,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices--,,part ,i1 ,no4 #c4 ,,type ,,cases ,,and ,,composing-,,room ,,furniture ,a ,,primer ,,of ,,information ,,about ,,type ,,cases1 ,,work ,,stands1 ,,cabinets1 ,,case ,,racks1 ,,galley ,,racks1 ,,standing ,,galleys1 c4 ,,compiled ,,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,stewart ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 ,composition and ,electrotypes contributed by ,the ,blanchard ,press ,new ,york ,,contents ,,page ,,introductory #e ,,early ,,type ,,cases #i ,,sizes ,,of ,,type ,,cases #aa ,,structure ,,of ,,type ,,cases #ab ,,cases ,,for ,,various ,,purposes #ad ,,compositor',s ,,work ,,stands #af ,,case ,,stands ,,and ,,racks #ah ,,the ,,modern ,,type ,,cabinet #bj ,,iron ,,case ,,brackets #bb ,,wood ,,runs ,,and ,,steel ,,runs #bd ,,extension ,,fronts ,,and ,,backs #be ,,furniture ,,racks #bf ,,special ,,cabinets #bh ,,review ,,questions #cj ,,glossary #cb ,,introductory ,the essential articles of furniture in a modern composing room may be classified broadly1 omitting obvious details for the present1 under the following heads3 #a4 ,,cases for type for general composition2 for borders1 type ornaments1 accented letters1 fractions1 extra sorts1 etc41 and for engraved plates1 and electrotypes2 for spaces and quads1 brass rules1 leads1 slugs1 metal furniture and large spacing material1 and for wood type4 ,also cases in special cabinets for printed specimens1 paper samples1 etc4 #b4 ,,work ,,stands ,,and ,,cabinets--,open wooden frames with or without racks1 to hold cases on top2 made single or double2 with working top4 ,cabinets1 with working top1 holding cases1 enclosed on sides and back2 made single1 double1 or triple size4 ,cabinets are made of pressed steel as well as of hard wood4 #c4 ,,cabinets ,,and ,,storage ,,racks ,,for ,,cases--,in addition to the racks in working stands and cabinets1 there are standing racks1 cabinets 7flat top for holding miscellaneous articles or material1 and galley top for temporary storage of live or dead matter71 etc4 #d4 ,,galley ,,cabinets ,,and ,,racks--,these are to hold galley matter waiting return of proofs1 or for pages made up and waiting to be locked up for electro foundry or for the pressroom4 ,they may be placed in any convenient place1 or are sometimes in movable form to be taken from composing or correcting stands to the make-up stand or imposing table4 #e4 ,,furniture ,,racks ,,and ,,cabinets--,for labor-saving fonts of reglet1 wood furniture1 soft metal or steel furniture1 etc4 #f4 ,,standing ,,galleys--,these are stands with inclined tops divided sometimes horizontally and sometimes perpendicularly into narrow columns1 for holding live or dead standing matter--usually the latter awaiting distribution4 ,the lower part of the frame is usually provided with racks for cases1 letter-boards1 galleys1 or other storage facilities4 #g4 ,,imposing ,,tables--,large flat surfaces upon which pages and forms are imposed and locked up for electrotype molding or prepared for the press4 ,these consist of polished marble slabs on strong frames or tables1 with drawer for quoins1 etc41 and also furnished below with galley racks1 receptacles for wood or metal furniture1 letter-boards1 chase racks1 etc4 ,the more common modern imposing tables are made of steel1 on iron frames1 with the lower parts fitted for the storage of material used in locking up forms4 #h4 ,,proofing ,,apparatus--,proof planer and mallet1 galley press1 hand press1 modern curved-surface machines1 automatic proofing machines1 self-feeding and self-inking4 ,these also include proof rollers1 ink tables1 shelves for proof paper1 and receptacles for benzine or other type-washing liquids4 ,in addition to the foregoing brief summary there are numerous other items of composing-room equipment1 large and small1 provided for the particular needs of the work carried on in the place4 ,many of these items1 however1 are not in extensive use1 as in many places the needs they would serve might not warrant the expense of their installation4 ,the specialties of the printing industry nowadays affect the composing-room as well as the other departments4 ,a particular article which is useful and profitable in one place may be quite superfluous and an unnecessary expense in another4 ,the kind and quantity of the work done in any workroom usually governs the kind and the extent of the equipment provided--making allowance always for the customary variation in individual judgment and the proprietor's ability to purchase4 ,there is a wide range of choice from a plain wooden double stand with two pairs of cases1 at which two persons may work1 costing six to ten dollars1 to a latest pattern steel working cabinet1 also providing for only two workers1 costing one hundred dollars1 or even more4 ,there are1 however1 certain articles and facilities fundamentally necessary to carry on the work of a composing room4 ,the particular form of these--whether simple and inexpensive or elaborate and costly--is a question for the proprietor or manager to consider4 ,the articles of furniture classified under items #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e and #f1 in the foregoing list1 are those treated in this book2 those referred to in item #g1 ,imposing ,tables and ,lock-,up ,appliances1 being considered in a separate volume 7,no4 #d74 ,proof ,presses1 item #h1 are also treated in a separate book 7,no4 #e74 ,,composing-,,room ,,furniture ,early ,type ,cases ,probably the first article which ,gutenberg and his co-workers provided1 after their types were cast1 was a tray with small compartments for holding the various letters of the font1 so that each letter1 as it was required for composing1 could be readily selected4 ,there may not have been a composing stick used at first1 it is reasonable to suppose1 as it was quite feasible for the types to be assembled in lines directly into the frames in which they were held during the printing4 ,a case in which to hold the type1 however1 was a first and obvious necessity4 ,the early type cases are shown in pictures of the time as made of a single tray containing all the characters of the font and resting in a slanting position on a rude frame or horse1 at which the compositor is usually seated4 ,all the boxes of the case are represented as of the same size1 which probably was not the fact even in early practice any more than it is today4 ,early designers and artists no doubt overlooked or ignored what they considered an unimportant detail1 just as today they often persist in misrepresenting the true outline of the printer's lower-case4 ,one does not need to take much thought or to have much experience to understand that in all printed languages some characters are used more than others and therefore more types of these letters and larger boxes to hold them should be provided4 ,for a long time the large single case with boxes for the entire list of characters was used1 and these are still common in many ,european composing rooms4 ,in ,english and ,american workshops1 however1 the pair of cases1 one above the other1 for many years has been the rule for large fonts in book and news work4 ,these cases1 being smaller and holding but a part of the font1 are more convenient for storing and for moving from place to place about the room as they are needed for use4 ,the cases described by ,moxon in #afhc are in pairs1 and the arrangement of the letters in the lower case1 as shown in his illustrations1 bear a close similarity to the plan of ,english cases of today4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,early ,type ,case4 ,early ,american cases came from ,england and naturally they conformed to the customs of the time and place of origin4 ,probably in no other important particular has the tendency of printers to hold to past methods been more strongly emphasized than in their refusal to adopt any important change in the style of the most used type cases and the arrangement of the types in the boxes4 ,force of habit and dislike for innovation have kept practically unchanged for two and a half centuries the relative positions of the chief characters in the case4 ,at the same time there has been universal acknowledgment that the adoption of some of the suggested improvements would add greatly to convenience and economy2 and further1 that many of these improvements could be adopted with an effort and expense so small as to be out of all proportion to the advantages obtained4 ,sizes of ,type ,cases ,the standard type case of today is #cb-a_/d inches wide1 as it lies on the work-stand1 and #af-e_/h inches--or slightly more than one half of the width--from the front to the back or upper edge4 ,the usual depth of the outside frame is #a-c_/h inches1 the minor inside partitions being slightly lower than the outside frame and middle crossbar1 thus making the normal depth of the boxes approximately #a inch4 ,these dimensions vary only by fractions of an inch from those given by ,moxon1 and they seem to have been quite uniformly adhered to as an acceptable size for printers' cases4 ,other sizes of cases1 however1 have been made and quite commonly used during the last half century4 ,those now listed in the dealers' catalogs are known as three-quarter size 7#bf-a_/b inches wide by #af-e_/h inches front to back7 and two-third size 7#ba-c_/d by #af-e_/h inches74 ,there is also another size known as the ,rooker case1 used to some extent in newspaper composing rooms1 the dimensions being #bh-a_/b x #ad inches1 which is about one-fifth smaller than the standard case4 ,it holds nearly the same quantity of the smaller sizes of type and has the advantage of occupying less room4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b-;a4 ,upper ,case4,a ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b-;b4 ,lower ,case4 ,when printing offices employed but few workmen and there was small equipment1 the need for economizing space did not seem a pressing one4 ,large cases with small fonts1 and open-frame working stands with few or no racks or shelves for storage of extra material1 were not considered extravagant so long as the original cost was small4 ,the employment of larger numbers of workmen1 however1 and the consequent additional equipment of cases1 with racks1 cabinets1 imposing tables1 and other facilities concentrated in city buildings where the cost of rent1 light1 heat1 etc41 is high and constantly increasing1 have made the utilization of waste space a matter of urgent necessity4 ,the three-quarter1 two-third cases1 and even smaller sizes1 which can be kept in smaller racks and cabinets1 have therefore been found convenient in many places1 but these must be provided with suitable racks or cabinets of the proper size4 ,the smaller cases are sufficient to hold many of the usual small fonts1 as well as the ordinary auxiliary material1 like type borders1 ornaments1 small electros1 etc4 ,small cases1 with their lesser weight of contents in type metal1 often give distinct advantage in the ease with which they may be handled4 ,a ,in many composing-rooms the fractions and commercial signs are not now kept in the regular cases1 but in special cases apart from the font4 ,structure of ,type ,cases ,type cases are made of wood thoroughly seasoned to prevent as much as possible any shrinking after they are finished and have remained for some time in the usually dry air of a composing room4 ,it is not so common a custom now1 as it was formerly1 to sponge type on the galley before distributing and to allow the surplus water to flow into the case1 thus subjecting parts of the case to excessive dampness4 ,the old type cases1 under such careless usage1 were quickly warped and cracked4 ,the splitting of the bottom and the separation of the partitions allowed small types to drop out and to shift under the partitions4 ,these defects were partially overcome by papering the bottoms of the boxes1 the proper accomplishment of which was at one time considered a part of the compositor's duty4 ,the modern ,american type case is better made than its predecessors1 being so far superior in several essential particulars as to be a distinct achievement in factory woodwork4 ,a type case1 with #di to #ajj or more small boxes1 is not a simple thing to make by hand labor4 ,while the making of the outside frame and the bottom involve no special difficulties1 the box partitions and their proper fastening to each other and to the bottom of the case require patience and skill4 ,only a highly developed system of specialization could provide the cases of today at the prevailing cost4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,section ,showing ,triple-,veneer ,bottom of ,case4 ,the bottom of the old-time case warped and split easily because it was made of a single thin board4 ,the modern case has a bottom made of three-ply wood1 the middle layer having the grain across that of the other two4 7,fig4 #c47 ,these three layers are thoroughly glued together and the upper side is smoothly covered with a strong paper before the partitions are fastened to the bottom4 ,the common styles of case have a strong bar of the same thickness as the outside frame across the middle4 ,in several styles there are two or even more crossbars4 ,these crossbars serve not only to divide the main sections of boxes1 but they also act as strong braces to which the bottoms are fastened1 giving greater rigidity to the entire case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,detail of ,type ,case1 showing at ,a how bottom is fitted to side frame4 ,the bottom of the case is fitted into a groove made in the outside frame1 so that it cannot be easily separated4 ,this groove being slightly higher than the lower face of the side frame1 upon which the case slides back and forth in the rack1 keeps the bottom up far enough to allow it to pass clear of the runs1 or of any case or shelf below4 ,the partitions are made by strips across the full width of each section of the case from outer frame to outer frame or to crossbar4 ,the strips are crossed at the corners of the boxes by mortising each piece one half of its depth at the proper place--one from above and the other from below--and dovetailing the cross pieces together4 7,fig4 #d47 ,the corners of the boxes are then re-enforced by brass clasps made to fit over the top of the partitions and held by a long pin driven down through the dovetailed partitions and clinched at the bottom of the case4 7,see ,fig4 #e474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,clasp and ,pin ,fastening at corners of boxes in modern type case4 ,cases for ,various ,purposes ,while wooden cases are used by printers chiefly for holding type fonts1 they are now also used for a large variety of auxiliary material which it is necessary to keep more or less carefully classified in convenient containers4 ,the increasing quantities and varieties of this material now needed in an average composing-room make convenient receptacles and orderly1 systematic arrangement a necessity if the work is to be carried on without excessive waste4 ,in no other trade is there a greater multiplicity of details to be considered in order to obtain a finished product1 and a thoughtless1 unnecessary waste of time1 effort1 or material in attending to these details adds enormously to the expense of the product4 ,and so it is becoming the practice of good managers to use cases more abundantly than formerly and to store them in convenient racks and cabinets1 so that this large mass of material may be kept classified and may be obtained quickly when needed4 ,besides the ordinary pair of upper case and lower case1 many styles of single cases are made to hold a complete font of capitals1 lower case1 figures1 points1 etc41 and others are planned to hold small capitals in addition4 ,some are made for fonts of capitals1 figures1 and points only2 some for figures only 7especially for time-tables and tabular work71 for fractions1 accented letters1 special characters and sorts1 for leaders1 type borders and ornaments1 etc4 ,a large variety of cases are planned for labor-saving fonts of brass rule4 ,others are made especially for spaces and quads1 for leads and slugs1 and for metal furniture4 ,these are made in many sizes1 from the small space-and-rule case1 #e inches by #f-a_/d inches1 which can be placed beside the compositor's galley1 up to the mammoth metal furniture case1 #ah inches by #gb inches1 covering a space equal to the top of a double stand4 ,dealers' catalogs now show from seventy-five to a hundred or more different kinds of cases for printers' use4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,italic ,case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,new ,york ,job ,case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,triple ,case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,greek ,case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,space and ,quad ,case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,lead and ,slug ,case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,wood ,type ,case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,metal ,furniture ,case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,wood ,type ,case1 with cross bar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,blank ,case for electrotypes4 ,compositor's ,work ,stands ,primarily a working case-stand for a compositor serves two purposes4 ,it should hold the cases in a position where he can work with reasonable comfort1 and it should be fitted to contain the necessary material for his immediate use4 ,for the first purpose the height of the case1 working top1 or shelf1 should conform approximately to a level that will be comfortable for the individual workman4 ,a tall man may work easily at a case which would be too high for the comfort of an apprentice1 and a case at the right elevation for one below the average height would cause a habit of tiresome1 if not unhealthful1 stooping in a tall person4 ,it often happens in some places that such conditions may not be adjusted without some bother1 and an uncomfortable temporary position may not be a serious matter for very brief periods4 ,the tendency in well-managed workrooms1 however1 is to remedy such improper situations and not to permit workmen to work habitually under conditions which may be easily improved4 ,the height of a compositor and his frame1 said an early authority among printers1 should be so adjusted that his right elbow may just clear the front of the lower case by the a box1 without the smallest elevation of the shoulder2 and this seems a wise general rule to observe4 ,when the type case is placed at a height at which the compositor may stand erect before it1 the boxes are more readily reached by the hand if the back of the case is at a slight elevation4 ,a case lying perfectly flat must be somewhat lower1 in relation to the compositor's arms1 than when it is resting at an inclination1 in order to take types from it with the same facility4 ,consequently the custom is to place working cases and working tops or shelves at an inclination upward from the front to the back4 ,this inclination serves also as the most convenient kind of a rest for galleys upon which loose lines of composed matter are handled4 ,lines of small type will not stand upright without support of some kind1 even on a perfectly level1 smooth1 rigid surface4 ,the universal custom1 therefore1 is to place galleys of type matter in a slanting position1 so that the ends of the lines will be higher and all the matter will rest firmly against the lower rim of the galley4 ,a galley in this slanting position1 with the first letter in the line resting against the lower rim and the words reading upward1 is the safest and most practicable manner in which to make corrections1 lift out or insert whole lines singly or in groups1 or to handle types generally in certain difficult composition1 making-up pages1 etc4 ,after the pages are tied up or surrounded by side supports in some manner they may be conveniently handled on a level surface4 ,ordinary linotyped matter1 which consists of a single piece for each line of words1 and consequently is not liable to pi1 may be1 and usually is1 handled throughout on level tables2 but types are easily and safely handled only when they may be placed against the lower rim of an inclined galley4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,compositor's ,work ,stand--,front ,side4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,compositor's ,work ,stand--,rear ,view4 ,case ,stands and ,racks ,a simple and inexpensive working stand to hold type cases for composing is that shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,this is made of wood and has a rack in the lower part for holding extra cases4 ,it will be noticed that because the rack is wide enough to take the full-size case1 the top of the stand is several inches wider than the case1 and the side frames are therefore too far apart to support the ends of the case4 ,to enable the cases to be held safely1 an extra arm is placed inside near the side frame to hold one end of the case4 ,the surplus space beside the working cases is usually furnished with a sloping shelf or narrow galley rest convenient for holding a galley1 leads1 or other articles1 thus allowing the case to be kept clear for composing4 7,see ,fig4 #ai47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,single ,stand ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,iron ,case ,stand with ,galley ,rest on side4 ,a rack used to hold cases that are not often used is shown in ,fig4 #bb4 ,racks of this kind are made in different sizes to hold ten to thirty cases1 and in double tiers to hold forty to sixty cases4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,double ,stand with ,galley ,rest between working cases4 ,tall racks which hold cases too high to be reached comfortably by a person standing on the floor are not to be commended4 ,while they may occupy less floor space and because of this seem to be an advantage where there are a great many cases that are seldom used1 this advantage is usually more than offset by their disadvantages4 ,the upper cases are difficult to handle and are liable to be pied4 ,if the tall racks are near a window they obstruct the light4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,double ,stand for tier of full size cases and tier of two-third cases4 ,a double stand of similar character to ,fig4 #ah is shown in ,fig4 #ba1 in which the space below is fully utilized for two racks1 one for full-size cases and the other for two-third cases4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,case ,rack ,many foremen do not approve the small size cases for type in common use1 preferring to have all the cases of a standard size1 so that they may fit the regular racks and stands and be interchangeable throughout the department4 ,to provide for this1 double stands are made which have a double tier of racks for full size cases1 as shown in ,fig4 #bj4 ,this double stand has the extra space on the top utilized by a narrow galley shelf in the middle between the inclined case supports4 ,another class of wooden case-stands is made with the frame having a flat top or table upon which is fastened a set of iron brackets to hold the working cases in an inclined position4 ,these styles are illustrated in ,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,double ,stand with working cases held on iron brackets4 ,the ,modern ,type ,cabinet ,the closed-in cabinet is the modern plan for a compositor's working stand and for holding cases of type in common use4 ,this is a frame or stand enclosed at the sides and back to exclude dust and debris from the cases4 ,the case runs are thin 7often of steel7 and close together and the fronts of the cases are made with extra high rims1 so that when all are pushed into place they present a closed front also4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,adman ,cabinet has equipment for two compositors1 supply of leads and slugs and assortment of materials such as brass and copper thin spaces and quads4 ,the printer's cabinet is now made in a multiplicity of styles and in several sizes4 ,the frames are usually of hard wood1 but during the past few years they have been made of pressed steel4 ,usually they provide for one or more tiers of standard wooden cases for type1 etc4 ,some of the latest patterns combine in one structure racks for type cases and facilities for holding assortments of the various kinds of material which a compositor ordinarily uses1 with provision for some special material1 as well as ample working space for galleys1 etc4 ,they are planned to concentrate the frequently used material near to the compositor's hands1 to enable him to save the time occupied in going from place to place about the room4 ,the old-style working stand or cabinet as illustrated in ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 usually made it necessary for a workman to stand directly in front of a number of cases which he rarely used but which might be frequently used by other compositors4 ,in small workshops this arrangement offers no inconvenience and there need be little loss of time or patience among courteous fellow workmen4 ,in large departments1 however1 especially where floor space is pretty fully occupied and the working spaces are narrow1 a permanent workstand directly over a group of cases that are frequently used by several persons has been found to be an annoying and time-wasting arrangement4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,double ,city ,stand with working cases and case racks4 ,note that the lower case may be pushed up when necessary to allow access to galley underneath4 ,about thirty years ago a radical change of this practice was proposed1 and is now being gradually adopted for modern equipments4 ,this plan places the working stand on one side of the cabinet and the case rack on the other side1 so that there is freer access to cases by all workmen4 ,the original styles of these stands and cabinets were called ,polhemus1 after a ,new ,york printer1 ,john ,polhemus1 who arranged his composing-room in this manner4 ,the case-front side of the cabinet is provided with a galley top for holding standing matter1 etc41 while the opposite side 7the closed-in back of the case rack7 is surmounted with brackets for type cases1 galley shelf1 etc41 and is used as the working stand4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,polhemus ,cabinet1 case rack and galley top4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,polhemus ,cabinet1 working side1 lower case on tilting brackets4 ,polhemus cabinets 7,figs4 #bf and #bg7 and others embodying this plan have been made in a variety of sizes--single1 double1 and triple cabinets1 the larger sizes providing for galley racks and sorts drawers1 as well as the three tiers of type cases4 ,iron ,case ,brackets ,the cast-iron case brackets used on flat-top wooden cabinets and case racks are made in a variety of styles4 ,they have advantages over the case supports formed by the top of side frames of the old style wooden stands shown in ,fig4 #ba1 in that they allow use of the space below the cases1 and provide a more convenient placing of the upper case4 ,the style of bracket shown on the stands illustrated in ,figs4 #bc and #cj allows the upper case to be brought nearer to the front1 making it easier to reach all the boxes and yet leave ample room to get at the upper boxes of the lower case4 ,the stand or cabinet may be placed close against a wall or other frame1 as the upper case does not overhang at the back4 ,the position of the inclined working cases on top may be fixed at any desired place on the top of the cabinet by changing the position of the brackets4 ,one style of bracket 7,fig4 #bi7 is made to fasten to the extreme fore edge of the shelf1 this bringing the front of the lower case out beyond the front line of the cabinet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,window ,cabinet1 for two compositors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,case ,cabinet with iron brackets for working cases on top4 ,a number of years ago a tilting bracket 7shown in ,figs4 #bg and #bh7 for the lower case was introduced and this has been used to some extent4 ,the ostensible advantage of this is to allow the lower case to be tilted up from the front so that easier access is given to a galley shelf or other space under the case4 ,this is a convenience in some instances1 but the unstable nature of the case support is liable to be a disadvantage2 a full case suddenly tilted is likely to cause types to be thrown into adjoining boxes2 or a galley1 leads1 or other material on top of the case may slide down back when the case is tipped forward4 ,a style of bracket which has proved serviceable is that shown on the case stand in ,fig4 #cj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,quadruple ,stand4 ,brackets for holding galleys are furnished in several varieties1 one of which is illustrated in ,fig4 #ca1 etc4 ,these are temporary rests for galleys1 while the matter on them is waiting for return of proofs1 for making up1 etc4 ,they are fastened to a wall or strong frame in some out-of-the-way place1 or they may be fitted on special standards near the type cases or the make-up table4 ,the galley cabinet1 similar to that illustrated in ,fig4 #cb1 is a more expensive article of furniture for this purpose1 but it is usually more satisfactory4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,galley ,brackets forming a rack fastened to wall4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,galley ,cabinet4 ,wood ,runs and ,steel ,runs ,early wooden case racks were fitted with strips of thin wood upon which the cases were moved in and out4 ,these slender strips were not always of perfect grain and were difficult to attach firmly to the side frame4 ,they warped and split easily1 and the nails and screws with which they were fastened would work loose4 ,in order to have them strong they had to be thick1 and this thickness gave a wide space between the cases so that fewer cases could be kept in a given space4 ,to avoid these disadvantages case runs are now made of flat strips of steel fastened to the side frames of the rack or cabinet4 ,in some cabinets they are fitted between side slats of wood1 and a couple of perpendicular iron rods are run through holes in the slats and the steel strips from top to bottom of the rack1 binding the pieces together and to the side frame1 making a particularly substantial rack4 ,another style of steel run is made of a wider strip of iron bent the entire length into a right-angle shape4 ,screw holes on one side of this angle strip enable it to be fastened to the side frame1 the other angle of the strip being used to support the case4 ,extension ,fronts and ,backs ,in all composing-rooms there are many cases at which it is necessary to work for only a few moments at a time1 to set a single line1 or to make a correction1 etc4 ,in order that cases kept in racks or cabinets may be used quickly it is necessary that each one may be pulled out clear of the case above1 so that all the boxes at the rear are accessible4 ,in the old-style racks this was attained by having the runs several inches longer than the width of the case1 and placing an upright strip or stop at the rear to allow the cases to be pushed back far enough to leave three or more inches of the run exposed in front4 ,this front space is sufficient to support the case temporarily while it is pulled out from those above in full view4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,double ,case ,stand1 showing the cases in rack pushed back from front1 to permit exposure of all boxes when a case is pulled forward for setting type4 ,in many type cabinets1 however1 the practice is to keep the front of all cases flush with the front of the cabinet frame4 ,this allows no front support for a case that is pulled out far enough to expose all the boxes1 and so the side frames or rims of the cases are extended three or four inches back beyond the case itself4 ,these extensions serve as stout arms at the rear of the case to hold it in the front of the rack when the case is pulled forward4 ,when the case is carefully handled this plan serves the purpose if the extensions themselves are not drawn entirely clear of the case above4 ,its security depends somewhat upon the style of the runs and how carefully the cases fit their places4 ,a disadvantage of this plan is that the cases having these long rear extensions are awkward to place when they are taken from their racks to be used on top of ordinary working stands4 ,the later method of providing for this is to place the cases further back in the rack1 as in the old-style stand1 and have the runs on the cabinet extended entirely to the front4 ,this is the extension front1 and in modern cabinets the rims are of thin steel1 as already described4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,with this arrangement the cases have no protruding arms and can be conveniently placed anywhere2 standard cabinet cases can be placed on working stands or temporarily in any convenient case rack4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,extension ,front ,case ,rack4 ,furniture ,racks ,in the composing-room of a generation ago--and unfortunately in some unprogressive places today--the strips of blank material known as reglet and wood furniture were usually kept in disorderly manner in a large box or drawer under or near the imposing stone4 ,the material was usually obtained in lengths of one yard and a small hand-saw was at hand to cut any lengths required4 ,in time there was an accumulation of all sorts jumbled together in the drawer in a manner to make it difficult to find needed pieces without loss of time4 ,often the quickest way to obtain the right piece was to cut off a longer one4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,furniture ,cabinet for labor-saving fonts of wood or metal furniture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,imposing ,stone ,frame with labor-saving furniture in side4 ,this wasteful method was the universal custom before the era of the labor-saving assortment stored in orderly fashion in a cabinet and placed within instant reach of the workman4 ,the common-sense modern method is the well-stocked rack or cabinet with a compartment for each size of the series1 with the compartments numbered and the larger pieces of the material numbered to correspond4 ,an arrangement like this invites an orderly habit in persons who would otherwise be careless4 ,the usual style of furniture rack is shown in ,fig4 #ce4 ,this is made in several sizes to hold quantities large or small according to the requirements of the room4 ,the position of a rack like this should be near the stone at a level near the height of the working surface4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,standing ,galley1 or ,bank1 with letter boards1 galley racks1 and galley top4 ,another style of furniture and reglet rack is that fitted into the frame of the imposing table or into an adjoining stand or cabinet4 ,this is illustrated in ,fig4 #cf4 ,it will be noticed that all the different lengths present a surface flush with the outside of the frame4 ,this is because the depth of the compartments is varied to accommodate the several lengths of furniture at the back1 instead of at the front as shown in ,fig4 #ce4 ,special ,cabinets ,among the new articles supplied for the compositor's use are cabinets for holding assortments of metal furniture1 brass rules1 leads1 slugs1 and small cases or drawers for special material4 ,the tops of some of these cabinets hold the lead and rule cutter and the rule-mitering machine1 with a small inclined shelf above1 as shown in ,fig4 #ch4 ,these cabinets will hold a large amount of material in small space4 ,when conveniently situated and properly supplied with material they save time and effort on the part of the compositor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,work ,bench and ,auxiliary ,cabinet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,cabinet for ,script ,type1 ,borders1 or other small characters which can be kept standing face up4 ,another cabinet that is useful is the script type cabinet4 ,this holds the cases inclined upward from the left4 ,the compartments are narrow1 running horizontally with the front4 ,in these the types are held face up1 so that they may not be injured by rattling about when the case is moved back and forth4 ,the cases may be used for borders1 special characters1 or any small items which it is desired to keep standing face upward4 ,the compartments of the cases may be made wide or narrow to accommodate the size of the types they are to hold4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,sort ,cabinet1 for storage of extra quantities of type1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,rack for leads1 or brass rules in assorted standard lengths4 ,the apprentice who wants to learn about the latest and best feature of composing room equipment should make a special point to examine the catalogues of manufacturers and dealers in printers' supplies4 ,these catalogues continually show new and improved articles that are finely illustrated and specifically described as to their particular advantages4 ,,review ,,questions ,,suggestions ,,to ,,students ,,and ,,instructors ,the following questions1 based on the contents of this pamphlet1 are intended to serve 7#a7 as a guide to the study of the text1 7#b7 as an aid to the student in putting the information contained into definite statements without actually memorizing the text1 7#c7 as a means of securing from the student a reproduction of the information in his own words4 ,a careful following of the questions by the reader will insure full acquaintance with every part of the text1 avoiding the accidental omission of what might be of value4 ,these primers are so condensed that nothing should be omitted4 ,in teaching from these books it is very important that these questions and such others as may occur to the teacher1 should be made the basis of frequent written work1 and of final examinations4 ,the importance of written work cannot be overstated4 ,it not only assures knowledge of material but the power to express that knowledge correctly and in good form4 ,if this written work can be submitted to the teacher in printed form it will be doubly useful4 ,,questions #a4 ,what classes of furniture are essential in modern composing-rooms8 #b4 ,give a general statement of articles in each class4 #c4 ,what determines the selection of furniture for any given office8 #d4 ,what was the first thing needed in a composing-room after the type had been cast8 #e4 ,how was it made originally8 #f4 ,how is it now made8 #g4 ,what are the dimensions of the standard type case of the present time8 #h4 ,what other sizes are sometimes used8 #i4 ,what effect has the need of economy of space had upon the use of type cases8 #aj4 ,what are type cases made of8 #aa4 ,what difficulties were experienced8 #ab4 ,how were they avoided8 #ac4 ,describe the construction of a modern type case4 #ad4 ,give some of the uses for which special cases are provided4 #ae4 ,what are the two purposes of a working stand8 #af4 ,what is the proper height for a stand8 #ag4 ,should the case lie flat when in use1 and why8 #ah4 ,how are galleys placed for holding type1 and why8 #ai4 ,describe a simple working stand4 #bj4 ,how are infrequently used cases stored8 #ba4 ,what should be avoided in this method of storage8 #bb4 ,describe a modern type cabinet4 #bc4 ,what difficulty arose in working at the earlier forms of cabinet1 and how was it avoided8 #bd4 ,describe a ,polhemus cabinet4 #be4 ,what is the advantage of iron case brackets8 #bf4 ,what are the advantages and disadvantages of tilting case brackets8 #bg4 ,what are galley brackets8 #bh4 ,what is a better article for the same purpose8 #bi4 ,compare wooden and steel case runs4 #cj4 ,how are steel case runs constructed8 #ca4 ,describe and compare several methods of constructing case racks so that the case may be used without removing it from the rack4 #cb4 ,what was the old method of keeping reglets and wood furniture1 and what was its disadvantage8 #cc4 ,describe some modern methods of keeping this material4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,technical ,,terms ,,alley--,the floor space between two stands or cabinets4 ,,annex ,,box--,a small wood or metal cup or box attached to the type case for holding special characters4 ,,bank--,a high table with the top inclined upon which composed type is placed temporarily4 ,see ,dump4 ,,blank ,,case--,a wooden tray without partitions1 or with one partition only4 ,,box--,a subdivision of a type case1 in which a quantity of one particular character is kept4 ,,bracket--,an arm or support1 usually of metal1 to hold cases on top of a stand1 to hold galleys1 etc4 ,,cabinet--,an enclosure for cases1 shelves1 or boxes1 closed up on the sides and back4 ,see ,stand4 ,,california ,,job ,,case--,an extensively used type case arranged with boxes to hold capitals1 small letters1 figures1 points1 and the usual characters of a job font1 complete in a single tray4 ,,cap ,,case--,the top case of a standard pair of book or news cases4 ,the capital case1 or upper case4 ,,case--,the printer's name for the shallow wooden tray with small compartments for holding types and other materials4 ,,case ,,cleaner--,a frame like that of a type case with a wire bottom1 used to assist in cleaning out type cases that have become foul with dust1 grit1 or similar dirt4 ,the case cleaner is placed on top of the type case1 fitting snugly over each box1 and the whole turned up-side-down to transfer the type into the wire bottom4 ,a gentle shaking then sifts out the dirt4 ,when the case is turned back again the types go back into their original boxes4 ,a vacuum cleaner1 a small bellows1 or an air pump are sometimes used for cleaning type cases4 ,,coffin--,the box-like frame surrounding an imposing stone on its stand4 ,,dump--,the place in a composing room where dead matter is kept until it is distributed2 sometimes said of a standing galley where compositors place their composed lines to be assembled for proofing1 etc4 ,see ,bank4 ,,empty ,,case--,a case without the letters or types needed to compose lines4 ,the case may have other letters1 but some boxes are empty4 ,,form ,,rack--,for holding printing forms that are locked in chases1 before or after printing4 ,it usually holds them in a perpendicular position4 ,,foul ,,case1 ,,or ,,dirty ,,case--,one in which the type or other material is badly mixed or which has material that does not properly belong there1 as in hasty distribution or because of carelessness4 ,,frame--,another name for the compositor's work stand or case rack4 ,,furniture--,in printing-office speech this term is used to mean small pieces of wood or metal designed to fill the blank spaces larger than leads1 slugs1 spaces1 and quads4 ,furniture is placed between pages and around forms locked in chases4 ,,galley--,a shallow tray used by compositors to hold type after the lines have been set and transferred from the composing stick4 ,,galley ,,rack--,a place for holding a number of galleys in order4 ,,harris ,,rule ,,case--,a quarter-size case for holding assortments of brass rules4 ,four of these trays may be kept in a regular full size blank case1 similar to ,wisconsin quarter cases4 ,see size of cases4 ,,hell-,,box--,the receptacle for old1 broken1 or discarded types4 ,,italic ,,case--,a style of case to hold a complete font of capitals1 small letters1 points1 figures1 etc4 ,similar to the ,california job case1 but with more boxes on the capital letter side4 ,see page #ae4 ,,job ,,case--,a general term meaning a type case which holds a complete font of type2 in distinction from a case which holds only part of a font1 like the ordinary news or book case4 ,,job ,,galley--,a short galley to place on the work stand for making up pages1 small forms1 etc4 ,,labor-,,saving--,said of assortments of leads1 rules1 furniture1 etc41 provided in assorted sizes4 ,the sizes are commonly multiples of #f-point or #ab-point1 and several small pieces may be combined to fill a large space1 thus saving the labor necessary to cut each piece to fit its place4 ,,laying ,,type--,placing a new assortment of type in its case4 ,,lay ,,of ,,the ,,case--,the particular plan or arrangement of the types in the various boxes of a case4 ,,leader ,,case--,a small case or series of boxes for holding brass or cast-type leaders4 ,,letter ,,boards--,movable shelves in racks1 under imposing tables1 and elsewhere1 to hold standing type matter1 etc4 ,,low ,,case--,a case with a small portion of the font in it4 ,see ,empty ,case4 ,,lower ,,case--,the bottom case of a pair of book or news cases1 which rests nearest the compositor4 ,see page #ab4 ,,new ,,york ,,job ,,case--,a case for holding a font of small capitals in addition to the capitals1 small letters1 figures1 etc41 of the usual fonts4 ,see page #ae4 ,,reglet--,thin strips of wood1 similar to thick leads2 used for making up large pages and filling in forms4 ,,sizes ,,of ,,cases--,there are a number of standard sizes of cases for printers' purposes1 allowing a considerable range in adapting these important articles for particular uses4 ,the common sizes are as follows3 ,regular full-size case #cb-a_/d #af-c_/d in4 ,three-quarter size #bf-a_/d #af-c_/d in4 ,two-third case #bb-c_/d #af-c_/d in4 ,rooker ,case 7formerly popular in newspaper composing rooms7 #bh-a_/b #ad in4 ,wood type case #cb-a_/d #bc in4 ,mammoth wood-type case #dd #bc in4 ,bettis case1 for leads1 rules1 etc #gb #ah in4 ,bettis case1 for leads1 rules1 border1 etc #gb in4 #g in4 ,harris case1 for rules1 border1 etc in4 #g in4 ,wisconsin quarter case in4 #g in4 ,sanspareil half-size case #ae-a_/d #ad-c_/d in4 ,,sort ,,case--,for holding extra or special types1 etc41 with open sides and back4 ,,stand--,the working frame at which a compositor sets type2 in distinction from a cabinet1 which has closed sides and no back4 ,,triple ,,case--,a case divided into three principal sections1 each section having forty-nine boxes1 like one-half of the common capital case4 ,,unit ,,type ,,cabinet--,a container for type cases similar to a sectional book case4 ,the parts are built in sections about #ab-a_/b inches high1 holding eight or ten cases4 ,there is a base piece upon which the cabinet rests1 and a top piece4 ,any number of the sections may be put together to provide room for additional cases as needed4 ,these cabinets have cases of different depths to provide for fonts of different sizes2 shallow cases for job fonts of small types1 and other cases of varying depths to give room for larger fonts4 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices ,the following list of publications1 comprising the ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices1 has been prepared under the supervision of the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america for use in trade classes1 in course of printing instruction1 and by individuals4 ,each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors1 and carefully edited1 the purpose being to provide the printers of the ,united ,states--employers1 journeymen1 and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable1 up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft1 all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study4 ,the publications of the series are of uniform size1 #e #h inches4 ,their general make-up1 in typography1 illustrations1 etc41 has been1 as far as practicable1 kept in harmony throughout4 ,a brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list4 ,each topic is treated in a concise manner1 the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject4 ,care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear1 with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study4 ,wherever practicable1 simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text4 ,in order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction1 each title is accompanied by a list of ,review ,questions covering essential items of the subject matter4 ,a short ,glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books4 ,these are the ,official ,text-books of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america4 ,address all orders and inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,part ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,machines1 and ,materials #a4 ,type3 a ,primer of ,information ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,relating to the mechanical features of printing types2 their sizes1 font schemes1 etc41 with a brief description of their manufacture4 #dd pp42 illustrated2 #gd review questions2 glossary4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools and ,materials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about composing sticks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutting and mitering machines1 etc4 #dg pp42 illustrated2 #ej review questions2 glossary4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,composing ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about type cases1 work stands1 cabinets1 case racks1 galley racks1 standing galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illustrated2 #cc review questions2 glossary4 #d4 ,imposing ,tables and ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press1 including some modern utilities for special purposes4 #ei pp42 illustrated2 #gj review questions2 glossary4 #e4 ,proof ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs4 #dj pp42 illustrated2 #da review questions2 glossary4 #f4 ,platen ,printing ,presses ,by ,daniel ,baker ,a primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses1 from the original hand press to the modern job press1 to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size4 #ea pp42 illustrated2 #di review questions2 glossary4 #g4 ,cylinder ,printing ,presses ,by ,herbert ,l4 ,baker ,being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines4 #fd pp42 illustrated2 #dg review questions2 glossary4 #h4 ,mechanical ,feeders and ,folders ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurrier ,the history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines2 with hints on their care and adjustments4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #i4 ,power for ,machinery in ,printing ,houses ,by ,carl ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illustrated2 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #aj4 ,paper ,cutting ,machines ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a primer of information about paper and card trimmers1 hand-lever cutters1 power cutters1 and other automatic machines for cutting paper4 #gj pp42 illustrated2 #aae review questions2 glossary4 #aa4 ,printers' ,rollers ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the composition1 manufacture1 and care of inking rollers4 #df pp42 illustrated2 #fa review questions2 glossary4 #ab4 ,printing ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,their composition1 properties and manufacture 7reprinted by permission from ,circular ,no4 #ec1 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards72 together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 #ac4 ,how ,paper is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,wheelwright ,a primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing4 #fh pp42 illustrated2 #fb review questions2 glossary4 #ad4 ,relief ,engravings ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving2 woodcut1 zinc plate1 halftone2 kind of copy for reproduction2 things to remember when ordering engravings4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ae4 ,electrotyping and ,sterotyping ,by ,harris ,b4 ,hatch and ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping4 #id pp42 illustrated2 #abi review questions2 glossaries4 ,,part ,,ii--,hand and ,machine ,composition #af4 ,typesetting ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook for beginners1 giving information about justifying1 spacing1 correcting1 and other matters relating to typesetting4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ag4 ,printers' ,proofs ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,the methods by which they are made1 marked1 and corrected1 with observations on proofreading4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ah4 ,first ,steps in ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,vze ,suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs1 especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review questions2 glossary4 #ai4 ,general ,job ,composition ,how the job compositor handles business stationery1 programs and miscellaneous work4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell ,chapters from ,de,vinne's ,modern ,methods of ,book ,composition1 revised and arranged for this series of text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell of ,the ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,part ,i3 ,composition of pages4 ,part ,,ii3 ,imposition of pages4 #bbi pp42 illustrated2 #ebe review questions2 glossary4 #ba4 ,tabular ,composition ,by ,robert ,seaver ,a study of the elementary forms of table composition1 with examples of more difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review questions4 #bb4 ,applied ,arithmetic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,sheldon ,elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade1 calculation of materials1 paper weights and sizes1 with standard tables and rules for computation1 each subject amplified with examples and exercises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typecasting and ,composing ,machines ,a4 ,w4 ,finlay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,the ,linotype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,hornstein ,section ,,ii--,the ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,the ,intertype ,by ,henry ,w4 ,cozzens ,section ,,iv--,other ,typecasting and ,typesetting ,machines ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smith ,a brief history of typesetting machines1 with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iii--,imposition and ,stonework #bd4 ,locking ,forms for the ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms1 and about general work on the stone4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #be4 ,preparing ,forms for the ,cylinder ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,pamphlet and catalog imposition2 margins2 fold marks1 etc4 ,methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,making ,ready on ,platen ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,the essential parts of a press and their functions2 distinctive features of commonly used machines4 ,preparing the tympan1 regulating the impression1 underlaying and overlaying1 setting gauges1 and other details explained4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bg4 ,cylinder ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,preparing the press2 adjustment of bed and cylinder1 form rollers1 ink fountain1 grippers and delivery systems4 ,underlaying and overlaying2 modern overlay methods4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,hints and ,helps ,by ,charles ,l4 ,dunton ,describing some practical methods of pressroom work1 with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review questions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes of the ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief1 the intaglio1 and the planographic processes of printing4 #hd pp42 illustrated2 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,v--,pamphlet and ,book ,binding #cj4 ,pamphlet ,binding ,by ,bancroft ,l4 ,goodwin ,a primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ca4 ,book ,binding ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleger ,practical information about the usual operations in binding books2 folding2 gathering1 collating1 sewing1 forwarding1 finishing4 ,case making and cased-in books4 ,hand work and machine work4 ,job and blank-book binding4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,vi--,correct ,literary ,composition #cb4 ,word ,study and ,english ,grammar ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about words1 their relations1 and their uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review questions2 glossary4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use1 both grammatically and typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review questions2 glossary4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about capitalization1 with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review questions2 glossary4 #ce4 ,division of ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules for the division of words at the ends of lines1 with remarks on spelling1 syllabication and pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review questions4 #cf4 ,compound ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a study of the principles of compounding1 the components of compounds1 and the use of the hyphen4 #cd pp42 #fb review questions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations and ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about abbreviations and signs1 with classified lists of those in most common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review questions4 #ch4 ,the ,uses of ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters4 #ca pp42 #cg review questions4 #ci4 ,proofreading ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,the technical phases of the proofreader's work2 reading1 marking1 revising1 etc42 methods of handling proofs and copy4 ,illustrated by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #dj4 ,preparation of ,printers' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,suggestions for authors1 editors1 and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room4 #cf pp42 #fg review questions4 #da4 ,printers' ,manual of ,style ,a reference compilation of approved rules1 usages1 and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 numerals1 and kindred features of composition4 #db4 ,the ,printer's ,dictionary ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing1 alphabetically arranged4 ,technical terms explained4 ,illustrated4 ,,part ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 and ,lettering #dc4 ,applied ,design for ,printers ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a handbook of the principles of arrangement1 with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing4 ,treats of harmony1 balance1 proportion1 and rhythm2 motion2 symmetry and variety2 ornament1 esthetic and symbolic4 #cg illustrations2 #df review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elements of ,typographic ,design ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,applications of the principles of decorative design4 ,building material of typography3 paper1 types1 ink1 decorations and illustrations4 ,handling of shapes4 ,design of complete book1 treating each part4 ,design of commercial forms and single units4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudiments of ,color in ,printing ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,use of color3 for decoration of black and white1 for broad poster effect1 in combinations of two1 three1 or more printings with process engravings4 ,scientific nature of color1 physical and chemical4 ,terms in which color may be discussed3 hue1 value1 intensity4 ,diagrams in color1 scales and combinations4 ,color theory of process engraving4 ,experiments with color4 ,illustrations in full color1 and on various papers4 ,review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lettering in ,typography ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,printer's use of lettering3 adaptability and decorative effect4 ,development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design4 ,classification of general forms in lettering4 ,application of design to lettering4 ,drawing for reproduction4 ,fully illustrated2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design in ,advertising ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,the printer's function in advertising4 ,precepts upon which advertising is based4 ,printer's analysis of his copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 attention1 color4 ,method of studying advertising typography4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,making ,dummies and ,layouts ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a layout3 the architectural plan4 ,a dummy3 the imitation of a proposed final effect4 ,use of dummy in sales work4 ,use of layout4 ,function of layout man4 ,binding schemes for dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 ,,part ,,viii--,history of ,printing #di4 ,books ,before ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types4 #fb pp42 illustrated2 #fd review questions4 #ej4 ,the ,invention of ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about4 #fd pp42 #fb review questions4 #ea4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the beginnings of printing1 the development of the book1 the development of printers' materials1 and the work of the great pioneers4 #fc pp42 #ee review questions4 #eb4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from #adej to #aghi1 including government regulations1 censorship1 internal conditions and industrial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review questions4 #ec4 ,printing in ,england ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a short history of printing in ,england from ,caxton to the present time4 #hi pp42 #fe review questions4 #ed4 ,printing in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the development of the newspaper1 and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing4 #ih pp42 #hd review questions4 #ee4 ,type and ,presses in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the ,united ,states4 #eb pp42 #fa review questions4 ,,part ,,ix--,cost ,finding and ,accounting #ef4 ,elements of ,cost in ,printing ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eg4 ,use of a ,cost ,system ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eh4 ,the ,printer as a ,merchant ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing4 ,the relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #ei4 ,fundamental ,principles of ,estimating ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the estimator and his work2 forms to use2 general rules for estimating4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fj4 ,estimating and ,selling ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,an insight into the methods used in making estimates1 and their relation to selling4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fa4 ,accounting for ,printers ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a brief outline of an accounting system for printers2 necessary books and accessory records4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 ,,part ,x--,miscellaneous #fb4 ,health1 ,sanitation1 and ,safety ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,hygiene in the printing trade2 a study of conditions old and new2 practical suggestions for improvement2 protective appliances and rules for safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book of reference covering the topics treated in the ,typographic ,technical ,series1 alphabetically arranged4 #fd4 ,courses of ,study ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook for teachers1 with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work4 ,,acknowledgment ,this series of ,typographic ,text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america1 under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published1 acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors1 printers1 and others identified with this work4 ,while due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book1 the ,committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest4 ,the following list is not complete1 as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes1 constituting the first printing4 ,as soon as the entire list of books comprising the ,typographic ,technical ,series has been completed 7which the ,committee hopes will be at an early date71 the full list will be printed in each volume4 ,the ,committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this ,series who have patiently awaited its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america4 ,,henry ,p4 ,,porter1 ,chairman1 ,e4 ,,lawrence ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbrenner1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,for ,composition and ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blanchard ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cushing ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,devinne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,winter-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,franklin ,,printing ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,stephen ,,greene ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,the ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,edward ,,stern ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,stone ,,printing ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphagen1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,the ,,university ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,for ,composition ,,boston ,,typothetae ,,school ,,of ,,printing1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,kalkhoff ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,oxford-,,print1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,electrotypes ,,blomgren ,,brothers ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,flower ,,steel ,,electrotyping ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,peters ,,son ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,whitcomb ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,for ,engravings ,,american ,,type ,,founders ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,westerly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,golding ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,franklin1 ,mass4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inland ,,printer ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,lanston ,,monotype ,,machine ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mergenthaler ,,linotype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publishing ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,printing ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,rising ,,paper ,,company1 ,housatonic1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,vandercook ,,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,book ,paper ,,american ,,writing ,,paper ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,west ,,virginia ,,pulp ,,paper ,,co41 ,mechanicville1 ,n4 ,y4 -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,fixed inconsistent hyphenation4 --------------------------------