from the ,google ,print project47       
,,the          ,,church ,,of ,,england  
,,magazine4                     ,,under 
,,the                ,,superintendence  
,,of                   ,,clergymen      
,illustration                  ,,of     
,,the ,,united               ,,church   
,,of ,,england                          
,,and                    ,,ireland4     
,,her ,,foundations ,,are ,,upon ,,the  
,,holy ,,hills4                  ,vol4  
,x4 ,no4 #bfc4                ,,january 
#i1 #ahda4                  ,price #a;d4
     ,,contents4       ,,the            
,,christian',s ,,obligation ,,to ,,seek 
,,the ,,spiritual ,,benefit         ,,of
 ,,others                               
#ag      ,,sacred                       
,,philosophy4--,,contributions ,,to     
,,the ,,natural ,,theology         ,,of 
,,the ,,vegetable ,,kingdom             
#ai      ,,the ,,security ,,of ,,god',s 
,,people3 ,a ,,sermon                   
#be      ,,the ,,glory ,,of ,,the       
,,saviour',s ,,transfiguration          

#bi      ,,the ,,cabinet                
#ca      ,,poetry4--,,lays ,,of         
,,palestine                             
#cb      ,,miscellaneous                
#cb     ,,the ,,christian',s            
,,obligation ,,to ,,seek ,,the          
,,spiritual ,,benefit ,,of ,,others4    
,by the ,rev4 ,thomas ,bissland1 ,m4,a41
   ,rector of ,hartley ,maudytt1 ,hants4
   ,there are some hearts little1 if at 
all1 impressed by the solemn            
requirements of the ,almighty2 so dead1 
in fact1 to everything which relates not
 to the objects of time and sense1 that 
they are unaffected by the scenes of    
vice and of the misery which is its     
consequence1 every where presented to   
their notice4 ,it is not until the mind 
is under the gracious influence of the  
,spirit of ,god1 that men feel any      
anxiety to stop the torrent of evil1 and
 endeavour to become the humble         
instruments of converting the sinner and
 saving his soul4 ,many1 in fact1 who   
feel deeply interested in their         

neighbours' temporal comforts and       
prosperity1 feel little anxious to      
supply their spiritual wants2 and to    
this may be traced the opposition which 
is not unfrequently made1 even by       
professing ,christians1 to institutions 
which have a direct tendency to improve 
the moral and spiritual condition of the
 human race4  ,now there are many       
reasons which induce a truly converted  
man to labour for the spiritual benefit 
of others4 ,first1 there is the         
dishonour which men1 in an unconverted  
state1 cast upon ,god4 ,this feeling    
operated on the mind of the psalmist1   
when he exclaimed 7,ps4 cxix4 #ec71     
,horror hath taken hold of me1 because  
of the wicked who forsake thy law4 ,for 
when men forsake ,god's law1 they       
declare that they are little impressed  
with a sense of the divine majesty and  
infinite goodness of the ,almighty2 that
 they are not anxious to know his will2 
that his threatenings alarm them not2   
that his promises in no way affect their

 hearts2 that1 in fact1 they are not    
desirous of that favour which rests upon
 those only who walk in the path of his 
commandments4 ,the psalmist's zeal and  
jealousy for the glory of ,god were     
fully manifested by his anxiety to erect
 a house1 in some respects suitable for 
the divine worship2 by his earnest      
expressions1 that the divine glory      
should be made known throughout the     
world1 as when he exclaims ,tell it out 
among the heathen1 that the ,lord       
reigneth2 and this holy desire rendered 
every action1 by which there was the    
most slight appearance of dishonour     
being cast upon ,jehovah1 abominable in 
his sight4 ,when he reflected on his own
 departure from the law of his ,god1 on 
those acts which had caused the enemies 
of the truth to blaspheme1 he was indeed
 filled with horror4 ,the language      
uttered1 when from the depths he        
supplicated the divine forgiveness1     
powerfully demonstrates the agony of his
 soul--convinces us that his repentance 

was sincere1 and that he was anxious    
that in every action of his life he     
might for the future glorify that ,being
 whose gracious hand had conducted him  
through his earthly pilgrimage--whose   
favour had raised him to the throne of  
,israel--the light of whose countenance 
had cheered him in many a dark and      
dreary hour--and whose comforts had     
refreshed his soul1 when in the         
multitude of the thoughts within him he 
became dispirited and perplexed4 ,the   
first and great commandment is1 ,thou   
shalt love the ,lord thy ,god with all  
thy heart4 ,the psalmist loved ,god1 and
 on this account he was desirous that he
 should be had in reverence of all his  
intelligent creatures4 ,he loved ,god2  
he was seized with horror when he beheld
 myriads uninfluenced by this principle1
 living in disobedience to this first   
commandment4  ,sin is too often viewed  
by us merely with respect to its baneful
 influence on the happiness of society4 
,it is condemned by us1 and it is       

punished by us1 not so much as it is the
 transgression of the law of ,god1 as it
 has a tendency to produce evil in the  
world4 ,and hence there are many        
offenders in ,god's sight who by their  
conduct cast dishonour upon his name1   
who yet maintain a fair and respectable 
character when weighed in the world's   
balance1 nay1 even are regarded with    
reverence and esteem4 ,we punish the    
murderer1 the thief1 the robber1 the    
perjured person4 ,it is right that we   
should do so4 ,the welfare of society   
demands it4 ,but do we punish the man   
who lives in adultery1 in drunkenness1  
in sensuality8 ,do we punish the man who
 is a swearer1 a gambler1 a blasphemer1 
who habitually neglects the sanctuary of
 the ,lord1 and does his own pleasure on
 the sabbath-day8 ,human laws take no   
cognizance of these crimes4 ,they are1  
however1 as dishonourable to ,god as    
others which are punished by man4 ,they 
are quite as detrimental to man's best  
interests2 and fearful must be the      

account rendered for their commission   
before that equitable tribunal1 where   
the children of men must answer for all 
their offences against the majesty of   
heaven4  ,but there is a second reason  
why the true ,christian will labour for 
the conversion of others1 namely1 the   
reflection that the sinner is ensuring  
his own destruction while he is at      
enmity against ,god2 and this induced   
,jeremiah to exclaim 7ix4 #a71 ,o that  
my head were waters1 and mine eyes a    
fountain of tears1 that ,i might weep   
day and night for the slain of the      
daughter of my people4 ,how strong is   
the expression--the slain4 ,the prophet 
knew full well the misery of            
transgressing ,god's law4 ,tremendous1  
indeed1 is the reflection1 that the path
 of sin inevitably leads to the regions 
of darkness--those regions where there  
is weeping and gnashing of teeth1 where 
their worm dieth not1 and the fire is   
not quenched4 ,whence is it1 then1 that1
 without any apparent concern1 we behold

 myriads of immortal creatures fast     
hastening to these regions of           
destruction8 ,whence is it that there is
 so much apathy1 lukewarmness1 and      
indifference to a brother's eternal     
welfare4 ,is it not too often1 perhaps1 
that there is a latent scepticism which 
induces us to disbelieve the solemn     
declaration of the ,omnipotent--even    
when he swears by himself--that every   
jot and tittle of his threatenings shall
 be accomplished8 ,surely were it not   
for some such spirit1 we should never   
rest satisfied with the feeble efforts  
we may have made to lead the sinner back
 to his offended ,god2 we should esteem 
no sacrifice too great1 whether of time1
 or influence1 or money1 or talent1     
which could in any way promote a        
brother's spiritual welfare4 ,but we are
 too apt to forget1 if not to           
disbelieve1 the solemn declarations of  
the bible2 and forgetfulness to all     
practical results is as pernicious as   
downright infidelity4 ,the man who      

forgets ,god is as little influenced by 
his law as the fool1 who in his heart   
says there is no ,god at all4 ,now1 this
 forgetfulness paralyzes our energies1  
damps our zeal1 checks our benevolence4 
,we do not consider that sinners are    
heaping up wrath against the day of     
wrath2 and1 though they may now enjoy an
 unhallowed prosperity1 and now in an   
unbridled licentiousness derive         
happiness from the indulgence of fleshly
 lusts1 yet that these war against the  
soul1 against its present peace1 and its
 ultimate felicity1 and that ruin and   
destruction inevitably await them4 ,were
 our spirit that of the psalmist1 or    
that of the prophet referred to1 our    
feelings would be more lively1 our      
endeavours to promote the good of       
mankind be more energetic4 ,looking not 
every one to his own1 but on his        
brothers' good1 we should be anxious to 
direct their feet into the way of peace4
  ,how beautifully was this spirit      
manifested by ,st4 ,paul1 when he       

exhorted the converts of ,philippi to be
 followers of himself--,for many walk1  
says he1 of whom ,i have told you often1
 and now tell you even weeping1 that    
they are the enemies of the cross of    
,christ2 whose end is destruction1 whose
 ,god is their belly1 and whose glory is
 in their shame2 who mind earthly       
things4 ,the apostle1 indeed1 appears to
 have been influenced by the same       
anxiety as the psalmist and the prophet2
 for the glory of the ,redeemer1 as well
 as the eternal welfare of their souls1 
was dear to his heart1 and he could not 
refrain from weeping when he viewed the 
dishonour cast upon his adorable ,lord  
by these enemies of his cross2 when he  
beheld them following divers lusts and  
pleasures1 even boasting of their       
recklessness of ,god's judgments2 and   
when he carried his thoughts forward to 
that day when the terrors of the ,lord  
would fall on all the children of       
disobedience1 or those who neglected the
 great salvation4 ,this spirit is1 in   

fact1 no bad test whereby we may try the
 state of our hearts and affections4 ,if
 we are really desirous for the         
advancement of ,god's glory1 and deeply 
interested in the welfare of our        
fellow-creatures1 our feelings will be  
very similar to those of the holy men of
 ,god referred to4 ,we shall not view1  
without the very deepest concern1 that  
inattention which is everywhere paid to 
the solemn requirements of the          
,almighty2 we shall at least make the   
attempt to stop the sinner in his career
 of guilt and folly1 that his soul may  
be saved from destruction in the day of 
the ,lord4  ,melancholy is the          
reflection1 indeed1 that neither ,god's 
invitations on the one hand1 nor his    
threatenings on the other1 appear to    
affect their hearts2 they are neither   
constrained by love nor fear4 ,wide is  
the gate1 and broad is the way that     
leadeth to destruction1 and many there  
be that go in thereat4  ,there was one  
that wept over the rebellion of man1 and

 one infinitely greater than ,david1 or 
,jeremiah1 or ,st4 ,paul--and that one  
was the ever-adorable ,saviour2 who1    
beholding the guilty race of man        
altogether gone out of the way1         
descended from the mansions of glory1   
became a partaker of human impurity1 and
 opened through his blood a new and     
living way1 whereby the guilty sinner   
might return in peace to his ,god4 ,how 
touching the description of the         
evangelist--,and when he came near1 he  
beheld the city and wept over it1       
saying1 ,if thou hadst known1 even thou1
 at least in this thy day1 the things   
which belong unto thy peace1 but now    
they are hid from thine eyes4 ,jesus    
wept at the grave of ,lazarus1 for      
,lazarus was his friend2 he sympathised 
deeply with ,martha and ,mary1 for he   
loved them as he did their brother2 but 
far more bitter were the tears he shed1 
when he reflected on the waywardness of 
that people whom he would have gathered 
to himself2 the guilt of that city which

 had killed the prophets2 when he       
thought of those days of divine         
vengeance1 when its enemies should cast 
a trench about it1 and compass it round1
 and keep it in on every side1 and      
should lay it even with the ground1 and 
its children within it4 ,and did not    
this feeling operate when1 even amidst  
the agonies of a crucifixion1 his mind  
rested on the sufferings of others1 and 
not on his own8 ,daughters of           
,jerusalem6 weep not for me1 but weep   
for yourselves and for your children4   
,and shall we not1 in this as in every  
other respect1 seek to imitate our      
adorable ,lord8 ,shall we not feel      
deeply interested in the spiritual      
welfare of our fellow-men8 ,if we do    
not1 it is1 alas6 a fearful1 a decisive 
proof1 that the flame of holy love1 of  
devoted zeal1 has not been kindled in   
our bosom2 that we do not feel the      
importance of that salvation which is   
offered us so freely in the gospel2 that
 we are not duly impressed with a dread 

of that woe unspeakable1 that shall be  
the portion of those whose souls shall  
be for ever lost4     ,,sacred          
,,philosophy4  ,,contributions ,,to     
,,the ,,natural ,,theology ,,of ,,the   
,,vegetable ,,kingdom4  ,by ,robert     
,dickson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,l4,s4  ,no4 ,,xi4 
,pt4 #a4      ,lo6 the oak that hath so 
long a nourishing     ,from the time    
that it 'ginneth first to spring1       
,and hath so long a life1 as we may see1
     ,yet at the last wasted is the     
tree4                                   
,,chaucer4   ,while the actions which   
lead to the various effects on the      
external appearance of a tree1 described
 in the former paper1 are going on1 many
 important changes occur in the internal
 parts1 producing alterations not less  
admirable1 whether in respect of the    
tree itself1 or of the ends to which it 
may be rendered subservient4 ,the base  
of an exogenous tree is not merely      
widened by the superposition of annual  
layers of wood over the first shoot1 by 

which it gains greater mechanical power 
to support the extending head of        
wide-spreading branches1 but the central
 portion is1 in most cases1             
progressively rendered more and more    
solid by the deposition in it of various
 secretions prepared by the leaves1 and 
transmitted from them through the       
medullary rays into this part as their  
ultimate resting-place4  ,the fibres    
descending from the developing buds on  
the stem1 and passing between the plates
 of cellular tissue1 which constitute   
the medullary rays1 and the cells of    
which have a horizontal direction1 are  
but the basis of the vegetable fabric4  
,the stem of an exogenous plant has been
 compared to a piece of linen1 of which 
the weft is composed of cellular tissue1
 and the warp of fibrous and vascular   
tissue--crossing each other4 ,now1 after
 the portion is once formed1 which is   
woven every year by the wondrous        
machinery set to work for this purpose1 
it receives no fresh texture1 yet each  

fibre remains a conducting tube to      
transmit the sap upwards1 or1 in the    
course of time1 becomes charged with    
various principles1 prepared1 as already
 stated1 by the leaves1 and returned to 
the central part by that apparatus or   
system of canals for their transit      
inwards1 the medullary rays1 and at last
 are obstructed1 so that no passage of  
fluid is effected through the inner     
layers of wood4 ,but for every layer    
that is thus blocked up1 a new one1     
which will continue pervious1 is formed 
exterior to those already existing1 so  
that a constant provision is made for   
carrying on the vital processes2 to     
accomplish which1 a free channel from   
the points of the roots to the surface  
of the leaves is absolutely necessary4  
,the outer strata1 produced by a tree of
 considerable age1 are observed to be   
thinner than those formed at an earlier 
period1 and become successively thinner 
and thinner1 so that ultimately1 if     
accident should not have previously     

caused it1 the death of the tree is     
inevitable4 ,the portions which are     
obstructed constitute the duramen or    
heartwood1 the pervious portion the     
alburnum or sapwood4 ,the original      
tissue is colourless2 but according to  
the nature of the secretions deposited  
in it1 the heartwood is either of a     
deeper colour1 sometimes party-coloured1
 or at least of a much greater specific 
gravity than the sapwood4 ,the removal  
of the juices by any solvent restores   
the wood to its primitive hue1 and      
renders it again light4 ,the difference 
of weight of a cubic foot of wood       
depends not merely on the different     
quantity of vegetable tissue compressed 
into a given space1 in the first        
construction of the tree1 but also on   
the quantity and quality of the         
secretions ultimately lodged in it4 ,the
 same species of tree will present a    
difference in this respect1 according to
 the country or situation where it grew1
 and also according to the character of 

the seasons during the time it          
flourished4 ,according to the nature of 
the tree1 if placed in favourable       
circumstances in reference to soil and  
weather1 it invariably prepares and     
lodges in the stem those principles     
which it was designed to elaborate--the 
oak preparing tannin--the sugar-maple   
preparing its saccharine juice4 ,that   
the primary object of these was some    
advantage to the tree itself can        
scarcely be doubted1 but the secondary  
applications of which they are capable1 
give reason to suppose that these also  
were contemplated in their formation4   
,the consideration of the means by which
 they are formed1 and the direct        
consequences of their formation on the  
air1 by abstracting certain elements    
from it1 and supplying others1 belong to
 the subject of leaves2 it is the object
 of the present paper to view them as   
formed1 and to show their amazing       
utility4  ,the mechanical properties of 
the stems of trees1 both exogenous and  

endogenous1 render them extremely       
serviceable to mankind4 ,the uses to    
which a single species of plant may be  
put are numerous and important1 of which
 the reed 7arundo phragmites7 is an     
example1 for after the root has assisted
 in binding and consolidating the soil1 
the stem is susceptible of the most     
varied applications,a4  ,in a low state 
of civilization the palm1 or a palm-like
 grass1 supplies all that man requires2 
of the former of which1 the ,mauritia   
flexuosa1 or sago-palm of the ,oronooko1
 and still more the cocos nucifera1 or  
cocoa-nut palm2 and of the latter1 the  
bamboo 7bambusa arundinacea1 and other  
species7 are proofs4 ,the bamboo        
suffices for all the needs of the       
humbler ,chinese2 even their paper1 as  
well as their abodes1 are made of it2   
and from the materials furnished by the 
cocoa-nut tree1 not merely food1 as     
shall be afterwards noticed1 but larger 
and more elegant houses1 with all their 
appurtenances1 are constructed at ,goa  

and other places4 ,the obligations of   
the ,guaraons to the ,mauritia flexuosa 
cannot be expressed,b4 ,in proportion as
 man rises in civilization1 the         
importance of timber becomes greater1   
being a material for which no adequate  
substitute can be found4 ,it combines   
lightness with strength1 elasticity with
 firmness1 and possesses in many        
instances a durability rivalling1 or    
even surpassing1 that of the rocks      
yielded to us by the solid substance of 
the globe4 ,the adaptation of timber to 
the numerous wants of civil life is too 
familiar to require exposition2 but in  
addition to all the ends it serves in   
these points1 we have an interesting    
view presented to us in considering what
 a vast quantity of timber is required  
for the construction of our shipping1   
from the countless boats and small craft
 employed in our coasting trade up to   
the larger ships1 which are so many     
floating towns or communities4 ,these   
conduce to the accomplishment of objects

 of the most momentous nature4 ,were it 
not for our shipping we should still be 
in the condition described by the       
,romans1 as ,britons cut off from the   
rest of the world4--,but by their means 
we now visit without restraint1         
,earth's farthest verge1 and ocean's    
wildest shore1,c  and though1 in times  
past1 they have been too often used as  
engines fraught with destruction1       
directed by man against his fellow man1 
let us hope that they may be required in
 future only to convey in amicable      
interchange the produce of one country  
to another1 or to bear to his           
destination the missionary bent on      
extending the blessings of that religion
 whose spirit is peace on earth1 good   
will among the children of men,d4  ,as a
 means of supplying fuel1 without which 
man must remain constantly in the savage
 state1 wood is of inestimable value4   
,in the process of combustion1 the      
elements of the trees enter into new    
combinations1 evolving both light and   

heat1 which at once maintain life and   
render it a state of enjoyment and      
usefulness4 ,for this purpose in        
,britain1 we chiefly employ fossil fuel1
 stored up in the secret places of the  
earth1 and1 therefore1 we attach less   
importance to recent wood2 but other    
parts of the world are not so favourably
 situated1 and to the inhabitants of    
these places fresh1 or but lately       
felled1 wood is necessary for their     
existence4 ,even in ,france1 though     
partially possessed of coal1 it is      
estimated that the quantity of wood     
employed to supply heat1 whether for    
comfort1 cooking1 or in manufactures    
which require a high temperature1       
amounts to seven-tenths of the entire   
consumption4 ,the superiority of wood   
fuel1 whether fossil or recent1 over    
every other material resorted to with a 
like intention1 shall be shown in a     
subsequent part of this paper4 ,i       
therefore pass on at present to         
demonstrate the utility of vegetable    

substances in affording the means of    
subsistence to man and animals4  ,in the
 observations ,i am about to make1 it is
 impossible to avoid anticipating some  
of the remarks which belong to the      
subject of fruits and seeds as articles 
of food1 since the same principles of   
nutriment are found in the stems of     
certain plants as are deposited in the  
fruits or seeds of others4  ,though man 
is omnivorous1 and can subsist either on
 animal or vegetable food--an           
arrangement which fits him to dwell in  
any part of the habitable globe1--yet he
 is subject1 with regard to the actual  
material of his diet1 in a remarkable   
manner1 to the influence of climate1    
since a particular kind of aliment1     
which is very appropriate in one country
 is improper in another2 thus1 as we    
advance from the equator towards the    
poles1 the necessity for animal food    
becomes greater1 till1 in the very      
north1 it is the sole article of        
subsistence4 ,animal food1 from         

containing nitrogen1 is more            
stimulating1 and1 therefore1 less       
suitable for hot climates1 where1 on the
 contrary1 saccharine1 mucilaginous1 and
 starchy materials are preferred2 hence1
 in the zone of the tropics1 we find    
produced in abundance rice1 maize1      
millet1 sago1 salep1 arrowroot1         
potatoes1 the bread-fruit1 banana1 and  
other watery1 or mucilaginous fruits4   
,quitting this zone1 we enter that which
 produces wheat1 and here1 where the    
temperature is lower1 providence has    
united with the starch of this grain a  
peculiar principle 7gluten71 possessing 
all the properties of animal matter1 and
 yielding nitrogen and ammonia in its   
decomposition,e4 ,thus1 by a gradual and
 almost insensible transition1 nature   
furnishes to man the food which is most 
appropriate for him in each region4 ,in 
the subtropical zone vegetable diet is  
still preferred1 but1 in chemical       
constitution1 the favourite articles    
approximate animal substances4 ,this    

holds also in the temperate zone1 not   
only in respect of wheat1 but also in   
the chesnut1 which is almost the sole   
means of subsistence in some of the     
mountainous regions of ,france1 ,italy1 
and ,spain1 though1 instead of the      
gluten of wheat1 this seed contains     
albumen1 the relation of which to animal
 food is even closer than that of       
gluten4 ,in reviewing the geographical  
distribution of the cereal grains,f1 we 
find that starch nearly pure is produced
 in the greatest abundance in the       
hottest parts of the world1 particularly
 in rice and maize2 it becomes          
associated in the subtropical regions   
with an equivalent for animal food2 and 
in still colder regions1 where wheat    
fails1 oats and barley take its place4  
,these1 though possessed of less gluten 
than wheat1 are1 nevertheless1 more     
heating1 and1 therefore1 better         
calculated for northern latitudes4 ,the 
inhabitants of ,scotland and ,lapland1  
with their oaten and barley or rye      

bread1 are thus as thoroughly provided  
with the best food1 as the ,hindoo with 
his rice or ,indian corn,g4  ,it would  
be impossible to enumerate the plants   
which furnish starch in large           
proportion1 but a few may be given as   
illustrative of the above positions4    
,the chemical analysis of those         
proximate principles of plants which are
 mere combinations of water with carbon 
7hydro-carbonates or hydrates of carbon7
 has been already given1 but must here  
be repeated3--                          
#ajj parts consist of                   
,water4   ,carbon4     ,gum 7pure       
gum-arabic7         #eh4f     #da4d     
,sugar 7pure crystallized7     #eg4ae   
#db4he     ,starch                      
#ef4jj    #dd4jj     ,lignin            
#ej4jj    #ej4jj  ,these are so many    
mutually convertible products1 of which 
gum may be looked upon as the basis2    
indeed gum is that organizable product  
which exists most universally in the    
proper juices of plants4 ,there are some

 instances in which sugar appears to be 
the first organic compound formed by the
 combination of the external elements1  
as when abundantly existing in the      
ascending sap of trees--the maple1 for  
example4 ,starch may be considered as   
little else than gum divided into minute
 portions1 each of which is enclosed in 
a membraneous cell 7and containing some 
incidental particles1 which1 when starch
 is burnt1 leave about 4#bc per cent4 of
 residuum1 consisting entirely of       
phosphates72 and1 in this state1 it     
appears to answer very important ends in
 the vegetable economy4 ,it is remarked 
by ,decandolle1 that1 'while gum itself 
may be considered the nutrient principle
 of vegetation1 diffused freely through 
the structure of the plant1 and         
constantly in action1 starch is         
apparently the same substance1 stored up
 in such a manner as not to be readily  
soluble in the circulating fluids1' thus
 forming a reservoir of nutritious      
matter1 which is to be consumed1 like   

the fat of animals 7which it closely    
resembles in structure71 in supporting  
the plant at particular periods,h4      
,this view explains the fact of starch  
being found accumulated in amazing      
quantity in some plants1 more           
particularly at certain periods of their
 existence1 as in the cases ,i am now to
 cite4 ,the fertility of some palm-trees
 is very great1 and to furnish nutriment
 to the flowers1 fruit1 and seeds1 an   
enormous supply of starch is needed2    
accordingly1 in these we find the stem a
 complete storehouse of this essential  
principle4 ,thus the several palms and  
palm-like plants1 which yield sago1 such
 as the sagus ,rumphii1 cycas           
circinalis1 ,c4 revoluta1 corypha       
umbraculifera1 caryota urens1 and       
phoenix farinifera--trees which are     
mostly confined within the tropics1 at  
the moment when the spadices or sheaths 
containing the bunches of flowers are   
visible but not unfolded1 furnish an    
immense portion of the food of the      

natives4 ,the sagus ,rumphii1 which     
abounds in the islands of the ,indian   
,archipelago1 and though one of the     
humblest of the palm tribe1 seldom      
exceeding thirty feet in height1 is yet1
 except the gomuto1 the thickest and    
largest1 alone yields a quantity of     
nutritious matter far exceeding that of 
all other cultivated plants1 inasmuch as
 a tree in its fifteenth year produces  
#fjj lbs4 of sago1 which word1 in the   
language of the ,papuas1 signifies      
bread1 being the staple food of the     
islanders4 ,to obtain it1 the tree must 
be cut down1 and the stem divided into  
pieces1 from which the flour is beaten  
and washed out,i4 ,after being cut down1
 the vegetative power still remains in  
the root1 which again forms a trunk1 and
 this proceeds through its different    
stages1 until it is again subjected to  
the axe1 and made to yield its          
alimentary contents for the service of  
man4 ,nor is the extraordinary          
productiveness of a single tree the only

 point worthy of notice1 for1 being     
endogenous plants1 devoid of branches1  
an unusual number of them can grow in a 
small space4 ,mr4 ,craufurd calculates  
that an ,english acre could contain four
 hundred and thirty-five sago trees1    
which would yield one hundred and twenty
 thousand five hundred pounds           
avoirdupois of starch1 being at the rate
 of more than eight thousand pounds     
yearly4 ,besides the farina or meal1    
every tree cut down furnishes1 in its   
terminal bud1 a luxury which is as much 
prized as that of the areca oleracea1 or
 cabbage palm of the ,west ,indies1 and 
which is eaten either raw as a salad1 or
 cooked4 ,further1 the leaves afford so 
excellent a material for covering       
houses1 that even in those hot and humid
 parts of the world1 where decomposition
 goes on so rapidly1 it does not require
 to be renewed oftener than once in     
seven years4  ,the ,mauritia flexuosa1  
or fan palm of the ,oronooco1 is of     
still greater utility to the natives of 

,south ,america4 ,it is a social palm1  
abounding in the marshes1 and having a  
geographical range of very vast extent4 
,the whole northern portion of ,south   
,america1 east of the ,cordilleras1     
appears to be possessed of this gorgeous
 palm2 from the mouth of the ,oronooco  
to the river ,amazon1 and through the   
whole of ,guiana1 through ,surinam and  
the northern part of ,brazil1 and in    
very various places along the river     
,amazon1 even to its source on the      
eastern declivity of the ,cordilleras1  
this palm is found1 constituting forests
 of greater or less extent4 ,its smooth 
grey stem rising often #ajj feet1 forms 
groups that1 in the northern part of    
,brazil1 resemble the pallisades of some
 gigantic fortress4 ,the produce of     
these lofty cylinders is very great1 not
 merely of sago1 which is procured only 
when the process of flowering is about  
to occur1 but many trees being cut down 
before this event1 a juice is obtained  
from them1 which forms1 by fermentation1

 a sweet wine2 while those that flower1 
after which no good sago can be got1    
furnish an extraordinary quantity of    
fruit1 hanging in bunches many feet in  
length1 which is as agreeable as ripe   
apples1 the taste of which it resembles4
 ,the other products of this tree are   
numerous,j4  ,it would lead beyond just 
limits1 were we to notice in detail1 the
 plants which yield starch suitable for 
food1 only after undergoing a process of
 art1 by which an acrid principle is    
driven off1 and a bland1 wholesome      
substance remains behind4 ,such is the  
,janipha 7or ,jatropha7 ,manihot1 which 
yields the ,mandiocca1 ,tapioca1 or     
,cassava1 an article not only of great  
consumption in1 but also of considerable
 export from1 ,brazil 7see ,spix and    
,martius' ,travels1 and ,lib4 of ,enter4
 ,knowledge1 ,vegt4 ,sub4 ,food of ,man1
 p4 #aeb71 which1 when raw1 is poisonous
 both to man and cattle1 though it      
becomes safe and agreeable by the       
application of heat4 ,so likewise the   

large tubers of several ,arums1 such as 
,a4 ,macrorhizon1 ,a4 ,colocasia1       
,caladium acre1 and which are cultivated
 with great care in tropical and        
subtropical countries1 particularly in  
the ,sandwich and ,south ,sea islands4  
,all of these excite inflammation and   
swelling of the mouth and tongue1 even  
to the danger of suffocation1 but which 
are disarmed of their virulence1 and    
converted into an article of daily      
consumption1 by fire4 ,even yams and    
sweet potatoes1 which are naturally     
mild1 are less articles of consumption  
in the south sea islands1 than the      
,tarro1 as these tubers of the arums are
 designated4  ,i omit all other plants  
to fix attention on the potatoe1 which  
is not only the source of the purest    
starch of all1 but has many interesting 
points connected with its history and   
habitudes1 peculiarly connected with my 
subject4 ,no plant has contributed more 
to banish those famines which were      
formerly of so frequent occurrence in   

,europe1 and all the dire train of      
suffering and disease consequent upon   
them4 ,yet did it1 in many instances1   
require royal edicts to induce some     
nations to cultivate what is now        
regarded as one of the prime blessings  
of ,providence1 from nearly one end of  
the earth to the other2 the potatoe     
being raised from ,hammerfest1 in       
,lapland1 lat4 #ga north1 through all   
,europe1 the plains of ,india1 in       
,china1 ,japan1 the south-sea islands1  
,new ,holland1 even to ,new ,zealand4   
,what renders it so peculiarly valuable 
is1 that in the seasons when the corn   
crop fails1 that of potatoes is         
generally more abundant2 thus furnishing
 a substitute for the other1 which      
proves defective from atmospheric       
conditions1 which have little influence 
over the potatoe1 placed as it is       
underground1 and secure against extremes
 of temperature4 ,the potatoe is not a  
root1 as commonly supposed1 but an      
underground collection of buds1 having a

 quantity of starch accumulated around  
them1 for their nourishment when they   
begin to grow4 ,the quantity of starch  
varies greatly with the kind of potatoe 
cultivated1 the mode of cultivation1 the
 time of setting1 and above all1 with   
the season of the year when the analysis
 is made4 ,potatoes in general1 afford  
from one-fifth to one-seventh their     
weight of dry starch,k2 besides some    
other nutritive materials4 ,the quantity
 of starch seems to be at its maximum in
 the winter months2 as #ajj pounds of   
potatoes yield in ,august about #aj     
lbs41 in ,october nearly #ae lbs41 in   
,november to ,march #ag lbs41 in ,april 
#ac lbs41 and in ,may #aj lbs4 ,nor is  
the quantity of starch alone diminished 
in spring1 but the nitrogen which       
belongs to some of the other nutritive  
principles1 likewise suffers a          
deduction2 as fresh1 not dried potatoes1
 contain #j4jjcg per cent4 of azote1    
while potatoes ten months old contain   
only #j4jjbh1 causing a sensible        

difference in their power of imparting  
nourishment4 ,the starch is withdrawn   
from the tubers of the potatoe1         
precisely in the same way that it is    
transferred from the root1 stem1 or     
seeds of other plants1 for the service  
of the young shoot2 but the mode in     
which it is accomplished is but of      
recent discovery1 and constitutes one of
 the most beautiful instances of design 
which the whole vegetable kingdom can   
unfold2 that man's scepticism must be   
incurable who does not perceive1 and    
acknowledge1 that the means now to be   
detailed were created for the express   
accomplishment of the ends,l4  ,starch  
has been described above as consisting  
of a multitude of little cells or       
vesicles1 having an envelope1 insoluble 
in water1 formed of a kind of organized 
membrane1 and containing within it a    
substance which is soluble in water1    
termed amidin4 ,this soluble material is
 the nutritive element on which the     
young shoot1 proceeding from every eye  

or bud of the potatoes1 is to subsist1  
till it has developed roots1 and        
unfolded its leaves to prepare          
additional alimentary substance4 ,but if
 this soluble material be enclosed in an
 insoluble membrane1 how are the        
contents to be made available for the   
growth of the plant8 ,it is true1       
indeed1 that water of the temperature of
 #afj ,fahr4 can rupture this tegument1 
as occurs in the process of boiling     
potatoes2 but the water diffused through
 the earth in the neighbourhood of the  
growing tuber1 never reaches such a     
height4 ,how then is the difficulty     
obviated8 ,this is effected by a        
secretion called diastase which is found
 in the tubers in the immediate vicinity
 of the eyes or buds4 ,it is stored up  
in that situation for the purpose of    
being conveyed1 by the vessels connected
 with the bud1 into the substance of the
 tuber1 when the demand for nutrition is
 occasioned by the development of the   
shoot4 ,it is probable that the         

secretion of diastase takes place in    
every instance in which starch          
previously deposited is to be           
re-absorbed,m4 ,it is not to be found   
before grains or tubers begin to sprout1
 yet1 such is its energy1 that one part 
of it is sufficient to render soluble   
the interior portion of two thousand    
parts of starch1 and to convert it into 
sugar,n4 ,strong as is the analogy      
between starch and gum1 yet diastase    
does not convert gum into sugar2 the one
 being as completely soluble as the     
other1 its intervention is clearly      
unnecessary4 ,neither does it act on    
sugar4 ,it is found1 and exerts its     
powers1 only where it is required4 ,nor 
does it come into play one moment before
 the necessity for it occurs4 ,while the
 potatoe is in its state of winter      
repose1 and no vegetative process going 
on1 the elements of which the diastase  
is formed1 are equally quiescent1 but no
 sooner does the season recur when an   
augmented temperature rouses the        

slumbering energy of the tuber1 than    
this potent principle exhibits its      
efficacy1 and changes the insoluble     
starch into the nutritious sugar4 ,who1 
that can read1 or reading reflect and   
ponder on these things1 but must        
conclude that the laws which regulate   
the whole actions were impressed upon   
their subjects by a ,creator infinite in
 design1 in wisdom1 and in power8 ,if   
such insight into his doings are        
permitted to us now1 what may we not    
hope for when we no longer see as       
through a glass darkly,o8  ,the         
insolubility of the starch in cold      
water1 affords a convenient means of    
separating the flour from the other     
materials1 by which it may be abstracted
 from the tubers when in the greatest   
abundance1 and be preserved unchanged   
for the use of man4 ,this is done by    
simply rasping down the potatoes over a 
seirce1 and passing a current of water  
over the raspings4 ,the water passes    
through the seirce milky from the starch

 suspended in it4 ,the starch is allowed
 to fall to the bottom1 and is two or   
three times washed with pure water2 it  
is then allowed to dry,p4 ,if this      
process be followed in the winter       
months1 when the quantity of starch is  
greatest1 the result is1 a sixth portion
 of the weight of the potatoes employed1
 in a condition fit not only for        
immediate use1 but capable of           
preservation for years4 ,to those who   
live solely1 or even principally1 on    
potatoes1 it must be of immense         
importance to have the nutritious part  
preserved when in its greatest          
perfection1 instead of leaving it       
exposed to injury1 decomposition1 or    
decay,q4  ,it is unnecessary to enlarge 
upon the sources of starch and its      
obvious utility to mankind4 ,previous to
 its being consumed by the plant in     
which it is amassed1 it is by various   
means1 but chiefly by diastase1         
transformed into sugar4 ,following this 
natural transition1 ,i shall next       

consider sugar as an article of diet4   
,in temperate climates1 sugar is        
regarded as a luxury1 one indeed which  
is nearly indispensable1 but in tropical
 countries it is a universal article of 
subsistence1 partly as real sugar1 and  
partly1 and more generally1 as it occurs
 in the cane4 ,it is inconceivable what 
enormous quantities of the sugar-cane is
 consumed in this way2 vast ship-loads  
arrive daily in the market at ,manilla1 
and in ,rio ,janiero2 in the ,sandwich  
,islands and other places1 every child  
is seen going about with a portion of   
sugar-cane in the hand4 ,it has been    
called the most perfect alimentary      
substance in nature1 and the results1 in
 the appearance of the negroes1 during  
the cane-harvest1 notwithstanding the   
increased severe toils of that season1  
seem to confirm the statement4 ,they    
almost invariably become plump1 and     
sleek1 and scarcely take any other food 
while the harvest lasts2 even the sickly
 revive1 and often recover their health4

  ,the chief source of sugar is large   
grass 7saccharum officinarum71 of which 
there are several varieties1 differing  
essentially in productiveness1 but the  
best of which is the ,otaheita cane1 the
 stem of which is higher1 thicker1 and  
more succulent than the ,creole cane1   
and which yields not only one-third more
 of juice than the ,creolian cane on the
 same space of land2 but from the       
thickness of its stem1 and the tenacity 
of its ligneous fibres1 it furnishes    
much more fuel4 ,one variety was known  
in ,india1 in ,china1 and all the       
islands of the ,pacific ocean1 from the 
most remote antiquity2 it was planted in
 ,persia1 in ,chorasan1 as early as the 
fifth century of our era1 in order to   
obtain from it solid sugar4 ,the ,arabs 
carried this reed--so useful to the     
inhabitants of hot and temperate        
countries--to the shores of the         
,mediterranean4 ,in #acjf1 its          
cultivation was yet unknown in ,sicily1 
but was already common in the island of 

,cyprus1 at ,rhodes1 and in the ,morea4 
,a hundred years after it enriched      
,calabria1 ,sicily1 and the coasts of   
,spain4 ,from ,sicily the ,infant ,henry
 transplanted the cane to ,madeira2 and 
from ,madeira it passed to the ,canary  
islands4 ,it was thence transplanted to 
,st4 ,domingo1 in #aeac1 and has since  
spread to the continent of ,south       
,america1 and to the ,west ,indies1     
whence the chief supply for ,europe is  
obtained4  ,the vast circuit which it   
has described in these successive       
transplantations attest the sense which 
mankind had of the benefits it bestowed 
in its course4 ,the introduction of the 
,otaheita cane is another proof of the  
obligations which modern times are under
 to navigation1 as we owe this plant to 
the voyages of ,bougainville1 ,cook1 and
 ,bligh,r4  ,the sugar-cane requires for
 its perfection1 a temperature of       
considerable elevation1 and succeeds    
best where the mean temperature is #bd  
or #be 7of the centigrade thermometer71 

yet it will prosper1 though with less   
produce1 where it only reaches #ai or   
#bj 7centigrade74 ,its cultivation      
extends from the verge of the ocean1    
where the canes are often washed by the 
waves,s1 to localities on the mountains 
#c1jjj feet above the sea2 and even in  
the extensive plains of ,mexico and     
,colombia1 where1 from the reflection of
 the sun's rays the heat is greatly     
increased1 to #d1jjj1 #e1jjj1 #f1jjj1   
though the mean temperature of the city 
of ,mexico be only #ag 7centigrade71 yet
 sugar is procured at #f1fjj feet4  ,the
 fertility and productiveness of the    
sugar-cane is immense1 second only to   
the sago-palms4 ,the first sugar-canes  
planted with care on a virgin soil1     
yield a harvest during twenty to        
twenty-five years1 after which they must
 be replanted every three years4 ,in the
 island of ,cuba1 instances are known of
 a sugar-plantation existing for        
forty-five years4 ,to procure new       
plants1 the tedious process of sowing   

seeds is not necessary4 ,the practice is
 followed of taking cuttings1 and the   
stools1 or scions1 which spring from the
 joints 7nodi7 of the old plant1 are fit
 to be separated in fourteen days2      
these1 in the course of a year1 are so  
well grown that they may be cut down1   
and submitted to the sugar-mill4 ,an    
,english acre under culture for sugar1  
in ,java1 yields #abhe pounds           
avoirdupois of refined sugar1 and the   
produce at ,cuba is nearly the same4    
,let not the thought arise1 on the      
perusal of these statements1 that the   
gifts of ,providence are distributed    
with partiality1 as nothing could be    
more unfounded4 ,independent of the     
destruction of the plantations which    
tropical hurricanes so often occasion1  
an insect of the locust kind1 more      
particularly in the ,east ,indies1      
produces such fearful devastation as to 
realize the scene described by the      
prophet ,joel--,a fire devoureth before 
them1 and behind them a flame burneth3  

the land is as the garden of ,eden      
before them1 and behind them a desolate 
wilderness2 yea1 and nothing shall      
escape them,t4 ,from such visitations1  
northern latitudes are generally exempt1
 and the constant struggle which man has
 had to maintain with the elements and a
 churlish soil1 has so whetted his      
faculties as to render the return for   
his labour not only more certain1 but   
even more abundant,u4  ,as if to shew   
that the earth full of the riches of the
 ,lord1 in parts of the world where the 
low temperature is an obstacle to the   
profitable cultivation of the           
sugar-cane1 a substitute is found for it
 in the acer saccharinum1 or            
sugar-maple1 which presents the great   
peculiarity of the ascending sap being  
charged with sugar to such a degree as  
to be then fit for the manufacture of   
this valuable substance4 ,there results 
from this circumstance a most important 
advantage to the inhabitants of the     
northern regions1 where this tree grows1

 that the juice is extracted early in   
spring1 a time when the rigour of the   
season condemns the labourer to         
inactivity4 ,besides1 the sugar-maple   
grows spontaneously1 and requires no    
care1 till it is fit for tapping2 and   
when deprived of its juice1 and         
incapable of yielding more sugar1 its   
wood is applicable to a far greater     
number and variety of uses than the     
bruised cane1 since as fuel the maple is
 most valuable2 and its ashes yield1    
from their richness in the alkaline     
principle1 four-fifths of the potash    
exported to ,europe from ,boston and    
,new ,york4 ,the timber of the          
sugar-maple is also highly prized1 both 
for common and ornamental purposes--as  
the beautiful bird's-eye maple is       
obtained from this tree4  ,the          
sugar-maple begins a little north of    
,lake ,st4 ,john1 in ,canada1 near #dh  
of north lat41 which1 in the rigour of  
its winter1 corresponds to #fh of       
,europe4 ,it is nowhere more abundant   

than between #df and #dc of north lat41 
which space comprises ,canada1 ,new     
,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 the states of
 ,vermont and ,new ,hampshire1 and the  
district of ,maine4 ,farther south1 it  
is common only in ,genessee1 in the     
state of ,new ,york1 and in the upper   
parts of ,pennsylvania4 ,it is estimated
 by ,dr4 ,rush1 that in the northern    
part of these two states1 there are     
#aj1jjj1jjj acres which produce these   
trees in the proportion of thirty to an 
acre4 ,the process of making maple-sugar
 is commonly begun in ,february1 or in  
the beginning of ,march1 while the cold 
continues intense1 and the ground is    
still covered with snow4 ,the sap begins
 to be in motion at this season1 two    
months before the general revival of    
vegetation4 ,the sap continues to flow  
for six weeks2 after which it becomes   
less abundant1 less rich in saccharine  
matter1 and sometimes even incapable of 
crystallization4 ,in this case it is    
consumed in the state of molasses2 or   

exposed for three or four days to the   
sun1 when it is converted into vinegar  
by the acetous fermentation3 a kind of  
beer is also made of it4 ,the amount of 
sugar produced by each tree in a year   
varies from different causes4 ,the      
yearly product varies from #b lbs4 to #d
 lbs4 for each tree,v4 ,the sap is most 
abundant from young trees1 but less     
charged with sugar4 ,the average produce
 is five per cent4 of sugar4 ,the richer
 the sap is in saccharine matter1 it is 
so much the more profitable to extract  
it1 as in such a case it is nearly pure 
from all mucilaginous matter1 or free   
acid1 and may be consolidated by the    
action of cold alone by merely freezing 
it1 thus rendering boiling unnecessary4 
,sugar exists in many other plants1 such
 as the beet-root1 from which it is     
extracted2 and also the stem of the     
maize1 or ,indian corn1 is charged with 
an extraordinary quantity of sugar1 and 
it may either be brought to the state of
 a honey-like sugar1 or the juice       

pressed out of the stalk1 and fermented1
 forming the pulque de mahio1 or pulque 
de ,flaolli1 in ,mexico,w4  ,gum has    
been already stated to be the basis of  
all the other organizable products1 and 
it is found not only in almost all      
plants1 but in nearly all parts of them4
 ,in a pure or nearly isolated state1 it
 exists chiefly in the inner bark of    
vascular and especially exogenous trees1
 and is preserved in the interior with  
the greatest care3 its escape externally
 results either from disease1 as in the 
case of plum and cherry-trees1 from the 
puncture of insects1 cracks in the bark1
 or by artificial incisions4 ,the death 
of the tree soon follows the loss of    
this important juice1 and thousands of  
trees of the genus acacia are annually  
sacrificed in different parts of ,africa
 to procure the gum-arabic of commerce4 
,it is only in a few genera and tribes  
of trees1 that it exists in so          
concentrated a state as to assume the   
solid form on exposure to the air1 but  

in some of these the quantity is        
amazing4 ,hot countries are the chief   
abodes of such trees4 ,thus1 besides the
 immense quantity obtained from the     
acacias1 the anacardium occidentale     
7cashew-nut tree7 in ,america1 has      
furnished from a single tree a mass     
weighing forty-two pounds4 ,gum is      
mawkish1 insipid1 and generally         
unpalatable1 yet highly nutritive2 and  
the ,africans1 during the harvest of gum
 at ,senegal1 live entirely upon it1    
eight ounces being the daily allowance  
for each man4 ,in general they become   
plump on this fare2 and such should be  
the result1 if the calculation be       
correct1 which assigns as great         
nutritive power to four ounces of gum as
 to one pound of bread4 ,this           
concentration of nourishment renders gum
 a peculiarly suitable food for         
lengthened journeys through the deserts1
 as it occupies small compass1 and a    
little suffices to stay the cravings of 
hunger4 ,thus1 upwards of a thousand    

persons may occupy more than two months 
in a journey from ,abyssinia to ,cairo  
without any other kind of food,x4 ,its  
bland1 demulcent properties fit it to   
correct the acrimony of the secretions  
formed under the influence of a tropical
 sun and torrid air1 with a scanty and  
irregular supply of water4 ,plants1     
likewise1 are preserved in a vegetative 
and living state1 mid sandy and arid    
wastes1 by the quantity of gum stored up
 in them4 ,hence succulent plants1 such 
as cacti and others1 may be found in the
 steppes and sandy plains of ,south     
,america1 verdant and healthy1 though no
 rain may fall to convey fresh sap into 
them for months1 or even a year4 ,in the
 form of mucilage1 i4 e41 gum in a state
 of solution1 it is found in a very     
large number of plants1 and thus        
contributes to the maintenance of man   
and animals4 ,in these it is generally  
associated with some other principles1  
which render it either more palatable or
 more easily digested4 ,a very large    

number of our esculent vegetables owe   
their nutritive properties to the gummy 
matters with which they abound1 and the 
favour with which they are regarded to  
the other matters united with it4 ,those
 which have a bitter principle are very 
excellent1 when this is in small        
proportion2 and as1 in most of them1 the
 gummy matter is prepared first1        
requiring for its formation only a      
moderate degree of light and heat1 while
 the bitter1 or other principle1 is     
added at a later period1 under the      
influence of stronger light2 such       
plants1 when young1 are tender and      
agreeable2 nay1 even very poisonous     
plants1 when very young1 are wholesome  
and pleasant1 which1 at a more advanced 
season1 are virose and disagreeable4    
,thus1 the peasantry of ,france and     
,piedmont eat the young crowfoots       
7ranunculus7 and poppies1 after boiling 
them1 and find them safe and nourishing4
 ,the same result follows exclusion of  
light1 as in the process of blanching1  

by which means celery1 sea-kale1 and    
other vegetables1 are rendered esculent1
 which in the wild state are poisonous  
or repulsive4 ,in northern latitudes1   
the light being intense for a short time
 only1 many plants are used there which1
 in the southern1 are dangerous or      
destructive1 such as hemlock and        
monkshood4 ,a moderate degree of        
bitterness is a very useful             
accompaniment of the gum1 which alone is
 cloying and even oppressive to the     
stomach4 ,the presence of a bitter      
principle in many lichens promotes their
 digestion1 and thus even the tough and 
leathery ones1 called tripe of the      
rocks1 can be eaten1 and sustain life   
amid great privations and sufferings4   
,the rein-deer moss 7cludonia           
rangiferina7 is another lichen of great 
utility3 it is not much employed as     
human food1 but it is the main support  
of the rein-deer for a great portion of 
the year1 and thus renders ,lapland a   
fit abode for man4  ,a peculiar         

modification of gum constitutes pectine 
or vegetable jelly2 and this occurs in  
fruits1 such as the orange1 currant1 and
 gooseberry1 c41 also in many of the    
algae or sea-weeds1 which are1 or ought 
to be1 much employed as a delicate      
article of nourishment4 ,the edible     
swallow's nest1 so greatly esteemed by  
the ,chinese1 is an alga1 gathered by   
the birds4 ,the ,ceylon moss 7,gigartina
 lichenoides71 and the carrageen or     
,irish moss 7,chondrus crispus71 with   
many others1 might be made to contribute
 largely to the subsistence of man4 ,not
 merely earth1 from its fruitful bosom1 
but the vast ocean1 offer their rich    
produce to nourish and sustain the only 
intelligent occupant of the globe1 who  
should ever remember the declaration of 
the psalmist1 ,o ,lord6 how manifold are
 thy works6 in wisdom hast thou made    
them all3 the earth is full of thy      
riches2 so is the great and wide sea6   
7,ps4 civ47  ,,footnotes3  ,a ,the      
,greeks used to say that reeds had      

contributed to subjugate a people1 by   
furnishing arrows2 to soften their      
manner1 by the charm of music2 and to   
develop their intelligence1 by offering 
them the instruments proper for the     
formation of letters4--,humboldt's      
,personal ,narrative4  ,the reed        
presents itself as an object of peculiar
 veneration1 when we reflect that it    
formed the earliest instrument by which 
human ideas1 and all the charms of      
literature and science were             
communicated1 and which has handed down 
to us the light of religion and the glow
 of genius from the remotest            
ages4--,drummond's ,first ,steps to     
,botany4  ,b ,the ,guaraons1 a free and 
independent people1 dispersed in the    
,delta of the ,oronooko1 owe their      
independence to the nature of their     
country2 for it is well known that1 in  
order to raise their abodes above the   
surface of the waters1 at the period of 
the great inundations1 they support them
 on the cut trunks of the mangrove tree1

 and of the ,mauritia                   
flexuosa4--,humboldt1 ,personal         
,narrative1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgg4 ,the same
 people make bread of the medullary     
flour of this palm1 which it yields in  
great abundance1 if cut down just before
 going to flower4--,ibid41 vol4 iii4 p4 
#bgh4 ,to these circumstances ,thomson  
alludes3--      ,wide o'er his isles the
 branching ,oronooque     ,rolls a brown
 deluge1 and the native driven     ,to  
dwell aloft on life-sufficing trees1    
,at once his home1 his robe1 his food1  
his arms4  ,c ,the connection of        
navigation with the progress of         
civilization is most intimate1 as may be
 understood from the following          
passage3--  ,among the circumstances    
which have contributed to retard the    
progress of civilization in ,africa1 one
 of the most important and influential  
is the compact and undivided form of the
 ,african continent1 and the natural    
barriers which render access to the     
greater regions of the interior so      

remarkably difficult4 ,it has been      
observed by ,professor ,ritter1 that the
 civilization of countries is greatly   
influenced by their geographical forms1 
and by the relation which their interior
 spaces bear to the extent of coast4    
,while all ,asia is five times as large 
as ,europe1 and ,africa more than three 
times as large1 the littoral margins of 
these larger continents bear no similar 
proportion to their respective areas4   
,asia has seven thousand seven hundred  
geographical miles of coast2 ,europe    
four thousand three hundred1 and ,africa
 only three thousand five hundred4 ,to  
every thirty-seven square miles of      
continent in ,europe1 there is one mile 
of coast2 in ,africa1 only one mile of  
coast to one hundred and fifty square   
miles of continent4 ,therefore the      
relative extension of coast is four     
times as great in ,europe as in ,africa4
 ,asia is in the middle between these   
two extremes4 ,to every one hundred and 
five square miles1 it has one mile of   

coast4 ,the calculation of geographical 
spaces occupied by different parts of   
the two last-mentioned continents1 is   
still more striking4 ,the ramifications 
of ,asia1 excluded from the continental 
trapezium1 make about one hundred and   
fifty-five thousand square miles of that
 whole quarter1 or about one-fifth part4
 ,the ramifications of the continental  
triangle of ,europe form one-third part 
of the whole1 or even more4 ,in ,asia   
the stock is much greater in proportion 
to the branches1 and thence the more    
highly advanced culture of the branches 
has remained1 for the most part1        
excluded from the interior spaces4 ,in  
,europe1 on the other hand1 from the    
different relation of its spaces1 the   
condition of the external parts had much
 greater influence on that of the       
interior4 ,hence the higher culture of  
,greece and ,italy penetrated more      
easily into the interior1 and gave to   
the whole continent one harmonious      
character of civilization1 while ,asia  

contains many separate regions which may
 be compared1 individually1 to ,europe1 
and each of which could receive only its
 peculiar kind of culture from its own  
branches4 ,africa1 deficient in these   
endowments of nature1 and wanting both  
separating gulfs1 and inland seas1 could
 obtain no share in the expansion of    
that fruitful tree1 which1 having driven
 its roots deeply in the heart of ,asia1
 spread its branches and blossoms over  
the western and southern tracts of the  
same continent1 and expanded its crown  
over ,europe4 ,in ,egypt alone it       
possessed a river-system1 so formed as  
to favor the development of similar     
productions4 ,die ,erdkunde von ,aslen1 
von ,carl ,ritter4 #b4 ,band4           
,einleitung4 #bd1 #be4 ,berlin1         
#ahcb4--,pritchard1 ,researches into the
 ,physical ,history of ,mankind4 ,third 
,edit4 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #ced4  ,d ,was it  
not for the manifestation of this       
brighter era1 and the realization of its
 promised blessings1 that all else which

 preceded it was overruled by divine    
,providence1 as subservient and         
preparatory8 ,all things being now      
ready1 there began to spring up in the  
bosom of the ,british churches1 a wide  
and simultaneous sense of the solemn    
responsibility under which they had been
 laid by the events of ,providence1 to  
avail themselves of so favorable an     
opening for the diffusion of the gospel 
throughout the eastern world4 ,men1     
qualified to undertake the high         
commission1 must be sent across the     
ocean--and have not the toils1 and      
perils1 and successes1 of ,vasco de     
,gama1 and other navigators1 opened up a
 safe and easy passage8 ,that their     
labours might pervade the country1 and  
strike a deep and permanent root into   
the soil1 they must be delivered from   
the caprices of savage tyranny1 and the 
ebullitions of heathen rage2 and have   
not our ,clives and our ,wellingtons    
wrested the rod of power from every     
wilful despot2 and our ,hastings and our

 ,wellesleys thrown the broad shield of 
,british justice and ,british protection
 alike over all8 ,in order that they    
might the more effectually adapt their  
communications to the peculiarities of  
the people1 they must become acquainted 
with the learned language of the        
country1 and through it1 with the real  
and original sources of all the         
prevailing opinions and observances1    
sacred and civil4 ,and have not our     
,joneses and our ,colebrookes unfolded  
the whole1 to prove subservient to the  
cause of the ,christian philanthropist8 
,in this way have our navigators1 our   
warriors1 our statesmen1 and our        
literati1 been unconsciously employed1  
under an over-ruling ,providence1 as so 
many pioneers1 to prepare the way for   
our ,swartzes1 our ,buchanans1 our      
,martins1 and our ,careys4--,duff's     
,india and ,india ,missions4  ,e ,the   
relative proportions of starch and      
gluten in rice1 wheat1 and other seeds1 
not only confirm the views respecting   

design1 in determining their            
geographical distribution1 but merit    
notice1 as influencing their nutritive  
qualities1 and fitness or unfitness as  
food in different countries4            
----------------------------------------
------                                  
,starch4  ,gluten4                      
-----------------     ,wheat1 according 
to ,proust     #gd4e     #ab4e     ---- 
--    ,vogel      #fh4j     #bd4j       
,winter wheat  --    ,davy       #gg4j  
#ai4j     ,spring wheat                 
#gj4j     #bd4j     ,spelt         --   
,vogel      #gd4j     #bb4j     ,barley 
--    ,davy       #gi4j      #f4j       
,rye           --    ,do4        #fa4j  
#e4j     ,oats          --    ,do4      
#ei4j      #f4j     ,rice ,carolina --  
,vogel      #he4jg     #c4fj     ,maize 
--    ,bizio      #hj4ib     #j4        
,tartarian buckwheat            #eb4bi  
#aj4dg                                  
----------------------------------------
------  ,not only do the relative       

proportions of starch and gluten vary in
 the same seed when grown in different  
countries1 but even when grown in the   
same country1 according to the kind of  
manure put on the soil1 a point of great
 importance to agriculturists1 when     
known and attended to4  ,f ,see ,church 
of ,england ,magazine1 vol4 vii4 p4     
#eb-c-d4  ,g ,i have been informed by   
,sir ,joseph ,banks1 that the           
,derbyshire miners1 in winter1 prefer   
oat-cakes to wheaten bread1 finding that
 this kind of nourishment enables them  
to support their strength and perform   
their labour better4 ,in summer they say
 oat-cake heats them1 and they then     
consume the finest wheaten bread they   
can procure4--,sir ,h4 ,dacy's          
,agricultural ,chemistry1 #eth edit41 p4
 #adc4  ,the propriety and advantage of 
this practice is established by the     
recent investigations of ,boussingault1 
who found that oats contain more than   
double the quantity of nitrogen which   
exists in any of the other cereal       

grains4--,see ,annales de ,chimie et de 
,physique1 tom4 lxvii4 p4 #djh-ba4  ,h  
,carpenter's ,general and ,comparative  
,physiology1 p4 #bgb and ,dr4 ,prout's  
,bridgewater ,treatise1 book iii4  ,i   
,see ,forrest's ,voyage to the          
,moluccas2 ,craufurd's ,indian          
,archipelago1 or ,library of            
,entertaining ,knowledge1 ,vegetable    
,substances1 ,food of ,man1 p4 #aga4  ,j
 ,in the season of inundations1 these   
clumps of the ,mauritia1 with their     
leaves in the form of a fan1 have the   
appearance of a forest rising from the  
bosom of the waters4 ,the navigator in  
proceeding along the channel of the     
delta of the ,oronooco at night1 sees   
with surprize the summits of the        
palm-trees illuminated by large fires4  
,these are the habitations of the       
,guaraons 7see ,sir ,w4 ,raleigh's      
,brevis ,descript4 ,guian1 #aeid1 tab4  
#d71 which are suspended from the trunks
 of trees4 ,these tribes hang up mats in
 the air1 which they fill with earth1   

and kindle on a layer of moist clay the 
fire necessary for their household      
wants4 ,they have owed their liberty and
 their political independence for ages1 
to the quaking and swampy soil which    
they pass over in the time of drought1  
and on which they alone know how to walk
 in security to their solitude in the   
delta of the ,oronooco1 to their abodes 
on the trees1 where religious enthusiasm
 will probably never lead any ,american 
,stylites 7see ,mosheim's ,church       
,history74 ,this tree1 the tree of life 
of the missionaries1 not only affords   
the ,guaraons a safe dwelling during the
 risings of the ,oronooco1 but its      
shelly fruit1 its farinaceous pith1 its 
juice1 abounding in saccharine matter1  
and the fibres of its leaves1 furnish   
them with food1 wine1 and thread proper 
for making cords and weaving hammocks4  
,it is curious to observe in the lowest 
degree of human civilization1 the       
existence of a whole tribe depending on 
one single species of palm-tree1 similar

 to those insects which feed on one and 
the same flower1 or on one and the same 
part of a plant4--,humboldt1 ,person4   
,narrative1 vol4 v4 p4 #gbh4  ,k ,davy's
 ,agricultural ,chemistry1 p4           
#acc4--;,according to ,mr4 ,knight the  
best potatoes1 such as the ,irish apple1
 possess much greater specific gravity  
than the inferior sorts1 and this       
variety yields nearly #bj per cent4 of  
starch2 while five pounds of the variety
 called ,captain ,hart1 yields #ab      
ounces of starch1 and the ,moulton      
,white nearly as much1 the ,purple ,red 
give only #h1 the ,ox ,noble #h4 ,there 
is much more profit in cultivating the  
former than the latter sorts2 but even  
the best kinds degenerate1 and new sorts
 must be procured1 as if to stimulate   
the ingenuity of man1 by preventing his 
enjoying the gifts of ,god1 without     
constant exertion1 and observation of   
the laws which the ,creator has         
impressed upon his productions4 ,see the
 ,observations of ,thomas ,andrew       

,knight1 and the experiments now making 
by ,mr4 ,maund1 of ,bromsgrove4  ,l     
,duncan4 ,sacred ,philosophy of the     
,seasons4  ,m ,carpenter's ,physiology4 
,n ,thomson's ,chemistry of ,organic    
,bodies3 ,vegetables1 p4 #ffg4  ,o ,vere
 magna et longe pulcherrima sunt etiam  
illa profundissim sapienti hic exstructa
 opera tua1 ,o ,jehovah6 qu non nisi    
bene armatis nostris oculis patent6     
,qualia autem erunt denique illa1 qu    
sublato hoc speculo1 remot mortalitatis 
caligine daturus es tuis ,te vere       
sincero ,pectore colentibus8 ,eheu      
qualia6 ,hedwig4  ,p ,thomson's         
,chemistry4 ,vegetables1 p4 #fcj4  ,q   
,on the ,culture and ,uses of ,potatoes1
 by sir ,john ,sinclair1 bart4 ,this is 
a subject becoming every year of greater
 moment1 and attention to it a national 
benefit4 ,the reduction of bulk alone1  
facilitating the transport from one     
place to another1 is an essential gain4 
,the produce1 from a certain number of  
acres of this valuable esculent1 may be 

greatly augmented by planting the       
potatoes whole1 at a great distance     
between each1 and hoeing freely between 
them--,see ,knight's ,papers in         
,horticultural ,transactions1 and ,payen
 et ,chevalier1 ,trait de la ,pomme de  
,terre4 ,paris1 #ahbf1 p4 #ag4  ,r      
,humboldt4 ,personal ,narrative1 vol4   
iv4 p4 #hd4  ,s ,among the plants       
cultivated by man1 the sugar-cane1 the  
plantain 7musa71 the mammee-apple       
7mammea71 and alligator-pear-tree       
7laurus persea7 alone have the property 
of the cocoa-nut-tree1 that of being    
watered alike with fresh and salt water4
 ,this circumstance is favorable to     
their migrations2 and if the sugar-cane 
of the shore yield a syrup that is a    
little brackish1 it is believed at the  
same time to be better fitted for the   
distillation of spirit1 than the juice  
produced from the canes of the          
interior4--,humboldt4  ,t ,the quantity 
of these insects is incredible to all   
who have not themselves witnessed their 

astonishing numbers2 the whole earth is 
covered with them for the space of      
several leagues4 ,the noise they make in
 browsing on the trees and herbage may  
be heard at a great distance1 and       
resembles that of an army in secret4    
,the ,tartars themselves are a less     
destructive enemy than these little     
animals4 ,one would imagine that fire   
had followed their progress4 ,wherever  
their myriads spread1 the verdure of the
 country disappears2 trees and plants   
stripped of their leaves and reduced to 
their naked boughs and stems cause the  
dreary image of winter to succeed in an 
instant to the rich scenery of spring4  
,when these clouds of locusts take their
 flight1 to surmount any obstacles1 or  
to traverse more rapidly a desert soil1 
the heavens may literally be said to be 
obscured by them4  ,u ,as the native of 
a northern country1 little favoured by  
nature1 ,i shall observe that the       
,marche of ,brandebourg1 for the most   
part sandy1 nourishes1 under an         

administration favourable to the        
progress of agricultural industry1 on a 
surface only one-third that of ,cuba1 a 
population nearly double4--,humboldt1   
,p4 ,n41 vol4 vii4 p4 #aef4  ,v         
,loudon's ,arboretum ,britannicum1 vol4 
i41 p4 #dab4  ,w ,for an interesting    
account of sugar1 see ,humboldt1 ,nova  
,genera et ,species ,plantarum1 vol4 i41
 p4 #bdc4  ,x ,haselquist's ,voyage4    
,,the ,,security ,,of ,,god',s ,,people3
  ,a ,,sermon1  ,by the ,venerable ,c4  
,j4 ,hoare1 ,m4,a41   ,archdeacon and   
,prebendary of ,winchester4  ,romans    
viii4 #bh4      ,and we know that all   
things work together for good to        
them that love ,god4   ,amongst the     
observations most frequently heard in   
the world1 is that made on the          
undeserved prosperity of the wicked1 and
 the many seemingly uncalled-for trials 
of the righteous4 ,experience will      
indeed tell us1 that neither of these   
opposite conditions is uninterrupted2   
neither is it all sunshine in the most  

prosperous worldly lot2 nor is it all   
gloom--far from it--in the ,christian's 
portion on earth4 ,experience will also 
go further1 and will abundantly prove   
the saying of the wise man1 that the    
prosperity of fools shall destroy them4 
,such success has a tendency first to   
deceive1 then to corrupt1 and lastly to 
betray men into utter destruction4 ,but 
the text will lead us still further2 it 
will teach us1 that the trials of the   
righteous preserve them--yea1 work for  
good2 and that all things1 and1         
therefore1 even the greatest trials1    
work together for good to them that love
 ,god4  ,the text represents them as    
workmen4 ,they work together for good2  
they are constantly at work for that    
purpose1 whether as instruments in      
,god's hands1 or as in a degree         
self-moving for that end2 they are      
constructing as it were a building1 or  
they are laying a foundation2 and that  
which they lay--that which all things   
befalling a ,christian are ever laying  

for him--is a ground for his            
substantial1 necessary1 and eternal     
benefit4 ,we know that all things work  
together for good to them that love     
,god4  ,this1 then1 it will be1 with    
,god's blessing1 my humble endeavour to 
show in the following discourse3 first1 
premising the sense of the word good1 in
 all just and reasonable acceptation2   
next1 showing more fully how all things 
may be thus said to work for good to    
them that love ,god2 finally1 pointing  
out some of the many things which will  
be found by experience to work in this  
very manner4  ,i4 ,the term good1 it    
must be said in the first place1 is very
 different1 both in the language of the 
bible and in the estimation of the truly
 wise1 from what it usually represents  
in the language and opinion of the      
world4 ,the bible teaches us to view all
 things in their consequences1 and in   
their real and essential nature4 ,view  
things in their consequences1 in their  
final end and issue1 if you would view  

them at all justly or wisely4 ,ease1 and
 health1 and worldly wealth1 and success
 may be good1 just as the plentiful     
feast is good1 provided a man has       
temperance and soundness of constitution
 properly to partake of it2 but1 if he  
is likely to indulge to a surfeit1 or if
 every morsel is food to some mortal    
disorder1 and every cup adds strength to
 a fever that is raging in his veins1 no
 one in reason would call such an       
entertainment good to such a man4 ,and  
just so with the good things of this    
present life3 the ,christian does not   
unreasonably deny that prosperity is    
pleasing1 health desirable1 friends and 
relations deeply attaching to us1 and   
the smiles of social endearment or      
public favour greatly captivating2 but  
neither does he1 like the world1        
consider them to be necessarily all they
 seem to be1 good to all persons1 and   
under all circumstances2 he does not    
forget that earthly and bodily good is  
just what it becomes in the use of it2  

that many times the use can hardly be   
separated from the abuse2 that lawful   
things1 when unlawfully or idolatrously 
used1 are just as evil as unlawful      
ones--nay1 rather1 that for a few       
comparatively who have perished from a  
hardened course of forbidden pleasure1  
multitudes have been for ever lost by   
allowed indulgences4 ,till he sees1     
then1 the application made1 and the     
resulting consequences of any worldly   
boon1 he does not call the possessor    
happy1 nor the possession good1 nor very
 eagerly or supremely does he desire it 
either for himself or others4  ,but1    
again1 the things really and essentially
 good in their very nature and          
inseparable qualities are those which1  
in the estimation of the mere world1 are
 held in no account whatsoever4 ,what   
the bible chiefly esteems1 and the world
 wholly neglects1 are spiritual         
blessings1--the good things of the soul 
of man1 the precious things of heaven1  
even of the everlasting hills4 ,those   

precious things1 the goodwill of him who
 is the great ,i ,,am--the peace of ,god
 which passeth all understanding--the   
luxury of promoting the good of man and 
the glory of ,god2--still more1 the     
pardon of sin1 through faith in the     
atonement of ,jesus ,christ--a gradual  
advancement in true holiness--a growing 
fitness and longing desire for the      
future blessedness of the saints1 and a 
final admission and abundant entrance   
into the everlasting kingdom of our     
,lord and ,saviour1 the inheritance     
incorruptible1 undefiled1 and that      
fadeth not away2--these are truly to the
 world but as a dream1 a fancy1 a       
cunningly-devised fable2 but1 to the    
mind of the ,christian1 stand for       
everything truly and substantially good4
 ,they are in all his plans first and   
foremost1 and nearest and dearest to his
 heart4 ,they are as necessary to him in
 his calculation and account of human   
happiness1 as profit and pleasure are to
 his neighbours around4 ,eye hath not   

seen1 nor ear heard1 nor the heart      
conceived1 the things which ,god hath   
prepared for them that love him4 ,but   
,god hath revealed to him by his        
,spirit1 these very things1 as his chief
 good1 his measure of all true          
happiness4 ,wealth may be good1 health  
still better1 kindly affections and     
attached friends the best of earthly    
boons2 but the favour of ,god1 the      
acquisition of his image1 the means of  
grace1 and the hope of glory1 are to him
 sovereign and above all4 ,while many   
ask1 amidst the increase of their corn1 
and wine1 and oil1 ,who will show us any
 good8 he exclaims1 ,lord1 lift thou up 
the light of thy countenance upon me--in
 thy presence is the fulness of joy2 at 
thy right hand are pleasures for        
evermore4 ,he weighs well the nature1   
and remembers the end of all that is    
called good1 and so does not amiss4     
,,ii4 ,for1 secondly1 he finds that1    
while we so do1 and so consider1 all    
things work together for good to those  

that love ,god4 ,there is1 first1 on the
 mind of the ,christian that secret     
influence in the very disposition of    
love to ,god1 which will of itself turn 
to good every thing that comes from the 
,god whom we love1 and the ,saviour on  
whom we fully and implicitly rely4 ,and 
there is1 secondly1 a full disposition  
on the part of our heavenly ,father so  
to order and direct every event which   
befals his loving and attached children1
 as shall be found at last to have      
answered the ends of sovereign wisdom   
and divine mercy4  ,in the first        
instance1 the tendency1 on our own part1
 of love to the great and good ,god will
 be this1 namely1 to turn all that      
befals us to an instrument of good4 ,as1
 in the healthy body1 food of very      
different descriptions may yet all turn 
to nourishment1 and minister to health  
and bodily strength2 so1 in the healthy 
mind1 purified and strengthened by the  
grace of ,god's ,holy ,spirit1 every    
thing that meets it is converted to its 

advantage1 and adds in some way to its  
improvement and its happiness4 ,there is
 ever a colour cast upon outward        
circumstances from the complexion of the
 inward soul4 ,the vain man1 on his     
part1 the ambitious1 the sensual1 the   
gainful1 well know how to turn all to   
the advancement of their sinful objects2
 and no less does the good man turn all 
to the enlargement of his goodness1 and 
the lover of his ,god to the increase   
and exercise of that love4 ,viewing     
every thing in the glass1 or by the lamp
 of ,god's word1 he ingeniously1 so to  
speak1 finds in every thing a reason for
 loving and fearing1 serving and obeying
 ,god4 ,every event works for his good1 
because he is resolved it shall do so2  
and every result satisfies1 pleases1    
rejoices him1 because he is persuaded it
 ought to do so4 ,loving ,god1 he has a 
confidence that he is beloved of ,god2  
and then1 feeling himself in a world    
made by ,god1 and proceeding forward    
under his guidance and permission1 he   

never will believe that any thing falls 
out in it but what is intended to make  
him both good and happy4 ,happy then he 
will be1 if ,god intends he should be   
so2 and holy he will be encouraged to   
become1 under the consciousness that    
,god intends his holiness4              
,dispositions like these will indeed    
work for their possessor even upon the  
hardest materials1 and will1 by the very
 force of a new and spiritual nature1   
convert all into servants to            
righteousness unto holiness4 ,faith will
 be a hand1 bringing together the events
 of life and the framer and guide of all
 life and all existence2 and the result 
will be a solemn and heart-satisfying   
conviction1 that all things work        
together for good to them that love     
,god4  ,nor1 next1 will such a faith    
prove to be groundless2 for surely there
 is a power engaged1 there is a pledge  
in the gospel1 a sure word of promise1  
and even of covenant1 that all things   
shall be ours2--,all are yours1 and ye  

are ,christ's1 and ,christ is ,god's4   
,the trial of our faith lies indeed very
 much upon this one point4 ,can we1 for 
a moment1 believe that ,god permits all 
the disorder and confusion which appears
 to us in the world--the prosperity of  
wickedness1 the trials and adversity of 
the righteous1 in order to raise a doubt
 on our minds whether he be not absent  
all the while--whether he bears or not  
any share in the world he created1 or in
 all those moving causes that owe their 
activity and life to himself alone8 ,god
 is surely present2 he is powerfully    
operating2 he is the supreme controller1
 and the almighty director2 he is fully 
aware of those adverse appearances1 and 
is no less deeply engaged in the final  
issue of all events1 to render them     
consistent with the ends of justice and 
mercy1 than as if we saw him at work    
with our bodily eyes3 or1 as if we then 
could fully know the mind of the ,lord1 
or be his counsellors to instruct him4  
,the expressions of scripture are too   

strong1 and too agreeable to the very   
nature of ,god and of his works1 to make
 us doubt for a moment of his           
providential care and unceasing         
watchfulness4 ,he is not far from every 
one of us2 for in him we live1 and move1
 and have our being4 ,to the true       
disciple saith ,christ himself1 ,the    
very hairs of your head are all         
numbered2 and yet more strongly1 ,if a  
man love me1 he will keep my words2 and 
my ,father will love him1 and we will   
come unto him1 and make our abode with  
him4 ,promises1 these1 which have been  
ever realized in the history of the     
saints in all ages who have walked with 
,god--,enoch1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 and the  
patriarch ,jacob--none more tried than  
he--yet we read his testimony to the    
,god1 which fed me all my life-long unto
 this day2 the angel which redeemed me  
from all evil4  ,keeping in view the    
notion of what is truly good for this   
state of trial1 and for the soul as well
 as for the body1 there is no time and  

no extent to which we shall not find the
 promise sure1 and the fulfilment exact1
 where ,god is pledged for the supply of
 his servants that trust in him3 his eye
 is ever open1 his ear ever attentive   
unto them4 ,the petition he denies is   
able to operate as powerfully and as    
favourably on their behalf as that which
 he grants2 merciful alike in the gift  
which he bestows and which he withholds1
 and wise alike in the evil which he    
permits1 and which he restrains4  ,there
 is nothing more important to the       
believer's faith1 than to apprehend that
 there is no uncertainty1 nothing       
imperfect or weak in the dispensations  
of ,god1 as they respect the final issue
 of the ,christian's trials4 ,either    
,god is wholly absent and forgetful of  
his daily wants1 or else he is wholly   
and for ever at work on his behalf4 ,if 
he were wholly absent1 well might his   
servants doubt that1 after all their    
endeavours to that end1 they should be  
able to turn to good all the events of  

this mortal life4 ,if he do not temper  
the trials of his servants1 how in truth
 shall they overcome them8 ,if he do not
 controul their enemies1 how shall they 
ever escape them8 ,figure to yourself   
any place1 or time1 or circumstance1    
where ,god is not1 or where he can be   
spared from the concerns of his people1 
either temporal or spiritual3 but1 if   
none can be imagined or assigned1 then  
is it but justly and essentially true1  
that1 by his especial order and his     
immediate appointment1 all things work  
together for good to them that love     
,god4  ,,iii4 ,but we may proceed1      
lastly1 to show1 in a practical manner1 
some of those very things which shall   
thus work together for good4 ,take the  
most unpromising and most unfavourable  
case1 for instance1 that of great       
prosperity4 ,none will deny it to be a  
case of many others the most trying to  
the graces of the true ,christian4 ,yet 
even shall the temptations arising from 
worldly honours and successes1 to a man 

armed with the love of ,god1 work       
together for good4 ,graces rarely       
exercised in exalted stations1 shall be 
found to shine the more conspicuously in
 his instance4 ,the grace of humility1  
and tenderness of spirit1 shall be the  
more eminently illustrated in that      
station1 where1 too often1 there is only
 pride and hardness of heart4 ,if he be 
found1 in a sober1 self-denying spirit1 
setting little value on those things so 
commonly called good amongst            
mankind--using this world without       
abusing it--shall not the grace of ,god 
be more abundantly magnified8 ,when not 
overcome1 as ,agar feared he might be1  
saying1 lest ,i be full1 and say1 who is
 the ,lord8--but rather1 when led by    
fulness to more gratitude1 and by a     
lofty station to deeper humility1 and to
 a more lowly submission to ,god1 and   
meekness to man--how will he by such    
prosperity as this testify to the       
reality of ,christian principles3 how   
will he1 in giving freely where he has  

freely received1 esteeming even his     
highest gains as loss for ,christ's     
sake1 and returning upon others all that
 mercy which has been exercised towards 
himself1 prove that he has not received 
the grace of ,god in vain2 but that even
 prosperity has worked together for good
 to them that love ,god4  ,or1 suppose  
the case of deep adversity--suppose the 
,christian stripped1 like ,job1 of great
 honours and possessions at a single    
stroke2 betrayed and sold like ,joseph1 
even by brethren1 into bondage and      
exile2 or lying like ,lazarus at the    
gate of the rich man1 diseased in body1 
and suing for the crumbs from off his   
table2 or suppose him1 as ,st4 ,paul    
himself1 in peril of foes1 and even     
doubtful of friends2 in weariness and   
painfulness oft1 in hunger and thirst1  
in cold and nakedness4 ,these last were 
exactly the circumstances under which   
the very text was indited by the apostle
 himself3 he saw1 what you may see1 that
 trials like these1 when tempered by the

 presence of the ,god he loved1 were    
good1 not1 ,i would say1 in proportion  
to their weight1 but according to the   
patience which they exercised1 the faith
 they strengthened1 the experience of   
divine support they afforded1 the hope  
they brightened1 the crown they were    
preparing2 yea1 the exceeding and       
eternal weight of glory which they must 
eventually be working out4 ,the apostle 
had heard of the patience of ,job1 and  
had seen the end of the ,lord1 that the 
,lord is very pitiful1 and of tender    
mercy4 ,the trials of ,joseph had even  
led that servant of ,god1 by degrees of 
painful progress1 to the honour of a    
prince1 and a chain of gold4 ,the evil  
things of ,lazarus--good they might have
 been called--had led him to still      
higher honours1 and had prepared him to 
be carried by angels into ,abraham's    
bosom4 ,every individual circumstance of
 this nature1 as it passed in review    
before the apostle in the text1 had led 
irresistibly to the conclusion he so    

strongly expresses4 ,could he distrust  
the same arm1 disbelieve the same       
promises2 or rather saying with         
,david--,our fathers trusted in thee1   
and were delivered1 would he not add--,i
 will trust as they did2 ,i will be in  
subjection to the ,father of spirits1   
and live8 ,let me feel only the profit1 
that ,i may be partaker of his holiness2
 and then1 though no affliction for the 
present is joyous1 but grievous1 it     
shall surely hereafter yield the        
peaceable fruit of true righteousness2  
and all things1 adversity itself1 shall 
work together for my good4  ,temptation1
 verily1 shall be among the things      
working together for good to them that  
love ,god4 ,such indeed is our state of 
trial upon earth1 that every successive 
arrival at our doors comes to us in some
 shape or other of temptation to sin4   
,but take the strongest and most        
pressing incitements to the corruptions 
of the heart1 and the evil of our       
nature4 ,even of these must it not be   

said1 that the temptation1 and the      
tempter himself1 may be turned into a   
worker for good1 when that promise is   
brought forward1 and brought home to the
 heart1 ,god is faithful1 who will not  
suffer you to be tempted above what ye  
are able1 but will with the temptation  
also make a way to escape1 that ye may  
be able to bear it8 ,another apostle had
 a like meaning when he said1 ,my       
brethren1 count it all joy when ye fall 
into divers temptations4 ,every enemy   
opposed to the ,christian warrior       
affords him fresh opportunity for a sure
 victory in the strength of ,christ4    
,every obstacle in his path is that     
which faith regards as a trial prepared 
for his soul2 but hope and joy carry him
 over1 to the glory of his sovereign    
,upholder4 ,in evil company1 which he   
seeks not1 his courage is honourably put
 to the test1 and abides it2 amidst a   
world of licentiousness and excess1     
which he desires not to approach1 he    
still trusts1 through grace1 that he    

shall not be found wanting4 ,in a season
 of provocation his meekness is tried1  
and it prevails2 and in the moment of   
fear1 and the threats of alarm1 his     
heart standeth fast1 trusting in the    
,lord2 nay1 in all these things he is   
more than conqueror through him that    
loved him4  ,if his very sins are in one
 sense his shame1 and the source of his 
bitter tears and saddest recollections1 
still those tears and recollections     
shall prove among the workers for his   
good1 if they lead him more closely to  
the throne of mercy1 and to the fountain
 of eternal strength4 ,if any           
experiences of past weakness make him   
more watchful1 sober1 and diligent for  
the future--if they direct him to the   
vulnerable points in his armour1 to the 
sin that easily besets him--if1 in the  
very moment of his conscious frailty and
 heart-overwhelming struggle1 he is     
enabled to exclaim1 ,rejoice not over   
me1 ,o mine enemy2 though ,i fall ,i    
shall arise2 though ,i sit in darkness  

the ,lord shall be a light unto me3 then
 shall he know that all things work     
together for good to them that love     
,god4  ,i conclude with a single word of
 remark on the expression in the text1  
,we know that all things work together  
for good4 ,it expresses the personal    
experience of the ,christian4 ,it       
answers to a similar expression of the  
same apostle to the ,philippians--,i    
know that this shall turn to my         
salvation through your prayer1 and the  
supply of the spirit of ,jesus ,christ4 
,but to whom is this knowledge          
vouchsafed8 ,to whom is it a safe and a 
sure conviction--an earnest expectation 
and hope1 so that in nothing we shall be
 ashamed8 ,truly1 to those only who love
 ,god--to those who are the called      
according to his purpose4 ,his purpose  
is our sanctification1 and that we      
should be conformed to the image of his 
,son4 ,to such truly1 to such only does 
that blessing apply1 so frequently      
indeed1 and but too rashly1 appropriated

 by many others1 ,all is for the best4  
,let the careless rather tremble1 those 
as yet not effectually called into the  
gospel vineyard1 at such an             
appropriation of the text4 ,to them it  
may be only a savour of death unto      
death1 a deadly security1 a hope that   
maketh ashamed1 because the love of ,god
 is not yet shed abroad in their hearts4
  ,gain rather in prayer1 in secret     
meditation and much retirement from the 
presence and the love of this world1 the
 true love of ,god which is in ,christ  
,jesus our ,lord4 ,then being first     
transformed yourself1 you will be       
enabled1 by a divine power1 to transform
 everything around you2 you will receive
 all things as from the hand of the     
,father whom you love1 the ,benefactor  
and ,friend whom you wish and aim to    
serve4 ,your willing and noble obedience
 to him will render1 then1 prosperity a 
new advantage to you by awakening your  
gratitude1 and adversity a blessing1 by 
exercising and perfecting your patience4

 ,you will have a fence around you1 an  
armour of divine temper to fortify you  
in the presence of every temptation1 and
 to turn the very weapons of your       
adversaries into your own instruments of
 victory1 the trophies of your triumph4 
,sin will have its struggles within you1
 but will not gain dominion over you1   
while every deviation from ,god's       
righteous will is mourned in secret1 and
 restored through grace2 and while it   
brings you the more urgently and        
constantly to the foot of the cross1    
where hung the ,saviour whom you love1  
whose favour and forgiveness you        
implore2 and you shall be enabled to    
close the volume of your experience in  
the concluding words of the chapter1 and
 with the apostle himself3 ,who shall   
separate us from the love of ,christ8444
 ,i am persuaded1 that neither death1   
nor life1 nor angels1 nor               
principalities1 nor powers1 nor things  
present1 nor things to come1 nor height1
 nor depth1 nor any other creature1     

shall be able to separate us from the   
love of ,god which is ,christ ,jesus our
 ,lord4     ,,the ,,glory ,,of ,,the    
,,saviour',s ,,transfiguration4,y       
,and was transfigured before them1 and  
his face did     shine as the sun1 and  
his raiment was white as the     light4 
,there never existed in this world a    
person in whose life there was a greater
 variety of incident than in the life of
 ,jesus4 ,he passed through scenes of   
the most peculiar and diversified       
description1 to which we can find no    
parallel in the history of man1 the     
effect of which no ordinary mind could  
have borne4 ,these were1 in general1    
connected with that lowliness and       
debasement to which he submitted for the
 benefit of our sinful race2 but        
occasionally1 as at his birth1 his      
baptism1 and transfiguration1 there     
burst forth some bright rays of glory   
from behind the dark cloud of his       
humanity1 which proved his possession of
 a nature that was divine4  ,it may have

 a good effect in strengthening our     
gratitude for the ,saviour's mercy1 to  
remember that every complexion of       
circumstance was freely and voluntarily 
submitted to1 not merely for his own    
satisfaction or benefit1 but principally
 for the good of man4 ,jesus never lost 
sight of his representative character4  
,he always remembered those whose cause 
he had espoused3 and1 whether he was led
 by the ,spirit into the wilderness1 to 
be tempted of the devil--or into the    
garden of ,gethsemane1 to sustain his   
more fierce and violent assaults--or to 
the mountain1 to put on for a season the
 habiliments of light and glory--his    
chief object and desire was to effect   
the redemption1 and to revive the hopes 
of weak and fallen man4  ,we are now    
supplied by the ,holy ,spirit with a    
very brief account of the               
transfiguration itself4 ,before1        
however1 we make any remark upon this   
description1 or refer1 as we desire to  
do1 to the uses which this transaction  

was intended to serve1 we must direct   
our attention for a few moments to the  
important preparation which the ,saviour
 made for it4 ,and here there are1      
perhaps1 many who may be disposed to    
ask1 had there not been sufficient      
preparation already8 had not the        
,saviour endured much physical fatigue  
in accomplishing the wearisome ascent of
 the mountain8 and had not the time1 the
 place1 and the spectators1 been        
carefully selected by himself8 ,let it  
however be remembered1 that in addition 
to all this1 there was a necessary and  
absolutely indispensable preliminary1   
not to be omitted even by the ,son of   
,god1 and that was prayer4 ,it is said1 
by ,st4 ,luke1 in the twenty-ninth verse
 of his ninth chapter1 that as he       
prayed1 the fashion of his countenance  
was altered1 and his raiment was white  
and glistering4 ,let us learn from this1
 that not all the labour1 mental or     
physical1 which we can possibly exert1  
can ever bring us into the enjoyment of 

one momentary smile of ,god's           
countenance1 if we neglect prayer4 ,we  
may diligently peruse the records of    
redeeming mercy which the sacred page of
 scripture contains2 we may place       
ourselves under the pastoral care of    
some faithful and devoted minister of   
,jesus2 we may enjoy the high advantage 
of intercourse and communion with many  
spiritually-minded followers of the     
,saviour2 yet1 after all1 we shall find 
no benefit from these distinguished     
privileges if we neglect to pray4 ,how  
many ,christians there are1 who often   
wish they had a ,luther for their       
minister1 because they feel dissatisfied
 with their spiritual progress under him
 to whose charge they may have been     
entrusted by the great ,head of the     
church6 ,and yet the cause of this may  
be traced to their own want of constant 
and of earnest prayer4 ,prayer is the   
key that unlocks the holy place where   
,jesus meets his people at the          
mercy-seat1 to dispense the gifts which 

have been purchased by his precious     
blood4 ,and when the united petitions of
 ministers and people ascend in an      
unceasing stream of sacred incense to a 
throne of grace1 blessings may be       
expected to descend in rich abundance on
 the church4  ,but perhaps it may be    
considered that we have digressed from  
our subject4 ,we return1 then1 to the   
circumstance which more immediately     
claims our attention4 ,we are informed  
that ,jesus was praying when he was     
transfigured2 nay1 it is remarkable that
 ,st4 ,luke represents his special      
object of ascending the mountain to have
 been in order to devote himself to this
 sacred engagement4 ,it came to pass    
about an eight days after these sayings1
 he took ,peter1 and ,john1 and ,james1 
and went up into a mountain to pray4    
,prayer was as much the ,saviour's duty1
 as it is the duty of any of his people4
 ,he had been expressly commanded by his
 ,father to ask of him to give him the  
heathen for his inheritance1 and the    

uttermost parts of the earth for his    
possession4 ,all his works1 whilst he   
was tabernacling in the flesh1 were     
accompanied with prayer2 and his present
 exaltation at the right hand of his    
heavenly ,father1 instead of suspending1
 rather imparts a more sublime intensity
 of fervour to his petitions4 ,in vain  
had he shed his blood without this2 for 
his prayers are as essential for the    
salvation of sinners1 as his sufferings 
on the cross for their redemption2 and  
therefore the apostle1 in the           
twenty-fifth verse of the seventh       
chapter of the epistle to the ,hebrews1 
connects the unlimited ability of ,jesus
 to save1 not only with his having      
offered himself as a sacrifice1 but also
 with his ever living to make           
intercession for us4 ,o6 how welcome and
 delightful must be the accents of      
supplication to the ears of the ,lord   
,god of ,sabaoth1 when he withholds     
blessings1 even from his well-beloved   
,son1 until he ask for them6 ,and how   

necessary is prayer1 when ,jesus cannot 
obtain blessings without it6 ,there is a
 reserve manifested by the ,holy ,spirit
 in this1 as in other instances1 as to  
the contents of our ,saviour's          
petitions4 ,most probably they had some 
reference to that splendid scene in his 
earthly history1 into which he was about
 to enter4 ,we may imagine him to have  
addressed his heavenly ,father in       
language somewhat similar to that which 
he employed when he was about to devote 
himself as a spotless victim on the     
cross3 ,father1 the hour is come2       
glorify thy ,son1 that thy ,son also may
 glorify thee4 ,father1 ,i will that    
they also whom thou hast given me be    
with me where ,i am1 that they may      
behold my glory which thou hast given   
me3 for thou lovedst me before the      
foundation of the world4  ,but we must  
pass on to the description which is     
given of the transfiguration of ,jesus4 
,his face did shine as the sun1 and his 
raiment was white as the light4 ,on this

 we can say but little1 for no          
imagination can conceive1 nor can words 
express the exact nature of that        
splendid scene which is here so slightly
 glanced at4 ,the ,holy ,spirit has     
employed the most concise mode of       
description in order to restrain our    
fancy within proper limits4 ,we are1    
therefore1 altogether incompetent to    
expatiate on a subject so sublime1 for  
we know nothing1 beyond what is written1
 of the glory which is associated with  
spiritual bodies4 ,when ,paul was led to
 speak of a state of future enjoyment1  
he could only express himself in the    
language of conjecture1 and say1 ,i     
reckon that the sufferings of this      
present time are not worthy to be       
compared with the glory that shall be   
revealed in us4 ,and when1 on another   
occasion1 he was anxious to comfort the 
church by a description of the          
resurrection-body into which the        
,saviour shall change the vile bodies of
 his people1 he could only describe it  

by the use of words which merely implied
 a direct contrast between what we now  
are and what we shall be4 ,our present  
bodies are earthly1 natural1 mortal1 and
 corruptible2 our resurrection bodies   
shall be celestial1 spiritual1 immortal1
 incorruptible3 but these latter        
expressions are only negations of the   
former2 as to any positive apprehension 
of the nature of glorified bodies1 it   
doth not yet appear what we shall be4   
,and there is much wisdom in this       
reserve3 there is enough told us upon   
the subject to encourage us to persevere
 in our endeavours to attain to the joy 
that is set before us1 but not as much  
as would1 in the meantime1 render us too
 much discontented with our present     
state4  ,we must1 however1 carefully    
note that the ,holy ,spirit1 in so far  
describing the ,saviour's               
transfiguration1 has given a literal    
account of a real transaction4 ,there is
 no cunningly-devised fable here4 ,there
 was nothing visionary in the exhibition

 itself2 there is nothing fanciful in   
the description of it4 ,jesus was       
actually metamorphosed2 his face did    
shine as the sun1 and his raiment was   
white as the light1 and1 as on all      
ordinary occasions in the days of his   
flesh he was ,god manifest in the nature
 of man1 so1 during the continuance of  
this splendid scene1 he exhibited his   
human nature manifested in and          
encompassed by the brightness and glory 
of his ,godhead4  ,but it may be        
profitable to inquire into some of the  
uses of this great transaction1 for such
 an occurrence could not have taken     
place without some important object4 ,it
 was intended to prepare the ,saviour   
for his approaching sufferings2 to shew 
the interest which heaven took in his   
sacrifice2 to be a source of strength   
and comfort to the church1 by giving a  
type and specimen of that high degree of
 glory to which the nature of man is    
destined to be exalted in consequence of
 the ,saviour's dying love4 ,but the    

leading object of this event was to give
 a representation of his second coming  
in majesty at the last day4 ,it is not  
by any gratuitous assumption that we    
maintain this1 but on the sure ground of
 strong scriptural testimony4 ,we find  
,st4 ,matthew representing the ,saviour 
as promising some of his disciples that 
they should not taste of death till they
 saw him coming in his kingdom2 and in  
the parallel passage in the ninth       
chapter of ,st4 ,mark1 he is represented
 as saying that there were some standing
 with him who should not see death until
 they had seen the kingdom of ,god come 
with power4 ,now the apostle ,peter     
combines the substance of these two     
declarations1 in a manner which         
distinctly shews that he considered them
 as having a reference to the future    
advent of the ,redeemer4 ,we have not   
followed cunningly-devised fables1 when 
we made known unto you the power and    
coming of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 and 
he speaks of majesty1 honour1 and glory1

 which are the appendages of a kingdom1 
and are to be the characteristics of the
 second advent of ,jesus1 in contrast   
with the meanness1 poverty1 and         
degradation of his first appearance in  
our world4 ,those1 therefore1 who say   
that the transfiguration had a typical  
reference either to the effusion of the 
,spirit on the day of pentecost1 or to  
the destruction of ,jerusalem1 are      
greatly in error4 ,it was meant to be a 
specimen and earnest of our ,lord's     
appearance hereafter in glory1 when he  
shall come to be admired in all them    
that believe1 and to establish his      
everlasting kingdom of righteousness and
 peace in the earth4 ,the use of a type 
is to arrest and embody in a kind of    
visible indication the prominent        
features of its antitype2 and1          
accordingly1 if we examine the leading  
circumstances of the transfiguration1 we
 shall find such a resemblance between  
it and the second coming of our         
,saviour1 as will clearly establish such

 a relationship between these two       
events4 ,jesus appeared in literal human
 nature on the mountain2 so shall he    
come again1 as the ,son of man1         
possessing the same nature with his     
people2 for the apostles were informed  
when he ascended1 that the very same    
,jesus who had been taken up from them  
into heaven should even so come in like 
manner as they had seen him ascend into 
heaven4 ,he appeared in glory1 and not  
in humility2 such as he shall descend   
hereafter1 when he shall come with all  
his holy angels and sit upon the throne 
of his glory4 ,as he was visible on the 
mountain1 so1 when he shall come again1 
every eye shall see him1 and they also  
which pierced him2 and all kindreds of  
the earth shall wail because of him4 ,as
 he was encompassed by a cloud on the   
summit of ,tabor1 so shall he come      
hereafter in the clouds of heaven1 with 
power and great glory4 ,as he stood in  
majesty upon the mountain1 so according 
to the declaration of the prophet1 his  

feet shall stand1 when he comes again1  
upon the mount of ,olives4 ,and as      
,moses and ,elias appeared in glory with
 the ,saviour1 so shall he bring his    
people with him on his return to our    
world1 for1 when ,christ who is our life
 shall appear1 then shall we also appear
 with him in glory4  ,such we believe to
 have been the great primary object of  
this interesting event4 ,how full of    
consolation and encouragement must it   
appear in this important view to every  
believer who is still struggling with   
the infirmities and trials of his       
earthly pilgrimage4 ,it directs the     
attention of such to the crown of       
righteousness that awaits him1 and says1
 ,be ye stedfast1 immoveable1 always    
abounding in the work of the ,lord2     
forasmuch as ye know that your labour is
 not in vain in the ,lord4  ,,footnote3 
,y ,from a scriptural small work1 with  
the style and spirit of which we are    
much pleased1 ,the ,transfiguration1 an 
exposition of ,matt4 xvii4 i4 #h1 by the

 rev4 ,daniel ,bagot1 ,b4,d41 minister  
of ,st4 ,james' chapel1 ,edinburgh1 and 
chaplain to the right hon4 the earl of  
,kilmorry4 ,edinburgh1 ,johnstone3      
,london1 ,whittaker1 ,nisbet3 ,dublin1  
,curry1 jun41 ,robertson4     ,,the     
,,cabinet4   ,,no ,,salvation ,,without 
,,an ,,atonement4--,but let me turn your
 attention to the sad effect which a    
denial of the ,saviour's ,deity has upon
 the prospects of man for eternity4 ,it 
is a truth written1 as with a sunbeam1  
upon every page of scripture1 that man  
is by nature a fallen1 a guilty1 a      
condemned creature1 obnoxious to the    
righteous judgment of ,god4 ,we are     
told1 that the heart is deceitful above 
all things1 and desperately             
wicked2--that all have sinned1 and come 
short of the glory of ,god3 ,jehovah    
himself is represented as looking down  
from heaven upon the children of men1 to
 investigate their characters with that 
omniscient ken by which he explores the 
utmost boundaries of the illimitable    

universe1 and pronouncing this solemn   
verdict--,there is none righteous2 no1  
not one3 and the apostle ,paul1 when    
reminding the ,ephesian church of their 
past unregenerate condition1 says that  
they were children of wrath1 even as    
others4 ,if man1 then1 be in a guilty   
and condemned state by nature1 it is an 
awful and important question1 how shall 
he obtain pardon and justification with 
,god1 on account of his past            
transgressions8 and how shall his sinful
 and unholy nature be sanctified and    
prepared for admission into the realms  
of everlasting glory8 ,can personal     
repentance1 on the part of the sinner1  
obliterate the crime of which he has    
been guilty1 so as to reinstate him into
 the condition of a sinless and unfallen
 being8 ,unquestionably not4 ,for       
whatever act has been performed by ,god1
 or angels1 or by man1 must remain for  
ever written upon the pages of eternity1
 never to be erased2 and1 therefore1 no 
subsequent repentance on the sinner's   

part1 no tears of sorrow or contrition1 
can ever blot out his past              
transgressions2 nor even could the      
united tears of angels erase the record 
of those offences for which man is      
brought in guilty before ,god6 ,can1    
then1 subsequent obedience achieve the  
work of the sinner's justification8     
,this1 alas6 will prove as ineffectual  
as repentance2 for though we should     
render to ,god a perfect obedience for  
the remainder of our lives1 still the   
sin we have committed is sufficient to  
procure our conviction and condemnation2
 for the wages of sin is death6 ,shall  
we1 then1 have recourse to the abstract 
mercy of ,god1 as the foundation upon   
which to rest our hope of pardon8 ,this 
is the ,unitarian's plea3 ,i believe1 he
 says1 that ,god is merciful2 and ,i    
repose in his kindness1 and trust he    
will have compassion on me4 ,alas1 my   
friends6 it was bad enough that ,mr4    
,porter should have yesterday adopted   
the algebraic principle of neutralizing 

one text of scripture by another2 but to
 carry up this principle to a           
contemplation of the character of ,god1 
and to bring it into collision with the 
attributes of ,jehovah1 and thus to set 
his mercy against his justice--his      
compassion against his truth--his grace 
against his holiness1 and thereby to    
neutralize and annihilate one class of  
attributes by another1 is a guilt that  
is direful1 blasphemous1 and            
indescribable4--,from speech of the     
,rev4 ,daniel ,bagot1 at the ,belfast   
,unitarian ,socinian discussion4        
,,poetry4   ,,lays ,,of ,,palestine4    
,no4 ,,ix4  7,for the ,church of        
,england ,magazine47  ,by ,t4 ,g4       
,nicholas4      ,she hath given up the  
ghost2 her sun is gone down while     it
 was yet day4--,jer4 xv4 #i4      ,turn 
us again1 ,o ,lord ,god of hosts1 cause 
thy face to     shine1 and we shall be  
saved4--,ps4 lxxx4 #ai4         ',tis   
eventide2 the golden tints are dying    
,along the horizon's glowing verge away2

       ,far in the groves the           
nightingale is sighing         ,her     
requiem to the last receding ray2       
,and still thou holdest thy appointed   
way4       ,but ,salem's light is       
quench'd4--,majestic sun6         ,her  
beauteous flock hath wandered far       
astray1       ,led by their guides the  
path of life to shun2     ,her orb hath 
sunk ere yet his wonted course was run4 
,in ages past all glorious was thy land1
         ,and lovely were thy borders1  
,palestine6       ,the heavens were wont
 to shed their influence bland          
,on all those mountains and those vales 
of thine2         ,for o'er thy coasts  
resplendent then did shine       ,the   
light of ,god's approving countenance1  
,with rapturous glow of blessedness     
divine2       ,and1 'neath the radiance 
of that mighty glance1     ,bask'd the  
wide-scatter'd isles o'er ocean's blue  
expanse4        ,but there survives a   
tinge of glory yet         ,o'er all thy
 pastures and thy heights of green1     

,which1 though the lustre of thy day    
hath set1         ,tells of the joy and 
splendour which hath been3         ,so  
some proud ruin1 'mid the desert seen   
,by traveller1 halting on his path      
awhile1         ,declares how once      
beneath the light serene       ,of brief
 prosperity's unclouded smile1          
,uprose in grandeur there some vast     
imperial pile4        ,o ,thou1 who     
through the wilderness of old           
,thy people to their promis'd rest      
did'st bring1       ,hasten the days by 
prophet-bards foretold1         ,when   
roses shall again be blossoming         
,in ,sharon1 and ,siloa's cooling spring
       ,shall murmur freshly at the     
noon-tide hour2         ,and shepherds  
oft in ,achor's vale shall sing,z       
,the mysteries of that redeeming power  
,which hath their ashes chang'd for     
beauty's sunniest bower4,,aa            
,thou had'st a plant of thy peculiar    
choice         ,a fruitful vine from    
,egypt's servile shore       ,thou      

mad'st it in the smile of heav'n        
rejoice2         ,but the ripe clusters 
which awhile it bore         ,now purple
 on the verdant hills no more1          
,the wild-boar hath upon its branches   
trod2         ,yet once again thy       
choicest influence pour1                
,transplant it from this dim terrestrial
 sod1     ,to adorn with deathless bloom
 the paradise of ,god4                  
,wadh4 ,coll4 ,oxon4  ,,footnotes3  ,z  
,isaiah xv4 #aj4  ,,aa ,isaiah lxi4 #c4 
,,miscellaneous4   ,,influence ,,of     
,,religion ,,on ,a ,,state4--,religious 
faith is necessarily and unavoidably    
political in its influence and bearings1
 and eminently so4 ,christians are      
generally well informed--and knowledge  
is power4 ,they have there in ,christian
 countries1 as citizens and subjects1   
directly and indirectly1 a large share  
of influence in the state4 ,in most     
,christian states1 if not in all--for a 
state could hardly be called ,christian1
 if it were not so--,christianity is    

made a party of common law1 and1 when   
occasion demands1 is recognised as such 
by the judicial tribunals4 ,it is       
eminently so in ,great ,britain2 it is  
so in ,america2 and generally throughout
 ,europe4 ,it is also1 to a great       
extent1 established by constitutional   
law1 and thus incorporated with the     
political fabric1 furnishing occasion   
for an extended code of special         
statutes4 ,the great principles of      
,christianity pervade the frame of      
society1 and its morals are made the    
standard4 ,the second table of the      
decalogue is adopted throughout as      
indispensable to the well-being of the  
state2 and a thousand forms of          
legislation are attempted to secure the 
ends of the great and comprehensive     
,christian precept--,thou shalt love thy
 neighbour as thyself4 ,more especially 
is it deemed the highest perfection of  
civilized life and manners1 in the code 
of conventional politeness1 to exemplify
 this latter divine injunction4         

,otherwise life would be much less      
comfortable--hardly tolerable4--,a      
,voice from ,america to ,england4       
,,duty ,,of ,,subjects4--,we ought not  
only to look at the queen's duty1 but   
recollect also what is our own2 for the 
prosperity of a nation consists1 not    
only in having a religious governor1 but
 also an obedient people4 ,the events   
which have passed before our eyes during
 the few last years1 may serve1 ,i      
think1 to convince us of the truth of   
such an inference4 ,can we look back on 
the loss of human lives1 the almost     
paralyzing alarm excited by the threats 
of an infuriated populace1 and the      
absolute destruction of property which  
took place during the riots in the city 
of ,bristol1 and not see that all those 
calamities sprung out of a want of      
obedience to the existing authorities8  
,nor was that the only occurrence of the
 kind which has taken place4 ,what      
repeated acts of incendiarism have we as
 a nation suffered from1 as well as from

 the still more recent riots which have 
arisen in our south-western and other   
counties8 and may we not ask1 whence    
have those scenes of strife1 discontent1
 and tumult1 sprang1 but from the cause 
,i have already referred to8--want of   
subjection and obedience to the         
government of our kingdom4 ,what were   
the scenes of misery and horror which   
broke out from time to time1 when       
internal wars and insurrections so      
greatly depopulated our land8 ,cast your
 eye up and down our country1 and view  
the still remaining barrows--those      
unsculptured1 unlettered monuments1     
which cover the slain of our people--and
 ask1 are these ,britons slain in their 
own land1 a ,christian land1 a land     
where 7to remind you of the present     
privileges of her constitution7 we have 
a national established church1 of sound 
scriptural and protestant faith1 and a  
preached gospel8,,ab  ,,footnote3  ,,ab 
,from ,the ,liturgy of the ,church of   
,england1 ,catechetically explained1 for

 the use of children1 by ,mrs4 ,s4      
,maddock4 #c vols4 ,london3 ,houlston   
and ,co4 ,these volumes seem well       
adapted to explain to those for whose   
use they have been published--the       
liturgy of our church4 ,the catechetical
 form in which the subject is treated1  
rather1 however1 detracts from their    
value1 and should the authoress be      
called on for a new edition1 we should  
advise her to publish in a different    
form4   ,london3 ,published by ,,james  
,,burns1 #ag ,portman ,street1 ,portman 
,square2 ,w4 ,,edwards1 #ab ,ave-,maria 
,lane1 ,st4 ,paul's2 and to be procured1
 by order1 of all ,booksellers in ,town 
and ,country4                           
,,printed ,,by   ,,joseph ,,rogerson1   
#bd ,,norfolk ,,street1 ,,strand1       
,,london4     ,transcriber's ,note  ,the
 masthead in the original referred to   
,vol4 ,,ix41 although this issue is in  
fact part of ,vol4 ,x4 of this          
publication4 ,this has been corrected4  
,a table of contents has been added for 

the convenience of the reader4  ,minor  
punctuation errors have been repaired4  
,archaic spelling is preserved as       
printed4 ,please note that both         
,oronooco and ,oronooko appear in the   
text as variable spellings4  ,the       
following typographic errors have been  
fixed3      ,page #bj--servicable       
amended to serviceable--444 both        
exogenous and endogenous1 render them   
extremely     serviceable to mankind4   
,page #ba--organisable amended to       
organizable1 for     consistency--444   
indeed gum is that organizable product  
which exists most universally 444       
,page #bc--productivenes amended to     
productiveness--444     of which there  
are several varieties1 differing        
essentially in productiveness1 444      
,page #bc1 fourth footnote--,hedwiz     
amended to     ,hedwig--,eheu qualia6   
,hedwig4