds to proper treatment and becomes semi-domesticated4 ,it nests early in ,april4 ,,canada ,,jay4 ,perisoreus canadensis canadensis ,size of the ,blue ,jay2 a gray bird with a black crown and white forehead1 cheeks and throat4 ,range4 ,northern ,new ,england and northern ,new ,york1 northward2 resident1 rarely straggling southward4 ,cambridge1 ,a4,v41 one record1 ,oct4 ,it is singular that the ,canada ,jay at the north and the ,florida ,jay in the south should show exceptional confidence in man1 while the ,blue ,jay always seems to regard him with suspicion4 ,the very day we make camp in the north woods the ,canada ,jay or ,whiskey ,jack becomes our guest4 ,as though assured of a welcome he fearlessly joins our party1 helping himself to such supplies as please his fancy4 ,long before our arrival1 when snow still covered the ground1 he has reared his family and for the rest of the year has only his own wants to fill4 ,,raven ,corvus corax principalis ,much larger than the ,crow1 the throat with long1 pointed feathers1 instead of short1 rounded ones4 ,l4 #bd4 ,range4 ,north ,america rare and local in the ,eastern ,states1 south to ,new ,jersey on the coast and to ,georgia in the mountains4 ,crows caw1 while ,ravens croak2 but to be sure that you have actually seen a ,raven he should be with ,crows1 when the ,raven's much larger size is evident4 ,unless1 however1 you should visit the few localities in the eastern ,states where ,ravens live you are not likely to make the bird's acquaintance4 ,ravens nest on cliffs as well as in trees4 ,their eggs1 which resemble those of the ,crow in color1 are laid in ,april4 ,,crow ,corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos4 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #ai2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #bg ,sexes alike in color4 ,l4 #ai-a_/b4 ,range4 ,north ,america2 migratory at the northern limit of its range2 roosting in colonies in winter4 ,washington1 abundant ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common ,p4,r4 abundant ,t4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4-,nov41 uncommon ,w4,v4 ,the ,crow and the ,robin are probably the best known of all our birds4 ,the former we treat as an enemy and the latter as a friend1 and one therefore is as wild as the other is tame4 ,whether the ,crow deserves to be outlawed has not as yet been decided4 ,but we should not condemn him out of court and let us remember that as an intelligent1 self-respecting citizen1 who animates wintry wastes with his shining sable form and clarion call1 he has other than economic claims to our consideration4 ,the nest is placed in a tree about #cj feet up1 and #d-f eggs1 green thickly marked with brownish are laid in ,april4 ,the ,florida ,crow 7,c4 b4 pascuus7 is very near the northern bird1 but has the wings and tail smaller1 the bill and feet larger4 ,it lives chiefly in the pine barrens of ,florida and is much less common in the state than the ,fish ,crow4 ,,fish ,,crow ,corvus ossifragus ,brighter1 more uniformly colored above and below1 the feathers without dull tips4 ,range4 ,atlantic and ,gulf coast region from the lower ,hudson ,valley and ,long ,island ,sound southward4 ,migratory only at the northern limit of its range4 ,found throughout ,florida1 but elsewhere usually not far from tidal water4 ,washington1 rather common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 ,a4,v41 one record1 ,mch4 ,in life the ,fish ,crow may be distinguished from the common ,crow by its smaller size and hoarser voice4 ,the difference in size1 however1 is evident only when the two are together1 but once the cracked1 reedy car 7not caw7 of the ,fish ,crow has been learned the species may always be identified when heard4 ,it is somewhat like the note of a young ,crow1 but less immature4 ,the nest and eggs are much like those of the common ,crow4 ,the eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,starlings4 ,,family ,,sturnid ,,starling ,sturnus vulgaris4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #bd1 #be ,in winter conspicuously dotted with whitish2 in summer with but few dots and a yellow bill2 at all times with a short tail and long wings4 ,l #h-a_/b4 ,range4 ,introduced from ,europe into ,central ,park1 ,new ,york ,city1 in #ahij1 now more or less numerous from ,virginia to ,maine2 occasional west of the ,alleghanies4 ,it is a quick1 active bird1 probing the ground now this side1 now that1 as it walks rapidly over our lawns4 ,the short tail and long wings are most noticeable in the air and distinguish the ,starling from our other black birds4 ,a long-drawn whistle1 such as one calls to a dog1 is the ,starling's most common note1 but it has many others4 ,it nests in ,april1 often after quarreling with ,flickers for possession of a nest-hole in which to lay its pale bluish eggs4 ,the young appear in mid-,may and their harsh1 rasping food-call is a common note for several weeks2 then the birds begin to gather in companies which1 later1 form flocks of thousands4 ,,blackbirds1 ,,orioles1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,icterid ,,bobolink ,dolichonyx oryzivorus4 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ad ,in ,july1 after nesting1 the male molts into a plumage resembling that of the female1 when both are known as ,reedbird4 ,l #g-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,jersey and northern ,missouri to southern ,canada and westward to ,british ,columbia2 leaves the ,united ,states through ,florida and winters chiefly in northwestern ,argentina2 returns to ,united ,states early in ,april4 ,washington1 ,t4,v41 common in spring1 abundant in fall2 ,apl4 #bf-,may #cj2 ,july #bc-,nov4 #ad4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,oct4 #e4 ,cambridge1 very common ,s4,r41 ,may #h-,sept4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,oct4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,oct4 #i4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #e-;,aug4 #bg4 ,a bird with a dual personality2 welcome minstrel of the meadows when nesting1 dread scourge of the rice-fields when traveling4 ,with the loss of his trim suit of black1 white1 and buff1 ,bob loses also his merry tinkling1 rippling song1 and acquires with his streaked ,reedbird suit a single watchword4 ,tink1 tink he calls from somewhere overhead1 and tink1 tink his comrades answer as they follow a trackless path through the sky on their #ejjj-mile journey4 ,the nest is placed on the ground and #d-g grayish1 blotched eggs are laid late in ,may or early in ,june4 ,,cowbird ,molothrus ater ater4 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #h1 #i ,the male's brown head distinguishes him from other ,blackbirds2 the female wears a dull gray garb well designed to make her inconspicuous4 ,l4 #h4 ,range4 ,north ,america2 nesting from ,north ,carolina and ,louisiana to ,canada2 winters from ,virginia and ,ohio southward4 ,washington1 rather rare ,p4,r41 common ,t4,v4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bc-,nov4 #aa4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #be-,nov4 #a2 occasional in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #aj-,nov4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ae-,sept4 #aj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aa-;,aug4 #ai4 ,outlaws among birds1 they pair not neither do they build4 ,without moral standards or maternal instincts the female accepts the attention of any male that chances to win her fancy and deposits her eggs in the nests of other birds4 ,she is a slacker and a shirker1 who keeps much in the background during the breeding season4 ,color1 habit1 his sliding1 glassy whistle1 and guttural gurgling1 make the male conspicuous4 ,leaving the care of their foster parents the young join others of their kind and flock in the grainfields or about cattle in the pastures4 ,,yellow-,,headed ,,blackbird ,xanthocephalus xanthocephalus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #de ,large size and a yellow head distinguish the male2 the female is duller1 the body brownish1 the head yellowish4 ,l4 #aj4 ,range4 ,mississippi ,valley and westward1 breeding from northern ,illinois northward to ,canada2 winters from the west ,gulf coast and southern ,california into ,mexico2 accidental east of the ,alleghanies4 ,washington1 ,a4,v41 one instance1 ,aug4 ,cambridge1 ,a4,v41 one record1 ,oct4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,a4,v41 ,may #ba1 #ahih4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ba4 ,hanging their cradle nest in the quill-reeds or rushes1 the ,yellow-heads are not found far from it until the young take wing4 ,the male entertains his mate with a variety of strange calls and whistles1 but leaves to her the hatching of the brown speckled eggs and care of the young while they are in the nest4 ,like other ,blackbirds they migrate and winter in flocks4 ,,red-,,winged ,,blackbird ,agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus4 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #e1 #f ,the male in spring and early summer is unmistakable2 in winter his feathers are tipped with brownish1 more pronounced in the young4 ,the streaked females require closer scrutiny4 ,l4 #i-a_/b4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america1 nests from ,florida to ,canada2 winters from ,maryland southward1 sometimes farther north4 ,the ,florida ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 floridanus1 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #bh1 #bi7 is smaller and with a slenderer bill4 ,it inhabits ,florida 7except the southeast coast and ,keys7 and ranges west along the ,gulf coast to ,texas4 ,the ,bahama ,red-wing 7,a4 p4 bahamensis7 is still smaller4 ,it is resident in southeastern ,florida1 the ,keys and ,bahamas4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r41 abundant in migration4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #be-,nov4 #aa4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #aj-;,aug4 #cj2 a few winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #a-,nov4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #e-,nov4 #ai4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #h-,nov4 #ad4 ,the ,red-wing's mellow kong-quer-reee is as certain an indication of the presence of water as is the piping of frogs in the spring4 ,it may be only a bit of boggy marshland1 it may be a reedy lakeside1 but water there will surely be4 ,on a frequented perch he half spreads his wings1 fluffs out his scarlet epaulets1 bursting into bloom1 as it were1 when he utters his notes--a singing flower6 ,the nest is in the alders1 button-bushes1 or reeds1 or even on the ground1 and although the birds come in ,march1 their pale blue1 spotted1 blotched1 and scrawled eggs are not laid until ,may4 ,except when nesting1 ,red-wings live in flocks4 ,,meadowlark ,sturnella magna magna4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #bc ,a large1 quail-like bird which shows white outer tail-feathers when it flies2 if one can obtain a front view1 the yellow underparts and black breast-crescent are conspicuous4 ,l4 #aj-c_/d4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america1 rare west of the ,mississippi2 nesting from ,north ,carolina and ,missouri to ,canada2 winters from southern ,new ,england and northern ,ohio southward4 ,the ,southern ,meadowlark 7,s4 m4 argutula1 ,case1 #d1 ,fig4 #gi7 is smaller and darker4 ,it is resident in the south ,atlantic and ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r41 less common in winter4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #bj-,nov4 #bg2 a few winter4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 not common ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #e-,nov4 #ae2 a few winter4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,jan4 #bd-,nov4 #ae2 irregular ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #be-,oct4 #ae2 rare ,w4,v4 ,the ,meadowlark is a fifer of the fields1 whose high1 clear whistle is one of the most welcome bird songs of early spring4 ,in ,may1 when nesting1 it often sings an ecstatic twittering warble on the wing4 ,the alarm calls are an unmusical dzit or yert and a string of beady1 metallic notes4 ,the nest is placed on the ground4 ,the #d-f eggs are white1 speckled with brown4 ,,western ,,meadowlark ,sturnella neglecta ,grayer than the ,eastern ,meadowlark1 with disconnected tail-bars and yellow spreading to the sides of the throat4 ,range4 ,western ,united ,states1 rare east of the ,mississippi4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #be-,oct4 #ae4 ,with the general appearance and habits of the ,eastern ,meadowlark1 but differing in its call-notes and song4 ,instead of the sharp dzit or yert and metallic twitter of the eastern bird1 the western species calls chuck1 chuck1 followed by a rolling b-r-r-r-4 ,the eastern bird plays the fife but the western uses the flute1 and its bubbling grace-notes are easily distinguishable from the straight whistling of its eastern cousin4 ,,orchard ,,oriole ,icterus spurius4 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #aj-ab ,adult males are unmistakable1 but females and young males in their first fall wear a non-committal costume and must be looked at sharply4 ,in their first nesting season1 young males resemble the female but have a black throat4 ,this is a smaller1 more slender bird than the ,baltimore ,oriole1 and the female is less orange4 ,l4 #g-a_/d4 ,range4 ,eastern ,united ,states1 nesting from the ,gulf ,states to ,massachusetts and ,minnesota2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-;,aug4 #bb4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #b-;,aug4 #f4 ,cambridge1 ,s4,r41 sometimes rather common1 ,may #ae-;,july4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-,sept4 #e4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ch4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-;,aug4 #bf4 ,in the northern part of its range1 the ,orchard ,oriole is somewhat less common1 and more local than the ,baltimore ,oriole1 while its duller colors and more retiring habits make it more difficult to see4 ,the voice is richer1 more cultured--if one may use the term--than that of its brilliant orange-plumed cousin2 indeed1 in my opinion1 this species deserves a place in the first rank of our songsters4 ,the nest of finely woven grasses is not so deep as that of the ,baltimore4 ,three to five bluish white eggs1 spotted and scrawled with black1 are laid the latter part of ,may4 ,,baltimore ,,oriole ,icterus galbula4 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #h1 #i ,the orange and black male needs no introduction2 the female is tinted with orange strongly enough to show her relationship4 ,l4 #g-a_/b4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nests from northern ,georgia to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rather common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-;,aug4 #bf4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #b-,sept4 #a4 ,cambridge1 very common ,s4,r41 ,may #h through ,aug4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ae-,sept4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bf-,sept4 #d4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #a4 ,this is the orange-and-black whistler of our fruit and shade trees1 whose wife skillfully weaves a pendant cradle at the end of some drooping branch1 therein to lay her white eggs curiously marked with fine lines and blotches of black4 ,the young1 after leaving the nest in ,june1 have a loud1 babyish food-call1 dee-dee-dee-dee1 repeated time after time until their wants are satisfied4 ,,rusty ,,blackbird ,euphagus carolinus4 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #c1 #d ,the bird's common name is based on the fall plumage of the male1 which is broadly margined with rusty4 ,by spring these tips wear off and the bird is glossy black4 ,size of the ,red-wing but with a whitish eye and no red2 the female unstreaked4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nests from the northern part of the northern states to ,canada2 winters from ,new ,jersey and ,ohio to the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #ac-;,apl4 #cj4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bf-,may #h2 ,sept4 #bh-,nov4 #bg4 ,cambridge1 very common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #aj-,may #h2 ,sept4 #ae-,oct4 #ca4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #e-,may #aj2 ,sept4 #aj-,nov4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #c-,may #h2 ,sept4 #ab-,nov4 #ae2 uncommon ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bf-,nov4 #bd4 ,this is the least conspicuous of our ,blackbirds4 ,it nests chiefly north of the ,united ,states1 migrates in small flocks1 and is less noisy than the ,red-wing or ,grackle and not so much in evidence as the ,cowbird4 ,dwight describes its notes as a confused medley of whistles1 sweeter and higher-pitched than those of the ,red-wing4 ,it nests in ,may1 building in coniferous trees or near the ground1 and laying #d-g greenish eggs1 heavily marked with brown and purple4 ,,purple ,,grackle ,quiscalus quiscula quiscula4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #a ,plumage varied with metallic and iridescent reflections2 tail long1 fan-shaped1 often 'keeled' in flight2 eye pale yellow4 ,male1 ,l4 #ab-a_/b4 ,the female is smaller and duller2 ,l4 #aj-a_/b4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nests east of the ,alleghanies from northern ,georgia to ,connecticut2 winters from ,maryland southward4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v4 and ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #bj2 a few winter4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #ae-,nov4 #h4 ,cambridge1 rare ,s4,r4 ,the ,florida ,grackle 7,quiscalus quiscula aglus1 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #gd7 is smaller than the ,purple ,grackle and has the head and neck violet-purple1 the back bottle-green4 ,it is resident in ,florida and the ,gulf ,states north to ,south ,carolina4 ,the ,bronzed ,grackle 7,quiscalus quiscula oeneus1 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #b7 is the same size as the ,purple ,grackle1 but has the body bronzy without iridescent markings4 ,it nests from ,texas up the ,mississippi ,valley and eastward through central ,new ,york and ,massachusetts to ,new ,brunswick1 north to ,canada2 and in migration is found in the range of the ,purple ,grackle4 ,it winters from the ,ohio ,valley southward4 ,washington1 rare ,t4,v41 ,feb #bj-;,apl4 #ag4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl2 ,nov4 ,cambridge1 abundant4 ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #aj-,nov4 #a2 occasional in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant1 ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #a-,nov4 #ae2 rarely winters4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #e-,nov4 #ae1 ,,se4 ,minn1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch1 #ah-,nov4 #a2 rare in winter4 ,the ,grackle is the largest of our northern ,blackbirds4 ,in the south it is exceeded in size only by the ,boat-tailed ,grackle4 ,it migrates in flocks and nests in colonies1 often in parks and cemeteries4 ,it feeds chiefly on the ground and is frequently seen upon our lawns when it may be known by its rather waddling1 walking gait1 and its long tail4 ,its notes are harsh1 cracked and discordant1 but when heard in chorus make a pleasing medley4 ,the nest is sometimes placed in pines about #cj feet up1 but also in bushes and even in holes in trees4 ,the #c-g eggs are usually pale bluish1 heavily blotched and scrawled with brown and black4 ,,boat-,,tailed ,,grackle ,megaquiscalus major major ,the male is a long-tailed1 glossy blue-black bird4 7,l4 #af47 ,the female is much smaller 7,l4 #ab71 blackish brown above1 buff below4 ,range4 ,florida north on the ,atlantic coast to ,virginia2 west to ,texas4 ,this giant ,grackle frequents lakes1 lagoons and bays1 where it feeds along the shore or among aquatic plants4 ,the male1 a poseur among birds1 strikes strange attitudes with bill pointing skyward1 and with apparent effort forces out hoarse whistles4 ,the female is quiet and unassuming4 ,they nest in colonies1 building in bushes and laying in ,april #c-e bluish white eggs1 strikingly blotched and scrawled with blackish4 ,,finches1 ,,sparrows1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,fringillid ,,evening ,,grosbeak ,hesperiphona vespertina vespertina ,a large1 thick-set1 heavy-billed1 black and yellow ,finch4 ,the male with the forehead and most of the body yellow1 the crown1 wings and tail black2 the inner wing-quills white4 ,the female is brownish gray1 more or less tinged with yellow1 the wings and tail black with white markings4 ,l4 #h4 ,range4 ,western ,north ,america1 wintering regularly eastward to ,minnesota and irregularly to the ,north ,atlantic ,states4 ,glen ,ellyn1 one record1 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahhi4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #ag-,may #ai4 ,illustration3 ,,evening ,,grosbeak4 ,male and ,female4 ,the ,evening ,grosbeak is a notable traveler from the far northwest whose rare1 irregular1 and unheralded visits and striking appearance make him always a welcome and distinguished guest4 ,of recent years these birds have come to the east with greater frequency1 arriving in ,november and remaining as late as ,may4 ,they feed largely on the buds and seeds of trees--maple and box-elder--and can often be attracted to our feeding-stations by the offer of sunflower seeds4 ,they are usually associated in flocks of from six to eight to ten birds1 and their notes when perching1 have been described as resembling the jingle of small sleigh-bells1 while their song is said to be a wandering jerky warble4 ,,pine ,,grosbeak ,pinicola enucleator leucura4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ec1 #ed ,adult males are unmistakable2 but young males and female might be confused with the female ,evening ,grosbeak1 but they lack the conspicuous white markings in the wings and tail of that species4 ,l4 #i4 ,range4 ,northern ,north ,america1 wintering southward irregularly to ,indiana and ,new ,jersey2 rarely as far as ,kentucky and ,washington4 ,washington1 casual in winter4 ,ossining1 irregular ,w4,v41 ,dec4 #ah-;,apl4 #ab4 ,cambridge1 irregular ,w4,v41 frequently common1 sometimes abundant1 ,nov4 #a-,mch4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 occasional ,w4,v4 ,glen ,ellyn1 uncommon and irregular ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #be-8 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,w4,v4 ,in the summer the ,pines ,grosbeak lives in coniferous forests1 but on its irregular wanderings southward1 like the ,evening ,grosbeak1 it feeds upon the seeds of deciduous trees and bushes4 ,the ,grosbeak's call-note is a clear whistle of three or four notes which may be easily imitated2 its song is said to be prolonged and melodious4 ,the ,pine and ,evening ,grosbeaks would be notable figures in any gathering of birds1 but coming at the most barren time of the year when our bird population is at the minimum and the trees are leafless1 they are as welcome as they are conspicuous4 ,,purple ,,finch ,carpodacus purpureus purpureus4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #dh1 #di ,the adult male is dull rose rather than purple1 the female is sparrow-like in appearance but may be known by a whitish line over the eye and the company she keeps4 ,young males resemble their mother their first winter4 ,l4 #f-a_/d4 ,range4 ,eastern ,north ,america2 nesting from northern ,illinois and northern ,new ,jersey northward to ,canada2 winters from the ,middle ,states to the ,gulf4 ,washington1 common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #ab-,may #bf1 largely a migrant4 ,ossining1 rare ,p4,r41 common ,t4,v4 ,cambridge1 ,p4,r4 common from ,apl4 to ,oct42 irregular1 but sometimes abundant in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #a-,may #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,t4,v41 ,mch4-,apl41 ,sept4-,oct41 uncommon ,w4,v4 ,erratic wanderers which travel on no fixed schedule but seem to feel at home wherever they find themselves4 ,except when nesting1 they usually live in small flocks which1 if the fare of our feeding-stands please them1 will sometimes live with us for weeks4 ,the call-note is creak-creak1 the song a flowing1 musical warble often uttered in detached fragments4 ,four to six bluish1 spotted eggs are laid in ,may2 the nest being generally built in a coniferous tree4 ,,english ,,sparrow2 ,,house ,,sparrow ,passer domesticus domesticus4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #ch1 #ci ,unfortunately too well known to require description4 ,l4 #f-a_/b4 ,range4 ,first introduced into this country at ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y41 from ,europe in #ahea2 now found everywhere at all times4 ,hardy1 pugnacious and adaptable1 the ,sparrow is a notable success in the bird world4 ,we could overlook his objectionable traits if he possessed a pleasant voice1 but his harsh1 discordant notes and incessant chatter are unfortunately in harmony with his character4 ,after all he gives a welcome touch of life to city streets and yards4 ,sparrows' nests are made of almost anything the birds can carry and built in any place that will hold them4 ,the #d-g finely speckled eggs are laid as early as ,march1 and several broods are raised4 ,,american ,,crossbill ,loxia curvirostra minor4 ,case #b ,figs4 #di1 #ej ,crossbills have the mandibles crossed2 the absence of wing-bars distinguishes this species from the usually less common ,white-winged ,crossbill4 ,l4 #f-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england to ,canada and southward in the ,alleghanies to northern ,georgia4 ,winters irregularly southward1 rarely as far as ,florida and ,louisiana4 ,washington1 irregular ,w4,v41 sometimes abundant4 ,ossining1 irregular2 noted in almost every month4 ,cambridge1 of common but irregular occurrence at all seasons4 ,n4 ,ohio1 irregular1 often common1 sometimes breeds4 ,glen ,ellyn1 uncommon and irregular1 ,oct4 #bj-;,june #aa4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #be4 ,crossbills and ,grosbeaks are among winter's chief attractions4 ,while the latter1 as ,i have said above1 will leave their summer homes in coniferous forests to feed in winter on the seeds of deciduous trees1 the ,crossbills are less adaptable4 ,they are specialists in cone-dissecting4 ,their singularly shaped bills prevent them from eating many kinds of food available to other birds1 but no other birds can compete with them in extracting the seeds from cones4 ,having had too limited an experience with man to have learned to fear him1 they are so surprisingly tame that ,i have known birds to be plucked from trees as one would pick off the cones on which they were feeding4 ,in ,march1 while the ground is still snow-covered1 they lay #c-d pale greenish1 spotted eggs in a well-formed nest1 #ae-cj feet up in a coniferous tree4 ,,white-,,winged ,,crossbill ,loxia leucoptera4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ea1 #eb ,both sexes have white wing-bars and the male is of a paler1 more rosy red than the male of the ,american ,crossbill4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england to ,canada2 winters irregularly to southern ,illinois and ,north ,carolina4 ,washington1 casual4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,oct4 #bi-;,dec4 #f1 ,cambridge1 irregular ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,w4,v4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare1 fall records only1 ,nov4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,w4,v41 latest record ,mch4 #d4 ,a rarer bird than the ,american ,crossbill which1 however1 it resembles in habits4 ,both climb about the branches of cone-bearing trees like little ,parrots1 while feeding keep up a low conversational chatter1 and take wing with a clicking note4 ,they have been found nesting in ,nova ,scotia as early as ,february #f4 ,,redpoll ,acanthis linaria linaria4 ,case #b4 ,figs4 #dg1 #dh ,any little sparrow-like bird with a red cap is a ,redpoll4 ,adult males have the breast also red4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests in ,canada and ,alaska2 winters irregularly south ward to ,ohio and ,virginia4 ,washington1 very rare and irregular ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 regular ,w4,v41 ,nov4 #be-,mch4 #bf4 ,cambridge1 irregular ,w4,v41 often very abundant1 ,oct4 #be-;,apl4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,w4,v4 ,glen ,ellyn1 irregular ,w4,v41 ,nov4 #f-,mch4 #g4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #ca-;,apl4 #g4 ,a winter visitor from the far ,north whose coming never can be foretold4 ,years may pass without seeing them1 then late some fall1 they may appear in numbers4 ,they are usually in flocks and feed upon seeds as well as birch and alder catkins4 ,in notes and general habits the ,redpoll resembles the ,goldfinch4 ,holboell's ,redpoll 7,a4 holboelli7 is a slightly larger race1 with a longer1 more slender bill4 ,it is a more northern form than the preceding1 and rarely visits the ,united ,states4 ,the ,greater ,redpoll 7,a4 l4 rostrata7 is also larger than the common ,redpoll1 but has a shorter1 stouter bill4 ,it nests in ,greenland and is of casual occurrence in the northern ,united ,states4 ,the ,hoary ,redpoll 7,a4 hornemanni exilipes7 is a whiter bird than the preceding with no streaks on the rump and comparatively few on the underparts4 ,it nests within the ,arctic ,circle and rarely visits the northern ,united ,states in winter4 ,satisfactory identification of these races of the ,redpoll can be made only by expert examination of specimens4 ,the field student1 however1 may call any ,redpoll he sees the ,common ,redpoll with the chances of being right largely in his favor4 ,,goldfinch ,astragalinus tristis tristis4 ,case #b4 ,figs4 #ce1 #cf2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #ej1 #ea ,while he wears his ',goldfinch' costume1 the male will be known at a glance1 but in winter1 when he takes the dull yellow-olive dress of his mate1 several glances may be required to recognize him1 and this remark1 of course1 applies to the female at all seasons4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,north ,america2 the eastern form nests from ,arkansas and northern ,georgia to ,canada and winters from the ,northern to the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 very common ,p4,r4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,p4,r41 common in summer1 uncommon in winter4 ,a beautiful1 musical1 cheerful bird1 as sweet of disposition as he is of voice4 ,to hear a merry troop of ,goldfinches singing their spring chorus is to hear the very spirit of the season set to music4 ,their call-note is a questioning dearie1 dearie1 their flight-call per-chi-o-ree1 per-chi-o-ree1 as in long undulations they swing through the air4 ,their song is suggestive of a ,canary's4 ,they are late housekeepers1 not nesting before the latter half of ,june1 when #c-f pale bluish white eggs are laid in a nest warmly lined with plant down4 ,,pine ,,siskin ,spinus pinus pinus4 ,case #b4 ,fig4 #ee ,a streaked1 sparrow-like bird1 with yellow markings in wings and tail which show in flight4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,north ,america2 nests from northern ,new ,england north to ,canada and in the mountains1 south to ,north ,carolina2 in winter southward to the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 irregularly abundant ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #bd-,may #bj4 ,ossining1 irregular ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 irregular ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #ae-,may #aj2 sometimes very abundant2 one breeding record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #bj-,may #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 irregular ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #h-,may #bd2 ,sept4 #h-,nov4 #bi4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,t4,v41 and ,w4,v4 ,oct4 #bj-;,apl4 #i4 ,the ,siskin belongs in the group of winter visitants whose coming cannot be foretold4 ,some years it is rare or wanting1 others abundant1 a flock sometimes1 containing several hundred birds4 ,in general habits it resembles the ,goldfinch1 feeding on weed seeds and catkins1 particularly of the alder1 and on the seeds of conifers4 ,the call-note is a high e-eep2 its song like that of the ,goldfinch but less musical4 ,,snow ,,bunting ,plectrophanes nivalis nivalis4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #eg ,the prevailing tone of plumage is white1 particularly when the bird is on the wing2 the long1 hind toe-nail should be noted4 ,l4 #f-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests in ,arctic regions1 winters irregularly south to ,kansas and ,virginia4 ,washington1 ,w4,v41 casual1 one instance4 ,ossining1 irregular ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #be-,mch4 #bb4 ,cambridge1 common ,w4,v41 ,nov4 #a-,mch4 #ae2 abundant in migrations4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,w4,v41 ,dec4 #aj-,mch4 #ae4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #i-,mch4 #ad4 ,snow ,buntings live in flocks and love open places1 such as ,horned ,larks frequent1 and are often found with them in fields or along the shore4 ,like the ,horned ,larks they are walkers1 not hoppers1 and like most walkers1 it is exceptional for them to perch in trees4 ,hoffman described their notes as a high1 sweet1 though slightly mournful tee1 or tee-oo1 a sweet rolling whistle1 and a harsh bzz4 ,,lapland ,,longspur ,calcarius lapponicus lapponicus ,a sparrow-like bird1 with reddish brown wings1 a black or blackish breast1 white1 streaked underparts and a brownish back4 ,l4 #f-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests in ,arctic regions1 wintering southward1 rarely and irregularly in the ,atlantic ,states1 to ,new ,york 7casually ,south ,carolina7 and more commonly in the ,mississippi ,valley to ,ohio and ,texas4 ,washington1 ,w4,v4 one instance1 ,dec4 ,ossining4 ,w4,v41 casual1 ,cambridge1 one record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,w4,v41 ,nov4 #ae-;,apl4 #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #af-,may #af4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,w4,v4 ,illustration3 ,,lapland ,,longspur4 ,adult male in summer4 ,in winter the throat and breast are mixed black and white4 ,a rare visitor from the far ,north who1 if we see it at all will probably be found in the company of ,horned ,larks or ,snow ,buntings4 ,it is a browner bird than either of them1 so while this is not a case of 'birds of a feather' it is a case of birds of a long hind toe-nail1 since all three are distinguished by having a toe-nail actually longer than its toe4 ,all three are walkers1 which means also that they are ground-birds rather than tree-birds1 and the tracks they leave in the snow1 or on the beach1 distinguish them from other birds if not from each other4 ,,vesper ,,sparrow ,pooecetes gramineus gramineus4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #cf2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #af ,paler than any of our other field inhabiting ,sparrows1 except the ,savannah1 which is smaller2 and differing from them all by having a reddish brown shoulder-patch and white outer tail-feathers4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,nests from ,north ,carolina and ,kentucky to ,canada2 winters from its southern nesting limits to the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 ,p4,r41 very common ,t4,v41 less so in summer and winter4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #b-,nov4 #d4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #e-,oct4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bj-,nov4 #g4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #ba-,oct4 #be4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #a-,oct4 #bi4 ,a ,sparrow of broad fields and plains whose song voices the spirit of open places4 ,neither words nor musical notation can describe it recognizably4 ,it has somewhat the form of the ,song ,sparrow's song1 just as the two birds resemble each other in form but are unlike in detail4 ,one must1 therefore1 first learn to know the bird--an easy matter1 since it is common and can be readily identified by its white outer tail-feathers--and thereafter you will be the richer for a knowledge of this rarely appealing bit of bird music4 ,the nest1 as one might suppose1 is built on the ground1 and the #d-e whitish spotted eggs are laid early in ,may4 ,,ipswich ,,sparrow ,passerculus princeps ,with a general resemblance to the ,savannah ,sparrow 7,case #e4 ,fig4 #bc7 but larger1 ,l4 #f-a_/d1 and decidedly paler4 ,range4 ,nests on ,sable ,island off ,nova ,scotia2 winters south1 along the coast1 regularly to ,new ,jersey2 rarely to ,georgia4 ,cambridge1 casual1 two instances1 ,oct4 ,few migratory birds have a more restricted breeding range than the ,ipswich ,sparrow4 ,confined to a sandbar island during the summer where it is never out of sight or sound of the sea1 it seeks similar haunts during the winter when it is rarely found far from the immediate vicinity of the ocean4 ,in general habits and nesting1 it resembles the ,savannah ,sparrow1 of which indeed1 it is doubtless an island representative4 ,,savannah ,,sparrow ,passerculus sandwichensis savanna4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #dg2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bc ,in general color slightly paler than the ,vesper ,sparrow2 smaller than that species2 no white tail-feathers2 a touch of yellow before the eye and on the bend of the wing4 ,l4 #e-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,long ,island and northern ,iowa to ,canada2 winters from southern ,new ,jersey and southern ,indiana southward to ,mexico4 ,washington1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bj-,may #aa2 ,sept4 #ba-,oct4 #bc2 a few winter4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #c-,may #ac2 ,aug4 #bh-,oct4 #bh4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl41 ,oct42 breeds sparingly4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bj-,may #ab4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly plentiful ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #h-,oct4 #bj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ag-,oct4 #bc4 ,an abundant ,sparrow known only to bird students4 ,it prefers fields to door-yards2 lives much on the ground1 and its darting flight1 followed by a sudden dive to cover1 and insignificant song all combine to make it rather difficult of identification4 ,it nests in ,may1 laying #d-e white1 speckled eggs in a nest on the ground4 ,,grasshopper ,,sparrow ,ammodramus savannarum australis4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #af ,a small1 short-tailed ,sparrow1 without streaks on the underparts and a back pattern which suggests 'feather scales4' ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,eastern ,united ,states1 nesting as far north as southern ,minnesota1 and southern ,new ,hampshire2 winters from southern ,illinois and ,north ,carolina to the tropics4 ,the ,florida ,grasshopper ,sparrow 7,a4 s4 floridanus7 a smaller1 darker race1 is resident in the ,kissimmee prairies of south central ,florida4 ,washington1 very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ag-,nov4 #bj4 ,ossining common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,oct4 #bc4 ,cambridge1 rare ,s4,r41 ,may #af-,sept4 #a4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,sept4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,may #d-,sept4 #ac4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-,sept4 #f4 ,grasshopper1 he is called1 because his unmusical little song1 pit-tck1 zee-e-e-e-e1 sung from a low perch1 resembles the sound produced by that insect4 ,he is a common inhabitant of old fields1 where sorrel and daisies grow1 and when flushed at one's feet darts away to drop suddenly to the ground beyond4 ,the #d-e1 white1 spotted eggs are laid in a ground nest in late ,may or early ,june4 ,,henslow',s ,,sparrow ,passerherbulus henslowi henslowi4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ag ,with the general proportions of the ,grasshopper ,sparrow1 but the underparts distinctly streaked and the nape olive4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,nests from southern ,missouri and ,virginia to central ,minnesota and ,new ,hampshire2 winters in the ,southern ,states4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,oct4 #ba4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,oct4 #e-,oct4 #aj4 ,cambridge1 very rare ,s4,r4 ,n4 ,ohio1 ,s4,r41 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,may #h-,sept4 #bf4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r4 ,henslow's ,sparrow lives in isolated and sometimes widely separated communities1 frequenting wet meadows in summer1 but visiting1 also1 dry fields in winter4 ,it has the general habits of the ,grasshopper ,sparrow and its notes are equally unmusical4 ,the #d-e grayish white1 thickly speckled eggs are laid in a ground nest the latter half of ,may4 ,,leconte',s ,,sparrow ,passerherbulus lecontei4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ah ,the underparts are but slightly streaked1 the crown is striped1 and the nape reddish brown4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,nesting in the interior of ,north ,america from our border ,states1 northward and east to ,minnesota2 migrates southward and south-eastward1 and winters locally from ,south ,carolina to ,florida and ,texas4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #d-82 ,sept4 #h-,oct4 #f4 ,,se4 ,minn1 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,oct4 #ag4 ,this is the third and rarest member of the trio of small1 retiring ,sparrows of which the ,grasshopper ,sparrow is the commonest4 ,it is found east of the ,mississippi only in the winter when it may be associated with the ,grasshopper and ,henslow's ,sparrows4 ,,sharp-,,tailed ,,sparrow ,passerherbulus caudacutus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dg ,a buffy ,sparrow with the underparts sharply streaked with black4 ,l4 #e-c_/d4 ,range4 ,salt marshes of the ,atlantic coast2 nests from ,virginia to ,massachusetts2 winters from ,new ,jersey to ,florida4 ,cambridge1 formerly common ,s4,r41 but occurs no longer4 ,an abundant inhabitant of salt marshes4 ,there is1 or was1 a colony on the ,hudson ,river immediately south of the long pier from which ,piermont takes its name1 but with this exception ,i have never seen this ,sparrow beyond the sound of the surf4 ,it runs about through the thick marsh grasses taking wing only when hard pressed4 ,its song is short and insignificant4 ,it nests on the ground1 the #c-d grayish white1 finely speckled eggs being laid in late ,may or early ,june4 ,,nelson',s ,,sharp-,,tailed ,,sparrow ,passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni ,resembles the ,sharp-tailed but is smaller and has the throat1 breast and sides deeper1 very slightly1 if at all1 streaked with blackish2 the upperparts more broadly margined with whitish4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests in the interior from ,south ,dakota northward to ,great ,slave ,lake2 migrates south to ,texas and southeast through ,new ,york and ,massachusetts to ,north ,carolina and ,florida4 ,washington1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may-,sept4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,sept4 #bh-,oct4 #ag4 ,cambridge1 formerly uncommon ,t4,v4 ,glen ,ellyn1 one record1 ,oct4 #b1 #ahic4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,t4,v4 ,this is a fresh-water representative of the ,sharp-tail which nests in the prairie sloughs of the interior and reaches the ,atlantic coast during its migrations and in the winter4 ,it resembles the ,sharp-tail in habits and when on the coast1 may be found associated with it4 ,the ,acadian ,sharp-tailed ,sparrow 7,p4 n4 subvirgatus7 is similar to the ,sharp-tailed ,sparrow but is paler above2 the throat1 breast and sides are washed with cream-buff and indistinctly streaked with ashy4 ,it nests on the salt marshes of the ,atlantic coast from ,maine to ,cape ,breton and in ,prince ,edward ,island2 and winters from ,south ,carolina to ,florida4 ,in general habits it resembles the two preceding4 ,the three ,sharp-tails may be distinguished chiefly by the color and markings of the breast4 ,in the ,sharp-tail these are pale buff distinctly streaked with blackish4 ,in ,nelson's they are deep buff lightly if at all streaked4 ,in the ,acadian they are cream-buff indistinctly streaked with grayish4 ,the ,sharp-tail may be known from the other two by its distinct black marks below1 but the other two cannot certainly be distinguished from each other in life where both may be expected to occur4 ,,seaside ,,sparrow ,passerherbulus maritimus maritimus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #df ,an olive-greenish ,sparrow1 with a yellow mark before the eye and on the bend of the wing2 the underparts not distinctly streaked4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,salt marshes of the ,atlantic ,coast2 nests from ,virginia to ,massachusetts2 winters from ,virginia to ,georgia4 ,in the ,piermont marsh1 referred to under the ,sharp-tailed ,sparrow1 there are ,seasides as well as ,sharp-tails1 but this is the only place in which ,i have seen ,seasides away from the sea4 ,there they are abundant in the grassy marshes4 ,their song is weak and unattractive4 ,like the ,sharp-tail they nest on the ground1 laying #c-d white or bluish white eggs1 clouded or finely speckled with cinnamon-brown1 the latter part of ,may4 ,this northern ,seaside ,finch is migratory1 coming the latter part of ,april and remaining until the latter half of ,october1 but in the ,south there are several races which for the most part are resident in the same locality throughout the year4 ,thus we have3 ,macgillivray's ,seaside ,sparrow 7,p4 m4 macgillivraii74--,atlantic ,coast from ,north ,carolina south to ,matanzas ,islet1 ,florida4 ,dusky ,seaside ,sparrow 7,p4 nigrescens71 an almost black species from ,merritt's ,island1 at the head of ,indian ,river1 ,florida4 ,cape ,sable ,sparrow 7,p4 m4 mirabilis71 ,cape ,sable1 ,florida4 ,scott's ,seaside ,sparrow 7,p4 m4 peninsul71 ,gulf ,coast of ,florida from ,tampa to ,st4 ,marks2 ,northwest ,florida ,sparrow 7,p4 m4 juncicola7 ,coast of ,florida west of ,st4 ,marks2 ,alabama ,seaside ,sparrow 7,p4 m4 howelli71 ,coast of ,alabama and ,mississippi4 ,louisiana ,seaside ,sparrow 7,p4 m4 fisheri71 ,coast of ,louisiana to ,northeast ,texas2 and ,sennett's ,seaside ,sparrow 7,p4 m4 sennetti71 ,coast of ,texas from ,galveston at least to ,corpus ,christi4 ,,lark ,,sparrow ,chondestes grammacus grammacus4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ai ,the chestnut and white head markings and the white-tipped tail-feathers are conspicuous field-marks4 ,l4 #f-a_/d4 ,range4 ,mississippi ,valley2 nests from ,louisiana to ,minnesota and ,ohio2 winters from ,mississippi southward2 casual east of the ,alleghanies1 chiefly in the fall4 ,washington1 ,a4,v41 ,aug41 two captures4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh4 ,glen ,ellyn1 local and uncommon ,s4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-;,aug4 #b4 ,few field experiences have given me more pleasure than the discovery near my home at ,englewood one ,november #b1 many years ago1 of a ,lark ,finch--one of the 'casuals' which had presumably been carried far from its course by a severe storm of the preceding days4 ,the bird's strongly marked face and conspicuously white-tipped tail-feathers made an impression which testifies to their value as field-characters4 ,in its own range this beautiful ,sparrow is a sweet-voiced inhabitant of the fields1 nesting on the ground or in low trees and bushes1 and laying #c-e white eggs1 spotted and blotched with blackish1 in ,may4 ,,harris',s ,,sparrow ,zonotrichia querula4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ba ,a large ,sparrow1 larger even than the ,fox ,sparrow2 with a pinkish bill1 the crown1 throat and breast more or less blackish2 cheeks buff4 ,l4 #g-a_/b4 ,range4 ,interior of ,north ,america1 nesting in ,north ,carolina2 winters from ,kansas to ,texas2 rare east of ,wisconsin4 ,glen ,ellyn1 one record1 ,may #ai4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #f2 ,sept4 #ba-,oct4 #be4 ,when migrating this ,sparrow reminds one of a ,white-throat4 ,it has a sharp clink note and frequents brier patches and bushy places4 ,,white-,,crowned ,,sparrow ,zonotrichia leucophrys4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #bb ,resembles the ,white-throat but throat gray1 like the breast1 space before the eye black1 not yellow1 white in the crown more conspicuous4 ,l4 #f-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests in ,canada2 winters from ,virginia and ,ohio to ,mexico2 not a common migrant in the ,atlantic ,states4 ,washington1 irregularly common ,w4,v4 and ,t4,v41 ,may #a-ag2 ,oct4 #g-,nov4 #bj4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #i-bf2 ,oct4 #c-cj4 ,cambridge1 uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #ab-bb2 ,oct4 #a-bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bb-,may #bj2 ,sept4 #e-,oct4 #af4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v42 chiefly spring1 ,apl4 #bd-,may #ca2 ,oct4 #b-ba4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #cj-2 ,sept4 #bf-,oct4 #ad4 ,this distinguished-looking cousin of our ,white-throated ,sparrow is rare enough in the ,eastern ,states1 always to command our attention when we are so fortunate as to meet him4 ,he resembles the ,white-throat in habits and choice of haunts but his song has a tender1 appealing quality1 lacking in the ,white-throat's more cheerful lay1 charming as that is4 ,,white-,,throated ,,sparrow ,zonotrichia albicollis4 ,case #b4 ,figs4 #de1 #df2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #dj ,the adults may be recognized at sight by their white throat1 but this character is less prominent and sometimes almost wanting in young birds 7,fig4 #df7 which will require close scrutiny4 ,l4 #f-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and central ,minnesota northward2 winters from southern ,new ,england and ,ohio to the ,gulf4 ,washington1 very common ,w4,v41 abundant ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ah-,may2 ,sept4 #ae-;,dec4 #af4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #aj-,may #ba2 ,sept4 #bj-,oct4 #cj2 a few winter4 ,cambridge1 very common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #be-,may #ae2 ,oct4 #a-,nov4 #aj2 a few winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #a-,may #ba2 ,sept4 #aj-,nov4 #g4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #i-,may #bf2 ,sept4 #ac-,nov4 #g4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #h-2 ,sept4 #b-,nov4 #ac4 ,this clear-voiced whistler is known to many persons who have never seen it4 ,when anyone returning from the bird's summer range tells me ,i heard a bird sing like this1 ,i know before he whistles a note that he will probably imitate the ,white-throat4 ,fortunately the song has so much character and its intervals conform so closely to those of our musical scale1 that a recognizable imitation of it is within the power of everyone4 ,there is much variation in the arrangement of the notes and migrants never seem to sing with the power of nesting birds1 nor do fall songs compare in volume or execution with those of spring4 ,the call-note is a characteristic sharp clink4 ,the ,white-throat is abundant1 migrating and wintering in companies which frequent bushy places1 hedgerows and undergrowth generally4 ,the nest is placed on the ground or in bushes in late ,may or early ,june4 ,the eggs4 #d-e in number1 are bluish white1 speckled or blotched with brown4 ,,tree ,,sparrow ,spizella monticola monticola4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #dd2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #df ,a dusky spot in the center of the breast and a reddish brown cap and streak behind the eye are distinguishing characters4 ,l4 #f-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests in ,canada2 winters from southern ,canada south to ,arkansas and ,south ,carolina4 ,washington1 abundant ,w4,v41 ,oct4-,apl4 #a4 ,ossining1 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #aj-;,apl4 #bg4 ,cambridge1 common ,w4,v41 abundant ,t4,v41 ,oct4 #be-,nov4 #be2 ,mch4 #bj-;,apl4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #bd-,may #c4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #d-;,apl4 #bh4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,oct4 #f-,may #e2 a few winter4 ,from ,october to ,april companies of ,tree ,sparrows harvest the season's crop of weed seeds1 feeding usually near woods or hedge-rows to which they go to rest and roost4 ,their merry chatter is one of the season's most cheerful notes1 and in the spring we may hear their canary-like song4 ,,chipping ,,sparrow ,spizella passerina passerina4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #de2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ca ,in summer1 the chestnut cap1 black bill1 and whitish line over the eye mark the ',chippy'2 but in the fall and winter the crown is like the back1 the line over the eye is brownish1 and the bill is brown2 but the gray rump1 shown well in flight1 is a good character the year around4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,georgia and ,mississippi to ,canada2 winters from ,south ,carolina to the ,gulf4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 abundant ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #i-,nov4 #aa1 occasionally winters4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #e-,nov4 #g4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ab-,oct4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bc-,oct4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #e-,nov4 #e4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #h-,oct4 #bf4 ,the friendly ,chippy is the most familiar and domestic of any of our native ,sparrows4 ,he makes tentative visits to our piazzas and1 cats permitting1 will take up his residence there1 building a neat1 hair-lined nest in the vines or a nearby bush4 ,unassuming in voice as he is in manner1 his ,chippy-chippy-chippy1 many times repeated1 expresses contentment1 even if it does not attain high musical rank4 ,madame ,chippy has fine taste in eggs1 laying1 in early ,may1 little blue gems1 beautifully marked with brown or black4 ,,clay-,,colored ,,sparrow ,spizella pallida4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dh ,the ,clay-colored ,sparrow resembles a winter ,chipping ,sparrow1 but is paler and has a white line over the eye and a brownish rump4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,interior states east to ,illinois2 winters from ,texas southward4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bf-,oct4 #ai4 ,a ,chipping ,sparrow of the ,plains which nests on the ground and in low bushes4 ,it is not common east of the ,mississippi4 ,,field ,,sparrow ,spizella pusilla pusilla4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #dc2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ad ,the upperparts are brighter reddish brown than in any of our other ,sparrows1 and the bill is 'pinker4' ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,florida and central ,louisiana to ,minnesota and ,maine2 winters from ,new ,jersey and ,illinois to the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 very common ,p4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #b-,nov4 #g4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ab-,nov4 #a2 casual in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant in summer1 ,mch4 #f-,oct4 #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bg-,oct4 #aa4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #a-;,dec4 #bh4 ',bush ,sparrow1' ,mr4 ,roosevelt always called this bird1 and the name gives a better conception of its haunts than that of ,field ,sparrow1 since it is found in bush-grown fields4 ,from a bush-top it sings its clearly whistled1 sweet1 appealing song1 varying the relation of notes and trills1 but never their musical quality4 ,in a bush also it nests1 laying #c-e white eggs1 marked with reddish brown1 in ,may4 ,,slate-,,colored ,,junco ,junco hyemalis hyemalis4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #dc2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #da ,the plumage of the female is tinged with brownish1 but the prevailing tone is slate-gray1 unlike that of any of our other ,sparrows4 ,the white outer-tail feathers are conspicuously flashed in flight4 ,l4 #f-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and northern ,new ,york to ,canada and southward in the mountains to ,pennsylvania2 winters in all the ,eastern ,states4 ,the ,carolina ,junco 7,j4 h4 carolinensis71 a slightly larger race without a brownish tinge1 nests in the higher parts of the ,alleghanies from ,maryland to northern ,georgia1 descending to the adjacent lowlands in winter4 ,washington1 abundant ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #bf-,may #ab4 ,ossining1 common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #ai-,may #d4 ,cambridge1 rather common ,w4,v41 abundant ,t4,v41 ,sept4 #bj-,nov4 #be2 ,mch4 #bj-;,apl4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #b-,may #e4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,w4,v41 abundant spring and fall1 ,aug4 #cj-,may #ac1 ,,se1 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #d-2 ,sept4 #bj-,nov4 #ab4 ,gray skies and a snow-covered earth are the ,junco colors1 and when he flashes them along the hedgerows and wood borders we know that although it is only late ,september1 winter will soon be with us4 ,from that time until ,april the ,junco is of our commonest birds4 ,he visits our food-shelf and roosts in our evergreens1 becoming almost as domestic as the ,chipping ,sparrow4 ,the ,junco's call-notes are a sharp tsip1 a contented chew-chew-chew1 and a sharp kissing call4 ,its modest1 musical little trill we shall not hear until spring4 ,the nest is built on the ground1 and the #d-e white1 speckled1 or spotted1 eggs are laid late in ,may4 ,,bachman',s ,,sparrow ,peuca stivalis bachmani ,with a general resemblance to a ,field ,sparrow but bill black and larger1 cheeks and underparts more buffy1 tail shorter1 no evident wing bars4 ,range4 ,southeastern ,united ,states from central ,georgia to ,virginia and from northwestern ,florida to central ,illinois2 winters from ,north ,carolina to northern ,florida4 ,where 'scrub' oaks grow beneath the pines1 or post1 or white oaks form open woods1 there one may look for this rather retiring1 sweet-voiced ,sparrow4 ,if one can imagine a ,hermit ,thrush singing the ,field ,sparrow's chant1 he will have some conception of the rare quality of ,bachman's ,sparrow's song4 ,the nest is built on the ground1 the white unmarked eggs being laid early in ,may4 ,the ,pine ,woods ,sparrow 7,p4 4 stivalis71 is a darker race1 more streaked above with black4 ,it is resident in ,florida 7except the northwestern part7 and southern ,georgia where it frequents pine forests undergrown with scrub palmetto4 ,,song ,,sparrow ,melospiza melodia melodia4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #cd2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #db ,streaked below1 with a conspicuous spot in the center of the breast4 ,range4 ,most of ,north ,america1 the eastern form west to the ,rockies1 nesting from ,virginia and ,missouri to ,canada and wintering from ,illinois and ,massachusetts to the ,gulf4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r41 abundant ,t4,v41 ,mch4 and ,oct4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 very abundant ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #aj-,nov4 #a2 locally common ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 ,p4,r41 abundant in summer1 common in winter2 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r4 ,feb4 #ab-,nov4 #b4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #af-,nov4 #aa4 ,if the so-called ',english' ,sparrow is the ,european ,sparrow1 the ,song ,sparrow is the ,american ,sparrow4 ,he is found in every ,state and from the ,valley of ,mexico to ,alaska4 ,he is abundant1 musical1 and familiar and probably better known than any other member of his family native to this country4 ,his is one of the first birds' songs to be heard in the spring1 and the last in the fall1 and when in midsummer1 the adults1 while molting1 are silent1 the rambling1 formless song of the young may be heard4 ,usually the ,song ,sparrow is found near water and not far from bushes into which he flies when alarmed4 ,then we hear his characteristic call-note1 an impatient chimp1 chimp1 unlike that of any other of our ,sparrows4 ,the nest is built on the ground and the #d-e bluish white brown-marked eggs are laid late in ,april4 ,,lincoln',s ,,sparrow ,melospiza lincolni lincolni4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ae ,a broad band of buff across the streaked breast4 ,range4 ,chiefly western ,united ,states2 in the ,east1 nests from northern ,new ,york and northern ,minnesota into ,canada2 winters from ,mississippi to ,central ,america2 rare east of the ,alleghanies4 ,washington1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #h-ba2 ,sept4 #cj-,oct4 #a4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,sept4 #bi-,oct4 #af4 ,cambridge1 not uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #ae-,may #be2 ,sept4 #ad-,oct4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #be-,may #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 fall records only1 ,sept4 #aa-,oct4 #i4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ag-2 ,sept4 #aj-,oct4 #cj4 ,we know the species only as a rare1 retiring migrant1 frequenting hedgerows1 and undergrowth4 ,i have never heard its song while migrating4 ,,swamp ,,sparrow ,melospiza georgiana4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #dd2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bb ,note the bright chestnut cap1 grayish1 unstreaked breast1 and reddish brown rump of the summer plumage2 in winter1 the crown is darker and streaked with black4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,new ,jersey and ,illinois to ,canada2 winters from ,nebraska and ,new ,jersey to the ,gulf4 ,washington1 very common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ab-,may #ai2 ,sept1 #bh-,oct4 #bi2 a few winter4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #d-;,dec4 #b2 a few winter4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ab-,nov4 #aj2 a few winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bc-,may #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #b-,may #bf2 ,sept4 #b-,oct4 #bd2 possibly ,s4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #e-,nov4 #ah4 ,the ,swamp ,sparrow is a ,sparrow of the marshes whose tweet-tweet-tweet many times repeated1 is associated with the music of ,marsh ,wrens4 ,it nests on the ground in ,may1 laying eggs not unlike those of the ,song ,sparrow4 ,,fox ,,sparrow ,passerella iliaca iliaca4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #cg2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #g ,a large1 bright1 reddish brown ,sparrow1 which1 because of its red-brown tail1 and in spite of its stout bill1 is sometimes mistaken for the ,hermit ,thrush4 ,l4 #g-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests in northern ,canada2 winters from ,ohio and ,maryland to the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 very abundant ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ac-,may #aa2 ,oct4 #bc-,nov4 #ae3 a few winter4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #d-;,apl4 #bj2 ,oct4 #ad-,nov4 #bh4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ae-;,apl4 #ab2 ,oct4 #bj-,nov4 #ae2 occasional in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ab-;,apl4 #bc2 ,oct4 #a-,nov4 #af4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #aa-;,apl4 #bh2 ,sept4 #bb-,nov4 #h4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ab-2 ,sept4 #ag-,nov4 #ab4 ,a vigorous scratcher in the undergrowth who1 using both feet at once1 kicks the leaves out behind him2 a master musician among our ,sparrows whose loud1 clear1 joyous notes form one of our most notable bird songs4 ,we hear it only for a brief time in spring and fall as the birds pass us on their migration4 ,,towhee ,pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus4 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc2 ,case #f4 ,fig4 #ea ,the female is brown where the male is black2 both are unmistakable ,l4 #h-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,georgia and central ,kansas2 winters from ,ohio and ,potomac ,valleys to the ,gulf4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 very common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #e-,oct4 #ba2 a few winter4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ba-,oct4 #ca4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-,oct4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #aj-,oct4 #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common1 ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #cj-,nov4 #ah1 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aa-,nov4 #h4 ,chewi'nk1 towhe1 the clear1 emphatic1 strongly accented call announces the presence of a bird whose colors are as distinctive as its notes4 ,the ,towhee feeds on the ground in and near bushy places1 but when the desire to sing comes upon him he leaves his lowly haunts and taking a more or less exposed perch1 fifteen to twenty feet from the ground1 utters his sweet-bird-sin-n-n-g1 with an earnestness which goes far to atone for his lack of striking musical ability4 ,the nest is built on the ground and the #d-e white1 finely speckled eggs are laid during the first half of ,may4 ,the ,white-eyed ,towhee 7,p4 e4 alleni7 of ,florida and the coast region north to ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 has the eye yellowish instead of red and the white markings are more restricted4 ,its call is higher than that of the northern bird and its song shorter4 ,,cardinal ,cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis4 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #cd1 #ce4 ,the male1 with his conspicuous crest and bright colors1 can be confused with no other species2 the female is much duller and the crest is less prominent but still evident4 ,l4 #h-a_/d4 ,range4 ,resident from the ,gulf ,states to southern ,new ,york and northern ,ohio2 rarely found further north4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r42 less common than formerly4 ,ossining1 ,a4,v4 ,cambridge1 irregular but not very infrequent at all seasons4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare ,s4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 rare4 ,next to the ,mockingbird's medley1 the rich1 mellow whistle of the ,cardinal is the most prominent bird voice in the choir of southern songsters4 ,passing most of the time in the undergrowth1 where1 in spite of his brilliant colors1 he readily conceals himself1 he makes no attempt1 when singing1 to hide his fiery plumes1 but selecting a conspicuous perch1 challenges the attention of the world4 ,the female ,cardinal also sings1 but her song has much less volume than that of her mate1 and is more rarely heard4 ,the call-note of both sexes is a minute2 sharp1 cheep1 which one would attribute to a bird half their size4 ,the ,cardinal nests in bushes1 laying #c-d whitish eggs speckled and spotted with brown1 in ,april4 ,the ,florida ,cardinal 7,c4 c4 floridanus71 a slightly smaller1 deeper colored 7especially in the female7 race of the preceding1 inhabits the peninsula of ,florida4 ,,blue ,,grosbeak ,guiraca crulea crulea4 ,case #f1 ,figs4 #eb1 #ec ,should be confused only with the ,indigo ,bunting1 but it is larger and the male is darker and has brown wing-bars4 ,l4 #g4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida to ,maryland and southern ,illinois2 winters in the tropics1 uncommon east of the ,alleghanies4 ,washington1 very uncommon1 ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #bj4 ,cambridge1 ,a4,v41 one instance1 ,may4 ,the ,blue ,grosbeak is an unfamiliar bird to most eastern students4 ,ridgway states that its haunts resemble those of the ,field ,sparrow or ,indigo ,bunting4 ,its call is a strong1 harsh ptchick1 its song a beautiful1 but rather feeble warble4 ,the nest is usually built in bushes and the #c-d pale bluish white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,rose-,,breasted ,,grosbeak ,zamelodia ludoviciana4 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #be1 #bf ,the male needs no introduction2 the streaked plumage of the female betrays her ,sparrow ancestry2 the white stripe over her eye is a conspicuous mark4 ,young males in the fall resemble the female1 but have a rose-tinted breast4 ,l4 #h4 ,range4 ,nests from central ,kansas and central ,new ,jersey north to ,canada1 and1 in the mountains1 south to northern ,georgia2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rather common ,t4,v41 ,may #a-cj2 ,aug4 #bi-,oct4 #f4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,may #c-,oct4 #a4 ,cambridge1 very common ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-,sept4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #bh4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #bc4 ,distinguished alike by plumage and song1 the ,rose-breast is one of our most notable bird citizens4 ,his song resembles in form that of the ,robin1 but has a more lyrical1 flowing1 joyous quality1 and1 unlike the ,robin1 he often sings while flying4 ,the call-note of both sexes is a sharp peek which1 like the ,cardinal's cheep1 seems too small for the bird4 ,the ,rose-breast lives and nests in woodland1 particularly second-growths1 building a frail nest ten to twenty feet from the ground4 ,the #d-e blue1 brown-marked eggs are laid the latter half of ,may4 ,,indigo ,,bunting ,passerina cyanea4 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #bc1 #bd ,the male1 well seen1 is unmistakable4 ,the female is very 'sparrowy' and1 unless one gets a suggestion of blue in her plumage1 can best be identified by her unsparrow-like1 sharp pit4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,georgia and ,louisiana to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,oct4 #i4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #d-,oct4 #ag4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #ae-,oct4 #a4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bf-,oct4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #bb4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r4 ,apl4 #bh-,oct4 #b4 ,july1 ,july1 summer-summer's here2 morning1 noontide1 evening1 list to me the ,indigo sings in rather hard but brilliant little voice4 ,to me the words express the rhythm as well as the spirit of the song4 ,we hear them most often in bushy fields and open second-growths1 along hedge-rows or from briery clumps in which the bird's nest may be hidden4 ,the pale1 bluish white eggs are laid the latter half of ,may4 ,,painted ,,bunting ,passerina ciris4 ,case #f1 ,figs4 #di1 #ej ,the male is one of our most brilliantly colored birds1 the female has the color of a ,vireo but the bill of a ,sparrow4 ,range4 ,southern ,states north to southeastern ,north ,carolina and southern ,kansas2 winters from southern ,florida southward4 ,painted ,bunting he is called1 but the brilliancy and luster of his plumage were not painted by human hands4 ',nonpareil' he has also been named1 and1 in the eastern ,united ,states1 at least1 he is without equal in the brightness of his colors4 ,the bird's haunts are not unlike those of the ,indigo ,bunting1 and its song is said to resemble the ,indigo's but to be more feeble4 ,it builds in bushes and low trees1 laying #c-d bluish white1 brown-spotted eggs in ,may4 ,,dickcissel ,spiza americana4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #bj ,the yellow on the breast and1 in the male1 black crescent will distinguish this species from all its ,sparrow kin4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,chiefly prairies of the ,mississippi ,valley1 from ,texas and ,mississippi north to ,minnesota and southern ,ontario2 now rare east of the ,alleghanies4 ,washington1 formerly very abundant1 now seen only occasionally1 ,may-,aug4 ,cambridge1 casual1 found nesting at ,medford1 ,june #i4 #ahgg1 where several birds were observed2 not uncommon in #ahcc-cd 7see ,bull4 ,nutt4 ,orn4 ,club1 ,,iii1 #ahgh1 #de4 #aij74 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,s4,r41 ,may #a4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rather rare and local ,s4,r41 formerly common4 ,may #c-,sept4 #e4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #aa-;,aug4 #bj4 ,the ,dickcissel is a bird of the fields who1 from a weed-stalk or fence by the wayside1 sings his unmusical dick-dick cissel1 cissel1 cissel4 ,the nest is built on the ground or in a bush and the #d-e pale blue eggs are laid the latter half of ,may4 ,,tanagers4 ,,family ,,tangarid ,,scarlet ,,tanager ,piranga erythromelas4 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #bg1 #bh ,the black wings and tail of the male will distinguish him from our other two red birds--the ,cardinal and ,summer ,tanager4 ,the olive-green female may be known from all our other olive-green birds by her larger size4 ,l4 #g-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,georgia and southern ,kansas to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 less common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ag-,oct4 #ae4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #d-,oct4 #i4 ,cambridge1 rather common ,s4,r41 ,may #ab-,oct4 #a4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-,oct4 #b4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,sept4 #bi4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,sept4 #aa4 ,as a family ,tanagers are the most strikingly colored of ,american birds1 but among the nearly #djj species none appears more brilliant in life than the male ,scarlet ,tanager4 ,the leaf-colored female is as difficult to see as the male is conspicuous4 ,both have the same characteristic call--chip-chrr1 chip-chrr4 ,the song suggests a ,robin's but is more forced and has a hoarse undertone4 ,they live and nest in the woods1 building on a horizontal limb #aj-bj feet up4 ,the #c-d greenish blue1 brown-marked eggs are laid late in ,may4 ,,summer ,,tanager ,piranga rubra rubra4 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #cc1 #cd ,the male is usually red like the ,cardinal1 but lacks the ,cardinal's crest2 the female is more yellow than the female of the ,scarlet ,tanager4 ,range4 ,southern ,states2 nesting north to ,maryland and ,illinois2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ah-,sept4 #ai4 ,cambridge1 one record4 ,the ,summer ,redbird's chicky-tucky-tuck1 is as clearly pronounced and unmistakable as the ,scarlet ,tanager's chip-chrr4 ,its song is somewhat sweeter than that of its scarlet cousin1 but bears a general resemblance to it4 ,both pine and deciduous woods are inhabited by this bird4 ,its nesting habits resemble those of the ,scarlet ,tanager4 ,,swallows4 ,,family ,,hirundinid ,,purple ,,martin ,progne subis subis4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #be ,largest of our ,swallows4 ,the female is duller above than the male1 and below is brownish gray4 ,l4 #h4 ,range4 ,nests locally from the ,gulf to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rather common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #a-,sept4 #ad4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #aa4 ,cambridge1 formerly locally common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-;,aug4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r4 ,apl4 #a-,sept4 #e4 ,glen ,ellyn1 local ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bc-,sept4 #aj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #a-,sept4 #i4 ,fortunate is the man whose hospitality the ,martins accept4 ,their cheery notes and sociability make them the best kind of guests4 ,the ,audubon ,society will send one plans for a ,martin house1 and tell one where to place it4 ,martins nest in ,may and lay white eggs4 ,,cliff ,,swallow ,petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ee ,the rusty rump is distinctive4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,nests locally from ,georgia to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rare ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,sept4--8 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ab4 ,cambridge1 ,s4,r41 much less than formerly4 ,apl4 #bh-;,aug4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #f-,sept4 #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common1 local ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-,sept4 #af4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ac-,sept4 #ab4 ,cliff ,swallow it is in the ,west1 but ,eave ,swallow it should be in the ,east where the rows of flask-shaped mud nests cluster thick beneath projecting roofs4 ,they prefer unpainted buildings and the modern barn rarely knows them4 ,the white1 brown-spotted eggs are laid in the latter half of ,may4 ,,barn ,,swallow ,hirundo erythrogaster4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #cb ,chestnut underparts and a forked tail are the chief characters of this beautiful ,swallow4 ,l4 #g4 ,range4 ,nests from ,north ,carolina and ,arkansas to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 more abundant ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #cj-,sept4 #ag4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ae-,sept4 #bb4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 but fast decreasing1 ,apl4 #bj-,sept4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #cj-,sept4 #bb4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,s4,r41 fairly common and increasing4 ,apl4 #g-,sept4 #a4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-;,aug4 #ca4 ,barn ,swallows are far more beautiful1 more graceful and more companionable than ,purple ,martins4 ,but while we are erecting special dwellings for the ,martins we are making our barns ,swallow-proof4 ,a pair of ,barn ,swallows are not only cheerful neighbors but good investments4 ,let us make it possible for them to enter the hay-mow4 ,we may even supply shelves as foundations for their open mud nests4 ,the white1 spotted eggs are laid in the latter half of ,may4 ,,tree ,,swallow ,iridoprocne bicolor4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bd ,silky white below and shining bluish green above2 young birds are mouse-colored above but below are snowy white1 unmarked1 as in the adult4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,nests chiefly from southern ,new ,england northward and winters from ,south ,carolina to ,central ,america4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bf-,may #bf2 ,july #h-,oct4 #ad4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #d-,may #bf2 ,aug4 #d-,oct4 #af4 ,cambridge1 ,s4,r41 formerly common1 now common only as a migrant1 ,apl4 #e-,oct4 #h4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,sept4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 rare ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ba-,sept4 #h4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #cj-;,aug4 #ca4 ,we see comparatively few ,tree ,swallows during the spring1 but from ,july to ,october1 as they journey slowly southward1 they are the most abundant members of their family4 ,in countless thousands long ropes of ,swallows crowd the wayside wires from pole to pole4 ,at night1 with others of their tribe1 they roost in the marshes4 ,tree ,swallows they are called because they nest in hollow trees and1 like some other hole-nesting birds1 they may be induced to occupy nesting-boxes1 making a welcome addition to our list of bird tenants4 ,the #d-g white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,bank ,,swallow ,riparia riparia4 ,case #f4 ,fig4 #ed ,note the small size1 dull plumage1 and breast-band4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,a native of the ,old ,world as well as of the ,new4 ,in ,north ,america nesting from ,louisiana and ,virginia nearly to the ,arctic ,circle2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 more common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ac-,sept4 #ai4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ah-,oct4 #a4 ,cambridge1 formerly common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-,sept4 #a2 common ,t4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #f-,sept4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,t4,v42 a few ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bb-,sept4 #c4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,sept4 #be4 ,the ,bank ,swallow is a bird of the air who tunnels the earth for a nesting-place4 ,where river or road has left a bank1 its face may be dotted with the entrances to the ,bank ,swallow's dwellings4 ,at the end of two or three feet the nest of grass and feathers is placed1 fit receptacle for the pearl-white eggs1 which are usually laid the latter half of ,may4 ,during the migrations the ,bank ,swallow travels with other members of its family1 sharing their roost in the marshes by night and their wayside perch by day4 ,,rough-,,winged ,,swallow ,stelgidopteryx serripennis4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ef ,with the general appearance of the ,bank ,swallow1 but slightly larger1 grayer below1 and with no breast-band4 ,l4 #e-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from the ,gulf ,states north to ,massachusetts and ,minnesota3 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #b-,sept4 #c4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ag-;,aug4 #ab4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ae-,sept4 #bj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ad-;,aug4 #bf4 ,least common of our ,swallows4 ,it nests in small colonies of about half a dozen pairs1 sometimes in holes1 at others under bridges1 crevices in cliffs and similar situations4 ,in the fall1 it flocks with other species of its family4 ,its #d-h white eggs are laid the latter half of ,may4 ,,waxwings4 ,,family ,,bombycillid ,,bohemian ,,waxwing ,bombycilla garrula ,similar to the ,cedar ,waxwing1 but larger1 the primary coverts and secondaries tipped with white1 the primaries tipped with white or yellow1 the under tail-coverts chestnut4 ,l4 #h4 ,range4 ,western ,canada2 in winter east to ,minnesota and rarely as far as ,connecticut4 ,glen ,ellyn1 one record1 ,jan4 #bb1 #aijh4 ,,se4 ,minn41 irregular ,w4,v41 until ,apl4 #a4 ,there are comparatively few authentic records of this beautiful bird east of the ,alleghanies4 ,enthusiastic bird-students are1 ,i fear1 apt to give ,waxwings1 seen in winter1 the benefit of the doubt and call them ',bohemians4' ,look especially for the white marks on the ,bohemian's wings4 ,its large size might not be apparent unless the two species were seen together4 ,,cedar ,,waxwing ,bombycilla cedrorum4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #dj2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ed ,crest usually conspicuous2 tail tipped with yellow2 a black 'bridle4' ,range4 ,nests from ,north ,carolina and ,kansas to ,canada2 winters irregularly throughout the ,united ,states4 ,washington1 very common ,p4,r41 less so in winter4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 not common ,p4,r41 common ,s4,r41 abundant ,t4,v4 in spring1 ,feb4 #a-;,apl4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 irregularly common in summer4 ,glen ,ellyn4 ,s4,r41 ,jan4 #ba-,sept4 #bd2 occasional ,w4,v4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #be-,sept4 #bh4 ,a ,waxwing's crest is as expressive as a horse's ears4 ,one moment it points skyward the next it flattens and disappears4 ,they are as sociable as ,love ,birds1 traveling in small flocks which1 like one bird1 dive into a tree and perch so close together that often several will be almost touching1 and with common accord they take wing4 ,they feed mainly on small fruit both wild and cultivated but are also expert flycatchers4 ,they nest in ,june1 usually in shade or fruit trees1 building a well-made nest for the beautiful1 clay-colored1 black-spotted eggs4 ,,shrikes4 ,,family ,,laniid ,,northern ,,shrike ,lanius borealis4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #ef ,larger than the ,migrant and ,loggerhead ,shrikes with a grayish1 not black1 forehead and a lightly barred1 not plain white breast4 ,l4 #aj-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests in ,canada1 winters south to ,texas and ,virginia4 ,washington1 rare and irregular ,w4,v41 ,oct4-,feb4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #bf-;,apl4 #ag4 ,cambridge1 common ,w4,v41 ,nov4 #a-;,apl4 #a4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,w4,v41 ,nov4 #f-;,apl4 #c4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #bd-;,june #e4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #ag-,mch4 #bh4 ,a grim1 gray bird that comes out of the far ,north in the fall4 ,his mission is death to birds and mice and he makes no attempt to disguise it but boldly advertises his presence by perching where he may be seen as well as see4 ,mice he can plunge on1 but ,sparrows1 ,siskins or ,redpolls he may have to pursue on the wing1 following every twist and turn until he reaches striking distance4 ,slowly he bears his victim1 in his feet1 to some tree there to hang it on thorn or in crotch from which it may be devoured at leisure4 ,an executioner by birth1 the ,shrike or ,butcher ,bird evidently pursues his calling with no regrets and when spring time approaches adds his voice to the chorus of bird song4 ,,loggerhead ,,shrike ,lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ee ,a gray bird with black wings and tail marked with white which shows in flight2 smaller than the ,northern ,shrike with a black forehead and unmarked breast4 ,l4 #i4 ,range4 ,florida north to ,north ,carolina1 west to ,louisiana4 ,the ,loggerhead has the general habits of his larger northern cousin the ,butcher-bird1 but he feeds1 as a rule1 on smaller game4 ,grasshoppers and lizards form the larger part of his fare and the barbed wire fences not infrequently are his shambles4 ,a flight is ended by an upward swing to the chosen perch which may be a tree-top1 a telegraph wire1 or lightning-rod tip4 ,from such a lookout he keeps a sharp watch for his prey1 which he detects at surprisingly long distances2 meanwhile uttering the gurgles1 squeaks and pipes which constitute his song4 ,the nest is built in hedges or low trees in early ,march4 ,the #c-e eggs are dull white thickly marked with brown and lavender4 ,the ,migrant ,shrike 7,lanius ludovicianus migrans7 is a northern race of the ,loggerhead from which it differs only in being somewhat paler above and grayer below4 ,it is a ,summer ,resident from ,kansas and western ,north ,carolina to ,minnesota and ,maine and winters from the ,middle ,states southward4 ,generally speaking1 it may be said that any ,shrike found north of ,maryland in the winter is a ,northern ,shrike2 that any ,shrike found north of ,virginia in the summer is a ,migrant ,shrike1 and that any ,shrike found south of that state in the summer is a ,loggerhead4 ,,vireos4 ,,family ,,vireonid ,,black-,,whiskered ,,vireo ,vireosylva calidris barbatula ,resembles the ,red-eyed ,vireo but has a dusky streak on each side of the throat4 ,range4 ,cuba and ,bahamas1 north in spring to southern ,florida4 ,this is a tropical species which reaches southern ,florida early in ,may and returns to its winter home after nesting4 ,in general habits and notes it resembles the ,red-eye4 ,,red-,,eyed ,,vireo ,vireosylva olivasceus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ff ,an olive-green bird1 silky white below1 a white line1 bordered by black over the red eye1 a grayish cap and no white band on the wings4 ,l4 #f-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from the ,gulf to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ba-,oct4 #ag4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,oct4 #ai4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-,sept4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,oct4 #a4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,oct4 #e4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,sept4 #ae4 ,a tireless soliloquist1 the ,red-eyed ,vireo repeats from our shade and fruit trees in endless succession the broken phrases of his monotonous1 rambling recitation4 ,he sings all day and he sings throughout the summer1 pausing only to sleep or to swallow the caterpillar he hunts while singing4 ,patient1 persistent mediocrity is expressed by the ,red-eye's song1 and only his nasal1 petulant call-note1 whang1 suggests that he is not altogether satisfied with life as he finds it4 ,the nest1 like that of our other ,vireos1 is a deep cup hung from between a crotch from #e to about #dj feet above the ground4 ,the #c-d eggs1 which are laid in late ,may1 are white spotted with reddish brown4 ,,warbling ,,vireo ,vireosylva gilva gilva4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #bi ,smaller than the ,red-eye1 without black and white lines over the brown eye1 the underparts faintly tinged with yellowish4 ,l4 #e-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,louisiana and ,north ,carolina to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rather common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ba-,sept4 #ab4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,may #c-,sept4 #ah4 ,cambridge1 locally common ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,sept4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ag-,oct4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ae4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #c-,sept4 #ae4 ,while the ,red-eye's song lasts the greater part of the day1 the ,warbling ,vireo's continues for only about four seconds1 then1 after an interval1 it is repeated4 ,it is an unbroken strain running up and down the middle of the scale and has it in a reminder of the ,purple ,finch's lay4 ,this species is less generally distributed than the ,red-eye4 ,it may be common in one locality and absent from another4 ,its nesting habits and eggs are much like those of the ,red-eye1 but the male has the singular custom of singing while it sits upon the nest4 ,,philadelphia ,,vireo ,vireosylva philadelphicus4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #cj ,a small1 olive-green ,vireo1 with pale yellow underparts and a whitish line over the eye4 ,l4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and northern ,michigan into ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 very rare ,t4,v41 ,may2 ,sept4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,sept4 #bj-,oct4 #bj4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rather rare ,t4,v41 ,may #ad1 #ae2 ,aug4 #ba-,sept4 #cj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #i4 ,rarest of our ,vireos2 but few students know it as a migrant and fewer still as a nesting bird4 ,its song and nesting habits resemble those of the ,red-eye4 ,,yellow-,,throated ,,vireo ,lanivireo flavifrons4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fi ,breast bright yellow2 a yellow ring around the eye1 two white wing-bands1 bill rather stout4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida and ,texas to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ai-,sept4 #bi4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,sept4 #g4 ,cambridge1 commons ,s4,r41 ,may #f-,sept4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-,sept4 #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,may #b-,sept4 #bf4 ,,se ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #ae4 ,a less common bird than the ,red-eye1 but like it generally distributed through woodland1 garden and orchard4 ,it's song resembles the ,red-eye's in form but is richer in tone1 more deliberately uttered1 and not continuous4 ,see me--,i'm here--where are you8 he seems to say1 and after a pause repeats the query4 ,the nest has the deep cup-shape of our other ,vireo's but is externally covered with lichens4 ,the eggs1 laid the latter part of ,may1 are white with a few specks of black or brown4 ,,blue-,,headed ,,vireo ,lanivireo solitarius solitarius4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fh ,eye-ring and lores white1 head grayish blue1 underparts white1 the sides yellowish2 two wing-bars4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from the mountains of northern ,new ,jersey and of ,pennsylvania to ,canada2 winters from the ,gulf ,states southward4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #f-,may #ah2 ,sept4 #f-,nov4 #c4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bc-,may #ad2 ,sept4 #h-,oct4 #bj4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 rare ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,may #h2 ,sept4 #ae-,oct4 #e4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ag-,may #bj2 ,sept4 #a-cj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #i-ai2 ,aug4 #aa-,oct4 #i4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #c-,sept4 #bh4 ,we know this ,vireo chiefly as a migrant1 one of the earliest of the group of small arboreal wood-haunting birds 7,vireos and ,warblers7 to reach us in the spring4 ,its song1 as well as its movements1 are deliberate4 ,vireo-like it peers beneath the leaves or inspects the blossoms1 removing a caterpillar here or an insect's egg there1 the while singing leisurely a rich-toned rendering of the ,red-eye's theme4 ,it nests late in ,may1 hanging its cup-shaped basket to a crotch usually five to ten feet above the ground4 ,the eggs are white with a few black or brown spots4 ,the ,mountain ,solitary ,vireo 7,l4 s4 alticola7 has a slightly larger bill and bluer back4 ,it nests in the mountains from ,maryland to ,georgia and winters southward to ,florida4 ,,white-,,eyed ,,vireo ,vireo griseus griseus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fg ,white or yellowish white eyes2 whitish underparts1 washed with yellow on the sides4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida and ,texas to ,wisconsin and ,massachusetts2 winters from ,south ,carolina to the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ah-,oct4 #ai4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,oct4 #c4 ,cambridge1 rare ,s4,r41 ,may #h-,sept4 #bj2 formerly common4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare1 spring only1 ,may #bd-;,june #e4 ,an inhabitant of bushy undergrowths whose snappy calls possess almost the character of human speech1 so clearly and emphatically are the syllables enunciated4 ,one's presence seems to excite both his curiosity and his disapproval1 for he looks one over from this side and that all the while giving expression to remarks which sound far from complimentary4 ,the nest is hung from a crotch1 rarely more than #f feet from the ground4 ,the eggs laid in ,april1 in the ,south1 in ,may in the ,north1 are white with a few blackish spots4 ,the ,key ,west ,vireo 7,v4 g4 maynardi7 has a longer bill and is somewhat paler below than the ,white-eye4 ,it is resident in southern ,florida and the ,keys4 ,,bell',s ,,vireo ,vireo belli belli4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fe ,smallest of our ,vireos2 crown ashy1 lores and eye-ring whitish4 ,l4 #d-c_/d4 ,range4 ,mississippi ,valley2 nests from ,texas to northwestern ,indiana and ,south ,dakota2 winters in the tropics4 ,resembles the ,white-eye in habits1 notes1 and choice of haunts1 but1 according to ,goss1 its notes are not so harsh and emphatic4 ,,wood ,,warblers4 ,,family ,,mniotiltid ,,black ,,and ,,white ,,warbler ,mniotilta varia4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #eg ,the female is less conspicuously striped than the male1 but both are quite unlike any of our other birds4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,georgia and ,louisiana to ,canada2 winters from ,florida southward4 ,washington1 abundant ,t4,v41 less common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #h-,oct4 #ah4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ah-,oct4 #a4 ,cambridge1 very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-,sept4 #e4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 a few ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bb-,sept4 #bf4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bh-,may #bh2 ,aug4 #aa-,sept4 #bg4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bc-,oct4 #ab4 ,this species and the three ,nuthatches are our only birds that creep down as well as up2 but the ,nuthatches wear no body stripes and are otherwise too unlike the ,creeper to be confused with him4 ,the ,downy ,woodpecker 'hitches' himself upward advancing by jerks2 the ,brown ,creeper1 true to its name1 creeps4 ,the nest is built on the ground and the white1 brown-marked eggs are laid in ,april in the ,south1 in ,may in the ,north4 ,,prothonotary ,,warbler ,protonotaria citrea4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bi ,the female is duller than the male1 but is too like him to be mistaken for the mate of any other ,warbler1 while he is in a class by himself4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida to ,delaware and southeastern ,minnesota2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 of irregular occurrence in ,may4 ,n4 ,ohio1 one record1 ,may #i4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare1 spring only1 ,may #ac-ae4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 of ,mississippi bottoms1 ,may #g-;,aug4 #af4 ,no description or illustration prepares one for the gleaming beauty of the ,golden ,swamp ,warbler4 ,cypress swamps or willow-bordered sloughs1 where it may nest in the opening in old stubs1 are its chosen haunts1 and in such places it is sometimes found in numbers4 ,the white eggs1 thickly marked with brown1 are laid in ,may4 ,,swainson',s ,,warbler ,helinaia swainsoni4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bh ,no wing-bars1 plain brown above1 white below4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,in summer from ,florida and ,louisiana north to southern ,illinois and southeastern ,virginia2 winters in the tropics4 ,comparatively few bird students have seen this retiring ,warbler in its haunts4 ,water1 tangled thickets1 patches of cane1 and a rank growth of semi-aquatic plants1 ,brewster states1 seem indispensable to its existence4 ,its song in general effect1 the same writer says1 recalls that of the ,northern ,water-,thrush4 ,the nest is built in bushes1 canes1 etc41 and the white eggs are laid in ,may4 ,,worm-,,eating ,,warbler ,helmitheros vermivorus4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ca ,head striped with black and buff2 body unstreaked1 no wing-bars4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,south ,carolina and ,missouri to ,connecticut and ,iowa2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 quite common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-,sept4 #ae4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #g-;,aug4 #bc4 ,cambridge1 ,a4,v41 one instance1 ,sept4 ,comparatively few bird students can claim close acquaintance with this slow-moving1 dull-colored bird who lives on or near the ground1 usually in dry woodlands4 ,its song1 resembling that of the ,chipping ,sparrow1 will attract only an attentive ear1 while its local distribution further prevents it from being more commonly known4 ,it nests on the ground1 the white1 brown-marked eggs being laid in ,may4 ,,bachman',s ,,warbler ,vermivora bachmani4 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #bj1 #ba ,all but the central pair of feathers with white spots near the end2 no wing-bars2 size small1 the bill sharply pointed and slightly decurved4 ,l4 #d-a_/b4 ,range4 ,in summer known from ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 ,kentucky1 ,arkansas and ,missouri2 in winter recorded only from ,cuba4 ,when migrating1 this little-known species associates with other bird travelers and may be found high or low4 ,when nesting1 it frequents swampy woods and1 although it usually sings from the tree-tops1 it builds in bushes within a few feet of the ground1 laying #c-d white eggs in the latter half of ,april or in ,may4 ,its song has been compared to that of both the ,parula ,warbler and the ,chipping ,sparrow4 ,,blue-,,winged ,,warbler ,vermivora pinus4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ce ,outer tail-feathers white near the end2 two white wing-bars2 female duller than the male4 ,range4 ,nests from ,missouri and ,virginia north to ,minnesota and ,connecticut2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rather uncommon ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bf-,may #bb2 ,aug4 #ac-,sept4 #b2 a few breed4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #d-,sept4 #g4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 irregular1 possibly ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ae4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,sept4 #a4 ,in second growths1 among birches1 and at the border of the woods one may hear the wheezy1 lazy1 swee-chee of the ,blue-wing4 ,i make it a rule to see the singer always with the hope that he may prove to be the rare ,brewster's ,warbler1 which usually sings like the ,blue-wing1 but in color is nearer the ,golden-wing1 being1 in fact1 like the ,golden-wing but with the underparts and cheeks white unmarked with black4 ,it appears to be a hybrid between the ,blue-wing and ,golden-wing4 7,case #g1 ,fig4 #ch47 ,a much rarer supposed hybrid between these two ,warblers is known as ,lawrence's ,warbler4 ,it is yellow below1 like the ,blue-wing1 but has the black throat and cheeks of the ,golden-wing4 ,some individuals sing like the ,blue-wing1 others like the ,golden-wing1 and this is true also of ,brewster's ,warbler4 7,case #g1 ,fig4 #cg47 ,the ,blue-wing nests on the ground1 laying #d-e white delicately speckled eggs the latter part of ,may4 ,,golden-,,winged ,,warbler ,vermivora chrysoptera4 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #cd1 #cf ,a gray bird with a yellow patch on the wings and a black or blackish breast4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,jersey and southern ,iowa north to ,massachusetts and central ,minnesota and south in the mountains to northern ,georgia2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 uncommon1 ,t4,v41 ,may #a-cj2 ,aug4 #h-ba4 ,ossining1 rare ,s4,r41 ,may #h-;,aug4 #be4 ,cambridge1 rather common ,s4,r41 ,may #ab-;,aug4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,t4,v41 ,glen ,ellyn1 irregular1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #d-ah2 ,aug4 #af-,sept4 #bd4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,sept4 #i4 ,the ,golden-wing's zee-zee-zee-zee resembles the ,blue-wing's song in tone but the syllables are all on one note4 ,when nesting1 the ,golden-wing prefers second growths1 and birches1 but when migrating it may be found in the woods with others of its family4 ,the nest is made on the ground1 and the eggs1 which resemble those of the ,blue-wing1 but are more heavily marked1 are laid in ,may or early ,june4 ,,nashville ,,warbler ,vermivora rubricapilla rubricapilla4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #cc ,no wing-bars or white in the tail2 adult with a partly concealed chestnut patch in the gray crown2 eye-ring white4 ,l4 #d-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,pennsylvania and ,nebraska to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 uncommon ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bh-,may #ai2 ,sept4 #e-,oct4 #b4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #g-bg2 ,aug4 #aa-,oct4 #d2 may breed4 ,cambridge1 rather common ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,sept4 #ae2 abundant ,t4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bh-,may #bg2 ,sept4 #a-,oct4 #af4 ,glen ,ellyn1 regular ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bg-,may #be2 ,aug4 #bj-,oct4 #ai4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #bi4 ,thayer in ,warblers of ,north ,america says that the ,nashville is one of the most agile and restless of the gleaning ,warblers4 ,it prefers birches1 but is found in rather open growths of other trees4 ,its commoner song consists of a string of six or eight or more lively rapid notes1 running into a rolling twitter4 ,it has also a flight-song4 ,the nest is placed on the ground2 the eggs1 which are laid in ,may or early ,june1 are white1 spotted with reddish brown4 ,,orange-,,crowned ,,warbler ,vermivora celata celata4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #cb ,a dusky1 olive-green bird1 obscurely streaked below2 without wing-bars or white patches in tail4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,chiefly the interior1 nests from ,manitoba northward2 winters in ,florida and the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 casual ,t4,v41 two records1 ,oct4 ,ossining1 ,a4,v4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v41 in fall4 ,oct4 #e-,nov4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bg-,may #ba4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #a-ba2 ,july #bh-,oct4 #g4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #be-2 ,aug4 #ah-,oct4 #af4 ,the ,orange-crown is a rare fall migrant in the ,north ,atlantic ,states1 but common in ,florida and southern ,georgia in the winter4 ,it frequents the upper branches of trees though1 as with most members of its genus1 it nests on the ground4 ,its call-note is a sharp1 characteristic chip2 its song is said to resemble that of the ,chipping ,sparrow4 ,,tennessee ,,warbler ,vermivora peregrina4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fd ,adult male in spring with a grayish blue crown and white underparts2 female and young bright olive-green above1 yellowish below2 no wing-bars4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england northward2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 ,t4,v41 rare in ,may2 occasionally common1 ,aug4 #ca-,nov4 #cj4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #bb-bg2 ,aug4 #bb-,oct4 #b4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #ae-be2 ,sept4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #d-be2 ,sept4 #aj-,oct4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #cj-;,june #f2 ,july #bi-,oct4 #i4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #cj-2 ,sept4 #cj-4 ,a dull-colored little ,warbler which we know as a rather rare migrant1 associated with the traveling companies of its family on their northward and southward journeys4 ,the song is described by ,mrs4 ,farwell as noticeable but not musical and resembling that of the ,chipping ,sparrow4 ,,northern ,,parula ,,warbler ,compsothlypis americana usne4 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ci ,a small1 bluish ,warbler with a yellow patch on the back1 a dark band on the breast1 and white wing-bars4 ,l4 #d-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,virginia and ,louisiana to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 ,t4,v41 but dates not distinguishable from those of americana4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #b-bh2 ,sept4 #ba-,oct4 #g4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #a-bh2 ,sept4 #aj-cj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #a-ah4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #c-bh2 ,aug4 #be-,oct4 #a4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4 ,v41 ,may #e-,sept4 #i4 ,a common migrant1 traveling with other ,wood ,warblers1 but in summer usually restricted to swampy localities where usnea moss flourishes4 ,of1 or rather in this1 it makes its nest1 laying #d-e white1 brown-marked eggs the latter half of ,may4 ,to describe its song as several wheezy notes running into a little trill1 conveys no idea of pleasing character4 ,it is easily recognized and1 in time1 acquires associations with what1 to bird-lovers1 is the most delightful season of the year4 ,the ,southern ,parula ,warbler 7,c4 a4 americana7 is a slightly smaller race with less black about the lores and on the breast in the male4 ,it summers in the ,southeastern ,states north to ,virginia1 and winters in the tropics4 ,its habits resemble those of the northern race1 but it nests in the hanging1 gray tillandsia or ,spanish 'moss' instead of in usnea4 ,,cape ,,may ,,warbler ,dendroica tigrina4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #fe1 #ff ,male with chestnut cheek-patches and a white patch on the wing2 female and young streaked below1 the rump more yellow than the back2 tail-feathers with terminal spots4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england northward2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 sometimes very common1 usually uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #a-bj2 ,aug4 #d-,oct4 #ag4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,aug4 #bj-,oct4 #a4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #ae-be2 ,aug4 #be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #d-ah4 ,glen ,ellyn1 irregular ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #cj-,may #ba2 ,sept4 #h-ae4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #h4 ,this beautiful ,warbler was formerly considered one of our rarer migrants1 but of recent years it appears to be increasing in numbers4 ,on its nesting ground the bird is said to frequent the upper branches of tall evergreens 7though one of the few nests which has been found was within three feet of the ground71 but when migrating it may be found in the trees of lawns1 orchards1 and woodland and ,i have seen it among poke-berries4 ,the ,cape ,may's song is a thin squeak which is compared to the songs of the ,black and ,white and also ,blackpoll ,warblers4 ,,yellow ,,warbler ,dendroica stiva stiva4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #dj1 #da ,a small yellow bird streaked below with brownish2 inner webs of tail-feathers yellow4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,nests from ,missouri and ,south ,carolina to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #d-,sept4 #bh4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,sept4 #bg4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ad-,sept4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,sept4 #f4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-,sept4 #aj4 ,show me willows over water and any day in ,may or ,june ,i'll show you a ,yellow ,warbler4 ,shade and fruit trees also attract him and he may build his cotton-padded nest in their branches or in the shrubbery below4 ,the song is a simple we-chee1 chee1 chee1 chee1 cher-wee1 resembling that of the ,chestnut-side1 but has its own distinctive tone which permits of ready identification1 once it has been learned4 ,the bluish white eggs1 thickly marked with shades of brown1 are laid the latter half of ,may4 ,,black-,,throated ,,blue ,,warbler ,dendroica crulescens crulescens4 ,case #f1 ,figs4 #eh1 #ei ,the male is unmistakable2 the female may be known by the white spot at the base of the outer wing-feathers4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,connecticut1 the mountains of ,pennsylvania1 and southern ,michigan north to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 very common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ai-,may #cj2 ,aug4 #d-,oct4 #i4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #be-,may #bh2 ,aug4 #bf-,oct4 #aj4 ,cambridge1 rather common4 ,t4,v41 ,may #aj-be2 ,sept4 #bj-,oct4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common4 ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bg-,may #bi2 ,sept4 #e-,oct4 #af4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bi-,may #bi2 ,aug4 #be-,oct4 #aj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #aa4 ,a true ,wood ,warbler1 traveling through the trees with the scattered bands of other members of his family as he journeys to and from his summer home4 ,this1 in the northern part of his nesting range1 is in coniferous forests1 in the southern part1 deciduous forests4 ,in both1 however1 the birds require heavy undergrowth in which their bark-covered nest is built within a foot or two of the ground4 ,the grayish white1 brown-marked eggs are laid in late ,may or early ,june4 ,miss ,paddock in ,warblers of ,north ,america describes the ,black-throated ,blue's song as an insect-like buzzing note repeated three or four times with a rising inflection4 ,cairn's ,warbler 7,d4 c4 cairnsi7 is a nearly related race having1 in the male1 black centers to the feathers of the back4 ,it nests in the upper parts of the ,alleghanies1 from ,maryland to ,georgia1 and winters in the ,west ,indies4 ,,myrtle ,,warbler ,dendroica coronata4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bg ,the yellow rump is always evident1 but in fall and winter the whole plumage is duller1 more brownish and the yellow patches at the sides of the breast and in the crown are less conspicuous4 ,a rather large ,warbler4 ,l4 #e-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and northern ,minnesota to ,canada2 winters from ,kansas and southern ,new ,england to the tropics4 ,washington1 abundant ,w4,v41 ,aug4 #g-,may #bc4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ac-,may #bh2 ,aug4 #af-,nov4 #aa2 a few winter4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ab-,may #bj2 ,sept4 #a-,nov4 #a2 a few winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ab-,may #bj2 ,sept4 #ae-,nov4 #c4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #h-,may #bh2 ,sept4 #be-;,dec4 #bi4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #f-2 ,sept4 #i-,oct4 #bh4 ,a hardy ,warbler which1 like the ,tree ,swallow1 can substitute bayberries for insects4 ,when the former are available some individuals remain in the ,north1 enduring our winters without apparent discomfort4 ,its call-note1 tchep1 is as distinctive as its markings1 and this fact connected with its general distribution and abundance1 makes it one of the best known members of this little-known family4 ,thayer in ,warblers of ,north ,america describes its common song as a loud silvery 'sleigh-bell' trill1 a vivid1 sprightly utterance4 ,it nests in coniferous forests1 building from four to twenty feet from the ground and laying #c-e white eggs marked with shades of brown1 in late ,may or early ,june4 ,,magnolia ,,warbler ,dendroica magnolia4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #db ,the female is duller than the male1 but both have the crown gray1 a white stripe behind the eye1 a yellow rump and the white tail-patches near the middle of the tail1 making the tail1 when seen from below1 appear white1 broadly banded with black4 ,l4 #e ,range' ,nests from northern ,massachusetts and northern ,michigan1 and in the ,alleghanies1 from ,west ,virginia to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bb-,may #cj2 ,aug4 #ae-,oct4 #f4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #i-bh2 ,aug4 #ac-,oct4 #aa4 ,cambridge1 ,t4,v41 rather common1 ,may #ab-be2 not uncommon1 ,sept4 #aj-be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bh-,may #bg2 ,sept4 #a-,oct4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #c-;,june #e2 ,aug4 #ab-,oct4 #i4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #f-2 ,aug4 #ab-,sept4 #i4 ,a common migrant distinguished by the beauty of his costume even in this family of gayly clad birds4 ,when traveling1 the ,magnolia may be found in woods and woody growth of varied character1 but when nesting1 it shows a fondness for spruce forests1 building in small spruces usually within six feet of the ground4 ,the ,magnolia's song resembles the ,yellow ,warbler's in tone4 ,thayer in ,warblers of ,north ,america describes it as peculiar and easily remembered2 weeto3 weeto-weeete-eet1 or witchi1 witchi1 witchi tit1 the first four notes deliberate and even and comparatively low in tone1 the last three hurried and higher pitched1 with decided emphasis on the antepenult weet or witch4 ,the eggs1 laid in the first half of ,june1 are white marked with brown4 ,,cerulean ,,warbler ,dendroica rara4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #df1 #dg ,the adult male will be recognized at sight1 but the female and young must be looked at sharply4 ,the whitish or yellowish line over the eye1 in connection with the white wing-bars make a fair field-mark4 ,l4 #d-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,texas and ,alabama to ,minnesota and western ,new ,york2 locally from ,north ,carolina to ,delaware4 ,washington1 several records in ,may1 one in fall4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,sept4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common1 local ,s4,r41 ,may #h-;,aug4 #ai4 ,,se4 ,minn41 rare ,s4,r4 ,a tree-top ,warbler of deciduous forests1 nesting from #be to #fj feet above the ground4 ,its song bears a marked resemblance to that of the ,parula and its call-note is said to be like the tchep of the ,myrtle ,warbler4 ,the white eggs1 heavily blotched with brown1 are laid in ,may4 ,,chestnut-,,sided ,,warbler ,dendroica pensylvanica4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #dc1 #dd ,adults are distinguished by their chestnut sides1 yellow crown and wing-bars1 but the young are wholly different1 silky white below1 yellowish green above4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,jersey and1 in the ,alleghanies1 ,south ,carolina1 north to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ai-,may #cj2 ,aug4 #aj-,oct4 #ad4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,may #b-,sept4 #bd4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,sept4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 ,t4,v41 ,may #b-be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rare ,s4,r41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #a-,sept4 #bf4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #c-,sept4 #ae4 ,scrubby second growths undergrown with bushes1 roadside borders of trees and bushes1 and the brushy margins of woods are all resorts of the ,chestnut-side4 ,here he attracts our attention by his rather loud1 frequently uttered song1 which strongly suggests that of the ,yellow ,warbler4 ,the nest is built within a few feet of the ground and the white1 brown-marked eggs are laid the latter part of ,may4 ,,bay-,,breasted ,,warbler ,dendroica castanea4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #fi1 #gj ,the adult male is unmistakable2 the female has chestnut on sides and crown1 a grayish streaked back and white wing-bars2 the young bird in the fall cannot1 in the field1 be certainly distinguished from the young ,blackpoll1 but has the underparts tinted with buff instead of with yellow4 ,l4 #e-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england into ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 sometimes abundant1 usually uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #b-bg2 ,aug4 #bi-,nov4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #ad-bh2 ,aug4 #e-,sept4 #bf4 ,cambridge1 rather rare ,t4,v41 ,may #ae-be2 ,sept4 #ab-bh4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #d-bc2 ,sept4 #g-,oct4 #aj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 tolerably common2 ,t4,v41 ,may #h-;,june #e2 ,aug4 #ac-,oct4 #d4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #ac-2 ,aug4 #ah-,sept4 #ae4 ,the ,bay-breast is one of the rarer members of its family4 ,most of us know it only as a migrant passing northward in ,may and southward in ,september1 when it may be found in woodlands associated with other migrating ,warblers4 ,its song resembles that of the ,black and ,white ,warbler4 ,mrs4 ,farwell describes it as a poor1 weak1 monotonous saw-filing note4 ,the nest has been found in hemlocks #ae-bj feet from the ground4 ,the white eggs1 finely marked with shades of brown1 are laid in ,june4 ,,black-,,poll ,,warbler ,dendroica striata4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #ga1 #gb ,in the spring1 a black cap1 white cheeks and a gray1 black streaked back distinguish the male2 a gray1 black-streaked back1 the female4 ,in the fall1 young and old are olive-green1 streaked with black above2 yellowish white below1 and thus closely resembles the young ,bay-breast4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and northern ,michigan into ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bh-;,june #af2 ,aug4 #ca-,oct4 #bj4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #g-;,june #f2 ,aug4 #cj-,oct4 #af4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,may #ab-;,june #e2 ,sept4 #h-,oct4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #f-;,june #b2 ,sept4 #a-,oct4 #af4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #b-;,june #h2 ,aug4 #bc-,sept4 #bg4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #h-2 ,aug4 #bg-4 ,toward the end of the ,may ,warbler 'waves' the ,blackpolls come in force4 ,they are excessively fat and1 perhaps for this reason1 move rather slowly for a ,warbler4 ,they are ,wood ,warblers1 but at this season may overflow into the trees of our lawns and orchards4 ,mrs4 ,farwell describes the ,blackpoll's song as a succession of hesitating1 staccato1 unmusical notes varying greatly in volume4 ,the notes separated1 not combined in twos1 as in the ,black and ,white ,warbler's song4 ,when nesting this ,warbler frequents stunted spruce forests1 placing its nest in these trees a few feet above the ground1 and laying #d-e white1 brown-marked eggs the latter part of ,june4 ,,blackburnian ,,warbler ,dendroica fusca4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #fg1 #fh ,the orange breast1 fiery in the spring male1 duller in the female and fall males1 is distinctive4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,massachusetts 7locally7 and central ,minnesota north to ,canada and southward in the ,alleghanies to ,georgia2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #cj-;,june #c2 ,aug4 #ad-,oct4 #g4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #aj-bi2 ,aug4 #ae-,oct4 #ae4 ,cambridge1 ,t4,v41 uncommon1 ,may #ab-bb2 rare1 ,sept4 #ae-cj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #d-;,june #h2 ,aug4 #ab-,sept4 #bb4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #c-2 ,sept4 #d4 ,the remoteness of their homes prevents us from making the acquaintance of the brilliantly plumaged birds of the tropics1 but among them all we will find none more beautiful than this flame-breasted ,warbler1 which each spring comes from his tropical winter home almost to our doors4 ,in the summer he seeks the seclusion of coniferous forests and the higher branches of spruce or hemlock4 ,there his nest is made sometimes #hj or more feet above the ground1 and in late ,may or early ,june the white eggs1 spotted1 speckled and blotched with brown1 are laid4 ,the ,blackburnian's song is described by ,miss ,paddock in ,warblers of ,north ,america as very shrill and fine1 growing even more shrill and wiry as it rises toward the end4 ,,yellow-,,throated ,,warbler ,dendroica dominica dominica4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ah ,a gray ,warbler with a yellow throat4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,southeastern ,states1 nesting north to ,maryland2 wintering from central ,florida southward4 ,washington1 rare ,s4,r41 rather common late in ,july and ,aug42 ,apl4 #ai-,sept4 #d4 ,the loud1 ringing ching-ching-ching1 chicker1 cherwee of the ,yellow-throated ,warbler is one of the characteristic bird songs of spring in southern woods4 ,the bird usually sings from the upper branches of tall trees1 often cypresses1 in ,florida1 but further north1 from pines1 where he can be far more easily heard than seen4 ,the nest is placed #cj-dj feet from the ground and the white eggs1 thickly marked with shades of brown1 are laid in ,april4 ,the ,sycamore ,warbler 7,d4 d4 albilora1 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ai7 is a nearly related race of the ,yellow-throat which inhabits the ,mississippi ,valley nesting as far north as southern ,michigan and wintering in the tropics4 ,it differs from the ,atlantic coast form in having a smaller bill and no yellow in front of the eye4 ,as its name implies1 it favors sycamore trees4 ,,black-,,throated ,,green ,,warbler ,dendroica virens virens4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fb ,the female has a yellow throat and a band of black spots on the breast1 but both sexes may be known by the yellow cheeks and the large amount of white in the tail4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,nests from ,long ,island and northern ,ohio north to ,canada and south in the ,alleghanies to ,georgia4 ,washington1 very common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bb-,may #cj2 ,aug4 #bf-,oct4 #ba4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #cj-;,june #c2 ,sept4 #a-,oct4 #bf2 a few breed4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,oct4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #be-,may #bd2 ,sept4 #a-,oct4 #af2 a few breed4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bi-;,june #f2 ,aug4 #bb-,oct4 #ab4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,sept4 #bb4 ,the quiet little zee-zee1 zee-ee-zee of the ,black-throated ,green announces the arrival of the vanguard of true ,wood ,warblers1 which for the succeeding two weeks will pass in countless numbers through our woodlands1 still almost leafless4 ,at this time we may find him wherever trees grow1 but his real summer home is coniferous forests1 especially of hemlocks1 in which he often builds his nests #ae-bj feet above the ground4 ,the eggs1 laid in late ,may or early ,june1 are white spotted and speckled with brown4 ,a southern form of this ,warbler 7,d4 v4 waynei7 has been described from the vicinity of ,charleston1 ,s4,c4 ,,kirtland',s ,,warbler ,dendroica kirtlandi4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #de ,a large ,warbler1 pale yellow below2 crown slaty2 back brownish streaked with black4 ,range4 ,nests in ,oscoda1 ,crawford and ,roscommon ,counties1 ,michigan1 winters in the ,bahamas2 in migration has been found within the area from ,minneapolis1 ,minn41 to ,toronto1 ,ont41 south to ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41 and ,fort ,myer1 ,va41 and south-eastward4 ,washington1 one record1 ,sept4 #be1 #ahhg4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #i and #aa4 ,glen ,ellyn1 one record1 ,may #g1 #ahid4 ,,se4 ,minn41 one record1 ,minneapolis1 ,may #ac4 ,kirtland's ,warbler has one of the smallest nesting areas of any ,north ,american bird and consequently is one of our rarest species4 ,in the summer it lives among the jack-pines of north central ,michigan1 nesting on the ground beneath them4 ,when migrating1 it may be found usually near the ground1 where it may be identified by its habit of tail-wagging4 ,its song is described by ,wood in ,warblers of ,north ,america as belonging to the whistling type with the clear1 ringing quality of the ,oriole's4 ,the #c-e eggs1 laid early in ,june1 are white speckled with brown in a wreath at the larger end4 ,,pine ,,warbler ,dendroica vigorsi vigorsi4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #eg2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fj ,the male is bright greenish yellow below1 sometimes duskily streaked2 the female is tinged with brown above1 below is soiled whitish1 tinged with yellow4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from the ,gulf ,states to ,canada2 winters from southern ,illinois and ,virginia southward4 ,washington1 quite uncommon ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bj-,oct4 #bi1 abundant in fall4 ,ossining1 casual4 ,cambridge1 locally common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,oct4 #bj2 occasional ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bi-,may #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 spring records only1 ,apl4 #ag-,may #bd4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bf-4 ,pine ,warblers seem almost as much a part of pine woods as the trees themselves4 ,they feed on the ground below the pines1 they glean from the bark of the trunk1 or from the clusters of 'needles' on the topmost boughs1 the very peace of the pines is expressed in their calm1 even1 musical trill2 and where there are no pines there are no ,pine ,warblers4 ,during the migration1 it is true1 they may be found elsewhere1 but at that season they are travelers1 and travelers cannot always be responsible for their surroundings4 ,their nest1 of course1 is always built in pines1 usually from #cj-ej feet above the ground4 ,the eggs laid in ,march in the ,south1 and early ,june in the ,north1 are white wreathed with brown at the larger end4 ,,yellow ,,palm ,,warbler ,dendroica palmarum hypochrysea4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fa ,underparts bright yellow streaked with reddish brown2 cap reddish brown2 line over the eye yellow4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,maine northward2 winters from ,north ,carolina to the ,florida ,keys2 west to ,louisiana4 ,washington1 ,t4,v41 common4 ,mch4 #ca-;,apl4 #bi2 ,sept4 #d-,oct4 #bh4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #aa-,may #e2 ,sept4 #bj-,nov4 #h4 ,cambridge1 usually common1 sometimes abundant1 ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ae-,may #e2 ,oct4 #a-ae4 ,a tail-wagging ,warbler that frequents bushy places1 weedy fields and open pine woods and gardens1 living near the ground where it may be easily seen4 ,its call-note1 chip1 is distinctive and one learns in time to recognize it4 ,its song is a trill1 clear and sweet1 but by no means loud4 ,the ,palm ,warbler 7,d4 p4 palmarum7 is the ,mississippi ,valley form of the ,atlantic coast race1 from which it differs in having the line over the eye white instead of yellow2 the yellow of the underparts paler and confined to the throat and breast4 ,it is not infrequent during the fall migration in the ,north ,atlantic ,states and1 in ,florida1 is far more common than the ,yellow ,palm4 ,washington1 rare ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bb-,may #ah2 ,sept4 #ah-,oct4 #aa4 ,ossining4 ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bi2 ,sept4 #cj-,oct4 #ab4 ,cambridge1 uncommon ,t4,v4 in fall1 ,sept4 #ae-,oct4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bd-,may #bj2 ,sept4 #aj-,oct4 #af4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bc-,may #ai2 ,sept4 #d-,oct4 #ah4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bc2 ,sept4 #ag-,oct4 #c4 ,both races nest on the ground4 ,,prairie ,,warbler ,dendroica discolor4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #dh ,a small ,warbler with a reddish brown patch in the back1 yellowish wing-bars1 and much white in the tail4 ,l4 #d-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida and northern ,mississippi to ,michigan and ,new ,hampshire4 ,washington1 very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ab-,sept4 #bj4 ,ossining1 rare ,s4,r41 ,may #b-,sept4 #ad4 ,cambridge1 locally common ,s4,r41 ,may #h-,sept4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare1 ,apl4 #bi1 ,may #i1 and #ad4 ,scrubby second growths1 hillsides with scattered cedars and barberries1 and1 sometimes1 bushy places in the pines are the haunts of the miscalled ,prairie ,warbler4 ,common and generally distributed in the ,south1 it is local in the ,north and not always found in districts which seem to supply all its wants4 ,its song is composed of six or seven minute zees1 the next to the last one usually the highest4 ,the nest is generally built within #d feet of the ground1 the eggs1 laid in ,may1 are white marked with shades of brown1 often wreathed about the larger end4 ,,oven-,,bird ,seiurus aurocapillus4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fd ,an olive brownish bird1 white streaked with black below1 with an orange1 black-bordered crown and no white on wings or in tail4 ,l4 #f-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,georgia and ,missouri to ,canada2 winters from ,florida southward4 ,washington1 very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,oct4 #ag4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,oct4 #aj4 ,cambridge1 very common ,s4,r41 ,may #f-,sept4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bb-,oct4 #a4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bh-,sept4 #cj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #bb4 ,the ,oven-bird1 and its near relatives the ,water-,thrushes1 bear so little resemblance in color and habits to the true ,wood ,warblers1 that one might well think they were members of another family4 ,their plumage lacks the bright colors1 white wing-bars and tail-patches possessed by most ,warblers1 and1 instead of hopping and flitting from twig to twig1 they spend their time chiefly walking on the ground1 where they find their food4 ,it is not so much its abundance as its song which makes the ,oven-bird well known4 ,years ago ,mr4 ,burroughs wrote it1 teacher1 teacher1 teacher1 teacher1 teacher1 and no one has improved on this description4 ,the ,oven-bird also sings an ecstatic warbling on the wing2 a thrilling performance4 ,the nest is built on the ground and1 like a ,dutch oven1 is roofed over with the entrance at one side4 ,the eggs1 laid in ,may1 are white1 marked chiefly at the larger end with brown4 ,,northern ,,water-,,thrush ,seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis4 ,case4 #h1 ,fig4 #ef ,underparts white tinged with pale yellow1 everywhere--including throat--streaked with black2 no white in tail or wings4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england to ,canada1 south in the mountains1 to ,west ,virginia2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bb-;,june #b2 ,july #ba-,oct4 #f4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #aa-ba2 ,july #bh-,oct4 #c4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,may #h-;,june #a2 ,aug4 #aj-,oct4 #aj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common1 ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bf-,may #be2 ,sept4 #a-ae4 ,the two ,water-,thrushes and the ,oven-bird are walking ,warblers1 and the ,water-,thrushes1 furthermore1 are teeterers1 nervously tipping tail and body with apparently exhaustless energy4 ,when migrating1 the ,northern ,water-,thrush often seeks refuge beneath the shrubbery of our lawns1 but when nesting it frequents the borders of streams in deep woods1 building its home on the ground or in the roots of an upturned tree4 ,its call-note is a sharp chink2 its song a hurried rush of loud musical notes1 closing abruptly4 ,the #d-e eggs1 laid in the latter half of ,may or early ,june1 are white with numerous brown markings chiefly about the larger end4 ,grinnell's ,water-,thrush 7,s4 n4 notabilis71 a slightly larger and darker form1 nests in the ,northwest and is casually found as a migrant on the ,atlantic coast4 ,,louisiana ,,water-,,thrush ,seiurus motacilla4 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #e ,line over eye and underparts white1 the latter tinted with buff 7not with yellow1 as in the preceding species72 the throat white unmarked2 no white in wings or tail4 ,l4 #f-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,georgia and ,texas to southern ,new ,england and southeastern ,minnesota2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rare ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #b-,sept4 #ad4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #i-;,aug4 #bd4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #bh-,sept4 #ae4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ag-;,aug4 #bf4 ,a shy spirit of woodland brooks1 the ,louisiana ,water-,thrush resembles the ,northern ,water-,thrush in habits but is more difficult to see2 its call-note is louder1 its song1 wilder1 more ringing4 ,like the ,oven-bird it also has a flight1 or 'ecstasy'-song4 ,it nests in a bank or among the roots of a fallen tree1 laying #d-f eggs1 white with numerous brown markings1 in late ,april or early ,may4 ,,kentucky ,,warbler ,oporornis formosus4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #eb ,a yellow line from the bill around the eye2 crown blackish2 no white on wings or tail4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,georgia and ,texas to southern ,wisconsin and the lower ,hudson ,valley2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 not very uncommon ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,sept4 #b4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #b-;,aug4 #bg4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare1 ,apl4 #bg and ,may #ab4 ,wet woodland with luxuriant undergrowth of bushes1 ferns and skunk cabbage are the favorite haunts of this sweet-voiced ,warbler1 and its nest is usually built among vegetation of this character4 ,its freely uttered song is a loud1 clear two-syllabled whistle1 in tone like the voice of the ,carolina ,wren or ,cardinal4 ,its #d-e eggs1 laid in late ,may or early ,june1 are white1 speckled chiefly about the larger end with shades of brown4 ,,connecticut ,,warbler ,oporornis agilis4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #gg1 #gh ,a complete white eye-ring2 male without black on the gray breast4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests in the interior from north ,michigan to ,manitoba2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 ,t4,v41 very rare in spring1 ,may #bd-cj2 common from ,aug4 #bh-,oct4 #bd4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,aug4 #bf-,oct4 #i4 ,cambridge1 fall ,t4,v41 sometimes locally abundant1 ,sept4 #aj-cj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #g-bd4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,t4,v41 ,may #ab-;,june #bh2 ,aug4 #ad-,sept4 #bb4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,t4,v41 ,june #a4 ,in the ,atlantic ,coast ,states this ,warbler is found only as a fall migrant1 at times in considerable numbers4 ,it lives on the ground in or at the border of woods usually where there is dense undergrowth1 and would easily escape observation were it not for its sharp call-note1 peek1 by which it may be identified4 ,its song1 heard only on its migrations up the ,mississippi ,valley and on its nesting ground1 has been described as resembling that of both the ,oven-bird and ,maryland ,yellow-throat4 ,the only nest recorded was found by ,ernest ,seton near ,carberry1 ,manitoba1 ,june #ba1 #ahhc4 ,it was on the ground and contained #d eggs1 white with a few spots about the larger end4 ,,mourning ,,warbler ,oporornis philadelphia4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #ge1 #gf ,male without white eye-ring2 and with a black breast veiled with gray4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,york and ,michigan to ,canada1 south in the mountains to ,west ,virginia2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 very rare ,t4,v41 ,may #f-cj2 ,aug4 #ag-,oct4 #a4 ,ossining1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #bh-bi2 ,aug4 #ah-,oct4 #a4 ,cambridge1 rare ,t4,v41 ,may #bb-;,june #e2 ,sept4 #ab-be4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #e-bh4 ,glen ,ellyn1 rather rare ,t4,v41 ,may #ah-;,june #h2 ,aug4 #ag-4 ,,se4 ,minn41 uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #ac-2 ,aug4 #a-,sept4 #aj4 ,the ,mourning ,warbler is one of the rarer ,warblers which1 by good fortune1 we may occasionally see toward the end of the spring migration4 ,it is usually found in the lower growth1 being a brush and tangle haunter of woods and clearings4 ,its song1 which is described as clear and ringing1 is uttered frequently1 often from a dead limb4 ,the nest is built in briars or bushes within a foot or two of the ground4 ,the eggs1 laid in the first half of ,june1 are white with a few brownish spots at the larger end4 ,,maryland ,,yellow-,,throat ,geothlypis trichas trichas4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #ej1 #ea ,the gray-bordered1 black mask of the male makes him unmistakable4 ,the female is without distinctive markings1 but may easily be identified by her notes and actions4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,virginia and the lower ,mississippi ,valley northward2 winters from ,north ,carolina to ,florida4 ,washington1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ac-,oct4 #ba4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-,oct4 #bc4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,oct4 #bj2 occasional in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #be-,sept4 #be4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #b-,oct4 #b4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r4 ,a fidgety1 inquisitive inhabitant of bushy undergrowth along roadsides and wood borders1 whose impatient off-repeated call-note1 chack1 chack1 and energetic song of wichity1 wichity1 wichity1 soon become familiar to the bird-student4 ,it nests on or near the ground and the white1 lightly spotted eggs are laid in the latter half of ,may4 ,the ,florida ,yellow-throat 7,g4 t4 ignota71 a more deeply colored race1 is found from ,north ,carolina to southern ,florida4 ,in the last-named ,state it usually inhabits scrub palmetto growths4 ,,yellow-,,breasted ,,chat ,icteria virens virens4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #di ,a large bird1 superficially1 quite unlike the true ,warblers but nevertheless agreeing with them in essential structure4 ,l4 #g-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,texas and northern ,florida to southern ,minnesota and 7locally7 ,massachusetts2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #af-,sept4 #bh4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-;,aug4 #bi4 ,cambridge1 rather rare and irregular ,s4,r41 ,may #ae-,sept4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 local1 not common4 ,may #aj-;,aug4 #af4 ,,se4 ,minn41 rare ,s4,r4 7874 ,if the ,chat lived in ,england what a wealth of lore1 legend1 and literature would owe its origin to his strange ways and stranger notes6 ,here he is known to few but the initiated1 who find an endless interest in his odd song-medley and peculiar antics4 ,go yourself to the brush-grown1 thickety wood borders and clearings he loves and let him be his own interpreter4 ,you may even find his nest low down in some crotch with its white1 evenly speckled eggs1 and hear his angry ch7ut as he resents your presence4 ,,hooded ,,warbler ,wilsonia citrina4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #ed1 #ee ,the yellow face and black 'hood' distinguishes the male1 but both sexes may be known by the large amount of white in the outer tail-feathers4 ,l4 #e-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,georgia and ,louisiana north to ,michigan and ,connecticut2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 locally common1 ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ai-,oct4 #a4 ,ossining1 rare ,s4,r41 to ,sept4 #a4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare4 ,may #h1 #i1 #ab and #bb4 ,color1 song1 habit and temperament combine to make the ,hooded ,warbler one of the most attractive members of its family4 ,as one sees it flitting from bush to bush in woodland undergrowth1 displaying its white outer tail-feathers as it flies1 pausing now and again to utter its simple1 sweet whistled song1 one is impressed not only by its beauty but by its gentleness4 ,it nests in a bush within a foot or two of the ground1 laying #c-e white eggs1 wreathed with shades of brown spots1 early in ,may1 in the ,south1 in ,june1 in the ,north4 ,,wilson',s ,,warbler ,wilsonia pusilla pusilla4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #gc1 #gd ,the female usually lacks the black cap1 when she resembles the female ,hooded1 but is smaller and has no white in the tail4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and northern ,minnesota northward2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 rather common ,t4,v41 ,may #a-bf2 ,aug4 #bg-,oct4 #f4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #i-cj2 ,aug4 #aj-,sept4 #i4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #ab-be2 uncommon1 ,sept4 #e-bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #e-;,june #b2 ,sept4 #e-ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 ,may #g-;,june #bf2 ,aug4 #af-,sept4 #ba4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #b-2 ,aug4 #bc-,sept4 #bg4 ,wilson's ,warbler1 a flycatching ,warbler of the lower growth1 favors bushes near water1 but is also found in dryer places4 ,thayer in ,warblers of ,north ,america says that its song has much of the ringing clarity of the ,canada's and ,hooded's songs4 ,it nests on the ground1 laying #d eggs1 usually with a wreath of spots at the larger end1 early in ,june4 ,,canadian ,,warbler ,wilsonia canadensis4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #ec ,above gray1 no white in wings or tail2 breast with a necklace of black spots1 paler and less numerous in the female4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,massachusetts and central ,minnesota northward1 south in the mountains to ,tennessee2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 very common ,t4,v41 ,may #e-;,june #b2 ,july #ca-,sept4 #be4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #f-;,june #b2 ,aug4 #aj-,oct4 #aa4 ,cambridge1 common1 ,may #ab-cj1 rare1 ,sept4 #a-ae2 rare ,s4,r4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bh-,may #bg2 ,sept4 #a-ah4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #e-;,june #f2 ,aug4 #ae-,sept4 #bb4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #h-2 ,aug4 #ah-,sept4 #e4 ,the ,canadian ,warbler haunts the lower growth of deciduous forests4 ,it is a sprightly1 wide-awake1 fly-snapping ,warbler1 vivid in movement and in song 7,thayer74 ,the song is liquid1 uncertain1 varied1 bright and sweet 7,farwell74 ,it nests on the ground early in ,june1 laying #d-e eggs much like those of ,wilson's ,warbler4 ,,redstart ,setophaga ruticilla4 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #eg1 #eh ,the female is yellow where the male is flame-color2 young males resemble the female1 but usually have more or less black on the breast4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,arkansas and ,north ,carolina to ,canada2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 very abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl1 #ae-,may2 ,aug4 #ai-,sept4 #cj2 a few breed4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,oct4 #c4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,sept4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn4 not common ,s4,r41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #c-,oct4 #e4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #b-,sept4 #bb4 ,his bright colors1 graceful1 aerial pirouetting1 abundance1 and frequently uttered song make the ,redstart the most conspicuous as well as one of the most attractive of our woodland ,warblers4 ,so exquisite a creature should be as widely known as are violets or daisies4 ,the ,redstart builds its well-made nest in a crotch1 usually about fifteen feet above the ground4 ,the #d-e grayish white eggs1 spotted and blotched chiefly at the larger end1 are laid in mid-,may4 ,,wagtails ,,and ,,pipits4 ,,family ,,motacillid ,,american ,,pipit ,anthus rubescens4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fb2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ag ,outer tail-feathers white1 bill slender1 back grayish4 ,l4 #f-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,newfoundland to ,greenland2 winters from ,maryland to ,florida and ,mexico4 ,washington1 ,w4,v41 sometimes abundant1 ,oct4 #b-,may #ab4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bf-7872 ,sept4 #bd-,nov4 #af4 ,cambridge1 ,t4,v41 abundant ,sept4 #bj-,nov4 #aj2 rare ,apl4 #aj-,may #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #f-,may #bj2 ,oct4 #ai4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ae-2 ,sept4 #cj-,oct4 #ah4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #d-2 ,oct4 ,at first glance a ,pipit might be mistaken for a ,sparrow--let us say1 a ,vesper ,sparrow2 but note that it walks1 instead of hops1 that it constantly wags or 'tips' its tail1 that it has a slender1 not stout bill4 ,meadows1 pastures1 plowed fields1 golf-courses1 are frequented by ,pipits1 usually in flocks of a dozen or more4 ,when flushed1 with a faint dee-dee1 they bound lightly into the air but usually soon return to earth4 ,sprague's ,pipit 7,anthus spraguei71 a slightly smaller species1 nests in ,montana1 ,dakota1 and northward1 and is sometimes found in small numbers on the coast of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia in winter4 ,,thrashers1 ,,mockingbirds1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,mimid ,,mockingbird ,mimus polyglottos polyglottos4 ,case #d2 ,fig4 #gf ,to be confused in color only with the ,loggerhead ,shrike1 but larger1 with a longer tail1 no black on the face and totally different habits4 ,l4 #aj-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from the ,gulf to ,iowa and ,maryland2 rarely to ,massachusetts2 winters from ,maryland southward4 ,washington1 uncommon ,p4,r41 less numerous in winter4 ,cambridge1 rare ,s4,r41 ,mch4 to ,nov4 ,no southern garden is complete without a ,mockingbird to guard its treasures with his harsh alarm-note and extol its beauties in his brilliant1 varied song4 ,he is to the ,south what the ,robin is to the ,north--and more1 for he is present throughout the year while the ,robin is with us only during the nesting season4 ,the ,mocker builds in bushes1 orange-trees or other dense vegetation1 from late ,march1 in southern ,florida1 to early ,may in ,virginia4 ,the #d-f eggs are blue heavily marked with brown4 ,,catbird ,dumatella carolinensis4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ha2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ga ,both sexes of the ,catbird wear the same costume at all seasons and all ages4 ,l4 #i4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida and ,texas to ,canada winters from ,south ,carolina to the tropics4 ,washington1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cd-,oct4 #aa2 occasionally winters4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r4 ,apl4 #bh-,oct4 #be4 ,cambridge1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #f-,oct4 #a2 occasional in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ba-,oct4 #e4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,oct4 #f4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,oct4 #f4 ,if the ,catbird's name were based on his song instead of on his call-note1 he might have won the popularity he deserves1 but which seems forever denied him4 ,taking kindly to civilization he makes his home near ours1 asking only the shelter of our shrubbery and a share of our small fruits in return for three months of music such as but few birds can produce4 ,the ,catbird nests in bushes and thickets laying #c-e greenish blue eggs in ,may4 ,,brown ,,thrasher ,toxostoma rufum4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #hb2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #gb ,tail and bill much longer than in the ,thrushes2 white wing-bars2 eye pale yellow4 ,l4 #aa-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida and ,louisiana to ,canada2 winters from ,north ,carolina and ,,se4 ,missouri to ,florida and ,texas4 ,washington1 very common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #h-,oct42 occasionally winters4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bb-,oct4 #bh4 ,cambridge common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cf-,oct4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #f-,oct4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #i-,oct4 #aa4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ae-,oct4 #g4 ,in the wealth of new experiences and awakened associations which crowd the bird-lover's days in ,april and ,may1 none stands out more clearly in my memory than the first ,thrasher's song4 ,the rich1 distinctly enunciated notes ring loud and clear above all other songs as the bird from some tree-top gives his musical message to the world4 ,the performance concluded he returns to the undergrowth whence one may hear his explosive1 whistled wheu or sharp kissing note4 ,the nest is built in bushy growths or on the ground in ,may4 ,the #c-f eggs are grayish white finely speckled with reddish brown4 ,,wrens4 ,,family ,,troglodytid ,,carolina ,,wren ,thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus4 ,case #d4 ,fig4 #fd ,largest and most brightly colored of our ,wrens4 ,note the buff or whitish line over the eye4 ,l4 #e-a_/b4 ,range4 ,gulf ,states north to ,connecticut and ,iowa2 non-migratory4 ,the ,florida ,wren 7,t4 l4 miamensis7 a slightly larger1 more richly colored form1 inhabits ,florida from ,palatka southward4 ,washington1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 rare or casual4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,p4,r4 ,the ,carolina ,wren is a bird of the woods1 whose loud1 musical whistles are among the most conspicuous of southern bird notes4 ,they suggest those of both the ,cardinal and ,tufted ,titmouse1 but are more varied in character4 ,a common scolding call is recognizably wren-like1 while another suggests a tree-toad's krrring4 ,the nest is built in holes1 in ,april4 ,the #d-f eggs are white with numerous reddish brown and lavender markings4 ,,bewick',s ,,wren ,thryomanes bewicki bewicki ,size of the ,house ,wren1 but with the tail nearly half an inch longer2 its outer feathers tipped with gray4 ,range4 ,mississippi ,valley from the ,gulf ,states to southern ,michigan2 rare east of the ,alleghanies4 ,washington1 rare and local ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bf-;,july-2 may winter1 ,nov4 #bd-;,dec4 #bb4 ,a house ,wren of the ,states west of the ,alleghanies with a tail that seems to be at the mercy of passing breezes1 and a song resembling the ,song ,sparrow's1 but louder4 ,its nesting habits resemble those of the ,house ,wren4 ,the #d-f eggs1 laid in ,april1 are white speckled with reddish brown and lavender4 ,,house ,,wren ,troglodytes adon adon4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fc2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #gj ,no introduction is needed to this feathered tenant of many bird-lovers4 ,l4 #e4 ,range4 ,nests from ,virginia and ,kentucky to ,canada2 winters from ,south ,carolina and lower ,mississippi ,valley to ,mexico4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ac-,oct4 #aa4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bc-,oct4 #ad4 ,cambridge1 formerly abundant ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bh-,sept4 #be2 now rare and local4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ag-,oct4 #e4 ,glen ,ellyn1 ,s4,r4 in isolated pairs2 ,apl4 #bf-,oct4 #ac4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bg-,sept4 #ah4 ,the familiar inhabitant of our bird-houses whose numbers seem limited only by the nesting-sites we offer him4 ,his little fountain of melody bubbles forth irrepressibly to cheer his mate or challenge a rival4 ,with the exhaustless energy of their kind they fill their nest-box with twigs1 grasses and feathers1 wherein are laid #f-h minutely and evenly speckled pinkish eggs4 ,,winter ,,wren ,nannus hiemalis hiemalis4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #eh ,smaller than the ,house ,wren2 underparts brownish1 flanks and belly finely barred4 ,l4 #d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and ,central ,michigan north to ,canada and1 in the ,alleghanies1 south to ,north ,carolina2 winters from the ,northern ,states to the ,gulf4 ,washington1 rather common ,w4,v41 ,aug4 #aj-,may #a4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #ah-;,apl4 #bg4 ,cambridge1 ,t4,v4 uncommon1 ,sept4 #bj-,nov4 #be2 rare1 ,apl4 #aj-be2 a very few winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common4 ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #ad-,may #ag4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #a-,may #aj2 ,sept4 #i-,nov4 #g4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 rare ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #bb-;,apl4 #c4 ,the ,winter ,wren comes to us from the ,north when the ,house ,wren leaves for the ,south and remains with us until the ,house ,wren returns in the spring4 ,but one by no means takes the place of the other4 ,the ,winter ,wren is a wood ,wren that lives in fallen tree-tops1 old brush-piles or similar retreats1 and his nervous chimp1 chimp1 as with cocked-up tail he hops into view for a second1 is like the call of the ,song ,sparrow rather than the scolding note of most ,wrens2 nor does his rippling1 trickling song resemble the ,house ,wren's sudden outburst4 ,the nest is built in the roots of a tree or similar location4 ,the #e-g eggs1 laid in early ,june1 are white1 finely1 but rather sparingly speckled with brownish4 ,,short-,,billed ,,marsh ,,wren ,cistothorus stellaris4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #hj ,smallest of our ,wrens2 the head and back streaked with white4 ,l4 #d4 ,range4 ,nests from central ,missouri and northern ,delaware to ,saskatchewan and southern ,maine2 winters from southern ,illinois and southern ,new ,jersey to the ,gulf4 ,washington1 very rare ,t4,v41 two instances1 ,may4 ,ossining1 rare ,s4,r41 to ,oct4 #af4 ,cambridge1 formerly locally common ,s4,r41 ,may #ab-,sept4 #be2 now chiefly ,t4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 rare1 ,may #ab1 #ad1 #af and #ai4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 ,may #h-,oct4 #ag4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #ac-,sept4 #ai4 ,although we have only six species of ,wrens in the eastern ,united ,states1 they are so unlike in their choice of haunts that few localities which will afford them the hiding places they all love are without one or more of them4 ,the ,house and ,bewick's ,wrens make their homes near ours2 the ,carolina and ,winter ,wrens prefer the woods2 the ,long-billed ,marsh ,wren's haunts have given him his name1 and if we should call the present species ,meadow ,wren1 its home would be similarly indicated1 for it lives in wet1 grassy places rather than among the cat-tails4 ,ernest ,seton describes its note as resembling the sound produced by striking two pebbles together1 while its song is a series of chaps1 running into chap-r-r-rrr4 ,the globular nest is built on the ground1 and the #f-h eggs1 laid in ,may1 are usually pure white4 ,,long-,,billed ,,marsh ,,wren ,telmatodytes palustris palustris4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #gi ,darker and larger than the ,short-billed ,marsh ,wren1 with a blackish brown crown and white stripe over the eye4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,virginia to ,canada2 winters from southern ,new ,jersey to ,south ,carolina4 ,worthington's ,marsh ,wren 7,t4 p4 griseus7 is the form of the ,atlantic coast from ,south ,carolina to ,florida4 ,marian's ,marsh ,wren 7,t4 p4 marian7 is found on the more southern ,atlantic coast and on the ,gulf coast of ,florida2 while the ,prairie ,marsh ,wren 7,t4 p4 iliacus7 nests in the ,mississippi ,valley east to ,indiana north to ,canada1 and winters along the ,gulf coast4 ,where two races may be expected to occur together 7for example1 in the ,south1 during the winter7 field identification of the various races may be left to experts and the average observer must be content with plain ,marsh ,wren4 ,washington1 very numerous ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ae-,nov4 #a4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-,oct4 #bh4 ,cambridge1 locally abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #ae-,oct4 #a2 sometimes a few winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #ba-,sept4 #bj4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 ,may #af-,oct4 #aj4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #e-,sept4 #i4 ,as well look for pond lilies on a rocky hillside as a ,marsh ,wren outside a marsh4 ,give him cat-tails for cover and to support his bulky nest and he is at home4 ,his scolding notes betray his ancestry and his reeling1 rippling song1 delivered both from a perch and on fluttering wings above the reeds1 suggests in form1 at least1 that of the ,house ,wren4 ,the #e-i eggs1 laid in early ,june are uniform chocolate or thickly marked with brown4 ,,creepers4 ,,family ,,certhiid ,,brown ,,creeper ,certhia familiaris americana4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #ei ,tail-feathers with stiffened points1 bill slender and slightly carved4 ,l4 #e-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and south along the ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina2 winters south to ,florida4 ,washington1 common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #bb-,may #a4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #bj-,may #g4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 rather common ,w4,v44 ,sept4 #be-,may #a2 one summer record ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #a-,may #i4 ,glen ,ellyn1 tolerably common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #ae-,may #ai4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 uncommon ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #be-,mch4 #cj4 ,to see the ,brown ,creeper is to knew him but so inconspicuous is he that unless you chance to observe him drop from one to tree near the foot of another1 you may overlook the little figure creeping spirally upward4 ,nor are his thin1 weak1 squeaky call-notes more likely to attract attention than he is himself4 ,a true bird of the bark1 he not only hunts upon it but builds his nest behind it1 laying #e-h white1 brown-spotted eggs in ,may4 ,,nuthatches4 ,,family ,,sittid ,,white-,,breasted ,,nuthatch ,sitta carolinensis carolinensis4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ch1 #ci2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fe ,crown black1 cheeks white2 breast white2 the female with a gray crown4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,nests from ,gulf ,states to ,canada2 a ,permanent ,resident4 ,the ,florida ,white-breasted ,nuthatch 7,s4 c4 atkinsi7 a slightly smaller form in which the female as well as the male has the crown black1 is the race inhabiting ,florida1 the ,atlantic coast to ,south ,carolina and the ,gulf coast to ,mississippi4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v4 and ,w4,v41 less common ,s4,r4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 ,p4,r41 rare in summer1 uncommon in winter1 common in migrations2 most numerous in ,oct4 and ,nov4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,p4,r4 ,during the summer we will see comparatively little of this bird who1 with equal ease1 climbs either down or up a tree trunk1 but in the winter he will be a constant patron of the nuts and suet on our lunch counters4 ,habit1 markings1 his unmistakable yank-yank1 all distinguish him from our other birds1 except his ,canadian cousin to which1 after all1 he bears only a family resemblance4 ,in ,april1 #e-g white1 brown speckled eggs are laid in a hole in a tree1 lined with feathers1 etc4 ,,red-,,breasted ,,nuthatch ,sitta canadensis4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #fj1 #fa ,underparts brownish1 a line through the eye1 black in the male1 slate in the female4 ,smaller than the ,white-breasted ,nuthatch4 ,l4 #d-c_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england and northern ,minnesota into ,canada2 south along the ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina2 winters from southern ,canada to the ,gulf ,states4 ,washington1 irregularly abundant ,w4,v41 sometimes rare1 ,sept4 #ae-,may #aj4 ,ossining1 irregular ,w4,v41 ,aug4 #h-,may #h4 ,cambridge1 irregular ,t4,v41 and ,w4,v41 ,aug4 #ae-,nov4 #be2 ,nov4 #be-;,apl4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 tolerably common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #d-,may #bb4 ,glen ,ellyn1 irregular ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bd-,may #ba2 ,aug4 #ai-;,dec4 #ab4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 uncommon ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #bd-;,apl4 #ba4 ,late in ,august when ,i hear a note such as one might imagine a baby ,nuthatch would utter1 ,i know that the ,red-breasted ,nuthatch has arrived from the north perhaps to spend the winter1 or1 may be1 to go farther south4 ,he never seems quite as familiar as his larger1 louder-voiced1 white-breasted cousin1 and if one wants to make his acquaintance it is well to follow the sound of his penny-trumpet-like notes until their author is discovered4 ,,brown-,,headed ,,nuthatch ,sitta pusilla4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ff ,the head is browner than in the figure2 the nape has a downy white patch4 ,smallest of our ,nuthatches4 ,l4 #d-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida to southern ,delaware and southern ,missouri2 a ,permanent ,resident4 ,the ,brown-headed ,nuthatch is a bird of southern pine forests2 one may travel for miles without seeing a single individual and then discover a company of a score or more4 ,they pass most of their time among the upper branches uttering a pit-pit as they hunt for food1 or all suddenly joining in a metallic tnee-tnee-tnee1 when they are apt to take flight to the adjoining trees4 ,the nest is in a hole in a tree or stump1 generally near the ground2 #e-f white1 heavily marked eggs being laid in ,march4 ,,titmice4 ,,family ,,parid ,,tufted ,,titmouse ,bolophus bicolor4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fg ,a large1 gray ,titmouse1 with a conspicuous crest1 black forehead1 and reddish brown flanks4 ,l4 #f4 ,range4 ,nests from the ,gulf ,states north to ,new ,jersey and ,nebraska4 ,resident1 except at the northern limit of its range4 ,washington1 very common ,p4,r41 more so in winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 only two records1 ,apl4 #d and ,nov4 #ai4 ,the loud peto1 peto1 peto of the ,tufted ,tit can be confused only with certain notes of the ,carolina ,wren1 but while skilfull stalking is required to see the ,wren1 one may walk up and inspect the ,tit with little or no caution4 ,when he sees us he may change his call to a hoarse dee-dee-dee which at once betrays his relationship to the ,chickadee4 ,the nest is made in a hole1 and the #e-h white1 brown-marked eggs are laid in ,april4 ,,black-,,capped ,,chickadee ,penthestes atricapillus atricapillus4 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #cg ,crown black1 wing-coverts margined with whitish4 ,l4 #e-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from central ,missouri and northern ,new ,jersey north into ,canada1 south1 along the ,alleghanies to ,north ,carolina2 winters south to ,maryland4 ,washington1 rare and irregular ,w4,v41 ,oct4 #ai-;,apl4 #ai4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common ,p4,r41 more numerous in fall and winter4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,p4,r4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,p4,r4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,p4,r4 ,while the ,chickadee is with us throughout the year1 it is during the winter that he takes first place in our affections4 ,active1 cheerful1 friendly1 he is an ever welcome visitor to our lunch-counters1 and often shows complete and winning confidence in us by perching on our hands4 ,his clearly enunciated chick-a-dee1 with its variations1 we accept as his characteristic language1 but the sentiment expressed in his two- or three-noted whistle seems to belong to the ,pewee rather than the sprightly ,black-cap4 ,it is1 in fact1 often falsely attributed to that bird1 even when our books tell us that the ,pewee is wintering in the tropics6 ,the ,chickadee nests in holes1 usually within ten feet of the ground1 laying #e-i white1 brown-speckled eggs in the first half of ,may4 ,,carolina ,,chickadee ,penthestes carolinensis carolinensis4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fh ,smaller than the ,black-cap2 without white margins on the wing-coverts4 ,l4 #d-a_/b4 ,range4 ,southeastern ,united ,states1 north to northern ,new ,jersey and central ,missouri4 ,the south ,florida form 7,p4 c4 impiger7 is slightly smaller and darker4 ,washington1 very common ,p4,r41 particularly in winter4 ,whether because of a different temperament or because milder winters make him less dependent on man's bounty1 the ,carolina ,chickadee does not show that unquestioning confidence in our good faith which makes the ,black-cap so dear to us4 ,the chick-a-dee note is less clearly and more hurriedly given by the ,carolina1 and the pe-wee whistle is not so loud and usually consists of four notes instead of two4 ,the nesting habits and eggs of the two species are alike1 but the southern bird begins to lay in ,march4 ,,brown-,,capped ,,chickadee ,penthestes hudsonicus ,similar to the ,black-cap but crown dark brown2 back brownish ashy4 ,range4 ,northern ,new ,england and ,canada2 rarely further south in winter4 ,represented by three races3 the ,acadian ,brown-capped ,chickadee 7,p4 h4 littoralis7 of northern ,new ,england1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,nova ,scotia and ,newfoundland2 the ,labrador ,brown-capped ,chickadee 7,p4 h4 nigricans7 of ,labrador1 and the ,hudsonian ,brown-capped ,chickadee 7,p4 h4 hudsonicus7 of the region west of ,hudson ,bay4 ,until recent years the ,brown-capped ,chickadee was rarely seen far south of its breeding range1 but during several winters it has invaded ,new ,england in considerable numbers and has been found in the lower ,hudson ,valley1 ,long ,island1 ,staten ,island and northern ,new ,jersey4 ,at close range an experienced observer may know it by its dark brown head1 while ,brewster states that its nasal1 drawling1 tchick1 chee-day-day at once distinguishes it from the ,black-cap4 ,all three races have been reported in these winter migrations and only expert examination of specimens can determine whether the little wanderer is from ,labrador1 ,new ,brunswick1 or the country west of ,hudson ,bay4 ,,old-,,world ,,warblers1 ,,kinglets ,,and ,,gnatcatchers4 ,,family ,,sylviid ,,golden-,,crowned ,,kinglet ,regulus satrapa satrapa4 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #fb1 #fc2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #gb1 #gc ,very small1 olive-green birds with a flame and yellow crown-patch in the male and a yellow crown-patch in the female4 ,l4 #d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,england northward and1 in the ,alleghanies1 south to ,north ,carolina4 ,washington1 abundant ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #cj-;,apl4 #bg4 ,ossining1 common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #bj-;,apl4 #bh4 ,cambridge1 very common ,t4,v41 not uncommon ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #be-;,apl4 #bj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #bf-,may #d4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 irregular ,w4,v41 ,sept4 #ai-,may #h4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #cj-2 ,sept4 #ba-;,dec4 #a4 ,it is surprising1 in the depth of winter1 when in great coat and muffler we keep warm only by vigorous exercise1 to see these dainty1 feathered mites1 unconcerned by the temperature1 flitting here and there in their search for insects' eggs and larv4 ,they have small fear of man and we may readily approach near enough to hear their thin ti-ti or see their golden-crown4 ,in proportion to its size1 this diminutive species lays a larger number of eggs than any other of our birds1 as many as #i or #aj white1 brown-marked eggs being laid in their pensile1 mossy nest in the latter part of ,may4 ,,ruby-,,crowned ,,kinglet ,regulus calendula calendula4 ,case #d4 ,figs4 #gj1 #ga2 ,case #e4 ,figs4 #cf1 #cg ,a white eye-ring2 two whitish wing-bars1 no white in the tail2 adult male with a ruby crown-patch2 absent in females and young4 ,l4 #d-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests chiefly north of the ,united ,states2 winters from ,virginia and ,iowa southward4 ,washington1 abundant ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ab-,may #ae2 ,sept4 #be-,nov4 #a2 occasionally winters4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #h-,may #ac2 ,sept4 #af-,nov4 #c4 ,cambridge1 rather common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ab-,may #e2 ,oct4 #aj-cj4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl1 #a-,may #bc2 ,sept4 #i-,nov4 #c4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #bb-,may #ai2 ,sept4 #i-,oct4 #bg4 ,,se4 ,minn41 ,mch4 #ab-2 ,sept4 #ah-,oct4 #bd4 ,a tiny1 olive-green bird1 with a large white eye-ring1 fluttering actively among the yellowing leaves1 uttering from time to time a wren-like cack as he twitches his wings and showing little or no fear of man can be only the ,ruby-crown1 southward bound4 ,he returns before the trees are clad1 as the author of a song as marvelous in volume as it is musical in tone2 a whistled song of rare sweetness4 ,,blue-,,gray ,,gnatcatcher ,polioptila crulea crulea4 ,case #d4 ,fig4 #fi ,a slender1 gray mite with a comparatively long tail of which the central feathers are black1 the outer ones white4 ,l4 #d-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from the ,gulf ,states to southern ,wisconsin and southern ,new ,jersey2 winters from the ,gulf ,states southward4 ,washington1 rather common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #cj-,nov4 #bc4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,sept4 #ae4 ,glen ,ellyn1 not common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bb-;,aug4 #bj2 possibly later4 ,,se4 ,minn41 rare ,s4,r4 ,in color1 form1 proportions and voice1 the ,gnatcatcher may properly be called 'dainty4' ,his slightly explosive call-note tin-ng1 is louder than his exquisitely finished1 varied1 miniature song4 ,the nest is almost as fine in workmanship as a ,hummer's4 ,the #d-e white1 thickly speckled eggs1 are laid in ,april and early ,may4 ,,thrushes1 ,,bluebirds1 ,,etc4 ,,family ,,turdid ,,wood ,,thrush ,hylocichla mustelina4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #gd ,head brighter than tail2 underparts white1 heavily spotted with large1 round black dots4 ,largest of our ,thrushes4 ,l4 #h-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,florida and ,texas north to central ,minnesota and southern ,new ,hampshire2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #aj-,oct4 #aj4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,oct4 #b4 ,cambridge1 locally common ,s4,r41 ,may #aj-,sept4 #ae4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,oct4 #a4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #cj-,sept4 #bi ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,may #a-,sept4 #ai4 ,most familiar of our ,thrushes4 ,from late ,april to early ,august his bell-like notes are heard1 not only in the forest1 but in wood-bordered village streets and from the shade trees of our lawns4 ,his sharp1 pebbly1 pit-pit1 is prominent in the chorus of protesting notes which greet the ,screech ,owl should he leave his retreat before diurnal birds have gone to bed4 ,the nest is usually built in small trees about #h feet from the ground4 ,the #c-e greenish blue eggs are laid in ,may4 ,there is a second brood in ,june4 ,,veery ,hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens4 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #gc ,upperparts1 including tail1 uniform cinnamon-brown1 breast buff with indistinct brownish spots2 sides white4 ,l4 #g-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,new ,jersey and northern ,illinois into ,canada and south in the ,alleghanies to ,georgia2 winters in the tropics4 ,a closely related western form1 the ,willow ,thrush 7,h4 f4 salicicola7 nests in ,minnesota and westward1 and migrates through the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,to the field naturalist it is essentially the ,veery4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bf-;,june #b4 ,aug4 #ah-,sept4 #be4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bi-,sept4 #e4 ,cambridge1 locally abundant ,s4,r41 ,may #h-,sept4 #e4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,apl4 #bj-,oct4 #a4 ,glen ,ellyn1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bd-,may #bi2 ,aug4 #bf-,sept4 #c2 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r4 ,may #e4 ,low1 wet woods with considerable undergrowth1 where skunk cabbage and hellebore flourish are the home of the ,veery4 ,here he winds his mysterious double-toned spiral song1 and here1 on the ground1 hidden beneath the rank vegetation1 he builds his nest4 ,the eggs1 laid late in ,may1 resemble those of the ,wood ,thrush4 ,the ,veery's common call is a clearly whistled whe-you1 quite unlike the quirt or pit-pit of the ,wood ,thrush4 ,except in mountainous regions and some local 'stations1' the ,wood ,thrush and ,veery are the only ,thrushes which nest in the eastern ,united ,states south of ,massachusetts4 ,,gray-,,cheeked ,,thrush ,hylocichla alici alici4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #hb ,upperparts uniform olive2 eye-ring whitish1 not buffy as in the ,olive-backed ,thrush 7,case #h1 ,fig4 #ha72 sides of throat and breast less buffy than in the ,olive-back4 ,l4 #g-a_/b4 ,range4 ,nests north of the ,united ,states4 ,bicknell's ,thrush 7,h4 a4 bicknelli7 a slightly smaller1 southern form1 nests in the higher parts of the ,catskills1 the mountains of northern ,new ,york and northern ,new ,england1 and northward and eastward into ,canada2 both visit us in migration and both winter in the tropics4 ,washington1 rather common ,t4,v41 ,may #h-ca2 ,sept4 #ae-,oct4 #bj4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #ae-;,june #a2 ,sept4 #bj-,oct4 #ag4 ,cambridge1 uncommon ,t4,v41 ,may #ah-bh2 ,sept4 #ae-,oct4 #i4 ,n4 ,ohio1 not common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bi-,may #bc4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #g-;,june #d2 ,aug4 #bf-,oct4 #i4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #g-2 ,sept4 #h4 ,the ,gray-cheeked and ,bicknell's ,thrushes are merely the larger northern and smaller southern forms1 respectively1 of the same species4 ,they are known in the ,united ,states chiefly as migrants and can be distinguished with certainty in life only by an expert under favorable conditions4 ,the larger form is the commoner4 ,the species may be known from the ,veery and ,wood ,thrush by its olive1 instead of cinnamon-brown back1 and from the ,olive-backed ,thrush by its whitish eye-ring and paler breast4 ,brewster describes the song of the southern form 7,bicknell's ,thrush7 as exceedingly like that of the ,veery but more interrupted1 while the ordinary call-note is practically identical with the pheu of the ,veery4 ,the nest is placed in low trees or bushes4 ,the eggs are greenish blue spotted with brown4 ,,olive-,,backed ,,thrush ,hylocichla ustulata swainsoni4 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #ha ,upperparts uniform olive2 eye-ring buff2 breast and sides of the throat deeper than in the ,gray-cheeked ,thrush4 ,l4 #g-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from northern ,michigan and northern ,new ,england northward into ,canada and southward in the mountains to ,west ,virginia2 winters in the tropics4 ,washington1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ai-;,june #b2 ,sept4 #b-,nov4 #a4 ,ossining1 tolerably common ,t4,v41 ,may #b-cj2 ,sept4 #ai-,oct4 #bb4 ,cambridge1 common ,t4,v41 ,may #ac-bh2 ,sept4 #ae-,oct4 #e4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bb-;,june #ac2 ,sept4 #b-,oct4 #bd4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #bc-;,june #f2 ,aug4 #af-,oct4 #bd4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v41 ,may #a-2 ,sept4 #be-4 ,we know this ,thrush chiefly as a migrant when1 in the latter part of ,may1 and again in ,september and ,october1 it passes us en route to and from its northern home4 ,at these seasons we may even hear its whistled puit from the sky as it journeys through the night4 ,its song1 ,dwight says1 lacks the leisurely sweetness of the ,hermit ,thrush's outpourings1 nor is there pause1 but in lower key and with greater energy it bubbles on rapidly to a close rather than fading out with the soft melody of its renowned rival4 ,the ,olive-back nests in bushes or low trees1 and lays #c-d greenish blue brown-spotted eggs in ,june4 ,,hermit ,,thrush ,hylocichla guttata pallasi4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #gg2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bf ,back midway in color between ,figs4 #gg and #bf2 the tail noticeably brighter1 more rusty4 ,l4 #g-a_/d4 ,range4 ,nests from ,long ,island 7locally71 the higher parts of ,connecticut1 and central ,minnesota northward to ,canada1 and southward in the mountains to ,maryland2 winters from ,new ,jersey and ,ohio ,valley to the ,gulf ,states and ,cuba4 ,washington1 very common ,t4,v41 sometimes not uncommon ,w4,v41 ,apl4 #f-,may #ag2 ,sept4 #ah-,nov4 #ab4 ,ossining1 common ,t4,v44 ,apl4 #e-,may #i2 ,oct4 #ah-,nov4 #bf4 ,cambridge1 very common ,t4,v41 ,apl4 #ae-,may #e2 ,oct4 #e-,nov4 #ae2 occasionally one or two may winter2 one summer record4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ba-,may #aj2 ,oct4 #b-bh4 ,glen ,ellyn1 common ,t4,v41 ,mch4 #ah-,may #aa2 ,sept4 #ad-,nov4 #a4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,t4,v4 ,apl4 #a-2 ,sept4 #ac-,oct4 #bf4 ,the ,hermit is the only one of the ,thrushes to winter in the eastern ,united ,states and it is1 therefore1 the first one to reach us in the spring4 ,it comes early in ,april and takes about a month to complete its migration4 ,it rarely sings at this season and then only an echo of the heavenly music which has won for it first place among ,american songsters4 ,we may know the ,hermit ,thrush by the season in which he visits us1 by his reddish brown tail1 which he slowly raises and lowers after alighting1 and by the low chuck note with which he usually accomplishes this movement4 ,the ,hermit nests on the ground1 laying1 in the latter part of ,may1 #c-d greenish-blue eggs1 slightly lighter in tint than those of the ,wood ,thrush4 ,,robin ,planesticus migratorius migratorius4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #hj2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ab ,in spring and summer the head is blacker1 the breast brighter1 the bill more yellow than in fall and winter4 ,l4 #aj4 ,range4 ,nests from ,virginia 7in the mountains1 northern ,georgia7 and northern ,mississippi to ,labrador and ,alaska2 winters from ,new ,jersey and ,ohio ,valley to the ,gulf4 ,birds from the lowlands1 from ,maryland southward1 are somewhat smaller and paler and are known as the ,southern ,robin 7,p4 m4 achrusterus74 ,washington1 rather common ,s4,r41 abundant ,t4,v41 from ,feb-,apl42 irregularly common ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #d-,oct4 #cj2 a few winter4 ,cambridge1 very abundant ,s4,r41 common but irregular ,w4,v4 ,n4 ,ohio1 abundant ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #bf-,nov4 #cj2 a few winter4 ,glen ,ellyn1 very common ,s4,r41 rare ,w4,v41 ,jan4 #be-,nov4 #ai4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 rare ,w4,v41 ,mch4 #h-,nov4 #aa4 ,the ,robin is the best-known and probably most abundant of our native birds4 ,civilization agrees with him4 ,man has destroyed many of his enemies and has provided him with a bountiful supply of fruits and a vast area of lawns where worms are at his mercy4 ,sociable and trustful he has taken up his abode with us and become as much a part of our outdoor life as the flowers in our gardens and trees in our lawns4 ,his varied calls have an intimate association with the hour and season and spring itself speaks through his cheerful song4 ,robins show their confidence in us by building their nests in situations where few birds would venture to rear a family1 and from mid-,april to ,july they are occupied with household cares4 ,,bluebird ,sialis sialis sialis4 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #gh2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ac ,the ,bluebird's red1 white and blue mark him as a truly ,american bird4 ,l4 #g4 ,range4 ,nests from the ,gulf ,states to ,florida2 winters from ,connecticut and northern ,ohio southward4 ,washington1 common ,s4,r41 and ,w4,v4 ,ossining1 common ,p4,r4 ,cambridge1 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #f-,nov4 #a2 more numerous during migrations1 in ,mch4 and ,nov4 ,n4 ,ohio1 common ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #ag-,nov4 #ah2 a few winter4 ,glen ,ellyn1 fairly common ,s4,r41 ,feb4 #ai-,nov4 #ah4 ,,se4 ,minn41 common ,s4,r41 ,mch4 #af-,oct4 #ca4 ,not many years ago the ,bluebird was as familiar as he was welcome about our homes2 but too gentle to battle effectively with ,english ,sparrows and ,starlings for the possession of bird houses1 he has sought such nesting sites in the orchard as the 'tree surgeons' have left4 ,if we would not lose this bird1 beloved of children1 bards and spring1 who wears our national colors so modestly1 we must supply him with a home in which he may rear his family in peace4 ,it may be placed not only in our garden1 but also in the orchard where it is less likely to be occupied by ,sparrows or ,starlings4 ,it should be erected not later than ,march #ae1 for the ,bluebird's bluish white eggs are laid in the first half of ,april4 ,,index ,blackbird1 ,bahama ,red-wing1 #ej ,cow4 ,see ,cowbird ,crow4 ,see ,grackles1 ,purple and ,bronzed ,florida ,red-wing1 #ej2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #bh1 #bi ,red-winged1 #di1 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #e1 #f ,rusty1 #eb2 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #c1 #d ,yellow-headed1 #di2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #de ,black-cap1 ,wilson's4 ,see ,warbler1 ,wilson's ,bluebird1 #acd2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #gh2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ac ,bobolink1 #dh2 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ad ,bob-white1 #a2 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #a1 #b ,florida1 #b2 ,case #c1 ,figs4 #a1 #b ,bull-bat4 ,see ,nighthawk ,bunting1 ,bay-winged4 ,see ,sparrow1 ,vesper ,black-throated4 ,see ,dickcissel ,indigo1 #gi2 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #bc1 #bd ,painted1 #gi2 ,case #f1 ,figs4 #di1 #ej ,snow1 #fa2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #eg ,butcher-bird4 ,see ,shrike1 ,northern ,buzzard1 ,turkey1 #f2 ,case #c4 ,fig4 #i ,canary1 ,wild4 ,see ,goldfinch ,caracara1 ,audubon's1 #ah ,cardinal1 #gg2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #cd1 #ce ,florida1 #gh ,kentucky4 ,see ,cardinal ,catbird1 #aag2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ha2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ga ,cedar-bird4 ,see ,waxwing1 ,cedar ,chat1 ,yellow-breasted1 #aac2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #di ,chebec4 ,see ,flycatcher1 ,least ,cherry-bird4 ,see ,waxwing1 ,cedar ,chewink4 ,see ,towhee ,chickadee1 ,acadian1 #abg ,black-capped1 #abe2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #cg ,brown-capped1 #abg ,carolina1 #abf2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fh ,florida1 #abf ,hudsonian1 #abg ,labrador1 #abg ,chicken1 ,prairie1 #c ,chippy4 ,see ,sparrow1 ,chipping ,winter4 ,see ,sparrow1 ,tree ,chuck-will's-widow1 #cc2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dj ,clape4 ,see ,flicker ,cowbird1 #dh2 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #h1 #i ,creeper1 ,black and ,white4 ,see ,warbler1 ,black and ,white ,brown1 #abb2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #ei ,crossbill1 ,american1 #eh2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #di1 #ej ,white-winged1 #eh2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ea1 #eb ,crow1 #df2 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #ai2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #bg ,carrion4 ,see ,vulture1 ,black ,fish1 #df ,florida1 #df ,cuckoo1 ,black-billed1 #be2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #b ,yellow-billed1 #be2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #a ,darter1 ,little ,blue4 ,see ,hawk1 ,sharp-,shinned ,big ,blue4 ,see ,hawk1 ,cooper's ,dickcissel1 #hj2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #bj ,dove1 ,carolina4 ,see ,dove1 ,mourning ,ground1 #e2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #d ,mourning1 #e2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #c2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #aa ,turtle4 ,see ,dove1 ,mourning ,eagle1 ,bald1 #ad2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #aa ,golden1 #ad ,falcon1 ,peregrine1 #af ,finch1 ,grass4 ,see ,sparrow1 ,vesper ,lark4 ,see ,sparrow1 ,lark ,pine4 ,see ,siskin1 ,pine ,purple1 #eg2 ,case #b1 ,figs #cb1 #cc2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #dh1 #di ,firebird4 ,see ,oriole1 ,baltimore ,flicker1 ,northern1 #cb2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #bj ,southern1 #cb ,flycatcher1 ,acadian1 #da2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fj ,alder1 #da2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fb ,crested1 #ch2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #e ,least1 #db2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dd ,olive-sided1 #ci2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #ei ,traill's1 #db ,yellow-bellied1 #dj2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fa ,gnatcatcher1 ,blue-gray1 #abi2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fi ,goldfinch1 #fj2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ce1 #cf2 ,case #d4 ,figs4 #ej1 #ea ,goshawk1 #aa ,grackle1 ,boat-tailed1 #ed ,bronzed1 #ec2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #b ,florida1 #ec2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #gd ,purple1 #ec2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #a ,grosbeak1 ,blue1 #gh2 ,case #f1 ,figs4 #eb1 #ec ,cardinal4 ,see ,cardinal ,evening1 #ee ,pine1 #ef2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ec1 #ed ,rose-breasted1 #gh2 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #be1 #bf ,grouse1 ,canada4 ,see ,partridge1 ,spruce ,canada1 ,ruffed1 #c ,pinnated4 ,see ,chicken1 ,prairie ,ruffed1 #b2 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #c ,spruce4 ,see ,partridge1 ,canada ,spruce ,gyrfalcon1 #ae ,black1 #ae ,gray1 #ae ,white1 #ae ,hair-bird4 ,see ,sparrow1 ,chipping ,hang-nest4 ,see ,oriole1 ,baltimore ,harrier4 ,see ,hawk1 ,marsh ,hawk1 ,broad-winged1 #ac ,chicken4 ,see ,hawks1 ,red-shouldered and ,red-tailed ,cooper's1 #aj2 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #i1 #aj ,duck1 #af ,fish1 #ah2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ad ,florida ,red-shouldered1 #ac ,florida ,sparrow1 #ag ,harlan's1 #aa ,hen4 ,see ,hawks1 ,red-shouldered and ,red-tailed ,killy4 ,see ,hawk1 ,sparrow ,krider's1 #aa ,marsh1 #i2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ae ,pigeon1 #af ,red-shouldered1 #ab2 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #d2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ab ,red-tailed1 #aa2 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #e1 #f2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ac ,rough-legged1 #ad ,sharp-shinned1 #i2 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab2 ,case #c1 ,figs4 #g1 #h ,sparrow1 #ag2 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #g1 #h2 ,case #c1 ,figs4 #e1 #f ,hen1 ,heath1 #d ,mud4 ,see ,rail1 ,clapper and ,coot1 ,american ,prairie4 ,see ,chicken1 ,prairie ,high-hole4 ,see ,flicker ,hummingbird1 ,ruby-throated1 #cf2 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #c1 #d ,indigo-bird4 ,see ,bunting1 ,indigo ,jackdaw4 ,see ,grackle1 ,boat-tailed ,jay1 ,blue1 #dd2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #bj ,canada1 #de ,florida1 #dd ,florida ,blue1 #dd2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ge ,scrub1 #dd ,joree4 ,see ,towhee ,junco1 ,carolina1 #gc ,slate-colored1 #gc2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #dc2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #da ,kingbird1 #cg2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #f ,gray1 #cg2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #g ,kingfisher1 ,belted1 #bf2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ah2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #aj ,kinglet1 ,golden-crowned1 #abg2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #fb1 #fc2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #gb1 #gc ,ruby-crowned1 #abh2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #gj1 #ga2 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #cf1 #cg ,kite1 ,everglade1 #h ,mississippi1 #h ,swallow-tailed1 #g ,white-tailed1 #h ,lark1 ,field4 ,see ,meadowlark ,horned1 #dc ,prairie4 ,see ,meadowlark ,prairie ,horned1 #dc2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #db ,shore4 ,see ,lark1 ,horned ,longspur1 ,lapland1 #fb ,martin1 ,bee4 ,see ,kingbird ,purple1 #hb2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #be ,meadowlark1 #ej2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #ej ,southern1 #ej2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #gi ,western1 #ea ,merlin1 ,mockingbird1 #aag2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #gf ,moose-bird4 ,see ,jay1 ,canada ,nighthawk1 #cd2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ci ,florida1 #cd ,nonpareil1 ,see ,bunting1 ,painted ,nuthatch1 ,brown-headed1 #abd2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ff ,florida ,white-breasted1 #abc ,red-breasted1 #abd2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #fj1 #fa ,white-breasted1 #abc2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #ch1 #ci2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fe ,oriole1 ,baltimore1 #eb2 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #h1 #i ,orchard1 #ea2 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #aj-ab ,osprey1 #ah2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ad ,oven-bird1 #aji2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fd ,owl1 ,acadian4 ,see ,owl1 ,saw-whet ,barn1 #ai2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ag ,barred1 #bj2 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #ae ,cat4 ,see ,owl1 ,screech ,florida ,barred1 #bj2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #af ,florida ,burrowing1 #bd ,florida ,screech1 #bb2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #ai ,great ,gray1 #ba ,great ,horned1 #bb2 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #af ,hawk1 #bc ,hoot4 ,see ,owl1 ,barred ,long-eared1 #ai2 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #ag ,marsh1 #bj ,monkey-faced4 ,see ,owl1 ,barn ,mottled4 ,see ,owl1 ,screech ,richardson's1 #ba ,saw-whet1 #ba2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #da ,screech1 #bb2 ,case #a1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ad ,short-eared1 #bj2 ,case #a1 ,fig4 #ah ,snowy1 #bc ,paroquet1 ,carolina1 #bd ,partridge4 ,see ,grouse1 ,ruffed1 and ,bob-white ,canada ,spruce1 #b ,peregrine4 ,see ,hawk1 ,duck ,peewee1 ,wood1 #dj2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fc ,pheasant4 ,see ,grouse1 ,ruffed ,phoebe1 #ch2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #eb2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ae ,pigeon1 ,passenger1 #e ,wild1 #e ,pipit1 ,american1 #aaf2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fb2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ag ,sprague's1 #aag ,quail4 ,see ,bob-white ,raven1 #de ,red-bird4 ,see ,cardinal ,redpoll1 #ei2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #dg1 #dh ,greater1 #ei ,hoary1 #ei ,holboell's1 #ei ,mealy4 ,see ,redpoll1 ,hoary ,redstart1 #aae2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #eg1 #eh ,reedbird4 ,see ,bobolink ,ricebird4 ,see ,bobolink ,robin1 #acc2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #hj2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ab ,southern1 #acc ,sapsucker1 ,yellow-bellied1 #cj2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #bf2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #cj ,shrike1 ,loggerhead1 #hg2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ee ,migrant1 #hg ,northern1 #hf2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #ef ,siskin1 ,pine1 #fj2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #ee ,snail-hawk4 ,see ,kite1 ,everglade ,snowbird4 ,see ,junco1 ,slate-colored ,snow ,bunting1 #fa2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #eg ,snowflake4 ,see ,snow ,bunting ,sparrow1 ,acadian ,sharp-tailed1 #fg ,alabama ,seaside1 #fh ,bachman's1 #gc ,bush4 ,see ,sparrow1 ,field ,cape ,sable1 #fh ,chipping1 #ga2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #de2 ,case #e4 ,fig4 #ca ,clay-colored1 #gb2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dh ,dusky ,seaside1 #fh ,english1 #eg2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #ch1 #ci ,field1 #gb2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #dc2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ad ,florida ,grasshopper1 #fd ,fox1 #gf2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #cg2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #g ,grasshopper1 #fd2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #af ,harris's1 #fi2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ba ,henslow's1 #fe2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ag ,house1 #eg2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #ch1 #ci ,ipswich1 #fc ,lark1 #fh2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ai ,leconte's1 #fe2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ah ,lincoln's1 #ge2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ae ,louisiana ,seaside1 #fh ,macgillivray's ,seaside1 #fh ,nelson's1 #ff ,northwest ,florida1 #fh ,pine-woods1 #gd ,savannah1 #fd2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #dg2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bc ,scott's ,seaside1 #fh ,seaside1 #fg2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #df ,sharp-tailed1 #ff2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dg ,song1 #gd2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #cd1 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #db ,swamp1 #ge2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #dd2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bb ,tree1 #ga2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #dd2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #df ,vesper1 #fc2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #cf2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #af ,white-crowned1 #fi2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #bb ,white-throated1 #gj2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #de1 #df2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #dj ,yellow-winged4 ,see ,sparrow1 ,grasshopper ,starling1 #dg2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #bd1 #be ,swallow1 ,bahama ,bank1 #hd2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ed ,barn1 #hc2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #cb ,chimney4 ,see ,swift1 ,chimney ,cliff1 #hb2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ee ,eaves4 ,see ,swallow1 ,cliff ,rough-winged1 #hd2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ef ,tree1 #hc2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bd ,white-bellied4 ,see ,swallow1 ,tree ,swift1 ,chimney1 #ce2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #db ,tanager1 ,scarlet1 #hj2 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #bg1 #bh ,summer1 #ha2 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #cc1 #cd ,thistle-bird4 ,see ,goldfinch ,thrasher1 ,brown1 #aah2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #hb2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #gb ,thrush1 ,alice's4 ,see ,thrush1 ,gray-cheeked ,bicknell's1 #aca ,brown4 ,see ,thrasher1 ,brown ,golden-crowned4 ,see ,oven-bird ,gray-cheeked1 #acj2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #hb ,hermit1 #acb2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #gg2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bf ,olive-backed1 #aca2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #ha ,swainson's4 ,see ,thrush1 ,olive-backed ,tawny4 ,see ,veery ,willow1 #acj ,wood1 #abi2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #gd ,titlark4 ,see ,pipit1 ,american ,titmouse1 ,tufted1 #abe2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fg ,towhee1 #gf2 ,case #d1 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ea ,white-eyed1 #gg ,turkey1 ,florida1 #d ,wild1 #d ,veery1 #acj2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #gc ,vireo1 ,bell's1 #ib2 ,case #f2 ,fig4 #fe ,black-whiskered1 #hh ,blue-headed1 #ij2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fh ,key ,west1 #ia ,mountain ,solitary1 #ia ,philadelphia1 #hi2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #cj ,red-eyed1 #hh2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #ff ,solitary4 ,see ,vireo1 ,blue-headed ,warbling1 #hi2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #bi ,white-eyed1 #ia2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fg ,yellow-throated1 #ij2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fi ,vulture1 ,black1 #g2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #aj ,turkey1 #f2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #i ,warbler1 ,bachman's1 #id2 ,case #e1 ,figs4 #bj1 #ba ,bay-breasted1 #ajc2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #fi1 #gj ,black and ,white1 #ib2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #eg ,black and ,yellow4 ,see ,warbler1 ,magnolia ,blackburnian1 #ajd2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #fg1 #fh ,black-throated ,blue1 #ii2 ,case #f1 ,figs4 #eh1 #ei ,black-throated ,green1 #ajf2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fb ,blackpoll1 #ajc2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #ga1 #gb ,blue-winged1 #id2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ce ,brewster's1 #ie2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ch ,cairns's1 #ajj ,canadian1 #aae2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #ec ,cape ,may1 #ih2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #fe1 #ff ,cerulean1 #ajb2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #df1 #dg ,chestnut-sided1 #ajb2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #dc1 #dd ,connecticut1 #aaa2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #gg1 #gh ,golden-winged1 #ie2 ,case #g1 ,figs4 #cd1 #cf ,hooded1 #aad2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #ed1 #ee ,kentucky1 #aaa2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #eb ,kirtland's1 #ajf2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #de ,lawrence's1 #ie2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #cg ,magnolia1 #aja2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #db ,mourning1 #aab2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #ge1 #gf ,myrtle1 #ajj2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bg ,nashville1 #if2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #cc ,northern ,parula1 #ig2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ci ,orange-crowned1 #if2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #cb ,palm1 #ajh2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fa ,parula1 #ig1 #ih ,pine1 #ajg2 ,case #d2 ,fig4 #eg2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fj ,prairie1 #ajh2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #dh ,prothonotary1 #ic2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bi ,redpoll4 ,see ,warblers1 ,palm and ,yellow ,palm ,summer4 ,see ,warbler1 ,yellow ,swainson's1 #ic2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #bh ,sycamore1 #aje2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ai ,tennessee1 #ig2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #fd ,wilson's1 #aad2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #gc1 #gd ,worm-eating1 #ic2 ,case #g1 ,fig4 #ca ,yellow1 #ii2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #dj1 #da ,yellow ,palm1 #ajh2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #fa ,yellow-rumped4 ,see ,warbler1 ,myrtle ,yellow-throated1 #aje2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #ah ,water-,thrush1 ,grinnell's1 #aaj ,louisiana1 #aaj2 ,case #e1 ,fig4 #e ,northern1 #aaj2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #ef ,waxwing1 ,bohemian1 #he ,cedar1 #he2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #dj2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #ed ,whip-poor-will1 #cd2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #da ,whiskey-,jack4 ,see ,jay1 ,canada ,woodpecker1 ,american ,three-toed1 #cj ,arctic ,three-toed1 #bi ,downy1 #bh2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #bf1 #bg ,golden-winged4 ,see ,flicker ,hairy1 #bh2 ,case #b1 ,figs4 #bh1 #bi ,ivory-billed1 #bg ,ladder-backed4 ,see ,woodpecker1 ,american ,three-toed ,northern ,hairy1 #bh ,northern ,pileated1 #ca ,pileated1 #ca ,red-bellied1 #cb2 ,case #c1 ,fig4 #bc ,red-cockaded1 #bi ,red-headed1 #ca2 ,case #c1 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #dc ,southern ,downy1 #bh ,southern ,hairy1 #bh ,three-toed1 #cj ,yellow-bellied4 ,see ,sapsucker1 ,yellow-bellied ,wren1 ,bewick's1 #aai ,carolina1 #aai2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fd ,florida1 #aai ,house1 #abj2 ,case #d1 ,fig4 #fc2 ,case #f1 ,fig4 #gj ,long-billed ,marsh1 #abb2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #gi ,marian's ,marsh1 #abb ,prairie ,marsh1 #abb ,short-billed ,marsh1 #aba2 ,case #h1 ,fig4 #hj ,winter1 #abj2 ,case #b1 ,fig4 #eh ,worthington's ,marsh1 #abb ,yellow-bird4 ,see ,goldfinch ,summer4 ,see ,warbler1 ,yellow ,yellow-hammer4 ,see ,flicker ,yellow-throat1 ,florida1 #aac ,maryland1 #aac2 ,case #h1 ,figs4 #ej1 #ea ,this book is made in full compliance with ,government ,directive ,l #abj limiting the bulk of paper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page vii1 give changed to gives 7thus gives us7 ,page #d1 an changed to and 7,turkey and like that7 ,page #h1 redish changed to reddish 7black1 reddish brown and buff7 ,page #cb1 of changed to or 7,april or early ,may7 ,page #db1 ,adler changed to ,alder 7like the ,alder ,flycatcher7 ,page #eb1 is changed to it 7it more difficult to7 ,page #ef1 irreguarly changed to irregularly 7irregularly to ,indiana and7 ,page #ei1 rostreta changed to rostrata 7,a4 l4 rostrata7 ,page #gj1 th changed to the 7sing with the power7 ,page #gf1 #e changed to #f under ,towhee 7,case #f4 ,fig4 #ea7 ,page #hi1 under ,,philadelphia ,,verio1 the length is left blank4 ,page #abe1 ,tenessee changed to ,tennessee 7the mountains to ,tennessee7 ,page #ach1 ,index1 there is no reference for ,merlin as there is no mention of ,merlin anywhere in the book except in the index4