file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,obvi\s typos 7 fix$ & use ( hyph5s 0 99 99 normaliz$ ?r\gh\t1 b all o!r spell+ & punctuation 0 99 99 reta9$ z x appe>$ 9 ! orig9al text4 99 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999 ,,asp>agus ,,its ,,culture ,,= ,,home ,,use ,,& ,,= ,,m>ket ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,plant+1 ,,cultivation1 ,,h>ve/+1 ,,m>ket+1 ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,( ,,asp>agus1 ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,botany ,,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,hexam] ,,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #aiad ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,asp>agus ,,indu/ry ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface vi ,i4 ,hi/orical ,sket* #a ,,ii4 ,botany #d ,,iii4 ,cultural ,v>ieties #ag ,,iv4 ,se$ ,gr[+ #bf ,v4 ,! ,rais+ ( ,plants #cj ,,vi4 ,selection ( ,plants #ch ,,vii4 ,! ,soil & ,its ,prep>ation #dc ,,viii4 ,plant+ #di ,,ix4 ,cultivation #fa ,x4 ,f]tiliz]s & ,f]tiliz+ #gb ,,xi4 ,h>ve/+ & ,m>ket+ #hc ,,xii4 ,=c+ #ajj ,,xiii4 ,pres]v+ ,asp>agus #aab ,,xiv4 ,injuri\s ,insects #abf ,,xv4 ,fungus ,diseases #acg ,,xvi4 ,asp>agus ,culture 9 ,diff]5t ,localities #ade ,,index #afg ,,illu/rations ,beg9n+ ( ! ,asp>agus ,indu/ry 9 ,cali=nia ,frontispiece ,,page ,asp>agus ,plumosus ,nanus #e ,asp>agus ,spr5g]i #g ,asp>agus ,l>ic9us #i ,asp>agus ,racemosus1 v>4 ,tetragonus #aa ,asp>agus ,s>m5tosus #ab ,cr[n1 ,roots1 ,buds1 ,spe> #ad ,/em1 ,leaves1 ,fl[]s1 ,b]ries #ad ,fl[]s #ae ,palmetto ,asp>agus #ba ,pot-,gr[n ,plant #cg ,horizontal ,developm5t ( ,roots #ea ,tr5*es ,ready = ,plant+ #eg ,hudson's ,tr5*] #eh ,root 9 ,prop] ,position = ,cov]+ #ei ,cross-section ( ,tr5*es ,aft] ,plant+ #fj ,asp>agus ,field ,ridg$ 9 ,e>ly ,spr+ #fg ,level+ ! ,ridges ,aft] ,cutt+ ,season #fi ,f]tiliz$ ,asp>agus ,plot #ge ,unf]tiliz$ ,asp>agus ,plot #gg ,basket ( ,asp>agus #he ,cutt+ & ,pick+ ,up ,asp>agus #hf ,horse ,c>ri] = ,t5 ,boxes #hg ,asp>agus ,knives #hi ,end & ,side ,view ( ,:ite ,asp>agus ,bun*es #ij ,conov]'s ,asp>agus ,bun*] #ia ,watt's ,asp>agus ,bun*] #ib ,rack & ,knives ,us$ 9 ,new ,engl& #ic ,at ! ,bun*+ ,table #id ,box ( ,giant ,asp>agus #ig ,s\!rn ,asp>agus ,crate #ih ,tunnel = ,=c+ ,/eam ,?r\gh ! ,soil #ajg ,a ,long ,isl& ,asp>agus ,cann]y #aac ,/]iliz+ ,tank #aae ,/]iliz+ ,room #aag ,int]ior ,view ( a ,cali=nia ,asp>agus ,cann]y #aai ,p]spective ,view ( a ,cali=nia ,asp>agus ,cann]y #aba ,cann]y 9 ,asp>agus ,fields #abc ,common ,asp>agus ,beetle #abg ,asp>agus ,attack$ by ,beetles #abi ,spott$ ,ladybird #aca ,twelve-spott$ ,asp>agus ,beetle #acd ,asp>agus ,/ems ,affect$ ) ,ru/ #ach ,portion ( ,ru/$ ,asp>agus ,/ems #aci ,asp>agus ,field on ,b\ld9 ,isl& #afa ,,preface ,! cultivation ( asp>agus = home use z well z = m>ket is s rapidly increas+1 & reliable in=mation p]ta9+ to x is s frequ5tly ask$ =1 t a book on ?is subject is evid5tly ne$$4 ,:ile all works on vegetable culture treat m or less ext5sively on its cultivation1 s f> !re has be5 no book exclusively devot$ to asp>agus publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,asp>agus is "o ( ! e>lie/1 mo/ delici\s1 & sure/ products ( ! g>d54 ,its position among o!r vegetables is unique1 & :5 once plant$ x la/s a lifetime2 x may be prep>$ = use 9 great v>iety1 & may be cann$ or dri$ s z to be available at any "t ( ! ye>2 & yet 9 ! great majority ( f>m g>d5s x is almo/ unkn[n4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is neglect is bas$ ^u ! errone\s idea t asp>agus culture requires unusual skill1 exp5se1 & h>d "w4 ,:ile ?is 0 true1 9 a measure1 "u old-"t rules1 mod]n me?ods h s simplifi$ e detail connect$ ) ! cultivation ( asp>agus z to make x n necess>ily m exp5sive & labori\s ?an t ( any o!r g>d5 crop4 ,to describe & make cle> ^! improv$ me?ods1 to demon/rate h[ easily & inexp5sively an asp>agus b$ may be _h 9 e g>d51 & h[ mu* pleasure1 heal?1 & pr(it may be d]iv$ f ! crop h be5 ! pr9cipal inducem5ts to writ+ ?is book4 ,9 a popul> treatise on s widely di/ribut$ a vegetable z asp>agus1 ! cultivation ( :i* _h be5 br\ght to a high /ate ( developm5t _m c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re is little opportunity = orig9ality4 ,all t ! au?or has endeavor$ 9 ?is little volume has be5 to collect1 arrange1 classify1 & sy/ematize all obta9able facts1 comp>e !m ) 8 own _m ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 asp>agus culture1 & pres5t 8 inf]5ces 9 a pla9 & popul> mann]4 ,free use has be5 made ( all available lit]ature1 especially helpful among :i* has be5 ! ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #fa ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 by ,r4 ,b4 ,h&y2 also bullet9s ( ! ,miss\ri1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,m>yl&1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a & o!r exp]im5t /ations2 ! files ( ,am]ican ,agriculturi/2 ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1 f :i* descriptions ( sev]al ornam5tal species by ,william ,watson 7 cond5s$2 ,?ome's ,flora von ,deuts*l&2 ,e9traegli*e ,sp>gelzu*t1 von ,franz ,goes*ke2 ,brauns*weig] ,sp>gelbu*1 von ,dr4 ,ed4 ,br9ckmei]2 ,p>ks & ,g>d5s ( ,p>is1 by ,william ,rob9son2 ,asp>agus ,culture1 by ,james ,b>nes & ,william ,rob9son2 ,les ,plantes ,potag]es1 by ,vilmor9-,&rieux2 ! works ( ,pet] ,h5d]son1 ,?omas ,bridgeman1 ,j4 ,c4 ,l\don1 & o!rs4 ,! au?or desires to express 8 grateful ackn[l$gm5ts to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,myrick1 editor-9-*ief ( ,am]ican ,agriculturi/ & alli$ publications1 = critically read+ ! :ole manuscript2 to ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,johnson1 ,*>les ,v4 ,mapes1 ,c4 ,l4 ,all51 ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,nair1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,s\!rn ,p9es ,exp]im5tal ,f>m2 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,massey1 ,rob]t ,w4 ,nix1 ,rob]t ,hickmott1 ,*>les ,w4 ,prescott1 ,joel ,borton1 & all o!rs :o by _! help1 sugge/ions1 & advice h aid$ him 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,hexam]4 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,,asp>agus ,i ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,! ^w asp>agus is said to be ( ,p]sian orig94 ,9 middle ,lat9 x appe>s z sp>agus2 ,italian1 sp>ajio2 old ,fr5*1 esp]aje2 old ,engli%1 sp]age1 sp>age1 sp]a*4 ,! middle ,lat9 =m1 sp>agus1 0 9 ,engli% *ang$ into sp>agrass1 sp>r[-grass1 & sometimes simply grass1 t]ms :i* 7 until rec5tly 9 good lit]>y use4 ,9 mod]n ,fr5* x is asp]ge2 ,g]man1 sp>gel2 ,dut*1 asp]gie2 ,spani%1 esp]rago4 ,! orig9al habitat ( ! edible asp>agus is n positively kn[n1 z x is n[ f\nd naturaliz$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 z well z 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,h[ long ! plant 0 us$ z a vegetable or z a m$ic9e is likewise unc]ta91 b t x 0 kn[n & highly priz$ by ! ,romans at lea/ two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era is hi/orically record$4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! ,romans 7 already aw>e ( ! diff]5ce 9 quality1 t gr[n ne> ,rav5na be+ consid]$ be/1 & 0 s l>ge t ?ree spe>s weigh$ "o p\nd4 ,! eld] ,cato has treat$ ! subject ) /ill great] c>e4 ,he advises ! s[+ ( ! se$ ( asp>agus 9 ! b$s ( v9e-dress]s' re$s1 :i* are cultivat$ 9 ,italy = ! support ( ! v9es1 & t !y %\ld be burn$ 9 ! spr+ ( ! ?ird ye>1 z ! a%es w\ld act z a manure to ! future crop4 ,he also recomm5ds t ! plants be r5ew$ aft] eight or n9e ye>s4 ,! usual me?od ( prep>+ asp>agus pursu$ by ! ,roman cooks 0 to select ! f9e/ spr\ts & to dry !m4 ,:5 want$ = ! table !y 7 put 9 hot wat] & cook$ a few m9utes4 ,to ?is practice is ow+ "o ( ,emp]or ,augu/us's favorite say+s3 ,citius quam asp>agi coqu5tur 7,d x quick] ?an y c cook asp>agus74 ,:ile ! indig5\s asp>agus has be5 us$ f "t immemorial z a m$ic9e by ,gauls1 ,g]mans1 & ,britons1 its cultivation & use z a vegetable 0 only made kn[n to ! p by ! invad+ ,roman armies4 ,b 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 m5tion$ among ! cultivat$ g>d5 vegetables1 & ,leon>d ,meag]1 9 8 ,engli% ,g>d5]1 publi%$ 9 #afhc1 in=ms u t 9 8 "t ! ,london m>ket 0 well suppli$ ) =c$ asp>agus4 ,! m$ic9al virtues =m]ly attribut$ to asp>agus comprise a wide range4 ,! roots1 spr\ts1 & se$s 7 us$ z m$ic9e4 ,! fre% roots are diuretic1 p]haps ow+ to ! imm$iate cry/alizable pr9ciple1 asp>ag9e1 :i* is said to be s$ative 9 ! dose ( a few gra9s4 ,a syrup made ( ! "y %oots & an extract ( ! roots has be5 recomm5d$ z a s$ative 9 he>t affections1 & ! species diuretica--a mixture ( asp>agus1 cel]y1 p>sley1 holly1 & sweet f5nel--0 a favorite prep>ation = use 9 dropsy & gravel4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans x 0 "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ valu$ m$ic9es1 & to :i* mo/ absurd virtues 7 attribut$4 ,x 0 believ$ t if a p]son ano9t$ himself ) a l9im5t made ( asp>agus & oil ! bees w\ld n approa* or /+ him4 ,x 0 also believ$ t if ! root be put on a too? :i* a*es viol5tly x causes x to come out )\t pa94 ,! !rapeutic virtues ( asp>agus seem to h be5 held 9 almo/ z high e/eem by ! anci5ts z ^? ( g9s5g are e/eem$ by ! ,*9ese to ?is day4 ,,ii ,,botany ,! g5us ,asp>agus belongs to ! ,lily ,family4 ,x comprises ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty species1 & ^! are spread ?r\gh ! temp]ate & tropical regions ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,"o-half ( ^! species are indig5\s to ,s\? ,africa1 & x is f ?is region t ! mo/ ornam5tal ( ! gre5h\se species h be5 obta9$4 ,all ! species are p]5nial1 ) g5]ally fle%y roots or tub]s4 ,! /ems are annual 9 "s1 p]5nial 9 o!rs1 mo/ ( !m be+ sp9y1 climb+ %rubs1 gr[+ to a l5g? ( f five to tw5ty or ev5 fifty feet4 ,! true leaves are usually *ang$ into sp9es1 :i* are situat$ at ! base ( ! bran*es & are (t5 /\t & woody4 ,! false leaves1 t]m$ cladodia1 are ! l9e> or hair-l organs :i* are popul>ly call$ leaves2 !y are 9 reality modifi$ bran*es4 ,^! cladodia are ne>ly always arrang$ 9 clu/]s at int]vals along ! bran*es1 & ! fl[]s g5]ally spr+ f _! axils4 ,!y usually fall (f ! h>dy species 9 w9t]1 & !y are easily affect$ by unfavorable conditions 9 all ! species4 ,mo/ ( !m fl[] & fruit freely "u cultivation1 s t se$s are available = propagation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--;,,asp>agus ,,plumosus ,,nanus ,,ornam5tal ,,species ,a4 m$eoloides 7,myrsiphyllum asp>agoides71 popul>ly kn[n z ,smilax4--,= _m ye>s ?is has be51 & is yet1 "o ( ! mo/ commonly gr[n & ! mo/ s]viceable ( ! plants us$ by flori/s z gre54 ,x is readily gr[n f se$ 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,:ile a few o!r species ( asp>agus h be5 close rivals1 x is yet unexcell$ = _m purposes ( floral decorations4 ,a4 plumosus 7! plumy asp>agus74--,a v graceful climb+ plant :i* = f9] decoration has l>gely tak5 ! place ( smilax1 its foliage be+ f9] ?an t ( ! mo/ delicate f]ns1 & w la/ = weeks aft] be+ cut4 ,! :ole plant is ( a bright1 *e]ful gre54 ,its bran*es spread horizontally1 & bran* aga9 9 su* a mann] z to =m a flat1 frond-l arrangem5t1 ! leaves be+ v num]\s1 9 clu/]s ( ab\t a doz51 bright gre51 & "o-half in* long4 ,a native ( ,s\? ,africa1 :]e x climbs ov] bu%es & bran*es 9 moi/ situations4 ,!re are sev]al nam$ v>ieties ( ?is1 mo/ ( :i* h orig9at$ 9 g>d5s4 ,! mo/ di/9ct are ,a4 t5uissimus & ,a4 plumosus nanus1 ! f]n-l appe>ance ( :i* is se5 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--;,,asp>agus ,,spr5g]i ,a4 ,spr5g]i4--,?is is "o ( ! be/ & mo/ attractive h\se plants ( rec5t introduction4 ,x is ( graceful =m & habit :5 gr[n z a pot plant1 b x is equally well suit$ = plant+ 9 hang+ baskets4 ,its fronds are frequ5tly f\r feet long1 ( a ri* %ade ( gre51 & v useful = cutt+1 reta9+ _! fre%ness = weeks aft] be+ cut4 ,z a h\se plant x has exce$$ expectations1 z x /&s dry atmosph]e bett] ?an ! old] k9ds ( ornam5tal asp>agus1 & is n p>ticul> z to any special position4 ,x delights 9 a well-enri*$ soil1 r light 9 composition1 ) pl5ty ( dra9age1 & gr[s v rapidly4 ,x is decid$ly pretty :5 9 bloom1 its little fl[]s be+ pure :ite on %ort racemes1 & ! an!rs are ( a bright orange color4 ,fig4 #c gives a good idea ( its graceful habit4 ,a4 falcatus4--,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ tw9+ plants = a l>ge1 temp]ate h\se4 ,at ! ,kew ,g>d5s1 9 ,london1 ,engl&1 is an enorm\s specim5 ( ?is species :i* is tra9$ aga9/ ! nor!rn /aircase1 :]e x has =m$ a p]fect ?icket two y>ds ?r\gh & tw5ty-five feet high1 ( long1 rope-l1 int]tw9+1 sp9\s1 fawn-color$ /ems1 "s ( !m fully fifty feet long1 & clo!d ) wiry1 woody bran*es1 be>+ :orls ( leaves f two to ?ree in*es long & ne>ly "o-f\r? ( an in* wide1 falcate & bright gre54 ,! "y /ems are ?ick & succul5t & gray-gre51 mottl$ ) br[n4 ,= l>ge cons]vatories1 & p>ticul>ly 9 moi/1 %ady corn]s1 :]e ord9>y climb]s w n ?rive1 ?is is an ideal plant4 ,x is a native ( ! tropics ( ,asia & ,africa1 z well z ! ,cape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d--;,,asp>agus ,,l>ic9us ,a4 l>ic9us 7,fig4 #d74--,?is h&some species has be5 9 ! ,kew collection at lea/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,x is gr[n 9 ! succul5t h\se1 :]e1 f a vigor\s root sy/em1 x s5ds up annual /\t succul5t %oots1 :i* gr[ to a l5g? ( ab\t twelve feet1 & :5 fully develop$ are decid$ly ornam5tal4 ,! /ems are p]5nial1 t]ete1 d>k br[n1 woody1 "o-half in* 9 diamet] at ! base1 v sp9\s1 freely bran*$1 & bran*es zigzag & gray1 ! leaves 9 clu/]s "o-f\r? in* ap>t1 hair-l1 "o & "o-half in*es long1 bright gre51 p]si/5t4 ,fl[]s axill>y1 _m 9 a clu/]1 small1 campanulate1 :ite4 ,b]ries globose1 dull r$1 "o se$$1 "o-six? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,common 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is an excell5t pill> plant4 ,a4 racemosus4--,?is species is spread ?r\gh\t ! tropics ( ,africa & ,asia2 ! ,cape =m ( x is repres5t$ at ,kew "u ! "n ( v>iety tetragonus1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,?is is a vigor\s gr[]1 ) woody /ems n9e feet long1 prickly at ! base1 fawn color$1 freely bran*+ above1 ea* bran* hav+ at its base a %>p sp9e ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long4 ,! leaves are ( a gray-gre5 hue1 f\r-angl$1 "o-qu>t] ( an in* long4 ,fl[]s 9 racemes two in*es long1 :iti%1 v fragrant4 ,b]ry r$1 globose1 pulpy1 "o-se$$4 ,an excell5t climb] = raft]s1 pill>s1 etc41 gr[+ vigor\sly "u ord9>y treatm5t4 ,its root sy/em is a d5se mass ( tub]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e--;,,asp>agus ,,racemosus1 ,,v>4 ,,tetragonus ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f--;,,asp>agus ,,s>m5tosus ,a4 s>m5tosus 7,fig4 #f74--;,an elegant ev]gre5 species f ,s\? ,africa1 :]e x gr[s freely 9 moi/ situations1 =m+ d5se1 bru%y /ems ) %ort prickles1 & /udd$ ) :ite1 />ry1 fragrant fl[]s1 :i* are foll[$ ) bright sc>let1 pea-l b]ries2 has /ems f\r feet high1 freely bran*$ & clo!d ) d>k gre5 flat leaves ?ree in*es long4 ,x is also gr[n 9 pots & baskets = ! ,cape-h\se1 & :5 9 fl[] x is greatly admir$4 ,a4 ,br\ssoneti4--,a beautiful h>dy p]5nial climb] f ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 gr[+ t5 feet high2 fea!ry foliage & sc>let b]ries4 ,9 ! autumn ?is is v ornam5tal4 ,among ! mo/ notewor?y ( o!r ornam5tal species are3 ,a4 ,ae?iopicus1 ,africanus1 ,asiaticus1 ,coop]i1 crispus1 decl9atus1 decumb5s1 lucidus1 retr(ractus1 sc&5s1 t5uifolius1 tri*ophyllus1 umbellatus1 v]ticillatus1 virgatus1 etc41 etc4 ,,edible ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g--;,,asp>agus ,,cr[n1 ,,roots1 ,,buds1 ,,& ,,spe> ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h--;,,asp>agus ,,/em1 ,,leaves1 ,,fl[]s1 ,,& ,,b]ries ,asp>agus (fic9alis4--,:ile ! "y spr\ts ( a few o!r species may be us$ z food1 ?is is ! only "o :i* has f\nd a p]man5t place 9 cultivation4 ,x is a bran*+1 h]bace\s plant1 rea*+ a hight ( f ?ree to sev5 feet2 ! fili=m bran*lets1 ?ree to sev5 in*es long1 less ?an "o-qu>t] in* ?ick1 are mo/ly clu/]$ 9 ! axils ( m9ute scales4 ,! root/ock1 or cr[n1 is p]5nial1 & makes a new gr[? ea* ye> ( f "o to ?ree in*es1 ext5d+ horizontally1 & g5]ally 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x may propagate f bo? ends1 or f only "o1 b 9 ei!r case ! old] "p ( root /alk becomes unproductive & f9ally dies4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! new portion ( ! root/ock cr[n$ ) buds = ! production ( new %oots1 :ile ! old] portion be>s ! sc>s & dead scales ( previ\s gr[?s4 ,f ! sides & ! l[] "p ( ! root/ock num]\s cyl9drical1 fle%y roots />t & ext5d sev]al feet horizontally1 b d n p5etrate ! soil deeply4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! old] roots become holl[ & inactive )\t becom+ deta*$ f ! root/ock4 ,! "y root =mation always takes place a little above ! old roots1 :i* circum/ance expla9s :y ! asp>agus plants gradually rise above ! orig9al level1 ?us necessitat+ ! annual hill+ up or ! cov]+ ( ! cr[ns ) additional soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,! asp>agus fl[]s are mo/ly solit>y at ! nodes1 ( gre5i%-yell[ color1 droop+ or fili=m1 jo9t$ p$uncles2 p]ian?1 six-p>t$1 campanulate1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,an!rs1 introrse2 /yle1 %ort2 /igma1 ?ree-lob$2 b]ry1 r$1 sph]ical1 ?ree-cell$2 cells1 two-se$$4 ,:ile ! fl[]s are g5]ally dioeci\s--/am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s be+ borne on diff]5t plants--!re appe> also h]maphrodite fl[]s1 hav+ bo? pi/ils & fully develop$ /am5s 9 ! same fl[]4 ,fig4 #i %[s a pi/illate1 ,fig4 #aj a /am9ate1 & ,fig4 #aa a h]maphrodite or bisexual fl[]4 ,9 "o case1 at lea/1 ! au?or has also obs]v$ t a plant :i* has be5 b>r5 ( se$ at fir/ *ang$ into a se$-be>+ plant ! foll[+ ye>4 ,simil> *anges 9 ! sexuality ( /rawb]ries h be5 obs]v$ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,^! facts may expla91 9 a measure1 ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 rais+ p]man5tly /]ile asp>agus plants4 ,asp>agus acutifolius4--,a native ( ,s\!rn ,europe & ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,x has a fle%y root/ock1 h>d1 wiry1 br[n /ems1 five to sev5 feet high1 ) rigid bran*es ?ree to six in*es long1 ?ickly clos$1 ) tufts ( gray-gre51 hair-l1 rigid leaves1 :i* 9 expos$ situations are almo/ sp9\s4 ,fl[]s yell[1 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 fragrant4 ,! "y spr\ts are t5d]1 &1 :5 cook$1 ( a peculi> aromatic flavor4 ,9 _! native home !y are us$ l ! cultivat$ k9d4 ,a4 aphyllus4--,indig5\s to ,greece1 :]e ! "y %oots are commonly us$ z food1 especially dur+ ,l5t4 ,,iii ,,cultural ,,v>ieties ,al?\gh b "o species ( edible asp>agus has f\nd its way into g5]al cultivation1 _m v>ieties & /ra9s are recogniz$4 ,up to )9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod x 0 ?\ght t !re exi/$ only "o di/9ct k9d1 or v>iety1 ( asp>agus4 ,z late z #ahfi s ke5 an obs]v] z ,pet] ,h5d]son believ$ t ! asp>agus ( our g>d5s is conf9$ to only "o v>iety1 & ! s-call$ giant c be made gigantic or o!rwise1 j z we w x1 & ! purple top v>iety w become a gre5 top :5ev] ! composition ( ! soil is n ( ! k9d to develop ! purple1 & vice v]sa4 ,all practical g>d5]s "k h[ diff]5t soils & climates *ange ! appe>ance ( ! same v>iety4 ,se$s ( cabbage tak5 f ! same bag & s[n at ! same "t1 b plant$ out 9 soils ( light s&y loam1 heavy clayey loam1 & peat or leaf-mold1 w %[ su* m>k$ diff]5ces :5 at maturity z easily to be pron\nc$ diff]5t sorts4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is ! reason :y ! multitude ( v>ieties ( all vegetables1 :5 plant$ side by side to te/ !m1 are s wond]fully r$uc$ 9 numb]4 ,b aft] inspect+ an acre ( ord9>y asp>agus & an acre ( ,abraham ,van ,sicl5's ,colossal--:i* 0 aft]w>d introduc$ z ,conov]'s ,colossal--at ,jamaica1 ,l4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,mr4 ,h5d]son wrote3 ,a ?or\gh inspection ( ! roots ( ea* lot prov$ t !y 7 ( ! same age :5 plant$4 ,! soil 0 next exam9$1 & f\nd to be z ne> ! same z c\ld be1 yet ^! two b$s ( asp>agus %[$ a diff]5ce t no long] left me a %ad[ ( a d\bt ( _! be+ entirely diff]5t v>ieties4 ,9 b few vegetables d ! conditions ( soil1 locality1 mode ( cultivation1 & o!r circum/ances affect ! quality1 size1 & appe>ance z mu* z 9 asp>agus4 ,x is !re=e difficult to di/+ui% fix$ & p]man5t v>ieties f m]e local /ra9s & =ms secur$ by selection4 ,?r\gh natural & artificial selection1 ?r\gh use ( se$ ( /rong %oots f sup]ior roots1 !re has be5 improvem5t 9 ! size & yield ( asp>agus2 f ! peculi> adaptability ( soil & climate1 & ! effect ( manure & high cultivation1 !re h appe>$ c]ta9 v>iations 9 ! product ( diff]5t b$s :i* h l$ to ! be/[+ ( a new "n2 b ! effect ( ?is c>e & ^! favorable conditions is n suffici5tly /rong to produce di/9ct v>ieties ) fix$ *>act]i/ics4 ,!re=e1 ) correct & rational treatm5t ( ! plant f ! "t ( se$+ ?r\gh all ! /ages ( culture1 satisfactory results may be rea*$ ) almo/ any ( ! v>ieties on ! m>ket4 ,,am]ican ,,v>ieties ,b>r's ,mammo? 7,b>r's ,philadelphia ,mammo?74--,orig9at$ ) ,craw=d ,b>r1 a prom95t m>ket g>d5] ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is "o ( ! e>lie/ v>ieties1 is v productive1 & gr[s to ! l>ge/ size4 ,9 ,philadelphia x is mu* s\ght aft]1 & br+s ! highe/ prices4 ,conov]'s ,colossal 7,van ,sicl5's ,colossal74--,orig9at$ ) ,abraham ,van ,sicl51 ( ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 & 0 introduc$ by ,s4 ,b4 ,conov]1 a commision m]*ant ( ,we/ ,wa%+ton ,m>ket1 ,new ,york ,city1 "s ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! sup]iority ( ?is v>iety ov] all o!r k9ds kn[n at t "t made x soon supplant all o!r v>ieties1 & x is to ?is day bett] & m favorably kn[n ?an any o!r sort4 ,columbian ,mammo? ,:ite4--,?is 0 introduc$ by ,d4 ,m4 ,f]ry ,co41 9 #ahic4 ,! imm5se %oots are cle> :ite1 &1 9 favorable wea!r1 rema9 s until ?ree or f\r in*es above ! surface1 )\t e>?+ up or any o!r artificial blan*+4 ,! cr[n or bud ( ! "y /alk is consid]ably small] ?an ! "p j bel[ x1 ?us fur!r di/+ui%+ ! v>iety4 ,all b a v few ( ! se$l+s w produce cle> :ite %oots1 & ! gre5 ones c be readily di/+ui%$ & reject$ :5 plant+ ! p]man5t b$4 ,donald's ,elmira4--,orig9at$ by ,a4 ,donald1 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y41 & 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,johnson ,/okes1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,?is is *>act]iz$ by ! delicate gre5 color ( its /ems1 diff]5t f any o!r k9d4 ,its /alks are v t5d] & succul5t1 :ile its size is all t c be desir$4 ,eclipse 7,dre]'s ,eclipse74--,a light gre5 mammo? /ra9 ( excell5t quality & attractive appe>ance4 ,! /alks1 n r>ely1 measure two in*es 9 diamet]1 & ev5 :5 twelve to fifte5 in*es long are p]fectly t5d] & ( a delicate light gre5 color4 ,hub4--,orig9at$ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire sev]al ye>s ago1 & 0 introduc$ by ,joseph ,breck ,sons1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,al?\gh n g5]ally catalogu$1 x is a di/9ct & valuable v>iety t has made a decid$ record = itself 9 ! te/s ( ! ,kansas ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 :]e its yield1 by weight1 0 great] ?an any o!r4 ,mammo?4--,?is is a some:at indef9ite t]m1 z almo/ any prom95t se$sman & gr[] :o has a p>ticul>ly good & l>ge /ra9 ( asp>agus suffixes x to 8 own "n4 ,among ! be/ kn[n ( ^! are ,vick's ,mammo?1 ,maule's ,mammo?1 ,prescott's ,mammo?1 etc4 ,moore's ,cross-br$4--,?is orig9at$ ) ,j4 ,b4 ,moore1 :o = tw5ty ye>s 0 aw>d$ ! fir/ prize on asp>agus at ! exhibitions ( ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society1 at "o ( :i* ! weight ( twelve /alks 0 #d p\nds #f-a_/d ounces4 ,x reta9s ! head close until ! /alks are q long1 & is ( uni=m color1 :ile = t5d]ness & eat+ quality x is excell$ by none4 ,x is p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ = cultivation 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,palmetto4--,a v>iety ( ,s\!rn orig91 b suitable = ! ,nor? also4 ,at ! ,s\? x is some:at e>li] ?an ,conov]'s ,colossal1 b its great advantage is t x is almo/ de/itute (1 :at deal]s call1 culls1 ne>ly all %oots be+ ( a uni=m & l>ge size4 ,! bun* f :i* ! engrav+ 7,fig4 #ab7 0 made measur$ tw5ty-two in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & conta9$ =ty-eight /alks ( n9e in*es 9 l5g? & rem>kably uni=m 9 size4 ,x 0 tak5 on ,m>* #cj? f a field ( fifty acres1 ne> ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 ,b ! greate/ po9t 9 its favor is its comp>ative security f ! attacks ( ru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab--;,,bun* ,,( ,,palmetto ,,asp>agus ,purple ,top & ,gre5 ,top4--,^! 7 ! only di/9ct sorts 9 cultivation be=e ! introduction ( ,conov]'s ,colossal1 b are n[ almo/ unkn[n to ! trade & cultivators4 ,,european ,,v>ieties ,! nam$ v>ieties ( asp>agus ( ,european orig9 are v num]\s1 z almo/ e locality 9 :i* asp>agus is cultivat$ ext5sively & successfully has giv5 its "n to a /ra9 m or less di/9ct4 ,g5]ally ^! v>ieties diff] only 9 a s+le *>act]i/ic1 & ^! diff]5ces1 = ! mo/ "p1 are s little t !y are lo/ :5 gr[n "u diff]5t climatic & soil conditions4 ,! be/-in=m$ au?orities recognize ?ree cultivat$ v>ieties1 :i* h di/9ct comm]cial *>act]i/ics & ^: se$s reproduce !m 9 ! se$l+s4 ,g]man ,giant4--,?is v>iety embraces mo/ ( ! ,g]man & ,fr5* sorts--! ,giant ,dut* ,purple1 ,ulm ,giant1 ,giant ,brunswick1 ,l>ge ,erfurt1 ,e>ly ,d>m/adt1 & _m o!rs4 ,arg5teuil4--,( ?is ?ree sub-v>ieties are recogniz$--! e>ly1 int]m$iate1 & late2 & ^! are ! k9ds gr[n almo/ exclusively 9 ! vic9ity ( ,p>is1 ,france1 :]e its culture & improvem5t h /eadily develop$ = c5turies4 ,"u good culture ! late ,arg5teuil produces /alks f ?ree to six in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 at eight in*es bel[ ! tips4 ,yell[ ,burgundy4--,! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ?is v>iety is t ! "y %oots bel[ ! surface ( ! soil are light yell[ in/ead ( :ite to tips1 be+ gre5i%-yell[4 ,x is also claim$ to be m ru/-resi/+ ?an o!r ,european sorts4 ,,v>iety ,,te/s ,to det]m9e ! comp>ative effects ( manur+ on diff]5t v>ieties ( asp>agus1 & also _! comp>ative e>l9ess1 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,c4 ,mason & 8 assi/ant1 ,w4 ,l4 ,hall1 ( ! ,kansas ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 h made "s int]e/+ & in/ructive exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* are giv5 9 ,bullet9 #gj1 z foll[s3 ,! se$ ( t5 v>ieties ( asp>agus 0 plant$4 ,a good /& 0 secur$1 & ! "y plants 7 cultivat$ dur+ ! summ] 9 ! usual way4 ,e>ly ! foll[+ spr+ ! entire pat* 0 dug up & ! roots heel$ 94 ,! same gr\nd 0 !n prep>$ = a p]man5t plantation1 by pl[+ x deeply & m>k+ x ) furr[s f\r feet ap>t4 ,^! furr[s 7 made z deep z possible1 b aft] ! loose soil _h run back into !m !y 7 on ! bottom h>dly six in*es bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ^! furr[s ! roots ( ! se$l+s 7 plant$ 7#bdj feet ( r[ = ea* v>iety71 mak+ altoge!r a pat* ( #ce4be squ>e rods1 or a little m ?an "o-fif? ( an acre 74#bb ( an acre74 ,! plants 7 set ab\t a foot ap>t 9 ! r[1 & cov]$ only an in* or two above ! cr[n1 leav+ along ! r[s depressions "s two in*es deep1 :i* 7 gradually fill$ up dur+ ! summ]1 by ! _m cultivations4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! /alks 7 cle>$ (f1 b no?+ 0 done ) ! pat* 9 ! spr+ m ?an to cut & note ! e>lie/ %oots1 ! fir/ cutt+ ( :i* 0 made ,april #ac?4 ,! pat* 0 cultivat$ dur+ summ] z be=e1 except t ! size ( ! plants int]f]$ some:at--_m ( ! plants gr[+ six feet high & correspond+ly broad4 ,dur+ ! fall ! nor? half ( ea* v>iety 0 manur$1 at ! rate ( fifty loads p] acre1 ) /rong b>ny>d manure1 & 9 ! spr+ ! effect 0 not$4 ,! foll[+ table gives results z %[n by ! records ( t5 cutt+s made ! spr+ ( #ahig1 f ,april #bj? to ,may #ai?1 inclusive2 v>ieties av]ag$ 9 ord] ( yield3 ,,v>ieties ,,yields ,,9 ,,p\nds #bdj feet ( r[ 9 ea*1 "o-half manur$ --------------------------- & "o-half unmanur$ ,manur$,unmanur$,total ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a ,hub #ca #bg #eh #b ,donald's ,elmira #bi #bi #eh #c ,vick's ,new ,mammo? #bf #bj #dg #d ,palmetto #bj #ah #ci #e ,moore's ,cross-br$ #ai #ae #ce #f ,conov]'s ,colossal #af #ag #cc #g ,b>r's ,philadelphia ,mammo? #ag #af #cc #h ,columbian ,mammo? ,:ite #ah #ac #cb #i ,dre]'s ,eclipse #af #ad #cj #aj ,giant ,purple ,top #ae #ad #bi --------------------------- ,totals #bjg #ahc #cid ,( ! two heavie/ yield+ v>ieties1 ,hub & ,donald's ,elmira1 ! la/ nam$ is ! e>lie/1 ?\gh ,hub is also q e>ly4 ,z ne>ly z c be judg$ f ! notes1 ! t5 v>ieties rank = e>l9ess ab\t z foll[s1 ?\gh all k9ds yield$ some?+ at ! fir/ cutt+3 #aj ,giant ,purple ,top4 #g ,b>r's ,philadelphia ,mammo?4 #b ,donald's ,elmira4 #f ,conov]'s ,colossal4 #c ,vick's ,new ,mammo?4 #a ,! ,hub4 #i ,dre]'s ,eclipse4 #d ,palmetto4 #e ,moore's ,cross-br$4 #h ,columbian ,mammo? ,:ite4 ,^? includ$ )9 a brace h little or no diff]5ce ( season4 ,! numb]s m>k _! rank ) reg>d to yield1 #a be+ ! highe/4 ,! gr\nd occupi$ by ?is plantation is a r l[ bottom-l&1 be+ built up ( a clay silt f ! =m] ov]fl[ ( two creeks1 mix$ ) vegetable mold4 ,x is r too compact = ! be/ gr[? ( asp>agus1 z x conta9s v little s&4 ,,iv ,,se$ ,,gr[+ ,! asp>agus plant beg9s to produce se$ :5 two ye>s old4 ,:5 fully develop$ ! /alks are f five to six feet 9 hight1 ) num]\s bran*es ^u :i* are produc$ a pr(usion ( bright sc>let b]ries1 conta9+ f ?ree to six se$s ea*4 ,x is n advisable1 h[ev]1 to h>ve/ se$ f plants less ?an f\r ye>s old4 ,to save ! se$ ! /alks are cut close to ! gr\nd z soon z ! b]ries are ripe1 :i* may be kn[n by _! *ang+ color1 f gre5 to sc>let1 & s(t5+ some:at4 ,! entire /alks are !n cut (f1 ti$ 9 bundles1 & hung up 9 a dry place safe f ! attacks ( birds1 "s k9ds ( :i* are v fond ( ?is se$4 ,aft] ! b]ries are fully dri$ !y are /ripp$ (f by h&1 or ?ra%$ ^u a clo? or floor1 & sep>at$ f ! *aff4 ,!y are !n soak$ 9 wat] = a day or two to s(t5 ! sk9 & pulp ( ! b]ries1 aft] :i* !y are rubb$ betwe5 ! h&s1 or ma%$ ) a wood5 p\nd]1 to break ! out] %ells4 ,! sep>ation ( ! pulp f ! se$ is accompli%$ by wa%+4 ,:5 plac$ 9 wat] ! se$s w settle ) ! pulp & ! %ells w readily pass away 9 p\r+ (f ! wat]4 ,to clean ! se$s ?or\ghly ! wa%+ has to be repeat$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,x is !n spread on bo>ds or trays to dry 9 ! sun & w9d4 ,aft] ! fir/ day x %\ld be remov$ f ! sun1 b expos$ to ! air 9 a dry l(t1 spread ?9 = t5 days or m4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dri$ ! se$ is /or$ 9 l95 or pap] bags until ne$$4 ,:5 *eapness ( ! se$ is ! ma9 consid]ation su* promiscu\s h>ve/+ may be p]missible1 b :5 only ! be/ is desir$ c>eful selection & prep>ation becomes necess>y4 ,ev5 if ! p>5t plants are ( *oice types1 n all ! se$s f !m are equally good4 ,! se$1 = in/ance1 :i* has be5 ga!r$ f a /ool :i* has fl[]$ side by side ) an inf]ior k9d1 & at ! same "t1 may be wor?less1 because x has be5 f]tiliz$ badly4 ,!n ! la/ heads g5]ally yield no?+ b d\btful se$ :i* seldom reproduces ! prop] type4 ,! se$s :i* gr[ at ! end ( ! %oots also1 z well z ^? produc$ by ! upp] & l[] extremities ( ! /em1 h ! same defect4 ,9 ord] to insure ! production ( ! v be/ asp>agus se$ a suffici5t numb] ( pi/illate or se$-be>+ plants1 :i* produce ! /ronge/ & be/ spe>s1 %\ld be select$ & m>k$ s t !y may be di/+ui%$ ! foll[+ spr+ :5 ! %oots appe>4 ,^! clumps %\ld be close toge!r & ne> "s /am9ate or male plants :i* h to be m>k$ likewise1 z )\t _! pres5ce f]tile se$ c n be produc$4 ,! numb] ( ! male to ! female plants %\ld be ab\t "o to f\r or five4 ,! foll[+ spr+ all ! spr\ts ( ! select$ male plants are all[$ to gr[ )\t cutt+ any4 ,on ea* hill ( ! female plants ! two /ronge/ & e>lie/ /alks are all[$ to gr[1 cutt+ ! lat] appe>+ spe>s ) ! o!rs = m>ket or home use4 ,?us ^! e>ly /alks ( bo? male & female plants bloom toge!r be=e any o!r /alks1 & ! blooms on ! female plants w be f]tiliz$ ) ! poll5 ( ! select$ male plants4 ,?is la/ is ( prime importance1 = on prop] f]tilization dep5ds ! purity ( ! se$ z well z ! vigor ( ! resultant plant4 ,n all se$ ( ev5 a good plant prop]ly f]tiliz$ %\ld be us$ = reproduction1 z ( ! se$s ga!r$ f any plant "s w be bett] ?an o!rs4 ,only ! l>ge/1 plumpe/1 & be/ matur$ se$s %\ld be us$1 = by sav+ ^! ! mo/ ne>ly typical plants ( ! sort w be mo/ c]ta9ly produc$4 ,! selection ( ! be/ se$ f typical plants is z ess5tial to success z are good soil1 ?or\gh cultivation1 & heavy manur+4 ,! be/ se$s are produc$ f ! l[] "p ( ! /alk1 h5ce x is well to top ! plant aft] ! se$ is well set1 tak+ (f ab\t t5 in*es1 & to remove ! b]ries f ! upp] bran*es1 t all ! /r5g? may g to ! full developm5t ( ! m desirable b]ries4 ,if1 aft] ?is has be5 done1 !re is m ?an suffici5t se$ = ! purpose desir$1 a second discrim9ation c be made betwe5 ! se$ ( plants :i* produce num]\s b]ries & ^? :i* are %y be>]s1 ! latt] be+ desirable1 z ?is indicates a t5d5cy 9 ! plant to produce /alk r ?an se$1 & x is z a /alk produc] t asp>agus is valuable4 ,h>ve/+1 clean+1 & pres]v+ ! se$ is1 ( c\rse1 to be done c>efully2 ! sep>ation ( ! heavy & ! light se$s c be accompli%$ by means ( wat]1 :ile ! l>g] c be select$ f ! resultant mass by ! use ( a prop]ly me%$ sieve4 ,v ,,! ,,rais+ ,,( ,,plants ,asp>agus c be propagat$ by division ( ! roots1 b ?is me?od gives s unsatisfactory results t x is r>ely practic$4 ,rais+ ! plants f se$ is !re=e ! only me?od wor? consid]+4 ,! se$ may be s[n ei!r 9 ! fall or spr+4 ,b f> m important ?an ! "t = s[+ is ! quality ( ! se$4 ,:ile asp>agus se$ reta9s its vitality = two or m ye>s1 x is n safe to use se$ old] ?an "o ye>4 ,fre% se$ may be recogniz$ by its glossy black color & uni=m smoo? surface1 :ile old se$ has a smutty gray color & its surface is g5]ally r\gh & wr9kl$4 ,yet ev5 ) ?is z a guide x is n easy to di/+ui% bad f good se$1 & /ill m difficult1 if n impossible1 is x to di/+ui% ! se$ ( diff]5t v>ieties4 ,x is !re=e advisable to procure se$ only f deal]s ( und\bt$ reliability & pay a fair price = x r ?an to accept poor se$ z a gift4 ,a uni=mity ( ! individual plants 9 ! asp>agus b$ or field is a matt] ( prime importance2 only l>ge1 fully develop$ se$s %\ld be us$1 scre5+ out & reject+ all small & inf]ior ones4 ,9 nor!rn latitudes spr+ s[+ is pref]able to fall s[+4 ,! gr\nd ( ! se$-b$ %\ld be well dra9$ & fairly ret5tive ( moi/ure4 ,z soon z ! soil admits ( work+ x %\ld be well pulv]iz$ & enri*$ ) decompos$ manure4 ,on a small scale a spad+-=k is ! be/ implem5t = prep>+ soil = nurs]y r[s ( asp>agus plants4 ,/raight l9es %\ld be m>k$ ab\t fifte5 in*es ap>t & drills made ab\t an in* deep :5 ! s[+ is done v e>ly 9 ! season1 & "o-half to "o in* deep] :5 ! s[+ is done lat]4 ,9 ^! drills ! se$ %\ld be dropp$ two or ?ree in*es ap>t4 ,! cov]+ may be made ) a hoe1 aft] :i* ! soil %\ld be well press$ d[n ) ! foot4 ,z ! se$ is sl[ to g]m9ate--9 f f\r to six weeks1 accord+ to wea!r conditions--x is well to s[ ) x a few radi% se$s1 :i* w soon appe> & m>k ! l9es ( ! drills1 s t cultivation may beg9 at once4 ,soak+ ! se$ 9 luke-w>m wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e s[+ w ha/5 its g]m9ation4 ,! cultivation ( ! "y plants consi/s 9 keep+ ! soil ab\t !m light1 & free f grass & we$s4 ,mo/ ( ?is "w c be done ) a g>d5 cultivator1 or a hoe & rake or prong hoe1 b "s h& we$+ is g5]ally necess>y 9 addition4 ,/rict att5tion to ?is w save a ye> 9 "t1 = if ! se$-b$ has be5 neglect$1 x w take two ye>s to get ! plants z l>ge z !y %\ld be 9 "o ye> if !y _h be5 prop]ly c>$ =4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is v frequ5t neglect ( prop] cultivation ( ! se$-b$1 x is a common impression t ! plants mu/ be two ye>s old be=e transplant+4 ,"o p\nd ( se$ w produce ab\t #aj1jjj plants1 b z _m ( ^! w h to be ?9n$ out & poor ones reject$1 x is n safe to c\nt ^u m ?an "o-half ( ?is numb] ( good plants4 ,! numb] ( plants requir$ = an acre v>ies accord+ to ! mann] ( plant+4 ,if plant$ 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t & two feet 9 ! r[s1 x w require #g1bfj plants p] acre2 if plant$ ?ree by f\r1 #c1fcj p] acre4 ,,s[+ ,,! ,,se$ ,,:]e ,,! ,,plants ,,are ,,to ,,rema9 ,gr[+ asp>agus )\t transplant+ is gradually f9d+ _m advocates among ^? :o raise only ! gre5 article4 ,x is n only a *eap] b 9 "s respects a bett] me?od ?an ! rais+ ( ! plants 9 a special se$-b$1 f :i* !y are transplant$ aft] a ye> or two4 ,! plan is v simple1 wrote ,pet] ,h5d]son 9 ,am]ican ,agriculturi/1 & c be foll[$ by any "o hav+ ev5 a slight k ( f>m+ or g>d5+ "w4 ,9 ! fall prep>e ! l& by manur+1 deep pl[+1 & h>r[+1 mak+ x z level & smoo? z possible = ! reception ( ! se$4 ,/rike out l9es ?ree feet ap>t & ab\t two to ?ree in*es deep1 9 :i* s[ ! se$ by h& or se$-drill1 z is mo/ conv5i5t1 us+ f five to sev5 p\nds ( se$ to ea* acre4 ,aft] s[+1 & be=e cov]+1 tread d[n ! se$ 9 ! r[s ) ! feet ev5ly2 !n draw ! back ( ! rake l5g?wise ov] ! r[s1 aft] :i* roll ! :ole surface4 ,z soon z ! l& is dry & fit to "w 9 ! spr+1 ! "y plants ( asp>agus w />t ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 suffici5t to def9e ! r[s4 ,at once beg9 to cultivate ) h& or horse cultivator1 & /ir ! gr\nd s z to de/roy ! embryo we$s1 break+ ! soil 9 ! r[s betwe5 ! plants ) ! f+]s or h& we$] = ! same purpose4 ,?is mu/ be repeat$ at int]vals ( two or ?ree weeks dur+ ! summ]1 z ! success ( ?is plan is entirely dep5d5t on keep+ d[n ! we$s1 :i*1 if all[$ to gr[1 w\ld soon smo!r ! asp>agus plants1 t1 = ! fir/ season ( _! gr[?1 are weak] ?an mo/ we$s4 ,9 two or ?ree mon?s aft] />t+1 ! asp>agus w h atta9$ t5 or twelve in*es 9 hight1 & x mu/ n[ be ?9n$ out1 s t ! plants /& n9e in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,by fall !y w be f two to ?ree feet 9 hight &1 if ! directions = culture h be5 fai?fully foll[$1 /rong & vigor\s4 ,:5 ! /ems die d[n 7b n be=e7 cut !m (f close to ! gr\nd1 & cov] ! l9es = five or six in*es on ea* side ) two or ?ree in*es ( r\gh manure4 ,! foll[+ spr+ r5ew cultivation1 & keep d[n ! we$s ! second ye> exactly z 0 done dur+ ! fir/1 & s on to ! spr+ ( ! f\r? ye>1 :5 a crop w be produc$ t w well rew>d all ! labor t has be5 exp5d$4 ,sometimes1 if ! l& is p>ticul>ly suitable1 a m>ketable crop may be secur$ ! ?ird ye>1 b z a rule x w be bett] to wait until ! f\r? ye> be=e cutt+ mu*1 z ?is w\ld weak5 ! plants4 ,to comp5sate = ! loss ( a ye>'s "t 9 ?us gr[+ asp>agus f se$1 cabbage1 lettuce1 onions1 beets1 sp9a* or simil> crops t w be m>ketable be=e ! asp>agus has gr[n high en\gh to int]f]e ) !m1 may be plant$ betwe5 ! r[s ( asp>agus ! fir/ ye> ( its gr[? ) b little injury to x4 ,,good ,,crops ,,two ,,ye>s ,,f ,,se$ ,9 answ] to ! _m inquiries z to h[ asp>agus c be gr[n to weigh two & ?ree-f\r?s p\nds p] bun* ( tw5ty-six /alks f plants two ye>s old f se$1 z exhibit$ at a rec5t ,am]ican ,in/itute spr+ exhibition1 ,george ,m4 ,hay1 ( ,connecticut1 writes 9 ,am]ican ,g>d5+ z foll[s3 ,select a piece ( gr\nd :]e ! soil is light1 b ( a good dep?1 & pl[ ?or\ghly4 ,ab\t ! #a/ ( ,may m>k (f ! r[s ?ree or f\r feet ap>t--= myself ,i pref] ! latt] di/ance z giv+ pl5ty ( room = cultivation4 ,run a two-horse pl[ ov] ! same furr[ two or ?ree times & y w h a dep? ( f f\rte5 to eighte5 in*es4 ,tr5*es hav+ be5 all made1 we come to ! mo/ important "p--namely1 manur+4 ,9 ord] to give ! "y plants a good />t aft] g]m9ation we h to use lib]al quantities ( well-rott$ /able manure1 & 9 ?is ! "y plants make roots t 9 a %ort "t are surpris+4 ,i use a "o-horse load ( manure to e sev5ty-five feet ( drill1 tramp+ x well d[n1 & ) a rake draw f ea* side ( ! tr5* soil to cov] ! manure to a dep? ( f two to ?ree in*es4 ,! surface is rak$ level1 & ) ! end ( a rake or hoe a furr[ "o in* deep is drawn4 ,we are n[ ready = ! se$1 :i* %\ld h be5 soak$ 9 tepid wat] = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is w insure ! imm$iate />t+ ( ! se$ :5 ! soil is moi/ & has n _h a *ance to dry out4 ,if unsoak$ se$ is us$ & we h a dry spell = two or ?ree weeks1 ! se$ w be almo/ useless by ! "t x receives moi/ure en\gh to />t4 ,:5 ! asp>agus is two or ?ree in*es high ?9 out to "o foot ap>t1 be+ v c>eful n to di/urb ! plants left4 ,a piece ( a /ick cut to ! %ape ( a table-knife is an ideal tool = ?9n+ out ! "y plants4 ,x w be necess>y to we$ ! r[s by h&1 :ile ! plants are v small1 = a di/ance ( six in*es on ea* side1 z ! cultivator1 if run too close1 w cov] up ! "y plants4 ,keep ! horse cultivator at "w z (t5 z possible to ma9ta9 moi/ure = ! "y roots4 ,by fall y w be surpris$ to le>n h[ f> ! "y roots h travel$ & ! cr[ns prep>$ = next ye>'s crop4 ,cov] ! r[s ) /able manure = ! w9t]1 & 9 spr+ give a dress+ ( "o p\nd ( nitrate ( soda to "o hundr$ feet ( drill1 & y w be well repaid = ! extra labor & outlay by be+ able to cut asp>agus ( extra size 9 two ye>s f ! "t ( s[+ ! se$1 do+ away ) ! transplant+ ( two-ye>-old roots1 & !n wait+ two m ye>s be=e ! fir/ crop c be cut4 ,! pr9cipal objection :i* has be5 made aga9/ ?is sy/em ( n transplant+ is t x does n admit ( a c>eful *oice ( plants1 z ! plants mu/ be kept 9 ! places :]e s[n1 :ile 9 ! transplant+ me?od we ne$ use only ! *oice/ plants2 !n1 if two or ?ree se$s come up close toge!r1 x is v difficult to ?9 !m out1 & if left !y w produce an inf]ior gr[?4 ,,pot-,,gr[n ,,asp>agus ,,plants ,9 ! te/s made at ! ,miss\ri ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,c4 ,:itt5 f\nd t x is mu* bett] to plant ! se$s 9 six in*es ( ri*1 s&y soil 9 ! gre5h\se or hotb$1 9 ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*1 ?an to wait two or ?ree mon?s = outdoor plant+4 ,pr(essor ,:itt5 advises to s[ lib]ally1 = sev5-eigh?s ( ! se$l+s %\ld be disc>d$4 ,:5 ! se$l+s are ?ree in*es high1 select ^? :i* h ! ?icke/1 fle%ie/1 & mo/ num]\s /ems1 & pot !m4 ,!y v>y m ?an almo/ any o!r vegetable4 ,_m t appe> l>ge & vigor\s w h broad1 flat1 twi/$1 or corrugat$ /ems4 ,disc>d !m4 ,bew>e1 also1 ( ^? t put out leaves close to ! soil4 ,^! w all make t\gh1 /r+y1 undesirable plants4 ,! be/ plants are ^? :i* are cyl9drical1 smoo?1 & free f ridges4 ,!y %oot up rapidly1 & atta9 a hight ( two in*es be=e leaves are put out4 ,!y look mu* l smoo? ne$les4 ,?is matt] ( select+ ! be/ plants = pott+1 & subsequ5t plant+ out1 is ( ! greate/ importance 9 asp>agus culture4 ,^! "y plants %\ld fir/ be put 9 small pots & mov$ into l>g] ones z soon z !y are well root$4 ,!y may ne$ to be %ift$ twice be=e !y are plant$ out-(-doors1 :i* %\ld be done :5 dang] ( fro/ is ov]4 ,/>t$ 9 ?is way !y cont9ue to gr[ f ! "t !y are plant$ out & rea* v l>ge size ! fir/ season4 ,9 ! case ( nurs]y-gr[n plants1 :]e se$s are s[n directly out-(-doors1 ! "y se$l+s />t v sl[ly1 are v t5d] dur+ _! e>ly gr[?1 & if ! wea!r is unfavorable !y h>dly become well e/abli%$ be=e autumn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac--,,"o-,,ye>-,,old ,,pot-,,gr[n ,,asp>agus ,,plant ,fig4 #ac %[s a "o-ye>-old plant />t$ 9 ,febru>y 9 ! gre5h\se & transplant$ to ! field ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,plants gr[n 9 ?is way rea* z good size 9 "o ye> z ! nurs]y-gr[n plants usually d 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,,vi ,,selection ,,( ,,plants ,t /rong1 heal?y1 "o-ye>-old plants are 9 e way to be pref]r$ to two or ?ree ye> old ones has be5 demon/rat$ by _m c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts1 & is n[ univ]sally recogniz$ by intellig5t & obs]vant asp>agus gr[]s4 ,! mo/ notewor?y & accurate exp]im5ts 9 ?is l9e 7 made by ! fam\s ,fr5* asp>agus speciali/ ,m4 ,godefroy-,leboeuf1 :o plant$ twelve /ools ( "o1 two1 & ?ree ye>s old respectively 9 ! same soil "u ! same conditions & at ! same "t4 ,call+ ^? plant+s ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 ! foll[+ are ! results obta9$3 ,fir/ ,ye>4--,no4 #a4--;,all ! /ools came up be=e ,may #d?1 & 7 well gr[n4 ,no4 #b4--,t5 /ools %[$ above gr\nd be=e ,may #d?1 "o on ! #aj?1 & "o appe>$ to be dead4 ,! asp>agus heads 7 v f9e--f9]1 inde$1 ?an ^? ( ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #c4--;,eight /ools %[$ above gr\nd be=e ,may #d?1 "o on ! #ab?1 & ?ree gave no signs ( life4 ,! heads 7 v f9e at fir/1 b !y became b5t t[>d ! end ( ! ye> 7,septemb] #ae?71 & 7 mu* weak] ?an ^? ( ,no4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,ye>4--,no4 #a4--,well-gr[n1 regul>1 & /rong heads1 :i* measur$ on ,septemb] #ae? "o in* 9 circumf]5ce4 ,no4 #b4--,well-gr[n b irregul> heads1 some:at weak] ?an ^? ( ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #c4--,only pretty well-gr[n heads1 v irregul>1 "s ( ! /ools hav+ z _m z eight or t51 b all v weak4 ,"o /ool di$ aft] gr[+ two heads4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,ye>4--,no4 #a4--,magnific5t gr[?s1 ! heads measur+ on ,april #aj? f two in*es to ?ree & "o-qu>t] in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,no4 #b4--;,gr[? passable only1 b v irregul>4 ,"s ( ! /ools 7 v small4 ,! f9e/ ( !m produc$ heads :i* f ,april #h? to #aj? only measur$ two & "o-half in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,no4 #c4--;,gr[? v poor & v irregul>4 ,"s ( ! /ools cont9u$ to produce small heads n mu* ?ick] ?an a quill p51 ! l>ge/ be+ f "o & "o-half in* to two in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\r? ,ye>4--,no4 #a4--;,gr[? v rem>kable4 ,! heads began to %[ on ,april #c;d1 #d?1 #e?1 #g?1 & #aj?4 ,"s 7 f ?ree & "o-qu>t] in*es to f\r in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & measur$ f\r & ?ree-qu>t] in*es4 ,fifty ( ! heads =m$ a bundle :i* weigh$ sev5 p\nds4 ,no4 #b4--;,gr[? passable1 b lat] ?an ,no4 #a4 ,! heads made _! fir/ appe>ance on ,april #f?1 #aj?1 & #aa?4 ,_m ( !m 7 v small2 fifty ( !m b>ely made half a bundle1 & only weigh$ ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] p\nds4 ,no4 #c4--;,gr[? b poor1 & some:at late4 ,! heads made _! appe>ance on ,april #d?1 #f?1 #i?1 & #aa?2 "o did n %[ till ! #bb;d4 ,fifty heads b>ely =m$ half a bundle & only weigh$ two & "o-half p\nds4 ,to sum up1 x is cle> t ! plants ( a ye> old 9 _! f\r? season--t is to say1 aft] hav+ be5 plant$ out = ?ree ye>s--gave a bundle weigh+ sev5 p\nds1 :ile ^? ( two ye>s old only gave ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] p\nds1 & ^? ( ?ree ye>s old only two & "o-half p\nds2 9 o!r words1 tak+ r\nd numb]s1 ! plantation made ) ! "o-ye>-old plants produc$ d\ble ! crop ( ! two-ye>-old plants & treble t ( ! ?ree-ye>-old plants4 ,! read] may easily draw 8 conclusions f ! prec$+ facts4 ,equally important is a c>eful selection ( ! individual plants to be set out4 ,a cr[n ) f\r or five /rong1 well-develop$ buds is f> bett] ?an "o ) a doz5 or m ( weak & sickly ones1 z ! latt] w always produce ?9 & poor spe>s ( poor quality4 ,x is !re=e highly to be recomm5d$ to select only plants ) n ov] six buds & disc>d all o!rs4 ,! roots %\ld be /rong & ( uni=m ?ickness1 succul5t & n too fibr\s4 ,dry or )]$ roots h to be cut (f1 & plants ) _m bruis$ or o!rwise damag$ roots %\ld be reject$ entirely4 ,! be/ roots are ! *eape/4 ,,male ,,& ,,female ,,plants ,x has long be5 obs]v$ t all ( ! asp>agus plants 9 a b$ d n produce se$s1 ow+ to ! fact t ! male & female fl[]s 9 asp>agus are ne>ly always borne on sep>ate plants4 ,se$ be>+ is an exhau/ive process1 &1 z might be suppos$1 ^? plants t h produc$ se$ h less vigor ?an ^? t h n4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 vigor betwe5 ! se$ be>+ & non-se$ be>+ plants1 ,pr(4 ,william ,j4 ,gre51 horticulturi/ ( ! ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 /ak$ (f fifty ( ea* 9 a plantation ( half an acre4 ,:5 ! cutt+s 7 made ! %oots tak5 f male & female plants 7 kept sep>ate1 & ! weight ( ea* record$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #i1 ,volume ,,iii41 ( ! ,ohio ,/ation1 z foll[s3 ,! cutt+s 7 made at regul> int]vals & 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 z = m>ket purposes4 ,! weight ( %oots tak5 at ea* cutt+ is n giv5 9 ! table1 s9ce ! facts are q z well %[n by /at+ ! aggregate weight = p]iods ( t5 days ea*4 ,! division into p]iods is made = ! purpose ( %[+ comp>ative e>l9ess4 ,?is c\ld be %[n 9 a m m>k$ degree by tak+ ! fir/ & second cutt+s alone1 b !y 7 too limit$ 9 quantity to admit ( conclusions be+ drawn f !m2 h5ce !y are includ$ ) ! o!r cutt+s 9 ! same p]iod4 ,,product ,,f ,,fifty ,,plants ,,ea*1 ,,male ,,& ,,female ,product f,product f fifty male fifty female plants plants ---------------------------------------- --------- ,ounces ,ounces ,fir/ p]iod1 #aj days #cg #ba ,second p]iod1 #aj days #ajd #fh ,?ird p]iod1 #aj days #bff #afd ,f\r? p]iod1 #aj days #bjc #aed ------------------------- ,total = ! season #faj #djg ,?is %[s a ga9 ( ! male ov] ! female plants ( sev5ty-six p] c5t4 = ! fir/ p]iod1 & a fraction less ?an fifty p] c5t4 = ! :ole season4 ,rev]s+ ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 x w be se5 t ! female plants fall bel[ ! male =ty-?ree p] c5t4 = ! fir/ p]iod1 & a little m ?an ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 9 ! total4 ,9 no case did ! female plants produce equally ) ! male4 ,if comp>ative e>l9ess is det]m9$ by ! date ( fir/ cutt+ alone1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! male & female plants1 s9ce ! fir/ cutt+ 0 made on bo? at ! same date2 b tak+ quantity ( product into consid]ation1 :i* is ! prop] me?od1 !re is a decid$ diff]5ce1 ! ga9 ( ! male ov] ! female plants be+ sev5ty-six1 fifty-two1 sixty-?ree1 & ?irty-"o p] c5t4 = ! f\r p]iods respectively4 ,! diff]5ce 9 yield betwe5 ! two 0 greate/ at fir/1 & dim9i%$ t[>d ! la/1 :i* practically am\nts to ! same ?+ z ! male be+ e>li] ?an ! female4 ,!re is a /ill fur!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two 9 quality ( product1 ! %oots ( ! female plant be+ small] & inf]ior to ^? ( ! male4 ,x is n safe to draw conclusions f su* limit$ obs]vations z ^!1 fur!r1 at lea/1 ?an to accept !m z repres5t+ ! tru? approximately4 ,all[+ a wide m>g9 = possible error1 !re w\ld /ill seem to be suffici5t diff]5ce 9 productive capacity betwe5 ! male & female plants to ju/ify ! selection ( ! =m] & rejection ( ! latt] :5 a new plantation is to be />t$4 ,if ! figures giv5 9 ! table are tak5 z a basis1 ! ga9 9 ! crop1 if ! male plants alone 7 us$1 w\ld ea* season pay = all ! plants reject$1 & leave a h&some m>g9 at ! end ( ! t]m ( ye>s :5 an asp>agus b$ has s]v$ its p]iod ( usefulness4 ,male plants c be secur$ by division ( old plants1 or by select+ ^? t be> no se$1 aft] !y h atta9$ ! age ( two ye>s4 ,9 summ+ up ! results ( ?is exp]im5t1 ,pr(essor ,gre5 /ates t male asp>agus plants are ab\t fifty p] c5t4 m productive ?an female plants1 & ! %oots be+ l>g] h a great] m>ket value4 ,,vii ,,! ,,soil ,,& ,,its ,,prep>ation ,z asp>agus 9 its wild /ate is usually f\nd gr[+ 9 light & s&y soils along or ne> ! sea%ore1 x has long be5 suppos$ t x c\ld n be cultivat$ 9 o!r localities & soils4 ,:ile x is true t asp>agus succe$s be/ 9 a s&y1 ri*1 & friable loam1 naturally und]dra9$ & yet n too dry1 !re is n ano!r vegetable :i* accommodates itself m readily to z v>y+ soils & conditions4 ,!re is h>dly a ,/ate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 :i* at pres5t asp>agus is n gr[n m or less ext5sively & pr(itably1 & ! mo/ fam\s asp>agus di/ricts ( ,france & ,g]many are situat$ at great di/ances f ! sea%ore4 ,! "q ( :at soil to use is1 z a rule1 already settl$2 we h to use ! soil we h4 ,any good g>d5 soil is suitable = asp>agus1 & if x is n 9 ! mo/ favorable condition1 "u exi/+ circum/ances1 x c easily be made s4 ,! soil %\ld be free f roots1 /ones1 or any mat]ial t w n readily dis9tegrate1 or t w int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ! spe>s1 & ) ! knife 9 cutt+4 ,fruit or o!r trees1 or high %rubs1 mu/ n be all[$ 9 ! asp>agus b$1 because ( ! %ade !y ?r[ ov] ! b$s1 & because _! roots make heavy drafts ^u ! soil4 ,nor %\ld high trees1 h$ges1 hills1 or build+s be s ne> z to %ade ! b$s1 because all ! sun%9e obta9able is ne$$ to br+ ! spe>s quickly to ! surface4 ,:5ev] practicable ! asp>agus b$ %\ld be protect$ f cold w9ds1 & s slope t ! full b5efit ( ! sun%9e w be obta9$ dur+ ! :ole day4 ,br9ckmei]1 9 8 ,brauns*weig] ,sp>gelbu*1 gives ! foll[+ ?ree rules = guidance 9 select+ a location = asp>agus b$s3 #a4 ,"o %\ld *oose1 9 ref]5ce to gr\nd *>act]i/ics1 op51 free-ly+ l&1 protect$ to ! nor? & ea/ :i*1 = ,am]ican conditions1 %\ld be nor? & we/1 ( gradual slope1 free f trees or %rubb]y4 #b4 ,! field %\ld be expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun all day long2 !re=e1 a s\!rn exposure is desirable1 or1 if t is n obta9able1 a s\?we/]ly or s\!a/]ly slope1 because ei!r ea/1 we/1 or nor? exposure w cause %ade dur+ a great] or less portion ( ! day4 #c4 ,/&+1 /agnant gr\nd wat]1 :i* _c be drawn (f by dra9age1 is to be avoid$1 ! requirem5ts ( ! plants indicat+ a some:at damp subsoil1 b n too high gr\nd wat]4 ,= comm]cial purposes on a l>ge scale1 & :5 ! truck] has ! *oice ( location1 a well-dra9$1 light1 deep1 s&y loam1 ) a light clay subsoil1 is to be pref]r$ to any o!r4 ,heavy clay soil1 or l& ) a h>d-pan subsoil1 or1 9 fact1 any soil t is cold & wet1 is totally unfit = pr(itable asp>agus gr[+1 unless x is ?or\ghly und]dra9$ & made light] by a pl5tiful addition ( s& & muck4 ,fre$om f we$s is v desirable1 ev5 m s ?an great f]tility1 = ! latt] c be produc$ by heavy manur+1 :i* ! future cultivation w require2 & to ! end t we$s may be few1 x is well t = a ye> or two previ\s to plant+ ! l& %\ld h be5 occupi$ by "s ho$ crop1 su* z potatoes1 beets1 cabbage1 etc4 ,l& on :i* corn has be5 gr[+ = two or ?ree ye>s is 9 excell5t condition = an asp>agus field1 provid$ x has be5 heavily manur$ "o ye> previ\s to ! plant+ ( ! roots4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,gr\nd ,asp>agus diff]s f mo/ o!r vegetables 9 t x is a p]5nial1 & :5 once plant$ prop]ly1 9 suitable soil1 x w cont9ue to produce an annual crop = a g5]ation if n = an indef9ite p]iod1 :ile if ! "w is done c>elessly & )\t consid]ation = ! plant's requirem5ts ! plantation w nev] prove satisfactory & w run out entirely 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4 ,! e/abli%+ ( an asp>agus b$ is naturally m exp5sive ?an ! plant+ & rais+ ( annual vegetables4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! plants h to be tak5 c>e ( = ?ree ye>s be=e a crop c be h>ve/$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an asp>agus b$ is an inve/m5t = a lifetime1 & ! divid5ds d]iv$ f x increase 9 proportion to ! c>e & ?or\ghness be/[$ ^u ! prep>ation ( ! l&4 ,x is at once app>5t1 !n1 t no?+ %\ld be neglect$ to br+ ! soil into ! be/ possible condition be=e plant+4 ,?is tru? 0 fully recogniz$ by ! g>d5]s ( =m] ye>s :o practic$ mo/ extraord9>y me?ods 9 ord] to br+ ! l& into ! mo/ favorable condition = asp>agus4 ,ev5 n[ 9 "s ,european c\ntries1 :]e labor is *eap1 ! entire gr\nd is tr5*$ to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet1 turn+ 9 at ! same "t all ! available manure1 seawe$1 & o!r f]tiliz+ mat]ial4 ,a fam\s old-"t asp>agus b$ 9 ,engl& 0 made 9 ?is mann]3 ,! l& 0 tr5*$ ?ree feet deep 9 tr5*es ?ree feet wide & ca/ up into r\gh ridges1 aft] a crop ( summ] peas4 ,all decay+ vegetation 9 ! rubbi% y>ds & corn]s 0 at ! same "t well sort$ & turn$ up4 ,e>ly 9 autumn also 7 add$ "s old mu%room1 melon1 & cucumb] b$ mat]ial1 a lot ( manure f pigg]ies1 c[ h\ses1 & /ables1 a quantity ( road-grit & s&1 a quantity ( dit* & dra9 p>+s1 turfy loam & sods1 q ?ree feet ?ick4 ,^! 7 all turn$ ov] f\r times & well incorporat$ toge!r1 betwe5 ,mi*aelmas & ,lady ,day1 z "o w\ld a dungheap1 ! :ole be+ left 9 l>ge ridges expos$ to ! fro/4 ,by ,april ?is compo/ 0 9 a k9dly /ate2 x 01 !re=e1 laid d[n & plant$ ) good1 clean "o-ye>-old asp>agus plants1 :i* c]ta9ly grew 9 a mo/ extraord9>y way4 ,ano!r elaborate way ( mak+ an asp>agus b$1 =m]ly practic$ 9 ,france1 is describ$ by ,dr4 ,maccullogh z foll[s3 ,a pit ! size ( ! int5d$ plantation is dug f\r feet 9 dep?1 & ! mold tak5 f x mu/ be sift$1 tak+ c>e to reject all /ones1 ev5 z l[ 9 size z a filb]t nut4 ,! be/ "p ( ! mold mu/ !n be laid aside be=e mak+ up ! b$s4 ,! mat]ials ( ! b$ are !n to be laid 9 ! foll[+ proportions & ord]3 ,six in*es ( common dunghill manure1 eight in*es ( turf1 six in*es ( dung z be=e1 six in*es ( sift$ e>?1 eight in*es ( turf1 six in*es ( v rott5 dung1 eight in*es ( ! be/ ( e>?4 ,! la/ lay] ( e>? mu/ !n be well mix$ ) ! la/ ( dung4 ,! comp>tm5t mu/ n[ be divid$ into b$s five feet wide by pa?s con/ruct$ ( turf two feet 9 bread? & "o foot 9 ?ickness4 ,a b$ prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 & plant$ & cultivat$ ) z mu* pa9/ak+ c>e1 w no d\bt produce asp>agus ( unsurpass$ quality1 & may la/ =ev]4 ,yet ! use ( mod]n implem5ts & a bett] k ( ! nature & requirem5ts ( ! plant h demon/rat$ t fir/-class asp>agus c be produc$ ) f> less exp5se & labor4 ,:ile a deep & loose soil produces e>li] & bett] crops ?an a heavy & %all[ "o1 indiscrim9ate deep5+ ( ! soil by tr5*+ or o!r means is n always desirable1 ev5 :]e ! co/ does n come into consid]ation4 ,:5 ! subsoil is v light & poor & defici5t 9 humus1 ! plac+ ( ! bett] surface soil bel[ & ! inf]tile l[] /rata above1 tr5*+ w\ld be a positive detrim5t4 ,! same w\ld be ! case :]e ! subsoil consi/s ( heavy imp]vi\s clay4 ,9 ! fall prec$+ plant+ ! l& %\ld be pl[$ deeply & left 9 ! r\gh /ate dur+ ! w9t]4 ,subsoil+ has (t5 be5 recomm5d$1 yet practical gr[]s b r>ely make use ( ! subsoil pl[ 9 ! prep>ation ( asp>agus plantations1 al?\gh ! value ( subsoil+ :]e ! subsoil is heavy c n be d\bt$4 ,:]e /able or b>ny>d manure c be _h *eaply1 & ! soil is heavy1 a lib]al coat spread broadca/ ov] ! surface & left to ! action ( ! wea!r dur+ w9t] w ameliorate ! gr\nd consid]ably4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! same object may be obta9$ by apply+ ! manure 9 spr+4 ,joseph ,h>ris m5tions a case 9 :i* a b$ 0 pl[$ & subsoil$ 9 ! fall & ! soil fill$ ) manure1 :ile ano!r b$ ne> by 0 plant$ )\t manure1 or extra prep>ation ( any k9d1 rely+ entirely on artificial f]tiliz]s aft] plant+1 & ! latt] 0 by f> ! bett] b$4 ,z e>ly 9 spr+ z ! gr\nd is 9 suitable condition to be work$ x has to be pl[$ & h>r[$ & br\ght into z p]fect condition z possible4 ,,viii ,,plant+ ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle & ,nor!rn ,/ates1 spr+1 z soon z ! soil c be work$ to good advantage1 is decid$ly ! mo/ favorable "t = plant+ asp>agus4 ,if x is n practicable to plant ?us e>ly1 ! "w may sometimes be delay$ up to ! middle ( ,june4 ,9 plant+ ?us late1 h[ev]1 prep>ation has to be made = wat]+ ! plants 9 case ( dr\?1 else failure be inevitable4 ,x is also necess>y to d ! "w z exp$iti\sly z possible1 s z n to expose ! roots to ! dry+ influ5ces ( ! sun & w9d4 ,fall plant+ is advisable only 9 climates :]e !re is no dang] ( w9t]-kill+ ( ! roots4 ,aft] ! gr\nd has be5 pl[$ & h>r[$1 or spad$ & rak$ ov]1 & br\ght into z mell[ a condition z possible1 ! r[s = plant+ are to be laid out4 ,x is usually recomm5d$ to h ! r[s run nor? & s\?1 s z to readily admit ! sunlight4 ,:5 ?is is n practicable1 h[ev]1 x ne$ n det] any "o f mak+ an asp>agus b$1 z x is m important to h ! r[s run ) ! slope ( ! l& ?an 9 any p>ticul> direction ( ! compass1 9 ord] to provide ready surface dra9age4 ,,di/ance ,,to ,,plant ,z to ! be/ di/ance betwe5 ! r[s & ! plants 9 ! r[s !re is a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion1 m s ?an ) almo/ any o!r cultivat$ plant4 ,no unv>y+ rule c be laid d[n on ?is po9t1 z x dep5ds l>gely ^u ! me*anical condition1 dep?1 & f]tility ( ! soil4 ,9 a ri*1 mod]ately heavy soil1 ! roots may be plant$ clos] ?an 9 a poor1 light soil4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! pres5t day is = giv+ ! plants consid]ably m room ?an :at =m]ly 0 ?\ght to be ample4 ,intellig5t obs]v]s c\ld n fail to notice t cr[d$ asp>agus b$s produce lat] & small] crops1 & ( inf]ior size & quality2 t !y d n la/ z long2 & t !y are m liable to attacks f insects & fungi ?an :5 m room is giv5 to ! plants4 ,g>d5]s ( b a few decades ago _h no idea ( ! possibility ( rais+ a pr(itable crop ( asp>agus plant$ f\r or five feet ap>t1 & w\ld h look$ ) d]ision ^u any "o advocat+ s wild a s*eme4 ,! rema9s ( run out1 old-"t asp>agus b$s are /ill 9 evid5ce 9 _m old f>m g>d5s4 ,! r[s 9 ^! 7 orig9ally "o foot ap>t & ! plants 9 ! r[s ev5 clos] ?an ?is1 & p]haps aft] e ?ird or f\r? r[ !re 0 a pa? two feet wide4 ,( c\rse1 9 su* a b$1 aft] a few ye>s1 ! entire gr\nd became a solid mass ( roots1 & ! /alks became small] & t\gh] f ye> to ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad--;,,horizontal ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,f\r-,,ye>-,,old ,,asp>agus ,,root ,9 mo/ asp>agus sections special cu/oms prevail1 & ev5 9 ^! diff]5t gr[]s h _! individual pref]5ces2 b all agree t asp>agus %\ld nev] be plant$ clos] ?an two feet 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t4 ,= ! home g>d5 !re is no bett] plan ?an to plant b a s+le r[1 ) ! plants two or ?ree feet ap>t1 along ! edge or bord] ( ! gr\nd1 b n ne>] ?an f\r or five feet to o!r plants1 & 9 case ( grape-v9es ev5 m room %\ld be giv54 ,"h !y require b little c>e1 & ! plants h an unlimit$ space = ! ext5sion ( _! roots 9 se>* ( moi/ure & food4 ,asp>agus ne$s consid]able wat]1 & an acre ( l& w hold s mu* wat] & no m4 ,! m plants !re are on an acre ! less wat] !re w be = ea* plant1 & :at is true ( wat] is also true ( plant food4 ,9 field culture ! di/ance adopt$ by asp>agus gr[]s v>ies f #c x #c feet 7#d1hdj plants p] acre72 #c x #d feet 7#c1fdj plants p] acre72 #d x #d feet 7#b1gbb plants p] acre72 #d x #e feet 7#b1agh plants p] acre72 #e x #f feet 7#a1deb plants p] acre72 #f x #f feet 7#a1baj plants p] acre71 & ev5 m4 ,if ! idea is to h ! plants s f> ap>t t _! roots c n int]lace1 tw5ty feet ea* way w\ld n be too extravagant a di/ance1 "u favorable conditions1 z w readily become app>5t by a glance at ,fig4 #ad4 ,?is illu/ration is an exact reproduction ( ! root sy/em ( an asp>agus plant f\r ye>s f ! se$4 ,! roots spread out ^u a level floor measur$ ?irte5 feet f tip to tip1 ! s+le roots av]ag+ ! ?ickness ( a lead p5cil4 ,?is root grew 9 ,madison ,c\nty1 ,ill41 & 0 wa%$ out ( ! gr\nd--)\t hav+ any ( its roots torn--by ! unusually heavy spr+ ra9s :i* caus$ ! ,piasa ,riv] to ov]fl[ its banks & s5t a curr5t ru%+ ?r\gh ! asp>agus field 9 :i* x grew4 ,if ! plant _h rema9$ 9 its position a few ye>s long] its roots w\ld probably h ext5d$ t5 feet 9 ea* direction4 ,f ?is x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t asp>agus %\ld be plant$ tw5ty or ev5 t5 feet ap>t to produce ! l>ge/ returns1 b x pla9ly %[s :y ! roots %\ld n be plant$ z closely toge!r z 0 cu/om>y 9 =m] ye>s2 & x obvi\sly demon/rates t :5 l& is *eap & manure & labor high1 asp>agus c n be hurt by giv+ x pl5ty ( room4 ,x %\ld also be consid]$ t e>l9ess1 size1 & quality make a great diff]5ce ) ! price & pr(its :5 e>ly & l>ge %oots are 9 dem&4 ,x might be possible to get d\ble ! numb] ( %oots p] acre f ?ick ?an f ?9 plant+1 b !y might be s small & sp9dl+ z n to be wor? ! labor & exp5se ( cutt+ & m>ket+4 ,,dep? ,,( ,,plant+ ,contr>y to ! all b univ]sal belief1 asp>agus is n a deep-root$ plant4 ,9 ! wild /ate its mo/ frequ5t habitat is on ! f]tile m>%es ( ! %orel9e 9 ,europe1 on gr\nd b a few in*es above ! tidewat] :i* p]meates ! s&y subsoil4 ,z ! roots c n live 9 wat]1 !y naturally gr[ to long di/ances p>allel ) ! surface & reta9 ?is habit "u cultivation4 ,! t5d5cy ( gr[? 9 ! asp>agus roots 9 ?is direction is obvi\sly demon/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! prop] dep? ( plant+ asp>agus roots v>ies some:at1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! soil1 ! me?od ( cultivation1 & ! k9d ( spe>s desir$1 :e!r :ite or gre54 ,z ! new cr[ns rise some:at above ! old ones annually1 x seems b rational t ! plants %\ld h suffici5t room = ! new gr[?s be=e _! cr[ns become ev5 ) ! surface ( ! l&4 ,:5 ! cr[n once comes ne> ! level ( ! soil x is impossible to give prop] cultivation1 unless ! entire b$ be rais$ by add+ soil to ! :ole surface4 ,:ile x is true t ! deep] ! cr[ns are plant$ ! lat] !y w />t 9 ! spr+1 ?is is ( acc\nt only dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s4 ,besides1 ! factor ( e>l9ess is n ( ne>ly z mu* importance n[ z x 0 be=e nor!rn m>kets 7 s b\ntifully suppli$ ) ! s\!rn gr[n crops sev]al mon?s be=e ! op5+ ( ! nor!rn season4 ,%all[-plant$ asp>agus spr\ts e>li]1 b soon exhau/s itself1 s5d+ up sp9dl+1 t\gh %oots1 :ile ! deep]-plant$ cr[ns produce l>ge & succul5t spr\ts ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,:5 gre5 asp>agus is desir$1 & !re is no dang] ( ! beetles eat+ ! spr\ts be=e !y are fit = use1 a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es is suffici5t1 b = :ite or blan*$ asp>agus a dep? ( f eight to t5 in*es is necess>y4 ,,mann] ,,( ,,plant+ ,z 9 o!r details ( asp>agus culture1 ! me?ods ( plant+ h und]gone v mat]ial *anges4 ,! =m]ly usual practice ( digg+ deep tr5*es 0 n well f\nd$--9 ! light ( our pres5t exp]i5ce & k--& c\ld be useful only = dra9age4 ,h[ little reg>d 0 paid to ! nature & requirem5ts ( ! plant may readily be p]ceiv$ by read+ ! foll[+ directions = mak+ an asp>agus b$1 b little ov] half a c5tury ago1 9 ,bridgeman's ,"y ,g>d5]s' ,assi/ant3 ,! gr\nd = ! asp>agus b$ %\ld h a l>ge supply ( well-rott$ dung1 ?ree or f\r in*es ?ick1 & !n be regul>ly tr5*$ two spades deep1 & ! dung buri$ equally 9 ea* tr5* twelve or fifte5 in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,:5 ?is tr5*+ is done1 lay two or ?ree in*es ( ?or\ghly rott$ manure ov] ! :ole surface1 & dig ! gr\nd ov] aga9 eight or t5 in*es deep1 mix+ ?is top-dress+1 & incorporat+ x well ) ! e>?4 ,9 family g>d5s x is cu/om>y to divide ! gr\nd ?us prep>$ into b$s1 all[+ f\r feet = e f\r r[s ( plants1 ) alleys two feet & a half wide betwe5 ea* b$4 ,/ra9 y\r l9e along ! b$ six in*es f ! edge2 !n ) a spade cut out a small tr5* or drill close to ! l9e1 ab\t six in*es deep1 mak+ t side next to ! l9e ne>ly upright2 :5 "o tr5* is op5$1 plant t be=e y op5 ano!r1 plac+ ! plants upright t5 or twelve in*es di/ance 9 ! r[1 & let e r[ be twelve in*es ap>t4 ,! plants mu/ n be plac$ flat 9 ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 b ne>ly upright aga9/ ! back ( x1 & s t ! cr[n ( ! plants mu/ also /& upright1 & two or ?ree in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 spread+ _! roots some:at regul>ly aga9/ ! back ( ! tr5*1 & at ! same "t draw+ a little e>? up aga9/ !m ) ! h& z y place !m1 j to fix ! plants 9 _! due position until ! r[ is plant$2 :5 "o r[ is ?us plac$1 ) a rake or hoe draw ! e>? into ! tr5* ov] ! plants1 & !n proce$ to op5 ano!r drill or tr5*1 z be=e direct$1 & fill & cov] x 9 ! same mann]1 & s on until ! :ole is plant$2 !n let ! surface ( ! b$s be rak$ smoo? & cle> f /ones1 etc4 ,"s g>d5]s1 ) a view to hav+ extra l>ge heads1 place _! plants sixte5 in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s in/ead ( twelve1 & by plant+ !m 9 ! qu9cunx mann]--t is1 by comm5c+ ! second r[ eight in*es f ! end ( ! fir/ & ! f\r? ev5 ) ! second--! plants w =m rhomboidal squ>es in/ead ( rectangul> ones1 & e plant w ?us h room to exp& its roots & leaves luxuriantly4 ,9 diametrical contradi/9ction1 & z an example ( ! v pla9e/ & simple/ ( mod]n me?ods1 ,joseph ,h>ris wrote3 ,if y are go+ to plant a small b$ 9 ! g>d51 /ret* a l9e n less ?an f\r feet f any o!r plant1 & ) a hoe make holes along ! l9e1 eighte5 in*es or ?ree feet ap>t1 f\r in*es deep1 & l>ge en\gh to hold ! plants :5 ! roots are spread out horizontally4 ,d n make deep holes /raight d[n 9 ! gr\nd & /ick ! roots 9 z y w\ld a cabbage1 b spread out ! roots4 ,aft] ! roots are set out cov] !m ) f9e soil1 & t is all !re is to x4 ,!n move ! l9e ?ree feet f ! fir/ r[ & repeat ! plant+ until ! b$ is f9i%$4 ,9 ! field make ! r[s ) a common corn-m>k]1 ?ree feet ap>t ea* way1 & set out a plant :]e ! r[s cross4 ,x is b little m "w to plant an acre ( asp>agus ?an an acre ( potatoes4 ,betwe5 ^! extreme me?ods _m diff]5t directions = plant+ asp>agus h be5 giv5 & practic$4 ,mod]n me?ods h n only greatly simplifi$ ! plant+1 b h also mat]ially r$uc$ ! exp5se1 increas$ ! crop1 & improv$ ! quality ( ! product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae--,,tr5*es ,,ready ,,= ,,plant+ ,aft] ! gr\nd has be5 prop]ly prep>$1 x is m>k$ (f 9 p>allel r[s f ?ree to five or m feet ap>t1 accord+ to ! pref]5ces ( ! gr[]4 ,! easie/ way to op5 ^! tr5*es is by pl[+ a furr[ ea* way1 &1 if necess>y1 go+ ov] ! gr\nd a suffici5t numb] ( times to make ! furr[s f eight to t5 in*es deep4 ,aft] ?is ! loose soil is ?r[n out ) a %ovel or a wide hoe1 s z to leave ! tr5*es at a uni=m dep? ( t5 to twelve in*es & ( ! same wid? at ! bottom1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,by rigg+ a piece ( bo>d on ! mold-bo>d ( ! pl[ m soil is ?r[n out1 s t usually x w n be necess>y to g ov] ! gr\nd (t5] ?an twice4 ,! ,messrs4 ,hudson ,son1 ( ,long ,isl&1 h devis$ = _! own use a tr5*] 7,fig4 #af71 :i* ) a good team op5s ! tr5* to ! desir$ dep? 9 "o op]ation & at a great sav+ ( labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af--;,,hudson',s ,,tr5*] ,if ! entire gr\nd has be5 heavily f]tiliz$1 pl[+ manure 9 ! tr5*es w n be necess>y1 yet _m exp]i5c$ asp>agus gr[]s ?9k t x pays to scatt] "s f]tiliz+ mat]ial into ! tr5*es be=e plant+4 ,a favorite plan ) ,long ,isl& gr[]s is to mix half a ton ( gr\nd bone1 or fi% scrap1 ) "o hundr$ p\nds ( nitrate ( soda p] acre1 & ?or\ghly incorporate ?is mixture ) ! soil to a dep? ( ?ree in*es be=e sett+ ! plants4 ,o!rs pref] ?or\ghly decompos$ manure spread ov] ! bottom ( ! furr[1 to a dep? ( ab\t ?ree in*es1 be=e sett+ ! plants4 ,o!rs pref] ?or\ghly decompos$ manure spread ov] ! bottom ( ! furr[1 to a dep? ( ab\t ?ree in*es1 & cov]+ x ) two in*es ( f9e soil4 ,if ! roots are to be plant$ f\r or m feet ap>t x w be suffici5t to ?r[ a %ovelful ( manure :]e ! roots are to be plac$4 ,?is is !n spread out s z to make a lay] ( ab\t ?ree in*es1 :i* is !n cov]$ ) soil4 ,,plac+ ,,! ,,roots ,! prop] plant+ ( ! roots is ! mo/ critical po9t 9 asp>agus culture1 z ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ?is is p]=m$--m ?an ^u o!r detail--dep5ds ! success1 yield1 duration1 & pr(it ( ! plantation4 ,almo/ any o!r neglect c be rem$i$ by aft]-treatm5t1 b c>eless & faulty plant+1 nev]4 ,:atev] c>e & p]sonal att5tion ! gr[] may give to ?is "w w be repaid manyfold 9 future returns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag--;,,asp>agus ,,root ,,9 ,,prop] ,,position ,,= ,,cov]+ ,z /at$ be=e1 only /rong1 heal?y "o-ye>-old plants ) ?ree or f\r /rong buds %\ld be us$1 s z to insure an ev5 gr[? ov] ! entire field1 & at e /age ( ! "w great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to expose ! roots to ! dry+ influ5ces ( sun & w9ds4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is 9 read9ess = plant+1 ! roots are plac$ 9 ! tr5*1 ! cr[n 9 ! c5t] & ! rootlets spread out ev5ly & horizontally1 l ! spokes ( a :eel1 & at once cov]$ ) ?ree in*es ( f9e1 mell[ soil1 :i* is press$ ar\nd !m4 ,if ! gr\nd is dry at plant+-"t x %\ld be press$ d[n q firmly ab\t ! roots1 s z to prev5t _! dry+ out1 & to ha/5 _! gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah--;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,asp>agus ,,b$ ,,aft] ,,plant+ ,to /ill m insure success x is an excell5t plan to draw up little hills ( soil 9 ! bottom ( ! tr5* ov] :i* to place ! roots ) ! cr[ns re/+ on ! top1 ?us rais+ ! cr[ns a few in*es above ! extremities ( ! roots & provid+ = !m a position simil> to :at !y /ood 9 be=e transplant+1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! subsequ5t cov]+ ( ! roots c usually be done ) a "o-horse pl[1 f :i* ! mold-bo>d has be5 remov$1 pass+ d[n ! sides ( ! r[4 ,?is leaves ! plants 9 a depression1 ! soil ?r[n out 9 op5+ ! r[s =m+ a ridge on ea* side1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is depression w gradually become fill$ dur+ ! process ( cultivation ! succe$+ summ]4 ,,ix ,,cultivation ,z g5]ally und]/ood1 ! *ief object ( cultivation is to kill we$s4 ,?is is an errone\s idea1 h[ev]1 z ! appe>ance ( we$s s]ves simply z ,nature's rem9d] ( ! necessity ( imm$iate cultivation4 ,on gr\nd cultivat$ z ?or\ghly z x %\ld be = ! be/ developm5t ( ! crop !re w r>ely be any we$s to kill1 z _! g]ms h be5 de/roy$ by ! process ( cultivation be=e !y c\ld make _! appe>ance above ! gr\nd4 ,,c>e ,,dur+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,! cultural "w 9 ! asp>agus b$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> consi/s 9 loos5+ ! soil at frequ5t int]vals1 & especially z soon aft] ra9 z ! gr\nd becomes dry en\gh = cultivation4 ,frequ5t & ?or\gh cultivation is necess>y n only to keep d[n ! we$s1 b also to prev5t ! =mation ( a cru/ on ! soil aft] ra91 & to provide a mul* ( loose e>? = ! ret5tion ( moi/ure4 ,9 field culture ! "w is be/ done ) a "o-horse cultivator or a :eel-hoe1 & on a small scale ) a scuffle-hoe & a rake4 ,z ! spr\ts gr[ up small quantities ( f9e soil %\ld be drawn into ! tr5*es f "t to "t1 b dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to cov] ! cr[ns too deeply4 ,"s gr[]s advise to "w ! soil away in/ead ( t[>d ! plants1 consid]+ ! f\r in*es ( soil ) :i* ! roots are cov]$ at plant+ suffici5t = ! fir/ ye>4 ,:ile ?is may be true 9 a wet or mod]ately moi/ summ]1 9 a season ( dr\? ! additional mul* ( mell[ soil c n b be b5eficial to ! "y & t5d] plants4 ,especial c>e is requir$ :5 work+ ar\nd ! "y spr\ts1 s z n to cov]1 break1 or 9 any way injure any ( !m4 ,9 ! g>d5 b$ x pays to /ake ! canes :5 !y are b a foot high1 s z to prev5t ! w9d f di/urb+ ! /ools 9 ! soil by sway+ ! %oots backw>d & =w>d4 ,c>eful g>d5]s ins]t /akes = ?is purpose at ! "t ( plant+1 be=e ! roots are cov]$ ) soil1 s z to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( injur+ any ( !m4 ,! be/ mat]ial = ?is ty+ is raffia1 or ,cuban ba/4 ,9 field culture /ak+ is usually n practicable1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! co/1 & also because :]e !re are _m plants gr[+ close toge!r !y furni% "s mutual protection to "o ano!r4 ,! same end may also be accompli%$--p>tly1 at lea/--by ?r[+ up a furr[ on ea* side ( ! r[s ( plants4 ,precautions ( ?is k9d are important 9 localities expos$ to high w9ds1 z _! neglect may (t5 cause great] loss ?an x w\ld h co/ to provide prop] protection4 ,ano!r important "w 9 ! asp>agus b$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> is to keep close & con/ant wat* ov] ! asp>agus beetle1 & at its fir/ appe>ance to apply ! rem$ies recomm5d$ 9 ! *apt] on injuri\s insects4 ,plants depriv$ ( _! foliage at ?is e>ly /age ( _! life h b a poor *ance to recov] f ! loss4 ,if x is f\nd t "s ( ! plants h n />t$ by ! middle ( ,june1 x is be/ to replace !m ) gr[+ plants ( ! same age1 :i* %\ld h be5 kept 9 a res]ve b$ = ?is purpose4 ,if ?is replant+ is done c>efully1 s z n to mutilate any ( ! roots1 & on a cl\dy day1 x is be/ n to cut back ! tops v sev]ely4 ,unless a copi\s ra9 sets 9 soon aft] plant+1 ! roots h to be heavily wat]$1 aft] :i* !y w keep on gr[+ at once )\t suff]+ any setback4 ,! =m]ly all b univ]sal practice 0 to cov] ! roots ) manure aft] ! /alks _h be5 remov$ 9 ! fall = fe> ( fro/ injur+ or kill+ ! roots4 ,9 sections :]e w9t]s are v sev]e ?is may /ill be desirable1 z may be se5 f ! /atem5t ( s ke5 an obs]v] z ,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,:itt51 ( ! ,miss\ri ,exp]im5t ,/ation3 ,mo/ writ]s advise apply+ dress+ ( old f9e manure dur+ ! gr[+ season :5 ! plants c use x4 ,9 our soil bett] results are obta9$ by apply+ x 9 w9t]4 ,x prev5ts ! soil f runn+ toge!r & h>d5+1 & also prev5ts ! spr\ts f com+ ?r\gh1 z !y o!rwise (t5 d1 too e>ly 9 spr+1 & becom+ weak5$ by subsequ5t sev]e freez+4 ,z ! rev]se ( ?is plan1 ,m4 ,godefroy-,leboeuf1 ! fam\s ,fr5* au?ority1 recomm5ds to cle> out ( ! tr5*es ! soil :i* has fall5 into !m f ! sides ( ! m\nds1 & also remove f above ! /ools a portion ( t ) :i* !y 7 cov]$ at ! "t !y 7 plant$--say1 to a dep? ( "o & "o-half in*es--s t ! action ( ! fro/ may op5 ! soil & t ! ra9 may p5etrate & improve x2 also t dur+ ! fir/ f9e days ( spr+ ! sun may w>m ! surface ( ! soil & p5etrate z f> z ! /ools4 ,!re is no fe> t ! action ( ! fro/ %\ld hurt ! plants4 ,asp>agus w nev] freeze z long z ! /ool is cov]$ ) a lay] ( soil "o & "o-half to "o & ?ree-f\r? in*es 9 dep?4 ,if ! r[s are n less ?an f\r feet ap>t a crop ( "s o!r vegetables may be rais$ betwe5 !m4 ,beans1 dw>f peas1 lettuce1 beets1 or any k9ds :i* d n spread mu*1 are suitable = ! purpose4 ,^! by-products w help consid]ably t[>d pay+ ! co/ ( cultivat+ ! ma9 crop1 besides hav+ a t5d5cy to keep ! soil cool & moi/1 a condition ( no little importance to ! asp>agus4 ,,c>e ,,dur+ ,,! ,,second ,,ye> ,! treatm5t ( ! asp>agus plantation dur+ ! second ye> does n diff] mat]ially f t ( ! fir/ season aft] plant+4 ,! gr\nd has to be /irr$ frequ5tly & kept scrupul\sly clean1 & a %>p look\t mu/ be kept = ! adv5t ( injuri\s insects4 ,z soon z b]ries appe> on ! tops !y %\ld be /ripp$ (f & de/roy$1 z ! rip5+ se$ absorbs a l>ge %>e ( ! n\ri%m5t :i* ought to g to ! developm5t & /r5g!n+ ( ! cr[ns :i* are to produce ! foll[+ ye>'s crop4 ,ev5 ) ! be/ ( c>e1 "s plants w die out f "t to "t1 al?\gh ! m ?or\ghly ! gr\nd has be5 prep>$ at ! "t ( plant+1 & ! bett] ! quality ( ! roots plant$1 ! few] failures ( ?is k9d w occur4 ,^! blank spaces are n only con/ant eyesores to ! me?odical g>d5]1 b 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al ye>s ! aggregate %ortage ( crops w be consid]able1 :ile ! am\nt ( labor & f]tiliz] w be ! same z 9 a fully /ock$ plantation4 ,!re=e1 su* vacancies %\ld be fill$ 9 ! spr+1 n only ( ! second ye>1 b :5ev] !y occur 9 future seasons4 ,! be/ way to replant ^! dead or dy+ roots is to g ov] ! r[s ea* fall1 be=e ! gr\nd freezes1 & drive a /ake :]ev] !re is a plant miss+1 z 9 ! spr+1 be=e ! plants h />t$1 x w\ld be difficult1 if n impossible1 to indicate ! blank spaces4 ,= replant+ 9 ! second ye> good /rong two-ye>-old roots %\ld be us$4 ,= ! ?ird & future ye>s x is be/ to raise & keep a supply ( a suffici5t numb] ( res]ve plants = ?is special purpose 9 a simil> mann] z is done = =c+4 ,z e>ly 9 spr+ z ! season p]mits ^! clumps %\ld be c>efully lift$ & transf]r$ to ! p]man5t plantation4 ,= ?ree-ye> & old] b$s good /rong ?ree-ye>-old roots %\ld be us$1 z y\ng] ones w\ld h b a poor *ance betwe5 two old] & well-e/abli%$ clumps4 ,,c>e ,,dur+ ,,! ,,?ird ,,& ,,future ,,ye>s ,! ?ird ye> cutt+ may beg9 9 a mod]ate way1 b too mu* %\ld n be attempt$4 ,if all ! conditions ( gr[? h be5 favorable half a crop may be cut )\t injur+ ! roots1 b "u no circum/ances %\ld cutt+ 9 ! ?ird ye> be cont9u$ = m ?an ?ree weeks4 ,! g5]al c>e ( ! b$ dur+ ! ?ird ye> is simil> to t ( ! second1 ) ! exception t ! soil is work$ m t[>d ! r[s1 ridg+ !m slightly4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ?ird & ea* succe$+ ye>1 z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$ x %\ld be pl[$ betwe5 ! r[s1 turn+ ! soil t[>d & ov] ! cr[ns1 leav+ a dead furr[ betwe5 ! r[s1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,if blea*$ asp>agus is desir$1 ^! ridges ov] ! r[s %\ld be twelve in*es high] ?an ! bottom ( ! dead furr[s betwe5 ! r[s1 & :5 ! soil is v light & s&y a hight ( fifte5 in*es is pref]able4 ,= gre5 asp>agus ! ridges are left l[]1 & ! %oots are all[$ to gr[ sev]al in*es above ! gr\nd be=e cutt+1 provid$ ! asp>agus beetle does n appropriate !m soon]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai--,,p]spective ,,view ,,( ,,an ,,asp>agus ,,field ,,prop]ly ,,ridg$ ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,spr+ ,,miss\ri ,,agricultural ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,aft] ! furr[s are pl[$ out betwe5 ! r[s a home-made ridg] is us$ to smoo? ! ridges & complete ! "w4 ,?is is =m$ ( two heavy oak bo>ds %od ) tire iron1 slop+ upw>d & backw>d1 atta*$ to a pair ( cultivator :eels4 ,?is requires a good team1 "o horse walk+ on ei!r side ( ! r[4 ,on ! light soils ( ,long ,isl& ?is implem5t works to p]fection1 b on /iff l&s a two-horse disk-:eel cultivator1 ) two disks on ea* side1 go+ a/ride ( ea* r[ & ?r[+ up fre% soil ^u ! ridge1 proves m effective4 ,! same implem5ts are us$ = r5ew+ ! ridges dur+ ! cutt+ season1 :i* w be requir$ ab\t once a week1 z ! ra9s beat !m d[n & ! sun bakes a cru/ ^u ! top4 ,imm$iately aft] ! cutt+ season is ov] ! ridges are level$1 by pl[+ a furr[ f ea* side ( ! c5t] 7,fig4 #bj71 aft] :i* ! l& is h>r[$ crosswise until ! surface is level & smoo?4 ,z long z practical1 surface cultivation %\ld be giv51 especially aft] ra9s1 b usually at ?is "t ! plants make su* rapid & vigor\s gr[? t !re w be little "t = ! "w4 ,_! tops & bran*es soon fill ! entire space & quickly %ade ! gr\nd s d5sely z to keep d[n we$ gr[?4 ,( c\rse1 :atev] tall we$s may spr+ up "h & !re h to be pull$ out by h&4 ,,fall ,,treatm5t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj--,,level+ ,,! ,,ridges ,,aft] ,,! ,,cutt+ ,,season ,! fall cle>+ ( ! plantation is an important "p ( asp>agus culture4 ,z soon z ! b]ries are turn+ r$--b n be=e--! /alks %\ld be cut (f ev5 ) ! gr\nd4 ,if left long] ! b]ries w drop (f1 _! se$s w soon become emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd & fill ! soil ) se$l+ asp>agus plants1 :i* are ab\t ! mo/ ob/9ate we$ 9 ! asp>agus b$4 ,if cut soon] !y are n suffici5tly matur$1 & ! roots are depriv$ ( _! n\ri%m5t4 ,all ! bru% %\ld be remov$ at once to an op5 field & burn$1 s z n to provide lodg+-places = injuri\s insects & fungi4 ,"s recomm5d leav+ ! se$less plants z a mul* dur+ ! w9t]1 b ! possible b5efit ( ?is is s insignificant t x is n wor? :ile to leave !m = a second clean+ 9 spr+1 :5 "t is f> m valuable4 ,,r5ovat+ ,,old ,,asp>agus ,,b$s ,! pr9cipal causes ( asp>agus b$s runn+ out are t 9 ! fir/ place t5 plants are set out 9 a space :]e only "o c\ld ?rive2 !n t ! gr\nd is n ri* en\gh & _h no prop] cultivation2 & la/1 b n lea/1 t ! cutt+ ( ! /alks has be5 c>ri$ to excess4 ,:at to d ) ! old b$ is sometimes a p]plex+ "q1 especially :5 a place *anges h&s & ! new proprietor has m progressive ideas ?an ! =m] "o _h4 ,let ! old b$ /ay1 & set out a new "o accord+ to rational me?ods4 ,"s ye>s ago ! writ] came into possession ( an asp>agus b$ :i* 0 kn[n to be =ty ye>s old1 & may h be5 mu* old]4 ,x 0 a solid mass ( roots )\t any di/+ui%able r[s4 ,! spe>s produc$ 7 s small & t\gh t ! fir/ impulse 0 to dig up ! roots4 ,b z ?is prov$ to be a m =midable task ?an 0 anticipat$1 ano!r plan 0 pursu$4 ,9 autumn ! b$ 0 ?ickly cov]$ ) f9e y>d manure4 ,! foll[+ spr+ ! b$ 0 m>k$ out into /rips ( two feet 9 wid?4 ,:5 ! spr\ts appe>$ ^? 9 e alt]nate /rip 7 cut clean (f dur+ ! entire summ]1 & ! o!rs all[$ to gr[4 ,9 ! autumn ( ! ye> ano!r heavy application ( manure 0 giv5 to ! entire b$4 ,! foll[+ ye> b few %oots appe>$ 9 ! /rips :i* _h be5 cut all ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,^! 7 treat$ ! same z be=e1 & 9 ! ?ird ye> n a spr\t appe>$ 9 ! alleys4 ,! /alks left = use improv$ greatly dur+ ! fir/ ye> & ! ?ird ye> 7 ( good s]viceable size & quality1 s t ev5 aft] ! new b$1 :i* _h be5 plant$ at ! "t ?is exp]im5t 0 comm5c$1 came into be>+1 ! old "o 0 reta9$ = sev]al ye>s long]4 ,probably if ! vacant /rips _h be5 made ?ree or f\r feet wide ! result w\ld h be5 /ill bett]4 ,?is exp]i5ce sugge/s ! idea t ! easie/ & lea/ exp5sive way ( ext]m9at+ an old asp>agus b$ is to p]si/5tly m[ d[n all ! %oots = a season or two4 ,x ,,f]tiliz]s ,,& ,,f]tiliz+ ,asp>agus is a gross fe$]4 ,!re is h>dly ano!r plant 9 cultivation ^u ! vitality ( :i* s great a dem& is made4 ,! cutt+ ( all its spr\ts1 or %oots1 z soon z !y appe> above ! gr\nd1 = sev]al weeks1 is an abnormal & enorm\s tax ^u ! plant1 :i* is ?us =c$ to extra ex]tion 9 ord] to reproduce itself & p]petuate its k9d4 ,!re=e1 x %\ld h ! mo/ t5d] c>e1 & an abundance ( n\ri%+ & readily available food4 ,! e>l9ess1 t5d]ness1 size1 & comm]cial value ( ! product dep5ds pr9cipally on ! rapidity ( its gr[?1 &1 z ?is is mat]ially promot$ by ! ri*ness ( ! soil1 x is evid5t t ! plants %\ld receive all ! food !y c assimilate dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion among gr[]s z to :i* is ! be/ k9d ( manure to use4 ,:atev] ! individual pref]5ces may be1 !re is ?is satisfaction to "k t no k9d ( plant food c come amiss on ! asp>agus b$1 al?\gh ! use ( "s k9ds & comb9ations may be m economical ?an o!rs4 ,=m]ly animal manures only 7 ?\ght to be ( any use = asp>agus1 & !re are /ill "s gr[]s :o cl+ to ?is op9ion4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 a decid$ reaction 9 ?is reg>d 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal asp>agus sections4 ,! objections made aga9/ /able manure are t x is m exp5sive to h&le1 t x is apt to get ! l& full ( we$s1 & t x does n conta9 suffici5t phosphoric acid & pota%4 ,at pres5t _m gr[]s use comm]cial f]tiliz]s exclusively1 conv9c$ t asp>agus ne$s lib]al fe$+ ( pota% & m nitrog5 ?an is g5]ally suppos$ to be requir$4 ,! composition ( #a1jjj p>ts ( fre% asp>agus spr\ts is1 accord+ to ,wolff3 ,wat] #icc p>ts ,nitrog5 #c4b ,a% #e4j ,pota% #a4b ,soda #j4i ,lime #j4f ,magnesia #j4b ,phosphoric acid #j4i ,sulphuric acid #j4c ,silica #j4e ,*lor9e #j4c ,?is analysis %[s v accurately :at a giv5 weight ( asp>agus ab/racts f ! soil1 b x does n1 & c n1 %[ or ev5 indicate c]ta9 indisp5sable dem&s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! analysis ( a crop is a v unc]ta9 guide to its prop] f]tilization4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood by e cultivator ( ! soil t no rigidly fix$ =mulas c be giv5 = any "o crop on all soils4 ,! "q ( quantity ( application & ( proportion mu/ always1 9 ! v nature ( ! case1 rema9 m or less a matt] ( individual exp]im5t4 ,! foll[+ =mula1 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,p4 ,h4 ,rolfs1 makes a good asp>agus f]tiliz]3 ,nitrog5 #d p] c5t4 ,pota% #e ,available phosphoric acid #g ,"o ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds ( ! above =mula %\ld be appli$ p] acre4 ,:5 possible apply tw5ty to =ty tons ( vegetable mat]ial1 su* z p>tially rott$ rak+s ( b>ny>d manure4 ,:]e su* vegetable matt] is procurable1 ! quantity ( nitrog5 may be decreas$ proportionately4 ,if manure is obta9able1 all[ance %\ld be made = ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts conta9$ !re94 ,an excell5t =mula = "o ton ( asp>agus f]tiliz]1 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,massey1 consi/s (3 #bjj lbs4 nitrate ( soda #gjj cottonse$-meal #hjj acid phosphate 7#ac p] c5t47 #cjj muriate ( pota% ,?is w yield #d4i p] c5t4 ammonia1 #f4a p] c5t4 available phosphoric acid1 #h4d p] c5t4 pota%4 ,! effects ( ! application ( a sci5tifically balanc$ f]tiliz] ration ^u asp>agus is cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ba1 :i* pres5ts a photographic reproduction ( an exp]im5tal plat ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,horticultural ,society at ,s\!rn ,p9es1 ,n4 ,c41 f]tiliz$ ) #bej lbs4 nitrate ( soda #djj acid phosphate #afj muriate ( pota% p] acre1 :ile ,fig4 #bb %[s a plat ( equal size :i* rema9$ unf]tiliz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba--,,nor? ,,c>ol9a',s ,,exp]im5t ,,f>m ,,asp>agus ,,plot2 ,,f]tiliz$ ,! foll[+ table gives ! am\nts ( diff]5t f]tiliz] mat]ials necess>y to give ! desir$ quantity ( ea* elem5t3 ,elem5t ,p\nds ( diff]5t mat]ials = "o acre #hjj to #a1jjj lbs4 cottonse$-meal2 or ,nitrog5 #cej to #djj nitrate ( soda2 or #bge to #cjj sulphate ( ammonia2 or #djj to #fjj dri$ blood4 #cjj to #ejj lbs4 ka9it2 or ,pota% #aej lbs4 muriate ( pota%2 or #aej to #cjj lbs4 sulphate ( pota% ,phosphoric acid #gej to #a1jjj lbs4 acid phosphate2 or #fjj to #hjj dissolv$ bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb--,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,exp]im5t ,,f>m ,,asp>agus ,,plot2 ,,unf]tiliz$ ,asp>agus requires v heavy manur+1 & yet its composition w\ld n indicate x1 writes ,mr4 ,*>les ,v4 ,mapes4 ,! explanation is f\nd 9 ! fact t x mu/ gr[ v rapidly1 o!rwise x is t\gh1 /r+y & flavorless1 ! same z ) radi%es4 ,if x _h a long season to gr[ 91 l timo?y hay1 x might gr[ successfully 9 v poor soil4 ,a half ton ( timo?y hay conta9s ab\t z mu* plant food1 & 9 simil> proportions1 z two ?\s& bun*es ( asp>agus1 or five ?\s& qu>ts ( /rawb]ries1 & yet :ile ?is quantity ( hay w gr[ on an acre ( almo/ any poor soil1 ! /rawb]ries or asp>agus = a fair crop p] acre require a ri* g>d5 soil4 ,if ! hay 7 oblig$ to make z rapid gr[? z ! asp>agus1 !n x also w\ld require ri* soil4 ,) ! /rawb]ry !re is b ! lapse ( a few weeks f ! "t ( blossom+ to ! full developm5t ( its fruit4 ,! plants ne$ a sup]abundance ( plant food )9 easy rea*1 o!rwise ! fruit is small & inf]ior4 ,! plant c n be> pr(itable fruit & at ! same "t be compell$ to /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! same is ! case ) asp>agus4 ,nei!r ( ^! crops c take up out ( ! soil all ! f]tiliz] t ne$s to be appli$ = _! successful gr[?1 & !re=e !re is necess>ily a l>ge quantity ( plant food unus$ & left ov] 9 ! soil4 ,= ^! reasons1 asp>agus1 :ile n necess>ily an exhau/ive crop1 requires heavy manur+4 ,"o ton ( high grade vegetable manure is none too mu* p] acre1 & is small1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! exp5se1 z comp>$ ) ! l>g] quantities ( /able manure p] acre1 z recomm5d$ by "s successful gr[]s4 ,z already /at$1 =m]ly x 0 ?\ght necess>y to place l>ge quantities ( manure 9 ! bottom ( ! deep tr5*es 9 :i* ! "y plants 7 set out1 9 ord] t suffici5t f]tility might be pres5t = sev]al ye>s = ! roots1 z aft] ! plants 7 once plant$ !re w\ld be no fur!r opportunity to apply ! manure 9 su* an advantage\s place4 ,?is !ory has be5 f\nd errone\s & ! practice has be5 demon/rat$ to be r a wa/e ?an o!rwise1 & besides ! roots ( asp>agus ?rive bett] :5 re/+ ^u a m compact soil2 nor is x necess>y t ! soil %\ld conta9 great am\nts ( humus1 or be 9 an extremely f]tile condition :5 ! plants are fir/ put out1 s9ce by ! sy/em ( top-dress+ a mod]ately f]tile soil soon becomes exce$+ly ri* & equal to ! dem&s :i* ! plants make ^u x4 ,! plan ( top-dress+ b$s dur+ ! fall or e>ly w9t] is gradually giv+ way to ! m rational mode ( top-dress+ 9 ! spr+ or summ]4 ,x 0 believ$ t autumn dress+ /r5g!n$ ! roots & enabl$ !m to ?r[ up /rong] %oots dur+ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,?is is a mi/ake1 h[ev]4 ,9 ! ,oy/] ,bay region =m]ly all manur+ 0 done 9 ! spr+1 b ! practice ( apply+ all f]tiliz]s imm$iately aft] ! cutt+ is f9i%$ is rapidly increas+4 ,! reason = ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact t1 dur+ ! gr[? ( ! /alks1 aft] ! cutt+ season is ov]1 ! cr[ns =m ! buds f :i* ! spe>s ( next season spr+1 & x is probable t x is pr9cipally dur+ ?is p]iod t ! roots assimilate & /ore up ! mat]ials :i* produce ^! spe>s4 ,?is be+ true1 ! plant food add$ to ! soil & becom+ available aft] ! cessation ( vegetation 9 ! autumn c h little1 if any1 effect ^u ! spe>s :i* are cut = m>ket ! foll[+ spr+2 x fir/ becomes ( use to ! plant aft] ! crop has be5 cut & ! /alks all[$ to gr[4 ,?us ! manur+ ( ! autumn ( #aija w n b5efit ! gr[] mat]ially until ! spr+ ( #aijc4 ,nev]!less1 "s highly successful asp>agus rais]s cont9ue to apply f]tiliz]s 9 ! spr+1 z evid5c$ by ! foll[+ directions giv5 by "o ( ! mo/ prom95t gr[]s 9 ! ,oy/] ,bay di/rict4 ,aft] ! roots h be5 set 9 ! drill1 put en\gh soil on !m to cov] ab\t two in*es4 ,!n s[ ab\t #ejj p\nds ( high grade potato f]tiliz] p] acre 9 ! drill4 ,z ! we$s comm5ce to gr[1 cultivate & hoe1 lett+ ! soil cave d[n 9 ! drill4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! season s[ ab\t #ejj p\nds m ( f]tiliz] 9 ! drill4 ,cont9ue to cultivate & hoe ! rema9d] ( ! season4 ,at ! end ( ! season ! drill %\ld be entirely fill$ up4 ,! second ye> s[ ab\t #b1jjj p\nds ( f]tiliz] p] acre broadca/1 pl[ ! gr\nd & h>r[ x d[n level1 & keep ! gr\nd clean4 ,! ?ird ye> op5 ! drill ov] ! asp>agus ) a "o-horse pl[1 broadca/ #b1jjj p\nds ( f]tiliz] p] acre ab\t ! "t ! %oots beg9 to %[1 & back-furr[ x up ) a pl[ ov] ! drill to =m a ridge4 ,!n smoo? ! ridge d[n ) a home-made implem5t resembl+ a sn[-pl[ rev]s$4 ,cut e morn+ all ! %oots t %[ ?r\gh ! gr\nd4 ,d n cut m ?an f\r weeks 9 ! fir/ cutt+ season4 ,cont9ue to broadca/ #b1jjj p\nds ( f]tiliz] p] acre e ye>4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 reg>d to ! v>i\s me?ods ( apply+ f]tiliz]s to asp>agus1 x w be readily und]/ood t x c make b little diff]5ce h[ x is di/ribut$1 :e!r on ! r[s1 betwe5 ! r[s1 or broadca/1 s long z en\gh ( x is put on ! l&4 ,9 an e/abli%$ asp>agus b$ ! entire gr\nd is a d5se network ( roots1 & :]ev] ! f]tiliz] is put "s ( ! roots w f9d x1 b n ^? ( ! plants ov] ! cr[ns ( :i* x has be5 plant$2 n m s ?an ! fe$+ roots ( an apple tree c rea* a heap ( manure pil$ ar\nd its trunk4 ,,salt ,,z ,a ,,f]tiliz] ,salt is b little us$ n[ by comm]cial asp>agus gr[]s1 ?\gh x has be5 recomm5d$ = ?is crop f "t immemorial4 ,ab\t ! pr9cipal advantage to be d]iv$ f its use is t ( kill+ we$s )\t injur+ asp>agus1 al?\gh x may be appli$ 9 suffici5t quantities to injure ! asp>agus4 ,! indirect f]tiliz+ value ( salt is ma9ly due to ! fact t x has ! p[] ( *ang+ unavailable =ms ( plant food into available =ms2 b ?is object may be secur$ *eap] & bett] by ! use ( ka9it4 ,9 s&y soils x may enc\rage ! supply ( moi/ure1 b on naturally moi/ & ret5tive soils heavy dress+s ( salt may d m h>m ?an good4 ,mu* ( ! b5efits to asp>agus = :i* salt gets cr$it is its use 9 a small way 9 ! home g>d51 due to ! fact t n dry salt1 b ! br9e & residue ( ! pork & corn$ beef b>rels is appli$ to ! asp>agus b$s4 ,?is br9e is ri* 9 animal matt] extract$ f ! meat1 & usually also 9 saltpet]1 :i* has be5 us$ 9 pickl+4 ,! latt] sub/ance alone1 )\t ! addition ( salt1 ex]ts a /rong f]tiliz+ effect ^u ! plants4 ,aft] a s]ies ( c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,*>les ,v4 ,mapes1 he writes3 ,salt 0 only effectual z a f]tiliz] 9 proportion z ! soil conta9$ accumulat$ supplies ( plant food1 ei!r f previ\s manur+s or f natural /r5g?4 ,asp>agus1 unlike ne>ly all o!r crops1 w /& almo/ unlimit$ quantities ( salt )\t injury4 ,x also ?rives ne> ! sea%ore1 & x 0 !re=e g5]ally believ$ t lib]al quantities ( salt 7 a necessity to its successful gr[?4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 h[ev]1 t its pres5ce is n at all necess>y = its gr[?1 & t ! reason t a b$ to :i* salt has be5 appli$ %[s quick5$ & improv$ gr[? is t ! salt dissolves out ( ! soil plant food :i*1 )\t ! pres5ce ( ! salt1 w\ld h become too sl[ly r$uc$ to available condition = produc+ good crops4 ,! salt act$ practically z a /imulant & add$ no?+ except *lor9e & soda1 nei!r ( :i* 9 any consid]able quantity is ess5tial = gr[+ ?is crop4 ,x is ?is dissolv+ action t takes place 9 ! soil :5ev] any soluble salt or f]tiliz]1 l ka9it1 pota% salts1 acid phosphates1 etc41 be appli$ to ! soil1 t is (t5 mi/ak5 = a manur+ "o4 ,! result is an exhau/ion1 n a /r5g!n+1 ( ! soil4 ,! crop is gr[n at ! exp5se ( ! limit$ supply ( food t ! soluble salt c act ^u4 ,! f]tiliz] has act$ practically z a /imulant4 ,,xi ,,h>ve/+ ,,& ,,m>ket+ ,! *ief labor 9 asp>agus culture is ! cutt+ & bun*+4 ,z x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! "w be done promptly & exp$iti\sly1 x is desirable to h m help ?an is want$ m]ely = ! asp>agus1 & !n1 :5 ! asp>agus is ready = m>ket1 !y c g to hoe+ & till+ o!r crops4 ,five acres 9 full be>+ w require f six to eight m5 f f\r to six h\rs p] day to d ! cutt+ & ?ree or f\r to d ! bun*+4 ,a successful f>m] 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 :o has f\r acres ( asp>agus1 employs eight or t5 boys & girls1 = f ?ree to six h\rs p] day1 to d ! cutt+ & ?ree wom5 to bun* x4 ,! wom5 are paid by ! bun*1 & "w five to t5 h\rs p] day4 ,piecework1 if prop]ly done1 is ne>ly always *eap] ?an day "w1 & is bett] = ! employs & ! employ]4 ,,cutt+ ,z has be5 /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 cutt+ %\ld n beg9 until ! plants h become /rong & vigor\s1 :i* requires two or ?ree ye>s f ! plant+4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york ,city ! cutt+ season comm5ces usually ! la/ week 9 ,april & closes ,july #aj?1 al?\gh b few gr[]s cut aft] ! #a/1 p>ticul>ly if ! season has be5 a favorable "o4 ,except on old & well-e/abli%$ plant+s1 cutt+ %\ld n ext5d = m ?an six or sev5 weeks4 ,"s gr[]s cut asp>agus z long z x pays to %ip1 reg>dless ( ! damage done to ! plants4 ,! old rule to discont9ue cutt+ asp>agus :5 gre5 peas are abundant is a safe "o to foll[1 especially 9 ! home g>d54 ,unlike o!r crops1 ab\t z mu* c be cut ea* day1 or at ea* cutt+1 z ! day be=e1 dur+ ! season1 v>y+ only accord+ to ! wea!r4 ,mann] ( cutt+4--,! mode ( cutt+ asp>agus v>ies accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! m>kets1 :e!r gre5 or :ite /alks are desir$4 ,:atev] individual pref]5ces may be1 ! fact is t 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & "s o!r l>ge m>ket c5t]s1 #ge p] c5t4 ( ! asp>agus sold is :ite or blan*$1 & x w\ld be useless to try to p]suade ! buy]s to take any o!r4 ,to %[ h[ extreme ! convictions are 9 ?is matt] ( ta/e1 we quote f ,pr(4 ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,du ,pre1 ( ! ,clemson ,agricultural ,college3 ,:y any "o %\ld pref] ! almo/ ta/eless1 insipid :ite to ! gre5 'grass1' into :i* ! sun%9e has put ! flavor ( ambrosia1 is beyond my compreh5sion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,leboeuf1 ! fam\s asp>agus exp]t ( ,arg5teuil1 writes3 ,prop]ly blan*$ asp>agus is inf9itely m t5d] & delicate ?an gre54 ,to s]ve up gre5 asp>agus is to di%onor ! table4 ,9 rec5t ye>s a compromise has be5 made betwe5 ! two /yles4 ,by all[+ ! tops ( ! hill$-up spr\ts to gr[ f\r in*es above ! surface1 ! upp] half ( ! /alk is gre5 :ile ! l[] half rema9s :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc--;,,basket ,,( ,,asp>agus ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,bun*+ ,,%$ ,= gre5 asp>agus ! spr\ts are cut :5 six or sev5 in*es high1 & !n only s f> bel[ ! surface z to furni% a /alk ab\t n9e in*es long4 ,= ! :ite /yle ! r[s h to be ridg$ twelve in*es above ! cr[ns1 & ! /alks are cut z soon z ! tops %[ above ! gr\nd1 ! cutt+ (f be+ eight or n9e in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,:i*ev] me?od is foll[$1 x is v important to cut e day dur+ ! season1 & to cut clean at ea* cutt+1 tak+ all ! small spr\ts z well z ! l>ge ones4 ,if ! weak & sp9dl+ %oots are all[$ to gr[ !y w draw away ! /r5g? f ! roots1 to ! injury ( ! crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd--;,,cutt+ ,,& ,,pick+ ,,up ,,asp>agus ,,9 ,a ,,t5-,,acre ,,field ,,( ,c4 ,w4 ,,prescott1 ,,middlesex ,,c\nty1 ,,mass4 ,:5 cutt+1 ! spr\t is tak5 9 ! left h& & ! knife run d[n close alongside ( x to ! prop] dep?1 c>efully avoid+ o!r spe>s t are j beg9n+ to pu% up all ar\nd ! cr[n4 ,!n ! h&le ( ! knife is mov$ away f ! /alk1 to give x ! prop] slant1 ! knife %ov$ d[n s z to sev] ! /alk ) a tap]+ cut1 & at ! same "t ! /alk is pull$ out4 ,aft] cutt+1 ! asp>agus %\ld be remov$ out ( ! sun z soon z possible to prev5t its wilt+ & discolor+4 ,usually ?is is done by dropp+ ! /alks 9 a basket :i*1 :5 full 7,fig4 #bc71 is c>ri$ to ! bun*+ %$4 ,on l>ge plantations1 h[ev]1 ! cutt]s leave ! /alks on ! gr\nd to be pick$ up by boys foll[+ closely1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,to facilitate ! pick+ up & c>ry+ away1 horse c>ri]s are us$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be--;,,horse ,,c>ri] ,,= ,,t5 ,,boxes ,,( ,,asp>agus ,9 "s sections ( ,europe1 especially at ! fam\s asp>agus regions ( ,arg5teuil1 a knife is nev] us$4 ,accord+ to ,w4 ,rob9son3 ,! slightly h>d5$ cru/ ar\nd ! em]g+ bud & on top ( ! little m\nd is pu%$ aside1 ! =e & middle f+] sep>at$ are !n ?ru/ deeply into ! s(t soil1 pu%+ ! e>? outw>ds4 ,if a ris+ %oot be met ) on ! way d[n1 x is c>efully avoid$4 ,a second plunge ( ! two f+]s & pu%+ out ( ! e>? usually br+s !m to ! h>d5$ gr\nd ab\t ! cre/ ( ! root2 ! =ef+] is !n slipp$ beh9d ! base ( ! %oot fit to ga!r1 & ru%$ g5tly outw>d1 :5 ! %oot at once snaps clean (f its base4 ,?is plan has ! advantage ( leav+ no mutilat$ %oots or decay+ matt] on ! gr\nd4 ,once ga!r$1 c>e is tak5 t ! %oot is n expos$ to ! light1 b plac$ at once 9 a cov]$ basket4 ,z soon z ! /alk is ga!r$1 ! e>? is g5tly & loosely drawn up ) ! h&1 s z to leave ! surface ( ! m\nd z x 0 be=e1 n press+ ! e>? 9 any way1 b keep+ x q free4 ,! %oots are n rubb$ or clean$ 9 any way--x w\ld disfigure !m1 & !y d n require x4 ,knives4--,!re are sev]al /yles ( knives = cutt+ asp>agus1 b an ord9>y t5-in* but*]-knife ) ! po9t cut squ>e (f1 leav+ ! end ab\t an in* & a qu>t] wide & gr\nd %>p l a *isel1 answ]s ! purpose z well z any ( ! implem5ts made especially = ! purpose4 ,ano!r s]viceable tool = cutt+ asp>agus is a c>p5t]'s ?9 firm]-*isel1 "o & "o-half in*es wide1 ne>ly flat1 & ! ?9ne/ t c be obta9$ gr\nd on ! convex side or back1 ab\t an in* f ! end1 :i* %\ld be r\nd$ (f on ! inside to prev5t !m f injur+ spr\ts ne> by4 ,o!r /yles ( asp>agus knives are se5 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,sort+ ,,& ,,bun*+ ,9 "s local m>kets asp>agus is sold loose1 by weight1 9 :i* case b little reg>d is paid to ! size & l5g? & color ( ! /alks1 nor to ! /yle ( pack+4 ,?is is ! mo/ pr(itable way = ! gr[] to sell1 z x saves him all ! exp5se & labor ( bun*+1 & z ev5 ! smalle/ /alks are ?us salable1 !re is no wa/e :atev]1 :ile ! prices obta9$ are ab\t ! same z ^? = fir/-class bun*es--t is1 two p\nds ( loose asp>agus sell = ab\t ! same price z a full-siz$ bun*4 ,b 9 city m>kets asp>agus c\ld h>dly be sold 9 su* a condition1 & x is ( fir/ importance t x %\ld be c>efully grad$ & neatly bun*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf--,,v>i\s ,,asp>agus ,,knives ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg--;,,end ,,& ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,prime ,,:ite ,,asp>agus ,,bun*es ,sort+4--,c>eful gr[]s assort into ?ree sizes3 extras1 primes1 & seconds4 ,! size & weight ( ! bun*es v>y some:at 9 diff]5t m>kets4 ,bun*es v>y+ f six to twelve in*es 9 l5g? are receiv$ at :olesale c5t]s1 b ! mo/ conv5i5t & popul> size = a bun* ( prime :ite asp>agus is eight & "o-half in*es long1 av]ag+ ?irty spe>s1 & weigh+ two p\nds4 ,! side view ( "o & ! end view ( ?ree bun*es ( ?is size ( :ite asp>agus are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,to assure uni=mity "s +5i\s contrivances h be5 inv5t$1 mo/ ( :i* are a great improvem5t ov] ! old-"t bun*]s1 consi/+ m]ely ( a bo>d ) f\r p9s1 six in*es long1 & plac$ ab\t f\r in*es ap>t ea* way1 to =m a squ>e4 ,two /r+s1 usually ( ba/ matt+1 7 laid d[n on ! bo>d1 :i* 0 set on a b5* up aga9/ ! wall1 or _h a back made ( ano!r bo>d tack$ on x at "r angles4 ,! asp>agus 0 laid on ! bun*] betwe5 ! p9s1 ! tops t\*+ ! back or wall to keep !m ev54 ,:5 ! bun* 0 l>ge en\gh ! /r+s 7 ti$ firmly1 & ! butt end ( ! bun* cut squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh--;,,conov]',s ,,asp>agus ,,bun*] ,bun*]s4--,! mod]n bun*]s are con/ruct$ ( ca/ iron & are easily h&l$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to come into use 0 ,conov]'s 7,fig4 #bh74 ,! pr9ciple ( ! op]ation is t ! /alks are plac$ betwe5 two brass /rips1 a h+$ cov] is br\ght d[n by means ( a lev] & held 9 place until ! /r+s are ti$4 ,two ties %\ld be us$1 "o plac$ ab\t two in*es f ei!r end4 ,! bun* mu/ be ti$ s tightly t x w n loos5 9 h&l+ & transportation to m>ket4 ,! ,watt's ,bun*] 7,fig4 #bi71 us$ ext5sively 9 ,new ,j]sey1 is s arrang$ t ! arms may be adju/$ to any size bun* desir$ by simply loos5+ ! bolts at ei!r end1 & pull+ out ! arms s z to fit ! %ape ( ! bun*1 & ?us bo? ends c be bun*$ prop]ly4 ,! /yle ( bun*] & knives 9 favor ) gr[]s 9 ! fam\s asp>agus region ne> ,concord1 ,mass41 are se5 9 ,fig4 #cj1 & ! process ( bun*+ 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi--,,watt',s ,,asp>agus ,,bun*] ,ty+ mat]ials4--,tw9e1 ,cuban ba/1 sisal1 & v>i\s o!r mat]ials are us$ = ty+1 b no?+ is bett] = ?is purpose ?an raffia fib]4 ,?is is obta9$ f ! raffia or r(ia palm1 a native ( ! isl& ( ,madagasc>4 ,! tree s5ds enorm\s bran*es f ne> ! gr\nd1 ! p9nate leaves ( :i* produce ?is fib]4 ,"o palm frond w produce eighty to "o hundr$ long1 gre5 leaflets f two to five feet 9 l5g?1 & f ?is ! fib] is prep>$4 ,silk lamba is also a product ( ?is palm4 ,raffia fib] is n[ ext5sively us$ = ty+ up plants1 = graft+1 & _m o!r purposes1 z x is v /rong1 z s(t z silk1 & is n affect$ by moi/ure or *anges ( temp]ature1 & x does n break or ravel :5 fold$ or knott$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj--,,rack ,,& ,,knives ,,us$ ,,9 ,,new ,,engl& ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca--;,,at ,,! ,,bun*+ ,,table ,rubb] b&s4--,! use ( rubb] b&s = fa/5+ asp>agus bun*es has rec5tly be5 f\nd to h "s advantages n possess$ by o!r mat]ials4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,gre51 ( ! ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 writes 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #i3 ,! "w c be done m rapidly & bett]4 ,! sav+ 9 "t is fully "o-?ird1 :i* w pay = ! increas$ co/ ( rubb] ov] /r+1 reckon+ wages at sev5ty-five c5ts p] day4 ,?is diff]5ce might be less :]e exp]t ty]s are employ$1 or v l[ rates p] hundr$ bun*es are paid4 ,9 any case1 ! "w c be done 9 a mann] t is mu* m satisfactory to deal]s ) rubb] ?an ) /r+4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t rubb] holds ! bun*es intact1 :ile /r+ all[s !m to fall ap>t & to become unsightly4 ,d\btless1 9 "s cases1 deal]s w\ld be will+ to pay m = bun*es fa/5$ ) rubb] ?an = ^? put up 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,ev5 ?\gh no diff]5ce is made 9 price = asp>agus put up by ! two me?ods1 ! bun*es fa/5$ ) rubb] b&s sell m readily ?an ^? ti$ ) /r+4 ,rubb] b&s c be b\ght = two doll>s p] p\nd1 & ! size be/ adapt$ to ! purpose run ab\t two ?\s& b&s p] p\nd1 or suffici5t = "o ?\s& bun*es4 ,?is makes rubb] b&s co/ ab\t two c5ts p] doz5 bun*es m ?an /r+1 if ! sav+ 9 labor is n tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! sav+ 9 ! item ( labor dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! k9d ( labor employ$4 ,9 det]m9+ ! relative value ( ! two me?ods n only mu/ co/ ( labor be tak5 into consid]ation1 b ! "* ( ! m>ket z well4 ,:5 competition is n /rong c>eful bun*+ is n a matt] ( great importance1 b 9 _m m>kets x is ess5tial t ! bun*es be put up 9 su* a mann] t !y w n fall ap>t4 ,9 su* cases rubb] b&s w m ?an pay = _! extra co/1 by insur+ m ready sales1 if n by increas+ ! price4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 bun*+ ) rubb] b&s is to slip a b& ov] an ord9>y teacup--"o ) /raight sides & )\t a h&le2 fill ! cup ) asp>agus %oots1 ! heads d[nw>d1 & !n slip ! b& f ! cup to ! bun*4 ,?is makes a bun* ( ab\t ! "r size1 & gives ! upp] end a nicely r\nd$ appe>ance4 ,all t rema9s to be done is to slip on ano!r b& & to squ>e ! butts ) a %>p knife4 ,possibly a metallic cup w\ld answ] bett]1 be+ ?9n]1 b a teacup is n objectionable 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,if small] bun*es are desir$ ?an ! smalle/ cup t c be f\nd1 x is n necess>y to fill ! cup4 ,,m>ket+ ,dur+ ! entire process ( cutt+1 sort+1 bun*+1 & pack+ great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to bruise or 9 any way injure ! heads1 z ! gummy juice ( ^! soon heats & spoils ! :ole4 ,!y %\ld also be kept cool & dry1 else ! moi/ure causes decay4 ,( c\rse if1 :5 cutt+1 ! gr\nd is wet1 "s ( ! soil w adh]e to ! l[] ends ( ! /alks2 ?is has to be r9s$ (f 9 clean wat]1 b n by imm]s+ ! entire /alk4 ,if ! bun*es are to be kept ov] night1 be=e pack+1 ! butts %\ld be dipp$ 9 clean wat] & /ood on end on a cold cell> bottom1 or ^u grass or hay t has be5 ?or\ghly wet2 b ! cr[ns1 or ! gre5 portions ( ! spr\ts1 %\ld nev] be spr9kl$ or wet4 ,x is a common practice to set ! bun*es 9 %all[ pans conta9+ wat]1 b ?is is apt to give a bitt] ta/e to ! /alks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb--;,,box ,,( ,,giant ,,asp>agus ,,ready ,,= ,,%ipm5t ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc--,,s\!rn ,,asp>agus ,,crate1 ,,conta9+ #bd ,,bun*es ,,( ,,gre5 ,,asp>agus ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd--;,,end ,,piece ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,crate ,crates4--,!re is no /&>d %ape or size ( crates = %ipp+ asp>agus1 & 9 ! :olesale m>kets ( ,new ,york ,city a great v>iety ( /yles is f\nd4 ,( late ord9>y tw5ty-f\r or ?irty-two qu>t b]ry crates h come into favor ) ne> by gr[]s1 z !y are *eap1 light1 & easily h&l$4 ,9 ^! ! bun*es are laid d[n flat1 9 ti]s1 alt]nat+ ! butt ends s t :5 ! crates are full ! top r[ is level ) ! cov]4 ,"s gr[]s1 ( v f9e asp>agus ev51 use solid wood5 boxes4 ,fig4 #cb %[s su* a box conta9+ ?ree doz5 bun*es4 ,a crate ) ! top a few in*es n>r[] ?an ! bottom has ! advantage t x holds ! bun*es m firmly toge!r ?an /raight-sid$ boxes4 ,fig4 #cc %[s a crate conta9+ two doz5 bun*es ( gre5 asp>agus ready = %ipm5t1 ) ! exception ( ! slats to be nail$ on ! side4 ,fig4 #cd %[s ! %ape ( ! end pieces4 ,^! crates are made ( v>i\s sizes1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! bun*es4 ,! crate "h illu/rat$ 0 #bd in*es long1 #ab in*es high1 #ai in*es wide at ! bottom1 & #ad-a_/b in*es at ! top1 inside measurem5t4 ,! end bo>ds 7 #g_/h ( an in* ?ick1 & ! slats ab\t half an in*4 ,9 %ipp+ to a di/ant m>ket "s ?or\ghly wet grass1 or sphagnum moss1 %\ld be put 9 ! bottom ( ! crate1 ! bun*es /ood on ends1 butt d[n1 & press$ s tightly toge!r t !y c n move or %ift 9 h&l+4 ,! crate %\ld h a tight bottom & ends4 ,! sides may be tight half way up1 & ! re/ ( ! sides & ! top %\ld be slatt$4 ,?is keeps ! butts moi/ & ! tops dry & cool4 ,,xii ,,=c+ ,! =c+ ( asp>agus 9 v>i\s me?ods has be5 practic$ = c5turies1 & is rapidly develop+ into an important indu/ry4 ,! =c+ may be done 9 any place :]e a temp]ature ( #ej to #fj c be secur$1 9 ! gre5h\se1 hotb$1 pit1 cell>1 or 9 ! g>d5 & field4 ,:i*ev] plan is pursu$1 ! managem5t ( ! plants to be =c$ is ! same4 ,! roots %\ld n be less ?an ?ree ye>s old1 &1 if obta9able1 f\r or five-ye>-old plants are to be pref]r$4 ,^! may be dug up f ord9>y out-(-door plantations1 or1 if ! =c+ is to be done on a l>ge scale & z a p]man5t indu/ry1 ! plants h to be gr[n f se$ = ?is special purpose4 ,to keep up a cont9u\s succession new s[+s h to be made e ye>4 ,! s[+ ( ! se$ & ! managem5t ( ! plants dur+ ! fir/ ye> is ! same z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 z e>ly z ! season p]mits1 ! "o-ye>-old se$l+s are plant$ out 9 r[s1 to develop z mu* /r5g? z possible4 ,z ! plants are to rema9 only two ye>s 9 ! nurs]y b$1 !y may be plac$ clos] ?an 9 a p]man5t plantation4 ,a di/ance ( two & "o-half feet betwe5 ! r[s & "o foot 9 ! r[s is1 h[ev]1 ! n>r[e/ limit1 &1 :]e en\gh gr\nd is available1 ?ree by "o & "o-half or two feet w\ld be /ill bett]4 ,by pur*as+ "o-ye>-old plants a ye>'s "t may be ga9$1 b o!rwise !re are decid$ advantages 9 rais+ "o's own plants4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ two seasons ! gr\nd has to be kept 9 ! be/ possible til?1 & at ! end ( ! ?ird season f se$ ! roots may be dug j be=e ! gr\nd is likely to freeze4 ,9 lift+ ! roots x is important n to expose !m to ! dry+ influ5ce ( ! sun & air m ?an is unavoidable4 ,x is also important to pres]ve ! entire clump intact ) z mu* soil adh]+ to ! roots & cr[n z possible4 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 a %$1 pit1 or cool cell>1 & cov]$ ) s& or soil to prev5t _! dry+ out4 ,mod]ate freez+ does n injure ! roots1 & "s gr[]s ?9k t x ev5 adds to _! =c+ value4 ,,=c+ ,,9 ,,! ,,gre5h\se ,) flori/s ! =c+ ( asp>agus has ?is important advantage3 t ! income obta9$ f x is ne>ly all ga91 z ! space "u ! b5*es1 :i* may ?us be utiliz$1 is ( b little use = o!r purposes4 ,if ! floor "u ! b5*es is soil ?is is dug out s z to =m a pit ab\t a foot deep1 or at lea/ a few in*es deep] ?an ! clumps are high4 ,?ree or f\r in*es ( good ri* soil is scatt]$ ov] ! bottom1 & ^u ?is ! clumps are plac$ close toge!r4 ,dry1 mell[ soil is !n scatt]$ betwe5 & ov] ! clumps1 s t ! cr[ns are cov]$ "o or two in*es1 & giv5 a ?or\gh wat]+4 ,if blan*$ %oots are desir$1 ! cr[ns w h to be cov]$ ) six or eight in*es ( soil4 ,! same object may be obta9$ by %utt+ (f ! light1 :i* c easily be accompli%$ "u gre5h\se b5*es4 ,:]e x is n practicable to make excavations "u ! b5*es1 a pit may be con/ruct$ by plac+ bo>ds aga9/ ! po/s & fill+ 9 ! space ?us furni%$4 ,to secure a succession1 new roots f ! res]ve /ock h to be plant$ e ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,= ! fir/ week or t5 days aft] plac+ ! roots 9 ! =c+-pit !y %\ld be kept r cool1 s z to give !m a *ance to become e/abli%$4 ,a temp]ature ( #de to #ej is be/1 at fir/4 ,aft]w>d x %\ld be rais$ to #ee to #fj1 & dur+ ! day x may rise z high z #hj to #he4 ,b1 z a rule1 v high temp]atures induce a sp9dl+ gr[?4 ,dur+ ! entire =c+ process asp>agus requires a l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 b unless x has ! *ill tak5 (f1 & ample means = dra9age are provid$1 x may d f> m h>m ?an good4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! "t ( plant+ & ! fir/ cutt+ v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! temp]ature & o!r conditions4 ,! foll[+ are actual dates ( asp>agus =c+ "u b5*es at ,cornell ,univ]sity3 ,plants tak5 f an old pat* ,novemb] #bi? & set "u b5*es ?ree days lat]4 ,decemb] #d?1 %oots j pu%+ ?r\gh4 ,decemb] #h?1 fir/ %oots cut1 av]ag+ n9e in*es long4 ,decemb] #ad?1 fir/ good cutt+1 %oots runn+ f six to fifte5 in*es long4 ,decemb] #ah?1 second good cutt+4 ,decemb] #bf?1 a good cutt+1 "s ( ! %oots hav+ rema9$ too long & become woody2 "s ( ^! %oots 7 two feet long4 ,janu>y #aj?1 a heavy cutt+4 ,janu>y #ai?1 cut ab\t half z _m %oots z on ! #aj?4 ,janu>y #cj?1 cut ab\t z mu* z on ! #ai?1 b %oots gr[+ small]4 ,febru>y #aj?1 small cutt+ ( weak %oots4 ,beyond ?is "t !re 7 no %oots wor? cutt+4 ,,=c+ ,,9 ,,hotb$s ,,& ,,frames ,! =c+ ( asp>agus 9 hotb$s does n diff] mat]ially f t 9 ! gre5h\se1 except 9 ! supply ( heat4 ,a mo/ suitable place = =c+ asp>agus1 writes ,william ,scott1 9 ,g>d5 & ,=e/1 is a frame ab\t f\r feet deep ) "o-f\r? in* hot-wat] pipe runn+ ar\nd x4 ,ab\t two & "o-half feet ( fre% /able litt] %\ld be put into ! frame & firmly pack$1 ) an in* or two ( s& spread ov] x4 ,?is b$ %\ld be all[$ to /& until ! heat ( ! manure has decl9$ to ab\t #gj1 & n bel[ #fe1 be=e ! cr[ns are plac$ on x4 ,= ?is "w advantage %\ld be tak5 ( a day :5 ! wea!r is mild1 z ! cr[ns are easily damag$ by fro/4 ,l>ge cr[ns five or six ye>s old are pref]able to small] ones = =c+4 ,!y may be plac$ r closely toge!r 9 ! frame1 b ! di/ance ap>t mu/ be regulat$ by _! size4 ,! roots %\ld be spread ev5ly ov] ! surface & cov]$ ) six in*es ( s&4 ,little wat] w be requir$1 z ! /eam f ! manure af=ds consid]able moi/ure2 b if ! b$ %\ld become dry1 x may be moi/5$ ) wat] ( ! same temp]ature z ! soil 9 ! frame4 ,a little air may be admitt$1 :5 ! day is bright & w>m1 to keep ! temp]ature f ris+ above #hj4 ,:5 ! po9ts ( ! %oots beg9 to appe> above ! s& ! crop is ready to cut4 ,:5 gr\nd is pl5tiful1 a supply ( =c+ cr[ns c be kept up by s[+ a little se$ e ye>1 hav+ five or six successions1 ! olde/ plants be+ =c$ = cutt+4 ,) ,fr5* g>d5]s x is cu/om>y to plunge ! frames 9 w>m /able manure & place ! roots directly 9 ! manure1 pack$ z closely toge!r z possible4 ,a m]e spr9kl+ ( soil is plac$ ov] !m4 ,z a result ! %oots come up v ?ick4 ,only /rong1 f9e ?ree-ye>-old roots are us$1 & z _m z five crops ( roots foll[ ea* o!r ?r\gh ! autumn1 w9t]1 & spr+ 9 ! same frame4 ,/raw mats are us$ to cov] ! frames at night4 ,,=c+ ,,9 ,,! ,,field ,=c+ asp>agus :]e x is gr[n 9 ! field has a tw(old advantage ov] remov+ ! roots to a w>m place4 ,fir/1 x saves ! tr\ble & exp5se ( transplant+ !m1 :i* mu/ be done ) mu* c>e2 &1 second1 x saves ! plants f be+ ru9$ by ! =c+ process4 ,plants =c$ 9 ! field :]e !y gr[ w1 if giv5 good c>e1 rega9 _! vigor 9 a season or two1 & may be us$ aga9 = =c+4 ,by ?is latt] me?od a bett] quality & a l>g] quantity ( m>ketable asp>agus is also secur$4 ,v>i\s means h be5 devis$ to =ce asp>agus 9 ! field1 :]e x is s well e/abli%$ t x cont9ues gr[? 9 ! summ] z ?\gh x _h n be5 =c$ ! previ\s w9t]4 ,a simple & r common me?od ( accompli%+ ?is is to place b>rels ov] clumps ( asp>agus v e>ly 9 ! spr+ & pile f]m5t+ manure ab\t !m1 ! w>m? f ! manure =c+ ! %oots into rapid gr[?4 ,:5 ! =c+ season is ov] & ! dang] f fro/ is pa/ ! b>rels are remov$1 & ! plants cont9ue gr[? 9 ! op5 air4 ,sometimes asp>agus is =c$ by plac+ frames1 cov]$ ) sa%1 ov] ! plants 9 ! field1 ! r[s ( asp>agus be+ set r close toge!r4 ,?is is consid]$ a v pr(itable me?od by _m m>ket g>d5]s4 ,ano!r me?od ( =c+ asp>agus 9 ! field is to dig dit*es betwe5 ! r[s & fill !m ) f]m5t+ manure4 ,! surface ( ! b$ may also be mul*$ ) manure4 ,! latt] plan is ext5sively practic$ by ,fr5* m>ket g>d5]s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] ! pa?ways betwe5 ! b$s ( asp>agus are dug up ab\t two feet 9 dep? & wid?4 ,! soil com+ f ! pa?way is divid$ v c>efully & put ab\t eight in*es ?ick on ! surface ( ! b$4 ,! tr5* is fill$ up ) fre% /able manure1 n litt]1 & frames are plac$ on ! b$4 ,! manure %\ld rise z high z ! top ( ! frames & ! lights be entirely cov]$ ) mats & litt] to prev5t ! heat accumulat+ 9 ! frame f escap+4 ,9 ab\t two or ?ree weeks ! asp>agus beg9s to %[ itself on ! surface ( ! b$4 ,_m m>ket g>d5]s cov] ! :ole ( ! b$ inside ! frames to a ?ickness ( ?ree or f\r in*es ) manure1 to =ce ! vegetation m quickly2 b 9 ?is case ! manure mu/ be remov$ :5 ! asp>agus beg9s to %oot4 ,:5 ! %oots are ab\t ?ree in*es out ( ! gr\nd !y may be cut4 ,! mats mu/ be tak5 (f 9 ! daytime1 b ! heat mu/ be well kept up1 else ! roots & buds w fail to pu%4 ,! b$s are =c$ e second ye> only4 ,! ga!r+ ( ! asp>agus may cont9ue = ab\t two mon?s b no long]1 or ! plantation w\ld be injur$4 ,:5 ! ga!r+ is ov] ! frames are tak5 away1 & ! soil :i* 0 dug up f ! alleys is put back aga94 ,an +5i\s me?od ( =c+ asp>agus 9 ! field by means ( %all[ tunnels 0 devis$ & successfully c>ri$ out by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,c4 ,:itt51 at ! ,miss\ri ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 :o gives ! foll[+ acc\nt 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dc3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce--,,tunnel ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,r[s ,,( ,,asp>agus ,,= ,,=c+ ,,/eam ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,soil ,! field select$ = ! exp]im5t 0 plant$ to asp>agus ab\t t5 ye>s ago4 ,! plants 7 9 fair vigor1 ?\gh ( a small v>iety4 ,! fir/ section =c$ embrac$ six r[s1 f\r feet ap>t1 & fifty feet long4 ,fig4 #ce %[s ?is section ) "o tunnel uncov]$4 ,tr5*es 7 fir/ made betwe5 ! r[s4 ,?is 0 done by pl[+ betwe5 !m1 twice 9 a place1 ?r[+ ! furr[s on ! plants s z to cov] ea* r[ ) two furr[s ( loose e>?4 ,^! tr5*es betwe5 ! r[s 7 !n made uni=m by means ( ! spade4 ,:5 f9i%$ !y 7 ?ree or f\r in*es l[] ?an ! cr[ns ( asp>agus 9 ! adjac5t r[s4 ,^! tr5*es 7 !n cov]$ ) twelve-in* bo>ds1 :i* re/$ on f\r-in* blocks1 plac$ at frequ5t int]vals along ei!r side ( ! tr5*es4 ,?is =m$ tunnels betwe5 ! r[s = conduct+ ! /eam4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! /eam's escap+1 two or ?ree in*es ( soil 0 plac$ ov] ! bo>ds1 & ! asp>agus pat* 0 !n cov]$ ) five or six in*es ( horse manure4 ,?is cov]+ 0 to prev5t ! heat f escap+ f ! soil too rapidly4 ,x 0 !n ready = ! /eam to be turn$ into ! tunnels4 ,to conduct ! /eam a "o & "o-half in* pipe 0 c>ri$ above gr\nd f ! boil] to "o end ( ! c5tral tunnel1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & eighty-five feet4 ,a /eam hose long en\gh to rea* ea* tunnel 0 atta*$ to ?is pipe ?r\gh :i* to bl[ /eam into ! tunnels4 ,x 0 n ! idea to give a con/ant supply ( /eam1 b to dis*>ge a little into ! tunnels ea* aft]noon1 or z (t5 z 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 suffici5t w>m?4 ,a piece ( tile 0 ins]t$ into ! m\? ( ea* tunnel to prev5t ! dis*>g+ /eam f te>+ away ! e>?4 ,! fir/ /eam 0 turn$ into ! tunnels on ,novemb] #ad?4 ,/eam 0 dis*>g$ into ea* tunnel1 n to exce$ five m9utes at a "t1 9 ord] n to heat ! e>? too hot 9 any s+le place4 ,x requir$ ab\t "o h\r ( /eam+ ! fir/ day to br+ ! b$ up to ! requir$ temp]ature ( sixty degrees4 ,! di/ribution ( heat ?r\gh\t ! b$ 0 v uni=m & satisfactory4 ,! moi/ /eam seem$ to p]meate ! soil equally 9 all directions4 ,aft] ! fir/ day v little /eam+ 0 necess>y until ! asp>agus began to be produc$4 ,on an av]age ! b$ 0 /eam$ ab\t twice 9 ?ree days & !n only = ab\t five m9utes = ea* tunnel4 ,! soil & horse manure mul* seem$ to hold ! heat v well1 ! frequ5t /eam+s keep+ up f]m5tation 9 ! mul*4 ,! fir/ asp>agus 0 cut ,novemb] #bd?1 t5 days aft] ! fir/ /eam 0 appli$4 ,! /ems 7 cut j be=e !y got ?r\gh ! soil & 7 p]fectly blea*$4 ,!y 7 z l>ge z ^? ord9>ily produc$ dur+ ! normal p]iod ( gr[? 9 spr+1 & 7 f> m crisp & delici\s4 ,cutt+s ( asp>agus 7 made almo/ daily = ab\t a mon?1 :5 ! gr[? became some:at weak4 ,! la/ cutt+ 0 made on ,decemb] #bb;d4 ,dur+ ! mon? #ada bun*es ( ! ord9>y m>ket size1 & weigh+ ab\t "o-half p\nd ea*1 7 cut f ?is b$ ( #be x #ej feet4 ,?is 0 equival5t to #cjj feet ( r[ or #ajj hills ( asp>agus4 ,exhau/+ /eam into ! asp>agus b$1 in/ead ( return+ x to ! boil] 9 an inclos$ circuit1 w\ld at fir/ seem to be a wa/eful process ( heat+4 ,exp]im5t %[$1 h[ev]1 t ! circum/ances ju/ifi$ ?is me?od4 ,heat+ a b$ ( ?is k9d by a circuit ( /eam-pipes or hot-wat] pipes is v unsatisfactory4 ,! heat f pipes v soon dries out ! soil ar\nd ! tunnels1 de/roy+ its p[] to conduct heat4 ,9 ?is way ! b$ becomes too hot & dry adjac5t to ! tunnels & too cold a %ort di/ance f !m4 ,x also becomes necess>y to ma9ta9 heat 9 ! pipes a good "p ( ! "t4 ,by bl[+ /eam directly into ! tunnels ! soil is kept moi/2 ! /eam has a p5etrat+ effect1 & p]meates all p>ts ( ! b$1 giv+ a uni=m heat ?r\gh\t2 ?is moi/ /eam keeps up a cont9ual f]m5tation ( ! manure mul*1 ?us giv+ heat1 & only occasional brief /eam+s are necess>y4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to use too mu* /eam at "o "t1 or ! plants may be ru9$ by ov]heat+4 ,our asp>agus r[s 7 f\r feet ap>t1 ! tunnels midway betwe5 !m 7 only eight in*es wide1 & yet we f\nd t five m9utes at a "t 0 z long z 0 safe to =ce /eam into a s+le tunnel4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 s successful z to indicate t any "o provid$ ) a /eam-heat+ plant c\ld successfully =ce asp>agus = ! m>kets 9 ?is mann]4 ,ano!r plan ( =c+ asp>agus 9 ! field1 devis$ by ,pr(4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 is ?us describ$ 9 8 ,=c+ ,book3 ,! ,cornell asp>agus h\se--if x may be call$ a h\se--is ab\t tw5ty by fifty feet & ! frame is made ( /eam-pipes4 ,! sides1 or walls1 are only eighte5 in*es high1 & ! frame consi/s simply ( a ridge & ?ree pairs ( raft]s4 ,! /eam-heat+ pipe or ris] is j b5ea? ! ridge1 & ?is fe$s two returns ^u ei!r side ( ! h\se1 next ! walls4 ,:5 x is desir$ to =ce ! asp>agus1 canvas or musl9 is /ret*$ ov] ! frames4 ,no difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 />t+ ! asp>agus into gr[? 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,! cov] is left on & ! heat kept up until all dang] ( fro/ is pa/1 :5 ! canvas is remov$ & ! plants gr[ naturally out-(-doors4 ,! secret ( ?is me?od w no d\bt be f\nd to lie 9 all[+ ! plantation to become v ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 7at lea/1 ?ree or f\r ye>s old7 be=e =c+ is attempt$1 9 ! v be/ tillage & f]tiliz+ dur+ ! summ] :ile ! plants are gr[+1 9 tak+ (f ! cov] j z soon z settl$ wea!r comes1 & 9 n cutt+ ! plants until aft] t "t4 ,,xiii ,,pres]v+ ,,asp>agus ,,cann+ ,! cann+ factory has made asp>agus a vegetable = e day ( ! ye> in/ead ( be+ a luxury = a few weeks1 z 0 =m]ly ! case4 ,! cann]s h made x a f>m crop in/ead ( a g>d5 product4 ,to a great ext5t cann+ has trans=m$ ! f>m into a g>d51 increas+ ! pr(its f e acre plant$ _m fold4 ,9 _m localities an acre ( :at 0 =m]ly consid]$ a s&y wa/e is n[ yield+ m ?an d\ble ! net pr(it ( ! be/ acre "u cultivation 9 ord9>y f>m crops4 ,ea/]n me?ods4--,! pione]s 9 ?is indu/ry on ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 h be5 ! ,messrs4 ,hudson ,sons1 :o h ext5sive plants at ,mattituck & ,riv]head1 ea* ( !m z complete z me*anical skill & ent]prise c make !m4 ,ea* plant consi/s ( a /oreh\se1 #ej x #aej feet2 a pack+-h\se1 #dj x #abe feet2 & a c manufactory1 #be x #fj feet4 ,a /eam-eng9e ( t5 horse-p[] is requir$ = hoi/+1 pump+1 & = g5]at+ gas = ! sold]+-heat]s1 & a boil] ( "o hundr$ horse-p[] to g5]ate /eam = /]iliz+ ! asp>agus4 ,a p]spective view ( "o ( ! plants is se5 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf--,,p]spective ,,view ,,( ,a ,,long ,,isl& ,,asp>agus ,,cann]y ,! asp>agus1 z x comes f ! gr[]s1 is 9 bun*es sev5 & "o-half in*es long & weigh+ two & "o-half p\nds ea*4 ,^! bun*es are put "u a cutt] & cut to six & five-eigh?s in*es2 !y are !n unti$ & put 9 a tank f\r feet wide by eight feet long & two feet deep1 9 :i* !y are wa%$ z c>efully z x is possible to d x4 ,x is !n hoi/$ up to :at is call$ ! blan*+ tank1 :i* conta9s =ty gallons4 ,9 ?is x is kept at a scald+ heat = "o-half h\r1 :5 x is ready = ! cans4 ,^! are fill$ by wom5 :o soon become v dextr\s1 :i* is always ! case :5 ! pay is 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( "w done4 ,ea* c conta9s j "o & "o-half p\nds4 ,exact weight is imp]ative1 z are details 9 all manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,great c>e is ex]cis$ 9 pack+1 s t !re are no bruis$ or brok5 heads1 & t on op5+ ! c ! /alks may appe> z well z if cut fre% f ! g>d54 ,aft] ! asp>agus is 9 ! cans !y are fill$ ) a weak br9e1 :i* n only expels ! air1 b adds mat]ially to ! flavor ( ! asp>agus4 ,! cans are !n tak5 to ! sold]+-b5* = seal+ up4 ,!re sy/ematic labor is noticeable1 z e detail ( cann+ mu/ be c>ri$ on sy/ematically to make x pr(itable4 ,! sold]+-irons us$ are holl[ & ! exact size ( ! caps1 :i* fit p]fectly ! grooves made = !m4 ,a s+le turn ( ! iron f9i%es ! "w4 ,be=e ! caps are put 9 _! places a small hole is made 9 ea* to all[ ! gas1 :i* is g5]at$ by ! heat f ! sold]+1 to escape4 ,)\t ?is precaution x w\ld be impossible to h]metically seal ! cans4 ,a s+le drop ( sold] closes ! small op5+1 & ! cans are ready = ! retorts = /]iliz+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg--,,/]iliz+ ,,tank ,"h two me?ods are employ$--dry /eam1 :i* is ! quick] me?od1 & boil+ 9 a clos$ tank4 ,mo/ ( ! fir/-class /ock is /]iliz$ 9 ! latt]4 ,?is tank 7,fig4 #cg7 is 9 ?ree sections1 9 all tw5ty feet long1 ea* section hold+ five hundr$ cans4 ,! cans are put 9 iron cribs & are pu%$ 9 & tak5 out ) /eam elevators4 ,z soon z ! cans are l[]$ ! sections are clos$ tightly & ! /eam is turn$ on4 ,! fir/ process ( /]ilization la/s tw5ty m9utes1 :5 ! tank is op5$1 ! cans tak5 out1 & a v5t giv5 ea*4 ,?is p]mits ! accumulat$ gas to escape1 :i*1 if all[$ to rema91 w\ld mat]ially injure ! quality ( ! asp>agus1 bo? 9 flavor & pres]vation4 ,= ?is "w a small prick pun* is us$1 :i* makes a hole n l>g] ?an a p9's head4 ,?is v5t is almo/ imm$iately clos$ ) a s+le drop ( sold] & ! cans are aga9 return$ to ! tanks1 :]e ! same op]ation ( cook+ is repeat$4 ,ano!r tw5ty m9utes completes ! "w1 :5 ! cans are remov$ to ! pack+-room1 :]e !y are label$1 wrapp$1 & pack$ ready = %ipm5t4 ,! cans or boxes are sev5 in*es long1 f\r wide1 & two & "o-half deep4 ,a view ( ! /]iliz+-room is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch--,,view ,,( ,,/]iliz+-,,room ,! culls1 :i* are put up z tips1 are small-siz$ & crook$ heads :i*1 al?\gh ( equal value z a vegetable1 are n %ipp$ to m>ket1 z !y w\ld detract f ! value ( ! fir/ quality1 & are consid]$ by bo? f>m]s & cann]s z by-products4 ,^! are cut to ?ree & "o-half in*es 9 l5g?1 & !n g ?r\gh ! same process 9 cann+ z ! fir/ quality1 except t dry /eam only is us$ 9 /]ilization4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh ! blan*+ process ! tips are put 9 r\nd cans1 f\r in*es 9 diamet] & five in*es high4 ,aft] sold]+ up ^! cans !y are put 9 ! retorts1 :i* are ?ree feet squ>e1 ea* conta9+ five hundr$ cans1 & treat$ ) /eam two hundr$ & fifty p\nds to ! in*4 ,! cans rema9 9 ^! retorts half an h\r4 ,!n !y are tak5 out1 v5t$1 put back aga91 & rema9 "u ! same pressure ano!r half h\r1 :5 ! "w is complet$4 ,by rigid economy ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute detail1 & by ! skill requir$ 9 ! k ( cann+1 asp>agus c n[ be _h at a reasonable price at all seasons ( ! ye>1 :i* is a boon to bo? produc] & consum]4 ,at #ad4jj p] "o hundr$ bun*es = ,no4 #a & #g4jj p] hundr$ bun*es = ,no4 #b1 or culls1 asp>agus is "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable ( agricultural crops1 & ev5 at "o-half ^! prices x is a mu* bett] pay+ crop ?an potatoes at #ej c5ts p] bu%el4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci--;,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,a ,,cali=nia ,,asp>agus ,,cann]y ,pacific ,coa/ me?ods4--,cann+ & pres]v+ ( asp>agus 9 ,cali=nia is c>ri$ on on z gr& a scale z are mo/ o!r und]tak+s4 ,an idea ( ! ext5t & importance ( ?is comp>atively new indu/ry may readily be conceiv$ :5 x is consid]$ t "o e/abli%m5t alone1 ,! ,hickmott ,asp>agus ,cann+ ,co41 on ,b\ld9 ,isl&1 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]1 has rec5tly %ipp$ an entire tra9-load ( cann$ asp>agus f ,san ,francisco to ,new ,york4 ,?is tra9 consi/$ ( fifte5 freight-c>s conta9+ #fjj cases ea*1 mak+ a total ( #i1jjj cases1 av]ag+ =ty-eight p\nds ea*1 ?us mak+ an actual weight ( #dcb1jjj p\nds4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! ye>ly asp>agus crop 9 ,cali=nia is cann$ or pres]v$ 9 glass1 & 9 t %ape s5t to ! ,ea/1 export$ to ,engl& & ! cont95t ( ,europe1 &1 9 fact1 to e civiliz$ c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,= cann]ies :]e no?+ b ! :ite product is put up ! %oots are cut ! in/ant !y %[ _! tips above ! surface4 ,! cann]ies are locat$ z ne> ! fields z possible1 ! ef=t be+ to get ! product 9 glass or cans be=e x becomes 9 any way )]$1 ! important po9t be+ t asp>agus is nev] all[$ to become dri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj--,,p]spective ,,view ,,( ,,cann+ ,,plants ,,at ,,b\ld9 ,,isl& ,! me?od employ$ at ,b\ld9 ,isl&1 :]e a crop ( #a1ejj acres is cann$ annually1 is to h tr\ghs conta9+ runn+ wat] 9 %ady places 9 ! fields4 ,! asp>agus1 z fa/ z cut1 is br\ght to ^! tr\ghs1 & is ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,^! tr\ghs are j wide en\gh to take 9 ! %oots ( ! prop] l5g? = cann+1 & ea* piece is trimm$ be=e be+ imm]s$4 ,f ! tr\ghs ! asp>agus is tak5 to ! sort+ table1 !n on to ! scald+ vats until x rea*es ! fill]s1 :]e is complet$ ! sy/ematic h&l+ ( ?is product1 pack+ x to p]fection1 no?+ rema9+ except to be label$1 :5 x is ready to be =w>d$ to ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,! entire process f ! "t ! /alks are tak5 f ! gr\nd to ! "t !y are ready = ! table consumes less ?an six h\rs4 ,! process ?r\gh\t is a m>vel ( cleanl9ess1 p>ticul> att5tion & /ress be+ laid on e detail connect$ ) x4 ,no blea*+ ag5ts or any?+ =eign or delet]i\s :atev] is us$ 9 ! pack+ ( ?is plant4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci is se5 ! int]ior ( "o ( ^! cann]ies1 :]e ! especially con/ruct$ sold]less cans ( ! company are be+ pack$4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! gr[+1 h>ve/+1 & cann+ is done on ,b\ld9 ,isl&1 save only ! pr9t+ ( ! labels4 ,t ! op]ators may be lodg$ 9 com=t ! company has erect$ mod]n cottages = _! employs :o h families1 besides well-equipp$ bo>d+-h\ses4 ,! developm5t & gr[? ( ?is asp>agus cann]y is "o ( ! m>vels ( ,cali=nia4 ,/>t+ t5 ye>s ago ) a r5t$ boil]1 "u ! ar*$ dome ( ! sky = a ro(1 & no?+ b ! %ade ( weep+ will[s = a /oreh\se1 z se5 9 ! ,frontispiece1 x has develop$ into a sup]b plant1 equipp$ ) all mod]n appliances4 ,dur+ ! active season #a1ejj h&s are employ$ directly & indirectly by ! cann+ company1 & ! e/imat$ output = ! av]age season is #aej1jjj cases4 ,figs4 #dj & #da pres5t p]spective views ( "s ( ! asp>agus cann]ies on ,b\ld9 ,isl&4 ,,dry+ ,al?\gh ! dry+ ( asp>agus is n mu* practic$ 9 ,am]ica1 x is well wor? ! att5tion ( ^? :o at times h a surplus ( fre% /alks4 ,dri$ asp>agus is especially recomm5d$ = s\ps & sauces1 & if prop]ly prep>$ x is no less desirable z a table vegetable4 ,dri$ asp>agus keeps indef9itely1 & co/ ( transportation is l>gely r$uc$4 ,= ! latt] purpose m$ium-siz$ spe>s are mo/ suitable1 z !y dry m ev5ly ?an l>g] ones4 ,"s recomm5d ! peel+ or scald+ ( ! /alks be=e dry+1 b ?is is n ess5tial1 &1 if desir$1 may be done aft] /eam+4 ,on a l>ge scale ! dry+ may be done 9 any mod]n evaporator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da--;,,cann]y ,,9 ,,asp>agus ,,fields ,= home use ! mo/ satisfactory way is to /r+ ! /alks ) a l>ge ne$le & /rong ?read ?r\gh ! butt ends ( ! /alks1 & hang !m along build+s or f5ces :]e !y are expos$ to ! full rays ( ! sun4 ,to insure a uni=m dry+ x is important t all ! spe>s on ! /r+ are ( ! same ?ickness1 z ! ?ick] ones require m "t to dry ?an ^? ( small] size4 ,:5 ! air is dry & w>m "o day's exposure to ! sun w be suffici5t to dry !m4 ,o!rwise ! /r+s w h to be hung up 9 ! kit*5 9 ! ev5+1 or 9 "s o!r dry place ov] night1 to be br\ght out aga9 ! foll[+ morn+1 until ! asp>agus is p]fectly dry4 ,x is !n ready to be put 9 boxes or loose bags & /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,if ! /alks h be5 peel$ be=e dry+1 :5 desir$ = use !y are plac$ 9 cold wat] = half an h\r1 "s salt is add$1 & !y are cook$ l fre% asp>agus4 ,= prep>+ dri$ asp>agus t has n be5 peel$ be=e dry+1 ,dr4 ,br9ckmei] recomm5ds tak+ a suffici5t numb] ( ! dri$ /alks & place !m 9 wat]1 :i*1 :ile n boil+1 is v ne> ! boil+ po9t1 & keep+ !m !re until !y resume _! succul5t1 smoo?1 fre% appe>ance4 ,to keep ! wat] j "r a d\ble boil] is be/1 ) ! /alks 9 ! inn] "o4 ,! wat] 9 ! out] vessel %\ld be kept at a /eady boil4 ,z ! /alks resume ! fre% appe>ance1 take !m out c>efully "o by "o & place 9 cold wat] until cool$1 aft] :i* place on a di% to dry4 ,!y %\ld be c>efully scald$ to remove ! h>d outside sk91 done up 9 a bundle1 ei!r by ty+ ) /r+s or wrapp+ 9 a piece ( nett+1 plac$ 9 boil+ wat]1 to :i* a little salt has be5 add$1 & all[$ to rema9 !re a few mom5ts--a v few1 = x cooks quickly--until done4 ,^! me?ods are recomm5d$ = :ite asp>agus only1 & :5 prop]ly dri$ & cook$ asp>agus s treat$ is by _m consid]$ to be h>dly di/+ui%able f ! fre%ly cut1 al?\gh x looses its :ite color 9 ! process4 ,small] & gre5 /alks may be dri$ on wire frames or wood5 racks ov] ! kit*5 /ove1 simil> to apples4 ,,xiv ,,injuri\s ,,insects ,:ile a numb] ( diff]5t insects fe$ ^u ! asp>agus plant1 !re are only two species :i* h s f> become ext5sively di/ribut$ & caus$ s]i\s damage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 import$ f ,europe1 & are limit$ = _! food supply to ! asp>agus plant4 ,,! ,,common ,,asp>agus ,,beetle,a 7,crioc]is asp>agi7 ,?is beetle is by f> ! mo/ important enemy ( ! asp>agus plant4 ,x 0 fir/ notic$ 9 ?is c\ntry at ,a/oria1 ,l4 ,i41 n[ a "p ( ,new ,york ,city1 9 #ahei1 b its actual introduction into t locality occurr$ ab\t #ahef4 ,! injury inflict$ by ?is insect is due to ! "w ( bo? adults & l>v ^u ! t5d] %oots1 :i* !y r5d] unfit = m>ket1 e>ly 9 ! season4 ,lat] !y de/roy1 by defoliation1 gr[+ plants1 & are p>ticul>ly injuri\s to se$l+s1 ! roots ( :i* are weak5$ by hav+ _! tops dev\r$4 ,l>v1 z well z beetles1 attack ! t5d]e/ portions ( ! plants1 b ! latt] gnaw ) seem+ly equal reli% ! epid]mis1 or r9d1 ( ! /ems4 ,! beetles are also accus$ ( gnaw+ "y %oots b5ea? ! surface1 caus+ !m to become woody & crook$ 9 gr[?4 ,! beetle illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #db is a mo/ beautiful creature--f ! entomologi/'s po9t ( view--sl5d] & graceful 9 =m1 blue-black 9 color1 ) r$ ?orax & lemon-yell[ & d>k blue elytra or w+ cov]s1 ) r$di% bord]4 ,its l5g? is a trifle less ?an "o-f\r? ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db--;,,common ,,asp>agus ,,beetle a1 beetle2 b1 egg2 c1 newly hat*$ l>va2 d1 full-gr[n l>va ,f ! sc5e ( its fir/ colonization 9 ,que5's ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 ! insect migrat$ to ! o!r truck-gr[+ portions ( ,long ,isl&4 ,x soon rea*$ s\!rn ,connecticut1 & has n[ ext5d$ its range nor?w>d ?r\gh ,massa*usetts to ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,s\?w>d x has travel$ ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey1 :]e x 0 fir/ notic$ 9 #ahfh1 to s\!rn ,virg9ia4 ,at pres5t x is well e/abli%$ 9 ! pr9cipal asp>agus-gr[+ sections ( ,new ,engl&1 ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 & ,m>yl&1 & is pres5t 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 & ,ohio4 ,! "q ( di/ribution is an important "o1 z ?is species is rapidly ext5d+ its range4 ,9 a v few ye>s we may expect its spread to o!r portions ( ! ,/ates 9 :i* x is n[ local1 & lat] x w naturally move we/w>d to ,indiana & o!r ,/ates we/ & s\? ( !re4 ,! insect passes ! w9t] 9 ! beetle /ate "u conv5i5t %elt]1 & t[>d ! end ( ,april or e>ly 9 ,may1 accord+ to locality1 or at ! season = cutt+ ! asp>agus = m>ket1 issues f its hib]nat+ qu>t]s & lays its eggs = ! fir/ brood4 ,! eggs are deposit$ endwise ^u ! /em or foliage1 & 9 ! e>ly spr+ ^u ! develop$ /alks1 usually 9 r[s ( f two to six1 or m4 ,9 f ?ree to eight days ! eggs hat*1 ! "y l>v1 commonly call$ grubs or worms1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #db1 c4 ,!y at once beg9 to fe$1 & are f t5 days to a =tnight1 accord+ to ,fit* & o!rs1 9 atta9+ full gr[?4 ,:5 full gr[n ! l>va appe>s z 9 ,fig4 #db1 d4 ,x is s(t & fle%y1 mu* wr9kl$1 & 9 color d>k gray or olive1 :i* usually becomes light] & yell[i% ) age4 ,! mature l>va ent]s ! e>?1 & "h1 )9 a little r\nd$1 dirt-cov]$ cocoon :i* x =ms1 ! pupa /ate is assum$4 ,9 f five to eight or m days ! adult beetle is produc$1 :i* soon issues f ! gr\nd 9 se>* ( food & ( a suitable place = ! cont9uance ( ! species4 ,9 ,fig4 #dc is %[n a spray ( asp>agus1 ) ! common asp>agus beetle 9 its diff]5t /ages1 asp>agus top at ! "r %[+ eggs & injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc--,,spray ,,& ,,top ,,( ,,asp>agus ,,attack$ ,,by ,,beetles ,! duration ( ! life cycle is ab\t ?irty days f ! "t ! eggs are laid until ! insects atta9 maturity1 b ! "t is %ort] 9 ! hott] p>ts ( a season ?an 9 ! cool] days ( ,may or ,septemb]4 ,9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia ! eggs1 9 ! w>me/ "p ( midsumm]1 develop 9 ?ree days & ! pup 9 five days4 ,f ?is x may be e/imat$ t1 9 ! v w>me/ wea!r1 ! developm5t ( ! insect may be effect$ 9 ab\t ?ree weeks f ! "t ! egg is laid4 ,9 cold] climates & 9 spr+ & autumn ! developm5t f egg to beetle w require f f\r to p]haps sev5 weeks4 ,9 ! nor!rn range ( ! species1 two & p]haps ?ree broods are usually produc$1 & f>!r s\?w>d !re is a possibility ( at lea/ a f\r? g5]ation4 ,9 ! latitude ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia ! beetles usually disappe> to ent] into hib]nation 9 ! latt] days ( ,septemb]4 ,! common asp>agus beetle has v effici5t *ecks 9 ! %ape ( pr$ace\s insects1 :i* prey ^u its l>v & assi/ 9 prev5t+ its undue increase4 ,"o ( ! mo/ active ( ^! pr$ace\s insects is ! spott$ ladybird 7,megilla maculata ,de,g471 repres5t$ 9 its sev]al /ages 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #dd47 ,! adult ( ?is beetle is rose-color$1 ) num]\s black spots4 ,! sp9$ soldi]-bug 7,podisus sp9osus ,dal47 & ! bord]$ soldi]-bug 7,/iretrus an*orado ,fab47 are also useful z de/roy]s ( asp>agus beetle l>v1 :i* !y cat* & kill by impal+ !m ^u _! long beaks & suck+ out _! juices4 ,c]ta9 species ( wasps & small dragon-flies also prey ^u ! l>v4 ,asp>agus beetles are v susceptible to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 & imm5se numb]s ( hib]nat+ beetles are sometimes kill$ 9 w9t] dur+ sev]e cold spells foll[+ op5 wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd--,,spott$ ,,ladybird a1 l>va2 b1 empty pupal sk92 c1 beetle1 ) enl>g$ ant5na above ,rem$ies4--,! common asp>agus beetle1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 may be held 9 re/ra9t by ! simple/ means4 ,*ick5s & ducks are effici5t de/roy]s ( ! insect1 & _! s]vices are (t5 br\ght into requisition = ?is purpose4 ,a practice t is 9 high favor among prom95t asp>agus gr[]s is to cut d[n all plants1 includ+ volunte] gr[?1 9 e>ly spr+ to =ce ! beetles to deposit _! eggs ^u new %oots1 :i* are !n cut e day be=e ! eggs h "t to hat*4 ,ano!r measure ( value consi/s 9 p]mitt+ a portion ( ! %oots to gr[ & s]ve z lures = ! beetles4 ,"h !y may be kill$ ) insecticides1 or ! plants1 aft] !y become cov]$ ) eggs1 may be cut d[n & burn$1 & o!r %oots be all[$ to gr[ up z decoys4 ,"o ( ! be/ & lea/ exp5sive rem$ies aga9/ ! l>v is fre% air-slack$ lime du/$ on ! plants 9 ! e>ly morn+ :ile ! dew is on4 ,x quickly de/roys all ! grubs ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,! lime may be conv5i5tly appli$ by means ( a :isk-broom or a ,p>is gre5 sift]4 ,ev5 dry road du/ appli$ 9 ?is mann] w h a b5eficial effect4 ,! special m]it ( ^! insecticides is t !y c be us$ )\t ! lea/ dang] ^u "y %oots be+ cut = m>ket or home use4 ,p>is gre5 & o!r ars5ites1 appli$ dry 9 p[d]1 mix$ ) fl\r or pla/]1 or 9 solution1 answ] equally well1 aft] cutt+ has ceas$1 & possess ! advantage ( de/roy+ beetles z well z l>v4 ,"o p\nd ( ,p>is gre5 to a b>rel ( f9e pla/] makes a suffici5tly /rong mixture4 ,x may be necess>y to make two ( ^! applications at int]vals or z (t5 z ! l>v reappe> on ! plants4 ,p[d]$ hellebore mix$ ) fl\r1 "o "p to t51 or 9 solution ( "o ounce ( hellebore to ?ree gallons ( wat]1 is also v effective aga9/ ! "y l>v4 ,pyre?rum or buha* may be us$ 9 simil> mann]1 & k]os5e emulsion has be5 highly recomm5d$ by "s exp]im5t]s4 ,9 hot wea!r1 :5 ! soil is dry1 ! l>v may be bru%$ or %ak5 f ! plants s t !y w drop to ! heat$ gr\nd1 :]e !y die1 be+ unable to rega9 ! %elt] ( ! plants4 ,:i*ev] me?ods = ! de/ruction ( ?is pe/ are adopt$1 unless ! "w be done ?or\ghly & ) conc]t$ action by all ! gr[]s 9 ! section1 ! relief c n be p]man5t4 ,,! ,,twelve-,,spott$ ,,asp>agus ,,beetle 7,crioc]is #ab-punctata ,l9n7 ,! pres5ce ( ?is insect 9 ,am]ica 0 fir/ detect$ 9 #ahha1 & x is /ill mu* r>] & consequ5tly less injuri\s ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,9 ,europe1 :]e x is app>5tly native1 x is common b n especially de/ructive4 ,! *ief s\rce ( damage f ?is species is f ! "w ( ! hib]nat$ beetles 9 e>ly spr+ ^u ! "y & edible asp>agus %oots4 ,lat] beetles z well z l>v appe> to fe$ exclusively ^u ! b]ries4 ,! eggs are deposit$ s+ly1 & app>5tly by pref]5ce1 ^u old plants t[>d ! end ( %oots1 :i*1 l[] d[n1 be> rip5+ b]ries1 & !y are atta*$ along _! sides in/ead ( at "o end1 z 9 ! case ) ! eggs ( ! common species4 ,soon aft] ! l>va hat*es f ! egg x f9ds its way to an asp>agus b]ry1 ent]s x1 & fe$s ^u ! pulp4 ,9 due "t x leaves ! fir/ b]ry = ano!r "o1 & :5 full gr[? is atta9$ x des]ts its la/ l>val habitation & ent]s ! e>?1 :]e x trans=ms to pupa & aft]w>d to ! adult beetle4 ,! life cycle does n diff] mat]ially f t ( ! common species1 & !re are probably ! same or ne>ly z _m g5]ations develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de--,,twelve-,,spott$ ,,asp>agus ,,beetle a1 beetle2 b1 l>va2 c1 second abdom9al segm5t ( l>va2 d1 same ( common asp>agus beetle ,?is species is at pres5t di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! asp>agus-gr[+ c\ntry ( ,new ,j]sey1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 ! :ole ( ,delaw>e1 ne>ly ! entire /ate ( ,m>yl&1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ! s\!a/]n portion ( ,p5nsylvania bord]+ ! /ate l9e ( ,new ,j]sey1 nor!a/]n ,virg9ia 9 ! vic9ity ( ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,potomac ,riv]1 ,/at5 ,isl&1 & ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 ! la/ m5tion$ be+ ! mo/ nor!rn locality kn[n = ! species4 ,! mature beetle 9 life rivals ! common asp>agus beetle 9 beauty1 b may be di/+ui%$ by its mu* broad] w+ cov]s & its color4 ,! gr\nd color is orange r$1 ea* w+ cov] is m>k$ ) six black dots1 & ! knees & a portion ( ! "u surface ( ! ?orax are also m>k$ ) black1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #de1 a4 ,! beetle z x appe>s on ! plant :5 9 fruit v closely resembles1 at a little di/ance1 a ripe asp>agus b]ry4 ,! full-gr[n l>va is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 b4 ,x measures1 :5 ext5d$1 ?ree-t5?s ( an in*1 be+ ( ab\t ! same proportions z ! l>va ( ! common species1 b is readily sep>able by its o*race\s orange color4 ,fig4 #de1 c1 %[s ! second abdom9al segm5t ( l>va1 & d same ( ! common asp>agus beetle1 mu* enl>g$4 ,rem$ies4--,! rem$ies are ^? indicat$ = ! common asp>agus beetle1 ) ! possible exception ( cau/ic lime & o!r measures t are direct$ solely aga9/ t species1 b ! habit ( ! l>va ( liv+ )9 ! b]ry places x = t p]iod beyond ! rea* ( insecticides4 ,! collection & de/ruction ( ! asp>agus b]ries be=e rip5+ might be a solution ( ! problem1 b x is que/ionable if rec\rse to ?is measure w\ld be necess>y1 save 9 cases ( an exceptional abundance ( ! insect4 ,,! ,,asp>agus ,,m9] 7,agromyza simplex7 ,9 a rec5t bullet9 f ! ,new ,york ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,a4 ,sirr9e describes a comp>atively new & injuri\s insect on asp>agus4 ,x 0 discov]$ on ,long ,isl&1 & injures ! "y plants by m9+ j und]nea? ! outside surface4 ,! habits ( ?is creature are su* t !re is little *ance ( apply+ rem$ies = its de/ruction4 ,cultural & prev5tive measures seem to be ! mo/ practical1 & are sugge/$4 ,! p>5t insect is a small fly1 :i* deposits its eggs = ! fir/ brood e>ly 9 ,june1 & no d\bt mu* c be done t[>d keep+ ! pe/ "u control by n all[+ small %oots to gr[ dur+ ! cutt+ season4 ,pr(essor ,sirr9e is ( ! op9ion t :]e "y b$s are put out ye>ly ! pe/ c be kept 9 *eck by pull+ & burn+ ! old /alks4 ,he po9ts out ! fact t ! /alk %\ld be pull$ 9 ! fall r ?an 9 ! spr+1 z x is difficult to pull !m e>ly 9 ! season1 & 9 _m cases ! dormant /age ( ! insect is left 9 ! gr\nd4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,cond5s$ f an (ficial report by ,j4 ,h4 ,*itt5d5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,xv ,,fungus ,,diseases ,asp>agus is subject to ! attacks ( a numb] ( fungi1 ! mo/ widespread & de/ructive be+ ! ru/1 ! cause ( :i* is a fungus describ$ by ,de ,c&olle z ,pucc9ia asp>agi 9 ! ye> #ahje4 ,f ?is x is se5 t ! ru/ ^u ! asp>agus has be5 kn[n to sci5ti/s = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s1 & x is b reasonable to suppose t m or less ( ?is fungus has exi/$ beyond ! hi/ory ( man4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( asp>agus ru/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 by ,dr4 ,h>kness1 :o claim$ to h obs]v$ x on ! ,pacific ,coa/ 9 #ahhj1 al?\gh x is d\btful :e!r ! g5u9e asp>agus ru/ 0 ev] f\nd !re4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( x 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates 0 9 ! fall ( #ahif1 & s9ce !n its range has be5 wid5+ ea* ye>4 ,dr4 ,byron ,d4 ,hal/$1 ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 0 ! fir/ to call att5tion to x1 & made x ! subject ( c>eful /udy4 ,! results & conclusions d]iv$ f 8 exp]im5ts 7 publi%$ 9 a special bullet91 & f ?is ! great] "p ( ! foll[+ has be5 cond5s$4 ,,recognition ,,( ,,! ,,ru/ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df--;,,asp>agus ,,/ems ,,affect$ ,,) ,,ru/ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg--,,portion ,,( ,,ru/$ ,,asp>agus ,,/ems ,:5 an asp>agus field is badly infe/$ ) ! ru/ ! g5]al appe>ance is t ( an unusually e>ly matur+ ( ! plants 7,fig4 #df74 ,in/ead ( ! heal?y gre5 color !re is a br[n hue1 z if insects _h sapp$ ! plants or fro/ de/roy$ _! vitality4 ,ru/$ plants1 :5 view$ closely1 are f\nd to h ! sk9 ( ! /ems lift$1 z if bli/]$1 & )9 ! ruptures ( ! epid]mis ! color is br[n1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! br[n color is due to multitudes ( spores borne ^u ! tips ( f9e ?reads ( ! fungus1 :i* aggregate at c]ta9 po9ts & cause ! spots4 ,! ?reads f :i* ! spores are produc$ are exce$+ly small & gr[ ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! asp>agus /em1 tak+ up n\ri%m5t & caus+ an enfeebl$ condition ( ! victim1 :i* results 9 loss ( ! gre5 color & ! f9al ru/9ess ( ! plant1 due to ! multitude ( spores =m$ ^u ! surface4 ,^! spores are c>ri$ by ! w9d to o!r plants1 :]e new disease spots are produc$2 b z ! autumn advances a f9al =m ( spore appe>s 9 ! ruptures t is q diff]5t 9 %ape & color f ! fir/ ones produc$ ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,! spores ( late autumn1 f _! d>k color1 give an almo/ black appe>ance to ! spots4 ,!re is ano!r =m :i* ! ru/ fungus assumes n usually se5 9 ! asp>agus field1 b may be f\nd 9 e>ly spr+ ^u plants t are n subject$ to cutt+4 ,?is is ! clu/]-cup /age1 s nam$ because ! fungus produces m9ute cups f ! asp>agus /em1 & 9 small gr\ps ( a doz5 to fifty1 mak+ usually an oval spot easily se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,?is /age ( ! fungus comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( "t 9 ! s]ies1 & is met ) ^u volunte] plants t may gr[ along ! roadside or f5ce r[1 or 9 a field :]e all ! old asp>agus plants h n be5 de/roy$4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,treat+ ,,! ,,ru/ ,all ! cultivat$ v>ieties ( asp>agus are readily affect$ by ! ru/1 al?\gh x has be5 f\nd t "s v>ieties1 notably ,palmetto1 are less susceptible to its attacks ?an o!rs4 ,! mo/ effectual means ( controll+ ! disease are spray+1 burn+ ( ! bru%1 cultivation1 & irrigation4 ,spray+4--,dr4 ,hal/$1 9 8 fir/ exp]im5ts1 us$ soda-bordeaux1 hydrate-bordeaux1 & pota%-bordeaux4 ,! spray+ began ,june #b;d1 & t5 spray+s 7 appli$ dur+ ! season4 ,! applications 7 made ) a knapsack pump1 & !re=e 7 f> m exp5sive ?an !y w\ld h be5 if ! spray+s 7 made ) horse-p[]4 ,) ! fungicide co/+ #e4jj p] acre1 & a ma*9e t w\ld spray two or m r[s at a "t1 x w\ld be possible to r$uce ! co/ to #aj4jj p] acre1 or ev5 less4 ,9 effectiv5ess ! soda-bordeaux /ood fir/4 ,betwe5 ! o!r fungicides !re 0 b little diff]5ce4 ,! be/ results %[$ a r$uction ( ru/ ( ab\t "o-qu>t]1 :i* is n z satisfactory a result z _h be5 expect$4 ,9 ! spray+ "w conduct$ by ,pr(essors ,g4 ,e4 ,/one & ,r4 ,e4 ,smi?1 at ! ,massa*usetts ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ! results 7 m enc\rag+4 ,! solutions us$ 7 potassium sulfide1 sac*>ate ( lime1 & bordeaux mixture4 ,! spray+ 0 done ) a knapsack spray]1 provid$ ) a ,v]morel nozzle1 & aft] ! fir/ application x became evid5t t ! practice 0 ( little importance on acc\nt ( ! difficulty 9 mak+ ! solution /ick to ! plant4 ,= successful spray+ ( asp>agus a f9] nozzle is requir$ ?an any t is n[ 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 "s o!r exp]im5ts c>ri$ out on a small scale ! asp>agus plants 7 practically cov]$ ) solutions1 :5 !y 7 put on ) an ord9>y cyl9d] atomiz]1 & ! lime solutions %[$ excell5t /ick+ qualities2 b ) ! ord9>y co>se nozzle ! solutions w\ld run (f ( ! glossy epid]mal cov]+ ( ! plant v readily4 ,%\ld ! spray+ ( asp>agus ev] become a necessity1 !n "s app>atus :i* c be /rapp$ to a horse's back %\ld be us$4 ,! n>r[ space betwe5 ! r[s =bids ! use ( ! ord9>y m\nt$ appliances1 & if spray+ is to be c>ri$ on ^u a l>ge scale1 x w\ld be bett] to h ! spray+ mixture c>ri$ 9 "s mann] on ! horse's back4 ,9 ?is way x w\ld be possible to c>ry "s ?irty or =ty gallons ( mixture ?r\gh ! n>r[ r[s4 ,burn+ ! affect$ tops4--,!re c be no d\bt t by ! burn+ ( ! infe/$ bru%1 aft] ! cutt+ season1 innum]able ru/ spores are de/roy$4 ,b if ?is is done be=e ! /alks are entirely dead new ones w spr+ up at once1 & 9 a few days w be z badly affect$ z ! fir/4 ,! burn+ ( ! tops 9 ! summ] has1 moreov]1 a decid$ly injuri\s effect ^u ! roots1 s]i\sly weak5+ _! vitality1 & mak+ ! gr[? ( ! foll[+ ye> /ill m susceptible to ! infection4 ,9 ! autumn1 h[ev]1 aft] ! /alks are dead & dry1 ?is damage does n prevail1 & ! spores ^u old bru% c be de/roy$ by burn+ ! asp>agus /ems ei!r z !y /& 9 ! field or by cutt+ & ?r[+ ! bru% into piles4 ,by ! latt] me?od _m ( ! small] bran*es w be brok5 (f & scatt]$ ^u ! gr\nd1 giv+ a suitable place = ! spores to rema9 ov] ! w9t]4 ,= ! same reason x is an advantage to burn ! bru% 9 autumn in/ead ( ! spr+1 & ?us prev5t ! l>ge loss ( spores t w\ld obta94 ,9 o!r words1 burn ! plants z soon z !y become br[n & lifeless1 = any delay means ! break+ up ( ! brittle1 ru/y plants1 & a heavy s[+ ( ! spores ^u ! gr\nd4 ,if ! fire c\ld g ov] ! :ole field ( /&+ bru%1 t w\ld be ! mo/ effective de/ruction4 ,at be/1 ) ^! precautions1 _m ( ! spores w get scatt]$ ^u ! soil1 & x w\ld be well to spr9kle a ?9 coat ( lime ^u ! gr\nd & leave x !re dur+ ! w9t]4 ,if ?is c\ld be foll[$ by a turn+ "u ( ! surface soil 9 ! spr+1 x w\ld bury ! spores t might /ill be liv+1 s t !y w\ld be out ( rea*4 ,cultivation & irrigation4--,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! injury to asp>agus plants1 z a result ( ru/1 has be5 conf9$ to dry soils1 al?\gh !re are places :]e b$s 9 close proximity %[$ rem>kable diff]5ces z to infection2 & t robu/ & vigor\s plants1 ev5 :]e cultivat$ on app>5tly dry soil1 are capable ( resi/+ ! summ] or injuri\s /age ( ! ru/4 ,9 view ( all ! exp]im5ts s f> made1 & ! exp]i5ces ( practical asp>agus gr[]s1 ,/one & ,smi? conclude t3 ,! be/ means ( controll+ ! ru/ is by ?or\gh cultivation 9 ord] to secure vigor\s plants1 & 9 seasons ( extreme dryness plants gr[+ on v dry soil ) little wat]-reta9+ prop]ties %\ld1 if possible1 receive irrigation4 ,f a k ( ! occurr5ces ( ! ru/ 9 ,europe1 & f obs]vations made 9 ,massa*usetts1 !y are l$ to believe t ! outbreak ( ! asp>agus ru/ is ( a sporadic nature1 & is n likely to cause mu* h>m 9 ! future1 provid$ att5tion is giv5 to ! production ( vigor\s plants4 ,,asp>agus ,,leop>d ,,spot ,att5tion 0 call$ to ?is new disease by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,johnson1 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ej1 ,m>yl& ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,x 0 obs]v$ 9 a limit$ area 9 ! asp>agus gr[+ section on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,m>yl&4 ,! disease belongs to ! gr\p ( an?racnoses1 & is reg>d$ by ,dr4 ,b4 ,d4 ,hal/$ z a new species4 ,9 "s places gr[]s h mi/ak5 x = ! "w ( asp>agus beetles4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance x is v /rik+1 ! *>act]i/ic spots resembl+ ! coat ( ! leop>d4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 call$ asp>agus leop>d spot1 to di/+ui% x readily f ru/4 ,! disease has be5 f\nd only 9 a comp>atively small area1 b1 no d\bt w be f\nd 9 o!r places lat]4 ,asp>agus gr[]s %\ld1 !re=e1 be on _! gu>d & wat* x4 ,! rem$ies ?us f> successfully us$ are ! same z ^? = ru/4 ,,xvi ,,asp>agus ,,culture ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,localities ,,asp>agus ,,9 ,,new ,,engl& ,asp>agus 0 gr[n 9 ,concord1 ,mass41 9 a limit$ way z e>ly z #ahbe4 ,mr4 ,edmund ,hosm] us$ to c>ry x to m>ket 9 season on 8 milk wagon4 ,timo?y ,prescott & ,f4 ,r4 ,g\rgas grew g>d5 pat*es be=e #ahdj4 ,to ,john ,b4 ,moore belongs ! cr$it ( gr[+ & improv+ asp>agus 9 ?is section ( ! ,/ate4 ,mr4 ,moore select$ ! mo/ promis+ %oots1 & by a judici\s sy/em ( culture succe$$ 9 plac+ on ! m>ket a valuable v>iety 9 ! %ape ( ,moore's ,cross-br$4 ,mo/ ( ! giant asp>agus gr[n 9 ,concord to-day c\ld be trac$ to ! plants produc$ by 8 skill4 ,a sample bun* ( twelve /alks1 twelve in*es long1 f ,moore's ,cross-br$ plants weigh$ f\r p\nds eight ounces4 ,9 #ahgb ! fir/ b$ ( asp>agus ( any size 0 set out by ,mr4 ,george ,d4 ,hubb>d1 :o 0 laugh$ at by 8 neighbor f>m]s1 :o saw only ru9 = ! "y man4 ,! next ye> ,mr4 ,hubb>d set out m1 s t = tw5ty ye>s he 0 probably ! l>ge/ gr[] 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,mo/ ( ! lead+ v>ieties are gr[n 9 ,concord1 b ! f>m]s are look+ = a ru/-pro( v>iety & hope to f9d "o4 ,! ,palmetto has n ru/$ z badly z o!r k9ds1 b has n be5 gr[n s ext5sively4 ,"o-ye>-old roots %\ld be set by all means1 z !y />t soon]1 gr[ m vigor\sly1 & 9 ! end pay bett]4 ,! roots %\ld be c>efully select$ f vigor\s /ock4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ,concord asp>agus is plant$ on s&y soil--i4e41 good1 ri*1 mell[ corn l&4 ,?is k9d ( l& ne$s m manure1 b !n ! crop is m satisfactory & ! labor bill is n s high4 ,! l& previ\s to sett+ to asp>agus %\ld be well till$ & manur$4 ,l& = asp>agus b$s %\ld be pl[$ late 9 ! fall1 & if /able manure c be af=d$ %\ld be appli$ lib]ally4 ,9 ! spr+ pl[ aga9 e>ly & h>r[ well4 ,! roots %\ld be plant$ 9 ,april z soon z ! gr\nd c be work$4 ,aft] det]m9+ ! direction ( ! r[s a numb] ( la?s1 f\r feet long1 are plac$ 9 l9e :]e ! fir/ r[ is to be4 ,x is v important to get ! r[s /raight & an ev5 di/ance ap>t4 ,a good /rong pair ( horses & a l>ge pl[ are us$1 a bo>d be+ s plac$ above ! mold-bo>d ( ! pl[ t ! loose soil w n fall back into ! furr[4 ,drive ! horses s t ! middle ( ! ev5] w j come to ! la?1 !n *ange ! la? ov] its own l5g?1 if ! r[s are to be f\r feet ap>t1 & t w m>k ! next r[4 ,*ange ea* la? z y come to x1 & :5 y\r fir/ furr[ is complet$ y\r second r[ w be all m>k$ out4 ,return 9 ! fir/ r[ to make x deep] & also to /raight5 any b5ds4 ,%ovel out ! ends = a few feet & y w h a prop] furr[ to set asp>agus roots 94 ,proce$ ) ! o!r r[s 9 ! same mann]1 & y w h a good-look+ plantation4 ,! l>g] gr[]s 9 ,concord set ! plants two feet ap>t 9 ! r[ & h ! r[s f\r feet ap>t4 ,! plants are set 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[1 cov]$ two in*es1 & %\ld level up by fall s t ! cr[ns w be six or sev5 in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,! furr[s may be made v deep1 s t manure c be plac$ 9 ! bottom1 or f]tiliz] may be /rewn be=e ! plants are set or aft]4 ,! roots %\ld be spread out c>efully 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[1 c>e be+ tak5 to h !m 9 l9e4 ,! b$ %\ld be cultivat$ ) a f9e-too? cultivator or we$] (t5 en\gh to prev5t ! gr[? ( we$s4 ,keep ! b$ clean & d n h ! tr5*es fill$ 9 be=e ! la/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! tops %\ld n be cut 9 ! fall ( ! fir/ ye>1 z ! sn[ w be held by !m1 & !reby protect ! roots to "s ext5t4 ,"s gr[]s spread co>se manure on _! b$s 9 ! fall to prev5t ! soil f be+ bl[n away & also to prev5t w9t] kill+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is r>e4 ,9 ! second ye> ! b$ may be pl[$ or :eel-h>r[$ 9 ! spr+ z e>ly z possible4 ,concord gr[]s use animal manure or *emical f]tiliz]s1 z ! case may be or z ! b$ may require4 ,! b$ %\ld be smoo? h>r[$ j be=e ! new %oots appe>1 & good clean cultivation giv5 dur+ ! season4 ,aft] h>r[+ or pl[+ 9 ! ?ird ye>1 s[ y\r *emicals or f]tiliz] broadca/ & h>r[ 94 ,a good =mula = asp>agus is3 ,nitrate ( soda1 #cjj to #djj p\nds2 muriate ( pota%1 #djj p\nds2 & f9e gr\nd bone1 #fjj p\nds p] acre4 ,! %oots w appe> ab\t ,may #e?1 & %\ld be cut = ab\t two weeks2 !n let !m gr[ up & cultivate well dur+ ! season4 ,home-mix+ ( f]tiliz] is practic$ by "s ( ! gr[]s 9 ?is vic9ity1 z x is *eap] & bett]4 ,any intellig5t f>m] c1 ) a little /udy1 pur*ase & mix ! raw mat]ials to advantage4 ,n s mu* f]tiliz] is us$ z =m]ly by our gr[]s1 :o are beg9n+ to ?9k t we use m plant food ?an ! crop ne$s1 ?us ?r[+ away _m doll>s ea* ye>4 ,! co/ ( an acre ( asp>agus :5 prop]ly plant$ & manur$ is ab\t two hundr$ doll>s1 v>y+ ) ! co/ ( help1 manure1 etc4 ,! av]age product ( asp>agus b$s is ab\t two hundr$ & eighty-eight doz5 bun*es p] acre--probably less s9ce ! ru/ appe>$ 9 #ahig4 ,asp>agus is gr[n l>gely on ,cape ,cod4 ,!re ! roots are plant$ 9 r[s six feet ap>t & f\r or five feet 9 ! r[4 ,seawe$ is us$ l>gely 9 connection ) f]tiliz] & manure4 ,v>i\s gra9s1 oats1 rye1 etc41 are sometimes s[n to prev5t ! soil be+ bl[n away4 ,! me?od ( culture is mu* ! same z else:]e4 ,at ,concord ! asp>agus season op5s usually ab\t ,may #e?4 ,! %oots are cut two or ?ree in*es "u gr\nd & %\ld be ab\t eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,^! are laid 9 h&fuls on ! gr\nd by ! cutt]1 ea* "o cutt+ two r[s4 ,! product ( f\r r[s is laid 9 "o r[1 mak+ :at is call$ a basket r[4 ,^! basket r[s are ga!r$ 9 baskets1 boxes1 or :eelb>r[s1 & tak5 to ! pack+-%$4 ,! asp>agus is plac$ on a table & pack$ 9 racks ( uni=m size1 pass$ to ! p]son :o ties1 & !n to be butt$ (f4 ,! bun*es are !n wa%$ & set up 9 tr\ghs ready = m>ket4 ,wat] is add$ 9 season to swell ! bun* tight & x is !n pack$ 9 bu%el boxes = m>ket1 go+ 9 by teams ea* night4 ,asp>agus 0 free f pe/s until #ahhi1 :5 ! asp>agus beetle made its unwelcome appe>ance4 ,me?ods ( fight+ ! beetle 7 unkn[n to gr[]s g5]ally at t "t1 b necessity soon taught u4 ,*ick5s & h5s are us$ ) good results1 also ,p>is gre5 dry 0 appli$ ) an air-gun :5 ! dew 0 on ! foliage4 ,cutworms sometimes d ! asp>agus crop sev]e damage1 b *ick5s & h5s are a sure rem$y--9 fact1 h5s are a decid$ b5efit 9 an asp>agus field1 keep+ d[n _m we$s4 ,aft] le>n+ to control ! asp>agus beetle we 7 visit$ by ! ru/1 :i* has prov$ a /ubborn foe & absorbs ! sap :i* ought to g to ! gr[+ plant4 ,appe>+ 9 ,july1 #ahig1 ! ru/ s]i\sly damag$ _m b$s 9 ea/]n ,massa*usetts4 ,_m rem$ies h be5 sugge/$1 b s f> none ( !m h prov$ p]fectly satisfactory4 ,gr[]s h be5 advis$ to cut ! infect$ tops z soon z ! ru/ appe>s1 b su* a practice is all wrong1 h[ev] good 9 !ory4 ,d n cut ! tops until ! sap has left ! /alks4 ,?is is ! advice ( a l>ge numb] ( asp>agus gr[]s & sci5tific m5 :o are engag$ 9 exp]im5tal "w4 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,prescott4 ,middlesex ,c\nty1 ,mass4 ,,asp>agus ,,on ,,long ,,isl& ,! cultivation ( asp>agus on ,long ,isl& does n diff] mat]ially1 9 mo/ respects1 f t practic$ 9 o!r localities1 o!r ?an 9 its ext5t4 ,b !re is probably m to be le>n$ ab\t its cultivation !re ?an 9 any o!r section ( ! c\ntry1 f ! fact ( its be+ gr[n "u su* *ang$ conditions ( soil4 ,"h x c be %[n t ! "* ( soil is n1 ( itself1 ( great importance1 & t on soil usually consid]$ wor?less--on l& t c be b\ght1 uncle>$1 at f five to t5 doll>s p] acre--asp>agus c be made z pr(itable a crop z on l& consid]$ *eap at "o hundr$ doll>s p] acre4 ,ne>ly e f>m1 ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( :i* is ! ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 has f two to tw5ty acres ( soil compos$ v l>gely ( f9e drift s&1 9 all respects l quick-s& 9 "*4 ,?is1 :5 mix$ ) light loam1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 is ! mo/ favorable l& = asp>agus1 & 9 su* x is l>gely gr[n1 be+ unsuit$ to potatoes or c]eals1 & :]e grasses make b a feeble /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,)9 five m9utes' walk to ! s\? ! soil is f a lively to a q heavy loam1 9 :i* corn1 potatoes1 cabbage1 caulifl[]1 &1 9 fact1 all o!r crops revel4 ,9 ?is soil ! asp>agus also f9ds a cong5ial home1 b no bett] ?an 9 ! s&1 9 :i* b little else c be gr[n2 nei!r c x be gr[n "h m pr(itably4 ,! exp5se = f]tiliz]s is a little m on ! s&y soil1 b ! co/ 9 labor on ! heavy soil w q equal ! co/ ( extra f]tiliz] requir$ on ! light4 ,:e!r away f a sal9e atmosph]e a light soil w\ld be z favorable z a heavy "o = ! asp>agus is a "q t practical exp]im5t only c settle4 ,b x is an important "o1 z x is n g5]ally suppos$ t x is possible to gr[ asp>agus1 at a pr(it1 on su* soils z are n[ be+ devot$ to ?is crop on ,long ,isl&4 ,t :i* has be5 call$ ! b>r5 wa/es1 ! dw>f-p9e & scrub-oak l&s ( ,suffolk ,c\nty1 c be made mo/ pr(itable f>m+ l&s may be a surprise to _m1 b t su* is ! case does n admit ( a d\bt4 ,z evid5ce ( ?is1 let u /ate :at is be+ done along ^! l9es4 ,messrs4 ,hudson ,sons1 lead+ cann]s ( asp>agus1 h b\ght a f>m ( #ebe acres ( z poor l& z x is possible to f9d on ,long ,isl&1 :i* !y are to devote exclusively to ?is crop4 ,!y h already m ?an fifty acres plant$1 & are gett+ ! :ole 9 read9ess z rapidly z possible4 ,?is is no exp]im5t1 b simply do+ on a l>ge scale :at has pr(itably be5 done on a small "o4 ,on simil> soils a l[ e/imate ( net pr(it is #ajj p] acre1 & !re are _m in/ances :]e d\ble ?is pr(it is made4 ,! price paid la/ season by ! cann]s 0 #ad p] #ajj bun*es = fir/ quality1 & #f p] #ajj = culls1 or tips1 z !y are usually call$4 ,) good cultivation1 :i* means a lib]al supply ( plant food--& !re is no crop t requires m--& ! surface kept clean1 free f we$s1 & frequ5tly cultivat$1 s t ! surface is at all times loose & f9e to prev5t evaporation1 ! av]age yield is #b1ejj bun*es p] acre4 ,if we e/imate ! tips at #be p] c5t4 ( ! crop1 ! gross receipts w am\nt to #bjj p] acre4 ,aft] a giv5 acreage is ready = cutt+1 :i* is ! ?ird ye> aft] plant+1 ! annual co/ ( cultivation is n v mu*1 if any1 m ?an t ( a crop ( potatoes4 ,x is a "q :e!r ! actual co/ ( gr[+ & m>ket+ an acre ( asp>agus is n less ?an t ( an acre ( potatoes4 ,"s gr[]s ass]t x is ?ree times z mu* "w to take c>e ( a giv5 acreage ( asp>agus z ( potatoes2 admitt+ x1 ! relative co/ is /at$ above4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,all54 ,nassau ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,asp>agus ,,9 ,,new ,,j]sey ,an important po9t 9 asp>agus culture is to remove ! top gr[? 9 ! fall ( ! ye>4 ,= ?is purpose ,i use a m[+-ma*9e1 !n rake up ! bru% & burn x on ! b$4 ,aft] ?is ,i top-dress heavy ) manure1 leav+ x lie on ! l& until spr+4 ,j z soon z ! gr\nd is fit to "w at all ,i put on a disk-h>r[1 & cut x ab\t f\r times ea* way until x is ?or\ghly pulv]iz$4 ,!n ) a smoo?+-h>r[ ,i level x1 & repeat ! smoo?+-h>r[ op]ation ab\t once a week to keep d[n all we$s com+ ?r\gh4 ,!n we let x g z long z we c1 possibly two weeks1 & at ! appe>ance ( we$s we take an ord9>y sweet-potato ridg] hav+ a pl[ on ei!r side & run x a/ride ! r[1 cov]+ ev]y?+ 9 ! r[4 ,do+ ?is on ,saturday aft]noon holds ! asp>agus back ov] ! foll[+ day4 ,!n we take ! middle out ) a "o-horse cultivator4 ,?is is done probably ?ree times dur+ ! cutt+ season1 :i* is eight weeks4 ,) ! help ( "o ( ^! we$]s1 :i* we use at lea/ once a week1 we keep ! b$ q clean ( all we$s1 & ?is ,i consid] v ess5tial4 ,! cultivation %\ld cont9ue aft] cutt+ until ! top gr[? becomes s l>ge z to protect ! gr\nd1 & !n !re w be b little tr\ble late 9 ! season ab\t we$s4 ,x doesn't pay to gr[ !m any:]e1 & especially n 9 asp>agus b$s4 ,9 plant+1 ! gr\nd %\ld be well prep>$ & furr[$ out eight in*es 9 dep?1 f\r & "o-half feet ap>t1 & ! plants two & "o-half feet 9 ! r[1 ) a little f9e manure 9 bottom ( r[2 put ab\t two in*es ( soil on ! plants to cov]4 ,!n z ! spr\ts come up1 keep on fill+ ! furr[s by cultivation4 ,i h be5 us+ "s comm]cial manures ! pa/ two ye>s1 apply+ at ! rate ( "o ton to ! acre ab\t ! r[s 9 ! spr+2 !n ne>ly a ton ( salt to ! acre appli$ at any "t4 ,x helps keep we$s d[n & gives ! asp>agus a good flavor4 ,above all1 d n =get to apply ! f]tiliz]1 & ,pl5ty1 ) a big ,p1 ( x--ei!r /able manure or comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,probably !re w be less we$s by us+ ! latt]1 b !re ne$s to be a great deal ( ! =m] 9 ! beg9n+ = sev]al ye>s1 to give ! b$ a good body ( ri* e>?1 f :i* ! plants fe$4 ,x appe>s to me ?is is ! secret ( success4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u h[ asp>agus is put up = ! m>ket1 mak+ x look attractive1 9 nice1 clean1 new crates & neatly prep>$ bun*es1 & ! /alks mu/ be l>ge1 t5d]1 & ( good flavor4 ,grass f a /rong b$ gr[n 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs is mu* m t5d] & bett] 9 e way ?an grass gr[n 9 =ty-eight h\rs f a poor b$4 ,we are compell$ to cut e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or ! asp>agus w\ld wa/e1 & ! ga!r+ is accompli%$ 9 ab\t ?ree & "o-half h\rs ea* day1 e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,,joel ,,borton4 ,salem ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,asp>agus ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,!re is no crop gr[n by ! ,s\!rn truck] t has paid bett] ?an asp>agus ye> aft] ye>4 ,) _m ( ! o!r truck crops s5t ,nor? ! gr[]s h to cont5d ) a ho/ ( plant]s :o ru% 9 at times to plant c]ta9 crops l e>ly potatoes1 peas1 & beans1 & ^: inf]ior crops (t5 glut ! m>ket & make ! season unpr(itable all ar\nd4 ,^! m5 drop out aft] a season t _! p>ticul> v5ture did n pay1 & ! regul> truck]s1 be+ well aw>e t !y w\ld d s1 always r$\ble _! ef=ts ! ye> aft] a bad season ) any p>ticul> crop1 kn[+ f exp]i5ce t !n x w\ld be c]ta9 to be pr(itable4 ,b ! asp>agus crop is "o into :i* ! tempor>y gr[]s c n jump 9 & out (1 = ! crop requires special prep>ation ( ! soil & pati5t wait+ & culture p5d+ ! "t = reap+ a h>ve/1 & ! m5 :o are always ready to jump into ! annual crops always wi% to realize at once1 & d n g5]ally h ! capital to put into a crop t requires sev]al ye>s be=e realiz+4 ,h5ce ! asp>agus crop has be5 left to ! regul> m>ket g>d5]s1 & has be5 uni=mly pr(itable :5 well manag$4 ,z reg>ds soil = asp>agus 9 ! ,s\?1 x %\ld be deep1 light1 w>m1 & well dra9$1 ei!r naturally or artificially4 ,! level s&y soils t ab\nd 9 all ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,coa/ region1 hav+ a compact subsoil ( r$di% clay "u x at a mod]ate dep?1 makes ! ideal soil = ! e>ly asp>agus4 ,9 prep>+ su* a soil = ! crop1 x is well to be ?or\gh 9 ! matt]1 = ! crop is to rema9 !re indef9itely1 & if success is to be expect$ ! previ\s prep>ation %\ld be ( ! mo/ ?or\gh "*4 ,h5ce1 z ! soils be/ adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ! plant are commonly defici5t 9 vegetable matt]1 :i* desirable *>act]i/ic c only be f\nd 9 abundance on ! l&s too l[ & moi/ = ! asp>agus crop1 "s prep>atory culture %\ld be us$ t w t5d to increase ! am\nt ( organic decay 9 ! soil4 ,= ?is purpose !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! ,s\!rn field or c[ pea4 ,! l& %\ld be prep>$ by giv+ x a heavy dress+ ( acid phosphate & pota%2 & putt+ x 9 peas s[n broadca/ at ! rate ( a bu%el or m p] acre4 ,) a heavy dress+ ( ! m9]al f]tiliz]s ! pea crop w be heavy1 & %\ld be all[$ to fully rip5 & decay on ! l&1 to be pl[$ "u1 & ! process repeat$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 ! mean "t ! se$ %\ld be s[n = ! gr[? ( ! roots = sett+ ! l&4 ,two crops ( c[-peas all[$ to die on ! l& & turn$ "u w give a /ore ( vegetable matt] t w\ld be h>d to get 9 any o!r mann]4 ,:ile heavy manur+ ) /able manures is v desirable :]e ! mat]ial c be _h at a reasonable co/1 ! l>g] "p1 &1 9 fact1 ne>ly all ( ! ,s\!rn asp>agus1 mu/ be gr[n by ! aid ( *emical f]tiliz]s1 & ! /or+ up ( humus 9 ! l& f ! decay+ peas is an important factor 9 ! plac+ ( ! soil 9 a condition to r5d] ! *emical f]tiliz]s ( m use1 s9ce ! moi/ure-reta9+ nature ( ! organic matt] plays an important "p 9 ! solution ( matt]s 9 ! soil4 ,aside f ?is1 !re w be a l>ge increase 9 ! nitrog5 cont5ts ( ! soil ?r\gh ! nitrification ( ?is organic matt]4 ,! second crop ( peas %\ld be pl[$ "u 9 late fall :5 p]fectly ripe & dead1 s t ! l& c be gott5 into condition = plant+ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! l& %\ld be ?or\ghly pl[$1 & if ! clay subsoil comes ne> ! surface x %\ld be loos5$ ) ! subsoil pl[4 ,furr[s are !n run out f\r & a half to five feet ap>t1 go+ twice 9 ! furr[1 & !n clean+ out ) %ovels till !re is a tr5* a foot deep4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is tr5* place a good coat ( black e>? f ! =e/1 or1 if well-rott$ manure c be _h1 use t ( c\rse4 ,set ! plants tw5ty in*es ap>t 9 ! furr[1 & by means ( h&-rakes pull 9 en\gh e>? to b>ely cov] ! cr[ns4 ,z gr[? beg9s1 ! soil is to be gradually work$ 9 ar\nd ! advanc+ %oots till ! soil is level4 ,n[ give a dress+ ( #a1jjj p\nds p] acre1 alongside ! r[s1 ( a mixture ( #ijj p\nds ( acid phosphate1 #ejj p\nds ( fi% scrap1 #bjj p\nds ( nitrate ( soda1 & #djj p\nds ( muriate ( pota%1 & keep ! plants cultivat$ %all[ly & flat ) an ord9>y cultivator till ! tops are mature4 ,an application ( salt may be useful if appli$ 9 ! fall 9 mak+ "s matt]s 9 ! soil available1 b salt 9 itself is ( no use :atev] to ! plants4 ,we w\ld nev] apply salt 9 ! spr+1 z x has a t5d5cy to less5 nitrification & to ret>d ! e>l9ess ( ! %oots4 ,! annual dress+ ( ! f]tiliz] nam$ %\ld n[ be increas$ to a ton p] acre1 & x %\ld be appli$ n lat] ?an ,febru>y #a/ 9 ea* ye>4 ,aft] ! tops h be5 cut 9 ! fall x is a good plan to pl[ furr[s f ea* side ov] ! r[s & to pl[ out ! middles1 = ! %oots w always />t e>li] 9 an elevat$ ridge1 :i* w>ms up e>li] 9 ! spr+4 ,! second ye> aft] plant+ cutt+ may beg91 & ! %oots mu/ be cut z fa/ z !y %[1 c>e be+ tak5 to cut d[n ne> ! cr[n ( ! roots1 b n to injure ! o!r %oots t may be />t+4 ,aft] cutt+ is ov]--& ! l5g? ( "t ! b$ %\ld be cut is ( little importance 9 ! ,s\?1 = ! price at ! po9t :]e x is %ipp$ w always tell y :5 to /op--! soil %\ld be aga9 work$ d[n flat1 & if ! gr[? has n be5 z satisfactory z c\ld be wi%$1 a dress+ ( #ajj p\nds p] acre ( nitrate ( soda at ?is "t w usually pay v well4 ,asp>agus %\ld always be bun*$ 9 a ma*9e made = t purpose4 ,! bun*es are pack$ 9 crates j deep en\gh to hold ! bun*es set upright on a b$ ( moss1 & a cov] ( ! same damp moss %\ld be plac$ on top4 ,:]e !re is a dem& = gre5 asp>agus ! plant+ %\ld be done m %all[ly 9 a simple furr[1 & ! entire culture %\ld be flat & %all[4 ,! %oots are cut at ! surface ( ! gr\nd aft] !y h atta9$ ! prop] l5g?4 ,"o ?+ is to be obs]v$ 9 ei!r me?od1 & ?is is t dur+ ! cutt+ season ev]y?+ long en\gh mu/ be cut daily1 & t ! little %oots be n all[$ to run up & bran* out4 ,cull ! %oots aft] !y are all out & bun* accord+ly4 ,gre5 %oots %\ld be bun*$ by !mselves & n mix$ ) ! blan*$ ones4 ,none b new1 light crates %\ld be us$1 = a clean & neat package w always favor its cont5ts 9 ! sell+4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,massey4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,,asp>agus ,,culture ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,! gr[+ ( asp>agus = m>ket 9 ,cali=nia is prov+ to be "o ( ! mo/ successful ( its m9or indu/ries4 ,!re is a l>ge area 9 ! ,/ate :i* is exactly suit$ to ! production ( ?is vegetable4 ,?is is ! region ( s$im5t>y deposits1 wa%$ by wat]s t are to "s ext5t bracki%1 or naturally sal9e4 ,comm]cial asp>agus f>m+ is limit$ to ! reclaim$ l&s ar\nd ! bay ( ,san ,francisco1 ! m>%y deltas ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 & ,sacram5to riv]s1 & ! s-call$ peat l&s ( ,orange & ,san ,luis ,obispo c\nties4 ,small b$s1 h[ev]1 = local consumption are to be f\nd 9 ,cali=nia z g5]ally & frequ5tly z !y are 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,!re is a fasc9ation ab\t asp>agus culture t is f\nd$ on legitimate f9ancial returns4 ,x is practically a sure ?+ :5 once e/abli%$1 & ! conditions ( climate & soil are su* t ! "w att5dant on production is a m9imum 9 proportion to ! return4 ,no diseases ( ! plant h yet %[n !mselves 9 ,cali=nia1 & x is seldom t ! wea!r is un/eady en\gh to be a factor 9 limit+ production4 ,! det]r+ feature is ! fact t x is n till ! ?ird ye> t a return c be expect$ on ! inve/m5t4 ,b z o!r crops1 su* z potatoes & beans1 c be gr[n betwe5 ! r[s 9 ! int]im1 ! "t ( wait+ is n s entirely an unproductive "o z might at fir/ be suppos$4 ,! me?ods ( prep>+1 plant+1 & work+ are practically ! same 9 all sections ( ,cali=nia4 ,! propos$ b$s are pl[$ z deeply z possible & ?or\ghly f]tiliz$4 ,all ( ! soils appropriate = comm]cial asp>agus f>m+ are s light t deep cultivation is a comp>atively easy matt]4 ,furr[s = plant+ are !n run & made d\ble dep?4 ,"s gr[]s ?9k x wor? :ile to di/ribute f]tiliz] along ^! furr[s & !n turn = a ?ird "t1 s z to enri* ! gr\nd imm$iately bel[ ! roots to be set out4 ,^! furr[s are run f f\r to six feet ap>t1 ! latt] be+ consid]$ ! bett] usage4 ,9 !m "o-ye>-old plants are !n set by h& at di/ances v>y+ f eighte5 in*es to ?ree feet4 ,! =m] di/ance is pref]r$ by ! ,italian gr[]s on ,bay ,f>m ,isl& 9 ,san ,francisco ,bay1 b ! ,s\!rn gr[]s & ^? along ! ,sacram5to ,riv] lean to ! great] di/ance4 ,! only diff]5ce seems to be :e!r !re w be suffici5t nutrim5t 9 ! soil to =ce ! plant into giv+ z l>ge & t5d] %oots z :]e ea* plant is all[$ a l>g] area4 ,! plants are set ) ! cr[ns ab\t f\r in*es bel[ ! surface & ! roots are c>efully spread out be=e cov]+4 ,plant+ is done any "t f ,novemb] to ,april1 b ! middle ( ,febru>y is p]haps ! mo/ common "t4 ,! culture = ! fir/ ye> consi/s 9 keep+ ! soil loose & free f we$s4 ,ord9>ily o!r crops are gr[n betwe5 ! r[s1 & _! cultivation s]ves to keep ! gr\nd 9 prop] condition4 ,! asp>agus is all[$ to come up1 fea!r1 & se$ )\t int]f]5ce1 no cutt+ be+ done ! fir/ ye>4 ,c>e1 h[ev]1 is tak5 to cut (f ! tops close to ! gr\nd 9 ! fall be=e ! se$ beg9s to drop--! volunte] asp>agus be+ ! wor/ enemy 9 culture ) :i* ! gr[] has to deal4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season a heavy coat+ ( manure is plac$ ov] ! b$s & left to be lee*$ 9 by ! ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh--,,view ,,( ,,asp>agus ,,field ,,on ,,b\ld9 ,,isl&1 ,,cali=nia ,! second ye> "s gr[]s cut m or less = m>ket1 b ! b$ is !n long] 9 com+ to its full /r5g? & w n give s l>ge a product ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,!re is a v>iation 9 ! spr+ work+1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! l&4 ,:]e ! soil has a t5d5cy to be cold1 ! fir/ pl[+ is away f ! r[s1 s z to let ! sun m quickly d[n to ! />t+ plants4 ,:]e ! soil is light1 or ! season =w>d1 ?is pl[+ is omitt$4 ,! latt] pl[+s are t[>d ! r[s1 ! ef=t be+ by ridg+ to give a long blan*$ surface to ! %oots4 ,= ! cann]ies :]e no?+ b ! :ite product is put up1 ! %oots are cut ! in/ant !y %[ _! tips above ! surface4 ,! local m>ket %[s a pref]5ce = ! gre5] %oot1 & s be=e cutt+ x is all[$ to /ret* itself up into ! light4 ,! ?ird ye> regul> cutt+ beg9s1 & f t "t =w>d ! b$s increase 9 ! quantity & quality ( ! product = ! next fifte5 ye>s4 ,! me?ods ( m>ket+ are some:at diff]5t f ^? practic$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,little or none ( ! asp>agus is bun*$4 ,x is pack$ loose 9 boxes hold+ f =ty to fifty p\nds1 & ! loose product is retail$ to ! consum] by ! p\nd4 ,! fir/ boxes beg9 to g out by ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y1 ?\gh small quantities c be se5 9 m>ket z e>ly z ,janu>y #ae?4 ,! cann+ contracts run1 z a rule1 f ,m>* #a/ to ,june #ae?4 ,aft] t ! wea!r is s dry t ! yield /ops unless ! b$s are irrigat$4 ,9 mo/ sections1 h[ev]1 irrigation is n necess>y up to ?is "t4 ,a notable exception to ?is is ,b\ld9 ,isl&1 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]4 ,?is is reclaim$ l&1 & lies "s six or eight feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! soil is riv] silt on a peat /ratum ?irty feet deep4 ,! top is s f9e & friable t x does n1 9 spite ( ! surr\nd+ riv]1 hold en\gh moi/ure to keep ! vegetation alive dur+ ! hot spr+ mon?s4 ,a nor? w9d 9 ,may w\ld lift up ! :ole surface ( ! isl& & c>ry x away 9 du/4 ,x is an easy matt]1 h[ev]1 to let 9 wat] ?r\gh ! dikes1 & ?is is done 9 suffici5t quantities to keep ! soil 9 place4 ,! "q ( pr(it 9 asp>agus gr[+ is "o t c only be treat$ 9 a relative way4 ,! indu/ry is z yet s new1 & in/ances ( ph5om5al returns f small hold+s are s _m1 t x is h>d to arrive at :at might be call$ a comm]cial ratio ( ga94 ,x is safe to say1 h[ev]1 t ) ord9>y c>e !re has nev] be5 an actual loss ) asp>agus culture 9 ,cali=nia4 ,a l[ e/imate ( pr(it is probably #ej p] acre4 ,! co/ ( prep>ation & plant+ :]e dik+ has n be5 necess>y has seldom be5 m ?an #ajj p] acre4 ,! gross returns tak5 f rec5t ye>s' reports v>y f #ajj to #bjj p] acre1 s t x c readily be se5 t ! return to ! asp>agus f>m] is v fair4 ,mo/ ( ! f>ms 9 ,cali=nia are 9 r5t$ l&4 ,! ,bay ,f>m ,isl& p pay a gr\nd r5t ( #ej p] acre4 ,on ,b\ld9 ,isl& ! r5tal is on a basis ( #dj p] c5t4 ( ! net proce$s4 ,9 ,fig4 #dh is pres5t$ a view ( a fully e/abli%$ asp>agus field on ,b\ld9 ,isl&4 ,,w>r5 ,,*5ey4 ,alam$a ,c\nty1 ,cal4 ,,asp>agus ,,9 ,,france ,asp>agus is gr[n mu* m abundantly & to a mu* l>g] size 9 ,france ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! c\ntry is half cov]$ ) x 9 "s places ne> ,p>is2 f>m]s gr[ x abundantly1 cottag]s gr[ x1 & ev]ybody eats x4 ,ne> ,p>is x is *iefly gr[n = m>ket 9 ! valley ( ,montmor5cy & at ,arg5teuil1 & x is cultivat$ ext5sively = m>ket 9 _m o!r places4 ,ab\t ,arg5teuil sev]al ?\s& p]sons are employ$ 9 ! culture ( asp>agus4 ,x is gr[n to a l>ge ext5t among ! grape-v9es z well z alone4 ,! v9e "u field culture is cut d[n to ne> ! old /ool e ye>1 & all[$ to make a few gr[?s :i* are ti$ erect to a /ake4 ,"o plant is put 9 ea* op5 spot1 & giv5 e *ance ( =m+ a l>ge specim51 & ?is x g5]ally does4 ,! gr[+ ( asp>agus among ! v9es is a v usual mode1 & a va/ space is ?us cov]$ ) x ab\t "h4 ,x is also gr[n 9 o!r & special ways4 ,p]haps ! simple/ & mo/ wor?y ( adoption is to gr[ x 9 %all[ tr5*es4 ,^! are usually ab\t f\r feet ap>t4 ,! soil g5]ally is a r /iff s&y loam ) calc>e\s matt] 9 "s p>ts1 b ! soil has n all to d ) ! peculi> excell5ce ( ! vegetable4 ,x is ! c>eful att5tion to ! wants ( ! plant :i* produce su* good results4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a "y plantation plant$ 9 ,m>*2 & f ! little ridges ( soil betwe5 ! tr5*es h j be5 dug a crop ( small e>ly potatoes4 ,9 ,engl& ! asp>agus w\ld be left to ! free action ( ! breeze1 b ! ,fr5* cultivators nev] leave a "y plant ( asp>agus to ! w9d's m]cy :ile !y c f9d a /ake ( oak ab\t a y>d long4 ,:5 /ak+ ^! "y plants !y d n ins]t ! support close to ! bottom1 z we are too apt to d 9 o!r in/ances1 b a little di/ance (f1 s z to avoid ! possibility ( injur+ ! root2 ea* /ake leans ov] its plant at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 & :5 ! %oots are big en\gh to t\* x1 or to be caught by ! w9d1 !y are ti$ to ! /ake4 ,! gr\nd 9 :i* ?is sy/em is pursu$ be+ entirely devot$ to asp>agus1 ! /ools are plac$ v mu* clos] toge!r ?an !y are among ! v9es--say1 at a di/ance ( ab\t a y>d ap>t4 ,! little tr5*es are ab\t a foot wide & eight in*es deep4 ,! be/ asp>agus 9 ,france is gr[n at ,arg5teuil & by "o sy/em ma9ly4 ,! plants--"o-ye> se$l+s 7nev] old]7--are plant$ 9 %all[ tr5*es sev5 or eight in*es deep1 ! plants a little m ?an "o y>d ap>t & ! l9es f\r feet ap>t4 ,no manure is giv5 at plant+2 no tr5*+ or any prep>ation ( ! gr\nd1 beyond digg+ ! %all[ tr5*1 takes place4 ,9 subsequ5t ye>s a little manure is giv5 ov] ! roots 9 autumn2 ! soil1 ?r[n out ( ! tr5*es & =m+ a ridge betwe5 !m1 is plant$ ) a light crop 9 spr+4 ,9 all subsequ5t ye>s ! e>? is plac$ ov] ! cr[ns 9 spr+ & remov$ 9 autumn4 ,"u ?is sy/em good results are obta9$ 9 v>i\s soils1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t on cold clay soils ! plant+ is n q s deep4 ,e w9t] ! gr[]s notice ! /ate ( ! "y roots1 & any spot 9 :i* "o has p]i%$ !y m>k ) a /ick1 to replace ! plant ! foll[+ ,m>*4 ,e>ly e spr+ !y pile up a little heap ( f9e e>? ov] ea* cr[n4 ,:5 ! plantation arrives at its ?ird ye> !y increase ! size ( ! m\nd1 or1 9 o!r words1 a heap ( f9ely pulv]iz$ e>? is plac$ ov] ! /ool1 f :i* "s1 b n mu*1 asp>agus is cut ! same ye>1 tak+ c>e to leave ! weak plants & ^? :i* h replac$ o!rs unt\*$ = ano!r ye>4 ,! process ( ga!r+ is int]e/+ to ! /rang]4 ,asp>agus knives ( v>i\s =ms are describ$ 9 bo? ,fr5* & ,engli% books1 b "o is confid5tly told by ! gr[]s t !y are only fitt$ = amateurs :o d n c>e to soil _! f+]s4 ,! cultivators "h nev] use a knife1 ! "w be+ done ) ! h&s4 ,ga!r+s are made e second day ab\t ! end ( ,april1 b 9 ,may :5 ! gr[? is m active ! /ools are ga!r$ f e day4 ,! ,fr5* mode ( cultivat+ asp>agus diff]s f ! ,engli% pr9cipally 9 giv+ ea* plant abundant room to develop into a l>ge heal?y specim51 9 pay+ ?\ghtful att5tion to ! plants at all times1 & 9 plant+ 9 tr5*es in/ead ( a rais$ b$4 ,!y d n1 z is done 9 ,engl&1 g to great exp5se 9 =m+ a mass ( ! ri*e/ soil f> b5ea? ! roots1 b r give x at ! surface1 & only :5 ! roots h begun to gr[ /rongly4--,w4 ,,rob9son1 9 ,p>ks & ,g>d5s ( ,p>is4 ,,index ,,page ,am]ican v>ieties1 #ah ,b>r's ,mammo?1 #ah ,columbian ,mammo? ,:ite1 #ai ,conov]'s ,colossal1 #ai ,donald's ,elmira1 #ai ,eclipse1 #ai ,hub1 #bj ,mammo?1 #bj ,moore's ,cross-br$1 #bj ,palmetto1 #bj ,purple top or gre5 top1 #ba ,asp>agus culture 9 diff]5t localities1 #ade 9 ,new ,engl&1 #ade on ,long ,isl&1 #aej 9 ,new ,j]sey1 #aeb 9 ! ,s\?1 #aed 9 ,cali=nia1 #aeh 9 ,france1 #afd ,asp>agus species1 #f plumosus nanus1 #f m$eoloides1 #f ,spr5g]i1 #f falcatus1 #h l>ic9us1 #h racemosus1 #aj s>m5tosus1 #aj ,br\ssoneti1 #ac (fic9alis1 #ac acutifolius1 #af aphyllus1 #af ,botany1 #d ,bun*]s1 #ia ,bun*+1 #hi ,cann+1 #aab ,ea/]n me?ods1 #aab ,pacific coa/ me?ods1 #aah ,crates1 #if ,cultivation1 #fa ! fir/ ye>1 #fa ! second ye>1 #fd ! ?ird & future ye>s1 #ff ,cultural v>ieties1 #ag ,cutt+1 #hc ,mann] (1 #hd ,dry+1 #abb ,edible species1 #ac ,european v>ieties1 #ba ,g]man ,giant1 #bb ,arg5teuil1 #bb ,yell[ ,burgundy1 #bb ,fall treatm5t1 #fh ,f]tiliz]s & f]tiliz+1 #gb ,=c+1 #ajj 9 gre5h\se1 #aja 9 hotb$s & frames1 #ajc 9 field1 #ajd 9 ,cornell asp>agus h\se1 #aaj ,fungus diseases1 #acg ,asp>agus ru/1 #acg ,asp>agus leop>d spot1 #add ,gr[+ asp>agus )\t transplant+1 #cb ,h>ve/+ & m>ket+1 #hc ,hi/orical sket*1 #a ,insects1 #abf ,common asp>agus beetle1 #abf ,twelve-spott$ asp>agus beetle1 #acc ,spott$ ladybird1 #acj ,asp>agus m9]1 #ace ,knives1 #hh ,male & female plants1 #dj ,m>ket+1 #if ,ornam5tal species1 #f ,plant+1 #di ,di/ance to plant1 #ej ,dep? (1 #ec ,mann] (1 #ed ,plac+ ! roots1 #ei ,plants1 ,rais+ (1 #cj ,pot-gr[n asp>agus plants1 #cf ,prep>ation ( ! gr\nd1 #de ,pres]v+ asp>agus1 #aab ,rais+ ( plants1 #cj ,r5ovat+ old asp>agus b$s1 #gj ,rubb] b&s1 #ic ,salt z a f]tiliz]1 #ha ,se$-gr[+1 #bf ,selection ( plants1 #ch ,soil & its prep>ation1 #dc ,sort+1 #hi ,sort+ & bun*+1 #hi ,/]iliz+1 #aaf ,subsoil+1 #dg ,transplant+1 ,gr[+ asp>agus )\t1 #cb ,ty+ mat]ial1 #ib ,v>iety te/s1 #bb