---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,words 9 bold *>act]s are enclos$ )9 signs4 ,! li/ ( ,putnam ,sci5ce ,s]ies has be5 mov$ to ! adv]tisem5t section at ! end ( ! book4 ,! ,,utf-#h v]sion ( ! text file w require a ,unicode capable text read] to display a few ,greek *>act]s & oe ligatures :i* occur 9 ! book4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,olde/ ,,woman ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,h] ,,son ,baba ,vasilka is #abf ye>s old1 & h] son ,tudor is #aja4 ,!y are peasants1 & h liv$ all _! lives 9 a little village 9 ,bulg>ia4 ,!y are typical examples ( p :o live to a great age by ! use ( s\r$ milk1 z x has be5 _! pr9cipal food all _! lives4 ,! ,bacillus ( ,long ,life ,a ,manual ( ! ,prep>ation & ,s\r+ ( ,milk = ,diet>y ,purposes1 ,toge!r ) an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,use ( ,f]m5t$ ,milks1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,pres5t ,day1 & ,_! ,wond]ful ,effect 9 ! ,prolong+ ( ,human ,exi/5ce ,by ,l\don ,m4 ,d\glas1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) #fb ,illu/rations ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press #aiaa ,revis$ ,edition ,,copyright1 #aiaa ,,by ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,,preface ,?is book has be5 design$ ) a view to meet an ext5sive dem& = def9ite data on ! subject ( ,s\r$ ,milks4 ,! au?or has _h ?is matt] br\ght be=e him1 times )\t numb]1 by ^? inquir+ = au!ntic in=mation on ! subject1 & he has !re=e consid]$ x desirable to ga!r toge!r su* in=mation z is available 9 connection ) anci5t & mod]n practice4 ,he has endeav\r$ to pres5t ?is to ! read] 9 concise =m4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to _m fri5ds = _! assi/ance 9 gett+ ! book toge!r1 & w\ld specially m5tion ,dr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,hut*9son1 ,bact]iologi/1 ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 = assi/ance 9 connection ) ! bact]iology ( f]m5t$ milks2 ,mr4 ,?omas ,d\glas1 ( ,wimbl$on1 :o has assi/$ ) ! *emi/ry ( ! subject2 ,mr4 ,s4 ,javrilovit*1 ( ,belgrade1 ,s]via1 = local in=mation & illu/rations2 ,dr4 ,otok> ,laxa1 ,bact]iologi/1 ( ,prague1 ,bohemia1 = g5]al assi/ance2 ! editor ( ,bact]io!rapy1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 = ! use ( ! gr\p ( illu/rations #cj-dd2 ! publi%]s ( ! ,c5tralblatt fr ,bakt]iologie1 ,j5a1 = ! gr\p ( illu/rations #ad-bi2 & _m o!rs1 "s ( :om are ref]r$ to 9 ! text4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,,introductory--,,hi/orical #a ,,ii4--,,f]m5t$ ,,milks #ae ,,iii4--,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,milk #dg ,,iv4--,,h&l+ ,,( ,,milk #fh ,v4--,,! ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,f]m5t$ ,,or ,,s\r$ ,,milk #hd ,,vi4--,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se #abe ,,vii4--,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,9 ,,! ,,dairy #aci ,,viii4--,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,9 ,,heal? ,,& ,,disease #aea ,,index #afe ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page ,,! ,,olde/ ,,woman ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,& ,,h] ,,son ,frontispiece ,,! ,,pass ,,( ,,bukova #b ,,kabyles ,,s\r+ ,,milk #d ,,! ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,milk ,,9 ,,! ,,pyr5ees #h ,,! ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,milk #dh #a4--,,micro-,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,drop ,,( ,,:ole ,,milk #eh #b4--,,micro-,,photograph ,,( ,,sep>at$ ,,milk #eh #c4--,,micro-,,photograph ,,( ,,cream #eh #d4--,,photograph ,,( ,,two ,,petri ,,di%es1 ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,inoculat$ ,,) ,,ord9>y ,,milk #fj #e4--,,! ,,creamomet] #fb #f4--,,te/+-,,glass ,,= ,,extrane\s ,,matt] ,,9 ,,milk #fb #g4--,,lactomet] ,,& ,,te/-,,glass #fd #h4--,,pa/euris] #gh #i4--;,,cont9u\s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,l>ge ,,quantities ,,( ,,s\r$ ,,milk #hb #aj4--;,a ,,milk-,,fill+ ,,app>atus #ij #aa4--,,section ,,?r\gh ,a ,,kephir ,,gra9 #id #ab4--,/reptococcus lacticus 7,,grot5feldt7 ,,gr[+ ,,on ,,lactose-,,ag>1 ,,/a9$ ,,by ,,gram',s ,,me?od #if #ac4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,prep>ation ,,f ,,arm5ian ,,s\r$ ,,milk 7,,matzoon7 #ajf #ad4--;,,granule ,,bacillus ,,f ,,yogh\rt4 ,,%r$d$ ,,prep>ation ,,( ,a ,,fre% ,,skim-,,milk ,,culture #aaj #ae4--;,,granule ,,bacillus ,,f ,,yogh\rt1 ,,cultivat$ ,,aft] ,,! ,,usual ,,ag> ,,me?od #aaj #af4--;,,granule ,,bacillus ,,f ,,yogh\rt4 ,,ag> ,,milk ,,sug> ,,culture #aaj #ag4--;,bact]ia ,w4 ,,f ,,milk1 ,,cultivat$ ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,h\rs #aaj #ah4--;,,ag> ,,milk ,,sug> ,,culture4 ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,bulg>ian ,,yogh\rt #aab #ai4--;,,ag> ,,milk ,,sug> ,,culture4 ,,surface ,,colony ,,( ,,granule ,,bacillus ,,f ,,calf',s ,,/oma* #aab #bj4--;,,ag> ,,milk ,,sug> ,,culture4 ,,deep-,,ly+ ,,colony ,,( ,,granule ,,bacillus ,,f ,,calf',s ,,/oma* #aab #ba4--;,,ag> ,,milk ,,sug>4 ,,colony ,,( ,bact]ium ,w4 ,,f ,,yogh\rt #aab #bb4--,,two ,,colonies ,,( ,bacillus ,acidophilus ,,f ,,calves' ,,manure #aad #bc4--;,,be]-,,wort ,,gelat9e #aad #bd4--,,%r$d$ ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,bulg>ian ,,orig9al ,,yogh\rt #aad #be4--;,,granule ,,bacillus ,,f ,,yogh\rt4 ,,cultivat$ ,,9 ,,skim ,,milk ,,9 ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,h\rs #aad #bf4--;,bact]ia ,w41 ,,ag> ,,milk ,,sug> ,,culture #aaf #bg4--;,bact]ia acidophilus ,,f ,,calves' ,,manure #aaf #bh4--,,mucus ,,f ,,calf',s ,,/oma* ,,inoculat$ ,,into ,,milk ,,aft] ,,eight ,,transf]r+s #aaf #bi4--;,,diplo/reptococcus ,,f ,,yogh\rt4 ,,pure ,,culture ,,9 ,,skim ,,milk #aaf #cj4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,prep>ation ,,made ,,f ,,yogh\rt1 ,,%[+ ,,yea/ ,,cells #aah #ca4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,sme> ,,f ,,greek ,,curdl$ ,,milk ,,call$ ,,gia\rti #aah #cb4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,inoculat$ ,,) ,a ,,tablet ,,conta9+ ,,viable ,,& ,,pure ,,cultures ,,( ,bacillus bulg>icus #abj #cc4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,milk ,,inoculat$ ,,) ,a ,,f]m5t ,,table ,,9 ,,:i* ,bacillus bulg>icus ,,is ,,no ,,long] ,,viable #abj #cd4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,sme> ,,( ,,culture ,,( ,bacillus bulg>icus #abb #ce4--;,bacillus bulg>icus1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,cultures ,,9 ,,engli% ,,c[',s ,,milk #abd #cf4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,pure ,,culture ,,( ,bacillus bulg>icus #abd #cg4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,sme> ,,( ,,comb9$ ,,culture ,,( ,bacillus bulg>icus ,,& ,bact]ia p>alacticus #abd #ch4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,sme> ,,( ,,"o-,,mon? ,,culture ,,( ,bacillus bulg>icus #abf #ci4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,culture ,,( ,bacillus bulg>icus ,,9 ,,malt #abf #dj4--,,photo-,,micrograph ,,( ,,sme> ,,f ,,milk ,,t ,,_h ,,be5 ,,all[$ ,,to ,,s\r ,,spontane\sly #abf #da4--,,photograph ,,( ,,ag> ,,culture1 ,,inoculat$ ,,) ,a ,,lactic ,,p[d] #abh #db4--,,photograph ,,( ,,te/-,,tubes ,,( ,,/]ile ,,milk1 ,,inoculat$ ,,) ,a ,,tablet ,,prep>ation ,,said ,,to ,,conta9 ,,pure ,,cultures #abh #dc4--,,photograph ,,( ,,te/-,,tubes ,,( ,,/]ile ,,milk1 ,,ea* ,,tube ,,hav+ ,,be5 ,,inoculat$ ,,) ,a ,,tablet ,,( ,a ,,prep>ation ,,said ,,to ,,conta9 ,,pure ,,cultures #abh #dd4--,,photograph ,,( ,,te/-,,tubes ,,( ,,/]ile ,,milk ,,inoculat$ ,,) ,a ,,tablet ,,( ,,lactobacill9e #acj #de4--;,,app>atus ,,( ,,le ,,f]m5t ,,co4 #abi #df4--,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,app>atus ,,( ,,! ,,maya ,,bulg>e ,,company1 ,,limit$ #acj #dg4--,,lactic ,,f]m5ts1 ,,limit$1 ,,app>atus #aca #dh4--,,messrs4 ,,all5 ,,hanbury',s ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,app>atus #acb #di4--,,vironelle ,,app>atus ,,= ,,s\r+ ,,milk1 ,,made ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,clay1 ,,paget ,,company1 ,,limit$ #acb #ej4--,,lactobator ,,made ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,*>les ,,he>son ,,co41 ,,limit$ #adj #ea4--,,messrs4 ,,he>son ,,company',s ,,lactobator #adb #eb4--;,,edg>',s ,,lactog5]ator1 ,,sold ,,by ,,! ,,dairy ,,supply ,,co41 ,,limit$ #adc #ec4--;,,app>atus ,,( ,,! ,,will[s ,,refrig]at+ ,,co41 ,,limit$ #add #ed4--,,lacto ,,app>atus ,,( ,,! ,,dairy ,,outfit ,,co41 ,,limit$ #ade #ee4--,,/]ilis+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,/]ilis+ ,,milk ,,on ,,! ,,l>ge ,,scale #adf #ef4--;,,ano!r ,,me?od ,,( ,,/]ilis+ 7,,dairy ,,supply ,,co41 ,,ltd474 ,,an ,,am]ican ,,app>atus ,,= ,,prep>+ ,,s\r$ ,,milk #adh #eg4--;,,an ,,am]ican ,,app>atus ,,= ,,prep>+ ,,s\r$ ,,milk #adi ,,! ,,bacillus ,,( ,,long ,,life ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory--,,hi/orical ,! milk indu/ry is "o ( ! olde/ kn[n to mank9d1 & x is difficult to imag9e a "t :5 milk 9 "o way or ano!r did n =m a "p ( ! diet ( ! human race4 ,!re is a good deal ( evid5ce to %[ t 9 ,paleoli?ic & ,neoli?ic times1 cattle 7 "p ( ! possessions ( ! nomadic races2 &1 accord+ to ! ,v$as1 ! manufacture ( butt] 0 kn[n 9 ,india #aejj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,europe1 milk has always be5 look$ ^u z "o ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( food1 b n necess>ily ! milk ( c[s1 z1 f anci5t times to ! pres5t day1 ! milk f camels1 buffaloes1 %eep1 & goats has be5 us$ indiscrim9ately ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,accord+ to ,lay>d1#a ! ,b$\9s d n make *eese4 ,! milk ( _! %eep & goats is %ak5 into butt] or turn$ into curds2 x is r>ely or nev] drunk fre%1 new milk be+ ?\ght v un:olesome1 z soon by exp]i5ce ,i f\nd x to be1 9 ! des]t4 ,i h frequ5tly _h occasion to describe ! process ( mak+ butt] by %ak+ ! milk 9 sk9s4 ,?is is also an employm5t conf9$ to wom51 & "o ( a v labori\s nature4 ,! curds are =m$ by boil+ ! milk1 & !n putt+ "s curds made on ! previ\s day into x & all[+ x to /&4 ,:5 ! %eep no long] give milk1 "s curds are dri$1 to be us$ z a leav5 on a future occasion4 ,?is prep>ation1 call$ leb51 is ?ick & acid1 b v agreeable & grateful to ! ta/e 9 a hot climate4 ,! s\r milk1 or %5e5a1 a univ]sal bev]age among/ ! ,arabs1 is ei!r butt]milk pure & dilut$1 or curds mix$ ) wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pass ,,( ,,bukova4--,dur+ ! revolution ( #aijd1 a numb] ( ,turki% soldi]s1 j be=e trav]s+ ?is pass1 7 giv5 c(fee conta9+ caf by a ,bulg>ian c(fee-sell]1 or keep] ( a small khan4 ,:il/ 9 ! pass ! poison began to take effect1 & !y realiz$ t !y _h be5 poison$4 ,=tunately = !m1 a peasant ) ?ree horses load$ ) ,yogh\rt 7s\r$ milk7 _h tak5 advantage ( _! escort4 ,! soldi]s ate freely ( ! ,yogh\rt1 :i* c\nt]act$ ! effects ( ! poison4 ,! camel's milk is drunk fre%4 ,x is pleasant to ! ta/e1 ri*1 & exce$+ly n\ri%+4 ,x is giv5 9 l>ge quantities to ! horses4 ,! ,%amm> & ,aneyza ,b$\9s h no c[s or ox51 ^? animals be+ look$ ^u z ! peculi> prop]ty ( tribes :o h =gott5 _! indep5d5ce1 & degrad$ !mselves by ! cultivation ( l&4 ,! %eep are milk$ at dawn1 or ev5 be=e daybreak1 & aga9 9 ! ev5+ on _! return f ! pa/ures4 ,! milk is imm$iately turn$ into leb51 or boil$ to be %ak5 into butt]4 ,among/ ! ,b$\9s & ,jeb\rs x is consid]$ d]ogatory to ! "* ( a man to milk a c[ or %eep1 b n to milk ! camel4 ,! ,%eikhs occasionally obta9 dates f ! cities4 ,!y are eat5 dry ) bread & leb51 or fri$ 9 butt]1 a v fav\rite di% ( ! ,b$\94444 ,! practice is n[ ! same z x 0 9 scriptural times1 :5 milk 0 look$ ^u z ! pr9cipal article ( diet1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,scriptures !re are copi\s ref]5ces to milk 9 diff]5t =ms1 "s ( :i* are ( peculi> int]e/ at ! pres5t day4 ,x may be notic$1 = example1 t milk is abs5t f ! sacr$ (f]+s among/ ! ,hebrews1 & ?is 0 ascrib$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? to ! fact t all f]m5ts 7 exclud$ f pres5tation at ! alt>1#b x be+ recognis$ t1 ow+ to ! hot climate1 milk ( all k9ds became rapidly s\r1 & 9 ?is way came to be look$ ^u z only fit = consumption :5 9 t condition4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! prohibition ref]r$ to is on ! same level z ! prohibition ( ! use ( blood1 z milk has sometimes be5 reg>d$ z a k9d ( equival5t = blood1 & conta9+ ! sacr$ life4#c ,to ?is day ! w&]+ tribes ( ,arabia consid] ! milk ( _! camels & flocks m refre%+ :5 x has be5 slightly f]m5t$ or s\r$ by be+ p\r$ into a milk-sk9 on ! inside ( :i* are /ill /ick+ s\r clots f ! previ\s milk+1 & !re %ak5 = a brief p]iod2 b ?is slightly s\r$ milk 7! ,oxygala ( ,pl9y7 is kn[n widely 9 ! ,ea/ simply z leb5 7milk74 ,! "n is also appli$ to :at we t]m butt]milk4#d ,illu/ration3 ,,kabyles ,,s\r+ ,,milk ,9 ! nor? ( ,africa ! use ( s\r$ milk is common1 & ! illu/ration %[s ,kabyles %ak+ a sk9 full ( milk s z to s\r x4 ,! sk9 has previ\sly be5 us$ = ! same op]ation1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 clots ( milk are left f ! previ\s day's use1 & ?us f]m5tation is set up4 ,! use ( milk-sk9s = ! c>ry+ ( milk is n conf9$ to "o c\ntry1 z1 :ile x is common all ov] ! nor? ( ,africa1 x is also kn[n 9 ! ,pyr5ees & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,balkan ,p59sula1 ! object be+ id5tical 9 ea* case2 & :5 x is int5d$ to make butt] f ! milk1 ! sk9 is simply rock$ betwe5 ! knees until ! butt] sep>ates1 a process ( butt]-mak+ :i* 0 also us$ aft] ! introduction ( e>!nw>e *urns4#e ,dri$ s\r$ milk is also us$ by ! ,arabs1 & x is recon/itut$ :5 requir$ by rubb+ x up ) a little wat]1 & x is kn[n z ,me]esy4#f ,! ord9>y s\r$ milk is ! common article ( diet1 & is look$ ^u z be+ necess>y at e meal1 & travell]s frequ5tly ref] to ! use ( ?is product1 z a few ref]5ces w %[4 ,*>les ,g4 ,addison /ates3 ,a supp] 0 br\ght 9 on a r\nd tray4 ,9 ! c5tre 0 a huge pilaff ( rice1 & ar\nd x sev]al small di%es ( /ew$ meats1 grill$ bones1 s\r clott$ milk call$ yaoort1#g bits ( meat roa/$1 etc4444 ,we retir$ into a t5t to breakfa/1 :]e we f\nd an imm5se b[l ( delici\s fre% camels' milk1 ) ?9 hot cakes ( unleav5$ bread1 bak$ ^u ! a%es1 ready prep>$ = u4 ,! pr9cipal food ( ! ,b$\9s consi/s ( fl\r & "s camels' milk made into a pa/e1 boil$1 & eat5 swimm+ 9 melt$ grease & butt]2 boil$ :eat & beans dri$ 9 ! sun & prep>$ ) butt] are a fav\rite di%4 ,!y are all rem>kably fond ( butt] & grease2 ! butt] is made 9 a goat-sk91 susp5d$ to ! t5t pole1 & con/antly %ak5 ab\t by ! wom54#h ,burckh>dt#i says3 ,! provisions ( my companion consi/$ only ( fl\r2 besides fl\r1 ,i c>ri$ "s butt] & dri$ leb5 7s\r milk71 :i* w\ld dissolve 9 wat]4 ,x =ms n only a refre%+ bev]age1 b is mu* to be recomm5d$ z a pres]vative ( heal? :5 travell+ 9 summ]4 ,^! are our only provisions4 ,) reg>d to ! inhabitants ( ! ,h\ran1 ,burckh>dt relates t ! mo/ common di%es ( ^! p are b\rg\l & ke%k4 ,9 summ] !y supply ! place ( ! latt] by milk1 leb51 & fre% butt]4 ,( ! b\rg\l ,i h spok5 on o!r occasions2 !re are two k9ds ( ke%k--ke%k-hamm] & ke%k-leb54 ,! fir/ is prep>$ by putt+ leav5 into ! b\rg\l & p\r+ wat] ov] x4 ,x is !n left until almo/ putrid1 & aft]w>ds spread out 9 ! sun & dri$1 aft] :i* x is p\nd$1 &1 :5 call$ =1 s]v$ up mix$ ) oil or butt]4 ,! ke%k-leb5 is prep>$ by putt+ leb5 into ! b\rg\l in/ead ( leav52 9 o!r respects ! process is ! same4 ,ke%k & bread are ! common breakfa/s4 ,t[>ds sunset a plate ( b\rg\l1 or "s ,arab di%1 =ms ! d9n]4 ,aga91 ,taylor#aj says3 ,i receiv$ a small jug ( ?ick butt]milk1 n rem>kably clean1 b v refre%+4 ,^! ref]5ces p>ticul>ly ref] to ! ,ea/1 f :i* x w\ld appe> t s\r$ milk 0 univ]sally kn[n 9 anci5t times z x is at ! pres5t day1 & ?is rem>k applies n only to ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 & ,arabia1 b ?r\gh\t ,turkey & ! ,balkan ,/ates1 :]e ! consumption ( s\r$ milk is equally common4 ,x seems curi\s t ! use ( ?is commodity %\ld h be5 conf9$ = c5turies to ! ,ea/1 z we %all see lat] on t its dietetic value is s great t x is really a wond]ful ?+ t no "o has tak5 ! tr\ble to introduce its use to ! ,we/]n nations until q rec5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,milk ,,9 ,,! ,,pyr5ees ,! h&l+ ( milk 9 ! ,pyr5ees is1 m especially 9 ! villages1 conduct$ 9 goat or %eep sk9s1 9 a simil> way to ! me?ods :i* prevail 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 & ! picture %[s a sk9 ( milk on a small f>m 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! *urn+ is v (t5 p]=m$ by simply rock+ ! sk9 betwe5 ! knees1 acidity be+ induc$ by remnants ( ! previ\s day's milk2 s\r+ ( milk is induc$ by ! same me?od4 ,a curi\s example ( h[ ! virtues ( su* an article may be indep5d5tly discov]$ by ano!r nation is to be f\nd 9 ,lapl&1 :]e re9de]'s milk is ! article us$4 ,! re9de]'s milk1 says ,ac]bi1#aa con/itutes a pr9cipal "p ( ! ,lapl&]'s food1 & he has two me?ods ( prep>+ x1 accord+ to ! season4 ,9 summ] he boils ! milk ) sorrel till x arrives to a consi/5ce2 9 ?is mann] he pres]ves x = use dur+ t %ort season4 ,9 w9t] ! foll[+ is 8 me?od ( prep>ation3 ,! milk1 :i* he collects 9 autumn till ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 f ! re9de]1 is put into casks1 or :atev] vessels he has1 9 :i* x soon turns s\r1 &1 z ! cold wea!r comes on1 freezes1 & 9 ?is /ate x is kept4 ,! milk collect$ aft] ?is "t is mix$ ) cranb]ries & put into ! paun* ( ! re9de]1 well clean$ f fil?2 ?us ! milk soon congeals1 & x is cut out 9 slices1 toge!r ) ! paun*1 to effect :i* a hat*et is us$1 = no small] in/rum5t w\ld p]=m ! (fice ( divid+ t lump ( ice4 ,x is !n sep>at$ into small pieces & eat5 ?r\gh\t ! w9t] e day at noon1 :i* is ! ,lapl&]'s d9n]-h\r4 ,x mu/ be presum$1 z x is s]v$ up )\t be+ br\ght to ! fire1 t ?is is ice-cream 9 ! greate/ p]fection3 "h are fle% & fruit bl5d$ ) ! ri*e/ butyrace\s milk t c be drawn f any animal2 b1 not)/&+ ! extraord9>y fatness1 :i* may be suppos$ to resi/ 9 a great degree ! effect ( cold1 ?is prep>ation1 z our good mission>y rem>ks ) a degree ( feel+1 z if 8 tee? /ill *att]$ :il/ he deliv]$ ! acc\nt1 *ills & freezes ! m\? 9 a viol5t mann] :5ev] x is tak54 ,! milk :i* is drawn late 9 ! w9t] freezes imm$iately aft] be+ drawn4 ,?is is put into small vessels made ( bir*wood1 & is consid]$ by ! ,lapl&] z su* an extraord9>y delicacy1 t he res]ves x z ! mo/ acceptable pres5t he c (f] ev5 a mission>y4 ,x is plac$ be=e ! fire & eat5 ) a spoon z x is ?aw$4 ,:5 put by1 x is c>efully cov]$ up1 because if ! cold air gets to x aft]w>ds1 x turns ( a yell[ col\r & becomes rancid4 ,among/ ! peasants at ! pres5t day1 s\r$ milk is kn[n z yogh\rt1 a ^w :i* is spelt diff]5tly accord+ to ! locality 9 :i* x is us$4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation is practically ! same ev]y:]e1 & a %ort description ( ! process z n[ c>ri$ out 9 "o place w\ld1 ) slight modifications1 apply to ! g5]al me?od adopt$ all ov] ! ,ea/4 ,! culture1 says a correspond5t at ,v>na1 :i* is us$ = ! prep>ation ( yog\rt1 is kn[n z ',maya' or z ',bulg>ian ,maya4' ,! milk :i* is to be conv]t$ into yog\rt mu/ fir/ be fre$ f all bact]ia by boil+ & all[$ to cool to ! temp]ature ( #de ,c42 x is !n inoculat$ ) maya & ma9ta9$ at an ev5 temp]ature ( #de ,c4 dur+ sev]al h\rs4 ,!re are two k9ds ( maya1 or f]m5t1 "o kn[n z s\r1 & ! o!r z sweet maya4 ,9 ,europe small /oves1 made expressly = ! purpose1 are us$ to ma9ta9 ! milk at ! prop] temp]ature4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 aft] ! milk has be5 boil$1 x is m]ely p\r$ into a b[l & all[$ to cool to approximately #de ,c41 !n a tablespoonful ( ?is tepid milk is well mix$ 79 a small b[l ap>t7 ) a simil> quantity ( maya1 & ! mixture1 :5 x has become q homog5e\s1 is add$ to ! b[l ( tepid milk & /irr$ slightly4 7,"o tablespoonful ( maya is suffici5t to f]m5t "o litre ( milk47 ,a cov] is !n plac$ on ! b[l & ! :ole is envelop$ 9 flannel & left 9 a w>m place = ?ree h\rs 9 summ]1 & some:at long] 9 w9t]4 ,! process ( prep>ation is complete :5 ! mixture assumes ! appe>ance ( a s(t mass some:at resembl+ cream *eese1 b less solid4 ,! flannel is !n remov$1 ! b[l uncov]$ & plac$ 9 a cool spot until ne$$ = consumption4 ,( ! yog\rt ?us prep>$1 a tablespoonful is kept to s]ve z maya = ! foll[+ day4 ,! be/ yog\rt is prep>$ f %eep's milk1 ! second quality f buffaloes' milk1 & ! ?ird quality f c[s' milk4 ,yog\rt =ms an almo/ daily article ( diet ) ! natives 9 ?is c\ntry4#ab ,) reg>d to ! "t /at$ = ! f]m5t+ process1 x mu/ be not$ t s9ce ! subject has be5 inve/igat$ s ?or\ghly1 ! "t requir$ = f]m5tation has be5 f\nd to be ne>] t5 ?an ?ree h\rs1 b ?is w be dealt ) 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,hi/orically x may be glean$ f ! fragm5t>y ref]5ces :i* we h giv51 t s\r$ milk has1 f "t immemorial1 =m$ ! pr9cipal article ( diet ( a great _m peoples1 & ! notable feature 9 connection ) x is1 t 9 "s c\ntries :]e x is 9 daily use1 ! age limit = human be+s seems to be v mu* ext5d$1 & x w\ld appe> t !re is a direct connection betwe5 ! use ( s\r$ milk & longevity4 ,9 ,bulg>ia1 = example1 x is /at$ t ! majority ( ! natives live to an age consid]ably 9 excess ( :at is recognis$ z ! t]m ( life among/ ,we/]n nations1 & inquiry has %[n t 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 among/ a population ( ab\t ?ree millions1 !re 7 m ?an ?ree ?\s& c5t5>ians f\nd p]=m+ duties :i* w\ld n be assign$ to a man ( sixty-five ye>s ( age else:]e4 ,x is q common to f9d among/ ! peasants :o live to su* a l>ge ext5t ^u s\r$ milk1 individuals ( #aaj & #abj ye>s ( age4#ac ,9 ! anci5t dairy practice1 z we h se51 s\r$ milk 0 ! pr9cipal product1 & ! extraord9>y ages :i* are record$ ( ! patri>*s1 if translat$ into ! mod]n d5om9ation1 w\ld n appe> to be s imag9>y aft] all1 :5 x is consid]$ t we h ?\s&s ( examples at ! pres5t day ( m5 & wom5 enjoy+ q z long a t]m ( exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 notic$ also1 t :ile ^! v old p are able to p]=m a c]ta9 am\nt ( manual lab\r1 !re is n ! same t5d5cy to ! m5tal decay :i* is s prom95t & sad a feature among/ ,we/]n nations1 at a p]iod ( ab\t sev5ty or eighty ye>s ( age4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 z if ! habit ( liv+ long 0 well kn[n 9 anci5t times1 & t1 l _m o!r ( ! valuable arts & sci5ces1 x fell "u a cl\d dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 or1 p]haps1 ! significance ( ! use ( s\r$ milk fell into neglect1 &1 ev5 aft] ! revival ( lett]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 /ill rema9$ obscure4 ,! discov]y ( micro-organisms 9 p]i%able products1 :i* is attributable to ,an?ony ,van ,leeuw5hoek1 a ,dut*man1 ^: vocation 0 ! poli%+ ( l5ses1 & :o liv$ betwe5 #afcb & #agbc1 alt]$ our po9t ( view1 n only ( disease1 b ( all ! functions c>ri$ on by ! l[] organisms4 ,s9ce ,van ,leeuw5hoek's "t1 ! g]m !ory has gr[n to va/ proportions & has m especially be5 appli$ ) spl5did results to ! /udy ( milk4 ,z we %all see lat]1 ! rese>*es ( mod]n inve/igators h l$ !m to ! conclusion t micro-organisms play su* an important "p 9 ! milk supply1 t x is impossible to c>ry x on safely )\t a k ( ! bact]iology ( ! subject4 ,?is view began to prevail ab\t #ahij1 "s tw5ty ye>s aft] ,pa/eur _h %[n :at f]m5tation really meant4 ,s9ce t "t1 ! progress 9 dairy+ has be5 cont9u\s1 &1 dur+ rec5t ye>s1 att5tion has be5 direct$ to s\r$ milk to su* an ext5t t x has become necess>y = all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! h&l+ ( milk & milk products to h a k ( ! subject1 z x seems cle>ly demon/rat$ t1 "u prop] direction1 !re is e possibility ( its =m+ an important elem5t 9 ! prolongation ( life4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,f]m5t$ ,,milks ,!re is consid]able v>iety 9 ! numb] ( s\r$ or f]m5t$ milks1 & !y are kn[n by v>i\s names1 su* z ,k\miss or ,koomiss1 :i* is prep>$ f m>es' milk2 ,keffir1 :i* 0 orig9ally discov]$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,caucasus1 & :i* is prep>$ ) ,keffir gra9s2 ,leb51 an ,egyptian product prep>$ f ! milk ( ! buffalo1 c[1 or goat2 ,matzoon1 a s\r$ milk :i* is prep>$ 9 ,arm5ia f ord9>y c[s' milk2 ,dadhi1 an ,indian prep>ation f c[s' milk4 ,all ( ^! owe _! special *>act]i/ics to ! fact ( _! hav+ und]gone lactic & alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,milk left to itself1 says ,bly?1#ad at all temp]atures above #ij ,f4 beg9s to evolve c>bon dioxide1 & ?is is simply a sign & result ( f]m5tation4 ,if ?is f]m5tation is arre/$ or prev5t$1 ! fluid rema9s p]fectly sweet & good = an indef9ite "t4 ,besides ! production ( c>bon dioxide dur+ decomposition1 a c]ta9 portion ( milk sug> is conv]t$ into lactic acid1 "s ( ! case9 & album5 are brok5 up into simpl] con/itu5ts1 & a small proportion ( alcohol produc$1 :i* by oxidation appe>s z acetic acid1 :ile ! fat is 9 "p sep>at$ into free fatty acids1 :i* ultimately unite ) ! ammonia produc$ by ! break+ up ( ! album9oids4 ,! ma9 f]m5tation ( milk is a special k9d :i* ( late ye>s has be5 mu* /udi$1 & is kn[n z lactic f]m5tation4 ,accompany+ lactic f]m5tation !re is ne>ly always a weak butyric & a weak alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,"o ( ! organisms caus+ ,butyric ,acid ,f]m5tation is a bacillus #c to #aj 9 l5g?1 & ab\t #a 9 bread?4 ,x has p[] ( movem5t1 & :5 cultivat$ 9 gelat9e1 liquefies ! gelat9e1 =m+ a scum on ! surface4 ,:5 ! bacillus is s[n into /]ile milk1 ! foll[+1 accord+ to ,hueppe1 are ! *anges3 ,if ! milk ?us infect$ is incubat$1 on ! second day a cle>1 slightly yell[ fluid is se5 "u ! lay] ( cream2 ?is fluid increases f day to day1 s t gradually a column ( fluid is =m$ :i* is q cle> above1 b bel[ is turbid2 ! case91 at fir/ ?r[n d[n 9 a firm coagulum1 9 ! c\rse ( eight days beg9s to be attack$1 & by ! end ( two or ?ree weeks mo/ ( x is dissolv$4 ,! filt]$ fluid gives ! biuret reaction2 x conta9s leuc91 tyros91 & ammonia2 h5ce x is cle> t ! f]m5t acts to "s ext5t z a dige/ive ( album54 ,9 advanc$ butyric acid f]m5tation1 ! fluid is mo/ (f5sive1 & may h an alkal9e reaction4 ,lactic acid 0 fir/ isolat$ by ,s*eele 9 #aghj f s\r$ milk1 b its exact con/itution 0 n det]m9$ until lat] by ,liebig1 ,mits*]li*1 ,gay-,lussac1 & ,pel\ze3 ,x is widely di/ribut$ 9 nature1 occurr+ 9 ! sap ( ! v9e & 9 mo/ f]m5t$ liquids1 especially 9 s\r$ milk2 x is n1 h[ev]1 pres5t 9 fre% milk4#ae ,9 all ! ,ea/]n prep>ations ref]r$ to1 ! lactic f]m5tation is produc$1 foll[$ by alcoholic f]m5tation1 :i* is due to ! sl[ decomposition ( ! milk sug>1 ! v9\s f]m5tation be+ mo/ readily set up 9 milks :i* conta9 a l>g] relative proportion ( milk sug> & wat]1 su* z ! milk d]iv$ f ! m>e1 ! %eep1 & ! camel4 ,z ^! f]m5t$ milks h diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 x is necess>y to ! ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! process ( manufacture at ! pres5t day1 to exam9e !m 9 "s detail4 ,k\miss4--,! greate/ ( all ! f]m5t$ milks is k\miss1 & x has be5 celebrat$ f ! mo/ anci5t times until ! pres5t day1 z be+ ! pr9cipal food ( ! w&]+ tribes ( ,khirgiz1 ,ba%kirs1 ,kalmucks1 & ,t>t>s1 :o inhabit ! /eppes ( ,european ,russia & ! pla9s ( ,s\?1 ,we/]n1 & ,c5tral ,asia4 ,accord+ to ,c>rick1 :o has writt5 an int]e/+ volume on ! subject1#af ! nomads :o inhabit ^! va/ t]ritories are %ut up "u ! mo/ mis]able circum/ances dur+ ! w9t] "t & at ! adv5t ( spr+ !y roam ov] ! /eppes f morn+ to night1 usually 9 ! saddle4 ,! milk yield$ at su* "t by ! m>es is c>efully collect$1 & ^! nomads consume enorm\s quantities ( x 9 ! f]m5t$ /ate1 ?is habit hav+ be5 9 exi/5ce among/ !m f "t immemorial4 ,x is said t ! ,scy?ians1 long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 us$ f]m5t$ m>es' milk2 & !re are ornam5ts 9 exi/5ce 9 ,russia1 ( ,scy?ian orig91 :i* exhibit 9 detail ! prep>ation ( k\miss f m>es' milk4 ,9 hi/orical times1 ! fir/ m5tion ( k\miss 0 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 x is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,ipat( ,*ronicles4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury ,william de ,rubruquis1 a ,fr5* mission>y1 wrote ab\t 8 travels 9 ,t>t>y1 & he describ$ h[ he _h fir/ become acqua9t$ ) k\miss1 & h[ he f\nd x sav\ry to ! palate4 ,subsequ5t to ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is v little m5tion ( k\miss 9 ,russian hi/ory1 or1 = t matt]1 9 any o!r1 & ! fir/ really sci5tific contribution on ! subject 0 by ,dr4 ,john ,grieve1 :o 0 a surgeon 9 ! ,russian army1 & :o 9 ! ye> #aghd s5t a description ( k\miss to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1#ag ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 & ! title ( x 01 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,w9e call$ by ! ,t>t>s ,k\miss1 ) ,obs]vations on its ,use z a ,m$ic9e4 ,dr4 ,grieve /rongly advocat$ ! use ( k\miss z b5eficial 9 cases ( wa/+ diseases1 & subsequ5tly x 0 adopt$ by ! m$ical pr(ession1 ) ! result t sanatoria = ! treatm5t ( pulmon>y consumption 7 e/abli%$ at ,sam>a & o!r places 9 ,russia1 & met ) v great success2 & at ! pres5t day su* sanatoria are c>ri$ on1 b ! bact]iology ( ! subject n[ be+ ?or\ghly und]/ood1 ! me?ods ( prep>ation h be5 some:at modifi$4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( k\miss is giv5 by ,cl>ke1#ah :o says3 ,ev]ybody has he>d ( k\miss1 & ! br&y :i* ! ,kalmucks are said to di/il f ! milk ( m>es4 ,! mann] ( prep>+ ^! liquids has be5 diff]5tly relat$1 & p]haps is n always ! same4 ,!y assur$ u t ! br&y 0 m]ely di/ill$ f butt]milk4 ,! milk :i* !y collect ov]night is *urn$ 9 ! morn+ into butt]2 & ! butt]milk is di/ill$ ov] a fire made ) ! dung ( _! cattle1 p>ticul>ly ! drom$>y1 :i* makes a /eady & cle> fire l peat4 ,b o!r acc\nts h be5 giv5 bo? ( ! k\miss & ! br&y4 ,x has be5 usual to conf\nd !m1 & to consid] ! k\miss z _! appellation = ! br&y s obta9$4 ,by o!r in=mation ,i c\ld ga91 n only "h1 b 9 _m o!r camps :i* we aft]w>ds visit$1 !y are diff]5t modifications ( ! same ?+ al?\gh diff]5t liquors2 ! k\miss be+ a k9d ( s\r milk1 l t s mu* us$ by ! ,lapl&]s call$ p9a1 & :i* has und]gone1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 ! v9\s f]m5tation2 & ! br&y an ard5t _s obta9$ f k\miss by di/illation4 ,9 mak+ k\miss !y sometimes employ ! milk ( c[s1 b nev] if m>es' milk c be _h1 z ! k\miss f ! latt] yields ?ree times z mu* br&y z t made f c[s' milk4 ,! mann] ( prep>+ ! k\miss is1 by comb9+ "o six? "p ( w>m wat] ) any giv5 quantity ( w>m m>es' milk4 ,to ^! !y add1 z a leav51 a little old k\miss1 & agitate ! mass till f]m5tation ensues4 ,to produce ! v9\s f]m5tation1 artificial heat & m agitation is sometimes necess>y4 ,?is af=ds :at is call$ k\miss4 ,! subsequ5t process ( di/illation aft]w>ds obta9s an ard5t _s f ! k\miss4 ,!y call x v9a4 ,9 _! own language x be>s ! v rem>kable appellation ( rack & racky1 d\btless ne>ly alli$ to ! names ( our ,ea/ ,india _s rack & arrack4 ,we br\ght away a qu>t bottle ( x1 & consid]$ x v weak bad br&y1 n unlike ! common _s di/ill$ by ! ,sw$es & o!r nor!rn nations4 ,"s ( _! wom5 7 busy mak+ x 9 an adjo9+ t5t4 ,! simplicity ( ! op]ation & _! ma*9]y 0 v *>act]i/ic ( ! antiquity ( ?is *emical process4 ,_! /ill 0 con/ruct$ ( mud1 or v co>se clay2 & = ! neck ( ! retort !y employ$ a cane4 ,! receiv] ( ! /ill 0 entirely cov]$ by a coat+ ( wet clay4 ,! br&y _h already pass$ ov]4 ,! woman :o _h ! managem5t ( ! di/ill]y1 wi%+ to give u a ta/e ( ! _s1 ?ru/ a /ick1 ) a small tuft ( camel's hair at its end1 ?r\gh ! ext]nal cov]+ ( clay1 & ?us collect+ a small quantity ( ! br&y1 %e drew out ! /ick1 dropp$ a portion on ! retort1 &1 wav+ ! in/rum5t above h] head1 scatt]$ ! rema9+ liquor 9 ! air4 ,i ask$ ! mean+ ( ?is c]emony1 & 0 answ]$ t x is a religi\s cu/om to give always ! fir/ drop ( ! br&y :i* !y draw f ! receiv] to _! ,god4 ,! /ick hav+ be5 plung$ into ! receiv] aga91 %e squeez$ x into ! palm ( h] dirty & greasy h&1 & aft] ta/+ ! liquor1 pres5t$ x to our lips4 ,ano!r int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! prep>ation ( k\miss is giv5 by ,john ,m4 ,wilson 9 ! ,rural ,encyclopdia1#ai & x %[s t ! me?ods 9 use ab\t ! middle ( la/ c5tury did n diff] mat]ially f ^? :i* exi/$ c5turies be=e4 ,wilson says3 ,kh\mese is v9\sly f]m5t$ m>es' milk4 ,any quantity ( fre% m>es' milk is put into wood5 vessels2 a six? "p ( wat] j (f ! boil is mix$ ) x2 an eigh? "p ( old kh\mese or ( ! s\re/ possible c[s' milk is add$2 ! mixture is kept f fifte5 to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 cov]$ up ) sev]al folds ( co>se l95 clo? & ) a v ?ick bo>d1 & )\t be+ /irr$ or 9 any degree di/urb$1 9 a mod]ately w>m place till x becomes ?or\ghly s\r1 & s5ds up a ?ick mass to its surface2 x is !n beat5 & p\nd$ & /irr$ till ! curd is n only brok51 b s ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! s]um z to =m a ?ick liquid2 x next rema9s cov]$ & at re/ dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs m1 & x is f9ally put into a common butt] *urn & beat5 & bl5d$ into a /ate ( p]fect homog5eity4 ,x is n[ fit = use2 yet x acquires an increase ( giv5 prop]ties if x be all[$ to /& = a few days1 & ei!r !n or n[ x w\ld1 if di/ill$1 yield ne>ly "o ?ird ( its own bulk ( a weak _s :i* w be> to be rectifi$4 ,:5ev] x is us$ x mu/ be previ\sly s agitat$ t its compon5t p>ts may be well mix$ toge!r1 & x may be kept ei!r 9 pans = imm$iate use or 9 casks = m remote use2 & if plac$ 9 a cool cell> x w rema9 good dur+ ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,m>es' milk owes its peculi> fitness = mak+ k\miss to its conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( sug> ( milk1 & readily und]go+ ! v9\s f]m5tation1 & x possesses a g5]al m$ic9al reputation among ! ,t>t>s simil> to t :i* asses' milk has p>tially acquir$ 9 ,brita94 ,t m>es' milk w und]go v9\s f]m5tation & yield a c]ta9 quantity ( _s1 says a writ] 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,dome/ic ,economy1 is n g5]ally kn[n1 & x 0 res]v$ = a nation ( demi-savages to r5d] ?is circum/ance available z an ag5t ( heal?1 z well z an agreeable & n\ri%+ bev]age4 ,e educat$ p]son1 h[ev]1 has he>d t ! ,t>t>s dr9k m>es' milk1 ?\gh few "k t ?is milk is tak5 on acc\nt ( its specific virtues alone1 & n z a sub/itute = c[s' milk1 ( :i* !y h abundance1 & ) :i* !y adult]ate m>es' milk :5 sc>ce4 ,b ! k\miss is reput$ to be mu* m m$ic9al ?an ! m>es' milk itself2 & on acc\nt ( its be+ free f all t5d5cy to curdle 9 ! /oma*1 & ( its possess+ mo/ ( ! nutritive p[] ( ! milk 9 comb9ation ) native f]m5t$ _s1 x has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ by "s p]sons z a rem$y = mo/ or all cases ( g5]al debility1 ( n]v\s languor1 & ev5 pulmon>y disease4 ,kh\mese is call$ sometimes k\miss & sometimes milk w9e4 ,f ^! ref]5ces x w be se5 t k\miss is an alcoholic dr9k made by ! f]m5tation ( m>es' milk1 b x is also frequ5tly prep>$ f ! milk ( ! camel & c[s' milk4 ,x is /at$ t a simil> prep>ation to ,russian k\miss is made 9 ,switz]l& f c[s' milk simply by ! addition ( a little sug> & yea/ to skim milk2 x conta9s m sug> & less lactic acid ?an ,russian k\miss1 & on acc\nt ( ! mu* great] proportion ( case9 conta9$ 9 c[s' milk1 diff]s consid]ably f t prep>$ f m>es' milk4 ,sut]-,naef gives ! composition ( a ,swiss k\miss#bj manufactur$ at ,davos z foll[s3 ,9 ,grams4 ,p] ,litre ,p] c5t4 7by weight74 ,wat] #ij4cdf #ajai4fd grams4 ,alcohol #c4baj #cf4bc ,lactic acid #j4aij #b4ad ,sug> #b4aje #bc4ge ,album9ates #a4hfj #bj4ii ,butt] #a4ghj #bj4ji ,inorganic salts #j4eji #e4gd ,free c>bonic acid #j4agg #b4jj ,! f]m5ts us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( k\miss are /at$ by ,c>rick to be ( two diff]5t k9ds1 artificial & natural4 ,( ! natural f]m5ts two h be5 resort$ to4 ,"o is m5tion$ by ,grieve1 :i* he borr[$ f ! ,ba%kirs ( ,or5b\rg1 & :i* simply consi/s 9 ! addition ( "o six? "p ( wat] & "o eigh? ( ! s\re/ c[s' milk to fre% m>es' milk2 ! o!r has be5 employ$1 & 01 if ,i mi/ake n1 fir/ recomm5d$ by ,bogoyavl5sky4 ,x is a v simple if r a t$i\s me?od4 ,new m>es' milk1 dilut$ ) "o ?ird its bulk ( wat]1 is plac$ 9 ! saba1#ba & :ile all[$ to s\r spontane\sly1 is cont9ually beat5 up4 ,?is milk gradually und]goes ! v9\s f]m5tation1 & 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs is conv]t$ into weak k\miss4 ,! disadvantage ( ?is mode ( comm5c+ f]m5tation is obvi\s--viz41 ! great wa/e ( "t 9 agitation4 ,h5ce x is only employ$ :5 no artificial f]m5t is obta9able4 ,9 />t+ ! process ( f]m5tation 9 m>es' or any o!r k9d ( milk1 !re=e1 an artificial f]m5t is m frequ5tly employ$ ?an a natural "o4 ,! =m] is us$ only = conv]t+ ! fir/ portion ( milk into k\miss2 ! latt] is always resort$ to aft]w>ds4 ,( artificial f]m5ts ! v>iety is great1 = besides all putrefy+ animal matt]s :i* conta9 nitrog5--su* z blood1 :ite ( egg1 glue1 & fle%--c]ta9 m9]al sub/ances :i* act by s\r+ ! milk are also capable ( excit+ f]m5tation4 ,n[1 _m ( ! nomads1 ^: m>es ei!r give no milk or are n milk$ 9 w9t]1 comm5ce ! prep>ation ( _! k\miss 9 spr+ by borr[+ a f]m5t f ! animal1 m9]al1 or vegetable k+dom4 ,?us a mixture ( honey & fl\r is ! fav\rite f]m5t ) "s races ( nomads2 a piece ( fre% horse-sk9 or t5don is pref]r$ by o!rs1 :ile a few resort to old copp] co9s1 cov]$ ) v]digris1 = />t+ f]m5tation4 ,9 ! *oice ( a f]m5t !y are guid$ solely by habit & tradition4 ,z x w\ld be useless1 almo/ impossible1 to give a li/ ( all ! =eign sub/ances t h be5 employ$ ) ! view ( conv]t+ m>es' milk into k\miss1 x w be be/ to consid] ! simple/ artificial f]m5ts1 & ^? mo/ g5]ally 9 use4 ,! simple/ way is t recomm5d$ by ,bogoyavl5sky1 & adopt$ & modifi$ by ,t*embulat(4#bb ,x is prep>$ ?us3 ',take a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( millet-fl\r1 add wat] to x1 & boil x d[n to ! consi/5ce ( ?ick oatmeal porridge4 ,!n heat sep>ately1 9 ano!r vessel1 elev5 p9ts ( milk to boil+-po9t1 & all[ x to cool d[n4 ,:5 its temp]ature has fall5 to #ie ,f41 p\r x into a wood5 b[l or tub1 & add ! boil$ fl\r to x4 ,! upp] & op5 "p ( ! vessel is !n cov]$ ) a piece ( co>se l951 & left at re/--at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ii ,f4--f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! appe>ance ( small bubbles1 :i* keep bur/+ on ! surface ( ?is liquid1 comb9$ ) a v9\s or acid od\r1 prove t ! f]m5t is ready4 ,to ?is f]m5t+ fluid tw5ty-two qu>ts ( new milk are gradually 7i4e41 e t5 m9utes7 add$1 & ! :ole mass is cont9u\sly beat5 up = twelve h\rs4 ,! temp]ature dur+ /irr+ %\ld nev] be high] ?an #id ,f4 ,! :ole fluid soon beg9s to f]m5t1 & aft] twelve h\rs a n unpleasant k\miss is ready4 ,?is %\ld be filt]$ ?r\gh a horse-hair or musl9 sieve1 aft] :i* x is fit = dr9k+4 ,?is liquid is call$ weak k\miss2 b a limit$ portion ( ! lact9e has und]gone ! lactu\s & v9\s f]m5tations1 & ?us ! p]c5tage ( alcohol is small4 ,k\miss at an ord9>y temp]ature rema9s weak = twelve h\rs aft] x has be5 beat5 up1 & !n gradually passes into m$ium4' ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ri*ness ( c[s' milk 9 fat militates aga9/ its be+ a good raw mat]ial = ! mak+ ( k\miss1 ow+ to ! production ( small quantities ( butyric acid1 :i* foll[s ^u ! f]m5tation1 s t x is desirable1 if k\miss is to be prep>$ f c[s' milk1 t ! fat %\ld be fir/ ( all elim9at$1 s t ! sep>at$ milk w !n approximate to ! composition ( m>es' milk4 ,! *emical *anges1 says ,hut*ison1#bc :i* take place 9 ! milk "u ! d\ble f]m5tation are n difficult to foll[2 ! lactic f]m5t simply *anges "p ( ! sug> into lactic acid1 ! v9\s f]m5t eats up a v small "p ( ! proteid ( ! milk1 &1 at ! same "t1 produces f ! sug> a little alcohol & a good deal ( c>bon dioxide2 ! milk ?us becomes s\r1 x eff]vesces & is weakly alcoholic1 b ! lactic acid causes ! case9 to be precipitat$ j z x does 9 ! ord9>y s\r+ ( milk1 & ! case9 falls d[n 9 flocculi4 ,z w h be5 notic$1 x is an ess5tial "p ( ! process ( k\miss-mak+ to keep ! milk 9 a /ate ( agitation dur+ ! p]iod ( f]m5tation1 a process :i* is int5d$ to p]mit ( oxyg5 be+ tak5 up by ! f]m5t+ fluid1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! case9 is brok5 up into a /ate ( f9e division4 ,! case9 also1 or at lea/ a portion ( x1 becomes v soluble1 & aft] twelve h\rs ( f]m5tation ! ta/e ( ! product is only slightly s\r1 & ! milk ta/e /ill rema9s4 ,?is ta/e1 h[ev]1 disappe>s 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ow+ to ! rapid developm5t ( ! lactic acid organisms4 ,aft] ?is lapse ( "t ! sug> is entirely de/roy$1 & ! /rong k\miss :i* results is a ?9 s\r fluid :i* eff]vesces briskly1 & 9 ?is condition w keep = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,! net *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! orig9al milk may be summ$ up by say+ t ! sug> ( ! milk has be5 replac$ by lactic acid1 alcohol1 & c>bon dioxide1 ! case9 has be5 p>tly precipitat$ 9 a /ate ( v f9e division1 & p>tly pre-dige/$ & dissolv$1 :ile ! fat & salts h be5 left mu* z !y 74#bd ,viol5t /irr+ or agitation ( ! cultures does n seem to "w s mu* by supply+ oxyg5 to ! f]m5t+ liquid1 z by ensur+ a ?or\gh di/ribution ( ! micro-organisms ?r\gh\t ! liquid1 & ?us divid+ ! case94 ,! great] numb] ( ! organisms are facultative anrobes & oxyg5 is n necess>y4 ,aga91 k\miss put up 9 bottles on ! fir/ day is regul>ly %ak5 al?\gh air is exclud$4 ,keffir4--,keffir is a k9d ( f]m5t$ milk :i* has be5 9 use 9 ! ,caucasus = q a long "t1 z k\miss has be5 9 ! /eppes4 ,x diff]s f k\miss1 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect1 t x is prep>$ f ei!r %eep's1 goats'1 or c[s' milk4 ,! process is />t$ by ! addition ( keffir gra9s to ! milk1 :i* is conta9$ 9 lea!rn bottles4 ,^! keffir gra9s are small solid k]nels :i* are kept 9 families & h&$ on f "o g5]ation to ano!r4#be ,! gra9s are ! orig9 ( ! f]m5t1 z !y dissem9ate 9 ! milk micro-organisms ( a lactic yea/ 7,sac*>omyces kefir ,bey]9ck & ,freud5rei*7 & also ! bacillus ,bact]ium caucasicum1 :i* develop rapidly & split up ! milk sug> into c>bon dioxide1 alcohol1 & lactic acid4 ,small quantities ( glyc]9e1 acetic1 succ9ic1 & butyric acids are also =m$1 ! case9 & album5 be+ p>tly peptonis$4#bf ,keffir becomes slightly eff]vesc5t 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & 9 t "t develops a small quantity ( alcohol1 b aft] ?ree days ! am\nt ( alcohol & lactic acid is mu* increas$4#bg ,x has be5 det]m9$ t ! f]m5tation ( ! milk is due to ,sac*>omyces kefir1 & t ! ,lactobacillus ,caucasicus does n take any "p 9 ! f]m5tation1 a fact :i* seems to be support$ by ! capacity ( ord9>y keffir = />t+ ! f]m5tation 9 fre% milk 9 ! same mann] z ! keffir gra9s4 ,! use ( ?is bev]age seems to be univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! ,caucasus1 & travell]s 9 ^! regions h frequ5tly ref]r$ to x4 ,?us ,fre%field#bh /ates 9 "o "p ( 8 book ( travels z foll[s3 ,! pig-fac$ peasant aga9/ :om we _h at fir/ sight conceiv$ su* an unju/ prejudice turn$ out a capital fell[4 ,he br\ght u n only fre% milk1 b a peculi> species ( liquor1 some?+ betwe5 public-h\se be] & s\r cid]1 = :i* we express$ ! greate/ admiration1 tak+ c>e at ! same "t privately to empty out ! vessel conta9+ x1 on ! fir/ opportunity4 ,& aga93 ,! hospitable %eph]ds regal$ u1 n only ) ! inevitable & univ]sal airam or s\r milk--if a man _c reconcile himself to s\r milk1 he is n fit = ! ,caucasus--b ) a local delicacy t has lately be5 br\ght to ! k ( ,europe--kefir4 ,?is may be/ be describ$ z 'eff]vesc+ milk4' ,x is obta9$ by putt+ into ! liquid "s yell[ gra9s1 p>ts ( a mu%room :i* conta9s a bacillus kn[n to sci5ce z ,dispora caucasia4 ,! action ( ! gra9s is to decompose ! sug> 9 ! milk1 & to produce c>bonic acid & alcohol4 ,! gra9s multiply indef9itely 9 ! milk2 :5 dri$ !y c be pres]v$ & kept = future use2 its results on ! dige/ion are frequ5tly unsatisfactory1 z "o ( my companions le>nt to 8 co/4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 says ,met*nik(f1 t ! *ief m]it ( kephir 0 t x 0 m easy to dige/ ?an milk1 z "s ( its case9 is dissolv$ 9 ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,kephir1 9 fact1 0 suppos$ to be p>tly dige/$ milk4 ,?is view has n be5 confirm$4 ,pr(essor ,hayem ?9ks t ! good effects ( kephir are due to ! pres5ce ( alcoholic acid1 :i* replaces ! acid ( ! /oma* & has an antiseptic effect4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,rovigh1 :i* ,i speak ( 9 ,! ,nature ( ,man1 h confirm$ ! latt] fact1 :i* n[ may be tak5 z c]ta94 ,! action ( kephir 9 prev5t+ inte/9al putrefaction dep5ds on ! lactic acid bacillus :i* x conta9s4 ,kephir1 al?\gh 9 "s cases c]ta9ly b5eficial1 _c be recomm5d$ = ! prolong$ use necess>y1 if inte/9al putrefaction is to be ov]come4444 ,pr(essor ,hayem prohibits its use 9 ! case ( p]sons 9 :om food is reta9$ = long 9 ! /oma*4 ,:5 x is reta9$ 9 ! /oma*1 kephir goes on f]m5t+1 & !re are develop$ 9 ! cont5ts butyric & acetic acids1 :i* aggravate ! dige/ive di/urbances4 ,kephir is produc$ by comb9$ lactic & alcoholic f]m5tations 444 & x is ! lactic & n ! alcoholic f]m5tation on :i* ! valuable prop]ties ( kephir dep5d2 x is correct to replace x by s\r milk1 t conta9s ei!r no alcohol or m]ely ! smalle/ traces ( x4 ,! fact t s _m races make s\r milk & use x copi\sly is an excell5t te/imony ( its usefulness4 ,!re are two me?ods giv5 by ,flgge#bi = ! prep>ation ( keffir3 ,9 ! fir/1 ! dry br[n kefir gra9s ( comm]ce are all[$ to lie 9 wat] = five or six h\rs until !y swell2 !y are !n c>efully wa%$ & plac$ 9 fre% milk1 :i* %\ld be *ang$ once or twice a day until ! gra9s become pure :ite 9 col\r & :5 plac$ 9 fre% milk1 quickly m\nt to ! surface--tw5ty to ?irty m9utes4 ,"o litre ( milk is !n p\r$ into a flask1 & a full tablespoonful ( ! prep>$ krn] add$ to x4 ,?is is all[$ to /& op5 = five to eight h\rs2 ! flask is !n clos$ & kept at #ah ,c4 ,x %\ld be %ak5 e two h\rs4 ,at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! milk is p\r$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve into ano!r flask1 :i* mu/ n be m ?an f\r fif?s full4 ,?is is cork$ & all[$ to /&1 be+ %ak5 f "t to "t4 ,at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs a dr9k is obta9$ :i* conta9s b little c>bon-dioxide or alcohol4 ,usually x is n drunk until ! second day1 :51 ^u /&+1 two lay]s are =m$1 ! l[] milky1 transluc5t2 & ! upp] conta9+ f9e flakes ( case94 ,:5 %ak5 x has a cream-l consi/5ce4 ,on ! ?ird day x aga9 becomes ?9 & v acid4 ,! second me?od is us$ :5 "o has a good kefir & two or ?ree days to />t )4 ,?ree or f\r p>ts ( fre% c[s' milk are add$ to "o "p ( ?is & p\r$ into flasks :i* are all[$ to /& = =ty-eight h\rs ) occasional %ak+4 ,:5 ! dr9k is ready = use1 a portion 7"o fif? to "o ?ird7 is left 9 ! flask z f]m5t = a fre% quantity ( milk4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be ma9ta9$ at ab\t #ah ,c41 b at ! comm5cem5t a high] temp]ature is desirable4 ,! gra9s %\ld be c>efully clean$ f "t to "t & brok5 up to ! size ( peas4 ,! clean gra9s may be dri$ ^u blott+-pap]1 9 ! sun1 or 9 ! vic9ity ( a /ove2 :5 dri$ 9 ! air !y reta9 _! p[] to g]m9ate = a long "t4 ,leb54--,9 our e>li] ref]5ces to f]m5t$ milks 9 scriptural times1 we obs]v$ t alcoholic f]m5t$ milks 7 n p]mitt$ to be pres5t$ at ! alt>4 ,su* (f]+s1 h[ev]1 7 q all[able among/ ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ! ,arabs & ,c>?ag9ians1#cj & f remote antiquity ^! nations plac$ great value on ?is product4 ,leb51 :i* is peculi>ly associat$ ) ,egypt1 is a s\r$ milk prep>$ f ! milk ( buffaloes1 c[s1 or goats4 ,x is usually prep>$ by ! boil+ ( ! fre% milk ov] a sl[ fire1 aft] :i* "s f]m5t$ milk f a previ\s prep>ation is add$ to ! w>m article1 & ! f]m5tation takes place rapidly & is consid]$ to be complete 9 ab\t six h\rs4#ca ,! ,egyptian leb5 is valu$ s highly t x is (f]$ 9 hospitality to ! pass+ /rang]1 & x is reg>d$ z s mu* ( a duty to pres5t ?is milk1 t 9 "s p>ts ( ,arabia x w\ld be look$ ^u z sc&al\s if any paym5t 7 receiv$ 9 return4#cb ,matzoon4--,matzoon is prep>$ 9 ,arm5ia 9 some:at ! same mann] z keffir is prep>$ 9 ! ,caucasus1 & inde$ x diff]s v slightly f keffir 9 composition4 ,its use is univ]sal 9 ,arm5ia4 ,dadhi4--,9 ,india l>ge quantities ( f]m5t$ milk are us$1 "u ! "n ( ,dadhi1 & its *>act]i/ics are n unlike ! simil> products 9 ,europe4 ,! specific bacillus has be5 inve/igat$ by ,*att]jee1#cc :o concludes t x is some:at ak9 to ! ,bacillus bulg>icus & ! bacillus ( leb5 7,b4 leb5is74 ,dr4 ,*att]jee gives a rsum ( 8 inve/igations :i* sums up ! :ole matt] ?us3 #a4 ,! f]m5t$ milk ( ,india call$ ,dadhi resembles 9 all ess5tial po9ts ! ,bulg>ian f]m5t$ milk z well z ! leb5 & o!r =ms ( f]m5t$ milk 9 use 9 ! ,ea/4 #b4 ,! causative elem5t ( ! curdl+ process ( ,dadhi is a /repto?rix hav+ *>act]s simil> to ! ,bacillus bulg>icus & ,/reptobacilli leb5i1 & ,bacillus caucas9a & ! ,long ,bacilli ( ,mazun1 9 7#a7 n gr[+ 9 ord9>y m$ia2 7#b7 produc+ a l>ge am\nt ( lactic acid 9 milk2 7#c7 produc+1 besides coagulation ( case9 & splitt+ up ! sug> ( milk into lactic acid1 no o!r *ange 9 milk2 7#d7 n produc+ any indol1 nor peptone1 nor saponification ( fat1 nor =mation ( any gas4 #c4 ,x diff]s f ! above by %[+ peculi> p9k-/a9$ granules1 :5 /a9$ ) me?yl5e blue & %[+ peculi>ly convolut$ *a9s 9 glucose ag>4 #d4 ,! importance ( ! organism lies 9 ! fact t1 z 9 ! case ( ,bacillus bulg>icus1 x kills all pa?og5ic non-spor+ g]ms & also de/roys all proteolytic gas-=m+ bacilli 9 milk4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ^! inve/igations ! foll[+ table is giv51 %[+ ! am\nt ( lactic acid produc$ by diff]5t lactic acid bacilli 9 "o litre ( milk1 9 t]ms ( lactic acid--! culture be+ kept at #cg ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,"n ( ! ,aft] ,aft] ,aft] ,aft] ,aft] ,bacillus4 #bd #dh #gb #if a ,rem>ks ,h\rs4 ,h\rs4 ,h\rs4 ,h\rs4 ,week4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,b4 lactis #a4h 444 #aj4jh 444 444 ,obs]v$ by rog5es ,hall & ,smi? ,b4 coli #a4h 444 #d4gg 444 444 ,obs]v$ by communis ,hall & ,smi? ,b4 #ab4h #af4e #bj4b 444 #bb ,obs]v$ by bulg>icus -4#d -4#d -4#d 444 -4#d ,gabriel ,b]tr& & ,weiswell]2 ! initial acidity ( ! milk 0 #d ,matzoon ,long #aj4h #ab4 444 444 444 ,obs]v$ by /bs*5 ,b4 ,dggeli ,/repto- #b4facd 444 444 444 444 ,obs]v$ by bacillus ,ri/ & ,kh\ry leb5is ,/repto?rix #aj4h #a4jh #aa4be #aa4gj #ah4e ,m$4 ,coll41 dadhi ,calcutta ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w s\r milk is consum$ 9 great quantities1 & x is /at$ by ,met*nik(f#ce t ! *ief food ( ! natives ( tropical ,africa consi/s ( s\r$ milk1 & 9 ,we/]n ,africa 9 ! region s\? ( ,angola1 ! natives live almo/ entirely on ?is product1 !re be+ a diff]5ce 9 ! curdl$ milks produc$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! microbial flora :i* is introduc$4 ,x is /at$#cf t 9 ,s]via1 ,bulg>ia1#cg & ,r\mania !re 7 #ejjj c5t5>ians liv+ 9 #ahif1 & :ile _m reasons are advanc$ = su* an abnormal condition ( affairs1 x seems fairly c]ta9 t ! sole reason :y p 9 ^! di/ricts live to su* great ages is because ( _! mode ( liv+ & ! fact t !y live v l>gely on s\r$ milk4 ,! hygi5ic conditions ?r\gh\t ^! c\ntries are n su* z w\ld give ! population 9 ! t[ns & villages any special advantages 9 ! prolongation ( life1 & :ile x may be /at$ t a pa/oral & agricultural life are likely to contribute to longevity1 ^! conditions w\ld n acc\nt = a g5]al t5d5cy to live long 9 ! c\ntries ref]r$ to1 m ?an 9 any o!r agricultural area4 ,!re are _m c\ntries ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 :i* ! pa/oral & agricultural exi/5ce is g5]al1 b x has n be5 %[n t 9 ^! c\ntries life is prolong$4 ,h5ce ! conclusion has be5 =c$ ^u inve/igators t ! reason is to be f\nd n 9 ! pa/oral conditions1 b 9 ! habit :i* has exi/$ f "t immemorial ( consum+ s\r milk z a pr9cipal article ( diet4 ,!re is no curtailm5t ( ! use ( f]m5t$ milks 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 & ! me?ods ( prep>ation at ! pres5t day are ^? :i* h be5 c>ri$ out f "t immemorial4 ,a local obs]v] /ates t 9 ,bulg>ia yogh\rt is made 9 ne>ly e h\sehold1 especially 9 ! spr+ & summ]4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation is v simple3 ,! milk is boil$ until a qu>t] ( its volume has evaporat$1 x is !n cool$ to #de ,c4 & ! f]m5t add$4 ,?is f]m5t is a portion ( ! yogh\rt ( good flav\r & is call$ ,maya or ,zakvaska4 ,! vases1 a k9d ( e>!nw>e pot1 are envelop$ 9 wooll5 /uff or %eepsk9 & plac$ 9 a w>m place ne> ! *imney4 ,9 t5 h\rs ! yogh\rt is made1 & x is pres]v$ 9 a cold place4 ,! great reputation t ! yogh\rt has acquir$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe has caus$ ?is ,maya to become an article ( comm]ce4 ,x is s5t out by rail h]metically seal$ 9 t9plate boxes4 ,accord+ to a ,sophia *emi/1 ! ,maya is employ$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,= a litre ( milk x is necess>y to take ab\t #aj gr4 ( ! f]m5t4 ,?is f]m5t is dilut$ ) ?ree times ! am\nt ( wat] & put into a b[l previ\sly heat$ ) hot wat] & dri$4 ,into ?is b[l ! milk1 previ\sly boil$ & cool$ to a temp]ature ( #ge to #ej ,c41 is p\r$2 x is !n cov]$ ov] & put 9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #cj ,c41 &1 9 default ( a /ove ( con/ant temp]ature1 ! b[l is wrapp$ r\nd ) flannel or a plaid1 & left to curdle = eight to t5 h\rs4 ,x is !n ready = consumption4 ,dur+ w9t]1 curdl$ milk keeps = sev]al days1 & 9 summ] x becomes s\r 9 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a simil> food to ! yogh\rt is prep>$ 9 ! ,balkan m\nta9s f %eep's milk "u ! "n ( ,urg\tnik4#ch ,! milk is p\r$ into a goat-sk9 or %eepsk9 bag1 & a little ( ! f]m5t$ milk add$1 & is !n left = "s h\rs 9 a w>m place4 ,! milk consum$ is replac$ by a fre% supply4 ,9 "s ( ! ,balkan c\ntries1 !y are n cont5t ) ! f]m5tation ( ! milk1 !y add a little alum1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( typsa1 is well kn[n = ?is purpose4 ,! milk atta9s su* a solid consi/5cy t x c be put into a clo? & c>ri$ to m>ket4#ci ,! v>i\s =ms ( s\r milk :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ! =ego+ pages may be said to be ( ! traditional k9d1 & ) ! light ( mod]n k1 x has be5 possible to det]m9e exactly :at con/itutes ! active pr9ciple 9 use 9 ! milk consum$ 9 ^! c\ntries1 &1 z we %all see1 ?is pr9ciple has be5 appli$ s t1 at ! pres5t day1 a pure f]m5t$ milk may be obta9$ 9 any c\ntry1 & !re is e reason to believe t %\ld su* be adopt$ z a g5]al article ( food1 x w\ld contribute to ! prolongation ( human exi/5ce4 ,x is due to ,met*nik(f1 ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 t s mu* prom95ce has be5 giv5 to ! use ( f]m5t$ milks4 ,he gave x z 8 op9ion#dj t s5ility 0 caus$ p>tly by auto-intoxication or by ! poison d]iv$ f putrefactive micro-organisms :i* inhabit ! dige/ive track4 ,^! organisms increase ) age1 & "u c]ta9 unheal?y conditions multiply enorm\sly1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is k1 ,met*nik(f set to "w to devise "s means ( combat+ ! influ5ce ( ^! h>mful microbes1 & set up ! hypo!sis t ! t5d5cy to longevity :i* is exhibit$ 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries is due to ! consumption ( lactic acid organisms 9 ! %ape ( s\r$ milk4 ,^! organisms are m p[]ful ?an ^? ( a putrefactive "* & inhibit _! gr[?4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* facts1 says ,met*nik(f1 x becomes exce$+ly important to f9d "s means ( combat+ ! inte/9al putrefaction :i* con/itutes s inconte/able a s\rce ( dang]4 ,su* putrefaction is n only capable ( produc+ diseases ( ! dige/ive tube--ent]itis & colitis--b ev5 ( becom+ a s\rce ( intoxication ( ! organism 9 its mo/ v>i$ manife/ations4 ,x is "s ye>s s9ce ,i propos$ to combat inte/9al putrefaction & its injuri\s consequ5ces by means ( lactic f]m5ts4 ,i ?\ght ! acidity produc$ by su* microbes w\ld be mu* m effective 9 prev5t+ ! g]m9ation ( putrefy+ microbes ?an ! small quantity ( acids produc$ by ,bacillus coli4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i _h no illusion z to ! difficulty sure to be enc\nt]$ 9 any ef=t to introduce lactic microbes into ! inte/9al flora :i* has be5 preoccupi$ by a multitude ( o!r microbes4 ,to make sur] ( ! result1 ,i *ose ! lactic microbe1 :i* is ! /ronge/ z an acid produc]4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! yah\rt 7yogh\rt71 :i* orig9ates 9 ,bulg>ia4 ,! same bacillus has also be5 isolat$ f ! leb5 ( ,egypt2 & x is n[ prov$ t x is f\nd 9 ! curdl$ milk ( ! :ole ,balkan p59sula1 & ev5 9 ! ,don region ( ,russia4#da ,x is a %ort /ep f consid]ations l ^! to ! adoption ( ! ,bacillus bulg>icus z ! mo/ pot5t ( ! v>i\s lactic organisms :i* h be5 exam9$1 & :i* is likely to play su* an important rle 9 ! de/9y ( ! human race4 ,! ,bacillus bulg>icus may claim to be ! ,bacillus ( ,long ,life4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,milk ,! ,composition ( ,milk4--,l all o!r organic sub/ances1 or ^? built up 9 connection ) ! life processes ( plants & animals1 milk is ( complex composition4 ,x is also v liable to *ange--e "o is acqua9t$ ) its t5d5cy to g bad4 ,?is in/ability is m or less inh]5t 9 all highly organis$ *emical comp\nds1 &1 inde$1 x seems to be necess>y t ! mat]ials us$ 9 gr[? & nutrition %\ld be v pla/ic 9 a *emical s5se1 9 ord]1 e4g41 t ! con/itu5ts1 say ( a plant1 may easily be trans=m$ into ! sub/ances ( ! body ( ! animal :i* fe$s on x4 ,! p]i%able nature ( milk--! food ( "y & gr[+ animals--is !re=e ess5tial1 s t x may be *ang$ easily into ! blood1 bone1 muscle1 etc41 s abundantly requir$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( exi/5ce4 ,milk is a complete food1 &1 !re=e1 naturally x is n a simple *emical comp\nd1 b a me*anical mixture ( a numb] ( sub/ances4 ,! pres5t /ate ( *emical k on ! subject does n p]mit ( its composition be+ giv5 9 detail1 b = practical purposes1 su* z ^? ( measur+ its purity & food value1 ?is is n necess>y4 ,a proximate analysis1 9 :i*1 at lea/1 "s ( ! +r$i5ts are lump$ toge!r1 is suffici5t1 & has be5 adopt$ ev]y:]e by analy/s4 ,on ?is basis ! av]age composition ( c[s' milk may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #hg4ej ,fat #c4ej ,case9 & album5 #c4fe ,milk sug> #d4fj ,a% #j4ge ---- #ajj4jj ------ ,! con/itu5ts o!r ?an wat] add$ toge!r =m ! total solids1 & !y am\nt to #ab4e p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #hg4e ,total solids #ab4e ---- #ajj4j ----- ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,milk ,9 ! illu/ration1 a p9t ( milk is %[n 9 a glass j>1 & ! v>i\s p]c5tages ( wat]1 case91 sug>1 a%1 album51 & fat1 :i* make up its con/itu5t p>ts1 are %[n 9 sep>ate bottles1 ! p]c5tage ( ea* be+ /at$ b5ea?4 ,milk v>ies a good deal 9 composition2 ! diff]5t bre$s ( c[s give v>y+ qualities4 ,! ,%ort-horn gives l>ge quantities ( milk ( r poor analysis1 :ile ! ,j]sey yields small] proportions ( v ri* milk4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( lactation 7! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! c[ gave bir? to a calf71 c>e 9 milk+1 food1 heal?1 etc41 all h an effect on ! quality ( ! milk4 ,! limits ( v>iation may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #hg4e to #hb4e ,fat #b4e #f4j ,case9 & album5 #c4j #d4e ,milk sug> #c4e #f4j ,a% #j4f #j4h ,^! figures are extreme1 & x is v seldom inde$ t ei!r ! m9imum or maximum is rea*$4 ,inde$1 by ! regulation laid d[n "u ,clause #d ( ! ,briti% ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,act ( #ahii1 :5 ! p]c5tage ( solids n fat falls bel[ #h4e p] c5t41 & fat "u #c p] c5t41 x is assum$ t ! milk has be5 adult]at$4 ,?is regulation is a p]fectly j "o4 ,:ile g5u9e milk may1 9 r>e in/ances1 %[ figures z l[ z #g4a p] c5t4 ( solids n fat1 or #b4e p] c5t4 ( fat1 ! "r c h>dly be claim$ ( supply+ su* an abnormal article to ! public z milk ( prop] quality1 & ! dairyman :o und]/&s 8 bus9ess1 & wi%es to deal fairly ) 8 cu/om]s1 c1 by att5tion to ! conditions enum]at$ above :i* influ5ce ! composition ( milk1 entirely avoid ! production ( su* a l[-grade article4 ,9 ! nutrition ( bo? plants & animals l>ge quantities ( wat] are ne$$4 ,! solids mu/ be suppli$ 9 solution or dissolv$ 9 ! assimilative processes1 & ?is _c take place )\t wat]1 :i* also conveys ! dissolv$ solids to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! economy1 & 9 ! case ( animals removes wa/e mat]ials4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 wat] passes ?r\gh ! body un*ang$1 b a c]ta9 proportion unites *emically ) ! food mat]ials & assi/s 9 _! dige/ion4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t sev5 eigh?s ( milk is compos$ ( wat]4 ,blood conta9s a simil> proportion1 & ?is agreem5t emphasises ! fact t milk is a p]fectly balanc$ food4 ,! fat ( milk1 :i* yields cream & butt]1 diff]s 9 "s important respects f o!r fats4 ,l ^!1 x is made up *iefly ( /e>91 palmit91 & ole91 b1 9 addition1 x conta9s an abnormally l>ge proportion ( comp\nds ( c]ta9 ( ! volatile fatty acids4 ,x is ^! :i* give to butt] its agreeable flav\r4 ,by ! me?ods ( ,duclaux1 ! foll[+ is ! approximate composition ( butt] fat3 ,p] c5t4 ,/e>91 palmit91 ole91 & traces ( myri/9 & but9 #ia4ej ,butyr9 #d4bj ,capron9 #b4ej ,capryl91 capr991 & traces ( laur9 #a4hj ----- #ajj4jj ------ ,myri/9 occurs 9 nutmegs2 butyr9 9 ano!r comb9ation flav\rs p9eapples & rum2 capr99 is f\nd 9 cocoanut fat1 mutton fat1 & 9 ! (f5sive od\r giv5 (f by ! goat 7f :i* ! "n is d]iv$72 capryl9 is a by-product ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 & also occurs 9 cocoa fat2 laur9 is f\nd 9 sweet bay2 f :i* x is evid5t t !re are "s curi\s relation%ips 9 flav\r+ mat]ials4 ,fats are v conc5trat$ foods1 furni%+ a l>ge am\nt ( en]gy to ! body4 ,at "o "t !y 7 class$ toge!r ) />*1 sug>1 & o!r c>bohydrates z heat-produc]s1 b ! di/9ction :i* 0 drawn betwe5 ! k9ds ( food :i* 7 ?\ght solely to keep up ! temp]ature ( ! organism1 & ^? :i* produc$ =ce 9 "w & o!r =ms ( bodily en]gy1 has brok5 d[n1 & by direct exp]im5t has be5 f\nd n to exi/4 ,x is usually calculat$ t "o "p ( fat is equal 9 food value to ab\t two & a qu>t] p>ts ( any ( ! o!r c>bohydrates4 ,milk fat or butt] is m dige/ible ?an almo/ any o!r fat1 & its importance !re=e c readily be realis$4 ,all ! above con/itu5ts ( milk fat are compos$ ( diff]5t proportions ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 b milk also conta9s m9ute quantities ( leci?91 a fat conta9+ phosphorus 9 addition4 ,leci?9 is also f\nd 9 ! bra9 & n]ve mat]ial ( animals1 9 ! yolk ( egg1 & 9 sev]al plants4 ,! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( milk--case9 & album5--are usually e/imat$ toge!r1 & !y are reckon$ z ( equival5t food value4 ,! "n prote9 is v commonly appli$ to ! total ( ^! bodies 9 milk1 or o!r animal & vegetable foods4 ,!y are compos$ ( diff]5t proportions ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 ) small quantities ( sulphur1 :ile case9 conta9s phosphorus 9 addition4 ,album5 exi/s to ! ext5t ( ab\t #j4f p] c5t4 9 milk4 ,x is v simil> 9 prop]ties to egg album54 ,! coagulum :i* =ms on ! surface ( milk :5 boil$ is l>gely compos$ ( album54 ,case9 is comb9$ )1 & kept 9 solution by1 lime1 soda1 & calcium phosphate1 & its am\nt av]ages a little ov] #c p] c5t4 ,! rem>kable prop]ty possess$ by r5net1 ( curdl+ or coagulat+ case91 is well kn[n2 r5net is an extract f ! /oma* ( ! calf1 & simil> pr9ciples are pres5t 9 ! /oma*s ( man & o!r animals1 s t ! coagulation ( milk is ! fir/ process 9 its dige/ion4 ,if milk is gulp$ d[n 9 l>ge quantities x is apt to coagulate 9 lumps1 & dige/ion is mu* int]f]$ )1 b if x is tak5 hot & sl[ly1 x coagulates 9 small pieces :i* are readily attack$ by ! ga/ric juice1 & milk is !n "o ( ! mo/ assimilable ( foods4 ,nature provides t ! milk = "y animals is suppli$ 9 f9ely divid$ /reams1 s t coagulation takes place 9 ! be/ possible way4 ,! proteids are ! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( food2 !y are abundant 9 ! blood1 & build up ! muscles1 bra91 n]ves1 & o!r bodily /ructures4 ,besides ^! m5tion$1 milk conta9s traces ( ano!r proteid ( simil> composition call$ globul94 ,! sug> ( milk is n f\nd any:]e else4 ,x is a c>bohydrate l cane & grape sug>--t is to say1 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 !y conta9 are 9 ! same relative proportions z 9 wat]4 ,milk sug> is n s soluble or s sweet z ! o!r sug>s4 ,x does n f]m5t ) ord9>y yea/1 b c]ta9 special yea/s :i* are made use ( 9 ! prep>ation ( keffir1 k\miss1 etc41 h ! p[] ( trans=m+ x into alcohol4 ,its mo/ rem>kable prop]ty1 h[ev]1 is ! facility ) :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 bact]ia1 x is *ang$ into lactic acid4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! s\r+ ( milk1 b p]haps x is n s g5]ally kn[n t !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! results obta9$ 9 accordance ) ! conditions "u :i* ! s\r+ takes place4 ,! skill$ butt]-mak]1 by keep+ ! milk 9 a cool & cleanly dairy1 obta9s a s\r milk ( a *>act]i/ic & agreeable aroma & ta/e1 :i* b5eficially affect ! flav\r ( ! butt] produc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if milk is kept 9 hot & dirty surr\nd+s1 ! developm5t ( acidity is accompani$ by diff]5t bad ta/es & od\rs1 & x becomes unfit = use z a food4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! conditions are fav\rable to ! maximum production ( ! lactic acid bact]ia1 & ^! occupy ! field1 & l>gely prev5t ! developm5t ( ! o!r bact]ia :i* are pres5t--! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 ! second case1 ! impure surr\nd+s sw>m ) ! g]ms ( _m k9ds ( putrefactive bact]ia1 & ! high temp]ature assi/s ^! to ga9 ! upp] h&4 ,aga91 ! survival ( ! fitte/1 9 ! p>ticul> conditions4 ,ev5 9 cool & cleanly surr\nd+s injuri\s ta9ts may develop1 especially if ! milk has previ\sly be5 subject$ to a j\rney by road or rail1 z is ! case 9 ! mod]n cream]y sy/em1 :]e ! f>m]s deliv] _! milk to a c5tral cream]y1 :]e x is made into butt]4 ,9 su* e/abli%m5ts x is ! regul> practice to kill ! g]ms1 lactic & o!rs1 exi/+ 9 ! milk1 by heat+ x to a high temp]ature4 ,?is process is call$ pa/euris+1 aft] ! great ,fr5* *emi/ & bact]iologi/ :o inv5t$ x4 ,pure lactic cultures are add$ to ! pa/euris$ milk1 & ! s\r+ process is "u exact control1 ) ! result t butt] ( uni=m flav\r & quality is produc$4 ,! same me?od is made use ( 9 mak+ ! special s\r milk describ$ 9 ?is book1 )1 ( c\rse1 modifications 9 ! app>atus employ$1 to suit ! small] scale 9 :i* ! manufacture is conduct$4 ,! a% is ! m9]al matt] :i* is left :5 milk1 previ\sly dri$1 is burnt 9 a crucible4 ,x is a complex mixture1 &1 z we h se51 x am\nts to ab\t #j4g p] c5t4 ( ! milk4 ,! process ( burn+ de/roys all ! organic matt]1 &1 at ! same "t1 alt]s some:at ! /ate ( comb9ation ( ! inorganic or m9]al elem5ts4 ,attempts h be5 made f ! analysis ( ! a% to recon/itute ! composition ( ! m9]al matt] z x exi/s 9 ! milk4 ,! be/ kn[n is t ( ,soldn]1 & ! foll[+ is 8 calculation3 ,p] c5t4 ,sodium *loride #aj4fb ,potassium *loride #i4af ,monopotassium phosphate #ab4gg ,dipotassium phosphates #i4bb ,potassium citrate #e4dg ,dimagnesium citrate #c4ga ,magnesium citrate #d4je ,dicalcium phosphate #g4db ,tricalcium phosphates #h4ij ,calcium citrate #bc4ee ,calcium oxide1 9 comb9ation ) case9 #e4ac ------ #ajj4jj ------ ,! pres5ce ( citrates w be not$ 9 ?is analysis4 ,citric acid1 :i* gives to lemons _! acidity1 & is also f\nd 9 o!r fruits1 has be5 prov$ to exi/ 9 milk to ! ext5t ( ab\t #j4b p] c5t4 ,:5 alkal9e or e>?y citrates are burnt or oxidis$ 9 ! blood1 ! citric acid is de/roy$1 & correspond+ c>bonates rema94 ,no d\bt ! function ( citrates 9 milk is to furni% to ! body ! e>?y & alkal9e c>bonates :i* are requir$ 9 c]ta9 ( its p>ts4 ,! m9]al con/itu5ts ( milk h _m important functions to p]=m 9 ! build+ up & nutrition ( ! bodily organism4 ,phosphate ( lime is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! skeleton1 & ! blood mu/ be ri*ly suppli$ ) ! alkalies1 e>?s1 & acids :i* are compreh5d$ 9 ! a%4 ,milk conta9s traces ( _m o!r sub/ances1 ! mo/ important ( :i* are sev]al enzymes :i* assi/ 9 its dige/ion4 ,g5]al ,prop]ties ( ,milk4--,! appe>ance ( milk is kn[n to e "o2 x ought to be a pure :ite opaque liquid1 b v g5]ally x is t9t$ a cream col\r ) anatto to give x an add$ appe>ance ( ri*ness4 ,! av]age specific gravity is ab\t #a4jca2 or1 to put x ano!r way1 :ile a gallon ( pure wat] weighs exactly #aj lbs41 a gallon ( milk weighs #aj lbs4 #e oz4 ,x freezes at #ca ,f4 & boils at ab\t "o ?ird ( a degree high] ?an wat]4 ,:5 milk is exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ! fat is f\nd to be di/ribut$ ?r\gh x 9 a multitude ( m9ute globules v>y+ 9 size f #a_/af1jjj? to #a_/be1jjj? "p ( an in*1 & occasionally !y are mu* small] & also mu* l>g]4 ,fig4 #a is a micro-photograph %[+ ! fat globules 9 :ole milk4 ,fig4 #b is a micro-photograph ( sep>at$ milk1 & ,fig4 #c a micro-photograph ( cream1 all "u high magnification 7#dej diams472 f ^! figures ! comp>ative numb] ( fat globules pres5t may be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,micro-photograph ( a ,drop ( ,:ole ,milk1 %[+ di/ribution ( fat globules4 7,magnifi$ #dej diams47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,micro-photograph ( ,sep>at$ ,milk1 %[+ ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( fat globules z comp>$ ) :ole milk4 7,magnifi$ #dej diams47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,micro-photograph ( ,cream1 %[+ agglom]ation ( fat globules4 7,magnifi$ #dej diams47 ,fats di/ribut$ ?r\gh a wat]y liquid 9 ?is f9ely divid$ condition =m toge!r :at is call$ an emulsion1 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( fat are kept ap>t by surface t5sion4 ,! specific gravity ( milk fat av]ages #j4ic1 & comp>$ ) wat] weigh+ #aj lbs41 a gallon ( fat w\ld weigh #i lbs4 #e oz4 ,x is ?us consid]ably light] ?an ! o!r con/itu5ts1 & :5 milk is left at re/1 ! fat globules gradually rise to ! top & float !re1 =m+ cream4 ,! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity betwe5 cream & milk is tak5 advantage ( 9 ! me*anical sep>ator1 n[ s mu* us$1 & :i* makes su* a ?or\gh sep>ation betwe5 ! two4 ,cream is an article ( ! mo/ v>i$ composition1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! p]son :o produces x1 b x ought to conta9 at lea/ #bj p] c5t4 ( butt] fat1 & may be made ) a mu* l>g] p]c5tage if necess>y4 ,:5 cream is agitat$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 z by *urn+1 ! surface t5sion ( ! p>ticles is ov]come1 & !y run toge!r into a mass :i* =ms butt]4 ,! case9 ( milk is n held 9 solution 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b 9 a peculi> /ate ( susp5sion call$ ! colloidal condition1 practically ! :ole ( x rema9+ beh9d :5 milk is filt]$ ?r\gh clay filt]s4 ,x is ?is /ate ( susp5sion ( ! case9 :i* makes milk opaque1 b ! opacity is consid]ably increas$ by ! emulsifi$ fat4 ,! coagulation ( ! case9 9 milk by ! addition ( r5net has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,acids1 ei!r m9]al or organic1 also precipitate x 9 ! =m ( flakes4 ,skimm$ milk is n[ l>gely us$ = ! prep>ation ( case9 by ?is me?od1 & ! wa%$ & dri$ precipitate is us$ v ext5sively 9 ! arts = su* v>i$ purposes z ! manufacture ( billi>d balls1 pa9ts1 cem5ts1 etc4 ,! cle> liquid :i* sep>ates :5 milk is curdl$ ) r5net is call$ :ey1 & conta9s ! milk sug> & m9]al salts4 ,! sug> is manufactur$ f x on a limit$ scale1 & is us$ z an +r$i5t 9 infant foods1 & z a conv5i5t m$ium 9 c]ta9 m$ical prep>ations4 ,9 ,sw$5 a k9d ( *eese is made f :ey1 b ! great bulk ( x ev]y:]e is us$ = fe$+ pigs4 ,! comp>ative composition ( diff]5t v>ieties ( milk is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,human ,c[ ,buffalo ,goat ,%eep ,m>e ,ass ,re9de] ,:ale ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,wat] #hh4cb #hg4ge #hb4eg #hf4cd #ha4jh #ij4ch #ij4cj #fg4g #fj4dg ,fat #c4dc #c4dj #g4fc #d4be #g4fg #a4jj #a4cj #ag4a #bj4jj ,prote9 #a4ee #c4ej #d4fi #d4dj #f4jh #a4ih #a4hj #aj4i #ab4db ,milk ,sug> #f4dd #d4fj #d4cj #d4bf #d4bf #f4bh #f4bj #b4h #e4fc ,salts #j4bf #j4ge #j4ha #j4ge #j4ia #j4cf #j4dj #a4e #a4dh ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,total #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,specific #a4jcb #a4jcae #a4jcc #a4jcc #a4jch #a4jcd #a4jcc 444 444 ,gravity ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d is a photograph ( two ,petri di%es1 :i* h be5 inoculat$ ) ord9>y milk 7,a71 & milk t has be5 subject$ to /]ilisation 7,b74 ,! :iti% bact]ial colonies on ,a are due to enorm\s numb]s ( organisms1 :ile ,b is q free f su* gr[?4 ,= ! production ( a reliable lactic food1 x is ess5tial t c]ta9 precautions z to ! treatm5t ( ! milk1 & ! ma9t5ance ( a suitable temp]ature dur+ ! gr[? ( ! lactic bact]ia1 %\ld be obs]v$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 milk imm$iately aft] extraction f ! c[ conta9s only a few organisms1 b ^! multiply s rapidly t 9 a few h\rs ! bact]ial cont5t may am\nt to _m millions p] ounce4 ,9 prep>+ a pure culture ( any specific organism1 !n1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to de/roy all ! bact]ia t h accid5tally f\nd _! way into ! milk1 inoculat+ ) ! organisms x is desir$ to cultivate4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ by heat+ ! milk to ! boil+-po9t ( wat] = ab\t ?irty m9utes1 by :i* "t almo/ all ! undesirable bact]ia h be5 kill$4 ,! milk ( ! c[ diff]s a good deal f human milk1 & :]e ! =m] is us$ = ! fe$+ ( *ildr5 x is usual to add milk sug> to x1 & o!rwise alt] x to br+ its composition m 9 h>mony ) ! human article4 ,! high conc5tration ( ! milk ( ! re9de] & ! :ale is notewor?y4 ,p]haps ?is may be due to ! l[ temp]ature conditions 9 :i* ^! animals live1 necessitat+ /rong nutrim5t to enable _! "y to make prop] progress 9 gr[? & developm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! milk ( ! ass is poor 9 quality1 & probably on ?is acc\nt x is m readily assimilat$ by ^? ( weak dige/ion1 to :om x is sometimes recomm5d$4 ,goats' milk is ri*] ?an ei!r c[ or human milk1 & its n\ri%+ prop]ties are well kn[n4 ,! goat is usually free f tub]culosis & o!r diseases :i* affect ! c[1 & its milk is !re=e a v safe article to use4 ,! ,analysis ( ,milk4--,:ile ! analysis ( milk c only be made by a compet5t *emi/1 !re are a numb] ( simple te/s & obs]vations by :i* any intellig5t p]son c obta9 a fair idea ( its quality4 ,! ta/e & smell af=d "s guide1 z also ! g5]al appe>ance4 ,to judge ( ! latt]1 place "s ( ! milk 9 a tumbl] or o!r cle> glass vessel4 ,if ! milk is ( good quality x w be q homog5e\s & opaque4 ,any floccul5t matt] indicates ei!r disease 9 ! c[ or t ! milk is old & bact]ia h multipli$ 9 x & alt]$ its composition4 ,:5 ! milk has /ood long en\gh = ! cream to rise freely1 ! latt] %\ld =m a p]fectly homog5e\s & /rongly def9$ lay] on ! top4 ,! quantity ( cream may be measur$ 9 a creamomet]1 :i* consi/s ( a small glass cyl9d] graduat$ at ! top 7,fig4 #e74 ,x is fill$ ) milk to ! top graduation l9e1 & :5 ! cream has ris51 ! p]c5tage quantity ( ! latt] :i* has sep>at$ c be tak5 (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! ,creamomet] ,! col\r %\ld be l t ( porcela91 b1 z already /at$1 x is a common ?+ = ! dairyman to add a small quantity ( anatto or an anil9e dye ( a simil> %ade1 to give ! milk a ri* creamy t9t4 ,if ! milk is ( a r$di% col\r ?is may be caus$ by blood f ! udd]1 al?\gh c]ta9 foods1 su* z beets1 mangels1 & c>rots sometimes give a simil> t9t4 ,! milk giv5 by c[s imm$iately aft] calv+ is call$ colo/rum or bie/+s1 & is ( a yell[ or yell[-br[n col\r4 ,x is mu* ?ick] ?an ord9>y milk1 & coagulates 9 boil+4 ,9 dirty byres 9 :i* c>e is n tak5 9 milk+1 q consid]able quantities ( hairs1 pieces ( manure1 & o!r fil? may get into ! milk4 ,usually ! milk is /ra9$ by ! dairyman1 b sometimes ?is is omitt$ or c>elessly done4 ,to te/ = dirt1 a ribb$ glass funnel is useful4 ,get a piece ( ! f9e/ musl9 ab\t twice ! diamet] ( ! funnel1 fold ov] twice1 s t x becomes "o qu>t] ( its orig9al size2 op5 "o ( ! sections & place 9 ! funnel2 pass ! milk into ?is4 ,x w run ?r\gh quickly & "s wat] may be run into ! funnel to cle> away ! la/ traces ( milk4 ,! filt] clo? c !n be op5$ out & any dirt reta9$ w become visible4 ,! app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,te/+-,,glass ,,= ,,extrane\s ,,matt] ,,9 ,,milk4 ,,fig4 #f4--;,a piece ( musl9 is fold$ z %[n & a measur$ quantity ( milk is pass$ ?r\gh ! funnel2 f ! s$im5t left 9 ! musl91 ! p]c5tage ( extrane\s matt] may be arriv$ at4 ,if a glass funnel is n available1 a v small jelly bag c be made ( f9e gauze & us$ 9 ! same way4 ,! wa%+ wat] %\ld be us$ 9 small quantities & direct$ to conc5trat+ ! dirt 9 ! apex ( ! bag4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! latt] c be turn$ outside 91 to p]mit ( readi] exam9ation ( ! dirt4 ,! bag %\ld be well wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 !n boil$ & dri$1 & is !n ready = future use4 ,! acidity ( milk is a v useful guide to its age4 ,milk has ! curi\s prop]ty ( be+ amphot]ic1 i4e41 x is bo? slightly acid & slightly alkal9e :5 fre%4 ,z its age increases1 h[ev]1 s does its acidity1 & at a rate v>y+ ) ! temp]ature & moi/ure cont5ts ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,old & acid milk is heavily contam9at$ ) bact]ia1 a proportion ( :i* are likely to be injuri\s to heal?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,lactomet] & ,te/ ,tube ,! simple/ me?od ( te/+ ! acidity is to procure a few little books ( blue & r$ litmus te/ pap]s1 & ^! c be _h f any philosophical in/rum5t mak] or laboratory furni%]4 ,! /rips ( te/ pap] are torn out & dipp$ 9 ! milk4 ,:5 ! milk is q fre% x w1 ow+ to its amphot]ic condition1 *ange ! r$ litmus pap] slightly blue1 & ! blue litmus pap] slightly r$4 ,old milk *anges blue litmus pap] to a bright r$ because ( its decid$ acidity4 ,! above te/s d n indicate if ! milk is poor or ri*1 b ?is c be det]m9$ by ! lactomet]1 an in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ 9 a simple way ! specific gravity4 ,! lactomet] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,x is graduat$ usually f #be to #cf1 correspond+ to specific gravities #a4jbi to #a4jch4 ,x is graduat$ to degrees & half degrees4 ,sometimes a !rmomet] is comb9$ ) ! in/rum5t4 ,! specific gravity rises z ! temp]ature is l[]$ & decreases ) increase ( temp]ature1 s t x is important to make ! te/ at ! figure at :i* ! lactomet] 0 graduat$1 :i* is usually #fj ,f4 ,fail+ ?is1 an all[ance has to be made = high] or l[] temp]atures4 ,! milk to be te/$ is well mix$1 & plac$ 9 a deep vessel1 & ! lactomet] plac$ 9 x1 hold+ x at fir/ at an angle4 ,x /&s upright & rema9s deep] or high] accord+ to ! specific gravity4 ,! read+ is tak5 on ! /em at ! level ( ! milk4 ,z ! latt] is drawn up a little r\nd ! /em1 ab\t a half degree %\ld be add$ on to get ! true figure4 ,?us1 if ! app>5t read+ is #ca1 ! true read+ may be tak5 z #ca4e4 ,?is is ! av]age figure = good milk1 correspond+ to a specific gravity ( #a4jcae2 any?+ above ?is is all to ! good4 ,l[] read+s mean inf]ior quality1 ! latt] be+ proportionate to ! l[ness ( ! read+s4 ,! te/s are mo/ conv5i5tly made 9 a glass cyl9d] 7,fig4 #g71 :i* may be pur*as$ ) ! lactomet]4 ,z !re are _m inaccurate in/rum5ts 9 ! m>ket1 x is necess>y to g to a reputable mak]1 because an unreliable lactomet] is worse ?an useless4 ,! foll[+ table gives1 9 a cond5s$ =m1 ! all[ances to be made :5 ! temp]ature is above or bel[ ! /&>d 7#fj ,f473 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,temp]ature4 ,read+ ( ,lactomet]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,degs4 ,f4 #dj #bc4e #bd4e #be4e #bf4d #bg4c #bh4b #bi4a #cj4j #ca4j #ca4i #cb4h #cc4g #de #bc4h #bd4h #be4i #bf4h #bg4h #bh4f #bi4c #cj4d #ca4c #cb4c #cc4b #cd4b #ej #bd4a #be4a #bf4a #bg4j #bh4j #bi4j #bi4i #cj4i #ca4h #cb4h #cc4g #cd4g #ee #bd4e #be4e #bf4e #bg4e #bh4e #bi4e #cj4d #ca4d #cb4d #cc4d #cd4c #ce4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fj #be4j #bf4j #bg4j #bh4j #bi4j #cj4j #ca4j #cb4j #cc4j #cd4j #ce4j #cf4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fe #be4e #bf4f #bg4f #bh4g #bi4f #cj4g #ca4g #cb4h #cc4h #cd4h #ce4h 444 #gj #bf4a #bg4b #bh4b #bi4c #cj4b #ca4c #cb4d #cc4d #cd4e #ce4e #cf4e 444 #ge #bf4h #bg4h #bh4h #bi4i #cj4h #cb4a #cc4a #cd4b #ce4b #cf4c 444 444 #hj #bg4d #bh4d #bi4e #cj4g #ca4f #cb4h #cc4i #ce4i #cf4a 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,?us if ! !rmomet] indicates #dj ,f41 & ! lactomet] #bi4a1 ! true read+ at ! /&>d temp]ature ( #fj ,f4 is #ca1 correspond+ to a specific gravity ( #a4jca4 ,int]m$iate figures c readily be av]ag$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to wa% ! lactomet] ) cold wat] "u ! tap1 z o!rwise ! milk w dry on x & r5d] x inaccurate4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,milk ,,mod]n ,,dairy ,,practice ,z we h se51 ! dairy indu/ry is a v anci5t "o1 & has be5 intimately associat$ ) ! developm5t ( civilisation4 ,)9 hi/orical times dairy+ has always =m$ a prom95t feature 9 connection ) agriculture1 & ! use ( milk 9 "o =m or ano!r has be5 common to e civilis$ nation4#db ,! greate/ progress1 h[ev]1 9 ! /udy ( milk has tak5 place s9ce ab\t ! ye> #ahij1 at :i* "t ! dairy indu/ry seems to h attract$ ! g5]al att5tion ( food speciali/s & sci5tific inve/igators ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 consid]$ wor? :ile to enact laws 9 diff]5t c\ntries ) reg>d to ! regulation & control ( ! milk supply4 ,s9ce #aijc !re has be5 an ,int]national ,dairy ,f$]ation =m$1 & x has held conf]5ces at ,brussels1 ,p>is1 ,! ,hague1 & ,buda-,pe/1 & 9 #aiaa x w hold a conf]5ce 9 ,/ockholm4 ,! ,f$]ation 0 />t$ 9 a v humble way 9 ,brussels1 & owes its orig91 to a l>ge ext5t1 to a di/+ui%$ ,belgian agriculturi/1 ,b>on ,pe]s ( ,oo/camp1 ,bruges2 b at ! pres5t day a g5]al committee compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ne>ly e civilis$ nation has be5 =m$1 & delegates f su* c\ntries att5d ! ,congresses1 :i* are held e two ye>s4 ,! lit]ature :i* has aris5 out ( ^! ,int]national ,congresses has be5 dissem9at$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & has be5 in/rum5tal 9 plac+ ! dairy indu/ry on a ?or\ghly sci5tific basis4 ,milk ,supply ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4--,! milk supply ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has /eadily gr[n f ye> to ye>1 & 9 relation to ! population works out at fifte5 gallons p] head4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! figures are arriv$ at is %[n 9 ! foll[+ e/imate3 ,! population ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is n[ ab\t #de1ejj1jjj4 ,! numb] ( c[s or heif]s 9 calf or 9 milk 9 ,june1 #aiji1 0 #c1cfj1fjj2 ! numb] 9 #aiaj 0 probably ab\t #d1djj1jjj4 ,( ^! ab\t #cjj1jjj 7 heif]s t _h n yet produc$ any milk4 ,! actual milk+ class1 !re=e1 compris$ ab\t #d1ajj1jjj c[s & heif]s2 ( ^!1 ab\t #fjj1jjj 7 heif]s t calv$ 9 ! w9t] & spr+ ( #aiji-aj1 & #cjj1jjj 7 heif]s t calv$ 9 ! summ] & autumn ( #aiaj4 ,! numb] ( c[s t produc$ two or m calves may be tak5 to be ab\t #c1bjj1jjj2 ( ^! ab\t #fjj1jjj %\ld h produc$ _! second calf 9 ! w9t] & spr+ #aiji-aj1 & w\ld be milk$ z heif]s 9 ! summ] & autumn ( #aiaj2 ! numb] ( mature c[s f :i* a full season's supply ( milk 0 obta9$ dur+ ! twelve mon?s f ,june #e1 #aiji1 to ,june #d1 #aiaj1 0 app>5tly ab\t #b1fjj1jjj4 ,a l>ge quantity ( milk is yield$ dur+ ! ye> by c[s sold or lo/ dur+ ! twelve mon?s be=e ! c5sus4 ,possibly t5 p] c5t4 ( ! milk produc$ 9 ! twelve mon?s f ,june1 #aiji1 to ,june1 #aiaj1 0 yield$ by c[s t 7 sold or lo/ be=e ! c5sus ( ,june1 #aiaj4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! #c1bjj1jjj c[s 7includ+ ! #fjj1jjj t up to ! w9t] ( #aiji-aj 7 heif]s7 produc$1 on ! av]age1 #dd cwts4 7#dhj gallons7 ( milk p] head 9 ! twelve mon?s f ,june #e1 #aiji1 to ,june #d1 #aiaj2 ! #cjj1jjj heif]s t calv$ 9 ! summ] & autumn1 #cj cwts4 7#ccj gallons7 p] head2 ! #fjj1jjj heif]s t calv$ 9 ! w9t] & spr+ ( #aiji-aj1 #ae cwts4 7#afe gallons71 mak+ ! total quantity ( milk produc$ 9 ! twelve mon?s by c[s & heif]s on ! f>ms1 & t produc$ calves dur+ ! twelve mon?s 7,june1 #aiji-aiaj71 #aeh1hjj1jjj cwts4 7#a1gdf1hjj1jjj gallons71 or ab\t #dbf gallons p] head1 & ab\t #djj gallons p] head = all ! c[s & heif]s 9 milk or 9 calf 9 #aiaj4 ,!re rema9s to add ! milk yield$ by ! c[s t 7 sold dur+ ! twelve mon?s1 & ( c[s & heif]s 9 fe$+ pa/ures t 7 milk$ dur+ ! twelve mon?s1 ,june to ,june1 #aiji-aj1 & :i* probably =m$ "o t5? ( ! :ole supply1 mak+ ! total supply = ! twelve mon?s #agf1ddd1jjj cwts41 or #a1idj1hhd1jjj gallons4 ,?is equals #b tons1 or #ddj gallons p] head1 cr$it+ ! :ole supply to ! #d1djj1jjj c[s & heif]s 9 milk or 9 calf 9 ,june1 #aiaj4 ,at #g-a_/d;d4 p] gallon ! value ( milk produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 ! twelve mon?s 0 #eh1fjj1jjj4 ,includ+ ! value at bir? ( ! calves1 ! total value ( ! produce ( ! milk-giv+ class w\ld be ab\t #fb1jjj1jjj4 ,! value ( ! milk1 butt]1 *eese1 & cream sold or consum$ 9 f>mh\ses w\ld be ab\t #dh1jjj1jjj1 or equal to ab\t #bd p] c5t4 ( ! gross annual income ( f>m]s4 ,! av]age consumption ( new milk is ab\t #ae gallons p] head ( ! population4 ,dur+ ! twelve mon?s ( #aiaa1 ! quantity requir$ = ?is purpose w be ab\t #fhb1ejj1jjj gallons1 or ab\t #ce p] c5t4 ( ! total supply2 calves w require ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! supply2 ! quantity available = butt] & *eese w equal ab\t #ee p] c5t4 ( ! supply4#dc ,! ,milk ,indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! habits ( ! p are some:at analog\s to ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 x is e/imat$ t ! milk f five million c[s is annually consum$1 :i* av]ages tw5ty-five & "o half gallons p] ye> = ea* p]son1 or equal to an ord9>y siz$ tumbl]ful ea* day4#dd ,su* a va/ indu/ry1 s intimately associat$ ) ! food ( ! bulk ( ! p1 naturally invites ! close/ /udy1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! lit]ature on ! subject1 :i* has aris5 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 has be5 ( a volum9\s "*1 n only f ! po9t ( view ( practice1 b f t ( bact]iology1 *emi/ry1 & hygi5e4 ,a pure milk supply is ess5tial to heal?1 & x seems un=tunate t ! ord9>y milk produc] %\ld1 9 a great _m cases1 take up an antagoni/ic attitude to ! sci5tific me?ods ( h&l+ milk4 ,!re is a body ( op9ion be+ creat$1 h[ev]1 :i* is likely to alt] ?is attitude 9 ! next g5]ation1 & ?is is attributable to ! fact t s mu* excell5t "w has be5 done at num]\s dairy colleges & in/itutes 9 all civilis$ c\ntries t ! dairy indu/ry is em]g+ f a p]iod ( rule-(-?umb proc$ure to its prop] place z "o ( ! te*nical arts4 ,transmission ( ,disease 9 ,milk4--,x is n to be wond]$ at t ! h&l+ ( milk %\ld n[ be reg>d$ z a te*nical bus9ess1 see+ t milk-borne disease is "o ( ! commone/ ) :i* we h to deal4 ,! common] diseases :i* h be5 transmitt$ by milk are sc>let fev]1 typhoid1 diph!ria1 tub]culosis1 sore ?roat epidemics4 ,o!rs ( a m complex "* h be5 trac$ to ! same s\rce ( infection1 & ! cle>e/ possible evid5ce has be5 furni%$ ( ! transmission ( diseases by means ( micro-organisms1 :i* h contam9at$ ! milk supply4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to wat* ov] ! milk f ! s\rce ( supply to its consumption4 ,x is prim>ily on ! f>m & 9 ! c[-h\se t me?ods ( h&l+ 9 a hygi5ic way %\ld be insi/$ on1 z microbial contam9ation increases at a prodigi\s rate1 & x is ! e>ly microbe !re=e :i* does ! mo/ damage4 ,! milk 9 ! udd]1 = all practical purposes1 may be assum$ to be /]ile1 & ! contam9ation :i* takes place orig9ates1 !re=e1 f ext]nal s\rces4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal means ( infection is f hairs :i* fall f ! c[ into ! milk1 & _m ( :i* are c>ri]s ( dang]\s micro-organisms4 ,!re is also a c]ta9 am\nt ( (f5sive dirty matt] :i* may fall into ! milk-pail1 & c>ry ) x undesirable g]ms4 ,^! impurities may1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be elim9at$ by good /ra9+1 b a sur] prev5tion is to h ! c[-h\se p]fectly clean & free f du/1 z du/ specks are 9 _m cases ! vehicles ( disease g]ms4 ,cleanl9ess is1 9 fact1 ! ess5tial feature 9 mod]n dairy+1 n only 9 ! c[-h\se1 b 9 ! milk+ ut5sils1 ! dra9age1 etc41 &1 above all1 ! milk] %\ld be ( cleanly habits4 ,! flav\rs ( milk sometimes arise f ! absorption ( evil-smell+ gases 9 ! c[-h\se1 or f a peculi> ta9t f c]ta9 roots & fe$+ /uffs1 & 9 su* a case x is desirable t aration %\ld take place 9 a fre% cle> atmosph]e1 s t oxyg5ation may h ! effect ( elim9at+ & de/roy+ ! =eign od\rs & flav\rs :i* may be pres5t4 ,if ?is process ( aration is c>ri$ out at blood heat1 ! result is g5]ally highly satisfactory4 ,milk ,managem5t4--,!re h be5 _m excell5t tables ( rules publi%$ = ! managem5t ( dairies 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b !y are necess>ily fram$ )9 c]ta9 limitations :i* apply to all4 ,! foll[+ is an excell5t set1 :i* put concisely ! conditions necess>y to be obs]v$ 9 ! mod]n c[-h\se3 #a4 ,! c[ %\ld be s\nd--no disease %\ld exi/ 9 ! animal4 #b4 ,! fe$ %\ld be good & free f aromatic sub/ances4 ,if ^! aromatic foods are us$1 !y %\ld be employ$ accord+ to ^? me?ods :i* w n cause od\rs or flav\rs to appe> 9 ! milk4 #c4 ,! c[ %\ld be groom$1 & hair ab\t ! udd] pref]ably clipp$4 #d4 ,! udd] %\ld be moi/5$ dur+ milk+4 #e4 ,! milk] %\ld be a neat1 tidy p]son4 #f4 ,! milk] %\ld be free f disease1 & %\ld n come 9 contact ) any communicable disease4 #g4 ,! milk]'s clo!s & h&s %\ld be clean :ile milk+4 #h4 ,! pail %\ld be /]ilis$4 #i4 ,! /all %\ld be su* z to r$uce ! am\nt ( di/urbance ( du/ & dirt4 #aj4 ,!re %\ld be good light1 good v5tilation1 & good dra9age 9 ! c[-h\se4 #aa4 ,! c[-h\se %\ld always be kept clean4 #ab4 ,fe$+ & b$d+1 unless moi/1 %\ld be done aft] milk+4 #ac4 ,a du/less milk+-room is desirable4 #ad4 ,milk %\ld n /& 9 ! c[-h\se4 #ae4 ,if milk is arat$1 x %\ld be done be=e cool+ & 9 pure air4 #af4 ,! soon] ! milk is cool$ aft] milk+ ! bett]4 #ag4 ,keep ! milk z cold z possible :5 once cool$4#de ,! supply ( milk is conduct$1 to a l>ge ext5t1 by t[ns' dairies1 :i* dep5d = _! supplies ^u ! dairy f>m 9 ! c\ntry1 & x is obvi\s t a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t mu/ elapse1 9 ! g5]ality ( cases1 be=e a t[n's dairy receives its supply 9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 & ?is con/itutes ! greate/ difficulty 9 mod]n dairy practice1 ow+ to ! liability ( ! milk to absorb bact]ia1 :i* dur+ transit may multiply enorm\sly4 ,! multiply+ ( bact]ia 9 milk at diff]5t temp]atures is easily demon/rat$1 & ! result ( ?is has be5 /at$ 9 v>i\s =ms _m times ov]4 ,z a graphic means1 h[ev]1 ( %[+ ! increase t takes place 9 ! numb]s ( g]ms pres5t1 & ! consequ5t product ( acidity1 ! table bel[ by ,conn may be giv54 ,! consequ5t result ( ! increase 9 bact]ia is ! production ( lactic acid1 :i* produces ! s\r+ s famili> 9 milk :i* has be5 kept 9 ! h\sehold at a high temp]ature4 ,numb]s ( ,bact]ia p] c4cm4 9 ,milk kept at ,diff]5t ,temp]atures4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,numb] ,9 #ab ,9 #ab ,9 #ej ,9 #ej hrs4 or at ,no4 hrs4 ,no4 hrs4 at hrs4 at hrs4 at hrs4 at "t ( curdl+ to curdle to curdle ,outset #ej ,f4 #gj ,f4 #ej ,f4 at #gj ,f4 at #ej ,f4 at #gj ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #df1jjj #ci1jjj #bdi1ejj #a1ejj1jjj #edb1jjj1jjj #aij #ef #dg1jjj #dd1hjj #cfj1jjj #abg1ejj #gib1jjj1jjj4cf hrs4 #bhi #cf #ej1jjj #ce1jjj #hjj1jjj #afj1jjj #b1efj1jjj1jjj4db hrs4 #agb #db ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,:at actually happ5s is t ! lactic acid is produc$ by ! break+ up ( ! milk sug>1 & ! appe>ance ( ?is s\rness is an indication t a p]iod has be5 rea*$ 9 ! age ( ! milk :i* may be describ$ z be+--un:olesome4#df ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 = ! t[n's milk dairy to be equipp$ 9 su* a way z to deal promptly ) ! milk supply4 ,we h se5 t ! milk %\ld fir/ ( all be arat$ at blood heat1 s z to lib]ate objectionable od\rs1 aft] :i* x %\ld be cool$ to z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 by means ( well wat]4 ,:5 ^! op]ations h be5 p]=m$ on ! f>m1 milk %\ld be s5t z rapidly z possible to ! di/ribut+ t[ns' dairies1 & %\ld be transport$ 9 refrig]at$ waggons1 cool$ pref]ably ) ice1 dur+ ! j\rney4 ,on arrival at ! t[n dairy1 x w be necess>y to pa/eurise ! milk--t is to say1 ! milk %\ld be heat$ to su* a temp]ature z w de/roy any pa?og5ic organisms :i* may be pres5t1 & ! pa/euris+ temp]ature %\ld !re=e be 9 excess ( ! !rmal dea?-po9t ( all su* organisms4 ,pa/eurisation owes its orig9 to ,pa/eur1 & has become an adopt$ me?od ?r\gh\t ! dairy indu/ry1 & !re are _m me*anical devices t]m$ pa/euris]s 7see ,fig4 #h7 :i* are us$ = ! c>ry+ out ( ?is p>ticul> op]ation4 ,! =m ( "o ( ^! is t ( a v]tical jacket$ cyl9d] ) p>aboloidal surface1 ar\nd :i* /eam is made to pass1 s z to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature at ab\t #agf ,f4 ,milk is all[$ to fl[ 9 at ! bottom ( ! p>aboloidal surface1 & is caught by me*anical agitat+ arms1 :i* revolve at a giv5 spe$1 & by ?is action milk is di/ribut$ c5trifugally ov] ! p>aboloidal surface1 & is =c$ out by ! same action1 at ! top ( ! app>atus1 aft] be+ heat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pa/euris] ,,fig4 #h4--,! milk ent]s f ! bottom & circulates to ! top ( ! inside cyl9d]1 :i* is p>aboloidal 9 con/ruction4 ,x is heat$ z x passes ?r\gh ! app>atus1 & is dis*>g$ at ! top at a temp]ature ( #agf ,f4 ,! c5trifugal action is suffici5t to raise ! milk "s ?ree to f\r feet1 ?r\gh a tube1 & ?is is tak5 advantage ( s z to cause ! milk to fl[ ov] a conical cool]1 describ$ z a prim>y cool]1 & 9 :i* wat] is made to circulate4 ,z ! hot milk desc5ds ov] ! conical cool] x gives up mo/ ( its acquir$ heat to ! wat]1 &1 9 practice1 is r$uc$ 9 temp]ature to )9 #d ( ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,bel[ ?is prim>y cool] is fix$ a cool] ( ! same size & %ape1 :i* is t]m$ a second>y cool]4 ,9 x1 br9e at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ce ,f4 is circulat$ f a refrig]at+ ma*9e1 &1 z ! milk falls ov] ! second>y cool]1 x is cool$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #dj ,f41 :5 x may be look$ ^u z be+ pa/euris$ & free f all pa?og5ic organisms1 9 :i* /ate x w keep = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,x is desirable t ! milk %\ld1 z soon z possible aft] ! cool+ takes place1 be deliv]$ to ! consum]s1 & be kept "u cool conditions1 ei!r 9 bottles or 9 a clos$ vessel cov]$ ov] ) musl91 s z to keep out specks ( g]m-lad5 du/4 ,briefly speak+1 ! =ego+ is an outl9e ( :at is c>ri$ on 9 ! ord9>y dairy practice4 ,!re are _m modifications ( ?is practice1 su* z ! introduction ( reg5]ative heat]s1 s z to utilise a portion ( ! heat ( pa/eurisation1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be wa/$4 ,9 "s cases1 aga91 x is consid]$ necess>y to conduct ! prim>y & second>y cool+ ov] cool]s furni%$ ) mantles1 s t ! atmosph]ic bact]ia :i* are ev]y:]e pres5t %\ld be %ut (f f ! fall+ milk4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ! equipm5t = a t[n's dairy consi/s (3 #a4 ,/eam-boil] to g5]ate /eam = pa/euris+1 scald+1 etc4 #b4 ,motive p[]1 :i* may be ei!r a /eam-eng9e1 gas-eng9e1 or electric motor4 #c4 ,refrig]at+ ma*9e1 :i* is us$ = supply+ cold br9e to ! second>y cool]4 ,9 _m cases x is also us$ = cool+ a room 9 :i* ! milk & cream are /or$4 #d4 ,milk-receiv+ tank4 #e4 ,milk-/ra9]4 #f4 ,pa/euris+ app>atus1 & prim>y & second>y cool]s4 ,su* a plant is necess>y 9 ord] to conduct an ord9>y t[n dairy bus9ess 9 any?+ l a hygi5ic way1 & is design$ only = ! h&l+ ( milk int5d$ = dome/ic consumption4 ,!re are times :5 ano!r plant might be necess>y1 su* z a plant = ! sep>ation ( milk1 or = utilis+ x = ! production ( butt] or *eese1 su* op]ations be+ subject to ! fluctuations 9 ! milk supply4 ,x is sometimes desirable also to use up an excess ( milk = *eese or butt]-mak+2 h5ce x is necess>y to provide su* app>atus z has be5 indicat$4 ,prep>ation ( ,s\r$ ,milk4--,! =ego+ description has be5 giv5 9 "s detail1 z %[+ ! ord9>y practice1 & we n[ come to consid] h[ x c be modifi$ s z to provide = ! production ( s\r$ milk4 ,x may fir/ ( all be premis$ t )9 ! next few ye>s ! prep>ation ( s\r$ milk z an ord9>y production ( ! dairy w be univ]sal1 & w =m a "p ( ! ord9>y dairy practice4 ,! app>atus1 !re=e1 :i* is necess>y is "o ( consid]able int]e/ to all :o are engag$ 9 ! dairy indu/ry4 ,z w be se5 f ! *apt] describ+ ! prep>ation ( s\r$ milk 9 ! dairy1 ?is process c be conv5i5tly c>ri$ on1 s z to utilise ! plant :i* is at pres5t 9 g5]al use4 ,! milk c be receiv$ 9 ! same way1 pa/euris$ & cool$ to ab\t blood-heat1 aft] :i* its prep>ation z s\r$ milk is a v simple matt]1 & only requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>eful att5tion4 ,= ! keep+ ( s\r$ milk1 a cold room cool$ by a refrig]at+ ma*9e w\ld be desirable1 s z to ma9ta9 ! f]m5t$ milk at a l[ temp]ature & prev5t ov]-f]m5tation4 ,app>atus has be5 design$ s z to h&le s\r$ milk on a l>ge scale1 & "o ( ! ma*9es is %[n on ! illu/ration 7see ,fig4 #i74 ,x is simply a jacket$ cyl9d] ) a cov] & an agitat+ ge>4 ,! inside ( ! ma*9e is nickel-plat$1 & !re is an arrangem5t :]eby ! cool+ may be done rapidly1 ?r\gh a coil inside ! jacket1 ?is coil be+ connect$ to ! br9e circulation ( ! refrig]at+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cont9u\s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,l>ge ,,quantities ,,( ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,fig4 #i--,?is app>atus is made by ! ,dairy ,ma*9]y & ,con/ruction ,company ( ,%elton1 ,conn41 ,u ,s ,a4 ,! milk is agitat$ inside a jacket$ cyl9d]1 :]e x is all[$ to incubate at ab\t blood heat4 ,! milk c be rapidly heat$ & also rapidly cool$ by means ( ?is app>atus4 ,! ma*9e is fill$ ) milk conta9+ ?ree p] c5t4 ( fat1 :i* has be5 previ\sly pa/euris$ to ab\t #aij ,f41 & cool$ d[n to ab\t #ij ,f42 at ?is po9t ! pure culture ( ,bacillus bulg>icus is introduc$1 & ! agitator is kept work+1 s z to m+le x ?or\ghly ) ! milk4 ,! agitator is !n /opp$ until ! acidity %[s a te/ ( #j4i to #a4j p] c5t41 :5 ! agitator is aga9 />t$1 & cold br9e f ! refrig]at+ ma*9e is turn$ on to ! cool+ pipes1 s t ! product is ?or\ghly brok5 up1 & cool$ d[n to #dj ,f4 ,! milk is !n transf]r$ to a bottle-fill+ ma*9e 7,fig4 #aj71 p\r$ into bottles & h]metically seal$1 aft] :i* x is ready = consumption4 ,:5 x has to be kept = any "t x %\ld be plac$ 9 a cold room :]e !re is a temp]ature n high] ?an #dj ,f4 ,! process1 !re=e1 is a simple "o1 & l5ds itself to ! ord9>y dairy bus9ess1 )\t involv+ any great exp5diture on acc\nt ( a new plant4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,bact]iology ,,( ,,f]m5t$ ,,or ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,a ,,*apt] ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s mu* "w has be5 done 9 inve/igat+ ! action ( v>i\s classes ( organisms--bact]ia1 yea/s1 & m\lds--^u milk & its products4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! att5tion ( ! dairyman has be5 *iefly direct$ to ! propagation ( acid-produc+ organisms & ! use ( pure cultures ( lactic acid bact]ia 9 _! relation to butt] & *eese mak+1 a new sph]e 9 micro-biology has be5 disclos$ by ! /udy ( ! effects caus$ by ! comb9$ gr[? ( two or m diff]5t classes ( organisms 9 milk & ! consequ5t production ( lactic1 alcoholic1 & gase\s f]m5tations4 ,! simultane\s occurr5ce ( ^! f]m5tative *anges is responsible = ! =mation ( su* bev]ages z keffir1 k\miss1 milk-w9e1 etc4 ,x has !re=e become ess5tial1 9 connection ) ! /udy ( new developm5ts 9 ! milk indu/ry1 t we %\ld make a m intimate acqua9tance ) ! bact]iology ( ! f]m5ts involv$4 ,keffir 7kephir1 kifyr1 kiafyr1 kephor1 kyppe7 is ! "n giv5 to an acid1 slightly alcoholic dr9k1 :i* = _m c5turies has be5 prep>$ by ! nomadic tribes 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,! *>act]i/ic f]m5tation is induc$ by ! addition ( s-call$ keffir gra9s4 ,^! are yell[ or gold5-yell[1 w>ty1 & furr[$ flakes or nodules1 ! =m] v>y+ 9 size f t ( a rice gra9 to t ( a bean1 :ile ! latt] are (t5 ab\t an in* across & "o eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! fact t ! prep>ation ( keffir has be5 c>ri$ on = _m c5turies1 x is n surpris+ t ! orig9 ( ^! gra9s %\ld be surr\nd$ by my?s4 ,! belief is preval5t among ! ,mohamm$an tribes ( ! ,caucasus t keffir gra9s 71 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 pres5t$ by ,allah1 z a sign ( immortality1 to "o pref]r$ tribe4 ,o!rs hold t1 9 pa/ ages1 !y 7 f\nd by %eph]ds gr[+ on a %rub 9 ! ,caucasian highl&s2 :ile1 accord+ to ,skolot[ski1#dg !y 7 orig9ally f\nd adh]+ to ! walls ( an oak5 vessel us$ = ! prep>ation ( airam4 ,?is is a s\r$ milk bev]age simil> to keffir1 b possess+ a weak] alcoholic f]m5tation1 & prep>$ f goats' milk by ! addition ( pieces ( calf's /oma*4 ,?is w\ld und\bt$ly s]ve to introduce v>i\s species ( lactic acid bact]ia1 & w be ref]r$ to 9 ! portion deal+ ) s\r$ milks4 ,keffir is prep>$ by ! ,caucasians f c[s'1 %eep's1 or goats' milk1 & ! op]ation is c>ri$ on 9 l>ge lea!rn tubes or bottles4 ,aft] ! addition ( ! gra9s or se$s to ! milk ! vessel is plac$ 9 a cool *amb]1 & ! f]m5tation is all[$ to proce$ = "o or two days1 by ! end ( :i* "t ! normal f]m5tation is at an end4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! keffir gra9s h increas$ enorm\sly 9 size1 assume a bright yell[ col\r1 & lose _! s\r butt]y smell4 ,previ\s to ! removal ( ! f]m5t$ liquid1 a portion ( ! bottle is firmly b\nd f ! re/ by a /\t cord1 & ! great] portion ( ! rema9+ keffir is quickly remov$ = use1 ?us avoid+1 z f> z practicable1 any outside infection4 ,aft] ! addition ( fre% w>m milk ! cord r\nd ! end ( ! bottle is remov$1 & ! old & new milk ?or\ghly mix$ = a "t 9 ord] to ensure uni=m inoculation ( ! new milk = ! next f]m5tation4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ! lea!rn vessels are (t5 plac$ 9 ! sun%9e1 s t ! temp]ature rema9s at #fa to #fe ,f4 ,! necess>y agitation ( ! vessel is said to be suppli$ 9 ! =m ( kicks by pass]s-by or by ! *ildr5 dur+ _! play4 ,! bev]age prep>$ 9 ?is way is s gase\s 9 "* t x is (t5 bl[n =cibly f ! vessel dur+ removal1 & possesses1 accord+ to ,pod[yssozki1#dh a v acid ta/e4 ,dur+ any int]ruption 9 ! prep>ation ( keffir 9 ! above mann]1 ! gra9s are tak5 out1 & aft] hav+ be5 well wa%$ 9 clean wat]1 are spread out on a clean clo? to dry 9 ! sun%9e4 ,!y !reby assume a *>act]i/ic *eesy or butt]y od\r & become r d>k] 9 col\r4 ,?or\gh desiccation is ess5tial 9 ord] to prev5t subsequ5t m\ld9ess or disease ( ! gra94 ,9 ,european c\ntries ! gra9s are subject$ to a prelim9>y soak+ 9 wat] = five to six h\rs & !n plac$ 9 f\r to five *anges ( milk1 ea* *ange hav+ a duration ( two to ?ree h\rs4 ,z soon z ! gra9s comm5ce to rise to ! surface ( ! milk1 !y may be us$ = ! actual prep>ation4 ,to ?is end1 a small quantity ( ! gra9 is add$ to fre%ly boil$ milk & all[$ to /& = eight to twelve h\rs at a temp]ature ( #ee-fb ,f4 ) agitation ( ! flask e two h\rs4 ,by ?is "t ! milk1 n[ kn[n z ,sakwaska1 has become abundantly inoculat$ ) ! organisms ess5tial to ! f]m5tation1 & aft] ! removal ( ! gra9s1 may be p\r$ into well-cork$ flasks = ! second>y brew4 ,! flasks %\ld be kept at a l[] temp]ature = tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs1 by :i* "t ! product is ready = consumption4 ,accord+ to ! temp]ature & l5g? ( p]iod to :i* ?is subsequ5t f]m5tation is all[$ to proce$1 ! resultant keffir is m or less acid & gase\s4 ,! gra9s may aga9 be us$ = />t+ a fre% portion ( milk1 & a regul> supply obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,well-f]m5t$ =ty-eight-h\rs-old keffir %\ld be an eff]vesc5t bev]age ) prickl+ & acid ta/e & a consi/5cy & smell simil> to s\r cream4 ,l>ge1 p]si/5t bubbles %\ld =m on ! surface ( ! liquid & ! case9 be pres5t z an extremely f9e floccul5t precipitate :i* rema9s susp5d$ = a consid]able "t4 ,f ! ?ird day !re ensues a gradual peptonisation ( ! case94 ,if ! temp]ature at :i* ! second>y f]m5tation has occurr$ %\ld be high] ?an #gb ,f41 or if ! milk has n be5 suffici5tly agitat$1 !n ! case9 w be pres5t 9 ! =m ( por\s small flakes1 :i* on %ak+ =m a f9e emulsion4 ,! *emical *anges und]gone by ! milk dur+ ! prep>ation ( keffir are conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ! milk sug>4 ,z already /at$1 a slight peptonisation occurs 9 old samples1 b ?is dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! me?od ( prep>ation & purity ( ! culture4 ,hamm]/5#di & ,essaul[#ej %[1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n a concomitant ( normal f]m5tation4 ,accord+ to ,hamm]/51 normal keffir conta9s-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #hh4bf ,fat #c4ce ,case9 #b4ih ,lactalbum5 #j4bh ,peptones #j4je ,milk sug> #b4gh ,lactic acid #j4ha ,alcohol #j4gj ,a% #j4gi ,9 no case %\ld ! acid be high] ?an #a4j p] c5t41 & ! alcohol m ?an #j4ge p] c5t4 ,biology ( ! ,keffir ,gra94--,! fir/ communication on ! biology ( ! keffir gra9 seems to h be5 made by ,k]n4#ea ,he reg>d$ ! gra9 z a zogloea compos$ ( bacilli & yea/s1 ! latt] be+ reg>d$ z ! ord9>y be] yea/ 7,sac*>omyces c]evisse71 :ile to ! =m] he gave ! "n ( ,dispora caucasica4 ,z ! "n indicates1 ?is bacillus possesses two pol> spores1 & g]m9ation ( ^! proce$$ 9 ! same mann] z ) ,bac4 subtilis4 ,z1 h[ev]1 pure cultures ( ! organisms 7 n made1 & ! descriptions & illu/rations made by ,k]n fail to %[ any di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 x seems probable t accid5tal confusion ) o!r organisms mu/ h occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,milk ,,fill+ ,,app>atus ,,fig4 #aj--,:]e s\r$ milk is h&l$ on ! l>ge scale1 a special fill+ app>atus = bottles is desirable1 & ! s\r$ milk supply %\ld be "u cov] z %[n4 ,?is app>atus is made by ! ,dairy ,ma*9]y & ,con/ruction ,company4 ,krannhals#eb succe$$ 9 isolat+ t5 diff]5t keffir bact]ia among :i* 7 sev]al sporulat+ bact]ia4 ,"h too x is impossible to atta* any importance to ! results1 z ! artificial prep>ation ( keffir1 by means ( ^! bact]ia1 0 n attempt$4 ,beij]9ck#ec /udi$ ! organisms con/itut+ keffir gra9s & atta*$ prime importance to ! occurr5ce ( two organisms1 viz41 7a7 a yea/1 ,sac*>omyces kefir1 :i* 0 capable ( inv]t+ milk sug> by means ( an enzyme 7lactase7 & aft]w>ds f]m5t$ ! products ) ! =mation ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide1 & also 7b7 a non-motile non-sporulat+ bact]ium1 aft]w>ds ,lactobac4 caucasicus4 ,! latt]1 :5 cultivat$ on gelat9e1 gave rise to t\gh w>ty colonies ab\t #a_/dj 94 diamet]1 & 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! lactic acid bact]ia f\nd 9 milk :i* has be5 incubat$ at #gg to #ij ,f4 & aft]w>ds incubat$ at a high] temp]ature1 #ajj to #ajd ,f4 ,s*oll#ed isolat$ ?ree diff]5t organisms1 ( :i* a yea/ inv]t$ milk sug> = ! lactic acid bact]ia1 :ile ,dispora peptonis$ ! album9oid matt]s4 ,adametz#ee fail$ to isolate ,dispora1 & came to ! conclusion t ord9>y lactic bact]ia & yea/s play$ ! mo/ important "p 9 ! f]m5tation4 ,essaul[ f\nd 9 keffir gra9s six diff]5t organisms--yea/ cells1 cocci1 %ort ?ick bacilli1 b5t bacilli1 long ?reads1 & motile bact]ia4 ,! two latt] w\ld seem to be ,bacillus subtilis1 :ile ! o!rs may be reg>d$ z ,bact]ium acidi lactici 7,hueppe71 ,bact]ium arog5es1 & ,/reptococcus lacticus 7,grot5feldt74 ,pure cultures 7 insuffici5t to produce keffir1 :ile mix$ cultures ( ,bact]ium acidi lactici & yea/s 7 effective4 ,freud5rei*1#ef to :om we owe a record ( v c>efully execut$ exp]im5ts1 c\ld n arrive at a satisfactory explanation ( ! rle ( ,bacillus caucasicus4 ,?is organism is describ$ z be+ #e-f long & #a ?ick1 slightly motile1 & possess+ bright refractive spots at ! poles ( ! bacilli4 ,x is extremely difficult to cultivate1 & =ms flat1 small greyi% colonies ( irregul> outl9e4 ,! bright refractive spots above ref]r$ to are1 h[ev]1 granules tak+ ! usual /a9s q readily1 & n spores z suppos$ by ,k]n4 ,freud5rei* also f\nd ?ree o!r organisms--a yea/ & two /reptococci4 ,! yea/1 to :i* he gave ! "n ,sac*>omyces 7,torula7 keffir1 =ms small oval or r\ndi% cells #b-c wide & #c-e long4 ,! optimum temp]ature w\ld seem to be ab\t #gb ,f42 ! maximum #hb ,f4 ,?is organism is unable to f]m5t milk directly1 b is able to decompose maltose & glucose ) gas production4 ,x does n coagulate milk1 b imp>ts to x a *>act]i/ic ta/e & is unable to )/& desiccation = m ?an a few days4 ,( ! two /reptococci isolat$1 ,/reptococcus a resembles organisms ( ! gr\p ,/reptococcus lacticus 9 appe>ance1 b is able to f]m5t milk1 ) weak acid & gas production1 & is capable ( induc+ coagulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,section ?r\gh a ,kephir ,gra9--highly magnifi$4 ,contr>y to :at "o w\ld expect 9 an organism exi/+ 9 keffir gra9s1 ?is /reptococcus is z little able to )/& desiccation z ! above-m5tion$ yea/4 ,/reptococcus b =ms small] cells z well z small] colonies ?an ,/reptococcus a1 b produces m lactic acid & m gas1 & reta9s its vitality aft] desiccation4 ,! relation ( ^! f\r organisms is1 accord+ to ,e4 von ,freud5rei*1 z foll[s3 ,sac*4 keffir is unable to f]m5t directly milk or lactose1 s t its gr[? mu/ be prec$$ by t ( ,/reptococcus b4 ,/reptococcus a does n seem to play ?is "p1 b1 unlike ,/reptococcus b1 is able to coagulate milk on its own acc\nt4 ,by ! comb9$ action ( ! yea/ & ! two /reptococci1 !n1 milk c be coagulat$1 milk sug> inv]t$1 acid & gas produc$ by ! /reptococci1 :ile gas & alcohol are =m$ by ! activity ( ! yea/4 ,! rle ( ,bacillus caucasicus is unkn[n1 b x w\ld seem to play a "p 9 ! =mation ( ! keffir gra9 itself4 ,by means ( mix$ cultures ( ! above organisms ,freud5rei* 0 successful 9 obta9+ a f]m5t$ product possess+ 9 all respects ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( normal keffir4 ,on ! o!r h&1 exp]im5ts to induce ! =mation ( keffir gra9s gave negative results1 b 9 ?is respect ! cultural *>act]i/ics ( ,lactobacillus keffir w\ld seem to give promise ( success 9 ! syn!sis ( ! keffir gra94 ,fig4 #aa is a photo-micrograph ( an extremely ?9 section ?r\gh a keffir gra91 aft] a prec$+ treatm5t ) saffran94 ,! matrix is compos$ entirely ( long ?9 bacilli 7,bacillus caucasicus71 :ile ! p]iph]al portions1 :i* are m deeply /a9$1 consi/ to a l>ge ext5t ( d5se masses ( yea/ cells ) occasional /reptococci4 ,9 a normal gra9 ! latt] organisms are pres5t on ! surface or 9 ! cavities & grooves ( ! gra91 & only to a less ext5t 9 ! matrix4 ,nikolaiewa#eg claim$ to h isolat$ a hi!rto unkn[n bacillus capable ( coagulat+ milk by acid production1 ,bact]ium caucasicum1 n id5tical )1 b relat$ to ,freud5rei*'s ,bacillus caucasicus1 & also a torula4 ,al?\gh no exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out1 ,nikolaiewa ass]ts t ?is organism =ms ! matrix ( ! gra9s4 ,he 0 able to produce a bev]age resembl+ keffir1 j z ,freud5rei* & ,essaul[ did ) entirely diff]5t organisms1 b 8 product w\ld appe> to h be5 slightly too acid & to h lack$ ! *>act]i/ic aroma ( ! normal product4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,kuntze#eh f\nd ! foll[+ organisms3 7a7 ,true lactic acid =m+ bact]ia1 ,/reptococcus acidi lactici 7,grot5feldt74 7b7 ,bact]ia ( ! gr\p ,bact]ium acidi lactici 7,hueppe7 & ,bact]ium lactis arog5es4 7c7 ,v>i\s torula & yea/ species4 7d7 ,two species ( butyric acid bact]ia1 ,bacillus e/]ificans & ,bacillus keffir 7,kuntze74 ,8 conclusions are3 #a4 ,9 any case ! pres5ce ( a yea/ capable ( directly f]m5t+ milk sug> is n ess5tial4 #b4 ,! significance ( ! pres5ce ( yea/ lies 9 ! fact t /imulation ( ! lactic bact]ia occurs2 fur!r1 ! yea/ ex]ts a regulat+ influ5ce ^u ! rapidity ( ! f]m5tation prop]4 ,! v>iety is ( m9or importance1 provid$ always t ! yea/ does n produce an unpleasant flav\r4 ,by ! use ( mix$ cultures ( ,bacillus e/]ificans1 ,bacillus keffir1 & ,/reptococcus acidi lactici1 & a keffir yea/1 ,kuntze obta9$ a product t possess$ to ! fulle/ degree all ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( a normal keffir4 ,9 su* cultures he 0 successful 9 obta9+ ! =mation ( keffir-l gra9s4 ,keffir f]m5tation is1 accord+ to ,kuntze1 ! result ( ! action ( v>i\s organisms4 ,dur+ ! initial /age butyric acid f]m5tation takes place1 b is prev5t$ f becom+ pr$om9ant by ! action ( ! keffir yea/4 ,simultane\sly a true lactic acid f]m5tation proce$s & ev5tually gives place to a subsequ5t second>y production ( butyric acid4 ,f9ally1 !n1 we h a c]ta9 am\nt ( unison 9 ! results obta9$ by ,freud5rei*1 ,essaul[1 ,nikolaiewa1 & ,kuntze4 ,^! %[ t1 = ! production ( a *>act]i/ic keffir1 specific organisms are n ess5tial1 provid$ always t ^? us$ possess1 ei!r individually or collectively1 ! ess5tial capacity ( acidify+1 coagulat+1 & f]m5t+ ! milk4 ,= ! gr[? ( normal gra9s ! pres5ce ( a matrix-=m+ organism1 su* z ,bacillus keffir1 is indisp5sable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab--,/reptococcus lacticus 7,grot5feldt7 gr[+ on lactose-ag>1 /a9$ by ,gram's me?od4 7 ,x #ijj diams47 ,diseases ( ,keffir ,gra9s4--,accord+ to ! age & ! previ\s treatm5t to :i* keffir gra9s h be5 subject$1 ! vitality ( "o or m ( ! organisms con/itut+ ! gra9 may h be5 impair$4 ,! results ( ,freud5rei* h %[n t ,sac*>omyces keffir & ,/reptococcus a are unable to )/& desiccation = m ?an a few days1 & ?is is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! frequ5t failures to obta9 normal keffir f ! gra94 ,fur!r1 gra9s succumb to a mucilag9\s disease2 ! cavities become fill$ ) a slimy fluid1 & ! gra9s are cov]$ ) mucilag9\s matt]4 ,!y lose _! ela/icity & become brittle or mealy1 b l>ge gra9s appe> to be m subject to ?is fault ?an d ! small ones4 ,su* gra9s %\ld be dis9fect$ by imm]sion = a %ort "t 9 two p] c5t4 salicylic acid solution1 foll[$ by dry+ 9 ! sun1 :]eby !y are completely reg5]at$4 ,ano!r disease consi/s 9 ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 butyric acid bact]ia :i* imp>t an unpleasant rancid ta/e to ! keffir 7,pod[yssozki74 ,?is is g5]ally attribut$ to ! use ( ri* milk1 or too high a temp]ature dur+ prep>ation4 ,k\miss4--,ano!r product ( ! comb9$ action ( lactic acid & alcohol-produc+ organisms is call$ k\miss1 kumys1 milk-w9e1 lac f]m5tation1 or v9um lactis4 ,9 ! /eppes ( ,s\!rn ,russia & ,asia1 z we h se51#ei x is prep>$ *iefly f m>es' milk1 b occasionally f t ( camels & j5nets4 ,! "n is said to be d]iv$ f t ( a tribe m5tion$ by ,x5ophon & ,pl9y1 viz41 ! ,kuman51 by :om its prep>ation 0 practis$4 ,aft] ! w> ) ! ,t>t>s 9 #abae its use 0 adopt$ by ! latt] p1 & ev5tually spread to ! ,turkoman51 ,kalmucks1 ,khirgiz1 ,mongolians1 etc4 ,rubruck1 9 #abec1 records ! use ( a f]m5t$ dr9k--kosmos--prep>$ f m>es' milk1 & ab\t ! same "t ,m>co ,polo m5tions ! occurr5ce ( a milk-w9e1 *umis or *emius1 among ! ,t>t>s4 ,! fact t ! ,t>t>s 7 seldom ill1 & 7 almo/ inv>iably free f lung tr\bles1 l$ to an influx ( visitors f surr\nd+ c\ntries1 until f9ally its use spread to ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ,g]many4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! be/ k\miss is t produc$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,or5burg2 b specially equipp$ k\miss e/abli%m5ts1 "u ! control ( physicians1 exi/ 9 ,odessa1 ,sam>a1 ,ufa 9 ! ,urals1 & o!r di/ricts4 ,! curative prop]ties ( k\miss h long be5 recognis$ & its use is indicat$ 9 cases ( indige/ion1 *lorosis1 scurvy1 tub]culosis1 etc4 ,rub9sky /ates t1 among ! nomadic tribe1 ( ,khirgiz & ,kalmucks1 a special lea!rn bottle 7,turssuk1 ,orro?1 or ,soaba7 is us$ = ! prep>ation ( k\miss1 :ile wood5 tubs 7,ts*iljak7 simil> 9 %ape to ! old-fa%ion$ *urn are us$ by ! ,ba%kirs1 & 9 k\miss e/abli%m5ts4 ,! f]m5tation is induc$ by ! addition ( k\miss to fre% m>es' milk1 9 proportions :i* v>y accord+ to ! cleanl9ess obs]v$ 9 ! actual prep>ation4 ,:]e ! process is c>efully controll$1 "o "p ( k\miss to t5 p>ts ( milk is (t5 us$1 b :]e gross infection f outside s\rces takes place "o "p ( k\miss to ?ree p>ts ( milk is tak54 ,! mixture is /irr$ at frequ5t int]vals1 & /or$ at a temp]ature ( #gc-ij ,f4 ,weak k\miss is obta9$ aft] tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 w9t] & twelve to f\rte5 h\rs 9 summ]1 b is sc>cely ev] consum$ imm$iately1 z x possesses a /rong purgative action4 ,x is g5]ally p\r$ into bottles 7bottl$ k\miss72 or all[$ to rema9 9 ! tubs 7ts*iljak k\miss72 9 ! =m] case ! f]m5tation is anarobic1 9 ! second x is arobic4 ,/orage ( ! k\miss ^u ice or 9 a cell> is necess>y s9ce m$ium k\miss is conv]t$ to /rong k\miss 9 twelve to sixte5 h\rs at ord9>y temp]atures1 :ile at ! l[] temp]ature ?is occurs only 9 two to f\r days4#fj ,accord+ to ,biel1#fa ei!r old k\miss or ! dri$ s$im5t f old k\miss may be us$ = ! initial inoculation4 ,x may also be prep>$ by ! repeat$ inoculation ( m>es' milk ) s\r$ c[s' milk until a f]m5t+ product is obta9$4 ,k\miss may be prep>$ by a me?od /at$ by ,allik#fb to be 9 g5]al use 9 ! ,caucasian heal?-resorts4 ,"o "p ( be]-yea/ is add$ to f\r to t5 p>ts ( fre% m>es' milk 7accord+ to ! /r5g? ( product requir$71 & aft] ?or\gh mixture ( ! two liquids ! :ole is all[$ to f]m5t at a temp]ature ( #gj to #gb ,f4 = two days4 ,"o "p ( ?is fir/ product is !n add$ to five p>ts ( fre% cold milk1 & all[$ to /& ?ree to f\r h\rs at #ge to #gg ,f4 ,x is !n p\r$ into bottles1 & aft] ! expiration ( ano!r ?ree to f\r h\rs is /or$ away 9 a cell> at ab\t #de ,f4 ,?is k\miss may be us$ at any "t f "o to five days 7g5]ally two to ?ree7 aft] bottl+ accord+ to ! /r5g? desir$ or prescrib$ 9 ea* individual case4 ,! *anges und]gone dur+ f]m5tation consi/ 9 a vigor\s gas & acid production accompani$ by alcohol =mation & coagulation ( ! milk4 ,! coagulum exi/s 9 an extremely f9e /ate ( division1 & ! liquid fro?s viol5tly on ! bottle be+ op5$4 ,x has a full pleasant acid ta/e1 b %\ld n conta9 m ?an "o p] c5t4 acid & two p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! specific gravity ( k\miss is #a4jjh to #a4jbj at #fj ,f4 ,app5d$ is an analysis ( two diff]5t samples ( k\miss3 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,prep>$ f ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,m>es' ,milk4 ,sep>at$ ,c[s' ,milk4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,p] ,c5t4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,wat] #ia4ece #hh4icc ,fat #a4bgd #j4hed ,nitrog5\s bodies #a4iac #b4jbe ,sug> #a4bec #c4ajh ,a% #j4bic #j4ddd ,c>bon dioxide #j4hgf #a4jbg ,alcohol #a4hej #b4fdg ,lactic acid #a4jjf #j4gif ,glyc]9e 4444 #j4aff ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,fleis*mann#fc gives a =mula = prep>+ an artificial k\miss f sep>at$ c[s' milk1 wat]1 cane sug>1 & milk sug>1 ) ! addition ( di/ill]y yea/4 ,ne$less to say1 ?is product mu/ possess "s ( ! *>act]i/ic by-flav\r ( ! yea/ employ$1 & is less suitable ?an k\miss prep>$ by ! aid ( a lactic yea/4 ,s*ip9 inve/igat$ ! f]m5tation ( k\miss & f\nd ?ree di/9ct organisms4 ,rub9sky 9 a rec5t article ?rew mu* light on ! ph5om5a ( k\miss f]m5tation4 ,accord+ to him1 k\miss conta9s almo/ inv>iably f\r diff]5t organisms1 viz41 k\miss yea/1 k\miss bact]ium 7,lactobacillus71 ,/reptococcus lactis 7,li/]71 ,bact]ium arog5es1 & occasionally ,bact4 caucasicum 7,nikolajewa74 ,= ! prep>ation ( normal k\miss only ! two =m] organisms are requir$2 !y exce$ 9 numb] any ( ! o!r organisms ^: pres5ce 9 ! dairy is unavoidable4 ,! pres5ce ( ! two latt] organisms is fav\rable to ! production ( good k\miss1 z1 by induc+ a prelim9>y lactic f]m5tation1 !y t5d to inhibit ! gr[? ( undesirable extrane\s bact]ia1 etc4 ,9 m$ium & /rong k\miss !y die out on acc\nt ( ! am\nt ( lactic acid =m$ 7#a74 ,k\miss yea/ possesses /rongly diff]5tiat$ protoplasm1 b lacks any cultural *>act]i/ics4 ,abundant gr[? occurs 9 milk1 & lactic acid 7#j4c71 alcohol1 c>bon dioxide1 album5s & peptones1 volatile acids1 & aromatic sub/ances are =m$4 ,k\miss bact]ium is relat$ to ! ,lactobacillus ( v>i\s o!r f]m5t$ milks1 & is simil> to ,bac4 acidophilus1 & possesses l ^! a di/9ct polymorphism 7bran*$ cells1 long & %ort bacilli1 etc474 ,x is non-sporog5\s1 has an optimum temp]ature ( #ij to #ig ,f41 & possesses cultural *>act]i/ics simil> to ^? ( ! re/ ( ! ,lactobacilli4 ,! by-products ( k\miss yea/ appe> to fav\r ! gr[? ( ! k\miss bact]ium1 z ?is organism1 l ! o!r ,lactobacilli1 is fav\rably influ5c$ by ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( peptone1 alcohol1 & acid4 ,! organisms f\nd by ,s*ip9 consi/$ ( a species ( ,sac*>omyces & two bacilli1 ,bacillus acidi lactici & a non-sporulat+ bacillus4 ,! latt] organisms coagulate milk at #ih ,f41 b n at room temp]ature1 & al?\gh a m9ute description ( cultural *>act]i/ics is n giv5 x w\ld seem to be relat$ to ,bacillus or ,lactobacillus caucasicus4 ,leb5 ,rab or ,leb5 7,laban47--,?is is a bev]age prep>$ l>gely by ! ,egyptians1 & diff]s f keffir1 z does matzoon1 9 possess+ a *>act]i/ic aroma & ta/e4 ,x diff]s also f ! =m] by hav+ only a v weak alcoholic f]m5tation1 & by ! coagulum be+ co>se & lumpy in/ead ( be+ extremely f9e4 ,x is made f buffaloes'1 goats'1 or c[s' milk by ! addition ( roba 7or old leb57 to ! previ\sly boil$ & cool$ fre% milk4 ,! use ( leb5 is _m c5turies old1 & x is us$ 9 ,egypt z 9 ,arabia = m$ic9al purposes1 al?\gh t ( ! ,syrians & ,arabians is said to diff] f t ( ! ,egyptians & ,alg]ians4 ,! f]m5tative *anges occurr+ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,egyptian leb5 h be5 inve/igat$ by ,ri/ & ,kh\ry1#fd & also by ,gu]bet1#fe :o f\nd t five organisms 7 normally pres5t4 ,^! compris$ a *a9-=m+ bacillus 7,/reptobacillus71 a second small] bacillus 7,bacillus leb5is71 a diplococcus1 a sac*>omyces1 & a mycod]ma4 ,( ^! five organisms1 x w\ld appe> t f\r live 9 metabiosis1 ! /reptobacilli & bacilli hydrolyse ! milk sug>1 ! compon5ts ( :i* are split up by ! yea/ to alcohol & c>bon-dioxide4 ,! alcohol ?us =m$1 toge!r ) ! glucose =m$ by hydrolysis1 are ev5tually conv]t$ to acid or combu/$ by ! mycod]ma species4 ,! leb5 !reby assumes ! %>p1 unpleasant flav\r met ) 9 old samples4 ,! diplococcus m]ely produces acidification & coagulation ( ! milk4 ,ri/ & ,kh\ry 7 able1 by ! use ( ^! organisms1 to produce normal leb51 especially :5 ! true yea/ 0 all[$ to gr[ 9 ! milk = "s "t be=e inoculation ) ! o!r organisms 0 made4 ,"s ( ! half-civilis$ tribes ( ,sib]ia1 ! ,t>t>s & ! ,burgat51 prep>e a /rong alcoholic bev]age1 arak or ojrn1 f f]m5t$ milk4 ,?is is really a product ( di/illation1 & conta9s sev5 to eight p] c5t4 ( alcohol & volatile fatty acids4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac--,photo-micrograph ( prep>ation f ,arm5ian s\r$ milk 7,matzoon74 ,?is is relat$ to ,yogh\rt1 & conta9s1 z w be se5 f ! above photo1 yea/s1 /reptococci1 diplococci1 & a bacillus ) ! morphology ( ,bacillus bulg>icus4 ,?is1 & simil> foods1 owe _! peculi> prop]ties prim>ily to ! pres5ce ( ,bacillus bulg>icus 7type ,a1 ,:ite & ,av]y71 & only 9 a less] degree to ! yea/s & lactic /reptococci4 ,matzoon4--,?is is a dr9k us$ l>gely 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 & is simil> 9 "* to keffir1 b has a peculi> ta/e :i* di/+ui%es x f all o!r f]m5t$ milks4 ,accord+ to ,weigmann1#ff x is prep>$ f buffaloes'1 goats'1 or c[s' milk1 & is us$ p>tly z a means ( s\r+ milk = butt]-mak+ & also z a lactic food1 eat5 ) spoons4 ,9 ! same way butt]milk produc$ f milk :i* has be5 previ\sly rip5$ by matzoon is us$ z a bev]age4 ,f9ally1 ! coagulum 7?an7 ( su* butt]milk is /ra9$ (f1 &1 aft] be+ press$1 is mix$ ) meal & dri$ by exposure to ! sun's rays4 ,! prep>ation ( matzoon is 9 _m respects v simil> to t ( keffir & k\miss1 b diff]s by induc+ a comp>atively weak alcohol f]m5tation4 ,9 common1 too1 ) yogh\rt1 ! prevail+ temp]ature is mu* high] ?an is requir$ = keffir & k\miss4 ,9 reg>d to ! biology ( matzoon1 ! occurr5ce ( v>i\s organisms has be5 record$4 ,emm]l+#fg isolat$1 9 addition to a yell[ pigm5t-=m+ organism1 ,bacillus subtilis1 ,bacillus lactis acidi1 & sev]al fungi1 a small micrococcus capable ( hydrolys+ milk- & cane-sug>4 ,! organism produces & )\t gas =mation1 or peptonisation ( ! m$ium4 ,( ! n9e yea/s isolat$ f matzoon by ,l9dn]#fh & ,kalan?>ianz1#fi ?ree 7 able to f]m5t milk sug> )\t previ\s hydrolysis1 :ile two o!rs1 by ! simultane\s production ( lactic acid & fruit e/]s1 gave to ! matzoon its *>act]i/ic ta/e & aroma4 ,yogh\rt & ,s\r$ ,milk4--,yogh\rt is ano!r f]m5t$ milk1 & is relat$ to ! matzoon ( ,arm5ia1 ! gioddu ( ,s>d9ia1 & ! leb5 ( ,egypt4 ,aft] a prec$+ boil+ & r$uction ( ! volume ( ! milk1 inoculation ( ! mass is made by ! addition ( a small quantity ( old culture1 & x is !n all[$ to s\r at a comp>atively high temp]ature4 ,a mod]ately compact1 jelly-l coagulum is ?us =m$1 :ile keffir & k\miss possess a liquid consi/5cy4 ,! f]m5tation necess>y = ! two latt] products only proce$s1 too1 at a mu* l[] temp]ature1 at :i* yea/s play an important "p4 ,accord+ to ,gu]bet1 yogh\rt incubat$ = t5 h\rs at #aac ,f4 conta9$ #j4cd p] c5t4 lactic acid & #j4jab p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,lu]ss5 & ,khn#gj came to ! conclusion t yogh\rt conta9$ *iefly a mixture ( ,bacillus bulg>icus1 diplo/reptococci1 & a granule bacillus1 s call$ on acc\nt ( its granulat$ appe>ance aft] treatm5t ) me?yl5e blue4 ,accord+ to ^! au?ors1 ! fir/ two organisms 7 f\nd 9 ea* ( eight samples ( maya 7"y yogh\rt7 & ( yogh\rt itself1 b ! occurr5ce ( ! granule bacillus 9 plate cultures 0 by no means regul>4 ,9 addition1 yea/s 7 f\nd 9 almo/ e sample exam9$1 b 7 reg>d$ m z accid5tal infections r ?an z ess5tial to ! =mation ( a typical product4 ,! comb9$ action ( ! ?ree organisms already m5tion$ gave rise to a product closely resembl+ normal yogh\rt4 ,piork[ski#ga subject$ ,bulg>ian maya to exam9ation & associat$ himself ) ,met*nik(f#gb 9 f9d+ ?ree species1 a /reptococcus1 a diplococcus1 & a specific organism to :i* he gave ! "n ,yogh\rt bacillus4 ,simil> results 7 also obta9$ by ,grigor(f4#gc ,piork[ski's ,yogh\rt bacillus is simil> 9 =m to ,bacillus subtilis1 b does n sporulate1 nor does x liquefy gelat9e4 ,"y individuals are /a9$ by ,gram's me?od2 old] individuals are1 h[ev]1 ,gram negative4 ,! optimum temp]ature is #aab ,f4 ,kuntze attempt$ to isolate ! organisms m5tion$ by ,lu]ss5 & ,khn1 & by plate culture procur$ gr[? ( a spore-=m+ bacillus simil> to ,weigmann's ,bacillus matzoon4 ,to ?is organism is attribut$ ! p[] to imp>t a specific ta/e to ! matzoon1 b z gr[? is comp>atively sl[1 x c only be ( significance 9 det]m9+ ! quality ( ! curd & *eese prep>$ f ?is product4 ,cultures 7 also obta9$ :i* resembl$ 9 g5]al "* ^? ( ! organism describ$ by ,lu]ss5 & ,khn z ,bacillus bulg>icus & nam$ by ,kuntze ,bact]ium ,w4 ,granule =mation 0 transi5t 9 ?is culture1 & ! organisms ev5tually became inactive4 ,fur!r analysis ( maya gave cultures ( ! granule bacillus1 b ^! pass$ ov] f ! type =m+ irregul> colonies 7see ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #af7 to t produc+ smoo? colonies4 ,fur!r1 al?\gh ! granule =mation p]si/s l>gely 9 milk1 ! organisms soon rev]t to ! non-granul> type if cultivat$ on ag>4 ,by ! use ( ! ,gram-,weig]t /a9 organisms f a sev]al-days-old culture on be]-wort-ag> gave an int]e/+ reaction4 ,! bacill> ?reads are 9 places ,gram-negative1 9 o!rs ,gram-positive1 & be> small club-l swell+s 7see ,fig4 #ad74 ,results simil> to ^! 7 also obta9$ ) cultures ( ,bacillus matzoon 7,weigmann & ,grbn]7 & also ) ,bacillus acidophilus4 ,neiss]'s me?od ( /a9+ fail$ to give su* good effects by ! exam9ation ( fre% maya1 z did an alcoholic aque\s solution ( me?yl5e blue 9 %[+ up ! granules ( ! organisms4 ,aga91 ,grixoni#gd f\nd1 b did n isolate1 a simil> granule-=m+ organism 7,bact]ium s>d\s7 9 ,s>d9ian gioddu4 ,z already m5tion$ 9 ! description ( leb51 ,ri/ & ,kh\ry f\nd a long bacill> lactic f]m5t 7,/reptobacillus leb5is7 :i* also exhibit$ ! irregul> greyi% :ite hairy colonies & high optimum temp]ature *>act]i/ic ( ?is gr\p4 ,on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity 9 =m1 /a9+ reactions1 temp]ature requirem5ts1 & cultural gr[? ( ! organisms describ$ by ,emm]l+1 ,dggeli1 ,weigmann1 ,grixoni1 & ,ri/ & ,kh\ry1 ,kuntze is incl9$ to reg>d !m z belong+ to "o s+le gr\p ( lactic f]m5ts4 ,accord+ to him ! granule =mation is r v>iable1 & may be induc$ or suppress$ by cultural me?ods4 ,n only d organisms ( ?is gr\p produce f> m acid ?an ! normal lactic bact]ia2 !y are also m resi/ant to acid1 & are able to develop 9 milk to :i* #j4e p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid has be5 add$4 ,a comp>atively high p]c5tage ( alcohol seems to enc\rage gr[?1 & ?is 0 obta9$ 9 milk conta9+ #d p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,?is w\ld no d\bt t5d to expla9 ! ph5om5on obs]v$ by ,kuntze t milk is n s rapidly f]m5t$ by organisms ( ?is gr\p z :5 cultures ( diplococci & yea/s are add$4 ,s9ce organisms ( ?is gr\p w\ld seem to be widely di/ribut$1 ! "q ( _! natural habitat arises4 ,lu]ss5 & ,khn 7 unsuccessful 9 _! se>* = su* organisms 9 ,knigsb]g milk1 b ,lei*mann records ! occurr5ce ( a long bacillus 7,bacillus lactis acidi7 9 milk t _h spontane\sly s\r$ at #aab to #abj ,f4 ,?is organism1 too1 %[$ *>act]i/ic gr[? on ag> m$ia1 & produces lvo-rotatory lactic acid4 ,! exam9ation ( calves' /oma*s %[$1 accord+ to ,kuntze1 only occasional long bacilli1 b inoculation ( /]ile milk & incubation at #ajj ,f4 ) repeat$ ov]-inoculation gave a culture %[+ ! *>act]i/ic granule reaction 7see ,figs4 #ah & #bj74 ,al?\gh plate cultures made direct f calves' /oma*s d n exhibit ! regul> cont\rs g5]ally %[n by ! granule bacillus1 yet ?is gr[? may be induc$ by prec$+ cultivation 9 lactose b\illon to :i* #j4e p] c5t4 acetic acid has be5 add$4 ,a simil> organism1 ,bacillus acidophilus1 0 isolat$ f calves' manure by means ( ?is acetic b\illon1 z 0 also a diplo/reptococcus :i* resembl$ v closely ! typical lactic acid /reptococcus4 ,?is resemblance 0 made all ! m /rik+ by ! fact t !y 7 capable ( coagulat+ milk at a temp]ature ( #ii to #ajd ,f4 ,s9ce ^! organisms are pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s 9 manure & also 9 ! dige/ive tract ( rum9ants1 x w\ld seem probable t _! occurr5ce is n )\t significance = ! op]ations ( *eese manufacture4 ,accord+ to ,j5s51 ! practice ( apply+ f>my>d manure to ,swiss mead[s has be5 reg>d$ z absolutely ess5tial to ! production ( *eese ( ! be/ quality2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! application ( artificial manures w\ld seem to h be5 responsible = an increase 9 abnormal *eese4 ,kuntze f\nd fur!r t by ! comb9$ inoculation ( /]ile milk ) ! diplo/reptococcus & ! granule bacillus f calves' /oma*s1 toge!r ) a yogh\rt yea/1 he 0 able to obta9 a product possess+ a ta/e & aroma little diff]5t f normal yogh\rt4 ,dur+ _! inve/igations ^u ! rip5+ ( ,swiss h>d *eese1 ,freud5rei* & ,j5s5#ge isolat$ five v>ieties ( lactic acid bacilli1 & 7 able to %[ t "o ( ^!1 especially ,bacillus casei ,greek3 e1 0 ( ! greate/ importance = ! production ( good *eese4 ,?is organism has be5 f\nd by ,?ni to be pres5t 9 r5net tablets1 :ile a relat$ v>iety1 ,bacillus casei ,greek3 d1 0 f\nd 9 fre% calves' /oma*s4 ,un=tunately1 /a9+ te/s ) ^! organisms 7 n c>ri$ out1 s t no data are available 9 reg>d to ! pres5ce ( granules4 ,! photo-micrographs ( ^! organisms %[ ! small clubs & true-bran*$ =ms4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! diplococci & bacill> lactic f]m5ts 9 ! inte/9al tract ( rum9ants & horses might possess "s importance = ! prep>ation ( yogh\rt 9 bags or tubes made f ! /oma*s ( ^! animals4 ,f9ally1 ,moro#gf has isolat$ an acidophilic organism f ! dejecta ( infants :i* resembles closely1 bo? 9 mann] ( gr[?1 resi/ance to acids1 true bran*+1 & temp]ature optimum1 ! granule bacillus & relat$ =ms4 ,?is gr\p ( sixte5 illu/rations 7,figs4 #ad to #bi71 %[+ v>i\s aspects ( ! ,yogh\rt bacillus & o!rs ( a cognate nature1 is tak5 f ! ,c5tralblatt fr ,bakt]iologie ( ,j5a4--,l4 ,m4 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,granule ,bacillus f ,yogh\rt4 ,%r$d$ prep>ation ( a fre% skim-milk culture at #cg ,c4 = six h\rs4 ,/a93 aque\s me?yl5e blue4 7,enl>g$ #a3ejj47 ,9 ,figs4 #ae & #ag w be notic$ ! *a9 arrangem5t ( ! bacillus1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! suppos$ data ( ,lu]ss5 & ,kuhn1 w be g5]ally notic$ 9 ! granule bacillus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,granule ,bacillus f ,yogh\rt1 cultivat$ aft] ! usual ,ag> me?od1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs at #cg ,c4 ,/a93 aque\s me?yl5e blue4 7,enl>g$ #a3ejj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,granule ,bacillus f ,yogh\rt4 ,ag> ,milk ,sug> ,culture cultivat$ = =ty-eight h\rs at #cg ,c4 ,bel[ is ! true bran*+1 above1 ! di/ort$ involution =m4 ,?is production ( involution =ms occurs *iefly 9 old cultures1 & is an indication ( deg5]ation4 ,/a93 aque\s me?yl5e blue4 7,enl>g$ #a3gjj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,bact]ia ,w4 f ,milk1 cultivat$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs at #cg ,c4 ,me?yl5e blue4 7,enl>g$ #a3ejj47 ,! simil>ity 9 ! pictures ought to s]ve z a pro( ( ! ne> relation ( ! granule =m & non-granule v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,ag> ,milk ,sug> ,culture4 ,f ! orig9al ,bulg>ian ,yogh\rt4 ,9 ! c5tre1 & b5ea?1 ! *>act]i/ic hairy irregul> colonies ( ! granule bacillus 7,bacillus bulg>icus gr\p71 to ! left1 ! smoo? cont\r$ yea/ colonies4 ,! colonies ( ! =m] organism always rema9 microscopic 9 size4 7,incubat$ sev]al days at #bj to #be ,c4 ,magnifi$ ,x #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,ag> ,milk ,sug> ,culture4 ,surface colony ( granule bacillus f calf's /oma*4 ,! great resemblance ?is colony be>s to ^? =m$ by ! granule bacillus f ,yogh\rt w be app>5t4 ,?is fact1 z well z close agreem5t 9 o!r cultur$ features1 induc$ ,kuntze to place ^! organisms 9 "o gr\p4 7,incubat$ two days at #cg ,c4 ,magnifi$ ,x #ajj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,ag> ,milk ,sug> ,culture4 ,deep-ly+ colony ( granule bacillus f calf's /oma*4 ,! =m ( ! colony is (t5 det]m9$ by ! relative pres5ce or abs5ce ( air4 7,two days at #cg ,c4 ,enl>g$ ab\t #a3ej47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,ag> ,milk ,sug>4 ,colony ( ,bact]ium ,w4 f ,yogh\rt 7non-granul> v>iety ( ! granule bact]ia1 z f> z possible id5tical ) ,lu]s5 & ,khn's ,bacillus bulg>icus71 ( a cubical bran*+-out =m4 ,accord+ to ,kuntze1 ! granule =mation ( ?is & relat$ organisms is v>iable1 :ile ,:ite & ,av]y reg>d x z a con/ant *>act]i/ic4 7,incubat$ two days at #cg ,c4 ,magnifi$ x #ej47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,two colonies ( ,bacillus acidophilus f calf's manure4 ,ag> ,milk ,sug> ,culture4 ,) ?is organism1 also1 we h con=mation to "o type ( colony1 :ile1 9 o!r respects1 temp]ature requirem5ts & production1 etc41 we h close agreem5t ) ! granule bacillus 7,bacillus bulg>icus74 7,two days at #cg ,c4 ,enl>g$ ab\t #a3ej47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,be]-wort ,gelat9e4 ,f\rte5-days-old colony ( ,yogh\rt yea/4 7,enl>g$ ab\t #a3ej47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,%r$d$ prep>ation ( ! ,bulg>ian orig9al ,yogh\rt4 ,/a93 aque\s me?yl5e blue4 ,granule bacillus1 diplo/reptococci1 & yea/4 7,see also o!r photo-micrographs ( ,yogh\rt4 ,enl>g$ #a3gj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,granule ,bacillus f ,yogh\rt4 ,cultivat$ 9 skim milk 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs at #cg ,c4 ,/a93 aque\s me?yl5e blue4 7,enl>g$ #a3ej47 ,by means ( ?is /a9+ treatm5t ! pres5ce ( granules 7n spores7 c be easily detect$4 ,treatm5t ) fu*s9e fails to br+ out ^! =mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,bact]ia ,w41 ,ag> ,milk ,sug> ,culture4 ,cultivat$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7knobs1 clubs74 ,/a93 ,gram's me?od col\r$ ) aque\s fu*s9e aft]w>ds4 7,enl>g$ #a3fjj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,bact]ia acidophilus f calves' manure1 isolat$ by means ( b\illon z acid z v9eg>4 ,%r$d$ out ( ! usual ,ag> culture4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs at #cg ,c4 ,/a93 aque\s me?yl5e blue4 7,enl>g$ #a3gjj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,mucus f calf's /oma* inoculat$ into milk aft] eight transf]r+s4 ,%r$d$ prep>ation cultivat$ 9 milk = tw5ty-f\r h\rs at #cg ,c4 ,diplo/reptococci & granule bacillus4 ,/a93 aque\s me?yl5e blue4 7,enl>g$ #a3ejj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,diplo/reptococcus f ,yogh\rt4 ,pure culture 9 skim milk4 ,a comp>ison ( ! illu/rations w %[ h[ close a resemblance exi/s betwe5 bact]ia f\nd 9 ! muc\s membrane ( calf's /oma* & ^? occurr+ 9 ,yogh\rt4 ,9 fact1 by ! comb9$ action ( granule bacilli1 & ( diplo/reptococci f calf's /oma*1 toge!r ) a ,yogh\rt yea/1 x is possible to prep>e normal ,yogh\rt4 ,9 a review ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject ( s\r$ milks1 ,makr9(f sugge/s ! adoption ( ! two names1 ,/reptobac4 leb5is viscosus & ,/reptobac4 leb5is non-viscosus1 = ! organisms ( ! s-call$ ,bulg>icus gr\p1 & kn[n at pres5t z ,bacillus-bulg>icus1 ,/reptobac4 leb5is1 ,bacillus ( ,massol1 ,granule bacillus1 ,bact4 ,mazun1 ,bac4 lactis acidi1 etc4#gg ,:ite & ,av]y#gh h made a comp>ative /udy ( a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties & species ( lactic acid bact]ia ( ! above type obta9$ f v>i\s f]m5t$ milks & milk tabloids4 ,_! descriptions are s detail$ & _! conclusions are s important t we give !m at l5g?4 ,accord+ to ?is "w1 ! :ole ( ! !rmophilic lactic acid bacilli ( ! s-call$ ,bulg>icus type may be divid$ into two sub-types1 ,a & ,b4 ,! ,cultural ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,bacillus ,bulg>icus ,gr\p ,! cultural *>act]i/ics ( all ! /ra9s ( ,bacillus bulg>icus 7granule bacillus7 are z foll[s3 ,9 ,:ey ,ag>4--,all /ra9s exhibit wide v>iation 9 size1 #b to #ej long & ab\t #a broad4 ,almo/ all individuals are int5sely ,gram-positive1 & %[ regul>ity ( outl9e4 ,all /ra9s %[ involution =m1 exhibit+ vacuoles1 & (t5 %[ empty cell membranes4 ,! latt] are ,gram-negative1 & v>y greatly 9 bo? dim5sions z well z 9 =m4 ,all /ra9s %[ t5d5cy to *a9 =mation1 "s be+ arrang$ 9 *a9s ( six to tw5ty-five segm5ts1 :i* may conta9 bo? ,gram-positive & ,gram-negative individuals4 ,type ,b exhibits ,gram-negative sph]ical bodies v>y+ f #j4be to #a 9 size1 adh]+ to ! sides ( "s ( ! ,gram-negative individuals4 ,9 ,:ey4--,9 ?is m$ium !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy t[>d deg5]ation & involution4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( incubation1 at #ajj to #aab ,f41 ! bacilli are uni=m 9 size & int5sely ,gram-positive2 9 succe$+ /ages ! irregul>1 vacuolat$1 inflat$1 & ruptur$ =ms pr$om9ate4 ,betwe5 ! eighte5? & tw5ty-f\r? h\rs ( incubation at #aab ,f4 ! /ra9s ( type ,a develop oval to kidney-%ap$ nodules atta*$ to a /em ext5d+ f ! cell sub/ance4 ,z ! incubation is prolong$ ^! nodules increase 9 size1 (t5 measur+ #a to #b 9 l5g?2 ?is nodule =mation occurs at ! exp5se ( ! cell protoplasm1 & appe>s to be a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( gr[? 9 :ey4 ,cultures ( type ,b d n =m nodules or clubs1 b small sph]ical bodies m or less securely atta*$ to ! cell wall are se54 ,aga91 type ,a assumes ! =m ( small bacilli 9 *a9s1 :ile type ,b /ra9s develop to a great] l5g? & exi/ almo/ exclusively z s+le isolat$ =ms4 ,true bran*+ has be5 obs]v$ 9 /ra9s ( type ,b4 ,9 ,milk4--,9 milk !re is a t5d5cy to ?read-=mation consi/+ ( f\r to t5 segm5ts 9 ! case ( type ,a1 :ile type ,b %[s long] & m curv$ =ms4 ,) increas+ age ( ! culture !re also appe>s to be increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! organisms4 ,all /ra9s are non-motile1 non-sporog5\s1 & non-capsule-=m+4 ,/a9+ ,reactions4--,all /ra9s are readily /a9$ by ! usual anil9e dyes4 ,a4 ,gram's ,me?od4--,"y individuals give an int5se reaction ) ?is /a92 old bacilli are easily decol\ris$1 & deg5]ate =ms are always ,gram-negative1 :ile s+le individuals h be5 obs]v$ :i* %[$ gradation f "o pole ( ! cell to ! o!r4 ,b4 ,loeffl]'s ,me?yl5e ,blue4--,accord+ to ! behavi\r ( ! organisms /udi$1 a sep>ation into two types appe>s possible1 type ,a be+ uni=mly impregnat$1 :ile type ,b %[s di/9ct diff]5tiation4 ,! cell body is se5 to conta9 a v>y+ numb] ( r\nd to oval bodies or granules4 ,?is is ! appe>ance already m5tion$ by ,dggeli1 ,lu]ss5 & ,khn1 & ,kuntze1 & f :i* ! granule bacillus d]ives its "n4 ,9 opposition to ! obs]vations ( ,kuntze1 ! occurr5ce ( granules 0 n f\nd to be v>iable2 x 01 inde$1 s con/ant z to con/itute a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic betwe5 ! two types4 ,! organisms ( ?is gr\p are difficult to cultivate1 & fre%ly isolat$ gr[? is obta9able only on m$ia conta9+ :ey1 malt1 or 9 milk4 ,!y gr[ equally well "u arobic or anarobic conditions4 ,! optimum temp]ature = gr[? is #aac to #aae ,f42 gr[? is fair at #he ,f41 slight at #ge ,f41 & does n take place at #fh ,f4 ,colonies on :ey ag> are r\nd to irregul>1 greyi% :ite1 curl$ & filam5t\s1 (t5 /ream+1 & 9 a few cases smoo? & ev5 9 /ructure4 ,gelat9e is n liquefi$4 ,!re is no surface gr[? on gelat9e /ab-cultures4 ,along ! /ab ! gr[? is fili=m1 bead$1 ) subsequ5t horizontally project+ ramifications4 ,milk is coagulat$ 9 eight to eighte5 h\rs at #aab ,f41 & is ! mo/ fav\rable m$ium = gr[?4 ,i am indebt$ = ?is gr\p ( illu/rations 7sev5te5 9 numb]7 to ! editor ( ,bact]io!rapy1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a4--,l4,m4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj--,photo micrograph ( prep>ation made f ,yogh\rt1 %[+ yea/ cells1 l>ge lactic diplococci1 small sl5d] bacilli & _m l>ge bacilli possess+ ! morphology ( ,bacillus bulg>icus4 ,yea/ cells are almo/ inv>iably f\nd 9 native ,yogh\rt1 b d n appe> to be ess5tial to ! production ( a tropical bev]age4 ,inde$1 !y w\ld seem to be responsible = ! unpleasant a/r+5t ta/e (t5 met ) 9 old samples ( ?is product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca--,photo micrograph ( sme> f ,greek ,curdl$ ,milk call$ ,gia\rti1 & %[+ yea/ cells1 long bacilli & a m\ld 7,oidium lactis71 possess+ v l>ge elongate cells4 ,! pres5ce ( ! latt] is v undesirable1 z x rapidly combu/s ! lactic acid1 dige/s ! case91 & imp>ts a /rong unpleasant *eesy flav\r to ! bev]age4 ,type ,a produces #b4g p] c5t4 to #c4g p] c5t4 inactive lactic acid 9 milk1 :ile type ,b produces only #a4b p] c5t4 to #a4f p] c5t4 lvo-rotatory lactic acid 9 milk4 ,!re is a small quantity ( acetic1 =mic1 & succ9ic acids =m$4 ,! conclusions ( ,:ite & ,av]y are3 ,i4 ,a review ( ! morphological culture & bio*emical features ( ! lactic acid produc+ bacilli f yogh\rt1 matzoon1 & leb51 appe>s to ju/ify _! classification z a s+le gr\p4 ,,ii4 ,?is gr\p w\ld seem to be id5tical ) ,bact]ium caucasicum 7,k]n74 ,,iii4 ,! significant v>iations exhibit$ by ^! bacilli 9 reg>d to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( granules demon/rable by diff]5tial /a9s1 ! degree ( lactic acid production1 & ! nature ( ! acid produc$1 sugge/ a division into two diff]5t types--! true type ,a1 & ! p>atype ,b4 ,q rec5tly ,ha/+s & ,hamm]#gi record$ ! isolation f milk ( an organism produc+ m acid ?an ei!r ,bact]ium coli commune or ,bacillus lactis acidi4 ,x is *>act]is$ by possess+ a high optimum temp]ature1 & by ! limit$ conditions "u :i* x gr[s on nutri5t m$ia4 ,on ?is acc\nt ^! inve/igators suppose x to be relat$ to ^? describ$ 9 ! p>agraphs on f]m5t$ milks1 leb51 matzoon1 etc41 & :i* are reg>d$ by ,kuntze z be+ id5tical4 ,simil>ly ,b\tr\x#hj f\nd #a4e p] c5t4 acidity produc$ 9 a solution conta9+ album9\s matt] & glucose2 :ile ,ri*et#ha /ates t ) ! addition ( ga/ric juice to milk z mu* z f\r p] c5t4 acidity may be =m$4 ,aft] /or+ samples ( milk = eight days at #ajj ,f41 ,kon+#hb f\nd #b4ce p] c5t4 & #b4e acid2 :ile simil> samples /or$ at #fj to #fb ,f4 = ! same p]iod only develop$ #j4i p] c5t4 ,he9emann#hc records ! production ( #c4j p] c5t4 acid 9 milk incubat$ at #ajj ,f42 & ,j5s5 /ates t ,bacillus casei ,greek3 e is capable ( develop+ #b4g p] c5t4 lactic acid4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,hut*9son1 bact]iologi/ at ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 has also be5 successful 9 isolat+ a bacillus f ,engli% m>ket milk resembl+ 9 e p>ticul> ^? classifi$ by ,:ite & ,av]y z type ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb is a photo-micrograph ( s\r$ milk inoculat$ ) a tablet conta9+ viable & pure cultures ( ,bacillus bulg>icus1 & incubat$ = sev5ty-two h\rs4 ,^! tablets con/itute a valuable means ( prep>+ s\r$ milk = !rapeutic purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc is a photo-micrograph ( milk inoculat$ ) a f]m5t tablet 9 :i* ,bacillus bulg>icus is no long] viable1 & ! only gr[? obta9$ is t ( an organism alli$ to ! ,bacillus subtilis 7,hay bacillus7 gr\p4 ,su* milk w\ld be absolutely )\t value4 ,x w ?us be se5 t organisms relat$ to ^? ( ,ori5tal & ,occid5tal milk bev]ages are pres5t 9 conditions :]e x is impossible = !m to atta9 to any active gr[?4 ,! same class ( organism has also be5 f\nd 9 _m cases 9 butt] & *eese ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( rec5t ye>s ! consumption ( milk f]m5t$ by ^! organisms has be5 introduc$ m or less successfully into all ,european c\ntries4 ,?is cu/om is due1 z we h se51#hd to a v great ext5t to ! ann\ncem5t ( ,met*nik(f#he t ! action ( su* organisms 9 ! alim5t>y tract conduce to a prolongation ( life4 ,moro f\nd t ! dejecta ( *ildr5 conta9 l>ge numb]s ( ,bac4 lacidophilus & ,bac4 bifidus1 b1 z age advances1 ! bact]ial flora ( ! inte/9es t5ds to *ange4 ,! numb] ( acid-produc+ organisms gradually becomes less1 & o!r bact]ia capable ( produc+ f>-rea*+ decomposition ( album9oid matt] t5d to increase4 ,work+ on ! assumption t s5ility is p>tially due to ! absorption ( by-products =m$ f album9oid food by ! decompos+ or putrefactive bact]ia m5tion$1 ,met*nik(f in/itut$ a se>* = organisms capable ( suppress+ ! gr[? ( ! putrefactive bact]ia4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t milk all[$ to become s\r w keep = a consid]ably long] p]iod 9 hot wea!r ?an if lactic bact]ia _h n gr[n4 ,?is pres]vative action ( lactic acid also comes into play 9 ! manufacture ( sau]kraut & 9 ! pres]vation ( meat by imm]sion 9 s\r milk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,photo-micrograph ( sme> ( culture ( ,bacillus bulg>icus1 recomm5d$ by ,met*nik(f = use 9 cases ( inte/9al auto-intoxication4 ,unlike ! f]m5ts ( normally s\r$ milk1 :i* are sometimes indiff]5t1 or ev5 injuri\s1 9 _! action1 ?is bacillus is capable ( gr[? at blood heat1 &1 by produc+ mu* l>g] quantities ( lactic acid ?an su* organisms z ,/reptococcus lacticus1 ,bacillus coli commune1 or ,bact]ia lacticus arog5es1 inhibits ! multiplication ( bact]ia responsible = ! putrefaction ( album9oid food 9 ! inte/9es4 ,bi5/ock has %[n t ! gr[? ( ,bac4 putrificus is inhibit$ by ! action ( ,bact4 coli commune1 :i* is capable ( sett+ up a slight lactic acid f]m5tation4 ,bact4 coli commune1 h[ev]1 gives rise to sub/ances ( an injuri\s "*1 &1 al?\gh pres5t v abundantly 9 ! inte/9al tract1 x may by r$uc$ almo/ entirely by ! active gr[? ( lactic acid bact]ia4 ,?is fact is ( great value to ! *eese-mak]1 s9ce by ! addition ( a lactic acid culture 7/>t]7 to milk be=e r5net+1 gas-produc+ bact]ia su* z ,bact4 coli may be *eck$ 9 gr[?4 ,s9ce ! ord9>y lactic acid bact]ia su* z ,/reptococcus lacticus1 ,bac4 lactis acidi1 & o!rs1 are incapable ( gr[? at blood temp]ature1 x appe>$ necess>y to procure cultures ( lactic bact]ia able to gr[ at temp]atures ( #ajj ,f4 to #aab ,f4 ,su* an organism 0 f\nd 9 ,bulg>ian s\r$ milk 7yogh\rt71 & 0 consid]$ pre-em95tly adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ?is organism is m]ely "o ( a l>ge gr\p ( bact]ia f\nd di/ribut$ 9 ! inte/9al canal ( _m dome/ic animals1 9 manure1 & 9 ord9>y m>ket milk4 ,x is !n n surpris+ t ! introduction into ! inte/9al tract ( bact]ia ( ! type ,bulg>icus 9 ! =m ( tabloids has n met ) any decid$ success4 ,al?\gh x 0 consid]$ to be m]ely necess>y to introduce ! desir$ type ( organism into ! body1 & ! am\nt ( lactic acid tak5 into ! sy/em by ! adm9i/ration ( s\r$ milks 0 look$ ^u z ( second>y importance1 yet1 x w\ld seem1 9 ! light ( rec5t inve/igations1 t b5efits d]iv$ f a s\r$ milk regim5 are attributable 9 "p to a *emical z well z a purely bact]ial action4 ,?is receives support f ! fact t s\r$ milk bev]ages prep>$ by ! use ( ord9>y lactic bact]ia1 di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,bulg>icus type1 (t5 ex]t a b5eficial influ5ce ^u human be+s ev5 al?\gh ! organisms responsible = ! f]m5tation are incapable ( gr[? at blood temp]ature4 ,x may be m5tion$ 9 conclusion t cultures prep>$ by ! use ( organisms ( ! type ,/reptococcus lacticus comb9$ ) ,bac4 bulg>icus possess a m agreeable flav\r & aroma ?an ^? prep>$ f a pure culture ( ,bulg>icus alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce--;,bacillus bulg>icus1 %[+ ! cultures 9 ,engli% c['s milk4 7,magnifi$ #dej diams47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf--,photo-micrograph ( pure culture ( ,bacillus bulg>icus4 ,! adm9i/ration ( cultures ( ?is organism is indicat$ 9 all cases ( inte/9al ailm5ts1 caus$ by ! excessive gr[? ( proteolytic bact]ia1 & consequ5t putrefaction ( foods 9 ! alim5t>y tract4 ,by ! =mation ( l>ge quantities ( lactic acid1 a /ate ( asepsis is ensur$1 :i* is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 cases ( op]ations on ! abdom5 & inte/9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,photo-micrograph ( sme> ( comb9$ culture ( ,bacillus bulg>icus & ,bact]ia p>alacticus4 ,?is d\ble culture possesses an advantage ov] s+le cultures 9 t1 :ile ! *>act]i/ic dis9fect+ action ( ! =m] is reta9$1 any second>y action ( ! gr[? ( ?is organism ^u ! milk-fat is *eck$ by ! gr[? ( ,bacillus p>alacticus1 ?us ensur+ ! production ( a m palatable product4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,!re is no great difficulty 9 mak+ s\r$ milk at home3 ! necess>y op]ations are q simple1 b at ! same "t !y mu/ be conduct$ ) precision & c>e1 o!rwise ! results may be unsatisfactory & disagreeable2 !re may ev5 sometimes be dang] 9 badly prep>$ s\r milk4 ,x is always an advantage 9 su* matt]s to und]/& ! reason ( ?+s1 & a few notes on ! surr\nd+ conditions1 & :at has to be accompli%$1 may be ( assi/ance to ! w\ld-be exp]im5t]4 ,! majority ( intellig5t p are n[ acqua9t$ ) ! fact t ! g]ms ( bact]ia are to be f\nd ev]y:]e on ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 air1 & 9 wat]1 & t !y are ! sole cause ( ! decay ( all mann] ( p]i%able articles4 ,! di/ribution is unequal--bact]ia are mu* m pl5tiful :]e !re is decay+ matt]--9 dirty h\ses1 sewage1 or o!r contam9at$ wat]1 etc4 ,milk is a spl5did food = bact]ia1 & num]\s v>ieties multiply 9 x exce$+ly1 & _m ( ^! are injuri\s1 produc+ putrefactive *anges :i* r5d] ! milk un:olesome1 ev5 poison\s 9 "s cases4 ,o!rs are b5eficial1 & are absolutely necess>y = ! s\r+ ( milk = mak+ butt] or *eese & = ! rip5+ ( ! latt]4 ,! s\r$ milk :i* is ! subject ( ?is book is ! "w ( c]ta9 lactic-acid-produc+ bact]ia1 & ! problem we h be=e u is to enc\rage ! gr[? ( ! latt] to ! utt]mo/ & to exclude ! o!rs4 ,z bact]ial g]ms are pres5t 9 ! air & readily s[ !mselves into any m$ium ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 ! fir/ consid]ation is to get good fre% milk :i* has be5 z little expos$ to ! air z possible4 ,! second is to conduct ! exp]im5t :]e ! g]ms are fewe/1 & 9 cleanly surr\nd+s1 f> remov$ f decay+ matt] & free f ta9ts & smells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,photo-micrograph ( sme> ( "o-mon? culture ( ,bacillus bulg>icus4 ,9 spite ( its age1 ! culture is p]fectly free f any =eign organisms1 :i* w\ld o!rwise l[] its value = ! prep>ation ( s\r$ milk1 & might1 inde$1 make x directly injuri\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,photo-micrograph ( culture ( ,bacillus bulg>icus 9 malt4 ,9 cases ( acute ent]itis1 :]e milk _c be support$1 ! lactic bacilli may be cultivat$ 9 malt1 & adm9i/]$ to ! pati5t 9 ?is =m1 ) occasional doses ( syrup ( malt1 9 ord] to induce a vigor\s gr[? ( ! lactic f]m5ts 9 ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,photo-micrograph ( sme> f milk t _h be5 all[$ to s\r spontane\sly4 ,ord9>y m>ket milk is always subject to infection f ! air1 milk+ vessels1 manure1 etc41 & f ^! s\rces a mix$ bact]ial flora arises1 ) ! result t ! milk exhibits curdl+1 acidity1 gase\s f]m5tation1 or m\ld gr[?1 aft] be+ /or$ = a %ort "t4 ,?is is due to ! action ( su% bacilli1 diplococci1 yea/s1 & m\lds z are %[n 9 ?is illu/ration4 ,h[ev] fre% ! milk may be1 x w conta9 useless or injuri\s bact]ia1 & we mu/ get rid ( ^! be=e attempt+ to introduce ^? ^: gr[? we wi% to enc\rage4 ,?is is effect$ by heat4 ,all ! liv+ bact]ia & mo/ ( ! g]ms are kill$ at temp]atures some:at "u ! boil+ po9t4 ,hav+ /]ilis$ ! milk 9 ?is way1 x is necess>y1 z f> z possible1 to prev5t ! entrance ( fre% g]ms f ! atmosph]e1 & we !re=e let ! milk cool d[n 9 cov]$ di%es4 ,:5 ! temp]ature desc5ds to ab\t #ajj ,f4 ! culture ( ! special bact]ia is introduc$1 ! cov]s are replac$1 & ! milk vessels ma9ta9$ at or ne> ?is temp]ature = twelve h\rs1 :5 ! s\r$ milk is ready = use4 ,x is n necess>y to use fre% culture e "t--a little ( ! s\r$ milk w take its place1 & ?is may be repeat$ z _m z f\rte5 times be=e x is necess>y to />t (f aga9 ) a fre% culture4 ,a great deal dep5ds on ! c>e ex]cis$ & ! fre$om ( ! surr\nd+s f bact]ial g]ms4 ,"u ! be/ conditions wild g]ms w gradually accumulate 9 ! s\r$ milk1 b _! increase may be greatly delay$ by att5tion to ! precautions m5tion$4 ,! ord9>y s\r+ ( milk = butt] & *eese mak+ is conduct$ 9 cool surr\nd+s1 z already /at$1 because 9 su* conditions ! lactic-acid-produc+ g]ms increase relatively fa/] ?an ! wild g]ms1 & s ga9 ! upp] h&1 b 9 ! case ( our special s\r$ milk we kill out1 practically1 all wild bact]ia & g]ms1 & ! pure culture hav+ ! field to itself1 we c conduct ! op]ation at a high] temp]ature :]e ! action ( ! bact]ia is at its maximum1 & s obta9 ! necess>y lactification 9 ! m9imum ( "t4 ,! appliances = ! s\r+ ( milk on ! dome/ic scale require "s consid]ation4 ,we propose to describe ! pr9cipal =ms ( app>atus :i* h be5 put on ! m>ket = ! purpose1 & !n to give su* sugge/ions z may assi/ ! +5i\s 9 mak+ app>atus = !mselves4 ,^? :o wi% = in=mation on ! subject ( l>g] app>atus w f9d x 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da--,photograph ( ,ag> ,culture1 inoculat$ ) a lactic p[d] (f]$ to consum]s "u a fancy "n4 ,work+ on ! assumption t ! pres5ce ( lactic bact]ia is inimical to ! gr[? ( septic organisms1 ?is prep>ation has be5 plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,! plate %[s1 h[ev] an abundance ( colonies ( =eign organisms--sporog5\s bacilli1 ,/aphylococcus pyog5es albus1 & ,/aphylococcus pyog5es aureus4 ,^! organisms are %[n 9 ! app5d$ photo-micrographs1 & con/itute impurities 9 ! prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,spore =m+ bacillus ,illu/ration3 ,/aphylococcus pyog5es albus ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db--,photograph ( ,te/ ,tubes ( ,/]ile ,milk1 inoculat$ ) a tablet prep>ation said to conta9 pure cultures4 ,! d>k] liquefi$ portion ( ! tube-cont5ts is due to dige/ion ( ! curd by proteolytic bact]ia1 ?us indicat+ impure culture4 ,pure cultures ( lactic acid bact]ia coagulate ! milk uni=mly1 b d n produce any subsequ5t *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( ! culture1 ev5 aft] sev]al mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc--,photograph ( ,te/ ,tubes ( ,/]ile ,milk1 ea* tube hav+ be5 inoculat$ ) a tablet ( a prep>ation said to conta9 pure cultures4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is evid5t peptonisation ( ! curd1 ?us indicat+ infection by proteolytic f]m5ts4 ,cultures f ^! tubes demon/rat$ ! pres5ce ( a =eign organism4 ,microscopical exam9ation fail$ to disclose ! pres5ce ( ,bacillus ,bulg>icus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd--,photograph ( ,te/ ,tubes ( ,/]ile ,milk1 inoculat$ ) a tablet ( ,lactobacill9e4 ,9 contra-di/9ction to ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #db & #dc1 ^! tubes exhibit homog5e\s curdl+ ( ! milk )\t any subsequ5t dige/ion or peptonisation ( ! coagulum4 ,?is is indicative ( ! purity ( ! culture4 ,! ,society ,le ,f]m5t ( ,p>is1 :i* has be5 au?oris$ by ,pr(essor ,met*nik(f to prep>e & supply to ! public 8 s\r milk culture1 provides an app>atus = ! treatm5t ( ! milk4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 :i* consi/s ( a d\ble box hav+ ! int]v5+ space pack$ ) a non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,x is provid$ ) a tight lid4 ,inside1 !re is accommodation = two milk vessels1 ea* ) a capacity ( ab\t two ?irds ( a p9t4 ,! mo/ difficult ?+ 9 ! s\r+ ( milk is to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature z ne>ly at #ajj ,f4 z possible :ile ! culture is 9 action4 ,?is result is atta9$ by fill+ ! vessel 9 ! middle ) boil+ wat]4 ,! insulat$ walls h9d] ! escape ( heat1 & ! quantity ( boil+ wat] us$ is calculat$ to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature /eady = ! twelve h\rs ( cultivation2 b 9 cold1 fro/y wea!r x is necess>y to refill ! c5tral vessel ) boil+ wat] 9 ! middle ( ! p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,! milk j>s are wa%$ ) hot boil$ wat] & turn$ upside d[n to dry4 ,!y %\ld n be wip$ ) a clo?4 ,boil ! milk to be treat$ = t5 m9utes1 /irr+ x to promote evaporation1 z x is advantage\s to h x 9 conc5trat$ =m4 ,cool rapidly to #ajj ,f4 by plac+ ! boil+ vessel 9 cold wat]1 add to ea* b[l "o ?ird ( a tube ( ! culture 9 p[d] =m1 fill up ) ! boil$ & cool$ milk1 /ir well & cov]4 ,place ! j>s 9 ! box & fill ! c5tral vessel ) boil+ wat]1 %ut ! lid tight1 & d n op5 x 7unless a fre% *>ge ( boil+ wat] is ne$$7 = t5 or twelve h\rs1 :5 x w be ready = use4 ,if ! liquid culture is us$ 7"o small phial = ea* b[l7 ! milk %\ld be cool$ to #hf ,f4 in/ead ( #ajj ,f41 z ) ! p[d]4 ,! culture is also suppli$ 9 tabloid =m4 ,! p[d] & tabloids keep well1 b ! liquid c only be reli$ on = ab\t two mon?s4 ,! milk prep>$ z above %\ld be /or$ 9 a cool place1 ! lids be+ kept on ! b[ls4 ,x is good = ab\t two days1 aft] :i* x becomes too s\r4 ,x c be eat5 ) sug>1 :i* n only sweet5s x b is b5eficial 9 af=d+ additional suitable food = ! acid-produc+ bacilli4 ,if fre% milk _c be _h1 cond5s$1 /]ilis$1 or pa/euris$ milk may be us$1 b1 ( c\rse1 fre% milk is be/4 ,cond5s$ milk %\ld be dilut$ ) two p>ts ( boil+ wat] & !n treat$ l ord9>y milk4 ,an app>atus on simil> pr9ciples is sold by ! ,maya ,bulg>e ,company1 ,ltd41 & is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df--,s\r$ ,milk ,app>atus ( ! ,maya ,bulg>e ,company1 ,limit$1 consi/+ ( an insulat$ box1 hot-wat] vessel1 & cov]$ vessels conta9+ ! milk & culture4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( cab9et 9 deal1 ,maya ,bulg>e f]m5t 9 #bj-;dose bottles1 ,maya ,bulg>e f]m5t 9 #ajj-;dose bottles1 compress$ ,maya ,bulg>e tablets 9 boxes ( #h tubes1 ,maya ,bulg>e c>amels 9 boxes ( #dj1 r$uc$ milk1 *9a funnels1 & !rmomet]s4 ,! box is insulat$1 b ! door is on ! side1 ! hot wat] vessel is und]nea?1 & ! cov]$ vessels conta9+ ! milk & culture are plac$ on a %elf above4 ,9 ! front ( ! illu/ration are %[n ! v>i\s packages 9 :i* ! liquid & p[d] cultures are put up4 ,! proc$ure is exactly ! same z ) ,le ,f]m5t app>atus4 ,lactic ,f]m5ts1 ,limit$1 make use ( a diff]5t pr9ciple to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature /eady dur+ ! lactify+ p]iod4 ,_! app>atus 7,fig4 #dg7 consi/s ( a wat] vessel m\nt$ on a /&4 ,! milk vessels 7tumbl]s7 are plac$ 9 ! wat]1 & ! temp]ature ma9ta9$ at ! prop] figure by a small night light burn+ und]nea?4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! milk %\ld be plac$ 9 an e>!nw>e j> or jug1 :i* is /ood 9 a pot ( wat] kept boil+ = an h\r4 ,aft] cool+ add f ?ree to six previ\sly cru%$ tabloids ( culture1 & /ir well ) a glass rod :i* has be5 /]ilis$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! milk is !n transf]r$ to ?ree tumbl]s1 :i* x %\ld fill1 & ^! are put into ! wat] vessel1 ! wat] 9 :i* %\ld be at ab\t #ajj ,f41 & ! night light />t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,messrs4 ,all5 ,hanbury1 ,limit$1 also make use ( ! night light to ma9ta9 ! prop] temp]ature dur+ incubation 9 _! ,sau]9 app>atus 7,fig4 #dh74 ,no wat]1 h[ev]1 is plac$ 9 ! metal conta9]4 ,! proc$ure is ! same z t already describ$1 & bo? tablet & liquid pure cultures are suppli$4 ,= *ildr5 x is recomm5d$ t ! incubation %\ld occupy f ?ree to f\r h\rs only1 9 o!r cases eight to t5 h\rs4 ,grat$ nutmeg1 gr\nd c9namon1 or o!r flav\r+1 & cream may be us$ ) ! s\r$ milk4 ,! night light is also employ$ 9 ! ,v]onelle app>atus ( ,messrs4 ,clay1 ,paget & ,company1 ,limit$ 7,fig4 #di74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,messrs4 ,all5 ,hanbury's ,s\r$ ,milk ,app>atus4 ,!y ma9ta9 ! temp]ature by means ( a night light1 & ! culture !y use !y call ,sau]94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,vironelle ,app>atus = s\r+ milk1 made by ,messrs4 ,clay1 ,paget ,company1 ,limit$4 ,! milk 9 ?is case is plac$ 9 an e>!nw>e j>1 & is /]ilis$ by plac+ 9 a saucepan ( wat] & boil+ x4 ,! culture is add$ aft] cool+1 ! p]iod ( incubation be+ ab\t six h\rs4 ,! conta9+ vessel is ( t9 or alum9ium1 & has two /&s1 ! high "o = hot & ! l[ "o = cold wea!r1 z 9 ! latt] case great] heat is ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! incubat+ temp]ature4 ,! milk is plac$ 9 an e>!nw>e j> & is /]ilis$ by plac+ x 9 a saucepan ( wat] & boil+ x2 cont9u+ ! boil+ = half an h\r4 ,x is all[$ to cool to ab\t #ih ,f41 & plac$ 9 ! incubator1 culture add$1 & ! lamp light$1 ! cov] ( ! incubator be+ kept on4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is giv5 z six h\rs4 ,to prep>e ! next day's supply a tablespoonful ( ! s\r$ milk is reta9$ & us$ in/ead ( ! culture4 ,?is may be cont9u$ = f\rte5 days1 :5 a fre% />t ) culture is necess>y4 ,! s\r$ milk w keep = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,capacity1 "o & "o half & two p9ts2 also a l>ge size = family use4 ,= ! prep>ation ( s\r$ milk on a small scale1 "o ( ! v>i\s =ms ( vacuum flasks n[ on ! m>ket may be us$ ) satisfactory results4 ,a little cold wat] mu/ be p\r$ into ! flasks1 & w>m wat] add$1 until1 by means ( ?ree to f\r *anges1 boil+ wat] c be safely p\r$ 9 )\t crack+ ! flask4 ,?is boil+ wat] mu/ be all[$ to rema9 9 = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & !n replac$ by fre%ly boil$ milk t has be5 cool$1 s t its temp]ature 9 ! flask is ab\t #aje ,f4 ,! culture ( lactic organisms %\ld !n be add$1 ! op5+ ( ! flask plugg$ ) clean cotton-wool1 & ! cap screw$ on4 ,9 an actual te/1 ! temp]ature ( ! milk plac$ 9 su* a flask 0 #aje ,f41 at #g4cj ,p4,m41 & _h dropp$ to #ic ,f4 by #i ,a4,m41 ! foll[+ day4 ,! milk 0 curdl$1 & possess$ ! normal acid ta/e ( su* cultures4 ,! diff]5t types ( app>atus are all q simple1 & x w\ld be easy to make some?+ at home4 ,get two r\nd t9s1 ! "o less 9 diamet] by f two to ?ree in*es ?an ! o!r1 put "o or two pieces ( wood across ! bottom inside ! l>g] t91 & fill up ! space betwe5 ) cotton-wool1 :i* is an excell5t non-conductor ( heat4 ,place ! small] t9 c5trally inside ! l>g] "o4 ,fix ?ree or f\r di/ance pieces ( wood 9 ! space betwe5 !m1 fill up ) cotton-wool1 leav+ a little space at ! top to p]mit ! lid ( ! small] t9 to be fix$ on4 ,! boil+-wat] vessel may be a t9 saucepan ) a lid1 b no h&le1 & its prop] place w\ld be on ! bottom ( ! inn] t94 ,a tripod /& made ( ?ree pieces ( wire b\nd toge!r1 & ) legs rea*+ pa/ ! hot-wat] vessel to ! bottom ( ! t91 w\ld support a false bottom ( t9 =m+ ! %elf on :i* ! vessels ( milk to be treat$ w\ld re/4 ,^! might be tumbl]s cov]$ ) t9 lids4 ,to prev5t radiation ?r\gh ! lid ( ! inn] t91 a ?ick pad or hood ( cotton-wool pack$ betwe5 clo? w\ld be plac$ ov] ! top4 ,a little exp]im5t+ w\ld be necess>y to det]m9e ! quantity ( boil+ wat] requir$ to ma9ta9 ! prop] temp]ature4 ,! s\r$ milk obta9$ 9 ! above mann] is ( ! consi/5cy ( ord9>y butt]milk2 a sep>ation ( :ey frequ5tly takes place1 & ?is may be p\r$ (f if desir$4 ,! ta/e & flav\r %\ld be pleasantly acid & agreeable1 & bo? are di/9ctive en\gh to give a good idea ( ! purity ( ! product4 ,9 _m places a m conc5trat$ article is made by boil+ d[n ! milk to "o half or "o ?ird ( its bulk1 & !n f]m5t+ x 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,a k9d ( ?ick pudd+ is ?us obta9$1 :i* is highly recomm5d$ bo? z an agreeable article ( food & z a /rong] m$ium = ! support ( ! g]ms x is ! purpose ( ! s\r milk treatm5t to introduce into ! dige/ive sy/em4 ,! cultures = mak+ s\r$ milk c n[ be _h f all ! lead+ :olesale & retail *emi/s1 ) directions z to ! quantities to be us$4 ,x is v necess>y t ! milk us$ %\ld be n only fre% & good1 b also free f *emical pres]vatives4 ,! effect ( ^! is to inhibit ! gr[? & developm5t ( bact]ia1 & !y h !re=e an injuri\s influ5ce on ! special lactify+ g]ms x is our object to cultivate4 ,pres]vatives are n[ n ne>ly s mu* us$ z !y 71 a few ye>s ago1 & !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 obta9+ milk free f !m4 ,= keep+ bo? fre% & s\r$ milk good a small ice-*e/ is an excell5t device4 ,! g]ms :i* are cont9ually dropp+ into milk kept 9 op5 vessels 9 ! air1 ev5 9 cleanly surr\nd+s1 are mo/ly kept out 9 ! close ice-*e/1 & ! l[ temp]ature prev5ts 9 a natural way ! developm5t ( ! bact]ial g]ms already 9 ! milk4 ,= ! pres]vation ( all k9ds ( foods ! ice-*e/ is a capital inve/m5t1 n to m5tion ! b5efit ( hav+ cool$ dr9ks1 etc41 z requir$4 ,!y manage ?+s well 9 ?is respect 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ice is reg>d$ z a necessity 9 ! summ] "t by ev5 ! poore/ p1 & is deliv]$ ) ! same regul>ity z ! milk4 ,x is necess>y to utt] a ^w ( w>n+ z to c]ta9 =ms 9 :i* ! s\r milk bacillus is be+ (f]$ to ! public4 ,x is be+ comp\nd$ ) sug>1 *ocolate1 & o!r articles1 & sold 9 ! =m ( sweets1 etc4 ,!re is no reliable pro( t ^! prep>ations are valuable4 ,c]ta9ly1 sug> is a m$ium 9 :i* ! lactify+ g]ms c live1 b ! quantity s introduc$ into ! sy/em mu/ be v small comp>$ ) :at is obta9$ f prop]ly f]m5t$ milk4 ,x takes "s "t1 ev5 ) /rong cultures1 to fix ! acid-produc+ g]ms 9 ! l>ge b[el :]e !y are want$1 & until prop] evid5ce is =?com+ t confection]y prep>ations are efficaci\s we w\ld recomm5d t only ! regul>ly f]m5t$ milk be us$4 ,x w\ld save tr\ble1 no d\bt1 to treat oneself ) a few *ocolate creams conta9+ ! necess>y g]ms daily1 b if ! matt] is tak5 up s]i\sly x w be bett] to take "s pa9s & /ick to me?ods ! efficacy ( :i* has be5 demon/rat$1 leav+ ! o!rs until _! bona fides has be5 prov$4 ,!re are always ent]pris+ firms :o are prep>$ to simplify ?+s = u1 b we mu/ make sure t _! simplifications are w>rant$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,9 ,,! ,,dairy ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 m$ical qu>t]s to disc\rage ! use ( s\r$ milk made = pr(it4 ,?is view leaves out ( acc\nt ! fact t besides be+ ( value 9 m$ic9e1 ! article 9 "q is also an excell5t food1 :i*1 z we h se51 has be5 consum$ by multitudes ( p = ages 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!re seems also to be satisfactory evid5ce t a l>g] p]c5tage ?an usual ( ! p :o make s\r$ milk a /aple ( diet atta9 to a ripe old age4 ,h[ does x become su* a dang]\s ?+ ! mom5t ! doctors get x into _! h&s8 ,( c\rse if a man has an acute disease he places himself entirely 9 ! h&s ( 8 m$ical man1 & eats :at is prescrib$ = him1 or at lea/ he ought to d s1 & if he makes su* a submission he is entitl$ at lea/ to ! com=t ( be+ able to feel t 8 doctor is free f unreasonable prejudices4 ,= ! implication t an article made = pr(it is naturally suspect ca/s an unw>rant$ /igma on a l>ge numb] ( hon\rable p4 ,!re are di%one/ tradesm5 j z !re are di%one/ & c>eless doctors1 b to saddle a :ole class ) ! (f5ces ( a few w\ld n be a ju/ifiable proce$+ 9 ei!r case4 ,besides1 x is n to ! int]e/ ( ! manufactur+ *emi/ or ! dairyman to turn out spuri\s cultures or bad s\r$ milk1 & on ! :ole we see no reason :y !y %\ld n engage 9 ! bus9ess4 ,! widespread use ( s\r$ milk 9 o!r c\ntries z a regul> article ( diet seems to indicate t all mann] ( p1 except ^? suff]+ f diseases :i* necessitate m$ical regulation ( diet1 might ) probable b5efit to !mselves add ?is article to _! food li/2 & x looks z if a good _m ( !m int5d do+ s1 ev5 if sc&alis$ doctors ?reat5 to ab&on ! cure4 ,! dairyman :o kn[s 8 bus9ess does n ne$ to be told ( ! c>e :i* is necess>y to keep milk 9 good condition4 ,! m]ely comm]cial consid]ation ( avoid+ loss has made him ready to inquire into ! be/ means ( prolong+ ! life ( milk z a m]*antable article4 ,= a "t he reli$ on *emical pres]vatives1 b _! day is n[ almo/ ov]1 & filtration1 pa/eurisation1 & cold /orage h tak5 _! place4 ,any "o conv]sant ) ! trade kn[s h[ widely ^! me?ods h be5 adopt$ ( late ye>s2 we may1 !re=e1 assume t ! av]age dairyman has at 8 comm& milk suitable = ! incubation process4 ,! dem& = s\r$ milk is n z yet a v l>ge "o1 & ! app>atus s f> develop$ = its production is meant = ! treatm5t ( small quantities4 ,aft] describ+ ! pr9cipal appliances at pres5t 9 ! m>ket we propose to make "s sugge/ions z to ! con/ruction ( l>g] app>atus4 ,a firm :i* has giv5 great att5tion to ! "q ( ma9ta9+ fix$ temp]atures is t ( ,messrs4 ,*>les ,he>son ,co41 ,ltd4 ,_! incubators = *ick5 hat*+ are kn[n all ov] ! _w2 & _! appliances = biological incubation are v g5]ally us$ 9 bact]iological laboratories4 ,) su* exp]i5ce x 0 natural t !y %\ld turn _! att5tion to s\r$ milk app>atus1 & ! result is ! ,lactobator 7,figs4 #ej & #ea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,lactobator made by ,messrs4 ,*>les ,he>son ,co41 ,limit$1 :i* is us$ = ! incubation ( pure culture 9 milk 9 a fairly l>ge way4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! ,lactobator clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,messrs4 ,he>son ,company's ,lactobator1 %[+ ! int]nal arrangem5ts4 ,a copp] vessel made to conta9 wat] has plac$ 9 x a /onew>e j> :i* holds two gallons ( milk2 on ! top is a lid :i* c>ries a !rmomet] = indicat+ ! temp]ature ( ! milk4 ,heat is suppli$ by a gas r+ "u ! copp] vessel2 & 9 ! gas supply is ! pat5t !rmo/at made use ( by ,messrs4 ,he>son also 9 _! biological & p\ltry incubators1 9 :i* a capsule conta9+ a liquid arrang$ to boil at a c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ temp]ature is ! regulat+ factor4 ,:5 ! liquid boils1 ! capsule exp&s1 & by c]ta9 me*anical devices regulates ! gas supply s z to produce exactly ! temp]ature requir$4 ,! proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,! j> is fill$ ) milk1 & wat] is run into ! copp] vessel by ! funnel until x runs ov] at ! ov]fl[ pipe4 ,! !rmo/at is lift$ (f & ! full gas supply all[$ to pass to ! burn]1 ! temp]ature ( ! milk br\ght up to #ahj ,f4 & ma9ta9$ = half an h\r at ?is figure4 ,! gas is !n turn$ (f1 & cold wat] run ?r\gh ! funnel until ! temp]ature ( ! milk regi/]s #ie ,f4 ,! culture is add$1 ! lid replac$1 & ! !rmo/at put into ! pocket at ! side ( ! vessel2 ! gas relight$1 & :5 ! temp]ature rea*es #ajj to #ajf ,f4 ! capsule ( ! !rmo/at w exp& & close ! gas to a peep1 :i* is j suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature )9 ! above limits4 ,aft] eight h\rs ! incubation is complet$4 ,edg>'s pat5t app>atus1 ! ,lactog5]ator1 z provid$ by ! ,dairy ,supply ,co41 ,ltd41 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,edg>'s ,lactog5]ator ,! milk is plac$ 9 a t9n$ copp]-jacket$ vessel & wat] run 9 ?r\gh a v]tical pipe until x runs (f at ! ov]fl[4 ,two gas connections are requir$ ) cocks on ea*1 ! "o to heat up ! milk to ! boil+ po9t & ma9ta9 x at ?is = ?irty m9utes4 ,a skimm] :i* has be5 plac$ 9 ! milk lifts out ! coagulat$ prote9 & album5 :i* rise to ! top4 ,! cock is !n %ut & cold wat] run ?r\gh ! jacket till ! !rmomet] %[s #ij ,f41 :5 ! culture is add$1 & ! o!r gas supply ) ! regulator turn$ on1 & ! temp]ature is automatically ma9ta9$ at ab\t #ij ,f4 ,"t ( incubation eight to n9e h\rs4 ,x is recomm5d$ to turn cold wat] into ! jacket at ! end ( ! p]iod to prev5t ov]9cubation4 ,a some:at simil> app>atus is t ( ! ,will[s ,refrig]at+ ,co41 ,ltd4 7,fig4 #ec71 ) ! exception t x has no automatic heat regulator4 ,x is made ( t9n$ /eel1 & ! op]ations are ! same1 b ! /]ilis+ temp]ature 7obta9$ by a gas r+ or hot plate7 is giv5 z #ahj1 & ! incubat+ temp]ature #ajj to #ajd ,f4 = a p]iod ( twelve h\rs4 ,presumably ?is temp]ature is ma9ta9$ by a small gas jet or o!r simil> s\rce ( heat4 ,! capacity is two gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec ,app>atus ( ! ,will[s ,refrig]at+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,9 ! app>atus hi!rto describ$ ! milk is /]ilis$ 9 bulk1 & is fill$ into bottles or j>s aft] incubation1 :i* is n a desirable ?+ to d1 unless ! s\r$ milk is = imm$iate consumption1 z !re is likely to be contam9ation ) injuri\s g]ms f ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! dome/ic app>atus ! milk is usually incubat$ 9 cov]$ j>s 9 :i* x c be kept until requir$ = use1 & ! practice on ! l>g] scale %\ld be ! same4 ,! ,dairy ,outfit ,co41 ,ltd41 h recognis$ ?is 9 _! ,lacto app>atus 7,fig4 #ed74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,lacto ,app>atus ( ! ,dairy ,outfit ,co41 ,ltd4 ,a cyl9drical vessel is set loosely on a /&1 b5ea? :i* is a lamp calculat$ to ma9ta9 ! incubat+ temp]ature4 ,! milk is plac$ 9 bottles ) metal screw tops1 & ^! are put into ! cyl9drical vessel2 wat] is run 9 r\nd !m ?r\gh ! side funnel1 ! vessel lift$ (f ! /&1 & heat$ to /]ilis+ po9t on a /ove4 ,cold wat] is !n run 9 ?r\gh ! funnel until ! temp]ature is l[ en\gh = incubation4 ,culture is add$ to ea* bottle & ! lids screw$ on1 ! vessel lift$ on to its /&1 & ! lamp light$4 ,! cov] ( ! app>atus has a !rmomet] fix$ on x4 ,on ! l>ge scale ! treatm5t ( ! milk w\ld take place entirely 9 ! j>s 9 :i* x w\ld be s5t out1 & ! /]ilisation & incubation w\ld be conduct$ 9 diff]5t pieces ( app>atus4 ,! /]ilisation w\ld be effect$ ei!r 7#a7 by direct /eam+1 or 7#b7 by hot wat] heat$ by /eam4 ,fig4 #ee %[s ! fir/ type ( /]ilisation4 ,! tank is ( wr\ght iron or /eel ) /r5g!n+ pieces ( angle iron4 ,! door1 ) pulleys & c\nt]weight = easy h&l+1 is fa/5$ /eam-tight by h+$ bolts4 ,! app>atus is m\nt$ on a /& at a conv5i5t height = h&l+ ! bottles2 & 9 front is ano!r /& ) *annel iron rails to take ! waggon 9 :i* ! bottles or j>s to be /]ilis$ are pack$4 ,:5 ! door is fa/1 /eam is turn$ on1 & regulat$ to produce ! prop] temp]ature by ! !rmomet] fix$ 9 ! %ell1 9 :i* a pressure gauge is also secur$4 ,aft] /]ilis+1 ! door is op5$ & ! waggon drawn =w>d to ! outside1 all[$ to cool1 or remov$ else:]e to cool1 & all[ space = a new *>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,/]ilis+ ,app>atus = /]ilis+ milk on ! l>ge scale4 ,! bottles ( milk are /]ilis$1 & ! culture c !n be add$1 & ! incubation all[$ to proce$ 9 an insulat$ *amb]4 ,! second me?od ( /]ilis+ is by hot wat]1 z 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! bottles or j>s are plac$ on a p]=at$ false bottom 9 ! rectangul> tank1 wat] run 9 up to ! necks1 & /eam turn$ on2 ! lid is fa/5$ ) h+$ & hook$ bolts2 a !rmomet] fa/5$ 9 ! lid1 & ) a long /em enclos$ 9 metal1 indicates ! temp]ature4 ,at ! end ( ! /]ilis+ process cold wat] is turn$ on1 & at ! same "t ! ov]fl[ wat] cock is op5$2 ! cold wat] gradually r$uces ! temp]ature1 & ! incubat+ po9t is quickly rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,ano!r ,me?od ( ,/]ilis+ 7,dairy ,supply ,co41 ,ltd474 ,incubation 9 bottles or j>s1 /]ilis$ 9 ^! ways1 c be/ be conduct$ 9 an insulat$ room1 ) say1 six in*es ( silicate cotton1 granulat$ cork1 or wa%$ c[ hair pack$ betwe5 two-in* by six-in* batt5s1 cov]$ ) mat*+ on ei!r side1 & l9$ ) %eet z9c4 ,x w\ld be an advantage to h an air-lock or ant]oom into :i* ! waggons or trays ( /]ilis$ j>s c\ld be run1 & ! door ( ! ant]oom clos$ be=e ! door ( ! insulat$ room is op5$4 ,?is w\ld t5d to prev5t v>iations ( temp]ature 9 ! room1 & also1 by *eck+ free communication ) ! outside air1 decrease contam9ation4 ,! waggons ( j>s w\ld be run 91 & culture add$ to ea* j> by a /]ilis$ pipette4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! room w\ld be kept pure by runn+ 9 air frequ5tly ?r\gh a filt] ( moi/ cotton-wool by means ( an electric fan1 & at int]vals ! int]ior w\ld be /]ilis$ by ! use ( =mal9 vap\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,details ( an ,am]ican ,app>atus = ,prep>+ ,s\r$ ,milk ,,fig4 #eg ,! figures give diagrams ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d ( an app>atus useful = ! prep>ation ( lactic foods4 ,! incubat+ c ,a1 is made ( block t91 & is int5d$ to conta9 ! milk4 ,b1 ! w>m wat] conta9]1 %\ld be a /\t wall$ vessel ) a circul> ap]ture 9 ! lid1 ?r\gh :i* ! incubat+ c may be pass$1 & clamp$ d[n z 9 ,c4 ,b is fitt$ ) ?ree /\t iron legs1 :i* %\ld be suffici5tly long to all[ ( a small lamp or gas-jet be+ plac$ b5ea? ! conta9] to ma9ta9 a uni=m temp]ature4 ,d gives an ext]nal view ( ! app>atus4 ,= ! prep>ation ( s\r$ milk1 sep>at$ milk is plac$ 9 ! incubat+ c1 & heat$ up to #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f47 = ?irty m9utes4 ,x is !n all[$ to cool to room temp]ature1 & ! culture1 or tablet conta9+ ! lactic acid bact]ia1 is !n add$1 & ?or\ghly /irr$ = a m9ute or s4 ,! c is !n imm]s$ 9 ! w>m wat] conta9] & kept at a temp]ature ( #hf ,f4 to #ajd ,f41 accord+ to ! organisms us$1 = t5 to twelve h\rs4 ,by ! end ( ?is "t ! milk ought to be conv]t$ to a jelly-l mass1 & aft] be+ /irr$ vigor\sly = a %ort "t1 may be cool$ on ice1 & is !n ready = consumption4 ,! incubat+ temp]ature c\ld v conv5i5tly be ma9ta9$ by an electric radiator1 & z ! insulation w\ld l>gely prev5t leakage1 ! am\nt ( electric curr5t us$ w\ld n be l>ge4 ,! regulat+ app>atus might consi/ ( a !rmomet] ) plat9um wires fus$ ?r\gh ! /em at ! prop] temp]ature1 say #ajj ,f4 ,:5 ! m]cury rises to ?is figure x w complete ! circuit ( a batt]y :i* w actuate c]ta9 well-kn[n devices = turn+ (f ! curr5t :i* actuates ! radiator4 ,9 ?is way a v f9e automatic arrangem5t w\ld be a*iev$4 ,/eam pipes might be us$ in/ead ( ! radiator1 & ! !rmomet] above describ$ c\ld be us$ 9 ?is case also1 ) appliances to cut (f ! /eam4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 lab\r-sav+ appliances1 su* z ! me*anical bru% j> & bottle wa%]1 & ! automatic fill] = j>s or bottles1 w\ld be employ$1 & an ov]head trackway = c>ry+ ! trays ( j>s f ! /]ilis] to ! incubator w\ld be a great conv5i5ce4 ,a fur!r adjunct ( consid]able importance w\ld be a cold room1 work$ ei!r by ice or a refrig]at+ ma*9e1 9 :i* ! j>s c\ld be /or$ aft] incubation1 s z to arre/ ! process ( lactification1 & ma9ta9 ! s\r$ milk 9 good condition until requir$ = use4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,s\r$ ,,milk ,,9 ,,heal? ,,& ,,disease ,:5 p are ill ! be/ ?+ !y c d is to place !mselves 9 ! h&s ( ! doctor1 :o w try to regulate _! lives1 includ+ _! diet1 9 accordance ) ! conditions :i* sci5ce sugge/s z ! mo/ likely to lead to _! recov]y4 ,x is n ! aim ( ?is book to tea* p]sons :o %\ld be "u m$ical treatm5t to doctor !mselves2 s\r$ milk may or may n be b5eficial 9 _! case--t is = ! m$ical man to say2 & fur!r1 if x %\ld be b5eficial ! doctor ought to h its prep>ation "u 8 control4 ,slight diff]5ces 9 quality & purity may c\nt = mu* 9 cases ( acute disease1 diff]5ces :i* might n matt] to ! p]son :o requires no m$ical att5tion1 & :o consumes ! article z a heal?-giv+ food4 ,a consid]able body ( evid5ce is already on record z to ! pot5cy 9 c]ta9 cases ( s\r$ milk z a curative ag5t1 & x seems to h tak5 its place 9 m$ic9e z a recognis$ rem$y4 ,!re is a wide field ( usefulness1 h[ev]1 outside ( ! /rictly m$ical "o4 ,pr(essor ,met*nik(f has collect$ _m /rik+ examples ( individuals & peoples inhabit+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 :o ?rive1 & 9 _m cases atta9 to a great age1 & ^: diet consi/s l>gely ( s\r$ milk4 ,he has made a wide & g5]al inquiry into ! causes :i* t5d to %ort5 life1 & makes out a /rong case 9 support ( ! view t 9 _m cases ?is is ! result ( :at is call$ auto-intoxication or self-poison+4 ,9 man & 9 ! mammalia g5]ally1 ! colon or l>ge inte/9e is v l>gely develop$2 ?is organ is n ( mu* value 9 ! dige/ion ( food1 & seems to be *iefly a receptacle = wa/e mat]ial2 x is1 z a rule1 extremely ri* 9 bact]ial flora1 :i* produce putrefactive *anges 9 ! wa/e mat]ial4 ,z a result v>i\s poison\s pr9ciples are evolv$1 & ^! f9d _! way into ! blood1 accompani$ frequ5tly1 !re is e reason to believe1 by ! injuri\s bact]ia !mselves4 ,9 ?is way _m diseases & ailm5ts are produc$ :i* %ort5 life4 ,! inquiry !n naturally turns to :at is ! be/ way ( deal+ ) ?is /ate ( matt]s4 ,x is kn[n t ! bact]ia ref]r$ to fl\ri% be/ 9 alkal9e or at lea/ non-acid surr\nd+s1 & x is kn[n t ^! conditions v frequ5tly exi/ 9 ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,acids are ! be/ antiseptics2 !y h be5 us$ f "t immemorial z pres]vatives2 pickles are pres]v$ 9 v9eg> or acetic acid1 & :5 milk is all[$ to s\r "u prop] conditions1 ! g]ms ( putrefaction are de/roy$ or _! activity inhibit$1 & x keeps a consid]able "t4 ,d\btless1 9 hot c\ntries1 x 0 ?is prop]ty ( lactic acid :i* fir/ l$ to milk be+ artificially s\r$ ) a view to its pres]vation z an article ( food4 ,s p[]ful is lactic acid 9 ?is respect t x is a cu/om 9 "s c\ntries to pres]ve meat by plac+ x 9 s\r$ milk4 ,h[ c acids be appli$ s z to control ! bact]ial flora ( ! l>ge inte/9e8 ,n 9 ! ord9>y way1 because1 :5 adm9i/]$ ?r\gh ! m\?1 !y are us$ up long be=e !y c p5etrate to ! colon4 ,! brilliant idea occurr$ to ,pr(essor ,met*nik(f1 ( adm9i/]+ acid-produc+ g]ms :i* might "w _! way ?r\gh ! dige/ive sy/em1 &1 rea*+ ! l>ge inte/9e1 produce ! acid requir$4 ,aft] mu* exp]im5t+ ! bacillus ( ,massol1 ,bacillus bulg>icus1 0 adopt$ z ! mo/ suitable4 ,! ,bulg>ian bacillus is an extremely vigor\s "o1 multiply+ ) great rapidity1 & p]si/+ 9 conditions t w\ld be inimical to o!r microbes4 ,! gr[? & developm5t ( bact]ia is int]f]$ ) by ! products ( _! own activity2 ?us1 ord9>y lactic-acid-produc+ organisms die :5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( lactic acid has be5 develop$2 ! same fate ov]takes ! ,bulg>ian bacillus1 b x survives long] & is able to produce z mu* z two & "o half p] c5t4 ( lactic acid 9 milk be=e x ceases op]ations4 ,x seem$ !re=e ! mo/ likely to be able to survive ! j\rney ?r\gh ! dige/ive sy/em4 ,exp]im5ts fully bore out ?is supposition1 z no great difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 naturalis+ ! ,bulg>ian bacillus 9 ! l>ge inte/9e1 n only 9 milk cultures1 b gr[n 9 solution ( malt1 b\illon1 etc4 ,x ?rives 9 all k9ds ( sug>1 & !re=e c be adm9i/]$ 9 a v>iety ( m$ia1 v b5eficial results foll[+ 9 _m cases4 ,direct te/s %[$ a l>ge r$uction ( ! injuri\s inte/9al flora :5 ! ,bulg>ian bacillus _h be5 naturalis$ 9 ! colon1 & ! bacillus p]si/$ long aft] x _h ceas$ to be adm9i/]$4 ,speciali/s :o h tak5 up ! subject report ! cure ( _m ailm5ts ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( s\r$ milk1 & x seems to h ent]$ ^u a l5g!n+ c>e] ( m$ical usefulness4 ,! fact ( s _m old p be+ f\nd 9 c\ntries :]e s\r$ milk is a /aple ( diet naturally raises ! "q z to :e!r its g5]al use 9 o!r c\ntries might n h a b5eficial effect on heal? & longevity4 ,its usefulness z a rem$ial ag5t 9 c]ta9 diseases is already demon/rat$2 is !re n a /rong probability1 am\nt+ almo/ to a c]ta9ty1 t its consumption by p 9 heal? w\ld t5d to w>d (f _m ailm5ts & prolong life8 ,( c\rse !re w be "s = :om x is n suitable2 !re are p :o _c eat /rawb]ries )\t discom=t1 b no "o ?9ks ( prohibit+ ! g5]al use ( ! fruit on t acc\nt4 ,9 ! matt] ( diet ! p]son 9 heal?1 if he ex]cises ord9>y c>e1 may be left to f9d out = himself :at suits him4 ,! s\r$ milk rem$y is n a disagreeable "o1 z1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 ! article =ms bo? a pleasant & refre%+ article ( diet4 ,! "q ( gett+ ! "r article1 h[ev]1 is a v important "o4 ,milk is a spl5did re>+ gr\nd = _m bact]ia1 "s ( :i* are v injuri\s2 among ^! may be pa?ological g]ms1 ! se$s ( tub]culosis1 ent]itis1 etc4 ,! dang] ) s\r$ milk is1 t 9 ! process ( culture we develop ! be/ condition = ! increase ( ^! :5 !y prepond]ate1 or :51 ?r\gh ! use ( bad cultures1 ! lactic-acid-produc+ bact]ia are abs5t1 or pres5t only 9 small numb]s4 ,by ! ?or\gh boil+ ( ! milk1 we get rid ( all liv+ bact]ia & ne>ly all spores or g]ms1 & by scrupul\s cleanl9ess 9 ! vessels us$--scald+ or ev5 boil+ !m1 & all[+ !m to dry naturally 9 an inv]t$ position--we greatly dim9i% ! probability ( infection ) fre% injuri\s g]ms f ! atmosph]e4 ,all dep5ds on ! purity ( ! culture employ$2 ?is c n[ be obta9$1 prep>$ 9 ! mo/ c>eful mann]1 f :olesale *emi/s mak+ a speciality ( its manufacture4 ,z we h se51 ev5 ! ,bulg>ian bacillus is ultimately kill$ by ! products ( its own activity1 & ! natural coroll>y is1 t ! life ( cultures _c be a long "o4 ,only ^? cultures %\ld be b\ght :i* are labell$ ) ! date to :i* !y are gu>ante$ to ma9ta9 _! effici5cy4 ,) fre% good milk1 c>eful boil+1 scald+1 & cleanl9ess ) reg>d to ! conta9+ vessels1 & ! means ( ma9ta9+ ! incubat+ temp]ature = t5 or twelve h\rs1 !re is n ! slighte/ difficulty 9 prep>+ p]fectly reliable s\r$ milk4 ,!re are simple te/s :i* w suffici5tly guide ! exp]im5t]2 ! s\r$ milk %\ld n be too acid to ! ta/e1 & x has a flav\r ( its own by :i* its quality c be recognis$4 ,! litmus te/-pap]s m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on ! *emi/ry ( milk are v useful2 bo? ! r$ & ! blue pap]s %\ld be obta9$ & us$ fir/ ( all 9 te/+ ! quality ( ! fre% milk4 ,aft] incubation ! s\r$ milk %\ld turn ! blue pap] decid$ly r$2 if ?is does n occur1 te/ x ) ! r$ pap]2 if ! latt] turns blue x is pro( t ! wrong f]m5tation has tak5 place--t putrefactive g]ms h ga9$ ! upp] h&4 ,! mo/ probable explanation is1 t ! culture is bad1 ! ,bulg>ian bacillus is n pres5t1 or if s1 only 9 small numb]s4 ,) ^! simple te/s1 comb9$ ) prop] c>e1 "o _c g f> wrong4 ,! ,ea/]n nations :o prep>e s\r$ milk 9 v>i\s =ms d n ex]cise ! c>e we h pr$icat$1 b !y seem to make ! article ( fairly con/ant & good quality4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ 9 explanation t1 z ! ord9>y flora diff]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ! bact]ial flora v>ies 9 a simil> mann]1 & t 9 ^! ,ea/]n c\ntries injuri\s bact]ia are n s preval5t 9 ! atmosph]e z !y are ) u4 ,x is also said t ! flav\r ( ! s\r$ milk prep>$ 9 ,bulg>ia is q diff]5t f t prep>$ 9 ,p>is1 ,london1 or ,new ,york2 "o reason probably is t ! maya or f]m5t us$ 9 ,bulg>ia conta9s sev]al o!r organisms besides ! ,bulg>ian bacillus1 :i* raises ! "q :e!r a pure culture ( "o bacillus is ! be/ to use4 ,pr(essor ,met*nik(f f\nd t ?is bacillus alone _h c]ta9 defects2 x attacks fat & is apt to give a tall[y ta/e :5 cream is pres5t 9 ! milk4 ,he !re=e associat$ ) x ano!r lactic-acid-produc+ organism1 & ?is comb9ation is ! basis ( 8 culture call$ lactobacill9e4 ,! pres5ce ( yea/s1 :i* occur 9 ! ,ea/]n f]m5ts1 has be5 advocat$ by "s2 ! yea/ 9 association ) ! lactic organisms produces a small am\nt ( alcohol4 ,! "q ( ! composition ( ! culture w h to be f\ght out by ! exp]ts1 b meantime1 if we g to ! "r s\rce1 we h good en\gh cultures to g on )4 ,a good deal c be said = ! use ( skimm$ or sep>at$ milk in/ead ( :ole milk4 ,cream z a rule conta9s f> m bact]ia ?an ! re/ ( ! milk1 & we !re=e />t f a sur] f\ndation :5 x is remov$2 besides1 ! me*anical sep>ator1 n[ s l>gely us$1 removes slime & o!r impurities f ! milk1 & ^! also are hotb$s ( bact]ia4 ,s\r$ milk may be tak5 at any "t1 ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+1 be=e or aft] meals1 or ! la/ ?+ at night4 ,! quantity w v>y ) ! individual1 b f half a p9t to a p9t is a fair am\nt = daily use4 ,if "o wi%es to h ! maximum effect x is necess>y = ! "t be+ to curtail ! use ( but*]'s meat & sub/itute fi%1 yolk ( eggs1 & o!r simil> foods2 n mu* alcohol %\ld be tak51 & smok+ might be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,^? :o _c take ev5 skimm$ milk may use :ey 9 :i* to cultivate ! bacillus2 x is n desirable to employ ! :ey :i* has be5 sep>at$ by ! use ( r5net1 z 9 *eese- or junket-mak+4 ,a bett] article is obta9$ by add+ a v small quantity ( pure hydro*loric acid to milk :i* has be5 boil$1 & !n filt]+ ?r\gh a sieve1 :i* reta9s ! curd :ile ! liquid :ey passes ?r\gh2 a p9* ( soda is add$ to neutralise ! excess ( acid1 &1 aft] boil+1 ! liquid %\ld turn r$ litmus pap] blue2 x is !n ready = ! addition ( ! culture & incubation 9 ! same mann] z ) milk4 ,a solution ( malt--! extract dissolv$ 9 hot wat] is conv5i5t--may also be us$ in/ead ( milk1 & /rongly malt$ bread or biscuits are excell5t to take ) ! s\r$ milk or cultures 9 o!r m$iums1 to supply food = ! bacillus 9 ! =m ( malt sug>4 ,o!r sug>s1 cane or grape1 are also v useful1 & may be tak5 9 ! =m ( fruit juices1 syrups1 confections1 jams1 sweet pudd+s1 etc4 ,we lay /ress on ! use ( s\r$ milk or o!r cultures ( ! ,bulg>ian bacillus by p 9 heal? z a probable prev5tive ( disease & a possible ag5t 9 ! l5g!n+ ( life1 b x may be ( int]e/ to give a %ort acc\nt ( its use by m$ical m5 9 ! treatm5t ( v>i\s ailm5ts4 ,an ,engli% au?ority on ! subject1 ,dr4 ,h]s*ell1 /ates t ! symptoms ( ! poison+ ( ! sy/em by ! toxic sub/ances produc$ by injuri\s bact]ia 9 ! l>ge inte/9e may include heada*es1 mis]y & depression ( spirits1 dr[s9ess & /upor1 gidd9ess1 dimness ( sight & dizz9ess1 fatigue )\t obvi\s cause1 bo? ( ! muscles & bra91 fe>1 panic1 & n]v\sness1 disagreeable s5sations 9 ! limbs or face1 su* z numbness1 t+l+1 or prickl+1 crawl+ s5sation ( weight or ( heat or cold1 dyspepsia ( ! sort :]e !re is a defici5cy ( hydro*loric acid & peps9 9 ! ga/ric juice1 accompani$ by flabb9ess & loss ( p[] 9 ! muscles ( ! /oma*1 & *>act]is$ by flatul5ce1 nausea1 loss ( appetite1 ) discom=t & weight aft] food1 furr$ tongue1 emaciation1 e>?y col\r ( ! sk91 (f5sive p]spiration & ! o!r signs ( bili\sness1 enl>gem5t ( ! liv]1 & anmia4 ,^! symptoms may h o!r causes1 & :5 "o or sev]al ( !m are pres5t a *emical & physical exam9ation ( ! ur9e & fces is necess>y to prove t !y h result$ f auto-intoxication4 ,:5 ?is is %[n ! s\r$ milk treatm5t is indicat$1 & _m /rik+ cures are detail$ z witnesses to its efficacy4 ,! liv] & kidneys are ! natural gu>dians ( ! body aga9/ ! tox9es we are speak+ (1 & frequ5tly !y are ov]-/ra9$2 ! s\r$ milk treatm5t greatly light5s _! load4 ,9 malignant disease ( ! /oma*1 s\r$ milk w frequ5tly be reta9$ :5 all o!r foods are reject$4 ,9 cases ( neura/h5ia & g\t x has also prov$ ( value1 & 9 ! run-d[n condition :i* is s common 9 middle life4 ,*ronic di>rhoea & c]ta9 =ms ( con/ipation h 9 num]\s in/ances yield$ to ! treatm5t1 ! :ey culture be+ usually f\nd ! mo/ suitable4 ,!n1 9 "s =ms ( anmia1 ! lactic acid cultures h prov$ mo/ successful1 &1 z a means ( r5d]+ ! ga/ro-inte/9al track aseptic previ\s to op]ations1 !y h prov$ ( consid]able value4 ,if all ?is has be5 accompli%$ 9 a ye> or two1 :at may n we look =w>d to 9 ! future :5 m ext5d$ use & exp]im5t %all h m fully exhau/$ ! possibilities ( ! cure8 ,b if we foll[ ! example ( ! diff]5t nations :o h s long us$ s\r$ milk z a regul> article ( diet1 does x n seem probable t we may elim9ate "s1 at lea/1 ( ! causes ( ill-heal? t call = ! int]v5tion ( ! doctor8 ,! human organism is by no means p]fect2 we h )9 u _m defective p>ts1 & "s organs ^: work+ seems to be aga9/ ! welf>e ( ! economy4 ,x has n[ be5 cle>ly %[n t "o ( ! *ief ( ^! is ! l>ge inte/9e1 z to ! use ( :i* only vague & unsatisfactory !ories h be5 =m$4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! damage :i* x frequ5tly inflicts on ! sy/em1 &1 ?anks to ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,met*nik(f & o!r inve/igators1 we seem to be 9 possession ( a natural rem$y :i* is suffici5t to deal ) ! evils x produces4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,discov]ies 9 ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 by ,lay>d1 *ap4 xiii4 #b ,ex4 xviii4 & xxiii42 ,lev4 ii4 & xi4 #c ,encyclo4 ,biblica4 #d ,burckh>dt & ,d\ghty4 #e ,annals ( ,dairy+ 9 ,europe1 by ,l\don ,m4 ,d\glas4 #f ,burckh>dt1 ,b$\9s4 #g ,?is ^w is spelt 9 a great _m ways by diff]5t writ]s3 ,yogh\rt w\ld seem to be ! "o mo/ fav\r$4--,,au?or4 #h ,damascus & ,palmyra1 by ,*as4 ,g4 ,addison1 #ahch4 #i ,travels 9 ,syria & ! ,holy ,l&1 by ,burckh>dt1 #ahbb4 #aj ,l&s ( ! ,s>ac5s1 by ,b4 ,taylor4 #aa ,travels ?r\gh ,sw$51 ,f9l&1 & ,lapl& & to ! ,nor? ,cape 9 ! ye>s #agih & #agii1 by ,joseph ,ac]bi1 #ahjb4 #ab ,lett] to ! au?or1 f ,mr4 ,h4 ,cav5di% ,v5ables1 ,briti% ,vice-,consul at ,v>na4 #ac ,"o ,hundr$ & ,tw5ty ,ye>s ( ,life1 by ,re9h>dt2 ,! ,secret ( ,longevity1 by an ,f4,r4,m4,s4 #ad ,foods1 _! ,composition & ,analysis1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,bly?4 #ae ,diction>y ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 by ,t4 ,e4 ,?orpe1 ,c4,b4 #af ,k\miss or ,f]m5t$ ,m>es' ,milk & its ,uses1 & ! ,treatm5t & ,cure ( ,pulmon>y ,consumption & ,o!r ,diseases1 by ,l4 ,c>rick1 ,m4,d41 #ahha4 #ag ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 vol4 i4 #ah ,cl>ke's ,travels1 #ahaj4 #ai #ahde4 #bj ,diction>y ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 by ,?orpe4 #ba ,a lea!rn bottle4 #bb ,i h br\ght =w>d ,t*embulat('s receipt1 :i* diff]s f ,bogoyavl5sky's 9 ! use ( a l>g] quantity ( millet-fl\r1 & 9 ! boil+ ( ! latt] ap>t f ! milk4 ,dr4 ,po/nik('s plan is ! foll[+3 ,half a p\nd ( millet-fl\r & a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( malt are mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( honey to =m a pa/e1 :i* is put into a clean j>1 cov]$ ) a l95 clo?1 & plac$ on a w>m /ove4 ,! mass soon beg9s to rise1 & is !n tak5 out1 wrapp$ 9 a piece ( musl91 & dropp$ into a clean e>!nw>e vessel1 conta9+ ab\t a qu>t ( new m>es' milk1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! same temp]ature t ! pa/e 0 kept 94 ,z soon z signs ( f]m5tation beg9 to %[ !mselves 9 ! fluid1 ! pa/e mu/ be remov$1 :ile ! milk1 aft] be+ /irr$1 %\ld be left 9 ! same temp]ature till bubbles appe> 7only 9 v small quantities7 on its surface4 ,! f]m5t is !n ready4 #bc ,food & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,dietetics4 #bd ,food & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,dietetics1 by ,rob]t ,hut*ison1 ,m4,d4 #be ,bact]ia 9 ,milk & its ,products1 by ,conn4 #bf ,dict4 ,app4 ,*em41 ,?orpe4 #bg ,nature1 ,july #bc1 #ahhd4 #bh ,! ,exploration ( ! ,caucasus1 by ,duncan ,w4 ,fre%field1 #ahif4 #bi ,quot$ by ,george ,m4 ,/]nb]g1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,text-,book ( ,bact]iology1 #ahih4 #cj ,encyclo4 ,biblica4 #ca ,conn4 #cb ,cyclo4 ( ,biblical ,lit41 ,m',cl9tock & ,/rong1 & ,burckh>dt's ,arabia4 #cc ,! ,indian ,m$ical ,gazette1 ,sept41 #aiji1 ,a ,new ,lactic ,acid produc+ ,/repto?rix1 by ,gopal ,*4 ,*att]jee1 ,m4,b4 #cd ,9 _! /udies on ,leb5 9 ! ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur ( #ahii1 ,ri/ & ,kh\ry1 9 speak+ ( ! am\nt ( lactic acid produc$ by ,/reptobacillus leb5is 9 milk1 say ,n\s avons mesur cette acidit dans une culture sur petit lait de v+t-quatre heures2 elle tait 4#bfa grms4 p] c5t4 exprime en acide lactique1 :i* w make ! am\nt ( lactic acid produc$ 9 "o litre ( milk #b4fa grms4 ,! production ( ?is small am\nt ( lactic acid does n tally ) ! ord9>y view ( ! vigor\s lactic-acid-produc+ p[] ( ! bacillus4 #ce ,prolongation ( ,life4 #cf ,prolongation ( ,life4 #cg ,an accurate c5sus ( ,bulg>ia is be+ prep>$ & w exhibit ! cases ( long life 9 t c\ntry4 #ch ,see ,a4 ,rosam1 /]rei*is*e ,molk]ei ,zeitung1 #ae1 p4 #ca4 #ci ,revue gnrale du ,lait1 vii41 pp4 #h & #i 7lett] f ,dr4 ,otak> ,laxa ( ,prague1 ,bohemia1 to ! au?or74 #dj ,on ! ,prolongation ( ,human ,life1 by lie ,met*nik(f2 also ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,nov41 #aiji1 ,! ,utility ( ,lactic ,microbes1 by ! same au?or4 #da ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,nov41 #aiji4 #db ,see ,annals ( ,dairy+ 9 ,europe1 by ,l\don ,m4 ,d\glas4 #dc ,adapt$ f a report by ,rob]t ,e4 ,turnbull1 9 ,live ,/ock ,j\rnal4 #dd ,facts ab\t ,milk1 by ,r4 ,a4 ,pe>son1 ,b4,s41 ,wa%+ton4 #de ,c>e & ,h&l+ ( ,milk1 ,m>%all & ,wright1 ,bullet9 #bba1 ,mi*igan1 #aijd4 #df ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,arts1 ,m>* #f1 #aijh--,mod]n ,dairy ,practice1 by ,l\don ,m4 ,d\glas4 #dg ,skolot[ski1 ,wrats*1 #ahhc 7,russian71 f ,codwyssozki4 #dh ,pod[yssozki1 ,zeits*r4 f4 diat4 u4 physik4 ,!rapie vol4 v41 #aija1 p4 #egj4 #di ,hamm]/51 ,jahresb4 u4 d4 ,=ts*4 d4 ,ti]*em1 #ahhf1 ,bd4 #af1 p4 #afc4 #ej ,essaul[1 ,diss]t4 ,mosc[1 #ahie1 ,ab/r41 ,ko*'s ,jahresb41 #ahie1 ,bd4 #f1 p4 #bbb4 #ea ,k]n1 ,bullet9 ,soc4 des ,naturali/es de ,mosc[1 #ahha1 #c1 p4 #ada4 #eb ,krannhals1 ,deuts*4 ,ar*4 f4 ,kl94 ,m$41 #ahhd1 ,bd4 #ce1 p4 #ah4 #ec ,beij]9ck1 ,c5tralbl4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 #ahhi1 ,bd4 #f1 p4 #dd4 #ed ,s*oll1 ,die ,mil*1 ,wiesbad51 #ahia1 p4 #ch4 #ee ,adametz1 ,c5tralbl4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 #ahhi1 ,bd4 #e1 p4 #aaf4 #ef ,freud5rei*1 ,l&w4 ,jahrb4 d4 ,s*weiz41 #ahif1 vol4 x41 p4 #a4 #eg ,nikolaiewa1 ,annals ( ! ,botan4 ,lab4 ( ! ,m$4 ,in/4 = ,wom51 ,no4 #aj4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijg4 #eh ,kuntze1 ,c5tralbl4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 #aiji1 #bd1 p4 #aja4 #ei ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #fj ,rub9sky1 ,c5tralbl4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 ,,ii41 #aiaj1 vol4 xxviii41 p4 #afa4 #fa ,biel1 ,jahresb4 4 d4 ,=ts*r4 d4 ,ti]*em1 #ahhf1 #af1 p4 #aei4 #fb ,allik1 ,diss]tat4 ,dorpat41 #ahif1 #ai1 p4 #cjc4 #fc ,fleis*mann1 ,lehrb4 d4 ,mil*wirts*aft1 #b;d edition4 ,brem51 #ahih4 #fd ,ri/ & ,kh\ry1 ,annal4 ,pa/eur1 #aijb1 #af1 p4 #fe4 #fe ,gu]bet1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #aijf4 #ff ,weigmann1 ,laf>'s ,h&b4 d4 ,te*n4 ,mykol41 #b;d edit41 #aije1 vol4 ii41 p4 #acd4 #fg ,emm]l+1 ,c5t4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 #ahih1 vol4 iv41 p4 #dah4 #fh ,l9dn]1 ,mikroscop4 ,betriebscontrolle1 i4 d4 ,grungsgew1 #c;d edit41 ,b]l91 #aija4 #fi ,kalan?>ianz1 ,diss]t4 ,b]l91 ,abs4 9 ,ko*'s ,jahresb41 #ahih1 ,bd4 #i4 #gj ,lu]ss5 & ,khn1 ,c5tralbl4 ,bakt4 #ga ,piork[ski1 ,sitzungsb]4 d] ,b]l4 m$4 ,ges41 ,nov41 #aijg4 #gb ,met*nik(f1 ,! ,prolongation ( ,life4 #gc ,grigor(f1 ,revue ,mdicale de la ,suisse ,rom&e1 #aije1 p4 #aj4 #gd ,grixoni1 ,ab/r4 ,c5t4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 #aa1 #ae1 p4 #gej4 #ge ,freud5rei* & ,j5s51 ,c5t4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 #aa1 #ahig1 #c1 #ede4 #gf ,moro1 ,wi54 kl94 ,wo*5s*r41 #e1 #aijj4 #gg ,makr9(f1 ,c5t4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 #aa1 #aiaj1 vol4 xxvi41 p4 #cgd4 #gh ,:ite & ,av]y1 ,c5t4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 ,,ii1 #aiji1 vol4 xxv41 p4 #afa4 #gi ,ha/+s & ,hamm]1 ,rese>* ,bull41 ,wiscons9 ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 #f1 #aiji4 #hj ,b\tr\x1 ,comp4 ,r5d41 #hf1 #aije1 #fje4 #ha ,ri*et1 ,comp4 ,r5d41 #hf1 #aije1 #eej4 #hb ,kon+1 ,mil*w4 ,z5tralbl41 #aije1 #a1 #bhj4 #hc ,he9emann1 ,c5tralbl4 ,bakt4 ,p>4 #aijh1 #ba1 #eg4 #hd ,*ap4 ,i4 #he ,met*nik(f1 ,! ,prolongation ( ,life1 #aijh1 p4 #afa4 ,,index ,a ,ac]bi1 #h ,acidity ( milk1 #fd ,adametz on keffir1 #ib ,album51 #eb ,alcoholic f]m5tation1 #ag1 #hd ,all5 ,hanbury's app>atus1 #acb ,am]ican incubat+ app>atus1 #adi ,analysis ( milk1 #dh1 #fa ,aneyza ,b$\9s1 #b ,arabs1 #b ,arak1 #ajf ,a% ( milk1 #ef ,b ,bacillus acidi lactici1 #ajg1 #aab ,bacillus acidophilus1 #aaj1 #aab ,bacillus bulg>icus1 #ci1 #df1 #hb1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #abc1 #aed ,bacillus casei1 #aac ,bacillus caucasicus1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #aai ,bacillus caucas9a1 #ci ,bacillus coli1 #de ,bacillus e/]ificans1 #if ,bacillus keffir1 #if1 #ig ,bacillus leb5is1 #aje ,bacillus matzoon1 #aji1 #aaj ,bacillus ( long life1 #df ,bacillus putrificus1 #abb ,bacillus subtilis1 #ij1 #ib1 #ajg ,bact]ia 9 milk1 #gf ,bact]iology ( f]m5t$ milks1 #hd ,bact]ium acidi lactici1 #ib1 #if ,bact]ium arog5es1 #ib1 #if ,bact]ium coli commune1 #aai1 #abb ,bact]ium s>d\s1 #aaj1 #aaa ,balkan ,p59sula1 #d ,b$\9s1 #b ,beij]9ck on keffir1 #ia ,bie/+s1 #fc ,biology ( ! keffir gra91 #ij ,blood1 wat] cont5ts (1 #ej ,b\rg\l1 #f ,bulg>ian maya1 #aj1 #aji ,bulg>icus gr\p1 cultural *>act]i/ics (1 #aae ,burckh>dt1 #f ,but91 #ea ,butyric acid f]m5tation1 #af ,butyr91 #ea ,c ,camels' milk1 #b ,capr991 #ea ,capron91 #ea ,capryl91 #ea ,c>rick on k\miss1 #ah ,case91 #eb1 #ec ,c5t5>ians 9 ,s]via1 ,bulg>ia1 & ,r\mania1 #da ,*att]jee on ,dadhi1 #ch ,*emi/ry ( milk1 #dg ,*ocolate prep>ations & ! s\r$-milk bacillus1 #acg ,citrates 9 milk1 #eg ,clay1 ,paget ,company's app>atus1 #acb ,coagulation ( case91 #ei ,colitis1 #de ,colo/rum1 #fc ,con/itu5ts ( milk1 #dh ,cont9u\s app>atus = produc+ s\r$ milk1 #ha ,creamomet]1 #fb ,d ,dadhi1 #ae1 #ch ,dairy ,ma*9]y ,con/ruction ,company's app>atus1 #hj1 #hb ,dairy ,outfit ,company's app>atus1 #ade ,dairy ,supply ,company's app>atus1 #adc2 /]ilis]1 #adh ,dirt 9 milk1 #fc ,diseases ( keffir gra9s1 #ig ,dispora caucasia1 #cd1 #ij ,dri$ s\r milk1 #e ,duclaux1 #ea ,e ,edg>'s ,lactog5]ator1 #adc ,eggs1 yolk (1 #eb ,ent]itis1 #de ,enzymes 9 milk1 #eg ,equipm5t = t[n's dairy1 #hj ,essaul[ on keffir1 #hi1 #ib ,f ,fat ( milk1 #ej ,f]m5ts at ! alt>1 #c ,flgge1 #ce ,fre%field on keffir1 #cc ,freud5rei*1 #ib ,g ,gase\s f]m5tation1 #hd ,gay-,lussac1 #ag ,gioddu1 #ajg ,globul91 #ed ,grieve1 ,dr4 ,john1 on k\miss1 #ai ,h ,hamm]/e9 on keffir1 #hi ,h&l+ ( milk1 #fh ,heal? & disease1 #aea ,he>son ,company's ,lactobator1 #ada ,hebrews1 #c ,h\ran1 inhabitants (1 #f ,hueppe1 #af ,hut*9son1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,b41 bacillus f ,engli% m>ket milk1 #abj ,hut*ison on k\miss1 #cj ,i ,ice *e/1 #acf ,impure cultures1 #aeh ,incubators1 #ada ,india1 #a ,int]national ,dairy ,f$]ation1 #fh ,j ,jeb\rs1 #c ,k ,kalmucks1 #bj ,keffir1 #ae1 #cb1 #he2 old1 #hh ,keffir gra91 biology (1 #ij ,kephir1 #cd1 #he4 ,see also ,keffir4 ,ke%k1 #f ,ke%k-leb51 #f ,k\miss1 #ae1 #ah2 ,bogoyavl5sky's me?od ( prep>ation1 #bh1 #ih2 analysis1 #ajb2 artificial1 #ajb ,krannhals on keffir1 #ia ,kuntze1 #ie ,l ,lactic acid1 bacillus1 #af2 cultures1 #ee2 f]m5tation1 #af1 #hd2 ,f]m5ts app>atus1 #aca ,lacto app>atus1 #ade ,lactobacill9e1 #aeh ,lactobac4 caucasicus1 #ia ,lactobacillus keffir1 #id ,lactomet]1 #fd ,lapl&1 #h ,laur91 #ea ,lay>d1 #b ,leb51 #ae1 #cg1 #ajd ,leb5 ,rab1 #ajd ,leci?91 #eb ,le ,f]m5t app>atus1 #abh ,liebig1 #ag ,longevity1 #aee ,m ,m>es' milk1 #bd ,matzoon1 #ae1 #ch1 #ajf ,maya1 #db2 ,bulg>ian1 #aj ,maya ,bulg>e ,company's app>atus1 #aca ,me]esy1 #e ,met*nik(f1 #cd1 #dj1 #dd1 #aba1 #aeh1 #afc ,micro-organisms1 discov]y (1 #ac ,middle ,ages1 #ac ,milk-fill+ app>atus = bottles1 #hb ,milk1 g5]al prop]ties (1 #eg2 ( diff]5t animals1 #fj2 supply ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #fi2 indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ga2 managem5t1 #gd ,mits*]li*1 #ag ,myri/91 #ea ,n ,neoli?ic times1 #a ,nikolaiewa1 #ie ,nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( milk1 #eb ,o ,ojrn1 #ajf ,ole91 #ea ,oxygala ( ,pl9y1 #d ,p ,paleoli?ic times1 #a ,palmit91 #ea ,pa/eur1 #ad1 #gh ,pa/eurisation1 #gh ,pel\ze1 #ag ,pilaff ( rice1 #e ,p9a1 #ba ,pod[yss[ski on keffir1 #hg ,prep>ation1 ( s\r$ milk1 #ha2 9 ! h\se1 #abe2 9 ! dairy1 #aci ,prim>y cool]1 #gh ,proteids1 #ec ,pyr5ees1 #d ,r ,re9de]'s milk z s\r$ milk1 #h ,rubruquis1 ,william de1 #ai ,s ,sac*>omyces c]evisse1 #ij ,sac*>omyces keffir1 #cb1 #cc1 #ia1 #ic1 #id ,sakwaska1 #hh ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,act1 #ahii1 #di ,s*eele1 #ag ,s*oll on keffir1 #ia ,scy?ians1 #ah ,second>y cool]1 #gi ,%amm> ,b$\9s1 #b ,%5e5a1 #b ,skolot[ski on keffir1 #hf ,smi?1 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson1 #c ,s\r$ milk1 9 ! h\se1 #abe2 9 ! dairy1 #aci2 9 heal? & disease1 #aea2 f impure cultures1 #aeh2 use (1 #aei ,s\r+ ( milk1 #dg1 #ed ,specific gravity ( milk1 #fe ,/e>91 #ea ,/]ilis]1 #adh ,/reptobacilli leb5i1 #ci ,/reptobacillus leb5is1 #aaa ,/reptococcus a1 #ic1 #id ,/reptococcus acidi lactici1 #ie1 #if ,/reptococcus b1 #ic1 #id ,/reptococcus lacticus1 #ib1 #ic1 #abb1 #abd ,sug> ( milk1 #ed ,sug> prep>ations & ! s\r$-milk bacillus1 #acg ,sut]-,naef on ,swiss k\miss1 #bf ,sw$i% :ey *eese1 #fj ,swiss h>d *eese1 #aac ,symptoms ( disease1 #afa ,t ,temp]ature all[ances :5 te/+ milk1 tables (1 #ff ,t[n's dairy equipm5t1 #hj ,transmission ( disease by milk1 #gb ,u ,unit$ ,k+dom1 milk supply (1 #fi ,unit$ ,/ates1 milk indu/ry (1 #ga ,urg\tnik1 #dc ,v ,van ,leeuw5hoek1 #ac ,v>iation limits ( milk1 #di ,v$as1 #a ,v]onelle app>atus1 #acb ,v9a1 #ba ,v9\s f]m5tation1 #ag ,w ,will[s ,refrig]at+ ,company's app>atus1 #add1 #ade ,wilson on k\miss1 #bc ,y ,yogh\rt1 #i1 #db1 #df1 #ajg ,yogh\rt bacillus1 #aji ,z ,zakvaska1 #db 99 99 99 99 99 ,putnam's ,sci5ce ,s]ies #a4 ,! ,/udy ( ,man4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,haddon4 #b4 ,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,sci5ce4 ,by ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t4 #c4 ,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell4 #d4 ,e>? ,sculpture1 or2 ,! ,orig9 ( ,l& ,=ms4 ,by ,,james ,,geikie4 #e4 ,volcanoes2 ,_! ,/ructure & ,significance4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney4 #f4 ,bact]ia4 ,by ,,george ,,newman4 #g4 ,a ,book ( ,:ales4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,,b$d>d4 #h4 ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra91 etc4 ,by ,,jacques ,,loeb4 #i4 ,! ,/>s4 ,by ,,simon ,,newcomb4 #aj4 ,! ,basis ( ,social ,relations4 ,by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton4 #aa4 ,exp]im5ts on ,animals4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,paget4 #ab4 ,infection & ,immunity4 ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,/]nb]g4 #ac4 ,fatigue4 ,by ,a4 ,,mosso4 #ad4 ,e>?quakes4 ,by ,,cl>5ce ,e4 ,,dutton4 #ae4 ,! ,nature ( ,man4 ,by ,,lie ,,met*nik(f4 #af4 ,n]v\s & ,m5tal ,hygi5e 9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,by ,,augu/ ,,=el4 #ag4 ,! ,prolongation ( ,life4 ,by ,,lie ,,met*nik(f4 #ah4 ,! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,by ,,*>les ,,lane ,,poor4 #ai4 ,h]$ity4 ,by ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?ompson1 ,m4,a4 #bj4 ,climate4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,dec\rcy ,,w>d4 #ba4 ,age1 ,gr[?1 & ,dea?4 ,by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,m9ot4 #bb4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,nature4 ,by ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan4 #bc4 ,mosquito ,life4 ,by ,,evelyn ,,groesbeeck ,,mit*ell4 #bd4 ,?9k+1 ,feel+1 ,do+4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,scripture4 #be4 ,! ,_w's ,gold4 ,by ,l4 ,,de ,,launay4 #bf4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,radium4 ,by ,f4 ,,soddy4 #bg4 ,crim9al ,man4 ,by ,,ces>e ,,lombroso4 #bh4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,life4 ,by ,h4 ,,*>lton ,,ba/ian4 #bi4 ,! 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"w is calculat$ to spread among its read]s an attraction to ! sci5ce ( an?ropology4 ,! au?or's obs]vations are exce$+ly g5u9e & 8 descriptions are vivid4--,london ,a!num4 #b4--,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,sci5ce4 ,a ,/udy ( ,epi/emology4 ,by ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t1 ,f4,r4,s4 #h1 net #a4ge4 ,! book is clev]ly writt5 & is "o ( ! be/ works ( its k9d ev] put be=e ! public4 ,x w be int]e/+ to all read]s1 & especially to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( sci5ce4--,new ,hav5 ,lead]4 #c4--,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a ,read+ ,lesson = ,/ud5ts ( ,geography & ,geology4 ,by ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 au?or ( ,lakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,glaci]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,volcanoes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 etc4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #h1 net #b4jj4 ,!re has n be5 9 ! la/ few ye>s until ! pres5t book any au?oritative1 broad rsum on ! subject1 modifi$ & deep5$ z x has be5 by mod]n rese>* & reflection1 :i* is c\*$ 9 language suitable = ! multitude4444 ,! text is z ent]ta9+ z x is in/ructive4--,bo/on ,transcript4 #d4--;,e>? ,sculpture2 or1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,l&-,=ms4 ,by ,,james ,,geikie1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc41 ,mur*ison ,pr(essor ( ,geology & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 au?or ( ,! ,great ,ice ,age1 etc4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #h1 net #b4jj4 ,?is volume is ! be/ popul> & yet sci5tific treatm5t we "k ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( l&-=ms1 & we imm$iately adopt$ x z ! be/ available text-book = a college c\rse 9 physiography4444 ,! book is full ( life & vigor1 & %[s ! sympa!tic t\* ( a man deeply 9 love ) nature4--,sci5ce4 #e4--,volcanoes4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #h1 net #b4jj4 ,x is n only a f9e piece ( "w f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 b x is uncommonly attractive to ! g5]al read]1 & is likely to h a l>g] sale ?an mo/ books ( its class4--,spr+field ,republican4 #f4--;,bact]ia3 ,especially z !y are relat$ to ! economy ( nature1 to indu/rial processes1 & to ! public heal?4 ,by ,,george ,,newman1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,ed9471 ,d4,p4,h4 7,camb471 etc41 ,demon/rator ( ,bact]iology 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,) #bd micro-photographs ( actual organisms & ov] #gj o!r illu/rations4 #h1 net #b4jj4 ,dr4 ,newman's discussions ( bact]ia & disease1 ( immunity1 ( antitox9s1 & ( me?ods ( dis9fection1 are illum9at+1 & are to be comm5d$ to all seek+ in=mation on ^! po9ts4 ,any discussion ( bact]ia w seem te*nical to ! un9itiat$1 b all su* w f9d 9 ?is book popul> treatm5t & sci5tific accuracy happily comb9$4--,! ,dial4 #g4--;,a ,book ( ,:ales4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,,b$d>d1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$ #h4 #b4jj4 ,mr4 ,b$d>d has done well to devote a :ole volume to :ales4 ,!y are wor?y ( ! biograph] :o has n[ well gr\p$ & describ$ ^! creatures4 ,! g5]al read] w n f9d ! volume too te*nical1 nor has ! au?or fail$ 9 8 attempt to produce a book t %all be acceptable to ! zoologi/ & ! naturali/4--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 #h4--;,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra9 & ,comp>ative ,psy*ology4 ,) special ref]5ce to ! ,inv]tebrates4 ,by ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,illu/rat$4 #h4 #a4ge4 ,no /ud5t ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ phase ( ! problems ( life c af=d to rema9 9 ignorance ( ! wide range ( facts & ! sugge/ive s]ies ( int]pretations :i* ,pr(essor ,loeb has br\ght toge!r 9 ?is volume4--,,joseph ,,ja/r[1 9 ! ,*icago ,dial4 #i4--,! ,/>s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,u4,s4,n41 ,nautical ,almanac ,(fice1 & ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 #h4 ,illu/rat$4 ,net4 #b4jj4 7,by mail1 #b4jj47 ,! "w is a ?or\ghly sci5tific treatise on />s4 ,! "n ( ! au?or is suffici5t gu>antee ( s*ol>ly & accurate "w4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 #aj4--,! ,basis ( ,social ,relations4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,e?nic ,psy*ology4 ,by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,am]ican ,ar*ology & ,l+ui/ics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania2 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,primitive ,religions1 ,races & ,peoples1 ,! ,am]ican ,race1 etc4 ,edit$ by ,,liv+/on ,,f>r&1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 #h4 ,net1 #a4ej 7,by mail1 #a4fj47 ,pr(essor ,br9ton has %[n 9 ?is volume an intimate & appreciative k ( all ! important an?ropological !ories4 ,no "o seems to h be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! v great body ( facts repres5t$ by ^! sci5ces4--,am4 ,j\rnal ( ,sociology4 #aa4--;,exp]im5ts on ,animals4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,paget4 ,) an ,introduction by ,"l ,li/]4 ,illu/rat$4 #h4 ,net1 #b4jj4 7,by mail1 #b4bj47 ,to a l>ge class ( read]s ?is pres5tation w be attractive1 s9ce x gives to !m 9 a nut-%ell ! meat ( a hundr$ sci5tific diss]tations 9 curr5t p]iodical lit]ature4 ,! volume has ! au?oritative sanction ( ,"l ,li/]4--,bo/on ,transcript4 #ab4--;,infection & ,immunity4 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,prev5tion ( ,infecti\s ,diseases4 ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,/]nb]g1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,u4 ,s4 ,army 7,retir$74 ,illu/rat$4 #h4 ,net1 #a4ge 7,by mail1 #a4ij47 ,a di/9ct public s]vice by an em95t au?ority4 ,?is admirable little "w %\ld be a "p ( ! prescrib$ read+ ( ! head ( e in/itution 9 :i* *ildr5 or y\?s are ga!r$4 ,conspicu\sly useful4--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 #ac4--;,fatigue4 ,by ,a4 ,,mosso1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,tur94 ,translat$ by ,,m>g>et ,,drummond1 ,m4,a41 & ,w4 ,b4 ,,drummond1 ,m4,b41 ,c4,m41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4,e41 extra ,physician1 ,royal ,hospital = ,sick ,*ildr51 ,ed9burgh2 ,au?or ( ,! ,*ild4 ,8 ,nature & ,nurture4 ,illu/rat$4 #h4 ,net1 #a4ej4 ,a book = ! /ud5t & = ! in/ructor1 full ( int]e/1 also = ! intellig5t g5]al read]4 ,! subject con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ical sci5ce & ( philosophical rese>*4--,york%ire ,po/4 #ad4--;,e>?quakes4 ,9 ! ,light ( ! ,new ,seismology ,by ,,cl>5ce ,e4 ,,dutton1 ,major1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,illu/rat$ #h4 ,net1 #b4jj4 7,by mail1 #b4bj47 ,! book summ>izes ! results ( ! m5 :o h accompli%$ ! great ?+s 9 _! pursuit ( seismological k4 ,x is abundantly illu/rat$ & x fills a place unique 9 ! lit]ature ( mod]n sci5ce--,*icago ,tribune4 #ae4--,! ,nature ( ,man4 ,/udies 9 ,optimi/ic ,philosophy4 ,by ,,lie ,,met*nik(f1 ,pr(essor at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,translation & introduction by ,p4 ,,*amb]s ,,mit*ell1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc4 ,oxon4 ,illu/rat$4 #h4 ,net1 #a4ej4 ,a book to be set side by side ) ,huxley's ,essays1 ^: _s x c>ries a /ep fur!r on ! long road t[>ds its goal--,mail & ,express4 #af4--,! ,hygi5e ( ,n]ves & ,m9d 9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,by ,,augu/ ,,=el1 ,m4,d41 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,psy*iatry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,zuri*4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation4 #h4 ,net1 #b4jj4 7,by mail1 #b4bj47 ,a compreh5sive & concise summ>y ( ! results ( sci5ce 9 its *os5 field4 ,its au?or%ip is a gu>antee t ! /atem5ts made are au?oritative z f> z ! /atem5t ( an individual c be s reg>d$4 #ag4--,! ,prolongation ( ,life4 ,optimi/ic ,essays4 ,by ,,lie ,,met*nik(f1 ,sub-,director ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,au?or ( ,! ,nature ( ,man4 etc4 #h1 ,illu/rat$ ,net1 #b4ej4 7,by mail1 #b4gj47 ,popul> ,edition4 ,) an introduction by ,pr(4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,m9ot4 ,net1 #a4ge4 ,9 8 new "w ,pr(essor ,met*nik(f exp\nds at great] l5g?1 9 ! light ( additional k ga9$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 8 ma9 !sis t human life is n only unnaturally %ort b unnaturally burd5$ ) physical & m5tal disabilities4 ,he analyzes ! causes ( ^! di%>monies & expla9s 8 reasons = hop+ t !y may be c\nt]act$ by a rational hygi5e4 #ah4--,! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,a ,/udy ( ,rec5t ,obs]vations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,*>les ,,lane ,,poor1 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 #h4 ,illu/rat$4 ,net1 #b4jj4 ,! subject is pres5t$ 9 unte*nical language & )\t ! use ( ma!matics4 ,pr(essor ,poor %[s by :at /eps ! precise k ( to day has be5 rea*$ & expla9s ! m>vell\s results ( mod]n me?ods & mod]n obs]vations4 #ai4--;,climate--,consid]$ ,especially 9 ,relation to ,man4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,dec\rcy ,,w>d1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,climatology 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #h4 ,illu/rat$4 ,net1 #b4jj4 ,?is volume is int5d$ = p]sons :o h n _h special tra9+ 9 ! te*nicalities ( climatology4 ,climate cov]s a :olly diff]5t field f t includ$ 9 ! meteorological text-books ,x h&les broad que/ions ( climate 9 a way :i* has n be5 attempt$ 9 a s+le volume ,! ne$s ( ! tea*] & /ud5t h be5 kept con/antly 9 m9d4 #bj4--;,h]$ity4 ,by ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de52 ,au?or ( ,! ,sci5ce ( ,life1 etc4 #h4 ,illu/rat$4 ,net1 #c4ej4 ,! aim ( ?is "w is to exp\nd1 9 a simple mann]1 ! facts ( h]$ity & inh]itance z at pres5t kn[n1 ! g5]al conclusions :i* h be5 securely e/abli%$1 & ! m important !ories :i* h be5 =mulat$4 #ba4--;,age1 ,gr[?1 & ,dea?4 ,by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,m9ot1 ,james ,/illman ,pr(essor ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ,au?or ( ,human ,embryology1 ,a ,laboratory ,text-book ( ,embryology1 etc4 #h4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?is volume deals ) "s ( ! fundam5tal problems ( biology1 & pres5ts s]ies ( views 7! results ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s ( /udy71 :i* ! au?or has correlat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 sy/ematic =m4 #bb4--,! ,int]pretation ( ,nature4 ,by ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,net1 #a4be4 ,dr ,morgan seeks to prove t a belief 9 purpose z ! causal reality ( :i* nature is an expression is n inconsi/5t ) a full & :ole-he>t$ acceptance ( ! explanations ( naturalism4 #bc4--,mosquito ,life4 ,! ,habits & ,life ,cycles ( ! ,kn[n ,mosquitoes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,me?ods = _! ,control2 & ,keys = ,easy ,id5tification ( ! ,species 9 _! ,v>i\s ,/ages4 ,an acc\nt bas$ on ! inve/igation ( ! late ,james ,william ,dupree1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ( ,l\isiana1 & ^u ! orig9al obs]vations by ! ,writ]4 ,by ,,evelyn ,,groesbeeck ,,mit*ell1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,s4 ,) #fd ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,net1 #b4jj4 ,?is volume has be5 design$ to meet ! dem& ( ! con/antly increas+ numb] ( /ud5ts = a "w pres5t+ 9 compact =m ! ess5tial facts s f> made kn[n by sci5tific inve/igation 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t phases ( ?is1 z is n[ conc$$1 important & highly int]e/+ subject4 ,:ile aim+ to keep )9 reasonable b\nds1 t x may be us$ = "w 9 ! field & 9 ! laboratory1 no portion ( ! "w has be5 slight$1 or fundam5tal in=mation omitt$1 9 ! endeavor to c>ry ?is plan into effect4 #bd4--,?9k+1 ,feel+1 ,do+4 ,an ,introduction to ,m5tal ,sci5ce4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,scripture1 ,ph4,d41 ,m4,d41 ,assi/ant ,neurologi/ ,columbia ,univ]sity1 =m]ly ,director ( ! ,psy*ological ,laboratory at ,yale ,univ]sity4 #ahi ,illu/rations4 #b;d ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,net1 #a4ge4 ,! *apt]s on ,"t & ,action1 ,reaction ,"t1 ,?9k+ ,"t1 ,rhy?mic ,action1 & ,p[] & ,w are mo/ int]e/+4 ,?is book %\ld be c>efully read by e "o :o desires to be famili> ) ! advances made 9 ! /udy ( ! m9d1 :i* advances1 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 h be5 q z /rik+ & epo*-mak+ z ! /rides made 9 ! m mat]ial l9es ( k4--,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,ass'n41 ,feb4 #bb1 #aijh4 #be4--,! ,_w's ,gold4 ,by ,l4 ,,de ,,launay1 ,pr(essor at ! cole ,sup]ieure des ,m9es4 ,translat$ by ,orl&o ,cyprian ,williams4 ,) an ,introduction by ,*>les ,a4 ,conant1 au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,banks ( ,issue1 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,net1 #a4ge4 ,m4 de ,launay is a pr(essor ( consid]able repute n only 9 ,france1 b among sci5ti/s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 ?is "w he traces ! v>i\s uses & phases ( gold2 fir/1 its geology2 secondly1 its extraction2 ?irdly1 its economic value4 #bf4--,! ,int]pretation ( ,radium4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,soddy1 ,lectur] 9 ,physical ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,net1 #a4ge4 ,z ! application ( ! pres5t day int]pretation ( ,radium 7t x is an elem5t und]go+ spontane\s dis9tegration7 is n conf9$ to ! physical sci5ces1 b has a wide & g5]al be>+ ^u our :ole outlook on ,nature1 ,mr4 ,soddy has pres5t$ ! subject 9 non-te*nical language1 s t ! ideas involv$ are )9 rea* ( ! lay read]4 ,no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to get to ! root ( ! matt] & to secure accuracy1 s t ! book %\ld prove s]viceable to o!r fields ( sci5ce & inve/igation1 z well z to ! g5]al public4 #bg4--;,crim9al ,man4 ,accord+ to ! ,classification ( ,,ces>e ,,lombroso4 ,briefly ,summ>iz$ by 8 ,daught]1 ,g9a ,lombroso ,f]r]o4 ,) #cf ,illu/rations & a ,bibliography ( ,lombroso's ,publications on ! ,subject4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,net1 #b4jj4 ,signora ,guglielmo ,f]r]o's rsum ( h] fa!r's "w on crim9al an?ropology is specially d$icat$ to all ^? ^: (fice x is to correct1 re=m1 & puni% ! crim9al1 ) a view to dim9i%+ ! injury caus$ to society by 8 anti-social acts2 also to sup]9t5d5ts1 tea*]s1 & ^? engag$ 9 rescu+ orphans & *ildr5 ( vici\s habits1 z a guide 9 *eck+ ! developm5t ( evil g]ms & elim9at+ incorrigible subjects ^: example is a s\rce ( corruption to o!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mo/ valuable production s9ce ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! ,nature ( ,man ,/udies 9 ,optimi/ic ,philosophy ,by lie ,met*nik(f ,sub-,director ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 ,p>is ,translat$ ) an ,introduction by ,p4 ,*amb]s ,mit*ell ,secret>y ( ! ,zological ,society ,octavo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,popul> ,edition4 #a4ej net4 ,by mail1 #a4fe ,x is n (t5 t a sci5tific book may be read ) ease1 pr(it1 & pleasure by ! g5]al read]1 s t ,m4 ,met*nik(f's book comes 9 ! nature ( an agreeable surprise4 ,x is m>k$ by a refre%+ navet & a l>ge simplicity :i* are *>act]i/ically ,russian4 ,! sci5tific importance ( ?is "w is s great t x is spok5 ( 9 ,engl& z ! mo/ valuable production s9ce ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,op9ions ( ! ,press ,an extremely int]e/+ & typical book4444 ,) a di/+ui%$ frankness1 ,m4 ,met*nik(f def9es 8 attitude to our univ]sal prepossessions4 ,x is 8 !ory t ! infirmities ( age are to be ov]come4 ,if !re be gr\nd = ?is conception1 humanity is to be pr(\ndly *ang$ & :at we call life n[1 w be ! *ildhood & y\? ( t long] & l>g] life4--,h4 ,g4 ,,wells1 9 ,london ,speak]4 ,und\bt$ly a great book 79 "s qu>t]s x has be5 hail$ z ! greate/ s9ce ,d>w9's fam\s message to ! _w7 & %\ld be read by all intellig5t m5 & wom54--,! ,nation4 ,a book to be set side by side ) ,huxley's ,essays1 ^: _s x c>ries a /ep fur!r on ! long road t[>ds its goal4--,mail & ,express4 ,new ,york--,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons--,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,rem>kable = its simple language & cle> /yle4444 ,be>s ! /amp ( a production ( an erudite sci5ti/ & a deep ?9k]4--,sci5ce4 ,! ,prolongation ( ,life ,optimi/ic ,essays ,by lie ,met*nik(f ,au?or ( ,! ,nature ( ,man1 etc4 #hvo4 ,illu/rat$ ,popul> ,edition4 #a4ge net ,by mail1 #a4ij ,m4 lie ,met*nik(f is "o ( ^? r>e sci5ti/s :o h f\nd a way to lay hold ( & pres5t to ! _w 9 unte*nical phraseology1 intelligible to ! lay m9d1 su* results ( 8 rese>*es z are ( univ]sal int]e/ & g /raight home to ! bosoms & bus9ess ( intellig5t m54 ,! ,nature ( ,man1 by ! same au?or1 0 "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ books1 at once popul>1 & sci5tific1 :i* h appe>$ = decades4 ,! book "h 9 "q w /& beside x z a wor?y companion volume4 ,x is satisfactory to report t1 absorb$ z ,met*nik(f is 9 mat]ial problems1 & deep z he is 9 ! my/]ies ( ! physical univ]se1 ^! essays %[ him to be an optimi/ :o speaks ) no unc]ta9 voice4 ,a great deal ( att5tion is giv5 9 ,! ,prolongation ( ,human ,life to ! subject ( old age & its causes1 ) sci5tific obs]vations ( special cases among human be+s & ! l[] animals4 ,! au?or sugge/s means ( prolong+ life & heal?1 :ile contemplat+ natural dea? ) s]5ity1 & f9d+ t agreeable s5sations accompany its approa*4 ,beyond a c]ta9 po9t x seems to him a disadvantage to prolong life4 ,pass+ on f ^! mortu>y lucubrations1 ! essays conc]n !mselves ) psy*ological matt]s1 ) optimism & pessimism & 9 g5]al ) que/ions ( sci5ce & morals4 ,! temp]am5ts ( c]ta9 great m5 are analyz$ 9 /udies t h = _! subjects respectively ,byron1 ,leop>di1 ,s*op5hau]1 & ,goe!4 ,9 ! preface ! au?or says t he has avoid$1 z f> z possible1 repeat+ po9ts :i* h be5 suffici5tly treat$ 9 ,! ,nature ( ,man4 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,london