,historical ,literature in ,agriculture 7,,chla71 ,cornell ,university7 ,,the ,,apple4 ,,the ,,kansas ,,apple4 ,,the ,,big ,,red ,,apple4 ,the ,luscious1 ,red-cheeked ,first ,love of the ,farmer's ,boy4 ,the ,healthful1 ,hearty ,heart of the ,darling ,dumpling4 ,,what ,,it ,,is4 ,,how ,,to ,,grow ,,it4 ,,its ,,commercial ,,and ,,economic ,,importance4 ,,how ,,to ,,utilize ,,it4 ,illustration ,,compiled ,,and ,,revised ,,by ,,the ,,kansas ,,state ,,horticultural ,,society1 ,,william ,h4 ,,barnes1 ,secretary1 ,state ,capitol1 ,topeka1 ,kan4 #ahih4 ,illustration3 ,j4,s4 ,,parks ,,printer ,,topeka ,,the ,,apple6 ,,what ,,it ,,is4 ,,definition4 ,the fleshy pome or fruit of a rosaceous tree 7,pyrus malus71 the origin of which is probably the wild crab-apple of ,europe1 cultivated in innumerable varieties in the temperate zones4 ,it is scarcely known in the wild state1 but as an escape from cultivation its fruit becomes small1 acid1 and harsh1 and is known as the crab2 the cultivated crab-apple is the fruit of other species of ,pyrus4 ,of the cultivated crabs there are the ,siberian 7,pyrus prunifolia71 the ,chinese 7,pyrus spectabillis71 and the ,cherry-crab 7,pyrus baccata71 all natives of northern ,asia4 ,the apple was first introduced into ,america from ,england1 in #afbi1 by the governor of ,massachusetts ,bay4 ,,laws ,,pertaining ,,to ,,apple ,,orchardists4 ,extracts from ,general ,statutes of ,kansas1 #ahig4 ,,cutting ,,or ,,destroying ,,fruit- ,,or ,,shade-,,trees4 7,vol4 #b1 p4 #cgd47 ,sect4 #dbc4 ,if any person shall cut down1 injure or destroy or carry away any tree placed or growing for use1 shade or ornament1 or any timber1 rails or wood standing1 being or growing on the land of any other person1 or shall dig up1 quarry or carry away stones1 ore or mineral1 gravel1 clay or mold1 roots1 fruits1 or plants1 or cut down or carry away grass1 grain1 corn1 flax or hemp in which he has no interest or right1 standing1 lying or being on land not his own1 or shall knowingly break the glass or any part of it in any building not his own1 the party so offending shall pay to the party injured treble the value of the thing so injured1 broken1 destroyed or carried away1 with costs1 and shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor1 and shall be subject to a fine not exceeding #ejj4 ,,destruction ,,by ,,fire4 7,vol4 #b1 p4 #cgb47 ,sect4 #dae4 ,if any person shall wantonly and wilfully set on fire any woods1 marshes or prairies so as thereby to occasion any damage to any other person he shall upon conviction be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and not less than fifty dollars1 or by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months and not less than ten days1 or by both such fine and imprisonment4 ,,deception ,,in ,,sale ,,of ,,trees1 ,,plants1 ,,etc4 7,vol4 #b1 p4 #cah47 ,sect4 #abf4 ,any person or persons who shall misrepresent1 deceive or defraud any person or persons in the sale of any fruit1 shade or ornamental tree or trees1 or any vine1 shrub1 plant1 bulb1 or root1 by substituting inferior or different varieties1 or who shall falsely represent the name1 age or class of any fruit1 shade or ornamental tree or trees1 or any vine1 shrub1 plant1 bulb1 or root1 shall be guilty of a misdemeanor1 and on conviction shall be fined not less than #aj nor more than #bjj1 or by imprisonment in the county jail not less than thirty days nor more than six months1 or by both such fine and imprisonment1 and shall be liable to the party or parties injured thereby in treble the amount of all damages sustained1 to be recovered in any court having jurisdiction thereof4 ,,to ,,preserve ,,order ,,at ,,horticultural ,,fairs4 7,vol4 #b4 p4 #iee47 ,sect4 #d4 ,all county agricultural and horticultural societies1 duly incorporated under the laws of this state1 shall have power during the time of holding their fairs to appoint such police force and make such laws and regulations as shall be deemed necessary for the well ordering and government of the society4 ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 7,vol4 #b4 p4 #idd47 ,sect4 #aa4 ,green apples shall weigh forty-eight pounds per bushel4 ,dried apples shall weigh twenty-four pounds per bushel4 ,,an ,,act ,,for ,,the ,,protection ,,of ,,birds4 7,vol4 #b1 p4 #icd47 ,sect4 #a4 ,the owner of an orchard may at any time shoot blue-jays1 orioles1 or yellowhammers4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,the ,,apple page #e ,,the ,,state1 ,,by ,,districts #db ,a ,,summary ,,of ,,the ,,foregoing ,,district ,,reports #ahg ,,miscellaneous ,,articles ,,relating ,,to ,,orchards #aia ,,enemies ,,of ,,the ,,apple #bjd ,,apples ,,for ,,the ,,table #bah ,,index #bbe ,,the ,,apple4 ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,the ,,apple ,,tree4 ,written specially for ,the ,kansas ,apple1 ,by ,prof4 ,e4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,bailey1 ,chemist at the ,kansas ,state ,university4 ,in the cultivation of the apple tree1 which1 like most plants1 gets its nourishment from two sources1 the soil and the atmosphere1 these must be first considered4 ,from the soil come the mineral ingredients1 those that are given back to the soil when the plant is burned1 and from the atmosphere come the ingredients of no less importance in the growth of the tree1 but which mostly disappear as invisible gases upon combustion4 ,upon the character of this soil1 and upon the climate1 a general term that may be said to cover the conditions of the atmosphere1 depend the success of the horticulturist4 ,in addition to this1 insect pests are liable to constantly menace the crop4 ,in the making of soils1 a process that is constantly going on1 the most important agents are water1 air1 frost1 sunshine1 and the action of living organisms4 ,by this combined action1 the mountain1 with its rich store of mineral matter1 is disintegrated1 its constituents are partly dissolved in the water and partly carried mechanically to the plains below2 the air is distributed through the soil2 seeds are dropped2 the living animal forms begin to multiply2 the soil is enriched1 and gradually it begins to be in a condition suitable to bear the simpler forms of vegetable life1 which in turn decaying1 add to the richness of the soil4 ,furthermore1 the mechanical condition of the soil has much to do with the successful growth of the plant4 ,if the soil is extremely fine1 it is liable to become so compact that the rootlets cannot easily penetrate it1 when it is of such a composition as to bake readily in the sun2 if very coarse1 like gravel1 there is not a sufficient capacity to retain moisture4 ,it should1 however1 be porous enough to allow the air to penetrate it1 for upon the aeration of the soil depends much of its fertility4 ,we loosen the soil about the roots of plants to allow the air to penetrate and give an opportunity for the chemical changes constantly undergoing in the soil4 ,then1 too1 the work of the earthworms in loosening the soil1 and thus adding to its porosity1 should not be overlooked4 ,in this soil workshop1 too1 live and labor certain minute organisms that make it their business to enrich the soil by helping the rootlets to assimilate the nitrogen of the air4 ,since the soil is composed mostly of ingredients that come from the decomposition of rocks1 it follows that is must be of very complex composition4 ,fortunately1 however1 there are only a few of the ingredients of the soil that are of interest to the agriculturist1 as only a few of the elements1 as they are called1 go to make up the plant structure1 or at least only a few are essential ingredients of the plant4 ,nitrogen1 though very abundant in the air1 is not abundant in the soil4 ,in fact1 the soil has to depend largely on the nitrogen compounds that are washed out of the atmosphere in small quantities by the rain4 ,another source of nitrogen is the action of certain bacteria1 that make little sacs on the rootlets and1 living on the juices of the plants1 fix the nitrogen of the air1 and thus fertilize the soil2 especially on plants of the leguminous family1 as peas1 beans1 and clover4 ,silicon1 which with oxygen makes ordinary sand1 is essential to the growth of plants and is everywhere found in abundance4 ,sulphur1 united with oxygen and the metals to form sulphates1 is generally abundant enough4 ,the same may be said of chlorine1 which1 united with sodium or potassium1 is always present in our prairie soils4 ,phosphorus1 as it occurs in the phosphates1 is one of the most essential ingredients of a fertile soil4 ,calcium and magnesium are found in combination as carbonates and sulphates1 and1 though essential1 are usually abundant1 especially where limestone rocks underlie the soil and outcrop in so many places4 ,potassium is found united with chlorine or sulphuric acid4 ,it is one of the elements that is most liable to be exhausted from the soil by a succession of crops4 ,sodium exists almost everywhere4 ,it is one of the elements of common salt1 and1 though much like potassium1 cannot take the place of the latter in plant nurture4 ,iron is abundant and at the same time necessary in small quantities4 ,the elements above mentioned1 together with oxygen1 are to be found in the ashes of plants4 ,besides1 there are two elements that come largely from the atmosphere1 namely carbon and hydrogen1 which1 united with oxygen1 make up the bulk of the plant4 ,thus1 wood is a substance containing carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen1 with small quantities of nitrogen and mineral salts4 ,the mineral salts represent about one per cent4 of air-dried wood4 ,having considered in a general way the constituents of the plant1 and having noticed the source of each of these constituents1 it may be of interest to look at the composition of the soil as revealed by chemical analysis4 ,a is the analysis of a soil from ,finney county1 as made in the laboratory of the ,kansas ,state ,university1 by the author4 ,b is a soil from ,wyandotte county1 as reported in the report of the ,kansas ,state ,board of ,agriculture for #ahgd4 ,c is a prairie soil from ,dakota1 as reported by ,prof4 ,e4 ,richards1 of the department of agriculture4 ,a ,b ,c ,silica and insoluble #ga4ff #hb4af #fi4hb ,iron and aluminum oxides #f4ee #f4gj #ab4je ,calcium oxide #d4da 4#fh 4#he ,magnesium oxide #a4jb 4#jf 4#hg ,phosphoric anhydride 4#ah 4#jh 4#aa ,chlorine 4#ja 4#jc 4#jc ,potassium oxide 4#ge 4#je 4#gb ,sodium oxide 4#be 4#aa 4#id ,sulphuric anhydride 4#jf 4#ci 4#ab ,volatile and organic matter #c4ih #e4dd #h4ij ,moisture #i4fg #c4hj #f4bg ,undetermined1 carbonic acid1 etc4 #a4dh 4#cj 4#bb ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,in some cases it happens that there is a sufficient quantity of an ingredient in the soil1 but it is not in a sufficiently soluble form to be available4 ,it will be noticed that in the analyses quoted above the amount of the necessary constituents of the soil to plant growth is not in any case large4 ,the nitrogen may be present in the volatile and organic matter1 and upon the proportion of this complex organic matter very often depends to a great extent the fertility of the soil4 ,some experiments made at one of the agricultural experiment stations upon the effect of apple stock1 that is1 young trees raised for nursery purposes1 on the soil1 showed that in eleven tons of such stock the following quantities of ingredients were removed from the soil3 ,silica #ej4f lbs4 ,phosphoric acid #ba4d ,sulphuric acid #ad4c ,chlorine #a4c ,carbonic-acid gas #id4i ,iron oxide #f4a ,lime #ach4f lbs4 ,magnesia #bc4g ,soda #ba4c ,potash #bg4a ----------- ,total #cii4c lbs4 ,this is no inconsiderable quantity of material to be removed by a single crop4 ,professor ,goessmann1 in discussing the ash of fruits1 gives the following analysis of the ash of the ,baldwin apple2 this would represent the mineral matter taken from the soil by the fruit3 ,potash1 #fc4ed per cent42 soda1 #a4ga2 lime1 #g4bh2 magnesia1 #e4eb1 and phosphoric acid1 #bj4hg4 ,comparing this with the ash of other fruits1 it is seen that the amount of potash required is larger than in the case of other fruits except plums and peaches1 and the amount of phosphoric acid is high1 but not as high as in the case of some berries4 ,the application is obvious2 in order to successfully raise apples there must be an abundance of potash and of phosphoric acid in the soil1 and these ingredients must be in an available form4 ,if we compare the apple and the pear by an analysis for fertilizing constituents1 or such constituents as are usually introduced into deficient soil by means of fertilizers1 we have the following table3 #ajjj parts of the fruit contain1 in the case of each1 ,h#b,o ,n ,ash ,k#b,o ,na#b,o ,ca,o ,mg,o ,p#b,o#e ,,so#c ,si,o#b ,apple #hca #j4f #b4b #j4h #j4f #j4a #j4b #j4c #j4a #j4a ,pear #hca #j4f #c4c #a4h #j4c #j4c #j4b #j4e #j4b #j4a ,when we study the composition of the apple1 to determine the proximate principles1 as they are called1 it is noticed that we have the constituents mentioned in the discussion of the elements contained in the fruit combined to form various substances2 thus3 ,apples4 ,pears4 ,cherries4 ,peaches4 ,water #hb4jd #hc4ie #ge4gc #hd4ii ,sugar #f4hc #g4jj #ac4aa #a4eh ,free acid 4#he 4#jg 4#ce 4#fa ,albuminous substances 4#de 4#bf 4#ij 4#df ,pectous substances 4#dg #c4bh #b4bi #f4ca ,soluble #ad4if #aj4ij #ag4be #i4ci ,free acid in fruits is not neutralized by sugar1 but it is well known that an abundance of sugar will cover up the sour taste of a fruit4 ,the constituents above noted are mostly found in the expressed juice of the fruit1 and give it its characteristic flavor4 ,without the sugar in these juices it would not be possible to make any alcoholic beverages from them4 ,in the process of fermentation1 in the case of apple juice1 we have first the change of the sugar to alcohol and carbonic-acid gas1 which imparts to cider its characteristic taste and tang4 ,afterwards1 the alcoholic solution1 in the presence of the organic matter1 is subjected to what is called acetic fermentation2 that is1 the vinegar plant grows at the expense of the organic matter in the cider1 and this beverage is converted into vinegar1 containing acetic acid4 ,it is a familiar fact that the change does not readily take place except when cider is exposed to the air1 and this is shown to be true from a chemical standpoint1 as the cider really is oxidized to make the vinegar2 that is1 it takes up oxygen from the air4 ,the greater the proportion of sugar1 the greater the quantity of alcohol1 the stronger the vinegar will be4 ,grapes contain more than twice as much sugar as apples2 hence1 a wine that is made from them is stronger in alcohol than a cider made from apples4 ,cherries1 as will be seen by reference to the table above1 contain a large amount of sugar2 hence their use in making cherry brandy1 which contains a large per cent4 of alcohol4 ,it should be said1 however1 that in order to make brandy the cherry juice must be distilled4 ,in this respect the process is similar to that employed in making apple brandy4 ,after the juice has been extracted from the apples the pomace that remains is sometimes used as a fertilizer4 ,this is valuable chiefly on account of the mineral salts contained in it4 ,an analysis of the pomace shows that it contains3 ,water1 #fi4ij per cent42 ash1 4#ga2 albuminous substances1 #a4eh2 fiber1 #d4hg2 nitrogen1 free extract1 #ba4bd2 fat1 #a4ga4 ,the acid of the apple is usually considered to be malic acid1 but really there are several acids mixed together4 ,it is a mild and agreeable vegetable acid1 and its presence adds much to the flavor of the fruit4 ,the pectous and albuminous substances are those that assist in the formation of fruit jellies4 ,some of these substances are liquid when hot1 and gelatinize on cooling2 by too long boiling they lose this property of gelatinizing2 hence the precaution that is taken in the making of fruit jellies not to boil the juice too long4 ,the subject of the ripening of fruits like the apple has been extensively studied1 as has also that of the subsequent decay4 ,according to recent researches1 early varieties of apples contain little starch when picked1 and do not keep well4 ,the season1 soil1 and age of the tree affect the composition of the fruit4 ,it has been shown that sugar is sure to be formed from the starch in the process of ripening1 after the fruit is taken from the tree1 and during the winter the cane sugar is gradually1 and finally almost entirely1 changed to directly-reducing sugar4 ,the maximum sugar content is reached earlier the earlier in the season the apple ripens4 ,late winter varieties reach this point as late as ,november4 ,there is much starch in the latter when picked1 which gradually changes to sugar on keeping4 ,this process is analogous to the ripening of the banana4 ,this fruit is picked while green1 and from it is made by the natives of ,south ,america a flour which is a good farinaceous food1 and readily answers the place of the starchy grains4 ,we are familiar with the fact that as the fruit ripens it contains large quantities of sugar1 and is edible uncooked1 which fact is usually not true of starchy foods4 ,the subject of the decay of the apple has been discussed in a very interesting way in the ,popular ,science ,monthly for ,may1 #ahic1 by ,byron ,d4 ,halsted4 ,though chemical changes take place here1 also1 and the apple is finally resolved mostly into carbonic-acid gas1 water1 and mineral salts1 yet these changes are brought about by the action of various fungi which find a soil favorable to their growth in the apple pulp4 ,though apples are considered digestible and wholesome1 their digestibility is much increased by cooking4 ,this is especially true if some of the starch is not converted to sugar1 for1 as noted above1 starch1 to be readily assimilated in the system1 should be cooked4 ,there is probably no fruit that is so uniformly wholesome and so deservedly popular with all classes as the apple4 ,the apple and pear were known in ,england before the conquest1 and1 indeed1 probably before the ,saxon invasion4 ,they have been gradually improved from the wild crab-apple of ,europe4 ,it is stated on good authority that there is no country on the globe so well adapted to the growth of this fruit as the temperate regions of ,north ,america1 and this seems to be demonstrated by the fact that the apples of the ,united ,states are superseding the native fruit in most of the civilized countries4 ,,analyses ,,of ,,the ,,ash ,,of ,,the ,,apple4 ,sap-wood4 ,heart-wood4 ,potash #af4ai #f4fbj ,soda #c4aa #g4ice ,chloride of sodium 4#db 4#baj ,sulphate of lime 4#je 4#ebf ,phosphate of peroxide iron 4#hj 4#ejj ,phosphate of lime #ag4ej #e4baj ,phosphate of magnesia 4#bj 4#aij ,carbonic acid #bi4aj #cd4bge ,lime #ah4fc #ce4jai ,magnesia #h4dj #f4ijj ,silica #a4fe 4#gjj ,organic matter #d4fj #b4dej ------ ------- ,totals #ajj4fe #ajj4ece ,,analyses ,,of ,,apples4 ,one hundred pounds of average apples contain the following3 ,no4 #a4 ,fiber #c4b lbs4 ,gluten1 fat1 and wax 4#b ,casein 4#af ,albumen #a4d ,dextrine 4#g ,sugar #h4c ,malic acid 4#c ,water #hb4ff ,error 4#jh ---------- #ajj lbs4 ,no4 #b4 ,nitrates #e lbs4 ,carbonates #aj ,phosphate #a ,water #hd -------- #ajj lbs4 ,no4 #c4 ,water #he4j lbs4 ,sugar #g4f ,acid #a4j ,albuminous substances 4#bb ,insoluble matter #a4hc ,pectous ,substances #c4hh ,ash 4#dg ---------- #ajj lbs4 ,,weight ,,of ,,apples4 ,thirty-three hundred three-bushel barrels were weighed4 ,the average net weight1 barrel not included1 was3 ,ben ,davis1 #acd pounds1 or #dd-b_/c pounds per bushel2 ,missouri ,pippin1 #acf-b_/c pounds1 or #de-e_/i pounds per bushel2 ,winesap1 #add-c_/d pounds1 or #dh-a_/d pounds per bushel4 ,apples vary in weight in different seasons4 ,jonathans weighed in quantity three seasons give #acd1 #acf and #adj pounds per barrel1 averaging #de-e_/i pounds per barrel4 ,these weights are all net2 they do not include the weight of the barrel4 ,,time ,,of ,,blooming ,,in ,,leavenworth ,,county4 ,observations taken through a period of eight years--#ahij to #ahig--show the ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap and ,ben ,davis in full bloom on ,april #be1 #bi1 #cj1 #bj1 #bb1 #bj1 #bb1 #bf4 ,,some ,,apple-,,producing ,,states4 ,quantity of apples grown in #ahhi in states having more than ,kansas1 taken from the ,united ,states census of #ahij3 #a4 ,ohio #ac1ghi1bgh bus4 #b4 ,michigan #ac1aed1fbf #c4 ,kentucky #aj1fgi1chi #d4 ,illinois #i1fjj1ghe #e4 ,indiana #h1ghd1jch #f4 ,missouri #h1fih1agj #g4 ,new ,york #h1dic1hdf #h4 ,virginia #h1cia1dbe #i4 ,north ,carolina #g1eia1eda #aj4 ,pennsylvania #g1eeb1gaj #aa4 ,tennessee #g1bhc1ide #ab4 ,iowa #e1jdj1ceb #ac4 ,west ,virginia #d1dci1igh #ad4 ,kansas #c1gac1jai ,,american ,,apples ,,abroad4 ,furnished by ,walter ,wellhouse1 through courtesy of ,simons1 ,shuttleworth ,co41 ,liverpool4 ,ports of ,export4 ,figures given represent barrels4 ,date4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,phila- ,new ,mont- ,port- ,balti- del- ,hali- ,st4 ,york4 ,boston4 real4 land4 more4 phia4 fax4 ,johns4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahig4 ,aug4 #g #bja #ad #bcb #ba #hbi #bh #ihf #cj #eib ,sept4 #d #b1agh #fec #gic #aa #f1fjh #hig #b1dgj #ah #g1hgc #ijh #f1agh #be #i1dce #a1fbb #i1fbc #b1ajf ,oct4 #b #aj1ddh #a1hdi #i1cjf #g1jjj #i #af1bcc #c1hbc #h1bgi #af #ah1aic #g1gch #h1bhe #c1bah #bc #bd1icj #ae1bab #h1dej #i1adf #cj #bd1bcg #ai1ffj #af1hjf #e1daj ,nov4 #f #bb1dfi #ai1bcg #ca1haa #cij #d1baf #ac #ae1gdg #af1bja #bj1haf #bj #bg1bai #i1ebf #ca1dda #cfc #e1jjj #bg #ah1bfa #h1aeb #h1dfc #i1dca #a1jde #a1bhe ,dec4 #d #ae1fdi #h1ddi #f1hhi #bjj #e1faj #aa #aa1bca #f1gii #f1fje #gah #ah #e1gjf #c1bdd #cjj #ccj #be #f1ehh #a1ici #c1gce #ahih4 ,jan4 #a #d1cdi #c1eba #g1dfi #h #h1gdi #c1fdc #ac1gge #g1jjj #ae #aa1aeh #e1ehg #i1ibj #h1ejj #bb #h1bfe #d1gef #aj1igi #bi #aj1igi #d1cgf #e1fcd #dhj #ieb ,feb4 #e #c1dfc #c1iig #g1iej #bjj #c1jdf #a1jab #ab #f1fhi #b1djg #g1fhg #ee #a1ebc #ai #d1ahg #e1jfj #f1jje #b1gdj #bf #f1fac #b1bic #d1gjd #cej #b1ajh #a1ejj ,mar4 #e #d1hhf #fgg #f1hcb #ab #f1jje #b1cge #d1ifc #bcj #b1gjb #ai #f1dig #a1jdh #f1bid #ace #bf #g1gcj #d1cfh #bii ,apr4 #b #g1adb #b1iba #d1bif #i #f1hfc #b1afc #b1jgg #fhe #d1iii #af #e1ghc #bic #a1beh #bc #c1jic #cgi #fhb #cj #a1aij #eai #a1bgj ,may #g #a1ejj ,june #aa #a1ejj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,totals #cfa1hidagf1cbbafc1cacabf1bfa #ee #c1idc #gh1jch #d1agj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,the ,,apple ,,business4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,thompson1 of ,edwardsville1 ,kan4 ,often the title of a book or essay gives little information as to what will follow1 and under ,the ,apple ,business there are a variety of subjects1 on any one of which an essay might be written4 ,in this short paper ,i shall speak of our foreign markets4 ,a ,kansas apple in ,london is a long way from home4 ,but it is there1 and not at all disconcerted by its strange surroundings4 ,what is our apple doing there8 ,was it imported as a curiosity8 ,is it there as evidence of some venture or speculation8 ,neither2 it has passed the experimental stage and is on a perfectly legitimate errand4 ,it has gone over for ,english gold and will send the same back to its ,kansas home4 ,now comes the interesting part1 which makes business of the transaction4 ,if profitable1 it means prosperity2 and a wave of prosperity is what the whole country needs1 and when the wave comes there will be a lot of folks who will want to make the inundation permanent4 ,apples1 on arriving in ,london or ,liverpool1 are sold at auction on the docks1 immediately on arrival1 usually in twenty-barrel lots4 ,of each lot two barrels are opened1 one is poured out on a table1 and one has the head removed so that the faced end may be seen4 ,this is called a show1 and in the account of sales the shows are charged for at the rate of one shilling each4 ,,american ,,apples ,,abroad4 ,european receivers of ,american apples1 represented by ,chas4 ,forster1 #gf-gh ,park ,place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ports of ,import4 ,figures given represent barrels4 ,date4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total4 ,liverpool4 ,london4,glasgow4,hamburg4,various4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ahig4 ,aug4 #g #afh #cc #bja #ad #ahe #dg #bcb #ba #dee #cgd #hbi #bh #a1aac #die #a1fjh ,sept4 #d #c1jdd #ehj #c1fbd #aa #g1fje #b1cgj #i1ige #ah #aj1icc #gj #c1hac #adc #ad1iei #be #ab1ifj #b1did #f1dbe #feg #bej #bb1ghf ,oct4 #b #ac1bhf #g1ggd #e1afg #a1hjd #egb #bh1fjc #i #af1cbe #aa1beb #f1dii #c1gdg #eab #bh1cce #af #bj1ecj #e1dfa #g1dgc #c1fdh #cbb #cg1dcd #bc #bi1cha #ac1jdg #h1gji #f1cia #baj #eg1gch #cj #bf1fda #af1jee #ad1fai #h1dcb #cff #ff1aac ,nov4 #f #ci1fae #i1ddi #ah1hig #h1cga #a1gia #gh1abc #ac #cc1fca #d1cch #g1egi #f1fej #eff #eb1gfd #bj #bi1afg #aa1bbf #ah1bhh #ac1gee #a1aac #gc1edi #bg #bf1cjh #g1afi #c1ehh #g1fhf #a1hhf #df1fcg ,dec4 #d #ah1jia #h1gbd #c1aed #f1eig #bca #cf1gig #aa #ad1jej #b1dfi #d1gff #c1hbi #bci #be1cec #ah #d1fac #b1gid #baa #a1dge #dhg #i1ehj #be #g1dfh #b1gcc #a1ajf #faf #cci #ab1bfb #ahih4 ,jan4 #a #aa1idi #b1aif #fag #egg #ae1cci #h #ai1dhf #i1dbh #gji #b1fdd #ijj #cc1afg #ae #ag1gdg #aa1ieb #a1dej #d1jaa #e #ce1afe #bb #af1ccb #d1hhe #a1caf #efg #bc1ajj #bi #aa1igd #e1agd #a1eci #c1fja #adb #bb1dcj ,feb4 #e #c1edf #d1ihg #dag #gah #ai1ffh #ab #ab1ehd #c1gji #a1aja #fgc #bid #ah1cfa #ai #ab1cbj #e1afj #eba #da #ah1jdb #be #aj1bcd #d1fef #a1cec #a1cbe #ag1efh ,mar4 #e #h1dca #c1bhd #ajj #eje #ge #ab1cie #ab #i1aib #f1chi #dbd #bgj #af1bge #ai #h1fga #e1jbf #aag #afj #ac1igd #bf #g1gdg #d1jgh #cha #aia #ab1cig ,april #b #i1ghh #d1ahg #bga #aac #ad1cei #i #f1iag #h1dic #a1aib #ahe #af1ghg #af #e1jdi #b1jia #fj #acd #g1ccd #bc #b1jei #b1jie #d1aed #cj #edc #b1dcf #b1igi ,may #g #a1ejj #a1ejj ,june #aa #a1ejj #a1ejj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,totals #dij1ach #aih1bha #abc1hbh #hh1ghj #ab1ifi #iac1iif ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,i have just received the apple catalogue of ,woodall ,co41 of ,liverpool1 ,england1 giving a list of sales made by them of #bdea barrels of ,american apples1 from the #c;d to the #ajth of this month ,december1 #ahig4 ,this catalogue gives the mark1 brand or owner's name on barrel1 the name of the variety1 condition of fruit1 and whether tight or loose in the barrel1 the name of the vessel on which the fruit arrived1 the point from which it was shipped1 and the gross proceeds of the sales of these #bdea barrels--#ajdg were from ,canada and #adjd from the ,united ,states4 ,last year ,i sold for export #ajjj barrels of apples4 ,the buyer told me it was very difficult to carry barreled apples across the water in good condition4 ,and that1 owing to the peculiar motion of the ship1 apples which were tight when loaded would be loose and bruised on arrival at ,liverpool4 ,you may judge of the correctness of this statement when ,i tell you that1 in the account of sales of #aec barrels1 #adb are reported as loose and #aa tight4 ,they are not all that bad1 for further on #bab are reported as #aga tight and #da loose4 ,apples when loose lose from #a to #a4ge in value2 a lot of #ab--h ,winesap and #d ,york ,imperial1 loose--were sold for #aes4 #c;d4 or #c4hj per barrel2 #dc ,winesaps1 loose1 brought #ads4 #i;d4 or #c4fh4 ,newtown ,pippins bring the highest price1 ranging from #e to #i per barrel4 ,the apples are mostly from ,canada and ,new ,york1 the varieties being principally ,newtown ,pippin1 ,baldwin1 ,greening1 and ,northern ,spy2 still ,i find in the list such familiar names as ,ben ,davis1 ,genet1 and ,winesap4 ,on inquiry1 ,i find the freight from ,kansas ,city to ,new ,york is #fc-a_/b cents1 and from ,new ,york across the water1 seventy-five cents per barrel4 ,a report of sales would read something like this3 ,one barrel ,ben ,davis1 #c4hj2 freight1 #a4ce2 commission1 #bj cents2 net proceeds1 #b4be4 ,this is supposing they should reach the other side loose4 ,if1 owing to superior skill in packing1 they should reach their destination tight1 the net proceeds would be #c or #c4be4 ,the ,liverpool quotation on western ,ben ,davis1 ,december #aa1 is #d to #e for tight2 #c4ej to #d4ch for loose4 ,i speak of one firm only2 many others are in the same line4 ,,comparison ,,of ,,seasons1 #ahha ,,to #ahih4 ,ports of ,export4 ,figures represent barrels4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,date4 ,new ,mont- ,port- ,halifax,phil-,bal- ,anna- ,york4 ,boston4 real4 land4 and ,st4adel-ti- pol- ,johns4 phia4more4 is4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahhj-ha #eii1bjj #eaj1cjj #ade1bgf #ci1ijh #bd1beji1hgb #ahha-hb #ge1hhi #fe1jic #ef1dcc #f1dig #ac1hje #ba1ece #ahhb-hc #afi1egj #ajb1dji #fd1cij #af1hij #ah1edbc1ijj #ai1hic #ahhc-hd #ec1jdh #g1ade #g1dde #i1haa #c1geh #cbe #ahhd-he #bef1cad #cjg1acj #hd1dhg #ga1dfj #da1bjg #h1fab #ahhe-hf #dff1bjc #bba1gbd #fh1gaf #hg1cja #cg1ihb #ahf #c1afa #ahhf-hg #age1eie #cjc1dgi #ajf1gacajj1efi #id1fjf #bf1ife #ahhg-hh #bge1fif #afc1iaf #ic1jeh #be1bae #cb1feb #ag1hhd #ahhh-hi #dgd1ccg #chb1aii #bia1cjgade1hbe #id1fia #hfj #ah1aij #ahhi-ij #afi1eeg #acb1ehi #afb1ebfabb1dcc #ec1fbg #cg1jcj #ahij-ia #gf1ejc #bc1abc #ahb1jie #hj1cfe #hi1aij #ahia-ib #ecg1bdg #cci1ifd #cbj1degafc1ade #hg1cgi #eej #gb #ahib-ic #bah1jcg #bjd1ach #dbi1bdcbce1cieaaf1gbe #ahic-id #bi1cif #d1gif #ef1bee #di1cdd #ce1jeh #ahid-ie #bba1cih #ebc1abc #bgc1cecaee1hghbfd1daj #ahie-if #bcj1gje #hd1gga #abh1jbgada1ieeafe1gig ,a#ac1faj ,a#a1hfa #ahif-ig #egj1cbga1jae1jbi #gjj1bgdbba1cejdji1gccc1acc #ahig-ih #cfa1hid #agf1cbb #afc1cacabf1bfa #hb1bjhc1idc #ee ,additionally in #ahia-ib1 #a1ccg barrels were exported from ,newport ,news1 and #bae from ,norfolk4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,ports of ,import4 ,figures represent barrels4 ,date4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,liverpool4 ,london4 ,glasgow4,hamburg4 ,various4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ahhj-ha #hci1ddd #agg1icf #baf1cia #ie1jcf #a1cbh1hjf #ahha-hb #acc1ghd #df1adg #ei1bff #ee #bci1beb #ahhb-hc #bec1dcb #df1ige #ha1bfi #ac1cah #cie1eid #ahhc-hd #df1ffa #d1hdc #bi1fhe #cdc #ha1ecb #ahhd-he #dia1hih #abc1jha #acg1fca #af1eij #gfi1baj #ahhe-hf #ecg1fie #adg1ajb #agf1dde #bd1jca #hhe1bgc #ahhf-hg #dfh1eec #ahg1hdj #ach1gef #ab1gge #hjg1ibd #ahhg-hh #cdf1eeg #ajd1jgb #aci1eag #ah1bge #fjh1dba #ahhh-hi #gij1ejb #bgi1cgd #bgb1jfh #fd1dfe #a1djg1dji #ahhi-ij #dah1hej #abh1bdh #aaf1ddi #ad1aae #fgg1gfb #ahij-ia #beb1edh #aaf1gje #hj1ggb #a1bfj #dea1bhe #ahia-ib #iag1ece #bbd1cef #bhb1eec #be1hib #a1dej1ccf #ahib-ic #gih1bia #agd1dje #bbj1gij #aj1jeb #a1bjc1ech #ahic-id #aja1bje #cb1eha #ch1ebd #b1ecj #agd1hda #ahid-ie #hec1aih #chh1ece #agc1cab #bc1aaj #a1dch1aee #ahie-if #daj1eif #aif1ahd #abg1idb #af1ecc #gea1bee ,a#aa1cdb ,a#b1deh ,a#a1gga ,a#ae1dga #ahif-ig #a1eha1efj #gaf1gga #daa1ege #aag1aje #ib1hce #b1iai1hdf #ahig-ih #dij1ach #aih1bha #abc1hbh #hh1ghj #ab1ifi #iac1iif ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,a ,boxes4 ,during the week ending ,december #aa1 #ahig1 there were exported from the ,united ,states to ,europe #be1ddg barrels of apples2 of these1 ,liverpool got #ccce1 ,london1 #behj1 ,glasgow1 #cefg1 ,hamburg1 #ebfd2 equaling #ad1gef4 ,the total export to ,europe this year from the ,united ,states1 up to ,december #aa1 is #ehf1ijf barrels bringing this country over #a-a_/b million dollars4 ,last year we had a much larger crop1 and up to this date had exported #b1jhg1egc barrels4 ,owing to the liability of getting loose in the barrel some shippers use boxes4 ,we packed1 last fall1 #ajjj boxes of ,willow ,twig and ,ben ,davis2 these were packed in pear boxes1 each apple wrapped in paper2 the boxes 7filled7 would weigh about forty pounds4 ,the apples are placed in layers six long by four wide and four layers deep1 ninety-six apples to the box1 putting the finest apples on top4 ,the covers are put on with a lever press that presses on the ends of the boards and springs both the bottom and top of the box2 the extra size in the middle is protected by cleats on the ends4 ,the sides are of thicker boards and do not spring4 ,if the apples should shrink in size1 as apples do1 the spring in the box will take up the slack4 ,in loading on the car or ship1 the boxes are placed on their edges4 ,one thousand boxes make a good car-load1 weighing about #dj1jjj pounds4 ,a barrel will make about #d-a_/b boxes4 ,these cases of selected apples are expected to sell readily for eight shillings 7or #b7 per box1 and packed in this careful manner should go through in perfect condition4 ,if they bring satisfactory prices1 ,i predict that next year more than one ,kansas orchard will be packing apples for foreign export4 ,a ,,short ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,wellhouse ,,orchards4 ,in #ahgf ,mr4 ,f4 ,wellhouse planted1 at ,glenwood1 ,leavenworth county1 ,kansas1 #aag acres of apple trees1 as follows3 #fj acres of ,ben ,davis1 #cb of ,missouri ,pippin1 and #be of ,winesap4 ,this orchard yielded1 in #ahhj1 #aeid bushels of apples1 which sold for #a4ej per barrel1 or #gig2 and in #ahha it yielded #chhg bushels1 which sold for #d per barrel1 or #eahd4 ,in #ahgh he planted1 near ,gardner1 ,miami county1 #afj acres1 as follows3 #hj acres of ,ben ,davis1 #dj of ,missouri ,pippin1 #cj of ,winesap1 and #h of ,cooper's ,early and #h of ,maiden's ,blush4 ,these two orchards1 of #bgg acres combined1 yielded1 in #ahhb1 #ab1jcg bushels1 which sold for #b4dh per barrel1 or #i1iej4 ,in #ahgi he planted1 at ,fairmount1 ,leavenworth county1 #afj acres1 as follows3 #hj acres of ,ben ,davis1 #dj of ,jonathan1 #cj of ,winesap1 and #h of ,cooper's ,early and #h of ,maiden's ,blush4 ,these three orchards1 of #dcg acres combined1 yielded as follows3 #ahhc1 #ab1chh bushels1 sold at #c4jj per barrel4 #ahhd1 #aa1gbf #b4jd #ahhe1 #ae1cgc #b4jj #ahhf1 #cd1iji #a4de #ahhg1 #cc1gij #b4aa #ahhh1 #bj1jed #a4ha #ahhi1 #aa1ieb #b4di #ahij1 #gi1agj #c4jj #ahia1 #fc1fih #a4ge #ahib1 #igh bushels4 #ahic1 #ijj #ahid1 #dg1cgd sold at #b4ej per barrel4 #ahie1 #ei1ach #ahif1 #ghd #ahig1 #c1geh #ahih1 #c1fci not sold yet4 ,in #ahhi he planted1 near ,wakarusa1 ,osage county1 #hjj acres1 as follows3 #cjj acres of ,ben ,davis1 #bjj of ,missouri ,pippin1 #afj of ,jonathan1 #ge of ,york ,imperial1 and #fe of ,gano4 ,in #ahie this orchard yielded #cdgj bushels4 ,in #ahid he planted1 near ,tonganoxie1 ,leavenworth county1 #cjj acres1 as follows3 #ajj acres of ,ben ,davis1 #ajj of ,gano1 #cc of ,jonathan1 #cc of ,york ,imperial1 and #cd of ,missouri ,pippin4 ,in #ahie he sold nearly #ba1ghj bushels1 put in cold storage #ijjj bushels1 and sent to dryer #bf1fjj bushels1 making a total for #ahie of #eg1chj bushels4 ,in #ahif he set out1 near ,summit1 ,leavenworth county1 #adj acres1 making a total acreage of #fbj acres of ,ben ,davis1 #gf of ,winesap1 #dji of ,missouri ,pippin1 #aij of ,jonathan1 #aej of ,york ,imperial1 #afj of ,gano1 #af of ,maiden's ,blush1 and #af of ,cooper's ,early4 ,during this time he sold thousands of bushels of culls that are not counted in this statement1 excepting in #ahie4 ,these culls sold1 per bushel1 as follows3 #ahhc1 at #cj cents2 #ahhd1 at #ae cents2 #ahhe1 at #bj cents2 #ahhf1 at #ac cents2 #ahhg1 at #bg cents2 #ahhh1 at #ad cents2 #ahhi1 at #ah cents2 #ahij1 at #bj cents2 #ahia1 at #ae cents2 #ahid1 at #bj cents4 ,for profit1 ,mr4 ,wellhouse puts the ,jonathan first1 ,ben ,davis second1 ,missouri ,pippin third1 and ,winesap fourth4 ,he says ,cooper's ,early does not pay him4 ,,revised ,,list ,,of ,,apples ,recommended for ,kansas by the votes of the members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society1 at its annual meeting1 ,december1 #ahif3 ,list of ,winter ,varieties4 ,ben ,davis #dd votes4 ,winesap #db ,jonathan #da ,missouri ,pippin #dj ,gano #cj ,york ,imperial #ah ,genet #ab ,smith's ,cider #h ,maiden's ,blush #e ,grimes's ,golden #c ,willow ,twig #c ,huntsman #b votes4 ,mammoth ,black ,twig #b ,early ,harvest #b ,gilpin #a ,red ,winter ,pearmain #a ,salome #a ,rome ,beauty #a ,ortley #a ,wagener #a ,white ,pippin #a ,summer and ,fall ,varieties4 ,early ,harvest #ai votes4 ,red ,june #ac ,maiden's ,blush #ab ,chenango #f ,yellow ,transparent #e ,cooper's ,early ,white #e ,duchess of ,oldenburg #d ,red ,astrachan #d votes4 ,golden ,sweet #b ,keswick ,codlin #b ,american ,summer ,pearmain #b ,wealthy #b ,orange ,pippin #b ,summer ,swaar #a ,fall4 ,maiden's ,blush #bj votes4 ,grimes ,golden ,pippin #ac ,rambo #aj ,jonathan #aj ,pennsylvania ,red ,streak #c ,cooper's ,early ,white #c votes4 ,lowell #c ,fameuse #c ,fall ,wine #b ,jefferis #b ,hay's ,wine #a vote4 ,summer ,rambo #a ,munster #a ,fall ,pippin #a ,northern ,spy #a ,rome ,beauty #a vote4 ,hubbardston's ,nonsuch #a ,huntsman's ,favorite #a ,sweet ,russet #a ,list for ,family ,orchard4 ,jonathan #be votes4 ,winesap #bd ,maiden's ,blush #bb ,early ,harvest #ba ,red ,june #ae ,missouri ,pippin #ac ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin #ac ,ben ,davis #ab ,rawle's ,genet #ab ,york ,imperial #aa ,rambo #aj ,chenango ,strawberry #h ,cooper's ,early ,white #h ,yellow ,transparent #g ,jefferis #f ,huntsman's ,favorite #e ,smith's ,cider #d ,wealthy #d ,milam #c ,rome ,beauty #c ,gano #c ,red ,winter ,pearmain #b ,willow ,twig #b ,fameuse #b ,benoni #b ,fink #b ,duchess of ,oldenburg #b ,gilpin #a vote4 ,golden ,sweet #a ,fall ,pippin #a ,newtown ,pippin #a ,sweet ,june #a ,jersey ,sweet #a ,lansingburg #a ,whitney ,no4 #bj #a ,red ,astrachan #a ,white ,winter ,pearmain #a ,american ,summer ,pearmain #a ,minkler #a ,yellow ,bellflower #a ,dominie #a ,sweet ,rambo #a ,pennsylvania ,red ,streak #a ,stark #a ,lawver #a ,lowell #a ,fulton #a ,roman ,stem #a ,red ,winter ,sweet #a ,primate #a ,klepsroth #a ,garretson's ,early #a ,red ,betigheimer #a ,wagener #a ,,description ,,of ,,varieties ,,referred ,,to ,,in ,,this ,,book4 ,,ben ,,davis4 ,synonyms3 ,new ,york ,pippin1 ,victoria ,pippin1 ,victoria ,red1 ,red ,pippin1 ,kentucky ,pippin1 ,baltimore ,red1 ,baltimore ,pippin1 ,baltimore ,red ,streak1 ,carolina ,red ,streak1 and ,funkhouser4 ,the origin of this apple is unknown4 ,j4 ,s4 ,downer1 of ,kentucky1 writes that old trees are there found from which suckers are taken in way of propagating4 ,the tree is very hardy1 a free grower1 with very dark reddish brown1 slightly grayish1 young wood1 forming an erect1 round head1 bearing early and abundantly4 ,in quality it is not first rate1 but from its early productiveness1 habit of blooming late in the spring after late frosts1 good size1 fair1 even fruit1 keeping and carrying well1 it is very popular in all the ,southwest and ,west4 ,fruit medium to large4 ,form roundish1 truncated conical1 often sides unequal4 ,color yellowish1 almost entirely overspread1 splashed and striped with two shades of red1 and dotted sparsely with aureole dots4 ,stalk medium1 rather slender4 ,cavity narrow1 deep1 russeted4 ,calyx partially open4 ,basin wide1 abrupt1 slightly corrugated4 ,flesh white1 tender1 moderately juicy1 pleasant1 subacid4 ,core medium to large4 ,good to very good4 ,december to ,march4 ,remarks on the ,ben ,davis by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman 7,leavenworth county73 ,i favor ,ben ,davis because of its large size and good appearance2 because it is long-lived1 and attractive in appearance in market2 because it is an early bearer2 and1 to sum it all up1 because it is profitable to grow4 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison 7,butler county73 ,i favor ,ben ,davis because it is one of the most hardy1 even1 regular bearers2 because it succeeds on a great variety of soils4 ,it is handsome in appearance and attracts the eye in every market4 ,f4 ,w4 ,dixon 7,jackson county73 ,i favor ,ben ,davis because it is the most profitable variety4 ,phillip ,lux 7,shawnee county73 ,it has a quality of sticking on until we are ready to pick4 ,it gives good returns for our investment4 ,j4 ,f4 ,maxey 7,franklin county73 ,i favor it because of its large size and attractive appearance4 ,g4 ,l4 ,holsinger 7,wyandotte county73 ,i vote for it4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bailey 7,sumner county73 ,the ,ben ,davis has been the most profitable with us4 ,it is very attractive and popular1 and a good seller4 ,a member3 ,on account of its large size1 attractive appearance1 and good market qualities1 ,i vote for it4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith 7,douglas county73 ,i vote for it because it is the best commercial apple we have and stands high in the ,european markets4 ,it sells for six dollars a barrel in ,hamburg4 ,,winesap4 ,synonyms3 ,winesop and ,potpie ,apple4 ,this is not only a good apple for the table1 but it is also one of the very finest cider fruits1 and its fruitfulness renders it a great favorite with orchardists4 ,the tree grows rather irregularly1 and does not form a handsome head1 but it bears early1 and the apples have the good quality of hanging late upon the trees without injury1 while the tree thrives well on sandy1 light soils4 ,the tree is very hardy1 and one of the most profitable orchard varieties wherever grown4 ,young wood reddish brown1 with smooth red buds4 ,fruit of medium size1 rather roundish oblong4 ,skin smooth1 of a fine dark red1 with a few streaks1 and a little yellow ground appearing on the shady side4 ,stalk nearly an inch long1 slender1 set in an irregular cavity4 ,calyx small1 placed in a regular basin1 with fine plaits4 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 crisp1 with a rich1 high flavor4 ,very good4 ,november to ,may4 ,remarks on the ,winesap by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,c4 ,c4 ,cook 7,wabaunsee county73 ,i strongly favor the ,winesap1 preferring it to any apple ,i grow4 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison 7,butler county73 ,the ,winesap is desirable because of its deep1 rich color1 its attractiveness1 and high flavor4 ,its one principal defect is over bearing4 ,it is a good seller4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,the excellences of the ,winesap consist in its color1 its flavor1 and its keeping quality4 ,i would not recommend it for a commercial orchard4 ,i recommend it for the family orchard only4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano 7,missouri73 ,that is my view4 ,i would not recommend it as a commercial apple4 ,the tree grows straggling1 and is subject to insects1 and the winds affect them greatly1 making them unprofitable in our orchards4 ,as a family apple1 when grown to perfection1 we can hardly dispense with it4 ,f4 ,w4 ,dixon3 ,the ,winesap trees on my farm are twenty-five years old1 and last year yielded ten bushels of marketable apples per tree1 besides culls4 ,i would not recommend the ,winesap as a commercial apple1 as it is usually small4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,i must say a good word for the ,winesap4 ,it has many traits against it for profit2 yet ,i would give it a place in the commercial orchard4 ,it falls early1 and must be picked early2 but if planted in good1 rich1 black soil it will as a rule do well4 ,it commands a good price1 and is a good apple for variety4 ,we cannot make it a leader1 but should keep it among our commercial apples4 ,james ,sharp 7,morris county73 ,i consider it a good apple for my soil4 ,it is a good apple if planted in a cool and moist red clay4 ,in this they grow to a marketable size4 ,g4 ,l4 ,holsinger3 ,i think ,i would not plant another ,winesap1 unless for family use4 ,i would place it fifth or sixth on the list4 ,after one or two good crops they generally play out4 ,this year they were about the size of crab-apples4 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison3 ,the ,winesap in ,butler county is prone to spur blight4 ,in summer1 when the hot sun comes1 they dry up in clusters4 ,as far south as we are they are hardly profitable4 ,farther north they do better4 ,in ,illinois1 from one square of #bjj trees 7,winesaps7 ,i gathered #cjjj bushels of apples1 in #ahga4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bailey3 ,i know no better apple for family use4 ,in our country1 in the low lands1 they are fine1 of fair size1 producing well4 ,while the tree is young the fruit is fine2 after it gets older it overbears1 and the fruit becomes small4 ,i would not plant it for market4 ,william ,cutter 7,geary county73 ,i consider the ,winesap good for family orchards1 but when old inclined to overbear1 which enfeebles the tree4 ,while the tree is young it is among the best4 ,it does not pay for market4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,i would drop it from the commercial list4 ,if ,i were to plant #ajjj trees ,i would plant only #bjj ,winesaps4 ,i prefer the ,ben ,davis1 but we should not all grow the same apple4 ,we want variety4 ,william ,cutter3 ,every one likes ,winesaps1 but we cannot grow them at ordinary prices4 ,george ,p4 ,whiteker 7,shawnee county73 ,i do not know a better apple4 ,as remarked1 when the tree gets old the fruit runs down in size4 ,it is very deceiving4 ,when it appears overloaded there are often not many on it4 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,it has disappointed us every year4 ,some years they are very full1 but many go to the cull piles4 ,i vote against the ,winesap4 ,we have not planted any for ten years4 ,mr4 ,walter ,wellhouse is here4 ,he can tell us about the ,winesap4 ,walter ,wellhouse 7,shawnee county73 ,my experience is that1 like some other apples1 they will not grow in poor soils1 but if the soil is suitable they are profitable4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,bohrer 7,rice county73 ,i have noticed it is not so much in the quality of the soil as the quantity of moisture in it4 ,having trees on high ground1 ,i irrigated one of them1 and it bore fine apples4 ,in ,arkansas1 where the land is too poor to raise corn the ,winesap does well2 but it will not grow on high1 dry soil4 ,they must have more than the ordinary amount of moisture4 ,secretary ,barnes3 ,t4 ,w4 ,harrison1 ex-mayor of ,topeka1 has ,winesap apples growing about seven miles southwest of the city that are phenomenal4 ,they are the largest ,i ever saw4 ,they have been exhibited at our past meetings1 and people would hardly believe them ,winesaps4 ,he cannot account for it2 says it must be some kind of freak4 ,i examined the trees myself4 ,they are well grown1 on high1 rolling prairie4 ,i would recommend those who desire ,winesaps to get scions from ,mr4 ,harrison4 ,he has seven or eight trees in his orchard1 all in one row1 far ahead of any ,winesaps ,i ever saw4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,bohrer3 ,do you know whether there is a source of drainage to that point8 ,secretary ,barnes3 ,i do not4 ,the trees are probably eighteen years old1 and on rolling land4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,afee 7,shawnee county73 ,i have #ade ,winesap trees in my orchard on high ground4 ,they do reasonably well1 but are not as large as ,mr4 ,harrison's4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,mr4 ,harrison's orchard lies on a southern slope4 ,it is good orchard land4 ,the soil is very loose4 ,his ,missouri ,pippins are as good in proportion as his ,winesaps4 ,his apples are all good4 ,j4 ,f4 ,maxey3 ,we have #cjj or #djj acres in ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,janet4 ,i would not discard the ,winesap4 ,,jonathan4 ,synonyms3 ,king ,philip and ,philip ,rick4 ,the ,jonathan is a very beautiful dessert apple1 and its great beauty1 good flavor and productiveness in all soils unite to recommend it to orchard planters4 ,the original tree of this variety is growing on the farm of ,mr4 ,philip ,rick1 of ,kingston1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it was first described by the late ,judge ,buel1 and named by him in compliment to ,jonathan ,hasbrouck1 ,esq41 of the same place1 who made known the fruit to him4 ,it succeeds wherever grown1 and proves one of the best in quality1 and most profitable either for table or market4 ,the tree is hardy1 moderately vigorous1 forming an upright1 spreading1 round head4 ,young shoots rather slender1 slightly pendulous1 grayish brown4 ,fruit of medium size1 regularly formed1 roundish conical1 or tapering to the eye4 ,skin thin and smooth1 the ground clear light yellow1 nearly covered by lively red stripes1 and deepening into brilliant or dark red in the sun4 ,stalk three-fourths of an inch long1 rather slender1 inserted in a deep1 regular cavity4 ,calyx set in a deep1 rather broad basin4 ,flesh white1 rarely a little pinkish1 very tender and juicy1 with a mild1 sprightly1 vinous flavor4 ,this fruit evidently belongs to the ,spitzenburg class4 ,best4 ,november to ,march4 ,remarks on the ,jonathan by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,dr4 ,g4 ,bohrer3 ,jonathan is probably the best apple ,i grow4 ,they sell for the highest price in the general market4 ,they produce fewer culls than other varieties4 ,it is not a profuse bearer as far south as ,i am ,rice county4 ,it ripens too early1 and is affected by strong winds4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,the ,jonathan is one of the most desirable all-around apples1 excellent as a dessert fruit1 of a beautiful deep1 bright color1 of good quality and strong constitution4 ,it is often called a fall apple1 yet1 if put in cold storage1 it may be brought out even in ,june in good condition4 ,i place it third as a commercial fruit4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,the ,jonathan should be picked early and put in cold storage4 ,i would place it second as a commercial apple4 ,w4 ,j4 ,griffing 7,riley county73 ,we consider it about fourth on the list as a commercial apple4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,afee3 ,it is large1 and about the second for profits in my orchard1 which has been planted twenty-seven years4 ,f4 ,w4 ,dixon3 ,i would place the ,jonathan about third as a commercial apple4 ,in our county it is longer lived than any other apple tree and freer from insects4 ,james ,sharp3 ,its only objection is its inclination to fall4 ,i suppose1 if picked early and put in cold storage1 they may be as good1 but do not look as well4 ,walter ,wellhouse3 ,i think the demand for ,jonathan is declining some among large dealers4 ,a few years ago they sold for an advance of from fifty cents to one dollar per barrel4 ,in ,minneapolis and ,chicago the market still seems good for them2 but if ,i were to plant now ,i would not plant as many ,jonathans as five or ten years ago4 ,g4 ,p4 ,whiteker3 ,the ,jonathan sells better in our market ,topeka than any other apple4 ,they have a good reputation2 none better4 ,they must be picked early4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,i would place it fifth commercially1 it drops so early1 before coloring up2 it stands more abuse than any other apple we have1 and1 if gathered early1 will keep even without cold storage until the market improves4 ,dr4 ,q4 ,bohrer3 ,i agree with ,mr4 ,sharp4 ,i think the farther west we go the poorer the fruit gets4 ,you have more rainfall in the eastern part of the state4 ,it is hardy1 possibly hardier than ,ben ,davis1 but it falls early4 ,it is much like ,winesap1 requiring more moisture than other varieties4 ,when not much exposed to winds it does well4 ,of late our rainfall is not sufficient1 and they are not doing so well1 but since trying irrigation they do better4 ,william ,cutter3 ,i live too far west for the ,jonathan4 ,it will not stand drought or wind4 ,it ripens too early4 ,it is a cold-storage apple4 ,the worst spur blight ,i ever saw was on them4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,it is a good wet-weather apple4 ,if there is plenty of moisture1 they do fine4 ,i gather them about the #ajth of ,september1 and they keep until the next spring4 ,i tried to see how long ,i could keep them4 ,they should be about third on the commercial list4 ,,missouri ,,pippin4 ,synonym3 ,missouri ,keeper4 ,it is said to have originated in the orchard of ,brink ,hornsby1 ,johnson county1 ,missouri4 ,tree hardy1 a strong1 upright1 rather spreading grower1 an early and abundant annual bearer4 ,fruit medium to large1 roundish oblate1 slightly oblique1 somewhat flattened at the ends2 skin pale1 whitish yellow1 shaded1 striped and splashed with light and dark red1 often quite dark in the sun1 having many large and small light and gray dots2 stalk short1 small2 cavity large1 deep2 calyx closed1 or half open2 basin rather abrupt1 deep1 slightly corrugated2 flesh whitish1 a little coarse1 crisp or breaking1 moderately juicy1 subacid2 good2 core small4 ,january to ,april4 ,remarks on the ,missouri ,pippin by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,c4 ,c4 ,cook3 ,i am a warm friend of the ,missouri ,pippin1 and vote it second4 ,it is a short-lived tree1 but brings paying returns for expense and trouble4 ,it has a fairly good flavor4 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison3 ,the ,missouri ,pippin is a young and profuse bearer1 and quite hardy with me4 ,i should place it second on the list4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,i have eliminated it from my family orchard1 and give it only standing-room as a commercial fruit1 and there rate it second in quality4 ,there can be more money made from it in a few years than from any apple we have4 ,it is the youngest bearing tree we have4 ,it grows to a good size1 and by some is preferred to ,ben ,davis4 ,the great merit of this apple is in its youthful productiveness1 good color1 and marketable quality4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,i do not approve of planting it thickly1 intending to let it remain4 ,it is apt to overbear1 break in pieces1 and become almost worthless4 ,with proper care and thinning when too thick we can partially overcome this4 ,w4 ,j4 ,griffing3 ,it is my second best apple4 ,i consider the ,winesap the best1 as it has paid me the best1 and ,i am planting for winter profit only these two4 ,all apple trees die young with us4 ,f4 ,w4 ,dixon3 ,i can add nothing new1 but place it second on the list4 ,james ,sharp3 ,it has been my most profitable variety4 ,about four-fifths have been marketable4 ,as to dying young1 ,i would rather grow new ones4 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,we will have to stick to it awhile yet in ,kansas4 ,when of good size they command a price in advance of the ,ben ,davis4 ,g4 ,p4 ,whiteker3 ,it gives good satisfaction as a commercial apple4 ,it bears young2 and you can get good returns for eight or ten years1 and then put out a new orchard4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,i would place the ,missouri ,pippin second on the commercial list4 ,william ,cutter3 ,it is the youngest to bear4 ,it is a ,western apple4 ,other varieties gradually die out1 but it sticks4 ,the farther west you go the better it is4 ,it stands drought and wind best of all4 ,while it breaks off on the top1 it is not a short-lived tree4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,i would place it second on the commercial list4 ,,gano4 ,origin1 ,howard county1 ,missouri4 ,tree very hardy2 has never been injured by the cold winters2 bears very young1 roots readily from its own stock1 and can almost be grown from a cutting4 ,fruit bright red on yellow ground1 no stripes2 large1 oblong1 tapering to the eye2 surface smooth1 takes a very high polish1 making it valuable as a stand fruit1 thought by many to surpass the ,ben ,davis4 ,minute dots2 basin shallow1 sometimes deep2 stem medium to long2 flesh white1 fine grained1 tender1 mild1 pleasant subacid4 ,an early1 annual and prolific bearer4 ,december to ,may4 ,remarks on the ,gano by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,i cannot be against my namesake4 ,i have found nothing yet that excels the parent trees4 ,the ,gano is creating a sensation1 more especially in the southern part of ,missouri4 ,they prefer it to ,ben ,davis1 and1 where extensively planted and in bearing1 it is creating a sensation4 ,while ,i have no interest in it1 other than the name1 still ,i think we have in the ,gano something that will stay4 ,it is much like ,ben ,davis4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,i would class it and the ,ben ,davis as twins4 ,james ,sharp3 ,i planted about #gjj trees of it five years ago4 ,this year ,i raised five apples4 ,two of these could not be told from ,ben ,davis4 ,one looked like ,jonathan4 ,william ,cutter3 ,i class it with ,ben ,davis4 ,it differs little except in color4 ,trees are alike1 but ,i think it a younger bearer4 ,i got my grafts from ,lee's ,summit1 ,mo41 paying five dollars per #ajj for them4 ,one tree ,i gave to a friend was this year a wonder to all who saw it4 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,we have seventy or eighty acres in ,gano1 planted five or six years ago4 ,while the tree is much like ,ben ,davis1 ,i can distinguish a difference in the apples4 ,if ,i pile both kinds together ,i can see a difference2 if ,i pick out a ,gano and put it in the ,ben ,davis pile1 neither ,i nor any other man on earth can tell it from the ,ben ,davis4 ,i do not know whether it is distinct from the ,ben ,davis or not4 ,if it is ,ben ,davis1 it is all right4 ,i hope it is distinct1 but have so far been unable to settle the question4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,we originally found only one tree in an orchard in ,pratt county1 ,missouri1 and in the same orchard there were plenty of ,ben ,davis trees4 ,there may have been a mix-up of these varieties1 but you will not be disappointed if you get the ,gano4 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,before planting1 ,i went to ,lee's ,summit for three or four years in succession and examined the original trees1 to see whether we ought to plant any2 we concluded to plant1 for if they were not a new apple they would be the ,ben ,davis anyhow4 ,we may have obtained ,ben ,davis trees4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,z4 ,moore3 ,my husband handles many of them on commission1 and favors them both in the orchard and in the market4 ,he says they are known as ,jonathan1 not as ,gano1 and while you may not distinguish them in a pile of ,ben ,davis1 you will know the difference if you put your teeth into them4 ,,york ,,imperial4 ,synonym3 ,johnson's ,fine ,winter4 ,origin thought to be ,york county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 productive4 ,young wood rich brown1 downy4 ,fruit medium1 oblate oblique1 whitish1 shaded with crimson in the sun1 thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots4 ,stalk short4 ,calyx closed1 or partially open4 ,basin large1 deep4 ,flesh yellowish1 firm1 crisp1 juicy1 pleasant1 mild subacid4 ,good to very good4 ,core compact1 small4 ,november to ,february4 ,remarks on the ,york ,imperial by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,c4 ,c4 ,cook3 ,i have planted heavily of ,york ,imperial4 ,they are not yet in full bearing4 ,they have given me good results4 ,the trees are of large size and the growth indicates that they will be strong bearers4 ,they are of rather a twig growth4 ,i would put them about sixth on the commercial list4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,the ,york ,imperial is an old apple4 ,it is new to many of us because of its late sudden popularity4 ,it has been sent to ,europe1 holding its own with ,missouri ,pippin and others4 ,it is large1 a good keeper1 and growers always seem pleased with it4 ,it seems to be growing popular4 ,james ,sharp3 ,i have about #ejj or #fjj trees ,i planted on the recommendation of ,president ,wellhouse1 six years ago4 ,this year they produced about #ajj bushels4 ,i think they will be profitable4 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,i saw a gentleman from ,st4 ,louis who gathered about ten car-loads1 and he was favorably impressed with it4 ,we have many trees bearing4 ,it keeps well in cellars4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,i would place them third on the commercial list4 ,william ,cutter3 ,mine are just beginning to bear4 ,it is not a youthful bearer4 ,i think it will be a popular apple4 ,g4 ,l4 ,holsinger3 ,they commence to bear young4 ,we have some that are twenty-two years old4 ,this year they were full4 ,like the ,jonathan1 they mature too early and fall off4 ,what ,i put in the cellar this year kept well1 very few rotting4 ,,rawle',s ,,janet4 ,synonyms3 ,missouri ,janet1 ,red ,neverfail1 ,rawle's ,jannet1 ,rawle's ,jannetting1 ,rawle's ,genet1 ,rock ,remain1 ,rock ,rimmon1 ,yellow ,janett1 ,winter ,jannetting1 ,jeniton1 ,jennett1 ,neverfail1 ,indiana ,jannetting1 and ,raul's ,gennetting4 ,originated in ,amherst county1 ,virginia1 on the farm of ,caleb ,rawle4 ,tree hardy1 vigorous1 spreading4 ,it puts forth its leaves and blossoms much later than other varieties in the spring1 and consequently avoids injury by late frost2 it is1 therefore1 particularly valuable for the ,south and ,southwest1 where it is much cultivated4 ,young wood clear reddish brown2 fruit rather large1 oblate conic1 yellowish1 shaded with red and striped with crimson2 stalk short and thick1 inserted in a broad1 open cavity2 calyx partially open1 set in a rather shallow basin2 flesh whitish yellow1 tender1 juicy1 pleasant subacid2 good to very good2 ,february to ,june4 ,remarks on the ,rawle's ,janet by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,c4 ,c4 ,cook3 ,i have been acquainted with the ,janet from boyhood1 but ,i have little1 if any1 use for them1 because they overbear4 ,it is a hard tree for me to do anything with2 cannot get them into shape--die quick4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,i would only recommend a tree or two of them for the family orchard4 ,it has had its day in the ,west1 and is succeeded by more profitable varieties4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ferris 7,osage county73 ,i would not plant them to sell4 ,they are too subject to diseases--bitter rot1 etc4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,i think it could be discarded altogether4 ,james ,sharp3 ,will not pay for commercial orchard4 ,g4 ,p4 ,whiteker3 ,janets bring a good price4 ,they are late keepers4 ,we kept ours this year until we began to pick apples the following fall4 ,it is not a good commercial apple4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,i would place it on the retired list4 ,william ,cutter3 ,only fit for family use4 ,trees overbear2 fruit small4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,i would place it on the retired list4 ,,smith',s ,,cider4 ,synonyms3 ,smith's1 ,fuller1 ,pennsylvania ,cider1 ,popular ,bluff1 and ,fowler4 ,origin1 ,bucks county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,this apple is widely grown and much esteemed as a profitable market sort4 ,the tree is a very vigorous1 straggling1 spreading grower1 and productive4 ,young wood a rich1 dark brown4 ,fruit medium to large1 roundish oblate conic1 yellow1 shaded and striped with red1 sparsely covered with gray dots4 ,stalk slender1 of medium length1 inserted in a deep1 rather narrow cavity4 ,calyx closed1 set in a broad1 rather shallow basin4 ,flesh whitish1 tender1 juicy1 crisp1 pleasant1 mild subacid4 ,good ,december to ,march4 ,remarks on the ,smith's ,cider by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,c4 ,c4 ,cook3 ,i planted ,smith's ,cider pretty heavily1 and now regret it4 ,it blights badly1 and the apples fall off4 ,i intend to replace it with ,york ,imperial4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,it deserves a place in the family orchard1 and a small place in the commercial orchard4 ,they are as large as ,ben ,davis1 and as great bearers1 but they fall from the tree sooner4 ,james ,sharp3 ,we had #ejj ,smith's ,cider4 ,nearly all blighted and died2 have never paid me4 ,g4 ,whiteker3 ,it is a splendid apple1 but blights2 ,i think it will not be profitable4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,we should not drop it from the list2 it is a fairly good apple4 ,,maiden',s ,,blush4 ,a remarkably beautiful apple1 a native of ,new ,jersey1 and first described by ,coxe4 ,it begins to ripen about the #bjth of ,august1 and continues until the last of ,october4 ,it has all the beauty of color of the pretty little ,lady ,apple1 and is much cultivated and admired1 both for the table and for cooking4 ,it is also very highly esteemed for drying4 ,this variety forms a handsome1 rapid-growing tree1 with a fine spreading head1 and bears large crops4 ,it is very valuable as a profitable market sort4 ,fruit of medium size1 very regularly shaped1 and a little narrow towards the eye4 ,skin smooth1 with a delicate waxen appearance1 pale lemon yellow in the shade1 with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun1 the two colors often joining in brilliant red4 ,stalk short1 planted in a rather wide1 deep hollow4 ,basin moderately depressed4 ,calyx closed4 ,flesh white1 tender1 sprightly1 pleasant subacid4 ,good4 ,remarks on the ,maiden's ,blush by the members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,c4 ,c4 ,cook3 ,it is all right to raise for a local market and for family use4 ,hardy tree4 ,i planted probably #ajj4 ,i cannot determine where to place it on the list4 ,probably others have had more experience with it than ,i have4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,the ,maiden's ,blush deserves a place in both the family and the commercial orchard4 ,in its season it is unexcelled for market purposes1 and is especially attractive4 ,i should recommend it as a commercial apple4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ferris3 ,i would place it first as a summer apple for local market4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,you certainly will not discard it4 ,w4 ,j4 ,griffing3 ,it is about the earliest apple that will bear shipping in summer1 and very profitable4 ,f4 ,w4 ,dixon3 ,i find it rather a shy bearer1 but the tree is long-lived and very hardy1 and it deserves a place in the family orchard4 ,i think there is no profit in them for a commercial orchard4 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,they are long-lived and very hardy2 ,i would recommend them for family1 but not for commercial orchard4 ,g4 ,p4 ,whiteker3 ,it comes at a time when there is much other fruit4 ,i do not think it pays very well4 ,mine turn brown from some cause4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,it is our very best apple in its season2 while talking of the commercial orchard1 there is a demand for apples at all seasons of the year1 and if we discard this1 we will have nothing at its season4 ,i would say1 place it in the commercial orchard for export4 ,w4 ,j4 ,griffing3 ,do not know that it is profitable1 but for quality the ,maiden's ,blush is worthy of a place among fruits4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bailey3 ,as a summer apple for family and commercial orchards1 ,i would place it at the head of the list4 ,william ,cutter3 ,it is the best apple of its season for all purposes4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,it is the best commercial apple for summer trade we have4 ,secretary ,barnes3 ,at the late meeting of the ,missouri ,horticultural ,society1 the secretary stated that he thought there was good money in the ,maiden's ,blush4 ,he said the trouble was1 they were raised in too limited quantities4 ,he said they should be raised in car lots for shipping to ,northern cities2 that they were quick growers and brought ready money1 and at their season had little competition in the market4 ,they come in when there are few apples obtainable1 and he considers them profitable4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ferris3 ,in my experience it bears only every other year4 ,is that the experience of others8 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,the ,maiden's ,blush is the only summer apple that we have made pay4 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison3 ,we have not grown ,maiden's ,blush very largely here4 ,it is one of our old apples in ,illinois1 and it is the earliest1 most regular and profuse bearer1 and the best keeper of its season to ship in hot weather4 ,it was named for its beauty1 and is the most attractive apple grown4 ,they last well if kept moderately cool4 ,they are shipped largely in barrels1 the earlier ones in boxes1 from central ,illinois north4 ,the tree is tender in unusually cold seasons4 ,farther south there is no danger4 ,i find it is a good apple to sell in a small way to grocerymen4 ,,grimes',s ,,golden ,,pippin4 ,synonym3 ,grimes's ,golden4 ,this valuable apple originated many years since on the farm of ,thomas ,grimes1 ,brooke county1 ,virginia4 ,in its native locality it is highly prized for the peculiar hardihood of the tree1 withstanding uninjured the most severe winters1 and never breaking in its limbs2 also1 for its uniform regular annual productiveness4 ,tree vigorous1 hardy1 upright1 spreading1 very productive2 branches with peculiar knobs at the base of each1 connecting it with the main limbs4 ,young wood dark1 dull red brown1 grayish4 ,fruit medium1 roundish oblate1 slightly conical4 ,skin uneven4 ,color rich golden yellow1 sprinkled moderately with small gray and light dots4 ,stalk rather short and slender4 ,cavity rather deep1 sometimes slightly russeted4 ,calyx closed1 or partially open4 ,basin abrupt1 uneven4 ,flesh yellow1 compact1 crisp1 tender1 juicy1 rich1 sprightly1 spicy subacid2 peculiar aroma4 ,core rather small4 ,very good to best4 ,december to ,march4 ,remarks on the ,grimes's ,golden ,pippen by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,c4 ,c4 ,cook3 ,i have not tried to ship any ,grimes's ,golden4 ,i would place it about second on the list of summer 8 apples4 ,with me it is a good1 thrifty1 hardy tree1 but my orchard is young4 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison3 ,i have grown it extensively4 ,it is one of the best fall apples and one of the beauties4 ,it does not keep well4 ,it rots badly after it is gathered and goes to market in rather bad shape4 ,it is not planted as much now as in the past4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,it stands in quality beside the ,jonathan1 and is a first-class dessert apple4 ,it is a good bearer and ought to be in every family orchard1 but ,i would not recommend it for the commercial orchard4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ferris3 ,mine bore very heavily and were large and fine4 ,sold well locally2 never shipped any2 think they should come next to the ,maiden's ,blush in the commercial orchard4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,the ,grimes's ,golden is the very best apple of its season4 ,should be in all family orchards1 and have a small place in commercial orchards4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,afee3 ,like ,mr4 ,gano1 ,i consider it the very best apple that grows1 and one of the most profitable in my orchard4 ,i find it short-lived4 ,i take best care of them for use of my family until about the #ast of ,november4 ,f4 ,w4 ,dixon3 ,it is the best apple for family use1 but drops badly4 ,the tree is a good bearer but not long-lived4 ,g4 ,p4 ,whiteker3 ,i plant ,grimes's ,golden and ,maiden's ,blush for profit4 ,the ,grimes's ,golden is handsome and brings a good price1 especially at this time of the year--,december4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,i have had experience with it for years4 ,in the family orchard we cannot do without it4 ,we aim to keep it for our family as long as it lasts1 say until ,february4 ,in my opinion it is better than any pear that grows in our state4 ,we should handle them with care1 as we do pears4 ,put away carefully1 in a cold1 dry cellar1 they retain their flavor and keep well4 ,i think them worthy of a place in the commercial orchard4 ,j4 ,f4 ,maxey3 ,i like to eat them2 most of us do4 ,there is a place for them as a fancy apple4 ,william ,cutter3 ,i consider it the best-flavored apple grown for family use4 ,missouri and ,arkansas have brought the big red apple into history1 but now the big yellow apple is preferred by many consumers4 ,i consider them extra fine4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,i pack mine in boxes as well as barrels4 ,i consider them fine4 ,g4 ,y4 ,johnson 7,douglas county73 ,i find the tree is not as hardy as ,i would like to have it4 ,as far as the apple is concerned1 it sells as well as any4 ,,huntsman',s ,,favorite4 ,a seedling on the farm of ,john ,huntsman1 of ,fayette1 ,mo4 ,tree vigorous1 not a very early bearer1 but is very productive annually when the tree has attained sufficient age2 it is said to be a valuable and profitable fruit in the locality where it originated4 ,young shoots smooth1 reddish brown2 fruit large1 oblate1 slightly conic1 often a little oblate2 skin smooth1 pale yellow1 sometimes a shade of pale red or deep yellow in the sun1 and a few scattering grayish dots2 stalk short1 small2 cavity broad1 deep1 sometimes slight russet2 calyx closed1 or nearly so2 basin large1 deep1 slightly corrugated2 flesh pale yellow1 a little coarse1 crisp1 tender1 juicy1 mild1 rich subacid1 slightly aromatic2 very good2 core rather small4 ,december to ,march4 ,remarks on the ,huntsman's ,favorite by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,william ,cutter3 ,the ,huntsman is long-lived and deserves a place in our list4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,the ,huntsman is of the ,york ,imperial order1 an old variety1 not sufficiently known4 ,in ,kansas ,city1 ,i saw them on sale at six dollars per barrel4 ,the tree is a good bearer1 and will be planted more than it has been2 it never blights4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,i agree with ,mr4 ,holman4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,it is a very desirable orchard tree2 it is just wonderful how our old orchards hold out2 its quality and size are good4 ,it has one fault3 if put in cold storage it bleaches out1 as most yellow apples do4 ,i cannot keep yellow apples in cold storage1 and the ,huntsman has disappointed me2 but if taken out and sold when just right it is a success1 and sells in ,kansas ,city at six dollars per barrel4 ,,mammoth ,,black ,,twig4 ,this apple originated with ,john ,crawford1 near ,ray's ,mills1 ,washington county1 ,arkansas4 ,it is conceded to be a seedling of the ,black ,twig 7said to be a misnomer for the ,winesap74 ,it has been exhibited as the ,arkansaw4 ,mr4 ,crawford says he brought to ,arkansas and planted seeds of the ,limber ,twig and ,black ,twig over fifty-five years ago1 and this apple sprang from one of those seeds4 ,really an enlarged and improved ,winesap4 ,tree a fine1 upright1 spreading grower4 ,remarks on the ,mammoth ,black ,twig by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,william ,cutter3 ,my trees set fruit for three years1 but it all dropped off4 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,mr4 ,munger says his were very small this year1 but also that all his apples were small4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bailey3 ,i have a few1 planted eight years1 but the fruit this year was very small4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,many ,mammoth ,black ,twig trees have been extensively propagated by nurserymen4 ,we should know more about them4 ,this variety came before the public with a hurrah1 and people were told it was an apple with the quality of ,winesap and the vigor of ,ben ,davis4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,z4 ,moore 7,missouri73 ,my husband and ,i superintended sixty acres4 ,we grew #ejj bushels of them1 all very fine4 ,of the tree ,i know little1 but the apples were beautiful4 ,they are of dark color and very handsome4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,two years ago ,i was down the ,port ,arthur road1 and saw some1 and they were fine-looking apples2 but on testing it ,i thought many others were better1 though in the general trade ,i think it will do well4 ,we have a few trees and they are rapid growers1 but ,i would not recommend them for flavor4 ,mr4 ,adams3 ,i can give you no particular information on this apple1 but believe in the right location it is as fine as any grown4 ,location has much to do with its success4 ,walter ,wellhouse3 ,i examined some ,mammoth ,black ,twigs in ,leavenworth1 and they were of good size--as large as any ,winesap ,i ever saw1 and of good color4 ,l4 ,d4 ,buck3 ,it is a hardy grower4 ,this year it is small4 ,,peck',s ,,pleasant4 ,synonym3 ,waltz ,apple4 ,a first-rate fruit in all respects1 belonging to the ,newtown ,pippin class4 ,it has long been cultivated in ,rhode ,island 7where1 we think1 it originated7 and in the northern part of ,connecticut1 and deserves extensive dissemination4 ,it considerably resembles the ,yellow ,newtown ,pippin1 with more tender flesh1 and is scarcely inferior to it in flavor4 ,the tree is a moderate1 upright1 spreading grower1 but bears regularly and well1 and the fruit commands a high price in the market4 ,the apples on the lower branches of old trees are flat1 while those on the upper branches are nearly conical4 ,young shoots reddish brown1 slightly downy4 ,fruit above medium size1 roundish1 a little ribbed1 and slightly flattened1 with an indistinct furrow on one side4 ,skin smooth1 and1 when first gathered1 green1 with a little dark red2 but when ripe a beautiful clear yellow1 with bright blush on the sunny side and near the stalk1 marked with scattered gray dots4 ,the stalk is peculiarly fleshy and flattened1 short1 and sunk in a wide1 rather wavy cavity4 ,calyx woolly1 sunk in a narrow1 abruptly and pretty deeply sunk basin4 ,flesh yellowish1 fine grained1 juicy1 crisp and tender1 with a delicious1 high aromatic1 sprightly subacid4 ,very good or best4 ,november to ,march4 ,remarks on ,peck's ,pleasant by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,h4 ,l4 ,ferris3 ,we have a large number2 while generally small1 they can be made larger by cultivation and care4 ,they are the longest keepers ,i know of1 and carry well in shipping4 ,william ,cutter3 ,i was well acquainted with it in ,illinois4 ,secretary ,barnes3 ,about a year and a half ago1 ,governor ,morrill said to me1 ,why don't you get your people to grow ,peck's ,pleasant8 ,it is the best apple grown4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,i have several trees1 planted in #ahgj4 ,they have been light bearers4 ,the apple is of high quality1 and keeps until ,january4 ,the color is not so good as ,huntsman4 ,they die early4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ferris3 ,i cannot agree to that4 ,i never had one die4 ,c4 ,c4 ,cook3 ,it is a good apple for home use2 not very profitable4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gano3 ,good family apple2 green2 subacid2 elegant in quality4 ,,ingram4 ,a new variety1 grown from seed of ,rawle's ,janet1 by ,martin ,ingram1 of ,greene county1 ,missouri4 ,tree productive1 and the fruit especially valued for its long keeping4 ,fruit medium1 or below1 roundish oblate1 orange yellow1 mostly overspread with broken stripes of rich1 warm red1 gray russet dots1 and slight marblings4 ,stalk slender4 ,calyx small4 ,flesh yellowish white1 moderately juicy1 crisp1 mild subacid4 ,core above medium4 ,seeds dark brown4 ,february to ,june4 7,hort47 ,remarks on the ,ingram by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,z4 ,moore3 ,i speak of this as the coming apple in southern ,missouri4 ,they are not very large2 beautiful in color2 have a tendency to overbear and grow in clusters4 ,must be picked by hand2 is free from common diseases4 ,j4 ,f4 ,maxey3 ,i am greatly interested in it4 ,very late last spring1 while in ,kansas ,city1 ,i noticed a variety of apples that looked so fresh1 with stems as green as if just picked1 in shape and color like large ,janets4 ,they had come out of cold storage4 ,i asked the name1 and was told they were ,ingram4 ,i was told they were grown in the vicinity of ,garden ,city1 ,kan4 ,i wrote to ,garden ,city1 and received an answer from the grower1 saying this apple was well worthy of growing4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,z4 ,moore3 ,i have seen it kept until the following ,august4 ,g4 ,p4 ,whiteker3 ,i got twenty barrels of them from ,mr4 ,rose in ,kansas ,city4 ,i brought them here ,topeka and retailed most of them1 and got six dollars per barrel for them4 ,i do not think we found two bad apples to the barrel4 ,most people thought them ,janets4 ,i believe it a profitable tree to plant4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,in collecting apples in ,douglas county for the ,world's ,fair1 we could not tell them from the ,janet1 except in size4 ,it is beautifully streaked1 and the grower called it a variety of the ,janet4 ,,lowell4 ,synonyms3 ,queen ,anne1 ,tallow ,apple1 ,michigan ,golden1 ,golden ,pippin of some1 ,greasy ,pippin1 and ,orange4 ,origin unknown4 ,tree hardy1 vigorous1 spreading1 productive4 ,young wood reddish brown4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 oval or conic1 bright waxen yellow1 oily4 ,stalk of medium length4 ,cavity deep1 uneven4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 and furrowed4 ,calyx closed4 ,flesh yellowish white1 with a brisk1 rich1 rather acid flavor4 ,good to very good4 ,september1 ,october4 ,remarks on the ,lowell by members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society3 ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,afee3 ,i have realized more from my ,lowells than from any other apple in my orchard4 ,they are early and prolific4 ,the ,lowell has been the best-paying and the easiest-selling apple in our market ,topeka4 ,phillip ,lux3 ,i planted mine in #ahgj4 ,they blight badly and the fruit is often knotty4 ,have made no money from them4 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison3 ,i grew it in ,illinois4 ,i planted it here in #ahgi and #ahhj1 and it paid there and here4 ,it is a large1 green1 smooth apple1 and follows the ,maiden's ,blush closely4 ,the tree did not blight with me there or here4 ,it is best cooked4 ,it does not get mellow or soft4 ,it is an old variety and is falling out4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,this apple is all right in such a market as ,topeka in its season4 ,it is not good to ship4 ,another apple we know little of is the ,orange ,pippin4 ,there is two or three dollars in it where there is one dollar in the ,maiden's ,blush4 ,it can be shipped to ,liverpool and back in good condition4 ,no other will compare with it in productiveness4 ,it ought to be on our list4 ,,celestia4 ,originated with ,l4 ,s4 ,mote1 ,miami county1 ,ohio4 ,a new variety1 of good promise as an amateur sort4 ,fruit large1 form roundish1 conical1 slightly ribbed4 ,color pale yellow1 moderately sprinkled with gray or brown dots1 and sometimes large dots of red4 ,stalk rather short and slender4 ,cavity deep1 uneven4 ,calyx closed4 ,segments long1 slender1 partially recurved4 ,basin rather small1 furrowed4 ,flesh yellowish1 crisp1 tender1 juicy1 very pleasant1 rich1 mild subacid4 ,core rather large4 ,very good4 ,october4 ,,minkler4 ,synonym3 ,brandywine4 ,this is an old variety which was first exhibited before the ,illinois ,horticultural ,society1 and1 because it could not be identified1 received1 for the time being1 the name of its exhibitor4 ,at some future time it will probably be found identical with some variety long since named and described4 ,tree an irregular grower2 good bearer and keeper4 ,fruit medium1 roundish oblate1 slightly conic1 pale greenish yellow1 striped and splashed with two shades of red4 ,flesh yellowish1 compact1 moderately juicy1 mild1 pleasant subacid4 ,good4 ,core small4 ,january to ,march4 ,,king ,,of ,,tompkins ,,county4 ,synonyms3 ,king1 ,tom's ,red1 ,tommy ,red4 ,origin uncertain2 said to have originated with ,thomas ,thacher1 ,warren county1 ,new ,jersey4 ,a valuable market apple4 ,tree very vigorous1 spreading1 abundant bearer annually4 ,young shoots very dark reddish brown1 quite downy1 especially toward the ends4 ,fruit large1 globular1 inclining to conic1 sometimes oblate1 angular4 ,color yellowish1 mostly shaded with red1 striped and splashed with crimson4 ,stalk rather stout and short1 inserted in a large1 somewhat irregular cavity4 ,calyx small and closed1 set in a medium1 slightly corrugated basin4 ,flesh yellowish1 rather coarse1 juicy1 tender1 with an exceedingly agreeable1 rich1 vinous flavor1 delightfully aromatic4 ,very good to best4 ,december to ,march4 ,,summer ,,queen4 ,synonyms3 ,sharpe's ,early1 ,lancaster ,queen1 and ,polecat4 ,this variety forms a large tree with somewhat pendent boughs1 and is a profitable sort for orchards and marketing over a large territory4 ,the fruit is large and broad at the crown1 tapering toward the eye4 ,the stalk is rather long1 and is planted in a pretty deep cavity1 sometimes partially closed4 ,calyx but little sunk1 in a narrow plaited basin4 ,skin fine deep yellow in its ground1 though well striped and clouded with red4 ,flesh aromatic1 yellow1 rich1 and of good flavor4 ,august and ,september4 ,,lawver4 ,origin uncertain4 ,introduced by ,george ,s4 ,parks1 of ,parkville1 ,mo41 and said to have been found in an old ,indian orchard in ,kansas4 ,tree vigorous1 spreading1 an early and annual bearer2 a beautiful fruit and a long keeper4 ,fruit large1 roundish oblate4 ,color dark1 bright red1 covered with small dots4 ,stalk medium4 ,cavity deep1 regular4 ,calyx small1 closed4 ,basin medium1 furrowed4 ,flesh white1 firm1 crisp1 sprightly1 aromatic1 mild subacid4 ,january to ,may4 7,prairie ,farmer47 ,,stark4 ,origin unknown2 grown in some parts of ,ohio1 and valued as a long keeper and profitable market fruit4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 spreading4 ,young shoots dark brownish red4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 inclining to conic1 sometimes a little elongated1 and sometimes slightly oblique4 ,skin greenish yellow1 shaded1 splashed and striped with light and dark red over nearly the whole surface1 and thickly sprinkled with light and brown dots1 a portion of them aureole dots4 ,stalk short1 rather stout1 inserted in a medium cavity4 ,calyx closed4 ,basin rather large1 slightly corrugated4 ,flesh yellowish1 a little coarse1 moderately juicy1 mild subacid4 ,good4 ,core small4 ,january to ,may4 ,,white ,,winter ,,pearmain4 ,synonym3 ,campbellite4 ,origin unknown2 by some thought to be an old ,eastern variety2 highly esteemed at the ,west4 ,tree spreading1 hardy1 and thrifty1 a regular and good bearer4 ,young shoots very short jointed1 dull reddish brown1 slightly grayish or downy at the ends4 ,fruit medium or above1 roundish oblong conic1 somewhat oblique4 ,stalk short1 in a deep cavity4 ,calyx nearly closed4 ,segments long4 ,basin uneven4 ,skin pale yellow1 with a slight blush or warm cheek1 thickly sprinkled with minute brown dots4 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 crisp1 juicy1 very pleasant subacid4 ,very good4 ,january to ,april4 ,,smokehouse4 ,synonyms3 ,millcreek ,vandevere1 ,red ,vandevere1 ,english ,vandevere4 ,origin1 ,lancaster county1 ,pennsylvania1 near ,millcreek1 grown on the farm of ---- ,gibbons1 near his smokehouse2 hence its name4 ,an old variety1 and popular in ,pennsylvania4 ,it somewhat resembles the old ,pennsylvania ,vandevere1 and is supposed to be a seedling of it4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 with a spreading head1 a good bearer4 ,young wood dark1 dull reddish brown4 ,fruit rather above medium1 roundish oblate1 skin yellow1 shaded and splashed with crimson1 and thickly sprinkled with large gray and brown dots4 ,stalk rather long1 curved1 inserted in a broad cavity4 ,calyx closed1 set in a wide basin of moderate depth1 slightly corrugated4 ,flesh yellowish1 somewhat firm1 juicy1 crisp1 rather rich subacid4 ,good4 ,september to ,february4 ,valued for culinary uses4 ,,autumn ,,pearmain4 ,synonym3 ,winter ,pearmain4 ,a slow-growing tree1 but attains a large size4 ,branches slender1 spreading4 ,fruit of medium size1 roundish1 narrowing gradually toward the eye4 ,color brownish yellow1 mixed with green on the shaded side1 but next the sun reddish1 blended with yellow1 streaked with deeper red1 and sprinkled with numerous small brown specks4 ,stalk short1 obliquely planted under a fleshy lip4 ,calyx small1 set in a broad shallow basin1 which is sometimes scarcely at all sunk1 and obscurely plaited4 ,flesh pale yellow1 crisp1 firm1 a little dry1 but rich and high flavored4 ,core rather small4 ,quality very good4 ,october to ,march4 ,,chenango 7,,strawberry74 ,synonyms3 ,frank1 ,buckley1 ,sherwood's ,favorite1 ,strawberry1 ,jackson ,apple1 and ,smyrna4 ,originated in the town of ,lebanon1 ,madison county1 ,new ,york4 ,it is an apple pleasant to the taste and much esteemed as a table fruit wherever grown4 ,tree is vigorous1 spreading4 ,young wood light reddish brown1 downy4 ,fruit medium1 oblong conic or oblong truncated conic1 indistinctly ribbed4 ,color whitish1 shaded1 splashed and mottled with light and dark crimson over most of the surface2 light dots4 ,stalk rather short1 small4 ,cavity acute1 somewhat uneven4 ,calyx closed1 or partially open4 ,segments erect4 ,basin rather large1 abrupt1 slightly corrugated4 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy1 peculiar mild subacid4 ,core rather large4 ,very good4 ,september and ,october4 ,,haas4 ,synonyms3 ,horse ,apple1 ,summer ,horse1 ,yellow ,hoss1 and ,trippe's ,horse4 ,origin supposed to be ,north ,carolina4 ,tree vigorous1 an annual1 early and abundant bearer1 valuable for drying and culinary purposes4 ,young wood light reddish brown4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 yellow1 sometimes tinged with red1 and small patches of russet4 ,flesh yellow1 rather firm and coarse1 tender1 pleasant subacid4 ,good4 ,last of ,july and first of ,august4 ,,haas4 ,synonym3 ,ludwig4 ,originated on the land of ---- ,ludwig1 ,bucks county1 ,pennsylvania1 and considerably grown in its native locality4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 slightly conical1 whitish1 splashed1 mottled and shaded with light red2 many dots1 with dark centers4 ,stalk short1 slender4 ,cavity rather large1 a little greenish russet4 ,calyx closed4 ,basin slightly corrugated4 ,flesh white1 sometimes a little stained next the skin1 fine grained1 juicy1 mild subacid4 ,core rather small4 ,good to very good4 ,november to ,march4 ,,bailey',s ,,sweet4 ,synonyms3 ,edgerly's ,sweet1 ,howard's ,sweet1 and ,patterson's ,sweet4 ,origin unknown2 introduced by ,j4 ,edgerly1 of ,perry1 ,wyoming county1 ,new ,york4 ,tree hardy1 vigorous1 upright1 spreading1 productive4 ,this variety is regarded as profitable for all purposes1 although perhaps a little too tender skin for shipping long distances4 ,fruit large1 form roundish conical often approaching oblong1 obscurely ribbed2 color yellowish1 mostly shaded and obscurely striped with red1 and thickly sprinkled with minute dots4 ,stalk short and rather small1 inserted in a narrow cavity4 ,calyx small1 closed1 set in a narrow1 irregular basin4 ,flesh white1 tender1 not very juicy1 almost melting1 with a honeyed sweet flavor4 ,core rather large4 ,very good4 ,november to ,march4 ,,sweet ,,june4 ,synonyms3 ,summer ,sweet and ,hightop ,sweet4 ,origin1 ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,an old variety1 highly prized at the ,west4 ,growth upright1 vigorous4 ,tree hardy1 very productive1 light reddish brown shoots4 ,fruit medium or below1 roundish1 regular4 ,skin very smooth4 ,color light yellow1 partially covered with green dots4 ,stalk medium1 inserted in a deep1 narrow cavity1 surrounded by thin russet4 ,calyx small1 closed4 ,basin shallow1 slightly furrowed4 ,flesh yellowish1 very sweet1 not very juicy1 but pleasant and rich4 ,very good4 ,august4 ,,wealthy4 ,originated by ,peter ,m4 ,gideon1 near ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 from seed gathered in ,maine about #ahfj4 ,so far the tree has proved hardy1 vigorous1 and healthy4 ,fruit medium1 oblate or roundish oblate2 whitish yellow ground1 shaded with deep1 rich crimson in the sun1 obscure broken stripes and mottlings in the shade1 sometimes entirely covered with crimson1 many light dots4 ,stalk short to medium1 slender4 ,cavity green1 russet4 ,calyx partially closed4 ,basin deep1 abrupt1 uneven4 ,flesh white1 fine grained1 stained with red1 tender1 juicy1 lively1 vinous subacid4 ,very good4 ,core small4 ,season1 ,december to ,february4 ,,red ,,june4 ,synonyms3 ,knight's ,red ,june1 ,blush ,june1 ,georgia ,june1 and ,wilson's ,june4 ,origin somewhat uncertain1 supposed to be ,carolina4 ,tree very vigorous1 upright1 an early and abundant bearer1 much esteemed at the ,south and ,southwest as their best early apple2 ripe a few days after ,early ,harvest2 not equal to it in flavor1 but more profitable as an orchard fruit4 ,fruit medium or below1 oval1 irregular1 inclined to conic4 ,skin smooth1 nearly the whole surface shaded with deep red1 and almost of a purplish hue on the sunny side1 and covered with a light bloom4 ,stalk variable in length1 inserted in a small1 narrow cavity4 ,calyx closed4 ,segments long1 reflexed4 ,basin narrow1 plaited4 ,flesh very white1 tender1 juicy1 with a brisk subacid flavor4 ,core rather large4 ,very good4 ,,note4--,carolina ,striped ,june 7,carolina ,june74 ,this is generally confounded with the above1 and is scarcely distinguishable1 except that1 as it ripens1 it becomes striped4 ,one is doubtless a seedling from the other4 ,,baldwin4 ,synonyms3 ,woodpecker1 ,pecker1 ,steel's ,red ,winter1 ,red ,baldwin1 and ,butters4 ,the ,baldwin stands at the head of all ,new ,england apples1 and is unquestionably a first-rate fruit in all respects4 ,it is a native of ,massachusetts1 and is more largely cultivated for the ,boston market than any other sort4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 spreading1 productive4 ,young shoots dull reddish brown4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 and narrowing a little to the eye4 ,color yellow in the shade1 but nearly covered and striped with crimson1 red1 and orange in the sun1 dotted with a few russet dots1 and with radiating streaks of russet about the stalk4 ,calyx closed1 and set in a rather narrow plaited basin4 ,stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long1 rather slender for so large a fruit1 planted in an even1 moderately deep cavity4 ,flesh yellowish white1 crisp1 with that agreeable mingling of the saccharine and acid which constitutes a rich1 high flavor4 ,very good4 ,the tree is a vigorous1 upright grower1 and bears most abundantly4 ,ripe from ,november to ,march1 but with us it is perfection in ,january4 ,,golden ,,sweet4 ,synonyms3 ,orange ,sweeting and ,early ,golden ,sweet4 ,a celebrated ,connecticut fruit4 ,tree very vigorous1 spreading1 forming a tree of moderate size1 hardy and very productive4 ,young shoots reddish brown4 ,fruit above the medium size1 roundish1 scarcely flattened1 fair1 and well formed2 when fully ripe1 pale yellow or straw color4 ,stalk about an inch long1 slender at its junction with the fruit4 ,calyx closed1 and set in a basin of moderate depth4 ,flesh tender1 sweet1 rich1 and excellent4 ,good to very good4 ,august and ,september4 ,a valuable sort for cooking1 market1 or stock feeding4 ,,cooper',s ,,early 7,,white74 ,grown in ,illinois and other ,western states1 where it is regarded by many as productive and profitable4 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 little flattened1 pale yellow with faint blush1 tinge of green at the stem4 ,flesh white1 crisp1 sprightly4 ,september and ,october4 7,elliott74 ,,northern ,,spy4 ,this beautiful ,american fruit is one of the most delicious1 fragrant and sprightly of all late dessert apples4 ,it ripens in ,january1 keeps until ,june1 and always commands the highest market price4 ,the tree is of rapid1 upright growth1 and bears moderate crops4 ,it originated on the farm of ,herman ,chapin1 of ,east ,bloomfield1 near ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the trees require high culture1 and open heads to let in the sun2 otherwise the fruit is wanting in flavor1 and apt to be imperfect and knotty4 ,young shoots dark1 reddish brown4 ,the tree blooms late1 often escaping vernal frosts4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 oblate1 conical4 ,skin thin1 smooth1 in the shade greenish or pale yellow1 in the sun covered with light and dark stripes of purplish red1 marked with a few pale dots1 and a thin white bloom4 ,stalk three-fourths of an inch long1 rather slender1 planted in a very wide1 deep cavity1 sometimes marked with russet4 ,calyx small1 closed4 ,basin narrow1 abrupt1 furrowed4 ,flesh white1 fine grained1 tender1 slightly subacid1 with a peculiarly fresh and delicious flavor4 ,core large and open4 ,very good to best4 ,december to ,june4 ,,duchess ,,of ,,oldenburg4 ,synonyms3 ,smith's ,beauty of ,newark1 ,russian1 ,borovitsky1 and ,new ,brunswick4 ,this handsome ,russian apple proves one of the most hardy and profitable varieties in cultivation1 especially in our northwestern sections4 ,the tree is vigorous1 forming a roundish1 upright1 spreading head1 requiring little or no pruning1 and producing abundantly a fruit of fair1 even and regular size1 that1 although not of the first quality1 always commands a ready sale1 as it is valuable for market and cooking1 and passably good for dessert4 ,young shoots smooth1 reddish4 ,fruit medium size1 regularly formed1 roundish oblate4 ,skin smooth1 finely washed and streaked with red on a golden or yellow ground4 ,calyx pretty large and nearly closed1 set in a wide1 even hollow4 ,there is a faint blue bloom on this fruit4 ,the flesh is juicy1 sprightly subacid4 ,ripens early in ,september4 ,,early ,,harvest4 ,synonyms3 ,prince's ,harvest1 ,july ,pippin1 ,yellow ,harvest1 ,large ,white ,juneating1 ,tart ,bough1 ,early ,french ,reinette1 and ,sinclair's ,yellow4 ,an ,american apple2 and taking into account its beauty1 its excellent qualities for the dessert and cooking1 and its productiveness1 we think it the finest early apple yet known4 ,it begins to ripen about the first of ,july1 and continues in use all that month4 ,the smallest collection of apples should comprise this and the ,red ,astrachan4 ,trees moderately vigorous1 upright1 spreading4 ,young shoots reddish brown4 ,fruit medium size4 ,form roundish1 often roundish oblate1 medium size4 ,skin very smooth1 with a few faint white dots1 bright straw color when fully ripe4 ,stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long1 rather slender1 inserted in a hollow of moderate depth4 ,calyx set in a shallow basin4 ,flesh very white1 tender and juicy1 crisp1 with a rich1 sprightly subacid flavor4 ,very good to best4 ,core small4 ,,twenty ,,ounce4 ,synonyms3 ,morgan's ,favorite1 ,eighteen ,ounce ,apple1 ,aurora1 ,coleman1 ,cayuga ,red ,streak1 ,lima1 and ,wine of ,connecticut4 ,a very large and showy apple4 ,it is a good1 sprightly fruit1 though not very high flavored1 but its remarkably handsome appearance and large size render it one of the most popular fruits in the market4 ,the tree is thrifty1 and makes a compact1 neat head2 bears regular crops1 and the fruit is always fair and handsome4 ,young wood rich1 brownish red4 ,fruit very large1 roundish1 slightly uneven1 greenish yellow1 boldly splashed and marbled with stripes of purplish red4 ,stalk short1 set in a wide1 deep cavity4 ,calyx small4 ,basin moderately deep4 ,flesh coarse grained1 sprightly1 brisk subacid4 ,good to very good4 ,october to ,january4 ,,sweet ,,bough4 ,synonyms3 ,large ,yellow ,bough1 ,early ,sweet ,bough1 ,august ,sweet1 ,sweet ,harvest1 ,bough1 and ,washington4 ,a native apple1 ripening in harvest time1 and one of the first quality1 only second as a dessert fruit to the ,early ,harvest4 ,it is not so much esteemed for the kitchen as the latter1 as it is too sweet for pies and sauce1 but it is generally much admired for the table1 and is worthy of a place in every collection4 ,fruit above the middle size1 and oblong ovate in form4 ,skin smooth1 pale greenish yellow4 ,stalk rather long1 and the eye narrow and deep4 ,flesh white1 very tender and crisp when fully ripe1 and with a rich1 sweet1 sprightly flavor4 ,ripens from the middle of ,july to the #ajth of ,august4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 bears abundantly1 and forms a round head4 ,young shoots grayish brown1 very slightly downy4 ,,pewaukee4 ,raised from seed of ,duchess of ,oldenburg by ,george ,p4 ,pepper1 of ,pewaukee1 ,wis41 who sends us specimens1 and writes that the tree is strong and vigorous1 center upright1 very spreading1 an annual bearer1 and one of the hardiest and best for the ,northwest2 young shoots dark1 brownish red4 ,fruit medium to large1 roundish oblate1 skin bright yellow1 striped1 splashed and mottled with light and dark red over most of the surface1 covered with a thin greenish bloom1 and many large and small light dots1 a few being aureole2 stalk short1 small2 cavity small2 calyx closed2 basin medium1 slightly corrugated2 flesh white1 a little coarse1 breaking1 half tender2 juicy1 subacid1 slightly aromatic2 good2 core small4 ,january to ,may4 ,,nelson ,,sweet4 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit medium to large4 ,form roundish oblate1 regular4 ,color dull green1 becoming yellow1 sometimes bronzed with dull brown4 ,stalk rather long1 slender4 ,cavity medium1 acute1 regular1 green4 ,calyx medium1 closed4 ,segments reflexed4 ,basin small1 uneven4 ,flesh greenish yellow1 firm1 fine grained1 juicy1 sweet4 ,core medium4 ,good4 ,may to ,july4 7,american ,journal of ,horticulture47 ,,red ,,astrachan4 ,synonyms3 ,deterding's ,early1 ,astrachan ,rogue1 ,robert ,astrakan1 ,vermillion d',ete1 and ,abe ,lincoln4 ,a fruit of extraordinary beauty1 first imported into ,england1 with the ,white ,astrachan1 from ,sweden1 in #ahaf4 ,it bears abundantly with us1 and its singular richness of color is heightened by an exquisite bloom on the surface of the fruit1 like that of the plum4 ,it is one of the handsomest dessert fruits1 and its quality is good1 but if not taken from the trees as soon as ripe it is liable to become mealy4 ,tree a vigorous grower1 upright1 spreading4 ,an early and abundant bearer4 ,young shoots clear1 reddish brown4 ,fruit pretty large1 rather above the middle size1 and very smooth and fair1 roundish1 a little narrowed toward the eye4 ,skin almost entirely covered with deep crimson1 with sometimes a greenish yellow in the shade1 and occasionally a little russet near the stalk1 and covered with a pale white bloom4 ,stalk rather short and deeply inserted4 ,calyx partially closed1 set in a slight basin1 which is sometimes a little irregular4 ,flesh quite white1 crisp1 moderately juicy1 with an agreeable1 rich1 acid flavor4 ,good to very good4 ,ripens from last of ,july to middle of ,august4 ,,baltzby4 ,from ,virginia4 ,tree spreading1 productive4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 yellowish white1 with a faint blush4 ,dots scattered1 small1 white4 ,flesh white1 firm1 somewhat tough1 juicy1 almost sweet4 ,good4 ,october4 ,,mountaineer4 ,synonym3 ,mountain ,sweet4 ,from ,pennsylvania4 ,fruit large1 oblate1 light yellow4 ,dots minute4 ,calyx small1 closed4 ,stalk short1 slender4 ,flesh white1 breaking1 very tender1 fine grained1 juicy1 sweet4 ,good to very good4 ,december4 7,warder47 ,,imperial4 ,of ,french origin4 ,fruit medium1 oblate inclined to conic1 yellow1 shaded1 splashed and striped with light and dark red1 deepest in the sun4 ,stalk short4 ,calyx closed4 ,flesh white1 crisp1 tender1 juicy1 refreshing subacid4 ,good4 ,october and ,november4 7,warder47 ,,fulton ,,strawberry4 ,originated with ,a4 ,g4 ,downing1 ,canton1 ,fulton county1 ,illinois4 ,tree vigorous1 stout1 spreading grower1 hardy2 does not come early into bearing4 ,young wood grayish brown1 slightly downy4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 whitish1 mostly overspread1 striped1 splashed and mottled with shades of red4 ,flesh whitish1 tinged with pink1 juicy1 pleasant subacid4 ,good4 ,core small4 ,september4 ,,english ,,sweet4 ,synonyms3 ,ramsdell's ,sweet1 ,ramsdell's ,sweeting1 ,ramsdell's ,red ,pumpkin ,sweet1 ,avery ,sweet1 and ,ramsdell's ,red ,winter4 ,this old variety is esteemed where grown for the large crops which it bears1 and as a showy sweet apple for market1 and profitable for stock feeding1 as well as superior for cooking4 ,the tree is very vigorous1 grows remarkably straight and upright1 comes early into bearing1 and yields enormously every year4 ,young shoots clear1 reddish brown1 slightly grayish4 ,fruit rather above medium size1 oblong1 regularly shaped1 and tapering slightly towards the eye2 dark red1 dotted with fawn-colored specks1 and covered with a blue bloom4 ,flesh yellowish1 very tender and mellow1 usually sweet and rich4 ,good to very good4 ,in weight the apple is light4 ,october to ,february4 ,,white ,,juneating4 ,synonyms3 ,joanneting1 ,juniting1 ,gennetting1 ,primiting1 ,may of ,virginia1 ,jennetting1 ,juneting1 ,may ,pippin1 ,caroline1 ,early ,may1 ,owen's ,golden ,beauty1 ,juneating1 ,ginetting1 ,early ,jennetting1 ,yellow ,may1 ,carolina4 ,this is an old variety1 mentioned by ,evelyn in #affj1 and described by ,ray in #afhh1 and is a very tolerable little apple1 ripening among the very earliest1 during the last of ,june and the first of ,july4 ,it is very distinct from the ,early ,harvest1 sometimes called by this name4 ,tree a moderate grower1 and forms a roundish1 upright1 spreading head4 ,productive4 ,fruit small1 round1 a little flattened4 ,calyx closed4 ,stalk rather long and slender4 ,pale green at first1 light yellow with sometimes a faint blush on the sunny side4 ,flesh crisp and of a pleasant flavor1 but soon becomes dry4 ,good4 ,,hubbardston ,,nonsuch4 ,synonyms3 ,john ,may1 ,old ,town ,pippin1 and ,hubbardston4 ,a fine1 large1 early winter fruit1 which originated in the town of ,hubbardston1 ,mass4 ,the tree is a vigorous grower1 forming a handsome branching head1 and bears very large crops4 ,young shoots dull1 grayish brown1 slightly downy4 ,it is worthy of extensive orchard culture4 ,fruit large1 roundish oblong1 much narrowed near the eye4 ,skin smooth1 striped with splashes and irregular broken stripes of pale and bright red1 which nearly cover a yellowish ground4 ,calyx open4 ,stalk short1 in a russeted hollow4 ,flesh yellow1 juicy1 and tender1 with an agreeable mingling of sweetness and acidity in its flavor4 ,very good to best4 ,october to ,january4 ,,holland ,,pippin4 ,synonyms3 ,summer ,pippin1 ,pie ,apple4 ,this and the ,fall ,pippin are frequently confounded together4 ,they are indeed of the same origin4 ,one of the strongest points of difference lies in their time of ripening4 ,the ,holland ,pippin begins to fall from the trees and is fit for pies about the middle of ,august1 and from that time to the first of ,november is one of the very best kitchen apples4 ,fruit very large1 roundish1 a little more square in outline than the ,fall ,pippin1 and not so much flattened1 though a good deal like it1 a little narrowed next the eye4 ,stalk half an inch long1 thick1 deeply sunk4 ,calyx small1 closed1 moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin4 ,skin greenish yellow or pale green1 becoming pale yellow when fully ripe1 washed on one side with a little dull red or pale brown1 with a few scattered1 large1 greenish dots4 ,good4 ,,yellow ,,transparent4 ,a new ,russian variety1 which was imported from ,st4 ,petersburg in #ahgj by the department of agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and promises to be valuable for a cold climate as an early fruit of good quality1 ripening before the ,tetofsky1 with more tender and delicate flesh1 but does not continue long in use4 ,it is said that the tree so far has proved to be very hardy1 moderately vigorous1 upright1 an early and good bearer annually4 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 oblate1 slightly conical1 slightly angular2 skin clear white at first1 becoming pale yellow when fully mature1 moderately sprinkled with light and greenish dots1 somewhat obscure4 ,stalk short to medium1 rather slender2 cavity rather large1 sometimes a little greenish2 calyx closed2 basin medium1 slightly corrugated1 sometimes small protuberances2 flesh white1 half fine1 tender1 juicy1 sprightly subacid2 quality good to very good4 ,core medium4 ,season early in ,august1 and a week or two before ,tetofsky4 ,,bentley',s ,,sweet4 ,origin unknown4 ,supposed ,virginia4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 hardy1 good bearer and keeper1 valuable in the ,southwest in rich soils4 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 flattened at ends1 sometimes slightly oblique1 and sometimes sides unequal1 pale yellowish green1 shaded with pale red and1 moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots4 ,stalk long1 slender1 curved4 ,cavity smooth1 deep4 ,calyx large1 closed1 or partially open4 ,segments medium length1 erect1 sometimes a little recurved4 ,basin large1 deep1 corrugated4 ,flesh fine1 whitish1 compact1 sweet1 somewhat honeyed flavor4 ,core small4 ,very good4 ,january to ,may4 ,,early ,,ripe4 ,supposed origin1 ,pennsylvania1 but unknown4 ,tree a free grower1 and productive4 ,fruit medium1 roundish oblate1 pale yellow1 sprinkled with a few gray dots4 ,stalk long1 in a slightly russeted cavity4 ,calyx small1 closed4 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy1 subacid4 ,good4 ,august4 ,,doctor ,,watson4 ,synonym3 ,autumn ,seek-no-farther4 ,origin unknown4 ,a variety considerably grown in ,indiana1 where it is much esteemed4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 spreading1 productive4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 sides sometimes unequal4 ,color greenish white1 shaded and splashed in the sun with dull crimson4 ,stalk of medium length4 ,cavity broad1 uneven4 ,calyx open4 ,basin large1 rather deep4 ,flesh whitish yellow1 rather firm1 juicy1 rich subacid4 ,core medium4 ,very good4 ,september and ,october4 ,,muster4 ,origin unknown4 ,fruit oblate1 yellow1 mostly covered with mixed red and splashes of crimson4 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy1 subacid1 aromatic4 ,best4 ,core small4 ,august and ,september4 7,warder47 ,,wagener4 ,origin1 ,penn ,yan1 ,yates county1 ,new ,york4 ,tree thrifty1 upright1 hardy1 and early bearer4 ,requires thinning to produce good-flavored fruit4 ,when grown in the shade is wanting in flavor4 ,young wood light1 reddish brown1 slightly downy4 ,buds prominent4 ,fruit medium or above1 roundish oblate1 yellow1 mostly shaded with crimson1 obscurely striped1 and splashed with light dots4 ,stalk nearly an inch long1 rather slender1 inserted in a large1 broad1 irregular cavity4 ,calyx small and closed1 set in a rather abrupt1 somewhat corrugated basin4 ,flesh yellowish1 very tender1 juicy1 excellent1 brisk1 somewhat vinous4 ,very good to best4 ,a very delicate apple4 ,ripe ,november to ,february4 ,,broadwell4 ,synonym3 ,broadwell ,sweet4 ,originated with ,jacob ,broadwell1 near ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,an extremely valuable sweet apple1 either for the table or cooking4 ,tree vigorous1 quite hardy1 very spreading1 irregular1 productive4 ,young shoots dull1 reddish brown1 downy4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 somewhat conic4 ,color clear1 bright yellow1 brownish blush in the sun exposure1 with carmine spots4 ,dots few1 greenish1 suffused beneath4 ,stalk rather short4 ,cavity broad1 russeted4 ,calyx closed1 with short segments4 ,basin regular4 ,flesh whitish1 firm1 juicy1 rich1 sweet4 ,core small4 ,very good4 ,november to ,february4 ,,superb4 ,origin1 ,franklin county1 ,north ,carolina4 ,tree tolerably vigorous1 spreading1 and a prodigious bearer4 ,fruit medium or above1 roundish1 oblate1 regular4 ,skin green1 rarely with a blush4 ,stalk of medium length1 in a shallow cavity4 ,calyx large and open4 ,flesh yellow1 solid1 slightly coarse grained1 rich1 subacid4 ,good to very good4 ,november to ,march4 ,,rambo4 ,synonyms3 ,fall ,romanite1 ,gray ,romanite1 ,striped ,rambo1 ,delaware1 ,romanite1 ,seek-no-further1 ,bread and ,cheese1 ,rambouillet1 ,trumpington1 ,large ,rambo1 and ,terry's ,redstreak4 ,the ,rambo is one of the most popular autumn or early winter fruits4 ,it is a highly valuable apple for the table or kitchen1 and the tree thrives well on light1 sandy soil1 being a native of the banks of the ,delaware4 ,the tree is of a vigorous1 rather spreading habit1 quite productive4 ,fruit of medium size1 flat1 smooth1 yellowish white in the shade1 streaked and marbled with pale yellow and red in the sun1 and speckled with large rough dots4 ,stalk long1 rather slender1 curved to one side1 and deeply planted in a smooth1 funnel-like cavity4 ,calyx closed1 set in a broad basin1 which is slightly plaited around it4 ,flesh greenish white1 very tender1 rich1 mild subacid4 ,very good4 ,october to ,december4 ,there is claimed to be distinct or subvariety of this1 called ,red ,rambo1 the fruit of which is more red2 otherwise there is no perceptible difference4 ,,rome ,,beauty4 ,synonym3 ,gillett's ,seedling4 ,origin1 southern ,ohio4 ,tree a moderate grower2 succeeds well at the ,southwest4 ,young wood clear1 reddish brown1 slightly downy or gray4 ,a late bloomer4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 approaching conic1 yellow1 shaded and striped with bright red1 and sprinkled with light dots4 ,stalk an inch long1 inserted in a large1 deep cavity1 surrounded by greenish russet4 ,calyx partially closed1 set in a narrow1 deep basin4 ,flesh yellowish1 tender1 juicy1 sprightly1 subacid4 ,good4 ,core rather large4 ,october to ,december4 ,,roman ,,stem4 ,originated at ,burlington1 ,n4 ,j41 and is much esteemed there4 ,tree very productive1 spreading1 irregular4 ,fruit scarcely of medium size1 roundish1 whitish yellow1 with a faint brownish blush1 sprinkled with patches of dark russet1 and1 when ripe1 having a few reddish specks1 unless the fruit is very fair4 ,stalk three-fourths of an inch long1 inserted in a shallow cavity under a fleshy protuberance4 ,calyx set in a rather narrow basin1 with a few plaits4 ,core hollow4 ,flesh tender1 juicy1 with a rich1 pleasant1 musky flavor4 ,very good4 ,november to ,march4 ,,snow4 ,synonyms3 ,fameuse and ,snow ,chimney4 ,a very celebrated ,canada fruit 7probably an old ,french variety71 which has its name from the snow-white color of its flesh1 or1 as some say1 from the village from whence it was first taken to ,england4 ,it is an excellent1 productive1 autumn apple1 and is especially valuable in northern latitudes4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 round-headed1 hardy4 ,young shoots reddish brown4 ,fruit of medium size1 roundish1 somewhat flattened4 ,skin with a ground of pale1 greenish yellow1 mixed with faint streaks of pale red on the shady side1 but marked with blotches and short stripes of darker red1 and becoming a fine1 deep red in the sun4 ,stalk quite slender1 half an inch long1 planted in a narrow1 funnel-shaped cavity4 ,calyx small1 and set in a shallow1 rather narrow basin4 ,flesh remarkably white1 very tender1 juicy1 and with a slight perfume4 ,very good4 ,ripe in ,october and ,november4 ,a regular bearer and a handsome dessert fruit4 ,there is a variety under the name ,striped ,fameuse1 claimed to be distinct1 the fruit being more striped and less highly colored4 ,,autumn ,,strawberry4 ,synonym3 ,late ,strawberry4 ,origin1 ,aurora1 ,n4 ,y41 on lands formerly owned by ,judge ,phelps4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 spreading1 hardy4 ,young wood smooth1 reddish brown2 a regular and early bearer4 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 inclined to conic1 sometimes obscurely ribbed4 ,color whitish1 striped and splashed with light and dark red1 and often covered with a thin bloom4 ,stalk rather long1 slender1 curved4 ,cavity large1 deep1 slightly russeted4 ,basin abrupt1 corrugated4 ,flesh yellowish white1 tender1 juicy1 pleasant1 vinous subacid4 ,very good4 ,october to ,december4 ,,gilpin4 ,synonyms3 ,carthouse1 ,small ,romanite1 ,gray ,romanite1 ,roman ,knight1 ,romanite of the ,west1 and ,little ,romanite4 ,a handsome cider fruit1 from ,virginia1 which is also a good table fruit from ,february to ,may4 ,a very hardy1 vigorous and fruitful tree4 ,fruit of medium size1 roundish1 oblong4 ,skin very smooth and handsome1 richly streaked with deep red and yellow4 ,stalk short1 deeply inserted4 ,calyx in a round1 rather deep basin4 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 juicy1 and rich1 becoming tender and sprightly in the spring4 ,good4 ,,milam4 ,synonyms3 ,harrigan1 ,winter ,pearmain1 ,blair1 and ,thomas4 ,origin uncertain2 much grown in some sections of the ,west2 very productive1 and keeps well4 ,fruit medium or below1 roundish1 greenish1 shaded and striped with red4 ,flesh rather firm1 pleasant subacid1 not rich4 ,good4 ,december to ,march4 ,,limber ,,twig4 ,synonym3 ,james ,river4 ,an apple much cultivated ,south and ,west4 ,origin1 supposed ,north ,carolina4 ,tree hardy and productive1 roundish1 spreading1 somewhat drooping4 ,fruit medium or above1 roundish oblate1 inclining to conic1 greenish yellow1 shaded and striped with dull crimson1 and sprinkled with light dots4 ,stalk of medium length1 inserted in a broad1 deep cavity1 surrounded by thin1 green russet4 ,calyx closed1 set in a small1 uneven basin4 ,flesh whitish1 not very tender1 juicy1 with a brisk1 subacid flavor4 ,good4 ,january to ,april4 ,,benoni4 ,this excellent early apple is a native of ,dedham1 ,mass4 ,the tree is of vigorous1 upright1 spreading habit2 hardy and productive2 light1 reddish brown4 ,it is a valuable variety for market or table use4 ,fruit rather below medium size4 ,form roundish1 oblate conical4 ,color pale yellow1 shaded1 striped and marbled with dark crimson1 and thinly sprinkled with bright dots4 ,stalk short1 slender4 ,cavity deep1 russeted4 ,calyx closed4 ,segments persistent1 sometimes a little recurved4 ,basin abrupt1 quite deep1 somewhat uneven4 ,flesh yellow1 juicy1 tender1 pleasant subacid4 ,core small4 ,very good4 ,august4 ,,ortley4 ,synonyms3 ,ortley ,pippin1 ,woolman's ,long1 ,greasy ,pippin1 ,white ,bell-flower1 ,van ,dyne1 ,melting ,pippin1 ,yellow ,pippin1 ,woodward's ,pippin1 ,davis ,white ,bellflower1 ,white ,bellflower1 ,white ,detroit1 ,hollow-cored ,pippin1 ,green ,bellflower1 ,jersey ,greening1 ,crane's ,pippin1 ,inman1 ,tom ,woodward's ,pippin1 ,marrow ,pippin1 ,ohio ,favorite1 ,willow-leaf ,pippin1 ,white ,pippin1 ,detroit1 ,davis1 ,warren ,pippen1 ,golden ,pippin1 ,white ,seek-no-further1 and ,tod's ,golden ,pippin4 ,origin1 orchard of ,michael ,ortley1 ,south ,jersey4 ,it grows pretty strongly1 with upright1 slender shoots1 and bears abundantly4 ,fruit medium to large1 roundish1 oblong conic1 greenish yellow1 becoming fine yellow at maturity1 sometimes with a sunny cheek4 ,stalk slender1 of medium length1 inserted in a deep1 acute cavity1 surrounded by russet4 ,calyx closed1 set in an abrupt1 somewhat corrugated basin4 ,flesh white1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy1 subacid1 very pleasant4 ,good to very good4 ,core large4 ,november to ,february4 ,,stayman',s ,,summer4 ,originated on the grounds of ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman1 ,leavenworth1 ,kan4 ,tree hardy1 vigorous1 spreading1 irregular1 tough1 wiry1 droops like a weeping willow with ropes of fruit1 never breaking a limb4 ,an early bearer and very productive1 very nearly equal to ,benoni and ,summer ,pearmain1 and handsomer4 ,fruit medium1 round1 regular1 approaching conic2 skin smooth1 greenish yellow1 splashed and striped with red and purple1 covered with a white bloom2 dots small1 gray1 scattered4 ,stem medium1 rather slender4 ,cavity narrow1 deep1 irregular1 russeted4 ,eye very small1 closed4 ,basin narrow1 shallow1 furrowed4 ,core small1 slightly open4 ,flesh greenish white1 very juicy1 brittle1 sprightly1 high flavored1 mild acid4 ,very good4 ,use3 ,kitchen1 table1 and market4 ,august and ,september4 7,western ,pomologist47 ,,stayman',s ,,winesap4 ,a seedling of the ,winesap1 originated with ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman1 ,leavenworth1 ,kan4 ,we give his description3 ,tree very vigorous1 open1 irregular1 spreading4 ,wood very dark2 dark heavy foliage4 ,an early and very abundant bearer4 ,tree much in appearance like the ,winesap4 ,fruit hangs well on the tree4 ,fruit medium to large1 heavy1 oblate conical1 regular1 greenish yellow1 mostly covered and indistinctly splashed1 mixed and striped with dark1 dull red2 dots medium1 numerous1 distinct gray4 ,stem of medium length1 slender4 ,cavity wide1 deep1 much russeted1 extending1 regular4 ,calyx large1 open1 or half closed4 ,segments large1 erect4 ,basin rather narrow1 abrupt1 deep1 furrowed4 ,core medium4 ,flesh yellow1 firm1 tender1 juicy1 rich1 mild subacid1 aromatic4 ,quality best4 ,season ,january to ,may4 ,,garrettson',s ,,early4 ,synonyms3 ,somerset ,harvest4 ,originated on the farm of ,john ,garrettson1 ,somerset1 ,n4 ,j4 ,tree vigorous1 upright1 spreading1 productive4 ,young wood brown1 slightly downy4 ,fruit medium1 roundish conic1 yellowish1 thickly covered with light specks4 ,stalk short4 ,cavity deep1 acute4 ,calyx closed1 in a small1 abrupt1 furrowed basin4 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy1 brisk subacid4 ,good2 valuable for cooking4 ,september4 ,,early ,,summer ,,pearmain4 ,synonym3 ,american ,summer ,pearmain4 ,a rich1 highly flavored fruit1 much esteemed where it is known4 ,it appears to be quite different from the ,summer ,pearmain 7of the ,english71 and is probably a seedling raised from it4 ,it ripens gradually from the #ajth of ,august to the last of ,september4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 with slender branches1 round headed4 ,young shoots dull1 reddish brown4 ,fruit of medium size1 oblong1 widest at the crown1 and tapering slightly to the eye4 ,skin red1 spotted with yellow in the shade1 but streaked with livelier red and yellow on the sunny side4 ,stalk three-fourths of an inch long1 and pretty deeply inserted4 ,eye deeply sunk4 ,calyx closed4 ,segments short1 erect4 ,basin abrupt1 slightly corrugated4 ,flesh yellow1 remarkably tender1 with a rich and pleasant flavor4 ,it often bursts when falling from the tree4 ,quality best4 ,core medium4 ,,early ,,joe4 ,origin1 orchard of ,herman ,chapin1 ,ontario county1 ,new ,york4 ,tree of slow growth1 productive2 requires high culture for fair fruit4 ,fruit below medium1 oblate1 very slightly conic1 smooth1 yellowish1 shaded and striped with red1 and thickly sprinkled with greenish spots4 ,stalk of medium length1 inserted in a large cavity surrounded by russet4 ,calyx closed4 ,basin moderate4 ,flesh whitish1 tender1 juicy1 with a very agreeable vinous flavor4 ,best4 ,ripe middle of ,august to middle of ,september4 ,,jefferis4 ,origin1 ,chester county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,growth medium1 very productive4 ,a fair and handsome fruit1 of excellent quality1 in use all of ,september4 ,young wood light1 reddish brown1 smooth4 ,fruit medium1 oblate1 inclined to conic1 yellow1 shaded and splashed with crimson1 and thickly covered with large whitish dots4 ,stalk very short1 inserted in a rather large cavity4 ,calyx closed1 set in a round1 open basin4 ,flesh white1 tender1 juicy1 with a rich1 mild1 subacid flavor4 ,very good4 ,september4 ,,white ,,pippin4 ,synonym3 ,canada ,pippin4 ,this apple is much cultivated at the ,west1 but of unknown origin4 ,it is of the ,newtown ,pippin class1 distinct from ,canada ,reinette4 ,tree thrifty1 upright1 a regular and good bearer4 ,young shoots dark1 clear1 reddish brown1 downy4 ,fruit large1 form variable1 roundish1 oblate1 slightly oblique1 greenish white1 waxen1 sprinkled with green dots1 and becoming pale yellow at maturity1 sometimes having a dull blush and a few brown dots4 ,stalk short1 inserted in a large cavity1 surrounded by green russet4 ,calyx small1 nearly closed1 set in an abrupt-furrowed basin4 ,flesh white1 tender1 crisp1 juicy1 fine1 rich subacid4 ,very good to best4 ,core small4 ,january to ,march4 ,,dominie4 ,synonyms3 ,english ,rambo1 ,wells1 ,cheat1 ,hogan1 ,striped ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,cling ,tight1 ,english ,red ,streak1 and ,english ,beauty of ,pennsylvania4 ,this apple1 extensively planted in the orchards on the ,hudson and west1 so much resembles the ,rambo externally that the two are often confounded1 and the outline of the ,rambo may be taken as nearly a facsimile of this4 ,the ,dominie is1 however1 of a livelier color1 and the flavor and season of the two fruits are very distinct1 the ,rambo being rather a high-flavored early winter apple1 while the ,dominie is a sprightly1 juicy1 long-keeping winter fruit4 ,fruit of medium size1 flat4 ,skin lively greenish yellow in the shade1 with stripes and splashes of bright red in the sun1 and pretty large russet specks4 ,stalk long and slender1 planted in a wide cavity1 and inclined to one side4 ,calyx small1 in a broad basin1 moderately sunk4 ,flesh white1 exceedingly tender and juicy1 with a sprightly1 pleasant1 though not high flavor4 ,young wood of a shoot lively light brown1 and the trees are very hardy1 and the most rapid growers and prodigious early bearers that we know--the branches being literally weighted down by the rope-like clusters of fruit4 ,the ,dominie does not appear to be described by any foreign author4 ,coxe says that he received it from ,england1 but the apple he describes and figures does not appear to be ours1 and we have never met with it in any collection here4 ,it is highly probable that the ,dominie is a native fruit4 ,it is excellent from ,december to ,april4 ,,rhode ,,island ,,greening4 ,synonyms3 ,burlington ,greening1 ,russine1 ,bell ,dubois1 and ,jersey ,greening4 ,the ,rhode ,island ,greening is such a universal favorite1 and so generally known1 that it seems superfluous to describe it4 ,it succeeds well in most of the northern sections of the ,united ,states1 and on a great variety of soils4 ,where it succeeds it is one of the most esteemed and profitable among early winter fruits4 ,in ,kansas it drops too early4 ,tree a very vigorous1 spreading grower4 ,young shoots reddish brown4 ,very productive4 ,shy in ,kansas4 ,fruit large1 roundish1 a little flattened1 pretty regular1 but often obscurely ribbed1 dark green1 becoming greenish yellow when ripe1 when it sometimes shows a dull blush near the stalk4 ,calyx small1 woolly1 closed1 in a slightly sunken1 scarcely plaited basin4 ,stalk three-fourths of an inch long1 curved1 thickest at the bottom4 ,flesh yellow1 fine grained1 tender1 crisp1 with an abundance of rich1 sprightly1 aromatic1 lively1 acid juice4 ,very good4 ,november to ,february4 ,,pennock4 ,synonyms3 ,pomme ,roye1 ,large ,romanite1 ,prolific ,beauty1 ,roman ,knight1 ,big ,romanite1 ,neisley's ,winter ,penick1 ,pelican1 ,red ,ox1 ,red ,pennock1 ,pennock's ,red ,winter1 and ,gay's ,romanite4 ,origin1 ,pennsylvania4 ,tree a strong1 vigorous1 upright1 spreading grower1 and very productive4 ,fruit quite large1 oblique1 generally flat1 but occasionally roundish oblong1 fine1 deep red1 with faint1 indistinct streaks of yellow4 ,flesh yellow1 tender and juicy1 with a pleasant1 half-sweet flavor4 ,good4 ,november to ,march4 ,,keswick ,,codlin4 ,a noted ,english cooking apple1 which may be gathered for tarts as early as the month of ,august1 and continues in use till ,november4 ,it is an early and a great bearer and a vigorous tree1 and is one of the most profitable of orchard sorts for cooking or market4 ,tree very hardy1 forming a large1 regular1 upright1 spreading1 round head4 ,fruit a little above the middle size1 rather conical1 with a few obscure ribs4 ,stalk short and deeply set4 ,calyx rather large4 ,skin greenish yellow1 washed with a faint blush on one side4 ,flesh yellowish white1 juicy1 with a pleasant acid flavor4 ,,emperor4 ,described by ,verry ,aldrich in the ,prairie ,farmer as follows3 ,fruit medium1 roundish1 one-sided1 orange1 striped and shaded with red on the sun side1 covered with white specks4 ,stalk short and slender4 ,cavity deep4 ,flesh white1 fine grained1 tender1 juicy1 pleasant1 almost sweet4 ,,early ,,margaret4 ,synonyms3 ,margaret or ,striped ,juneating1 ,early ,red ,juneating1 ,red ,juneating1 ,striped ,june1 ,eve ,apple of the ,irish1 and ,margaretha ,apfel of the ,germans4 ,an excellent early apple1 ripening about the middle of ,july1 or directly after the ,early ,harvest4 ,the tree while young is rather slender1 with reddish brown1 upright1 woolly shoots4 ,it is a moderate bearer4 ,fruit below medium size1 roundish oblate1 tapering towards the eye4 ,skin greenish yellow1 pretty well covered by stripes of dark red4 ,flesh white1 subacid1 and1 when freshly gathered from the tree1 of a rich1 agreeable flavor4 ,good4 ,,mother4 ,synonyms3 ,queen ,anne1 ,gardener's ,apple4 ,origin1 ,bolton1 ,mass4 ,tree moderately vigorous1 upright1 and productive4 ,young shoots grayish brown1 downy4 ,one of the best of apples for dessert2 rather too tender for shipment4 ,fruit medium4 ,form roundish1 slightly conical4 ,color yellow1 almost entirely overspread with light1 clear1 rich red1 splashed and marbled with many deeper shades1 many minute little dots4 ,stalk short1 small4 ,cavity acute1 often a little russeted4 ,calyx closed4 ,basin small1 corrugated4 ,flesh yellow1 tender1 juicy1 rich1 aromatic subacid4 ,best4 ,november to ,february4 ,,arkansas ,,black4 ,medium1 slightly conical1 regular1 smooth1 glossy2 yellow1 generally covered with deep crimson1 small1 light-colored dots4 ,basin shallow4 ,eye small1 closed4 ,cavity shallow1 russeted4 ,stem medium4 ,flesh very yellow1 fine grained1 firm1 juicy1 subacid1 rich4 ,very good4 ,arkansas4 7,thomas47 ,,whitney4 ,medium1 handsome1 rich1 good4 ,very hardy4 ,illinois4 7,thomas47 ,,note4 ,all the descriptions of apples given here are taken from ,downing's ,fruit and ,fruit-trees of ,america1 excepting otherwise noted4 ,,the ,,state1 ,,by ,,districts4 ,for convenience1 ,kansas was divided by the official board into four fruit districts1 simply quartering the state4 ,the first district is composed of the following twenty-seven counties1 in the northeast quarter4 ,reports1 or rather experiences1 from each of these counties will be found immediately following4 ,we give below the number of apple trees in the first district1 compiled from the statistics of #ahig4 ,many thousands were added during the spring of #ahih4 ,,district ,no4 #a--;,,apple ,,trees1 #ahig4 ,bearing4 ,not bearing4 ,total4 ,atchison county #aej1jbd #gj1fia #bbj1gae ,brown county #afj1ehc #eg1dhh #bah1jga ,clay county #hi1gbe #bf1jhg #aae1hab ,cloud county #fh1hcb #bd1dea #ic1bhc ,dickinson county #aaj1cea #ca1ibf #adb1bgg ,doniphan county #aef1ffa #afc1gja #cbj1cfb ,douglas county #aei1gjf #abj1cge #bhj1jha ,franklin county #abf1ijf #gj1hca #aig1gcg ,geary county #ci1adh #ai1ceg #eh1eje ,jackson county #abc1dhe #hd1ecc #bjh1jah ,jefferson county #abj1eji #hf1hcg #bjg1cdf ,johnson county #hh1cie #fi1gji #aeh1ajd ,leavenworth county #aii1bab #baf1jae #dae1bbg ,marshall county #aeg1bgi #ff1eef #bbc1hce ,miami county #aja1eda #hb1jfi #ahc1faj ,morris county #ic1ahb #de1eee #ach1gcg ,nemaha county #adj1bgh #fb1ece #bjb1hac ,osage county #bdf1bfe #ef1dgh #cjb1gdc ,ottawa county #dj1ech #cj1adi #fj1fhg ,pottawatomie county #aag1bcd #ej1jgi #afg1cac ,republic county #abh1jgf #eh1ffb #ahf1gch ,riley county #ajc1jec #dd1fdj #adg1fic ,saline county #gd1fdh #bd1djj #ii1jdh ,shawnee county #bjg1ggi #acj1gbj #cch1dii ,wabaunsee county #ajh1idb #ej1aie #aei1acg ,washington county #aeb1gfh #hj1aid #bcb1ifb ,wyandotte county #aab1eda #gi1ijc #aib1ddd --------- --------- --------- ,total in district #c1cgg1ffa #a1hid1acf #e1bga1gig ,acreage1 about #fjj1jjj #cjj1jjj #ijj1jjj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fred ,,wellhouse ,,son3 ,have been in ,kansas since #ahei1 and grow no fruit but apples1 having #aag acres in ,leavenworth county1 planted in #ahgf2 #afj acres in ,miami county1 planted in #ahgh2 #afj acres in ,leavenworth county1 planted in #ahgi2 #hjj acres in ,osage county1 planted in #ahhi1 #ahij1 and #ahia2 #cjj acres in ,leavenworth county1 planted in #ahid2 #adj acres in ,leavenworth county1 planted in #ahif--total of about #ajj1jjj trees1 set out from two to twenty-two years4 ,we prefer for commercial orchard1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,york ,imperial1 and for family orchard would add to these1 ,red ,june1 ,chenango1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,huntsman1 and ,rome ,beauty4 ,we tried sixteen acres of ,cooper's ,early ,white1 but have discarded them as unprofitable1 shy bearers4 ,we consider upland the best if soil is of good quality4 ,we have them on all slopes2 can see no particular difference where soil is equal4 ,we prefer rich1 black soil 7vegetable mold71 clay subsoil4 ,we plant in furrows1 the rows thirty-two feet apart1 the trees sixteen feet apart in the rows1 running north and south4 ,the best trees to plant are two years old1 the lowest limb or limbs not over two feet from the ground4 ,we grow most of our trees from our own root grafts4 ,cultivation3 ,we cultivate for the first five years1 by throwing the soil first to and then from the trees1 with a single or a double turning plow1 and grow only corn4 ,at five years from planting we sow the ground to clover1 and this with other growths1 such as weeds1 is left on the ground as a mulch and fertilizer4 ,we have never used any windbreaks at any of our orchards4 ,think they would be an advantage in some localities4 ,we use traps for rabbits1 knife and wire for borers4 ,we prune very little1 such as removing broken limbs4 ,we have never fertilized any of our orchards4 ,we do not believe it pays to pasture orchards1 and do not allow it4 ,the insects that trouble us most are3 ,canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 fringed-wing bud moth1 handmaid-moth or yellow-necked caterpillar1 roundheaded borer and the tussock-moth caterpillar on our trees2 and codling-moth1 gouger and tree cricket on and in our fruit4 ,we spray annually1 using a horse-power machine1 illustrated in former reports of the ,state ,horticultural ,society1 for the leaf-eating insects named1 using ,london purple and clear water1 sometimes adding lime4 ,we spray before the blossom opens1 for bud moth1 canker-worm and tent-caterpillar1 and after the petals have fallen for codling-moth1 tussock-moth1 and fall web-worm4 ,we have been successful except as to bud moth and fall web-worm4 ,we believe we have greatly reduced the codling-moth by spraying1 and we know we have destroyed the canker-worm4 ,have never successfully combated borers1 excepting with knife and wire4 ,fall web-worms are burned in the tree with a gasoline torch1 or the small limbs with webs are removed and burned4 ,we have as yet found no particular method for fighting the bud moth successfully4 ,we gather our apples by hand in common two-bushel seamless sacks1 used in the same manner as for sowing grain4 ,a strap of heavy leather is attached1 making it easy for the shoulder4 ,a hook and ring are also put on to facilitate the removal of the sack when emptying4 ,we prefer common straight ladders1 with sides from sixteen to twenty inches apart at the bottom and six inches at the top1 rounds fourteen inches apart4 ,we use bushel boxes for hauling from the orchard to packing-house4 ,we sort into three grades3 ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 and culls4 ,no4 #a's are all sound and firm apples1 of about from two and one-fourth to two and one-half inches in diameter1 the size of the smallest depending on the variety4 ,we put in the ,no4 #b grade those that have any defects barring them from the first grade1 yet they make a good second-class for immediate use2 we also pack in this grade any sound apples that run uniformally small4 ,of all packages tried1 we prefer and use the three-bushel barrel1 #ag-a_/h inch head and #bh-a_/b inch stave4 ,when one head is removed1 the barrel is turned over and a rap with the hand removes all trash4 ,if we are packing a fine grade of fruit1 we put a piece of white paper1 cut a little less than the diameter of the barrel1 in before facing4 ,barrels are double-faced or plated4 ,we are careful to have the barrels rocked or shaken often while being filled4 ,the name of variety and our trade-mark is put on the barrel with stencil or rubber stamp4 ,no4 #a's and #b's are hauled to shipping station in barrels2 culls in bulk in ordinary farm wagon4 ,we have never sold our crop in the orchard2 always preferred to have it picked and packed under our own supervision4 ,our apples have been sold in car lots4 ,firsts and seconds have gone to wholesale dealers4 ,culls we have evaporated1 sold to men who evaporate1 to cider-mills1 and to dealers who handle bulk apples4 ,for drying1 we use the ,new ,york hop kiln1 ,rival ,no4 #b parers1 and upright bleachers1 all of which have been reasonably satisfactory4 ,we believe them the best we can get1 considering the class of evaporated fruit in demand4 ,white stock is best handled in fifty-pound boxes2 chops1 peelings and cores in sacks4 ,we always found a ready market for dried fruit4 ,some years it paid well4 ,we have wintered only in cold-storage plants1 always in barrels1 and it has been profitable4 ,ben ,davis and ,winesap have kept best1 with ,missouri ,pippin a close second4 ,jonathan keeps well under proper conditions4 ,if kept as late as ,march1 it is generally necessary to repack1 but not always4 ,our greatest loss has been on ,jonathan1 which in some instances1 when kept late in the season1 has reached ten per cent4 ,we have never irrigated or watered any part of our orchards4 ,prices have ranged as follows with us3 ,for ,no4 #a1 from #a4ej to #d2 and ,no4 #b1 #ij cents to #b per barrel4 ,culls have brought from #be cents to #fj cents per #ajj pounds2 evaporated apples from #d to #ac cents per pound2 all these free on board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,e4 ,,houghton1 ,weltbote1 ,washington county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-nine years2 have #ajj apple trees1 fifteen years old1 twelve inches in diameter4 ,for commercial and family orchards1 ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,huntman's ,favorite1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,rambo1 and ,jonathan4 ,have tried and discarded ,dominie1 ,roman ,stem1 and ,bellflower2 the latter on account of shy bearing4 ,think bottom land1 black1 rich loam1 and north aspect1 the best4 ,i prefer three-year-old1 short1 stout-bodied trees--the shorter the better--with limbs as low as they will grow4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn1 potatoes or vines as long as it is possible to do the work4 ,i use a plow1 cultivator1 and one-horse double-shovel plow4 ,i cease cropping when they begin to bear1 and plant to clover4 ,i consider windbreaks essential2 would not grow an orchard without one1 and would use ,osage orange1 ash1 ,russian mulberry1 or box-elder1 planted in several rows on south and west4 ,i wrap my trees with corn-stalks to protect from rabbits1 and wash them with strong soapsuds1 for borers1 in ,may and ,june4 ,i prune a great deal to let the sun1 light and air in2 ,i think it beneficial and that it pays4 ,i never thin2 but think it would be beneficial when the apples are large enough to tell the good ones from the bad4 ,i think it advisable to use fertilizers on poor land4 ,i never pasture my orchard under any circumstances whatever3 do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are bothered with borers4 ,some worm troubles my apples4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick into a sack over the shoulder1 as for sowing wheat4 ,i sort into two classes as ,i pick1 to avoid handling again1 putting the sound1 hand-picked in one pile and the windfalls in another2 cover them with hay and let them stay out as long as ,i dare1 then put them in the cellar2 but the cellar is too warm2 think an outdoor cellar or cave would be better2 would like to put them in cold storage1 which is far the best4 ,i sell my apples in the orchard1 or any way ,i can get the most for them2 generally take them to town and sell them4 ,i sell my second and third grades at home2 feed the culls to the hogs4 ,my best markets are ,washington and ,greenleaf4 ,i have never tried distant markets4 ,never dry any4 ,i store some apples in boxes1 barrels1 and bulk2 am not very successful4 ,i find that ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel4 ,there is not much sale for dried apples4 ,we do most of our own work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,edwin ,,taylor1 ,delaware township1 ,wyandotte county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have about #ejjj apple trees aged from eight to twelve years4 ,the best varieties of apples for commercial orchards are not many4 ,no one variety could be named which would be best for all locations or conditions4 ,the ,ben ,davis is most largely planted in the ,west4 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,willow ,twig1 ,park's ,keeper1 are all valuable sorts4 ,there are others4 ,a family orchard is the most important orchard a farmer plants4 ,it should contain a small number of trees and a large number of varieties4 ,two of a kind are a plenty4 ,there should be at least twenty kinds4 ,that will allow for a new variety to ripen in its season every two weeks or less in summer and fall and every three weeks during the winter4 ,they should begin with the earliest and finish with the very longest keeper4 ,these varieties will overlap1 so that the farmer will almost always have two sorts to choose from4 ,there should be sweet apples among them--particularly winter sweets4 ,the names1 characteristics1 qualities1 description1 etc41 of the twenty to thirty varieties that make up an ideal orchard would require a long chapter1 if the subject was fully treated4 ,beginners in tree buying should be cautioned not to let the nurseryman run in half a dozen trees of each kind for the family orchard on them4 ,two trees of a kind are plenty1 particularly as the surplus of the family orchard commonly goes to waste4 ,the names should be carefully registered1 so there will be no wondering what an apple is when it begins to bear4 ,you can't keep company satisfactorily with an apple that you don't know the name of1 any better than you can an unknown man4 ,the best place to keep these family apples is in a dugout1 in the side of a bank if possible1 at all events good and deep1 with the door at the north1 and a good blow-hole in the south end4 ,i don't know much about soils or location4 ,i found myself in possession of some ,kaw river timbered hills1 clay soil carrying some sand2 not good for much else2 so ,i planted them--tops1 sides1 and draws--with apple trees1 which have done well on the tops of the hills1 sides of the hills1 and in the valleys between the hills4 ,am inclined to suspect there is a great deal of gammon written about slope and expanse for orchards4 ,my conclusion is that that is a good slope which you happen to have4 ,trees growing in the ,kaw bottoms themselves1 ,i observe1 thrive and bear4 ,the only cultivation ,i have ever given trees has been such as they got by being component parts of a corn-field1 except that ,i have mainly given the tree rows extra cultivation1 keeping them clean of grass and weeds4 ,my orchards are now seeded to clover2 clover is not valuable1 for its own sake1 among trees1 but the trees thrive with it4 ,its greatest use1 so far as ,i can see1 is to make you mow the orchard where it is twice during the season4 ,i prefer to stop cultivation in orchards when they are six years old4 ,i have no knowledge of windbreaks1 but ,i have had a great deal of mechanical destruction done by borers and rabbits4 ,both these pests are good mechanics in their way and willing to work4 ,i have the borers hunted spring and fall4 ,small trees ,i have protected from rabbits by stalks1 paper1 or veneering4 ,rabbits are not hard to head off1 but they won't let a case go by default4 ,some people depend upon traps1 dogs1 guns1 poison1 cats1 washes1 wagon grease and liver to keep the rabbits away4 ,i have known all of these to fail1 but ,i have never known a tree well tied up with corn-stalks to suffer from mechanical destruction via the rabbit route1 unless the string broke4 ,there is no law against having a good string4 ,the only pruning ,i have ever done has been to take out water sprouts4 ,i don't know whether it paid or not4 ,but ,i like the looks of a tree better without the pompadour effect a top full of sprouts gives it4 ,never have thinned apples2 orchards here are self-thinners4 ,by picking time the fruit is fully half on the ground and commonly not too much on the trees4 ,have never used manure or any fertilizer on apple trees4 ,i never pastured an orchard but once4 ,one trial cured me4 ,i judge that one trial is nearly always enough4 ,it is not advisable to pasture orchards1 not even with hogs4 ,the greatest pest we have is the apple worm--son1 ,i am told1 of the codling-moth4 ,have made no effort to check it by spraying1 or otherwise4 ,i pick apples by hand2 drop them into a sack hung over the shoulder2 when the sack is full1 it is emptied onto a sorting table4 ,make two classes of fruit3 ,no4 #a and culls4 ,have never used any package but the barrel4 ,prefer the full-sized flour barrel4 ,fill barrel full enough to prevent rattling1 when head is pressed in2 mark faced head with variety1 quality1 and my name and address4 ,have never sold crop in orchard2 often sell culls there4 ,have never sold a greater amount than one car-load at one time2 have sold as little as one peck4 ,the best market is sometimes at one place1 sometimes at another4 ,minneapolis is the most distant market ,i have ever tried4 ,have mostly put my apples in cold storage4 ,about one time out of three they have kept well4 ,the fault was not in the apples2 cold storage is either not understood or frequently mismanaged4 ,cold-storage people should be made to guarantee their work6--should not be paid for apples that are not delivered in the spring4 ,cold-storage rates 7fifty cents per barrel7 are absurdly high4 ,i use male help1 young and old1 good and bad4 ,help commonly hard to get here in the fall4 ,wages ordinarily one dollar per day1 without board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,d4 ,,martindale1 ,scranton1 ,osage county3 ,i have been on this place thirteen years1 and since coming here have set every tree now on it4 ,trees that ,i set out in the spring of #ahhe measure six to ten inches in diameter4 ,in #ahie ,i put out #cej apple trees2 in #ahif ,i planted #bej more1 part of them were three- and four-year-old1 when set4 ,i lost only thirteen out of the #fjj4 ,a few of the ,missouri ,pippins bore fruit last year4 ,i consider the following varieties1 in the order named1 best for commercial orchard3 ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin2 and for family use ,i would add ,maiden's ,blush1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i have tried and discarded ,smith's ,cider and ,lowell1 as they blight too much4 ,i prefer bottom land if it is properly drained1 as it is apt to be richer and the trees will not suffer as much in a dry season--black loam1 with a porous subsoil1 to let the surplus water soak away4 ,i think a northern slope best1 as the trees do not suffer as much from the sun on hot summer days4 ,apple trees have done best for me on a black loam underlaid with a porous subsoil that will take the surplus water and still hold moisture in summer4 ,i plant by plowing light furrows 7thirty-four feet apart7 across the lay of the ground1 then plowing two or four furrows together up and down the slope thirty-four feet apart1 and run a lister in this big furrow1 breaking up the ground as deeply as possible4 ,i dip the roots of my trees in lye water1 using one pound carbonate of lye to eight gallons of water4 ,then fill in with a spade around the roots1 being careful not to leave any holes for mice to nest in4 ,two- or three-year-old trees1 with roots and top well balanced1 no forks to split down when the tree gets older1 bark smooth and good color1 ,i consider best4 ,i prefer piece-root to whole-root grafts4 ,my experience is that we get better trees on piece roots1 as the union is lower down in the ground and the scion throws out roots1 which makes the trees healthy and not wholly dependent on seedling roots4 ,i cultivate my orchard till ten or twelve years old1 and keep all weeds and grass away1 using an eight-inch plow with one horse next to the trees and backfurrow to every other row2 then use two horses and fourteen-inch plow for the middles4 ,the next year ,i backfurrow to the rows left the year before2 in this way we have no large back or dead furrows1 but keep the ground level4 ,in cultivating ,i use a fourteen-tooth ,peerless harrow each side of the row1 and cultivate the rest with two-horse cultivator2 then use a good sharp hoe close to the trees4 ,corn is the best crop to raise among young trees1 as it acts as a windbreak and a partial shade4 ,after an orchard gets to bearing1 seed to red clover4 ,i would change from corn to clover eight or nine years after setting4 ,windbreaks are essential4 ,i would have them on the south and west sides of the orchard1 at least4 ,i would make them of evergreen1 ,osage orange1 or mulberry4 ,i would not plant black walnut1 cottonwood1 or maple1 as they are injurious to apple trees4 ,plant peach trees between the apple trees2 they grow fast1 and protect the apple until large enough to stand the winds4 ,the best thing ,i have found to keep rabbits1 mice1 etc41 off the trees is a protector made of five lath two feet long1 woven with wire2 they can be left on summer and winter1 as sunlight and air can pass through to the bark and keep it healthy and keep the sun from scalding the bark2 it also keeps the borers and the whippletree from doing much damage2 they can be left on until the trees outgrow them4 ,i cut out all limbs that are liable to rub each other at any future time1 and all limbs that are liable to split down as the tree gets older2 ,i also trim high enough to let a small horse walk under the limbs4 ,i take off the back pad while working among the trees1 so it will not be catching on the limbs2 ,i think that it pays1 and is beneficial4 ,i have not thinned the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are planted in alternate rows of different kinds1 so ,i cannot tell what is best1 blocks or mixed4 ,i use all the barn-yard litter broadcast that ,i can get1 and wish ,i had more4 ,i shall plow under a good crop of red clover about every other year1 and seed again the same year to clover1 as ,i think it beneficial2 ,i would do the same on all lands that ,i have yet tried4 ,i do not let horses or cattle over one year old pasture in the orchard4 ,i let calves and small pigs have access to the orchard1 as they will eat up a great many wormy apples that drop1 and help keep down the weeds4 ,i think it advisable to pasture with young stock1 and that it pays4 ,my apple trees are troubled with canker-worm1 twig-borer1 and leaf-crumpler4 ,the codling-moth troubled my apples some last year4 ,i have not tried spraying as yet4 ,i have found borers in a few trees that were out in the grass near the fence4 ,i pick my apples by hand2 using step-ladders for the lower limbs1 and longer ladders1 wide at the bottom and very narrow at the top1 for the upper limbs4 ,while picking in the inside of a tree1 ,i use a half-bushel sack made to hang on a limb1 and so arranged that it can be let to the ground and emptied without getting out of the tree4 ,i make three grades of my apples3 ,first1 good size1 smooth1 free from worms1 and good calyx2 second1 apples under size1 a little specked and wormy2 third1 culls4 ,i have been sorting from the pile1 but think ,i shall use a table made with the back end the higher1 and the top made of heavy canvas without end1 and passing over rollers at each end1 so the apples can be brought in reach without handling them2 then ,i would arrange my barrels so that the apples can be placed in them without bruising4 ,i prefer the three-bushel barrel to ship in2 but for handling ,i want a one-bushel box with handholes in the ends4 ,i would pack the barrels as tight as possible1 and then mark the name of variety1 grade and name of grower on it4 ,i would ship them by fast freight or express4 ,sometimes ,i sell in the orchard4 ,i have generally sold by retail and peddled1 as ,i have a good set of customers4 ,i can do as well to sell direct to the consumer as to sell at wholesale4 ,i sell second grade to any one that will buy4 ,i feed the culls to cattle and hogs1 and let the hens have all they want4 ,i have had a market near home for all ,i have grown2 may have to look further when all my trees bear4 ,i have not tried distant markets4 ,what ,i have tried took all the profits4 ,i do not think it pays to dry apples1 unless on an extensive scale4 ,i store my apples for winter market in a dry cellar4 ,i pack in both barrels and boxes while in the cellar2 prefer boxes1 as they are easier to handle and sort from4 ,i have not been as successful as ,i would like1 but think ,i have done as well as many apple-growers have with the number of trees ,i have4 ,the ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap and ,janet have kept the best for me4 ,i have not tried artificial cold storage4 ,if apples are held any length of time1 ,i repack1 so as to be sure they are up to grade4 ,i do not lose over two per cent4 ,in the fall apples sold at about thirty cents per bushel1 and through the winter fifty to eighty cents per bushel4 ,i employ careful men to pick and handle my fruit4 ,i pay from fifteen dollars to eighteen dollars a month and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,,reynolds1 ,lawrence1 ,douglas county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas forty-three years2 have an apple orchard planted from two to forty years4 ,i planted my first orchard in #aheh1 and1 not knowing anything about what sorts would be suitable for ,kansas1 ,i had to rely entirely on what the ,missouri nurserymen recommended4 ,among the sorts planted which proved failures were ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,fulton ,strawberry1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 ,baldwin1 the ,russets and some others4 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,dominie and ,white ,bellflower all did fairly well4 ,of all the sorts the ,winesap has been the most profitable4 ,if ,i had planted that first orchard chiefly to ,winesaps1 the cash receipts would have been more than double4 ,my later experience and observations prove that the ,missouri ,pippin is the most profitable apple to grow for the market1 the ,winesap and ,ben ,davis following next in order4 ,for a family orchard1 ,i prefer ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,jonathan1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer second bottom1 with a rich soil and a porous subsoil4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 vigorous trees1 set in rows two rods apart4 ,use a potato hook4 ,i consider the best plan of planting is to throw two furrows together1 and plant on this double thickness of surface soil2 the roots will luxuriate in this bed of fertile soil and with proper care the tree will make a vigorous growth4 ,plant early in the spring1 before the buds start4 ,i cultivate my orchard with a disc harrow followed by a common harrow1 until they begin to bear2 plant corn1 potatoes or other hoed crop in a young orchard4 ,seed the bearing orchard to clover4 ,windbreaks are not essential in eastern ,kansas4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the young trees2 dig borers out4 ,pruning should be done at the time of planting4 ,after that give the tree all the top it can grow4 ,never fear but the roots will keep pace with the top4 ,remember that every time you cut out a large limb you threaten the life of the tree4 ,give the tree plenty of room1 so that the roots will not overreach each other4 ,the moisture in the soil is only sufficient for one set of roots4 ,about two rods apart is the proper distance4 ,i prune with a knife to keep the limbs from crossing4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees1 they usually thin themselves4 ,my ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippins are in mixed planting4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils after the trees begin to bear4 ,i pasture my orchard in the fall after the fruit is gathered1 with horses4 ,i cannot see any injury4 ,i never let horned cattle in4 ,my trees are troubled with root aphis and roundhead borers4 ,i do not spray4 ,i find that all apples must be gathered before they are quite ripe if we want them to keep well4 ,in order to have them in the best condition for keeping they must be picked without bruises2 ,i hand-pick mine in a sack over the shoulder4 ,they must be kept perfectly cool and at an even temperature4 ,this of course can be done by placing them in cold storage4 ,i sort from a table in the orchard into two classes1 large and medium4 ,pack in barrels1 mark with grade1 and haul to market4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 generally wholesale them2 sell the best to shippers4 ,sell the culls for cider4 ,my best markets are west and north4 ,i have tried distant markets1 through agents1 and found it paid4 ,i do not dry any apples1 but sell many low-grade apples to the evaporating factory4 ,do not store any2 sell in the fall to shippers4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from one dollar per barrel up4 ,dried apples from four to six cents per pound4 ,i employ young men at one dollar per day4 ,the profits from a good apple orchard are more than those from any other crop which requires no more labor and expense4 ,the profits from one good crop of apples are more than from three crops of wheat or corn2 but apple-growing1 as well as the growing of all other kinds of fruit1 requires constant1 patient labor and attention1 in order to be successful1 and even then the money will not come in with a great rush4 ,in conclusion1 ,i would say1 that the business of growing fruit is much more certain of success than that of mercantile business4 ,it has been ascertained from actual statistics that1 of every #ajj merchants1 fifty utterly fail in business1 forty are only moderately successful1 and of the remaining ten only one will become rich4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,j4 ,,griffing1 ,manhattan1 ,kan43 ,were that old fisherman1 ,izaak ,walton1 alive to-day1 and an enthusiastic fruit-grower of eastern ,kansas1 he would probably express himself in the book he would write1 ,the ,complete ,horticulturist1 that doubtless ,god might have made a better apple country than this1 but doubtless ,he never did4 ,if there is a strip of land in the ,united ,states equal in size to the eastern third of ,kansas able to grow as many and as fine apples as this particular strip1 it has yet to be discovered4 ,our own experience in this line dates back just forty years4 ,in #aheh the old family account-book shows the purchase by my father of three dollars' worth of apple trees 7the number not given74 ,this amount judiciously expended now would secure considerable nursery stock2 but the same record shows the purchase1 the month previous1 of wheat at two dollars per bushel2 sugar1 six pounds for one dollar2 flour1 five dollars per hundredweight2 so the number of trees obtained was probably not large4 ,the following year1 however 7#ahei71 seventy-one apple trees and some cherry trees were purchased1 at a cost of #ag4ge4 ,these efforts to start an orchard were successful4 ,the location was on the old homestead1 about two and one-half miles east of what was at that time a frontier village called ,topeka4 ,the trees bore the first fruit in #ahfg4 ,other and more profitable orchards have been planted since then on the farm1 but a few of the original plantation are still standing and bearing occasional crops of fruit 7so my brother informs me74 ,on locating at ,manhattan in #ahgj1 the sod was broken1 and the following year an orchard was planted2 and we have planted trees more or less every year since4 ,it has proven a source of pleasure and profit4 ,after it commenced bearing ,i do not recall a year when the crop was an entire failure1 and though we cannot now command two dollars per bushel1 as we could for the apples from the ,topeka orchard1 yet they have paid well4 ,the number of varieties we have tried is no less than seventy-five1 not including seedlings4 ,the following varieties ,i would unhesitatingly recommend as having proved profitable and more or less hardy4 ,for early summer1 ,early ,harvest and ,red ,astrachan2 both are tender apples when fully ripe and will then not bear shipping well4 ,i have found it best to gather the ripest at least every other day and find buyers in the local market4 ,the next to follow these1 ,chenango ,strawberry1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,pennsylvania ,red ,streak2 the two latter are good shippers4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,red ,streaks are a decided success with me1 and have paid nearly as well as my best winter sorts2 don't fail to plant some of them4 ,next1 ,i would recommend the following winter varieties in the order named3 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 and if you like a first-class sweet apple plant some ,bentley ,sweet1 if you can obtain them4 ,i have been obliged to top-graft some seedlings in order to perpetuate my own stock of them4 ,i think it is also advisable to plant some ,rawle's ,janet trees4 ,they are a late bloomer and will occasionally produce a crop when the other sorts have been injured by late freezing4 ,in fact1 they have the faculty of bearing in the off years1 as we call them--years when the balance of the orchard is resting from previous labors4 ,much has been said as to the proper location for an orchard--bottom land or hilltop1 level ground or sloping4 ,the fact is1 with careful attention to the trees1 any good1 rich soil will answer4 ,anything that can in a measure ward off the evil effects of the fierce summer gales and the droughts of ,july1 ,august and ,september will tend to minimize the losses4 ,were it possible for me to choose a piece of land exactly to my notions1 ,i should select a river-bottom farm in the neck of some large horseshoe1 being where it would be possible for the trees to reach down their roots and draw moisture during the dry season by natural subirrigation4 ,marketing the crop is the last but not the least work of the apple-grower4 ,in fact1 when the orchard is well established1 this is about the only work connected with the orchard4 ,and in that respect the orchard has a decided advantage over other farm crops1 that require yearly preparation of the soil1 sowing1 harrowing1 cultivating1 etc41 as well as the harvesting of the crop4 ,the early summer apples can usually be sold on the local market at fair prices2 the later summer and fall can be shipped1 and are usually in fair demand by ,western buyers4 ,ship only your best2 it will hardly pay to send any other grade4 ,there is usually a good demand at this point for winter varieties by farmers from the ,west1 who come in and buy their winter supply by the wagon-load4 ,occasionally1 if the ,eastern crop is short1 buyers from ,chicago will be on the ground4 ,we do not believe in holding apples long in the hope of obtaining higher prices4 ,cold storage will solve this difficulty of the orchardist2 we hope it will prove a success4 ,the most convenient thing to gather apples in from a tree or ladder that we have tried is a picking sack--a grain sack with a heavy wire or a stiff leather strap fastened around the mouth1 and a broad strap connecting the top with the bottom of the sack4 ,this can be carried over the shoulder with considerable comfort4 ,there are always more or less inferior and unmarketable apples left after the best have been disposed of1 and what to do with them is a question that confronts every great apple grower4 ,for the last fourteen years we have been working this grade into vinegar4 ,we found there was considerable to learn and care exercised to avoid losses4 ,i will mention a few important things that are necessary to produce a good article of cider vinegar4 ,first obtain good1 iron-bound oak barrels--vinegar or whisky barrels preferred4 ,never use soft wood barrels of any kind4 ,paint them well with ocher before using2 they will last longer4 ,after filling with cider1 keep in a shed until cool weather2 then draw off and run into barrels in the cellar for winter1 although1 if well protected and not too full1 they could remain out in the shed over winter4 ,in the spring draw off again and run into other barrels2 you will1 in this1 hasten the fermentation of vinegar and obtain an article free from sediment4 ,it requires from one to two years for vinegar to cease working4 ,sell it then1 and not before4 ,though it may be very strong1 it will not keep pickles unless the process is complete4 ,much of the vinegar sold on the markets as apple vinegar is made from corn1 and now that corn has risen in price it is possible that the price of this kind of vinegar may rise also4 ,it has not the quality or flavor of cider vinegar1 but it can be manufactured so cheaply that it has hurt the market for a better article4 99 99 99 99 99 ,maj4 ,,frank ,,holsinger1 ,rosedale1 ,wyandotte county3 ,has resided in ,kansas since ,march #g1 #ahfg--thirty years2 has #aejj apple trees from one to twenty-nine years planted1 big as a barn4 ,prefers ,gano1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,york ,imperial for commercial purposes1 and ,early ,harvest1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,maiden's ,blush and ,jonathan added for family use4 ,says life is too short to tell how many varieties he has tried and discarded4 ,prefers a loose soil1 and used to think hilltop best1 but says there is no choice between bottom and hilltop1 and that any particular slope is a delusion1 as all are equal4 ,plants medium two-year-old trees1 usually roots downward--tops up4 ,cultivates with double-shovel plow and hoe up to seven years1 planting with corn or potatoes4 ,then grows clover and weeds1 weeds mostly1 ceasing to cultivate when it becomes inconvenient4 ,says windbreaks are unnecessary1 and should only be made of the sun--let her shine--and does not understand how a rabbit can do a mechanical job of gnawing4 ,does not prune2 he trains2 leaves the pruning tools in the tool-house1 and says it pays4 ,would thin apples on trees if labor did not come so high4 ,his experience as to difference in fruitfulness between planting of one or of several kinds together is unsatisfactory4 ,believes fertilizers are good for trees if spread out1 never if piled around the tree2 would surely advise its use on all orchards4 ,would never allow an orchard pastured by any kind of live stock4 ,has a large list of insects to contend against1 but is not bothered with leaf eaters1 hence does not spray1 and does not believe any one has lessened the codling-moth by spraying4 ,uses common sense on borers1 and digs them out4 ,he first mounds the tree1 and thereby gets what larvae there may be deposited high up in the collar1 few remain2 these ,i dig out1 which is all simple enough4 ,he describes gathering apples thus3 ,pick 'em by hand2 surround the apple with your fingers1 break back gently1 which loosens the stem1 then lay gently in the basket4 ,it is very simple1 the process4 ,makes two classes1 one the best1 the other of seconds4 ,in the first we put all that seem perfect2 in the second1 all others that are not culls4 ,packs in barrels1 well shaken down and pressed2 marks with name of variety1 and always rolls 8 them to market4 ,sells the best any way possible1 peddles seconds1 and lets the culls rot4 ,his best market is ,kansas ,city--three miles4 ,never dries any4 ,stores for winter in various ways4 ,has had varying success1 and believes loss in cold store was owing to varying temperature and lack of proper care4 ,does not irrigate1 but trusts in the ,lord4 ,prices range from six dollars to ten dollars per barrel4 ,for help he uses men and mules1 and pays as little as possible1 believing that is often too much4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,e4 ,,sample1 ,beman1 ,morris county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty years2 have #ajjj trees planted twelve years1 of ,ben ,davis1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap2 also ,red and ,sweet ,june1 ,early ,harvest1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,have discarded the ,twenty-ounce ,pippin as no good here4 ,i have a deep1 black loam with a clay subsoil1 on upland1 with southeast slope4 ,i plant two-year-old trees a little deeper than they grow in the nursery1 in rows thirty feet apart1 and thirty feet in the rows1 alternating the trees4 ,i cultivate to corn and potatoes for about eight years1 and then sow to red clover4 ,i believe windbreaks beneficial1 and would make them of red cedar or ,russian apricots planted on the west1 south and east sides1 thirty feet from the orchard4 ,i feed the rabbits corn and clover2 have no trouble with borers4 ,i prune heavily1 to make the apples large and keep down too much wood growth4 ,i fertilize my trees with timber dirt1 and think it pays4 ,i believe it pays and is advisable to pasture orchards with hogs4 ,i pick by hand1 and sort into three classes3 large1 medium1 small and blemished4 ,have not dried any4 ,store in the cellar1 in crates two feet long1 ten inches wide1 and eight inches deep4 ,have sold at fifty to eighty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,k4 ,,wolverton1 ,barnes1 ,washington county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have an apple orchard of #ah1ejj trees from five to twenty-seven years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin and ,ben ,davis1 and for family orchard would add ,duchess of ,oldenburg4 ,have tried and discarded ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet on account of shy bearing and poor keeping quality4 ,i prefer a rich bottom with a porous subsoil1 an east and north slope4 ,i prefer good1 thrifty1 two-year-old trees4 ,i plant by wire after the principle of check-row corn-planting2 make the links twenty feet long1 tie a white cloth in each link coupling1 make the line long enough to plant ten trees 7eleven links in length71 stretch the chain east and west1 say on north side of plat intended for planting2 stick a stake at every tag4 ,draw another line ten trees south of it1 and stick a stake at every tag1 and so on to the south side of the plat4 ,then draw the line from the northeast stake to the east stake of the second row1 the one due south1 having the north tag at the stake4 ,then plant at every tag1 placing the tree on east side of wire4 ,when the row is planted move the wire west to the next stake1 and so on till you reach the west side4 ,the ground should first be prepared by plowing as for corn2 float off 8 every evening all that you have plowed that day1 which leaves the ground in the best condition4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn for six to eight years4 ,i plant twenty feet each way1 and take an oak plant sixteen feet long1 and place one section of a disc at each end of it1 making it cut sixteen feet wide from outside to outside1 and running within two feet of the trees at either end1 leaving a space eight feet wide in the middle4 ,run another disc on that ground with another team and you have the space between the rows all clean of weeds if ground is in good condition when work is done4 ,cultivate both ways as often as necessary4 ,i grow no crop in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,for rabbits ,i tie coarse grass around the trees with label wire1 and leave it on two years4 ,i also use traps4 ,i do not prune my trees2 it is too injurious to the trees4 ,i do not thin my apples while on the trees2 it is too expensive4 ,my trees are planted in blocks4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 think it beneficial and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my apples are troubled with worms4 ,i spray the first of ,may with ,london purple for canker and apple worms4 ,i pick in baskets and sacks4 ,sort into two classes3 marketable and culls1 using a sorting table4 ,sell my apples in the orchard to wagons from the ,west4 ,i evaporate the second- and third-grade apples when the crop is large2 make the culls into cider and vinegar4 ,i tried distant markets for two years and found they paid4 ,when apples are abundant we dry for market2 use the same kind of driers as are used at ,fairmount2 sell them in sacks to the stores1 and find a ready market for them2 but it does not always pay4 ,i do not store any for winter market if ,i can sell them in the fall4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been in #ahif1 twenty-five cents per bushel2 #ahig1 forty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,a4 ,,hewitt1 ,hiawatha1 ,brown county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years1 and have an orchard of #ijj trees twenty-six years old4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer the ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,jonathan2 and for family use would add ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,grimes's ,golden4 ,have tried and discarded some2 very few varieties pay4 ,i prefer high prairie4 ,have never grown any seedlings4 ,i cultivate my orchard by planting to corn--raising no small grain--for a few years1 then use the disc and harrow as long as the orchard lasts4 ,i plant nothing in the bearing orchard1 and cease cropping about eight years after setting4 ,windbreaks are essential to a growing orchard4 ,i prune my trees a little every year to keep them in shape1 and to let the sun in2 ,i think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,do not thin the fruit while on the trees1 but think it would save time and pay well4 ,i can see no difference whether trees are in blocks of one kind or mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard1 but am sure it would be beneficial1 judging by some that have fertilized2 ,i would advise it on all soils4 ,no6 no6 no6 no6 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i sell my apples in the orchard at wholesale1 yet sometimes retail them4 ,i let my neighbors pick up the culls at ten cents per bushel4 ,my best market is at home4 ,i store apples successfully in bushel crates4 ,i find the ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,ben ,davis and ,little ,romanite keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about two per cent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,dunlap1 ,detroit1 ,dickinson county3 ,has lived in ,kansas since ,october1 #ahga4 ,has an orchard of #abjj apple trees1 #cjj planted sixteen years1 #gjj planted eleven years1 #bjj planted six years4 ,considers ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan best for market1 and for family would add ,red ,june1 ,early ,harvest1 ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 and ,cooper's ,early ,white4 ,have tried and discarded ,yellow ,transparent1 ,rambo1 ,fameuse1 and others4 ,prefers bottom and eastern slope1 sandy loam1 with clay subsoil4 ,plants thrifty one-year-old trees in holes large enough to spread the roots out well1 leaning the young trees slightly to the southwest4 ,cultivates both ways as close to the trees as possible1 usually planting to corn until the orchard is about twelve years old2 then pastures to calves in fore part of season1 mowing off the grass and weeds later4 ,believes windbreaks very essential on north1 west and south sides2 uses ,osage orange hedge and two rows of forest-trees1 planting them seven feet apart and seven feet away from the apple trees1 when orchard is started4 ,for protection from rabbits he uses a wash of lye and soft soap on the tree4 ,in pruning he believes it pays to cut out sap sprouts1 and balance up the tree4 ,he fertilizes by placing stable litter around the trees in winter1 and spreading it in the spring1 and says it pays4 ,says it certainly pays and does no harm to pasture the old orchards with calves4 ,he is troubled with canker-worm1 flathead borer1 tarnish plant-bug1 fall web-worm1 and leaf-crumpler1 also with codling-moth4 ,he sometimes sprays for codling-moth and canker-worm1 and thinks he has reduced both of them materially4 ,cuts out borers and washes the tree with lye4 ,has tried kerosene oil on borers and says it did not seem to injure the trees4 ,he picks in baskets1 dumps in piles in the orchard1 and covers with coarse hay4 ,sorts into two classes--sellers and cider apples4 ,uses barrels as a package4 ,makes cider vinegar and hog feed of culls1 and sells his good apples in various ways2 has sold in orchard4 ,his best markets are the surrounding towns and the neighboring farmers4 ,never dries any1 and only stores enough for winter use of family4 ,price in #ahif was seventy-five cents for best1 fifty cents for seconds4 ,hires no help4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,robert ,,montgomery1 ,troy1 ,doniphan county3 ,came to ,kansas in #aheg2 served three years in the ,united ,states army1 and have been here ever since4 ,i have #djjj apple trees that have been set from twenty to thirty years4 ,my market varieties are ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,for family use ,i added ,yellow ,transparent1 ,red ,june1 ,chenango ,strawberry1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,nelson's ,sweet4 ,i have discarded the ,baldwin1 ,spitzenberg1 ,northern ,spy1 ,early ,harvest1 and ,early ,pennock4 ,bottom land is not good2 hills and hollows are best1 with north or east slope2 what we call mulatto soil is best4 ,i prefer thrifty two- or three-year-old trees with low tops4 ,half of my trees are planted thirty feet each way4 ,i now plant in rows two rods apart north and south and one rod apart in the row4 ,i raise corn and potatoes among my trees for five or seven years1 cultivating with the plow and the hoe2 afterward ,i seed to clover2 a disc can be used to good advantage every year2 ,i keep the orchard in clover4 ,windbreaks are beneficial on high land1 made of cottonwood1 or better of cedar or ,norway spruce1 planted on the south side when you plant the orchard4 ,i protect from rabbits with wooden protectors1 leaving them on the year round4 ,i cut the borers out with a knife1 also use a wire4 ,i shape the head of young trees by cutting out all the watersprouts with pruning shears and saw2 old trees must be pruned or the apples will be small4 ,barn-yard litter is beneficial on thin land1 not necessary on rich land1 but ashes are good on any soil4 ,i pasture my orchard in summer with young horses and hogs4 ,i think it advisable1 as the hogs eat the apples that drop and destroy the worms4 ,i have never sprayed4 ,i pick in half-bushel baskets1 and sacks with an iron hoop in the mouth2 pour them in barrels and haul them to the barn1 except those we wish to ship at once1 which we sort in the orchard4 ,i make two classes--good1 sound1 merchantable apples1 and seconds4 ,i have a culler that holds one barrel4 ,i sort into a barrel1 throwing the culls into another barrel1 and ,i afterward sort the culls1 for seconds2 ,i pack in eleven-peck barrels1 full and pressed solid1 marked with the name of the variety written on the barrel4 ,i sell the best at wholesale in barrels1 the second grade by car-loads in bulk2 the culls ,i give away1 feed to hogs and cows1 and make into cider4 ,my best market is ,east and ,north4 ,have never shipped more than #ejj or #fjj miles away1 and it paid4 ,have never dried any1 and only store in barrels in my barn until ,i get a sale for them1 never later than ,december4 ,price in the orchards in #ahif was seventy-five cents per barrel2 in #ahig1 one dollar and a half4 ,i use men for picking1 at one dollar per day and their dinner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,w4 ,,dixon1 ,holton1 ,jackson county3 ,has been in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 has an apple orchard of #fjjj trees1 set from three to twenty-five years4 ,grows and recommends for commercial orchard3 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 and ,gano4 ,for family orchard3 ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,has tried and discarded ,yellow ,transparent1 ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,wagener1 ,willow ,twig1 ,dominie1 ,roman ,stem1 ,seek-no-further1 ,porter1 ,pound ,sweet1 ,nyack ,pippin1 and ,minkler1 because they did not pay2 some blighted and failed to bear4 ,prefer timber soil1 or sandy loam with open clay subsoil2 bottom land is good if it has not a hard-pan subsoil4 ,apples will not succeed well planted on ordinary sod1 with impervious subsoil4 ,plant thrifty two-year-old trees1 from four to six feet high1 well branched4 ,cultivate as long as the tree lives2 use turning plow in spring1 and follow with harrow every week during summer until orchard comes into bearing2 then get some tool that will stir the ground two to three inches deep1 and cultivate often4 ,cultivation pays better than fertilizer or anything else4 ,he grows small fruit among the trees1 but believes corn the best crop up to eight or nine years2 then grows nothing4 ,does not think windbreaks essential1 and would have none on the east or north2 would not object to windbreak of ,russian mulberry1 or other hardy trees1 on south and west4 ,for rabbits1 he wraps the trees1 and keeps two good beagle hounds4 ,does not prune1 except to keep watersprouts off1 and cuts out limbs that cross4 ,thinks the wind thins the fruit sufficiently4 ,believes the best apples are self-pollenizers1 and need no other varieties near1 and that it does not pay to grow others4 ,never use any fertilizer4 ,if orchard runs out1 would have another ready to take its place4 ,allows no stock in orchard4 ,is not troubled with insects4 ,has sprayed a little for tent-caterpillar4 ,he digs out borers with a knife4 ,his best market has been at home1 selling by the bushel or wagon-load to farmers who do not grow any4 ,believes thorough cultivation better than irrigation4 ,prevailing prices1 thirty-five to seventy-five cents per bushel4 ,uses male help1 at one dollar per day without board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,h4 ,,domoney1 ,aurora1 ,cloud county3 ,have been in ,kansas ten years4 ,have an orchard of ---- trees1 planted from twelve to fourteen years1 of ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin for market1 and ,red ,june1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,cooper's ,early ,white and ,kansas ,keeper for family use4 ,i prefer limestone soil with gravelly subsoil1 in the bottom1 with north slope1 if possible4 ,prefer trees two years old with low heads4 ,i like a tree with a tap-root4 ,plow deeply and plant in loose soil1 thirty feet apart each way4 ,i grow potatoes and sweet corn for six or seven years1 after which ,i sow orchard-grass4 ,the best tool for cultivating is a disc harrow4 ,growing no crop in the orchard4 ,i think windbreaks are essential1 and prefer ,russian mulberry1 three rows1 planted six by eight feet apart4 ,i like the mulberry best because they come into leaf early and hold their foliage late4 ,i prune a little1 to thin out and let the sun in4 ,i believe it would pay to thin fruit on the trees4 ,i use stable litter1 and fertilizer from the hog-pen1 and think it pays if not put too close to the tree4 ,i tried pasturing with hogs1 but don't think it advisable1 as they destroy the trees to get apples4 ,i spray some with ,london purple after the bloom falls1 to destroy canker-worm and codling-moth1 and think ,i have reduced the latter by such spraying4 ,i dig borers out4 ,we pick by hand1 and sort into very best1 second best1 and culls4 ,i sell at retail and to the grocers in ,concordia1 ,kan4 ,i make some cider1 and feed culls to the hogs2 never dried any2 winter some in barrels and boxes1 and find ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin the best keepers4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,use no hired help4 ,prices have ranged from fifty cents in summer to eighty cents in winter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,l4 ,,ferris1 ,osage ,city1 ,osage county3 ,a citizen of ,kansas for twenty-one years4 ,have an orchard of #djjj apple trees--#bjj twenty years1 #ahjj seventeen years1 #bjjj sixteen years planted4 ,prefer1 for commercial purposes1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 for family orchard3 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,romanite1 and ,maiden ,blush2 have discarded ,rawle's ,janet4 ,prefer good upland corn ground1 with sand or gravel subsoil1 north and east slope4 ,i plow deep1 and plant large two-year-old trees1 shallow1 and mound up2 shorten roots and branches4 ,cultivate with plow and harrow from youth to old age4 ,grow corn in young orchard up to six years1 afterward nothing4 ,prefer a windbreak on south1 west1 and north1 of box-elders1 ,osage orange1 or peach4 ,rub liver on trees to repel rabbits1 and use a knife for borers4 ,to prune with a little saw makes the trees grow faster1 and the apples grow larger1 and it pays4 ,use stable and barn-yard litter to fertilize with1 and it pays4 ,would not allow live stock to run in orchard4 ,am troubled with roundheaded borers and codling-moth4 ,spray in ,may and ,june for bitter rot and fungous diseases4 ,fight borers with a five-eighths chisel1 a wire1 and coal-tar4 ,pick from step-ladders into tin pails hung to branch with wire hook2 haul in boxes on spring wagon to packing place4 ,sort on tables into three grades--first1 second1 and cider apples2 pack into eleven- or twelve-peck barrels4 ,sell in all ways2 have sold in orchard4 ,ship the best2 best market in ,texas4 ,send six-inch apples to where they are scarce2 culls ,i sell cheaply at home1 evaporate some1 and make vinegar4 ,use a ,zimmerman evaporator and ,eureka parers4 ,sell dried fruit at retail1 have shipped some2 do not think it pays1 do not find a ready market4 ,store for winter use in boxes in cellar successfully2 find ,romanite and ,winesap keep best2 lose about one-fourth4 ,have irrigated some from a pond with an eight-inch hose and steam-power pump4 ,average price has been fifty cents per bushel for apples and five cents a pound for dried apples4 ,use male help gathering1 and female help at dryer1 paying eight to ten cents per hour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,,oberndorf1 ,centralia1 ,nemaha county3 ,have lived in ,kansas nineteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of #dbjj trees1 from three to twenty years planted4 ,i am told ,ben ,davis and ,gano are the best apples for commercial purposes2 for family use ,i would prefer ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i prefer hilltop with northern slope4 ,i prefer one-year-old1 switch-like trees1 set #afx#cj feet4 ,i plant young orchards to corn1 using double-shovel and diamond plow1 and harrow2 plant the bearing orchard to clover and cease cropping at five years4 ,for rabbits ,i use paint during summer and wrap during winter4 ,i also use paint for borers4 ,i prune with shears and knife to secure an open center2 do not think it beneficial4 ,never thin apples4 ,i fertilize with barn-yard litter2 it seems to benefit the trees and prolong their fruitfulness4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,my old trees are affected with flathead borer and leaf-roller4 ,the codling-moth trouble my apples4 ,i sprayed three seasons2 saw no benefit1 so quit4 ,i pick by hand1 in a basket4 ,i sort into three classes3 ,first class1 for market2 second class1 for immediate sale1 and small ones1 for cider4 ,i usually sell at the nearest market4 ,best market is at home4 ,never dry any4 ,i store for winter markets in cellar1 in barrels1 boxes1 and in bulk1 and am successful2 find that the ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing2 sometimes lose more than at other times4 ,do not irrigate4 ,price has been fifty cents per bushel4 ,i hire help at one dollar per day1 or twenty dollars per month and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4 ,m4 ,,howard1 ,clyde1 ,cloud county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years2 have an apple orchard of #dej trees4 ,for market purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,jonathan2 and for family orchard ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,jonathan1 and ,wealthy4 ,would prefer a deep loam soil1 clay subsoil1 if not too close to the top1 and almost level4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low-head trees with no forks1 planted in furrows4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn planted east and west as long as ,i can1 using the plow and cultivator shallow2 and cease cropping when the trees so shade the crop that there is no profit2 ,i grow clover or weeds in a bearing orchard1 and mow and leave on the ground for a mulch4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of ,osage orange planted in rows #bx#d or #bx#f feet4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with corn-stalks1 and for borers ,i mulch and keep the trees growing4 ,i prune my trees when planted2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i never thin the fruit on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with anything of a coarse nature that is not easily disturbed2 ,i would advise its use on all soils1 unless very rich1 deep clay soil2 in such soil perhaps clean cultivation would be all that is necessary4 ,i would add that my observations and experiences have taught me that the people of ,kansas have lost millions of dollars from and through lack of knowing what we should have known4 ,i think that the ,state ,horticultural ,society is doing a great and good work with limited appropriations4 ,i have never seen any one yet who read the reports from the horticultural department but what was in full sympathy with your labors1 but wondered why more reports were not sent out4 ,i think our legislators should be more wise2 consequently1 more liberal in their appropriations for the work and distribution of the same1 not only to the farmers1 but to people in towns and cities2 their needs are in proportion as great as the farmers'4 ,as to the fruit business3 ,on the southeast quarter of section #bf1 township #d1 range #a1 is one of the best orchards ,i know of in ,republic county 7not the largest74 ,it consists of about #dej apple trees1 also peaches1 cherries1 pears1 and grapes4 ,myself1 little girls and wife planted it4 ,i wish to tell you how every one of the different fruits have abundantly paid for labor and all cost1 and left their owners a fair profit4 ,the soil of this successful orchard is a black loam1 upland prairie1 clay subsoil2 loam eighteen inches to two feet deep1 previously cultivated in corn and potatoes1 plowed1 not listed4 ,lay of land3 ,two slight ridges2 a wide draw2 slope east and west4 ,trees more vigorous and bear as well in draw as on upland4 ,varieties3 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,maiden's ,blush1 mostly the first four4 ,planting3 ,distance1 thirty by thirty feet1 furrowed out with a fourteen-inch plow1 running two furrows across each way4 ,cleaned out all loose dirt to make room for all roots to spread without turning up4 ,the little girls held the trees1 tops leaning to the southwest about five degrees4 ,i covered the roots well1 tramped firmly1 and filled with loose earth4 ,leave furrows so as to hold water on upper side of tree4 ,after all trees were out ,i gave each one a slight mulch of sorghum refuse4 ,cultivation3 ,crop always corn2 rows running east and west4 ,rows far enough from trees so horses or singletrees would not touch them4 ,cultivate shallow1 with one horse1 and light plow with very short singletree4 ,pruned some4 ,all limbs where cut off were painted4 ,cut close and smooth2 wounds healed readily4 ,tried to prune so that air and sun would go through and not against the trees4 ,pinch off all water or tender sprouts4 ,to protect from rabbits and borers ,i stand corn-stalks running clear up to branches around body2 tie at top and bottom2 keep trees low1 a little heavier on southwest side4 ,i believe with thorough cultivation and stalk protection we would hear of less borers4 ,all mulch was kept away from bodies of trees4 ,i believe it all nonsense not to prune1 but it should be done while they are young4 ,my observation has been all my life that a well-balanced tree is longer lived1 has more bushels of fruit1 of better quality1 smoother limbs and trunks4 ,so ,i would say if you do not intend to protect the bodies of your young trees and prune do not buy or plant them2 it does not do to sow oats1 wheat1 rye1 millet or any grain crops in your orchard4 ,it is an easy way to keep weeds down and a sure way to kill your orchard4 ,it does not pay to pasture even with calves2 chickens are at all times beneficial2 hogs after your orchard has matured so the trees can resist the hog1 when he rubs against them1 which the hog is sure to do1 and perhaps he will pull some of the lower limbs4 ,i have never sprayed1 but firmly believe it profitable4 ,next year ,i expect to plant out a new orchard and cultivate along the line of the one ,i have told about1 with such help as ,i can get from the horticultural department4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,s4 ,,haines1 ,edwardsville1 ,wyandotte county3 ,has been in ,kansas twenty-six years2 has #cjjj apple trees from two to twenty-five years old4 ,commercial varieties1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 and ,willow ,twig2 and for family use1 ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,jonathan1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,celestia1 and ,winesap4 ,has tried and discarded ,bellflower1 ,pennock1 ,baldwin1 ,mc,afee's ,nonesuch and others for barrenness4 ,best location1 hilltop1 sandy loam with clay subsoil--any slope will do4 ,plants either in fall or spring1 two-year-old thrifty trees1 fifteen by thirty feet apart1 a little deeper than they stood in the nursery4 ,grows corn1 potatoes1 cabbage1 etc41 well cultivated1 among the trees1 but not to crowd them1 for five or six years4 ,uses a spading harrow where no crop is grown4 ,after six years sows to clover4 ,needs no windbreaks in his section4 ,traps and shoots rabbits4 ,takes borers out with knife4 ,prunes very little2 cuts out dead or broken limbs1 as they are no good1 and take up room4 ,never has thinned apples on the trees1 but believes it would be all right4 ,sees no difference in fruitfulness if trees are in blocks of a kind or mixed up4 ,would use barn-yard litter1 but not close to the trees2 believes in it on all soils4 ,does not pasture1 and thinks it would not pay4 ,is troubled with borers1 tent-caterpillars1 leaf-rollers1 leaf-crumblers1 and codling-moths4 ,never sprays4 ,picks in sacks4 ,packs in orchard1 in twelve-peck barrels well pressed4 ,uses table for sorting 7described elsewhere7 and makes ,nos4 #a1 #b and #c grades4 ,marks name of variety and own name on barrel head4 ,sells his best in car lots at wholesale1 the culls to peddlers4 ,generally markets at ,kansas ,city4 ,has tried distant markets and made it pay4 ,never dried any4 ,stores for winter in barrels in cold store2 not always satisfactory2 thinks the cold-storage business not yet fully understood2 says ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan keep best4 ,sometimes repacks1 at a loss of one-tenth to one-sixth4 ,does not irrigate4 ,prices have ranged from two to five dollars per barrel4 ,paid last year one dollar per day to men who could do a good day's work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,m4 ,,gray1 ,perry1 ,jefferson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas forty years2 my orchard of twenty acres has been planted twenty years4 ,for market1 ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan on poor land2 and ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap on rich land4 ,for family orchard1 ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,winesap1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,huntsman's ,favorite4 ,have tried and discarded ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,lawver1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,huntsman's ,favorite2 they are not profitable1 are too small when grown on poor land4 ,i prefer yellow clay bottom1 with an east1 south or northern aspect4 ,i prefer large1 healthy1 two-year-old trees1 planted with a lister1 subsoil plow1 and spade4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn1 small fruit1 potatoes and nursery stock seven years1 with a cutaway disc harrow1 and cease cropping after eight years2 ,i plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,russian mulberry1 ,osage orange1 or cedars1 by planting two rows of them on the south and west sides of the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i keep a shot-gun and dogs4 ,i do not prune2 don't think it beneficial4 ,i do not thin my apples while on the tree1 but think it would pay4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings2 my ,ben ,davis are fuller and redder planted close by ,jonathan and ,winesap4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard1 but think it would be beneficial1 and would advise its use on all exhausted soils in old orchards4 ,do not pasture my orchard2 would not advise it1 don't think it would pay4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borers1 and my apples with curculio4 ,i do not spray4 ,i dig borers out with a knife4 ,pick my apples by hand2 have light-weight men climb the trees and pick in meal sacks1 then lay on tables4 ,sort into two classes3 ,first1 perfect1 well colored1 smooth1 and good size2 second1 wormy1 fair1 and small size4 ,pack in three-bushel barrels1 well rounded up2 mark the variety of apples on the barrel with a stencil2 haul to market on a hay-frame wagon4 ,i sell in the orchard1 wholesale1 retail1 and peddle2 sell the best to highest bidder2 sell the culls to driers or ship ,south or ,west4 ,my best markets are where apples are scarcest4 ,do not dry any2 it does not pay4 ,don't store any2 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-twelfth of them4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from #b to #b4ge per barrel2 dried apples1 five cents per pound4 ,i employ men at seventy-five cents per day4 ,apple-growing in ,kansas1 on high prairie land1 is not very profitable to the grower1 unless he has a good windbreak on south and west sides of his orchard4 ,in #ahhj ,i planted twenty acres of apples trees of many varieties2 ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan were the only ones that paid me on high land4 ,in #ahie ,i planted thirty acres to apples2 fifteen acres on upland and fifteen acres on second bottom1 sloping east and north4 ,on the upland ,i put nothing but ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan2 on the bottom ,i planted ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 ,gano1 ,winesap1 and ,jonathan--cross-fertilizing the ,ben ,davis every fifth row with the ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 ,jonathan1 and ,winesap4 ,i believe that cross-fertilization is beneficial to an orchard in making fruit more plentiful1 larger1 smoother1 better color and quality4 ,it is believed by many that ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan and ,winesap are self-fertilizers1 and don't require crossing2 that being the case1 they should have the cross near by1 in order to not decrease the species or run it out4 ,professor ,darwin says self-fertilization is abhorrent to nature1 and the same rule that applies to small fruits is equally applicable to apples4 ,why not8 ,fruits and premium awards are my best advertisers4 ,i have succeeded in carrying off most of the awards in every show ,i exhibited at1 and have premiums on file to show for some4 ,all my fruits are set for cross-fertilization1 and ,i shall continue to set that way4 ,many have said and will say they see no difference2 perhaps they are not close observers1 and have given the subject little study4 ,i have given the subject twenty-five years' study and experience1 and think ,i am not mistaken4 ,i think there is more money to be made on our high upland in pears1 small fruits1 and stone fruits4 ,they pay me better than apples4 ,the ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin would be a good apple to grow if the trees did not die after two or three crops4 ,the ,lawver apples fail to hang on the trees4 ,the ,missouri ,pippin will not stand up on our high land unless surrounded by windbreaks2 they look here like a ,kansas cyclone had passed through them--the limbs all blew off last fall4 ,winesaps fall off badly1 and are affected with bitter rot4 ,for trial purposes1 ,i recommend ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 ,gano1 and ,york ,imperial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,j4 ,,stayman1 ,leavenworth1 ,leavenworth county3 ,we came to ,kansas thirty-nine years ago1 and traveling over the eastern portion of the state selected ,leavenworth as the most desirable point to commence tree and fruit-growing4 ,we were then engaged in that business in ,illinois1 and had collected over #ajjj varieties of apples1 which we brought to ,kansas2 among them were nearly all the leading varieties then grown and many new and rare kinds of local reputation4 ,our object in making this collection was to grow them side by side1 under the same conditions1 to ascertain their value4 ,in #ahfj we set an orchard of a few hundred trees1 consisting of about seventy varieties1 two years old4 ,among them were ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,york ,imperial1 ,willow ,twig1 ,rambo1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,white ,pippin1 and ,jonathan1 and the leading apples generally grown1 including summer and fall varieties4 ,at the same time we set out about #ajjj root grafts in a nursery4 ,we then collected over #ajjj more scions and top-grafted them into standard trees1 to get the fruit sooner4 ,over #ajjj of these were received from the late ,charles ,downing4 ,from this collection1 and from specimens of fruit received1 we have been able to accurately describe over #bbjj varieties1 with an outline cut of each1 with seeds and core and all other characteristics4 ,and to ascertain what effect climate had upon each variety1 we kept an accurate meteorological record of the weather4 ,this we furnished to the ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for ten years4 ,we also grew the leading varieties on an elevation #djj feet higher1 and on various aspects not over two miles apart1 and learned what effect elevation and aspect had upon the bearing quality of different varieties4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,stayman1 ,winesap1 ,york ,imperial1 ,jonathan1 and ,white ,pippin4 ,it will be noticed that in the commercial list we omitted ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,gano1 and ,willow ,twig4 ,these varieties are all productive and profitable1 but we believe the time has come 7or soon will be7 that the public will demand something better1 and to meet this demand we have made the change2 but to those who do not believe in progress the above varieties will prove at least productive1 if not so profitable as in the past4 ,in making out the list of apples we have hesitated somewhat in heading the list with ,stayman1 not from any doubt about the apple1 but from the fact that it is not generally known2 but this objection can be made against any apple when first introduced4 ,the following is the description we gave twenty-one years ago in our fruit notes3 ,fruit large1 heavy1 form oblate conic1 regular2 color greenish yellow2 mostly covered1 splashed and striped with dark red2 flesh yellow1 firm1 fine1 tender1 juicy1 rich1 mild1 aromatic1 subacid2 quality good to best2 season ,january to ,may4 ,seedling of ,winesap2 bore the ninth year from the seed4 ,after fruiting this apple over twenty years we can add the following3 ,it is a strong grower1 has a darker leaf1 is a better bearer1 hangs on the tree better1 is of larger size1 is of much better quality1 and will keep better than ,winesap4 ,charles ,downing gave a similar description of this apple in his appendix4 ,stayman ,winesap4 ,r4 ,j4 ,black1 of ,ohio1 one of the best-posted pomologists1 who has fruited it for years1 puts it at the head of both the commercial and family lists1 and says3 ,it has all the qualities of the ,winesap without any of its faults4 ,prof4 ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman1 who has fruited it and seen it fruited in ,delaware1 puts it at the head of the list1 and writes in respect to the change of name3 ,stayman 7apple7 is worth almost a lifetime to produce4 ,now1 ,i have been so impressed with its coming value and popularity1 that ,i have thought it ought to be shortened in name to ,stayman4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 of ,delaware1 says3 ,it is superior to its parent1 the ,winesap1 in size1 color1 flavor1 and keeping quality4 ,the tree is more vigorous in growth4 ,after several years' fruiting1 ,i have no hesitation in saying it is the finest all-round winter apple that has come under my notice4 ,professor ,heiges writes us about the same in substance4 ,prof ,g4 ,h4 ,powell1 of the ,delaware ,experiment ,station1 says3 ,in quality it equals the ,northern ,spy1 and is in season from ,october to ,may4 ,we could give many quotations of equal value from ,rural ,new ,yorker1 ,green's ,fruit ,grower1 and ,national ,stockman and ,farmer4 ,since writing the above we find the following in the last-named paper of ,may #bf3 ,one variety1 ,stayman1 mentioned frequently in these columns1 a seedling raised by our correspondent1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman1 of ,kansas1 from the old ,winesap1 receives special commendation4 ,it is remarkable that1 in the wide section of country between ,kansas and ,delaware1 in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,missouri1 wherever this variety has been tried1 it has developed the same excellences of size1 quality1 and keeping1 as well as of vigor and productiveness4 ,lovers of choice apples will not fail to make a note of this4 ,winesap we place second on the list1 after a fair trial of over thirty-five years side by side with ,ben ,davis4 ,give it good soil and high cultivation and but few apples will excel it4 ,york ,imperial we place third4 ,it is not of the highest quality1 but it is better than ,ben ,davis1 and will keep in a common cellar1 and command a high price4 ,it is very productive in alternate years1 and a hardy tree4 ,although we introduced this apple into the state thirty-eight years ago1 yet its commercial value is scarcely known4 ,jonathan1 perhaps1 should stand at the head of the list for its great beauty1 fine quality1 and productiveness2 but it matures so early1 drops so badly1 keeps so poorly1 and requires so much care in handling1 that we hesitate doing so4 ,it is1 however1 a very profitable apple when well handled1 and cannot be omitted1 as no other in its season equals it4 ,white ,pippin3 ,this apple of unknown origin and seldom mentioned should be better known1 as it is far superior to the famous ,newtown or ,albemarle ,pippin of the same type4 ,we have had it in bearing on high and low land as long as any other apple1 and find it very productive in alternate years1 of the best quality1 and bringing the best price4 ,it keeps better1 drops less1 is of larger size1 equal in quality1 and will bring as high a price1 where known1 as the ,jonathan4 ,in a commercial orchard there should be few1 if any1 fall or summer varieties1 unless favorably located2 they should be of the best shipping and market varieties1 as ,early ,ripe1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,orange ,pippin1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,jefferis1 ,muster1 and ,dr4 ,watson4 ,these are all early bearers1 very productive and salable1 and of fine quality for table or kitchen4 ,those best for a family orchard are ,stayman1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,white ,pippin1 ,mason's ,orange1 ,summer ,extra1 ,garretson's ,early1 ,summer ,pearmain1 ,early ,joe1 ,jefferis1 ,early ,ripe1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,dr4 ,watson1 ,muster1 and ,wagener2 and for sweet apples there are none better than ,broadwell1 ,ramsdell1 ,superb1 ,baltzby1 and ,mountaineer4 ,all these apples are early bearers1 productive1 and fine for family use1 and we cannot well discard any2 but eight or ten trees1 of summer and fall varieties together1 are enough to supply the largest family4 ,it is better1 however1 to plant one of each variety1 that we may have a succession of fruit throughout the season2 also1 if one variety should fail1 others might not4 ,it would require a very long list to name all we have tried and discarded1 but we will name some3 ,rawle's ,janet we reject1 as it runs too small and cracks badly2 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,willow ,twig1 ,gano1 ,arkansas ,black and ,mammoth ,black ,twig are all productive1 but of poor quality2 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,lowell1 ,porter1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,western ,beauty1 ,fulton1 ,trenton ,early1 ,cole's ,quince1 and many others1 because they ripen too irregularly and drop too badly4 ,the ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 ,lawver1 ,mc,afee and ,kansas ,keeper blight badly and are not sure bearers2 ,early ,harvest and ,red ,astrachan are not hardy2 ,summer ,rose1 ,early ,strawberry and ,benoni are fine1 but too small2 ,primate1 ,chenango and ,gulley of ,pennsylvania are too tender to handle2 ,smith's ,cider1 ,hay's ,wine1 ,fallawater1 ,scott's ,best and ,nonpareil ,russet are productive1 but ripen early and are not profitable4 ,many ,southern winter varieties are too small1 such as ,haley1 ,gully1 ,kittageskee1 and ,harris4 ,few if any ,eastern winter apples are of any value here1 as ,northern ,spy1 ,baldwin1 ,canada ,red1 ,swaar1 ,sutton ,beauty and ,melon all ripen too early1 and become poor1 dry1 fall apples4 ,it is the same with all ,northern apples1 from whatever source or locality4 ,it is a mistake to think we can find a winter apple adapted to ,kansas that originated north of ,kansas1 under a lower mean temperature4 ,this we have fully demonstrated beyond the possibility of a doubt4 ,early apples require a specific amount of heat to bring them to maturity from the time the fruit forms4 ,if brought from a colder climate to a warmer one1 you hasten its growth and accelerate its maturity just in proportion to the difference in mean temperature of the two localities1 and consequently it ripens in the fall here4 ,i prefer hilltop for quality1 keeping1 and color1 and bottom for size4 ,hilltop and steep bluffs are the best for all kinds of winter apples1 as they produce the richest fruit1 with the finest color1 and they keep the best and are not so subject to injurious pests4 ,fifty feet of abrupt elevation is equal in its effect to fifty miles of latitude south on frosty nights4 ,it retards spring growth as much as forty miles north4 ,an elevation of #djj feet makes a difference of from ten to twenty-five per cent4 in the amount of saccharine matter in fruit1 to which rich quality1 fine flavor and aroma are due4 ,bottom land produces the largest apples1 more murky in color and more irregular in bearing4 ,rolling1 intermediate ,kansas land will prove satisfactory4 ,east and south slopes hasten the maturity of fruit1 and are the best for early varieties2 a northern slope retards the ripening of fruit and is the best for winter apples4 ,the best specimens of apples we ever saw in ,kansas grew on a northern bench about thirty feet below the top of an elevation of #djj feet1 on good1 rich1 well-drained soil4 ,they were large in size1 clear in color1 and perfect in form4 ,we prefer any good soil that will produce a good corn crop1 with a well-drained clay subsoil2 mucky1 wet or hard-pan soils are not fit for fruit4 ,land that produces a good crop of wheat is rich enough4 ,we have seen a very heavy crop of ,york ,imperial at its native home on quite thin freestone land4 ,almost any of the land in ,leavenworth county is naturally rich enough if we only keep it so4 ,i prefer two-year-old untrimmed trees1 set in furrows made with a two-horse plow1 no deeper than we plant the trees1 but wide enough to take in the roots4 ,we set them about two inches deeper than they stood in the nursery1 on the solid subsoil1 and pack the dirt firmly amongst the roots2 lean or set the heaviest top to the southwest4 ,the largest and heaviest roots1 if convenient1 should be in the same direction4 ,after filling the hole1 bank up a steep mound of earth around the tree4 ,if this is properly done no ordinary wind will ever move it4 ,we prefer two-year-old or strong one-year-old trees1 because they can be set more rapidly1 cost less labor1 less money1 live better1 and grow more stocky4 ,we want them taken up with care1 give no pruning whatever1 neither cut their tops in to balance the roots1 when planting in orchard4 ,trees that are taken up when young and set out in an open orchard without pruning grow stronger and more stocky1 bear sooner1 and are less subject to blight1 sun-scald1 and the attack of flathead and roundhead borers4 ,we have root-grafted as many as #ejj1jjj in one season on sections of roots from two to six inches long with scions from three to twenty inches long1 to see which were the best4 ,two-inch sections from one-year roots1 grafted with scions about six inches long1 set deep enough to form roots on the stock1 are best4 ,this whole-root graft is simply a humbug4 ,it is the strength and vigor of seedling roots1 not the length of them1 that make the best-rooted trees4 ,no sensible man will pretend to graft whole seedlings roots and set them out in a nursery4 ,it cannot be done with success4 ,we must cut off a portion of the root to do it4 ,the question arises1 how much8 ,it is then not a whole root1 and it becomes a question what length of root is best4 ,it is not advisable to bud or graft seedling trees in the nursery1 for all seedlings are not of the same vigor and hardiness2 consequently the trees would differ similarly4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 potatoes1 garden-truck1 and small fruits1 and keep this up1 with clean cultivation1 using a ,planet jr4 horse hoe1 until they begin to bear1 and cease cropping after ten years1 planting nothing unless the above-mentioned crops or clover in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are injurious unless planted at least #bjj feet from the orchard4 ,the best protection is to plant the two outer rows of fruit-trees close together2 they can be cut out1 if desired1 when they become too thick4 ,this is better than high-growing shelter trees or evergreens4 ,we want a free circulation of air to pass among the trees4 ,a high and heavy protection produces an eddy which blights and sun-scalds the trees1 as well as hastens the ripening and dropping of apples4 ,we have had no occasion to use any protection from rabbits and borers since we quit pruning off the lower limbs4 ,pruning is not thoroughly understood4 ,trees are pruned to make them live1 grow fast and stocky1 and also slender2 to make them bear young1 give form1 light and air1 and to make them look alike2 to bear heavy crops and fine specimens4 ,it is claimed all this can be done by pruning2 it can be accomplished without pruning in a much shorter time and without extra labor4 ,we do not recommend pruning apple trees at any times excepting after the trees are well established in the orchard2 then the lower limbs may be gradually removed to form the head1 about two feet from the ground2 but the longer we allow them to remain the heavier and stockier they become2 for the body of the tree increases in size just in proportion to the amount of foliage on the lower limbs4 ,we prune off dead1 broken and sucker limbs1 and have no objections to taking off limbs that chafe each other 7if this should happen from neglect74 ,we have lost more trees from pruning than from all other causes together4 ,we have seen large orchards just in their prime that have been so injured from pruning that they never recovered4 ,on the other hand1 ,i have seen orchards that were so neglected1 dilapidated and crowded that ,i thought a thorough pruning would make them more productive4 ,i never thin the fruit on the trees2 it is not necessary4 ,pollination is no doubt an important factor in productiveness1 size1 quality1 and form4 ,we have had no opportunity to test the result with apples1 as our varieties are all mixed up together4 ,we would not plant in an orchard large blocks of any variety excessively2 better have them intermixed with other varieties that bloom at the same time4 ,the pollen of one variety may be congenial to some1 while it may be neglected repelled by another2 we will have to learn this by experience1 or plant a less number of varieties together4 ,we have little experience yet in planting large orchards of few kinds4 ,perhaps none of these varieties that are esteemed so highly are congenial to each other4 ,we had better go slow about planting out #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj of one kind together4 ,we may have gone too far now4 ,we do not use any fertilizer for our trees only as we crop the land4 ,the virgin soil of our county does not need fertilizing if planted in orchard until the tree comes into bearing1 except we crop the land4 ,it is1 however1 a mistake to think we can grow an orchard and crop the ground at the same time1 without any injury to the orchard1 unless we restore the lost fertility in some way4 ,orchards so exhaust the soil in about sixteen years' cropping that it is worth little afterwards4 ,it is estimated that an acre of apples in good bearing removes annually about forty-nine pounds of nitrogen1 thirty-eight pounds of phosphoric acid1 and seventy-two pounds of potash4 ,if the fertility and productiveness of the orchard is to be kept up1 these fertilizing elements must be returned in some form4 ,at the market value of these fertilizing materials1 it amounts annually to about twelve dollars an acre4 ,it is estimated that an orchard will be in full bearing in about ten years4 ,then in six years of full bearing it will have exhausted the soil to the amount of seventy-two dollars per acre4 ,take in consideration the previous cropping of ten years1 need we wonder what is the matter with our orchard8 ,should we diminish the feed of a vigorous horse annually for ten years1 do you think he could pull the same load1 or be of much value8 ,the nitrogen is the most expensive element1 representing about half of the whole1 yet it can be restored to the soil by crimson or red clover1 peas1 vetches1 beans1 cow-peas1 or turnips1 which have the ability of converting the free nitrogen of the air into available plant food4 ,the best method of accomplishing this end is to grow these crops on the land and plow them under in their green state at about maturity4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable and does not pay4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,for borers1 ,i bank the trees1 so that if they deposit their eggs they can be gotten out easily4 ,i pick my apples in baskets and sacks from a ladder1 and sort them into three classes3 first1 second1 and culls4 ,i pack in baskets and barrels2 press them in barrels1 and mark with name of variety4 ,i wholesale my apples in the orchard to dealers2 market the best in baskets and barrels1 sell my second and third grades the best way ,i can1 and throw the culls away4 ,my best market is at home4 ,i never tried distant markets1 and do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples for winter in boxes and barrels in a cellar1 and find ,ben ,davis1 ,stayman1 ,willow ,twig and ,york ,imperial keep best4 ,in storing apples for winter1 they should be picked before they are too ripe and when the weather is not too hot2 when picked they should be taken at once to shade and packed and stored away in the cool of the evening4 ,they should be well sorted1 packed in tight barrels1 and headed up to exclude the light and air4 ,they will keep longer if each apple is wrapped with paper4 ,the temperature of your cave or cellar should be reduced as much as possible by throwing the doors open at night and closing them through the day4 ,a gradual reduction and a regular temperature is better than a sudden change4 ,apples should not be hauled about in the hot sun before storing them away1 neither should they be placed in cold storage at once4 ,the change is too sudden4 ,it is the same in taking them out of cold storage4 ,it should not be done at once4 ,a storing room for this purpose should be provided in every cold-storage plant4 ,i do not have to repack stored apples if they are sold early1 but if not until late we have to repack4 ,the loss depends upon the variety4 ,i have tried irrigation on a small scale1 but do not irrigate now4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to two dollars per barrel4 ,i employ men that are capable of packing apples1 paying from five to ten cents per hour4 ,we seldom hear anything about fall planting1 as if it was a settled fact that the spring was the best or the only time it could be done successfully4 ,all of our trees for the last thirty-eight years have been transplanted in the fall1 excepting the last three years they were set out in the spring4 ,the difference is decidedly in favor of fall planting2 they start in growth earlier and make a much stronger growth the first season1 and there is a gain of nearly a year in size over those planted in the spring1 and they certainly have lived better4 ,why should they not do better8 ,we have more time and less hurry to do the work well1 the ground is in better condition1 the trees have more time to callus and become firmly established4 ,it is often too wet to take the trees up and transplant them early1 and late setting is not advisable4 ,the distance trees should be set apart is a more important matter than is generally supposed4 ,very few ever think how large a tree will grow and the space it will occupy4 ,almost every thrifty variety will grow and spread1 and require a foot of space each year2 that would be ten feet in ten years and forty feet in forty years2 in other words1 the trees will meet in forty years if set forty feet apart4 ,this holds good in ,kansas2 consequently1 forty feet apart is too close to plant trees if we expect an orchard to last that long4 ,apple trees will bear and be profitable for that length of time if they have sufficient space1 receive proper care and cultivation1 and the fertility of the soil is not allowed to become exhausted4 ,many set their trees #afx#cb feet for the purpose of getting a large crop when the trees first come into bearing1 with the intention of cutting out every other row when they crowd1 but we fear very few if any ever think this will have to be done in fifteen years from the setting or the orchard would be ruined and the land very much impoverished4 ,it would be much better and more profitable to set the trees #bdx#bd feet and cut every other row out in twenty-four years1 at least one way1 and if they crowded1 both ways1 and not crop the land at all1 except to keep up the fertility of the soil4 ,by this method we could have a good bearing orchard for forty years or longer1 which would pay better than closer planting and cropping the land to pay the expenses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,david ,,brown1 ,richmond1 ,franklin county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-four years2 have an orchard of #bjjj trees1 averaging twenty years planted1 composed entirely of ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 and ,winesap2 have discarded everything else4 ,i would plant on nothing but deep upland soil1 planting good yearling trees4 ,i grow no crop in the orchard1 and cultivate thoroughly always with plow and harrow4 ,i have quit pruning1 as it kills the trees4 ,never pasture the orchard4 ,i spray with ,london purple for the canker-worm and codling-moth4 ,borers ,i cut out4 ,i always sell at wholesale to shippers at about eighty cents per barrel4 ,never dry any or store any for winter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,francis ,,goble1 ,leavenworth1 ,leavenworth county3 ,have been in ,kansas over forty-three years4 ,i have #ac1jjj apple trees1 ranging in age from last spring's setting to forty years4 ,for commercial purposes ,i use ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ingram1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and ,smith's ,cider4 ,for family use ,i would advise ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,early ,harvest1 ,rambo1 and ,milam4 ,i have tried and discarded numerous varieties4 ,i prefer medium to high land1 with a clay and loam soil on a subsoil of clay and sand2 any slope is better than southwest4 ,i have planted trees of all ages1 and all look well4 ,i plant thirty-two feet east and west and sixteen feet north and south4 ,i believe in thorough cultivation with plow1 harrow1 etc41 as long as the orchard lives4 ,sometimes the orchard requires a certain kind of cultivation1 at other times a different cultivation4 ,in a young orchard ,i usually grow corn1 potatoes1 wheat1 melons1 or pumpkins4 ,in a bearing orchard ,i usually grow nothing1 though sometimes ,i take a crop of millet or pumpkins from the ground4 ,i cease cropping entirely at from five to seven years4 ,windbreaks are not necessary here2 they make their own windbreak if kept thoroughly cultivated and full of life4 ,thorough protection will largely prevent borers2 if any are found in the tree ,i remove them with a knife and wire4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap with paper or other material4 ,i prune with a saw to keep down surplus wood growth and improve the quality of the apples4 ,it is beneficial if carefully done1 a little every spring and not much at once4 ,i believe thinning will pay when the trees are abnormally full4 ,remove as nearly as possible all defective fruit when half grown1 and what is left will be of higher grade in size1 color1 and quality4 ,i believe a decomposed stable fertilizer is necessary on some soils4 ,better not pasture with any stock whatever2 ,i do not think it advisable2 ,i think the profit 787 would be an expensive one4 ,am troubled somewhat with canker-worm1 bud moth1 borers1 leaf-rollers1 codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,i sprayed one year for insects generally with ,london purple through the spring season1 and do not think it was a success4 ,i pick about as ,judge ,wellhouse does1 and sort into three classes2 the best we make firsts1 the best half of the balance we call seconds1 and the balance are simply culls4 ,we pack in barrels and haul to market with wagons provided with racks holding sixteen barrels each4 ,i sell my best apples at wholesale1 but have never sold them in the orchard2 the second grade ,i sell to groceries and peddlers2 the culls ,i sell to anybody1 usually in the orchard4 ,i have never tried distant markets4 ,i never dry any4 ,i store for winter in a cold store built for the purpose on my own farm1 which has been described in the paper4 ,i have also tried artificial cold storage1 and the ,jonathans kept well4 ,see ,cold ,store4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,p4 ,,diehl1 ,olathe1 ,johnson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years2 have an apple orchard of #gjj trees1 twenty inches in diameter1 twenty-nine years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,york ,imperial1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 and ,ben ,davis1 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,winesap1 and ,york ,imperial4 ,have tried and discarded ,bellflower1 ,dominie1 ,pennsylvania ,red ,streak1 and ,white ,winter ,pearmain4 ,i prefer hilltop with a mulatto limestone soil1 northeast aspect4 ,would plant two-year-old trees1 forty feet apart4 ,i plant my orchard to corn and potatoes for five years1 using a cultivator2 cease cropping after six years2 plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of trees1 planted on the south1 west1 and north4 ,i prune with a knife and saw2 think it beneficial4 ,i thin the fruit on my trees the latter part of ,may1 and think it pays4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard2 think it beneficial and that it pays4 ,pasture my orchard very little1 late in the fall1 with horses2 think it advisable and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 bud moth1 root aphis1 bagworm1 flathead borer1 roundhead borer1 woolly aphis1 twig-borer1 and oyster-shell bark-louse2 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i spray with ,london purple1 using a force-pump1 and think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,those insects not affected by spraying ,i dig out with knife and wire4 ,i hand-pick my apples from a step-ladder into a sack with a hoop in the mouth4 ,sort into three classes3 first1 second1 and third2 pack by hand in three-bushel barrel1 mark with stencil1 and ship by rail4 ,i sell my apples in the orchard1 wholesale and retail4 ,sell my best ones to apple dealers4 ,sell my second- and third-grade apples at the stores2 make vinegar of the culls4 ,i have dried apples with an ,american dryer with satisfaction2 after dry1 pack in barrels2 we find a ready market for them and think it pays4 ,i store apples for winter in bulk in a cave and am successful2 ,i find ,york ,imperial and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about twenty per cent4 of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,i get six cents per pound for dried apples4 ,i employ men at #a4be per day4 ,in the growing of apples in ,kansas many things are to be well considered4 ,that injunction of ,davy ,crockett's must be kept constantly in view to be successful3 ,be sure you're right1 then go ahead4 ,first1 to select varieties that are well adapted to your soil2 next1 location2 last but not least1 the preparation of the soil and future care4 ,many of the varieties that are well adapted to the ,eastern states are unprofitable here4 ,another great mistake is the planting of too many varieties4 ,when ,i first came to this state thirty years ago1 ,i consulted ,col4 ,a4 ,s4 ,johnson1 now of ,topeka4 ,from him ,i obtained a great deal of valuable information1 he having had thirty-six years of ,kansas experience4 ,i should1 no doubt1 have planted many that ,i did not1 owing to the information obtained of him2 so it may be seen that1 by proper care1 experience1 and observation1 we may be of benefit to the rising generation4 ,having selected your varieties by consulting the published fruit list of the ,kansas ,state ,horticultural ,society1 next select your location4 ,select1 if you can1 the highest northern slope2 next east1 next west4 ,put your ground in good order by plowing and subsoiling at least fifteen inches deep4 ,should there be any tenacious soil or spouty places1 tile with four-inch tile1 forty feet apart1 three feet deep4 ,a great mistake is made by many in planting too closely4 ,i have trees twenty-eight years old1 forty feet from tip to tip4 ,plant to some cultivated crop for six years1 then seed to clover2 trim your trees each ,february2 keep the borers out1 and if they do get into your trees hunt them out2 spray your trees frequently at the proper time to prevent the noxious insects from getting the start of you1 and when your trees commence to bear commence to fertilize by turning under clover and stable litter4 ,horace ,greeley once said3 ,you might as well expect milk from a cow tied to a stake as apples from an orchard uncared for4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,,munger1 ,hollis1 ,cloud county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas fifteen years2 have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees twelve inches in diameter1 eighteen feet high1 seventeen years old4 ,i prefer for market ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and1 to a limited extent1 ,yellow ,transparent and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and for a family orchard add ,early ,harvest and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,have tried and discarded the ,willow ,twig on account of blight and rot4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with a loose subsoil1 and young and stocky trees4 ,i plant my orchard to potatoes1 beans and vines for ten years1 and use a cultivator that keeps three inches very mellow1 and cease cropping when impossible to cultivate4 ,i grow weeds in the orchard and mow them4 ,windbreaks are not essential1 but are very desirable2 would make them of ,osage orange1 ,russian mulberries1 or box-elder4 ,set the first row four feet apart1 the second six inches1 and never trim2 the third six feet4 ,for rabbits ,i use traps and gun4 ,i hunt the borers and encourage the birds4 ,i prune my trees so as to give air and sunshine2 think it pays4 ,do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my apples are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard in the winter with stable litter fresh from the stable2 it appears to do good1 and would advise its use1 with judgment1 on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs and calves4 ,i do not think it advisable among young trees4 ,my trees are troubled with leaf-roller1 and my fruit with codling-moth4 ,i spray just after the blossom falls1 with ,paris green1 for the codling-moth4 ,prices have been from #be cents to #a per bushel4 ,what the future of apple-growing in northern central ,kansas may be1 it is of course impossible to tell1 but from the success of the few orchards that have been planted1 and after being planted have received some attention besides that bestowed by calves and pigs1 it would seem well worth a trial4 ,there are years when the best attention possible cannot prevent damage and some loss from drought1 especially on upland4 ,for this reason bottom land would seem more suitable for an orchard in this county1 even though subject to some disadvantages4 ,in some orchards on low land only a few feet above the water-level1 where a sandy subsoil admits of a free natural subirrigation1 the thrift and productiveness of the trees have been unusually good4 ,cold seems to be dreaded less than hot1 dry weather in the latter part of the summer1 although late spring frosts sometimes do damage4 ,even the traditional north slope might have its advantages somewhat balanced in this county by the valley lands that retain a large amount of moisture4 ,a good soil with a loose subsoil that holds the greatest possible amount of water are the most important requirements as to location4 ,if the cultivation is then such as to save the water of early summer rains to the best advantage until the dry weather of the late summer comes1 it will be drawn upon1 and some very dry seasons may be tided over without much loss4 ,plowing in the spring and very frequent shallow cultivation afterwards are1 as yet1 the best known means to this end2 and as a general rule they are sufficient to answer every purpose as far west as central ,kansas1 without artificial watering1 as the average rainfall shows2 but if the early rains are allowed to go to waste by falling on the hard ground and running directly off1 or by rapid evaporation from an undisturbed surface1 where capillary force is rapidly carrying back to the surface what has already soaked in1 we invite ultimate failure when the drought comes4 ,cultivate once a week1 or after each rain1 when they come oftener than that1 with something that will keep two or three inches of very fine1 mellow earth on the surface1 and will cause an amount of water to be retained in the soil below the earth mulch that will surprise any one who has never tried it4 ,an ordinary harrow will do very well1 or better a five-tooth cultivator1 behind which ,i fasten a #bx#d scantling with large wire nails driven through it1 about two inches apart1 weighted on the back edge to keep it right side up2 the scantling is cut as long as the width of the cultivator4 ,at one operation the cultivator and this harrow leave the ground about like a hand-rake would1 marked only by the footprints of the driver4 ,last summer this was used several times where young peach trees had been set out1 going around each row and sometimes over the entire ground4 ,there was no time during the summer that the trees stopped growing or showed signs of needing more moisture than they had4 ,nine hundred and ninety-four lived1 the horses killed two1 and the borers two more4 ,fifteen years ago ,i bought a small farm having on it a small family orchard of seventy-two apple trees4 ,it included several varieties1 from summer to winter sorts4 ,the trees were #bhx#bh feet apart1 with peach trees alternating both ways1 making three times as many peaches as apples in the orchard4 ,the land was cultivated until the trees were ten years old1 then sowed to timothy and clover4 ,the timothy soon died out2 but the clover lived for a few years1 but is gone now4 ,it happened that some of the years that it was not cultivated were some of the driest during the fifteen1 and several trees died of blight4 ,would this have happened if the cultivation had been continued8 ,i have gone to plowing and cultivating again1 anyway1 with no crop in the orchard4 ,the trees are now fifteen or twenty feet high1 and about twelve inches in diameter at the ground4 ,the peach trees have mostly been cut out4 ,cannot see that they did any harm1 unless it might have been harder on the apple trees during the dry season2 but if it was1 the peaches were worth about as much as the apples1 and the trees make a quick1 bushy growth1 thus forming a shelter for the apple trees1 which now stand straight and are well balanced4 ,we have had a peach crop about half of the years4 ,potatoes1 beans and vine crops were raised in the orchard the first few years4 ,it was surrounded by a windbreak of cottonwood and box-elder trees1 several rows1 seven feet apart each way4 ,this is certainly very beneficial2 but ,russian mulberries grow as well1 make a thicker top1 and at the same time invite birds to keep up their quarters there and make their homes with us1 a consummation devoutly to be wished4 ,osage orange1 planted the same as for a hedge and never cut back1 will make a better windbreak than cottonwood or box-elder1 and a fence at the same time4 ,this orchard has borne variable crops1 some good1 some light1 but always fruits4 ,it is on bottom land sloping very slightly to the southeast2 soil a sandy loam with a clay subsoil4 ,it has been pruned considerably1 but not very much at a time4 ,one man in this county who succeeds well with apples never prunes1 except to keep the center open to sun and air4 ,another near him gave his orchard a severe trimming a few years ago1 and had no fruit1 but some dead trees for two or three years afterward4 ,in planting1 the ground should be well plowed1 then mark off one way with a plow or lister4 ,twice to the row with the lister1 with three or four horses1 and the subsoiler well down1 will make a very good preparation for small trees without much digging1 and small trees are best for several reasons3 they are cheaper1 less work to set out1 and more likely to live4 ,set stakes to go by1 and1 in planting1 cross the furrows4 ,we have just finished setting #bjjj peach trees in this way1 and very little digging was needed4 ,then cultivate well and often4 ,rub off shoots that start where limbs are not wanted1 and start an evenly balanced top of four or five limbs4 ,a year after the trees are set out1 if any of them are leaning much1 dig away the dirt on the side from which they lean1 and set them up straight1 tramping the dirt well on the opposite side4 ,with winter will come the rabbits1 and they will girdle the trees if not prevented4 ,many and varied are the sure cures for them1 but none are perfect4 ,a wash of ordinary whitewash and a pint of sulphur to the bucketful1 applied with a brush or swab to the bodies of the trees1 generally stops their work1 but if the rain washes it off it must be put on again or they will resume operations4 ,a little coal-oil added to the whitewash prevents the rain from having so much effect on it2 make it thin1 so it will not scale off so badly4 ,two applications have been enough for our young trees the past winter4 ,we also use traps which are very similar to the ,wellhouse traps1 described in the ,kansas ,state ,horticultural ,report for #ahig4 ,tarred paper1 corn-stalks1 veneering1 screen wire1 cloth tied around the trees1 or a woven-wire fence around the entire orchard1 are all among the practical means used to fence against rabbits2 but don't try the plan of one of my neighbors1 unless you have too many trees2 he applied coal-tar2 it kept the rabbits off1 and his orchard is now a treeless corn-field4 ,during winter we haul manure direct from the stable and spread under the trees 7not against them7 out as far as the ends of the limbs4 ,on good ground ,i would not do much of this until the trees get to bearing1 as it would interfere somewhat with cultivation and would not be needed1 but when a good annual crop is taken from the orchard something must be returned1 or the supply is going to run out4 ,on thin land rotten manure applied when the trees are small will do them good4 ,pasturing an orchard at any time is of doubtful expediency2 it is safer not to4 ,i have sprayed but once4 ,that was done just after the blossoms fell1 and again ten days later4 ,there were fewer wormy apples than usual4 ,that was last year4 ,think ,i will try it further4 ,for a home orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,yellow ,transparent1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,ben ,davis do well here and keep up a supply from first to last4 ,for commercial planting ,ben ,davis is perhaps best here as elsewhere4 ,missouri ,pippin does well2 ,winesap bears enormously1 but is too small1 and gets smaller as the trees get older4 ,there is a good local demand here for ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin and a few of any very early variety4 ,willow ,twig has been worthless on account of blight and rot4 ,encourage birds by every means1 and never let one1 or a nest1 be disturbed1 unless it is that belligerent little alien1 the ,english sparrow4 ,they are at war with all the feathered tribe1 even with their own relations1 and should be exterminated4 ,don't begrudge birds a few feeds of cherries and berries1 when they work for nothing and board themselves nearly all the year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,h4 ,,buckman1 ,topeka1 ,shawnee county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have an apple-orchard of #ajjj trees two to twenty-six years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,maiden's ,blush1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,huntsman's ,favorite2 and for a family orchard ,white ,juneating 7the earliest apple known71 ,red ,june1 ,early ,ripe1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,sweet ,june1 ,fulton ,strawberry1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,smokehouse1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,ben ,davis1 ,ramsdell ,sweet1 ,roman ,stem1 and ,red ,romanite4 ,i have tried and discarded ,king1 on account of rot1 falls early1 water core1 short-lived2 ,kansas ,keeper1 on account of blight1 poor tree2 ,yellow ,bellflower1 on account of being a shy bearer and rot2 ,willow ,twig1 on account of blight2 ,lansingburg1 on account of blight when the tree is young2 ,r4 ,i4 ,greening1 on account of its falling early1 and rot4 ,baldwin1 falls early and rots4 ,lawver1 no good on my soil4 ,mc,afee's ,nonsuch1 poor bearer4 ,rambo1 not acclimated4 ,northern ,spy1 rots4 ,pryor's ,red1 ripens unevenly1 and is affected with scab4 ,dominie1 there are many better of its season4 ,esopus ,spitzenburg1 rots badly4 ,rome ,beauty1 good some seasons4 ,ohio ,nonpareil1 poor bearer1 falls before ripe4 ,lowell1 blights while trees are young4 ,winter ,swaar1 rots before perfectly ripe4 ,autumn ,swaar1 good of its season1 and should have a place in the family orchard4 ,york ,imperial1 poor quality2 rots too bad for commercial purposes4 ,american ,summer ,pearmain1 shy bearer while young4 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 is affected with scab and is no good4 ,red ,winter ,pearmain1 falls off early2 the tree is poor4 ,gilliflowers1 black and red1 rot badly4 ,pennsylvania ,red ,streak1 affected with scab2 very good some seasons2 trees die early4 ,sweet ,bough1 trees die early4 ,bentley ,sweet1 keeps all right1 moderate bearer2 tree appears to be tender4 ,clayton1 rots and is no good4 ,calvert is a poor bearer and rots with me4 ,pound ,pippin1 no value4 ,iowa ,blush1 no value1 small4 ,red ,vandervere1 no value2 rots4 ,vandervere ,pippin1 moderate bearer and rots4 ,pennock ,summer1 good market in its season4 ,pennock1 fairly good2 we have plenty better4 ,early ,harvest is affected with scab some seasons4 ,early ,ripe is better and larger and to be preferred4 ,smith's ,cider1 blight1 poor tree4 ,red ,astrachan1 poor bearer4 ,roxbury ,russet1 all russets fail with me4 ,jefferis1 quality fine1 but will not bear4 ,ortley1 good1 but is inclined to rot4 ,i prefer hilltop having a drift soil1 but the subsoil is of more importance than the surface soil4 ,i prefer a north or northeast aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 medium-sized trees1 clear of root aphis1 set in a dead furrow1 with peach trees between north and south4 ,i cultivate my trees six years after planting1 with a plow and five-tooth one-horse cultivator4 ,plant the young orchard to corn2 cease cropping after six or seven years1 and then seed down to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them by planting one to six rows of ,osage orange1 red cedar or catalpas all around the orchard4 ,the boys hunt the rabbits with shot-guns4 ,i wash the trees with a carbolic-acid wash for borers4 ,i prune with a knife and saw to balance the top1 keep down watersprouts1 and to get rid of useless wood4 ,i think it pays and is beneficial1 as it shades the body of the tree and keeps off the flathead borers4 ,i do not thin the fruit4 ,can see no difference whether trees are in blocks of one variety1 or mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter all over the ground1 and wood ashes around the trees1 but do not believe it pays1 and would not advise it on all soils2 any soil that is suitable for an orchard will not need enriching until after it ceases to be profitable4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs and calves2 ,i think it advisable under certain conditions1 and find it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with root aphis1 roundhead borers and buffalo tree-crickets2 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 from a ladder1 into a sack with a strap over the shoulder4 ,i sell the bulk of my apples in the orchard1 from piles1 at wholesale and retail2 sell the grocers and fruit dealers what are left of my best apples4 ,make cider of the second and third grades of apples4 ,feed the culls to the hogs4 ,my best market is in ,topeka4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,do not dry any4 ,i store some apples for winter in bulk1 in boxes and in barrels in a cellar4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing4 ,apples have been about forty cents a bushel in the orchard for the last ten years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,,higgins1 ,seabrook1 ,shawnee county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years2 have an apple orchard of #bej trees twenty-five years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,smith's ,cider1 and ,ben ,davis2 for family orchard1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,red ,june1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded ,kansas ,keeper on account of blight4 ,i prefer hilltop2 best below lime rock1 with a northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low-headed trees1 set thirty feet each way4 ,i plant to corn for four years1 then cease cropping1 and seed to clover4 ,i have a windbreak on the south side made of ,osage orange1 to keep the hot winds off4 ,i prune lightly to thin out some of the middle branches2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin my fruit4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 and plow it under4 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i sow my orchard to oats1 and pasture with hogs with rings in their noses2 they live on the oats1 and don't hurt the trees1 but with the help of the chickens they keep the canker-worms off4 ,my trees are troubled with round- and flathead borers4 ,i do not spray4 ,i hand-pick my apples2 sort into two classes--shipping and cider4 ,i sell my apples in the home market2 sell second and third grades to the cider-mills4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples in bulk in a cellar2 find ,winesap to keep best4 ,prices have been from fifty to sixty cents per bushel4 ,i employ young men at seventeen dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,c4 ,,beckley1 ,spring ,hill1 ,johnson county3 ,i have lived in the state thirty years2 have an apple orchard of #acj trees1 twenty-eight years old and large for their age4 ,for a commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family use ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,jonathan1 and ,winesap4 ,i have tried and discarded ,smith's ,cider1 ,talman 7,sweet71 ,rambo1 ,fameuse1 ,willow ,twig1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 ,roman ,stem1 ,dominie1 ,fallawater1 ,wagener1 ,baldwin1 and ,white ,pippin1 because they mature too soon1 fall off and rot long before it is time to pick them4 ,i prefer hilltop with a dark mulatto soil and a clay subsoil1 with a western aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 with plenty of fibrous roots1 and a well-developed top1 set forty by forty feet4 ,i cultivate my orchard till it is six or seven years old with a common plow and harrow4 ,in a young orchard ,i plant potatoes1 corn1 pumpkins1 melons1 and garden-truck2 ,i cease cropping after eight or nine years1 and seed bearing orchard to clover4 ,windbreaks are not essential1 unless on the south and north sides2 would make them of cedar or evergreens4 ,i would not make a windbreak at all4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees4 ,when hunting borers ,i take knife and chisel and pare all gum and dirt off of the roots2 then ,i cut wherever ,i see signs of a borer until ,i get him1 and if he has gone too deep to cut out ,i take a ,no4 #bj wire six or eight inches long1 bend a very small hook on one end1 and run it up in the hole he has made1 and ninety-nine times out of #ajj pull him out4 ,when done put some alkali of some kind around the tree1 such as lime1 ashes1 or soft soap2 then cover up4 ,i prune with a saw or knife1 cutting out the crossed limbs and shaping the top4 ,i think it pays while the trees are young4 ,i never thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable and hog manure2 ,i think it very beneficial1 and advise its use on all soils1 especially on old orchards4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 and think it advisable at times4 ,it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worms1 roundhead borers1 and leaf rollers1 and my apples with codling-moths4 ,i have never sprayed1 but intend to this spring1 in ,april and ,may4 ,i am going to use a dust sprayer with ,london purple and ,paris green for canker-worm4 ,i pick my apples by hand from a ladder into a sack1 sort into two classes by hand1 pack in a two-bushel crate1 fill full1 with blossom end up1 mark with the grade1 and ship to market-place by freight4 ,i retail apples in the orchard2 sell my best ones in crates2 feed the culls to hogs4 ,best market is at home2 never tried distant markets4 ,we sun-dry some apples for home use1 then heat on the stove and put into paper sacks4 ,i am quite successful in storing apples in bulk1 boxes and barrels in a cellar4 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap and ,little ,romanite keep best4 ,sometimes ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one per cent4 of them4 ,prices have been about sixty cents per bushel1 and dried apples five to six cents2 evaporated apples1 seven to eight cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,albert ,,perry1 ,troy1 ,doniphan county3 ,have lived in ,kansas forty-one years2 have an apple orchard of #ejjj trees1 planted from five to twenty-four years4 ,i grow for commercial purposes1 first1 ,jonathan2 second1 ,ben ,davis1 ,york ,imperial1 and ,mammoth ,black ,twig4 ,ten years hence those who now plant ,ben ,davis will probably regret it4 8 ,there is a growing demand for a better eating apple4 ,i now plant ,jonathans and ,york ,imperial4 ,the latter is a good bearer1 and a vigorous tree1 however aged4 ,for family orchard1 ,i would advise adding to these ,rambo and ,fall ,strawberry ,chenango4 ,i have tried and discarded many others4 ,prefer bottom1 loess formation1 near ,missouri river4 ,no slope has any advantage over another4 ,cultivate with plow and harrow1 growing corn as an orchard crop for five years2 then seed to clover and blue grass only4 ,do not care for windbreaks4 ,where there are windbreaks apples on trees do not get sufficient air4 ,i protect from rabbits by tying corn-stalks about young trees4 ,prune some4 ,i believe all apple blossoms are self-pollinating1 and there is no advantage in mixed plantings4 ,need no fertilizers but clover in my locality4 ,believe it pays to pasture the orchard with horses in the winter2 if you have a stack of hay for them to go to they will not harm the trees4 ,am troubled with codling-moth and apple curculio4 ,spray for codling-moth ten days after the apple is formed1 and believe ,i have reduced their number4 ,i use the knife for borers4 ,pick in baskets2 deliver to packers in orchard4 ,the aphis appears to do no particular injury to tree or fruit4 ,burn fall web-worm with a coal-oil torch4 ,sort into number one1 fancy1 number two1 fair but defective in shape1 color1 or otherwise1 and culls4 ,pack in three-bushel barrels1 pressed so they will not shake4 ,sell firsts in orchard2 sell seconds in car lots in bulk2 sell culls in bulk for cider or vinegar4 ,my best market is in the orchard4 ,have tried consigning to distant markets1 but it did not pay4 ,have stored second grades for winter in boxes and barrels and in bulk1 and made it pay4 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet kept best4 ,we sort and lose about one-fifth of the second grade only4 ,prices have run from #a to #a4ej per barrel1 of late years1 in the orchard4 ,for help in care of orchard ,i use men4 ,in picking season ,i use all kinds of help4 ,no experts4 ,pay from #a to #a4ej per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,h4 ,,roach1 ,lowemont1 ,leavenworth county3 ,have been in ,kansas forty-two years4 ,have an apple orchard of #eejj trees2 #hjj planted thirty years1 #abjj planted thirteen years1 and #cejj planted three years4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,willow ,twig4 ,for family use ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 and ,winesap4 ,i have discarded ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,russets4 ,i prefer black loam with red gravel subsoil1 hilltop with extreme north slope1 no matter how steep4 ,i plant thrifty two-year-old trees1 thirty-three feet apart each way1 except ,missouri ,pippin1 which may be closer4 ,cultivate up to twelve years of age2 grow corn until seven1 then clover two years2 then corn one year1 after that clover with a little timothy1 to keep the weeds down4 ,i cease cropping the clover when the orchard is from twelve to fourteen years old4 ,i consider windbreaks harmful4 ,any good axle grease or dope will keep off rabbits4 ,i trim until five years old with a pocket-knife1 to give shape and stout branches4 ,i believe fertilizers are beneficial1 put on every second or third year4 ,i pasture my bearing orchard with horses and cattle1 after the fruit is gathered until the #ast of ,january2 think it is advisable and a benefit2 allow no hogs in at any time4 ,am bothered some with borers and codling-moth4 ,have never tried spraying1 but would advise it4 ,we pick in sacks fastened over the shoulder with a snap and ring4 ,usually sell in the orchard4 ,have tried artificial cold storage satisfactorily1 and think it the most reasonable plan4 ,prices have ranged from #a to #a4ej per barrel1 for firsts and seconds1 in the orchard4 ,i employ men at seventy cents per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,d4 ,,arnold1 ,longford1 ,clay county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty years4 ,have #cjj apple trees1 sixteen years planted1 from ten to fifteen inches in diameter4 ,grow only ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin for all purposes4 ,i prefer bottom land in this locality1 sandy loam with a northern aspect4 ,plant two-year1 stocky trees1 with a low top4 ,i cultivate with the plow and disc1 and grow no crop in the orchard4 ,i believe a windbreak of box-elder or evergreens is beneficial but not essential4 ,i prune very little1 using my knife with judgment4 ,i use stable litter as a mulch1 and think it pays4 ,i never pasture my orchard4 ,have few insects but codling-moth4 ,i shade the body of the tree to keep borers out1 and dig them out if any get in4 ,i use ladders1 and pick into baskets1 and sort into two classes--perfect and imperfect4 ,my trees have never borne a full crop1 only enough for home use and the neighbors4 ,we have had several dry seasons1 causing the fruit to fall badly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,s4 ,,gaylord1 ,muscotah1 ,atchison county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years2 have #ejjj apple trees1 planted from one to twelve years4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,york ,imperial1 and for family would add ,yellow ,transparent1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,little ,romanite4 ,i prefer hilltop with eastern slope1 and would plant only two-year-old trees4 ,i have grown both seedlings for stock and root grafts1 in the nursery4 ,i believe in thorough cultivation with two-horse cultivator and double-shovel plow1 using a five-tooth cultivator near the trees4 ,i crop with corn from seven to nine years1 and then sow to clover4 ,i do not think windbreaks essential4 ,for rabbits and to prevent borers ,i use equal parts of carbolic acid and water as a wash4 ,i prune a little by cutting back on the north side and keeping out the watersprouts1 which ,i think pays4 ,i think it pays to thin apples by hand in ,july and ,august4 ,i have used some stable litter in the orchard1 and think it pays4 ,i pasture horses in my orchard during winter1 but no stock at any other time4 ,i spray1 after blossoms fall1 three times1 two weeks apart1 with ,paris green1 for the codling-moth1 and my apples are quite free from worms4 ,i dig out borers and pick off worm nests4 ,i pick by hand in half-bushel baskets1 sell at wholesale1 and the buyer sorts to suit himself4 ,i have never dried or stored any4 ,prices in #ahif and #ahig1 seventy-five cents per barrel2 spring of #ahih1 #a4be to #a4fe4 ,i use laborers at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alex4 ,,spiers1 ,linn1 ,washington county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,dominie1 ,winesap2 and for family orchard ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 and ,ben ,davis4 ,have tried and discarded ,yellow ,bellflower on account of shy bearing4 ,i prefer rolling upland1 black1 sandy loam with porous subsoil1 and a southeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees2 have tried root grafts and seedlings with good success4 ,i cultivate with a diamond plow up to bearing age4 ,windbreaks are essential1 and ,i would make them of ash1 box-elder1 maple1 and elm2 ,i would plant either the young trees or seed4 ,i prune with a saw1 and use a chisel on watersprouts4 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i thin by shaking the tree when the fruit is small4 ,i fertilize2 think it benefits the trees1 by making them grow stronger1 and they fruit better2 think it advisable on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 but would not advise it2 does not pay4 ,flathead borer and fall web-worm affect my trees4 ,i spray1 as soon as the bloom falls1 with ,london purple4 ,i sometimes sell my apples in the orchard1 and sometimes from the cellar4 ,i store apples in the cellar1 and am successful4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,theo4 ,,bedker1 ,linn1 ,washington county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years2 have an apple orchard of #ajj trees from two to twelve years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 and for a family orchard ,winesap4 ,i prefer bottom land with a sandy loam and a northeast aspect4 ,i plant my trees in squares thirty feet apart4 ,i cultivate my orchard for three years with a single-horse cultivator4 ,plant corn and potatoes in a young orchard2 cease cropping after four years2 plant timothy and clover mixed in bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of willows1 by planting on north and south sides of the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with corn-stalks in the winter1 and dig the borers out4 ,i prune my trees with a saw to make thinner2 ,i think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i do not think it would pay4 ,i fertilize my orchard with slaked lime1 and would advise it on all soils4 ,it helps to keep off borers4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,my apple trees are troubled with bud moth1 twig-borer1 and leaf-crumpler1 and my apples with curculio4 ,i have sprayed when in bloom with ,london purple1 but do not think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 and sort into two classes--good keepers and cider apples4 ,put them all in one pile and then sort4 ,i prefer barrels or boxes1 from three to twenty bushels2 fill them full4 ,i retail my apples4 ,i sell the best in sacks by the bushel4 ,make cider for vinegar of the culls4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,i dry some for home use in the sun2 this is satisfactory4 ,i am successful in storing apples in boxes and barrels in the cellar4 ,i find the ,rawle's ,janet and ,winesap keep best4 ,i never tried artificial cold storage2 ,i lose about one-twentieth of my stored apples4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from thirty-five to fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,fulcomer1 ,belleville1 ,republic county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have raised for market ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,jonathan2 would prefer for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,smith's ,cider1 ,minkler1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 ,golden ,sweet1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,have tried and discarded about all varieties excepting the above named on account of being tender and unprofitable4 ,i prefer bottom land1 limestone soil with a gravel subsoil1 and a northeast or eastern slope4 ,i prefer for planting strong1 stocky yearlings--never over two years old--set at the crossing of furrows plowed with a lister4 ,i cultivate my orchard to potatoes1 pumpkins1 squashes1 melons1 or any low hoed crop4 ,i use an ordinary ten- or twelve-inch plow1 and a five-tooth cultivator1 and keep this up until they begin to bear2 then seed to clover1 mow it1 and let it rot on the ground2 then let the clover seed fall under1 harrow1 and let come up again4 ,windbreaks are beneficial2 would make them of ash and ,osage orange1 by planting a few rows of trees inside of the hedge4 ,to protect against rabbits1 ,i wrap the trees4 ,i prune with a saw and knife to remove chafing and dead limbs1 and to make the tree more healthy and vigorous4 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i never thin the fruit on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with coal and wood ashes2 think it beneficial1 and would advise their use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i never have sprayed to any extent4 ,i hand-pick my apples1 in one-half bushel splint baskets2 sort into two classes as soon as picked4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,low4 ,,miller1 ,perry1 ,jefferson county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty years4 ,have an apple orchard of #bdjj trees from one to fifteen years old4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,ben ,davis1 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,winter ,pearmain1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 and ,rambo4 ,i prefer bottom land1 clay soil and a porous subsoil1 with a north and east slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low-headed1 stocky trees1 planted twenty-five by thirty feet4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn for six years1 using a plow1 cultivator1 and harrow1 and cease cropping after six or seven years4 ,grow only weeds in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of maples1 planted two rods apart around orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i keep two hounds and a shot-gun4 ,i get after the borers with a knife4 ,i prune with a knife to keep out watersprouts4 ,never have thinned fruit on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 and think it has proven beneficial1 but would not advise its use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with horses1 but would not advise it4 ,i doubt if it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with borers1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,pick my apples by hand into sacks4 ,i sort into three classes--first1 second1 and culls--into baskets from the ground4 ,i sell apples in the orchard at wholesale4 ,i market my best apples in barrels2 sell second and third grades to vinegar and cider-mills4 ,my best market is at home4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,do not dry any4 ,i store some apples in bulk in a cellar1 and am successful4 ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,prices have been seventy-five cents to #a4ej per barrel4 ,i employ men and boys at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wm4 ,,gurwell1 ,fanning1 ,doniphan county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty-five years2 have #ejjj apple trees1 planted from two to thirty years4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 and ,rawle's ,janet2 and would add for family use ,early ,harvest and ,dominie4 ,have tried and discarded ,yellow ,bellflower2 not prolific in this climate4 ,i prefer hill with black loam and clay subsoil2 any slope but southwest is good4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 and set them in holes dug two and half to three feet square with a spade1 and set the trees two or three inches deeper than they stood in the nursery4 ,have tried home-grown root grafts1 and was successful4 ,i cultivate to corn1 potatoes1 pumpkins1 and melons1 using plow and harrow4 ,i crop a bearing orchard lightly1 and cease when in full bearing4 ,i kill the rabbits4 ,i prune with saw1 knife1 and clippers1 and think it beneficial4 ,i seldom thin fruit on the trees4 ,my trees are planted in blocks4 ,i fertilize the land near the trees with stable litter2 ,i would advise its use on thin soil4 ,i pasture my orchard with calves and hogs1 and think it advisable2 it pays in some orchards4 ,trees are troubled with borers2 ,i hunt the borers with a wire4 ,we pick carefully in large baskets and sacks from a step-ladder2 ,i pack in barrels4 ,my best market is northwest of here2 ,i sometimes sell in the orchard at wholesale1 retail1 and peddle2 dry and make cider of the culls2 never dry for market4 ,i sometimes store a few apples1 and find the ,winesap1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain and ,rawle's ,janet keep the best4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing them4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from #fj cents to #a4be per barrel4 ,i employ all kinds of help1 and pay one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,samuel ,h4 ,,bert1 ,moonlight1 ,dickinson county3 ,have been in ,kansas nineteen years2 have #ejj apple trees from four to twenty-two years planted2 the oldest are twelve inches in diameter4 ,for commercial purposes use ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,janet1 and for family use would add ,red ,june and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,have tried and discarded ,red ,streak1 ,romanite1 ,rambo1 and ,bellflower4 ,i prefer bottom in this locality with a northeast slope4 ,i plant twenty-eight or thirty feet apart4 ,i plant two-year-old trees2 rather plant a yearling than three-year-olds4 ,have never tried root grafts or seedlings4 ,i cultivate even my oldest trees1 using a plow and harrow2 it pays4 ,i grow corn in young orchard until too large2 then nothing1 just cultivate4 ,windbreaks are essential1 and should be made of ,osage orange or mulberries2 but not too close to the orchard4 ,i tie corn-stalks around the trees to protect from rabbits1 and keep the trees low1 to shade the trunks to protect against borers4 ,i prune to prevent forks1 to keep from splitting4 ,i thin apples when necessary2 this should be done when they are about half grown4 ,i prefer to plant my trees in blocks4 ,an orchard should be fertilized with fine stable litter4 ,i would advise the use of it1 especially on upland soil4 ,never pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borers4 ,never sprayed much1 but think it would be beneficial4 ,i pick in sack hung over shoulder4 ,we make three classes of our apples--large1 small1 and specked4 ,have no particular way to market2 sell any way ,i can1 but never in the orchard4 ,we make cider1 boiled cider and apple-butter of the culls4 ,never have tried distant markets4 ,never dry any4 ,store some for winter in bulk and in barrels in cellar2 am successful2 find that the ,winesaps keep best4 ,have never tried artificial cold storage4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing2 lost very few this winter1 as ,i kept them out of the cellar until ,december2 then they kept well4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from #fj cents to #a4ej per barrel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g4 ,e4 ,,spohr1 ,manhattan1 ,riley county3 ,have resided in ,kansas twenty-six years4 ,have an orchard of #cjjj trees1 nineteen years planted4 ,originator of the ,spohr apple 7described elsewhere74 ,plants for commerce ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,ben ,davis2 for family orchard1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,early ,harvest4 ,have tried fifty varieties1 but think none of them paid better than those named4 ,i live on bottom land1 eight feet to water4 ,any slope is good4 ,prefer sandy loam4 ,plant two-year-old1 well-pruned trees1 in large holes4 ,cultivate thoroughly1 planting to corn until seven years old2 then seed to alfalfa4 ,i favor windbreaks of ,scotch or ,austrian pines1 planted in three rows ten feet apart4 ,i believe in pruning1 and always have my knife open when in the orchard1 and trim at all times2 like to have trees1 not brush piles4 ,the deity governing ,kansas winds thins the fruit sufficiently4 ,apple trees are more fruitful if varieties are mixed in planting4 ,use all the two- and three-year-old stable litter ,i can get4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,spray with ,london purple one week before and two weeks after blooming1 for canker-worm1 leaf-roller1 and codling-moth1 and have reduced the latter by it4 ,i hunt the borers and go after them with a hot 787 iron4 ,pick by hand1 and sort to suit customers4 ,pack in eleven-peck barrels1 and mark with stencil4 ,sell my best apples to shippers1 and make vinegar and hog and cattle feed of culls4 ,my best market is ,colorado1 but ,i sell in orchard4 ,i store successfully for winter in a cave in bulk1 and find ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin the best keepers1 losing about ten per cent4 ,prices average fifty cents per bushel4 ,pay help from #ab4ej per month to #ge cents per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,d4 ,,osborne1 ,soldier1 ,jackson county3 ,have lived in the state thirty-one years2 have #ejj apple trees1 from three to sixteen years planted4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,york ,imperial1 ,gano1 and ,winesap2 for family orchard1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and1 for summer1 ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,cooper's ,early ,white4 ,have tried and discarded ,vandevere1 as it does not bear1 and ,willow ,twig on account of blight2 ,rawle's ,janet no good on market4 ,i prefer hilltop if well cultivated2 otherwise bottom1 with a loam soil and a sandy subsoil1 and a southeast slope to protect from southwest winds4 ,i plant two-year-old trees1 three feet to head1 not less than three limbs to form head1 thirty feet each way4 ,i cultivate with plow1 harrow and spade the square immediately surrounding the tree4 ,i plant corn in the young orchard and seed the bearing orchard to clover2 cease cropping at five or six years4 ,i think windbreaks essential on southwest1 and would plant ,osage orange or ,russian mulberry4 ,i wrap with grass or tarred paper to protect from rabbits4 ,i prune in ,may to spread the top and thin the fruit4 ,i seldom thin the fruit1 but it will pay to thin the last of ,may4 ,i fertilize with stable litter1 but would advise it only on hill orchards4 ,i pasture the orchard with hogs and horses1 and think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth4 ,i spray during ,may1 after the blossom has fallen1 with kerosene emulsion1 sulphate of copper1 and ,london purple1 for codling-moth1 blight1 and insects generally4 ,i think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i treat borers with crude carbolic acid diluted with water4 ,i dig around tree down to the roots1 dam outside1 fill around tree with water and acid strong enough to tingle your tongue4 ,i hand-pick from ladders by the ordinary method4 ,never sell in orchard2 make cider of second- and third-grade apples2 feed culls to stock4 ,my best markets are ,holton and ,topeka2 never have tried distant markets4 ,never dry any4 ,store but few apples in an orchard cave1 nine feet deep1 eight feet wide by twenty-four feet long4 ,the apples are put on shelves about ten inches deep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,l4 ,,jones1 ,salina1 ,saline county3 ,have lived in ,kansas forty-four years2 have an apple orchard of #fjjj trees1 planted from five to twenty-five years4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,lowell1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and ,wealthy4 ,for family orchard would plant ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded ,alexander as a shy bearer which rots on the tree4 ,prefer bottom land here1 sandy soil1 free from clay or hard-pan4 ,preferable with northeast slope4 ,plant well-branched two-year-old trees2 turn deep cross-furrows the distance the trees are wanted apart2 cultivate in corn until the trees are five or six years old2 after that use the plow and disc harrow and plant nothing4 ,i emphatically believe that windbreaks are essential4 ,they may be made of anything hardy and suitable1 as ,osage orange1 box-elder1 walnut1 etc4 ,to protect from rabbits1 wrap with grass or corn-stalks4 ,i only prune with shears and saw1 to clear the limbs off the ground a little4 ,i believe stable litter is good for an orchard4 ,i pasture very little1 and do not think it good for an orchard4 ,i spray as soon as the leaves start1 with ,paris green or ,london purple1 mostly for canker-worm1 and doubt its effect upon codling-moth4 ,thrifty trees are not usually bothered with borers1 and unthrifty trees should be made into firewood4 ,our pickers use sacks with strap over the shoulder4 ,we sort into four classes3 ,first1 large1 sound fruit2 second1 small sound fruit2 third1 slightly damaged fruit2 fourth1 culls4 ,very little packing is done here2 apples are usually sold to shippers in bulk4 ,i sell my culls to hundreds of farmers in this and adjoining counties for canning1 apple-butter1 etc4 ,my best market is here in ,salina4 ,i have tried distant markets1 but it did not pay very well4 ,have never dried any2 stored but few for winter in baskets and barrels4 ,i find the ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,romanite are the best keepers4 ,our loss in keeping varies with the season and the condition of the apples at picking time4 ,have never irrigated any4 ,prices during the past six years have varied from twenty-five to fifty cents per bushel4 ,i use men and boys to help pick and at spraying time in the spring1 usually paying one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,,christensen1 ,mariadahl1 ,pottawatomie county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas forty years4 ,have an apple orchard of four acres1 from five to twenty-five years planted4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer second-bottom land with a black loam1 a clay subsoil1 and a northeast slope4 ,i prefer good two-year-old trees planted thirty feet apart1 alternated with peaches4 ,i have cultivated my orchard to corn1 but do not think it advisable4 ,i used a plow1 cultivator and disc for eight years4 ,i have cultivated the young orchard both ways twelve times1 and shall keep on with the disc and harrow4 ,i cease cropping after six or eight years1 and then grow alfalfa4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,i use wire-cloth as a protection against rabbits2 ,i would not risk an apple or pear tree without it4 ,i prune with a knife1 saw and shears when the trees are young2 ,i think it beneficial1 as it makes the trees healthier4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 ,i spread it all over the ground and then harrow it in4 ,i pasture my orchard with calves after it is six or eight years old and has been seeded to grass2 ,i think it pays in an old orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillars and borers4 ,i have not sprayed yet1 but think ,i shall this spring with ,bordeaux mixture4 ,i pick my apples by hand2 sort into two classes4 ,i feed my second and third grades and culls to the calves and hogs2 have made cider of them1 but could not find market for it4 ,i have tried shipping apples to distant markets1 but it did not pay4 ,i dry some apples for home use1 using stove and sun2 neither way is satisfactory4 ,i store my best apples in bulk in a cellar under the house2 am not very successful2 ,i find ,ben ,davis and ,winesap keep the best4 ,prices have been from twenty-five to fifty cents per bushel4 ,i do not hire any help2 the family does the work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,r4 ,,roberts1 ,perry1 ,jefferson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas since #ahei2 have an apple orchard from four to twenty-eight years old4 ,for a commercial orchard ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,maiden's ,blush2 and for a family orchard ,red ,june1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i prefer midland altitude or bottom1 with a rich loam and a clay subsoil1 and a northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees with upright heads1 set #cjx#dj feet in squares4 ,i cultivate my trees with a plow and cultivator until they occupy most of the ground4 ,i plant corn and potatoes in a young orchard1 and cease cropping when the size of the trees renders it impossible4 ,i seed the bearing orchard to red clover4 ,windbreaks are not essential2 a hedge fence is all that is necessary1 and this ought not to be nearer than forty feet of the trees4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees2 and dig the borers out with a knife4 ,i prune sparingly with a knife or sharp ax to remove all dead or injured limbs2 ,i think it pays4 ,i thin the fruit when the trees are overloaded1 by taking off one-half after they are the size of marbles4 ,my trees are planted in blocks for convenience in picking4 ,i fertilize my orchard with all the barn-yard litter ,i can get1 scattered broadcast2 would advise its use on all soils unless already very rich4 ,i am sorry to confess ,i have pastured my orchard with hogs2 it is not advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 root aphis1 roundhead borers1 and buffalo tree-hopper2 and my apples with codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,i have sprayed just as the buds open for canker-worm2 have also sprayed for codling-moth4 ,i pick all the apples ,i can reach from the ground in baskets1 and the rest from ladders into sacks2 ,i handle very carefully4 ,i sort into two classes from a table as they come from the trees2 pack in eleven-peck barrels for fall use1 and twelve-peck barrels for winter use1 carefully shaken and pressed2 mark with the grade and name of variety and haul to market on wagon4 ,i always sell in the orchard by car lots1 when ,i can4 ,i retail the scattered ones2 send the third grade to the cider-mills4 ,my best markets are sometimes both east and west of here4 ,i never ship to commission men2 it don't pay4 ,i don't dry nor store any4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,i employ men and boys 7men preferred74 ,pay one dollar per day and dinner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,d4 ,,kern1 ,baldwin1 ,douglas county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas thirty-nine years4 ,have an apple orchard of #gge trees four years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,willow ,twig1 and for family orchard ,yellow ,transparent1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,jonathan4 ,i prefer a loose1 porous subsoil on a north slope4 ,i prefer one- or two-year-old trees1 set twenty-two feet apart north and south and thirty-three feet east and west4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 potatoes1 and clover1 and keep up the cultivation until they are bearing well1 using a diamond plow and one-horse cultivator4 ,i never cease cropping4 ,windbreaks are not essential1 but if they were ,i should make them of four or five rows of maple or some quick-growing trees1 on the south and west sides of the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i use wooden tree wrappers1 and dig the borers out4 ,i prune to give the tree shape and let in the sun2 ,i think it pays1 as it keeps the tree from overbearing4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees1 but think it would pay4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter1 and would advise it on all soils when it needs it4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs2 ,i think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worms1 tent-caterpillars1 borers1 tree-hoppers1 and leaf-rollers1 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i do not spray4 ,i hand-pick my apples into buckets and sacks from step-ladders4 ,i sell my apples in the orchard at wholesale4 ,i sell the best to shippers1 and the second and third grades the best way ,i can4 ,i sell or feed the culls to the stock4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,i do not dry any4 ,some years ,i am successful in storing apples in barrels and boxes in a cellar4 ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,i never tried artificial cold storage4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-fourth of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from sixty cents to one dollar per eleven-peck barrel4 ,i employ men at ten cents per hour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,sharp1 ,morris county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,have an orchard in ,morris county of #hjjj trees1 planted from two to thirteen years4 ,i grow for market ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 and ,york ,imperial2 would add for family ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,lawver1 ,willow ,twig1 and ,smith's ,cider2 the former is barren1 the others blight4 ,i prefer second bottom with northeast slope2 soil loose1 black loam1 with red clay subsoil4 ,i plant in furrows each way1 #afx#cj feet1 running a subsoiler in the furrows1 and use straight1 smooth1 two-year-old trees4 ,have tried root grafts1 but they need nursery care at first4 ,i cultivate at all ages1 while young with plow1 and old orchard with reversible disc4 ,i grow corn in young orchard1 and after five or six years keep the ground bare with the disc4 ,i think windbreaks essential1 and use ,osage orange1 elm1 ash1 ,austrian pine1 and cedars4 ,catch the rabbits2 and cultivate well as a protection from borers4 ,do not prune much2 take out a little brush if necessary to more readily reach the fruit4 ,never have thinned apples4 ,have never fertilized1 and am decidedly opposed to pasturing orchards with any kind of stock4 ,am troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 flathead borer1 woolly aphis1 twig-borer1 fall web-worm1 leaf-roller1 leaf-crumbler1 and codling-moth4 ,spray regularly with ,london purple2 cannot say it has reduced the codling-moth any2 for borers ,i keep my trees thrifty by constant cultivation4 ,we pick in candy pails1 but find it bruises the fruit too much4 ,i sort by hand in three classes1 commercial size ,nos4 #a and #b1 and culls4 ,i pack in three-bushel barrels1 stenciled with name of variety and grower1 and ship by freight4 ,sell any way ,i can2 have never sold in the orchard2 sell culls for apple-butter1 and make some cider2 have marketed at good prices at ,pueblo1 ,colo42 have never dried any for market4 ,i store some for winter in boxes1 barrels and in bulk in a cellar1 and find that ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,i usually have to sort over those kept through1 and lose perhaps one-fifth4 ,have never irrigated4 ,my average returns are about fifty cents per bushel4 ,for help ,i use men at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,wilson1 ,assaria1 ,saline county3 ,lived in ,kansas twenty years2 has an orchard of five acres1 twenty-three years planted4 ,for commerce he uses ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,jonathan1 and for family use would add ,maiden's ,blush1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,has discarded ,rambo as too shy a bearer4 ,prefers light soil1 with a heavy subsoil in the bottom1 with a southern slope4 ,plants thirty feet apart each way4 ,grows no crop in orchard1 and cultivates with stirring plow and cultivator until the trees completely shade the ground4 ,believes windbreaks necessary1 and would plant box-elder1 three feet apart1 in rows three feet apart1 so as to shut out all wind4 ,binds with corn-stalks to protect against rabbits4 ,prunes by cutting off lower limbs and thinning center2 says it is beneficial1 and makes fruit larger and of better color4 ,thins apples on trees when the size of marbles1 and believes it pays4 ,on pollination he says3 ,i had one tree that stood alone1 and never bore fruit until ,i got honey-bees2 then it bore all right4 ,uses no fertilizers4 ,allows no live stock in the orchard4 ,has sprayed just after the blossom fell1 with ,london purple and ,bordeaux mixture1 for the last five years1 and it has reduced codling-moth4 ,uses knife and soap-suds for borers4 ,picks and sorts into three classes--sound and big1 medium and affected1 and culls4 ,sells in orchard and in ,salina2 makes vinegar and hog feed of culls4 ,never shipped any apples4 ,stores for winter by burying in bulk1 and is successful4 ,the ,missouri ,pippin and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,prices from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel4 ,uses boys from fourteen to twenty years of age for help1 and pays fifty cents to one dollar per day with board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,w4 ,,williams1 ,holton1 ,jackson county3 ,i have lived in the state forty years2 have an apple orchard of #bbe trees of various ages1 the oldest being thirty-nine years4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,jonathan2 and for a family orchard ,red ,astrachan1 ,early ,harvest1 ,dominie1 ,lowell1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried thirty varieties and discarded all excepting the above mentioned4 ,i prefer a rich soil with a porous subsoil and a north slope2 can see little difference between hilltop and bottom orchards4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 with symmetrical form1 for setting2 when planting ,i trim all affected roots and prune lightly2 set them inclined to the southwest4 ,i cultivate my orchard as long as it lives with a plow and harrow--plow shallow2 plant the young orchard to potatoes1 beans1 vines1 and sometimes corn1 using a one-horse diamond plow1 and am careful to harrow afterward4 ,i cease cropping six or seven years after setting1 and plant a bearing orchard to red clover4 ,i think windbreaks are essential2 would make them of most any kind of rapid-growing trees planted in groves on the east and south sides of the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees1 and dig the borers out4 ,i prune with a penknife to keep the trees in good shape4 ,it pays if properly done1 and is not too severe4 ,i have thinned my fruit by hand when of the size of hickory-nuts4 ,think trees do best in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter and ashes2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs part of a day at a time when the apples fall badly4 ,don't let them in at will4 ,i think it pays and is advisable1 for they destroy the moth4 ,my trees are troubled with both round- and flathead borers1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i spray1 using a hand sprayer1 with ,bordeaux mixture and ,london purple1 when the blossom falls1 for codling-moth and curculio4 ,it has not been beneficial4 ,i burn the tent caterpillars4 ,i pick my apples by hand in a sack over the shoulder1 and sort into three classes--first1 finest2 second1 fair2 third1 culls4 ,i sort from the ground or a table4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 wholesale and retail1 and have no trouble in selling my first-grade apples4 ,i sell and make cider of the second and third grades1 and also dry some of them4 ,feed the culls to hogs or other stock4 ,my best market is at home4 ,we dry some in a common dry-house which is very satisfactory2 after they are dry we put them into sacks to keep from millers2 we find a market for them1 but it does not pay well4 ,i am fairly successful in storing apples on shallow shelves in the cellar2 ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,apples have been about fifty cents per bushel1 and dried apples three to five cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,andrew ,,swanson1 ,dwight1 ,morris county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas seventeen years1 and have an apple orchard of #ahjj trees eight years old1 eight to ten feet tall4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family orchard would add ,jonathan and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i have tried and discarded ,rome ,beauty1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 and ,minkler4 ,i do not like them4 ,i have upland1 with a poor soil and a gumbo subsoil1 with a north and east aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 set thirty feet apart each way4 ,i cultivate my orchard with a stirring plow1 and intend to keep it up as long as ,i live2 plant corn or any cultivated crop in the young orchard1 and cease when there is no room2 plant nothing in the bearing orchard4 ,i think a hedge fence all around the orchard as a windbreak would be beneficial4 ,for rabbits1 ,i wrap the trees with wire screening1 and leave it on4 ,i prune my trees every winter1 or when ,i have time1 to thin the top and to give shape2 ,i think it pays1 and is very beneficial4 ,i do not thin my fruit--the wind does that for me4 ,i fertilize my orchard1 and think it beneficial1 and would advise it on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable and does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with leaf-rollers and other insects4 ,i give the culls to hogs4 ,i am successful in storing apples in bulk in an arched cellar2 ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,i never tried artificial cold storage4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,price has been seventy-five cents per bushel2 dried apples eight to ten cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,b4 ,,harris1 ,white ,city1 ,morris county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-five-years1 and have an orchard of #hjj trees1 planted from ten to fifteen years ago4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,maiden's ,blush1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,for a family orchard ,i would put out the same1 adding ,red ,june1 ,jonathan1 and ,smith's ,cider4 ,i have discarded the ,willow ,twig1 as it rots too easily4 ,i prefer hilltop1 north slope1 soil as deep as possible1 and a gumbo subsoil4 ,would plant two-year-old trees with perfect crown growth1 twenty feet north and south1 thirty feet east and west4 ,my last planting1 ten years ago1 was of root grafts1 and ,i like it first rate4 ,i grow corn in the orchard for about ten years1 then nothing4 ,i cultivate thoroughly1 plowing until the soil is doubled1 and then use the disc pulverizer4 ,i believe windbreaks to be very1 very1 very essential1 and would make of ,osage orange on the outside1 and any quick-growing forest-tree next to the orchard4 ,for protection against rabbits1 ,i tie with weeds and twine4 ,i prune with a jackknife1 a two-inch thin-bladed chisel1 and mallet4 ,it does pay1 and is beneficial until the trees are ten years old4 ,i tried thinning1 but it proved more injury than profit4 ,i use all the fertilizer from stables and stock-yards that ,i can get1 spread all over the ground1 and believe it would pay on any soil4 ,i would allow no live stock in the orchard but poultry1 and would not allow them to roost in the trees4 ,i have some trouble with tent-caterpillars1 roundheaded borers1 fall web-worm1 and curculio4 ,i spray with ,london purple1 first when the bloom falls1 then every ten days until three times1 with a spray pump1 using ,london purple4 ,i do not know whether ,i have reduced the codling-moth any or not4 ,i treat the borers with penknife and probe1 others with rough handling--eternal1 vigilant destruction4 ,i pick from step-ladders into pails2 place in sack to haul to the barn or shed4 ,we sort into two classes--first1 all sound and marketable1 second for cider4 ,i sort by hand from the pile1 three or four bushels at a time4 ,we pack in bushel-and-a-half sacks1 filled from the half-bushel measure1 mark with the name of variety1 and haul to market in spring wagon4 ,i retail and peddle them1 making the culls into cider and vinegar4 ,my best market is our nearest town2 tried distant market last fall and it paid4 ,we dry some1 pack into tight boxes as soon as dried and store in dark place1 and find a ready market at the stores at six cents per pound4 ,it does not pay very well1 but saves waste4 ,i only store for family use1 in headless barrels2 generally keep well4 ,ben ,davis keeps the best4 ,we lose from one-fourth to one-half4 ,i believe irrigation would be a good thing4 ,prices have been from thirty-five cents to seventy-five cents per bushel4 ,use only home help4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,d4 ,,weltner1 ,westmoreland1 ,pottawatomie county3 ,have been in ,kansas eighteen years4 ,planted #hjj apple trees ten years ago4 ,i do not own this orchard at present4 ,i planted ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer sandy or black loam1 with clay subsoil1 bottom land or gentle slope to the north4 ,i set good1 thrifty1 clean1 two-year-old trees4 ,i thoroughly plow my ground1 then run a lister for the row1 and throw out with spade or shovel where the trees are to go4 ,i cultivate with potatoes and corn1 using the plow1 harrow1 and five-tooth cultivator1 until ten or twelve years old1 then sow to clover4 ,i use no windbreaks4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap with building paper or wire screen4 ,i believe it pays to prune with the knife and saw a little each year1 to train the tree to grace1 beauty1 and profit4 ,i never tried thinning fruit4 ,would fertilize with a little stable litter spread over the ground4 ,never would pasture an orchard4 ,had some canker-worm and curculio1 but never tried spraying4 ,i pick from a step-ladder into a shoulder sack4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v4 ,e4 ,,hathaway1 ,council ,grove1 ,morris county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty years2 have an orchard of #ajjj trees two to twelve inches in diameter4 ,have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig and ,smith's ,cider on account of blight4 ,i prefer a gravel or clay bottom with northern slope4 ,i prefer healthy trees set forty by twenty feet4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn until too large1 plowing very shallow4 ,windbreaks are beneficial2 would make them of cedar4 ,i prune by cutting out the inner limbs that rub2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit on the trees4 ,i sometimes fertilize with stable litter2 would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 and my fruit by codling-moth4 ,i spray just after the blooms fall with ,london purple1 and think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i dig out insects not affected by spraying4 ,i pick my fruit from inside of tree from a ladder4 ,sort into three classes4 ,pack in apple barrels1 pressed down1 and marked with the quality2 then transport to market on a wagon4 ,i wholesale1 retail1 and peddle2 sometimes sell in the orchard4 ,feed the culls to hogs4 ,my best market is at home2 never tried distant markets4 ,do not dry any4 ,i store apples in boxes or barrels1 and am successful4 ,i find ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap and ,ben ,davis keep best4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing1 and lose about one-eighth or one-tenth4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,,marty1 ,longford1 ,clay county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have an apple orchard of #bjj trees from seven to fifteen years old1 eight to ten inches in diameter4 ,have tried and discarded ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin and ,willow ,twig4 ,i prefer sandy bottom1 loam soil1 with a north or northeast aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low1 stocky trees1 set in rows thirty-six feet each way4 ,have tried root grafts with very good success4 ,i cultivate my trees eight years2 first four to potatoes1 using a disc harrow2 plow shallow among young trees2 plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,osage orange and box-elder on both south and west sides of the orchard4 ,i trap and shoot the rabbits4 ,i prune very little2 only cut out the branches that interfere4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,do not spray4 ,sort into two classes3 good and bad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,l4 ,,steele1 ,minneapolis1 ,ottawa county3 ,have lived in ,kansas fourteen years4 ,have #bjj apple trees from six to twelve years old4 ,i prefer bottom land with sandy loam and similar subsoil1 north slope4 ,i plant two-year-old trees branched near the ground1 in deep furrows made by plow4 ,have tried root grafts with good success4 ,i cultivate with corn and potatoes1 using disc and harrow all the time2 plant nothing in bearing orchard2 cease cropping when about eight or ten years old4 ,windbreaks are essential1 on the south2 would make them of honey-locust1 two or three feet apart in the row4 ,i wrap the tree with corn-stalks to protect from rabbits4 ,have not been troubled with borers4 ,i only prune out the limbs that interfere with others4 ,never thin apples4 ,i fertilize with stable litter1 and think it beneficial2 would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm4 ,i spray with ,london purple when the worms first begin their work1 to kill leaf-eating insects2 do not think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i irrigate with a #d-a_/b-;inch-cylinder pump and well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,c4 ,,campbell1 ,campbell1 ,washington county3 ,have lived in ,kansas fifteen years2 have #bej trees from three to fourteen years old1 eight to twelve inches in diameter4 ,i prefer for family orchard ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i prefer hilltop with deep soil and red subsoil1 and an eastern slope4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees1 set #bdx#cj feet1 as deep as they were in the nursery4 ,i cultivate in buckwheat for eight years with the plow2 after that plant nothing4 ,windbreaks are essential on the southwest or north and south2 would make them of ,osage orange2 plant them forty feet distant and do not trim4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap with corn-stalks and leave them on summer and winter4 ,i prune with a saw2 then cover the wound with wax2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,have never thinned fruit4 ,never use fertilizer2 do not think it advisable4 ,do not pasture my orchard2 would not advise it4 ,my trees are affected with twig-borer and leaf-roller4 ,the codling-moth troubles my apples4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples early and leave them in piles in the orchard until cold weather4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,young1 ,brantford1 ,washington county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-one years4 ,have #bjj apple trees1 five to twenty-five years planted1 four to twelve inches in diameter4 ,i prefer for commercial orchard ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with black loam and clay subsoil4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees1 good1 smooth bark1 and three or four branches4 ,have tried root grafts and seedlings with good success4 ,i cultivate in corn1 using plow for thirteen years2 plow toward the trees one year1 then away the next4 ,windbreaks are essential1 and ,i would make them of cottonwood1 box-elder or catalpa planted in rows on the north side4 ,am not troubled with rabbits or borers4 ,i prune with a saw and knife1 to produce better fruit2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i fertilize with stable litter and wood ashes2 ,i would advise its use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs2 think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled some with insects2 codling-moth troubles my apples4 ,i pick my apples by hand into a basket1 then sort and put in the cellar4 ,i sort into two classes1 good and bad2 we sort as we pick them4 ,i sell my apples at home and in town1 sometimes in orchard2 retail1 wholesale1 or peddle4 ,make cider for vinegar of culls4 ,my best market is ,clifton2 never tried distant markets4 ,never dry any4 ,i store some for winter market in thin layers on shelves1 in cellar seven feet deep1 and find the ,winesap keeps best4 ,prevailing price has been eighty cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,e4 ,,penny1 ,hiawatha1 ,brown county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,have #ahjj apple trees--#fjj planted fifteen years1 #abjj planted ten years4 ,grow nothing but ,ben ,davis4 ,planted two-year-old trees1 twenty-four by thirty feet1 on a southern slope4 ,cultivate in corn for ten years and then sow to clover4 ,i prune only to keep the watersprouts from bothering the tree4 ,i believe fertilizing pays1 although ,i have not tried it4 ,i never allow any stock but poultry in the orchard4 ,i spray after the bloom has fallen1 and ten days later1 with ,paris green1 to destroy the codling-moth4 ,we sort out only one grade1 allowing the culls to rot4 ,we pack in three-bushel barrels1 and usually sell in the orchard at wholesale4 ,our best market is ,minneapolis1 ,minn41 but ,i have not made shipping pay4 ,i have tried artificial cold storage2 they did not keep satisfactorily1 ,i do not know why4 ,i had to repack1 and lost over twenty per cent4 ,prices have varied from #ge cents to #a4ej per barrel4 ,for help1 ,i use boys at fifty cents to seventy-five cents per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,d4 ,,hazen1 ,leona1 ,doniphan county3 ,have been in ,kansas forty years2 have an apple orchard of #ac1bjj trees2 #aj1jjj have been planted fourteen years1 and #cbjj for two years4 ,i would plant nothing but ,ben ,davis for commercial purposes4 ,for the family orchard ,i would add ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,prefer rather high land1 well underdrained1 with a northeast slope4 ,i plant good two-year-old trees1 in rows two rods apart east and west1 and the trees one rod apart in the row north and south4 ,i grow corn or potatoes for six years1 then seed down to clover4 ,i cultivate the trees while young with a small one-horse plow4 ,i think windbreaks essential on the south and west sides2 ,osage orange is good1 set the same as for a fence1 and allowed to grow tall4 ,i wrap my trees against rabbits1 and try all ways to destroy them4 ,i prune with the saw to get the trees up so ,i can get around them1 and believe it pays1 or ,i would not do it4 ,have been at it fifteen years1 and see no harm4 ,don't think it would pay to thin apples on the trees4 ,i believe it is better to mix varieties in the orchard2 ,i have #gjjj ,ben ,davis and #cjj ,winesaps in one orchard1 and where the ,winesaps are mixed with the ,davis the trees are always fuller4 ,i believe fertilizing would be good1 but my orchard is too large to practice it4 ,i pasture with horses in the spring1 and believe it does no harm1 and that it pays4 ,canker-worm is my worst insect pest1 and ,i have been spraying for many years1 using one pound of ,london purple to #afj gallons of water4 ,i spray when the blossoms fall1 using a big tank and a small engine to pump4 ,i cannot say that ,i have reduced the codling-moth any by spraying4 ,i cut borers out4 ,i sort into two classes1 ,no4 #a's and ,no4 #b's1 bests and second bests2 best ones go into firsts1 and those that are not rotten in ,no4 #b4 ,i have a table1 or what ,i call a culler2 the apples are picked and put into these cullers2 ,i have twelve men to each culler and a boss over them4 ,they stand and cull the apples4 ,i have the cullers numbered1 so if any one puts up bad apples ,i can catch him4 ,i use barrels for the ,no4 #a's2 fill and press so they will not shake4 ,i put them up in good shape1 and sell at wholesale to the first buyer that comes4 ,i ship my culls and second-grade apples to western ,kansas and to ,nebraska in cars in bulk4 ,i never send to commission men4 ,i have never tried drying1 or storing apples for winter4 ,for family use ,i put away some in barrels1 and keep the above varieties successfully4 ,prices1 last year1 two dollars per barrel2 a year ago1 one dollar per barrel2 two years ago1 #a4ej per barrel4 ,i use any help ,i can get1 paying seventy five cents per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,b4 ,,avery1 ,clifton1 ,washington county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have an apple orchard of #aejj trees1 from five to fourteen years planted1 three to fifteen inches in diameter4 ,for planting ,i prefer two-year-old whips4 ,i cultivate my orchard to potatoes or any hoed crop1 when it is first planted2 keep this up as long as the roots and branches will admit4 ,i have used a disc and common drag harrow for the last three years4 ,i plant my bearing orchard to clover4 ,i prune my trees with a pruning knife and saw when necessary4 ,i fertilize my orchard with thoroughly rotted stable litter4 ,i think it beneficial and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i have pastured eight acres of my orchard with calves2 have not seen any injury4 ,i sort my apples into three classes--first1 second1 and culls4 ,i sell my apples to neighbors1 restaurants1 stores1 etc4 ,the culls ,i dry1 make cider1 feed to pigs1 and give away4 ,clifton is my best market2 have never tried distant markets4 ,i store some in boxes1 barrels and sacks in a cellar4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,s4 ,,anderson1 ,oneida1 ,nemaha county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have an orchard of #ajjj trees fifteen years old1 ten to eighteen inches in diameter4 ,prefer for market ,ben ,davis and ,winesap2 for family use1 many kinds4 ,have discarded ,rawle's ,janet1 ,early ,pennock1 ,bellflower1 and ,russets4 ,i prefer limestone soil2 bottom land with northern slope4 ,i plant two-year-old1 straight-bodied1 thrifty looking1 live trees4 ,i cultivate in corn1 with riding plow1 for six years1 and then seed to grass4 ,i believe a windbreak is essential1 and would make it of ,osage orange1 maple1 or cottonwood4 ,i prevent rabbits and borers by painting with ashes and lime4 ,i prune with saw and knife to make larger apples1 and give them better color1 and think it pays4 ,i do not thin1 and would put fertilizer from the barn-yard on the land4 ,i pasture my orchard with cattle and hogs1 but do not think it advisable4 ,i am troubled some with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 root aphis1 borers1 codling-moth1 and curculio1 but do not spray4 ,i gather only the best by hand1 and put them immediately in a bin in the cellar4 ,i sell to stores1 use plenty at home1 make cider1 and feed the hogs on culls4 ,my best market is ,seneca1 ,kan4 ,have never tried drying apples4 ,i store for winter on shallow shelves1 six inches deep and two feet wide1 in a dry cellar1 and keep them successfully2 ,ben ,davis and ,winesap keep the best4 ,prices have ranged from twenty-five to seventy-five cents per bushel4 ,i use common laborers1 and pay from one to two dollars per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,howard ,,morton1 ,tescott1 ,ottawa county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty-two years2 ,i have twenty old apple trees and #djj set two years ago4 ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,gano and ,york ,imperial for market1 and ,maiden's ,blush1 ,early ,harvest and ,winesap for family use4 ,my orchard is in a bottom with a north slope4 ,i plant two-year-olds with a fair amount of large roots1 in furrows made with a lister1 and enlarged with a spade where necessary4 ,i cultivate with a disc harrow as long as possible1 and grow nothing on the ground among the trees4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential1 and would make them by planting ,osage orange1 ,russian mulberry and box-elders in rows six feet apart4 ,i do not prune much2 only thin out inside shoots to prevent contact4 ,i believe it pays to thin the fruit some when the apples are perhaps half grown4 ,i use no fertilizers4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,i spray a little before the buds swell1 after the blossoms fall1 and two weeks later1 with ,bordeaux mixture1 to prevent wormy apples4 ,i dig out borers with a jack-knife and a small wire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,n4 ,,macy1 ,longford1 ,clay county3 ,have lived in ,kansas fifteen years2 have #aej apple trees nine years old1 from fifteen to eighteen feet high4 ,for family orchard prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,jonathan4 ,i prefer bottom land4 ,i plant two-year-old trees4 ,i cultivate in corn for the shade as long as there is room1 using the plow1 cultivator1 and harrow1 and cease cropping when trees shade the ground4 ,windbreaks are beneficial on the south4 ,i prune to balance the top and prevent the limbs from chafing2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i never thin apples4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter1 keeping my ground as rich as a garden1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i never pasture my orchard2 it is sure death to it2 allow nothing larger than chickens in it4 ,i spray only for canker-worms1 using ,paris green and lime1 when in bloom2 am successful4 ,i do not irrigate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,c4 ,,griesa1 ,lawrence1 ,douglas county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,gano1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin1 and1 for a family orchard1 the leading medium early and late sorts4 ,i prefer upland or second bottom with a clay subsoil2 all slopes1 if well drained1 are good1 excepting south4 ,i prefer good two-year-old trees1 set in land laid off with a plow4 ,i plant my orchard to corn for four years and use an eight-tooth cultivator2 cease cropping when the trees are four or six inches in diameter2 plant clover in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential in this locality4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees1 and dig the borers out4 ,i prune when the trees are young to thin the top2 ,i think it beneficial and that it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees1 but would advise doing so when the fruit is one-third grown4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter1 and would advise its use1 especially on uplands4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 root aphis1 flathead and roundhead borers1 and woolly aphis2 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray1 but would advise it4 ,i am sure it would reduce the codling-moth4 ,i hand-pick my apples in a sack over the shoulder4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,g4 ,,axelton1 ,randolph1 ,riley county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas forty years2 have an apple orchard of #cjj trees eighteen years old1 sixteen feet high4 ,for a family orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer black bottom land with a clay subsoil1 and a northern slope4 ,for planting ,i prefer two-year-old1 straight1 smooth trees4 ,i cultivate my orchard till the trees begin to bear1 with a cultivator and hogs1 planting nothing4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with paper4 ,i do not prune my trees1 nor thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i do not fertilize4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs at certain times in the spring when worthless apples are dropping4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm and tent-caterpillar4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand and carry them to the cellar4 ,i do not store any apples for winter market4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,h4 ,,taylor1 ,eskridge1 ,wabaunsee county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-eight years4 ,have #adjj apple trees1 five to fifteen years old1 six to twelve inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i grow ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,jonathan2 for family orchard ,i would advise ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,jonathan2 and ,i would discard nearly all others4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with black loam and open subsoil1 north slope4 ,would plant one- or two-year-old1 low-top trees1 twenty-five feet apart each way4 ,i have grown root grafts with success4 ,i shall cultivate as long as the trees live1 growing corn among them until the growth of the trees prevents it4 ,i believe all the windbreak necessary is an ordinary fence4 ,i use traps for the rabbits and a knife for the borers4 ,i thin the fruit on the trees in the early summer1 after they are well set4 ,i believe barn-yard fertilizer beneficial to any orchard4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 and think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,i have some insects1 but do not spray2 ,i burn some4 ,i pick by hand in half-bushel baskets2 sort into two classes1 market and cider2 pack into barrels1 and usually sell in the orchard at wholesale4 ,never shipped to a distant market4 ,do not dry any4 ,have stored some for winter in the cellar in bulk1 and find that the ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet keep the best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,price averages about twenty-five cents per bushel4 ,i use ordinary farm hands at fifteen to twenty dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,frank ,,seifert1 ,strawberry1 ,washington county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have an apple orchard of #aej trees1 from three to twenty years planted4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap1 and for family orchard would add ,maiden's ,blush4 ,have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig on account of blight4 ,i prefer limestone upland with an eastern aspect4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees for planting4 ,i cultivate my orchard for eight or ten years with a plow and harrow4 ,i seed bearing orchard to red clover4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of one row of box-elder and two rows of plums4 ,i fertilize my orchard with straw and hay1 and think it advisable1 on all soils4 ,i never pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples the old way4 8 ,sell my apples in the orchard4 ,i sometimes store for winter in bulk in an arched cellar1 and am successful4 ,i find the ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap keep equally well4 ,prices have been from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,t4 ,,travis1 ,aurora1 ,cloud county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years2 have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees from five to twenty years old4 ,i prefer low land1 black loam soil with clay subsoil1 and a northern slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 straight1 with no forks1 the limbs low down1 planted in furrows made by a plow4 ,i cultivate my orchard as long as ,i can get through it1 with potatoes and sweet corn1 using a harrow often enough to keep weeds down and ground smooth4 ,cease cropping when the trees get too large for sweet corn to do any good4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,russian mulberry1 planted in two or three rows1 eight to ten feet apart1 on all sides of the orchard4 ,i prune little1 only enough to thin out the tops and keep limbs from rubbing each other1 and to give light4 ,i fertilize my old orchard with any kind of coarse stable litter2 ,i pile it in heaps between the trees and let it lay until it rots4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs when it grows to wild rye and is too large for me to plow2 ,i think it advisable only when the trees get foul2 it pays if not pastured with too many and they are not kept on too long4 ,my trees are troubled with leaf-roller1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i have sprayed1 but only to a limited extent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sam ,,kimble1 ,manhattan1 ,riley county3 ,have been in ,kansas thirty-eight years4 ,have an orchard of #bejj trees not yet in bearing4 ,they have been planted three1 four and five years4 ,i have set out for market ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap1 and for family use about thirty kinds1 in variety4 ,i am located on upland1 with clay subsoil1 mainly northwest slope4 ,i planted three-year-old trees1 stocky and low headed1 in holes twenty-five by thirty feet apart1 getting on my knees to work the soil in about the roots4 ,i crop to corn1 cultivating well1 and shall keep this up as long as three rows can be fairly grown between two rows of trees4 ,i believe in plowing if you do not get too close to the trees4 ,when my orchard comes into bearing ,i shall keep up the cultivation but grow no crop4 ,i believe windbreaks are very desirable1 and should make them of cottonwood1 elms1 or any quick-growing forest-trees4 ,to keep off rabbits ,i tie on corn-stalks with binder twine4 ,i prune carefully to shorten the heads and keep down watersprouts1 and believe it beneficial4 ,i believe thinning will pay when the fruit sets too thickly4 ,i believe in lots of fertilization1 and use all the stable litter ,i can get2 ,i don't think you can use too much4 ,i believe that young calves might be pastured to advantage in an old orchard4 ,have not sprayed any1 and depend on rains for water4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,b4 ,,starns1 ,fairmount1 ,leavenworth county3 ,have lived in the state forty-one years2 have #ahjj apple trees1 extra large1 seventeen years old4 ,planted for market ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for early use ,early ,harvest1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and the ,gennettan4 ,have discarded the ,red ,june as too small and falling too badly4 ,my ground is black loam upland1 sloping north and east4 ,i planted two-year-old trees in furrows made by the plow1 twenty by thirty-two feet4 ,would cultivate in corn for five years1 using the breaking-plow and cultivator2 then sow to clover4 ,windbreaks are not necessary here4 ,i trap the rabbits4 ,for borers ,i bank around the trees in ,may1 and take it away in ,september2 this exposes the tree1 and the borers are taken out easily with a knife4 ,i prune some1 and think it pays to take off watersprouts and shape the tree a little4 ,do not thin1 and do not fertilize4 ,i pasture in the spring and fall1 after the apples are gathered1 with pigs2 it is an experiment4 ,i have some tent-caterpillar1 twig-borer1 and codling-moth4 ,have never sprayed any4 ,i pick in sacks and baskets1 emptying into bushel boxes1 which are hauled on wagons made for that purpose1 to the place for packing4 ,i make three grades3 shippers1 seconds1 and cider or driers4 ,the boxes are taken from the wagon and culled1 and shippers packed in barrels2 the rest are put in piles1 which are afterward culled1 and the seconds put by themselves4 ,we mark barrels with name of variety1 and haul to market on wagons made for the purpose4 ,we often sell at wholesale in the orchard2 we sell the seconds in bulk4 ,my best market is ,leavenworth2 have never shipped any away4 ,have never dried any1 and do not store any for winter4 ,prices have ranged from #ej cents to #a4ge per barrel4 ,i use men only1 and pay #a4ej per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,n4 ,,barns1 ,leavenworth1 ,leavenworth county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty-seven years2 have #bjjj apple trees twenty years old4 ,the best for commercial purposes is ,new ,york ,pippin ,ben ,davis4 ,for family orchard ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,minkler1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 and ,lowell4 ,i have tried and discarded ,nonesuch4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with black loam soil and clay subsoil1 with south slope1 in my locality4 ,i plant good1 stout1 thrifty trees1 two to three years old1 sixteen and one-half by thirty-three feet apart4 ,i cultivate until the trees are large enough to shade the ground4 ,in the young orchard1 for the first seven or eight years1 ,i usually grow corn1 wheat1 or oats2 in a bearing orchard ,i grow orchard-grass and timothy and clover1 separate or together4 ,i have not yet ceased cropping4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential1 made of hills1 trees1 or hedge fence4 ,for this purpose ,i would advise to first find the hills2 then plant the orchard and trees or hedge4 ,i dig out the borers1 and trap or shoot the rabbits4 ,i believe it pays to prune some to get rid of surplus wood4 ,i believe it pays to thin apples and ,i do it in ,july4 ,i fertilize by pasturing with cows1 and believe it pays4 ,am troubled with some insects1 but have never sprayed4 ,we pick from a ladder1 each man carrying two baskets2 we sort into two classes on a table4 ,in the first class we put apples not damaged too much and large enough1 and in the other we place the small ones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,f4 ,,ruhlin1 ,wetmore1 ,nemaha county3 ,has been in ,kansas seventeen years4 ,owns an apple orchard of #aaej trees1 set out from one to three years4 ,set ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and for family orchard would add the ,maiden's ,blush1 ,rambo1 ,rome ,beauty1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,has discarded ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 and ,red ,astrachan4 ,wants upland always1 north or northeast slope if possible1 and a loose1 friable soil1 with gravelly subsoil4 ,on planting1 he says he uses two-year-old1 short1 stocky trees with bushy tops and lots of roots1 which he prunes back at setting4 ,sets trees deeper than they grew at the nursery1 #bjx#cj feet4 ,puts a barrel half full of soil and water on a sled1 and puts ten to twenty trees into it at a time2 takes out a tree and sets it with as little exposure of roots to the air as possible4 ,cultivates well1 keeping the ground clean in the tree row all summer4 ,this winter1 #ahig-'ih1 he saw fine ten-year-old trees completely girdled by mice1 in an orchard that was neglected last summer1 and weeds and grass allowed to grow next the trees2 these held the snow around the trees1 and allowed the mice to burrow under to the tree4 ,grows corn as a protection to the trees in summer1 using a five-tooth one-horse cultivator1 shallow and often1 near the trees1 until they begin to bear1 when he sows to clover1 and mows frequently4 ,thinks windbreaks are essential1 and if used would make them of ,osage orange or mulberry1 not very close to trees on north and west sides4 ,protects from rabbits by wrapping with corn-stalks and will try leaving them on this summer as a protection from sun-scald4 ,prunes interlocking limbs to get into shape2 believes it beneficial4 ,believes thinning would pay on choice varieties if tree was very full4 ,believes in using all the barn-yard litter possible1 especially on poor soil4 ,never has pastured orchard1 but might put in horses or sheep4 ,thinks it would hardly pay4 ,never has sprayed1 but believes in it4 ,digs out borers4 ,prefers to wholesale fruit in orchard4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,joseph ,c4 ,,rea1 ,brenner1 ,doniphan county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have #djjj trees six to twelve years old4 ,i prefer for commercial orchard ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin2 add1 for family orchard1 ,minkler4 ,discarded ,lawver because it did not bear4 ,i prefer side-hill1 clay loam1 with a north slope4 ,prefer trees without forks1 and plant a little deeper than in the nursery4 ,i cultivate with the plow and cultivator until they begin to bear4 ,i plant a young orchard to corn1 a bearing orchard to clover1 and cease cropping when they begin to bear4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,i wrap my trees with corn-stalks to protect from rabbits4 ,i prune to improve the fruit1 and think it beneficial4 ,never dry apples4 ,think that if ,jonathans are planted near other trees they are better1 bigger1 and fuller4 ,winesap and ,chenango ,strawberry are varieties adjoining mine4 ,do not fertilize2 would not advise its use4 ,do not pasture orchard2 not advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with buffalo tree-hopper4 ,i dig borers out4 ,i pick by hand and sort from a table4 ,i sort into three classes--first1 the fairest and reddest2 second1 smaller and paler2 third1 rough and poor4 ,i prefer three-bushel barrels to pack in2 fill as full as possible1 and mark with my name4 ,i sell in orchard1 also wholesale4 ,leave culls on ground4 ,my best market is home2 the buyers come and get them4 ,i store in barrels1 and find that ,minkler and ,mammoth ,black ,twig keep best4 ,i got #ajjj for #hje barrels last year4 ,i employ young men and boys1 and pay #a4be to #a4ej per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eli ,,hoffman1 ,donegal1 ,dickinson county3 ,have been in ,kansas nineteen years4 ,have #ejj apple trees1 nine years planted1 made up of #aej ,ben ,davis1 #aej ,missouri ,pippin1 #ge ,winesap1 and #abe of summer and fall varieties4 ,i prefer bottom land2 don't want hilltop1 unless level2 don't want any slope2 would subsoil the year before planting1 then plant twenty-four feet apart each way the following year4 ,grow corn or potatoes the first four years1 and after that1 nothing4 ,cultivate up to nine years old2 the disc and corn cultivator are good the first years2 ,i keep it as clean as a ,california orange grove2 cease cropping after four years4 ,i think windbreaks are necessary1 and would make them of a double row of mulberries eight feet apart4 ,for rabbits ,i put wire screen around the trees4 ,i use the pruning-knife and saw to give air4 ,i would not pasture an orchard4 ,have not sprayed1 but intend to1 with ,london purple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,m4 ,,glaspey1 ,nortonville1 ,jefferson county3 ,have lived in ,kansas fourteen years4 ,have #gjj apple trees from twenty to twenty-five years old4 ,prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap for market2 and ,winesap1 ,golden ,sweet and ,early ,harvest for family use4 ,i prefer bottom land with a north aspect1 soil suitable for wheat is good for apples2 would turn in cattle after the crop is gathered1 and think it pays4 ,when the bloom falls ,i spray with ,london purple4 ,i pick in half-bushel baskets and place in large piles in the orchard4 ,i sort into three grades2 ,no4 #a is best1 which ,i generally sell to shippers2 ,no4 #b next1 which ,i sell in the city to families or to dealers2 the culls ,i peddle out1 and also make into cider4 ,my best market is ,atchison4 ,i shipped once to a commission house in ,topeka1 but it did not pay4 ,i never dry any2 sometimes ,i store for winter in bulk in the cellar1 and find that ,missouri ,pippin and ,willow ,twig keep the best4 ,i employ men and boys at seventy-five cents to one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,h4 ,,tucker1 ,effingham1 ,atchison county3 ,has lived in ,kansas thirty-eight years2 has an orchard of #ejj trees1 #bjj of them planted twenty years and #cjj planted six years4 ,advises for commercial orchard ,ben ,davis1 ,gano1 and ,missouri ,pippin1 and adds to them for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,genneting1 and ,jonathan4 ,has discarded ,smith's ,cider4 ,prefers rich1 sandy upland with red clay subsoil1 with a northeast slope4 ,he planted vigorous four-year-old trees1 first plowing1 then twice harrowing2 then furrow out deeply each way thirty feet apart1 and set a tree at each crossing4 ,he cultivates with ordinary tools from six to eight years1 until trees begin to bear1 growing corn1 potatoes or beans in the orchard2 then seeds to clover4 ,believes windbreaks essential and makes his of soft maple1 ash1 and walnut4 ,for rabbits he uses ,frazer's axle grease1 and kills borers with knife4 ,prunes little until after the trees are fifteen years old2 prunes only to give shape and keep from being too brushy4 ,uses stable manure and lime as fertilizers and believes it would pay on all soils he ever saw4 ,pastures his old orchard with hogs at certain times of the year1 and says it pays4 ,is troubled some with insects1 and sprays twice each year with ,london purple4 ,has not been fully successful4 ,picks in baskets and sacks4 ,makes two grades--selects and sound fair size4 ,packs only in barrels2 often sells in orchard4 ,for last few years has used a few culls for vinegar1 and let the rest rot on the ground4 ,best market is at home4 ,has tried distant markets and made it pay4 ,never dries any1 and for the last six years has stored none for winter4 ,prices have ranged from twenty to forty cents per bushel4 ,uses farm help at seventy-five cents to one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,f4 ,,hanson1 ,olsburg1 ,pottawatomie county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty years2 have an orchard of #aejj trees1 ten and twelve years old4 ,use for commercial purposes ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,for family use ,i add ,maiden's ,blush and ,early ,harvest4 ,my land is a black loam1 in the bottom1 with an east slope4 ,i plow deep1 then list a furrow each way1 and plant at the crossing4 ,i usually grow millet in the orchard for seven or eight years1 and then--if anything--clover or orchard-grass4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential1 and would place on the north and west sides ,osage orange or mulberry trees4 ,for rabbits1 ,i wrap my trees4 ,for the borers1 ,i use whitewash4 ,i do not pasture4 ,i have some insects1 but have not sprayed4 ,i pick by hand1 and sort into two classes1 according to size and quality4 ,i retail my best in the orchard and elsewhere2 of the culls ,i make cider4 ,i store for winter in barrels in the cellar2 am successful in keeping ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin1 losing only about one-tenth4 ,prices have run from twenty cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,for picking1 ,i use boys from town4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,j4 ,,henry1 ,lowemont1 ,leavenworth county3 ,been in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have #bejj apple trees2 #afjj bearing and #ijj younger4 ,for market varieties ,i use ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan2 for family orchard1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,early ,harvest4 ,i prefer bottom land for ,ben ,davis and hilltop for ,jonathan2 northeast slope is best4 ,the soil preferred for most apples should be clay1 while for ,ben ,davis ,i prefer black loam4 ,i plant good healthy two-year-olds1 twenty-four by twenty-four feet on the hill1 and thirty by thirty feet in the bottom4 ,i have grown root grafts with great success4 ,i cultivate in corn for six years1 with a diamond and shovel plow1 with a single horse1 and by all means avoid a turning plow4 ,after this ,i grow weeds or clover1 but use a mowing-machine4 ,windbreaks are essential here1 and should be made of a heavy hedge or forest on the northwest4 ,i wrap with brown paper for mice and rabbits4 ,use a knife on borers1 which are the only insects that bother me4 ,i prune to shape the tree when young1 and to increase the quality of the fruit when older2 it is beneficial1 and pays4 ,winds in ,kansas are more than sufficient for thinning purposes1 and often thin to excess4 ,i have tried apple trees in blocks of a kind1 and also mixed1 and can see no difference in fertility4 ,i use stable litter1 rotten straw1 etc42 it is next to cultivation4 ,i would always use such on thin soil1 and on rich soil if it is not cultivated4 ,i turn any and all kinds of stock in after gathering the fruit1 and think it pays1 but ,i would not allow any live stock in a young orchard4 ,i am troubled some with canker-worm1 flathead borer1 and codling-moth4 ,i spray from the shedding of the bloom until of the size of peas1 using ,london purple1 to perfect the fruit4 ,i believe ,i have reduced the codling-moth some4 ,for picking ,i use good careful hands1 with baskets and ladders4 ,we sort on a cull table in the orchard into ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b4 ,i prefer eleven-peck barrels1 filled full enough to head without bruising1 stencil the end and haul to market in a lumber wagon4 ,i often sell in the orchard my best apples in barrels2 the second grade ,i often sell in the orchard1 too2 third grade ,i peddle2 culls ,i make into cider4 ,my best local market is ,lowemont2 best distant market is ,denver1 ,colo4 ,i never dry any4 ,i store in an out cellar covered with dirt1 in barrels1 and find ,winesap keeps the best4 ,i lose about one-tenth4 ,prices for the last four years have run from #ge cents to #a4ej per barrel4 ,i use the most careful men1 and pay seventy-five cents and board1 or #a4be without board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chas4 ,,warden1 ,leonardville1 ,riley county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have an apple orchard of #cjj trees1 from five to sixteen years planted4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and some other varieties4 ,i prefer hilltop with black loam and clay subsoil1 with an eastern slope4 ,i plant two- and three-year-old trees in deep furrows thrown out with a plow4 ,i plant my orchard to potatoes and beans for eight years1 using a cultivator1 and cease cropping when the trees shade the ground2 plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of soft maple1 ,russian mulberry1 or ash1 two rows around the orchard1 three rods from the apple trees4 ,to protect from rabbits1 ,i wrap the trees with stalks and straw4 ,i prune my trees with a saw1 so that ,i can get in to pick the fruit4 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i never thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard2 think it has been beneficial1 and would advise it on all soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar4 ,i spray after the apples have formed1 with ,london purple1 to kill the insects4 ,after picking my apples1 ,i leave them in piles in the orchard until cold weather1 when ,i carry them in4 ,sort into two classes--cider1 and selling2 peddle my best apples1 and make cider of the second and third grades4 ,clay ,center is my best market4 ,never dry any4 ,i store some for winter on shelves eight inches deep1 and am successful4 ,i find ,winesap keeps best4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about fifteen per cent4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,price has been seventy-five cents per bushel4 ,i employ men at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,phillip ,,lux1 ,topeka1 ,shawnee county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years4 ,have an apple orchard of #abjj trees from six to nine years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,york ,imperial1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and for family would add to the above ,benoni1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,early ,ripe1 and ,yellow ,transparent4 ,have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig1 ,smith's ,cider1 ,kansas ,keeper1 ,wagener1 ,talman ,sweet and ,white ,winter ,pearmain on account of blight and other good reasons4 ,i prefer clay upland and subsoil1 with northeast aspect4 ,i use only number one two-year-old trees1 planted in furrows opened up with a plow1 and deep enough to receive them without the use of a spade4 ,i plant sixteen by thirty-two feet4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn for four or five years1 using a hoe1 plow1 and five-shovel cultivator with one horse2 cease cropping after four or five years2 grow clover and weeds in a bearing orchard1 mowing twice a year and let lay on the ground4 ,windbreaks are not absolutely necessary4 ,for rabbits ,i find wood veneers to be best and cheapest2 they come in blocks2 turn one end to the sun or fire to dry2 then put on coal-tar and stick this end in the ground4 ,i prune a little during the first five years after planting1 keeping the heaviest part of top to the southwest4 ,it will always pay if judiciously done4 ,i never thin my apples while on the trees4 ,do not pasture the orchard with anything but chickens2 it pays in eggs4 ,my trees are troubled with roundhead borer1 fall web-worm1 leaf-roller1 and canker-worm1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,have not sprayed1 but soon intend to1 with ,london purple4 ,i dig borers out with a knife4 ,i pick apples in half-bushel baskets2 sort into two classes1 putting all fine1 sound and good size in first grade4 ,i pack in three-bushel barrels and send to market as soon as ready by railroad4 ,i sometimes sell my apples in the orchard4 ,i also wholesale and retail1 and sell the second and third grades where ,i can get the most for them2 feed the culls to stock or let rot4 ,have tried distant markets and found it paid4 ,do not dry any4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fayette ,a4 ,,smith1 ,belleville1 ,republic county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty-one years2 have an orchard of #bjj apple trees from six to eight years old4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i have tried and discarded ,cooper's ,early ,white2 it is too tender4 ,i prefer two feet of good soil on a hill2 don't care what is below if drainage is good2 think a northern slope best4 ,i prefer fresh1 vigorous1 two-year-old trees with well-formed top1 set in land plowed for two preceding years in deep furrows both ways2 open holes with hoe1 then tramp dirt well around roots4 ,i cultivate my orchard with corn or potatoes for ten or fifteen years1 using a small one-horse stirring plow1 wrapping the ends of the singletree4 ,cease cropping when the trees get too large4 ,windbreaks are not essential1 but think they might be beneficial to some kinds1 on the south side1 to protect from hot winds4 ,would make them of ,russian mulberry or willows4 ,any smell of blood or fresh meat will keep the rabbits off2 ,i do not like wrappers1 as they harbor vermin4 ,i prune my trees some1 cutting out small limbs to let in light2 think it beneficial4 ,i thin the fruit on my trees by knocking them off with a pole1 if ,i can't do better1 at any time2 it pays when overloaded4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 do not put it close to trees2 think it beneficial if not too coarse2 would advise its use on soils where it will not force too rank a growth4 ,i pasture my orchard with growing calves1 but do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar1 flathead borer1 and leaf-roller2 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i do not spray2 but think it would be beneficial4 ,i pick my apples from a common orchard platform ladder4 ,do not raise any apples for market4 ,do not dry or store any1 or irrigate4 ,prices have been twenty-five to sixty cents in the fall1 fifty cents to one dollar in the winter4 ,average about sixty cents per bushel for good apples4 ,dried apples have been five to seven cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,f4 ,,cecil1 ,north ,topeka1 ,shawnee county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty years4 ,have an apple orchard of #bjj trees1 six to eight years planted1 three to four inches in diameter4 ,i prefer for market ,winesap1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,york ,imperial1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family orchard ,red ,june1 ,benoni1 ,summer ,rambo1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,my orchard is situated on a hill4 ,i prefer mulatto soil1 with red subsoil4 ,i prefer young1 thrifty trees1 planted in furrows made with a plow and subsoiler4 ,i plant my orchard four to six years with any cultivated crop2 if it is corn or potatoes ,i use an ordinary corn cultivator2 at other times ,i use an ,acme harrow4 ,i cease cropping when the trees begin to bear1 and then plant to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of ,osage orange1 evergreens1 or any body of timber1 placed so remote that the orchard is not deprived of its nourishment4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees1 and use potash for borers4 ,i trim my trees while young with a knife1 to encourage low heads2 it pays if done moderately4 ,it pays to thin ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 would advise its use on all soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 bagworm1 flathead borer1 buffalo tree-hopper1 fall web-worm1 leaf-miner1 and leaf-crumpler2 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i have spayed with ,paris green for the above-mentioned insects2 am satisfied that ,i have checked them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,m4 ,,williams1 ,home1 ,nemaha county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas nearly eighteen years4 ,i have #djj apple trees1 fifteen years planted1 and of good size4 ,i prefer bottom land1 black soil1 with clay and limestone subsoil1 sloping a little to the south4 ,i prefer to plant good three-year-old trees1 twenty-four by thirty feet apart2 ,i cultivate all the time with cultivator and harrow4 ,i grow corn in the orchard from eight to ten years1 and oats after that4 ,i think windbreaks are essential1 and would make them of native timber1 planted south of the orchard4 ,i prune with a knife and saw1 and believe it makes the fruit larger and better2 ,i never thin on the tree4 ,i like to put plenty of stable litter and old straw at the roots of the tree in winter4 ,i pasture with hogs after the oats come up2 they eat all the windfall apples and thus destroy insects4 ,am troubled some with caterpillars1 borers1 and codling-moth4 ,have never sprayed any4 ,i pick by hand in sacks1 from step-ladders1 and put in piles4 ,we sort by hand into three classes--,no4 #a's and ,no4 #b's for market1 and ,no4 #c for the hogs4 ,i sell my best by the wagon-load in the orchard2 my seconds ,i sell the same way1 but cheaper4 ,i never dry any4 ,i store in the cellar1 in barrels1 for winter sales to winter dealers4 ,i find the best keepers are ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,prices in the fall1 forty cents2 in the winter1 seventy-five cents4 ,i hire men for help and pay one dollar per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,c4 ,,cooper1 ,morganville1 ,clay county3 ,i have been in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have #cjj apple trees1 planted fifteen and nineteen years4 ,the best for commercial purposes are ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,rome ,beauty2 for family use1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,early ,harvest1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin and ,winesap4 ,i have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig2 it rots on the tree1 and1 by the time it gets to bearing1 dies4 ,the ,snow rots on the south side and dies4 ,the ,keswick ,codlin is a good bearer but too short-lived4 ,i prefer side-hill1 sloping to the north1 soil a black loam1 without hard-pan or joint clay4 ,i prefer trees two years old1 limbs two feet from the ground and not too heavy top1 set thirty-five feet apart1 at the junction of furrows run out both ways with a lister4 ,i grow nothing in an orchard4 ,do not cultivate4 ,i simply keep down the weeds1 and let the tree take care of itself4 ,i don't think the roots should be troubled in ,kansas4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential2 and would put them of box-elder on the north and west of the orchard4 ,for protection against rabbits1 when you first set your tree take a good handful of slough-grass long enough to reach to the first limb1 tie at the top1 in the middle1 and bottom1 and leave it on till it rots off2 neither rabbits1 borers nor sun-scald will trouble a tree thus covered4 ,cut out watersprouts2 but never cut off a limb without good reason4 ,put stable litter around your trees in a circle for the first three years4 ,never pasture the orchard4 ,am troubled with some insects1 and have never sprayed but four trees as an experiment2 the apples did not rot or fall off4 ,we pick by hand from a ladder1 and sort and place in piles in the cellar1 each kind by itself4 ,i market my best apples at home1 selling some in the orchard2 the culls ,i make into vinegar4 ,i store some for winter in bulk in a cellar cave1 and find that the ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep the best4 ,i pay fifty cents per day for help4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,b4 ,,wilcox1 ,muscotah1 ,atchison county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-five years2 have #djjj trees seventeen years planted4 ,prefer ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,ben ,davis for market1 and would add ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and ,jonathan for family orchard4 ,have tried and discarded many varieties4 ,i prefer a black loam1 with clay subsoil1 on a northern slope4 ,i cultivate for six or eight years in corn1 and then seed to clover4 ,do not think windbreaks are a necessity4 ,i pasture my orchard with horses and cattle2 don't think it advisable1 and don't think it pays4 ,i am troubled with canker-worm and round-headed borers4 ,i spray with ,paris green for canker-worm1 and dig borers out with the knife4 ,i sell my best fruit at wholesale1 often in the orchard4 ,with the poorest culls ,i do nothing4 ,i find my best market right at home4 ,prices have ranged from seventy-five cents to two dollars per barrel4 ,i pay three cents per bushel for gathering4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,wise1 ,reserve1 ,brown county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-nine years4 ,have an orchard of #bb1jjj apple trees2 #aej are eighteen years old1 the rest are twenty-four years old4 ,i have the ,ben ,davis1 ,gano1 ,jonathan1 ,york ,imperial1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin1 and for my own use add to the above ,grimes's ,golden1 and some summer varieties4 ,i have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig as short-lived1 and ,northern ,spy for shy bearing4 ,in this county ,i would choose upland1 northern slope1 with black loam soil4 ,would plant two-year-old1 sound trees1 without fork1 thirty-three feet apart each way1 and three inches deeper than they grew in the nursery4 ,i cultivate thoroughly1 planting to corn from six to eight years4 ,i use a disc harrow and one-horse1 five-tooth cultivator2 ,i then sow to red clover1 and cease cropping when the limbs reach out far enough to prevent me passing through with the hay-rack4 ,while ,i would not object to a windbreak on the south side1 ,i do not think it necessary4 ,i wrap my trees with grass and am not bothered with rabbits4 ,i believe in pruning trees while young2 ,i cut off limbs that do not stand at an angle of forty-five degrees1 and thin out to prevent being top-heavy4 ,i have never thinned apples on the trees1 but believe it would pay4 ,i fertilize the ground all over with stable litter4 ,i believe it does no harm and pays to pasture the orchard with hogs4 ,i have never sprayed any4 ,i pick apples by hand from a step-ladder into half-bushel measures1 and sort into three grades--first1 sound1 and not wormy2 second1 may be wormy1 but otherwise sound2 third1 cider4 ,i pack in barrels1 and sell at wholesale1 usually in the orchard4 ,i sell the second-grade apples in bulk2 make culls into cider and feed to horses and cattle4 ,never have tried a distant market4 ,never dried any4 ,sometimes store a few for winter in bulk in a cave2 not satisfactory4 ,find that the ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,some years apples keep better than they do others4 ,have never tried irrigation4 ,prices have varied from sixty cents to #a4be per barrel4 ,i use all kinds of help1 paying from seventy-five cents to one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,m4 ,,rice1 ,muscotah1 ,atchison county3 ,have resided in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,have an apple orchard of #hjjj trees--#ejjj one year planted1 #ejj five years planted1 #ajjj seven years planted1 #ejj nine years planted1 #ajjj ten years planted4 ,planted for commercial purpose ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and for family use advise ,winesap1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,red ,june1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,romanite4 ,declare ,golden ,russet and ,sops of ,wine no good4 ,use upland2 prefer north or northeast slope2 any good corn land will do4 ,plant good1 thrifty two-year-old trees1 eighteen feet apart north and south1 and thirty-four feet apart east and west4 ,am trying #ejjj root grafts4 ,cultivate with five-tooth cultivator with twenty-inch singletree1 and a mule2 up to bearing age1 with corn and potatoes as a ground crop2 after that seed to clover4 ,do not think windbreaks essential for large orchards2 would advise three rows of soft maples around small orchards4 ,use against rabbits a wash of equal parts carbolic acid and water4 ,it pays to remove watersprouts4 ,use all the barn-yard litter available4 ,pasture with horses and colts in winter only2 it pays4 ,spray from the time the leaves appear until the apples are as big as hickory-nuts1 to kill canker-worm1 codling-moth1 and leaf-crumpler4 ,for borers1 wash trees about ,june #a with equal parts carbolic acid and water1 and if any get in after that dig them out with a knife4 ,sort into firsts1 seconds1 and culls4 ,use barrels well shaken and pressed1 marked with variety and name of grower4 ,usually wholesale as soon as picked4 ,make culls into vinegar when ,i cannot sell them in bulk4 ,never dried any1 and put none away for winter except a few in boxes for family use4 ,find that ,missouri ,pippin1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,romanite keep the best4 ,prices run from #a4ej to #c per barrel4 ,use men1 women1 and boys1 and pay #a-a_/b to #b cents per bushel for hand picking4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,c4 ,,riggs1 ,wetmore1 ,nemaha county3 ,has lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 has an orchard of #djj trees1 set from two to twenty years4 ,advises for market ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and for family use adds ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,red ,june1 and ,jonathan4 ,has discarded ,willow ,twig and ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 because both rot on the trees4 ,prefers porous clay or loam in dry bottom1 with north aspect4 ,plants two-year-old1 low-top1 fibrous-rooted trees with a spade1 after marking out both ways with a plow4 ,grows corn and potatoes in orchard1 and cultivates up to eight or ten years with double-shovel plow4 ,would put windbreaks of cottonwood or soft maple on southern exposure4 ,protects from rabbits by wrapping4 ,prunes with saw and chisel1 and says it pays4 ,uses well-rotted stable litter while orchard is young4 ,thinks cautious pasturing with hogs or young calves would pay4 ,is troubled with some insects1 but does not spray4 ,picks and sorts into three classes3 ,winter storage1 immediate use1 and cider apples4 ,sells mostly in orchard4 ,dries only for family use4 ,stores in bulk1 and finds that ,ben ,davis keeps best4 ,says that his trees that got the waste water from the well were much benefited4 ,price1 about seventy-five cents per barrel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4 ,s4 ,,taylor1 ,eskridge1 ,wabaunsee county3 ,have been in ,kansas thirty-two years2 have #aajj trees planted eleven years1 that are now thirty-two inches in circumference4 ,i prefer for market ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,york ,imperial1 and for family use would advise ,jonathan1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,york ,imperial4 ,have discarded ,rawle's ,janet1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 and ,smith's ,cider1 also ,winesap as a market apple4 ,prefer a deep1 sandy loam1 with clay subsoil1 bottom or slope land1 with northeast aspect4 ,plant thrifty1 medium-sized1 three-year-old trees twenty feet apart north and south1 and forty feet east and west4 ,i cultivate for six years in corn and potatoes2 then sow to clover1 plowing this under every third or fourth year1 using the ,acme harrow run shallow4 ,i believe windbreaks are beneficial1 and would prefer two rows of white elms mismatched4 ,i wrap the trunks of trees1 for protection against rabbits4 ,i believe in pruning out all watersprouts and crossing branches2 it facilitates gathering and the fruit colors better4 ,i have tried thinning on ,missouri ,pippins1 ,winesaps1 and ,romanites1 knocking them off with a pitchfork4 ,i believe in fertilizing orchards on all prairie soils with barn-yard litter4 ,i pasture my orchard when the trees are vigorous and the soil not wet1 with calves and pigs2 ,i believe it pays if done with moderation4 ,i spray after the petals fall1 using ,paris green for codling-moth1 and believe ,i have reduced them4 ,for borers ,i use a knife and wire4 ,i pick by hand in half-bushel baskets and sort into three classes3 perfect1 medium size1 and culls4 ,we sort from bins in a light1 airy shed1 and pack carefully by hand into standard barrels1 marked firsts and seconds1 and haul to market on springs4 ,i sell my second grade fruit to western wagoners2 we feed culls to hogs and cows4 ,we do best in our home market4 ,for winter we store in bins in the cellar1 and are usually successful4 ,prices have ranged from fifty cents to one dollar4 ,for help ,i employ only my three sons1 and give them an interest in the proceeds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thomas ,,arbuthnot1 ,cuba1 ,republic county3 ,have been in ,kansas thirty years4 ,have #fjjj apple trees nine years old4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 five to six feet tall1 planted after a lister run as deep as possible4 ,i cultivate with the plow and disc1 growing corn in the orchard for six or seven years2 after that nothing4 ,i believe in windbreaks4 ,i prune a little4 ,never thin the fruit4 ,do not use any fertilizer on the ground1 and never pasture the orchard4 ,i do not spray1 but use a torch every evening to burn the insects2 one torch will draw the insects about #cjj feet1 and we think this better than spraying4 ,such lights are liable to destroy as many beneficial as noxious insects4 ,i sell to wagons1 as there is sufficient demand here from the western counties to take in that way all that ,i have to spare4 ,have never dried any1 nor stored any for winter4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been1 twenty-five cents for culls1 and forty to fifty cents per bushel for everything else4 ,my orchard is only commencing to bear fruit on all the trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,elbridge ,,chase1 ,padonia1 ,brown county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-nine years4 ,have #bhjj apple trees thirteen years old1 running from five to eight inches in diameter1 made up of equal numbers of ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i would discard the latter4 ,i prefer hilltop with deep vegetable or sandy loam4 ,my trees are doing best on an eastern slope4 ,i plant thrifty four-year-olds4 ,i believe in cultivation with the plow and disc harrow until the trees shade the ground so that weeds cannot grow much4 ,i grow corn for a few years1 then clover for two years1 after that no crop whatever4 ,have no use for windbreaks1 and use lath two feet long stuck in the ground around the trees to protect from rabbits4 ,i prune with a saw1 knife1 and shears1 to keep the trees in good shape and not too brushy1 and believe it pays4 ,i do not believe it would pay to thin apples on the tree4 ,i would not pasture my orchard4 ,i do not spray4 ,i gather in sacks hung over the shoulder1 as for sowing grain4 ,sort into two classes1 packed into three-bushel barrels1 pressed in and marked with the name of the variety4 ,i sell at wholesale1 but never have sold in the orchard4 ,minneapolis1 ,minn41 has been my best market4 ,we use part of the culls for cider4 ,never dried any4 ,do not store any for winter1 and do not irrigate4 ,prices have ranged at from one dollar to two dollars per bushel4 ,i use men and boys1 and pay from two to three cents per bushel for fruit left in baskets at foot of trees4 ,for other work than picking ,i pay #a4be per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,h4 ,,bateman1 ,holton1 ,jackson county3 ,have lived in ,kansas forty years4 ,have #ijj apple trees2 #bjj have been planted twenty-five years1 #gjj have been planted four years4 ,have made more money out of ,ben ,davis than any other4 ,for family use my choice is ,white ,winter ,pearmain and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i have tried and discarded ,dominie and ,winesap4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with northeast slope1 and a deep1 friable soil2 hard clay is not good4 ,i would plant two- or three-year-olds1 in a deep furrow1 preferably subsoiled4 ,would cultivate as long as it don't cut the roots1 with a two-horse cultivator1 and would grow corn four or five years1 then seed to clover4 ,i believe windbreaks are very beneficial2 would make them of walnut or maple4 ,osage orange is fairly good2 all may be raised from young trees or seed4 ,i wrap young trees in the fall with paper to protect from rabbits4 ,i prune with the knife to prevent friction4 ,never tried thinning on the trees2 believe it would be beneficial4 ,fertilizers make the trees thriftier1 but cause the roots to run nearer the surface2 consequently the trees suffer more in drought4 ,i have pastured to a limited extent with calves and horses2 hogs injure the trees4 ,the worst insects ,i have are the flat-headed borer1 which ,i cut out1 and the curculio4 ,have never sprayed1 but think ,i will4 ,we pick from a ladder into pails or baskets and sort into two classes2 we pick the best from the trees1 and shake the others to the ground4 ,i sometimes sell in the orchard2 ,i wholesale when ,i can1 but sell more to the buyers at the railroad station4 ,i make some cider1 and feed the balance of the culls to hogs4 ,our best markets are the apple buyers at ,holton4 ,have never shipped any or dried any4 ,i store only for home use1 in boxes in my cellar1 and find that ,rawle's ,janet and ,romanite are the best keepers4 ,i use farm hands at from seventeen dollars to twenty dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,graves1 ,day1 ,washington county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-one years4 ,have an orchard of #fjbe trees2 #be of these have been planted twenty years1 #djj seventeen years1 #abjj ten years1 #djj seven years1 #djjj two years4 ,for market ,i grow ,winesap and ,ben ,davis4 ,for family use ,i add ,missouri ,pippin1 ,snow1 and ,early ,harvest4 ,winesap best of all4 ,i prefer hilltop1 as the gophers are bad on the bottom4 ,i prefer a black soil with lots of gravel and small stones in it4 ,believe that north and east slopes are best4 ,i plant two-year-old trees with short bodies1 twenty-five feet apart each way4 ,i cultivate with corn for about ten years1 using the stirring plow and cultivator4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential1 and would use four rows of cherry trees set close together1 or a row of hedge or box-elder1 mainly on the south2 some on the north4 ,for protection from rabbits ,i tie corn-stalks around the trees1 and keep them on for three or four years1 winter and summer4 ,i prune some with the pocket-knife and saw4 ,i do not thin the fruit unless ,i think the limbs are going to break4 ,i would use no fertilizer unless the soil is very poor4 ,never pasture the orchard4 ,i sprayed one year with ,london purple1 using a barrel with a pump in it4 ,i could not see that it did any good1 so ,i let them go4 ,i pick in buckets from a step-ladder4 ,people come from the west with wagons and take the apples right out of the orchard1 and they don't sort much4 ,i make some culls into cider and let the rest lay under the trees and rot4 ,the price last year was seventy-five cents per bushel1 and the year before thirty-five cents4 ,i store a few for winter in thin layers1 one above another1 in a rack in the cellar1 and am successful4 ,winesaps keep the best4 ,for picking ,i use good careful men at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,godfrey ,,fine1 ,maxson1 ,osage county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-nine years4 ,i have #gjj trees planted1 five1 ten and twenty-seven years4 ,for market ,i use ,missouri ,pippin and ,ben ,davis2 for family use ,i plant ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,lowell and ,jonathan for summer1 and ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap for winter4 ,if ,i were putting out now ,i would only plant ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap4 ,i prefer bottom1 and such soil as has formerly been brush and timber land4 ,a part of my orchard slopes a little to the south4 ,i plant thrifty two-year-olds1 with the top leaning to the southwest4 ,i cultivate until they begin bearing2 the plow is as good a tool as any1 but care must be taken not to injure the roots4 ,the best crop is buckwheat or potatoes2 ,i have had strawberries and blackberries in the orchard1 but do not consider it best2 ,i cease cropping after they come into bearing4 ,i believe in windbreaks2 ,i do not know what would be best2 mine is protected by natural forest-trees and ,osage-orange hedge4 ,to protect from borers1 ,i use a wash with lye or strong soap-suds4 ,i tie corn-stalks around young trees to protect from rabbits4 ,i believe it pays to prune with the saw to improve the quality of the fruit4 ,i think stable litter is good for old orchards1 but should not be put close up around the body of the tree4 ,i should pasture very little1 as stock of all kinds destroy the trees and injure the fruit4 ,i have sprayed little1 but cannot say much about it4 ,i pick by hand1 and do not pack at all1 as those that ,i do not find a market for here at home ,i sell to shippers4 ,i sell many in the orchard1 and when there is a full crop ,i sell to shippers and they grade and mark them4 ,i sell culls for cider when there is a call for them4 ,i tried drying1 but did not find it profitable4 ,i do not store any apples for winter1 as ,i have no good place4 ,prices per bushel have ranged from twenty-five to fifty-five cents4 ,i use men for help1 and pay seventy-five cents per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,jesse ,,wolverton1 ,barnes1 ,washington county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-three years2 have an apple orchard of #fjjj trees1 five to twenty-one years planted4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,jonathan1 and for family orchard would add ,early ,harvest1 ,oldenburg1 and ,smith ,cider4 ,have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig1 ,lawver1 ,talman's ,sweeting1 ,stark1 ,wagener1 ,missouri ,superior and ,red ,astrachan on account of blight and shy bearing4 ,i prefer hilltop or bottom with a porous subsoil which is reasonably rich4 ,my trees planted on hard-pan are dying4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 straight1 thrifty trees1 planted in land prepared as for corn4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn 7once to broom-corn7 as long as the corn does well1 using a double shovel and a twelve-inch plow4 ,i sow bearing orchard to oats1 one bushel to the acre1 and let stand4 ,cease cropping after seven or eight years4 ,to protect the trees from rabbits ,i wrap with long grass4 ,i prune some to form heads two or three feet from the ground1 and cut all watersprouts with a knife2 but do little of this until the trees are twelve years planted4 ,have thinned apples on trees2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with all the barn-yard litter ,i can get1 and think it beneficial4 ,a neighbor fertilizes his orchard very heavily and receives splendid crops4 ,i pasture six acres of my orchard with hogs2 they keep it well cultivated2 have not thought it an injury yet4 ,no orchard ought to be seeded to grass in this county4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 and leaf-crumpler2 my apples with codling-moth and gouger4 ,i sprayed twice last year with ,london purple1 one or two pounds 8 to a barrel of water1 before and after they blossomed2 it was an utter failure4 ,when the worms appeared ,i increased the amount to three pounds to the barrel1 without any effect4 ,this must have been poor ,london purple4--,sec4 ,i gather my apples in sacks with a hoop in the open end2 then put on the sorting table1 using bushel boxes and a wagon with a plank platform to haul them on4 ,i sort into three classes3 firsts1 seconds1 and culls4 ,sell firsts in orchard to ,ryan ,richardson2 sell second and third grades to teams4 ,make cider of the culls and those we cannot sell4 ,my best markets are north and northwest4 ,i never dry any4 ,i store from #e to #gjj bushels in a basement under granary1 and am fairly successful2 find ,ben ,davis and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five to seventy-five cents per bushel4 ,i employ men1 and pay from fifty cents to one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,theodore ,,olsen1 ,green1 ,clay county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years4 ,have an apple orchard of #bjj trees1 fifteen feet high1 eighteen years old4 ,i prefer for commercial purposes ,ben ,davis and ,winesap1 on second bottom1 black soil1 with a northeast slope4 ,i plant three-year-old trees1 not very deep1 and cultivate my orchard to corn1 using a cultivator run very shallow every year1 and cease cropping when they begin to bear2 then plant nothing4 ,windbreaks are essential here2 ,i have trees planted around my orchard4 ,i protect from rabbits by wrapping the trees with corn-stalks4 ,i never prune1 and do not thin the fruit on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with straw1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borers and leaf-crumplers1 and my apples by gouger4 ,i spray with ,paris green in ,june2 have not reduced the codling-moth4 ,pick my apples2 sort into two classes1 pack in bushel boxes1 sell in the orchard1 also retail2 ,i make cider of culls4 ,my best market is ,green4 ,i never dry any4 ,i store some in boxes in a cellar1 and am fairly successful2 ,i find ,ben ,davis keeps best4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about ten per cent4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,harry ,l4 ,,brown1 ,muscotah1 ,atchison county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-two years4 ,have an apple orchard of #aej trees1 ten to twenty-five years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin2 and for family orchard ,maiden's ,blush1 ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,smith's ,cider1 and ,rambo4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with a deep1 sandy loam1 and a gravel subsoil1 northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 straight1 thrifty trees1 carefully set1 #cjx#ce feet4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 potatoes1 beans and garden-truck for ten or twelve years1 using a one-horse cultivator between the rows and around the trees1 and cease cropping after twelve or fifteen years2 plant strawberries or small fruits in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of two rows of evergreens planted around the orchard4 ,i trap the rabbits1 and wash and cut out the borers4 ,i prune to thin and keep the tree in shape2 think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with horse- and cow-stable litter2 think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils1 unless very rich4 ,i pasture my orchard with nothing but chickens2 it is not advisable2 does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead and twig-borers1 leaf-rollers and crumplers2 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples from ladders into baskets and sacks1 and sort1 as ,i gather them1 into three classes3 perfectly sound1 second best1 and culls4 ,i pack in baskets and boxes4 ,i retail and peddle my apples2 feed the culls to stock4 ,my best markets are near-by towns2 never tried distant markets4 ,we sun-dry some1 and pack in sacks and boxes2 we find a ready market for them2 it pays4 ,am successful in storing apples for home use in boxes and bins in a cellar1 and find ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,smith's ,cider keep the best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from forty to fifty cents per bushel1 and dried apples five cents per pound4 ,i pay men eighteen to twenty dollars per month1 or one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,w4 ,,wilcox1 ,corning1 ,nemaha county3 ,i have resided in the state twenty-three years2 have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees1 all sizes and ages4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,wealthy4 ,i prefer a dark1 loose soil1 on a hillside with a north and east slope4 ,i prefer good1 healthy three-year-old trees1 set in holes dug two feet deep and three feet across4 ,i plant my orchard to sweet corn1 using a cultivator1 and cease cropping when ,i think necessary and seed down to red clover4 ,windbreaks are essential--would make them of ,osage orange4 ,i prune my trees with a saw to give shape2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with rotten stable litter1 but would not advise its use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with horses1 and think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worms1 tent-caterpillar and flathead borer4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand in pails4 ,sort into three classes--first1 second1 and cast out4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i store a few for winter market4 ,i do not irrigate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,anderson1 ,leonardville1 ,riley county4 ,i have lived in ,kansas seventeen years2 have an apple orchard of #bjj trees from one to sixteen years old1 four to sixteen feet high4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 and ,ben ,davis1 and for a family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,ben ,davis4 ,i prefer bottom land with black loam and clay subsoil1 with a southern slope4 ,when setting trees1 ,i dig holes four feet in diameter and three feet deep2 put black loam in the bottom for the roots4 ,i plant my orchard to potatoes for three or four years1 using a plow4 ,i cease cropping at the end of this time1 and mow1 and leave everything on the ground4 ,sow red or white clover in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential on the north and south sides of the orchard2 would make them of maple1 cottonwood1 or ,osage orange4 ,i have ,osage orange on the north and a creek with native timber on the south4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees4 ,when ,i see a black spot on a tree ,i hunt for and dig borers out4 ,i prune off all the interfering branches and watersprouts4 ,i do this for fruit2 it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i keep the varieties together when planting4 ,i fertilize my orchard by putting stable litter a foot thick on the north side1 which is the highest1 and when it rains the liquid from it runs all the way down and fertilizes the trees4 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,it is not advisable1 and does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i have sprayed with all the sprays recommended1 and think ,i have reduced the codling-moth a little4 ,i pick my apples by hand from a step-ladder1 and sort into two classes--sound1 wormy and windfalls4 ,put the sound ones in the cellar2 make cider of the others4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 mostly at retail4 ,they sell the best in town in the winter4 ,my best market is in towns west of here4 ,i have tried distant markets1 but it did not pay4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i store a few apples in boxes1 barrels1 and bulk1 in a cellar4 ,those that keep best are ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,jonathan4 ,have to repack stored apples before marketing2 lose about ten per cent4 ,the average price has been fifty cents per bushel4 ,i employ men at twenty dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,a4 ,,schermerhorn1 ,ogden1 ,riley county3 ,i have lived in the state thirty-eight years4 ,have an apple orchard of #djjj trees from twelve to thirty-seven years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,jonathan2 and for a family orchard ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,early ,harvest4 ,i have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig and ,smith's ,cider on account of blight2 and ,mc,afee1 ,snow and ,lawver on account of shy bearing4 ,i prefer rolling land having a clay loam and clay subsoil4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 with heads twenty inches from the ground1 set in the spring1 about two rods apart4 ,i cultivate all the time1 even in bearing orchards1 using an ,acme harrow1 planting corn2 cease cropping after four years2 put nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential if the orchard is large4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees4 ,i dig borers out with a knife4 ,i prune my trees1 and think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are planted in blocks--#hjj ,ben ,davis in one and #gjj ,missouri ,pippins in another2 all bear well4 ,i fertilize my orchard some1 but not much4 ,i think it would be beneficial on poor soil1 but would not advise it on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with horses after the fruit is gathered2 can't see any harm4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm and root aphis1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i spray as soon as the bloom falls1 and two or three times afterward1 with arsenic1 for insects4 ,think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i wash young trees twice during the summer season with diluted soft soap for borers4 ,pick my apples by hand1 and sort into two classes4 ,i pack in the standard apple barrel1 fill with a head press1 mark with variety and grade1 and haul to depot on wagon4 ,i sometimes sell apples in the orchard by the wagon-load4 ,i ship my best apples1 and sell the culls for what ,i can get4 ,my best market is west4 ,have tried distant markets and found it paid4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples in barrels2 ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices last fall were two dollars per barrel or fifty cents per bushel to wagoners4 ,i employ men at one dollar per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,,chandler1 ,argentine1 ,wyandotte county4 ,have lived in the state twenty-two years2 have an apple orchard of #djj trees from one to nine years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,york ,imperial2 and for family orchard ,huntsman's ,favorite1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,jonathan4 ,have tried and discarded ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin and ,smith's ,cider on account of blight4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with a clay soil and a light subsoil1 and an east slope1 as it will get the morning sun and no southwest winds4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees five to six feet high1 well branched1 set twenty-eight by thirty feet2 ,i also have some twenty by thirty feet4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 potatoes1 tomatoes and cabbage for seven years1 using a cultivator and harrow 7,i like the ,acme and spading harrow74 ,cease cropping after seven years2 plant bearing orchard to blackberries and raspberries1 but this is not advisable2 clover or cow-peas are better4 ,windbreaks are essential on the prairie2 would make them of a double row of ,osage orange or evergreens1 on the south and west4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with paper or veneering1 and for borers ,i mound the tree up4 ,i prune a little with my pocket-knife to remove dead and crossed limbs2 it does not pay to saw and chop4 ,i thin my fruit by hand when the crop is heavy1 not later than ,july #ae4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with ashes and bone-meal2 both are beneficial1 but not necessary in good potash soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with six-months-old pigs--think it advisable in an orchard that is over four years old4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worms1 round- and flathead borers and tent-caterpillar1 and my trees with codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,i spray with ,london purple and ,paris green1 using a hand pump4 ,for borers ,i wash the trees with whale-oil soap1 carbolic acid1 and sulphur1 and then mound the trees up4 ,i pick my apples in baskets1 from a ladder wide at the bottom and narrow at the top1 and leave the apples in the orchard four to six weeks1 then sort into three classes1 from a padded table #ex#ab feet1 sloping2 pack into twelve-peck barrels1 mark with variety1 and haul to market on a spring wagon4 ,sometimes ,i sell apples in the orchard at retail2 pack my best apples in one-peck baskets for stand trade1 my second grade in barrels4 ,feed the culls to the hogs2 cider does not pay4 ,my best market is ,kansas ,city4 ,have tried distant markets1 but it did not pay--too great freight and commission charges4 ,i am successful in storing apples in barrels in an earth cave five feet deep1 earth sides and roof2 keep it open when not freezing2 apples can be stored in bulk by leaving a space of six inches at the sides and bottom4 ,jonathan and ,gano keep best4 ,i have tried artificial cold storage and lost fifteen per cent4 of my apples4 ,i found it too expensive and unreliable4 ,i have to repack the stored apples before marketing1 and lose from fifteen to forty per cent4 of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been3 ,jonathan1 #c to #e per barrel2 ,ben ,davis1 #b4be to #c per barrel4 ,i employ men mostly1 at from #a to #a4be per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stephen ,,stout1 ,axtell1 ,marshall county3 ,i have lived in the state nineteen years2 have an apple orchard of #hjj trees twelve to fifteen years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 and ,huntsman's ,favorite2 and for family orchard1 the first five varieties mentioned4 ,have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig and ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 because the trees are not healthy4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with a black loam1 and a clay subsoil having a reddish color1 and a northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low-head1 heavy1 stocky trees1 set in big holes1 leaning the tree a little to the southwest2 fill the hole half full1 and then pour in a pail of water and fill up with earth4 ,i have always plowed and cultivated my orchard1 but ,i will have to quit soon1 as the trees are getting too large4 ,i use a stirring plow1 spring-tooth cultivator1 and a harrow4 ,plant corn in a young orchard1 and leave the stalks standing all winter2 cease cropping after ten or twelve years2 grow great big weeds in a bearing orchard1 and plow them under in ,july4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south and west sides of the orchard2 would make by planting ,osage orange seed very thick1 and tend well for three years4 ,for rabbits ,i paint the trees with a mixture of sulphur1 soap and lard the first fall after planting1 then every alternate year for three or four times2 it will also keep off insects1 mice1 and bark-louse1 and the trees will be slick and smooth1 with no place for insects to harbor4 ,i prune very little2 keep out watersprouts1 and let the sun into the top4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings1 but cannot see any benefit from it4 ,i fertilize my orchard by plowing under the green weeds4 ,i think a vegetable mold is what the trees require2 think it beneficial1 and would advise it on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard in the spring with sows and pigs2 think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,codling-moth troubles my apples4 ,i spray right after the blossom falls1 and a few days later1 with ,london purple1 for the codling-moth1 and we are getting away with him4 ,for borers and other insects ,i allow the birds in the orchard1 and do not allow the boys to go in with guns1 or disturb them at all4 ,i pick my apples by hand from a step-ladder1 and pile them under the tree4 ,i sort in two classes from a long1 wide1 sloping board with sides4 ,i pack in barrels from the piles in the orchard4 ,wagons come from the west and buy the apples from the orchard at wholesale2 sell the second grade to apple peddlers2 make cider for vinegar of the culls4 ,my best market is at home2 never have tried distant markets4 ,do not dry any4 ,i store apples for our own use1 and have apples the year round4 ,the ,little ,romanite keeps best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,apples wholesale at twenty-five cents per bushel in the orchard4 ,i employ men at #a4be per day4 ,i had twenty-four very fine ,siberian crabs--,hyslop1 ,transparent1 and ,whitney4 ,they were affected with blight4 ,nearly all of the ,siberian trees were dead from the effects of it1 and one day1 while in the orchard watching the movements of the birds and boys1 ,i saw a striped woodpecker fly to one of the trees1 and he found what he supposed to be a grub1 but when he got through the bark he was very much disappointed1 wiped his bill1 and flew to another tree1 where he continued to wipe and clean his bill2 so ,i went to the tree mentioned1 and found the bark very loose and sour where he had punctured it4 ,i compared the smell and taste with the blighted twigs and found them the same4 ,i cut the bark that was loose from the tree1 and found the rapid growth of the bark and the flow of the sap had bursted the bark from the wood1 and this sap had soured and been taken up by the other sap and poisoned the ends of the new growth2 hence1 it blighted4 ,it was sap poison1 like blood poison4 ,i then used the knife freely1 splitting the body and limbs4 ,i saved twenty out of twenty-four of the trees4 ,i then went over the orchard and cured all the trees in one season2 never been bothered since4 ,the woodpecker taught me a lesson1 and ,i relate it to show the value of birds in the orchard4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,c4 ,,moore1 ,wanamaker1 ,shawnee county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty-three years2 have an apple orchard of #djj trees1 from twelve to seventeen years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,ben ,davis2 and for a family orchard ,red ,astrachan1 ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,smokehouse1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,tulpehocken2 it rots on the tree and will not keep4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with sandy loam and clay subsoil1 and a north slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 with full top and roots1 set fifteen inches deep1 in furrows checked with the plow2 plant where furrows cross4 ,i plant my orchard to corn eight years1 using a plow1 harrow1 and cultivator2 cease cropping at the end of this time and seed to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south2 would make them of ,osage orange fifteen rods distant1 to protect the orchard from the hard and hot south winds4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the young trees with paper4 ,i prune my trees after they are eight years old1 with the saw1 to give light and thin the top4 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i do not thin my apples2 enough fall off4 ,i fertilize my orchard by mowing the clover1 and think it beneficial to young trees1 and would advise the use of clover fertilization on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 is not advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with borers1 and my apples with some insect that stings them and causes them to fall off4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand with care4 ,sort into two classes1 pack in barrels1 in layers1 by hand1 mark with variety1 and haul to shipping place or market in lumber wagon4 ,i wholesale my best apples2 make vinegar of the second and third grades and culls4 ,topeka is my best market2 never tried distant markets4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples in barrels in a cellar2 ,i also bury some4 ,i find ,romanite keeps best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-eighth of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,price has been fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thomas ,,buckman1 ,topeka1 ,shawnee county3 ,i have lived in the state twenty-nine years4 ,have an apple orchard of #acjj trees from six to twenty-seven years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan2 and for family orchard ,rare ,ripe1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer black soil with a porous subsoil1 and a northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 small-size trees1 with good roots1 set in holes dug with spade in well-cultivated ground4 ,i cultivate my orchard six years with a five-tooth cultivator2 plant corn in a young orchard1 and cease cropping when six years old1 and sow clover in the bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,osage orange1 by setting the plants twelve inches apart4 ,for the rabbits ,i use traps and wrap the young trees with corn-stalks4 ,i dig the borers out with a knife4 ,i prune to remove crossed limbs and to keep the tree well balanced2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard1 but think it would be beneficial on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 but do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with roundhead borers1 and my apples with codling-moth and tree-cricket4 ,i spray1 after the blossom falls1 with ,london purple4 ,pick apples into a sack over the shoulder from a slide ladder2 sort under the tree1 and put the best in crates made to hold one bushel level full2 we let them remain in the shade of the tree until danger of freezing2 then sort and store in the cellar1 one box on top of another4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 wholesale and retail to customers in ,topeka2 make cider of the second and third grades1 and give the culls to hogs4 ,topeka is my best market4 ,have tried distant markets1 but they do not always pay4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples in bushel crates4 ,i find ,rawle's ,janet and ,winesap keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-fifth of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from thirty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,,sanders1 ,broughton1 ,clay county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty-eight years4 ,have an apple orchard of #djj trees1 three to ten inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and ,red ,astrachan2 and for family orchard ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,i prefer bottom land having a sandy subsoil1 and a southeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low-headed trees4 ,in the spring ,i open deep furrows both ways with a plow1 and plant the trees at the cross1 fill the hole with good soil4 ,i cultivate my orchard for six or eight years1 using a common plow till four years old1 then use a shovel plow1 and plant early corn1 potatoes1 etc41 in the young orchard2 cease cropping after six or eight years2 plant nothing in a bearing orchard1 but keep up shallow cultivating with a disc or plow4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of three rows of box-elder or ,osage orange4 ,i prune with a small saw or knife1 to thin the top4 ,i fertilize my orchard with yard litter and ashes1 scattering it all over the ground2 would advise it on all soils4 ,i have pastured my orchard with hogs1 but have quit it4 ,i now pasture with cows2 ,i tie their heads down1 but do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar1 bud moth1 and twig-borers1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand in a basket1 and sort into two classes4 ,sell my apples to storekeepers and ,indians2 make cider and vinegar1 and give away the second and third grades2 feed the culls to the hogs and cattle4 ,my best market is at home2 never tried distant markets4 ,don't dry any4 ,i have stored apples in boxes and barrels1 and find ,ben ,davis and ,winesap keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing one-third to one-half of them4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,reed1 ,oak ,hill1 ,clay county3 ,i have resided in the state twenty years2 have an apple orchard of #ajj trees six years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,winesap2 and for family orchard add ,jonathan and a few early varieties4 ,i prefer low land with a porous subsoil1 and a northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees with branches one foot from the ground4 ,when setting ,i dig big holes and loosen up the subsoil about a foot4 ,i find this gives the best satisfaction4 ,i have always cultivated my orchard1 and intend to do so three or four years longer2 ,i plow twice a year--in spring1 and the middle of ,june2 ,i keep the ground well stirred4 ,i planted corn the first three years1 listed it in1 but would not recommend it1 as the trees will do better if the land is plowed4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south and west sides of the orchard2 would make them of two rows of cottonwood trees planted zigzag with one another4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap with corn-stalks4 ,i dig borers out and wash the trees with lye water twice a year for the first three years2 it keeps the tree nice and clean and the borers out4 ,i prune my trees1 by cutting out the limbs that cross1 and to keep the trees from leaning to the north1 and it pays4 ,i fertilize my orchard with decayed corn-cobs4 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise it on all soils1 as ,i think too much straw mulching is an injury to the trees when they get old4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it does not pay4 ,my trees were troubled with canker-worms last spring4 ,i do not spray4 ,my best market is in the neighborhood4 ,prices last fall were fifty to sixty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geo4 ,r4 ,,barnes1 ,chapman1 ,dickinson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have an apple orchard of six acres old enough to be at their best4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 and ,winesap1 and for family use ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,i prefer a low bottom with a black loam1 and a north slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 well-balanced trees1 set in holes large enough to receive them1 twenty-four by twenty-four feet4 ,i cultivate my young orchard to corn and potatoes1 using a disc harrow1 and cease cropping when they begin to bear4 ,i plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks would be beneficial on the south to protect the orchard from the hot south winds4 ,i would make it of walnut trees1 because they sap the ground the least4 ,to protect them from the borers1 ,i leave the branches low down1 and when we see any sawdust ,i dig him out with a knife4 ,i prune very little with knife and saw to balance the trees4 ,i do not thin the fruit on the trees4 ,some say if you expect to get a load of apples from a tree you must give it a load of manure every time it bears1 and ,i think this is right1 but don't put it too close to the tree4 ,i pasture my orchard with nothing but poultry2 it is not advisable2 it makes the ground too hard4 ,codling-moth troubles my apples very much4 ,i do not spray4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 peddle the best ones2 make cider and vinegar of the culls4 ,don't dry any for market--just enough for family use4 ,prices have been from forty to seventy-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,m4 ,,engle1 ,moonlight1 ,dickinson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas nineteen years4 ,have an orchard of #fjj apple trees ten to eighteen years old4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer bottom or low land with a dark loam1 and a north or northeast aspect4 ,i prefer stout1 low-headed1 two-year-old trees1 planted sixteen or eighteen feet east and west and thirty or thirty-two feet north and south4 ,i think an orchard ought to have as much cultivation as a corn-field4 ,i grow early corn in my young orchard1 using an ,acme and cutaway harrow1 and cultivate as for corn4 ,i cease cropping when fairly bearing4 ,plant nothing in a bearing orchard unless for fertilizing1 but keep cultivating4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of evergreen1 box-elder1 ,osage orange1 maples1 cottonwood1 etc4 ,for rabbits ,i rub the trees with axle grease1 or tar and fish oil1 or old lard1 mixed2 apply with a cloth4 ,for borers ,i wash with lye or strong soap-suds4 ,i prune my trees severely when planting1 and watch them for several years1 and cut out all branches that rub or crowd1 and cut out buds so that the tree will not have too many limbs for foundation2 ,i think it pays4 ,i thin the fruit while on the trees2 begin early when the trees are full1 and continue all through the season1 whenever ,i see imperfect fruit2 think it pays big4 ,my trees are mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with well-rotted stable litter and wood ashes2 ,i would especially advise the use of wood ashes4 ,i pasture my orchard very little2 would put hogs in if the limbs were not too low and full of apples2 ,i think it would pay4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer and canker-worm1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i intend spraying this year with ,paris green and ,london purple for the worms1 and ,bordeaux mixture for blight and fungous diseases1 as soon as the blossoms fall4 ,in picking ,i use foot ladders and one-half-bushel baskets1 unless the variety is very hard2 then ,i use sacks4 ,sort into three classes4 ,pack in barrels shaken and pressed down1 then headed1 and marked with name of variety1 and haul to shipping point on wagon4 ,sell some apples in the orchard2 let the grocer have the best to sell on commission2 sell second and third grades the best way ,i can2 make cider of culls4 ,my best market is at ,abilene2 never tried distant markets4 ,dry only for home use4 ,am successful in storing apples in barrels and tight boxes1 in a cave2 find ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet keep well till ,june4 ,put my apples in the cave when the weather is cold1 and keep it open cold nights1 but am careful to not let it freeze4 ,think it best to repack stored apples when kept late4 ,if they are well managed you will not lose five per cent41 probably not two per cent4 ,do not irrigate1 but would if ,i had water facilities4 ,prices last fall were from forty to fifty cents per bushel in the orchard1 but the apples ,i kept over netted me #a4be to #a4ce per bushel4 ,i employ men and women2 think women best and cheapest for sorting4 ,pay fifty1 sixty and seventy-five cents per day4 ,i do not consider myself a successful horticulturist1 but believe1 if ,i had known as much about the nature or necessity of the orchard when we came to ,kansas nineteen years ago as ,i do now1 ,i could have made a success of it1 even here in central ,kansas4 ,i would especially say that ,i do not believe there can be success with an orchard exposed on upland4 ,there might possibly be some success as a family orchard1 with a good windbreak planted around it1 especially on the south side1 but ,i would not take ten1 twenty or thirty acres of exposed upland1 with apple trees enough to plant it1 as a gift1 if ,i must plant and tend it1 for the produce of it for ten or more years4 ,i do not know of a single such orchard that is worth having4 ,i would advise selecting low ground1 sloping north and east1 with an elevation or good timber protection on south and west2 land inclining to bottom or good draw4 ,my belief is that1 with a good selection of varieties1 and the proper kind of land and location1 apple-raising could be made quite profitable here4 ,keeping the apples in cellars is a mistake2 a good cave kept as cold as possible without freezing is far better4 ,i think apples should be placed on the north side of some shed or building before being put in the cave1 and kept cool1 and put into cave before freezing4 ,last fall ,i sold my choice apples at the orchard at from forty to fifty cents per bushel4 ,i kept some in barrels in the cave4 ,they were in good demand later4 ,about the holidays ,i got #a4be1 and since then #a4ce4 ,i had a contract with a grocer to sell them for fifteen per cent41 and they netted me as above4 ,i have some in very fine condition in my cave yet ,april #bg4 ,i still open the cave on cold nights4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thomas ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,pearl1 ,dickinson county3 ,i have lived in the state seventeen years4 ,have an apple orchard of seventy trees1 fifty of which are twelve years old1 and the other twenty are eighteen years old4 ,i prefer ,maiden's ,blush1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,lowell1 ,jonathan1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and ,willow ,twig1 on account of blight4 ,i prefer bottom land having a sandy soil and a clay subsoil1 with a north slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old healthy trees1 set in ground which has been plowed very deep4 ,i water the tree well when ,i plant it4 ,i have cultivated as long as it was possible to get between the trees4 ,i generally use a common plow and disc harrow during the summer1 where ,i have no crop in4 ,i grow corn1 ,kafir-corn and potatoes in a young orchard4 ,cease cropping my orchard when twelve years old4 ,i mow the weeds with a machine4 ,i think windbreaks a benefit2 would make them of box-elder1 ash1 or red cedar4 ,i use a pruning-knife on my trees every year1 leaving the branches quite thick on the south side4 ,i think it pays4 ,never have thinned the fruit on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard every two or three years with stable litter4 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable1 does not pay4 ,do not spray4 ,prices at picking time are forty to fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,,dubois1 ,burlingame1 ,osage county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas forty-one years4 ,have an orchard of fifty apple trees from ten to twenty years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin1 and would add for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer a rich bottom having a red subsoil1 and a northeast slope4 ,i prefer thrifty1 two-year-old1 medium-height trees1 set thirty feet each way4 ,i cultivate my orchard as long as it lives with a shovel plow and cultivator1 and keep the ground stirred4 ,plant potatoes in a young orchard1 and cease cropping when the trees begin to bear2 then sow oats and let the pigs eat it off while it is green4 ,windbreaks are not essential here1 but some have forest-trees planted on the north side of their orchards4 ,i prune my trees in the spring to give shape2 cannot say whether it is beneficial or not4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter4 ,i pasture my orchard with pigs until the ripe fruit begins to fall2 ,i think it advisable and that it pays1 as the pigs eat all the wormy and worthless fruit that falls4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar1 root aphis1 round- and flat-headed borers1 and woolly aphis1 and my apples with codling-moth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,j4 ,,kleinhans1 ,grantville1 ,jefferson county3 ,i have lived in the state forty-one years4 ,have an apple orchard of #cjj trees1 twenty to twenty-five years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap and ,ben ,davis2 and for family orchard ,summer ,astrachan1 ,bellflower1 and ,white ,winter ,pearmain4 ,have tried and discarded ,missouri ,pippin1 ,russet1 ,baldwin1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,little ,romanite1 and ,pound ,pippin4 ,my orchard is situated in the ,kaw valley4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 until the trees get too large2 then cease cropping and seed to clover and timothy4 ,i prune lightly1 to keep the limbs off the ground and let in the sun and light2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i pasture my orchard late in the fall with young dehorned cattle2 ,i think it advisable and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worms2 and my apples with codling-moths4 ,i do not spray4 ,i sell apples in the orchard at wholesale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,w4 ,,atkinson1 ,perry1 ,jefferson county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas seventeen years2 have an apple orchard of #bajj trees from two to eighteen years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,jonathan4 ,i have tried and discarded ,ben ,davis2 the tree is not hardy4 ,i prefer a porous1 red-clay subsoil1 and a northeast or east aspect4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn six years from setting1 and cease cropping after twelve years4 ,i seed the bearing orchard to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south and west sides of the orchard2 when possible1 natural forest is best4 ,i prune my trees sparingly to improve the grade of fruit2 ,i think it pays when properly done4 ,i do not thin the fruit on the trees4 ,can see no difference whether trees are in block of one kind or mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard when it needs it with barn-yard litter and wood ashes2 would not advise it on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with root aphis1 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i spray twice after the blossom falls1 with ,paris green4 ,i can get rid of borers only by persistent effort4 ,i sort my apples into four classes3 ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 drying1 and stock and cider4 ,pack in twelve-peck barrels1 and market in apple racks4 ,i sometimes wholesale my apples in the orchard4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,i do not dry any4 ,am successful in storing in barrels in a fruit house which is built near the crest of a hill with a fall of #ad in #ajj feet4 ,excavated twenty-three by fifty-three feet2 depth at extreme back end1 fourteen feet2 at front seven feet4 ,tile ditch fourteen inches deeper than the excavation next to bank1 filled with broken rock4 ,stone wall ten feet high2 fine broken rock between wall and bank from ditch to top of wall around the entire building4 ,the front end of the building stands three feet out of the ground1 allowing two windows in the front with refrigerator shutters1 also a refrigerator door4 ,heavy timbers1 supported by posts covered with bridge lumber1 constitute the framework1 upon which is seven feet of earth4 ,through the roof are five sewer-pipe ventilators covered by thimble tops4 ,in the front end are four small ventilators4 ,in the extreme back end is placed an elevator building forming an opening six feet square2 this extends eight feet above the top of the earth covering4 ,there are three windows and one door in the elevator building4 ,by means of small ventilators the house can be ventilated very gradually1 but by the elevator opening in the back end of the building1 and the windows and door in the front end1 the air can all be swept out by natural draft and replaced by fresh air4 ,five minutes is sufficient to thoroughly ventilate4 ,during all this extreme wet weather the floor of the building has been dust dry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,,chas4 ,,williamson1 ,washington1 ,washington county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas forty years4 ,my first planted orchard is thirty-eight years old and the second thirty years4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,rawle's ,janet2 and for family use ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,rambo1 ,early ,june1 and ,romanite4 ,i have tried and discarded ,cooper's ,early ,white1 because it is a short-lived tree and a shy bearer4 ,i prefer bottom land with a black loam and a clay subsoil1 with a north and east slope4 ,i plant trees thirty feet apart4 ,i would advise cultivation for three years2 seed bearing orchard to white clover4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of mulberries and cedar2 plant seed for mulberries and set small cedars4 ,for rabbits ,i use traps and dogs4 ,i prune1 but not very much2 ,i cut out watersprouts and dead limbs1 and thin out the top so as to let sun in4 ,i never have thinned the fruit on the trees1 but think it would pay4 ,i keep bees to help pollinize the blossoms4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 trees and plant life1 as well as stock1 need food4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable4 ,i have sprayed with ,london purple4 ,i protect my trees from the sun1 and the bark being full of sap the borers will not trouble them4 ,i hand-pick my apples and pack in barrels in the orchard4 ,i sell in the orchard at retail4 ,my best market is at home4 ,do not dry any4 ,i store some apples1 and find ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,when packing apples for storing ,i wrap each apple in paper and put a paper between the layers in the boxes2 then put them in the cellar1 and they keep well4 ,i open the cellar door on warm days4 ,prices have been from #ce cents to #a4aj per bushel4 ,there is not a state in the union but what is profiting by the experiences of such men as friend ,wellhouse1 the ,apple ,king1 and other horticulturists1 who are leaving a legacy to future generations4 ,my experience in orcharding has been as an amateur ever since #ahef4 ,my orchard has been for home use1 but now1 with my experience gained here in ,kansas1 ,i am planting in the ,ozark country1 near ,olden1 exclusively for market purposes 7the same can be done in ,kansas71 but takes longer to come to maturity4 ,taxes are low in ,missouri4 ,the orchardist should not be assessed on his fruit-trees and pay the penalty for being energetic and a pusher in horticulture4 ,in ,kansas1 thanks to the life work of the members of the ,state ,horticultural ,society1 we have reached a point where the culture of fruit is an assured success2 and there is more money in it than in hog or corn raising4 ,the trouble has been1 too many worthless varieties have been planted1 and now that they are bearing are profitless2 and the worst of it is they are repeating the same mistake each year4 ,i have saved some valuable trees from the borers by taking a quarter-inch bit and boring a hole and putting in strychnine or sulphur1 and the tree lived on while all others died2 even in the black locust it was successful4 ,i then plug the outside portion of the hole4 ,let some one explain the reason who understands the circulation of the sap4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ernst ,,fairchild1 ,hiawatha1 ,brown county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years2 have an apple orchard of fifteen acres1 twelve years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,rawle's ,janet2 and for a family orchard ,snow1 ,winesap1 and some sweet varieties4 ,i prefer an east slope4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn or oats for eight or nine years1 using a disc and harrow1 and cease cropping at the end of this time and seed down to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of forest-trees set in rows1 on the north and west sides4 ,i prune my trees to give shape4 ,i pick my apples in square tin pails which have false bottoms2 slide the fruit out at the bottom4 ,i make vinegar of the cull apples4 ,prices have been from sixty cents to one dollar per barrel4 ,i employ men and boys--men at one dollar per day and boys seventy-five cents per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,neils ,,hanson1 ,willis1 ,brown county3 ,i have resided in the state thirty-two years2 have an orchard of #bjj apple trees twenty years old4 ,for all purposes1 ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,willow ,twig1 and ,strawberry4 ,have tried and would discard ,willow ,twig and ,lawver4 ,i prefer bottom land having a clay soil and a north or east slope4 ,when planting trees1 ,i dig a hole two feet deep and four feet square4 ,i cultivate my orchard eight or ten years1 using a plow1 and spade around the trees4 ,i plant corn or oats in a young orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of maples or willows and cultivate the same as a crop4 ,i prune to thin the tops1 and think it beneficial4 ,i thin the fruit when small1 if the trees are overloaded4 ,can see no difference whether the trees are planted in blocks of one kind1 or mixed up4 ,i fertilize my orchard1 but not close to the trees2 would not advise it on bottom land4 ,i pasture my orchard with calves and hogs1 but it is not advisable2 it does not pay4 ,i do not spray4 ,i am experimenting with my trees2 ,i make a hole two inches deep1 one-fourth inch in diameter1 put in medicine and plug up tight with grafting wax over it4 ,it is claimed to kill all the insects on the tree for four or five years to come4 ,i can tell the results this fall4 ,it costs #aj to try it4 ,hear6 hear6 ,my neighbors spray their trees when in blossom1 and say it pays4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 sort into two classes1 and pack in barrels1 filled full1 and marked with consignee's name and hauled to shipping place on wagon4 ,i never sell apples in the orchard1 because they the pickers ruin the trees4 ,i wholesale my best1 second and third grade apples to the one offering the most for them4 ,i feed the culls to hogs4 ,hiawatha is my best market4 ,i never tried distant markets2 it would not pay1 unless in car-load lots4 ,i dry apples1 put them in sacks and hang in a dry place1 and find a ready market for them2 it pays4 ,am successful in storing apples in boxes--made of lath an inch apart--in an arched cave4 ,i find ,ben ,davis and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-tenth of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been about one dollar per barrel4 ,i pay eighteen to twenty dollars per month and board for help4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,isaac ,m4 ,,taylor1 ,richmond1 ,franklin county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years2 have about fifty apple trees eight years old1 ten feet high4 ,for market ,i prefer ,jonathan and ,ben ,davis2 for a family orchard1 ,romanstem1 ,gilpin1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,winesap1 and ,hubbardston's ,nonesuch4 ,have tried and discarded ,mc,afee ,nonesuch1 ,belleflower1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,i prefer a gentle east slope at the bottom of a hill1 with a deep sandy loam or four feet of red land on lime rock4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees set thirty by thirty feet apart1 in holes dug eighteen inches deep1 and filled one-third full of surface soil4 ,i cultivate my orchard as long as it lasts with a twelve-inch plow2 throw the dirt away first of ,june1 and back in ,august2 then harrow it4 ,i plant potatoes and corn in a young orchard1 and cease cropping after ten years4 ,i plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of rows of ,osage orange on the north and south sides of the orchard4 ,i prune as little as possible4 ,i fertilize my orchard with cow-stable and horse-stable litter mixed2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise it on all soils1 unless very rich4 ,i pasture my orchard once in a while with hogs without rings in their noses1 so they can hunt worms4 ,my trees are troubled with borers4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples in sack from ladders4 ,sort into three classes1 and peddle them4 ,i use ,topping's driers and ,williams's parers2 they are satisfactory4 ,after drying ,i pack in fifty-pound boxes4 ,i find a ready market in ,kansas ,city for them1 but it does not pay4 ,i am successful in storing apples in small boxes and barrels in a cellar2 ,gilpin and ,ben ,davis keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about five per cent4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices were thirty-five to fifty cents in the fall2 seventy-five cents to one dollar in the spring #ahig4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,gregg1 ,willis1 ,brown county3 ,i have been in ,kansas since '#fh2 have an apple orchard of #abj trees about twenty years old4 ,for a commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,gano1 and ,dominie2 and would add for a family orchard ,red ,june1 ,holland ,pippin1 and ,yellow ,transparent4 ,i have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig on account of blight1 and ,missouri ,pippin on account of blight and shy bearing4 ,i prefer high land with a porous clay subsoil1 and a north1 northeast or northwest aspect4 ,when planting trees ,i dig deep1 wide holes1 lean the tree to the southwest1 apply water1 then fill and tramp well4 ,i cultivate my orchard for five years with an orchard disc2 plant corn and potatoes4 ,seed bearing orchard to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of honey-locust1 maple1 ash etc41 on the south and west sides of the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with corn-stalks4 ,i prune mostly in ,june1 to give the trees shape2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin my fruit1 but think it would pay4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard to any extent2 think clover is good left on the ground4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it does not pay4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand into a basket or sack4 ,the shippers do the sorting4 ,i wholesale1 retail and peddle my apples2 sell the best to shippers1 culls to neighbors or make cider of them4 ,my best market is at home2 never tried distant markets4 ,do not dry or store any4 ,prices have been from seventy-five cents to one dollar per barrel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,cutter1 ,junction ,city1 ,geary county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have an apple orchard of #djjj trees4 ,for a commercial orchard ,i prefer the list recommended by the ,state ,horticultural ,society4 ,i prefer a rich bottom with a north aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees four or five feet tall1 branched low4 ,i cultivate my orchard as long as it lives with a disc harrow or plow4 ,the first five years ,i plant a crop that requires cultivation1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are very beneficial2 would make them of two rows of ,russian mulberries set ten feet apart in a row4 ,i prune very little when young to balance the tree2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin my fruit while on the trees1 but think it would pay if ,i had time4 ,i fertilize my old orchard with stable litter1 and think it advisable on all soils4 ,if you do not do this you must prune4 ,i do not pasture my orchards4 ,my trees are troubled with canker worm1 root aphis1 flathead borer1 roundhead borer1 woolly aphis1 and leaf-roller1 and my apples with codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,i spray for canker-worm and codling-moth--the oftener the better4 ,i think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i dig the borers out1 and kill the rabbits4 ,i carefully pick my apples by hand from a step-ladder1 into half-bushel baskets1 and sort into three classes--first1 second1 and culls4 ,pack in barrels rounded up and marked on the head2 then send to market by rail4 ,i sell some apples in the orchard1 usually at wholesale4 ,my best markets are south--,texas4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing in boxes1 barrels and bulk for home market2 ,i find ,fink keeps best4 ,never tried artificial cold storage4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-fourth of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,i pay my help one dollar per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,h4 ,,griesa1 ,lawrence1 ,douglas county3 ,i have lived in the state thirty-one years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ajjj trees1 from six to eighteen years old4 ,for a commercial orchard ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,winesap2 and for a family orchard ,yellow ,transparent1 ,early ,melon1 ,jonathan1 and ,gano4 ,i have tried and discarded ,gilpin1 ,lawver1 and ,mc,afee2 they were not productive or good4 ,i prefer a sandy river bottom4 ,i prefer one-year-old trees1 set as they grew in the nursery4 ,i cultivate my orchard to small fruits1 using a disc or cultivator2 cease cropping when the trees spread too much4 ,the more cultivation the better4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,i trap the rabbits2 and dig the borers out in ,may and ,september4 ,i prune my trees a little each year1 to let in sunshine2 ,i think it pays and is beneficial4 ,i thin the fruit while on the trees a very little2 but it would pay to while the fruit is small4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter and ashes2 and would advise their use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 but think it would pay1 with calves and young pigs4 ,my trees are troubled with borers and aphis1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick by hand1 and sort into three classes2 pack in three-bushel barrels1 facing the bottoms1 and ship to market by freight or express4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 sell the second and third grades to evaporators4 ,i have tried distant markets1 and found it paid4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am fairly successful in storing apples in boxes and barrels1 in a barn cellar1 for market and family use1 and find the ,fink and ,cullins keep best4 ,never tried artificial cold storage4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing2 the per cent4 lost depends on the variety4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from seventy-five cents to two dollars per barrel4 ,i pay my help one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,bond1 ,rossville1 ,shawnee county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-one years2 have an apple orchard of about #cjj trees1 from five to twenty-five years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap2 and for a family orchard would add ,chenango ,strawberry and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i have tried and discarded ,rawle's ,janet on account of rot1 worms1 and shy bearing1 and ,smith's ,cider on account of blight4 ,i prefer bottom land having a deep1 porous subsoil and an east or south slope4 ,i prefer two-year old trees1 set in rows thirty feet apart each way4 ,i cultivate my orchard with corn or potatoes for six or eight years1 using a common cultivator1 and cease cropping at the end of this time2 plant the bearing orchard to clover4 ,windbreaks would be beneficial2 would make them of forest-trees or ,osage orange1 by planting in three close rows on the south and west sides of the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i tie split corn-stalks around the trees4 ,i prune very little2 just enough to keep the head open and the watersprouts off4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are planted with one variety in a row4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worms and flathead borers1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 also wholesale1 retail and peddle some4 ,the home market is best2 never tried distant markets4 ,i do not dry or store any4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,apples were fifty cents per bushel in the fall of #ahig4 ,i paid my help one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reuben ,,walton1 ,aurora1 ,cloud county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty years4 ,have an apple orchard of #bjj trees from six to eighteen years old4 ,for a commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,late ,emperor1 and ,maiden's ,blush2 and for a family orchard ,winesap1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,late ,emperor1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,rhode ,island ,greening4 ,i prefer a north slope with a rich black loam and limestone subsoil4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 well-rooted trees1 set twenty feet apart4 ,i cultivate my orchard to potatoes for ten years1 using a double shovel plow1 and cease cropping at the end of this time1 planting the bearing orchard to grass4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of evergreens4 ,i dig borers out4 ,i prune to give the trees more air and better shape2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees2 the hail and dry weather generally do that for me4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i have one apricot tree which never bore until a swarm of bees came and lit on it1 and it has borne every year since then 884 ,i do not fertilize my orchard2 our soil does not need it4 ,i pasture my orchard all the time1 with hogs and pigs4 ,it is not advisable1 as they injure the trees1 but they pick up the wormy fruit4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worms1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i spray with ,london purple and ,paris green three times1 when we have the time and water to spare4 ,think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i pick my fruit by hand and sell some apples to the neighbors in the orchard4 ,i feed culls to pigs4 ,i never tried distant markets4 ,i have apples dried on shares for family use4 ,it does not pay to dry for market4 ,i am partially successful in storing apples in barrels in a cellar under the house4 ,i find ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,ben ,davis1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg and ,emperor keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing one-fourth of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty to thirty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,d4 ,,cellar1 ,edwardsville1 ,wyandotte county3 ,been in ,kansas twelve years2 have #bjjj apple trees from two to eight years of age1 comprising ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,gano and ,missouri ,pippin for commercial purposes1 and ,maiden's ,blush1 ,early ,harvest1 ,bailey ,sweet1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 ,grimes' ,golden ,pippin and ,winesap for family orchard4 ,i have discarded the ,mc,afee and ,lawver as unproductive4 ,i prefer loose soil1 and hill land with an east and north slope4 ,plant thrifty two-year-old trees1 in rows #bex#cj feet4 ,i cultivate to corn1 berries1 etc41 until seven or eight years old1 with the ,planet jr4 horse hoe1 and then sow to clover4 ,windbreaks are not needed in our locality4 ,i prune conservatively1 cutting out broken or interlacing branches1 and suckers at the base2 ,i believe it pays4 ,have never thinned on the tree1 and fertilize with barn-yard litter and clover4 ,i do not pasture my apple orchard4 ,am troubled some with insects1 but have not sprayed4 ,i dig out borers1 which ,i think may be largely prevented by the use of wooden tree wrappers4 ,i pick in the ordinary way and divide into two classes3 select1 sound1 smooth apples above two inches in diameter2 number two1 sound apples too small for select4 ,i do this on a sorting table1 and pack in twelve-peck barrels1 pressed down1 and marked with a stencil4 ,i sell at wholesale1 sometimes in the orchard2 culls ,i sell in the orchard or the ,kansas ,city market4 ,our best market is ,kansas ,city4 ,i have shipped to distant markets and made it pay4 ,have never dried any4 ,have stored for winter in barrels in cold store2 they have not kept satisfactorily1 ,i cannot say why2 ,jonathan and ,missouri ,pippin kept best this past winter4 ,i had to repack this spring and lost twenty per cent4 ,prices have ranged from #aj cents to #a4ej per bushel4 ,for help ,i use men1 and pay one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,d4 ,,gaiser1 ,lansing1 ,leavenworth county3 ,have lived in ,kansas forty years4 ,have #ejjj trees eight years old1 of ,gano1 ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 and ,huntsman's ,favorite2 ,i grow no others4 ,my location is hilltop1 with good1 rich soil1 and a clay subsoil2 slope makes no difference4 ,i plant two- and three-year-old trees1 #aex#cj feet1 and cultivate to corn for seven or eight years1 and then sow to clover and timothy4 ,i never prune1 thin1 or fertilize2 and allow no stock in the orchard4 ,i do not spray1 but dig the flat-headed borer out with a knife4 ,i use ladders1 and gather in baskets and pour into a wagon1 and sort in unloading2 ,i make only two classes1 culls and good apples4 ,i ship my best apples to different points in barrels1 and it pays2 my culls ,i make into cider4 ,have never tried drying apples4 ,i store some for winter in bulk1 and keep them successfully4 ,i use men and boys for help4 ,i sell for #a4be to #a4ej per barrel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,h4 ,,robinson1 ,dunlap1 ,morris county3 ,has lived in ,kansas thirty years2 has #ajjj apple trees1 planted from two to nineteen years4 ,prefers ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin and ,jonathan for commercial purposes1 and ,early ,harvest1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg and ,cooper's ,early ,white for family use4 ,has turned down ,rawle's ,janet1 as they rot on the trees4 ,all on best bottom land1 clay subsoil4 ,plants two-year-old trees thirty-five feet apart each way1 with nothing 8 between4 ,plants to corn1 and cultivates well up to twelve years4 ,is protected on the southwest by a belt of timber4 ,keeps rabbits off by wrapping with corn-stalks4 ,prunes to make the tree healthier and apples finer2 says it pays4 ,plants varieties in alternate rows1 but does not say why4 ,uses all the stable litter he can get4 ,pastures with cows after gathering2 says they eat the culls and wormy fruit1 and it pays4 ,he advises others to try it4 ,sprays with ,london purple before blooming1 after blooming1 and ten days later for tent-caterpillar and codling-moth1 and believes he has reduced both of them4 ,has no borers--thinks a stitch in time saves nine4 ,picks and sorts into two classes1 first and second4 ,always sells in the orchard to western apple haulers4 ,lets the cows have all culls he does not use for cider4 ,price in orchard for picked apples1 forty to fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,h4 ,,taylor1 ,rhinehart1 ,dickinson county3 ,lived in ,kansas twenty-two years4 ,have #gjj apple trees1 out from one to nineteen years4 ,prefer1 for commercial purposes1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,rawle's ,janet2 and for family orchard add ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,astrachan1 and ,rambo4 ,have discarded all the specially recommended eastern 8 varieties as shy bearers1 and too warm for ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,prefers to plant on good black loam1 in ravines facing north4 ,plants two-year-old thrifty trees1 some #ccx#cc1 others #ccx#af-a_/b feet4 ,have tried to grow root grafts1 with poor success4 ,cultivate all the time with disc and plow2 grow corn for five or six years1 afterward nothing4 ,does not need windbreak1 but would use if required--about fifteen rows of ash and catalpa1 planted four by four feet4 ,wraps trees from rabbits4 ,mice ate bark off and completely girdled roots six inches in diameter under the ground last winter 7#ahig-'ih74 ,prunes some to keep the top balanced and low1 to prevent sun-scald and effects of wind4 ,uses fresh stable litter as a mulch1 and believes it pays4 ,does not pasture at any time4 ,has few insects1 and does not spray much1 says rains wash it off too readily4 ,picks in baskets1 and finds the family the best market2 stores for winter in boxes and barrels1 and is successful with ,rawle's ,janet1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,prices have run from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,uses farm help at fifteen to eighteen dollars and board per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,lawry1 ,hollis1 ,cloud county3 ,i have lived in the state sixteen years2 have an apple orchard of #adj trees from six to fourteen years old4 ,for all uses ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,i have discarded the ,willow ,twig because they die out4 ,i prefer a clay soil4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees set in big holes4 ,i cultivate my orchard about five years with a one-horse shovel plow4 ,i plant potatoes or sweet corn in a bearing orchard1 and cease cropping when the trees cover the ground1 and sow red clover in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of mulberries4 ,i prune with a saw1 to make them more productive2 ,i think it pays4 ,i never thin my fruit while on the trees4 ,can see no difference whether trees are in block of one kind or mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard1 or spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand from a ladder4 ,i do not sell in the orchard4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,don't dry any4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,levi ,,kimmal1 ,concordia1 ,cloud county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-five years2 have an apple orchard of #abj trees eighteen years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap2 and for a family orchard ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,limber ,twig1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i have tried and discarded ,golden ,russet on account of shy bearing4 ,i prefer a sandy loam with a clay subsoil1 having a north or northwest aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees for planting4 ,i plant my orchard up to bearing with potatoes and corn2 then seed down to red clover4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of several rows of ,osage orange on the south side of the orchard4 ,i prune my trees2 thin out the top to let the sun in for coloring4 ,my trees are more fruitful when planted in blocks4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 ,i think it beneficial because it mulches1 enriches1 and holds the moisture1 and would advise its use on all soils2 no land is so good but what stable litter will make it better4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 ,i do not think it advisable2 but ,i mow all the weeds or whatever grows in the orchard and leave it on the ground for a mulching4 ,my trees are troubled with twig-borers and leaf-rollers1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i have sprayed my trees when in blossom with ,paris green2 did not succeed last year4 ,i dig borers out and pick the bad fruit 7if there is any7 off4 ,i hand-pick my apples for winter use into baskets from step-ladders4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 would rather sell that way than to hold them4 ,i feed the culls to pigs4 ,my best market is at home2 ,i never tried a distant market4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples for home use in a cellar4 ,i do not irrigate1 but use stable litter for moisture4 ,winter apples brought fifty cents per bushel2 dried apples three or four cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,seneca ,,heath1 ,muscotah1 ,atchison county3 ,i have lived in the state thirty-one years2 have an apple orchard of #bjhj trees from three to thirty-six years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,york ,imperial1 ,jonathan1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,stark1 and on rich1 moist soil1 ,winesap2 and for a family orchard ,early ,margaret1 ,early ,june1 ,early ,harvest1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,sweet ,bough1 ,keswick ,codlin1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,autumn and ,summer ,pearmain1 ,rambo1 ,fulton1 ,smith's ,cider1 and ,newtown ,pippin 7if given extra care74 ,have tried and discarded ,tompkins ,county ,king--the borers kill it on all soils--and ,willow ,twig on account of blight4 ,i prefer upland with a black sandy or gravelly loam and a good limestone soil1 with a porous subsoil as a necessity1 and a northeast slope4 ,i prefer thrifty one-year-old trees1 set in plowed furrows and covered with a spade2 hill up rather than dig down4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn or any cultivated crop for eight years1 using a plow and harrow1 and cease cropping at the end of this time1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard2 it does not pay4 ,windbreaks are essential1 especially on upland4 ,i would make them of red cedar1 soft maple1 or ,osage orange1 by planting in rows and cultivating four to six years4 ,for rabbits ,i use tarred paper1 and wood ashes for borers4 ,i prune my trees with a saw and shears to produce fruit and shape2 ,i think it pays1 but the ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan grow into handsomer shapes if left alone4 ,if a tree is growing too rapidly to set fruit1 prune in ,june4 ,i thin the fruit while on the trees by picking off the wormy and defective ones4 ,i keep this up until nearly grown2 it pays4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings1 and believe they are more fruitful4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter1 ashes1 salt1 and lime1 and would advise it on all excepting rich soils1 where it ought not to be used until after the trees have fruited five to eight years4 ,probably the cheapest and best fertilizer on upland is clover mowed and left to decay where it fell4 ,weeds are also good if mowed when two feet high and left on the ground4 ,i pasture my orchard with pigs1 calves1 and horses1 but it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillars and round-headed borers1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i spray with a two-horse wagon sprayer1 also a hand sprayer1 when the blossom falls1 with ,paris green1 and think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i burn tent-caterpillars with a coal-oil lamp or torch4 ,i pick my apples by hand into half-bushel baskets1 from ladders4 ,i sell my apples in the orchard4 ,i sell1 feed to the stock1 and make cider of the culls4 ,i do not dry any1 but think it would pay4 ,i have stored apples in barrels1 and found the ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,stark and ,baldwin keep best4 ,i am not always successful2 will not store any more until ,i build a fruit house4 ,i do not irrigate1 but intend to4 ,prices have been from #ge cents to #a4ge per barrel4 ,i employ men and boys1 and pay two cents per bushel for picking4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ed4 ,,sandy1 ,linn1 ,washington county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ajj trees1 fifteen years old4 ,i prefer a north slope4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 using a cultivator2 and continue cultivating bearing orchard4 ,i prune my trees4 ,do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter1 and think it beneficial2 ,i would advise its use only on upland4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i have sprayed with ,paris green for worms1 and am not very successful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,a4 ,,courter1 ,barnes1 ,washington county3 ,have lived in ,kansas since #ahfi2 have an apple orchard of #aej trees1 set from nine to twenty-five years4 ,i prefer bottom land with a northeast slope4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn all the time4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 my trees grew fine1 but for the last three or four years they have blighted badly4 ,i do not spray4 ,i store some apples for winter use in boxes in a cave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thomas ,,brown1 ,palmer1 ,washington county3 ,i have resided in the state twenty-eight years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ejj trees from three to twenty years old4 ,for a commercial orchard ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,ben ,davis1 and for family orchard ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,jonathan4 ,i prefer sandy land on an east slope4 ,i plant trees in rows sixteen by twenty-one feet4 ,i mulch my orchard with straw1 and plow every three or four years4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of maple or box-elders1 planted around the orchard4 ,i prune some1 but it does not pay4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard some with swine1 but it is not advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with fall web-worms4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand4 ,i sometimes sell the apples in the orchard at retail4 ,my best market is at home2 ,i never tried distant markets4 ,i do not dry any4 ,am successful in storing apples in boxes and barrels in a cellar4 ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,i never tried cold storage4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-third of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been about fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,j4 ,,fraser1 ,peabody1 ,marion county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-three years2 have #chj apple trees ten inches in diameter1 twenty-two years planted4 ,i prefer for commercial purposes ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and ,maiden's ,blush2 and for family use would add ,early ,harvest1 ,sweet ,june1 and ,winesap2 have tried and discarded about thirty other varieties1 because they did not yield or were subject to disease4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with north slope1 made land4 ,i plow out deep1 dead furrow2 set trees and plow the earth back to the trees4 ,i prefer two- or three-year-old strong trees4 ,have tried root grafts and seedlings with good success4 ,i cultivate the trees the first ten years with the plow and harrow4 ,i grow nothing in a young orchard1 and seed the old orchard to clover4 ,i think windbreaks are essential on the south1 and would make them of ,osage orange or mulberry1 planted in double rows1 a few feet apart4 ,wrap trees for rabbits1 and for borers keep trees thrifty4 ,i prune some to keep the top balanced1 and think it beneficial4 ,i have thinned fruit some1 but do not think it pays4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings1 and ,i keep bees4 ,i have used fertilizer1 but could not see much benefit2 would advise it only on thin soils4 ,i have pastured my orchard with hogs1 and think it advisable2 it pays4 ,my trees are bothered with canker-worm1 root aphis1 flathead borer1 and twig-borer2 the codling-moth troubles my apples4 ,i have sprayed with ,bordeaux mixture1 ,london purple1 and ,paris green2 could not see much good2 have reduced the codling-moth some4 ,i pick my apples the old-fashioned way--with a sack4 ,practically1 the crop has been so light that very few have been sold1 and they were fall apples4 ,have never dried any2 have never stored any4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been unsatisfactory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,b4 ,,mosher1 ,lawrenceburg1 ,cloud county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas seventeen years4 ,have an orchard of #aej trees1 planted from one to seventeen years4 ,for family orchard would plant ,early ,harvest1 ,cooper's ,early1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,ben ,davis4 ,medium elevation1 with northern or northeastern slope1 and clay-loam soil with clay subsoil1 is preferable4 ,when planting1 ,i dig a hole large enough to receive the roots1 and plant healthy two-year-old trees1 trained to a switch1 so that ,i can train the top to suit4 ,have tried root grafts and seedlings2 both have done well4 ,i cultivate while the trees are young1 and use only harrow and mowing-machine after they begin to bear4 ,i plant any hoed crop among the trees while young1 and cease when the trees begin to bear4 ,i think windbreaks essential1 and use maple1 box-elder1 and ,scotch pine4 ,for rabbits ,i use traps and shot-gun4 ,i use a knife for the borers4 ,i prune when the tree needs it2 use the saw on large trees and the knife on small trees4 ,i thin the fruit sometimes when it sets too thickly1 as soon as it shows1 and it pays most emphatically4 ,i cannot see any difference in trees whether set in blocks or mixed up4 ,i use some barn-yard fertilizer1 and think it beneficial2 would advise its use as the trees begin to bear4 ,i pasture my orchard with pigs and poultry2 think it advisable1 and think it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with bud moth1 flathead borer1 and twig-borer2 some seasons ,i also have leaf-roller and leaf-crumpler4 ,the codling-moth troubles my apples4 ,i spray some to destroy these insects1 with indigo and ,london purple1 using a pump4 ,i do not know that ,i have reduced the codling-moth any4 ,for borer ,i form a basin around the tree and fill with water1 repeating several times2 ,i sometimes pick them4 ,i use an ordinary fruit ladder1 and sack with ends tied together and swung over the shoulder4 ,i make but one class1 viz41 market all the perfect apples4 ,i carefully put in a fruit-house and let stay a week or so1 then carefully sort over by removing all unsound or faulty ones4 ,i do not ship4 ,i have a good market at home4 ,i never sell in the orchard2 usually market in bushel boxes4 ,i usually feed second- or third-class fruit to hogs4 ,my best market is ,concordia4 ,have never tried distant markets4 ,i have never dried any apples4 ,i store some for winter use in an ordinary cellar2 am successful1 and find ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,missouri ,pippin keep the best4 ,we have to repack after storing1 and lose about one-third4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,rawle's ,janet usually sell at one dollar per bushel2 ,ben ,davis1 at seventy-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,c4 ,,gardiner1 ,bradford1 ,wabaunsee county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-nine years1 in this county fourteen years2 have #gej apple trees ten years planted4 ,for commercial orchard ,i would plant ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin2 for family use1 add ,jonathan and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,have tried and discarded ,keswick ,codlin2 tree is tender4 ,i prefer hilltop1 north and west or northeast slope1 black loam with a yellowish clay subsoil4 ,i plant thirty feet apart1 using one- and two-year-old1 low-headed trees4 ,have tried root grafts2 had good success4 ,i cultivate until the trees are six or seven years old with the plow and cultivator4 ,i grow corn in a young orchard1 and clover in a bearing orchard2 cease cropping when six or seven years old4 ,windbreaks are beneficial on the south and west2 they should be made of quick-growing trees4 ,i wrap the trees with paper to protect against rabbits4 ,i prune but little to thin top2 am doubtful if it pays4 ,never thin apples on trees4 ,i fertilize the land with well-rotted manure1 but not close the trees2 ,i would advise its use on all soils2 ,i think it beneficial2 ,i sometimes pasture my orchard with hogs2 do not think it advisable2 pays only in getting rid of wormy fruit4 ,my trees are troubled with leaf-roller1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,do not spray4 ,gather my apples by hand1 and sort into two classes1 first1 second and culls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,isaac ,e4 ,,wolf1 ,longford1 ,clay county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-one years2 have #bjj apple trees nineteen years old1 and #ajj apple trees six years old4 ,prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin for market1 and ,maiden's ,blush1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg and ,smith ,cider for family orchard4 ,the ,red ,astrachan and ,early ,harvest are shy bearers4 ,my orchard is on sandy soil with clay subsoil2 the trees look healthy4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 and lay the ground off in squares1 making large holes4 ,in young orchard ,i plant corn for ten years1 cultivating both ways2 after that ,i grow nothing1 but cultivate with the disc as long as ,i can get through it4 ,am cultivating my old orchard4 ,i think windbreaks are a necessity on the south1 west1 and north1 and would make them of walnut and box-elder4 ,for rabbits ,i rub on strong grease4 ,i prune with shears such limbs as rub one another1 and am sure it pays4 ,i don't think it pays to thin fruit on the trees4 ,i believe in fertilizing the ground1 but not too close to the trees2 it won't hurt any soil4 ,allow no stock in the orchard4 ,the twig-borer is the worst insect in my orchard4 ,i tried spraying on some trees1 and some ,i did not1 and my apples were all alike4 ,i watch for borers closely1 and cut them out4 ,i pick in a grain sack1 and make three classes4 ,the best ,i keep for spring1 the second class for winter1 and the culls ,i turn into cider4 ,i peddle my apples out at home4 ,we dry some apples and have a good market at home4 ,we store for winter in the cellar in bulk1 and find that ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,missouri ,pippin are the best keepers4 ,,fruit ,,district ,no4 #b4 ,following is the second fruit district1 comprising twenty-three counties1 in the northwest quarter of state4 ,reports1 or rather experiences1 from each of these counties will be found immediately following4 ,we give first the number of apple trees in this district1 compiled from statistics for #ahig4 ,many thousands were added in the spring of #ahih4 ,bearing4 ,not bearing4 ,total4 ,cheyenne #baa #a1gjh #a1iai ,decatur #c1ibe #d1iij #h1iae ,ellis #c1hdf #a1cba #e1afg ,ellsworth #ag1dia #ab1dgd #bi1ife ,gove #bad #a1bjb #a1daf ,graham #ejh #c1fcf #d1add ,jewell #abj1eji #ef1eej #agg1jei ,lincoln #ai1fai #ah1hdf #ch1dfe ,logan #dfh #a1dfe #a1icc ,mitchell #ee1hjf #bj1fbd #gf1dcj ,morton #bfd #aga #dce ,norton #g1bbj #f1hjc #ad1jbc ,osborne #ba1fdg #ae1jdc #cf1fij ,phillips #af1gfe #i1dhf #bf1bea ,rawlins #hjf #b1jfe #b1hga ,rooks #h1abg #f1hae #ad1idb ,russell #f1ghh #e1jde #aa1hcc ,sheridan #bah #a1adh #a1cff ,sherman #afi #a1dgg #a1fdf ,smith #da1iai #bb1ihh #fd1ijg ,thomas #eji #dgj #igi ,trego #gde #a1dji #b1aed ,wallace #bbc #a1cdc #a1eff ------- ------- ------- ,total in district #cbg1iig #aig1jgi #ebe1jgf ,estimate in acreage #fj1jjj #ce1jjj #aje1jjj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,baird1 ,vesper1 ,lincoln county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have an apple orchard of #cjj trees1 from one to fifteen years old2 the old ones measuring twelve inches in diameter4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,huntsman's ,favorite2 and for family orchard ,maiden's ,blush1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,think ,i shall discard ,red ,astrachan and ,red ,betigheimer on account of shy bearing4 ,i prefer bottom1 sandy soil1 clay subsoil1 and a northwest slope4 ,i prefer good1 stocky1 low-headed1 yearling trees set from twenty-five to thirty feet in the row2 have tried root grafts2 that is the only successful way to grow trees here4 ,i cultivate my orchard to potatoes for the first two or three years1 after that to any kind of vines4 ,i use a stirring plow1 plowing very shallow near the trees and deeper near the center4 ,i grow nothing in a bearing orchard1 and cease cropping after five years4 ,i think windbreaks are essential1 and would make them of seedling peach1 ,russian mulberry or any quick-growing trees1 in three or four rows on the south side of the orchard4 ,i trap the rabbits1 and use my knife on the borers2 am not troubled with them very much4 ,i prune trees while young to give the proper shape to the top1 and later to remove the crossed limbs and cause them to spread out and shade the trunk and as much space as possible4 ,i have thinned the fruit on trees to a limited extent2 it should be done when about the size of quail eggs4 ,think it makes little difference whether trees are planted in block or mixed up4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard2 the soil is rich enough2 water is what it needs4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 and think it advisable1 as they eat all the wormy fruit and destroy many insects by rooting2 ,i find it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with root aphis2 my apples are bothered by codling-moth1 gouger1 and blue jays4 ,i spray with ,london purple and lime1 about #ajj gallons of water to one pound of purple and six pounds of lime4 ,i think ,paris green would be better4 ,i spray for canker-worm as soon as ,i see them1 and am of the opinion that one application is enough1 but do not think spraying of any use for codling-moth1 as the moth itself does not eat anything but the honey from the base of the bloom1 and not enough of the poison reaches them to amount to anything4 ,my method of fighting them is1 as soon as the moth appears in the spring1 to put old fruit cans in the trees filled with sweet water4 ,this attracts the moths and they drown in it4 ,i also burn torches in the orchard at night4 ,another way is to hang a lantern over a tub of water that has a little coal-oil in it2 this will kill a great many insects4 ,i hand-pick my fruit into sacks slung over the shoulder2 ,i use a step-ladder for those ,i cannot reach4 ,i sell apples in orchard2 also retail2 sell best ones to best customers2 ,i dry second and third grades2 of culls ,i make cider and vinegar and feed to pigs4 ,my best market is at home4 ,i dry some apples2 use a ,victor evaporator1 and one that ,i made2 after drying we heat in an oven1 and put in double paper bags1 and find a ready market2 but it does not pay4 ,i store apples in five-bushel boxes1 in a tunnel-like cellar1 dug in solid sand-rock2 it is fifty feet long1 five feet wide1 and six and one-half feet deep1 with rooms on each side2 it is perfectly dry and the temperature even1 but it is too warm for winter2 ,i find it is excellent for summer and fall apples4 ,those that keep best are ,rawle's ,janet and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing2 ,i do not lose many4 ,i use or sell as soon as fit4 ,i irrigate my orchard from a small creek fed by springs4 ,i have two large dams1 with ditches running along the hillside1 with gates to let the water into the ditches2 from the main ditch ,i have laterals1 also provided with gates2 the surplus and seepage goes back into the creek below the main dam2 the creek below the dam has small dams in it to hold the seepage water at the desired height--which serves for subirrigation1 the best irrigation in the world4 ,the water should not stand nearer than five feet of the surface for apples4 ,i run the water between the rows in wide1 shallow ditches1 any time from ,march to ,september4 ,it is not necessary to have a creek to irrigate an orchard4 ,a good1 big ditch along the hillside above the orchard will catch enough melted snow and rain to pay for its construction2 this should run into a reservoir4 ,prices have been from seventy-five cents to one dollar1 and dried apples from five to twelve and one-half cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,peter ,,noon1 ,vesper1 ,lincoln county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty years4 ,have forty apple trees eleven years old1 eight to ten inches in diameter1 twelve to fifteen feet high4 ,i prefer for all purposes ,winesap and ,ben ,davis4 ,i prefer bottom land with a black soil and sandy subsoil4 ,i plant young trees in rows twenty-five feet each way4 ,i cultivate my orchard for seven years with plow and harrow1 raising no crop4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i use cottonwood trees1 planted in three rows1 around my orchard4 ,i prune with a saw to make the trees bear better and keep them from getting top-heavy2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i thin my fruit on the trees by hand in ,july4 ,i never pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with bud moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick by hand4 ,never dry any4 ,do not store any4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from seventy-five to eighty cents per bushel1 and dried apples eight cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,jacob ,,weidman1 ,lincoln1 ,lincoln county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,have an apple orchard of about #ajjj trees1 nineteen years old4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 ,jonathan1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,early ,harvest1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,autumn ,strawberry1 ,rambo1 and ,gano4 ,for family orchard would prefer ,winesap1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 ,gilpin1 ,milam1 ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,red ,june1 and ,limber ,twig1 the last one being a very good keeper4 ,have tried and discarded ,red ,astrachan1 ,lawver1 ,golden ,russet1 ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,willow ,twig and ,smith's ,cider on account of blight4 ,i prefer bottom land with rich soil and loose subsoil1 with a northern slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old stocky trees planted in a furrow4 ,i have tried root grafts with the best success2 the best trees in this county were grown by me4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn1 using a stirring plow2 ,i cease cropping after six years1 but keep cultivating until the trees smother the weeds4 ,windbreaks are essential4 ,i have native timber on three sides1 the south1 west1 and north2 and a hill on the east4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with corn-stalks1 which also protects them from sun-scald4 ,am never troubled with borers4 ,i prune moderately to give shape to young trees1 and to let the sun and air to the fruit on old trees2 many trees are injured by heavy pruning4 ,i never thin4 ,mixed plantings of trees are best2 my ,jonathan do well2 all do well that bloom at the same time4 ,i do not fertilize4 ,i never pasture my orchard2 would not advise it4 ,my trees are troubled with woolly aphis and root-louse4 ,i have sprayed with ,london purple2 last year ,i sprayed with ,paris green and my apples were free from worms2 if ,london purple is used without lime it burns the leaves2 ,paris green does not mix well1 and has to be stirred all the time4 ,i am going to use carbonate of soda and white arsenic this year2 four parts carbonate of soda to two parts of white arsenic1 and one gallon of water2 boil for fifteen minutes1 then add another gallon of water and use two quarts of this to fifty gallons of water4 ,i pick my apples in a sack from a ladder4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 have regular customers for the winter apples4 ,i supply some stores with early and fall apples2 never peddle any4 ,i put my second-grade apples in piles of about thirty bushels each1 and cover lightly with dirt until cold weather comes4 ,a little freezing will not hurt them4 ,in ,march or ,april ,i market them1 and get as much for them as ,i get for the first-class ones in the fall4 ,those that keep best are3 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,gilpin1 and ,milam4 ,we dry some apples for home use4 ,we put them on frames in a spent hotbed under glass1 to keep flies off4 ,i have a large cellar in which ,i store apples2 have never packed them in barrels4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from #ce cents to #a4ej per bushel4 ,have help of my own4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l4 ,p4 ,,ashcroft1 ,shibboleth1 ,decatur county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-two years4 ,have #ajj apple trees1 eight to twelve years old1 four to ten inches in diameter4 ,i prefer for commercial purposes ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,willow ,twig4 ,i prefer upland with a south slope4 ,i plant two-year-old1 low1 bushy1 stout-top trees4 ,to set1 ,i plow deep and dig deep holes1 in the fall4 ,i cultivate my orchard every year from ,may #a to ,july #a1 and late in the fall4 ,i use the harrow in the spring1 disc and harrow later on1 and lister in the fall4 ,i think windbreaks would be beneficial on the south1 and would make them of buildings and sheds of all kinds4 ,i am troubled with small borers in the limbs4 ,i prune out the inside of trees to let sun and air through4 ,i think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,i never thin apples2 the wind does the thinning4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings1 and ,i believe would bear every year if they did not freeze4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter on top of heavy snows4 ,i think it beneficial1 if not too close to the trees4 ,i would advise its use on all soils if applied at the right time and in the right manner4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with small borers1 and my fruit with some insects4 ,i do not spray4 ,i have used coal-oil for borers1 but do nothing now4 ,we pick our own fruit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,d4 ,,street1 ,oberlin1 ,decatur county3 ,i have resided in the state thirty-seven years4 ,have an apple orchard of fifty trees seven or eight years old1 about six inches in diameter4 ,my orchard is situated on low1 bottom land4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 set in plowed land and dug holes4 ,i plant my orchard to garden crops1 corn1 and potatoes4 ,i plow shallow1 and use a harrow and weed-cutter4 ,i plant the same crops in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 mine are natural timber along the creek4 ,i prune a little with knife and saw1 to preserve shape2 cannot say that it has been beneficial1 or that it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees2 it would probably benefit4 ,i fertilize my orchard some with stable litter4 ,i think it beneficial1 as the land is heavily cropped with truck4 ,i would not advise it on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with cattle1 horses1 and hogs1 but do not think it advisable4 ,i have not sprayed yet1 but intend to when my orchard is older4 ,i pick my apples by hand4 ,i store apples for home use4 ,with a dam across a creek1 ,i raise water into a pond1 and irrigate4 ,seepage1 percolation and capillary attraction do the rest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,l4 ,,williams1 ,mc,donald1 ,rawlins county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas nineteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of sixty trees1 planted eight years2 planted ten acres in #ahie4 ,i prefer for family orchard ,jonathan1 ,rambo1 ,senator1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,gano4 ,i planted my orchard on a hillside2 the small orchard is in the bottom2 they have a clay subsoil1 and slope in every direction1 but would prefer a northern slope4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees1 set in holes dug four feet deep1 five feet wide1 filled in the bottom with soil hauled from the creek4 8 ,i cultivate my trees with a cultivator and harrow2 ,i think the life of the tree depends on the cultivation1 and that we will have to keep it up as long as the tree lives4 ,i plant potatoes and turnips in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks would be a benefit1 and should be made of ,russian mulberry or red cedar1 set in four or five rows around the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i rub axle grease on the trees4 ,i commence pruning when ,i set the trees out1 using a knife and saw1 to keep the tops from getting too heavy and to give shape2 ,i think it pays4 ,never have thinned the fruit while on the trees1 but would if my trees should ever be overloaded2 ,i think it would pay4 ,i fertilize my orchard from the sheep corral2 it keeps the ground moist and is food for the trees4 ,would not advise its use on bottom land1 as the growth would be too rapid4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 but do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with grasshoppers and flathead borers4 ,i dig borers out in the spring1 then wash the tree with strong soap-suds1 which ,i think eradicates all lice and insects that may be in the bark of the tree2 it gives the tree a hearty1 vigorous growth4 ,i do not irrigate1 but cultivate instead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,r4 ,,caldwell1 ,oberlin1 ,decatur county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of #aaj trees1 thirteen years old1 six inches in diameter4 ,for fall or winter market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,jonathan1 and for summer1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,red ,june1 ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,jonathan4 ,have tried and discarded ,rawle's ,janet2 it is not a good bearer in this locality4 ,i prefer upland1 with a deep1 rich loam1 and an eastern slope4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees1 with lengthy bodies and not much top1 set in holes dug three by three1 one and one-half to two feet deep2 fill the bottom with some of the same dirt4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn and potatoes ten or twelve years1 using a cultivator and stirring plow2 cease cropping after ten or twelve years4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of forest-trees1 by planting or transplanting them4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with corn-stalks4 ,i prune to keep the limbs from rubbing2 for any other reason it does not pay4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are planted in rows4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter2 think it beneficial1 and that it would be good for all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable1 and does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer and tent-caterpillar1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i hand-pick my apples and sell them in our home market4 ,i do not dry or store any4 ,do not irrigate4 ,price has been one dollar per bushel4 ,dried apples have been from five to six cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b4 ,f4 ,,campbell1 ,st4 ,francis1 ,cheyenne county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas since #ahhe4 ,have an apple orchard of #bjj trees1 from two to seven years planted4 ,i prefer bottom land1 subirrigated1 that is sandy1 with a northern aspect4 ,i prefer one-year-old trees planted in rows twenty feet apart4 ,i cultivate my orchard to vegetables as long and as often as ,i can1 using a harrow2 cultivate after every rain if possible1 and the drier the ground1 the oftener the better4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of cottonwood1 as they make the finest growth with us4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with cloth2 have not been able to catch or poison the gophers yet4 ,i prune to maintain low heads and to make shapely trees without forks1 and think it beneficial4 ,i never thin my fruit4 ,do not think it makes any difference whether trees are planted in blocks of one variety1 or mixed up4 ,i mulch my orchard to retain moisture2 would not advise it on all soils1 as the moles make their home in it and soon kill the trees4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,the gophers have done more damage by cutting off the roots than all the other pests4 ,am also troubled with grasshoppers4 ,never have sprayed1 but am going to this spring2 will use the same chemicals as are used at the experiment station4 ,i irrigate sub2 can flood the ground1 but don't need to2 it is wet enough without4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,w4 ,,somer1 ,wilson1 ,ellsworth county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-two years2 have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,smith's ,cider4 ,have tried and discarded ,arkansas ,black1 ,lawver1 ,jonathan1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i prefer limestone bottom land with southeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees three to five feet tall4 ,i cultivate my orchard two or three years with a common stirring plow and cultivator1 and plant nothing4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of forest-trees1 walls1 or ,osage hedge4 ,they ought to be planted before starting the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap my trees with corn-stalks4 ,i prune only to make trees symmetrical4 ,do not thin my apples4 ,i mulch my trees2 think it beneficial1 but would not advise it on all soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,trees are troubled with twig-borer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,d4 ,,griffiths1 ,kanopolis1 ,ellsworth county3 ,have lived in ,kansas eighteen years2 have an apple orchard of thirty trees4 ,have some trees planted on bottom land4 ,i cultivate my orchard to sweet corn as long as the trees will admit1 using a plow and a one-horse1 five-tooth cultivator4 ,i prune to give trees good shape4 ,i fertilize my orchard with well-rotted stable litter4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,am troubled with no insect but borers4 ,i spray the trees when leafing out1 and once a week for five or six weeks after that time1 to ward off the insects4 ,i probe for insects not affected by spraying4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,dried apples have been about eight cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,e4 ,,wells1 ,athol1 ,smith county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years2 have an orchard of twelve acres1 from five to fourteen years4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest and ,winesap4 ,i prefer hilltop of thin clay1 resting on yellow silt1 with a northern slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 stocky trees planted in dead furrows4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn as long as there is space enough between the rows2 use two five-tooth cultivators lashed together1 and cease cropping after twelve years4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,i protect against rabbits and borers by eternal vigilance in hunting them4 ,i prune by cutting out limbs1 so they will not crowd each other2 think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard2 ,i think shallow cultivation is better4 ,i do not pasture my orchard with anything excepting chickens4 ,trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar2 some worm affects my apples4 ,i sometimes spray with lime and copperas1 and have not been very successful4 ,insects not affected by spraying ,i dig out with penknife and wire4 ,i pick my apples by hand from a common ladder2 sort into three classes--first1 smooth and free from worms2 second1 free from worms2 the balance in the third grade4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 also retail them4 ,i handle the best apples very carefully1 one at a time1 and place in crates4 ,keep the second and third-grade apples at home2 feed the culls to hogs4 ,my best market is in the orchard2 never tried distant markets4 ,never dry any4 ,i store apples for winter in a cellar on shelves1 one layer of fruit on each shelf--am successful2 ,ben ,davis keeps best4 ,never tried artificial cold storage4 ,do not irrigate4 ,price has been fifty cents per bushel4 ,i employ women1 because they handle the fruit with more care than men do2 ,i pay one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,isaac ,,clark1 ,oberlin1 ,decatur county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas ten years4 ,i have #abej apple trees1 eight years planted1 as fine as they can be4 ,my market varieties are3 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,ben ,davis1 and for family ,i added ,maiden's ,blush1 ,red ,astrachan1 and ,sweet ,june4 ,i prefer clay soil1 on hilltop2 any slope is good4 ,plant trees in good condition and fine appearance1 on ground plowed deep and disced just as deeply4 ,i cultivate very often with five-tooth cultivator1 and never quit4 ,every third year ,i plow with a one-horse diamond plow4 ,i raised melons for the first three years2 after that nothing4 ,i have no use for windbreaks4 ,i tie with corn-stalks1 to protect against rabbits4 ,i prune very little1 to form the top1 with knife and saw2 keep straggling branches out4 ,i use very little fertilizer2 only on thin soil4 ,i never pasture the orchard4 ,have some twig-borers and leaf-crumplers4 ,i have never sprayed yet2 it may soon be necessary4 ,i have kept my trees tied up with corn-stalks for six years2 the bodies are healthy2 no sun-scald and no borers4 ,my best market is at home4 ,i have stored some for winter1 in barrels in a cave1 and find that the ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,rawle's ,janet keep best1 the latter keeping until ,july4 ,i have been able to sell in the spring at fifty cents per peck4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,m4 ,c4 ,,kroenlin1 ,lincoln1 ,lincoln county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas twenty-one years4 ,have an apple orchard of #agh trees1 from four to fourteen years old1 three to twelve inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin1 and for family use ,missouri ,pippin1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with a black loam soil and sandy subsoil2 ,i believe a level location best4 ,for planting ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 set in holes dug three feet square and one and one-half feet deep2 throw out all soil and use good surface soil2 never apply water to the roots4 ,i cultivate my orchard until the trees are seven years old1 using a disc1 and then a harrow to level the ground1 and plant no crop4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,russian mulberries1 on south and west sides4 ,i have cottonwood windbreaks on the east and north of my orchard2 those on the east protect the trees from the morning sun1 thereby lessening the danger when there is frost on the buds1 and those on the north ,i keep trimmed high1 so as to admit of a free circulation of air1 which is a protection against frost4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap my trees with corn-stalks1 which ,i think the best way4 ,i prune with an ax1 knife1 and saw1 and think it beneficial and that it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with well-rotted cow-stable litter1 which ,i think has been beneficial4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 ,i do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 but not bad1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i spray after the blossoms fall1 with ,london purple 7which will kill every time71 for canker-worm4 ,i stand on step-ladder and pick my apples by hand4 ,i sell them in the orchard1 at retail1 and feed the culls to the chickens4 ,lincoln is my best market4 ,have never tried distant markets4 ,don't dry any2 it does not pay4 ,i am successful in storing apples in bulk in a cellar1 and find ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from ten cents to two dollars per bushel1 the same season2 dried apples four cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,h4 ,,sayles ,,son1 ,norcatur1 ,decatur county3 ,have been in ,kansas fifteen years2 have #cjj apple trees1 eight years planted1 six inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i planted ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winter ,duchess 7871 and ,i added for family use ,jonathan1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 and ,red ,june4 ,i have tried and discarded the ,mann1 ,walbridge1 ,baldwin1 ,northern ,spy1 and ,red ,astrachan4 ,i have black1 northwest ,kansas prairie soil1 with northeast slope4 ,our well is seventeen feet deep1 and fruit never fails4 ,plant low1 healthy1 two-year-old trees1 in deep furrows1 plowed parallel with the slope1 putting the trees twenty by thirty feet4 ,i have raised some splendid seedlings4 ,i draw on large quantities of stable litter4 ,i grow nothing in the orchard2 cultivate with double shovel1 drag1 and hoe1 keeping the ground flat4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential1 and would make them of ,russian mulberry and white elm1 set one row of elm one year old1 twelve to twenty-four inches1 then two rows of ,russian mulberry six feet apart1 alternating4 ,for rabbits ,i fence with wire4 ,i prune with knife and saw1 thinning out the tops1 and think it pays4 ,i believe in thinning the fruit as soon as it is large enough1 and would plant mixed varieties4 ,our ,jonathan never bore until the ,ben ,davis near by bloomed4 ,i scatter stable litter as for grain1 and it is beneficial1 as trees not fertilized die out here2 it is good on all kinds of soil4 ,never pasture the orchard4 ,we have some leaf-roller1 fall web-worm1 and codling-moth1 but have never sprayed any4 ,we dig borers out with a wire4 ,we pick by hand1 and sort into three grades3 numbers #a and #b1 and cider stock4 ,we never sell in the orchard1 but retail our best in one-bushel crates4 ,our culls we feed out to farm stock early4 ,our best market is at home and west2 never tried distant markets4 ,have never tried drying or storing for winter4 ,do not irrigate1 but cultivate often4 ,prices range from #fj cents to #a4be per bushel4 ,we use some farm help at fifteen to eighteen dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,j4 ,,brumage1 ,beloit1 ,mitchell county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-four years2 have an orchard of #ajjj very large apple trees1 from twelve to twenty years old4 ,for commercial purposes would prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,willow ,twig1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 and ,pewaukee1 and for family orchard ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,duchess of ,oldenburg4 ,i prefer hilltop1 clay loam1 with northeast slope4 ,i plow a ditch and set two-year-old trees a little deeper than they were in the nursery4 ,have tried root-grafts and seedlings2 were no good4 ,i cultivate with garden-truck until twelve or fourteen years old1 using a plow to stir the ground1 and seed bearing orchard to grass4 ,i use no windbreaks4 ,i prune to keep the tree from getting bushy2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i never thin my fruit4 ,cannot see any difference in trees whether planted in blocks or mixed up4 ,use no fertilizer1 and would not advise its use4 ,do not pasture orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 flathead borers1 twig-borer1 and leaf roller4 ,codling-moth and curculio trouble my fruit4 ,i spray with ,london purple1 using a pump1 just after the blossom falls1 for the codling-moth1 and think ,i have reduced them4 ,i pick my fruit by hand1 and pack in barrels4 ,i sort into two classes1 good and bad4 ,have sold them in the orchard2 sometimes retail2 my best market is home2 have never tried distant markets4 ,i make vinegar of the culls4 ,never dry any4 ,store some for winter market in bulk in a cave2 am successful2 ,winesap1 ,willow ,twig and ,ben ,davis keep the best4 ,have never tried artificial cold storage4 ,have to repack stored apples before marketing2 we lose about one-fourth4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices average about fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,e4 ,,david1 ,winona1 ,logan county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirteen years2 have an apple orchard of ninety trees from seven to ten years old4 ,i prefer level land1 black loam with a clay subsoil1 and an eastern slope4 ,i prefer thrifty1 healthy trees1 set in holes three feet deep4 ,i cultivate my orchard to beans and melons1 using a cultivator and plow for six years2 then cease cropping4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of honey-locust1 planted in rows on north 8 and south4 ,for protection from rabbits ,i use wire screening1 and dig the borers out4 ,i prune my trees with a knife to give big growth1 and think it beneficial4 ,i never thin my apples while on the trees4 ,my trees are planted in blocks4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 think it beneficial and would advise it out here4 ,i never pasture my orchard4 ,am not troubled with insects4 ,do not spray4 ,do not irrigate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4 ,f4 ,,johnson1 ,oberlin1 ,decatur county3 ,have lived in ,kansas seven years2 ,have #bjj apple trees1 four to eight years old1 and seven to fifteen feet high4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis4 ,for family use1 ,red ,june1 ,winesap1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 and ,ben ,davis4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with deep1 black loam and clay subsoil1 north slope4 ,i plant two-year-old trees1 in rows north and south1 as close as the different varieties will allow4 ,i cultivate as long as the trees live1 with plow and cultivator1 allowing them to go no deeper than three inches4 ,i plant the young orchard to beans1 pumpkins1 and squashes2 the same in a bearing orchard1 and never cease cropping4 ,windbreaks are essential4 ,i would make them of ,russian mulberry and ash1 and keep them cultivated4 ,i tie dry corn-stalks around young trees to protect from rabbits4 ,never prune4 ,never thin4 ,i use stable litter as a fertilizer and mulch2 ,i think it advisable in this latitude4 ,i pasture my orchard in fall and winter with hogs1 and think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with roundhead borer1 twig-borer1 and grasshoppers4 ,i do not spray4 ,have never irrigated1 but intend to soon4 ,prices have been from #a to #a4ej per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,b4 ,,stockard1 ,beloit1 ,mitchell county3 ,i have lived in the state since #ahga4 ,have an apple orchard of #hjj trees4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,jefferis4 ,have tried and discarded ,ben ,davis and ,limber ,twig4 ,i prefer bottom land with a clay subsoil2 southeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 planted twenty-four feet apart1 then thin them out when they crowd4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn and potatoes1 using a cultivator and drop harrow1 and cease cropping when about six years old2 plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,to protect the trees from rabbits ,i rub with rabbits' blood1 and whitewash for borers4 ,i prune very little2 remove dead limbs1 and clip the others2 think it beneficial if not too severe4 ,i do not thin my fruit while on the trees2 it does not pay4 ,it is not necessary to set trees in mixed plantings when you keep bees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 think corn-stalks best1 it has proven beneficial2 would advise its use on all soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard2 is not advisable2 does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar1 bud moth1 root aphis1 bag-worm1 roundhead borer1 woolly aphis1 twig-borer1 oyster-shell bark-louse1 and my apples with curculio4 ,i spray just before the bud swells1 and after they bloom1 with white arsenic2 sal soda and lime for canker-worms and moths2 think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i hand-pick my apples2 sort into two classes4 ,sell in the orchard1 wholesale1 retail1 and peddle2 keep the best apples at home2 make vinegar of the second and third grades1 and culls4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,find a ready market for dried apples2 but it does not pay4 ,i store apples for winter use in a circular arched cave1 in barrels2 find ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,price has been fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4 ,,wagner1 ,dresden1 ,decatur county3 ,i have lived in the state twelve years4 ,have an apple orchard of fifty trees1 planted last spring4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with an east or north aspect4 ,i cultivate my orchard with a cultivator and harrow1 growing no crop4 ,would make windbreaks of locust trees4 ,for rabbits ,i use barrel staves4 ,i do not prune1 or thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 and think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,i do not spray4 ,i water my orchard4 ,apples have been one dollar per bushel2 dried apples1 five cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,elder1 ,glen ,elder1 ,mitchell county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have an apple orchard of #bhj trees1 from twelve to twenty-six years planted4 ,for family orchard ,i prefer ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,early ,harvest1 ,chenango ,strawberry1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,ben ,davis4 ,have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig1 ,lowell1 and ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 on account of blight and sun-scald4 ,i prefer hill land1 with black loam soil and clay subsoil2 a northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 planted in dead furrows4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn for a number of years1 using a lister1 while the trees are young1 and a disc when they get older4 ,i cease cropping after six or eight years1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,when windbreaks are close enough to do good they sap the ground too much4 ,i wrap the trees to protect them from rabbits1 and keep them growing and healthy1 for borers4 ,i prune my trees1 and think it beneficial4 ,i do not thin the fruit on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 and think it keeps a tree healthy and growing1 which will protect it from borers and other insects4 ,do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,my apples are troubled with curculio and gouger4 ,i have sprayed after the blossom fell1 with ,paris green1 ,london purple1 and blue vitriol2 don't know that ,i reduced the codling-moth any4 ,for insects not affected by spraying ,i bored a one-half inch hole in the trees this spring and filled it with sulphur2 then plugged it up4 88888 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 also retail4 ,i do not dry any4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,a4 ,,perdue1 ,beloit1 ,mitchell county3 ,have lived in ,kansas eighteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of about #bej trees4 ,i prefer the ,missouri ,pippin for commercial purposes4 ,i prefer a black loam soil with a clay subsoil2 north slope4 ,in planting trees1 ,i would set them thirty feet apart2 mine are twenty feet and are too close4 ,i have cultivated my orchard1 but think ,i did not do it right4 ,a light culture to keep the soil loose on top1 to act as a mulch1 would1 ,i think1 be beneficial4 ,think it best to grow no crop in the orchard4 ,i think windbreaks would be beneficial4 ,for rabbits ,i use woven wire4 ,i prune to lessen the tops2 ,i think it ought to be done every year1 so as never to cut any large limbs2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees1 but think it would be an advantage4 ,i have put stable litter in my orchard two or three times during the last fifteen years1 but do not think it necessary2 the land is rich enough without2 would not advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 bud moth1 and flathead borer4 ,i do not spray4 ,always sell in the local market4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i store some for winter use1 in a cellar in boxes1 barrels1 and bins4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing4 ,prices for winter apples have been from fifty to seventy-five cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chas4 ,,vail1 ,colby1 ,thomas county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twelve years2 have an apple orchard of #aej trees seven years old1 from seven to eleven feet4 ,i plant my orchard to corn and potatoes for two or three years1 then nothing2 use a common cultivator4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,for rabbits ,i use tar paper4 ,i prune very little1 and rub off young sprouts4 ,can see no difference whether trees are in blocks of a kind or mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard2 it is very injurious here4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with tobacco worms 8 and grasshoppers4 ,i do not spray4 ,do not irrigate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hudson ,,bros41 ,kanopolis1 ,ellsworth county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-four years2 have an apple orchard of fifty trees1 six to thirty years old1 from four to eighteen inches in diameter4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap1 and for family use would add ,duchess of ,oldenburg4 ,i prefer sandy bottom land4 ,i plant three-year-old trees thirty feet apart each way1 in well-plowed land4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn or potatoes till the trees are ten years old2 sow rye in bearing orchard2 mow in ,june1 and then plow2 never have ceased cropping4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of forest-trees planted in a belt around the orchard4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter2 think it beneficial2 would advise its use to a certain extent on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 and think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borers4 ,i do not spray4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,w4 ,o',,toole1 ,collyer1 ,trego county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas nineteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of sixty-four trees1 twenty-two of which are fourteen years old1 and thirty-seven inches in circumference4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 and for family ,early ,harvest and ,winesap4 ,i prefer black loam with sandy bottom1 south slope4 ,i plant two-year-old trees1 in rows eighteen feet apart4 ,i do not cultivate my orchard1 but mulch it with hay for four years4 ,windbreaks are essential here2 would make them of cottonwood trees1 planted in rows around the orchard4 ,for protection against rabbits ,i use whitewash and tar paper4 ,i prune to thin the tops2 think it beneficial4 ,the wind thins my apples for me4 ,i fertilize my orchard with hay2 think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,i shall spray this year after the bloom falls with ,london purple and lime water4 ,i peddle my apples4 ,this is the best market1 because they are scarce4 ,i am successful in keeping a few bushels in a pit2 the ,missouri ,pippin keeps best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,i am located on bottom land4 ,price has been one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,a4 ,,wilson1 ,atwood1 ,rawlins county3 ,i have resided in the state nineteen years2 have an apple orchard of fifty trees ten years old1 six inches in diameter4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,winesap and ,ben ,davis4 ,i prefer bottom land with a dark loam and a clay subsoil1 with a northern slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees with good tops and stocky bodies1 set in early spring1 sixteen to twenty feet apart4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 potatoes1 and garden-truck1 using a hoe and cultivator2 have never ceased cropping4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,russian mulberries planted twelve feet apart each way2 trim and cultivate them4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with rags or burlap cut in strips three or four inches wide2 begin at the bottom and wind up2 if the limbs are near the ground1 wrap them1 too4 ,i prune with a small keyhole saw and shears to keep the tree hardy1 and think it pays4 ,i thin my apples when they are about half grown2 it pays4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 it has been beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar and flathead borer4 ,i do not spray4 ,i stand on a step-ladder and pick my apples1 laying them in the baskets as carefully as though they were eggs4 ,i sort into two classes--best1 and second grade4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 retail the best1 second and third grades2 use and sell the culls4 ,home is my best market4 ,i do not dry or store any for winter market4 ,i irrigate1 lifting the water twenty feet by an elevator and horse power from creek4 ,prices have been from #a to #a4fj per bushel4 ,dried apples1 sixteen pounds for one dollar4 ,i employ hands at from fifteen dollars to eighteen dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,t4 ,m4 ,,dutcher1 ,phillipsburg1 ,phillips county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years2 have an apple orchard of #ajj trees from eight to ten years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,winesap1 and for family orchard ,ben ,davis and ,winesap4 ,i prefer a bottom which has a sandy soil and a clay subsoil1 with a northeast slope4 ,i set two-year-old trees in listed ditches4 ,i plant my orchard to potatoes as long as possible2 use a five-tooth cultivator2 cease cropping when the trees shade the ground1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,for rabbits ,i tie corn-stalks around the tree1 leaving them on the year round4 ,i prune my trees with a knife2 think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,i thin apples1 if necessary1 as soon as established4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i never pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with borers1 and my apples with curculio4 ,i do not spray4 ,i dig borers out4 ,i make only one grade of my apples1 and feed the culls to pigs1 and use all the rest at home4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i irrigate a little2 have a pond around the trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,e4 ,,stevens1 ,norton1 ,norton county3 ,i have resided in the ,state eighteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ajj trees from ten to fifteen years old1 three to six inches in diameter4 ,my orchard should be composed of ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,pewaukee1 ,jonathan1 ,willow ,twig1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,snow and two kinds of ,russets 7and ,i haven't a ,russet in the orchard6671 ,early ,harvest1 one or two sweets 7and ,i haven't a sweet in the orchard671 which proves to me that an agent will sell you any variety you want1 and ship what they happen to have4 ,i prefer bottom land with a loamy soil and a clay subsoil1 with a northern slope4 ,i prefer three-year-old1 low-top trees1 cut back1 set in a furrow made with a lister and dug out with a spade4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 using a stirring plow and harrow1 and am still cultivating2 would plant corn or clover in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,russian mulberries4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap with fine meshed wire4 ,i prune my trees with a saw and knife to give sunlight1 and make larger fruit2 think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i mulch my orchard late in the fall with coarse manure2 would advise it on all soils1 unless very rich4 ,feed your soil if you would have thrifty trees4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs2 ,i think it advisable1 and that it pays because they keep the soil loose4 ,trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 and borers2 and my apples with worms4 ,i do not spray1 but ought to4 ,i hand-pick my apples4 ,i dry some for family use4 ,i do not irrigate1 but am confident we need more water4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,jesse ,,royer1 ,gove1 ,gove county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirteen years4 ,i have four apple trees seven years old4 ,i prefer upland with an eastern or northeast slope4 ,for planting1 ,i prefer good two-year-old trees4 ,i cultivate my orchard all the time2 would plant corn1 and cultivate with any tool that would do good work and kill the weeds2 would not plant any crop in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of any kind of forest-trees excepting walnut2 plant two or three rows of them all around the orchard4 ,i prune some to give shape to trees and take out all dead branches1 and think it pays4 ,i think a good rich 8 mulching would be beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,i would spray if it was necessary2 insects are not very bad here4 ,i do not dry any4 ,,fruit ,,district ,no4 #c4 ,following is the third fruit district1 comprised of thirty-one counties in the southwest quarter of the state4 ,reports1 or rather experiences1 from each of these counties will be found immediately following4 ,we give below the number of apple trees in the third district1 compiled from the statistics of #ahig4 ,many thousands were added in the spring of #ahih4 ,bearing4 ,not bearing4 ,total4 ,barber #ab1ija #af1chd #bi1bhe ,barton #be1adf #bd1aif #di1cdb ,clark #gce #a1idb #b1fgg ,comanche #a1jaj #a1eab #b1ebb ,edwards #c1cgh #f1fgb #aj1jej ,finney #f1aci #aj1eei #af1fih ,ford #b1bha #d1agh #f1dei ,grant #heb #cjj #a1aeb ,gray #daj #b1gae #c1abe ,greeley #aj #djb #dab ,hamilton #gda #b1bdb #b1ihc ,harper #cf1bif #bj1ejh #ef1hjd ,haskell #cbh #ada #dfi ,hodgeman #dae #fge #a1jij ,kearny #d1dje #g1cab #aa1gag ,kingman #ci1bdi #bc1daf #fb1gfe ,kiowa #a1fhc #b1bab #c1hie ,lane #a1fdg #b1ebd #d1aga ,meade #a1cdj #b1bjj #c1edj ,ness #a1ahh #a1fcj #b1hah ,pawnee #aa1acg #g1hjj #ah1icg ,pratt #ab1hid #ab1ifc #be1heg ,reno #ada1dfj #bhj1gac #dbb1agc ,rice #fe1jfi #de1acc #aaj1bjb ,rush #b1aah #b1fbi #d1gdg ,scott #bbi #a1icf #b1afe ,seward #dcb #fjb #a1jcd ,stafford #bb1iad #bg1cgg #ej1bia ,stanton #aj #aej #afj ,stevens #hig #a1fea #b1edh ,wichita #ij #iei #a1jdi ------- ------- ------- ,total in district #cig1cjd #eac1fcc #iaj1icg ,estimated acreage #fj1jjj #ajj1jjj #afj1jjj 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,j4 ,mc,n,e,a,l1 ,scott1 ,scott county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas ten years2 have an apple orchard of sixty-five trees five years old1 seven feet high4 ,i prefer a clay soil with a north aspect4 ,i plant two-year-old trees in ground that has been plowed for two years before planting4 ,i cultivate my orchard with a disc harrow and cultivator1 and plant nothing4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of cottonwoods4 ,i rub rabbits' blood on the trees to protect them from other rabbits4 ,i prune my trees with a knife and a fine saw2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i have fertilized my orchard with stable litter1 but it causes a too rapid growth2 ,i would not advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable2 it does not pay4 ,i am not troubled with insects1 and do not spray4 ,i do not irrigate1 but think it would pay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g4 ,o4 ,,vick1 ,fowler1 ,meade county3 ,have lived in ,kansas fourteen years4 ,i planted an apple orchard twelve years ago2 have about fifty ,missouri ,pippins1 that have not failed to give us a crop for seven or eight years2 last fall we got three bushels from a single tree--the most ever taken from one tree by us4 ,they are fine keepers1 and are said to be much better1 both in color and flavor1 than those grown farther east4 ,we have kept them in fine condition until ,july following1 and then the supply gave out4 ,have no trees where they can be irrigated1 but hope to put out an orchard next spring that can be irrigated4 ,i have the finest location for irrigation in the ,west1 and will do my best4 ,i prefer valley land1 with a southeast slope4 ,prices have been two dollars per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,a4 ,,blackmore1 ,sharon1 ,barber county3 ,i have lived in the state about five years2 have an orchard of #aajj apple trees1 three years old1 two inches in diameter1 seven feet high4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,early ,harvest1 ,benoni1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,when planting a family orchard select varieties from the earliest to the latest1 that they may be well supplied4 ,in planting a commercial orchard ,i would study the wants and demands of the people1 also the varieties best adapted to our soil and climate4 ,do not be like an experiment station and plant all varieties catalogued4 ,a mongrel orchard1 like mongrel stock1 is not good property4 ,the man who has a hundred bushels of some one good variety of apples can always get the best price for them2 but if the hundred bushels consisted of ten or a dozen varieties there would not be enough of any one variety to attract a buyer1 and consequently he must take what he can get for them4 ,select such varieties as the market demands1 and then confine your planting to as few varieties as possible1 and your commercial orchard will attract buyers4 ,i prefer a bottom1 with a dark1 sandy or red land1 with a reddish clay subsoil1 north or northeast slope4 ,i plant thrifty two-year-old trees1 in ground plowed deeply and marked off with a lister sixteen by thirty feet2 then set the trees four to six inches deeper than they stood in the nursery1 in holes dug at the crossings4 ,i haul my trees to the field in a barrel two-thirds full of water1 take them out one at a time and trim all the broken and long roots1 arranging them in natural positions and turning the ends down in the hole1 leaning the tree toward the two ,p4 ,m4 sun2 then ,i fill the hole1 using a rammer while a boy shovels the dirt in4 ,if the soil is dry pour two or three gallons of water on the roots4 ,when the water has soaked away finish filling the hole1 and tramp the soil lightly around the tree4 ,when they are all set1 cut them well back4 ,i cultivate my orchard from early spring to the #ast of ,september1 using a plow1 cultivator1 and disc2 ,i plant corn in a young orchard1 and cease cropping after eight years1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south and west1 and ,i would make them of ,russian mulberries4 ,for rabbits ,i rub rabbits' blood on the trees twice during the winter4 ,borers ,i cut out the first year2 after that ,i drown them out by cultivation4 ,i prune my trees while they are small1 to give shape4 ,i think it pays1 as you do not have to cut off large branches when grown4 ,do not have to thin fruit here in ,kansas4 ,i do not plant a solid block of any one kind of trees2 ,i intermingle the varieties in alternate rows1 and insure more perfect pollination4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 it pays especially well on sandy soil1 and ,i would advise its use on all soils4 ,don't expect your trees to produce something for nothing2 feed them4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable1 and does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 bud moth1 root aphis1 bag-worm1 flathead borer1 roundhead borer1 woolly aphis1 twig-borer1 and oyster-shell bark-louse1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,hunt the insect eggs and nests in your trees1 and destroy the source of much loss to your fruit this season4 ,in picking1 ,i use a ladder to reach the apples in the top of the trees2 put them in a grain sack over my shoulder with a stick in the mouth2 have gathered sixty bushels per day for weeks at a time in this way4 ,prices have been from one dollar to two dollars per bushel1 and dried apples five to eight cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,d4 ,,einsel1 ,greensburg1 ,kiowa county3 ,i have lived in the state twelve years4 ,i plant thrifty one-year-old trees1 in holes large enough to receive the roots1 cover the roots with earth1 and then pour in a pail of water4 ,when this is soaked away fill the hole nearly full of earth4 ,i cultivated my orchard to corn1 using a spring-tooth harrow1 to keep the soil loose and kill the weeds4 ,am going to plant another apple orchard4 ,i think western ,kansas will yet grow apples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,n4 ,,patterson1 ,ford1 ,ford county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas seventeen years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ajj trees five years old4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter4 ,do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,i do not irrigate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,hinds1 ,olcott1 ,reno county3 ,i have resided in the state thirteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ejj trees2 #cge of them are three years old1 and the balance eight years old4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin2 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i have tried and discarded ,greening1 ,baldwin1 and ,missouri ,keeper4 ,i prefer a sandy bottom with a clay subsoil1 and eastern aspect4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees1 set in the spring4 ,i prune the roots and tops when setting4 ,i plant my orchard to corn or potatoes for six or eight years2 plow shallow2 cease cropping after eight years1 and plant nothing but clover and orchard-grass in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of mulberries planted one or two feet apart all around the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i make a varnish and apply to the trees in the fall4 ,i prune my trees in ,june when they are large1 so as to let in light and sun2 ,i use a tree pruner2 think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 but do not put it close to the trees2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs2 ,i think it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with fall web-worm and leaf-roller4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand2 sort into three classes from piles4 ,pack them in barrels and haul to market on wagon4 ,i sell apples in the orchard at retail4 ,make vinegar of the culls4 ,i store some apples for home use4 ,price has been one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,henry ,,miller1 ,ulysses1 ,grant county3 ,have lived in ,kansas fifteen years4 ,i have #bef apple trees1 nine and ten years planted1 from three to five inches in diameter4 ,i grow for market ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,ben ,davis1 adding for family use ,maiden's ,blush and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,i prefer bottom land1 northeast slope1 sandy soil1 and gypsum subsoil4 ,i plant in squares twenty-four by twenty-four feet4 ,i have cultivated up to date with stirring plow and cultivator4 ,i grow garden-truck among my trees until seven years old2 after that nothing4 ,i believe windbreaks essential in this county1 and would make them of ,russian mulberry1 cottonwood1 and locust4 ,i would plant on the outside a row of mulberry four feet apart2 next1 a row of cottonwood or locust eight feet apart4 ,to prevent destruction by rabbits ,i rub with fresh blood4 ,i prune with a knife to prevent watersprouts from getting too thick2 ,i am sure it pays1 and lets sunshine into the center of the trees4 ,i use stable litter1 straw or rotted hay for fertilizer4 ,i do not pasture my orchard1 and have no insects but grasshoppers4 ,our crop has been light1 owing to dry weather4 ,i sell largely in the orchard4 ,our best market is at home4 ,we dry a few for home use4 ,i keep some for winter use1 in a cave dug out and covered with earth4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,the prevailing price for apples is one dollar per bushel1 and of dried apples1 six cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,t4 ,,daniels1 ,kiowa1 ,barber county3 ,i have lived in the state twenty-five years4 ,have an apple orchard of #aej trees1 from ten to sixteen years old1 four to eight inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 ,twenty-ounce ,pippin1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,would plant the same varieties for a family orchard4 ,have tried and discarded ,ben ,davis1 ,early ,harvest1 ,smith's ,cider1 ,lawver1 ,fink1 ,walbridge1 and ,mc,afee2 they will not stand the heat and drought4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with heavy loam and red subsoil1 southeast slope1 sheltered from north and south winds4 ,i prefer a good yearling tree1 planted in a dead furrow2 after planting1 plow two furrows to the tree1 and then harrow4 ,i plant my orchard to corn for two years only1 using a twelve-inch plow1 cultivator1 and harrow4 ,i cultivate my orchard as long as it lives1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south and north2 would make them of a belt of deciduous trees1 six rods wide on the north1 and one-half as wide on the south2 would make this of native trees--elm1 ash1 or mulberry4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with hay4 ,i prune my young trees with the thumb and finger mostly1 forming low heads2 bearing trees ,i prune very little1 except to take out the blighted limbs4 ,i thin my apples when too full1 when about the size of marbles2 believe it pays4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter and ashes1 but cannot see any benefit2 think it would do no harm1 unless heavy coats of coarse manure are plowed under4 ,never have pastured my orchard1 but am going to very soon2 am fencing now1 so ,i can turn in hogs4 ,my trees are troubled with twig-borer1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 and peddle the best second and third grades2 give the culls to the hogs4 ,my best market is in ,oklahoma2 never have tried distant markets4 ,i am successful in keeping apples for family use in bulk in a cyclone cellar dug in the red rock4 ,missouri ,pippin keep the best for me4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,d4 ,,white1 ,enon1 ,harper county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty years2 have #ejj apple trees planted from three to eighteen years4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,for family orchard ,i would add ,maiden's ,blush and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,i prefer sandy bottom with an eastern slope4 ,i would plant yearling trees1 with every limb cut off1 in rows twenty feet north and south1 and forty feet east and west4 ,cultivate with double-shovel plow until they get too big to get among them1 and grow nothing near them4 ,i believe in a windbreak of mulberry1 or any trees planted thickly1 on the south4 ,i prune only so that ,i can get under the trees4 ,i use plenty of barn-yard litter1 for it pays in the orchard4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 and think it advisable1 as it pays4 ,i have sprayed1 but never saw any good in it4 ,i dig the borers out with a wire1 unless they are in the heart of the tree1 and then there is no help for the tree4 ,i pick from a step-ladder1 and sort into three classes3 windfalls1 wormy1 and perfect4 ,in picking we drop the decayed and gnarly to the ground1 carry the rest in baskets to the barrel1 put the perfect ones in one barrel1 and the others in another4 ,do not disturb the best ones until you sell2 the others should be sorted again before you sell4 ,i sell some in the orchard1 but peddle mostly2 my best ,i sell to the stores in the spring2 of the culls ,i make cider4 ,my best market is the towns in the ,strip4 ,i dry some satisfactorily on a cook-stove evaporator1 pack in flour sacks1 and find a ready and profitable market for them in the spring4 ,i store successfully for winter in bulk and in barrels in a cave with eighteen-inch wall arched over from the bottom4 ,i find that ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap keep the best4 ,we lose1 perhaps1 one-sixteenth4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices range from #ej cents to #a4ej per bushel1 and dried apples from five to twelve cents per pound4 ,i use only farm hands at fifteen dollars per month and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,amos ,,johnson1 ,ellinwood1 ,barton county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-three years2 have an orchard of #bjjj apple trees1 planted from three to twelve years4 ,varieties for market3 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,smith's ,cider1 and ,northern ,spy2 for family use1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,smith's ,cider1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,red ,june4 ,have no use whatever for ,ben ,davis4 ,prefer bottom land1 with black1 sandy soil and a southern aspect4 ,plant good1 thrifty two-year-old trees #bex#be feet4 ,i plant corn or potatoes for three or four years1 and after that nothing2 thoroughly cultivate with the plow1 disc1 and harrow4 ,i think a windbreak on the south side very essential1 and would make it of cottonwood and ,russian mulberry1 in five rows1 alternating1 six feet apart4 ,i use soap and turpentine for the borers1 and hounds for the rabbits4 ,i believe pruning pays1 and makes the fruit much nicer4 ,i use common pruning shears1 and prune so that the sun can get in4 ,never have thinned apples on the trees1 but believe it would be a good thing4 ,i believe in fertilizing with stable litter2 think it keeps the orchard thrifty and more fruitful4 ,i have never kept any stock in the orchard1 but believe it would be advisable and no detriment to pasture with hogs in ,june and ,july4 ,have never sprayed any4 ,i pick from step-ladders into baskets1 and sort into three classes3 ,no4 #a are sold in barrels1 ,no4 #b in bulk1 and ,no4 #c go for cider4 ,i have sold a few wagon-loads in the orchard1 but ,i sell my best apples by the bushel late in winter2 ,i usually sell the second-grade apples first1 and make the culls into cider4 ,my best market is in the counties north and west of us2 have never tried a distant market4 ,never dried any4 ,for winter we store in barrels1 and are successful4 ,the ,missouri ,pippin and ,willow ,twig keep best4 ,i irrigate on a small scale4 ,prices average about one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,s4 ,,dickinson1 ,larned1 ,pawnee county3 ,has lived in ,kansas thirty-three years1 and has an apple orchard of #ahjj trees1 planted from seven to fifteen years4 ,for commercial purposes he prefers ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,willow ,twig1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,rome ,beauty1 and for family use adds early apples4 ,has tried and discarded ,red ,winter ,pearmain1 because of blight4 ,he is located in river bottom1 with sandy soil1 and a blue clay subsoil4 ,prefers a north and east slope4 ,plants two-year-old trees1 with heads two feet from the ground1 in deep dead furrows4 ,cultivates until the middle of ,july with a disc harrow1 plow1 and weeder4 ,never ceases cultivation4 ,in the young orchard he plants corn1 potatoes1 and garden-truck1 and would plant the same in a bearing orchard1 and cease cropping when the trees got too large4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of any fast growing timber1 by planting two rows1 six to eight feet apart1 and three feet in the row4 ,for borers and rabbits he uses paint1 whitewash1 and poison4 ,he prunes his trees with a knife and shears1 and thins out the tops to let the sun in1 and thinks it pays1 and is beneficial4 ,he thins the fruit as soon as he sees that it is too thick4 ,his trees are in mixed plantings1 and fertilized with all the stable litter he can get4 ,he finds it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,does not pasture his orchard1 excepting in late fall and early winter1 when he lets the calves run in to tramp the ground1 and thinks it advisable4 ,his trees are troubled with canker-worm1 bark-louse1 and some other insects2 and his fruit with codling-moth4 ,he sprays his trees twice before the buds open1 with ,bordeaux mixture and arsenical solution1 for blight2 thinks he has reduced the codling-moth4 ,picks his apples from the trees into sacks1 and hauls in a padded wagon box4 ,sorts them from tables into three classes--extra1 good1 and medium4 ,never sells apples in the orchard2 wholesales1 retails and peddles them4 ,his best market is at home1 but he has not enough to fill it4 ,does not dry any4 ,is successful in keeping a few apples for winter market in barrels and boxes in a cellar1 as near air-tight as possible4 ,they keep well until ,may #be1 and he does not find it necessary to repack stored apples before marketing4 ,he does not irrigate4 ,prices have been3 ,wholesale1 #fj cents to #a4bj per bushel2 retail1 #hj cents1 #a4dj to #a4fj per bushel4 ,he employs good help at one dollar per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,f4 ,,hansberry1 ,larned1 ,pawnee county3 ,have resided in ,kansas twenty-three years4 ,have #adjj apple trees nine years planted4 ,for market1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,red ,edgar 7871 ,haas1 and for family orchard ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,whitney 7crab7 ,no4 #bj4 ,i have discarded the ,missouri ,pippin1 as the tree is too short-lived4 ,i prefer second bottom1 with sandy soil and clay subsoil2 always choose north or northeast aspect4 ,i always plant good one-year-old trees1 twenty by thirty feet apart1 putting ,missouri ,pippins between the wide way1 to be cut out later on4 ,i grow and graft all my trees4 ,cultivate with a disc cultivator until the trees come into full bearing2 after that every second year4 ,i grow no crop in the orchard4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential on south side2 ,i think mulberry trees best1 and would plant a double row two feet apart1 in rows four feet apart1 the nearest row forty feet away from apple trees4 ,i shoot and trap the rabbits4 ,i only prune enough to keep the tree well balanced4 ,i often thin ,winesaps on the tree because ,i think they need it1 and it pays4 ,i believe in mixed plantings1 and therefore plant ,ben ,davis among all the others4 ,i spread stable litter among my trees after they come into bearing2 sandy soil1 ,i think1 requires the most fertilizer4 ,i pasture in a small way1 putting my little calves in1 in the spring4 ,am only bothered with a few codling-moth and flat-headed borers4 ,i do not spray1 but ,i make way with all the fallen fruit4 ,i hunt borers and kill with a wire4 ,pick by hand as soon as well colored2 sort into two classes2 the best is first1 and all sound smaller fruit second4 ,we pack in barrels by hand1 marking with the variety and class4 ,we sell ours all at home2 usually they are engaged before they are picked4 ,our second grade we keep at home2 culls are made into cider4 ,our apples are sold in ,dodge ,city and ,larned4 ,have never shipped any2 have never dried any4 ,i store some second grade in barrels and bulk in the cellar1 and find that ,missouri ,pippins1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,winesaps keep the best1 and ,i do not lose over three per cent4 ,some seasons ,i irrigate1 with windmills4 ,prices vary from #ge cents to #a4be per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l4 ,g4 ,,morgan1 ,richfield1 ,morton county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas forty-three years2 have an apple orchard of #abe trees1 medium size1 ten years old4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer black loam bottom1 with clay subsoil1 northern slope4 ,i plant two-year-old trees with small tops1 well rooted1 in large holes1 and filled in with well-worked soil4 ,i cultivate my orchard to vines1 using a stirring plow and hoe1 and cease cropping after six years1 but keep cultivating1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of forest-trees planted in hit-and-miss rows around the orchard4 ,am not troubled with rabbits and borers4 ,i prune with a saw and knife to give shape2 think it beneficial4 ,i thin apples on the trees as soon as large enough4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings2 ,maiden's ,blush are surrounded by ,pippins and ,rambos4 ,i think they are more fruitful4 ,i do not fertilize4 ,i pasture my orchard with chickens and turkeys2 ,i think it advisable1 to keep out bugs4 ,trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar4 ,i pick my apples by hand into baskets from step-ladders1 and sort into three classes1 choice1 common1 and culls1 while gathering4 ,i pack in barrels1 placing a layer in the bottom1 mark with paint1 and haul to market on a wagon4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 also retail to merchants2 make cider of culls4 ,richfield is my best market4 ,do not dry any4 ,am successful in storing apples for winter in boxes and barrels in cellar2 find ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap keep best4 ,lose about two per cent4 of the stored apples4 ,i irrigate my trees direct from a well1 in ditches running close to the trees4 ,price has been one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,,morgan1 ,hutchinson1 ,reno county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas seventeen years2 have sixty acres of apples1 from four to sixteen years old4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,winesap2 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,jonathan1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded ,snow and ,early ,pennock on account of blight4 ,i prefer river bottom with a clay subsoil4 ,i plant two-year-old1 large1 thrifty trees1 at the crossings of furrows made with a lister1 twenty by thirty feet4 ,i cultivate for the first four years to corn and garden-truck1 using a ,planet jr4 cultivator1 then use a one-horse plow for two years1 and cease cropping when bearing begins heavily1 and plant nothing4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of one row of ,osage orange1 on the west side of orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i use tree paint and wood veneers4 ,i prune my trees in the winter1 to produce health and give good form2 think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,i do not thin my fruit while on the trees1 but think it would pay4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 think it beneficial2 would advise its use on sandy land4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer1 and my fruit with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples from ladders2 pile those taken from eight trees together and cover with hay4 ,sort into three classes3 ,first1 sound and large2 second1 sound and small2 third1 spotted4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 also wholesale and retail2 pack my best in bushel boxes and sell to grocers4 ,sell my second and third grades to peddlers and farmers from the west4 ,my best market is at home4 ,have tried distant markets and found they paid4 ,am successful in storing apples in bulk in a bank cellar1 ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keeping the best4 ,do not irrigate4 ,good apples sold here this winter for one dollar per bushel4 ,i employ farm hands at farm wages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,h4 ,,longstreth1 ,lakin1 ,kearny county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-nine years4 ,i have #cdjj apple trees--#ejj eleven years old1 #abjj eight years old1 #gjj six years old1 and #ajjj set this spring4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,for family use ,i would advise ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,chenango ,strawberry1 ,smith's ,cider1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,jonathan1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,have discarded the ,red ,astrachan1 ,willow ,twig1 and ,cooper's ,early ,white1 as they will not bear4 ,i prefer second bottom1 not too high or too low2 sandy loam1 with loose clay subsoil2 any slope is good1 north preferred4 ,i prefer small-sized1 well rooted1 two-year-old trees1 planted with a spade1 in deeply plowed1 thoroughly prepared ground1 and would cultivate until they die of old age4 ,i use a sixteen-inch disc1 ,acme harrow1 ,thomas's smoothing harrow1 and ,barnes's weeder4 ,i grow small fruit and vegetables among the trees until of bearing age4 ,would plant windbreaks of six or eight rows of ,north ,carolina poplars1 honey and black locust1 ,russian mulberry1 white ash1 and box-elder1 one-year seedlings1 two feet apart1 in rows four feet apart1 on the north and south side of orchard4 ,for rabbits1 ,i wrap my trees as soon as possible after planting4 ,i prune with a knife to admit sun and air1 and to keep down suckers and limbs that rub each other4 ,i thin all through the season1 taking out imperfect fruit as far as possible1 and it pays4 ,i don't think it necessary to mix varieties to insure fruitfulness1 yet this spring ,i planted #ajjj ,missouri ,pippins1 filling every sixth row with ,winesaps for a test4 ,the varieties ,i have discarded as not bearing were thoroughly mixed in with other kinds4 ,i would use no fertilizers unless on very thin soil1 and then would prefer to use before planting4 ,i use fertilizers after the trees come into bearing1 but up to bearing age good1 thorough cultivation in the early part of the season is all that ,i would give4 ,i do not pasture orchards2 it might be advisable to turn hogs in to eat up windfalls affected with codling-moth1 but never any other stock4 ,am troubled only with root aphis1 codling-moth1 and curculio4 ,i spray right after the blossoms fall with ,london purple1 for codling-moth1 and have reduced them to a great extent4 ,have prevented borers by wrapping4 ,i contemplate using kerosene emulsion on curculio and insects that ,i cannot reach with poison4 ,i pick in canvas lined half-bushel baskets1 and sort into firsts1 seconds1 and culls1 carefully1 by hand4 ,i pack in boxes1 if ,i can get them2 have used barrels well shaken and pressed down1 marked with stencil1 and shipped by rail4 ,denver has been our best market thus far2 sometimes ,i have sold most of my apples in the orchard2 never have to peddle any4 ,i feed the culls to my hogs4 ,never dry any1 but think ,i will try it in the near future1 as there is a good home market for a large part of them4 ,have stored a good many in cellar in barrels and in bulk2 some ,i have buried4 ,i don't like either plan1 and am figuring to put up some kind of cold-storage building for future use4 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,ben ,davis1 in the order named1 have kept best for me1 my losses being about one-fifth4 ,i irrigate by flooding the ground all over thoroughly when necessary4 ,prices have ranged from #ge cents to #a4be per bushel2 from #b4ej to #c per barrel4 ,i use the best men ,i can get1 and pay #a a day and board1 or #a4ej per day without board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,w4 ,,switzer1 ,hutchinson1 ,reno county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years2 have #bjjj apple trees twelve1 fifteen and eighteen years old4 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,ben ,davis for market purposes2 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,rambo and ,roman ,stem added for family use4 ,have discarded ,limber ,twig and ,willow ,twig1 both subject to blight4 ,i prefer bottom land1 sandy loam soil1 and sandy subsoil2 north slope is best4 ,plant two-year-old1 low-headed trees1 in holes large enough to receive all the roots without crowding1 one inch deeper than in the nursery4 ,plant to corn until five or six years of age2 then nothing4 ,plow and cultivate both ways to kill the weeds4 ,i believe windbreaks are a necessity1 and should be made of trees planted two or three rods wide1 four feet apart1 on the south side4 ,wrap the trees with straw or hay to protect from rabbits and borers4 ,i prune with a saw to thin out where too thick1 and to keep down the watersprouts2 it certainly pays4 ,i use stable litter and old hay in the orchard for fertilizer4 ,do not think it pays or is advisable to pasture orchard4 ,i spray when the bloom begins to fall1 three times for codling-moth1 with ,london purple and ,paris green1 and ,i am satisfied ,i have reduced them4 ,for the borer ,i use a knife and a wire4 ,i pick in baskets1 and pile in long rows in the orchard4 ,i sort into two classes1 and sell the best in the orchard to men who haul them west4 ,the culls go for cider4 ,i do not irrigate1 and ,i do not dry or store any apples4 ,prices have varied from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,i use common farm labor at fifteen to eighteen dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,c4 ,,curran1 ,curran1 ,harper county4 ,i have lived in ,kansas fifteen years4 ,have fifty apple trees eleven years old4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,york ,imperial1 and for family orchard add some summer and fall varieties4 ,have tried and discarded ,rawle's ,janet1 on account of slow growth4 ,bellflower is a fall apple here2 and ,jonathan is too small4 ,i prefer bottom land1 sandy loam1 subirrigated1 water at six feet4 ,i prefer good two-year-old trees1 head twenty-eight inches from the ground1 planted in spring1 after ,march winds4 ,i cultivate my orchard all the time with a disc drawn by four horses4 ,i plant no crop4 ,have some weeds and rabbits4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of mulberries planted not closer than forty feet to the first row of trees2 would buy the mulberry sprouts from the nursery4 ,i keep the rabbits down with dogs and shot-guns2 dig borers out4 ,i never thin my apples2 the wind does it for me4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter1 but think it injurious to the trees4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,trees are troubled with canker-worm and tent-caterpillar1 and fruit with curculio4 ,i do not spray4 ,pick apples by hand4 ,never dry apples2 it does not pay4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been fifty cents per bushel in the fall1 and one dollar per bushel in the winter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,h4 ,,gosch1 ,norwich1 ,kingman county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ajj trees eighteen years old4 ,i prefer a bottom having dark soil4 ,i plant two-year-old trees in large holes1 well watered4 ,i cultivate my orchard shallow1 and mulch1 using a disc4 ,never plant anything among the trees4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of two or three rows of mulberries1 on the north and south sides of the orchard4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 but do not put it near the trees2 think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all southwestern ,kansas soil4 ,am not bothered with insects4 ,do not spray4 ,apples have been one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l4 ,w4 ,,leach1 ,kingman1 ,kingman county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty years4 ,have an apple orchard of about #cjj trees1 from fourteen to eighteen years old4 ,those that do the best here are ,red ,june1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,cooper's ,early ,white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,e4 ,,jesseph1 ,danville1 ,harper county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-five years2 have an apple orchard of #hjj trees1 #ajj of them but one year old and the other #gjj are fourteen years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,winesap1 and for a family orchard ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,stark1 and ,cooper's ,early ,white4 ,have tried and discarded the ,nonesuch4 ,i prefer bottom land with a deep loam that goes to water1 with a north aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees set sixteen feet apart4 ,i plant my orchard to corn for about eight years1 using a disc harrow2 and cease cropping at the end of that time4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of ,osage orange1 ,russian mulberries1 or cottonwood1 by planting all around the orchard1 making it the heaviest on the south side4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the young trees with corn-stalks1 and borers ,i dig out4 ,i prune with pruning-shears and a chisel to increase the fruit2 ,i think it pays4 ,i thin my fruit while on the trees in ,june and ,july1 and find it pays4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard1 but would advise it on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer1 and my fruit with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i hand-pick my apples in a sack1 one corner of which is tied up to the top1 it has a strap eighteen inches long to put over the shoulder2 spread the top of the sack and pick with both hands4 ,sort my apples into two classes3 first and second4 ,i pick the best first1 letting the inferior ones stay on the trees2 ,i afterwards shake these off and send to the cider mill4 ,i sell apples in the orchard4 ,make cider and vinegar of the second and third grades and culls4 ,my best market is at home in the orchard4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,do not dry any2 cannot find a ready market for them and it does not pay4 ,am successful in storing apples for winter use in bulk1 in an outside cave2 find the ,little ,red ,romanite and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from sixty to seventy-five cents per bushel4 ,i employ careful young men at one dollar per day or twenty-five dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sam ,,jones1 ,springfield1 ,seward county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of fifty trees4 ,i am not keeping them for the fruit1 but for the pleasure of the birds--to build nests and sing their sweet songs in4 ,i cultivate my orchard all the time to keep the weeds down2 plant it to vines1 such as squashes1 pumpkins1 melons1 etc4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,i do not know of anybody that ever irrigated4 ,in regard to the ,kansas ,apple1 in this part of the state1 they are no good4 ,i will say there never was ten bushels of apples grown in ,seward county4 ,i planted out two acres of apple trees ten years ago2 they grew1 and looked very well4 ,i took good care of them1 but they never would bear2 and that is the experience of every one else4 ,i cannot tell the cause1 unless it gets too dry and hot1 with hot winds4 ,such things were said of the whole state of ,kansas by many intelligent men thirty years ago4 ,mr4 ,jones does not tell what varieties he tried1 and his remarks need not discourage any whose lot is cast in ,seward county4 ,while there are only #ajcd apple trees reported in the whole county1 yet the low price of trees should encourage every farmer to plant a few of the hardier varieties1 if only as an experiment4--,secretary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,joseph ,,bainum1 ,langdon1 ,reno county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-five years4 ,have an apple orchard of twenty trees1 most of them ten years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap1 and for family would add ,early ,pennock and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,ben ,davis would not do any good for me4 ,i prefer bottom or table land with a heavy subsoil and a northern slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees with low heads1 set in a ditch4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn as long as ,i can get in with a plow2 ,i also use a disc and harrow4 ,i cease cropping when the trees need all the moisture2 do not plant anything in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of mulberry trees1 set thirty or forty feet away from the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i use axle grease and sulphur mixed4 ,i prune1 leaving the tops low1 and thin out the branches so as to give air and produce larger fruit2 it has paid me4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter but do not put it close to the trees2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i have pastured my orchard with cattle and hogs2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,trees are troubled with flathead borer and leaf-roller1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i have sprayed1 but not lately1 with ,london purple for codling-moth1 just after the blossoms fell2 it did not pay--did not reduce the codling-moth any4 ,i go after insects not affected by spraying with a small wire4 ,i pick my apples by hand in half-bushel baskets2 sort into three classes--largest and sound1 second best1 and cider4 ,i wholesale1 retail1 and peddle1 and make the culls into cider and vinegar4 ,never have tried distant markets4 ,i dry some with a ,stutzman dryer2 it is satisfactory4 ,i pack them in cracker boxes and find a ready market for them at times2 it does not pay4 ,am successful in storing apples two feet deep in bins1 one above another1 in a cellar walled up with rock2 never tried any excepting ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about five per cent4 ,i irrigate my orchard with water pumped into a reservoir #hjx#abj feet1 and three feet deep4 ,prices have been from #ej cents to #a4be per bushel2 dried apples1 ten cents per pound4 ,i employ women at fifty cents per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,s4 ,,drake1 ,bucklin1 ,ford county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty years1 and have #ccj apple trees from three to eleven years old1 part of them ten inches in diameter4 ,i prefer good keeping apples for family use4 ,i prefer bottom land1 subirrigated1 with a north and east slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 set the same depth as they grow in the nursery4 ,i cultivate my orchard from three to eight years1 in potatoes1 with a plow and harrow2 ,i plant nothing in a bearing orchard1 and cease cropping when they shade the ground4 ,windbreaks are essential where orchards are exposed4 ,i would make them of forest-trees4 ,i protect from rabbits by wrapping with poultry wire4 ,i dig borers out4 ,i prune very little1 just enough to stop top growth2 ,i think it has been beneficial4 ,i thin my apples when the limbs are unable to support them4 ,i mulch only to hold back the bloom4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,borers trouble my trees4 ,my apples are not troubled with insects4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 and put them carefully into a basket4 ,i sort into two classes3 first1 sound and smooth2 second1 unsound4 ,i do this work by hand4 ,i pack in barrels1 pressed full4 ,my best market is at home2 we eat and cook the best1 and the culls ,i donate to the children4 ,i never dry any4 ,i store some in barrels1 and am successful4 ,i find those ,i keep from the family keep best4 8 ,the prevailing price has been one dollar per bushel4 ,i employ men by the month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fred ,,moore1 ,great ,bend1 ,barton county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twelve years4 ,have #bjj apple trees from one to sixteen years old4 ,for family orchard ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with north slope4 ,i cultivate every year with stirring plow and harrow2 plant nothing2 think windbreaks essential1 made of forest-trees4 ,i wrap my trees with rags to protect from rabbits4 ,i prune with a saw to thin the branches4 ,i never thin apples4 ,i fertilize with stable litter4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borers4 ,worms trouble my apples4 ,i do not spray4 ,i dig borers out with a knife1 in ,august and ,september4 ,price has been fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,g4 ,,osborne1 ,medicine ,lodge1 ,barber county3 ,have lived in ,kansas since #ahfe4 ,have #aej apple trees1 from two to fourteen years planted4 ,i prefer root grafts1 and plant in rows twenty to twenty-five feet each way4 ,i cultivate in corn1 using a plow4 ,keep rabbits down with hounds4 ,i prune with a knife4 ,i fertilize with barn-yard litter4 ,do not spray or irrigate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,joseph ,,lewis1 ,bluff ,city1 ,harper county3 ,i have been in ,kansas twenty-two years2 have an orchard of #ajjj trees2 the first were set in #ahha4 ,the varieties are ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis and ,winesap for market1 and ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,maiden's ,blush and ,english ,rambo for family use4 ,i prefer bottom land1 of level1 sandy loam4 ,i plant two-year-old thrifty trees in rows two rods apart4 ,i grow nothing in the orchard1 and never cease cultivating with a stirring plow1 disc1 and harrow4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential in this county1 and would make them of any thrifty forest-tree2 ,russian mulberry is good4 ,i would put double rows around the orchard4 ,i prune with shears and saw to thin the tops4 ,i never use any fertilizer1 and never allow stock in the orchard4 ,am troubled some with the flat-headed borer1 which ,i remove with a knife4 ,i spray with ,london purple just as the bloom begins to fall4 ,i pick by hand1 and sell in the orchard and otherwise2 never dried any4 ,i store for winter market in a cave in bulk1 and am successful4 ,the best keepers ,i find are ,limber ,twig1 ,striped ,vandevere1 and ,ben ,davis4 ,prices prevailing have been fifty cents per bushel2 dried apples1 from five to seven cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,pimm1 ,enon1 ,barber county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas sixteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of #bbej trees from four to twelve years old4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,york ,imperial1 ,ben ,davis1 ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 and ,nero1 also ,shackleford2 and for family orchard ,jonathan1 ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 ,red ,astrachan1 and ,mann4 ,i prefer bottom land with a northern slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees planted in a deep dead furrow4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn and garden-truck2 cultivate four or five times during a season1 the more the better2 ,i use a disc2 believe an orchard should always be cultivated4 ,i cease cropping after six or seven years1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of two rows of mulberries4 ,for rabbits ,i use wrappers of wood veneer4 ,i prune to shape the tree and to get rid of all surplus wood1 and think it beneficial4 ,i do not thin my fruit on the trees2 the insects and wind do it for me4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer and twig-borer1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i have sprayed with ,london purple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l4 ,l4 ,,lovette1 ,toronto1 ,woodson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty-two years2 have an apple orchard of thirty trees twelve to twenty years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap1 and for family use would add ,early ,harvest and ,smith's ,cider4 ,have tried and discarded ,fall ,pippin1 ,northern ,spy1 and ,rambo4 ,i prefer level prairie land well enriched1 with black limestone soil and a sandy subsoil1 northern aspect1 to hold the trees back in the spring4 ,i prefer large1 smooth trees with good roots1 planted in large holes with rotten chip manure4 ,i cultivate my orchard to hoed crops1 using a diamond plow4 ,i plant bearing orchard to white beans1 peanuts1 etc41 and cease cropping when well in bearing4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i use soft maple four feet apart1 in four rows around the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap my trees with slough grass4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 and think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar and borers1 and my apples with curculio4 ,i sprayed once with ,bordeaux mixture2 have no faith in it2 ,i may possibly have reduced the codling-moth a little4 ,i now watch and burn the insects4 8 ,i pick my apples in a sack over the left shoulder1 from a step-ladder wide at the bottom and narrow at the top4 ,sort into three classes3 first take out all inferior for cider1 then put the sound ones in the barn until late in the fall1 when ,i sort1 keeping ,no4 #a's for spring1 ,no4 #b's for winter1 and use all the rest for cider4 ,i sell some apples in the orchard to neighbors1 and some to grocerymen4 ,i haul my best apples to market in a spring wagon with hay under them4 ,we use many culls and give some away4 ,my best market is at home4 ,i dry some for market1 then put them in sacks and keep in a cool place2 find a ready market for them1 but it does not pay4 ,i store apples for winter market in a pit2 am successful2 find ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about ten per cent4 of them4 ,i water my trees artificially4 ,prices have been from #a to #a4ej per bushel4 ,i employ young men at one dollar per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b4 ,f4 ,,cox1 ,fowler1 ,meade county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-one years2 have an apple orchard of #abe trees ten years old1 six to ten inches in diameter4 ,for family orchard ,i prefer ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,ben ,davis1 ,gennetting1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,i prefer hill land1 with a northeast slope1 having a clay subsoil4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 set at crossing of furrows run both ways4 ,i cultivate my orchard all the time with a plow and harrow2 it is too dry in this climate to let weeds grow4 ,do not plant any crop4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,african tamarix1 set in three or four rows around the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i grease lightly in the fall and wash off in the spring4 ,i prune my young orchard with a knife1 to balance the tree properly4 ,i think it pays4 ,never have thinned the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter4 ,i think it has been beneficial1 and would advise its use on all clay soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar and roundhead borer1 and my apples with worms4 ,i spray when in bloom1 and again after blooming1 with ,london purple4 ,do not think ,i have reduced the codling-moth any4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 and sort into two classes--family apples and hog apples4 ,am successful in storing apples for winter use in boxes in a cellar4 ,i find ,ben ,davis and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,i irrigate my orchard1 using a windmill and pump with a four-inch cylinder4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,,james ,,myers1 ,hutchinson1 ,reno county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-nine years4 ,have about #cjjj apple trees eight years old1 six to eight inches in diameter2 fine1 large trees4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,ben ,davis2 for home use1 ,early ,harvest1 ,northern ,spy1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,most other varieties that are a success in the ,east are a failure here4 ,i am satisfied with a few of the best varieties4 ,in this county lowland is the best4 ,i prefer a sandy land1 on a clay subsoil1 and a north slope1 every time4 ,i plant two- and three-year-old1 clean1 thrifty trees4 ,i mark the ground in squares of one rod and plant in every other crossing1 mismatching to make the trees zigzag4 ,i will cultivate the orchard for forty years in this county if they live so long4 ,i would grow corn amongst them for the first three or four years2 after that1 nothing2 the less crop the better4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential in small orchards1 but in large orchards the trees will protect each other4 ,for windbreaks ,i would plant maple or mulberry1 at least two rods away from the apple trees4 ,for protection against rabbits and borers1 take lime and ,portland cement1 equal parts1 mix with sweet milk to the consistency of paint2 add one tablespoonful of ,paris green1 and apply with a brush2 it will never fail4 ,i prune while the tree is young2 then the wound does not affect them so much2 it pays1 and is very necessary4 ,i have never thinned1 but think it necessary1 just before the apples are half grown4 ,i use no fertilizer whatever4 ,i do not pasture my orchard much1 but when ,i do it is with hogs1 and ,i think it advisable when the fruit is wormy and falling off4 ,i have some insects1 but have never sprayed4 ,for borers ,i use a knife4 ,i pick in baskets1 just as late as possible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,o4 ,,emery1 ,cimarron1 ,gray county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twelve years2 have #djj apple trees four years planted1 of the following varieties3 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,arkansas ,black1 ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and a few ,yellow ,transparent4 ,prefer bottom land in this county2 plant only fifteen feet apart each way on account of the wind4 ,grow no crop in the orchard1 and cultivate every two weeks until the #ast of ,august with a five-tooth cultivator4 ,have a double row of locusts and ,osage-orange hedge all around the orchard1 and consider windbreaks a necessity4 ,i prune out the inside branches1 leaving only four or five limbs1 so they will not grow scrubby1 and think it beneficial4 ,i plowed under forty loads of stable litter to the acre before planting4 ,i would not pasture an orchard4 ,am troubled some with web-worm and twig-borer1 and have used a spray in ,june and ,august of concentrated lye and cold water2 also1 some ,paris green and ,london purple for worms4 ,i irrigate my orchard once every two weeks1 from a reservoir #gjx#adj feet1 and have apple trees that made #d-a_/b feet of growth last year4 ,my reservoir is supplied by two windmills running four- and six-inch pumps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ben4 ,mc,c,u,l,l,o,g,h1 ,ellinwood1 ,barton county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-two years2 have the biggest grove in ,comanche township1 ,barton county1 covering twenty acres1 most of it in fruit of all kinds4 ,have #cjj apple trees1 planted from five to fourteen years1 from eight to sixteen inches in diameter2 varieties1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,rawle's ,janet4 ,have discarded the ,nonesuch4 ,my orchard is second bottom1 black1 sandy soil1 and perfectly level4 ,i planted two-year-old trees in rows both ways4 ,i grow corn and potatoes in the orchard until the trees shade the ground pretty well1 and then ,i grow nothing1 but cultivate the ground until they get big and old enough to go without it4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential in this country2 mine is composed of three rows around the orchard1 of box-elder and cottonwood4 ,i wrap my trees while small to protect from the rabbits4 ,wash with lye for borers4 ,while small ,i prune out the middle of the tree with knife and saw1 but let the lower limbs grow to protect the trunk4 ,i believe stable litter beneficial in an orchard1 and use plenty of it4 ,i do not believe in pasturing an orchard4 ,i never spray4 ,i always sell my fruit in the orchard2 some wagons come forty miles for it1 and pay me from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b4 ,,leonhart1 ,kiowa1 ,barber county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirteen years4 ,have #cjj apple trees1 planted from nine to ten years4 ,am uncertain as to best varieties4 ,plant in low ground or a draw2 advise any loose soil1 but no clay subsoil 7872 like east or northern slope4 ,plant fresh one-year-old trees1 in deep subsoil trenched4 ,have planted root grafts eighteen inches long1 where they are now growing1 and are the pride of my orchard4 ,hot sun and wind make the fruit woody and sapless4 ,plant no crop in orchard1 but plow yearly and harrow all summer4 ,believe in windbreaks made of locust or anything that will grow1 planted in deep subsoiled furrows on south and west of orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i use1 in summer1 lime1 grass1 and cow-dung1 mixed4 ,in winter ,i use clay with dead rabbit pounded into it4 ,prune to keep limbs from rubbing1 and shorten in for bearing2 not sure that either pays4 ,plant permanent orchard1 and fill between with early-bearing varieties like ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 etc4 presumably to cut out afterward4 ,use no fertilizers4 ,never let stock run in orchard4 ,encourage the birds1 and spray some years with ,london purple and ,bordeaux mixture before and after leafing out4 ,think ,i have reduced codling-moth4 ,thrifty trees never contain borers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,l4 ,,liggitt1 ,belpre1 ,edwards county3 ,has resided in ,kansas thirty years2 has a family orchard of #abe trees1 planted from three to thirteen years1 and advises ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,jefferis4 ,for commerce he recommends ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,prefers valley land sloping east or west1 with sandy soil and clay subsoil4 ,plants sixteen feet east and west1 and thirty-two feet north and south1 after a lister4 ,plants to corn and beans for fifteen years1 lessening the number of rows as the trees grow2 uses a one-horse cultivator4 ,thinks a windbreak a necessity1 and would make of evergreens1 if possible2 next1 of box-elder1 planted four feet each way after deep listing4 ,uses axle grease against rabbits4 ,prunes sparingly for shape1 and says it certainly pays4 ,thinks thinning should frequently be done when trees appear to be overloaded4 ,believes trees should be in mixed plantings to produce best4 ,uses barn-yard litter to fertilize1 and says it will pay1 if scattered over the entire surface4 ,believes that pasturing with hogs is advisable1 and makes the trees more productive4 ,has never sprayed1 and is seldom troubled with leaf-eating insects4 ,removes borers with a wire or some pointed instrument twice a year4 ,picks from step-ladder by hand into baskets or buckets4 ,makes three classes--first1 perfect in form and color2 second1 sound but not so regular in size2 third1 culls4 ,packs in three-bushel barrels carefully by hand1 marked with name of variety and quality or class4 ,sells any way possible4 ,has shipped successfully to ,missouri river cities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,,clay ,,hodgson1 ,little ,river1 ,rice county3 ,has been in the state twenty-six years4 ,has an orchard of #ejjj trees1 planted from five to twenty years4 ,uses ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin for both commercial and family orchard4 ,has tried and discarded ,willow ,twig1 ,lawver and ,smith's ,cider on account of blight4 ,says bottom land of black loam1 with clay subsoil1 is preferable in this section4 ,plants two-year-old trees1 in trenches made with plow and subsoiler4 ,cultivates with disc and harrow1 from one to twelve years1 growing corn for first five to eight years1 afterward nothing4 ,thinks windbreaks made of several rows of ,osage orange or box-elder on south side a great help4 ,prunes while young to make a more open head4 ,advises the use of manure on all orchards4 ,does not allow stock in the orchard4 ,as soon as the leaves appear he sprays with ,london purple for canker-worms1 and believes he has reduced codling-moth by it4 ,picks in sacks1 with corners tied together and hung over the shoulder4 ,makes two classes1 market and culls4 ,piles his apples as picked in the orchard1 and sorts out for market from the piles1 leaving the culls for cider4 ,sells mostly in orchard4 ,best market is home towns2 never shipped any4 ,stores some in a cave1 in bulk1 for winter1 and makes a success of it4 ,winesaps keep best4 ,sold last fall 7#ahig7 at #ge cents per bushel2 during winter1 at #a to #a4be4 ,uses ordinary farm help at twenty dollars per month and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,s4 ,,huff1 ,sharon1 ,barber county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have an apple orchard of #acj trees ten years old4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,large ,romanite1 and ,missouri ,pippin1 and for family orchard ,missouri ,pippin1 ,little ,romanite1 ,limber ,twig1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer level land with sand as deep as ,i can get it1 with natural subirrigation4 ,i use strong1 thrifty trees1 set in furrows plowed as deeply as possible1 and then dug out4 ,i cultivate my young orchard to corn with one-horse1 five-tooth cultivator1 as long as ,i can get in the orchard1 and cease cropping only when they commence bearing1 and plant nothing after that4 ,windbreaks are essential1 and ,i would make them of ,russian mulberry or box-elder1 set six feet apart in rows running east and west1 on the north and south sides4 ,i protect from rabbits by wrapping with corn-stalks1 and use lye for borers4 ,i prune very little with a saw to keep out watersprouts1 hardly enough to pay here in ,kansas4 ,do not thin the fruit on my trees2 it thins itself4 ,i do not need to fertilize2 would advise it on clay soil4 ,i never pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable1 unless you wish to destroy your trees4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer1 and my apples with curculio4 ,never have sprayed2 insects not affected by spraying ,i gouge out with a wire1 and apply concentrated lye in ,april and ,august4 ,i pick my apples from ladders set up around the trees1 one with four legs made solid1 with steps on one side and a broad board on top to set baskets on4 ,i sort into four classes1 keeping those of a uniform size separate from the small ones4 ,i keep my apples in an apple house4 ,i generally sell in the orchard2 always get #a4ej for my best1 packed in boxes and sold at the nearest towns1 at retail4 ,i make cider for vinegar of the culls4 ,my best market is at home2 never tried distant markets4 ,never dry any2 it does not pay4 ,i store all ,i do not sell in orchard1 in a cellar #abx#af feet1 six feet in the ground1 with earth on top2 they do not freeze4 ,i find the ,winesap1 ,limber ,twig and ,little ,romanite keep best4 ,we do not have to repack stored apples before marketing2 only lose about one per cent4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been #a4be per bushel4 ,i hire no help2 my own family does the work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,f4 ,,reeve1 ,greensburg1 ,kiowa county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty years2 ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippins for a commercial orchard4 ,i like a sandy bottom with a north slope4 ,i prefer two- or three-year-old trees having bright bark2 plant them by throwing out a deep furrow1 and then making large holes in the furrow4 ,i cultivate my orchard with a one-horse cultivator1 planting no crop1 and keep the orchard clean1 never stopping cultivation4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of ,russian mulberry or ,osage orange1 on the north1 west and south sides of the orchard1 especially on the south4 ,i do not prune my trees1 nor thin my apples4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard1 and would not advise it in this section4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar4 ,have not sprayed4 ,sort my apples into one class1 cut out the rot1 and make into apple dumplings 84 ,never sell apples in the orchard2 keep them all for home use2 my best market is at home4 ,i do not dry any for market2 they sometimes dry on the trees1 the effect of hot winds4 ,this is not very satisfactory1 and does not pay4 ,i do not store any for market4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from seventy-five cents to one dollar per bushel2 dried apples1 eight and one-third cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g4 ,w4 ,,hollenback1 ,coldwater1 ,comanche county3 ,i have resided in the state thirty-seven years2 have an apple orchard of #bjj trees from six to nine years old1 four to eight inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,winesap1 and for family orchard ,maiden's ,blush1 ,smith's ,cider1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded ,rawle's ,janet on account of poor quality1 and ,willow ,twig on account of shy bearing4 ,i prefer a northeast slope1 with sandy loam and clay subsoil2 bottom causes the trees to grow too rank4 ,i prefer two- or three-year-old trees with low1 well-balanced tops1 set thirty feet each way4 ,i give my orchard thorough cultivation1 on account of lack of moisture2 ,i will continue indefinitely using a plow and corn cultivator1 and plant nothing4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of double row of peach trees on south side1 to keep the trees in shape4 ,i prune to give form2 ,i think it pays1 as they would become too dense if not pruned4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees1 but think some varieties would be better if they were4 ,my trees are planted with each variety in a separate row4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 think it beneficial1 but would not advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,flathead borers are in my trees1 but if they are kept thrifty the borers will give little trouble4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moths4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand and sell in bulk in the local market4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am quite successful in storing apples in pits for winter use2 the ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis and ,winesap keep the best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from #a to #a4be per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,j4 ,,ablard1 ,lawndale1 ,pratt county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twelve years4 ,have an apple orchard of #bjj trees from three to six years old4 ,for family orchard ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,nickajack1 ,winesap1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer second bottom1 sandy loam1 with clay subsoil1 and an eastern or northern slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 four feet high1 branched low1 planted #bdx#bd feet1 in a furrow plowed very deeply1 north and south4 ,i plant my orchard to corn1 using a cultivator1 plow1 and cutaway harrow1 and cease cropping when the trees need all the support4 ,windbreaks are a benefit2 ,i would make them of white or green ash and mulberry1 by planting and cultivating three or four rows on the south and west4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with rags1 long straw1 or grass4 ,i prune just enough to balance the head2 ,i think it pays and that it is beneficial4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize1 and would not advise its use4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer and grasshoppers1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray1 and ,i dig the borers out4 ,i do not dry any4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,e4 ,,bradstreet1 ,dighton1 ,lane county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas nineteen years2 have an apple orchard of #bjj trees2 my oldest are nine years4 ,i think ,jonathan a good family apple2 ,i have not discarded any4 ,i prefer bottom with a loam1 porous subsoil1 and a southern slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old whole-root trees1 set twenty feet east and west and thirty feet north and south4 ,i cultivate my orchard to garden vegetables1 such as cabbage1 tomatoes1 etc41 using a one-horse cultivator2 have not ceased cropping yet4 ,windbreaks are essential1 and ,i would make them of two rows of locusts1 close together1 all around1 excepting on the east side of the orchard4 ,i prune with a saw to thin the top2 ,i think it has paid4 ,i never thin fruit on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings1 and think it best4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 it is beneficial in keeping the weeds down1 but would not advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,i do not spray4 ,i never dry any apples4 ,never store any4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been one dollar per bushel4 ,do not hire any help2 myself and boys do the work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,l4 ,,gunn1 ,heizer1 ,barton county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-one years4 ,have an apple orchard of #aaj trees1 from ten to twenty-five years old2 the largest ones are fifteen inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest and ,white ,winter ,pearmain4 ,i prefer creek bottom with a loose and porous soil and subsoil4 ,young trees should not be headed too low1 as the lower limbs will lay on the ground when the tree gets older and begins to bear4 ,i cultivate my trees until too large1 using a disc harrow4 ,i do not plant any crop2 do not think it advisable in this dry climate4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of forest-trees1 on the north and south4 ,i prune my trees1 but have not had enough experience to tell whether it is beneficial or not4 ,i thin my fruit while on the trees to prevent the limbs from breaking4 ,i do not fertilize2 it is not needed here4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i spray with ,london purple about the time the blossoms fall4 ,i do not dry any apples nor irrigate4 ,price has been seventy-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,simon1 ,garden ,city1 ,finney county3 ,i have lived in the state eighteen years2 have an apple orchard of #aej trees1 from two to fifteen years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap2 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,russet and ,willow ,twig4 ,i prefer second bottom1 sandy soil1 with clay subsoil4 ,i prefer one- or two-year-old trees1 set twenty-five to forty feet apart4 ,i plant my orchard to garden-truck1 using a disc harrow1 and cease cropping when they begin to bear4 ,i plant nothing in a bearing orchard1 but keep up the cultivation to keep the ground clean and loose4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of cottonwood1 box-elder1 and ,osage orange1 putting a belt of timber around the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap with corn-stalks in the fall4 ,i prune with knife and shears to keep the tree in shape2 ,i think it pays4 ,i never have thinned the fruit while on the tree1 but think it would pay on some varieties4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter while ,i am cropping the ground2 but would not advise its use unless you have plenty of water4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable1 and does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with twig-borer1 canker-worm1 and leaf-roller1 and my fruit with codling-moth4 ,i spray when the bloom falls1 and ten days later1 with ,london purple1 for codling-moth2 and ,i think ,i have reduced them4 ,borers do not trouble my trees when they have plenty of water4 ,i hand-pick my apples2 sort into three classes--first1 second1 and refuse4 ,i sell some apples in the orchard1 but retail most of them to the stores2 make cider of the third grade and culls4 ,my best market is at home4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples in bulk in a cellar2 find the ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap and ,arkansas ,black keep best4 ,i irrigate thoroughly in the winter1 early spring1 and again before the fruit begins to ripen4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,g4 ,,bohrer1 ,chase1 ,rice county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-five years4 ,have an apple orchard of #gjj trees from nineteen to twenty-two years old4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 and for family use ,i add ,smith's ,cider1 ,wagener1 and ,white ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap2 they require more moisture than the others mentioned above4 ,i prefer a bottom1 with black loam and a porous subsoil2 an eastern slope4 ,i prefer well-grown one-year-old trees1 set thirty-four feet east and west1 and twenty feet north and south4 ,i plant my orchard to corn for ten years1 using a plow and harrow2 think a disc would be as good4 ,i cease cropping after ten years1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south and west sides of the orchard1 and ,i would make them of ,osage orange or box-elder1 planted ten feet apart4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with slough grass until six years old4 ,i prune lightly1 taking out the limbs which rub each other and balancing the trees4 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the apples while on the tree4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard2 it is not needed in this locality4 ,i pasture my orchard with horses and pigs1 and think it advisable4 ,i find it does not injure the trees4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick by hand for storing1 and sort into two classes1 the good and the bad ones2 the bad ,i make cider of and feed to hogs4 ,i generally sell my best apples in the orchard on the trees1 or any way ,i can4 ,we sun-dry some apples1 and find a ready market for them4 ,it pays4 ,i am fairly successful in keeping apples in bulk in a cave1 and find ,ben ,davis and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,i irrigate a few trees4 ,prices have been from twenty cents to one dollar per bushel1 and dried apples six to seven cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,t4 ,,everhart1 ,pratt1 ,pratt county3 ,i have lived in the state twenty years4 ,for a family orchard ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 on sandy bottom land1 with a north slope4 ,i plant two-year-old trees1 deeply4 ,i plant my orchard to potatoes for five years1 using a plow4 ,plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of rows of ,russian mulberries planted every six feet4 ,i prune only to keep the tree in shape4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,cannot see any difference whether the trees are in blocks of a kind or in mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize2 would not advise its use on the soil here4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs2 think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with borers and sun-scald4 ,i spray my trees when in bloom1 and after it has fallen1 with ,london purple only4 ,my best market is at home2 never have tried distant markets4 ,i irrigate my trees on the upland four or five months4 ,prices have been from #ge cents to #a4ej per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,craig1 ,garden ,city1 ,finney county3 ,have been in ,kansas nineteen years4 ,have an orchard of #acjj trees1 planted twelve years1 trees running from twelve to eighteen feet high4 ,cultivate up to this time with twenty-inch disc harrow1 and grow no crop4 ,windbreaks are essential in this county4 ,i would not allow stock in my orchard4 ,i dig out the borers1 and intend to try spraying this year4 ,i pick by hand1 and sell largely in the orchard4 ,my best market is ,garden ,city4 ,i make cider and vinegar of the culls4 ,i have never dried any4 ,i store in bulk for winter1 and am successful in keeping the ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,ben ,davis4 ,i irrigate by flooding4 ,the average price has been about sixty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,bailey1 ,harper1 ,harper county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas twenty years4 ,have an apple orchard of #djj trees1 set sixteen years1 eight to twelve inches in diameter4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,jonathan4 ,have tried and discarded ,rawle's ,janet1 because the fruit cracks open1 ,snow1 because they are poor1 and ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 because the tree is subject to disease4 ,i prefer good1 sandy soil1 with a northeast slope4 ,i prefer healthy two-year-old trees1 with good roots1 planted twenty-eight feet apart each way4 ,i cultivate my orchard every year with a cultivator and harrow1 to keep the ground loose and mellow1 and plant nothing4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,for rabbits ,i wash the tree with weak lye and sulphur2 have found no remedy for borers1 excepting to keep the trees healthy and growing4 ,i prune1 to let in sun and keep the limbs from rubbing2 ,i think it pays1 and that it has been beneficial4 ,i thin my fruit by pulling it off when small2 ,i think it pays2 it keeps the trees from breaking4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 ,i do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 woolly aphis1 and twig-borer1 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i spray after the blossoms fall1 and once a week for three or four weeks after that1 with ,london purple1 for all insects4 ,i dig borers out with a fine wire4 ,i sort my apples into three classes--first1 second1 and cider4 ,i sell my apples in the orchard1 wholesale1 retail1 and peddle4 ,sell the best ones in barrels4 ,make cider and vinegar of the culls4 ,my best markets are at home and ,oklahoma territory4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples in bulk2 find the ,missouri ,pippin keeps best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,jacob ,,rediger1 ,maherville1 ,barton county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twelve years4 ,have an apple orchard of #bjj trees eighteen years old4 ,i prefer sandy bottom land near the river1 with a north slope4 ,i cultivate my orchard all the time with a disc and harrow1 planting no crop4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,i prune with a saw and knife1 and think it pays4 ,never have thinned my apples1 but if it were necessary would do it before they begin to hang down4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i mulch my orchard with stable litter and straw2 would not advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard1 but think it would be advisable1 as they would eat insects4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer1 and my apples with curculio4 ,the first of ,june ,i dig the borers out with a penknife and cut their heads off4 ,i pick my apples by hand4 ,i sell apples in the orchard at retail2 feed the culls to hogs4 ,my best market is among the neighbors4 ,i store apples for my own use by burying1 and find the ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis and ,romanite keep best4 ,i do not irrigate1 but ought to4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel at picking time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,,mayrath1 ,dodge1 ,ford county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty years4 ,have #bej apple trees eight to twelve years old1 six to ten inches in diameter4 ,i prefer upland for fruit1 a sandy loam1 with a northern aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old grafts1 planted thirty by thirty feet east and west4 ,have tried root grafts with success4 ,i cultivate my orchard to garden-truck and hoed crops1 using plow in spring1 then the disc or ,acme harrow4 ,i keep the ground clear of weeds and mellow up to the middle of ,july4 ,i cease cropping after four or five years1 planting nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential here in western ,kansas1 and ,i would make them of ,russian mulberry1 in one or more rows1 north and south of the orchard4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,m4 ,,wilson1 ,zionville1 ,grant county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas fourteen years2 have an apple orchard of #cjj trees ten years old1 four to six inches in diameter4 ,i prefer sandy bottom land4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thomas ,e4 ,,hockett1 ,hugoton1 ,stevens county3 ,i have lived in the state thirteen years2 have an apple orchard of sixty trees eight years old1 eight to twelve feet high4 ,i prefer dark1 sandy loam4 ,i dig large holes1 set one-year-old trees1 putting top soil around the roots4 ,i cultivate my orchard with a stirring plow and hoe1 and plant nothing2 am still cultivating4 ,windbreaks are essential4 ,i would make them of two or three rows of mulberry trees4 ,for protection from rabbits ,i rub dead rabbit on the tree1 and repeat if necessary when we have much rain4 ,i prune very little4 ,do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are planted in blocks4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,i do not spray2 am not troubled with insects4 ,i hand-pick my apples4 ,i do not dry or store any for market4 ,i do not irrigate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geo4 ,t4 ,,elliott1 ,great ,bend1 ,barton county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-one years4 ,have an apple orchard of #hjj trees from two to ten years old1 and three to seven inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,jonathan4 ,i prefer a sandy bottom1 with a northeast aspect4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees set twenty feet apart1 in land which has been plowed deeply and subsoiled4 ,i cultivate my orchard as long as ,i can get among the trees1 with a disc that throws dirt out first1 and one that throws dirt in second4 ,i cease cropping after the first year2 plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,i have a windbreak made of black locust and mulberries4 ,i prune with pruning-knife and shears to form the tops4 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin my apples while on the trees4 ,i believe all orchards should be set in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 and think it beneficial on sandy soil4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borers and tent-caterpillars1 and my apples with curculio4 ,i do not spray4 ,i hand-pick my apples4 ,i do not irrigate2 but think a windmill and a good pond would pay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,b4 ,,schlichter1 ,sterling1 ,rice county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas since #ahga4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,willow ,twig1 and ,rawle's ,janet1 and for a family orchard ,maiden's ,blush and ,early ,harvest4 ,i have tried and discarded ,ben ,davis because they died when eighteen or twenty years old2 they are no good here4 ,i prefer a northeast slope1 with a sandy loam and a clay subsoil4 ,i prefer small two-year-old trees1 set #afx#bd feet1 rows running north and south4 ,i plant my orchard to corn up to bearing age1 using the plow and harrow1 and plant nothing after they begin to bear1 but keep up the cultivation4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of two or three rows of ,russian mulberries1 on the south side of the orchard4 ,i do not prune my trees2 it does not pay4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 the old way2 sort into two classes4 ,i dry some4 ,,fruit ,,district ,no4 #d4 ,following is the fourth district1 composed of twenty-four counties in southeast quarter of the state4 ,reports1 or rather experiences1 from each of these counties will be found immediately following4 ,we give below the number of apple trees in the fourth district1 as compiled from the statistics of #ahig4 ,many thousands were added in the spring of #ahih4 ,bearing4 ,not bearing4 ,total4 ,allen #abb1jae #fd1ddi #ahf1dfd ,anderson #aaa1cgb #df1gai #aeh1jia ,bourbon #age1ifa #dj1egj #baf1eca ,butler #ahb1hbg #ec1iff #bcf1gic ,chase #df1gfb #be1aia #fi1iec ,chautauqua #if1hfe #bb1hec #aai1gah ,cherokee #bch1cca #ib1jfg #ccj1cih ,coffey #afg1bee #fh1bdg #bce1ejb ,cowley #agb1fdh #ej1gfg #bbc1dae ,crawford #adc1jhi #cd1gih #agg1hhg ,elk #aja1fja #cd1cdc #ace1idd ,greenwood #aag1hdj #gj1bbd #ahh1jfd ,harvey #he1dga #cj1fac #aaf1jhd ,labette #beg1iae #hc1cde #cda1bfj ,linn #ajh1fed #de1bhe #aec1ici ,lyon #afa1bie #aaf1agf #bgg1dga ,marion #hf1hch #fd1cei #aea1aig ,mc,pherson #abb1ech #ch1dih #afa1jcf ,montgomery #aba1bhb #ce1egb #aef1hed ,neosho #aei1ddc #fa1ged #bba1aig ,sedgwick #ahb1cfc #gd1gdb #beg1aje ,sumner #adj1fac #cf1ifa #agg1egd ,wilson #aci1hfi #dg1hgf #ahg1gde ,woodson #gb1hae #bd1dhe #ig1cjj --------- --------- --------- ,total in district ,no4 #d #c1cae1hfb #a1afc1ffj #d1dgi1ebb ,estimated acreage #fej1jjj #bbj1jjj #hgj1jjj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wm4 ,,snyder1 ,towanda1 ,butler county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have an orchard of #abjj trees--#bjj twenty-six years old1 diameter twelve to fifteen inches1 thirty feet high2 #gjj twelve years old1 eight to ten inches in diameter at base1 twelve to fifteen feet high2 #cjj eight years old1 five to six inches in diameter at the ground1 eight to ten feet high4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,summer ,rose1 ,early ,harvest1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,ben ,davis4 ,bottom land is best for ,ben ,davis and ,winesap2 other varieties named will do better on high ground4 ,northeast slope is preferable2 black loam with clay subsoil4 ,i plant healthy three-year-old trees1 branching three feet from ground1 in deep furrows1 crossmarked with plow2 stand trees erect1 and tramp earth firmly about the roots4 ,i cultivate my orchard five years with plow and cultivator1 and grow corn in young orchard4 ,i cease after five years1 and grow nothing in bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of peach1 ,russian mulberry1 or cedar1 by planting several rows on south of orchard4 ,for rabbits1 fence with two-foot poultry netting2 for borers1 whitewash and cultivate4 ,i prune just a little with saw or shears to remove interlocking branches only2 it pays4 ,never have thinned my fruit2 believe it does not pay4 ,can distinguish no difference whether trees are in blocks of one kind or mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard4 ,stable litter would1 ,i think1 benefit thin soil4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable1 and does not pay4 ,my apple trees are troubled with canker-worm1 root aphis1 and fall web-worm4 ,have sprayed for fifteen years1 for canker-worm and codling-moth4 ,have used ,london purple and arsenate of lime4 ,i spray for canker-worm as soon as they hatch and the buds begin to open1 and again before bloom opens2 for codling-moth1 at time the bloom drops4 ,i have reduced the codling-moth very much4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 from a ladder1 into baskets1 and sort into two classes usually2 first class1 for market1 picked by hand2 second class1 for cider1 shaken off4 ,have never used packages of any kind4 ,usually deliver in wagon4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 wholesale and retail4 ,sell best to my neighbors1 in orchard4 ,second and third grades ,i sell cheap and convert into cider and vinegar4 ,the culls ,i feed to cattle and hogs4 ,my best market is in the orchard and at ,wichita2 never have tried distant markets4 ,never dry any4 ,sometimes ,i store apples for winter market in a cellar1 but prefer a cave2 store in boxes and bulk4 ,am fairly successful2 have apples in cellar at this time 7,may #a71 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 in the order named4 ,never have tried artificial cold storage2 have to repack stored apples1 if late1 losing from ten to fifteen per cent4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from #ej cents to #a4ej per bushel4 ,i employ the best help ,i can get1 and pay seventy-five cents per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,o4 ,,graham1 ,altoona1 ,wilson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have an apple orchard of forty trees from five to eight years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,willow ,twig1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin2 and for family orchard ,i would add ,maiden's ,blush1 ,red ,astrachan1 and ,red ,june4 ,i have tried and discarded ,belleflower1 ,limber ,twig1 and ,king of ,tompkins ,county2 they are no good4 ,i prefer a clay bottom1 with a north or northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 round-top trees1 with whole roots1 set in dug holes1 in the fall or spring1 as deeply as they stood in the nursery4 ,i cultivate my orchard five to eight years1 with a hoed crop1 or just keep the ground clean1 and sow oats and sometimes red clover in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of ,osage orange4 ,i prune to give shape1 and to keep limbs from crossing2 ,i think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,i seldom thin my fruit while on the trees2 ,i pick them off when the size of walnuts4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with well-rotted stable litter2 put it between the rows2 it has proven very beneficial2 ,i would advise it on all soils1 but less of it on bottom land4 ,i never pasture my orchard1 excepting with pigs1 to eat the oats or clover1 which ,i think advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with bark-louse1 twig-borer1 web-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 and canker-worm1 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i spray my trees while in bloom1 and two or three times afterward1 with ,london purple and some ,paris green2 have greatly reduced the codling-moth4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees with corn-stalks and tie with a string4 ,borers ,i dig out1 and then with a goose-quill or a spray nozzle ,i blow insecticides into the hole4 ,i pick my apples by hand into sacks or pails from a step-ladder2 sort into three classes2 pack very closely into two and one-half bushel barrels1 and mark with variety and grade2 haul to market on wagon4 ,i have sold apples in the orchard2 ,i dispose of them any way ,i can2 ,i feed culls to the hogs4 ,my best markets are ,kansas ,city1 ,denver1 and ,western points2 have tried distant markets1 and found it paid2 but better sell at home4 ,i do not dry many apples2 it does not pay for good apples4 ,i am fairly successful in storing apples in boxes1 barrels and bulk in a cellar4 ,i find ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,never tried artificial cold storage4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about ten per cent4 of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from #ge cents to #a4be per bushel for winter apples4 ,i employ men at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fred4 ,,wahlenmaier1 ,arkansas ,city1 ,cowley county3 ,i have resided in the state thirty-five years4 ,have an apple orchard of five acres1 twenty-four years old4 ,i prefer ,maiden's ,blush for a family orchard4 ,i prefer a sandy loam1 hilltop1 with a north slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 planted thirty feet apart4 ,i plant my young orchard to corn1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,i prune my trees1 to produce better and more fruit4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter4 ,i pasture my orchard with calves4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worms and roundhead borers4 ,i sprayed last year for canker-worms1 with coal-oil and water1 when the leaves were coming out4 ,i wholesale my apples4 ,make cider of the culls4 ,my best market is ,arkansas ,city4 ,we sun-dry some apples for our own use4 ,i have stored some apples in the cellar2 never have tried artificial cold storage4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five to sixty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,r4 ,,davidson1 ,yates ,center1 ,woodson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas fifteen years2 have an apple orchard with trees from five to twenty years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 and ,maiden's ,blush1 and for family orchard add ,early ,harvest4 ,have tried and discarded ,yellow ,bellflower2 it will not bear4 ,i prefer bottom land with a northern slope which has a black loam4 ,i prefer two- or three-year-old trees1 set in rows thirty feet east and west1 and sixteen feet north and south4 ,i plant my orchard with corn four or five years1 using a cultivator1 and cease cropping after six or eight years2 ,kafir-corn does well in a bearing orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i think wire screening is best4 ,i prune my trees to let in air2 think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 it strengthens and invigorates the trees2 would advise its use on all soils unless very rich4 ,i pasture my orchard with calves1 because they do not hurt the trees2 ,i think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with web-worm1 and my apples with curculio4 ,i spray with ,london purple1 one tablespoonful to two gallons of water1 to destroy the curculio4 ,i think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,for borers ,i use ashes2 throw them around the tree1 or make a lye of them1 and wash the tree and throw some around the roots4 ,i pick my apples from a ladder into baskets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g4 ,k4 ,,ayers1 ,furley1 ,sedgwick county3 ,i have lived in the state twenty-seven years4 ,have an apple orchard of #cjj trees1 twenty-one years planted1 eight to fourteen inches in diameter4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,rome ,beauty1 and ,winesap1 and for family orchard ,sweet ,june1 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,baldwin1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,rome ,beauty1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,red ,astrachan and ,rambo for unproductiveness2 ,white ,winter ,pearmain as unproductive1 short-lived1 and a poor seller4 ,i prefer for an apple orchard the best corn land1 in a bottom4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 with good roots not mangled1 set in squares thirty feet each way4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn or vines1 using a plow1 harrow and cultivator eight or ten years in the orchard1 and cease cropping after ten years4 ,i plant a bearing orchard to orchard-grass and timothy 7blue-grass is injurious74 ,windbreaks would be an advantage on the south and west2 would make them of live trees2 plant ,osage orange next to orchard and forest-trees outside of it4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the young trees2 also shoot and trap them1 especially the jacks4 ,i prune very cautiously1 and mostly on the north side1 using a saw and knife1 to give symmetry and keep limbs from crowding2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i fertilize portions of my orchard with stable litter2 would not advise it on all soils1 as ,i think an orchard can be overstimulated4 ,i have pastured the orchard with calves and hogs1 but do not now2 it does not pay2 do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 flathead borer1 and fall web-worm1 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i spray ,april #ae and ,may #aj1 on later date1 with ,london purple1 for insects4 ,think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,for insects not affected by spraying1 ,i keep the tree in a healthy condition4 ,pick my apples by hand2 sort into three classes--market1 cooking1 and cider4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 wholesale1 retail1 or peddle2 sell the best apples in the orchard or to dealers2 peddle the second and third grades2 make cider of the culls4 ,i find the nearest markets to be the best2 never have tried distant markets4 ,do not dry any4 ,do not store any1 but think ,i shall4 ,do not irrigate1 but would if ,i had the water4 ,prices have been fifty cents to one dollar per bushel for best winter apples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,a4 ,,condra1 ,longton1 ,elk county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas twenty-one years2 have an apple orchard of seventy-five trees1 twenty years old1 ten to sixteen inches in diameter1 twenty to twenty-five feet high4 ,i have thirty more which are but two years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family orchard ,red ,astrachan1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer a bottom which has a rich loam1 with a gravel subsoil and a north or east slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees having but two limbs1 both starting from the same place1 set in holes four to six feet in diameter1 two feet deep1 filled in with good dirt4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn--so as to keep weeds down and hold moisture--use a disc harrow and cultivator so as to keep the soil loose and fine two or three inches down4 ,i cease cropping after eight or ten years1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,for rabbits ,i use tin from the roofs of burned buildings or building paper4 ,i prune with a saw and an ax to thin the tops and keep the limbs above my head2 think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are planted in blocks of same kind4 ,i fertilize my orchard with any well-rotted manure2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils1 especially on old orchards4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 leaf-roller1 and leaf-crumpler1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i spray when the leaves first come out1 when in blossom1 and once or twice afterwards1 ten days apart1 with ,london purple and ,bordeaux mixture for codling-moth and leaf-eating worms4 ,think ,i have reduced the codling-moth some4 ,i stand on a step ladder and pick my apples by hand in a small basket1 then pour them into a wagon4 ,i sort into three classes--sound1 blemished1 and rotten4 ,sound ones are put in crates1 blemished are made into cider1 and the rotten ones go to the hogs4 ,i pack in crates1 for convenience1 and then store in the cellar4 ,they are made of lath and #ax#ab boxing lumber4 ,the lath are sawed across in the middle1 the lumber into lengths of fourteen inches4 ,the bottom and sides are lath one-half inch apart4 ,this makes an airy crate1 easy to handle1 two feet long1 fourteen inches wide and twelve inches deep1 which when rounded up will hold one and one-half bushels of apples4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 also retail and peddle4 ,my best apples are usually sold in the orchard4 ,of the second and third grades we make cider1 apple-butter1 and vinegar4 ,the hogs get the culls4 ,my best market is at home4 ,i do not dry2 cannot find a ready market1 and it does not pay4 ,i am successful in storing apples in crates in a cellar which has a wareroom overhead2 the walls are of sandstone two feet thick1 with six inches of dry sand between the ceiling of the cellar and the floor of the wareroom4 ,a door is in the south end1 and a window in the north1 with screens so the outside shutter is open all the time except at noonday sun1 and when raining or freezing4 ,there is an air-shaft through ceiling to roof4 ,the racks or shelves are made of #ax#d lumber1 and there is one inch of space between the crates when slipped in1 thus allowing the air to circulate around them4 ,i have apples in the cellar now 7,april #be7 while my neighbors who stored in bulk have none fit to eat2 all are rotten4 ,i find ,rawle's ,janet and ,winesap keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-tenth of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have averaged thirty-five cents per bushel4 ,dried apples have been four cents for sun-dried and eight cents for evaporated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,h4 ,,guest1 ,grafton1 ,chautauqua county3 ,i have lived in this county twenty years4 ,have an apple orchard of #cjjj trees ten years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 and ,little ,romanite2 and for family orchard ,red ,june1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,early ,harvest1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded ,bellflower and ,willow ,twig on account of blight4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with a black1 sandy loam1 clay subsoil1 and northern aspect4 ,i prefer one-year-old trees--switches--planted with a lister4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn eight years1 then use a disc harrow1 running both ways1 keeping a dust mulch2 ,i cease cropping at bearing age and plant nothing4 ,never put alfalfa in an orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential here4 ,for rabbits ,i use lath and woven wire1 and concentrated lye for borers4 ,i prune with a saw and shears1 to increase the size and color of the fruit2 ,i think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,i never thin the fruit while on the trees1 but believe it would pay4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings2 ,i have ,gilpin or ,little ,romanite growing beside ,missouri ,pippins2 they blossom the same time4 ,at picking time in the fall ,i have noticed a very marked difference in the ,gilpin1 it having the peculiarities of the ,missouri ,pippin3 the increase in size1 with the white specks and oblong shape peculiar to the ,missouri ,pippin4 ,i also noticed a difference in the ,romanite for two rows in2 ,i tried keeping some of them until spring2 some were quite mellow1 and the flavor was much superior to that of the ,romanites not near the ,missouri ,pippins4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 but would not advise its use on heavy soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable1 and does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 root aphis1 flathead borer1 fall web-worm1 and leaf-roller2 and my apples with codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,i spray successfully when the fruit buds appear in the spring1 with ,paris green1 ,london purple and ,bordeaux mixture for canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 and curculio4 ,i hand-pick my apples in sacks and baskets from step-ladders1 and sort into two classes--first and second--as we pick them2 put them into two different vessels1 and let the culls drop4 ,i pack my apples in two-bushel packages1 with blossom end down1 mark with the grower's and consignee's names1 and haul to market on a heavy truck4 ,i sell some apples in the orchard to buyers from the territory4 ,i make cider and vinegar of the culls1 but do not dry1 store nor irrigate any4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g4 ,w4 ,,rhodes1 ,lowe1 ,chautauqua county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-two years4 ,have an orchard of #ejj apple trees from five to twenty years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan1 and for family orchard ,ben ,davis1 ,ortley1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded ,lawver1 ,king and ,baldwin on account of shy bearing4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with deep loam1 limestone soil1 and clay subsoil1 with northeast slope4 ,i prefer straight one-year-old trees1 with plenty of roots1 set in squares of twenty-five feet4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn or potatoes while the trees are small1 using a plow and cultivator1 and cease cropping after ten years2 plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential1 but would be beneficial2 would make them of evergreens4 ,for borers ,i wash the trunks of small trees with carbolic acid and strong soap-suds4 ,i prune to thin the tops1 so ,i can get in to gather the apples2 it pays4 ,i have thinned the fruit while on the trees1 but not lately2 haven't time2 but think it pays4 ,my trees are planted in rows1 each variety by itself4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter while ,i am cultivating2 when the trees get larger ,i mow the grass and weeds and let lay as a mulch1 and afterwards as a manure2 this is all needed4 ,never have pastured the orchard1 but think hogs with rings in their noses would be a benefit4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth4 ,i spray after the blossom falls with arsenates1 for all kinds of insects that come early1 especially the codling-moth2 think ,i have reduced them4 ,i pick my apples by hand from a ladder1 bench1 or get into the tree4 ,we sort into two grades1 large and small2 sell them in the orchard to people from the west and ,oklahoma1 who haul them off in wagons4 ,we have a great many dried apples1 dried by the neighbors on shares2 we find a ready market for them4 ,i am quite successful in storing apples in bulk in a cave arched over with stone4 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep best4 ,prices have been from twenty-five to sixty cents per bushel in the fall1 and from #a to #a4ej in the winter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,jason ,,helmick1 ,cloverdale1 ,chautauqua county3 ,has lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,for all commercial purposes he prefers ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap1 and adds a few summer and fall varieties for family use4 ,has tried and discarded ,bellflower1 because the fruit drops off1 and ,ben ,davis1 because it cannot stand heat and drought--the trees decay early4 ,he prefers north or northeast slope1 bottom land1 with a deep1 porous soil1 the more porous the better4 ,he pastures his orchard with horses1 cattle1 and hogs1 and thinks it advisable if done with care2 it pays4 ,his trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar1 flat-headed borer1 and leaf-roller1 which do little damage4 ,his greatest drawback is drought and heat4 ,he does not spray1 and cuts borers out in ,august or earlier1 and kills the caterpillars4 ,picks his apples by hand4 ,never sells them in the orchard2 raises mostly for home use4 ,stores some in boxes in a cellar4 ,does not irrigate4 ,marketable apples usually sell for twenty-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,w4 ,,goodell1 ,sedan1 ,chautauqua county3 ,have lived in ,kansas fifteen years2 have an orchard of #bjj trees1 which are nine years old4 ,for a commercial orchard ,i would plant ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for a family orchard would add ,early ,harvest4 ,have tried and discarded ,lowell and ,yellow ,bellflower as too tender for the climate4 ,i prefer bottom land having a black1 sandy loam1 and a northern slope1 and plant one-year-old trees1 thirty by thirty feet4 ,i cultivate with a disc1 and am still cultivating1 growing corn in the orchard for nine or ten years4 ,windbreaks are essential4 ,i would make them of natural oak if possible4 ,for borers and rabbits ,i use concentrated lye and lath jackets4 ,i prune my trees with a saw and shears1 and think it pays and is beneficial4 ,i never thin apples while on the trees1 and have never fertilized4 ,do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 root aphis1 fall web-worm1 and leaf-roller1 and my apples with codling-moth and gouger4 ,i spray for canker-worm and all other insects before and after the foliage appears1 and think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i dig the borers out with a wire and wash the tree with lye4 ,pick my apples into baskets1 and sort into firsts1 seconds1 and culls4 ,i sell in the orchard1 and make cider of the culls4 ,do not dry any4 ,i store some for winter market in a cave4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from forty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,d4 ,,chambers1 ,hartford1 ,lyon county3 ,have been in ,kansas thirty-two years4 ,have #cejj apple trees2 #aejj of them have been planted twenty-five years2 #bjjj of them six years4 ,i prefer for market ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap1 and for family orchard would add ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,astrachan1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,rambo4 ,have discarded ,yellow ,bellflower because it won't bear2 ,milam1 because it is too small2 ,rawle's ,janet1 off on color4 ,only a few varieties should be in a commercial orchard4 ,i prefer bottom land2 mine slopes to the north4 ,any soil is good1 either clay or loam4 ,i would set thrifty two-year-old trees in furrows4 ,i have raised thousands of root grafts in the nursery1 growing my own seedlings to graft on4 ,i cultivate in corn until they begin to show fruit1 then in millet twice2 ,i have never cultivated the orchard without a crop4 ,when the ground gets bad1 break it up and put in millet to shade the ground4 ,i have never used any windbreaks2 plant my trees close1 to protect each other from the wind4 ,i use axle grease for rabbits1 and have had very little trouble with borers4 ,i prune in the early years to shape the tree2 later1 to remove surplus wood1 and think it increases the size of the apple4 ,i believe stable litter is beneficial2 ,i have applied it only on heavy clay soil4 ,i pasture my orchard to a slight extent with horses and cows4 ,i do not gather the down apples1 but let my stock gather them4 ,i have sprayed with ,london purple for canker-worm and tent-caterpillar2 ,i use a barrel and a wagon1 from first of ,may on1 and am only partially successful2 ,i think ,i have reduced the codling-moth some4 ,i pick with baskets and wagons1 and pile the apples in the orchard4 ,i sort into three classes--first1 shipping2 third1 culls2 second1 betweens4 ,as ,i sell to shippers at wholesale1 ,i put in the first class as small ones as the contract will allow2 the second class includes all that look salable1 and ,i sell them in the home markets2 ,i sell what culls ,i can1 and make cider of the others4 ,i do not ship any4 ,my apples mostly go south4 ,i tried shipping once1 but it did not pay4 ,i do not dry any1 nor store any for winter4 ,have never irrigated4 ,prices vary from #bj cents to #a4be per bushel1 according to variety1 time of year1 etc4 ,i use men and women for picking1 and pay three cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b4 ,,roney1 ,benedict1 ,wilson county3 ,have lived in ,kansas since the fall of #ahfi2 have #adjj apple trees1 planted from six to twenty-seven years4 ,for market ,i prefer ,baldwin1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,jonathan1 ,ben ,davis2 for family1 ,red ,june1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,jonathan4 ,i have discarded the ,russets 7the fruit is inferior71 and ,bellflower 7the trees are not hardy74 ,i prefer north-slope upland with deep limestone soil and clay subsoil4 ,i plant thrifty three-year-old1 not overgrown trees with good heads1 thirty feet east and west1 twenty feet north and south1 to protect from the wind4 ,i set in the spring1 in a rye-field or stubble ground1 running out furrows and putting in with a spade4 ,i cultivate with a small stirring plow with one horse1 for the furrows next the tree4 ,i grow corn until the trees should bear1 and then change to red clover1 and mow to keep the weeds down4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential1 but care should be taken not to have many soft-wood trees near the orchard to breed insects4 ,an elevation on the south or southwest will be found beneficial4 ,for rabbits1 wrap in the winter2 for borers1 wash with lime in the spring4 ,keep out all watersprouts2 thin the top of the tree1 so that the sun may penetrate2 balance the top2 cut out the center shoot--it pays4 ,after trees begin to bear ,i would fertilize with stable litter4 ,hogs are good in the orchard in the spring to destroy insects1 but should not be allowed to root much4 ,i spray with ,london purple and ,paris green when in full bloom how about bees81 and again in ten days1 and give a third spray a few days after1 if any insects are on the trees4 ,we have a good home market4 ,for winter ,i find that ,rawle's ,janet and ,romanite keep the best4 ,prices have ranged from forty to seventy-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geo4 ,,hildreth1 ,altamont1 ,labette county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-nine years2 have an orchard of #abbe trees1 from ten to twenty-seven years old4 ,for commercial orchard prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,jonathan for winter1 and ,early ,harvest and ,red ,june for summer2 for family use ,i prefer ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,rambo1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,jonathan4 ,have tried and discarded ,golden ,russet and many others4 ,i prefer a porous or well-drained soil1 north by northeast slope2 it is too hot in bottom1 and too dry on hilltop4 ,i plant two-year-old trees in rows running north and south1 trees twelve to sixteen feet apart in the row2 have grown very few seedlings4 ,i cultivate with corn while young1 and rye or wheat and keep it pastured down when bearing4 ,i plow between rows once in fore part of ,july4 ,i have a tall hedge for windbreak4 ,i prune to keep the top balanced1 and do not allow it to get too thick2 ,i think it has been beneficial4 ,have never thinned apples on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings1 the varieties are ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and others4 ,i fertilize sometimes1 ,i think it beneficial and would advise it on poor land4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs and sheep1 and think it advisable2 it pays4 ,have some insects but not in great quantity4 ,i spray with ,london purple after the bloom falls off--one pound of ,london purple in from #ej to #ajj gallons of water4 ,think ,i have reduced the number of codling-moth4 ,in picking ,i use a sack swung over the shoulder1 and a light ladder4 ,i classify to suit the purchaser1 doing the sorting in a cool place and usually packing the best in barrels1 and sell at wholesale1 often in the orchard2 feed the culls to hogs2 never tried distant markets4 ,i sometimes store for winter market in barrels and keep in cave surrounded with hay2 am not always successful4 ,i find those that keep best are ,little ,romanite1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 never tried artificial cold-storage4 ,seldom have to repack stored apples before marketing2 lose about one-fourth4 ,the prevailing price this year has been fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,s4 ,,dennison1 ,columbus1 ,cherokee county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-one years2 have an apple orchard of #bjj trees1 fourteen years old4 ,i prefer for commercial purpose ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family use ,red ,june and ,early ,harvest4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with black loam1 gravel subsoil1 and northeast slope4 ,i prefer one-year-old trees1 set sixteen feet at first2 thin to thirty-two feet4 ,i cultivate my young orchard with potatoes and strawberries for ten years1 then sow to clover1 plowing again in two years2 ,i never cease cropping2 cultivate with plow1 disc1 and harrow4 ,i wrap the trees for rabbits4 ,i prune with a saw and knife1 and think it beneficial4 ,i never thin apples4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 but would not advise it on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs and calves1 and think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i spray for codling-moth with ,london purple and ,paris green immediately after the blossoms fall1 and again in ten days4 ,i think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i dig borers out4 ,i pick my apples from a ladder in a basket4 ,i sort into three classes--sound1 medium1 and small and unsound4 ,i pack in barrels carefully1 and haul to shipping point in spring wagon4 ,i sell in orchard2 also wholesale1 retail1 and peddle2 market most of them at home2 make vinegar of the culls4 ,my best market is home4 ,never dry any4 ,i store some for winter in barrels in cellar2 am not always successful2 ,ben ,davis keeps best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 and lose about ten per cent4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,i employ men at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,c4 ,,seibert1 ,columbus1 ,cherokee county3 ,has been in ,kansas twenty-two years1 and has an orchard from five to twenty years old4 ,for commercial purposes he prefers ,ben ,davis and ,limber ,twig1 and for the family adds ,maiden's ,blush4 ,prefers dark soil with a low southern slope1 if not wet4 ,prefers two-year-old trees set about thirty feet apart4 ,cultivates with a disc harrow until four or five years old4 ,grows corn for five or six years4 ,thinks windbreaks essential2 would make them of ,osage orange all around the orchard4 ,prunes his trees1 and thinks it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,does not thin apples on the trees2 says the wind does that for him4 ,fertilizes his trees while young with stable litter1 and would advise it on all soils4 ,pastures his orchard with calves and hogs1 and thinks it advisable1 and that with the hogs it pays4 ,his trees are troubled with bark-louse and leaf-roller1 and his apples with codling-moth4 ,he sprays his trees with ,london purple1 and thinks he has reduced the codling-moth2 for borers1 and other insects not affected by spraying1 he throws salt over the roots of the trees4 ,picks his apples by hand4 ,wholesales1 retails and peddles them4 ,his best markets are in his county2 has never tried distant markets4 ,does not dry any4 ,is successful in storing apples in bulk in a cave for winter markets1 the ,limber ,twig and ,rawle's ,janet keeping best2 has never tried artificial cold storage4 ,does not irrigate4 ,prices have been from forty to sixty-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,johnson ,,keller1 ,arkansas ,city1 ,cowley county3 ,have lived in ,kansas for twenty-one years4 ,have #bjjj apple trees fourteen years old4 ,i grow for market ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,smith's ,cider4 ,for family orchard ,i prefer ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,i have discarded ,gennetting1 ,winesap1 ,rambo1 ,red ,astrachan1 and many others that were worthless in this locality4 ,i prefer second bottom1 dark sandy loam1 with north and east aspect4 ,i plant two-year-old trees thirty feet apart1 in holes four feet square1 dug one foot too deep1 and filled up with surface soil4 ,i cultivate thoroughly as long as the orchard lives1 with stirring plow and disc1 and crop with corn as long as it will even make fodder1 or until the trees shade the ground too much to raise anything4 ,for small orchards ,i would recommend a windbreak of ,osage orange set far enough apart on the south to grow in the shape of trees4 ,for rabbits ,i use nothing but corn-stalks tied around the trees4 ,i prune in moderation to keep the trees low2 much pruning will kill trees in this locality4 ,i thin apples some on the trees1 at any time after they are the size of hickory-nuts4 ,i find the best pollinators are a good apiary of bees4 ,i believe in using plenty of stable litter well mixed with potash1 but in moderation near the trees4 ,nothing except hogs should be allowed in an orchard4 ,they destroy nearly all the insects4 ,i spray for canker-worm as soon as they begin to hatch1 and believe ,i reduced the codling-moth fifty per cent4 last spring4 ,for borers ,i wash the bodies of the trees early in spring and twice in ,may with soft soap and lime4 ,for picking ,i use a long-handled device of my own invention1 and sort into two classes3 ,no4 #a1 best and largest2 ,no4 #b1 medium4 ,one week after they are put in the packing-house we pack in barrels1 with hay or straw between the layers4 ,we market our best apples and sell our second and third grades at home1 and make all culls into cider and vinegar4 ,have tried distant markets1 but did not generally pay4 ,never dried any4 ,we store for winter in a fruit house and cave1 in barrels1 and are successful4 ,our best keepers have been ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap4 ,our loss on winter apples runs from three to five per cent4 ,prices in the fall1 twenty-five to forty cents2 in winter1 #ge cents to #a4be per bushel4 ,for help we use common laborers at from seventy-five cents to one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wm4 ,n4 ,,smith1 ,brownsville1 ,chautauqua county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,i have an apple orchard of fifty trees twenty years old and twelve inches in diameter4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap1 and for family orchard ,i would add ,maiden's ,blush and ,bellflower4 ,i prefer bottom land1 black1 sandy loam1 with a clay bottom and a north slope4 ,i plant my trees thirty-six feet each way4 ,i plant my orchard to corn and potatoes1 using a disc1 and plant tame grass in a bearing orchard1 and cease cropping when they begin to bear4 ,windbreaks are essential4 ,i would make them of ,osage orange1 and would surround the orchard with a fence of the same4 ,i prune to keep the limbs from rubbing1 and ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard2 am on bottom land1 which does not need it1 but think it would be beneficial on some soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 but do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 flathead borer1 roundhead borer1 twig-borer1 and leaf-roller4 ,i spray with ,paris green and ,london purple when the worms are at work on the leaves4 ,i dig borers out4 ,i hand-pick my apples in baskets from ladders1 and sort into two classes--large and perfect in number one1 small and perfect in number two2 the balance for cider4 ,i pack in barrels filled full1 and mark with the grade2 then haul to market in a wagon4 ,i make the culls into cider4 ,coffeyville is my best market4 ,i dry some and find a ready market for them2 it pays4 ,i am successful in storing apples in bulk in a cellar1 and find ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap keep best4 ,prices have been about fifty cents per bushel2 dried apples1 five cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,e4 ,,hildreth1 secretary ,altamont ,horticultural ,society1 ,altamont1 ,labette county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,i have an apple orchard of #ae1jjj trees eight years old1 five inches in diameter1 and prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan and ,missouri ,pippin for market2 and for family use ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,jonathan1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,i prefer gray or red soil1 porous subsoil1 with an eastern slope4 ,i set first-class1 two-year-old1 well-branched trees1 in large furrows1 deeply plowed out1 twenty feet north and south1 and thirty-two feet east and west4 ,for six years ,i grow corn in the orchard1 cultivating well2 after that nothing4 ,i plow shallow1 and disc or harrow until midsummer as often as the weeds start4 ,i cultivate as long as the trees live4 ,to protect from rabbits ,i use sixteen-inch lath woven with four strands of wire4 ,i prune1 to allow only three or four main branches4 ,i believe in fertilizer1 and would use it if ,i had it4 ,i think pasturing in the orchard advisable1 with young cattle or hogs1 and that it pays4 ,am troubled some with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 and codling-moth2 for these ,i spray with ,london purple1 using a tank1 with a pump run by a sprocket and chain1 from a wagon wheel4 ,i believe ,i have reduced the codling-moth by spraying4 ,we pick in a sack over the shoulder1 as used in sowing oats4 ,i sort only into first class and culls1 as emptied by the pickers on canvas-covered tables4 ,i use eleven-peck barrels1 marking the name of variety and quality4 ,sell only at wholesale1 making cider of the culls4 ,have shipped to distant markets1 but it did not pay4 ,have never dried any1 but think ,i ought to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,s4 ,,hackney1 ,walton1 ,harvey county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have an orchard of #cbe apple trees twenty-four years old1 eight to sixteen inches in diameter4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,snow1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and would plant the same for family orchard4 ,have tried and discarded ,winter ,strawberry and ,paradise ,pippin for shy bearing4 ,i prefer high land1 rich subsoil1 with north slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old grafts1 the more fibrous roots the better4 ,i checked my land to corn and then dug out the hill of corn where tree was to stand4 ,i raise my own root grafts4 ,i cultivate my young orchard with corn1 wheat1 and oats1 using disc and smoothing harrow4 ,i plant a bearing orchard to clover1 and cease cropping when the limbs interfere with work4 ,i think windbreaks are essential1 and would make them of rapid-growing forest-trees4 ,to protect the trees from rabbits1 ,i wash them with blood and liver and tie up4 ,i prune while young to shape and balance the top1 and think it beneficial4 ,i never thin apples4 ,i fertilize with barn-yard litter and wood ashes4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs and young cattle2 think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar2 my fruit with codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,i spray for the above-named insects after the blossom has fallen and until apples are as large as quail eggs4 ,i think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,for the insects not affected by spraying ,i wash with soap and strong lye4 ,i spray with ,london purple1 ,paris green1 and kerosene emulsion4 ,we pick apples by hand and are careful not to bruise them4 ,i sort into two classes2 the small and defective go to the chickens4 ,i generally retail my apples toward spring2 sell second and third grades wherever ,i can2 make cider of culls4 ,my best markets are home and ,newton4 ,do not dry any for market4 ,i store #cjj or #djj bushels of apples in a cellar #cbx#cb feet1 cemented sides and bottom1 with plenty of windows and doors for ventilation2 am fairly successful2 ,ben ,davis and ,winesap keep best4 ,i have to repack them before marketing4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been #dj cents to #a4ge per bushel4 ,i employ ordinary farm hands at #bjj per year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4 ,c4 ,,brown1 ,cherryvale1 ,montgomery county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas eighteen years2 have an apple orchard of #fjj trees from six to twenty-four years old4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan1 and for family orchard would add ,maiden's ,blush1 ,lowell1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded ,missouri ,pippin1 ,lawver1 and ,roxbury ,russet4 ,i prefer a first or second bottom1 with a northern or western aspect1 sandy loam with gravelly subsoil4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 well-headed trees1 set thirty by thirty4 ,i have some set thirty by fifteen feet1 but intend to grub every other one out when large4 ,i plant my orchard to corn or potatoes1 cultivating two or four times a year until they begin to bear1 using a stirring plow1 ,acme harrow1 and ,planet jr4 horse cultivator4 ,never cease cropping1 but pasture with hogs4 ,sow grass and clover in a bearing orchard4 ,do not cut and take crop off more than twice after they begin to bear4 ,windbreaks are not essential1 but if they were ,i should make them of any kind of trees or hedges1 by planting on south and west sides4 ,for rabbits ,i inclose the tree with wire screening4 ,i dig the borers out4 ,i prune trees while young1 until they begin to bear1 by cutting out the cross branches and watersprouts4 ,this will promote wood growth1 if done in early spring4 ,it is generally beneficial4 ,i have thinned the fruit sometimes1 but it does not pay4 ,can't see any difference whether trees are in blocks of one variety or in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with lime and ashes in limited quantities4 ,it is beneficial only on loose1 loamy soil2 would not advise its use on heavy clay soils4 ,i pasture my orchard after it comes into full bearing with swine and poultry4 ,i think it advisable and that it pays1 if too many are not put in4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 root aphis1 twig-borer1 fall web-worm1 and leaf-roller4 ,i spray just after the leaves start and three times afterwards1 a week or ten days apart1 using ,london purple and lime water for the foliage and fruit-eating insects2 think ,i have reduced the codling-moth materially4 ,i spray early for canker-worm1 and just after the blossoms drop for codling-moth and curculio4 ,i hand-pick my apples from a step-ladder1 in a sack hung over the shoulder2 sort into three classes--first1 smooth and not specked2 second1 rough and specked2 third1 partly rotten1 for vinegar4 ,i sort into baskets from a table which has a rim around the edge4 ,i pack my first-grade apples in barrels pressed full1 then headed1 marked with a stencil1 and hauled to market on a wagon4 ,i wholesale my best apples to home buyers1 and also fill orders from a distance2 sell my second- and third-grade apples to home buyers1 and make into sweet cider2 make vinegar of culls and feed them to hogs4 ,my best market is at home2 have tried distant markets2 did not pay4 ,do not dry any4 ,am fairly successful in storing apples in barrels1 boxes and shallow bins in a cellar2 find ,rawle's ,janet1 ,ben ,davis and ,jonathan keep best4 ,weather is too warm in the fall in this latitude to keep apples successfully4 ,i have to repack stored apples two or three times1 losing from one-third to three-fourths of them2 it varies with the season and time of picking4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,i employ the best help there is to be had1 at from #ge cents to #a4be per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,hart1 ,sedan1 ,chautauqua county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years1 and have an apple orchard of #djj trees1 ten years planted4 ,i prefer for commercial orchard ,ben ,davis1 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,arkansas ,black4 ,i prefer sandy bottom land1 and plant my trees in furrows4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn as long as it is possible to grow anything1 but plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are beneficial4 ,i would make them of ,osage orange or wild goose plums4 ,i prune with a saw1 to thin out the centers and keep off suckers4 ,i think it beneficial4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter4 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on some lands4 ,i do not pasture my orchard1 nor would ,i advise it4 ,i spray with ,london purple in the spring1 and am successful4 ,i sell my apples in the orchard1 and do not dry any for market4 ,missouri ,pippin keeps better than other stored apples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,mc,n,i,c,o,l1 ,lost ,springs1 ,marion county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ab1jjj trees1 set from three to ten years4 ,prefer ,missouri ,pippins alone for commercial orchard1 and ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin for family orchard4 ,have discarded ,white ,winter ,pearmain as not hardy4 ,i prefer bottom land1 northern slope1 with rich surface soil and porous subsoil4 ,after plowing out deep furrows1 subsoil with a lister2 then select well-rooted1 two-year-old trees and plant carefully4 ,distance apart is an important matter2 if too close1 the trees1 no matter how well cultivated1 will suffer for moisture2 if too far apart1 the wind will play havoc with trees and fruit4 ,i would plant close rows running east and west1 as each row would help break the wind when the trees in the row reach each other4 ,i would plant twenty feet apart in the row1 and the rows thirty feet apart1 and would recommend planting a row of cherry1 dwarf pear1 plum or peach between the apple rows1 provided they are cut out at the proper time to not allow them to rob the orchard of moisture4 ,cultivate often to a good old age with a disc and ,acme harrow4 ,grow corn or ,kafir-corn for five or six years1 leaving a good space next the trees1 not for weeds1 but to be well cultivated4 ,a silly policy is to cultivate the corn that costs less than five cents per row for seed four times1 and leave the tree row that costs two dollars or more uncultivated4 ,do not use a stirring plow2 it hills up around the trees too much4 ,if you list your corn1 go east and west one year1 north and south the next year4 ,keep the ground well cultivated2 grow nothing after five or six years1 not even weeds or clover4 ,cultivate at right angles and diagonal4 ,whenever you are blessed with a good rain in summer don't wait until the weeds start1 but cultivate as soon as the ground will bear it4 ,keep a dust mulch on by cultivation2 few know the great value of a dust mulch4 ,for a family orchard a five-tooth cultivator near the trees1 and a two-horse cultivator for the middles1 will do4 ,use the harrow often4 ,six days' work at the proper time will keep a five-acre orchard in good shape through the season4 ,some say this is not a fruit country4 ,it is not and never will be to the one who has no time to cultivate2 but to the careful cultivator there is great reward1 for the very same reason4 ,i believe it essential to have windbreaks1 and advise planting three or more rows of honey-locust and ,russian mulberry for windbreaks1 on the south and west sides4 ,for rabbits ,i use wooden tree wraps1 also traps1 guns1 and dogs4 ,i prune a little1 to keep the top balanced4 ,i use no fertilizers1 and would never allow stock pastured in orchard4 ,am troubled with root aphis1 leaf-crumpler1 and codling-moth4 ,i practice spraying with blue vitriol for codling-moth4 ,i prevent borers by keeping the ground well cultivated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mike ,,gamer1 ,strong ,city1 ,chase county3 ,have lived in ,kansas since ,february #ad1 #ahgg4 ,have #ahj apple trees from one to twenty years old4 ,for commercial orchard would prefer ,maiden's ,blush and ,ben ,davis4 ,have tried and discarded ,rambo and ,pennock1 because of rot4 ,i prefer dry bottom4 ,i prefer trees four to six feet high1 planted thirty feet apart4 ,i cultivate in corn for ten years1 and seed a bearing orchard to grass4 ,i think windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,osage orange or trees1 a row outside of the orchard4 ,am troubled with rabbits and borers4 ,i prune1 and think it beneficial4 ,i pasture my orchard with pigs1 and think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with flathead borer1 and my fruit with codling-moth4 ,i wash the trees with soap-suds for insects4 ,i sell my apples in the orchard2 make cider of the culls4 ,i store apples in bulk in a cellar1 and find the ,romanite and ,missouri ,pippin keep the best4 ,prices have been from twenty-five to sixty cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,george ,,schenck1 ,le ,roy1 ,coffey county3 ,have lived in ,kansas eighteen years1 and have #abjj apple trees from ten to thirty years old4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,winesap4 ,i prefer bottom land4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn1 using a lister and other tools2 ,i crop as long as it is possible to cultivate4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,i think fertilization with barn-yard litter beneficial on upland orchard1 but would not advise its use on rich bottom4 ,i have pastured my old orchard with calves and hogs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,f4 ,,pflager1 ,elk1 ,chase county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have #cjj apple trees from one to twelve years old4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,willow ,twig1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,romanite2 for family orchard1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,early ,harvest1 ,yellow ,transparent1 and ,baldwin4 ,i have tried and discarded ,sweet ,gennetting1 because of rot1 and when ripe it is too small for market2 ,caswinculet1 because it sun-scalds and dries up1 and ,early ,white will not stand the climate4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with sandy soil4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 with low top1 without forks1 set four inches above the graft1 at an angle of thirty degrees south4 ,have grown some seedlings with good success4 ,i cultivate my orchard with potatoes and tobacco1 using a plow and cultivator1 until four years old2 ,i plant nothing in a bearing orchard1 and cease cropping when they commence to bear4 ,windbreaks are essential here1 and ,i would make them of ,osage orange and forest-trees2 if ,osage orange is used1 plant it twenty feet from the orchard1 or it will injure the fruit-trees4 ,i wrap my trees with corn-stalks or rags to protect from rabbits1 and wash the trees with lye water for borers2 ,i also dig them out4 ,i have pruned with clippers1 and found it injurious to the trees2 ,i only cut out watersprouts4 ,i never thin my apples2 they thin themselves4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings and bear well4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter2 ,i also use fertilizer from the chicken yard1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i never pasture my orchard2 it injures the trees1 and does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 flathead borer1 and leaf-roller4 ,curculio trouble my apples4 ,i do not spray1 but my neighbors do1 and are not successful4 ,i pick my apples by hand into half-bushel baskets1 and put them in a wagon1 with hay in the bottom4 ,i sort into three or four classes1 putting the red1 yellow and green in separate piles4 ,i pack my apples in sacks1 and haul to market in a wagon4 ,i often sell in the orchard2 retail my best at stores1 peddle the second and third grades1 and make cider for vinegar of the culls4 ,my best markets are ,elmdale1 ,chase county1 and ,marion1 ,marion county2 have never tried distant markets4 ,we dry a few apples2 use a parer1 corer1 and slicer2 it is satisfactory2 then pack them in flour sacks2 but it does not pay4 ,i store some in boxes and barrels in a cave2 am successful2 those that keep best are ,romanite and ,red ,winter ,pearmain4 ,never have tried artificial cold storage4 ,we have to repack stored apples before sending to market2 lose about five per cent4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel1 and dried apples five cents per pound4 ,i employ farm hands at from ten dollars to eighteen dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,thomas ,w4 ,,smith1 ,baxter ,springs1 ,cherokee county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,my trees were destroyed in the storm of #ahie4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,prefer hilltop with an east slope4 ,i cultivate at six years2 seed a bearing orchard to clover4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,never thinned apples4 ,pasture my orchard with cows and horses4 ,prices during winter have been forty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,uniontown1 ,bourbon county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas fifteen years1 and have an orchard of #aej apple trees thirty years old4 ,i prefer ,canada ,pippin ,downing calls this ,white ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,maiden's ,blush1 for all purposes4 ,i prefer hillside land1 with a northeastern slope4 ,i plant apple trees thirty feet apart each way4 ,i cultivate in potatoes1 corn1 or any hoed crop1 using a hoe and cultivator4 ,i sow a bearing orchard to clover1 and cease cropping at ten or twelve years4 ,windbreaks are essential1 and ,i would make them of ,osage orange planted thirty feet from the trees4 ,i prune a little every year1 to get rid of dead limbs1 and also thin out the center of trees1 to improve the fruit4 ,i use a saw and knife4 ,my trees are in block4 ,it is beneficial to mulch with old hay or straw in drought4 ,i pasture my orchard with small calves1 but would not advise it1 as it does not pay4 ,i sprayed with a pump1 using ,london purple1 but it did little good4 ,i cut borers out1 and then pour coal-oil in the holes4 ,i hand-pick my apples in a sack1 using a ladder4 ,i sort into two classes--good and second best4 ,if for home use1 ,i put them in rail pens for about three weeks2 then sort out the good ones and make cider of the culls4 ,i pack in three-bushel barrels1 and ship to ,kansas ,city4 ,i sell my best apples to shippers4 ,i dry and make cider of the second- and third-class apples1 and feed the culls to the hogs and cows4 ,i store some for home use1 and would store more if ,i had cold storage4 ,we have to repack stored apples before selling1 and lose about one-half of them4 ,i have sold ,canada ,pippins from fifty cents to two dollars per bushel4 ,i employ men and boys1 and pay from fifty cents to seventy-five cents per day and board4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,t4 ,,walters1 ,emporia1 ,lyon county3 ,i have been in ,kansas nearly twenty-one years4 ,i have #gjj apple trees2 #bjj thirty years old1 #ajj eleven years old1 and #djj seven years old4 ,market varieties1 ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,jonathan2 and for family have added ,red ,astrachan1 ,red ,june1 ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,rambo4 ,i prefer bottom land if not too low2 ,i have apples when they dry up on the hill4 ,prefer a rich1 dark loam1 with a slightly porous subsoil1 and northeast slope4 ,use two-year-old thrifty trees1 with well-balanced head4 ,fall plow deeply1 throw two or three furrows each way1 leaving a deep dead furrow1 cross lightly with one furrow1 and plant at the crossings4 ,i grow corn1 sweet and ,irish potatoes for eight or ten years1 then seed to clover4 ,i cultivate with a one-horse plow1 using a hoe around trees4 ,in my oldest orchard ,i grow nothing1 but use the disc freely4 ,i believe windbreaks necessary on upland1 but not in our bottom4 ,use corn-stalks tied around the tree for rabbits4 ,i prevent borers by keeping the trees thrifty4 ,i prune with knife and saw only to remove dead limbs and keep others from rubbing together1 and ,i think it pays4 ,i think thinning would pay1 with cheap labor4 ,have used coarse stable litter in my orchard2 think it has paid in larger and better-colored fruit2 would advise its use for bearing trees4 ,i would pasture my orchard with calves1 hogs1 and sheep1 if ,i had them2 ,i believe if judiciously done it would pay4 ,i spray before the buds open1 after the bloom drops1 and ten days later1 with ,london purple and lime1 for canker-worm and codling-moth2 have kept the canker-worm in check1 but have not prevented my apples from getting wormy and falling4 ,i hand-pick in sacks and baskets2 pack in tight1 eleven-peck barrels2 but sell most of my apples in the orchard to teamsters from the ,west4 ,i sell culls to the cider and canning factories4 ,my best market is in the orchard4 ,never shipped but once2 not satisfactory4 ,i store some in tight barrels in the cellar1 and find ,winesaps keep the best4 ,we lose from ten to twenty-five per cent4 of them2 some winters they keep better than others4 ,never dried any1 and have not irrigated4 ,prices from thirty to fifty cents per bushel at picking time4 ,i use men and boys at from fifty cents to one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,l4 ,,kendrick1 ,waverly1 ,coffey county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-five years4 ,have an apple orchard of #cge trees1 eighteen years planted4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap2 for family orchard1 ,early ,harvest1 ,summer ,queen1 and ,sherwood's ,favorite ,chenango4 ,have tried and discarded ,bellflower and ,rawle's ,janet2 they are a failure4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with a deep clay soil1 slightly sandy1 and a north or northeast slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 with smooth1 heavy bodies1 and a low top1 set in holes forty feet apart1 with a little loose dirt thrown in the bottom1 the trees leaning a little to the southwest4 ,i cultivate my orchard to sweet corn and castor-beans1 using a disc run deep1 excepting close to trees2 ,i cease cropping after five years1 and sow a bearing orchard to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential1 and ,i would make them of maple1 ,russian mulberry1 or ,osage orange1 set in rows close together1 and cut top off maples at four feet4 ,i use building paper as a protection against rabbits1 and for borers ,i whitewash the trees2 then remove about three inches of earth from the trees and pour some around the roots4 ,i prune with a saw and shears1 to admit more air and sun2 ,i think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,i never thin my fruit on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings1 and ,i find them and ,mrs4 ,garrison's and several others' are thus more fruitful2 the varieties used are ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,sherwood's ,favorite1 planted in alternate rows east and west4 ,i never fertilize my orchard2 ,i think clover left in an orchard for two years and then plowed or cut in with a disc is the best fertilizer for an orchard after it begins to bear4 ,i never pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with bag-worm1 roundhead borer1 bark-louse1 and fall web-worm4 ,my apples are troubled with curculio4 ,i spray with ,london purple and lime1 with a pump1 just after the fruit is formed1 for web-worm and curculio4 ,i think ,i have reduced the codling-moth by spraying4 ,i get after insects not affected by spraying with a knife4 ,i gather apples by hand in a sack1 and sort into three classes3 the large and smooth1 second size1 and culls4 ,i sort from the piles after picking2 then sell or bury them4 ,i prefer two-and-one-half-bushel barrels1 with straw in the bottom and around the sides1 marked with a tin tag1 and hauled to market in a heavy spring wagon4 ,i sell in the orchard1 wholesale1 retail1 and peddle2 ,i sell my best apples to shippers1 peddle the second and third grades1 and make cider of the culls4 ,my best market is ,ottawa2 have never tried a distant market4 ,i store apples in bulk or bin1 in a fruit house built on a well-drained place2 the house is made of flax straw1 posts1 and wire or boards to hold the straw in place2 the walls are three and one-half feet thick1 four and one-half feet high1 and the roof two and one-half feet1 with ventilator in the center4 ,the door is in the east end4 ,i use two doors1 one on the inside1 and one on the outside1 filling the space between with flax straw4 ,am successful in keeping apples1 and find those that keep best are ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,smith's ,cider4 ,winter apples have been forty-five cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,j4 ,,albright1 ,julia1 ,kingman county3 ,have lived in ,kansas eighteen years2 have an apple orchard of #ejj trees1 six to seventeen years old1 four to ten inches in diameter1 ,i prefer bottom land for an orchard4 ,i cultivate my orchard by subsoiling and shallow cultivation1 using a disc and ,acme harrow2 ,i grow nothing in a bearing orchard1 not even weeds4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of ,osage orange or ,russian mulberries4 ,am not troubled with rabbits or borers4 ,i prune some2 it makes better trees4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with cow-stable litter1 but do not think it beneficial4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth4 ,i sprayed five years with ,paris green and ,london purple1 and was not successful4 ,i gather my fruit off the ground4 ,my best market is at home4 ,we dry apples for home use1 and do not store any4 ,i irrigate with a windmill and earth reservoir2 it makes big trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l4 ,j4 ,,haines1 ,galena1 ,cherokee county3 ,has been in ,kansas nineteen years4 ,has an orchard of #bejj trees1 fourteen years planted1 averaging eighteen inches in diameter1 planted for commercial purposes1 and comprising ,willow ,twig1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,winesap1 which varieties he would also recommend for family orchard4 ,has tried and discarded ,snow and ,missouri ,pippin1 as they would not bear fruit2 cannot tell why4 ,prefers alluvial soil1 with clay subsoil susceptible of good drainage1 south slope preferred4 ,cultivates always with plow1 leaving a deep center furrow4 ,tries to eradicate all growth between the trees in a bearing orchard4 ,believes windbreaks are essential2 uses maple4 ,prunes1 to stimulate trunk and fruit growth4 ,fertilizes with wood ashes1 and says they should be used on all soils that lack potash4 ,pastures his orchard in spring with calves and hogs1 and believes it pays4 ,sprays ,april #a1 ,april #cj1 and ,june #a1 with ,london purple1 copperas1 ,paris green1 and ,bordeaux mixture4 ,not fully successful1 but believes he reduces the codling-moth4 ,for borers he lixiviates the ground4 ,this1 he claims1 kills by contact under the ground4 ,plow in fall in time to let the rains settle in1 and too late to keep it from freezing2 freeze them out4 ,sorts into three classes3 ,middling fair1 bad1 and worse4 ,hand packed in barrels1 stem down1 best on top1 and marked ,first class4 ,he sells at wholesale1 sometimes in orchard4 ,feeds culls to stock4 ,has found ,kansas ,city1 ,omaha and ,denver to be the best markets4 ,dries apples on ,fay drier1 made in ,cincinnati1 for home use only1 and not satisfactory4 ,stores apples for winter in bulk in cave1 and finds ,ben ,davis the best keeper4 ,for help he uses boys at fifty cents per day1 and men at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,j4 ,,saltzman1 ,burrton1 ,harvey county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas thirty-one years4 ,have an apple orchard of #ejj trees from one to twelve inches in diameter4 ,for commercial orchard ,i would prefer ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,ben ,davis1 ,cooper's ,early ,white1 and ,jonathan2 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,lawver1 ,jonathan1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig and ,large ,romanite on account of blight1 and the fruit rots and specks4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with sandy loam and clay subsoil1 and a north or northwest aspect4 ,prefer two-year-old trees1 with good1 thrifty roots1 planted thirty feet apart each way4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn1 potatoes1 ,kafir-corn and cane for five or six years1 with plow and cultivator1 and cease cropping when the orchard begins to bear4 ,i plant bearing orchard to rye1 oats1 and artichokes1 and then turn in hogs4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would makes them of evergreens or ,russian mulberries1 planted four feet apart4 ,i prune with a saw1 pruning-hook1 knife1 and sometimes an ax1 to give proper shape to the tree1 and to let in air and light2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit on the trees1 but think it should be done4 ,i fertilize my orchard with barn-yard litter1 and think it beneficial2 ,i would advise its use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard after five or six years with hogs1 and think it advisable and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with root aphis1 but not bad1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray4 ,i hand-pick my apples1 in baskets1 or in a sack over the shoulder1 and put them in barrels1 boxes1 or wagon4 ,i sort into two classes3 first1 sound1 for market or home use2 second1 for vinegar4 ,i sort them as ,i pick1 and drop the vinegar ones on the ground1 and gather afterwards4 ,i pack my apples in bushel boxes 7that is the best way7 while picking4 ,i sell apples in the orchard2 also wholesale1 retail1 and peddle4 ,i make second- and third-grade apples into vinegar1 or feed them to hogs4 ,my best market is at home4 ,have tried distant markets1 and found it sometimes paid4 ,i do not dry any1 and am successful at storing apples in bulk in a cellar2 sometimes ,i bury them2 ,i find ,winesap1 ,limber ,twig and ,little ,romanite keep best4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing from ten to fifteen per cent4 of them4 ,i do not irrigate1 but think it would pay4 ,prices have been from forty cents to one dollar per bushel2 dried apples from five to six cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,b4 ,,saxe1 ,fort ,scott1 ,bourbon county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-nine years4 ,have an apple orchard of #hjj trees from fifteen to twenty-seven years old4 ,for commercial orchard ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,willow ,twig1 and for family orchard would add ,winesap and ,jonathan4 ,have tried and discarded ,baldwin1 ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,early ,harvest1 ,sweet ,bough1 ,bailey's ,sweet1 ,roxberry ,russet1 ,fall ,strawberry1 ,king of ,tompkins ,county1 and several ,russian varieties2 all are worthless4 ,i prefer hilly land1 with loam soil and clay subsoil1 northeast slope4 ,i prefer one- or two-year-old medium-sized trees1 set twenty to thirty feet apart4 ,plant my orchard to corn1 raspberries1 and blackberries1 using a plow and cultivator--a one-horse cultivator between the rows1 for five or six years2 cease cropping when the trees begin to bear4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,i poison the rabbits1 and am not bothered with borers4 ,prune a little with a pruning knife to keep the head open2 think it pays1 and is beneficial4 ,have never thinned apples while on the trees4 ,i do not fertilize2 our soil is rich enough2 ashes or potash might be beneficial4 ,i think hogs beneficial in an orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with root aphis1 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,pick apples by hand from a ladder into a bag4 ,sort into two classes1 perfect and imperfect1 from piles on the grass or ground4 ,pack my apples in barrels by hand1 mark with my name1 and haul to market in a spring wagon4 ,generally sell apples in the orchard1 also wholesale2 peddle the second and third grades1 and make culls into cider for vinegar4 ,never dry any4 ,i stored some in boxes in the cellar last fall1 also buried some in the ground1 and was successful4 ,found ,limber ,twig and ,rawle's ,janet kept best4 ,we had to repack stored apples before marketing2 lost about one-half of those in the cellar1 but very few of those buried in the ground4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices were about forty cents per bushel at wholesale in the fall on the trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,garrison1 ,el ,dorado1 ,butler county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have an apple orchard of #ajjj trees1 twenty to twenty-five years old1 ten to twelve inches in diameter4 ,i prefer for commercial purposes ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,king of ,tompkins ,county1 and ,rawle's ,janet2 and for family orchard ,maiden's ,blush1 ,milam1 ,jonathan1 and ,sweet ,bough4 ,have tried and discarded ,keswick ,codlin1 ,willow ,twig and ,dominie on account of blight4 ,i prefer second bottom1 reddish soil1 with liver-red subsoil1 and a north slope4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 short-trunk1 smooth and round trees4 ,in planting1 plow both ways with a coulter and subsoiler1 then dig out4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn for three or four years1 using a plow2 ,i cease cropping after eight years1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,i use sulphur mixed with axle grease to protect against rabbits4 ,for borers ,i use fish oil spurted in with sewing-machine oiler4 ,i prune the under limbs to prevent hanging on the ground4 ,it does not pay1 and is not very beneficial4 ,i thin ,rawle's ,janet apples when the smallest ones are as large as marbles4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize with stable litter1 and think it beneficial2 but would not advise its use on all soils4 ,never pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 root aphis1 twig-borer1 leaf-roller1 and bark-louse1 and my apples with curculio4 ,i spray with ,london purple and strychnine when the leaves are small2 think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i pick my apples 7from step-ladders where high7 into baskets4 ,sort into three classes3 cider1 specked1 and sound4 ,we leave them in piles until they sweat1 then dry and sort4 ,i prefer two-and-one-half bushel barrels1 packed with a nice layer on the bottom 7this will be top when opened71 then mark with the name of fruit1 and haul to market by rail or wagon4 ,i sell in orchard1 wholesale1 retail1 and peddle1 and make cider of the culls4 ,my best markets are ,wichita1 ,pueblo1 ,leadville1 the ,strip1 and ,eldorado4 ,have tried distant markets1 but it does not pay4 ,i never dry any for market4 ,i store some apples for winter market in bulk2 am not very successful2 find ,winesap keeps the best4 ,have to repack stored apples before marketing2 lose about ten per cent4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel2 dried apples1 four and one-half cents per pound4 ,i employ young men1 at from seventy-five cents to one dollar per day4 ,i have sprayed carefully for three years1 and am glad to report no worms this year #ahih4 ,winesap not full--too full and dry last year1 ,maiden's ,blush full1 ,rawle's ,janet very full1 ,sweet ,bough full1 ,limber ,twig full1 ,milam full1 ,ben ,davis fair1 ,northern ,spy fair1 ,little ,romanite light1 ,jonathan light1 ,willow ,twig and ,king 7of ,tompkins county7 full1 ,talman ,sweet full1 and ,pound ,sweet full4 ,trees must not be trimmed up too high1 as is too much the practice4 ,a low1 broad top will hold the least sprinkle of rain longer1 and the wind will not have much chance to dry the earth under the trees4 ,there are millions of hair roots just at the surface1 in the compost1 or loose earth1 to immediately absorb the moisture if wind and sun are kept off4 ,the buds set better when the trunks are short1 and kept as cool as possible1 so that the sap can run freely to the terminal buds1 and also make buds1 when1 if high and dry1 no bud formation can occur4 ,trees should be short in trunk1 broad top1 and limbs nearly to the ground4 ,no hogs nor calves should be allowed in the orchard1 but all the chickens possible4 ,cut off all dead branches1 and fill up vacancies4 ,trees should be two or three years old when set4 ,when setting make a good large hole1 and in the center make a hill or cone of earth4 ,then spread the roots out in their natural position1 and after this fill in some earth and press lightly4 ,set two or three inches deeper than they grew in the nursery1 trim close1 and leave no acute forks4 ,compel the limbs to start at obtuse or right angles from the trunk2 if they bend over to the north1 anchor with string and stake4 ,the art and science of horticulture are little studied in ,kansas4 ,it takes good judgment and a scientific turn of mind to be successful in orcharding4 ,chemistry1 botany and physiology are especially necessary to make it a delightful work in life4 ,we must run back to the original1 which was no doubt far beyond anything we as yet have1 or we could not improve at all4 ,the beauty ran down as man did1 and it will be a long time before perfection is reached4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,m4 ,,adams1 ,rome1 ,sumner county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas fourteen years2 have an apple orchard of #adj trees from eight to twelve years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer bottom land for an orchard4 ,i prefer three-year-old trees set fifteen by thirty feet2 mine are planted thirty by thirty4 ,i plant my orchard to corn for four years1 using a cultivator and harrow1 and cease cropping after four or five years4 ,i plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential here4 ,for rabbits ,i use a gun and traps1 and for borers ,i wash with soap-suds4 ,i should thin my apples if there was a heavy crop4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 and think it beneficial4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with borers4 ,i do not spray4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,price1 ,el ,dorado1 ,butler county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-five years2 have #abjj apple trees1 planted twelve to eighteen years1 running from eight to twelve inches in diameter4 ,my market varieties are ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 ,large ,romanite1 and ,jonathan2 for family ,i have added ,early ,harvest1 ,red ,june1 ,red ,astrachan1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i have discarded ,rawle's ,janet1 as they grow in clusters and rot on the trees4 ,my location is on hilltop1 with a loose clay soil1 and a north aspect4 ,i plant two-year-old upright trees1 with good roots1 in deep furrows thrown out each way1 and subsoiled4 ,i cultivate same as corn1 and grow corn as a crop1 for small grains and millet breed insects4 ,in the bearing orchard ,i grow nothing4 ,i cultivate with the disc harrow1 cultivator1 and plow1 until the trees cover the ground1 from twelve to fifteen years from planting4 ,i wash the trees three times a year with a solution of soft-soap suds and crude carbolic acid4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential1 and would make them of rapid1 dense-growing trees2 ,i use ,russian mulberry1 planted in three rows1 twelve feet apart1 mismatched4 ,for rabbits ,i rub the trees with sulphur and grease4 ,if trees are washed with carbolic acid and soap-suds1 no borer will ever attack them4 ,i trim very slightly to keep down watersprouts2 to trim as they do in the ,east does not pay here4 ,i do not thin1 but believe fruit would sometimes be larger and better for it4 ,i believe in fertilizing1 and prefer cow-yard litter1 sheep litter1 and hay2 on rich bottom land ,i would use hay mulching4 ,mulching should be removed from around the trees for hoeing1 and then replaced4 ,i never pasture an orchard4 ,am troubled some with canker-worm1 twig-borer1 and codling-moth4 ,i spray three or four times in a season1 from eight to ten days apart1 according to the weather1 beginning as soon as the blossoms appear1 with a large force-pump1 and a rod with double nozzle1 for canker-worm1 web-worm1 and codling-moth4 ,i have lessened the codling-moth by using copper sulphate solution very early 84 ,for borers ,i use ,london purple1 copper sulphate1 ,bordeaux1 and ,paris green 84 ,we pick by hand1 and sort into two classes3 ,first1 the finest fruit2 third1 the culls1 and second1 betweens4 ,sell some in the orchard1 from a bushel to wagon-loads4 ,sell my best apples on orders from merchants and citizens4 ,the second grade same as the first1 if desired4 ,the culls ,i make into vinegar1 which ,i sell in the home market4 ,our best market is at home4 ,i tried shipping1 but transportation charges were too high2 have not tried drying4 ,i store for winter outdoors1 covered with hay and dirt1 so as not to freeze4 ,the ,romanite keeps best4 ,i make my piles of twenty bushels1 and lose perhaps one-twentieth4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices of late3 ,first class1 fifty cents2 second class1 thirty-five cents per bushel4 ,i use young men and boys at from fifty cents to one dollar per day and board4 ,i have one of the best small orchards in the state4 ,have been successful in planting and growing trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,e4 ,,lawrence1 ,wichita1 ,sedgwick county3 ,i have resided in the state twenty-eight years2 have an apple orchard of #cjj trees from twenty to twenty-four years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin and ,ben ,davis1 and for family orchard would add ,winesap1 ,early ,june1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,i prefer bottom land with a sandy loam soil and porous subsoil4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees set thirty feet apart each way4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn or potatoes for several years1 using a common cultivator2 cease cropping when they begin to bear1 and sow to orchard-grass4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of forest-trees4 ,i prune to thin the branches2 think it beneficial4 ,do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i do not fertilize my orchard4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,codling-moth troubles my apples2 have not sprayed4 ,pick my apples by hand2 sort into two classes--marketable and cider4 ,i sell some apples while in the orchard at retail4 ,sell my best apples in home market1 and make cider of culls4 ,never tried distant markets4 ,do not dry any4 ,don't store any4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,s4 ,,weatherby1 ,le ,roy1 ,coffey county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have #ejj apple trees1 twelve years planted1 six inches in diameter4 ,grow only ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,have discarded ,willow ,twig on account of blight4 ,my location is in the bottom1 with rich loam and sandy subsoil4 ,i have planted in rows thirty-two feet distant2 cultivate in corn for four years after planting1 and use the disc harrow as much as possible4 ,in a bearing orchard ,i would put clover4 ,believe windbreaks are essential1 made of any kind of forest-trees1 planted thickly1 in two or three rows around the orchard1 and cultivated while small4 ,protect from rabbits with a dog and gun1 and also by wrapping the trees4 ,prune very little2 simply keep down sprouts and remove crossed limbs4 ,have never thinned on the tree1 and believe barn-yard litter useful as a fertilizer4 ,i pasture with a few calves1 but think it does not pay4 ,am troubled with some insect1 and spray moderately in ,may with ,london purple1 for web-worm and leaf-crumpler4 ,pick from the wagon1 driving under the trees4 ,sell at both wholesale and retail1 and my best market is the commercial buyer4 ,feed my culls mostly to the pigs4 ,never have dried any1 nor stored any for winter4 ,have a pipe running from my water-tank1 by which means have watered a few trees for a number of years1 and these trees are very large and yield very fine fruit4 ,if ,i were to start again1 instead of planting #ejj apple trees ,i would plant sixty1 and dig a well and put a windmill in the midst of them2 and ,i am confident ,i would get more satisfactory returns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,a4 ,,mullineaux1 ,cherryvale1 ,montgomery county3 ,i have been in ,kansas twenty-nine years4 ,have #cej apple trees of various ages and sizes1 mainly ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,have tried and discarded the ,romanite as too small4 ,i prefer bottom or second-bottom land1 red soil1 with sandy subsoil1 and a south slope4 ,i plant two-year-old trees in the spring1 #cbx#cb feet2 cultivate for four years1 growing oats as a crop2 also grow oats in a bearing orchard4 ,believe windbreaks or an ,osage-orange hedge are beneficial4 ,i tie corn-stalks around my trees to keep off the rabbits4 ,i never prune at all4 ,do not thin fruit on the trees4 ,i fertilize with stable litter while trees are young4 ,believe it pays to pasture orchards with hogs1 as they destroy worms4 ,i am troubled some with borers1 web-worms1 and codling-moth1 but have never practiced spraying4 ,i pick by hand1 and sort into first and second classes1 and pack in bushel boxes1 selling at wholesale2 haul to market on a rack2 make my culls into cider4 ,my best market is ,cherryvale4 ,never have dried any4 ,do not irrigate4 ,i store for winter in bulk in the cellar1 and am successful in keeping ,missouri ,pippin and ,ben ,davis4 ,price here is #a4ej per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o4 ,m4 ,,record1 ,thayer1 ,neosho county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-one years2 have #djj apple trees eight years old4 ,my land is eastern slope1 clay subsoil2 ,i plant #bjx#bh1 first subsoiling the row4 ,cultivate to corn and potatoes with a plow1 common cultivator1 and five-tooth cultivator1 until eight years old2 then sow to clover4 ,i believe a windbreak is essential1 and like ,russian mulberry planted on the south and west4 ,to protect from rabbits and borers ,i use a wash made of soap1 lime1 and crude coal-oil4 ,i prune with the shears to balance the top properly1 and think it pays4 ,i think varieties that grow in clusters like ,rawle's ,janet should be thinned to a single specimen4 ,i use stable litter1 as my land is a light1 sandy loam and needs it4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 but not too many2 if they run short of feed they will sometimes bark the trees4 ,i am troubled some with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 leaf-roller1 and codling-moth4 ,i spray as soon as the bloom is off and twice afterwards with lime and crude oil1 to kill the leaf eaters and fungus1 and have probably reduced the codling-moth4 ,i look for borers in the fall and dig them out with a knife4 ,my orchard is yet too young to describe picking1 sorting1 etc4 ,i intend to build a pond and try wetting the ground when the trees need it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chas4 ,,diemurt1 ,murdock1 ,butler county3 ,i have been in ,kansas thirty years2 have #djj apple trees eight years old4 ,i have ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,dominie1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippen1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,rambo1 ,early ,harvest1 ,bellflower1 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,willow ,twig1 ,red ,june1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,duchess of ,oldenburg4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with sandy soil1 and a red1 sandy subsoil1 with western slope4 ,i plant two-year-old1 low1 stocky trees1 two rods apart each way4 ,i cultivate with plow and cultivator4 ,i whitewash with lime and blood to keep the rabbits off1 and lime to keep off borers and other insects4 ,i prune1 taking off only surplus limbs1 and think it beneficial4 ,i never thin apples4 ,i fertilize to improve the tree2 ,i think it advisable4 ,am troubled with canker-worm1 leaf-crumplers1 and codling-moth4 ,i spray when the leaves are just out with ,london purple for canker-worm1 and think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,for insects that are not affected by spraying1 ,i wash the trees with lime during the fall1 and in the spring with strong soap suds4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 and sort into two classes--best for eating1 second for cider4 ,for packing ,i prefer boxes made of slats lath81 two feet wide by four feet long1 and one foot deep4 ,i sell some in the orchard1 make cider of the culls1 and store some in boxes1 and am successful4 ,i find the ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap keep best4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,m4 ,,savage1 ,burden1 ,cowley county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have a small orchard of #cge trees that have been set from four to twenty-two years4 ,i would recommend for all purposes ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,tried ,northern ,spy1 but it did not do well4 ,my location is on hilltop1 north slope1 with a black loam soil and clay subsoil4 ,i plant two-year-old thrifty trees with a spade1 in large1 deep holes4 ,would cultivate as long as they live1 with a plow1 and grow no crop among the trees4 ,i think a windbreak of several rows of ,osage orange on the south side is a necessity4 ,for borers and rabbits wash with whale-oil soap1 digging out any borers that may be in with a knife4 ,i prune with a knife1 saw1 and ax1 and believe it pays4 ,i use stable litter in my orchard4 ,tried pasturing my orchard once with hogs1 but do not think it advisable4 ,have some borers1 tent-caterpillars1 and codling-moth1 but have never sprayed any4 ,pick in baskets1 buckets1 and sacks1 and sort into two classes--first1 to sell or put away2 second1 culls4 ,prefer large boxes1 with the fruit laid in carefully1 each kind by itself4 ,i wholesale as many as possible1 sell some in the orchard1 and make cider of culls4 ,my best market is at home4 ,have never tried drying4 ,keep them successfully over winter in bulk in the cellar for family use2 ,winesap keeps best4 ,prices have run from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,b4 ,,brown1 ,waverly1 ,coffey county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years4 ,have #aajj apple trees from three to twenty-five years old4 ,my market varieties are ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin2 for family orchard ,i add ,yellow ,transparent and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,my location is hilltop1 with a northern slope4 ,i plant two-year-old trees by running a furrow with a plow and opening holes with a shovel4 ,i cultivate with a plow and cultivator from ten to twelve years1 growing corn for ten years2 after that1 nothing4 ,i believe windbreaks are essential1 and would make them of ,osage orange or maples1 on the east1 north1 and northwest4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees2 for borers ,i wash with soft soap4 ,i prune to make the apples larger4 ,i use stable litter between the rows4 ,i do not think it advisable to pasture the orchard4 ,i do not spray1 and am troubled with canker-worm1 flat-headed borer1 and curculio4 ,we hand-pick into sacks1 and sort into four grades--,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c1 and culls4 ,i peddle my best apples2 make culls into cider4 ,my best market is ,waverly2 never tried distant markets4 ,i have dried apples on the ,zimmerman drier with satisfaction4 ,i box the dried product and find a ready market for it1 and think it pays4 ,i do not store any apples4 ,the prevailing price for apples is fifty cents per bushel1 and for dried apples twelve cents per pound4 ,i use men for help1 and pay one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dick ,,may1 ,elk1 ,chase county3 ,have lived in ,kansas since #ahfj4 ,have a family apple orchard of sixty trees eighteen years old4 ,i prefer ,ben ,davis and ,winesap1 on bottom land with a second slope4 ,i cultivate my orchard fourteen years1 using a cultivator1 and plant corn in a young orchard and orchard-grass in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 ,i would make them of timber by planting in groves4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the trees2 and use soap-suds for borers4 ,i prune with a pruning-knife1 and think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i would advise the use of fertilizers on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with roundhead borer1 and tent-caterpillar4 ,i do not spray4 ,i pick by hand and sort into two classes4 ,i haul to market in a wagon and wholesale them4 ,i have put apples in cold storage and find ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin keep best and satisfactorily4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel1 and dried apples six cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,o4 ,,beavers1 ,ottumwa1 ,lyon county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-three years4 ,have #bjjj apple trees1 from one to twenty-three years planted4 ,prefer for market ,winesap1 ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 ,gano1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 and for family use ,winesap1 ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 ,gano1 ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 and ,early ,harvest4 ,have tried and discarded ,lawver1 because they do not hang on until maturity4 ,i prefer a north slope of high1 level1 bottom land1 with black soil and clay subsoil4 ,plant two-year-old1 whole-root1 round-topped trees1 in large holes dug two feet deep and filled for six inches with surface soil1 packed well4 ,have now in bearing some good seedlings4 ,grow corn in orchard from eight to ten years1 and cultivate the tree rows well with shallow plowing1 and harrow and cultivator4 ,after ten years sow to red clover4 ,want a windbreak of timber on south4 ,shoot the rabbits4 ,prune with saw and axe to get nicer apples1 and think it pays exceedingly well4 ,prefer to plant in blocks of a kind1 as they are more fruitful4 ,use stable litter1 but not close up to the trees4 ,believe it pays to pasture with hogs1 if not overstocked4 ,have canker-worm and codling-moth2 spray three times1 the first before blooming1 for canker-worm4 ,have surely reduced codling-moth by spraying4 ,borers never bother any4 ,pick by hand from common ladders1 with sack over shoulder4 ,sort into three classes3 ,no4 #a perfect1 ,no4 #b1 and culls4 ,have a different man to pick out each grade4 ,use eleven-peck barrels2 face two layers1 then fill1 shake1 and press4 ,usually sell marketable fruit in orchard to shippers4 ,sell culls by wagon-loads in orchard4 ,my best near-by market is ,emporia1 ,kan4 ,have shipped to a distant market and made it pay4 ,i have stored some in barrels in cellar1 and all kept well1 ,winesap perhaps a little the better4 ,prices range from forty to sixty cents per bushel4 ,i employ the best experienced men ,i can get1 and pay one dollar per day of ten hours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,,ellison1 ,chautauqua1 ,chautauqua county3 ,has lived thirty-two years in ,kansas4 ,has an orchard of #hjj trees--#cjj fifteen years1 and #ejj twelve years planted4 ,prefers ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,jonathan for market1 and for family use adds ,maiden's ,blush4 ,has discarded every other kind2 the above are the only profitable ones4 ,prefers sandy loam with clay subsoil1 high eastern slope1 protected on north4 ,sets three-foot yearling trees in spring1 marking out with fourteen-inch plow1 thirty-five feet apart each way1 and set at crossing4 ,cultivates with stubble plow in ,april1 then keeps harrow going until ,august #a4 ,uses hoe around trees4 ,grows corn in orchard until ten years old2 then keeps ground well cultivated4 ,does not desire windbreaks4 ,feeds the rabbits poisoned fruit4 ,says borers are not troublesome if cultivation is kept up every two weeks through ,june and ,july4 ,prunes any time from ,january to ,june1 to improve the fruit and prolong the life of the tree4 ,says stable litter on all sandy loam1 not nearer than three feet from the tree1 will make the fruit larger1 crisper1 and better flavor4 ,allows no stock but poultry in the orchard4 ,sprays with ,london purple1 on ,april #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 and ,may #aj1 for canker-worms1 and destroys them completely4 ,has cleaned out the codling-moth1 too4 ,for borers he washes his trees in ,june and ,september with carbolic acid ten pounds1 sulphur forty pounds1 lime enough to make a thick whitewash4 ,on picking he sorts into three grades3 ,no4 #a1 select1 large1 sound1 smooth2 ,no4 #b1 small and sound2 ,no4 #c1 knotty and specked4 ,uses for marketing one-bushel baskets packed full4 ,his best market is in the orchard1 selling by wagon-loads4 ,he uses some culls for vinegar and gives many to his neighbors4 ,does not dry any4 ,stores some for winter in trenches in bulk1 in the soil1 covered with pure earth1 and they keep as follows3 ,missouri ,pippin1 first2 ,rawle's ,janet1 second2 ,ben ,davis1 third4 ,prices vary from forty cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,uses common farm help at sixty cents to eighty cents per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,,sanford1 ,oswego1 ,labette county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have an apple orchard of #aej trees1 twenty-four years old1 ten inches in diameter4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,red ,june1 ,jonathan1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,rome ,beauty1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,ben ,davis1 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 ,red ,winter ,pearmain1 and ,missouri ,pippin2 they don't do well here4 ,i prefer clay bottom land with north aspect4 ,i prefer well-grown two-year-old trees1 set a little deeper than nurserymen recommend4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn or potatoes four years1 using a five-tooth cultivator1 and cease cropping after six years4 ,i plant nothing but raspberries and blackberries in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are not essential4 ,for rabbits ,i wrap the young trees with cloth4 ,i prune the tree while young to give shape and get rid of dead branches2 ,i think it pays4 ,i do not thin my apples while on the trees2 it does not pay4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter and ashes2 would advise their use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard in early spring and during the fall and winter with horses and cattle2 think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 bud moth1 root aphis1 and twig-borer1 and my apples with codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,i spray with a force-pump2 use ,paris green1 ,london purple and ,bordeaux mixture for canker-worms and all other pests4 ,i pick my apples from ladders with care2 sort into two classes--first1 all large and sound2 second1 small and sound2 pack them in eleven-peck barrels as we pick them2 fill the barrels full with a little pressure2 mark with variety and grade4 ,i wholesale1 retail and peddle my apples2 ,i evaporate the second and third grades and culls4 ,my best market is ,colorado2 ,i have tried distant markets and found they paid4 ,i dry apples with a home-made drier1 which is quite satisfactory2 after they are dry we pack in fifty-pound boxes1 but do not find a ready market2 they pay some years if the quality is good4 ,am successful in storing apples in barrels in a stone cellar1 and find ,winesaps keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples1 losing about one-sixth or one-eighth of them4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel2 dried apples from five to nine cents1 if fancy4 ,i employ women at fifty cents per day for preparing the evaporated apples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,g4 ,,wickersham1 ,parsons1 ,labette county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-six years4 ,have an apple orchard1 the oldest of which are twenty-seven years4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with the very best of black soil1 having a north or northwest slope4 ,i prefer two- or three-year-old medium-sized trees1 set in holes dug for them4 ,i cultivate my orchard to potatoes1 using a common cultivator1 and cease cropping after ten or fifteen years2 nothing should be planted in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of three to six rows of elms4 ,we destroy all the rabbits we can4 ,i prune the trees when first set out to shorten in the limbs2 then keep it up every year2 it pays big4 ,i do not thin the fruit on the trees2 the wind does it for me2 it pays to not have the trees too full4 ,makes no material difference whether the trees are in block of one variety or mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with slightly rotted stable litter1 and think it pays1 and is beneficial4 ,i would advise its use on all soils1 but not as extensively on rich soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with chickens only2 they are a benefit and pay well4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth1 curculio1 and bud moth4 ,i spray with ,london purple1 ,paris green1 and ,bordeaux mixture4 ,i pick my apples by hand1 sort in from three to six grades1 and put them on hay in the shade4 ,pack in one- and one-and-a-half-bushel packages4 ,i wholesale1 retail and peddle a very little4 ,give the culls to neighbors who have no apples4 ,have tried distant markets1 but it did not pay4 ,home market is best4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i store some in a frost-proof house4 ,have to repack stored apples4 ,i water my orchard frequently4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o4 ,w4 ,,heckethorn1 ,mc,pherson1 ,mc,pherson county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas twenty-four years2 have an apple orchard of #cej trees2 #ahj of them are twelve years old2 the balance are younger4 ,for market ,i prefer ,missouri ,pippin and ,maiden's ,blush2 for family use1 ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer a sandy loam with an east or northeast aspect4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low-headed trees1 planted in rows thirty feet apart4 ,i cultivate my orchard as long as the weeds grow1 and plant a young orchard to corn1 using a small cultivator and disc4 ,cease cropping after eight or nine years1 and plant nothing in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of peach trees planted close together4 ,i have pruned to shape trees1 but do not prune at all now4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter2 ,i think it beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils4 ,i do not pasture my orchard4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar1 and my apples with curculio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,b4 ,,mann1 ,toronto1 ,woodson county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years4 ,have an apple orchard of fifty trees1 twenty years old1 twelve inches in diameter4 ,for all purposes ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,my trees are planted on a hilltop1 with north slope1 having a black limestone soil4 ,i prefer two-year-old trees1 set in rows twenty feet apart4 ,i cultivate my orchard to sweet corn until four years old1 using a plow and harrow1 then cease cropping2 put clover in a bearing orchard4 ,we make windbreaks of ,osage orange on the north side of the orchard4 ,for rabbits ,i use lath1 and dig borers out4 ,i prune with a chisel and mallet2 think it pays4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees4 ,i do not mix my trees when planting4 ,i fertilize my orchard between the rows with stable litter2 would not advise its use on all soils4 ,i have pastured my orchard with hogs1 but do not think it advisable1 as it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar and flathead borer1 and my apples with codling-moth4 ,i do not spray2 my neighbors do1 without success4 ,i hand-pick my apples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,w4 ,,cozad1 ,la ,cygne1 ,linn county3 ,i have resided in the state twenty-five years4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 ,willow ,twig1 and ,missouri ,pippin1 and for family orchard1 ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,huntsman's ,favorite4 ,have tried and discarded ,lawver1 ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,gilpin1 and ,cooper's ,early ,white1 on account of shy bearing1 poor quality1 and small size4 ,i would choose hill for some and valley land for others1 according to variety planted2 would prefer southeast aspect with limestone soil and porous subsoil4 ,i prefer one-year-old trees4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn and potatoes1 using a surface cultivator and harrow2 cease cropping at bearing age and sow to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential4 ,i would make them of double rows of evergreens on the north and west4 ,protect from rabbits and borers by eternal vigilance4 ,i prune with a saw and knife for symmetry1 air1 and light1 and think it pays4 ,i thin the fruit while on the trees1 at different times2 it pays4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter and clover2 would advise its use on all soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs2 think it advisable1 and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 root aphis1 flathead borer1 and woolly aphis2 my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i pick my apples by hand2 sort into three classes1 sound and large1 sound and small1 and culls4 ,i sell apples in the orchard1 wholesale1 retail1 and peddle4 ,sell my best apples from the cellar1 also second grade4 ,of the culls we make cider and feed to the hogs4 ,my best market is at home4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i am successful in storing apples in barrels in a cellar and a cave2 ,i find the ,gilpin1 ,mc,afee1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,willow ,twig keep best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing about one-twentieth of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been3 ,summer1 twenty-five to thirty cents2 fall1 forty to fifty cents2 winter sixty to eighty cents per bushel4 ,i employ men at ten cents an hour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,m4 ,,barngrover1 ,hamilton1 ,greenwood county3 ,i have been in ,kansas seventeen years1 and have an orchard of #ajj apple trees fifteen years old1 twenty-four inches in circumference4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 and for family use ,winesap4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with a black loam soil and a red clay subsoil4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low-headed trees1 set in big holes4 ,i cultivate my orchard about every four years with a disc and harrow1 and sow ,english blue-grass in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential to orchards on the hills2 ,i would make them of a row of maples between every row of apple trees4 ,for rabbits and borers ,i paint the body of the tree with a solution of coal-tar and carbolic acid4 ,i prune my trees to protect them from the hard winds2 always trim the highest limbs--never the low ones4 ,i fertilize my orchard with about twelve inches of old hay for four years1 and think it should be used on all soils1 as the tree growth will be one-third larger4 ,i pasture my orchard with calves1 and think it advisable and that it pays4 ,my trees are troubled with leaf-rollers4 ,i spray with ,paris green4 ,in picking1 ,i use a step-ladder and a pole with a hook on the end4 ,on the under side of the pole ,i sew a long sack a canvas tube2 the apples fall in this sack and roll down to me4 ,i pack in barrels2 sell in orchard2 use the waste apples at home4 ,have tried distant markets2 it did not pay4 ,do not dry any4 ,i store apples for winter in barrels1 and find ,white ,winter ,pearmain keeps best4 ,i have to repack stored apples before marketing2 the loss depends a great deal on the season4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from thirty cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,home-dried apples1 four and one-half cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,david ,,lehman1 ,halstead1 ,harvey county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas nineteen years2 have an orchard of #ahj apple trees sixteen years old1 eight to twelve inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i prefer ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,jonathan1 and for family orchard would add ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer hilltop with a black loam and an east slope4 ,i prefer one- or two-year-old trees1 two feet tall1 with good roots1 set thirty feet apart in rows4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn for ten years1 using a harrow and five-tooth cultivator very shallow4 ,cease cropping after ten years1 and plant turnips in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of red cedar1 ash1 or catalpa1 by planting eight by eight feet in rows4 ,i prune my trees when young with a pruning-knife to get rid of all unnecessary limbs2 ,i think it pays4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter that will not heat1 and would advise its use on all soils1 but lightly on rich soils4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 but do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,my trees are troubled with borers1 and my apples with curculio4 ,for insects not affected by spraying1 ,i use one box of concentrated lye and four ounces of tincture of tobacco to four gallons of water2 wash well with a swab three times a year--the #aeth of ,june1 ,july1 and ,august4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,w4 ,,gardner1 ,chanute1 ,neosho county3 ,has lived in ,kansas thirteen years4 ,has #ajjj well-grown trees1 set seven years4 ,prefers for commerce ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,huntsman's ,favorite1 and for family orchard adds ,maiden's ,blush and ,rome ,beauty4 ,prefers north slope1 upland4 ,plants two-year-olds1 with straight centers1 at sixteen to eighteen feet apart1 in rows twenty-two to twenty-four feet apart4 ,cultivates with two-horse cultivator1 often enough to keep the weeds down2 then harrows1 aiming to keep the ground mellow4 ,grows corn from nine to ten years1 then clover2 says small grain hurts trees4 ,thinks evergreens best for windbreaks1 but does not think such protection essential4 ,keeps dogs for the rabbits4 ,prunes with hedge shears1 and says it certainly pays4 ,believes barn-yard litter beneficial in any orchard1 on any soil4 ,while he thinks pasturing not advisable1 and that it will not pay1 he says he will probably pasture in fore part of seasons with calves1 after he has seeded to clover4 ,sprays with ,london purple and lime as soon as canker-worm appears4 ,is not troubled with borers4 ,would irrigate if he could4 ,has yet had too little fruit to market4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,henry ,,neil1 ,weir1 ,cherokee county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-eight years2 have #adh apple trees1 from three years old to very large4 ,for market ,i use ,ben ,davis2 for family1 ,early ,harvest1 ,winesap1 and ,romanite4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with an eastern slope1 black loam soil1 with gravelly subsoil4 ,i plant two-year-old thrifty trees1 thirty-three feet apart each way1 in the spring4 ,i cultivate until they bear1 growing corn and potatoes1 after that grass4 ,i prefer a disc cultivator4 ,i think windbreaks are a great help2 and ,osage orange is the best ,i know of4 ,for rabbits ,i tie stalks or wire cloth around the tree4 ,have never had any borers4 ,i trim with a saw and knife to take out superfluous wood and give light1 and ,i think it pays4 ,i never have thinned any4 ,i think barn-yard fertilizer will pay in the orchard4 ,i pasture my orchard very little1 and think it does not pay4 ,i have never sprayed any1 and believe tent-caterpillar is the worst insect that troubles me4 ,i pick in a sack tied over my shoulder1 and sort into three classes--number one1 the very best2 number two1 those that are specked2 number three1 culls4 ,i generally sell to retailers1 at our home market1 and make cider of the culls2 never tried a distant market4 ,have never dried any4 ,i store sometimes in bulk in a cellar under the house1 and find that ,winesap and ,romanite keep the best4 ,prices run from twenty-five cents to one dollar per bushel1 and dried fruit from two and a half to six cents per pound4 ,i use regular monthly farm help4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,a4 ,,magill1 ,roper1 ,wilson county3 ,i have resided in ,kansas thirty-one years4 ,have an orchard of #gjjj trees1 sixteen acres of it twenty-five years old1 and sixty acres six years old4 ,i think ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin are the best varieties for all purposes4 ,discarded the ,bellflower because it would not bear4 ,i prefer bottom land with a north aspect1 black soil1 and clay subsoil4 ,plant good one-year-old trees1 #ccx#bj feet4 ,cultivate with plow and gopher4 ,i grow corn and castor-beans in the orchard as long as it will pay4 ,believe windbreaks are necessary1 made of anything that will check the wind2 would plant trees on the south and west4 ,keep rabbits off by wrapping4 ,i prune enough to keep in shape4 ,i believe it pays to pasture the orchard with hogs in the winter1 and think they get away with canker-worms4 ,i spray for canker-worm and codling-moth with ,london purple1 and think ,i have checked the codling-moth to some extent4 ,i pick and sort by hand in two classes only--marketable and culls4 ,i wholesale in bulk1 make cider of the culls1 and find my best market in ,texas4 ,i never dry any2 never store any for winter2 have never irrigated4 ,average price about forty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,t4 ,,cochran1 ,ottumwa1 ,lyon county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirteen years2 my orchard is in ,coffey county1 and contains #hjj trees2 #ajj have been planted thirty-five years1 and #gjj twelve years4 ,i market ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,missouri ,pippin1 and add to this for family use ,jonathan and some early apples4 ,i prefer ashy bottom land4 ,i would plant trees in good condition thirty by thirty-five feet4 ,cultivate in corn about eight years1 then sow to clover4 ,i believe that a windbreak of hedge or forest-trees should be planted on the southwest1 in rows four feet apart4 ,i prune in fall and winter with a saw1 and my experience is that it makes better fruit4 ,i have never thinned on the tree4 ,barn-yard litter scattered through the orchard improves the land4 ,i pasture with hogs early in spring and late in fall2 they eat the refuse apples4 ,am troubled with canker-worm1 web-worm1 and codling-moth4 ,i spray with ,london purple and air-slaked lime just as soon as ,i see the insect1 or as soon as the trees are in bloom4 ,i think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,i pick in a sack tied and hung on the shoulder1 using a ladder against the tree4 ,i sort into two classes3 ,no4 #a1 clear of rot2 ,no4 #b1 clear of bruises4 ,pack in eleven-peck barrels1 full and pressed4 ,i wholesale mostly2 suits me best to sell in orchard4 ,the culls and seconds ,i sell at home4 ,my best market is ,fort ,worth1 ,texas4 ,freight is too high to send farther4 ,never dry any2 store in a cellar in barrels for home use only4 ,am not always successful4 ,winesap keeps best4 ,i lose one-fourth sometimes4 ,prices range from #gj cents to #a4cg per barrel4 ,i use good trusty men1 at one dollar per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,m4 ,,fleeharty1 ,la ,cygne1 ,linn county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty years4 ,have an orchard of #cbe trees1 mostly thirty years old1 twelve to twenty-four inches in diameter4 ,i prefer for commercial purposes ,winesap1 ,ben ,davis1 and ,willow ,twig1 and for family use ,winesap1 ,willow ,twig1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,milam4 ,have tried and discarded ,esopus ,spitzenburg1 on account of sun-scald4 ,prefer hilltop with square-jointed 8 subsoil1 and northeast slope1 deep1 rich soil4 ,i plant in check plats4 ,have tried root grafts4 ,i cultivate until the trees interfere with working4 ,i plant young orchard to corn and potatoes2 bearing orchard to nothing1 and cease cropping when it injures the limbs of the trees4 ,windbreaks are essential sometimes1 and should be made of ,osage orange1 because of its quick growth4 ,i prune when limbs interfere4 ,i thin apples a little4 ,do not mix my trees2 bees do the work4 ,fertilizers are beneficial on all soils4 ,pasture my orchard with hogs and calves4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 root aphis1 bag-worm1 flathead borer1 roundhead borer1 woolly aphis1 twig borer1 fall web-worm1 leaf-roller1 leaf-crumpler1 and others4 ,my apples are troubled with codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,spray when the blossoms are open1 with ,bordeaux mixture2 have not reduced the codling-moth4 ,i use the knife on borers and insects that are not affected by spraying4 ,sort into two classes2 have both perfect4 ,sell in the orchard sometimes4 ,store some apples for winter market2 have not tried artificial cold storage4 ,we have to repack stored apples before marketing1 losing one to ten per cent4 ,the prevailing price has been sixty cents per bushel4 ,i employ men at from fifteen to eighteen dollars per month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,l4 ,,kenoyer1 ,independence1 ,montgomery county3 ,i have lived in the state ten years1 and have an apple orchard of #bdj trees from three to nine years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,jonathan1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,ben ,davis1 and for family use add ,maiden's ,blush4 ,i prefer hilltop with a sandy loam and a porous subsoil4 ,i prefer two-year-old1 low-headed trees1 with plenty of roots4 ,i plant them one rod north and south1 and two rods east and west4 ,i will cultivate my orchard as long as the trees live with a ,planet jr4 twelve-tooth cultivator4 ,i plant strawberries in a bearing orchard2 they are as good as clover4 ,windbreaks would be beneficial2 ,i would make them of ,osage orange4 ,for rabbits ,i rub blood on the trees4 ,i dig the borers out with a knife and wire4 ,i prune very little1 with the pruning shears1 to remove watersprouts and interlocking limbs4 ,it preserves their symmetry1 but does not make them more fruitful4 ,i do not thin the fruit while on the trees2 the wind does it for me4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter between the trees4 ,it is very beneficial1 and ,i would advise its use on all soils excepting very rich bottoms1 where it would cause too much wood growth at the expense of the fruit4 ,i do not pasture my orchard2 it is not advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 root aphis1 roundhead borer1 and leaf-crumpler1 and my apples with codling-moth and curculio4 ,i am successful in spraying1 using ,london purple with a pump when the canker-worms appear1 and a few days afterward4 ,for root-lice ,i remove the earth from around the trees and pour in tobacco water4 ,i do not dry any4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been forty cents for apples in the fall1 one dollar per bushel during the winter1 while home-grown lasted1 and two dollars per bushel now 7,april74 ,dried apples sold for five to ten cents per pound1 according to quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,h4 ,,bilsing1 ,udall1 ,cowley county3 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years4 ,have an orchard of sixty apple trees from sixteen to twenty-six years old4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,limber ,twig1 ,jonathan1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 and for family use ,jonathan1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin1 ,red ,june1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,have tried and discarded ,big ,romanite2 it is a good grower but a poor bearer4 ,i prefer bottom land with sandy loam and clay subsoil1 and a north slope4 ,prefer thrifty two-year-old trees1 set in land which has been plowed as deeply as possible1 and the soil loosened fifteen to eighteen inches by digging4 ,my trees are set #cjx#cj feet2 this is a little too wide north and south4 ,i am still cultivating my first planting of trees1 use a plow1 harrow1 and cultivator4 ,plant corn in a young orchard1 and cease cropping after eight or ten years4 ,windbreaks are essential2 would make them of peach groves for quick growth1 or for slower and surer growth would make them of several rows of ,osage orange or ash1 set fifteen to sixteen feet east and west by breaking rows4 ,i prune my trees from the beginning with a pocket-knife2 think it pays4 ,do not thin the fruit on the trees4 ,fertilize my orchard with ashes and stable litter2 think it beneficial1 as it keeps the ground from packing1 and also keeps the trees vigorous2 would not advise its use on very sandy soils4 ,do not pasture my orchard2 am going to try it with young pigs and calves4 ,my trees are troubled with root aphis and borers1 and my apples with codling-moth1 curculio1 and gouger4 ,have sprayed three seasons1 soon after the blossom fell and until the apples were the size of marbles1 using ,london purple2 think ,i killed the first brood of codling-moth1 but a later brood came which hurt the fruit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,h4 ,,burnett1 ,benedict1 ,wilson county3 ,i have lived in the state fifteen years4 ,have #bbjj apple trees six years old1 of fair size4 ,planted for market ,gano1 ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,jonathan1 and for family use ,jonathan1 ,winesap1 ,gano1 ,early ,harvest1 and ,maiden's ,blush4 ,bottom land is best in this locality4 ,i prefer soil somewhat clayish1 underlaid with limestone1 with a north or east slope4 ,prefer good one- and two-year-old1 stocky1 low-headed trees4 ,would plant on upland twenty by thirty-two feet1 and on rich bottom twenty-four by thirty-six feet4 ,i believe in thorough cultivation1 and during the first two years ,i use the hoe4 ,i cultivate until five or six years old1 usually growing corn1 as it protects the trees from the strong south winds4 ,i then sow to clover1 changing every two or three years to castor-beans or corn4 ,trees planted close north and south form their own windbreaks4 ,for rabbits1 wrap the trees4 ,i prune a little to keep the trees from getting too heavy on the north side4 ,i should thin ,missouri ,pippins to keep from overbearing4 ,i should use sawdust and barn-yard fertilizer on hard-pan spots4 ,i allow no live stock in the orchard but poultry4 ,am troubled some with leaf-rollers and canker-worm4 ,i spray as soon as the leaves start1 for canker-worm and leaf-roller1 using one pound of ,london purple to #abj gallons of water4 ,for borers1 keep the trees thrifty2 borers cannot thrive1 as the sap will kill them4 ,i believe it would be well during the first two years to wash the trees with a solution of soft soap1 coal-oil1 and water1 in ,may and ,june4 ,i sort in first1 second1 and cider or culls2 pack in three-bushel barrels so full they cannot bruise4 ,i expect to put in an evaporator and use natural gas for fuel1 and think it will pay4 ,i recommend subsoiling to retain moisture4 ,prices have ranged here from thirty to fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f4 ,s4 ,,hall1 ,fulton1 ,bourbon county3 ,has lived in ,kansas fourteen years4 ,have #aj1jjj apple trees from two to eight years old4 ,for commercial purposes the ,ben ,davis and ,arkansas ,black are doing best4 ,will not plant any more ,missouri ,pippins4 ,my orchard is on a hill1 with northeast slope1 black soil1 set thirty-three feet east and west and sixteen feet north and south4 ,set one- and two-year-old well-branched trees4 ,cultivate entirely with a disc1 and allow nothing to grow within six feet of the trees4 ,grow only clover1 and expect to grow only clover in my orchard4 ,think an ,osage hedge a good windbreak4 ,use tar paper and traps against rabbits4 ,prune nothing above twenty inches from the ground4 ,never thinned apples on trees4 ,fertilize with ashes and all the manure ,i can get1 and turn under clover4 ,think such fertilizers beneficial for apples on all soils4 ,opposed to pasturing an orchard4 ,not much troubled with insects4 ,spray before and after blooming1 first with ,bordeaux mixture1 then sulphate of copper and either ,paris green or ,london purple4 ,think ,i have reduced the codling-moth by this method4 ,keep down borers by cultivation and a wash of lime1 concentrated lye1 and carbolic acid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r4 ,n4 ,,mark1 ,strawn1 ,coffey county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty years4 ,have an orchard of twelve acres2 trees twelve years old4 ,for commercial purposes ,i prefer ,winesap and ,ben ,davis4 ,timber bottom is best4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn and potatoes1 and cease cropping when ten or twelve years old2 plant potatoes in a bearing orchard4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south2 would make them of forest-trees4 ,to protect from rabbits ,i wrap young trees1 or kill rabbits1 cut open1 and rub thoroughly on the tree4 ,i prune my trees to give proper shape1 and think it beneficial1 especially on poor land1 as it makes the trees more productive4 ,do not thin fruit on the trees4 ,i pasture my orchard carefully with hogs and calves at any time when it is not wet4 ,trees are troubled with canker-worm4 ,i spray early and often with ,london purple4 ,i pick my apples in sacks from ladders4 ,the shipper buyer sorts from barrels in orchard4 ,i sell my first grade in the orchard2 also second- and third-grade apples in the orchard4 ,we sell the culls4 ,do not dry any2 does not pay4 ,i store very few4 ,average price of apples is fifty cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w4 ,m4 ,,french1 ,chicopee1 ,crawford county3 ,i have resided in the state eighteen years4 ,have an apple orchard of #bjj trees twelve years old1 averaging six inches in diameter4 ,for market ,i prefer ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,willow ,twig1 and ,jonathan2 and for family orchard would add ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,rambo4 ,have tried and discarded ,limber ,twig2 it does not mature4 ,i prefer bottom with an eastern or northern slope1 having a good deep soil with a clay subsoil4 ,i prefer three-year-old1 stocky trees1 set in holes dug #cx#c feet and #b-a_/b feet deep1 filled with surface soil4 ,i cultivate my orchard to corn as long as ,i can without injuring the trees1 and use a plow2 avoid ridging too much4 ,i cease cropping after nine to twelve years4 ,i sow the bearing orchard to millet or something to be mowed4 ,windbreaks are not essential1 but think they would be beneficial2 would make them of catalpa or maples1 set in two or three rows on north1 south and west sides4 ,i prune my trees with a saw to keep the top from getting too heavy2 ,i think it beneficial1 and that it pays4 ,shall not thin my fruit this year4 ,i can see no difference whether trees are in blocks of one kind or mixed4 ,i fertilize my orchard with stable litter1 putting it in trenches between the trees2 ,i avoid putting it around them4 ,i think it has proven beneficial1 and would advise its use on all soils1 unless very rich and the tree growth very strong4 ,i pasture my orchard a little with calves1 but do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar4 ,i do not spray4 ,i hand-pick in a basket from a step-ladder4 ,i sort into two classes1 and wholesale1 retail1 and peddle4 ,the home market takes all my best apples2 the culls are fed to hogs and made into cider4 ,never have tried distant markets4 ,do not dry any4 ,am successful at storing apples in bulk in a cellar2 find ,ben ,davis1 ,winesap1 ,willow ,twig and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,c4 ,,ross1 ,havana1 ,montgomery county3 ,have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years2 have an orchard of #ajj apple trees twenty-three years old4 ,i prefer for all purposes ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap4 ,have tried and discarded ,rawle's ,janet and ,romanite4 ,i prefer low land at foot of hills1 with deep loam subsoil and a medium slope4 ,i set my trees twenty feet apart4 ,i cultivate in oats and corn up to bearing with common twelve-inch stirring plow4 ,windbreaks are essential on north2 would make them of ,osage orange planted in rows4 ,rabbits are hard to contend with2 for borers ,i use a solution of slaked lime4 ,i prune with a saw2 do not think it very beneficial1 as the rain gets in1 and the wood decays4 ,i never thin apples4 ,my trees are in mixed varieties4 ,i mulch my trees with straw1 and think it beneficial4 ,i pasture with calves and hogs2 do not think it advisable2 it does not pay4 ,am somewhat troubled with insects2 ,i spray with a solution of coal-oil1 using a small pump2 think ,i have reduced the codling-moth4 ,for borers ,i dissolve lime to a paste in water1 and apply to the roots with a scrub broom4 ,i pick my fruit from ladders4 ,i sort into three classes3 first1 second1 and third4 ,i use common barrels to pack the fruit in2 mark1 and send by freight to near-by markets4 ,i wholesale sometimes1 and sometimes sell in orchard2 market my best apples at near-by towns2 ,i make cider and vinegar of culls4 ,i dry some fruit2 use a large pan filled with hot water2 then put in sacks and boxes4 ,i find a ready market2 think it pays4 ,i store some apples in a cellar in large1 open boxes1 and in bulk4 ,some rot2 those that keep best are ,winesap1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,romanite4 ,we have to sort stored apples before marketing them2 we lose from one-fourth to one-third of them4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from fifty cents to one dollar per bushel4 ,i use any kind of help ,i can get1 and pay seventy-five cents per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,k4 ,p4 ,,house1 ,cloverdale1 ,chautauqua county4 ,i have lived in ,kansas twenty-seven years1 and have #bej large trees1 planted twenty-six years4 ,i prefer for commercial orchard ,ben ,davis1 and for family orchard ,dominie1 ,early ,harvest1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 and ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin4 ,i prefer bottom land1 with a black loam and clay subsoil1 with north slope4 ,i plant two-year-old1 medium-top trees1 in well-cultivated ground1 and mix the top soil with the roots4 ,i have tried root grafts1 but not satisfactory4 ,i cultivate shallow every year1 using the cultivator after the tree is grown4 ,i grow oats in a young orchard1 but nothing in a bearing orchard1 and cease cropping when about eight years old4 ,windbreaks are essential on high ground4 ,i would make them of walnut trees planted in rows4 ,i never thinned the fruit4 ,my trees are in mixed plantings1 and prove satisfactory4 ,i do not fertilize1 and would only advise it on high land4 ,i pasture my orchard with hogs1 and think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with tent-caterpillar1 bagworm and roundhead borer4 ,i pick in a sack swung around the neck4 ,i sell fruit in the orchard1 and make cider of the culls4 ,my best market is at home2 but ,i have shipped to distant markets4 ,it paid in an early day4 ,i have dried some apples in the sun1 then heat and pack in barrels1 and find a ready market for them1 but it does not pay4 ,i store some fruit for home use1 and find that ,winesap and ,white ,winter ,pearmain keep best4 ,i have never tried artificial cold storage4 ,i do not irrigate4 ,prices have been from #a to #a4ej per bushel1 and for dried fruit six to eight and one-third cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,burden1 ,leeds1 ,chautauqua county3 ,have been in ,kansas twenty-one years4 ,have #djj apple trees from eight to twenty years old4 ,i prefer for commercial orchards ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,winesap1 and for family orchard ,early ,harvest1 ,maiden's ,blush1 and ,jonathan4 ,have tried and discarded ,willow ,twig1 ,rawle's ,janet1 and ,russet4 ,i prefer limestone bottom land1 with north slope4 ,i plant twenty-eight by thirty feet1 using two-year-old trees4 ,i cultivate eight years with plow and cultivator4 ,i grow corn among young trees1 clover in a bearing orchard1 and cease cropping after eight years4 ,need no windbreaks4 ,wrap trees with corn-stalks to keep off rabbits4 ,i prune to keep down watersprouts and limbs from rubbing2 ,i think it beneficial4 ,never thin the fruit on the trees4 ,have not tried mixed plantings of trees4 ,i do not fertilize4 ,i pasture my orchard with horses1 but do not think it advisable4 ,my trees are troubled with root aphis1 roundhead borer and leaf-roller4 ,do not spray4 ,i pick fruit by hand4 ,i sell mostly to farmers living farther west2 sometimes sell in the orchard and sometimes retail4 ,make vinegar of culls4 ,never tried distant markets2 never dry any4 ,store some apples in cave in boxes2 am successful2 find that ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,winesap keep best4 ,do not irrigate4 ,prevailing price1 thirty cents per bushel2 five cents per pound for dried apples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ebert ,,simon1 ,welda1 ,anderson county3 ,have lived in ,kansas thirty-one years2 have #cjj apple trees1 fifteen inches in diameter1 twenty years old4 ,i prefer for commercial orchard ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 and ,gano2 and for family orchard ,winesap1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,jonathan4 ,i prefer hilltop1 with black loam and porous subsoil1 with north slope4 ,i plant three-year-old whole-root grafts4 ,i cultivate in corn for five years with one-horse cultivator2 seed a bearing orchard to clover4 ,windbreaks are essential on the south4 ,i prune with the saw to let the sun in1 and think it beneficial4 ,never have thinned apples4 ,i sometimes use stable litter as a fertilizer1 but would not advise its use on all soils4 ,sometimes ,i pasture my orchard with hogs and horses1 and think it advisable4 ,i hand-pick my apples4 ,i sell in the orchard1 peddle the second and third grades1 make vinegar of culls1 and feed some to hogs2 never tried distant markets4 ,never dry any4 ,prices have been from #a to #a4ej per barrel4 ,a ,,summary ,,of ,,the ,,foregoing ,,district ,,reports4 ,ben ,davis is the leading market apple1 followed closely by ,missouri ,pippin4 ,these two lead all others1 and are followed by ,winesap and ,jonathan4 ,rawle's ,janet1 ,york ,imperial1 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 ,grimes's ,golden ,pippin and ,maiden's ,blush are also favorites4 ,we find the ,yellow ,bellflower1 ,newtown ,pippin1 ,lawver and a few others are condemned all over the state4 ,in the eastern third of the state hilltop or slope is preferred to bottom land1 but in the central and western portions bottom land is preferred4 ,the reason for this is obvious4 ,any good soil is satisfactory1 if subsoil is porous4 ,the favorite distance seems to be thirty-two feet east and west and sixteen to twenty feet north and south1 some putting peach or early-bearing apples between1 the wide way1 to be cut out when they crowd4 ,this undoubtedly brings the quickest returns1 but many believe it robs the permanent trees of their future sustenance4 ,twenty-four prefer one-year-old trees2 #g one to two years old2 #aec two-year-old2 #aj two- to three-year-old2 #ba three-year-old2 #c want four-year-old1 and #ei give no age4 ,it is only a matter of cost and convenience4 ,a one-year-old tree costs less and allows the would-be orchardist to set more trees for a given amount of cash4 ,the one- and two-year-old trees require the removal of less earth1 and are more readily handled and planted4 ,there is no reason why an apple tree three inches in diameter cannot be transplanted as easily as an elm or maple4 ,a man is willing to set a few large shade-trees at a cost of one dollar to five dollars per tree1 but cannot feel that it is economy to set orchard trees at as great individual expense4 ,whole-root grafts is a misleading appellation1 as it will be found to be only a crown graft4 ,its advocates make great claims that are at variance with the facts4 ,there can scarcely be such a thing unless grafted on a seedling without removal of such seedling from the earth4 ,our best nurserymen prefer the second cut1 about one and one-half to three inches taken from the seedling root a couple of inches below the crown4 ,in any case the piece of root taken has little influence on the future tree4 ,all our ordinary varieties make roots from the scion1 and the original seedling root may be found--like the piece of potato we plant--shriveled and useless in the midst of the new roots4 ,the nature of the root growth shows this plainly1 as all its peculiarities will be found to be a counterpart of the roots of the variety from which the scion was cut4 ,it is folly to pay any added price for so-called whole-root grafts4 ,a very great majority believe in thorough cultivation1 at least for from six to ten years2 some during the life of the tree4 ,nearly all agree that ,indian corn is the best crop to grow in a young orchard2 it shades the ground1 and protects from wind4 ,the corn in a young orchard should not be cut in the fall1 neither should the stalks be pastured2 let them stand till spring as a partial protection2 it pays4 ,many parts of the state1 especially the western half1 believe windbreaks on the south and west very valuable1 if not quite necessary4 ,forest-trees with the outside row or rows of ,russian mulberries1 and perhaps an ,osage orange hedge1 seem to meet the general opinion4 ,as a protection from rabbits1 the ever-present corn-stalks seem most economical1 and the favorite4 ,the cost is little1 and the boys and girls1 or the farmer and his wife1 at odd times can put them on4 ,it is an open question as to the benefit or harm of leaving them on permanently for the first five years4 ,it looks slovenly1 but certainly has many arguments in its favor4 ,the serio-comic idea of boring into an apple tree and placing therein sulphur1 asafetida or other drugs does not really deserve a serious thought4 ,it is impossible for the tree to assimilate these substances1 especially sulphur1 and carry them to the foliage or fruit for preventive or any other purpose4 ,boring and plugging--like any other threatened death to the tree--may cause temporary fruitfulness1 as also will girdling4 ,while several washes are claimed to prevent or destroy borers1 the large majority of extensive orchardists believe the knife and a hooked wire in the hands of a thoroughgoing employee the best and surest way of knowing that you destroy the larva of this persistent and destructive insect4 ,smearing trees with any undiluted grease1 especially axle grease made from petroleum refuse1 is hazardous1 and the man who advises it is an enemy to your orchard4 ,if you have applied it1 the sooner you wash it off the longer will your orchard thrive4 ,pruning has its advocates1 but the ,eastern style of a long stem has scarcely a follower in our state2 a great majority simply cut out watersprouts and limbs that cross or rub1 or are wind-broken4 ,thinning on the trees has many advocates1 but few followers4 ,all admit it would often improve the size and quality1 yet most growers believe the difference would not be sufficient to pay for the labor1 and it would require skilled labor to do it without injury4 ,a large number1 perhaps a majority1 believe it pays to apply fertilizers1 more especially barn-yard litter1 to the orchard2 but cases are known where it has done much harm4 ,all agree that it should be kept away from the body of the tree4 ,as to pasturing the orchard1 some think it pays2 others that it does no harm2 others still--and they are many--condemn it4 ,the larger proportion of those who pasture confine the stock to calves1 colts1 and pigs4 ,some would allow only poultry in the orchard1 and the poultry must not roost in the trees4 ,this latter point is an excellent one4 ,we find we have plenty of insects2 this is natural4 ,insects settle in a country that provides proper food for them and their larva4 ,as apple trees are planted in new localities the insects that delight in apple-tree wood1 apple-tree roots1 apple-tree foliage and apple-tree fruits immigrate1 grow1 and multiply4 ,spraying or using some preventive or destroyer has become necessary1 and the man who believes it unnecessary and intends to trust to nature or providence or ,god will find no truer saying than ,god helps those who help themselves4 ,sit down calmly and watch the worms eat your trees1 trust to the woodpecker and the sparrows1 and you will in time buy apples from your more active1 thoroughgoing neighbor1 or go without4 ,methods of picking do not vary much1 yet all agree that it should be done carefully4 ,if shaken from the tree1 poured out carelessly1 or jolted about in a lumber wagon1 it simply increases the culls and decreases the cash returns4 ,sorting is done in various ways 7a sorting table or device is explained elsewhere71 but a majority seem to make three classes3 ,first class1 the unblemished best of each variety2 culls1 which are the unmarketable1 specked1 bruised and gnarled fruit2 second class1 which are between the other two1 and really valuable for immediate use4 ,in some cases the second best have been put in cold storage1 and they sold well after the usual fall glut4 ,packing3 ,while there are many who handle in a small way in boxes--and the time is near when all fancy apples will be marketed in boxes--yet all the larger growers use barrels1 and it is encouraging to find they use full twelve-peck barrels4 ,the eleven-peck barrels should be boycotted out of existence4 ,marketing3 ,in our large apple-growing districts the crop is generally wholesaled1 either in the orchard or subject to delivery at the railroad1 generally in barrels4 ,in the western half of the state the apples are largely taken in bulk1 in wagons1 hauled farther west and south1 and sold at a good profit to the wagoner4 ,thousands of wagon-loads are thus disposed of every year4 ,the same wagons often appear in the same neighborhood year after year1 to the mutual advantage of all4 ,shipping to distant markets by the growers1 especially when consigned1 has been generally unsatisfactory4 ,i need not give reasons2 my own experience along similar lines makes me hot under the hat when ,i think over it4 ,drying is not practiced to the extent that it ought to be4 ,it seems almost a sin to allow so many thousands of bushels of apples to rot on the ground every year simply because the owner lacks faith in his ability to turn them into a product that will keep while he looks up a market4 ,dried apples are in demand--hundreds of tons of them--and ,kansas dried apples stand as good chances to bring as remunerative prices to the manufacturer as those from other states4 ,if the work is economically done a profit is sure4 ,storing for winter is described elsewhere4 ,cold storage1 cave storage1 and cellar storage3 ,all know that1 after the perishable and inferior apples are gone1 good winter apples bring sure and large returns4 ,how best to preserve them is a vital question4 ,the art of keeping apples by the artificial cold-storage process is yet imperfect and unsatisfactory1 and the losses have been so great that1 unless the owner of the plant will take part of the risk1 at least to the extent of his fee1 he will find the average grower standing back4 ,to lose your apples1 and then pay fifty cents per barrel to the man whose ignorance or carelessness may have caused the loss1 is a burden too heavy to be borne4 ,the hillside cave is described elsewhere1 and the orchardist who has such a cave well built1 and gives it careful attention1 will save a large portion of the fee1 and have his apples always under his own supervision1 besides saving in hauling1 and perhaps railroad freight to and from a distant cold-storage plant4 ,house cellars1 small caves and buried heaps each and all have their advocates1 mostly for family use or among the small growers4 ,it seems to be determined that the ,winesap is the better keeper1 followed closely by the ,missouri ,pippin and ,ben ,davis4 ,of less marketable varieties1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,rambo seem to keep best4 ,the per cent4 of loss1 excepting in a few cases1 does not seem great considering the 7usually7 greatly increased value of the sound apples4 ,the reports from those who irrigate are not as full as we could wish4 ,it is claimed that with irrigation every apple becomes a perfect specimen of its kind2 that there are no culls4 ,if this is so1 and we hope it is1 what a grand opening for those rightly situated4 ,our ,lakin correspondent sells his apples at top prices at the tree for cash1 to men who could but do not heed the injunction1 ,go thou and do likewise4 ,prices1 like wages1 vary greatly4 ,apples put on board cars in a northeastern county at twenty cents per bushel often retail in western groceries at one dollar per bushel4 ,the railroad and grocer get the lion's share4 ,on the whole1 a close study of all that is in this book ought to give an impetus to the planting of proper varieties1 the careful and complete destruction of insects1 the growing1 picking1 packing and marketing of more profitable apples1 all to the glory of the ,kansas grower and incidentally swelling his bank account4 ,this means better dwellings1 better furniture therein1 better food on the tables1 better education for the children1 and more and better literature in the house4 ,if these aims are realized1 then the labor of the compiler shall not have been in vain1 but will prove to be a help in making ,kansas and the ,kansas apple known throughout the whole world4 ,,miscellaneous ,,articles ,,relating ,,to ,,orchards4 ,,apple ,,culture4 ,a paper read by ,,jacob ,,good1 of ,coffeyville1 ,kan41 before the ,kansas ,state ,horticultural ,society1 at a summer meeting in ,coffeyville1 ,june #bb1 #ahih4 ,beginning in the early ,roman period1 the apple has been handed down through the successive ages as the standard fruit4 ,true1 the hard1 bitter1 uneatable crab or wild apple of former times was not much like the tempting apple of to-day2 yet it is the parent of all1 or nearly all1 the varieties of apples so much prized at the present time4 ,from its great hardiness1 easy cultivation1 and long continuance through the whole twelve months1 it may be styled the king of all fruits4 ,the apple tree is now one of the most widely diffused of fruit-trees1 and in the estimation of many is the most valuable4 ,but what has brought about this great change in tree and fruit8 ,the same cause which makes the man of ,america or ,europe superior to the tribes of northern ,africa or ,india4 ,the same cause by which the most wonderful inventions of any age have been placed before the public1 viz41 cultivation and constant attention4 ,having made these questions a study for twenty-five years or more1 and having gathered all the points possible from the experience of the fruit-growers with whom we have come in contact1 we have become thoroughly convinced that the growth of a perfect fruit is possible in this climate4 ,one of the main difficulties in a general fruit-growing business is encountered in a hard subsoil--too hard when it is dry and too soft and yielding when wet4 ,deep and thorough draining is therefore a great requisite in tree culture4 ,the next step would be the means for securing plenty of moisture4 ,we would first open trenches each way not less than twenty-five feet apart4 ,they should be thrown out as deep as can be done with a plow1 then followed by subsoiler twelve to eighteen inches deep4 ,draw the surface earth back into the crosses creating a mound4 ,plant the trees there and fill up the ditches by back-furrowing1 and bring the land to a perfect level4 ,it will not pay to plant trees on hard-pan soil without preparation4 ,it is better to avoid the hard-pan altogether1 and select a deep1 rich subsoil4 ,trees planted in river bottoms have been known to be vigorous and productive after twenty-five years2 while those on the prairie hard-pan planted at the same time have entirely disappeared4 ,the best time for planting is in ,november1 in order that the fiber roots may be ready for the first warm days of ,february4 ,nice1 healthy trees1 from two to three years old1 should be selected2 cut the tops back and trim off most of the fiber roots4 ,the reason for cutting the tops back is to make the tree more productive1 more easily harvested1 and to aid in keeping off the tree borers1 of which we will speak later4 ,our orchards should not be allowed to grow up in waste and neglect1 neither should they be planted in those things which sap the life of the soil and leave nothing to sustain the tree4 ,one of the main causes of non-productiveness of the apple orchard is land starvation4 ,an orchard cannot produce fruit in addition to a crop of wheat1 oats1 rye1 etc42 and so1 if a man continues to take off crops of these every year1 he simply does it at the expense of his trees4 ,there are crops1 however1 which may be used with good effect1 such as corn1 peas1 hay1 potatoes1 etc4 ,in this the owner gets the profit of his fruit and also the use of his land4 ,yet1 with all our care of the soil1 minuteness in following directions as to setting out and trimming1 etc41 there are other difficulties still to overcome4 ,many kinds of insects may infest the trunks and larger branches of the trees4 ,among them are the apple-tree louse1 round- and flathead borers1 ,san ,jose scale1 canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 etc4 ,i would name the borers and ,san ,jose scale ,none yet found in the state4--,sec4 as being the worst of the pests with which to contend4 ,the borers attack the trunks and larger limbs of the trees2 they seek the sunny side of the tree1 not being found where the sap is abundant or where there is a continual shade4 ,under the first they drown1 and under the last they weaken and die4 ,this is a strong argument in favor of low heading and shady growth of the trees4 ,the parent of the borer1 a long1 green or pale brown beetle1 may be caught and destroyed1 but it is not to be presumed that all the beetles can be caught2 it becomes necessary to examine the trees quite often1 in order to destroy the worms hatched from the eggs of the uncaptured beetles4 ,to detect the spots which indicate the whereabouts of these worms is1 to the inexperienced1 quite a difficult undertaking2 for during the spring1 and until quite late in the summer1 there are no external marks save a small speck1 or perhaps a dark blue line so fine that it will not attract the attention of those not understanding the cause4 ,when they are first detected a sharp knife may be used to remove them1 but if they have entered the wood1 about the only way of removing them is by means of a probe made of common broom wire1 with which to thrust them through or drag them out of their holes4 ,the ,san ,jose scale1 a native of ,australia1 was first found on the ,american continent in ,california in #ahgc4 ,it has not troubled ,kansas yet1 but it is quite prevalent in the ,western ,states1 and1 as it spreads rapidly1 it is much feared4 ,its detection is almost the work of a specialist1 yet there are a few general characteristics which may be detected by the naked eye2 for instance1 the bark of the tree loses its vigorous1 healthy appearance1 and takes on a rough1 gray1 scurfy deposit4 ,as yet ,i have heard of no permanent cure4 ,spraying has a great deal to do with keeping off the insects--of which the canker-worm is getting to be one of the worst--from the upper branches of the trees4 ,it is a mistake to think that a tree should not be sprayed because it has not been infested by any insect or fungous growth4 ,the attacks of both are often unnoticed at first1 and the man who is not prepared for them often neglects spraying until it is too late to save the crop of that year4 ,my experience in regard to the varieties of apples grown has been quite varied4 ,my first orchard1 in #ahga1 did well2 ,i took great pains in setting it out1 and for five years there were none of the injurious insects which make us so much trouble4 ,in my second orchard1 ten years later1 ,i made great mistakes in the varieties ,i chose1 some of them not being adapted to either soil or climate4 ,by the time ,i set my third orchard1 six years from then1 my experience had taught me that the varieties which were best for home and commercial purposes1 and which were best adapted to both the soil and climate1 were the ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin1 and ,mother1 and in these varieties ,i planted most of my orchard4 ,the habits of the ,ben ,davis and ,missouri ,pippin are too well known to need further description4 ,in my orchard ,i found them both short-lived4 ,my ,ben ,davis began to die out at twenty years1 and a very few reached the age of twenty-six4 ,the ,mother is an apple not so well known4 ,it originated at ,bolton1 ,mass4 ,tree is moderately vigorous1 upright1 and productive2 one of the best apples on the list there1 and ,i consider it equally so here4 ,thomas1 the ,american fruit culturist1 in his description of the apple1 says it is rather large1 oblong1 ovate1 approaching conical2 slightly and obtusely ribbed2 color a light1 warm1 rich red1 on a yellow ground2 moderately juicy1 rich1 very mild subacid1 with a mixture of sweet4 ,growth slow2 late autumnal and early winter4 ,however1 it ripens earlier in this climate2 follows the ,maiden's ,blush4 ,downing says no orchard is complete without it4 ,while the ,ben ,davis1 ,missouri ,pippin and ,mother are my favorites for productiveness1 we have other varieties that are quite productive and long-lived trees1 such as the ,early ,margaret or ,striped ,june1 that is an annual and profuse bearer and one of our earliest4 ,duchess of ,oldenburg has never failed with me4 ,maiden's ,blush has given good success4 ,we have the ,romanite1 ,rawle's ,janet and ,limber ,twig that are good keepers1 but owing to size are not desirable for home use or market4 ,i find more complaint of the ,ben ,davis than any other apple1 though its beauty invariably causes it to sell4 ,my greatest mistake in planting was in selecting ,rhode ,island ,greening and ,nonsuch1 which have proven almost non-bearers4 ,the trees are healthy and grow almost like an elm or oak4 ,a number of varieties1 such as the ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 ,arkansas ,black1 ,muklen1 ,rome ,beauty1 ,i have not fruited1 and cannot tell as to their qualities in this locality4 ,in all my experience in the apple line ,i find that no orchard will grow and bear without attention1 and constant attention at that4 ,the apple tree requires as much interest from its owner as cattle do from the stock-raiser4 ,from a tiny seed1 it is subject to disease and pests which1 if not destroyed1 will destroy it4 ,i would say in conclusion that success in apple raising comes only through eternal vigilance4 ,,orchard ,,culture4 ,by ,,james ,mc,n,i,c,o,l1 ,lost ,springs1 ,marion county1 ,kansas4 ,orchard culture being my subject1 of course the varieties of trees are supposed to be carefully selected and planted2 but the distance apart is important4 ,if too close1 no matter how thorough the cultivation1 they will suffer for moisture2 and if too wide apart the winds will play havoc with the trees and fruit4 ,what is best for this locality1 to break the prevailing south winds and yet have plenty of space for the roots to find moisture8 ,is it better to plant closely north and south or east and west8 ,i would prefer close rows running east and west1 as each row would help break the wind when the trees in the row reached each other--then how close in the row and how far apart the rows8 ,i would plant the trees twenty feet apart in the rows and the rows thirty feet apart4 ,i would like to recommend planting a row of cherry1 dwarf pear1 plum or peach between each apple row1 provided they are cut out when they rob each other of moisture4 ,eternal vigilance is the price of fruit1 but1 in central ,kansas1 to eternal vigilance you must add thorough cultivation4 ,for a few years cultivated crops may be grown1 leaving a good space next to the trees to be cultivated--not to grow up in weeds4 ,do not1 like one of my neighbors1 cultivate the corn row1 that cost only about five cents a row for seed1 four times1 and leave the tree row1 which cost two dollars per row1 uncultivated4 ,do not use a stirring plow2 it will hill up earth around the trees too much4 ,with a lister you can list in your corn or furrow out potato rows1 running east and west one year1 and north and south the next4 ,growing crops for five or six years is long enough2 then cultivation should be done with a disc1 an ,acme or a common harrow2 ,i prefer a reversible disc4 ,acme is all right if you do not let the weeds get the start of you 7which you should never do1 but you will sometimes72 then the disc is the implement4 ,whatever tool you use keep it a going1 east1 west1 and diagonal1 and when blessed with a good rain through the summer don't wait till the weeds get started1 but cultivate as soon as dry enough to form a dust mulch4 ,few seem to know the value of a dust mulch4 ,a high state of cultivation can be kept up in the orchard with what implements the farmer has4 ,use the one-horse1 five-tooth cultivator close to the trees1 and the two-horse cultivator for the middle1 going both ways2 then pulverize with the harrow2 use the harrow often4 ,six days' work at the proper time will keep a five-acre orchard in good shape the whole season4 ,but1 says some one1 it doesn't pay2 this is not a fruit country4 ,no1 it is no fruit country1 and never will be1 to the one who has no time to cultivate2 but to the one that will there is a big reward1 for the very reason that it is not a fruit country4 ,,orchard ,,treatment4 ,a paper read before the ,kansas ,horticultural ,society1 by ,w4 ,d4 ,,cellar1 of ,edwardsville1 ,kan4 ,a wide difference of opinion prevails as to the proper distance apart for apple trees1 some growers maintaining that forty feet is close enough1 while others plant as close as fifteen feet4 ,with varieties that come into bearing early1 planting close in the row north and south1 with the intention of cutting out every other tree when they are large enough to crowd1 may be good husbandry4 ,two or three crops might be secured before it would be necessary to cut out the extra trees4 ,the objections are1 that the orchard cannot be so thoroughly cultivated1 and the drain necessary to grow the extra trees might so debilitate the soil as to seriously affect succeeding crops4 ,one grower says3 ,i am satisfied it will pay in the short run1 but it remains to be seen whether it will pay in the long run4 ,in this section1 where we have so much wind and sunshine1 twenty-five to thirty feet seems to be the proper distance for apple trees1 fifteen feet for plums1 and fifteen by twenty feet for peach and cherry1 and twenty feet for pear trees4 ,upland is thought better than river bottom for orchards1 and a north or east slope is chosen for apples4 ,a difference in location is required for different varieties of apples4 ,a vigorous-growing variety will do well on the thin soil of the hills1 while a variety deficient in root vigor1 which might be profitable in deep soil1 would not thrive on the hilltops4 ,i gathered this year from eight-year-old ,missouri ,pippin trees1 planted in the deep soil of a creek bottom1 five bushels of apples to the tree1 while ,missouri ,pippins in the same orchard1 on the hilltops1 planted at the same time and having the same treatment1 yielded scarcely a bushel to the tree4 ,in the same orchard ,jonathans yielded about as well on the hill as in the valley4 ,i would not choose an exposed north or northwest slope for peaches or cherries4 ,better an east1 or even a south slope4 ,professor ,whitten1 of the ,missouri ,state ,agricultural ,college1 has recommended whitening peach trees in winter by spraying with lime to prevent premature swelling of the buds4 ,in my locality the best varieties of apples1 from a commercial standpoint1 are ,ben ,davis1 ,jonathan1 and ,missouri ,pippin4 ,more ,kieffer and ,duchess pears are planted than any other kind4 ,the leading peaches are ,elberta1 ,old ,mixon ,free1 ,stump1 ,champion1 ,smock1 and ,salway4 ,the most profitable plum is the ,wild ,goose4 ,some of the ,japans1 ,abundance and ,burbank promise well4 ,of cherries1 ,dyehouse1 ,early ,richmond1 ,montmorency1 ,english ,morello and ,ostheim make a succession in the order named1 and are the best for either a family or commercial orchard4 ,cultivation of the orchard for the first few years is deemed absolutely necessary to success1 but it is a serious problem how to cultivate the hills1 and at the same time keep them from washing into the hollows and so denuding the roots of the trees at the top4 ,i know one orchard in which a back furrow has been thrown to each tree row in the same direction for several years1 leaving a dead furrow 7which has become a ditch7 between the rows4 ,it looks like a field of huge sweet-potato rows1 with the trees standing on tripods or quadrapeds at the top of the ridges4 ,neither back furrow nor dead furrow should be made in the tree row4 ,as few dead furrows as possible should be left4 ,they should be frequently changed1 and should never run up and down the hill4 ,if ditches have started1 they cannot be stopped by plowing them full of earth2 the loose soil will wash out at the first rain4 ,fill them with old hay1 straw1 stalks1 or brush4 ,old raspberry or blackberry canes are excellent for this purpose4 ,begin at the bottom and work up the hill1 letting the forkfuls overlap like shingles4 ,drive a stake through at frequent intervals1 and secure firmly at the top2 else a hard freshet will wash it all out4 ,deep ditches may be filled by dams of loose stone a rod or two apart4 ,on many farms these stones need to be gathered anyway1 and one may kill two birds with one stone by filling a big ditch with a good many stones4 ,an ounce of prevention1 however1 is worth a pound of cure1 and the best prevention from washing that ,i know of is clover4 ,i would advise seeding a hill orchard as soon as the trees have had a year or two of vigorous growth4 ,the orchard may be cultivated after the spring rains1 and seeded again in time to prevent washing the next winter4 ,after the orchard is seven or eight years old1 ,i should leave it in clover and weeds1 mowing two or three times a year to make a mulch and prevent tall growth of weeds4 ,hogs in the orchard is generally condemned4 ,i have seen old orchards1 however1 that were decidedly benefited by hogs4 ,hogs and plums go together4 ,this is no theory1 but an established fact4 ,let them rub the trees as much as they will2 let them tramp the ground till it is as bare and as hard as the road4 ,it will do no harm2 it will do good4 ,hogs may not like green apples1 but there is something specially delectable to a hog in a green1 wormy plum4 ,he will pick up every one that drops1 and so diminish the crop of curculio4 ,in my locality1 pruning of apple and cherry orchards is practiced very sparingly4 ,cutting out broken1 decayed and interlacing branches and the suckers at the base seems to be about all the pruning that is desirable4 ,peach and plum orchards are likewise neglected1 though some growers practice heading in to make the trees grow more compact1 and to thin the fruit4 ,i think that1 with tall and straggling apple trees1 such as ,missouri ,pippin1 ,winesap1 or ,minkler1 heading in might be profitably practiced4 ,the question as to the profit of spraying for insects and fungi1 as far as my observation goes1 is not settled yet4 ,the theory is all right--indeed1 it has become one of the strongest articles of faith in the horticulturist's creed4 ,when the subject comes up in the horticultural meeting all commend it4 ,very few growers1 however1 make a business of spraying4 ,most of the growers in my locality who used to spray have quit it4 ,they deny that they have lost faith in it1 but they don't do it4 ,my opinion1 based not on my own experience1 but the practice--or rather lack of practice--of others1 is that1 save in exceptional cases1 it doesn't pay2 that the ravages of codling-moth and curculio are not appreciably lessened by spraying2 that the loss from scab in this dry climate is so light as not to justify the cost of spraying2 that1 just as many of the doctrines of the churchmen would die out if the preachers should turn teachers1 so the doctrine of spraying as a cure-all would die out if the pump men and experimenters should turn fruit-growers2 that the average man believes in a perfunctory way many things which his experience forbids him to practice4 ,the damage from borers is a serious drawback to orcharding4 ,there are various patent contrivances and washes that are recommended to prevent the work of borers1 but all1 so far as my observation goes1 fall short of complete success4 ,the only safe way is to hunt the borers out4 ,this should be done twice a year1 late in ,august1 when the newly hatched ones are large enough to be easily seen1 and in ,april or ,may1 after they have come up out of the roots1 to get the ones overlooked in the fall4 ,rabbits the past year have been specially troublesome4 ,in my locality they frequently attack large trees1 six to ten inches in diameter1 and1 in some instances1 entirely destroy them4 ,their mischief for the most part1 however1 is confined to young orchards1 and may be prevented by wrapping the trees with grass1 stalks1 paper1 or1 better than anything else1 wooden wrappers made especially for the purpose4 ,these wrappers are now manufactured in ,kansas ,city4 ,they cost about one-third of a cent each1 are easily put on1 and last four or five years4 ,they are said to protect the tree from sun-scald and borer also1 but ,i would not rely on them as a protection from borers1 but would remove them and hunt the borers at least once a year4 ,,picking ,,and ,,packing4 ,description of sorting table used by ,d4 ,s4 ,,haines1 ,edwardsville1 ,wyandotte county1 ,kansas4 ,our packing-house is on hilly land1 and it is considerable trouble to haul apples to it4 ,my packer now sorts and packs right in the orchard1 using a sorting table4 ,this table stands say three feet high and ten feet long1 and three and one-half feet wide1 with a common six-inch board on edge on the side4 ,the men in picking use a ladder twelve to eighteen feet long4 ,we did wrong in making our ladders2 we could have bought them already made that were lighter and just the right thing4 ,we set this sorting table among the trees2 the men fill their sacks1 emptying them on this table1 which is carpeted2 they barrel the apples up beside this table by letting them through an opening into a barrel4 ,an apron is so arranged as to let the apples fall on it1 and gently roll into the barrel without bruising4 ,a man heads the barrels as soon as packed4 ,in packing apples in the field we found that something solid was needed upon which to shake the barrels4 ,the man who fills the barrels shakes them to make them more solid2 then when pressed they bruise less4 ,our man can head about #ajj barrels a day4 ,in our rough country it is a great advantage to sort and pack in the orchard4 ,we move this table about in the orchard4 ,the expense to pick and pack a barrel of apples is about twenty cents4 ,a ,,picking ,,sack4 ,description of one used by ,,fred ,,wellhouse4 ,we usually pick two rows of apples at a time1 using gangs of twelve men with a foreman4 ,we cannot use more to advantage4 ,each man has a common grain sack with a leather fastened to the bottom1 as used in sowing grain4 ,these picking sacks are made by taking a strong two-bushel grain sack4 ,sew a leather strap six inches long and four inches wide to a bottom corner of the sack4 ,on the loose end of this strap fasten a strong metallic hook4 ,to the upper corner on same side of sack fasten a strong metallic ring or link4 ,opposite this ring fasten with rivets a piece of iron six or eight inches long and about half an inch wide and one-eighth an inch thick1 rounded1 across the sack mouth at the edge to hold the sack open4 ,this sack is worn under the left arm1 the strap going over the right shoulder and hooking in front4 ,we use ladders from twelve to sixteen feet long4 ,the top of the ladder is made narrow so it can be put between the limbs1 being just wide enough at top to set one foot on at a time4 ,the apples are picked and put in bushel boxes on a platform on a wagon4 ,the boxes are sixteen inches wide1 twenty-four inches long1 and eight inches deep1 holding about a bushel1 sixteen to a wagon4 ,a ,,discussion ,,on ,,packages4 ,edwin ,snyder1 ,jefferson county3 ,i want to say something about marking packages4 ,i had a nice crop of ,jonathan apples2 expert men barreled them for me1 and put my address on the end of the barrel1 outside4 ,the commission man just took his little knife and raked it the address off4 ,it is policy to put your name on packages if going to a wholesaler1 but not to a commission house4 ,i know economy pays in handling fruits1 from packing to marketing4 ,i should think boxes better than barrels4 ,we have had trouble with barrel hoops breaking4 ,i do not believe it best to sort too closely4 ,if you put first-class apples on top1 and second-class on the bottom1 your customers expect to find the best on top and worst on bottom4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,i have been in ,kansas ,city1 and never saw a name scratched off a barrel yet4 ,in grading strawberries1 give each picker six boxes in a tray2 have them fill three with large berries and three with medium size impracticable2 allow no inferior or small ones put in4 ,a ,member3 ,about fifty per cent4 of our fruit1 especially apples1 is not readily marketed4 ,can we possibly handle this fifty per cent4 so as to make it pay the expense of handling the better part of the fruit8 ,edwin ,taylor3 ,if the culls are fifty per cent4 of the crop1 it is not difficult to make them pay for handling the entire crop4 ,this year the culls would readily sell at fifteen cents in the orchard4 ,last year there was no trouble to sell down apples for ten cents in the orchard4 ,the cost of packing is slightly more or less than fifteen cents a barrel4 ,if your apples are scattered1 more2 if near together1 less4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,bohrer3 ,would it not pay better to work them the culls into cider and vinegar8 ,edwin ,taylor3 ,no1 sir4 ,i had rather they would rot on the ground than be made into cider4 ,a ,member3 ,our second grade brought forty cents a crate2 the best1 sixty cents4 ,it pays me best to mix them4 ,i ship to ,kansas ,city1 and they handle my fruit with success4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ferris3 ,this year ,i sent a ,minnesota man a car load of very small ,winesap and ,missouri ,pippin apples1 such as we use for making cider1 in exchange for potatoes4 ,i sold part of the potatoes at seventy-five cents and eighty cents1 and some are in the cellar4 ,geo4 ,van ,houten3 ,in our state ,iowa we are most successful in handling apples in barrels4 ,for a small trade1 bushel boxes made of light material may serve better4 ,many car-loads are sent out in eight-pound baskets4 ,,hogs ,,in ,,the ,,orchard4 ,question3 ,does swine grazing injure orchards8 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison3 ,not if the hogs are kept out of it4 ,it is death to an orchard to let hogs in4 ,to let them rub against the trees closes the pores1 and growth ceases4 ,we notice in the newspapers that fish oil1 axle grease1 etc41 keep off rabbits4 ,i tried using axle grease two years4 ,you could see the mark around where the oil had been1 and note where growth had stopped below this mark4 ,by washing this with soap1 we were enabled to get the trees to grow again4 ,hogs1 as ,i stated before1 will1 by rubbing1 close the pores4 ,the tramping hardens the soil and shuts out any percolation of water into it4 ,as well plant a tree in the middle of the road as where hogs have been4 ,they1 of all animals1 tramp the ground the hardest4 ,samuel ,reynolds3 ,would pigs injure the soil8 ,t4 ,a4 ,stanley3 ,i have had experience in this1 yet1 while ,i do not know anything about the gentleman's land packing1 ,i believe it benefits some orchards to run hogs in them4 ,i tried it on an orchard that had ceased bearing4 ,i inclosed the orchard and put hogs in for a year or more4 ,new growth started on the trees1 and they at once began to bear1 and bore for several years after ,i took the hogs out4 ,i could see no injury caused by their rubbing the trees4 ,i do not think they will rub the trees if the orchard is large4 ,i do not see what injury they do4 ,after the apples grew large enough1 if wormy they fell1 and the hogs ate the apples and the worms also4 ,edwin ,taylor3 ,i have had a little experience in that line4 ,i fenced around a twenty-acre orchard1 expecting to combine horticulture and agriculture right there4 ,my hogs were lousy1 and they did rub the trees1 and whenever they rub they destroy4 ,anybody who tries it will find they will absolutely squeal for something to eat when there are bushels of apples on the ground4 ,i was at large expense to fence1 but was so disappointed with the hog business that ,i took the fence down4 ,,cold ,,storage4 ,by ,,geo4 ,,richardson1 of ,leavenworth1 ,kan4 ,it has been well said that ,necessity is the mother of invention4 ,cold storage of the present time is understood as mechanical refrigeration1 and in general1 the preservation of perishable articles by means of low temperature1 hence1 the act of reducing the temperature of any body1 or maintaining the same below the temperature of the atmosphere1 is called refrigeration1 or more familiarly known as cold storage1 produced by the employment of machinery of various types4 ,of those mostly in use1 are the compression system1 using anhydrous ammonia as a refrigerant1 by expanding the ammonia either directly through coils of pipe arranged in the storage rooms1 or through coils of pipe that are submerged in salt brine1 where the brine is reduced to a low temperature and then forced and circulated through pipes in the storage rooms1 one being known as direct expansion1 the other1 brine circulation1 but both accomplish same results4 ,to utilize anhydrous ammonia requires complicated and expensive machinery1 and to those not acquainted with the subject it may seem strange that more units of heat are produced by the burning of coal1 wood or oil than there are units of cold produced to reduce the temperature of storage rooms4 ,of the uses and benefits of cold storage it can be truthfully stated1 that nothing in recent years has been of more direct benefit to the farmer1 stock-raiser1 and fruit-grower4 ,but a brief period has passed since cellars1 caves and underground grottos served as the best means1 and in a limited way under certain conditions of weather1 for the protection and preservation of perishable articles4 ,to-day machinery has made it possible to control temperature at any degree and in all climates4 ,the burning heat under the equator would not be an impediment to secure a zero temperature in a cold-storage room4 ,the construction and successful operation of the mammoth packing-houses are the outgrowth of the success of the application of mechanical refrigeration1 where any day of the year a market is made for live stock4 ,but few years have elapsed since the vast herds of ,south ,american cattle had no value1 except for their hides1 horns1 and tallow1 and the great bands of ,australian sheep for their wool4 ,now immense refrigerating plants are in operation1 freezing the beef and mutton1 with fleets of ocean steamers equipped with refrigerating machinery and storage rooms filled with frozen meat for ,european markets4 ,from the ,united ,states the dressed-beef traffic is of large proportions4 ,storage speculators are always ready buyers at remunerative prices for butter and eggs1 that in value exceed the great wheat crop of ,america4 ,to fruit-growers1 especially those engaged in apple culture1 cold storage is attracting more than common interest1 as it has been demonstrated a grand success in the preservation of apples from three to six months longer1 in good condition1 than in natural storage that is subject to the changeable influences of the atmosphere4 ,at the same time1 the apples retain their original and individual flavor1 color1 and crispness4 ,cold storage1 or mechanical refrigeration1 arrests fermentation and decay1 or1 better stated1 prolongs the life and keeping qualities4 ,of the advantages gained1 it offers a place of safe-keeping for future market1 and affords a protection for the grower if market conditions are not favorable2 such as an overstocked market1 consequently low prices1 caused largely and influenced by many other varieties of fruit that are in season while the apple crop is being gathered4 ,again1 the fact of the existence of cold-storage houses has brought into the field speculators1 which has a wholesome influence1 and oftentimes strengthens the markets and lessens the quantity that would of necessity be forced on sale at an earlier period at a great sacrifice1 which is the situation this year1 where the enormous crops of ,new ,york1 ,new ,england and ,michigan apples are being sold at from fifty to seventy-five cents a barrel 7including barrels7 placed aboard cars1 for the want of proper and sufficient storage facilities to relieve part of the burden4 ,no such condition or low price has yet been felt by the ,western grower4 ,there may be years when the buyers will look far into the future and think they can see visions of long prices1 when it would be wise for the growers to sell1 as there is some risk to be taken as to future markets being lower than prices in the fall1 but such is not the rule4 ,from six years' experience with mechanical refrigeration and the storage of ,western-grown apples1 there has not been a year but what a profit has been shown over and above the cost of storage1 insurance1 and minor incidental charges4 ,one of the first to make the experiment1 and who have been patrons of ,ryan ,richardson's cold storage1 at ,leavenworth1 since the plant was erected1 were ,wellhouse ,son1 the largest apple growers in the ,united ,states1 and the records show a net profit of from fifty cents a barrel1 as the lowest of any year1 to as high as #a4ej other years4 ,it is gratifying to state that1 in all the years1 not a single car-load was rejected when sold4 ,much of the success must be given credit to the grower who gathers his crop at the right time1 in a careful manner1 graded and packed according to the requirements of the trade4 ,then1 if the cold storage to which he intrusts the care of his crop uses the same watchfulness as to necessary temperature1 proper ventilation at the right time1 the result usually will be gratifying and remunerative to both4 ,a ,,fruit ,,dryer4 ,the dryers used by ,wellhouse ,son are made as follows3 ,a rough building eighteen feet square and sixteen feet to the eaves is built4 ,in building the roof1 a lantern or ventilator is built along the ridge1 over an opening in the ridge two feet wide4 ,at eight feet from the ground is built a slatted floor4 ,the timbers 8 upon which this floor is laid are best made of one-inch boards1 ten to twelve inches wide1 placed only ten or twelve inches apart4 ,the floor slats are best made of poplar1 as pine often flavors the fruit4 ,they are sawn from inch lumber one and one-half inches on one face and one and one-quarter inches on the other face4 ,the slats are nailed to the floor joists 8 with the wide faces uppermost and about one eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch apart1 thus making the crevices wider below1 which1 together with the narrowness of the floor joists 81 allows free circulation and prevents clogging4 ,the lower floor is of earth1 cinders1 stone1 or other material4 ,on each side1 near the ground1 are two openings1 each two feet square1 with shutters to close them2 these are to admit fresh air1 and can be closed to regulate draft4 ,a chimney is built up through the center of the building1 out through the roof4 ,a door is made to each floor2 in front of the upper door is built a balcony reached by outside stairs4 ,this completes the dryer4 ,it may be used for storing hay1 fodder1 tools1 etc41 after the drying season is over4 ,the upper floor might be made removable4 ,many farmers have a suitable building if the slatted floor is added4 ,any kind of a wood or coal stove 7or a brick furnace7 is placed in the lower room and a good heat kept up2 maximum #aej degrees4 ,the prepared fruit is simply spread evenly upon the slatted floor from four to twelve inches deep4 ,fire must be continuous1 and a dryer eighteen feet square will dry #ajj bushels in twenty-four hours4 ,bleaching is done as follows3 ,an upright box about two feet square and twelve feet long is built outside against the balcony4 ,a set of trays are made to fit it2 these trays have bottoms of galvanized-wire screening4 ,a pot of sulphur is kept burning on the ground under the center of said box1 the apples1 peeled and cored1 are placed in the tray and the tray slid in above the sulphur4 ,an endless chain mechanism moves the tray up ten to twelve inches and another goes in2 as they come to the top an employee removes them and runs the fruit through a slicer and then spreads it out on the drying floor4 ,in twenty-four hours the product will be dry1 but not alike2 they are then piled up under cover1 and pass through a sweat1 making them alike throughout4 ,as soon as cool they are packed1 and pressed into boxes for shipment4 ,this dryer costs but little1 and the building may be used eight to ten months of the year for any cleanly purpose4 ,president ,wellhouse has six of these dryers in a row in one of his orchards4 ,a single bleacher answers for several dryers4 ,,the ,,moyer ,,fruit ,,evaporator4 ,bill of lumber for dry-house3 ,four pieces #bx#d1 #aj feet long2 flooring1 #aej feet2 #ax#a strips1 for trays1 #djj feet1 lineal measure2 #ax#b1 #dg feet1 lineal measure2 #ax#d1 for tray rest in center1 #dg feet1 lineal measure4 ,how to build and operate3 ,for the house or box part1 take four pieces of #bx#d1 #ef inches long1 and four pieces #bx#d1 #cg-a_/b inches long2 nail together with the short pieces on the inside1 lapping the long ones on the end of the shorter--thus making a frame #ebx#cg-a_/b on the inside4 ,this makes the sills and plates4 ,close three sides of this with matched flooring1 up and down1 seven feet high2 now you have a box seven feet high1 #ebx#cg-a_/b inches4 ,leave the one side open to be closed with four doors similar to double stable doors1 and in the exact center of this door space nail a #ax#b inch piece up and down to nail tray rest to4 ,this will give two rows of trays4 ,put comb roof on with the flooring1 leaving a vent open at comb two inches the entire length of box4 ,make a ,v trough1 which turn upside down with one inch blocks under the corners2 this gives ventilation and also keeps out the rain2 also make two six-inch holes below1 to be opened or closed as needed2 this admits cold air and drives the hot air up1 causing complete draft4 ,when the evaporator is full of fruit1 the holes below should be open full size1 except at night1 when fruit is nearly dried1 they should be closed1 or partly so1 which is done by tacking a small piece of board over hole1 which can be pushed to one side and a nail or screw hold it in place4 ,for the trays to rest on1 take a piece #ax#d1 #cg-a_/b inches long1 nail a two-inch piece of same length in center of this1 on top2 this gives one inch on each side for rabbet2 this is for center1 and the rabbet rest is nailed to it through the #ax#b inch in front1 and through the siding on rear side4 ,for the outside rabbet1 one piece #ax#a inch1 #cg-a_/b long2 this nailed to the end of the box forms rabbet for the trays to rest on4 ,as many of these tray rests can be made as needed to fill the box to near the top of doors4 ,place the first ones twelve inches from bottom of box1 and continue up1 placing them three and one-half inches apart4 ,the trays are made of #ax#a inch strips for the frame part1 and are #bx#c feet square2 bottom is made of plastering lath sawed in two1 and also cut in two lengthwise1 as they are too wide2 nail these to bottom of frame1 three-sixteenths of an inch apart4 ,when used for berries or sweet corn1 tack cheese cloth stretched tightly over the lath4 ,there should be four doors1 in order to have as small a space open as possible in attending to the fruit2 these are hung by light hinges to outside and fastened by a wooden button screwed to center upright4 ,the lumber can all be bought at planer ready for use cheaper than it can be cut by hand4 ,for the furnace1 build a box of brick or stone as large on the inside as the house1 letting the most of the wall extend on the outside1 in order to have all the space possible inside1 for heating4 ,build into this wall at the bottom and ends a piece of heavy stack or sheet iron2 any old smoke-stack will do1 but must be at least one foot in diameter3 if smoke-stack is used1 split it and spread as much as possible1 to have large enough place for fire and all the heating surface possible4 ,this open edge of iron must be well plastered down with mortar1 or brick and mortar1 that no smoke may get inside4 ,let it extend just through the wall to a flue built at the end on the outside1 of brick or stone1 as high or a little higher than the wall2 then a common six-inch stovepipe set on1 to run as high as the evaporator1 will do4 ,a damper in pipe is an advantage to check draft and control heat1 and pipe should be at least one foot from evaporator4 ,the mouth of furnace should be at same end as the ventilator holes in the evaporator1 and can be closed by a piece of sheet iron with a small draft underneath1 the same as a stove door4 ,set your box evaporator on this wall1 and mud or plaster it down tight4 ,in using1 always have your house well heated before putting in fruit4 ,the top of wall must be fully one foot above top of iron2 this will make two feet space from iron to first tray4 ,in putting the trays in1 shove the first one clear back1 let second be flush in front1 the third clear back again--placing them the same in both sides2 this sends the heated air directly over each tray to the top4 ,a ,,missouri ,,apple ,,house4 ,the property of ,col4 ,j4 ,c4 ,evans1 ,harlem1 ,mo41 president of ,missouri ,state ,horticultural ,society4 ,dimensions3 ,length1 #bjj feet2 width1 #df feet2 depth1 #aa feet2 earth bank1 #e-a_/b feet thick4 ,capacity1 #ae1jjj barrels4 ,cost1 #a1jjj and eighty-five loads of sawdust4 ,double floor overhead1 with eight inches of sawdust between4 ,roof projects three feet all round4 ,ground slopes away rapidly1 to carry away water4 ,winter entrance through anteroom #abx#ab4 ,driveway twelve feet wide through whole length4 ,,many ,,ways ,,of ,,using ,,cull ,,apples4 ,cider3 ,newly made sweet cider is both pleasant and healthful1 and is a useful ingredient in some culinary preparations2 but it should be used fresh from the press or not more than twenty-four hours old4 ,to make it1 cut out all the rotten and bruised spots1 also the worms and their burrows4 ,to make cider or vinegar from rotten and wormy apples ought to be considered a crime4 ,the famous ,russet cider of ,new ,york is made from sound ,russet apples and brings top price4 ,sweet cider may be canned or bottled and will keep interminably1 if heated to #afj degrees and kept hot for twenty minutes1 then canned and sealed as for fruit4 ,boiled cider1 that is1 reduced to one-fifth by boiling1 and canned1 is a nice article for culinary use1 for making apple-butter1 apple-sauce and in apple or mince pies4 ,it would sell4 ,cider vinegar is the best for home use and market4 ,no one having an apple orchard should ever buy vinegar1 and ought to have some to sell to neighbors or at the stores4 ,to make3 ,sweet cider carefully made should be placed in clean1 sweet1 oak barrels1 placed in a room where sun and frost cannot reach it4 ,the barrels should be laid on their sides1 with the open bung-hole upward1 and double mosquito net or wire tacked over it4 ,it requires from eighteen months to two years to become first class1 but there is no more labor excepting to rack or siphon it off from the sediment2 do not be impatient2 make some every year1 and if you are a rustler you will make good money out of it4 ,our home demand requires over #ej1jjj barrels per month4 ,apple-butter1 to be good1 requires boiled cider1 and if to the boiled cider is added the good parts of the best culls1 and carefully and skilfully boiled1 either with or without spices1 it sells for one dollar per gallon and is very profitable4 ,dried apples3 ,the best of the culls1 carefully trimmed1 peeled1 cored1 and quartered or sliced1 may be dried in the sun and air anywhere in ,kansas4 ,a cheap rack of poles or slats three or four feet above the ground1 a lot of trays made of lath with muslin bottoms and plenty of mosquito netting to spread on hoops or bars above the fruit to keep off flies1 are all that is needed4 ,do not leave them spread out during rain1 or at night4 ,the trays can be piled at night1 with the fruit in them1 under a shed or cover4 ,keep all vermin from them and stir often4 ,evaporated apples sell better1 and by many are preferred4 ,i like the sun-kissed ones the best4--,sec4 ,there are numerous patent evaporators1 all very good2 but any ingenious man can make his own4 ,the evaporators in which the ,wellhouse culls are dried are very simple4 ,president ,wellhouse says he spent over #b1ejj on patent dryers without any satisfaction1 and then built his own1 which are described elsewhere4 ,,enemies ,,of ,,the ,,apple4,a ,a ,we are pleased to acknowledge our obligations for much of the following valuable information on our insect enemies and for the loan of cuts used to ,prof4 ,j4 ,m4 ,stedman1 of ,columbia ,college1 ,mo41 and ,prof4 ,e4 ,e4 ,faville1 of the ,kansas ,agricultural ,college4 ,,apple-,,worms4 ,many believe that worms are the parents of worms1 and that they come suddenly1 like a wolf on the fold4 ,a letter is received at this office telling of the sudden appearance in immense numbers of a worm that is destroying all that is before it1 and wondering where they came from so suddenly4 ,speaking of apple pests1 the canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 the worm 7larva7 of the handmaid-moth1 and the apple-worm 7larva of the codling-moth71 they did not come 7travel7 from anywhere2 and no difference if they cover your trees1 or are like the sands on the seashore1 they were all hatched right there on your trees4 ,an observer looks at an apple or a nut with a hole in it1 and says1 ,there is where the worm went in4 ,it is directly the opposite2 that is where the worm went out4 ,he hatched from an egg1 placed on1 near by or just under the surface of the fruit2 and eating a burrow to the core it grew large and plump1 became a full-grown worm1 burrowed to the surface1 and passed out4 ,when you see worms hanging in great numbers from single webs or the bole of your tree alive1 with myriads of worms crawling1 some up1 some down1 some crosswise1 know of a surety that they are not going up1 but coming down to ,mother ,earth4 ,insect life changes more in a day than humanity does in a year4 ,these worms have quit feeding1 and are in a nervous1 uneasy1 often blind and skin-tight condition1 going through a change from the luxury of leaf or fruit eating to a desire and ability to burrow into a living tomb several inches below the earth's surface4 ,these myriads of worms are doing you no harm now2 they will never eat again1 no matter how tempting the morsel4 ,this shows the absurdity of bands of cotton1 etc41 placed about a tree when the bole is covered with worms1 to keep them from going up4 ,the real parents1 the ones that lay the eggs and propagate their species1 are usually winged moths or butterflies4 ,a beautiful moth that you admire and will not allow your child to hurt may be the parent of the disgusting and destructive worms covering your trees or shrubs4 ,in the following pages1 we have tried in the least and simplest language to describe our commonest and most objectionable apple pests4 ,,spring ,,canker-,,worm4 ,this is the worm that the amateur and the very busy man suddenly discovers in ,april defoliating his apple trees1 and1 on examination1 he finds them in such myriads that he imagines some power has suddenly sown them broadcast over his orchard4 ,see fig4 #a4 ,had he been observant during the sunny middays of ,february1 he would have noticed insects similar to figure #b crawling up the bole of the tree1 and looking closer1 a little later1 he would see small masses of eggs1 shown in figures #c a and b1 glued fast1 usually near the base of limbs or twigs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,adult ,female4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 a1 ,eggs deposited at base of limb4 b1 ,egg mass4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 a1 ,larva1 or worm4 b1 ,cluster1 and a magnified egg4 ,along early in ,april these eggs1 warmed by the same sun that swells the buds and causes the green tips of the leaves to protrude1 hatch into tiny worms looking like a dark thread snipped into bits about an eighth of an inch long4 ,these millions of tiny worms1 scarcely visible1 occupy their time eating and growing1 and the orchardist is possibly unaware of the army he is feeding until they grow into lusty1 fat worms1 from one and one-eighth to one and one-fourth inches long1 of a dark olive-green color1 with black heads4 ,see a1 fig4 #d4 ,if disturbed they quickly spin a single web and fall suspended at its end1 as in fig4 #a4 ,their life1 as worms1 lasts only about six weeks1 then they seem suddenly to have vanished4 ,they have gone into the earth to pass into the pupa state1 coming out the following spring as adults2 the males with wings to fly1 the female wingless1 as in fig4 #b1 to crawl up the tree as described4 ,now1 as these myriads of tiny worms must make the tons of grown worms entirely from the foliage on the trees in which they hatched1 it is plain that the said foliage must suffer1 and it will look as if scorched by fire4 ,remedies4 ,bands smeared with sticky material put tightly around the tree bole early in ,february has stopped many a female from crawling up to lay her eggs4 ,spraying with ,london purple or ,paris green1 one pound with two pounds of lime and #aej gallons of water1 is the common remedy4 ,to be efficacious the drug must be of a normal strength1 say forty-five per cent4 arsenic1 and as the worms grow larger and stronger the water must be lessened4 ,when the worms are an inch or more long it may require only fifty gallons of water4 ,another formula is1 two pounds white arsenic1 four pounds sal soda1 two gallons of water2 boil until the arsenic is dissolved4 ,one pint is enough for forty gallons of water4 ,as the worms usually feed on the under side of the leaves1 spraying should be from below as much as possible4 ,the early bird catches the worm is true here4 ,therefore1 spray while the worms are tiny and the foliage thin1 and the work will count as the stitch in time1 destroying nine hundred and ninety-nine4 ,,tent-,,caterpillar4 ,nearly every one has seen the tents of these in neglected trees4 ,see fig4 #e4 ,they usually betoken the too busy man--the man with too many irons in the fire4 ,they are large1 unsightly bunches of webs1 closely woven together at the forks of twigs at the ends of limbs or branches4 ,the parents of these worms are moths 7see fig4 #f7 which appear in ,june each year1 and deposit their eggs in clusters containing two or three hundred1 surrounding small twigs4 ,see fig4 #g4 ,sharp eyes1 a sharp knife and nimble fingers will bring many to the kitchen fire4 ,these eggs hatch in the warm days of spring1 and the tiny worms immediately seek and devour the tender buds and leaves4 ,the day they hatch they begin to build the tent4 ,those from the same mass of eggs1 say #bej1 combine to make the home nest or tent4 ,they come out from this tent to feed in the morning1 return for a siesta or sleep1 and emerge again in the afternoon for a second feed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,tent with larvae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,adult4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,tent-caterpillar4 ,they live in this way four or five weeks1 becoming1 when full grown1 about two inches long and nearly as large as a lead-pencil4 ,see fig4 #h4 ,they are black1 with light-colored tufts of hair on the back4 ,down the center of the back is a white line bordered with irregular yellowish lines4 ,the sides of the body are marked with pale blue1 while the under side of the worm is black4 ,when grown they pass to the ground and hunt a sheltered place1 where they spin a cocoon1 from which1 in about three weeks1 emerges the adult moth1 fig4 #f1 the color of which varies from yellowish to reddish brown4 ,the front wings each contain two oblique1 whitish lines1 dividing the wing into three nearly equal parts4 ,these moths are night flyers during the last half of ,june and first half of ,july4 ,they eat nothing4 ,the female lays her eggs as described1 and dies4 ,remedies4 ,spare the birds2 put up boxes for the bats and owls4 ,cut off the egg clusters during the winter4 ,cut and burn the tents1 or burn the tents on the tree1 with any kind of a torch4 ,early morning or late evening is the time1 as they are then all home4 ,spray the foliage nearest the tents with solutions for canker-worm4 ,,codling-,,moth4 ,the apple-worm1 which every apple eater has found many times in the apple1 is the child of the codling-moth4 ,see b1 fig4 #i4 ,it is a scourge all over the apple-growing district4 ,it destroys or reduces the value of the apple crop many millions of dollars annually4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 a1 ,female ,codling-moth4 b1 ,larva of same in apple4 ,the parent--adult insect1 or moth--see a1 fig4 #i1 is a small moth with a spread of wings three-fourths of an inch1 the first pair marked with wavy lines of gray and brown1 with a large1 oval brown spot1 streaked coppery1 on hinder margin4 ,the hind wings are yellowish brown4 ,these moths appear1 and begin to lay on the surface of the leaves1 in the calyx1 or on the surface of the apple1 about the #ast of ,may4 ,the eggs hatch in about one week1 and the young worm immediately begins to burrow into the apple1 working its way to the center1 where it works around the core1 gaining strength and size for about three weeks1 when it leaves the apple and seeks a hiding place in which to spin its cocoon1 the favorite place being under projections of the rough bark of the tree4 ,when first hatched these worms are small1 hardly one-eighth of an inch long1 white1 with a black head and shoulders4 ,when mature1 the body is pinkish and the head and shoulders brown4 ,the adult1 a1 fig4 #i1 issues from the cocoon in about two weeks1 appearing near ,june #ae4 ,they commence at once to lay eggs4 ,the worms of this1 the second brood1 live in the apple all winter1 and it is these that disgust the apple eater and cut the profits of the orchardist4 ,remedies4 ,the same spray as for canker-worms1 used just after the petals of the blossom fall4 ,no eggs are deposited earlier than this4 ,at this time the calyx cup is open1 and a little poison in it is apt to prove fatal to the infant worm4 ,in a few days after the egg is laid the calyx closes1 and no spray will reach the worm4 ,remember1 this early spraying does away with the parents of the second brood1 and hence should not be neglected4 ,bands of burlaps1 paper or other material1 loosely tied about the tree before ,june #a1 make attractive places for the worms to pupate in4 ,these bands should be examined often1 say weekly1 and all worms killed4 ,fallen fruit should be gathered and fed to stock4 ,cellars1 caves and fruit houses should be thoroughly cleaned and fumigated and the cleanings burned every spring1 as many thousands of moths are wintered over in them4 ,,flat-,,headed ,,borer4 ,the adult1 fig4 #aj1 is flat1 about three-eighths of an inch long1 of a greenish black with coppery reflections4 ,they appear about the last of ,may and deposit eggs from then until ,september4 ,they generally lay their eggs in a diseased portion of the tree1 where it has been bruised1 or sun-scalded1 or in trees of weak vitality1 in bad health from lack of cultivation or moisture1 or from soil poverty4 ,the eggs are small and yellowish1 and are found singly or in numbers in crevices in the bark4 ,the larva1 or borer1 fig4 #aa1 when young1 is yellowish1 with a broad1 flat head2 it soon bores to the sap-wood1 where it feeds4 ,at this time it is easily discovered by the castings from the opening4 ,as they become older and larger they bore into the harder wood1 making flattened chambers4 ,in about a year they gnaw a channel to the outside1 excepting a thin layer of bark1 and backing a little way they crowd castings to the front and change into the perfect insect1 emerging about the last of ,may4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,adult ,flat-headed ,borer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,larva of a ,flat-headed ,borer4 ,remedies4 ,keep the tree thrifty1 free from bruises or sun-scald1 and the flow of sap will drown them4 ,if any are detected by the castings1 cut in1 and use a hooked wire to pull them out4 ,some washes will deter the female from depositing eggs4 ,for instance3 ,equal parts of soft soap and sal soda1 with enough crude carbolic acid to give a strong odor4 ,apply with a brush several times in a season1 especially where the bark appears unhealthy4 ,,round-,,headed ,,borer4 ,attacks the same trees under the same conditions as the flat-headed borer4 ,the adult1 fig4 #ab1 is about five-eighths of an inch long1 brown above1 with two white stripes the whole length of the back4 ,head and under surface grayish4 ,it is a night flyer4 ,the female appears about ,june #a1 and stays until ,september4 ,she deposits her eggs at night1 in small incisions made angling into the bark1 generally near the ground4 ,in about two weeks they hatch1 and the little borers1 a1 fig4 #ac1 begin to bore their way into the inner bark and sap-wood1 leaving the bore filled with castings1 fig4 #ad4 ,for two summers they stay in the sap-wood and do great damage1 often girdling young trees4 ,after the second winter they cut channels up into the hard wood2 attaining their growth by fall1 they burrow outward to the under side of the bark1 and there remain until spring1 changing to adults4 ,see b1 fig4 #ac4 ,they then gnaw through the bark1 and emerge about ,june #a to propagate their species4 ,remedies4 ,same as for flat-headed borer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,adult ,round-headed ,borer1 greatly enlarged4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,larva and pupa of the ,round-headed ,borer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 a1 ,incision in which egg is deposited2 b1 same1 the wood has been split along line a2 e1 showing egg in place2 c1 showing how egg is inserted under bark2 d1 egg greatly magnified2 e1 hole through which adult emerged2 f1 channel of larva2 g1 insect in pupal state just before issuing as an adult4 ,,tree ,,washes ,,for ,,borers4 ,observations by members of the ,kansas ,state ,horticultural ,society4 ,a4 ,chandler3 ,i used a tree wash last year on apple trees for borers and insects4 ,i have been troubled in my timber 7recently cleared7 land with borers1 and if ,i had not taken this precaution they would have been worse4 ,it is known as the ,carnahan tree wash4 ,obtaining it ready prepared in a can1 ,i applied it in ,june with a whitewash brush to the tree trunks and a portion of the limbs1 and found it very beneficial4 ,while it will not destroy the borer1 ,i think it will prevent the borer beetle from depositing eggs on the outside4 ,from the healthy appearance of the tree and the smooth appearance of the bark1 ,i think it equals anything ,i ever tried4 ,it is also good for the prevention of other insects1 as tree-crickets1 etc41 and ,i think it will destroy the curculio to some extent1 and will prevent insects climbing the trees4 ,my trees never looked more thrifty4 ,i cannot say it will prevent root-rot4 ,f4 ,holsinger3 ,i would like to inquire whether your ground was thoroughly cultivated8 ,a4 ,chandler3 ,all the cultivation ,i could give would not prevent borers4 ,i applied the wash from the ground up1 as far as ,i could reach4 ,it costs about two cents per tree from four to six years old1 and ,i do not know but what that might be reduced4 ,this wash is obtained in gallon and half-gallon cans4 ,it should be applied about twice a year--spring and fall--costing about four cents per year for each tree4 ,t4 ,a4 ,stanley3 ,would not a strong lime wash do as well4 ,a4 ,chandler3 ,no2 ,i have no success with it4 ,if the borer is in the tree1 you must dig him out with a knife4 ,by examination you can tell whether borers have deposited eggs or not4 ,i do not say it will rid the tree of borers if they have been allowed to deposit eggs and are left for years4 ,it makes the tree grow more vigorous4 ,i do not know what is in this tree wash1 but it did no damage4 ,b4 ,f4 ,smith3 ,chandler has tried this wash1 and it has proven successful with him4 ,there are always new things being tried4 ,if he has found something good for trees1 we should not object to it4 ,if ,i receive a package ,i will try it4 ,t4 ,a4 ,stanley3 ,my experience with borers will date back as far as fifty years ago1 when ,i was a boy1 and the best thing to exterminate them with was a jack-knife4 ,a ,boston gentleman visiting my father went into the orchard and asked father if he had ever seen any borers4 ,father told him he knew nothing about them 7they were something new in those days74 ,examining a tree1 he took out his jack-knife and went to work near the ground1 and he soon showed why the tree was not doing well4 ,with his knife he dug the borer out and said the jack-knife was the best exterminator he knew of4 ,my experience is1 if you will attend to it about the #ast of ,june1 when the beetles come out on the tree and deposit their eggs behind loose scales of bark1 and wash the tree with strong lime wash1 it will kill them4 ,i prefer lime wash to any nostrum ever introduced4 ,when they once get into the tree no wash will take them out4 ,horticulturists have been deceived enough by patent nostrums4 ,e4 ,j4 ,holman3 ,by instinct this insect never lays its eggs on the surface4 ,it lays as completely in the wood as the locust1 which punctures almost to the heart of a twig4 ,a borer lives three years in the wood2 the third year it comes out in perfect form4 ,it goes below in the wood every winter1 and the third spring passes the cocoon stage there4 ,they lay about fifty eggs1 each placed separate and apart in the wood4 ,rarely does an egg fail to hatch4 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison3 ,these beetles are very fierce4 ,put a half dozen into a bottle and they will beat a bull fight1 and will not stop until they kill each other4 ,she is a philosopher2 she makes punctures sideways1 so the eggs can be laid in a row1 and the bark close over them4 ,it is only a few days until they hatch2 open the lip where deposited and you can see them plainly4 ,without cutting the bark1 thrust your knife under the lip and you can hear the eggs crack4 ,the larva works round and round until of the size of a pea1 and then usually starts upward until he gets level with the surface of the ground1 staying there until the next season4 ,he comes up early in the spring4 ,my practice is to hoe around the tree before the time for the round-headed borer to deposit eggs4 ,i keep the weeds clear1 so that ,i can see where the borer went in4 ,if he has been in a year or two he is near the middle1 and you had better let him alone1 as it will injure the tree to remove him4 ,it is impossible to get rid of these borers by a wash1 because the eggs are covered4 ,there is no connection between the round-headed and flat-headed borers4 ,t4 ,a4 ,stanley3 ,it requires three years for the borer to mature and come out4 ,in my experience1 the borer selects a spot where loose bark is on the tree1 and goes in where it is tender4 ,it lays eggs in even rows4 ,these eggs stay under the bark but a short time when they hatch and the little worm eats into the tender bark1 and goes through it1 to live and grow there2 when large enough they go into the body of the tree4 ,they stay there for three years4 ,scrape off the bark and put whitewash on the eggs and it will destroy them4 ,president ,wellhouse3 ,by taking a knife1 cutting into the tree1 and running a hooked wire in1 you can pull them out4 ,each female beetle deposits fifty or sixty eggs1 and we find it better and less expensive to hunt the borers early in the spring4 ,by carefully examining the bottom of the tree for six or eight inches above the ground you will see a little brown spot4 ,he came to the bark the fall previous1 and sets about two inches back in his cavity4 ,if you wait till ,may1 he is out and gone2 he is easier taken out in spring than later4 ,by killing the insect you prevent the egg laying4 ,we always have our men hunt for the insects that are about to come out4 ,it is easy to find the little brown spot about the size of your finger end1 and you can kill them by pouring a few drops of coal-oil from a machine can into the cavity4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman3 ,can we prevent the borer from entering the tree8 ,i have practiced banking up my trees as steep as ,i can1 about a foot high2 less may do4 ,the beetle will not deposit eggs where the tree is banked up4 ,i have practiced this for thirty years1 and have never seen a borer in my trees since ,i began it4 ,like these gentlemen1 ,i at first cut out the borers4 ,we can prevent them by banking up early in the spring4 ,by instinct1 it knows the bank will wash down4 ,if it deposits its eggs1 how easy to scrape away the mound4 ,i never saw a flathead borer on a tree that was banked4 ,they always work on the south side1 where the sun shines on the tree4 ,,bud ,,moth4 ,this insect is often very destructive1 attacking the blossom and leaf-buds1 and in a few mouthfuls destroying that which must make the leaves and fruit1 nipping in the bud the entire crop of fruit and debilitating the tree4 ,this worm works in early spring1 as soon as the buds begin to open2 it delights in the prominent terminal buds and its work stops all new growth1 causes many leaves to turn brown1 and thus brings to the notice of the orchardist its bad work4 ,the moth measures about three-quarters of an inch across its wings1 and is mainly a gray color1 the middle of the fore wings being lighter1 or creamy4 ,this insect first appears on the buds as a small1 dark brown worm1 about one-fourth of an inch long1 with shining black head and shoulders4 ,it imbeds itself in the center of the bud1 tying the leaves together with its web4 ,it is an irregular worker1 and leaves the bud in a ragged1 brown1 dilapidated condition4 ,its work is most destructive in the nursery1 destroying terminal shoots1 which sadly interferes with the growth and symmetry of the young tree4 ,sometimes it burrows from the bud into the pith of the twig for several inches1 killing the shoot to the tip4 ,the worm finally settles upon a leaf1 cutting the leaf stalk partly off1 so that the leaf withers2 it then rolls this soft1 wilted leaf into a tube around its body1 fastening it with webs and lining it for a nest4 ,from this tube nest it comes forth only at night to feed1 and when disturbed it hastens into it out of sight4 ,in feeding1 it draws leaves towards its home by silken threads1 thus forming a bunch of partly eaten leaves1 which turn brown1 making the nest conspicuous4 ,after attaining its growth it lies as a pupa in its silk-lined tube about ten days1 when it emerges an adult moth1 and in three or four days begins to lay its eggs4 ,these moths appear from about ,june #a and remain to ,july #e or ,july #aj4 ,they are night flyers1 and do no damage in the winged state4 ,as the worms are leaf-eaters1 spraying with ,london purple or ,paris green1 as for canker-worms1 must kill many4 ,whenever their nests are seen they should1 if possible1 be gathered and burned1 and in a badly infested orchard it will pay to rake and burn all the leaves under the trees4 ,,apple ,,curculio4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 a1 ,beetle1 natural size2 b1 beetle1 magnified2 c1 side and back view of same1 magnified4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 a1 ,pupa stage2 b1 larva1 or worm4 ,hair-lines to the left of pupa show natural size4 ,this insect1 fig4 #ae1 is usually of a uniform rusty brown color4 ,four humps or tubercles are easily seen1 two on each wing cover near the rear4 ,the snout varies from half to the full length of the insect4 ,with this snout it drills round holes into the apple2 these holes are made for food1 and are about one-tenth of an inch deep1 widened out below like a gourd4 ,the female deposits an egg in such hole1 which soon hatches into a tiny worm that usually burrows to the core1 and produces a reddish excrement4 ,in a month1 when fully grown1 the worm is soft and white1 without feet1 wrinkled1 and curved crosswise1 as in b1 fig4 #af2 too humped and crooked to crawl about out of the apple1 it stays in and changes to pupa1 as in a1 fig4 #af1 leaving the apple as a perfect beetle after two or three weeks4 ,it passes the winter in the adult state and begins laying eggs about ,june #a1 continuing until late in ,august4 ,president ,wellhouse says he has surely reduced them by spraying4 ,,leaf-,,crumpler1 or ,,leaf-,,roller4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,here a represents worm case2 b1 case attached to a limb2 c1 head and first segments2 d1 perfect moth4 ,all are magnified2 the hair-lines just under the moth1 d1 represent the natural size4 ,the parent of this is a small grayish moth1 d1 fig4 #ag1 which emerges from the unsightly mass of dry leaves1 as in b1 fig4 #ah1 formed the previous season by the insect1 and may be seen1 gathered1 and burned1 during the winter4 ,the female immediately begins laying eggs upon the leaves of the tree4 ,during the fore part of ,june small1 brownish worms appear1 which at once construct tubular silken cases1 in which they hide4 ,they leave these cases1 generally at night1 to feed4 ,as they grow they attach webs to the partly eaten leaves and gather them about themselves1 so that finally the irregular mass of leaves completely hides the tubular case4 ,in the spring1 as the buds swell and the leaves appear1 they come out and do great damage4 ,they grow until in ,may1 when they close up the opening to the case1 and in two weeks the moth emerges1 as above4 ,remedies4 ,there are two parasites that prey upon them4 ,collect the cases and tufts of leaves during the winter and burn them4 ,the spray recommended for canker-worm is successful in destroying them4 ,,twig-,,girdler1 ,,twig-,,pruner1 and ,,twig-,,borer4 ,sometimes trouble orchards1 but in ,kansas they are not bad4 ,their habits are indicated by their names1 and it is scarcely necessary to describe them in this work4 ,numerous bulletins are issued free1 describing them and their habits4 ,see fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,twig-girdler at work4 ,,root-,,louse1 or ,,woolly ,,aphis4 ,the young are hatched from a minute egg laid in crevices of the bark1 near the ground1 and are covered with white down4 ,the grown female measures about one-tenth of an inch in length1 oval in shape1 with black head and feet1 dusty legs and antennae4 ,they attach themselves to the branches and trunk with their long beaks1 sucking the vitality from the tree1 which they will kill if in large numbers4 ,during the summer the females are wingless1 but at autumn both sexes have wings1 and it is in this condition that they spread rapidly4 ,they are produced alive at this time of the year with wonderful rapidity4 ,where plentiful the trunk and branches have a moldy appearance4 ,lady-birds and their larvae1 the larvae of lace-winged flies and syrphus-flies1 the small chalcid fly and spiders devour them4 ,no birds are known to feed upon them4 ,remedy4 ,plenty of lye wash1 even soap-suds or soap wash is good4 ,kerosene emulsion is good4 ,the insect above described is only one form1 viz41 woolly aphis4 ,the other form1 as root-louse1 is described below4 ,to the public they are two distinct insects4 ,,root-,,louse4 ,they work underground1 puncturing the root to draw its nourishing juice1 causing the root tissue to expand into knots and irregularities1 a1 fig4 #bj1 thus making the roots unhealthy and very brittle4 ,these insects are often found in myriads1 looking like bluish-white wool1 on the roots4 ,certain beetles1 maggots and flies prey upon them1 but to only a small extent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,root-louse4 ,remedy4 ,scalding water1 at #aej degrees1 poured on the uncovered roots4 ,if some concentrated lye is added it is still better4 ,filling above the roots with tobacco dust is recommended4 ,soap-suds and wood ashes are beneficial4 ,young trees from the nursery1 if infested1 should have the roots well trimmed 7burn the trimmings7 and then dipped in lye4 ,if quite hot it is still better4 ,,fringed-,,wing ,,apple-,,bud ,,moth4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,the following is condensed from bulletin ,no4 #db1 written by ,prof4 ,j4 ,m4 ,stedman1 entomologist of the state university1 ,columbia1 ,mo43 ,the fringed-wing apple-bud moth is a new and heretofore undescribed species of insect1 increasing rapidly and infesting new areas4 ,the best spray to destroy them is1 one pound pure ,paris green1 three pounds of fresh lime1 and #aej gallons of water1 constantly agitated while spraying4 ,first application as soon as the buds open sufficiently to give the tree a green tinge2 second1 five days later2 third1 at time flower-buds open2 if it rains do it over at once4 ,kill the worms before they eat into the bud4 ,the egg is very small1 light yellow1 and oval1 and apt to escape notice4 ,the young worm is also very small when hatched and of a light yellow color1 which afterwards turns to pale green1 a shining black head1 and a brown spot 7which soon turns black7 back of the head4 ,it has three pairs of dark-colored true legs under its fore parts1 and five pairs of prolegs under the rear three-fifths of the body4 ,as soon as hatched they begin to feed on the unfolding leaves1 and at once crawl to the heart of the expanded flower or leaf-bud4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,work of the ,fringed-wing ,apple-bud ,moth4 ,the destructive effects cause the tree to look as if swept by fire1 owing to the brown and partly developed foliage4 ,see fig4 #bd4 ,these worms 7fig4 #ba7 complete their growth in about four weeks1 enter the earth1 and1 passing one or two inches below the surface1 spin a cocoon4 ,they come out as adult moths in about six weeks1 or about the middle of ,july4 ,fig4 #bb is the moth enlarged2 fig4 #bc1 natural size4 ,the females soon begin to lay eggs1 singly1 on the young apple leaves4 ,from these eggs a second brood is hatched more quickly than the spring brood4 ,this second brood often eats through the heart of the terminal bud into the twig4 ,when grown1 this second brood enters the ground as did the first1 but do not come forth as adults until the following spring4 ,,rabbits4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,the ,wellhouse rabbit trap1 of which we here give description and illustrations1 is one used by ,president ,wellhouse4 ,he has #cjjj of them1 distributed two per acre1 and says it is the result of thirty years' experience4 ,he uses nothing else to protect his trees4 ,figure #be is a longitudinal section of the trap4 ,figure #bf is a front-end view of the trap1 on a scale three times that of fig4 #be1 and shows the details of the door4 ,the trap consists of a box made of fence boards 7old ones preferred7 six inches wide and one inch thick4 ,the boards are cut twenty-two inches long1 and the top and bottom boards are nailed onto the side boards1 thus making the opening four inches wide and six inches high4 ,the door1 a1 is made of wire1 shaped as shown in fig4 #bf1 and hung to under side of the top board with two staples1 shown at dd4 ,the trigger1 b1 is of wire1 bent as in fig4 #be1 spread out1 or with a loop or figure #h1 at the hanging end1 and is fastened loosely along the center on the under side of the top board with two staples4 ,to operate the trap1 push the door1 a1 inward1 and with the forefinger catch the hooked end of the trigger1 g1 and pull it forward until the door rests on the wire above the hook at g4 ,the rabbit enters the trap1 prompted by curiosity or otherwise1 and by so doing pushes the trigger1 c1 back as he would a little brush in a hollow log1 without any suspicion or alarm4 ,this action loosens the door1 which falls behind him1 its lower edge resting against the shoulder at f1 and bunny is then caught4 ,this trap was invented by ,walter ,wellhouse1 but it is not patented4 ,he uses no bait4 ,the trap cannot be sprung by birds or wind4 ,if new lumber is used1 it must be stained some dark color1 using material not offensive to a rabbit's delicate sense of smell4 ,,apples ,,for ,,the ,,table4 ,compiled1 by request1 by ,miss ,,gertrude ,,coburn1 ,professor of ,domestic ,economy1 ,iowa ,agricultural ,college1 ,ames1 ,iowa4 ,chemical analysis of apples1 fairly representing the average composition1 indicates that the total nutriment is about fifteen per cent4 of the whole weight1 and consists principally of sugar1 organic acid1 and pectin 7which gelatinizes when boiled and cooled74 ,although the fruit is thus shown to be but slightly nutritious1 it is generally palatable and wholesome4 ,it easily supplies variety in diet throughout the year1 and it has the advantage of being suitable for any meal and combining agreeably with many other common food materials4 ,when ripe1 and carefully selected1 the uncooked apple is toothsome and healthful1 either alone and between meals or as one of the table fruits4 ,the indigestible skin and cellulose1 with the water and acid1 contribute to the dietetic value1 in that they make the whole raw apple a laxative food1 especially effective when eaten before breakfast or at night4 ,cooked entire1 and without any addition1 the well-flavored apple is among the most perfect and economical of the subacid fruits for every-day use1 and for the invalid's tray is seldom surpassed4 ,baked in its own juice1 with sugar and additional flavoring1 or boiled in syrup1 it is relished equally with the breakfast mush1 the dinner meat1 and the supper bread and cake4 ,combined with cream1 custard1 whipped white of egg1 or tapioca1 which add nutriment without destroying the fruit flavor1 it affords a delicate dessert1 inexpensive and easily prepared4 ,steamed or baked1 with a light covering or crust of biscuit dough or pastry1 it has a variety of forms1 all used for dinner1 and usually made complete with sweetened cream1 or in other cases with a bit of good cheese4 ,the skin1 while not digestible1 is not often injurious1 and as the best flavor is contained in the surface portion of the apple1 careless paring is wasteful and unnecessary1 especially when the fruit is to be baked4 ,the unbroken envelope retains the steam produced as the juice is heated1 thus hastening the process of expanding and bursting the tiny cells and converting the firm pulp into a delicate sauce4 ,this suggests that1 in order to produce the desirable lightness1 the oven should be sufficiently hot to change the water of the fruit into steam4 ,if the skin is tough or for other reasons is removed1 the clean1 unblemished parings1 with the cores1 may be simmered in water until the flavor and color make it a useful addition for pudding sauce1 preserves1 or jelly4 ,it is usually best to remove the core before cooking1 and1 when the apple 7as for compote7 is not to be otherwise cut after paring1 it should be cored before the skin is taken off1 to prevent breaking4 ,the various forms of boiled and steamed apples are attractive and generally liked4 ,the requisites are3 ,to select good fruit and wash it clean before cutting2 to remove only a thin paring1 all of the core1 and the bruised1 discolored and defective parts2 to intensify rather than obscure the apple flavor1 using only enough of sugar1 spice1 or lemon1 when any is needed1 to accomplish this purpose2 to use granite or porcelain-lined utensils 7avoiding even tin covers7 and silver or wooden spoons2 to retain by slow cooking and careful handling the perfect form of the fruit1 or else to produce1 by stirring and straining1 a light1 lumpless sauce2 to serve the apple preparation with the same respectful and dainty care that is usually bestowed upon the rarer but not more worthy pineapple and orange4 ,in the summer and autumn1 when the fruit is at its best1 no additional flavor is needed4 ,toward spring1 when it becomes less palatable1 the deficiency may be best supplied with a little lemon juice and grated rind1 a bit of pineapple or quince1 a few drops of almond extract or rose water1 or a few whole cloves4 ,sweet apples which are dry and rather tasteless may be utilized satisfactorily if stewed1 canned or preserved with one-third their bulk of quince4 ,apples1 ,raw1 for ,breakfast4--,select fresh1 unspotted apples of good flavor1 but not very sour1 wash and wipe thoroughly1 and arrange tastefully1 alone or with other fruit4 ,for serving1 use small plates and fruit-knives1 to be removed with them4 ,individual taste must decide whether the fruit should be eaten before or after the heavier part of the breakfast4 ,apples and ,cream4--,a delicious breakfast dish1 to be served with the cooked cereal or alone1 consists of fresh1 mellow1 sweet apples1 pared and sliced1 sprinkled with fine sugar and dressed with cream4 ,apples and ,bread and ,milk4--,for a summer luncheon1 a bowl of rich milk and bread may be pleasantly varied by the addition of a ripe sweet apple1 pared and thinly sliced4 ,if the fruit is not thoroughly ripe and mellow1 it is improved by slow baking until quite soft4 ,baked ,apples4--,select moderately tart or very juicy sweet apples1 of equal size4 ,wash them1 remove the cores 7or at least the blossom ends7 and any imperfections1 with the skin also1 if it is objectionable4 ,put in a shallow baking dish1 and fill the cavities with sugar and such flavoring as seems to be demanded1 allowing from one-third to one-half of a cup of sugar and about one-fourth of a teaspoonful of nutmeg or cinnamon to eight apples1 with sometimes the juice and grated rind of half a lemon4 ,cover the bottom of the dish with boiling water 7which may need to be replenished if the fruit is not very juicy71 and bake in a hot oven until soft1 basting often with the syrup in the dish4 ,sweet apples need to bake longer and more slowly than sour1 and when done should be very soft4 ,set the baking dish in a cool place until the fruit is almost cold1 then transfer the apples to a glass dish and pour the syrup1 which should be thick and amber colored1 around them4 ,apples in ,bloom4 7,by consent1 from ,boston ,cooking-,school ,cook-,book1 by ,miss ,farmer47--,select eight red apples1 cook in boiling water until soft1 turning them often4 ,have water half surround apples4 ,remove skins carefully1 that the red color may remain1 and arrange on a serving dish4 ,to the water add one cup sugar1 grated rind one-half lemon1 and juice one orange2 simmer until reduced to one cup4 ,cool1 and pour over apples4 ,serve with sweetened whipped cream or cream sauce4 ,baked ,apple-,sauce4 7,by consent1 from ,every-,day ,dishes1 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,e4 ,kellogg47--,pare1 core and quarter apples to fill an earthen crock or deep pudding dish1 taking care to use apples of uniform degree of hardness and pieces of the same size4 ,for two quarts of fruit thus prepared1 add a cup of water and1 if the apples are sour1 a cup of sugar4 ,cover closely1 and bake in a moderate oven several hours1 or until of a dark red color4 ,sweet apples and quinces1 in the proportion of two parts of apple to one of quince1 baked in this way1 are also good4 ,cut the apples into quarters1 but slice the quinces much thinner as they are more difficult to cook4 ,put a layer of quince on the bottom of the dish1 and alternate with layers of apple until the dish is full4 ,add cold water to half cover the fruit1 and stew in the oven1 well covered1 without stirring1 until tender4 ,fruit cooked in this way may be canned while hot and kept for a long period4 ,stewed ,apples4--,pare1 quarter and core six or eight tart apples2 put them into a granite kettle1 strew with one cup or less of sugar1 add juice of half a lemon and a few bits of the yellow rind2 cover with boiling water and simmer 7not boil7 until tender4 ,dish carefully1 without breaking1 and serve cold4 ,green-,apple ,sauce4--,for sour green apples it is best to use a sharp silver knife1 to prevent discoloration4 ,cut the apples in quarters1 remove the cores and skin1 and drop them as fast as pared into a bowl of cold water4 ,skim them out into a granite kettle with a large bottom1 so that there will not be much depth to the apples4 ,add boiling water enough to show among the pieces1 cover tightly1 and cook quickly4 ,shake the pan occasionally1 and as soon as the fruit is soft mash it with a silver fork1 add sugar to taste1 and when it is dissolved remove from the fire4 ,serve hot or cold4 ,this sauce should be free from lumps1 light colored and not very sweet4 ,a pinch of salt may be an improvement4 ,apple-,sauce ,for ,goose or ,pork4--,pare1 quarter and core six tart apples4 ,put them in a granite saucepan1 cover with water1 boil until tender1 and press through a colander2 add a teaspoonful of butter1 a dash of nutmeg or cinnamon1 and sugar to taste1 being careful to keep the sauce tart4 ,canned ,apples4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,rorer's ,philadelphia ,cook-,book47--,to four pounds of apples use one pound of sugar1 the juice and yellow rind of one lemon1 and one quart of water4 ,choose fine ripe ,pippins or ,bellflowers4 ,pare1 core1 and throw them into cold water4 ,when you have sufficient to fill one or two jars1 lift them carefully from the water1 weigh1 then put them in a porcelain-lined kettle1 cover with boiling water1 bring quickly to the boiling-point1 and then stand them over a moderate fire1 where they will scarcely bubble1 until tender4 ,while they are cooking1 put the sugar and water into another kettle1 stir with a clean wooden spoon until the sugar is thoroughly dissolved1 add the lemon1 and boil three minutes4 ,with a perforated skimmer lift the apples from the water1 hold a moment until drained1 and then slide them carefully into the boiling syrup2 continue until the bottom of the kettle is covered2 boil until the apples are sufficiently tender to admit a straw1 then lift them carefully and slide one at time into the jar4 ,the jars should be thoroughly cleaned and heated and set on a folded wet towel4 ,after passing a silver spoon handle around the inside of the filled jar to break any air bubbles present1 screw on the top as quickly as possible4 ,stand the jars in a warm place in the kitchen over night1 and in the morning again tighten the covers and put away in a cool1 dark1 dry closet4 ,apple ,compote4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,lincoln's ,boston ,cook-,book47--,make a syrup with one cup of sugar1 one cup of water1 and a square inch of stick cinnamon4 ,boil slowly for ten minutes1 skimming well4 ,core and pare eight or ten tart apples and cook until nearly done in the syrup4 ,drain1 and cook them for a few minutes in the oven1 with the door open4 ,boil the syrup until almost like a jelly4 ,arrange the apples on a dish for serving1 fill the core cavities with jelly or marmalade1 and pour the syrup over them4 ,put whipped cream around the base and garnish the cream with jelly4 ,apple ,preserves4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,rorer's ,philadelphia ,cook-,book47--,core and pare fine ripe ,pippins1 and cut them into quarters4 ,weigh1 and to each pound allow one pound of granulated sugar and a half pint of boiling water1 the grated rind of one and the juice of two lemons4 ,boil the sugar and water until clear 7about three minutes71 skimming when necessary2 add the lemon juice and rind1 then the apples1 and simmer gently until they are clear and tender1 but not broken2 then stand aside to cool4 ,when cold put them into jars1 cover closely1 and stand them in a cool1 dark place for one week4 ,at the end of that time turn them carefully into the kettle1 bring them to the boiling-point1 and simmer for five minutes2 then return them to the jars1 cover closely with tissue paper brushed over with the white of an egg1 and put in a dark1 cool place to keep4 ,apple ,butter4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,rorer's ,philadelphia ,cook-,book47--,this should be made from new cider1 fresh from the press1 and not yet fermented4 ,fill a porcelain-lined kettle with cider1 and boil until reduced one-half4 ,then boil another kettleful in the same way1 and so continue until you have sufficient quantity4 ,to every four gallons of boiled cider allow a half-bushel of nice1 juicy apples1 pared1 cored1 and quartered4 ,the cider should be boiled the day before you make the apple butter4 ,put the boiled cider in a very large kettle1 and add as many apples as can be kept moist4 ,stir frequently1 and when the apples are soft beat with a wooden stick until they are reduced to a pulp4 ,cook and stir continuously until the consistency is that of soft marmalade and the color is very dark brown4 ,have boiled cider at hand in case it becomes too thick1 and apples if too thin4 ,twenty minutes before you take it from the fire add ground cinnamon and nutmeg to taste4 ,it requires no sugar4 ,when cold1 put into stone jars and cover closely4 ,apple ,jelly4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,rorer's ,philadelphia ,cook ,book47--,lady ,blush or ,fall ,pippins are best for jelly4 ,the first make a bright-red jelly1 and the latter an almost white jelly4 ,wipe the fruit1 cut it into pieces without paring or removing the seeds4 ,put into kettle and barely cover with cold water2 cover the kettle1 and boil slowly until the apples are very tender2 then drain them through a flannel jelly bag--do not squeeze or the jelly will be cloudy4 ,to every pint of this juice allow one pound of granulated sugar4 ,put the juice into the kettle and bring it quickly to the boiling-point2 add the sugar and stir until dissolved1 and then boil rapidly and continuously until it jellies1 skimming as a scum rises to the surface4 ,twenty minutes is usually sufficient for the boiling1 though not always4 ,after fifteen minutes' boiling begin the testing by taking out one teaspoonful of the boiling jelly1 pouring it into the bottom of a saucepan1 and standing it in a cool place for a moment4 ,scrape it up with the side of a spoon1 and1 if jellied1 the surface will be partly solid2 if not1 boil a few minutes longer and try again2 as soon as it jellies roll the tumblers in boiling water and fill with the boiling liquid4 ,stand aside until cold and firm 7about twenty-four hours74 ,if the glasses have lids put them on2 if not1 cover with two thicknesses of tissue paper and paste the edges down over the edge of the tumbler4 ,then moisten the papers with a sponge dipped in cold water1 so that when it dries it will shrink and be tight4 ,keep in a cool1 dark place4 ,apple ,rose ,cream4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,e4 ,e4 ,kellogg's ,every-,day ,dishes47--,wash1 core1 slice and cook without paring a dozen fresh ,snow apples until soft and very dry4 ,rub through a colander to remove skins1 add sugar to taste and the beaten whites of two eggs1 beating vigorously until stiff2 add a teaspoonful of rose-water for flavoring1 and serve at once or keep on ice4 ,it is important that the apples be very dry1 as otherwise the cream will not be light4 ,other varieties of apples may be used1 and flavored with vanilla or pineapple4 ,it is sometimes better to steam the apples than to stew them tender4 ,apple ,tapioca ,pudding4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,lincoln's ,boston ,cook-,book47--,pick over and wash three-quarters of a cup of pearl tapioca4 ,pour one quart of boiling water over it1 and cook in the double boiler until transparent2 stir often and add a half teaspoonful of salt4 ,core and pare seven apples4 ,put them in a round baking dish and fill the core cavities with sugar and lemon juice4 ,pour the tapioca over them and bake until the apples are very soft4 ,serve hot or cold1 with sugar and cream4 ,a delicious variation may be made by using half pears or canned quinces and half apples4 ,apple and ,rice ,pudding4--,steam one cupful of rice in two cupfuls of boiling salted water until soft4 ,with this1 line a buttered pudding dish on the sides and bottom1 leaving a portion for the top4 ,fill the dish with thinly sliced tart apples and cover with the remainder of the rice4 ,put the dish in a steamer and steam until the apples are found to be tender by running a fork into them4 ,set it away to cool and invert the dish so that the pudding will come out entire4 ,serve with sweetened cream1 thin custard1 or fruit sauce4 ,flavoring may be added to the apple according to taste4 ,dutch ,apple ,cake4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,lincoln's ,boston ,cook-,book47--,one pint flour1 one-half teaspoonful salt1 two heaping teaspoonfuls baking-powder1 one-fourth cup butter1 one egg1 one scant cup milk1 four sour apples1 two tablespoonfuls sugar4 ,mix the dry ingredients in the order given2 rub in the butter1 beat the egg and mix it with the milk1 then stir this into the dry mixture4 ,the dough should be soft enough to spread half an inch thick on a shallow baking pan4 ,core1 pare and cut four or five apples into eighths2 lay them in parallel rows on top of the dough1 the sharp edge down1 and press enough to make the edge penetrate slightly4 ,sprinkle the sugar on the apple4 ,bake in a hot oven twenty or thirty minutes4 ,to be eaten hot with butter as a tea cake1 or with lemon sauce or with sugar and cream as a pudding4 ,scalloped ,apples4 7,by consent1 from ,mrs4 ,lincoln's ,boston ,cook-,book47--,mix half a cup of sugar and an eighth of a teaspoonful of cinnamon or the grated rind of half a lemon4 ,melt half a cup of butter and stir it into one pint of soft bread crumbs2 prepare three pints of sliced apples4 ,butter a pudding dish1 put in a layer of crumbs1 then sliced apple1 and sprinkle with sugar2 then another layer of crumbs1 apple1 and sugar1 until the materials are used4 ,have a thick layer of crumbs on top4 ,when the apples are not juicy1 add half a cup of cold water2 and if not tart apples1 add the juice of half a lemon4 ,bake about an hour1 covering at first to prevent burning4 ,serve with cream4 ,ripe berries and other acid fruits may be used instead of the apples1 and oat-meal or cracked-wheat mush in place of the bread crumbs4 ,brown ,betty4 7,by consent1 from ,century ,cook-,book47--,in a quart pudding dish arrange alternate layers of sliced apples and bread crumbs2 season each layer with bits of butter1 a little sugar1 and a pinch each of ground cinnamon1 cloves1 and allspice4 ,when the dish is full pour over it a half cupful each of molasses and water mixed2 cover the top with crumbs4 ,place the dish in a pan containing hot water1 and bake for three-quarters of an hour1 or until the apples are soft4 ,serve with cream or with any sauce4 ,raisins or chopped almonds improve the pudding4 ,friar's ,omelet4 7,mrs4 ,treat47--,stew six or seven good-sized apples as for apple-sauce2 when cooked and still warm stir in one teaspoonful of butter and one cupful of sugar2 when cold1 stir in three well-beaten eggs and a little lemon juice4 ,now put a small piece of butter into a saucepan1 and1 when hot1 add to it a cupful of bread crumbs and stir until they assume a light-brown color4 ,butter a pudding mold1 and sprinkle on the bottom and sides as many of these bread crumbs as will adhere2 fill in the apple preparation1 sprinkle bread crumbs on top1 bake it for fifteen or twenty minutes1 and turn it out on a good-sized platter4 ,it can be eaten with or without a sweet sauce4 ,baked ,apple ,dumplings4--,make a short pie-crust2 roll it thin and cut it into squares large enough to cover an apple4 ,select apples of the same size1 core and pare them1 and fill the space with sugar1 butter1 and a little ground cinnamon or nutmeg4 ,place an apple in each square of pie-crust2 wet the edges with water or white of egg1 and fold together so that the points meet on the top4 ,pinch and turn the edges so that they are fluted4 ,bake in a moderate oven about forty minutes1 or until the apples are soft without having lost their form4 ,serve with hard sauce or with sugar and cream4 ,steamed ,apple ,dumplings4--,core and pare six or eight apples4 ,make a biscuit dough1 using four cups of flour1 two heaping teaspoonfuls of baking-powder1 one large tablespoonful of butter1 one teaspoonful of salt1 and one cup of milk4 ,use more or less milk as is needed to make a soft dough that will roll out without being sticky4 ,roll the dough about half an inch thick and cut in squares to cover the apples1 as in the preceding recipe1 after sweetening and flavoring4 ,place the dumplings on a dinner plate which can be set in the steamer4 ,steam forty minutes and serve from the same plate1 with hard sauce or sweetened cream4 ,a variation of this recipe1 which is sometimes more convenient1 is as follows3 ,cut the apples into eighths1 and put them1 with half a cup of water1 into a granite pudding pan2 roll the biscuit dough out to fit the pan1 and cover the apples2 cover the pan1 and steam or cook in the oven4 ,sprinkle sugar thickly over the top and serve in the pudding pan1 with hard sauce in another dish4 ,apple ,pie4 7,by consent1 from ,boston ,cooking-,school ,cook-,book1 by ,miss ,farmer47--,four or five sour apples1 one-third cup sugar1 one-fourth teaspoon grated nutmeg1 one-eighth teaspoon salt1 one teaspoon butter1 one teaspoon lemon juice1 few gratings lemon rind4 ,line pie plate with paste4 ,pare1 core1 and cut the apples into eighths2 put row around the plate one-half inch from the edge1 and work toward the center until the plate is covered2 then pile on the remainder4 ,mix sugar1 nutmeg1 salt1 lemon juice and rind and sprinkle over the apples4 ,dot over with butter4 ,wet edges of under crust1 cover with upper crust1 and press edges together4 ,bake forty to forty-five minutes in a moderate oven4 ,a very good pie may be made without butter or lemon4 ,cinnamon may be substituted for nutmeg4 ,evaporated apples soaked over night in cold water may be used in place of the fresh fruit4 ,apple ,fritters4--,core and pare three or four apples4 ,cut them crosswise into slices one-third of an inch thick1 leaving the opening in the center4 ,sprinkle with lemon1 sugar1 and spice4 ,let stand one hour4 ,dip each slice in fritter batter1 and fry in deep1 hot fat4 ,drain1 and sprinkle with powdered sugar4 ,serve hot1 with or without hard sauce4 ,batter ,for ,fritters4--,one cup flour1 one-fourth teaspoonful salt1 two-thirds cup milk1 yolks and whites of two eggs beaten separately1 one tablespoonful olive oil or melted butter4 ,mix salt and flour1 add milk gradually1 yolks of eggs1 butter1 and stiff whites4 ,a tablespoonful of sugar may be added1 if liked4 ,fried ,apples4--,cut slices one-half inch thick across the apple without removing skin or core1 or cut the apple in quarters and remove the core4 ,saute the apples in butter or drippings until tender and light brown1 but not soft enough to lose form4 ,serve on the same dish with pork chops4 ,apple ,water 7for invalids74--,wipe1 core and pare one large sour apple4 ,put two teaspoonfuls sugar in the core cavity1 and bake until tender4 ,pour one cup boiling water over the baked apple1 let it stand one-half hour1 strain1 and serve4 ,,index4 ,american apples abroad3 exports1 #aj2 comparison of seasons1 #ab ,analysis of the apple1 #i2 of apple ash1 #h ,apple1 what it is1 #c2 business1 #aj2 culture1 #aia2 for the table1 #bah2 tree1 chemistry of1 #e ,apple trees in district ,no4 #a1 #db2 in district ,no4 #b1 #aba2 in district ,no4 #c1 #acc2 in district ,no4 #d1 #aed ,birds1 #fi ,cellars for apples1 ,evans1 #bjb2 other1 #de1 #aji1 #aeh ,chemistry of apples1 #g1 #h1 #i2 of apple trees1 #e2 of prairie soil1 #f ,cider1 boiled1 #bjb2 sweet1 #bjb2 vinegar1 #ej1 #bjb ,cold storage1 #dd1 #fd1 #ahi2 by ,geo4 ,richardson1 #aih ,crabs1 #ajd ,culls1 to use1 #bjb ,description of varieties3 ,arkansas ,black1 #da2 ,autumn ,pearmain1 #bi2 ,autumn ,strawberry1 #cg2 ,bailey's ,sweet1 #cj2 ,baldwin1 #cj2 ,baltzby1 #cc2 ,ben ,davis1 #ae2 ,benoni1 #ch2 ,bentley's ,sweet1 #ce2 ,broadwell1 #cf2 ,celestia1 #bg2 ,chenango 7,strawberry71 #bi2 ,cooper's ,early 7,white71 #ca2 ,dominie1 #ci2 ,dr4 ,watson1 #ce2 ,duchess of ,oldenburg1 #cb2 ,early ,harvest1 #cb2 ,early ,joe1 #ci2 ,early ,margaret1 #da2 ,early ,ripe1 #ce2 ,early ,summer ,pearmain1 #ci2 ,emperor1 #da2 ,english ,sweet1 #cd2 ,fulton's ,strawberry1 #cd2 ,gano1 #bj2 ,garretson's ,early1 #ci2 ,gilpin1 #cg2 ,golden ,sweet1 #ca2 ,grimes' ,golden ,pippin1 #bd2 ,haas1 #bi2 ,holland ,pippin1 #cd2 ,hubbardston's ,nonsuch1 #cd2 ,huntsman's ,favorite1 #be2 ,imperial1 #cc2 ,ingram1 #bf2 ,jefferis1 #ci2 ,jonathan1 #ah2 ,keswick ,codlin1 #dj2 ,king of ,tompkins ,county1 #bh2 ,large ,yellow ,bough1 #cb2 ,lawver1 #bh2 ,limber ,twig1 #cg2 ,little ,romanite1 #cg2 ,lowell1 #bg2 ,maiden's ,blush1 #bb2 ,mammoth ,black ,twig1 #be2 ,milam1 #cg2 ,minkler1 #bh2 ,missouri ,pippin1 #ai2 ,mother1 #da2 ,mountaineer1 #cc2 ,muster1 #ce2 ,nelson's 7,sweet71 #cc2 ,northern ,spy1 #ca2 ,ortley1 #ch2 ,peck's ,pleasant1 #bf2 ,pennock1 #dj2 ,pewaukee1 #cc2 ,rambo1 #cf2 ,rawle's ,janet1 #ba2 ,red ,astrachan1 #cc2 ,red ,june1 #cj2 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 #dj2 ,roman ,stem1 #c2 ,rome ,beauty1 #cf2 ,smith's ,cider1 #bb2 ,smokehouse1 #bi2 ,snow1 #cg2 ,stark1 #bh2 ,stayman's ,summer1 #ch2 ,stayman's ,winesap1 #ch2 ,summer ,queen1 #bh2 ,superb1 #cf2 ,sweet ,june1 #cj2 ,sweet ,bough1 #cb2 ,twenty ,ounce1 #cb2 ,wagener1 #ce2 ,wealthy1 #cj2 ,white ,bellflower 7see ,ortley71 #ch2 ,white ,juneating1 #cd2 ,white ,pippin1 #ci2 ,white ,winter ,pearmain1 #bi2 ,whitney1 #da2 ,winesap1 #af1 #ch2 ,yellow ,transparent1 #ce2 ,york ,imperial1 #ba2 ,discussion on packages1 #aig2 on tree washes and borers1 #baj ,dried apples1 #bjc ,drugging trees1 #ahh ,evaporated apples1 #bjc ,evaporator1 ,moyer's1 #bja2 ,wellhouse1 #bjj ,fruit house1 #bjb ,grain injurious to orchards1 #eg ,hogs in orchard1 #aih ,house for apples1 #adh ,insects3 ,bud moth1 #bab2 ,canker-worm1 #bjd2 ,codling-moth1 #bjf2 ,curculio1 #bac2 ,flat-headed borer1 #bjh2 ,fringed-wing bud moth1 #bae2 ,leaf-crumpler1 #bac2 ,leaf-roller1 #bac2 ,root-louse1 #bad2 ,round-headed borer1 #baj2 ,tent-caterpillar1 #bjf2 ,twig-borer1 #bad2 ,twig-girdler1 #bad2 ,twig-pruner1 #bad2 ,woolly aphis1 #bad2 ,worms1 #bja ,irrigation1 #abb1 #abd ,laws for orchardists1 #d ,orchard treatment1 by ,w4 ,d4 ,cellar1 #aid2 culture1 by ,james ,mc,nicol1 #aic ,packages1 #aig ,picking and packing1 by ,d4 ,s4 ,haines1 #aif sacks1 by ,f4 ,wellhouse1 #aif ,quantity in states exceeding ,kansas1 #i in ,kansas1 #i ,rabbits1 #ahh ,rabbit remedies1 #ahh1 #bag ,rabbit trap1 ,wellhouse1 #bag ,receipts for cooking apples3 ,apples1 baked1 #bai2 in bloom1 #bai2 with bread and milk1 #bai2 for breakfast1 #bai2 ,brown ,betty1 #bbb2 butter1 #bjb1 #bba2 canned1 #bbj2 compote1 #bbj2 and cream1 #bai2 ,dutch cake1 #bbb2 dumplings1 baked1 #adh1 #bbc2 dumplings1 steamed1 #bbc2 ,friar's omelet1 #bbb2 fried1 #bbc2 fritters1 #bbc2 jelly1 #bba2 pie1 #bbc2 preserves1 #bbj2 and rice pudding1 #bbb2 rose cream1 #bba2 sauce1 baked1 #bai2 sauce for goose1 #bbj2 sauce1 for pork1 #bbj2 sauce1 green1 #bbj2 scalloped1 #bbb2 stewed1 #bbj2 for the table1 #bah2 tapioca pudding1 #bba2 water1 for invalids1 #bbc ,secretary's summary of report1 #ahg ,sorting table1 #aif ,spraying1 #ahh ,spray mixture1 #abc ,state apple production1 #i ,time of apple blooming1 #i ,trees1 number in first district1 #db2 number in second district1 #aba2 number in third district1 #acc2 number in fourth district1 #aed ,varieties referred to in this book1 #ae ,voted list of apple varieties1 #ad ,vinegar1 #ej ,washes for borers1 #baj ,weight of apples1 #i ,wellhouse apple orchard1 #ac ,whole-root grafts1 #ahg ,windbreaks1 #ahg ,worms1 #bjd ,,reports ,,on ,,apple ,,culture4 ,,first ,,district--,,northeastern ,,counties4 ,atchison county3 ,brown1 ,henry ,l41 ,muscotah1 #aja2 ,gaylord1 ,j4 ,s41 ,muscotah1 #gc2 ,heath1 ,seneca1 ,muscotah1 #aaf2 ,rice1 ,h4 ,m41 ,muscotah1 #if2 ,tucker1 ,w4 ,h41 ,effingham1 #ia2 ,wilcox1 ,j4 ,b41 ,muscotah1 #ie ,brown county3 ,chase1 ,elbridge1 ,padonia1 #ih2 ,fairchild1 ,ernst1 ,hiawatha1 #aaj2 ,gregg1 ,john1 ,willis1 #aab2 ,hanson1 ,neils1 ,willis1 #aaa2 ,hewett1 ,j4 ,a41 ,hiawatha1 #ec2 ,penny1 ,h4 ,e41 ,hiawatha1 #hd2 ,wise1 ,geo4 ,t41 ,reserve1 #ie ,clay county3 ,arnold1 ,a4 ,d41 ,longford1 #gc2 ,cooper1 ,h4 ,c41 ,morgantown1 #ie2 ,macy1 ,i4 ,n41 ,longford1 #hf2 ,marty1 ,s41 ,longford1 #hc2 ,olsen1 ,theo41 ,green1 #ajj2 ,reed1 ,john1 ,oak ,hill1 #ajf2 ,sanders1 ,max1 ,broughton1 #aje2 ,wolf1 ,isaac ,e41 ,longford1 #aai ,cloud county3 ,domony1 ,s4 ,h41 ,aurora1 #ee2 ,howard1 ,p4 ,m41 ,clyde1 #ef2 ,kimmal1 ,levi1 ,concordia1 #aaf2 ,lawry1 ,james1 ,hollis1 #aaf2 ,mosher1 ,j4 ,b41 ,lawrenceburg1 #aah2 ,munger1 ,a41 ,hollis1 #fg2 ,travis1 ,j4 ,t41 ,aurora1 #hh2 ,walton1 ,reuben1 ,aurora1 #aad ,dickinson county3 ,barnes1 ,george ,r41 ,chapman1 #ajf2 ,bert1 ,samuel1 ,moonlight1 #gf2 ,dunlap1 ,james1 ,detroit1 #ec2 ,engle1 ,a4 ,m41 ,moonlight1 #ajg2 ,hoffman1 ,eli1 ,donegal1 #ij2 ,taylor1 ,t4 ,e41 ,pearl1 #ajh2 ,taylor1 ,j4 ,h41 ,rhinehart1 #aae ,doniphan county3 ,gurwell1 ,wm41 ,fanning1 #ge2 ,hazen1 ,j4 ,d41 ,leona1 #he2 ,montgomery1 ,robt41 ,troy1 #ed2 ,perry1 ,a41 ,troy1 #gb2 ,rea1 ,joseph ,c41 ,brenner1 #ij ,douglas county3 ,griesa1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lawrence1 #hg2 ,griesa1 ,a4 ,h41 ,lawrence1 #aac2 ,kern1 ,w4 ,d41 ,baldwin1 #gi2 ,reynolds1 ,samuel1 ,lawrence1 #dh ,franklin county3 ,brown1 ,david1 ,richmond1 #fe2 ,taylor1 ,isaac ,m41 ,richmond1 #aaa ,geary county3 ,cutter1 ,wm41 ,junction ,city1 #aab ,jackson county3 ,bateman1 ,j4 ,h41 ,holton1 #ih2 ,dixon1 ,f4 ,w41 ,holton1 #ed2 ,osborne1 ,r4 ,d41 ,soldier1 #gg2 ,williams1 ,j4 ,w41 ,holton1 #ha ,jefferson county3 ,atkinson1 ,j4 ,w41 ,perry1 #aji2 ,glaspey1 ,e4 ,m41 ,nortonville1 #ia2 ,gray1 ,e4 ,m41 ,perry1 #eh2 ,kleinhans1 ,a4 ,j41 ,grantville1 #aji2 ,miller1 ,lou1 ,perry1 #ge2 ,roberts1 ,h4 ,r41 ,perry1 #gh ,johnson county3 ,beckley1 ,j4 ,c41 ,spring ,hill1 #ga2 ,diehl1 ,e4 ,p41 ,olathe1 #ff ,leavenworth county3 ,barns1 ,d4 ,n41 ,leavenworth1 #hi2 ,gaiser1 ,c4 ,d41 ,lansing1 #aae2 ,goble1 ,francis1 ,leavenworth1 #fe2 ,henry1 ,william ,j41 ,lowemont1 #ib2 ,roach1 ,j4 ,h41 ,lowemont1 #gb2 ,starns1 ,j4 ,b41 ,fairmount1 #hi2 ,stayman1 ,dr4 ,j41 ,leavenworth1 #ei2 ,wellhouse1 ,walter1 ,topeka 7orchard in ,leavenworth county71 #db ,marshall county3 ,stout1 ,stephen1 ,axtell1 #ajc ,morris county3 ,harris1 ,f4 ,b41 ,white ,city1 #hb2 ,hathaway1 ,v4 ,e41 ,council ,grove1 #hc ,morris county3 ,robinson1 ,w4 ,h41 ,dunlap1 #aae2 ,sample1 ,john ,e41 ,beman1 #ea2 ,sharp1 ,james1 ,parkerville1 #hj2 ,swanson1 ,andrew1 ,dwight1 #ha ,nemaha county3 ,anderson1 ,t4 ,s41 ,oneida1 #hf2 ,oberndorf1 jr41 ,a41 ,centralia1 #ef2 ,riggs1 ,h4 ,c41 ,wetmore1 #if2 ,ruhlin1 ,j4 ,f41 ,wetmore1 #hi2 ,wilcox1 ,f4 ,w41 ,corning1 #aja2 ,williams1 ,james ,m41 ,home1 #id ,osage county3 ,dubois1 ,h41 ,burlingame1 #ajh2 ,ferris1 ,h4 ,l41 ,osage ,city1 #ee2 ,fine1 ,godfrey1 ,maxson1 #ii2 ,martindale1 ,c4 ,d41 ,scranton1 #df ,ottawa county3 ,morton1 ,howard1 ,tescott1 #hf2 ,steele1 ,j4 ,l41 ,minneapolis1 #hc ,pottawatomie county3 ,christenson1 ,n41 ,mariadahl1 #gh2 ,hanson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,olsburg1 #ia2 ,weltner1 ,m4 ,d41 ,westmoreland1 #hb ,republic county3 ,arbuthnot1 ,thos41 ,cuba1 #ig2 ,fulcomer1 ,john1 ,belleville1 #gd2 ,smith1 ,fayette ,a41 ,belleville1 #ic ,riley county3 ,anderson1 ,james1 ,leonardville1 #aja2 ,axleton1 ,a4 ,g41 ,randolph1 #hg2 ,griffing1 ,w4 ,j41 ,manhattan1 #di2 ,kimble1 ,sam41 ,manhattan1 #hh2 ,schermerhorn1 ,f4 ,a41 ,ogden1 #ajb2 ,spohr1 ,g4 ,e41 ,manhattan1 #gf2 ,warden1 ,chas41 ,leonardville1 #ib ,saline county3 ,jones1 ,h4 ,l41 ,salina1 #gg2 ,wilson1 ,james1 ,assaria1 #hj ,shawnee county3 ,bond1 ,william1 ,rossville1 #aac2 ,buckman1 ,a4 ,h41 ,topeka1 #fi2 ,buckman1 ,thomas1 ,topeka1 #aje2 ,cecil1 ,j4 ,f41 ,north ,topeka1 #id2 ,higgins1 ,e41 ,seabrook1 #ga2 ,lux1 ,phillip1 ,topeka1 #ic2 ,moore1 ,a4 ,c41 ,wanamaker1 #ajd ,wabaunsee county3 ,gardiner1 ,c4 ,c41 ,bradford1 #aai2 ,taylor1 ,c4 ,h41 ,eskridge1 #hg2 ,taylor1 ,p4 ,s41 ,eskridge1 #ig ,washington county3 ,avery1 ,j4 ,b41 ,clifton1 #he2 ,bedker1 ,theo41 ,linn1 #gd2 ,brown1 ,thomas1 ,palmer1 #aag2 ,campbell1 ,j4 ,c41 ,campbell1 #hd2 ,courter1 ,j4 ,a41 ,barnes1 #aag2 ,graves1 ,john1 ,day1 #ii2 ,houghton1 ,a4 ,e41 ,weltbote1 #dd2 ,sandy1 ,ed41 ,linn1 #aag2 ,seifert1 ,frank1 ,strawberry1 #hh2 ,spiers1 ,alexander1 ,linn1 #gd2 ,williamson1 ,dr4 ,chas41 ,washington1 #aaj2 ,wolverton1 ,e4 ,k41 ,barnes1 #eb2 ,wolverton1 ,jesse1 ,barnes1 #ii2 ,young1 ,william1 ,brantford1 #hd ,wyandotte county3 ,cellar1 ,w4 ,d41 ,edwardsville1 #aad2 ,chandler1 ,a41 ,argentine1 #ajc2 ,haines1 ,d4 ,s41 ,edwardsville1 #eh2 ,holsinger1 ,f41 ,rosedale1 #ea2 ,taylor1 ,edwin1 ,edwardsville1 #de ,,second ,,district--,,northwestern ,,counties4 ,cheyenne county3 ,campbell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,st4 ,francis1 #abe ,decatur county3 ,ashcroft1 ,l4 ,p41 ,shibboleth1 #abc2 ,caldwell1 ,j4 ,r41 ,oberlin1 #abd2 ,clark1 ,isaac1 ,oberlin1 #abf2 ,johnson1 ,p4 ,t41 ,oberlin1 #abh2 ,sales1 ,s4 ,h4 ,son1 ,norcatur1 #abg2 ,street1 ,w4 ,d41 ,oberlin1 #abd2 ,wagner1 ,p41 ,dresden1 #abi ,ellsworth county3 ,griffiths1 ,j4 ,d41 ,kanopolis1 #abe2 ,hudson ,bros41 ,kanopolis1 #acj2 ,somer1 ,j4 ,w41 ,wilson1 #abe ,gove county3 ,royer1 ,jesse1 ,gove1 #acb ,lincoln county3 ,baird1 ,william1 ,vesper1 #aba2 ,kroenlin1 ,john ,m4 ,c41 ,lincoln1 #abg2 ,noon1 ,peter1 ,vesper1 #abb2 ,weidman1 ,jacob1 ,lincoln1 #abc ,logan county3 ,david1 ,john ,e41 ,winona1 #abh ,mitchell county3 ,brumage1 ,w4 ,j41 ,beloit1 #abh2 ,elder1 ,john1 ,glen ,elder1 #abi2 ,perdue1 ,c4 ,a41 ,beloit1 #acj2 ,stockard1 ,w4 ,b41 ,beloit1 #abi ,norton county3 ,stevens1 ,d4 ,e41 ,norton1 #acb ,phillips county3 ,dutcher1 ,f4 ,t4 ,m41 ,phillipsburg1 #aca ,rawlins county3 ,williams1 ,james ,l41 ,mc,donald1 #abd2 ,wilson1 ,m4 ,a41 ,atwood1 #aca ,smith county3 ,wells1 ,m4 ,e41 ,athol1 #bf ,thomas county3 ,vail1 ,chas41 ,colby1 #acj ,trego county3 ,o',toole1 ,e4 ,w41 ,collyer1 #aca ,,third ,,district--,,southwestern ,,counties4 ,barber county3 ,blackmore1 ,a4 ,c41 ,sharon1 #acd2 ,daniels1 ,e4 ,t41 ,kiowa1 #acf2 ,huff1 ,a4 ,s41 ,sharon1 #adg2 ,leonhart1 ,b41 ,kiowa1 #adf2 ,osborne1 ,w4 ,g41 ,medicine ,lodge1 #adc2 ,pimm1 ,john1 ,enon1 #add2 ,white1 ,d4 ,d41 ,enon1 #acf ,barton county3 ,elliott1 ,geo4 ,t41 ,great ,bend1 #aec2 ,gunn1 ,c4 ,l41 ,heizer1 #adi2 ,johnson1 ,amos1 ,ellinwood1 #acg2 ,moore1 ,fred41 ,great ,bend1 #adc2 ,mc,cullough1 ,ben41 ,ellinwood1 #adf2 ,rediger1 ,jacob1 ,maherville1 #aeb ,comanche county3 ,hollenback1 ,g4 ,w41 ,coldwater1 #adh ,edwards county3 ,liggitt1 ,j4 ,s41 ,belpre1 #adg ,finney county3 ,craig1 ,james1 ,garden ,city1 #aea2 ,simon1 ,john1 ,garden ,city1 #aej ,ford county3 ,drake1 ,a4 ,s41 ,bucklin1 #adc2 ,mayrath1 ,nicholas1 ,dodge1 #aeb2 ,patterson1 ,a4 ,n41 ,ford1 #ace ,grant county3 ,miller1 ,henry1 ,ulysses1 #ace2 ,wilson1 ,m4 ,m41 ,zionville1 #aeb ,gray county3 ,emery1 ,j4 ,o41 ,cimarron1 #adf ,harper county3 ,bailey1 ,john1 ,harper1 #aea2 ,curran1 ,j4 ,c41 ,curran1 #ada2 ,jesseph1 ,h4 ,e41 ,danville1 #ada2 ,lewis1 ,joseph1 ,bluff ,city1 #add ,kearny county3 ,longstreth1 ,c4 ,h41 ,lakin1 #aci ,kiowa county3 ,einsel1 ,a4 ,d41 ,greensburg1 #ace2 ,reeve1 ,e4 ,f41 ,greensburg1 #adh ,kingman county3 ,albright1 ,j4 ,w41 ,julia1 #afi2 ,gosch1 ,john ,h41 ,norwich1 #ada2 ,leach1 ,l4 ,w41 ,kingman1 #ada ,lane county3 ,bradstreet1 ,d4 ,e41 ,dighton1 #adi ,meade county3 ,cox1 ,b4 ,f41 ,fowler1 #ade2 ,vick1 ,g4 ,o41 ,fowler1 #acd ,morton county3 ,morgan1 ,l4 ,g41 ,richfield1 #ach ,pawnee county3 ,dickinson1 ,s4 ,s41 ,larned1 #acg2 ,hansberry1 ,f4 ,f41 ,larned1 #ach ,pratt county3 ,ablard1 ,l4 ,l41 ,lawndale1 #adi2 ,everhart1 ,j4 ,t41 ,pratt1 #aea ,reno county3 ,bainum1 ,joseph1 ,langdon1 #adb2 ,hinds1 ,john1 ,olcott1 #ace2 ,morgan1 ,e41 ,hutchinson1 #aci ,myers1 ,dr4 ,james1 ,hutchinson1 #ade2 ,switzer1 ,a4 ,w41 ,hutchinson1 #adj ,rice county3 ,bohrer1 ,dr4 ,g41 ,chase1 #aej2 ,hodgson1 ,h4 ,clay1 ,little ,river1 #adi2 ,schlichter1 ,j4 ,b41 ,sterling1 #aec ,seward county3 ,jones1 ,sam41 ,springfield1 #adb ,scott county3 ,mc,neal1 ,d4 ,j41 ,scott1 #acc ,stevens county3 ,hockett1 ,thomas ,e41 ,hugoton1 #aeb ,,fourth ,,district--,,southeastern ,,counties4 ,anderson county3 ,simon1 ,ebert1 ,welda1 #ahf ,bourbon county3 ,bailey1 ,s4 ,h41 ,uniontown1 #afh2 ,hall1 ,f4 ,s41 ,fulton1 #ahd2 ,saxe1 ,j4 ,b41 ,fort ,scott1 #aga ,butler county3 ,diemurt1 ,chas41 ,murdock1 #age2 ,garrison1 ,s4 ,f4 ,c41 ,el ,dorado1 #aga2 ,price1 ,william1 ,el ,dorado1 #agc2 ,snyder1 ,wm41 ,towanda1 #aed ,chase county3 ,gamer1 ,mike1 ,strong ,city1 #aff2 ,may1 ,dick1 ,elk1 #agf2 ,pflager1 ,chas4 ,f41 ,elk1 #afg ,chautauqua county3 ,burden1 ,william1 ,leeds1 #ahf2 ,ellison1 ,j41 ,chautauqua1 #agg2 ,goodell1 ,j4 ,w41 ,sedan1 #aei2 ,guest1 ,t4 ,h41 ,grafton1 #aeh2 ,hart1 ,john1 ,sedan1 #afe2 ,helmick1 ,jason1 ,cloverdale1 #aei2 ,house1 ,j4 ,k4 ,p41 ,cloverdale1 #ahe2 ,rhodes1 ,g4 ,w41 ,lowe1 #aei2 ,smith1 ,w4 ,n41 ,brownsville1 #afc ,cherokee county3 ,dennison1 ,a4 ,s41 ,columbus1 #afa2 ,haines1 ,l4 ,j41 ,galena1 #agj2 ,neil1 ,henry1 ,weir1 #aha2 ,seibert1 ,d4 ,c41 ,columbus1 #afb2 ,smith1 ,thomas ,w41 ,baxter ,springs1 #afg ,coffey county3 ,brown1 ,s4 ,b41 ,waverly1 #agf2 ,kendrick1 ,c4 ,l41 ,waverly1 #afi2 ,mark1 ,r4 ,n41 ,strawn1 #ahd2 ,schenck1 ,geo41 ,le ,roy1 #afg2 ,weatherby1 ,s4 ,s41 ,le ,roy1 #agd ,cowley county3 ,bilsing1 ,j4 ,h41 ,udall1 #ahc2 ,keller1 ,johnson1 ,arkansas ,city1 #afb2 ,savage1 ,f4 ,m41 ,burden1 #age2 ,wahlenmaier1 ,fred41 ,arkansas ,city1 #aef ,crawford county3 ,french1 ,w4 ,m41 ,chicopee1 #ahd ,elk county3 ,condra1 ,h4 ,a41 ,longton1 #aeg ,greenwood county3 ,barngrover1 ,w4 ,m41 ,hamilton1 #ahj ,harvey county3 ,hackney1 ,j4 ,s41 ,walton1 #afd2 ,lehman1 ,david1 ,halstead1 #ahj2 ,saltzman1 ,a4 ,j41 ,burrton1 #agj ,labette county3 ,hildreth1 ,c4 ,e41 ,altamont1 #afc2 ,hildreth1 ,geo4 ,a41 ,altamont1 #afa2 ,sanford1 ,n41 ,oswego1 #agg2 ,wickersham1 ,c4 ,g41 ,parsons1 #agh ,linn county3 ,cozad1 ,d4 ,w41 ,la ,cygne1 #agi2 ,fleeharty1 ,w4 ,m41 ,la ,cygne1 #ahb ,lyon county3 ,beavers1 ,e4 ,o41 ,ottumwa1 #agf2 ,chambers1 ,a4 ,d41 ,hartford1 #afj2 ,cochran1 ,j4 ,t41 ,ottumwa1 #aha2 ,walters1 ,w4 ,t41 ,emporia1 #afh ,marion county3 ,fraser1 ,d4 ,j41 ,peabody1 #aah2 ,mc,nicol1 ,james1 ,lost ,springs1 #aff1 #aic ,mc,pherson county3 ,heckethorn1 ,o4 ,w41 ,mc,pherson1 #agi ,montgomery county3 ,bowen1 ,p4 ,c41 ,cherryvale1 #afd2 ,good1 ,jacob1 ,coffeyville1 #aia2 ,kenoyer1 ,f4 ,l41 ,independence1 #ahb2 ,mullineaux1 ,j4 ,a41 ,cherryvale1 #agd2 ,ross1 ,j4 ,c41 ,havana1 #ahe ,neosho county3 ,gardner1 ,w4 ,w41 ,chanute1 #ahj2 ,record1 ,o4 ,m41 ,thayer1 #age ,sedgwick county3 ,ayers1 ,g4 ,k41 ,furley1 #aef2 ,lawrence1 ,r4 ,e41 ,wichita1 #agd ,sumner county3 ,adams1 ,d4 ,m41 ,rome1 #agc ,wilson county3 ,burnett1 ,f4 ,h41 ,benedict1 #ahc2 ,graham1 ,r4 ,o41 ,altoona1 #aee2 ,magill1 ,john ,a41 ,roper1 #aha2 ,roney1 ,b41 ,benedict1 #afj ,woodson county3 ,davidson1 ,c4 ,r41 ,yates ,center1 #aef2 ,lovett1 ,l4 ,l41 ,toronto1 #add2 ,mann1 ,a4 ,b41 ,toronto1 #agi ,transcriber's ,notes ,subscripts that appeared in chemical formulas have simply been replaced with the regular character in the text version4 ,thus the water is ,h#b,o4 ,mixed fractions in the text version have been represented with a hyphen separating the whole and fractional parts4 ,thus two and five eighths is #b-e_/h4 ,there was no table of contents in the original2 ,i added a short one for the reader's convenience4 ,changed 'horticulural' to 'horticultural' on page #d3 horticultural societies4 ,changed ',co,o' 7cobalt oxide7 to ',ca,o' 7calcium oxide7 in header of table on page #g4 ,the numbers in table ,no4 #a on page #i only add to #ig lbs4 ,i left them as is4 ,a good guess would be that water should be #he4ff lbs4 ,changed '#di-e_/i' to '#de-e_/i' to correct the arithmetic on page #i3 averaging #de-e_/i pounds per barrel4 ,the last two lines of text on page #aa1 like this3 ,one barrel ,ben ,davis1 #c4hj2 freight1 #a4ce2 commission1 #bj cents2 net proceeds1 #b4be4 ,this is supposing they should reach the other side loose41 apparently belong on page #ab4 ,they were moved after ,a report of sales would read something4 ,the acreages for the ,wellhouse orchards don't add up right on page #ad1 but ,i just left them as is4 ,on pages #bi and #cj1 there are two varieties both called ,haas4 ,i've left them as is4 ,changed 'greet' to 'great' on page #dj3 on a great variety of soils4 ,changed ',average' to ',acreage' in table on page #db to be consistent with other tables3 ,acreage1 about4 ,changed 'caterpiller' to 'caterpillar' on page #dc3 canker-worm and tent-caterpillar4 ,changed 'successfuly' to 'successfully' on page #dc3 never successfully combated4 ,changed ',kanses' to ',kansas' on page #dh3 suitable for ,kansas4 ,changed 'togther' to 'together' on page #dh3 two furrows together4 ,left 'oak plant sixteen feet long' on page #eb1 although ,i suspect the author meant 'plank'4 ,changed 'wifh' to 'with' on page #eh3 with a knife4 ,changed 'occassion' to 'occasion' on page #fc3 had no occasion4 ,changed 'caterpiller' to 'caterpillar' on page #ff3 canker-worm1 tent-caterpillar1 bud moth4 ,removed extra word 'of' on page #fg3 amount of water4 ,changed 'staight' to 'straight' on page #fi3 set them up straight4 ,changed 'paris' to ',paris' on page #gb3 ,london purple and ,paris green4 ,changed comma to period on page #ge3 planted two rods apart around orchard4 ,changed ',domine' to ',dominie' on page #ge3 ,early ,harvest and ,dominie4 ,changed 'spliting' to 'splitting' on page #gf3 keep from splitting4 ,changed 'caterpillas' to 'caterpillars' on page #ha3 the tent caterpillars4 ,changed comma to period on page #ha3 ,winesap and ,rawle's ,janet keep best4 ,added comma on page #hb3 ,westmoreland1 ,pottawatomie county4 ,changed 'mixure' to 'mixture' on page #hf3 with ,bordeaux mixture4 ,changed 'empyting' to 'emptying' on page #hi3 emptying into bushel boxes4 ,removed extra period at end of sentence on page #ic3 with ,london purple4 ,changed 'fell' to 'fall' on page #id3 fall web-worm4 ,removed extra word 'the' on page #ajb3 all the way down4 ,removed extra word 'out' on page #ajd3 twenty out of twenty-four4 ,left the text ,i plant potatoes or sweet corn in a bearing orchard on page #aaf1 although it seems more likely that non-bearing was intended4 ,changed 'filed' to 'filled' on page #abb3 filled with sweet water4 ,removed extra word 'a' between ',i' and 'plow' on page #abd3 ,i plow shallow4 ,changed 'stable-litter' to 'stable litter' on page #abi3 with stable litter4 ,changed 'north-east' to 'northeast' on page #abi for spelling consistency3 a northeast slope4 ,removed repeated word 'for' on page #ada3 wind does it for me4 ,changed period to semi-colon on page #adc3 plant nothing24 ,changed 'nor' to 'not' on page #adc3 ,do not spray4 ,changed 'caterpiller' to 'caterpillar' on page #add3 tent-caterpillar and borers4 ,removed extra hyphen after 'in' on page #adf3 in the orchard4 ,changed comma to period to end sentence on page #aee3 in the order named44 ,changed ',tomkins' to ',tompkins' on page #aee3 ,king of ,tompkins ,county4 ,changed 'thing' to 'think' on page #afd3 think it advisable4 ,changed 'culivator' to 'cultivator' on page #afg3 plow and cultivator4 ,changed comma to period to end sentence on page #afg3 they thin themselves44 ,changed 'windbreake' to 'windbreaks' on page #agj3 windbreaks are essential4 ,changed 'nothwest' to 'northwest' on page #agj3 northwest aspect4 ,changed 'two-year old' to 'two-year-old' on page #aga3 two-year-old medium-sized trees4 ,also on page #agd3 prefer two-year-old trees4 ,changed comma to period to end sentence on page #agf3 repack stored apples before marketing44 ,inserted hyphen on page #agi3 codling-moth4 ,changed 'yearss' to 'years' on page #ahd3 eighteen years4 ,removed extra word 'a' on page #ahg3 a couple of inches4 ,changed 'cornstalks' to 'corn-stalks' on page #ahh to be consistent with all other spellings3 the ever-present corn-stalks4 ,removed extra word 'of' on page #ahi3 part of the risk4 ,changed garbled text 'o beet nasily see' to 'to be easily seen' on page #aif4 ,changed 'figures #c and #e' to 'figures #c a and b' on page #bjd to match up with the figures4 ,the caption for figure #d on page #bje is missing the explanation for figures c and d4 ,changed 'coccoon' to 'cocoon' on page #bjf3 spin a cocoon4 ,removed extra word 'a' between 'one' and 'at' on page #bbj3 one at time into the jar4 ,changed ',domine' to ',dominie' on page #bbe3 ,dominie1 #ci4 ,changed ',burrto' to ',burrton' on page #bbi3 ,saltzman1 ,a4 ,j41 ,burrton4 ,kept both 'leaf-crumpler' and 'leaf-crumbler'1 though ,i suspect the different writers meant the same insect4 ,kept inconsistent spelling of ',axelton' and ',axleton'2 'bagworm' and 'bag-worm'2 ',belleflower'1 ',bell-flower' and ',bellflower'2 ',christensen' and ',christenson'2 ',domony' and ',domoney'2 ',gennetting'1 ',genneting' and ',gennettan'2 ,grimes' and ,grimes's2 'jackknife' and 'jack-knife'2 ',lovett' and ',lovette'2 ',mc,cullogh' and ',mc,cullough'2 ',morganville' and ',morgantown'2 ',nonsuch' and ',nonesuch'2 ',pippin' and ',pippen'2 'pollenizer' and 'pollinator'2 'round-headed' and 'roundheaded'2 ',sayles' and ',sales'2 'soap-suds' and 'soapsuds'2 ',spitzenburg' and ',spitzenberg'2 ',vandevere' and ',vandervere'4 ,for ,,ascii version1 replaced ,section ,sign 7,u#jj;,a#g7 with ',sect4'2 replaced ,multiplication ,sign 7,u#jj;,d#g7 with lowercase 'x'2 replaced ,latin ,small ,letter ,,ae 7,u#jj;,e#f7 with 'ae'2 and replaced ,latin ,small ,letter ,e ,with ,acute 7,u#jj;,e#i7 with 'e'4