,,euthenics ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,controllable ,,environment ,a ,,plea ,,for ,,better ,,living ,,conditions ,,as ,a ,,first ,,step ,,toward ,,higher ,,human ,,efficiency ,the national annual unnecessary loss of capitalized net earnings is about #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,report on ,national ,vitality ,by ,,ellen ,h4 ,,richards ,author of ,cost of ,living ,series1 ,art of ,right ,living1 etc4 ,,second ,,edition ,,whitcomb ,,barrows ,,boston1 #aiab ,,copyright #aiaj ,,by ,,ellen ,h4 ,,richards ,,thomas ,,todd ,,co41 ,,printers #ad ,,beacon ,,st41 ,,boston ,,foreword ,never has society been so clear as to its several special ends1 never has so little effort been due to chance or compulsion4 ,ralph ,barton ,perry1 ,the ,moral ,economy4 ,not through chance1 but through increase of scientific knowledge2 not through compulsion1 but through democratic idealism consciously working through common interests1 will be brought about the creation of right conditions1 the control of environment4 ,the betterment of living conditions1 through conscious endeavor1 for the purpose of securing efficient human beings1 is what the author means by ,,euthenics4#a #a ,eutheneo1 ,greek3 ,euthne 7eu1 well2 the1 root of tithemi1 to cause74 ,to be in a flourishing state1 to abound in1 to prosper4--,demosthenes4 ,to be strong or vigorous4--,herodotus4 ,to be vigorous in body4--,aristotle4 ,euthenia1 ,greek3 ,euthnia4 ,good state of the body3 prosperity1 good fortune1 abundance4--,herodotus4 ,human vitality depends upon two primary conditions--heredity and hygiene--or conditions preceding birth and conditions during life4#b #b ,report on ,national ,vitality1 p4 #di4 ,eugenics deals with race improvement through heredity4 ,euthenics deals with race improvement through environment4 ,eugenics is hygiene for the future generations4 ,euthenics is hygiene for the present generation4 ,eugenics must await careful investigation4 ,euthenics has immediate opportunity4 ,euthenics precedes eugenics1 developing better men now1 and thus inevitably creating a better race of men in the future4 ,euthenics is the term proposed for the preliminary science on which ,eugenics must be based4 ,this new science seeks to emphasize the immediate duty of man to better his conditions by availing himself of knowledge already at hand4 ,as far as in him lies he must make application of this knowledge to secure his greatest efficiency under conditions which he can create or under such existing conditions as he may not be able wholly to control1 but such as he may modify4 ,the knowledge of the causes of disease tends only to depress the average citizen rather than to arouse him to combat it4 ,hope of success will urge him forward1 and it is the duty of lovers of mankind to show all possible ways of attaining the goal4 ,the tendency to hopelessness retards reformation and regeneration1 and the lack of belief in success holds back the wheels of progress4 ,euthenics is to be developed3 #a4 ,through sanitary science4 #b4 ,through education4 #c4 ,through relating science and education to life4 ,students of sanitary science discover for us the laws which make for health and the prevention of disease4 ,the laboratory has been studying conditions and causes1 and now can show the way to many remedies4 ,a knowledge of these laws1 of the means of conserving man's resources and vitality1 which will result in the wealth of human energy1 is more and more brought within the reach of all by various educational agencies4 ,the individual must estimate properly the value of this knowledge in its application to daily life1 in order to secure efficiency and the greatest happiness for himself and for the community4 ,right living conditions comprise pure food and a safe water supply1 a clean and disease-free atmosphere in which to live and work1 proper shelter1 and the adjustment of work1 rest1 and amusement4 ,the attainment of these conditions calls for hearty coperation between individual and community--effort on the part of the individual because the individual makes personality a power2 effort on the part of the community because the strength of combined endeavor is required to meet all great problems4 ,,euthenics ,,better ,,environment ,,for ,,the ,,human ,,race ,,contents ,,page ,i4 ,the opportunity for betterment is real and practical1 not merely academic #c ,,ii4 ,individual effort is needed to improve individual conditions4 ,home and habits of living1 eating1 etc4 ,good habits pay in economy of time and force #ae ,,iii4 ,community effort is needed to make better conditions for all1 in streets and public places1 for water and milk supply1 hospitals1 markets1 housing problems1 etc4 ,restraint for sake of neighbors #ci ,,iv4 ,interchangeableness of these two forms of progressive effort4 ,first one1 then the other ahead #ei ,v4 ,the child to be raised as he should be4 ,restraint for his good4 ,teaching good habits the chief duty of the family #gc ,,vi4 ,the child to be educated in the light of sanitary science4 ,office of the school4 ,domestic science for girls4 ,applied science4 ,the duty of the higher education4 ,research needed #ia ,,vii4 ,stimulative education for adults4 ,books1 newspapers1 lectures1 working models1 museums1 exhibits1 moving pictures #aag ,,viii4 ,both child and adult to be protected from their own ignorance4 ,educative value of law and of fines for disobedience4 ,compulsory sanitation by municipal1 state1 and federal regulations4 ,instructive inspection #aca ,,ix4 ,there is responsibility as well as opportunity4 ,the housewife an important factor and an economic force in improving the national health and increasing the national wealth #adc ,,chapter ,i ,the opportunity for betterment is real and practical1 not merely academic4 ,men ignore ,nature's laws in their personal lives4 ,they crave a larger measure of goodness and happiness1 and yet in their choice of dwelling places1 in their building of houses to live in1 in their selection of food and drink1 in their clothing of their bodies1 in their choice of occupations and amusements1 in their methods and habits of work1 they disregard natural laws and impose upon themselves conditions that make their ideals of goodness and happiness impossible of attainment4 ,prof4 ,george ,e4 ,dawson1 ,the ,control of ,life through ,environment4 ,and is it1 ,i ask1 an unworthy ambition for man to set before himself to understand those eternal laws upon which his happiness1 his prosperity1 his very life depend8 ,is he to be blamed and anathematized for endeavoring to fulfill the divine injunction3 ,fear ,god and keep ,his commandments1 for that is the whole duty of man8 ,before he can keep them1 surely he must first ascertain what they are4 ,adam ,sedgwick4 ,address1 ,imperial ,college of ,science and ,technology1 ,december #af1 #aiji4 ,nature1 ,december #bc1 #aiji1 p4 #bbh4 ,in my judgment1 the situation is hopeful4 ,to realize that our problems are chiefly those of environment which we in increasing measure control1 to realize that1 no matter how bad the environment of this generation1 the next is not injured provided that it be given favorable conditions1 is surely to have an optimistic view4 ,carl ,kelsey1 ,influence of ,heredity and ,environment upon ,race ,improvement4 ,annals of ,american ,academy of ,political and ,social ,science1 ,july1 #aiji4 ,,chapter ,i ,it is within the power of every living man to rid himself of every parasitic disease4 ,pasteur4 ,such facts as the following1 showing the increase in health1 or rather the decrease in disease1 go to prove what may be done4 ,since #ahhb1 tuberculosis has decreased forty-nine per cent2 typhoid1 thirty-nine per cent4 ,statistics in regard to heart disease and other troubles under personal control1 however1 show increase--kidney disease1 #aca per cent2 heart disease1 fifty-seven per cent2 apoplexy1 eighty-four per cent4 ,this means that infectious and contagious diseases1 of which the ,state has taken cognizance and to the suppression of which it has applied known laws of science1 have been brought under control1 and their existence today is due only to the carelessness or the ignorance of individuals4 ,on the other hand1 such results of improper personal living as do not come under legal control--diseases of the heart1 kidneys1 and general degeneration1 matters of personal hygiene--have so enormously increased as in themselves to show the attitude of mind of the great mass of the people1 ,let us eat and drink and be merry1 what if we do die tomorrow6 ,probably not more than twenty-five per cent in any community are doing a full day's work such as they would be capable of doing if they were in perfect health4 ,this adds to the length of the school course1 to the cost of production in all directions1 to increased taxation1 and decreases interest in daily life4 ,the trouble is that the public does not believe in this waste which comes from being just poorly or just so as to be about4 ,it has no conception of the difference between working with a clear brain and a steady hand1 and working with a dull and nerveless tool4 ,it must be convinced of this in some way4 ,general warnings have been ineffective1 and now the appeal is being made to the ,american people on the basis of money loss4 ,thus it has been carefully estimated that the average economic value of an inhabitant of the ,united ,states is #b1ijj4 ,the vital statistics of the ,united ,states for population give #he1ejj1jjj4 ,eighty-five million five hundred thousand multiplied by #b1ijj equals #bej1jjj1jjj1jjj 7minimum estimate71 and this exceeds the value of all other wealth4 ,the actual economic saving possible annually in this country by preventing needless deaths1 needless illness1 and needless fatigue is certainly far greater than #a1ejj1jjj1jjj1 and may be three or four times as great4 ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,gould estimated that sickness and death in the ,united ,states cost #c1jjj1jjj1jjj annually1 of which at least one-third is regarded as preventable4 ,from all sides comes testimony to the decrease in personal efficiency of workers of all degrees4 ,medical science has prolonged life1 hospitals and visiting nurses have made sickness less distressful1 but have also in many cases prolonged the time and increased the cost4 ,sanitary science aims to prevent the beginnings of sickness1 and so to eliminate much of the expense4 ,the discovery that the mosquito is the carrying agent for the yellow fever germ has saved more lives annually than were lost in the ,cuban ,war4 ,in the yellow fever epidemic of #ahgb1 the loss to the country was not less than #ajj1jjj1jjj in gold4 ,with our present population there are always about #c1jjj1jjj persons in the ,united ,states on the sick list4444 ,by means of ,farr's table1 we may calculate that very close to a third1 or #a1jjj1jjj persons1 are in the working period of life4 ,assuming that average earnings in the working period are #gjj1 and that only three-fourths of the #a1jjj1jjj potential workers would be occupied1 we find over #ejj1jjj1jjj as the minimum loss of earnings4 ,the cost of medical attendance1 medicine and nursing1 etc41 is conjectured by ,dr4 ,biggs in ,new ,york to be from #a4ej each per day for the consumptive poor to a greater amount for other diseases and classes4 ,applying this to the #c1jjj1jjj years of illness annually experienced1 we have #a1ejj1jjj1jjj as the minimum annual cost of this kind4 ,the statistics of the ,commissioner of ,labor show that the expenditure for illness and death amounts to twenty-seven dollars per family per annum4 ,this is for workingmen's families only4 ,but even this figure1 if applied to the #ag1jjj1jjj families of the ,united ,states1 would make the total bill caring for illness and death #dfj1jjj1jjj4 ,the true cost may well be more than twice this sum4 ,certainly the estimate is more than safe1 and is only one-third of the sum obtained by using ,dr4 ,biggs's estimate4 ,the sum of the costs of illness1 including loss of wages and cost of care1 is thus #dfj1jjj1jjj plus #ejj1jjj1jjj equals #ifj1jjj1jjj4444 ,at least three-quarters of the costs are preventable4#c #c ,report on ,national ,vitality1 p4 #aai4 ,the cost of certain preventable diseases a year is estimated by various authorities as3 ,tuberculosis #a1jjj1jjj1jjj ,typhoid #bej1jjj1jjj ,malaria #ajj1jjj1jjj ,other insect diseases #ajj1jjj1jjj ,a hopeful sign of awakening is the endeavor by life insurance companies to bring home to the people the possibilities of race betterment4 ,one company sends out among its policy holders trained nurses1 who give plain talks on health subjects and offer practical suggestions as to hygienic living4 ,this1 to be sure1 is on the economic basis of money saving1 but if that is the only thing that will appeal to the people is it not wise to seize upon it as a lever to lift the standard of well-being8 ,the possibility of saving the enormous sums that are lost by reason of premature deaths was an alluring subject to the insurance men4 ,it gave to the world what1 up to that time1 it had lacked--a body of powerful men who recognized that they had a financial interest in preventing the needless death of men and women4 ,a table has been prepared showing that if insurance companies were to expend #bjj1jjj a year for the purely commercial object of reducing their death losses1 and should thereby decrease them only twelve one-hundredths of one per cent1 they would save enough to cover the expense4 ,if such a plan as this were placed on a purely scientific basis and carried out by good business methods1 and all the companies pulled together for the common good1 ,i should expect a decrease in death claims of more than one per cent2 and a decrease in the death claims of one per cent would mean that the companies would save more than eight times as much as they expended1 or would make a net saving of more than seven times the expense1 which would be about a million and a half dollars a year4#d #d ,hiram ,j4 ,messenger1 ,travelers ,insurance ,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,while it would be impossible to state in general terms how rich a return lies ready for public or private investments in good health1 these examples 7life insurance7 show that the rate of this return is quite beyond the dreams of avarice4 ,were it possible for the public to realize this fact1 motives both of economy and of humanity would dictate immediate and generous expenditure of public moneys for improving the air we breathe1 the water we drink1 the food we eat1 as well as for eliminating the dangers of life and limb which now surround us4#e #e ,report on ,national ,vitality1 p4 #abc4 ,undoubtedly a moral force is to be strengthened by spreading the biological lesson that man cannot live to himself alone1 but that his acts or failure to act affect a large number of his fellowmen4 ,also1 a stimulus to personal ambition is to be supplied in the suggestion of better health and consequently more money to spend as a result4 ,civic pride and private gain will be brought into the endeavor to show man that to understand himself1 to exercise the same control over his activities that he uses over his machines1 is to double his capacity1 not only for work1 but for pleasure4 ,this control is now possible through the application of recently confirmed scientific knowledge as to man's environment4 ,it is the aim of this book to arouse the thinking portion of the community to the opportunity of the present moment for inculcating such standards of living as shall tend to the increase of health and happiness4 ,to the women of ,america has come an opportunity to put their education1 their power of detailed work1 and any initiative they may possess at the service of the ,state4 ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,courage may be taken as the three potent watchwords of the ,new ,crusade4 ,there is a real contagion of ideas as well as of disease germs4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,individual effort is needed to improve individual conditions4 ,home and habits of living4 ,good habits pay in economy of time and force4 ,the hope is springing up in some minds that the entire problem of human regeneration will be much simplified when men shall have learned more fully the nature of their own lives1 the nature of the physical world that environs them1 and the interaction between this physical world and the spirit of man which is set to subdue it4 ,prof4 ,george ,e4 ,dawson1 ,the ,control of ,life through ,environment4 ,we create the evil as well as the good4 ,nature is impersonal4 ,to an increasing degree man determines4 ,carl ,kelsey4 ,the only certain remedy for any disease is man's own vital power4 ,today only an exceptional man1 almost a genius1 learns to modify his habits and his life to his environment and to triumph over his surroundings1 his appetites1 and the absurd dictates of fashion4 ,richard ,cole ,newton1 ,m4,d41 ,how ,shall the ,destructive ,tendencies of ,modern ,life ,be ,met and ,overcome8 ,we have certain inherent capacities as to bodily strength1 length of life1 etc41 but it lies largely with ourselves to adopt a mode of life which may make an actual difference in height1 weight1 and physical strength and intellectual capacity4 ,e4 ,h4 ,richards1 ,sanitation in ,daily ,life4 ,there are two recognized ways of improving the quality of human beings3 one by giving them a better heredity--starting them in life with a stronger heart1 better digestion1 steadier nerves2 the other by so combining the factors of daily life that even a weak heart may grow strong1 a poor digestion may become good1 and frayed nerves gain steadiness4 ,e4 ,h4 ,richards1 ,the ,art of ,right ,living4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,faith ,the relation of environment to man's efficiency is a vital consideration3 how far it is responsible for his character1 his views1 and his health2 what special elements in the environment are most potent and what are the most readily controlled1 provided sufficient knowledge can be gained of the forces and conditions to be used4 ,to this end home life--in its relations to the child1 the adult1 and the community--is considered in connection with the effect on the home of the influences outside it1 and the reaction of each on the other4 ,these relations and influences are partly physical and material1 partly ethical and psychical4 ,the right of the child is protection1 and it is the responsibility of the adult--parent1 teacher1 or state officer--to secure this protection4 ,the knowledge that investigators are gaining in the laboratory and are trying to give to the community must be accepted and applied by the individual4 ,how is the individual1 discouraged by sickness and hardship1 to know that things are awry or that they can be set more nearly straight8 ,how can he know that he is responsible for his limitations8 ,why should he suppose that he need not be eternally a slave to environment8 ,how can he realize that health promotes efficiency by producing more energy and leaving it all free for useful purposes8 ,a few enlightened souls recognize the tendency of environment to kick the man that is down2 to be subservient to the man of bodily and mental vigor1 of keen understanding and human insight1 but the majority must be led to believe these scientific principles4 ,again and again scientists and humanitarians must return to the attack1 for individual carelessness becomes community menace1 and line upon line and precept upon precept they must present their knowledge in language that shall attract and hold the attention and fancy4 ,so the work and discoveries of ,metchnikoff have gained credence because the disciple who described them had the ability to impress on his audience in a convincing fashion the one fact that made a strong appeal--the possibility of long life4 ,if those who are zealous for any movement would study the psychology of advertising and speak as forcefully as the legitimate advertiser1 they would be more persuasive and successful4 ,when an idea has won in a certain circle1 it quickly spreads to the other members1 thence to active communities4 ,so the universal law of imitation may be the greatest help in the spread of ideas4 ,the individual eats a certain food because his neighbor does4 ,boston determines to make an effort for a better city because ,chicago has felt the stirrings of civic pride4 ,a gifted individual with a deep sense of the need of his community sees an ideal condition1 which by his thought becomes a possibility4 ,these beliefs he shares with a few choice spirits till the circle has widened4 ,the new ideas come to the notice of the city or the town officials1 new means are adopted of educating the whole community1 and1 if necessary1 legal measures are passed4 ,but the new means to betterment must be applied by the individual4 ,beginning with the exceptional individual and ending with the average individual1 the perfect circle is rounded out4 ,the leaders must show convincingly that the laws which they have discovered may be applied to daily life1 but the individual himself must adopt them4 ,when he has been saturated with knowledge1 his inertia will break down1 his hopelessness give way to its very antithesis1 a strong hope for a better future4 ,every known method must be used by the laboratory to develop this hope into a belief wide enough to reach all members of every section of the community and deep enough to become a vital working principle4 ,only through a belief strong enough to ride over unbelief and inertia1 a belief in the value of science for personal life strong enough to make a wise choice possible1 can the will to obtain a better environment be developed4 ,the belief in better things must be thoroughly impressed on the individual mind4 ,each individual must understand that it does affect him1 that it is his concern1 that he must give heed to his environment4 ,then he may have the will and make the effort to combat dangers to body and mind4 ,today1 belief is much more difficult than ever before because the dangers are unseen and insidious1 and our enemies do not generally make an appeal through the senses of sight and hearing4 ,but the dangers to modern life are no less than in the days of the pioneers1 when a stockade was built as a defense from the ,indians4 ,we have no standards for safety4 ,our enemies are no longer ,indians and wild animals4 ,those were the days of big things4 ,today is the day of the infinitely little4 ,to see our cruelest enemies1 we must use the microscope4 ,of all our dangers1 that of uncleanness leads--uncleanness of food and water and air--uncleanness due to unsanitary production and storage1 to exposure to street dust1 or to cooking and serving of food in unclean vessels4 ,such conditions result not only in actual disease1 but in lowered vitality and lessened work power4 ,lack of knowledge on the part of some1 heedlessness on the part of others who should be intelligent enough to interpret such conditions1 are responsible for their continuance4 ,a few timely suggestions will accomplish more in remedying many evils than any amount of attempted legal enforcement4 ,the very fact of a law makes many persons defy it4 ,they feel justified in showing their wit by outwitting the law's representatives4 ,many of our newer citizens have come to us from the protection 787 of a personal authority that they can see and feel4 ,in this country of ours1 we have taken away that binding regard for authority1 and we must as far as possible lead rather than compel4 ,it is1 after all1 what a man determines for himself and for his family that affects both his views of life and his wish to secure for himself and for them that which he believes to be best4 ,it is not what some other man believes for him that affects his life4 ,evolution from within1 not a dragging from outside1 even if it is in the right direction1 is the method of human development4 ,nevertheless1 if the bale of hay is skillfully hung in front of the donkey's nose it will often serve to start the wheels on an easy road4 ,evidence of the value of concerted effort by individuals and of the power of suggestion was given by a woman's club in a small town4 ,the members became aware of the dangers in exposed food1 and on investigation found their own market to be very low in standards of cleanness4 ,at a certain meeting they agreed to ask the proprietor why he did not protect this and cover that article4 ,certain members were told off for the duty and the days agreed upon4 ,mrs4 ,a41 making her usual purchases1 casually asked why such an article was not covered4 ,i never thought about it1 was the answer4 ,mrs4 ,b41 the next day1 asked why such an article was left out for the flies4 ,i never thought about the flies4 ,mrs4 ,c4 asked the same question on the third day4 ,the proprietor said3 ,you're the third woman who has asked me that4 ,no one ever suggested it before1 but it would be a good idea4 ,before the end of two weeks the provisions and groceries were covered4 ,the end had been gained without resort to coercion4 ,we know that our capacity for mental and bodily work depends on our supply of food4 ,proper food is necessary as a source of power for the work of the body as well as to furnish material for growth and repair of the losses of the body4 ,taking food is the most interesting of the vital processes4 ,it appeals to all the senses 7except hearing74 ,professor ,dawson calls attention to the fact that the richest food areas in the world have provided the most powerful stocks of men of which we have any record1 and it has been pointed out by many that improper food is closely connected with mental and moral defects4 ,strong men and women are not the product of improper food4 ,dr4 ,stanley ,hall says3 ,the necessity of judicious1 wholesome food is paramount4444 ,you can educate a long time by externals and not accomplish as much as good feeding will accomplish by itself4 ,children must be supplied with plenty of nutritious food if they are to develop healthily either in mind or body4 ,mr4 ,robert ,hunter says3 ,all that we are1 either as individuals or as a complexly constituted society of men1 is made possible by the food supply4444 ,perhaps more than any other condition of life it lies at the door of most of the social and mental inequalities among men4 ,in these days of irresponsibility there is probably more harm done to the health by ignoring physical law in the matter of eating than in any other one thing4 ,it is in the study of food substances and their possibilities in relation to better sanitary conditions that the widest field is open to housekeepers1 and the subject should be especially fascinating to women of education and ability4 ,all the skill and knowledge of the best educated women should be enlisted in the cause of better food for the people4 ,certainly no subject1 except that of pure air1 can have a closer bearing on the health than right diet4 ,much sound teaching will be needed before bad habits of eating and drinking will be conquered4 ,a strong1 well man whose work is muscular and carried on in the open air1 as is that of the farmer and of the fisherman1 will have the power to assimilate almost anything1 and can maintain abundant health on the coarsest food poorly prepared1 provided1 only1 that it is abundant and composed of the chemical constituents that the body requires4 ,only a small proportion of our people1 however1 engage in work of this sort4 ,the majority are compelled by occupation1 age1 or health to remain indoors4 ,for them nutritious1 readily digested food is a requisite4 ,the farmer or the fisherman can digest1 even thrive upon1 food which would be deadly for a woman working in a factory4 ,in the fourth report of the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health 7#ahgc71 ,dr4 ,derby1 the secretary1 holds that we have good reason to believe that the many forms of dyspepsia which are so commonly met with among all classes in ,massachusetts1 in country quite as much as in town1 are but too often the danger signal that ,nature gives us to show that the food1 either in its quality1 or its preparation1 or its variety1 is unsuited to maintain the vital processes4 ,if this warning is rejected1 the result of malnutrition is frequently chronic disease of the so-called major class4 ,sanitation in relation to food deals first with wholesome and clean materials--meat from animals free from disease2 fruit and vegetables free from decay2 milk1 butter1 etc41 free from harmful bacteria4 ,the dangers are the transference to the human body of encysted organisms like trichina2 of the absorption of poisonous substances as toxins or ptomaines2 of the lodgment of germs of disease along with dust on berries1 rough peach skins1 crushed-open fruits2 of dirt clinging to lettuce1 celery1 and such vegetables as are eaten raw4 ,for the next class of dangers we turn to the handling of foods with unclean hands4 ,in countless ways disease is spread mysteriously1 all due to unclean habits4 ,it is a safe precaution to patronize only those restaurants in which the waiters are evidently trained to handle the food and vessels with care4 ,it will pay well to take care of one's hands and learn sanitary habits when one is young2 then one will do right without effort4 ,whatever change of ideas may come with increase of knowledge1 these habits will not need to be unlearned4 ,without knowing the reasons for them1 they have been proclaimed in civilized lands4 ,it should be the part of the physicians to take pains to advise1 for most of our people are accessible to ideas2 yet from these can come no improvement until the people are convinced that it is needed4 ,just as soon as the individual fully realizes that he himself is to blame for his suffering or his poverty in human energy1 he will apply his intelligence to the bettering of his condition4 ,if he can1 in a short time1 make as good a showing as public effort has made in the case of water supplies1 he will accomplish much for the race4 ,of equal importance to food1 in the proper care of the human machine1 comes the air we breathe4 ,many of man's present physical troubles are due to the roof over his head confining the warmed1 used-up air1 which would escape freely if there were an opening provided4 ,the first law of sanitation requires the quick removal of all wastes4 ,once-breathed air is as much a waste as once-used water1 and should be allowed to escape4 ,sewers are built for draining away used water4 ,flues are just as important to serve as sewers for used air4 ,air is lighter than water1 and out-breathed air being warmed is lighter than that at room temperature4 ,it rises to the ceiling1 where it will escape if it is allowed to do so before it cools sufficiently to fall4 ,the roof also keeps out sunlight1 and some late investigations indicate that glass cuts off some of the most vitally important light rays4 ,the glame of the ,ralstonites--air in motion with the sunlight on it--may have a scientific basis4 ,it will at once be retorted1 ,but we cannot heat all out-of-doors4 ,a partial reply is3 ,do not try to make your house a tropical jungle4 ,travelers assure us that such an atmosphere is not conducive to work or to health4 ,all great nations have lived in a temperate climate1 where physical and mental activity was possible for many hours a day4 ,science is more and more clearly giving reasons for the cooler temperature in certain physiological laws4 ,the habits of life in regard to air and food are largely under individual1 or at least under family control1 and should be studied as personal hygiene4 ,the lessons being so clearly taught in the treatment of tuberculosis should be heeded in forming the general living habits of the people4 ,if loss of life can be lessened and working power increased by man's effort1 why does he not make the effort8 ,why are men and women so apathetic over the prevalence of disease8 ,why do they not devote their energies to stamping it out8 ,for no other reason than their disbelief in the teachings of science1 coupled with a lingering superstition that1 after all1 it is fate1 not will power1 which rules the destinies of mankind4 ,perhaps it is too much to expect that a sturdy plant of belief should have grown since the days of ,edwin ,chadwick and ,benjamin ,ward ,richardson 7#ahcj-ej71 less than a century ago1 when there were perhaps not a dozen men and women who believed that man had any appreciable control over his own health4 ,this early school of sanitarians endeavored to get behind fate1 to the causes of sickness4 ,the modern socionomist is1 by a study of the mental conditions of communities1 endeavoring to get behind the causes of poverty and consequent suffering to the reasons for fatal indifference to dirt4 ,it is well recognized that in severe sicknesses of many kinds the will to get well is more powerful than drugs1 that something which we call nerve force acting upon the physical machine sends a vital current through the arteries1 coerces the heart to renewed pumping action1 and life comes again to the blanched cheek and glazing eye4 ,this more often happens by a mental stimulus than by any medicine4 ,in like manner the improvement of the body's shell1 the home1 like that of the soul's shell1 the body1 comes more often from an inward impulse than from outward coercion4 ,appeal to the loving but listless parent will reach the heart quickest through love for the child4 ,therefore stress should be laid on the child1 its habits1 its surroundings1 its ideals4 ,by ideals is meant the very real stimulus to action coming from within4 ,action must come through the material things which ideals control and through which they express themselves4 ,certain notions which have crept into popular currency need to be corrected before the individual can free himself from bondage sufficiently to attempt constructive advance and improvement4 ,only a small percentage of adults obtain the full efficiency from the human machine--the only means they have of living1 working1 enjoying4 ,they permit themselves to stand and walk badly1 they breathe with only a portion of their lungs1 and so fail to furnish the blood stream with oxygen4 ,they dress unhygienically4 ,they eat wrongly4 ,they exercise little4 ,in short1 they subject their bodies to abusive treatment which would ruin any machine4 ,because retribution does not instantly follow infraction of ,nature's laws1 they become callous and unbelieving4 ,economy and efficiency in human time and strength is one of the lessons to be taught the young people1 so that they may not waste their patrimony4 ,the youth feels as rich in his fifty years to come as he does with a legacy of #ej1jjj in the bank4 ,the years1 however1 can yield only small variations from the established rate of interest4 ,the human machine can manufacture only a limited amount of energy4 ,it remains to utilize that quantity to the best advantage4 ,this can be done only by having a purpose in life strong enough to resist alluring temptations to fritter away both time and strength4 ,one of the world's busy workers found that the distractions of urban life were breaking in upon his working time and making inroads upon his physical vitality4 ,he recognized that work for the body and work for the mind must be balanced1 and he evolved an acrostic to be followed as a rule of life1 the fulfillment of which has meant prolonged years of efficient work and has kept the freshness of middle life with the advancing years4 ,taking the six days of the week as a unit1 the acrostic is as follows3 ,the ,feast of ,life ,f ,food ,one-tenth the time ,e ,exercise ,one-tenth the time ,a ,amusement ,one-tenth the time ,s ,sleep ,three-tenths the time ,t ,task ,four-tenths the time ,the first and last are nearly fixed quantities1 the other three may vary within certain limits as to amount of time given and intensity of effort4 ,amusement and exercise may be taken together2 exercise and sleep may be somewhat interchangeable4 ,the task1 or daily work1 is a necessity for mental and physical health4 ,it should be accepted as a part of human life and the will and energy should be directed to doing it well4 ,it may be a pure delight1 the most entertaining thing that happens2 it should be interesting4 ,it is astonishing how interesting a dull piece of work may become if one sets one's self to doing it well4 ,that which one subconsciously knows one is doing badly is drudgery4 ,the real pleasure in life comes not from so-called amusements--things done by other people to make one laugh2 to take one's mind off--but from seeing the work of one's own hand and brain prosper4 ,the work of creation1 of transformation to desirable result1 is the purest joy the human mind can experience4 ,fourteen hours a day is not too much for this kind of task4 ,the difficulty is to gain skill of hand and eye1 or training of mind1 to this end4 ,a fallacy1 a canker at the heart of our social fabric today1 is that the daily task is something to be rid of4 ,the psychology of doing is clearly illustrated in the character of ,fool ,billy1 as drawn by the author of ,priscilla of the ,good ,intent4 ,is there nought ye like better than idleness8 asked the blacksmith4 ,think now1 ,billy--just ponder over it4 ,well1 now1 answered the other1 after a silence1 there's playing--what ye might call playing at a right good game4 ,could ye think of some likely pastime1 ,david8 ,ay1 could ,i2 blowing bellows is the grandest frolic ever ,i came across4 444 ,i doubt 'tis work1 ,david4444 ,i shouldn't like to be trapped into work4 ',twould scare me when ,i woke o' nights and thought of it4 ,see ye then1 ,billy--blowing the bellows gently--is it work to make yon sparks go1 blue and green and red1 as fast as ever ye like to drive 'em8 ,te-he1 'tis just a bit o' sport--,i hadn't thought of it in that light4 ,and soon he was blowing steadily4 ,later1 when ,david the smith was going to ,america and wished to leave his forge with the half-witted ,billy1 he proposed the smith's work as play4 ,te-he1 laughed ,billy1 am ,i to play wi' all your fine tools1 ,david8 ,ay1 just that4 ,i've taught ye the way o' them and ,dan ,foster's lad from ,brow ,farm shall come and blow the bellows for you4 ,will that be work for ,dan ,foster's lad1 or play8 ,hard work1 ,billy--grievous hard work1 while you are just playing at making horseshoes1 fence railings1 and what not4 ,and ,i'm to play at making horseshoes1 went on ,fool ,billy1 while ,dan ,foster's lad's sweating hard at bellows-blowing4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,community effort is needed to make better conditions for all1 in streets and public places1 for water and milk supply1 hospitals1 markets1 housing problems1 etc4 ,restraint for sake of neighbors4 ,quite slowly but surely1 the idea is dawning on the social horizon that the persistence of conditions prejudicial to human prosperity is discreditable to a civilized community1 and that economics if not ethics calls for their control4 ,alice ,ravenhill4 ,it is the new view that disease must be understood and overcome2 that hospitals1 dispensaries1 surgical and medical treatment1 nursing and preventive measures must be developed and dovetailed into a general social scheme for the elimination of preventable diseases and a very substantial reduction in the prevalence of such diseases as cannot as yet be classed as preventable4 ,edward ,devine1 ,social ,forces4 ,nature endows the vast majority of mankind with a birthright of normal physical efficiency4 ,it is the duty of those who aspire to be known as social workers each to do his share in confirming his fellow beings in this possession4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,eichholz1 ,inspector of ,schools4 ,paper before ,conference of ,women ,workers1 ,london1 #aijd4 ,we know now that if we do the things we ought to do1 we can prevent sickness4 ,we have reached a point where it is recognized that it is the duty of the community or state to effectually protect itself against the ignorant1 the selfish1 the filthy1 and the diseased4 ,we believe now that we must have proper sewage disposal1 pure water1 decent tenements1 clean streets1 good-sized playgrounds1 supervision of factories1 protection of child labor1 and pure food4 ,eugene ,h4 ,porter1 ,report1 #aiji1 ,new ,york ,state ,department of ,health4 ,next after himself1 man owes it to his neighbor to be well1 and to avoid disease in order that he may impose no burden upon that neighbor4 ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,sedgwick1 ,the ,call to ,public ,health4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,hope ,the real significance of biological evolution has not been grasped by the people in general4 ,it is that man is a part of organic nature1 subject to laws of development and growth1 laws which he cannot break with impunity4 ,it is his business to study the forces of ,nature and to conquer his environment by submitting to the inevitable4 ,only then will man gain control of the conditions which affect his own well-being4 ,sickness1 we know1 is the result of breaking some law of universal nature4 ,what that law may be1 investigators in scores of laboratories are endeavoring to determine4 ,in most diseases they have been successful4 ,those remaining are being attacked on all sides1 and it may be confidently predicted that a few years will see success assured4 ,why1 then1 does sickness continue to be the greatest drain upon individual and national resources8 ,because man1 through ignorance or unbelief1 will not avail himself of this knowledge1 or is behind the times in his method4 ,where wisdom means effort and discomfort1 many feel it folly to be wise4 ,the individual may be wise as to his own needs1 but powerless by himself to secure the satisfaction of them4 ,certain concessions to others' needs are always made in family life4 ,the community is only a larger family group1 and social consciousness must in time take into account social welfare4 ,moreover1 a neighbor may pollute the water supply1 foul the air1 and adulterate the food4 ,this is the penalty paid for living in groups4 ,men band together1 therefore1 to protect a common water supply1 to suppress smoke1 dust1 and foul gases which render the common air unfit to breathe4 ,the ,state helps the group to protect itself from bad food as it does from destruction of property4 ,the development of fire protection is a good example of community effort4 ,the isolated farmhouse may have buckets of water and blankets in an accessible place with which to put out an incipient fire4 ,then eight or ten families build close together4 ,the danger of one becomes the danger of all1 and a fire brigade is organized that may protect all4 ,when hundreds of families crowd together in a small space the danger becomes so much the greater that a paid department with efficient apparatus is necessary4 ,no one complains of the infraction of individual rights4 ,each one is glad to pay his share of the expense4 ,in securing protection from other dangers1 the individual and the family unit are fast relying on community regulations4 ,in fact1 in many ways the individual1 when he becomes one of a crowd1 must go whither the crowd goes and at the same rate of progress4 ,failure to recognize that by coming into the community he has forfeited his right to unrestrained individuality causes an irritation as unreasonable as harmful4 ,a certain control of sanitary conditions must be delegated to the community and its rules cheerfully followed4 ,the legal aspects of these rules will be considered in a later chapter4 ,here is to be considered only the mental attitude with which the members of the community should come together to agree upon a common defense against disease and dirt4 ,the spirit of coperation must prevail over a tendency to antagonism when certain individual rights seem to be involved4 ,numbers of families living close together are served by the same grocer or market man4 ,these families may agree upon their requirements as to quality and cleanliness and publish their rules4 ,if they do not take interest enough to protect themselves1 the community must make rules for them4 ,if the local officials are not vigilant enough1 the ,state may step in and compel the observance of sanitary regulations4 ,the average citizen learns of the existence of a health regulation when he is warned that he has broken it1 or perhaps is fined4 ,his first attitude is rebellion at the invasion of his personal liberty4 ,the housewife usually takes the ground that the rule is absurd or unnecessary4 ,when1 in the interest of the community1 any law is to be enforced1 how are the people to be led from this rebellious state of mind8 ,perhaps first through authority4 ,in ,america we have learned to use the phrase1 ,big ,stick4 ,authority is exactly that2 it is coercion from without4 ,it has partial result in good2 the law may be fulfilled because the individual knows he must obey when within the jurisdiction of that law2 but if the result is simply obedience to authority and not to the underlying principle1 it will not be a force in his life or be continued if by chance he can escape it4 ,he will be a tramp in his methods of obedience4 ,this method can never be constructive2 its value lies in the possibility that by continuous usage or repetition the procedure may become a habit1 and from habit will come reason and intelligence4 ,but the more direct and efficient way to help the individual to realize his relation to communal right living is through education4 ,the former method--blind obedience--will foster the spirit of antagonism and call the ,state's protection interference1 thus weakening the efficiency of the ,state and of the individual1 for the ,state is the multiplication of its citizens2 but through the latter method the individual will carry out the law with intelligence and interest4 ,this will be constructive and it will be permanent1 for again1 if the ,state is the sum of its citizens1 the efficiency of the ,state is the sum of the efficiency of the citizens4 ,their interests are now identical1 the man has become equal master with the ,state2 they are co-partners4 ,his motive for right living is greater than the letter of the law1 for he is the living law1 the protest against wrong and the fulfillment of the right4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the next generation must be born with healthy bodies1 must be nurtured in healthy physical and moral environments1 and must be filled with ambition to give birth to a still healthier1 still nobler generation4 ,but1 as has been said1 whatever improvements may sometime be achieved1 the benefits of their influence can be enjoyed only by future1 perhaps distantly future generations4 ,we of the present have to take our heredity as we find it4 ,we cannot follow the advice of a humorous philosopher to begin life by selecting our grandparents2 but through hygiene 7sanitary science7 we can make the most of our endowment4#f #f ,report on ,national ,vitality1 p4 #ee4 ,there is a force in the development of public opinion somewhere between individual action and national compulsion which may be termed semi-public action4 ,it is in a measure the same sort of influence that in a later chapter is termed stimulative education4 ,for instance1 a hospital for the treatment of some special ailment is needed4 ,private enterprise furnishes the capital1 proves the success of the treatment1 and then the community comes forward and supports the institution4 ,such helps are accepted freely and are not considered undemocratic4 ,the less spectacular but more effective office of prevention of the need for charity1 in the maintenance of cleanness in the markets1 streets1 and shops1 yes1 even in the homes of the people1 has been neglected4 ,through lack of belief1 and especially through inattention to causes so common as to escape notice1 many details of great hygienic importance have been overlooked4 ,some daring ones in commercial ventures are showing the possibilities of a standard in cleanness1 and model establishments1 dairies1 bakeries1 and restaurants should receive the hearty support of a community4 ,if they do not receive this support1 it is more than discouraging to the promoters1 for it costs to be clean1 a lesson the community must learn4 ,the saving of money and the consequent loss of life through disease1 or the spending of money and the saving of life through prevention1 are the alternatives4 ,undoubtedly the old view of charity as tenderly caring for the sick--because there must always be a certain amount of sickness in the world--has held men back from attempting to make a world without sickness4 ,the charity worker of the past had no hope of really making things better permanently4 ,the new view1 based upon scientific investigation1 is that it is not charity that is needed to support invalids who once stricken must fade away1 but preventive action to give the patient hope and fresh air4 ,most important of all1 the experience already gained shows how far from the truth was the old fatalistic notion of the necessary continuance of disease4 ,while the support of many agencies--dispensaries1 clinics1 hospitals1 sanatoria1 etc4--must for a time depend upon private philanthropy1 the expense is in the nature of an investment to bring in a high rate of interest in the future welfare of the race4 ,as soon as the belief in the efficiency of these agents reaches the taxpayer he will willingly furnish the funds for public agencies4 ,today the child in the school is examined2 then1 if need be1 is given special consideration at the dispensary1 then sent to school1 where1 with fresh air1 pure food1 and hygienic surroundings1 he will so strengthen himself as to combat the ravages of disease4 ,the ,association for the ,improvement of the ,condition of the ,poor1 ,new ,york ,city1 not only sends bread to fill the hungry stomach1 but now sends a wise and sympathetic worker to help women to understand food and money values1 which means a permanent help4 ,and it no longer simply says to the tired1 worried woman who has had no education-stimulus along the line of cleanness1 ,be clean1 but sends in women to make the house an example1 an exhibit of clean conditions1 if you will4 ,example is stronger than precept4 ,in the rapid growth of cities1 so often beyond anticipation1 preparation for development or plans for extension have seldom been laid4 ,much suffering has been wrought to the families of men in our crowded cities1 for there is no greater evil than the congestion of streets and buildings4 ,many students of social conditions of today believe that the most serious menace is the situation best described as housing--the site1 the crowding1 the bad building1 poor water supply and drainage1 lack of light and air and cleanliness4 ,all believe that it is economically a loss to the city in general1 however profitable to a very few4 ,to rent such buildings is a far greater crime than cruelty to animals or even the beating of women and children4 ,but groups of people the wide world over are keenly awake to this state of affairs1 and though the problem is tremendous they are trying in numerous ways to solve it4 ,in some cities there are at present organizations urging city planning1 while in several foreign cities the municipality has already made regulations4 ,in some cities there are municipal model tenements1 but this is still a project of too small proportions to affect the community4 ,perhaps no modern movement that comprehends both the city planning and the housing of the working people is more ideal than the ,garden ,cities movement in ,england and the other countries following it4 ,if there is any spot on which the hand of the law should be laid1 it is the congested districts in cities and mill villages4 ,the evil has grown to such magnitude that the first steps will mean some drastic measures4 ,the author has elsewhere called it the ,capitalists' ,opportunity4 ,instead of investing in an uncertain gold mine in some distant land1 let the millions1 for no less sum will suffice1 be invested in a plot of land1 whether an open field or a slum district depends on local conditions1 and thereon cause to be erected habitations decently comfortable1 wholly sanitary1 and place over each group an inspector as both agent and teacher who shall be a friend to the tenants1 and to whose office they may come freely with their needs4 ,this plan has been in part carried out in the ,model ,tenements in ,new ,york1 but variations and improvements are needed4 ,there should be more light and air1 more grass and trees1 even if the buildings are fifteen-story towers4 ,the old story has been so often reiterated1 ,but the tenants will not use the devices1 that the capitalist has become callous to this appeal4 ,the missing link in the chain has been the instruction to go with the construction4 ,all department stores1 all venders of new mechanical appliances1 have come to recognize the value of demonstration1 or instruction1 in the use of articles as an aid to purchase4 ,the advocate of better dwellings must take a leaf from the commercial book and show how4 ,it is in this that philanthropy has been weak in the past4 ,it has assumed a power to see1 where there was only a fear of handling the strange objects4 ,there is a virgin field for the capitalist who wishes to use some millions for the prosperity of the country to build a short trolley line to a district of sanitary houses with gardens1 playgrounds1 entertainment halls1 etc42 such a village to contain1 not long blocks1 but both separate houses and tenements from two rooms up1 possibly several stories high1 where the elders may have light and air without the confusion of the street4 ,dust and noise will be eliminated4 ,there should be a central bakery and laundry1 and1 most important of all1 an office where both men and women skilled in sanitary and economic practical affairs may be found ready to go to any home and advise on any subject4 ,there has never yet been such an enterprise with all the elements worked out4 ,several1 however1 have shown the way1 the ,morris houses in ,brooklyn1 for example4 ,it is easier to take a city block and construct fireproof1 high buildings than to solve transportation problems4 ,we are losing our fear of the high buildings as we see the great value of light and air4 ,there is chance for work in this direction1 for in spite of rapid transit some must live in the center of things4 ,let a philanthropist or two1 instead of building hospitals1 set some bright young architects and sanitarians to devising such suitable housing conditions for city and suburbs as will obviate the necessity for hospitals4 ,any lover of his kind1 any one who longs for fame1 could find both it and the blessing of the homeless by this means1 and in the end get a fair return for his investment4 ,the ,federal ,department of ,labor#g has studied workingmen's houses1 but living in the house has not been worked up4 ,the housewife has no station to which she may carry her trials1 like the experiment stations which have been provided for the farmer4 ,here is another opportunity for the capitalist to hasten the time when the ,state will supply these4 ,the way will very soon be laid out and the first steps taken4 #g ,bulletin ,no4 #ed4 ,for the immediate present some standard of healthful housing is needed1 and now that a similar type of house and of apartment house is being built in all cities and towns from one ocean to the other1 and from ,texas to ,maine1 such a standard is compatible with conditions4 ,a score card for houses to rent would save much wrangling4 ,the agent shows the card with this house's rating1 and the tenant learns that some of his wishes are incompatible with the standard1 and some would mean a much higher rent than he is willing to pay4 ,professor ,j4 ,r4 ,commons1 ,department of ,economics1 ,university of ,wisconsin1 has devised a score card to serve the house hunter and householder as a standard of comparison4 ,this should serve the house builder as well1 indicating what the demand will be forty or fifty years hence4 ,at present the rating stands somewhat as follows3 ,dwelling1 #ajj points ,location1 #ah points out of #ajj ,congestion of buildings1 #bf points ,common entrance for two or more1 discredit #b points ,basement1 discredit #e points ,sunlight1 credit #af points of the #bf ,window openings1 #aa points ,air and ventilation1 #ac points ,structural condition1 #f points ,house appurtenances1 #bf points ,well outside1 discredit #c points ,the final score card may vary somewhat4 ,for rent collectors there is also a score card4 ,occupants1 #ajj points ,congestion of occupancy1 #fa points cubic air space #a1jjj cu4 ft4 per person1 no discredit #fjj cu4 ft4 per person discredits #bj points ,condition of air and ventilation1 #ah points ,cleanliness1 #ba points ,a score card movement might be started as a hobby1 and in the end lead public opinion to judicial choice and action4 ,no such movement1 however1 is possible without leaders1 and leaders of the right type4 ,the lesson for the community to be drawn from a study of crowd psychology is that of leadership and loyal coperation4 ,the common man is likely to be possessed of one idea at a time4 ,if such an one becomes a leader1 there is danger that equally vital factors will be overlooked4 ,safety is found in a combination of leaders to make an all-round improvement4 ,each individual is too busy in his own affairs to look after his own1 much less his neighbor's1 health and comfort1 hence community life1 with its advantages1 brings its own dangers4 ,children in school in contact with other children2 crowds in trains1 in elevators1 stores1 in lecture halls1 contract habits as well as diseases4 ,the need for large quantities of supplies at one point brings long-distance transportation and cold storage difficulties4 ,the man who caters to public need does not look far ahead to consequences1 and if unrestrained may prove more of a menace than a convenience4 ,the safe and reasonable way is to delegate to certain persons the making and enforcement of regulations corresponding to the needs of the times1 and then to obey them1 even at some personal inconvenience4 ,each community should put into the hands of its health officers the carrying out of the rules it has agreed to as an insurance against outbreaks of disease4 ,does a man let his fire insurance policy lapse because the year has passed without a fire8 ,even if the regulation seems superfluous to the particular individual or family1 let it be remembered that there are inflammable spots in every community4 ,eternal vigilance is the price of safety in sanitary as well as in military affairs4 ,as in the army1 the community must delegate scout duty to certain chosen individuals and rely on their report for safety4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,interchangeableness of these two forms of progressive effort4 ,first one1 then the other ahead4 ,preventive medicine is the watchword of the hour1 and enlistment in the cause can come only through education4444 ,he who understands the dangers is thrice armed1 and is trained and entitled to enlist in the home guard to protect the health of his household and neighbors4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,rosenau1 ,harvard ,medical ,school4 ,the next generation of parents is being made strong or weak in home and school today by an environment furnished by parents and teachers4 ,these latter cannot be too well instructed in physiology1 hygiene1 and biology4 ,prof4 ,john ,tyler1 ,the ,responsibility of the ,medical ,profession for ,public ,education in ,hygiene4 ,the new view is a social view1 which seeks in all movements1 whether of research or of remedial action1 for the common welfare4 ,edward ,devine1 ,social ,forces4 ,democracy means that the best of all life is for all1 and that if there are many incapable of entering into it1 then they must be helped to become capable4 ,ralph ,barton ,perry1 ,the ,moral ,economy4 ,if the child is not only in theory but in practice recognized as the main interest in society1 the family and society will more and more assist the mother in his nurture4 ,w4 ,i4 ,thomas1 ,women and ,their ,occupations4 ,health administration cannot rise far above the hygienic standards of those who provide the means for administering sanitary law4 ,the tax-paying public must believe in the economy1 utility1 and necessity of efficient health administration4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,allen1 ,civics and ,health4 ,the connection between poverty and ill health is so direct1 so immediate1 and so important that the moment any individual or society turns its attention to the causes of poverty1 that moment it finds itself in the thick of the public health movement4 ,homer ,folks1 ,journal ,public ,hygiene1 ,november1 #aiji4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,faith ,,and ,,hope ,progress is a series of zigzags3 now the individual goes ahead of the community2 now the community outstrips the individual4 ,the community cannot rise much above the level of the individual home1 and the home rises only by the pull of the community regulations1 or by the initiative of a few especially farsighted individuals4 ,the steps need to be carefully measured1 for if the family begins to rely on the ,state for the backbone it should have1 it will not stay up1 and its fall will be lower than the stage it rose from4 ,when man reverts1 he goes not to ,nature1 but to death4 ,the example set by the city in maintaining clean streets and well-kept parks reacts upon the home yards4 ,the insistence by the police on city regulations as to alleys and garbage educates the family as to the general attention to be paid to such things4 ,the city authorities1 on the other hand1 are prodded to their work by well-informed individuals who see the great gain to the community from certain measures4 ,the centers of movement1 civic and quasi-religious or philanthropic1 are usually the outgrowth of individual effort4 ,the great movements for betterment--water supply1 street cleaning1 tenement laws1 etc4--are carried out by community agreement with a common tax outlay4 ,the clean city means streets of clean houses4 ,the clean house in the midst of a dirty city may be the match to start a fire of cleansing4 ,probably medical inspection in the public school is as good an example as may be given of helpfulness to the community4 ,no quicker means of influencing both home and community life may be found1 for in five years it might revolutionize the whole4 ,school buildings should be so constructed and so managed that they cannot themselves either produce or aggravate physical defects4 ,departments of school hygiene should be organized1 not only in every city1 but for every rural school under county and state superintendents of instruction4 ,the general question of physical welfare of children involves too many considerations to be satisfactorily treated by school physician and school nurse alone1 or by busy teachers and principals4 ,new ,york ,city will spend in #aiaj #f1ejj for making over twenty rooms in regular buildings1 a first step in an entirely new plan of ventilation1 which will eventually give outdoor air to all children1 sick or well4#h #h ,bureau of ,municipal ,research4 ,speaking generally1 ,america is one of the last of the civilized nations to deal with the subject of the medical inspection of school children upon a comprehensive and national scheme4 ,but once aroused to the needs1 it is safe to say that the nation will speedily educate parents to correct such home conditions as reduce the child's ability to profit from schooling1 and to persuade governments to see that safe homes are provided4 ,it will be easy to convince the taxpayer that it is cheaper to provide such care than to neglect the future parent and citizen1 for it is easy to prove that medical inspection in our schools returns large dividends on small investments4 ,dr4 ,luther ,gulick says that it seems probable1 though only a guess1 that the total annual expenditure for medical inspection of schools in the ,united ,states at the present time is perhaps #ejj1jjj4 ,the money saved by enabling thousands of children to do one year's work in one year1 instead of in two or three years1 would greatly exceed the total expense of examining all children in all boroughs4#i #i ,quoted in ,report on ,national ,vitality1 p4 #abc4 ,the health of all our school children should be conserved by a system of competent medical inspection which should secure the correction of defects of eyes1 ears1 teeth1 as well as defects due to infection or malnutrition4 ,the statistics of medical inspection in public schools tell a pitiful tale wherever it has been tried3 thirty or forty per cent of the children are found with defective or diseased eyes1 ten to twenty per cent with distorted spines1 fifteen per cent with throat and nose troubles1 all of which directly affect their intellectual proficiency4 ,when these deficiencies are discovered and reported to the parents1 such is the apathy of disbelief that seventy-five per cent of the cases usually go unattended2 therefore the school nurse1 who follows the case home and explains the needs and sets forth the penalties1 has become a necessity4 ,the parent who permits his child to go to school physically unfitted to profit from school opportunity is not only injuring his own child1 but is injuring his neighbor's child1 and is taxing that neighbor without the latter's consent4 ,it would seem as if such parents had forfeited their right to the sole care of the children1 and that government would be obliged1 for its own protection1 to step in and do the work while it is needed4 ,the author has termed this temporary paternalism4 ,the providing of penny lunches during the morning recess1 the service of the school nurse and the home visitor to teach those parents who are willing to learn all these schemes for the saving of the child1 may be carried out in a spirit of helpfulness with a support which may be withdrawn when no longer needed4 ,although all ,america has not become aroused to the undoubted fact of tendencies toward physical deterioration1 it is on the verge of an awakening4 ,the public school is the natural medium for the spread of better ideals1 and if the teachers of cooking and of hygiene would coperate and use all the material which sanitary science is heaping on the table before them1 we should soon see a betterment of the physical status4 ,combined with medical inspection and sanitary construction of schoolhouses1 this would raise the general health of the community thirty or forty per cent in five years and fifty to seventy per cent in ten years4 ,there has been in some quarters much objection to public effort towards remedying evils which would not have existed if each family had lived up to its duties4 ,the community is a larger family1 with greater resources1 and can employ investigators to find the means for greater security4 ,that individual is very foolish who does not recognize this interaction between community and individual1 and who objects to taking the benefits of the larger knowledge4 ,to take one of the latest examples of social problems3 ,in every thousand children in the public schools of any city1 probably of the town also1 there are perhaps fifty who are ill-nourished 7not necessarily underfed71 ill-clothed1 unwashed1 and deprived of good air for sleeping4 ,what is the duty of the public8 ,this is one of the burning questions of the moment4 ,send missionary teachers to the homes1 some say1 but that is costly2 the selection of the suitable missionary is difficult1 and the result may be slight4 ,others say1 give one good luncheon at the school1 for which the children pay in part or in whole1 and make that an education which1 by the aid of the school nurse1 will in time affect a change in habit4 ,in short1 the problem is this3 ,shall the children suffer in childhood and become a burden on society in adult years1 or shall society protect itself from future expense by community care now8 ,because finding diseases and defects does not protect children unless discovery is followed by treatment1 fifty-eight cities take children to dispensaries or instruct at schoolhouses2 fifty-eight send nurses from house to house to instruct parents and to persuade them to have their families cared for2 #aja send out cards of instruction to parents either by mail or the children2 while #aeg cities have arranged special coperation with dispensaries1 hospitals1 and relief societies for giving the children the shoes or clothing or medical and dental care which is found necessary4#aj #aj ,bulletin1 ,bureau of ,municipal ,research4 ,nearly all preventive measures adopted by society and ranked as paternalism by timid philanthropists are or may be educative and temporary at the same time4 ,they may be dropped as soon as the end is gained4 ,the attention of parents must be called to neglected duties4 ,compulsory attention to such duties as affect the wards of society1 the children1 may be needed for a time4 ,just as the wise father1 taking the child for a walk1 allows him to run free as soon as his strength and courage permit1 so the paternalism of society is relaxed as soon as its protges show themselves both able and willing to do the right thing without its aid or command4 ,compulsory school attendance places responsibility for certain care1 vaccination1 decent clothing1 good food1 decent shelter4 ,the thousand and one ways in which society is now protecting itself are all educating the newcomers to ,american ideals4 ,they are all intended to make efficient1 self-sustaining citizens who do not feel the pull of the law or the bond of outside care4 ,it is the last conflict between the ideals of individualism and those of the community need1 subordinating the individual preference4 ,much wisdom and forbearance will be needed to secure this community ideal1 but in that way evidently lies progress4 ,it behooves the leaders of social effort to make all their work educational1 and thus remove the necessity for a repetition in the future4 ,just as the parent in the home establishes habits while the child's mind is plastic1 so the community stands in loco parentis to the future citizen1 and surrounds him with safeguards while needed4 ,knowledge is needed1 scientific investigation is fundamental1 expert wisdom is indispensable1 costly though it is1 being the product of long research and rare brain power4 ,this is at the service of the nation for the good of all the people1 and it is the surer the wider the range of experience4 ,for this reason chiefly1 greater actual knowledge and more complete harmonizing of conflicting interests is necessary4 ,certain sanitary measures are carried out by the ,federal government as an education to communities1 just as communities educate individuals4 ,federal effort may be unwisely put forth in certain cases1 investigations of little consequence may be undertaken1 but on the whole a democracy must learn to manage its affairs by making mistakes4 ,the principle should not be discarded as a result of the first mistake4 ,the immediate concern of this chapter is with the leaders of community movements1 the educated1 sympathetic1 farsighted sociologists1 sanitarians1 and economists1 whose concern is for the advancement of mankind4 ,these leaders must have courage and belief in the value of their work1 for no half-hearted means will carry the community forward4 ,still more1 they must have knowledge1 a sure ground to stand upon4 ,to acquire this means both time and opportunity4 ,to go into betterment work without it is to set back the wheels of progress1 not to advance them4 ,,chapter ,v ,the child to be raised as he should be4 ,restraint for his good4 ,teaching good habits the chief duty of the family4 ,our success or failure with the unending stream of babies 7one every eight seconds7 is the measure of our civilization3 every institution stands or falls by its contribution to that result1 by the improvement of the children born or by the improvement of the quality of births attained under its influence4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,mankind in the ,making4 ,children are the most hopeful element of our population1 and we should concentrate our efforts on them4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,porter1 ,harvard ,medical ,school ,lectures4 ,we want the mothers to be the health officers of the home4 ,charles ,w4 ,hewitt4 ,when human beings and families rationally subordinate their own interests as perfectly to the welfare of future generations as do animals under the control of instinct1 the world will have a more enduring type of family life than exists at present4 ,this can only be accomplished by the development of controlling ideals which are supported not only by reason and intelligence but by ethical impulse and religious motive4 ,the home should be considered the place where are to be developed and conveyed the precious qualities which are so vital to the continuity of the race and the progress of human society and civilization4 ,those factors which are of a more material or physical nature1 such as shelter1 food1 dress1 and personal health1 are to be estimated in their relation to mind1 character1 and effective conduct4 ,in the confusion of relative values human health as one of the essential means to many worthy ends is usually neglected4 ,man is the most highly developed of all species of animals4 ,he is1 to some degree at least1 civilized1 and yet human beings are of all animals the sickliest1 and this in spite of the fact that human health is more important to man and to the world than the health of any other creature4 ,and by health ,i do not mean simply existence1 freedom from pain1 or absence of disease1 but rather organic power and efficiency1 the maximum vital ability possible to the individual for the doing of all that seems most worth while in life4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,d4 ,wood1 ,lake ,placid ,conference1 #aijb4 ,,chapter ,v ,,responsibility ,the ideal of home is protection from dangers from within--bad habits1 bad food1 bad air1 dirt and abuse1--shelter1 in fact1 from all stunting agencies1 just as the gardener protects his tender plants until they become strong enough to stand by themselves4 ,the child's home environment is certainly a potent factor in his future efficiency4 ,but more than physical protection is that education in all that goes to make up profitable living1 acquired by following the mother or nurse in her daily round and in having legitimate questions answered4 ,imitation is the first step in good habits1 as in learning to walk or to read4 ,that which is set before the child should be worthy its imitation1 and be of value when fixed as a habit4 ,habits of health1 correct position1 deep breathing1 clean ways1 distaste for dirt in one's person or in one's vicinity1 liking for fresh air1 for simple food1 good habits of exercise1 of reading1 and the thousand and one trifles that go to make up the efficient worker in adult years1 all belong to the well-ordered home1 where1 as one author puts it1 the child is the business of the day4 ,but the ,state cannot risk its property too far4 ,when mothers become so careless or ignorant that half their children fail to reach their first birthday1 and of those that live to be three years old a majority are defrauded of their birthright of health1 some agency must step in4 ,if the ,state is to have good citizens it must provide for the teaching of the essentials to a generation that will become the wiser mothers and fathers of the next4 ,therefore1 even if we regard this as only a temporary expedient1 we must begin to teach the children in our schools1 and begin at once1 that which we see they are no longer learning in the home4 ,the achievement at ,huddersfield1 ,england1 is especially noteworthy4 ,the average annual number of deaths of infants for ten years had been #caj4 ,by a systematic education of mothers the number was in #aijg reduced to #bab4 ,the cost of saving these ninety-eight lives was about #b1jjj4aa #aa ,dr4 ,charles ,h4 ,chapin4 ,one university has established a course in the care of children1 much to the amusement of the press4 ,the ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education has1 however1 been a responsible mover in the idea4 ,but real progress by means of family education means the stable family and the permanent dwelling4 ,where is the family in the permanent dwelling today8 ,among any class1 except the agricultural1 where is the stable family8 ,since industry has taken woman's work from her1 and she has to follow it out into the world1 the means of education for the child has gone from the home4 ,its atmosphere is artificial1 if the attempt is made4 ,to work exclusively on the family1 for the sake of the child1 is a very slow process4 ,as in all ,american life1 the quicker method appeals most strongly4 ,the school is today the quickest means of reaching both child and home2 the present home through the child1 and the future homes through the children when they grow up4 ,and time presses6 ,a whole generation has been lost because the machine ran wild without guidance1 and all attempt at improvement was met by futile resistance4 ,it is very difficult to present the socionomist's view of the child in the home so that it may appeal to the two extremes of opinion4 ,there are those who still apply medival rules to twentieth century living2 those who believe1 honestly1 that the ideal life was found in the days when the mother was the manufacturer in her own home and the children were her helpers in all the varied processes4 ,there was never any artificial teaching devised so good for children as the daily helping in the household tasks4 ,the inference is made that therefore the same restriction for the mother and the children leads to an ideal life today4 ,such persons fail to realize that the twentieth century is practically a new world4 ,the old rules which related to material things hardly hold more closely than they would on the planet ,mars4 ,the fundamental moral principles of reverence1 obedience1 love1 and unselfish sacrifice must be worked in on a new background4 ,to keep the eighteenth century habit1 so carefully taught the girl1 of courtesying as she stepped aside to allow the rider or the ox cart to pass1 in these days of the swift automobile1 which would be out of sight before the knee could bend1 is no more ridiculous than to expect the average young mother to follow the methods of her grandmother4 ,her mother's ways are now pronounced all wrong1 not necessarily because they were wrong then1 but because conditions have changed1 knowledge has been gained1 and it is clearly a waste of human life1 of money1 of physical and mental power for people to be sick and die because the caretaker does not use the knowledge in circulation4 ,if the young mother can learn how better to fulfill her duties by going out of the house to lectures or classes1 why not8 ,tracts are not always successful as an incentive to conduct4 ,it is obviously impossible to pass a blue law compelling parents to conform to--what ideal8 ,the school is fast taking the place of the home1 not because it wishes to do so1 but because the home does not fulfill its function1 and so far has not been made to1 and the lack must be supplied4 ,the personal point of view1 inculcated now by modern conditions of strife for money1 just as surely as it must have been by barbarian struggle in pre-civilized days1 must be supplanted by the broad view of majority welfare4 ,the extreme of the personal point of view1 expressed in such phrases as ,the world owes me a living2 ,my child is mine to treat as ,i please2 ,it is nobody's business how ,i spend my money2 ,i have a right to all the pleasure ,i can get out of life1 is well shown in ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells's analogy#ab3 ,a cat's standpoint is probably strictly individualistic4 ,she sees the whole universe as a scheme of more or less useful1 pleasurable1 and interesting things concentrated upon her sensitive and interesting personality4 ,with a sinuous determination she evades disagreeables and pursues delights4 ,life is to her quite clearly and simply a succession of pleasures1 sensations1 and interests1 among which interests there happen to be--kittens4 #ab ,mankind in the ,making4 ,this unsuspicious ignorance of the real nature of life is by no means confined to animals and savages2 it would seem to be the common view of many young people today4 ,at least they take as little care of the homes to which they bring children1 and they follow the cat's example in boxing the children's ears and turning them out to fend for themselves4 ,the last generation seemed to become disciples of ,schopenhauer in his passionate rebellion against the fate that deferred all the pleasure of the present to the needs of the future generation4 ,evolution has revealed the necessity for this subordination of the individual lot to the destiny of the race1 if progress is to be made4 ,the man who asserts himself as free from race trammels is snuffed out as a factor--a blighted blossom fallen to earth and trodden under foot4 ,to the student of biological evolution1 the individual is as a mere pin point on the chart of community advance1 for surely society grows according to evolutionary law4 ,as certainly as ,nature gives the poor child its chance of a good life1 so certainly do the circumstances of slum environment rob it forthwith of its birthright--it is not uncommon to find more than half the children of three years of age hanging on to life with marks of disease and undergrowth firmly implanted on their tender frames4 ,yet1 practically1 none of this is inherited in the true sense2 it is the victory of evil human devices in their endeavor to cheat ,nature of her own4 ,if ever there was a mission in the world worthy of the most strenuous service1 it is to wrest back this victory1 be it out of pity for suffering children or for the very welfare and existence of the nation4 ,the schools have made their beginning2 the homes have not yet started2 they wait the impulse from without4 ,it is for voluntary1 intelligent opinion to get to work on the home1 and never to relax until a race of parents has arisen which knows no other duty to the state than to rear with heart and brain the children which have been given to them4 ,then we shall hear no more about physical degeneracy4#ac #ac ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,eichholz1 ,inspector of ,schools4 ,paper before ,conference of ,women ,workers1 ,london1 #aijd4 ,hope for the future is to be found in the conclusions of the immigration commission1 that in one generation certain marked changes in stature and in head measurements have taken place in the children of immigrants of various nationalities1 such changes as have hitherto been considered as the result of centuries4 ,the commissioners credit the better environment and larger opportunities with these indications of increasing intellectuality and mental force4 ,most human efficiency is the result of habits rather than of innate ability4 ,these habits of mind1 as well as of body1 are developed by the home life at an early age4 ,the home is responsible for the upbringing of healthy1 intelligent children4 ,here is the place for fostering the valuable and suppressing the harmful traits4 ,the school can never take the place of the home in this4 ,with the large classes of the public schools1 the teacher should not be asked to undertake this individual work4 ,moreover1 correcting a child for personal habits can hardly be effective before fifty or sixty pairs of critical eyes4 ,the office of the home must be to teach habits of right living and daily action1 and a joy and pride in life as well as responsibility for life4 ,it is not fair that the parents should sit back and shift to the school the whole responsibility for the future citizen4 ,the little modifications can best be made in the home1 permanent foundations can be laid and braced with habits so good and strong that nothing can shake them4 ,most powers are the result of habits4 ,let the furrows be plowed deeply enough while the brain cells are plastic1 then human energies will result in efficiency and the line of least resistance will be the right line4 ,everything1 therefore1 which influences the child must be the best known to science4 ,the houses of the land must be regulated by the scientific laws of right living4 ,to the woman1 the home worker1 we say3 ,you must have the will power1 for the sake of your child1 to bring to his service all that has been discovered for the promotion of human efficiency1 so that he may have the habit1 the technique4 ,to pay a tax today for the benefit of one's children is a principle of insurance1 of benefit association4 ,this feeling of obligation means present sacrifice of ease and inclination1 and it has been increasingly shirked1 so that it is not surprising that a tax to insure one against future loss by disease is an unwelcome proposition4 ,the whole question of the child in the home is one of ethics1 as the writers on social conditions have been trying to convince the world4 ,if the swarms of dwellers in the busy hives of industry have no sense of their humanity1 if they do not use the human power of looking ahead1 that power which differentiates man from animals1 what better are they than animals8 ,no one can be sorry that there are no children in thousands of homes one knows4 ,it is better that children should not have been born than to come into an inheritance of suffering and mental and moral dwarfing4 ,social uplift will not be possible while parents take the view of cats1 or even of a well-to-do mother who said1 ,i did not have my baby to discipline her2 ,i had her to play with4 ,no state can thrive while its citizens waste their resources of health1 bodily energy1 time1 and brain power1 any more than a nation may prosper which wastes its natural resources4 ,america today is wasting its human possibilities even more prodigally than its material wealth4 ,the latter deficiency is being brought to a halt4 ,shall the human side receive less attention8 ,a sharply divided line between home and school is no longer clearly drawn4 ,parents' associations are being formed and are coperating with the school-teacher4 ,to what end8 ,to the better moral and intellectual atmosphere of the home4 ,physical education has had its vogue1 but too much as an endeavor apart1 not as a necessary element in the whole4 ,the pedagogical world is now becoming convinced that physical defects are more often than not the basis of mental incompetence1 and this leads logically to the teaching of the laws of right living in a practical way1 not merely as lessons from books1 but as daily practice4 ,this practice must eventually go into the home1 where the most of the child's hours are spent4 ,it is as useless to expect good health from unsanitary houses as good ,english from two hours' school training diluted by twelve hours of slovenly language4 ,hence the imperative need of such teaching and example as can be put into practice2 and since immediate house to house renovation and change of view are impossible1 the school must provide for teaching how to live wisely and sanely1 as well as for clear thinking and sthetic appreciation4 ,practical hygiene1 food1 cleanliness1 sanitation1 all must eventually be exemplified by the schoolhouse and taught as a part of a general education to all pupils1 boys and girls4 ,if this sounds like socialism1 let us not be afraid1 but educate for five or ten years all children1 so that homes may be better managed1 and then it is to be hoped there will be no need for such school training4 ,to live economically in the broad sense of wise use of time1 money1 and bodily strength is the great need of the twentieth century4 ,this is practical economics4 ,this is something which cannot today1 except in rare instances1 be learned at home1 for conditions change so rapidly that grown people may not keep up with them4 ,mothers' ways are superseded before the children are grown4 ,the school1 if it is maintained as a progressive institution and a defense against predatory ideas1 is the people's safeguard from being crushed by the irresistible car of progress4 ,i repeat1 standards may be set by the school which will reach and influence the community in a few months4 ,such standards should be a means of safeguarding the people1 and this leads to the most important service which a teacher of domestic economy can render to the people in giving them a sense of control over their environment1 than which nothing is so conducive to stability of ideas4 ,to feel one's self in command of a situation robs it of its terror4 ,a great danger in ,america today is the loss of this feeling of self-confidence with which the pioneer was abundantly furnished4 ,a certain helpless dependence is creeping over the land because of the peculiar development of resources1 which must be replaced by a sense of power over one's environment4 ,home ,ideals ,there is no noble life without a noble aim4 ,the watchword of the future is the welfare and security of the child4 ,love of home and of what the home stands for converts the drudgery of daily routine into a high order of social service4 ,the economy of right uses depends largely upon the home-maker1 and brings the return in health1 happiness1 and efficiency4#ad #ad ,motto1 ,mary ,lowell ,stone ,home ,economics ,exhibit1 ,jamestown ,exposition1 #aijg4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,the child to be educated in the light of sanitary science4 ,office of the school4 ,domestic science for girls4 ,applied science4 ,the duty of the higher education4 ,research needed4 ,no ,christian and civilized community can afford to show a happy-go-lucky lack of concern for the youth of today2 for1 if so1 the community will have to pay a terrible penalty of financial burden and social degradation in the tomorrow4 ,president ,roosevelt1 ,message to ,congress1 ,december1 #aijd4 ,the loss of faith brings us by a short cut straight to the loss of purpose in life--of any purpose1 at least1 beyond purely material ones4 ,to those who need money the duty of getting it first and above anything else becomes the gospel of life4 ,to those who feel the need of position1 whether in society1 business1 or elsewhere1 their gospel drives them to all means within the law to attain that4 ,to those who have both money and position comes the only remaining purpose in life--that of using them for an existence of amusement and enjoyment4 ,is it too much to say that never before in our history have such aspirations so completely dominated and limited such large classes8 ,what is the poor ,american to do in his present fever and with his present nerves1 but with fivefold greater powers placed in his hands and fivefold greater attention and capacity demanded for their control8 ,if sixty years ago the free forces and rushing advance of the republic urgently needed the regulation of a powerful and learned conservative body1 who can overestimate the necessity for such service now8 ,when you ask how it is to be rendered1 one cannot be mistaken in turning first to those priceless qualities in any sound national life whose tendency to decay we noted at the outset4 ,give back to us our faith4 ,give back to us a serious and worthy purpose4 ,restore sane views of life1 of our own relations to it1 and of our relations to those who share it with us4 ,whitelaw ,reid1 ,phi ,beta ,kappa address1 #aijc4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,home ,,and ,,the ,,school ,one must not displace the other1 for one cannot replace the other1 but rather the home and the school must react on each other4 ,the home is the place in which to gain the experience1 and the school the place in which to acquire the knowledge that shall illuminate and crystallize the experience4 ,the child should go out to the school with enthusiasm1 and return to the home filled with a deeper interest and desire to realize things4 ,in morals and manners the school can only give tendency or direction to the child's life4 ,the school is not the best place to teach ethics4 ,in the family life the child himself finds his future revealed1 reflected by his relations to other members of the family4 ,the spirit of coperation nurtured there will develop in the school through the more various opportunities of relationship to others4 ,the earlier conditions cannot be restored1 even the home training cannot be brought back1 except on the farm1 and there1 it is hoped1 it may be revived4 ,the city or suburban children cannot have the opportunity to pick up chips when too young to bring in wood2 cannot stand by and hold skeins of yarn1 or go to the barn and help feed the calves--all most interesting and provocative of endless questions4 ,they cannot go into the garden and pick berries or vegetables for dinner1 cannot learn how to avoid breaking the vines1 or how to judge the ripeness of the melons4 ,all that is probably not feasible for many1 because it is not possible to give children of this age responsibility without oversight1 and today's elders are loath to give and are often incapable of giving oversight4 ,but while these circumstances over which1 apparently1 we have no control1 preclude much of the valuable outdoor work1 food has still to be prepared1 dishes need washing1 and clothes must be mended1 even if towels and napkins are no longer hemmed by hand4 ,rooms are still swept and dusted1 beds are made1 and chairs and tables put straight4 ,has any better means of giving experience ever been devised than these small1 daily tasks which differentiate men from animals8 ,the care of the fixed habitation1 the foresight needed to prepare the things for the family life in the weeks and months to come1 the coperation of all the members of the family toward one common end--all tend toward high human ideals4 ,if the wise mother only realized the value to the child of helping in such portions as are not too heavy1 of being a part of the life1 she would let nothing stand in the way of using this natural means of development4 ,but with foreign domestics whose idea is to get the various duties over as soon as possible1 and whose gift is not that of teaching1 how is the child to grow into the normal ways of right daily living1 unconsciously and effectively8 ,if the parents continue to throw all the work of education on the school1 then the school must take the best means of fulfilling the task4 ,not only has the home put the burden of education on the school1 but the school has drawn the child away from the home4 ,the school of today demands much more from him than the school of the early ,new ,england days4 ,it has taken the time that was formerly given to assisting in the duties of the household2 it has taken from the home the interest and responsibility that were developed through the coperation in the family life4 ,school has taken the place of home in the child's thoughts4 ,in the morning the thought is of reaching school in time1 not of the home duties whose performance could lighten many a mother's burden4 ,the school1 hurried with a curriculum that is wasteful of time and energy1 lacking correlation in the studies 7except in a few schools that are noted exceptions proving the rule71 has little time to relate its work to the home as the kindergarten does in its morning talk2 so there must come an intermediate step in order that the school may emphasize the home life and industries1 and that a generation may grow up who shall have a knowledge of the daily needs of life4 ,the interest awakened in the school will surely react upon the home4 ,it is like an expedition going out to make discoveries and to bring back knowledge to its own land4 ,the directive work of the school will thus become a practical realization in the home4 ,then the cycle will be complete1 for while the school has separated the child from his natural environment for many hours and weeks1 it is sending him back better equipped through knowledge and experience to fulfill his place there4 ,how shall the ends be gained artificially by devices of the school8 ,for gained they must be1 if civilization is to be maintained4 ,to quote from ,isabel ,bevier3 ,as the home is so inseparably connected with the house1 and our comfort and efficiency are so greatly influenced by the kind of houses in which we live1 much of interest and importance centers in the study of the house4 ,moreover1 with the house1 its evolution1 decoration1 and care1 may be associated much that is interesting in history1 art1 and architecture1 as well as much that has a direct bearing on the daily life of the individual4 ,the philosophers have struggled for centuries1 each contributing according to his experience and vision to determine what is the purpose of life4 ,america's thought could be translated into the word efficiency4 ,yes1 we might almost say she worships efficiency4 ,if1 then1 efficiency is to be the goal1 what are the means to develop it8 ,efficiency depends chiefly upon good health1 and to maintain this we must first consider in the scheme of education the physical aids--food1 air1 water1 clothing and shelter1 exercise and rest--and with this goal in view must come also recreation1 play or amusement1 and beauty to develop the mental and the spiritual4 ,in relating our scheme of work to this ideal we will consider first the shelter4 ,the children of ten or twelve years of age have passed the make-believe stage of play2 they want the real1 but of their own kind and age4 ,after little children have made and played with toys and foreshadowed the needs of the actual home1 the time has come for the youth to have his demands1 which are not yet the demands of man and manhood4 ,at the ,tuberculosis ,congress1 held in ,washington in #aijh1 a sanatorium in ,england1 which won a prize1 presented among many good features a system of graded work with graded tools1 almost childlike implements for the weak and unskilled1 gradually advancing toward the normal as the strength and health of the man grew4 ,so it should be with the material we should give to the children4 ,after the toy age a house about two-thirds the ordinary sized house may be constructed4 ,a room seven feet square is very livable for a child4 ,three rooms is a very good working plant--the kitchen and the bedroom1 the dining and living room combined4 ,both boys and girls may coperate in planning1 building1 and furnishing this home4 ,the plan of a modern house may be drawn1 basing it on the knowledge of house architecture through history1 of the modification necessary to site through geography1 and the knowledge that science has brought of drainage1 ventilation1 and construction4 ,the house could be built by the manual training class1 or if that is not feasible it may be built by one of the firms making portable houses4 ,at all events1 it can be painted by the children1 and this will lead to lessons on color1 the use of paint and its composition4 ,while the shelter is being constructed the child must be considering at the same time the principles of caring for the home1 for this would naturally influence the thought of furnishing4 ,the simply furnished home means less physical exertion1 but not less beauty4 ,the home planned and executed on scientific principles of hygiene and sanitation means a healthful home1 a much cleaner home4 ,the shelter of the individual has been considered2 now comes the immediate protection of the child--its clothing4 ,it would not be quite practical in this little home to enter into the personal activities of bathing and dressing4 ,a very large doll1 approximating the child1 may be used1 one large enough so that it can wear boots1 stockings1 etc41 that are usually bought for the real child4 ,here can be taught also the lesson in wise spending4 ,the right care of the body must be included among the necessities of education4 ,the teaching of the principles of hygiene should be closely related to the lives of the children4 ,correct habits1 not rules1 are the proper prevention for all sorts of defects4 ,to secure and maintain a healthy body1 habits of cleanliness and enthusiasm for health must be inculcated4 ,such habits can be readily impressed on the body while it is plastic--that is1 while it is young2 but they are acquired only with difficulty and by much thought in after years4 ,hence there is the greatest economy of time and energy in accustoming young people to habits of daily living which will give them the best chance in after life--the chance to be healthy1 happy1 efficient human beings4 ,most of the teaching must be by indirect methods--illustrations--and so the doll may be used again to demonstrate and relate facts about the daily life4 ,an old ,scotch writer once said1 ,he that would be good must be happy1 and he that would be happy must be healthy4 ,as has already been said1 the great increase of disease from causes under individual control1 such as that which is brought on by errors of diet1 points to a need for a more general education in this respect4 ,the food problem is fundamental to the welfare of the race4 ,society1 to protect itself1 must take cognizance of the questions of food and nutrition4 ,it is necessary to give the child the right ideas on these subjects1 for only then will there be sufficient effort to get the right kind of food and to have it clean4 ,right living goes further and demands the right manner of serving and eating the food4 ,the home table should be the school of good manners and of good food habits of which the child ought not to be deprived4 ,if all the foregoing principles have been developed1 if the child has been led to see the joy of living through these home activities1 he will consider the home the true shelter1 the place where he can have the happiest play1 the easiest rest1 where he can study most earnestly1 and express himself most honestly4 ,and the parents1 the fathers and mothers of children of the city8 ,how far are we helping the city dwellers to take advantage of city life8 ,the principles back of housekeeping are the same1 the end the same--what are to be the means to stimulate the modern home-maker8 ,show the possibilities within reach of them2 send the children home with ideas which the mother must consider4 ,education in pursuing the so-called humanities has been holding up to view a hypothetical man in a hypothetical environment4 ,the pursuit of gold has not been hindered thereby1 and has gone on without the restraints of education because of the complete detachment of ideals inculcated from the actual daily life where money meant personal pleasure and comfort for the time being4 ,the power over things gained by a few students was utilized by money power to hasten all progress4 ,speed was the watchword4 ,no one could stop to see what injury he had caused4 ,get there1 really seemed to be the motto4 ,in this scramble for power the purpose for which life is lived has been lost sight of4 ,no worthy aim has been impressed on the mind of the child4 ,an awakening has come and the school is the leading factor in the upward movement4 ,education is coming to have a new meaning1 or better1 perhaps1 is going back to the older meaning with new materials4 ,no knowledge or power the youth may acquire will avail in real struggle for existence of the race without a definite aim to hold steady the eye fixed on a certain goal4 ,this is a law of man's existence4 ,the change in point of view has been growing like a root underground4 ,it seems to have suddenly sent up shoots in every direction4 ,in no line of thought has this change come more generally than in relation to the things youth should be taught4 ,himself and his relation to his environment are now to the front4 ,instead of extolling man as the lord of all created things1 the youth is made to see that man unaided by scientific knowledge is at the mercy of ,nature's forces2 that man in crowds is sure to succumb unless he makes a strong effort to keep himself erect4 ,hence the boys are given manual training--power over wood and stone1 steam and electricity2 and are taught the principles of production of food and metals4 ,the girls are being taught to distinguish values in textiles and food stuffs2 to manage finances and to keep houses in a sanitary manner4 ,it is the business of the higher education at once to apply the knowledge of preventive measures to its own students and through them to reach the people1 but it has been very slow to take up the cause of better environment4 ,in colleges there is still more emphasis laid on external works1 such as water supply1 drainage1 etc41 than on the more intimate hourly needs of fresh air and clean rooms4 ,the halls1 study rooms1 and dining rooms of colleges are notoriously ill ventilated and not over clean4 ,the senses are blunted at an age when they should be keenly sensitive4 ,it is only within ten years or so that very many of the higher schools have made a point of indoor sanitation beyond plumbing provisions4 ,outdoor sports have been relied upon to give sufficient impetus to the health side of education4 ,a new element has come into the ,state universities through the ,home ,economics courses1 which have been steadily growing in favor during the last two decades4 ,within that time several buildings have been erected and equipped to teach the principles of sanitary and economic living both in institution1 school1 and family life4 ,probably no one movement has been so powerful as this in convincing educators of the efficiency of trained women as factors in sanitary progress4 ,in no other direction is the outlook for social service greater4 ,the woman must1 however1 be more than a willing worker2 she must be educated in science as a foundation for sanitary work4 ,within the next few years the demand for trained women is sure far to exceed the supply1 for the fundamental sciences are not to be acquired in one or two years4 ,young college women are even now realizing their mistake in neglecting the sciences4 ,they assumed that science was not of practical use4 ,they assumed that educational curricula were stable and would go on in the same lines forever4 ,the high school is now fully awake to these vital factors4 ,some of the best buildings in the ,united ,states are the high school buildings1 those of the ,west excelling those of the ,east4 ,by #aiaa nearly every school will have a course in ,sanitary ,science4 ,it may be under the name of ,home ,economics1 or of ,camp ,cookery1 or of ,house ,building1 but the idea of better physical environment has already taken root4 ,in the extension of school work by the employment of the school visitor to supplement the work of the teacher in the grade schools1 in ,parents' ,associations1 in ,mothers' ,clubs1 in social endeavors on every side1 there is coming the study of more special branches of sanitary science1 clean air1 clean floors1 clean clothes--where once cooking lessons were the extent to which the workers could lead4 ,evolution has at last been accepted as applying to man as well as to animals4 ,in his inaugural address1 ,november1 #aiji1 ,president ,h4 ,j4 ,waters1 of ,kansas ,agricultural ,college1 said3 444 for every dollar that goes into the fitting of a show herd of cattle or hogs1 or into experiments in feeding domestic animals1 there should be a like sum available for fundamental research in feeding men for the greatest efficiency4444 ,we have millions for research in the realm of domestic animals and nothing for the application of science to the rearing of children4 ,evidence is not wanting that all this is to be speedily changed4 ,man has awakened to the fact that he is the sickest beast alive and that he has himself to blame1 and1 moreover1 that it is within his power to change his condition and that speedily4 ,after all1 human life and effort are governed largely by the conscious or unconscious value put upon the varied elements that go to make up the daily round4 ,it seems to be a universal law that effort must precede satisfaction1 from the infant feeding to the man building up a successful business4 ,the satisfaction grows in a measure as the effort was a prolonged or sustained one4 ,well-being is a product of effort and resulting satisfaction4 ,the child without interest in work or play does not develop2 the man with no stimulus walks through life as in a dream4 ,the first steps in civilizing 787 a nation or tribe are to suggest wants--things to strive for4 ,struggle1 with all its attendant evils1 seems the lever that moves the world4 ,it is therefore in line that health1 and whatever favors it1 is to be gained at the expense of struggle4 ,the one necessary element is that men should value it enough to struggle for it4 ,sanitary science above all others1 when applied1 benefits the whole people1 raises the level of productive life4 ,in the rapid development of our civilization1 the laboratory1 the shop1 the school can be the quickest mediums of suggesting wants4 ,in an earlier chapter1 the indifference to clean conditions1 the ignorance of the means of obtaining pure food and clean air1 were dwelt upon1 and still later the need of will to choose the right thing4 ,now we should consider the means of stimulating that choice4 ,so far it has been chiefly exploitation for the personal gain of the manufacturer1 who has persuaded the people to buy his product regardless of its economic or hygienic effect4 ,thrift has been undermined most subtly4 ,that's the secret of the whole situation we're talking about2 it's easier to buy a new shirt than to take care of the one you've got4#ae #ae ,meredith ,nicholson1 ,lords of ,high ,decision1 p4 #acc4 ,all sense of values has been lost1 so that with no sound basis choice is apt to be unwise1 unsatisfactory1 and is gradually dropped1 while the individual drifts4 ,no more effective agent for the dissemination of knowledge was ever devised than the ,american ,public ,school4 ,if only it would live up to its opportunities1 its teachers could bring to its millions of receptive minds the best practice in daily living 7never mind the theory for the children71 and through the children reach the home1 where the infants may be saved from the risks that the elders have run4 ,to be effective1 however1 school conditions should be satisfactory1 and teachers should be familiar with the best ways of living1 or at least in active sympathy with the medical inspector and the school nurse4 ,no more revolting revelations have ever been made than those usually locked in the hearts of these faithful servants of the people4 ,how they can have courage to go on in face of parental and community indifference is a marvel4 ,we shall consider in the next chapter how the average parent is to be aroused4 ,but the leaders in educational and scientific thought--what of them8 ,the school is the pride of the community and measures the progress of the community toward ideals4 ,alas1 how is pride laid low in most public school buildings in the inability of most of the teachers to see the relations between mental stupidity and bad air4 ,the awakening has begun1 however1 and thousands of teachers have responded and are urging authorities to burn more coal1 to employ more help1 to keep the house clean1 to make it more beautiful1 to make the curriculum more helpful1 to make provision for good food to be purchased1 and the hundred ways in which the school may be the most powerful civilizing factor the nation has4 ,but civilization must not spell disease and ruin4 ,the economic factor must not be lost sight of4 ,to tell the boy and girl that they are as good as any does not give them the right to the most expensive food and clothing they see4 ,how shall they choose wisely in the multitude of new things8 ,they wish the best1 naturally1 and all ,america is honeycombed with the wrong idea that the best costs the most4 ,an ,alaska ,indian came into the store in ,juneau one day to buy some canned peas4 ,the storekeeper said1 ,i am out of the brand you want4 ,no peas8 asked the ,indian4 ,no1 only some small cans of ,french peas at forty cents a can4 ,you don't want those4 ,why not8 ,me want the best4 ,the schools of domestic economy1 the classes in all grade schools1 will have to attack and conquer these prejudices as to values1 or1 rather1 will need to substitute right estimates of value before our people will choose wisely in distributing their income1 for that is what right living means4 ,the division of the income according to the necessities of health and efficiency1 not according to whim or selfish desire1 is sometimes estimated as #bj to #be per cent for rent #be to #cj per cent for food #aj to #ae per cent for clothing ,this leaves only forty-five or thirty per cent for other things1 and the pennies must be carefully counted to cover fuel1 light1 amusements1 education1 books1 insurance1 or investments4 ,something that the family would like must be left out--no matter what1 providing only it does not injure their efficiency as wage-earners1 as comfortable human beings4 ,the sensation of comfort or satisfaction is so completely a psychic factor that the school training has a great chance to affect after life4 ,the child can acquire the habit of being more comfortable in plain1 washable1 clean clothes1 with clean hands1 than in dirty1 ragged furbelows4 ,this habit once thoroughly acquired is not likely to be quickly lost4 ,provision for clean hands is a necessity in school1 and ways of making a small amount of soap and water serve may also be taught4 ,all the while1 care is to be taken not to introduce unnecessarily expensive materials or to inculcate over-refined notions4 ,sound instruction as to dangers of transference of saliva1 of nose discharge1 etc41 can be given without also giving the despair of impossible achievement4 ,the teaching in the classes must have this practical bearing on daily life4 ,it is insisted on here because unclean hands are the chief source of infectious disease4 ,instead of blaming water supplies1 dusty streets1 or even contagion by the breath1 sanitarians are everywhere putting emphasis upon the actual contact of moist mucus with milk and other food1 in preparation or in serving4 ,it is not a supercilious notion to examine tumblers for finger marks1 or to object to the habit of wetting the finger with saliva in turning leaves of books4 ,these little unclean acts are the unconscious habits that cling to a person in spite of education from reading4 ,the greatest service to be done today in improving the health of the community is in the application of the principles which may be summed up in the phrases--fresh air all the twenty-four hours1 clean hands the livelong day1 the free use of the handkerchief to protect from contamination of mouth and nose4 ,all these small personal habits should be taught in the earliest months of life1 i4 e41 in the home2 but if the child reaches school untaught1 then in defense of the whole community the school must insist upon teaching them4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,stimulative education for adults4 ,books1 newspapers1 lectures1 working models1 museums1 exhibits1 moving pictures4 ,the efficient sanitarian is not so great when he conquers a raging epidemic as when he prevents an epidemic that might have raged but for his preventive care1 and for this result his most continuous and effectual work is to educate--educate--educate4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,brewer1 ,new ,haven ,health ,association1 #aije4 ,the essential fact in man's history to my sense is the slow unfolding of a sense of community with his kind1 of the possibilities of coperation leading to scarce-dreamt-of collective powers1 of a synthesis of the species1 of the development of a common general idea1 a common general purpose out of a present confusion4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,first and ,last ,things4 ,the great mass of the population is1 indeed1 at the present time like clay which has hitherto been a mere deadening influence underneath1 but which this educational process1 like some drying and heating influence upon that clay1 is rendering resonant4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,new ,worlds for ,old4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,in a store an advertisement reads3 ,any kind of tea you prefer2 no charge whatever4 ,she3 ,the women look so tired when they come in1 and in ten minutes they are so rested and refreshed4 ,he3 ,ready to go home8 ,she3 ,why1 no--ready to do some more shopping4 ,spectator1 ,the ,outlook1 ,december #ah1 #aiji4 ,something in motion and something to eat attract the crowd4 ,the social worker is just beginning to realize what the manufacturer and the department storekeeper have long since found out4 ,why is it not legitimate to attract a crowd1 to do them a good service in showing them how to save money as well as in impelling them to spend it8 ,it is wiser to show how before explaining why4 ,the force of example1 the power of suggestion1 should be used fully before coercion is applied4 ,exhibits and models come before law4 ,the psychology of influence is an interesting study 7see ,mnsterberg's article1 ,mc,clure's1 ,november1 #aiji74 ,its principles have been grasped and used by those who exploit human feelings for their own gain4 ,the student of social conditions should make a wider and better use of a real force4 ,publicity is perhaps first4 ,exhibits showing existing conditions often shock people into attention1 for it is inattention more than anything else that prevent betterment4 ,it is said that a knowledge of danger is the surest means of guarding against it1 but this knowledge must be translated into belief and the danger be brought home to the individual as a member of the community4 ,exhibits may often suggest for existing evils simple remedies never thought of before4 ,they should never suggest the one idea without the other4 ,even though the remedy is not worked out1 it should be called for4 ,america's inventive power may well be turned on its own social affairs as well as on adaptation of ,european machinery4 ,the man considered in these pages is the man in community environment1 and the discussion is as to what controls this community life4 ,it will be acknowledged by all thoughtful persons that the prime control lies in the purpose for which the community exists4 ,if for selfish gain1 then all is sacrificed to that end4 ,men and women become mere machines and children are only in the way until they1 too1 may be put into the service4 ,if it exists for mutual help and general advance in civilization1 then the leaders in the community take into account the elements that contribute to the future as well as those for the immediate present4 ,in the confusion of ideas resulting from the rapid1 almost cancerous growth of the modern community1 made possible by mechanical invention1 the people have lost the power of visualizing their conception of right and wrong1 a power which made the ,puritan such a force in early colonial times4 ,heaven and hell were very real to him and were powerful factors in influencing his daily life4 ,the average man today has no such spur to good behavior4 ,perhaps the sword of ,damocles must be visualized by such exhibits as the going out of an electric light every time a man dies1 by the ghastly microbe in the moving picture1 by the highly colored print or by a vivid reproduction of crowded quarters4 ,the social worker has been doubtful of the real value of such exhibits1 but such reminders have their place in a community accustomed to the advertising of less worthy subjects4 ,a decided recognition of the value of exhibits is found in the advertisement of a company3 ,we design and equip ,exhibits on ,tuberculosis1 ,milk1 ,civic ,betterment1 ,dental ,hygiene1 ,saner ,fourth of ,july4 ,have you our catalogue8 ,much of our educational work for the dissemination of useful knowledge would gain in power and directness from an adaptation of the methods of the man skilled in promoting commercial interests4 ,he knows how to apply the right stimulus at the right time in order to arouse the desired interest4 ,in many ways the adult is but the child of a larger growth1 who needs something concrete to make him understand4 ,and so have grown up the great industrial fairs and exhibitions4 ,one comes away from these wondering that so much1 both good and bad1 is being prepared for him1 and stimulated1 usually1 to work out certain suggestions and better many of the present conditions4 ,both the manufacturer and the consumer have been helped4 ,wherever it is possible1 a working model illustrating the chief features to be explained should be installed4 ,the expense of this kind of exhibit has in the past been prohibitive1 and moreover the use of such claptrap has been frowned upon2 but scientific knowledge is no longer to be held within the aristocratic circle of the university4 ,it is to be brought within the reach of the man in the street1 and to make up for the wasted years of seclusion experts now vie with each other in putting cause and effect not merely into words but into pictures1 and even into motion pictures4 ,the fly as a carrier of disease is now shown in all its busy and disgusting activity4 ,the lesson of awakened attention by such means is being learned1 and soon lessons in botany1 in gardening1 in housewifery1 will be given through the eye1 to be the better followed by the hand4 ,of all means1 that product of man's ingenuity1 the moving picture1 is destined to play the greatest part in quick education4 ,it is the quintessence of democracy4 ,the extension movement in education is an evidence of a new social ideal4 ,it is a true expression of democracy that the university and school can be utilized by the busy working people4 ,museums that at one time were only for the educated who by previous training could understand them now assume as a privilege the educating of all the people4 ,schools of art and science1 also1 through lectures1 bulletins1 guides1 and special exhibits1 extend a generous welcome to the public4 ,the citizens ought to be a gladder1 sadder people1 stirred and delighted and grateful for much that the city affords2 sad and shocked by some of the forbidding1 existing conditions4 ,that is the power of an exhibit1 so to visualize a condition that the mind really conceives it1 never again to recover from the shock1 to be unmindful of such possibilities of degraded existence for human beings4 ,the influence of these great expositions is of a most subtle kind1 not often to be traced1 but there is a noticeable change in the estimation in which ,home ,economics is held dating from the time of the ,mary ,lowell ,stone ,home ,economics ,exhibit held at the ,exposition in ,st4 ,louis in #aije4 ,this illustrated the application of modern knowledge to home life1 chiefly in economic and sthetic lines1 all bearing upon the health and efficiency of the people4 ,the ,chicago ,exposition in #ahic had its ,rumford ,kitchen1 an exhibit under the auspices of the ,state of ,massachusetts4 ,this practical illustration of scientific principles modified the ideas of the world as to the place and importance of cookery in education4 ,indeed1 there seemed a distinct danger that other lines would be neglected1 so that when the ,exposition at ,st4 ,louis was determined upon this legacy of fifteen years before was drawn upon to show the wide scope of the subject as it had been developed4 ,boards of ,health might pave the way for a better understanding of their rules and regulations if they would have temporary exhibits in public places of some of the conditions known to them but unsuspected by the average citizen and taxpayer4 ,traveling exhibits may show local and temporary conditions and may call attention to needs demanding immediate remedy--with the remedy suggested4 ,permanent exhibits in museums should1 on the other hand1 teach a deeper lesson4 ,they should always be constructive and should be replaced when the conditions have changed4 ,the modern idea of a museum is a series of adjustable exhibits with distinct suggestive purpose4 ,such are found in the ,town ,room1 #c ,joy ,street1 ,boston1 the ,social ,museum1 ,harvard ,college1 the ,american ,museum of ,safety1 and the ,sanitary ,science ,section1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,the distribution of the printed word has become so universal that it would seem as if every family might be influenced by it2 but the scientific title1 or the size of the book1 or the scientific terms seem forbidding1 and so the whole question is thrust aside4 ,in the past1 newspaper science was largely discounted as sensational and only one-tenth fact4 ,scientific workers were largely to blame for this4 ,they could not take the time to explain the meaning of their work1 and the few things they were ready to say were worked over out of all semblance to truth by the writer who must have a story and who had not the training in suspension of judgment which the scientific investigator knows to be necessary4 ,there is no concern of human life that cannot be made interesting1 and the magazine writers of today understand that art4 ,read the newspaper and the world is yours4 ,it is all things to all men4 ,the popularizing of knowledge is now proceeding on somewhat better lines4 ,intermediaries between the laboratory and the people are springing up to interpret the one to the other4 ,this work is good or bad according to the individual writer4 ,most of it is still too superficial4 ,here is one of the most fertile fields for the educated woman1 since the evils of which we complain have to do so intimately with woman's province1 the home and the school4 ,there is hope that the trained1 scientific woman will take her place as interpreter4 ,her practical sense will give her an advantage over the young man who has never known other home than a boarding house4 ,but the expert knows that the man of practical affairs wants and needs certain knowledge1 and so seeks another way4 ,our ,federal government1 through the departments of ,agriculture and ,education2 the ,state ,boards of ,health2 the educational institutions1 have with care and accuracy formulated this knowledge and are sending to the people1 in the form of bulletins meeting their interest and requirements1 knowledge in concise and readable form1 and so most valuable4 ,more than five hundred thousand copies of ,miss ,maria ,parloa's bulletin on ,preserving have been distributed by the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,these efforts by both men and women have meant independent scientific research1 which is often the only available knowledge for the housekeeper4 ,it is bringing to them in their business of life the same help that the men on the farm and elsewhere are receiving in theirs4 ,but the written word1 however clearly put1 can never reach the untrained as can the voice and personality of an earnest speaker with a compelling vitality4 ,lectures by those who have been engaged in research themselves1 so that they have absorbed the spirit of the laboratory--not by those who have merely smelled the odors of the waste jars--are ten times more valuable than even the most attractively illustrated articles4 ,it is well that the personality of the human being is an asset1 and that there is a stimulus in hearing and seeing the person who has accomplished things4 ,there is always a power in the spoken word4 ,the government1 with its public lectures1 recognizes this as well as the private organization1 and today ignorance is necessarily due only to indifference4 ,illustrated lectures followed by literature are of inestimable value if rightly and not sensationally given4 ,even then1 the seed must have time to sprout4 ,man has reached his present stage of civilization1 however we regard it1 by an incessant warfare against adverse conditions4 ,enemies1 man and beast1 surrounded him2 mountains and rivers obstructed his passage2 fire and flood swept away his dwellings2 but ever onward the inward impulse has carried him4 ,it is interesting to see how the same vocabulary is transferred to the warfare for social betterment1 campaign1 warfare1 battle1 fight1 weapon1 corps1 army4 ,and the fight to be won can only come through knowledge1 its dissemination and then its application4 ,publicity today means coperation and democracy--all to help1 all to be helped4 ,all the foregoing methods should be used in these campaigns for health1 with the dictum1 ,man1 know thyself4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,both child and adult to be protected from their own ignorance4 ,educative value of law and of fines for disobedience4 ,compulsory sanitation by municipal1 state1 and federal regulations4 ,instructive inspection4 ,the strength of the ,state is the sum of all the effective people4 ,dr4 ,edward ,jarvis1 ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,health1 #ahgd4 ,when the ,americans took charge of ,bilibid ,prison in ,manila the death rate was #bch per #a1jjj per year3 by improving sanitary conditions1 this death rate was reduced to about #ge per #a1jjj3 here it remained stationary until it was discovered that a very high percentage of the prisoners were infected with hookworms and other intestinal parasites3 then a systematic campaign was inaugurated to expel these worms1 and when this was done the death rate fell to #ac4e per #a1jjj4 ,c4 ,w4 ,stiles4 ,so the duties and responsibilities of a ,health ,department are not only changed1 but they are very greatly increased and are constantly increasing4 ,and on broad lines to cause the citizen to do the things he can and ought to do1 and then to do for him the things that he cannot do1 but which should be done1 is the duty of the ,state1 and that1 being interpreted1 means the real prevention of disease4 ,eugene ,h4 ,porter1 ,report1 ,new ,york ,state ,department of ,health1 #aiji4 ,the whole difference of modern scientific research from that of the ,middle ,ages1 the secret of its immense successes1 lies in its collective character1 in the fact that every fruitful experiment is published1 every new discovery of relationships explained4 ,in a sense1 scientific research is a triumph over natural instinct1 over that mean instinct that makes men secretive4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,new ,worlds for ,old4 ,public or governmental hygiene has been chiefly concerned with pure air and pure food1 and with organisms producing epidemic diseases4 ,boards of health are a recent invention1 and in this country they have as yet been only imperfectly developed4 ,they can never become the power they should be until1 first1 public opinion better realizes their usefulness and the fact that their cost to the taxpayer is saved many times over by the prevention of death and disease2 second1 more and better health legislation is enacted--national1 state1 and municipal2 and1 third1 special training is secured for what is really a new profession1 that of a public health officer4 ,report on ,national ,vitality4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,legislative ,,compulsion ,government is delegated to persons specially set apart for the oversight of the people's welfare4 ,personal conduct was free from such delegated power in the ,anglo-,saxon thought4 ,the ,englishman's house was his castle inviolate4 ,this was especially true of the early ,american settlers4 ,laws interfering with personal liberty1 a man's right to drink tea1 to punish his own children1 to beat his own wife1 to keep his own muck-heap1 have been deeply resented by the ,american citizen4 ,each step in the protection of his neighbor has been taken only by a struggle extending the common law of nuisance to a variety of conditions4 ,the protection of the man against himself1 and of his wife and child against his ignorance or greed1 is one of the twentieth century tasks yet hardly begun4 ,the control of man's environment for his own good as a function of government is a comparatively new idea in republican democracy4 ,the cry of paternalism is quickly raised1 on the one hand1 of socialism1 on the other4 ,each gain has been at the cost of a hard-fought battle4 ,but it is certain that the individual must delegate more or less of his so-called rights for the sake of the race1 and since the only excuse for the existence of the individual is the race1 he must so far relinquish his authority4 ,it is a part of the urban trend that the will of the man1 of the head of the family1 should be superseded by that of the community1 city1 state1 nation4 ,even though all the agencies for the education of both young people and adults that have been discussed in the preceding chapters were set in motion at once1 there would still remain many thousands in township and city untouched by these forces1 or so touched as to arouse rebellion against such novel notions4 ,only the child can be educated to acquire habits of right living so perfectly that the suitable action takes place unconsciously4 ,twenty years hence these trained children will be the chief citizens of the republic1 the leaders of public opinion4 ,today1 however1 less gentle means1 less gradual processes1 must be used in order that these children may have a chance to grow up4 ,in the social republic1 the child as a future citizen is an asset of the state1 not the property of its parents4 ,hence its welfare is a direct concern of the state4 ,preventive medicine is in this sense truly ,state ,medicine1 and means protection of the people from their own ignorance4 ,in the laws made with this end in view lies one of the greatest educative agencies known4 ,we have referred in the last chapter to the need of drawing attention to defects and dangers in order that people may know what the results of their careless ways may be4 ,no surer way has been found to fix attention than to attempt to enforce a law or collect a fine for disobedience of it4 ,a marked illustration of this truth is given in the case of the ordinance against spitting in street cars4 ,in many cities a notice was posted in each car--usually with little effect4 ,in some a fine of five dollars was added1 with little more result4 ,boston was one of the first cities to pass an ordinance1 and it accompanied the law with a fine of one hundred dollars4 ,this compelled attention--a sum which represented to the workman more than his yearly savings1 more than any single expenditure4 ,to the business man1 even1 it was a sum not to be lightly dropped on a filthy car floor4 ,this mere statement of the value of cleanness made an almost instantaneous change in the habits of thousands4 ,within two days the car floors became practically free without a single fine being collected within that time1 as far as the author is aware4 ,the law imposing fines for neglect of removal of garbage or of screening stables must be occasionally enforced in order to express degree of disapproval4 ,a petty fine is of little use4 ,conditions of motion1 of rapid intermingling of distant populations--a thousand miles in a day is now possible--make national control a necessity4 ,it is proved that quick results may be gained in saving lives and property by that prompt and thorough action which well-equipped ,federal forces alone possess4 ,the stamping out of yellow fever in ,cuba1 the redemption of ,panama1 the suppression of sporadic outbreaks at ,new ,orleans1 the quick response to a discovery1 as in the cases of pellagra and the hookworm--all these show what a thoroughly alive government may do4 ,it is no disgrace to an individual or a city to have the national laboratory make discoveries1 to have the national power put down epidemics1 as it does civil rebellion1 for the good of the whole nation4 ,it is disgraceful1 however1 for the citizen to remain indifferent or obstructive1 to grumble over the cost4 ,the indifference of the people themselves is today almost the only stumbling block to national prosperity4 ,the time lost to the average worker by inefficient labor is a drain on the community largely avoidable1 and is the cause of that other drain on the moral as well as physical vitality--charity4 ,preventive medicine is a science by itself1 a combination of social and scientific forces guided by research quickly applied1 and it must be accepted and upheld by those whom it benefits1 namely1 all the citizens4 ,the nation is in many cases the only power strong enough to command confidence1 and in the combination of government effort an international science of human welfare is bound to be evolved4 ,it is a waste of effort for each state to prepare a fly pamphlet4 ,the correctness of a ,government ,bulletin would give an added value as well as the rapidity of circulation4 ,the bulletins of the ,agricultural ,department are an example4 ,the ,weather ,service1 with its quick notifications1 shows what a health service might do4 ,a monthly or weekly health chart would give the best and worst spots4 ,precautions really workable might be furnished the ,associated ,press4 ,in short1 system and science might be put at the service of the local health officer1 of the traveler1 and even of the housewife4 ,the ,library of ,congress now furnishes cards in duplicate to a large number of centers1 thus saving time to the investigator and giving information often not otherwise obtainable4 ,the ,farmers' ,bulletins of the ,department of ,agriculture are also most valuable to the people who are in search of help4 ,such agencies might be extended without fear of trespass on any existing agencies4 ,just as the individual1 if he is to do and be his best1 accepts his limitations1 obeys ,nature's law1 and thrives in body and estate in consequence1 and as the community banding together makes and carries out with penalties for deviation certain regulations for mutual benefit1 so must the still larger groups--the state and the nation--use their larger wisdom and wider knowledge for the benefit of all4 ,the individual should recognize the value to himself of this more complete investigation1 and instead of raising the cry of paternalism and national interference1 should welcome all aids to increased efficiency4 ,state hygiene is necessary to supplement municipal hygiene4 ,often the rural district has no other hygiene1 and the city and the country are interdependent1 the city dependent upon the country for its water1 milk1 and other supplies4 ,almost all the states are alive to the importance of milk inspection4 ,as early as #ahfi in ,massachusetts1 ,dr4 ,bowditch called the ,board of ,health ,the ,state ,medicine1 and quotes from ,dr4 ,farr3 ,how out of the existing seed to raise races of men to divine perfection is the final problem of public medicine4 ,that is the function of all boards of health4 ,if factories are incorporated under state laws1 they must also be governed by the state regulations for health4 ,here in ,america we are always locking the stable door after the horse has been stolen4 ,not until many accidents had occurred in the use of antitoxins did ,congress pass an act 7#aijb7 regulating the manufacture and interstate sale of the viruses1 serums1 toxins1 etc4 ,the supervision and control were vested in the ,secretary of the ,treasury through the ,public ,health and ,marine ,hospital ,service4 ,previous to ,april #a1 #aije1 there was no official standard for measuring the strength of diphtheria antitoxin4 ,previous to ,october #be1 #aijg1 there were as many units or standards for tetanus antitoxin as there were producers4 ,one was labeled #f1jjj1jjj units per c4c4 and another #j4ge unit per c4c41 while1 according to official standard1 the first had only #ij and the latter #ggj4 ,the point to be made is that however faulty an official or ,federal standard for sanitary devices may be1 it is a standard1 and so is of service in protecting the people1 especially those away from active centers of research4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,there is responsibility as well as opportunity4 ,the housewife an important factor and an economic force in improving the national health and increasing the national wealth4 ,it would indeed seem that opposition to woman's participation in the totality of life is a romantic subterfuge1 resting not so much on belief in the disability of woman as on the disposition of man to appropriate conspicuous and pleasurable objects for his sole use and ornamentation4 ,a little thing1 but all mine own1 was one of the remarks of ,achilles to ,agamemnon in their quarrel over the two maidens1 and it contains the secret of man's world-old disposition to overlook the intrinsic worth of woman4 ,w4 ,i4 ,thomas1 ,women and ,their ,occupations1 ,american ,magazine1 ,october1 #aiji4 ,the president of the ,british ,medical ,association about #ahib said1 ,i wish to impress it upon you that the whole future progress of sanitary movement rests1 for its permanent and executive support1 upon the women of our land4 ,in a letter to ,madame ,bodichon1 dated ,april #f1 #ahfh1 ,george ,eliot writes3 ,what ,i should like to be sure of as a result of higher education for women--a result that will come to pass over my grave--is their recognition of the great amount of social unproductive labor which needs to be done by women1 and which is now either not done at all or done wretchedly4 ,quoted by ,mrs4 ,nixon in a paper before the ,conference of ,women ,workers in ,england1 #aijd4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,woman',s ,,responsibility ,there are about #dj1jjj1jjj women and girls in the ,united ,states4 ,about #ad1jjj1jjj live in the country and have a direct and compelling power over the life of the community4 ,in rural agricultural districts the home-keeper is the provider4 ,she practically requisitions from farm and garden what she deems necessary for the family table4 ,to an extent she makes the clothing and sews the house linen4 ,she also exchanges her perquisites1 egg money1 perhaps1 for furniture and ornaments4 ,the itinerant peddler brings the world's wares to her door2 the mail-order houses do the rest4 ,the ideal home is a social and coperative society in which all of its members unite their efforts for the common good4 ,this ideal is realized most nearly in the country home1 where even the smallest child has opportunity to be and generally is a contributor to the family support4 ,it has come to be a recognized fact that boys and girls1 healthy1 industrious1 frugal1 capable1 intelligent1 self-supporting1 cheerful1 and patriotic1 abound in country homes1 and that the prevalence there of these high qualities is largely due to the family life1 which requires each individual from his earliest years to bear his proportionate share in providing for the maintenance of the home4 ,by bringing within the reach of the country people educational advantages suited to their needs1 rural life becomes more attractive1 country homes are multiplied1 and the valuable qualities which these homes develop become the possession of a correspondingly larger number of the citizenship of the state4#af #af ,i4 ,h4 ,hamilton1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,circular #he4 ,the government has recognized the need and the possibilities of meeting it in the recognition it has given to ,farmers' ,institutes for women1 in which1 by lectures1 demonstration1 and short winter courses at the colleges1 the interest of the woman in her occupation is aroused4 ,she is not only given help in details of her daily work1 but she is shown how much the efficiency of the farm life depends upon her capability and intelligence4 ,she is encouraged in the using of all mechanical and scientific appliances1 is introduced to the means of mental growth2 but1 best of all1 she is given the stimulus of social recognition4 ,in the year #aijh there were held #hcb such meetings in the several states4 ,in the year #aiaj the number will be nearly or quite doubled4 ,in no other form of society is the power of the woman for good or ill so paramount as in rural life1 in no other mode of living is the family so much at her mercy4 ,in suburban and city life the family can in a measure escape from insufficient care and uncomfortable conditions4 ,that they do so escape1 any student of social tendencies will testify4 ,the great increase of restaurants1 of clubs and hotels of all grades1 shows one phase of the unattractiveness of home life4 ,the city woman is only half a housekeeper2 she has only one-eighth of a house as compared with her rural sister4 ,her control is therefore curtailed until she feels her helplessness in the hands of her landlord4 ,she sighs and turns to other interests4 ,to her must be brought the knowledge of her power as a social factor if she will but use the knowledge she can easily gain4 ,the city woman has amused herself because she has seen nothing better to do with her time4 ,the utilization of her ability is all that is needed to regenerate city life4 ,without it all efforts will prove fruitless4 ,education of all women in the principles of sanitary science is the key to race progress in the twentieth century4 ,as an economic factor1 the influence of the housewife is of the greatest moment4 ,production on the farm is only one phase4 ,the city and suburban dweller is a buyer1 not a producer4 ,in suburban and city life the housekeeper has more temptations to buy needless articles1 food out of season1 to go often to the shops1 especially on bargain days4 ,she thinks her taste is educated1 when it is only aroused to notice what others like4 ,she is led to strive after effects without knowing how to attain them4 ,it has been estimated by advertising experts that ninety per cent of the purchases of the community are determined by women1 not always according to their judgment1 but by a suppression of it4 ,woman is made to think that she must buy certain lines of goods4 ,the power of suggestion has been referred to in a preceding chapter4 ,when civilization1 as it is called1 persuaded woman to give up manufacture and to become a buyer1 the first step in the disintegration of the home as a center of information1 as well as of industry1 was taken4 ,the housewife and mother were made to look to the dealer1 and thus to feel their helplessness4 ,this sense of ignorance1 this subconscious loss of power over things1 only increased the effect of that fatalism which the control of machinery was leading man out from under4 ,it is barely fifty years since woman began to ask questions and insist upon knowing1 to claim freedom of movement1 a chance to breathe4 ,the time between has been a time of plowed fields1 often muddy1 usually stony1 but the furrows are turning green and the harvest will prove the wisdom of the plowing4 ,woman had to struggle for right to private judgment and public action4 ,some pioneers had to enter the field of research1 of investigation1 in order that they might call to those below that the way was open4 ,this vast company1 which has been nearly untouched by the scientific spirit1 was warned off the field of investigation1 and society is paying the penalty of its own blindness4 ,in the very field where applied science can most serve human welfare1 scarecrows have been set up most prominently4 ,not until society avails itself of those qualities of mind sorely needed in the field of sanitary science1 patient attention to detail1 strong1 practical sense directed by a profound interest in the subject1 will it begin to show what height it is capable of scaling4 ,the intrusting of so many great fortunes to women shows an increasing confidence in their judgment of social needs4 ,it shows that woman's education has passed the selfish stage1 that it has given a wider vision of the whole horizon4 ,it may be said without fear of contradiction that the future well-being of society is largely in the hands of woman4 ,what will she do with it8 ,responsibility is always sobering4 ,let her once realize her position and woman will rise to the task4 ,instances are not wanting of groups attacking scientific and administrative problems in the true spirit1 without sentimental charity1 to which in the past women have been prone4 ,if civic authorities felt that women's leagues were informed bodies of women whose suggestions they would make no error in adopting1 more legislation could be effected4 ,too often city councils are approached by those who favor some whim or fad1 and so ,,all women's demands are classed together4 ,much harm has been done to the cause by indiscreet1 pushing women with only a glimmer of knowledge4 ,the question is not ,,woman1 but ability and women4 ,it is better1 as a rule1 to work out ideas through existing organizations4 ,all the problems of environment which we have been considering would be solved in half the time1 yes1 in one-quarter1 if all housewives would combine in carrying out the knowledge which some of them have and which all may have4 ,infant mortality is controllable through the training of the mother and nurse4 ,unsanitary houses are the results of careless housekeeping1 usually a product of apathetic fatalism4 ,landlords assume that the woman will submit4 ,when she has a woman sanitary inspector to appeal to1 matters will take on a different aspect4 ,unsanitary alleys exist because the abutters do not complain loudly enough to the right authorities4 ,dirty markets have been so long tolerated because women buyers carried the same fatalism to the stalls--what is1 has to be4 ,society is only just beginning to realize that it has at its command today for its own regeneration a great unused force in its army of housewives1 teachers1 mothers1 conscious of power but uncertain how to use it4 ,perhaps the most progressive movement of the times is one led by women who see clearly that cleanness is above charity1 that moral support must be given to those who know but do not dare to do right1 and that knowledge must be brought to the ignorant4 ,nothing can stop this most notable progress but a relapse into apathy and fatalism of the vast army of women now being enlisted to fight disease4 ,the opportunity has come1 the responsibility is woman's hereafter4 ,no one can take it from her2 she has knowledge4 ,the door has opened1 she has taken the weapons in hand1 is learning to use them4 ,will she falter on the eve of victory simply because it involves some sacrifice of prejudice or tradition8 ,must she not boldly accept the twentieth century challenge and fight her way to victory1 even at some sthetic sacrifice8 ,in another hundred years1 then1 ,euthenics may give place to ,eugenics1 and the better race of men become an actuality4 ,the keeping of the house1 the laundry work1 the cleaning1 the cooking1 the daily oversight1 must have for its conscious end the welfare of the family4 ,it cannot be done without labor1 but the labor in this as in any process may be lightened by thought and by machinery4 ,knowledge of labor-saving appliances is today everywhere demanded of the successful establishment ,,except of the family home4 ,is it not time that it came in for its share8 ,if the housewife would use wisely the information at her hand today1 it is safe to say that in six cases out of ten she could cut in half the housekeeping budget and double the comfort of living4 ,as conditions are1 the twentieth century sees a strange phenomenon--the most vital of all processes1 the raising of children1 carried on under adverse conditions2 human labor and life being held of as little account as in the days of building the pyramids4 ,women may be trained to become the economic leaders in the body politic4 ,it is doubtful if life will be anything but wasteful until they are trained to realize their responsibility4 ,the housewife was told that she must stay at home and do her work4 ,this was preached at her1 written at her1 but no one of them all1 save1 perhaps1 the ,englishmen ,lecky and ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 saw the problem in its social significance1 saw that the work of home-making in this engineering age must be worked out on engineering principles1 and with the coperation of both trained men and trained women4 ,the mechanical setting of life is become an important factor1 and this new impulse which is showing itself so clearly today for the modified construction and operation of the family home is the final crown or seal of the conquest of the last stronghold of conservatism1 the home-keeper4 ,tomorrow1 if not today1 the woman who is to be really mistress of her house must be an engineer1 so far as to be able to understand the use of machines and to believe what she is told4 ,your ham-and-eggs woman was of the old type1 now gone by in the fight for the right to think4 ,the emergence from the primitive condition was slow because the few of us who did show our heads were beaten down and told we did not know4 ,it has required many college women 7from some #ej1jjj college women graduates7 to build and run houses and families successfully1 here one and there another1 until the barrel of flour has been leavened4 ,society is being reorganized1 not in sudden1 explosive ways1 but underneath all the froth and foam the yeast has been working4 ,the world is going to the bad only if one believes that material progress is bad4 ,if we can see the new heaven and the new earth in it1 then we may have faith in the future4 ,the human elements of love and sacrifice1 of foresight and of faith1 are going to persist1 and any apparent upheaval is only because of settling down into a more solid condition1 a readjustment to circumstances4 ,as ,caroline ,hunt has said#ag3 ,we may disregard the popular fear that the home will finally take upon itself the characteristics of a public institution4444 ,human intelligence1 which suits means to ends1 and which is ever coming to the aid of human affection1 will prevent that4 ,so long as affection lasts it will seek satisfactory expression in home life1 and so long as intelligence endures it will stand in the way of the extension of the borders of the home beyond the possibilities of the mutual helpfulness to its members4 #ag ,home ,problems from a ,new ,standpoint1 p4 #adj4 ,the persistent efforts of the farsighted to secure a place in education for the subjects fundamental to the modern home are now respectfully listened to4 ,it is1 perhaps1 not strange that the first successes in modern housekeeping were gained in public institutions1 for there accounts were kept and saving told4 ,when one hospital saved #ab1jjj in one year by an expenditure of #b1jjj for a trained woman1 trustees began to take notice4 ,when large state institutions were reorganized and made over from unsavory scandals into reputable and life-saving establishments1 even legislators took notice4 ,the trained woman superintendent proved not only more competent but less affected by perquisites4 7,i do not vouch for the universal maintenance of this high standard when women managers have had longer experience2 but so far conscience and sterling integrity have been attributes of all my expert women1 even if they have now and then disappointed me in endurance or in ability4 ,is not this a fact of great social significance87 ,it is universally conceded today1 only a few willfully blind or croaking pessimists dissenting1 that home-keeping under modern conditions requires a knowledge of conditions and a power of control of persons and machines obtained only through education or through bitter experience1 and that education is the less costly4 ,when social conditions become adjusted to the new order1 it will be seen how much gain in power the community has made1 how much better worth the people are4 ,have faith in the working out of the destiny of the race2 be ready to accept the unaccustomed1 to use the radium of social progress to cure the ulcers of the old friction4 ,what if a few mistakes are made8 ,how else shall the truth be learned8 ,try all things and hold fast that which is good4 ,the ,home ,economics ,movement is an endeavor to hold the home and the welfare of children from slipping over the cliff by a knowledge which will bring courage to combat the destructive tendencies4 ,is not one of the distinctive features of our age a forcible overcoming of the natural trend of things8 ,if a river is by natural law wearing away its bank in a place we wish to keep1 do we sit down and moan and say it is sad1 but we cannot help it8 ,no1 that attitude belonged to the ,middle ,ages4 ,we say1 ,hold fast1 we cannot have that2 and we cement the sides and confine or turn the river4 ,the ancient cities whose ruins are now being explored in ,asia seem to have been abandoned because of failure of the water supply as the earth became desiccated2 so was the home of our own ,zunis4 ,does such a possibility stop us8 ,no1 we bring water from hundreds of miles4 ,will man1 who has gained such control over nature1 sit down before his own problems and say1 ,what am ,i going to do about it8 ,what if the apparent motion is toward cells to sleep in1 and clubs to play bridge in1 and amusements for evenings1 and a strenuous business life1 run on piratical principles1 into which the women are drawn as decoy ducks8 ,because this is1 is it going to be1 as soon as a good proportion of the thinking people stand face to face with the problem8 ,i believe it is possible to solve the problem1 but only if the aid of scientifically trained women is brought into service to work in harmony with the engineer who has already accomplished so much4 ,household engineering is the great need for material welfare1 and social engineering for moral and ethical well-being4 ,what else does this persistent forcing of scientific training to the front mean8 ,if the ,state is to have good citizens1 productive human beings1 it must provide for the teaching of the essentials to those who are to become the parents of the next generation4 ,no state can thrive while its citizens waste their resources of health1 bodily energy1 time and brain power1 any more than a nation may prosper that wastes its natural resources4 ,the teaching of domestic economy in the elementary school and home economics in the higher is intended to give the people a sense of control over their environment and to avert a panic as to the future4 ,the economics of consumption1 including as it does the ethics of spending1 must have a place in our higher education1 preceded in earlier grades by manual dexterity and scientific information1 which will lead to true economy in the use of time1 energy1 and money in the home life of the land4 ,education is obliged to take cognizance of the need1 because the ideal ,american homestead1 that place of busy industry1 with occupation for the dozen children1 no longer exists4 ,gone out of it are the industries1 gone out of it are ten of the children1 gone out of it in large measure is that sense of moral and religious responsibility which was the keystone of the whole4 ,the methods of work imposed by housing conditions are wasteful of time1 energy1 and money1 and the people are restive1 they know not why4 ,as was said earlier1 shelter was found by early students of social conditions to be most in need of remedy1 so we see that ,in the first place the state is beginning to offer positive aid to secure a suitable home for each family4 ,a communistic habitation forces the members of a family to conform insensibly to communistic modes of thought4 ,paul ,goehre1 in his keen observations printed in ',three ,months in a ,german ,workshop1' interpreted this tendency in all clearness4 ,the architecture of a city tenement house is to blame for the silent but certain transformation of the home into a sty4 ,instead of accepting this condition as inevitable1 like a law of nature1 and accepting its consequences1 all experience demands of those who believe in the monogamic family1 that they make a united and persistent fight on the evil which threatens the slowly acquired qualities secured in the highest form of the family4 ,it would be unworthy of us to permit a great part of a modern population to descend again to the animal level from which the race has ascended only through ons of struggle and difficulty4 ,when we remember that very much1 perhaps most of the progress has been dearly purchased at the cost of women1 by the appeal of her weakness and need and motherhood1 we must all the more firmly resolve not to yield the field to a temporary effect of a needless result of neglect and avarice4 ,as the evil conditions are merely the work of unwise and untaught communities1 the cure will come from education of the same communities in wisdom and science and duty4 ,what man has marred1 man can make better4#ah #ah ,c4 ,r4 ,henderson1 ,proceedings ,lake ,placid ,conference1 #aijb4 ,it is not impossible to furnish a decent habitation for every productive laborer in all our great cities4 ,many really humane people are overawed by the authority1 the pompous and powerful assertions of successful men of affairs2 and they often sleep while such men are forming secret conspiracies against national health and morality with the aid of legal talent hired to kill4 ,only when the social mind and conscience is educated and the entire community becomes intelligent and alert can legislation be secured which places all competitors on a level where humanity is possible4 ,here1 again1 the monogamic family is the social interest at stake4 ,it is a conflict for altars and fires4 ,we are told that all these results are the effect of a natural1 uniform tendency in the progress of the business world1 and that it is useless to combat it4 ,professor ,henderson reminds us that tendency to uniformity revealed by statistics may be reversed when resolute men and women1 possessed of higher ideals1 unite to resist it4 ,jacob ,a4 ,riis holds that these evils are not by a decree of fate1 but are the result of positive wrong1 and he dedicates his ,ten ,years' ,war as follows--to the faint-hearted and those of little faith4 ,in like manner we call today for more faith in a way out of the slough of despond1 more resolute endeavor to improve social and economic conditions4 ,we beg the leaders of public opinion to pause before they condemn the efforts making to teach those means of social control which may build yet again a home life that will prove the nursery of good citizens and of efficient men and women with a sense of responsibility to ,god and man for the use they make of their lives4 ,,instructive ,,inspection ,mrs4 ,richards intended to embody the following material in ,chapter ,,viii of the second edition4 ,because of her death it has seemed best to add it as an appendix4 ,,whitcomb ,,and ,,barrows4 ,,chapter ,x ,,instructive ,,inspection#ai #ai ,read before the ,american ,public ,health ,association at ,richmond1 ,va41 ,october1 #aiji4 ,the checking of wastes of all description is much in the air1 but there is less discussion about ,,waste ,,of ,,effort than might be expected4 ,yet effort means time1 and saving of time saves lives as well as money4 ,nearly every investigation of sanitary evils leads back to the family home 7or the lack of one71 and a great deal of the health authorities' work is saving at the spigot while there is a hundred times the waste at the bunghole4 ,the medical inspection of the schools was found to have little effect without the visiting school nurse1 for the parents did not know how to better conditions and in the majority of cases did not believe in the need4 ,such experience should give the health authorities a cue4 ,rules and ,regulations should be enforced1 but enforced with instruction as to the means of doing4 ,the ,,why is not so easily understood as the student of sanitary science seems to think4 ,germs and microbes are empty air to the street urchins until they have been shown on a screen in a lecture hall or until cultures have been made in the sight of the children in a schoolroom4 ,one whole school district of intelligent parents was converted1 many years ago1 by giving the children in one class two ,petri dishes each with sterile prepared gelatine1 with directions to open one in the sitting room while it was being swept1 and two hours after the room had been thoroughly dusted to open the other in the same place for the same time4 ,these dust gardens1 as the children called them1 took the place of the family album for callers1 and spread knowledge4 ,hundreds of similar experiences should convince any intelligent1 earnest ,board of ,health that a teacher by nature or training should be in their employ1 to be sent ,,with ,,power1 like any other inspector1 wherever ignorance--usually diagnosed as stubbornness--is found4 ,the health officer whose mother was a good housekeeper1 not afraid of work1 has no idea of the attitude of half the housewives of his district4 ,having been made as a boy to get the dustpan and brush and sweep up his whittlings1 he does not realize that these houses in the tenement district have no dustpans1 and that no one would bend his back to sweep up litter if there were4 ,it is all swept into the alley or the street4 ,cheap1 long-handled dustpans would be valuable sanitary implements4 ,as has been elsewhere suggested1 the garbage question in the tenement house needs study and must be solved by a practical housewife4 ,there are such1 and ,boards of ,health are wasting effort and the town's money until they avail themselves of this help in the enforcement of their rules4 ,all ,health ,boards use the strong arm of the law1 i4 e41 a police inspector's club1 to drive the ignorant and careless householder to keep his premises from becoming a nuisance4 ,the newly-arrived1 prospective citizen1 or more often citizeness1 fails to understand what it is all about--neither the words nor the pantomime convey an idea1 except that this country is topsy-turvy anyway1 for everything is different in this new land4 ,in the process of learning what not to do1 the dwellers in the alleys flee when the health officer appears1 and oppose a stubborn indifference to his threats4 ,when his back is turned1 matters go on as before and nothing is gained1 but an opportunity is lost4 ,law is a potent educator when rightly applied1 but it may work more harm than good4 ,rules of action clearly explained are soon accepted--like traffic rules1 notification of contagious diseases1 disinfection1 etc4 ,the placing on the force of each town of at least one specially trained ,explainer would result in cleaner back yards and less illness and1 better than all else1 a more friendly feeling between the officials and those they honestly wish to help2 for ,i do not think there is often justification for such remarks as were made to me by a shrewd ,california countryman when ,i was showing him about in the traveling exhibit1 the sanitation car3 ,oh1 this is all to get a job4 ,it's another form of graft--to get some money to spend4 ,it is true that the value of many health measures does not appear on the surface4 ,sometimes it is necessary to wait for vital statistics to prove a gain4 ,it is beginning to be thrown in the faces of sanitary authorities that the laboratory wisdom does not reach the street2 that there is not enough1 or rapid enough1 improvement in general conditions4 ,newspapers are ready1 for the most part1 to disseminate information and benevolent societies write tracts1 but we must remember how little ,,words mean--especially printed words--to those unaccustomed to acquiring information that way4 ,the actual showing in an alley of the process of cleaning up2 the going into a house and opening the windows at the top and tacking on a wire netting to keep out the flies2 the actual cleaning of the garbage pail1 perhaps1 or at least the standing by and seeing that it is properly done--all such actual doing1 even if it is done only in one house on a street1 will spread the information all over the neighborhood4 ,one of the most helpful offices is to tell the woman where she can get the special article needed1 and what it will cost1 and to show her the thing itself1 in a friendly spirit4 ,such visits would soon revolutionize the sanitary condition of any community4 ,villages need this help even more than cities1 for there they have fewer chances to know about inventions and perhaps are less resourceful in making them4 ,there may be races1 as there are individuals1 whom persecution drives to progress--who do find means to execute unjust commands--but the people a health officer has to deal with can be better led by kindness and will learn from teachers1 if the teaching is in the form of example or demonstration4 ,it is an incontrovertible fact that to hasten sanitary reform it is only necessary to hold out the helping hand2 to encourage the ignorant citizen to ask for instruction and direction1 instead of placing upon him the task of making bricks without either clay or straw4 ,there are times and seasons and individuals at which and on whom the bludgeon must be used--the greater good covering the lesser evil2 but such cases are less common than present practice would seem to indicate4 ,the tenement house mother who has only one pan for all her needs and one broken pitcher for all fluids does not readily understand why she must keep her milk bottle for milk only4 ,who is to tell her so that she will understand8 ,the men may be shamed into cleaning up the back yards and alleys by pictures of such conditions in contrast to what might result with a little effort4 ,the famous ,cash ,register yards were started in this way4 ,neglected spots have been cleaned up all over the country by similar influences4 ,why does not the health officer take a leaf from this book of recorded good work and show conditions known to him8 ,is he afraid of hard words from the owner8 ,he will have the approval and support of all good citizens4 ,health ,board regulations may be left at a house ,,after they have been explained1 and a firm insistence on obedience may then have an effect4 ,why should there not be a constant exhibit of the conditions found within the boundaries of a district1 with the changes for the better indicated as soon as they occur8 ,the ,health ,board office is now in some out-of-the-way place1 where few people ever go and where those who do go are frequently not welcomed4 ,has the ,board ever asked itself why it is often so misunderstood1 so hampered in its work8 ,what ,board will be the first to take an office on a busy street and put pictures and samples with clearly printed legends in the windows--examples of the evasion of the plumbing laws on a ,t-joint pipe2 photographs of a dairy barn2 photographs of a street at daybreak1 showing the few open windows1 and the one or two1 if any1 open at the top--these would serve as texts for the newspapers' sermons1 sure to be preached1 and back-alley conversations thereon4 ,why not8 ,rival water companies are allowed to show filters to prove their claims4 ,the basis of all successful sanitary progress is an intelligent and responsive public4 ,the problem is to visualize cause and effect to the ordinary individual1 too absorbed in his own affairs to study out the principle for himself4 ,the success of the street cleaning brigade1 tried for one season in ,boston2 the improvement in the condition of parks wherever receptacles for wastes have been placed2 the tidy condition of corner lots where civic improvement leagues have taken the matter up with the children1 all point to a means neglected by the officials1 and hence to wasted opportunity and delayed obedience to regulations4 ,for the position of instructive inspector1 it goes without saying that a trained woman will be worth more than a man1 since most of the regulations affect or would be controlled by women4 ,a gain in the speed of adoption of sanitary reforms would be comparatively rapid under a thoroughly qualified woman as instructive inspector1 and that there will not be any great gain until such a measure is adopted is the firm belief of the writer4 ,mrs4 von ,wagner's work in ,yonkers1 begun in #ahig under the ,civic ,league1 is well known4 ,after three years' trial the ,board of ,health established her in the position of ,sanitary ,inspector4 ,her work in the tenement districts has been most successful4 ,several other cities have followed the example of ,yonkers1 but the practice is by no means general4 ,yet there is no doubt that it would add efficiency to any ,board of ,health4 ,the most recent experiment was the employment1 the past summer1 of an inspector provided by the ,women's ,municipal ,league of ,boston1 to inspect and devise means for bettering conditions in a district of small shops where food is sold4 ,the district had been found by the ,market ,committee of this organization to be in need of such help4 ,a graduate of the ,school for ,social ,workers was chosen1 who carried on her campaign with the spirit of helpfulness fostered by her training4 ,she was given a badge by the ,board of ,health1 who have been most sympathetic and cordial in their support4 ,the experiment has been justified by the results and especially by the reception accorded the inspector by the people of the district4 ,it has proved that there is a responsive desire to fulfill the law wherever its provisions are understood4 ,inspection cannot fulfill its purpose until it is instructive4 ,man and the law will be in accord when the benefits of the law to man are appreciated4 ,it is incumbent upon the sanitary authorities to see to it that their efforts are not wasted on an inert1 partially hostile clientele4 ,,euthenics1 ,,or ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,controllable ,,environment ,human efficiency and welfare due to ,heredity 7,see ,eugenics7 and ,environment #a4 ,natural1 cosmical--climate-- #b4 ,natural1 modified by human effort ,wet and dry soil ,waterways and forests ,food supplies #c4 ,artificial ,housing--clothing--sanitation ,,euthenics--,conscious acquisition and application of scientific knowledge ,i4 ,science in the laboratory ,discovery of laws of science ,knowledge of cause and effect ,,ii4 ,dissemination of scientific knowledge ,education ,,iii4 ,application of science ,habits of living ,technique ,stimulus to civic improvement ,constructive legislation ,i4 ,science acquired through laboratory and field research ,universities ,johns ,hopkins1 ,clark1 etc4 ,research institutes ,rockefeller ,institute ,carnegie ,institute ,henry ,phipps ,institute ,sage ,foundation1 etc4 ,sanitary ,science ,application of acquired laws to #a4 ,national welfare ,hook worm1 ,pellagra1 ,yellow fever1 etc41 in ,panama1 ,the ,philippines1 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 etc4 #b4 ,individual health of body and mind ,the people are reached by ,,ii4 ,a4 ,dissemination of scientific knowledge through #a4 ,schools #b4 ,publicity a4 ,bulletins ,boards of ,health ,department of ,agriculture b4 ,lectures ,municipal ,endowed c4 ,magazines and newspapers d4 ,placards e4 ,commercial advertising ,inventions of manufacturers ,food fairs1 electrical exhibitions1 etc4 #c4 ,expositions for limited purposes ,mary ,lowell ,stone ,exhibit ,boston #aiae #d4 ,health ,campaigns ,tuberculosis classes1 etc4 ,b4 ,legislation ,restrictions ,,iii4 ,application of science to living ,a4 #a4 ,unconsciously acquired habits of the ,,child1 through imitation in the home1 the school1 the street #b4 ,conscious endeavor of a4 the trained parents in the home b4 the teacher in the school c4 the policemen in the street ,b4 ,conscious personal effort of the ,,adult to better conditions for himself and the community #a4 ,pioneer leading public opinion by a4 ,personal example in right living b4 ,precept and persuasion ,c4 ,community progress #a4 ,semi-public agencies for guarding itself and the individual a4 ,remedial measures ,endowed hospitals1 sanatoria1 dispensaries1 day camps and hospital schools ,charity organizations--material relief b4 ,preventive measures ,endowed schools 7model and outdoor71 extension movements1 settlements1 model tenements1 model factories1 garden cities ,both are developed by social organizations1 civic clubs1 women's clubs1 museums1 libraries1 lectures1 exhibits1 statistical inquiries1 etc4 #b4 ,private agencies leading to legislation ,special hospitals and schools ,health organizations--sanitary inspection at model dairies--private water supply ,consumer's league #c4 ,legislation4 ,temporary paternalism 7protection74 ,interpretation by individual becomes constructive4 ,the people work out freedom under law a4 ,city 7#a7 ,schools ,grade and trade and outdoor 7#b7 ,police ,building laws 7#c7 ,board of ,health 7a7 ,shelter ,sanitary laws ,drainage ,air--light--refuse ,garbage ,ashes 7b7 ,food ,milk--water--foods ,food values ,adulterations 7c7 ,sanitary laws for public places ,buildings ,streets ,sewer ,ice on sidewalk ,spitting 7#d7 ,beauty ,height of buildings1 bill boards1 telegraph wires1 parks 7#e7 ,amusements ,playgrounds1 municipal music1 parks1 aquarium 7#f7 ,other municipal activities 7a7 ,traffic regulation 7b7 ,medical inspection 7c7 ,public baths b4 ,state ,education ,board of ,health ,factory legislation ,water supply 7advisory power7 ,interstate commerce ,food 7advisory7 ,park reservations ,textile laws ,forest c4 ,federal ,sanitation 7a7 ,pure food laws 7b7 ,quarantine 7c7 ,immigration restriction 7d7 ,future needs ,textile laws1 etc4