,wa%o ,religion ,by ,james ,f4 ,d[ns ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,publications ,an?ropological ,records ,vol4 #af1 ,no4 #i1 pp4 #cfe-chf ,editors 7,b]keley73 ,j4 ,h4 ,r[e1 ,r4 ,f4 ,millon1 ,d4 ,m4 ,s*neid] ,submitt$ by editors ,septemb] #af1 #aifj ,issu$ ,june #af1 #aifa ,price1 #ge c5ts ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press ,b]keley & ,los ,angeles ,cali=nia ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press ,london1 ,engl& ,,cont5ts ,preface ,introduction ,my?ology ,wat] ,babies ,! ,giants ,! ,coyote ,& ,o!r ,figures ,cur+ ,& ,%amanism 7#bdfi-beda7 ,noncurative ,use ,( ,p[] 7#befg-beic7 ,div9+ ,& ,ra9mak+ 7#beec-beef1 #beff7 ,objects ,( ,p[] ,sorc]y ,& ,wit*craft 7#befb-befd7 ,w> ,p[] ,summ>y ,( ,%amanism ,dreams ,& ,dream]s 7#beff7 ,ritual ,activities ,conception ,& ,contraception ,bir? 7#bagh-bbic7 ,pub]ty3 ,girls 7#bcje-bceb7 ,pub]ty3 ,boys 7#bcgi-bchf1 #cfi-cgd7 ,m>riage 7#bjah-bjea7 ,dea? 7#bchi-bdec7 ,ritual ,9 ,subsi/5ce ,hunt+ ,fi%+ 7#beb;a-#bif7 ,miscellane\s ,concepts ,ab\t ,hunt+ ,& ,fi%+ ,ga!r+ ,miscellane\s ,ritual ,influ5ce ,( ,*ri/ianity ,bibliography ,footnotes ,,preface ,?is pap] is ! result ( two & "o-half mon?s' field "w among ! ,wa%o ,indians ( ,cali=nia & ,nevada support$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,an?ropology ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia & ! ,woodr[ ,wilson ,f\ndation4 ,9 x ,i h tri$ to describe ! religi\s beliefs & ritual activities ( ! ,wa%o z !y c be exam9$ today4 ,:]e possible ,i h attempt$ to recon/ruct ! aborig9al patt]ns & trace ! c\rse ( *ange betwe5 ^! two po9ts 9 "t4 ,a second purpose has be5 to supplem5t ! culture elem5t di/ribution li/s prep>$ by ,om] ,c4 ,/ew>t 9 #aicf 7,/ew>t #aida74 ,9 a numb] ( in/ances 8 f9d+s 7 at v>iance ) ^? ( ,smi?1 ^: notes ,/ew>t incorporat$2 ,i h be5 able to resolve "s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,/ew>t & ,smi?4 ,:]e my own rese>* has l$ me to disagree ) ! /atem5ts 9 ! culture elem5t di/ributions ,i h discuss$ ! problem4 ,9 g5]al my own "w simply exp&s ! r sp>se descriptions ( ! elem5t li/s 7,/ew>t #aida1 pp4 #cff-dah74 ,! culture elem5t di/ribution li/ numb]s :i* ref] to traits dealt ) 9 ! v>i\s sections are indicat$ 9 p>5!ses foll[+ ! head+s4 ,:]e a trait or complex is dealt ) 9 detail x is indicat$ by p>5!ses 9 ! text4 ,/atem5ts n o!rwise attribut$ are ! result ( my own field "w4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 d',azev$o1 :o enc\rag$ me to c>ry on field "w among ! ,wa%o & :o has made 8 own field notes & k available to me4 ,i h indicat$ in=mation attributable to d',azev$o by plac+ 8 "n 9 p>5!ses 9 ! text2 :]e 8 "n appe>s ) a date1 ! ref]5ce is to a "w publi%$ by him4 ,i also wi% to express my ?anks = ! sugge/ions made by ,j4 ,h4 ,r[e1 ,r4 ,f4 ,millon1 & ,d4 ,m4 ,s*neid]1 :o read ?is article be=e x w5t to press1 & to ackn[l$ge ! f9al read+ giv5 ! manuscript by ! late ,a4 ,l4 ,kroeb]4 ,9 addition1 my ?anks are ow$ to ,mr4 ,frank ,yapp>ag>i1 ,mrs4 ,juanita ,s*ub]t1 & ,mrs4 ,lois ,buck ( ,g>dn]ville & ,m9d51 ,nevada1 to ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,%ult] ( ! ,nevada ,/ate ,museum 9 ,c>son ,city1 ,nevada1 & to ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m4 ,ke5an ( ,p>adise1 ,cali=nia1 :o assi/$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! progress ( ! inve/igation4 ,la/1 to ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,wa%o tribe1 :o ) pati5ce & good humor bore ! prob+ into _! lives1 my deepe/ gratitude4 ,james ,f4 ,d[ns ,,introduction ,?is pap] w devote itself to a description ( ! religi\s life ( ! ,wa%o ,indians liv+ 9 ! communities ( ,si]raville1 ,loyalton1 & ,wood=ds1 9 ,cali=nia1 & ,r5o1 ,c>son ,city1 & ,dressl]ville1 ,nevada4 ,small] numb]s are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! area :i* 0 _! aborig9al range1 r\ghly f ! s\!rn end ( ,honey ,lake to ,antelope ,valley & f ! divide ( ! ,p95ut ,range 9 ,nevada1 almo/ to ,plac]ville1 ,cali=nia4 ,a %ort e?nography by ,b>rett deal+ 9 l>ge "p ) mat]ial culture1 ,l[ie's ,e?nographic ,notes1 & ,/ew>t's ,elem5t ,li/s con/itute almo/ ! only g5]al ref]5ces on ,wa%o culture4 ,v>i\s o!r writ]s h dealt ) specializ$ que/ions su* z l+ui/ics 7,kroeb]1 ,jacobson71 peyotism 7,sisk91 d',azev$o71 & music 7,m]riam74 ,mo/ ( ! /atem5ts ab\t ! ,wa%o give ! impression t !y h long be5 on ! edge ( oblivion 7,mooney1 ,kroeb]1 etc471 & population e/imates h be5 well "u "o ?\s& = ! pa/ fifty ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 ,i f9d myself 9 agreem5t ) d',azev$o7#a7 t ! ,wa%o are a vigor\s & cont9u+ cultural entity4 ,my own r impressioni/ic e/imate ( population is t !re are p]haps two ?\s& ,indians 9 ! area :o consid] !mselves z ,wa%o & =m a "p ( a viable cultural unit4 ,my own field "w 0 devot$ to an attempt to trace ! patt]ns ( *ange among ^! p s9ce ! entrance ( ! :ite man into _! area4 ,to ?is end ,i sp5t a great deal ( "t ) old] in=mants1 b my "w 0 n exclusively 8salvage e?nography40 ,_m aspects ( ,wa%o culture h *ang$ dramatically 9 ! pa/ c5tury2 ?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! area ( mat]ial culture & subsi/5ce activities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i 0 impress$ by ! t5acity ( ! less mat]ial aspects ( ! culture4 ,! always-difficult-to-def9e _w view or e?os ( ! ,wa%o1 :i* s cle>ly sep>ates !m f o!r cultures1 is v mu* an entity express$ 9 ! attitudes & actions ( ! ,wa%o ,indians1 :e!r !y are old/]s :o c rememb] _m aspects ( ! 8old days0 or *ildr5 :o h n yet ent]$ ! newly integrat$ s*ools ( ,nevada4 ,?is cont9uity seems mo/ cle>ly express$ 9 ! area :i* we subsume "u ! title 8,religion40 ,almo/ all ,wa%o1 ev5 ! y\ng/]s1 are famili> )1 or at lea/ aw>e (1 ,wa%o my?ology1 attitudes ab\t gho/s1 spirits1 m$ic9e1 & a numb] ( ritual actions & beliefs :i* are common elem5ts 9 ,wa%o life today4 ,?is is n to imply t ,wa%o religi\s activity has n be5 affect$ by ! trem5d\s *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 we/]n ,nevada & ea/]n ,cali=nia4 ,i sugge/ t r ?an disappe>+ "u ! )]+ rationalism ( civilization ! religion ( ! ,wa%o has simply alt]$ & exp&$ to s]ve ! ,wa%o 9 new situations4 ,9 ?is "w ,i take ! broade/ possible def9ition ( religion1 conceiv+ x z any in/itutionaliz$ activity or attitude :i* reflects ! ,wa%o view ( ! cosmos4 ,9 s do+ ,i h includ$ a numb] ( categories :i* may n g5]ally be consid]$ suitable = inclusion "u ! head+ ( religion4 ,/ew>t1 = in/ance1 includes %amanism1 cur+1 special p[]s ( %amans1 miscellane\s %amani/ic in=mation1 gu>dian spirits1 de/9y ( ! s\l1 gho/s or s\l1 & jimsonwe$4 ,my own "w includes "s ( ^! specifically1 incorporates "s "u o!r head+s1 & treats a numb] ( subjects n includ$ 9 ! li/ giv5 above4 ,! reason = ?is approa* is practical r ?an !oretical or philosophical4 ,z an?ropological def9itions ( religions are extremely v>i$ & ! activities describ$ z religi\s "u v>i\s def9itions cov] a great] or n>r[] range1 x seems valuable to include z _m activities z possible 9 a purely descriptive "w4 ,! goal ( ?is pap] is to make z mu* in=mation z possible ab\t ! religi\s & ritual activities ( ! ,wa%o available to s*ol>s :o may be int]e/$ 9 religion4 ,! inclusion ( z _m fields ( activity z possible p]mits !m to select in=mation :i* !y feel p]t95t to _! int]e/s4 ,:]ev] possible ,i h tri$ to include direct quotations f in=mants z well z in=mation ab\t _! behavior & attitudes1 s t my own int]pretations & conclusions c be exam9$ by o!rs 9 light ( ! in=mation on :i* !y are bas$4 ,/atem5ts made by in=mants are indicat$ by quotation m>ks4 ,i did n h a record+ device available & did n attempt to record entire int]views v]batim4 ,h[ev]1 :5ev] in=mants indicat$ t !y consid]$ _! /atem5ts important ,i took !m d[n ^w = ^w4 ,if ,i felt "s pass+ rem>k to h significance1 ,i ask$ ! in=mant to repeat x & (t5 read x back to him = v]ification4 ,o!r /ories1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( a my?ological nature1 or semileg5ds1 or exp]i5ces :i* 7 important to individual in=mants1 7 repeat$ volunt>ily on almo/ e occasion ( our meet+4 ,:5ev] /atem5ts are pres5t$ 9 quotation m>ks ! mat]ial 0 ga!r$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is pap] conta9s mat]ial f a numb] ( s\rces4 ,/atem5ts ( fact or int]pretations tak5 f publi%$ an?ropological or hi/oric works are indicat$ by citations 9 ! cu/om>y mann]4 ,in=mation bas$ on conv]sations or o!r private communications ) o!r inve/igators is s designat$4 ,all /atem5ts ( fact :i* are n cr$it$ to ^! two s\rces are tak5 f my own field notes & repres5t /atem5ts ( my in=mants4 ,,my?ology ,wa%o my?ology has be5 pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( int]l9e> texts by ,dangb]g 7#aibg7 & 9 ,l[ie's ,e?nographic ,notes 7#aici1 pp4 #ccc-cea74 ,!re are two v]sions ( ! creation my?1 "o describ+ ! creation ( ,paiute1 ,wa%o1 & ,digg]s f ! se$s ( ! cattail by ! ,creator ,woman1 & ! second attribut+ ! creation ( ,indians to ! ,creation ,man1 :o =m$ ! ?ree gr\ps f among 8 sons to keep !m f qu>rel+4 ,l[ie also reports ! common !me ( sev]al previ\s inhabitations ( ! e>?4 ,! mo/ important my?1 or at lea/ ! "o :i* is /ill commonly told & seems to be ! favorite among ! ,wa%o1 devotes itself to ! adv5tures ( ,damalali 7%ort-tail$ weasel7 & ,pewetseli 7long-tail$ weasel74 ,^! h]oes are responsible = _m ( ! natural features ( ! region s ref]5ces to ?is my? are r frequ5t4 ,! ,coyote1 9 ! =m ( a r malevol5t & /upid trick/]1 & ! ,wolf1 a g5]ally patri>*al & protective figure1 appe> 9 sev]al my?s1 z d cannibali/ic giants & a giant bird1 ! an4 ,figures :i* appe> only incid5tally 9 ! my?s z rec\nt$ are elaborat$ almo/ inf9itely 9 :at might be/ be t]m$ folk fantasy4 ,wat] ,babies ,mo/ prom95t ( ^! figures are ! ,wat] ,babies 7,/ew>t #aida1 p4 #ddd1 #begd74 ,9 ! my?ology1 ,wat] ,baby figures z ! creature responsible = ! _m lakes ( ! ea/]n ,si]ra4 ,kill$ & scalp$ by ! rascally ,damalali1 ,wat] ,baby comm&s ! wat]s ( ! area to rise until ! weasel returns ! scalp to avoid dr[n+4 ,! wat]s left 9 m\nta9 valleys z ! flood rec$$ =m$ ! lakes4 ,! ,wat] ,baby is n conf9$ to my?ology4 ,my in=mants 7 able to describe ! appe>ance ( a ,wat] ,baby 9 detail1 to supply me ) population figures1 & to rec\nt an almo/ endless s]ies ( incid5ts 9 :i* ,wat] ,babies 7 involv$4 ,all in=mants agre$ t ! ,wat] ,baby is a creature ab\t "o & "o-half feet tall1 gray 9 color1 ) extremely long black hair :i* nev] t\*es ! gr\nd b :i* floats along beh9d ! ,wat] ,babies :5 !y walk4 ,9 g5]al1 ^! creatures look l small humans4 ,h[ev]1 !y are boneless1 cold to ! t\*1 & damp4 ,betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& ,wat] ,babies live 9 ! ,si]ra1 accord+ to "o in=mant4 ,!y inhabit lakes1 /reams1 m>%es1 ponds1 spr+s1 & irrigation dit*es4 ,!y speak a language ( _! own b are always able to speak ,wa%o4 ,) a s+le exception1 e ,wa%o ( middle age & ov] to :om ,i talk$ claim$ to h at lea/ he>d ,wat] ,babies call+ f "s body ( wat] 9 ! night4 ,sev]al o!rs claim$ to h se5 ,wat] ,baby footpr9ts 7"o ev5 report+ t ! footpr9ts he _h se5 7 ^? ( a female because ! tracks 7 cle>ly ^? ( high heel$ %oes674 ,"o in=mant /eadfa/ly claim$ to h se5 a ,wat] ,baby1 at lea/ fleet+ly1 9 #aief4 ,two di/9ct attitudes ab\t ^! creatures are display$ by ! ,wa%o4 ,mo/ in=mants op5ly admitt$ be+ afraid ( ,wat] ,babies4 ,if !y he>d "o !y rema9$ 9 _! h\ses or attempt$ to avoid contact4 ,!y claim$ t if a p]son saw a ,wat] ,baby by accid5t1 at ! v lea/ he w\ld be /ruck unconsci\s & great] h>m1 9 ! =m ( sickness1 might be inflict$ on him or on "o ( 8 relatives4 ,! g5]al attitude 0 t ,wat] ,babies 7 be/ left alone because !y 7 extremely p[]ful4 ,?is attitude is p]haps summ$ up be/ by "o ( my in=mants1 a r sophi/icat$ ,wa%o :o has liv$ 9 cities = long p]iods & :o is an active lead] 9 ! tribe's legal battle ) ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,he is also a devot$ peyoti/ :o (t5 conducts cur+ c]emonies & is conc$$ to h a cur+ p[]4 ,he said1 8,if !y ev] get up a bun* to trap "o ( !m ,wat] ,babies1 ,i don't want to h no?+ to d ) x40 ,:5 ,i ask$ :y n1 he repli$3 8,:y hell1 if y make "o ( !m ?+s mad !y'll flood ! _w4 ,i j don't want no?+ to d ) !m4 ,i a9't t desp]ate40 ,i ask$1 8desp]ate = :at80 & he repli$ 8= p[]4 ,i l to dream ab\t wom5s sic & ?+s l t1 n ab\t ,wat] ,babies & t funny /uff40 ,?is la/ /atem5t cle>ly indicates ! o!r attitude ab\t ,wat] ,babies2 !y are (t5 gu>dian spirits ( ,wa%o :o h special p[]1 p>ticul>ly %amani/ic cur+ p[]4 ,ano!r in=mant express$ ?is o!r attitude ab\t ^! creatures4 ,he is ab\t sev5ty1 att5d$ ,/ew>t ,indian ,s*ool = t5 ye>s & liv$ among ! ,hopi = t5 ye>s4 ,he boa/s a /one & cem5t-block home1 ! only su* dwell+ own$ by a ,wa%o4 ,he has le>n$ to bead baskets & dur+ mo/ ( ! ye> e>ns a reasonable income f ?is4 ,8 seem+ adju/m5t to :ite culture is conf\nd$ :5 8 philosophic position is exam9$4 ,he c only be t]m$ a my/ic :o int]prets ! _w 9 ,indian t]ms4 ,exposure to su* influ5ces z ! writ+s ( ,kroeb] & ,huxley has only confirm$ 8 ess5tially ,indian viewpo9t4 ,bo? 8 p>5ts 7 fam\s ,indian doctors & 8 mat]nal uncle1 :o 0 also 8 m5tor17#b7 0 a fam\s %aman4 ,my in=mant impli$ t 8 uncle's _s 7wegeleyo71 f :i* 8 p[] 0 d]iv$1 0 ! ,wat] ,baby1 & 8 own c>efully gu>d$ /atem5t impli$ t ! creature 0 pot5tially 8 own _s4 ,8 view ( ! ,wat] ,baby 0 q ! rev]se ( o!r in=mants4 8,"s p ?9k ! ,wat] ,baby w hurt !m1 b he won't4 ,if !y see him by accid5t he won't d no?+4 ,b if he has giv5 y 8 p[] & y see him--!n :am1 he maybe knock y "r d[n40 ,?is appe>s to h be5 8 way ( describ+ a seizure by ! ,wat] ,baby1 :i* al?\gh a fe>ful exp]i5ce1 usually result$ 9 ! gift ( additional p[]4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 g5]al agreem5t among in=mants t ! ,wat] ,baby c\ld1 if he gave 8 p[] to a p]son1 dem& repaym5t ) ! lives ( 8 protg's close relatives or entire family47#c7 ,! v>i\s p[]s & activities ( ! ,wat] ,babies are p]haps be/ describ$ 9 ! foll[+ /ories rec\nt$ by in=mants3 #a4 8,"o "t my ,dad 0 sick4 ,he call$ 9 two1 ?ree doctors & !y said he _h to give a basket to ! ,wat] ,babies at ,lake ,im$el4 ,!re is an isl& 9 ?is lake & my ,dad 0 suppos$ to g out to t isl& & leave a basket4 ,i 0 too "y !n b he took my bro!r4 ,!y w5t up !re & my ,dad j />t$ walk+ out to ! lake & ! wat] nev] got any deep] ?an !re 7po9t+ to 8 knees74 ,he walk$ "r on t wat]4 ,he left t basket & came back & he got well4 ,!m ,wat] ,babies help$ him walk on ! wat]4 ,my bro!r saw x happ540 #b4 8,!re is ?is deep pool up 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,!re is a k9d ( black suck] live !re b no ,indians ev] caught !m because t 0 a ,wat] ,baby place & !y 0 ,wat] ,baby food4 ,wom5s us$ to sit on a plat=m ( logs & weave baskets !re special baskets = ! ,wat] ,babies1 app>5tly1 su* z ! "o us$ z (f]+ 9 ! /ory above4 ,"o "t ,i took ano!r fella l y an?ropologi/ up !re b :5 we got !re we c\ldn't f9d no?+ b s& ) a little wat] bubbl+ up 9 ! middle4 ,he w\ldn't believe me4 ,i %[$ him :]e !m wom5s _h sat b ,i ?9k he ?\ght ,i 0 ly+4 ,i guess !m ,wat] ,babies did some?+40 #c4 8,!re is ?is wom5 call$ ,frances4 ,%e 0 up at ,blue ,lake ) h] husb& foll[+ him along ! edge ( ! lake4 ,x 0 k9d ( d>k4 ,%e saw !m little footpr9ts "r on top ( h] husb&'s 9 ! s&40 #d4 8,i'll tell y :at happ5$ to me "r 9 ?is h\se ab\t two ye>s ago4 ,i 0 9 b$ 9 t room !re & ,i felt ^! little h&s creep+ "u ! cov]s4 ,i bru%$ 'em away b !y j come back4 ,!y tri$ to feel me d[n "h indicat+ 8 g5italia4 ,i yell$ = my "m & %e come 9 & said some?+ & some?+ w5t zip 7wav+ arm viol5tly to indicate direction7 "r out ( t w9d[4 ,we look$ out t way to ! s\?1 t's t[>d ,walk] ,lake4 ,ev]y?+ 0 k9d ( hazy blue40 ,9 light ( ,wa%o views ab\t receiv+ %amani/ic p[]1 x w\ld appe> t my in=mant 0 sugge/+ t ?is visitation 0 a ,wat] ,baby mak+ its patronage kn[n4 #e4 8,my old uncle _h be5 doctor+ up by ,g5oa4 ,he _h a t\gh "o & fall5 9 ! fire & burn$ all 8 pants (f & 0 walk+ we>+ 8 coat l a skirt4 ,he got by ,wally's ,hot ,spr+s :5 he felt l he want$ a ba?4 ,!m ,wat] ,babies mu/ h be5 work+ on him4 ,he w5t ov] by ! creek & />t$ to lean ov] & !n he pass$ out & fell into ! wat] & !re 0 a ,wat] ,baby4 ,t ,wat] ,baby said1 #8come on1' & he took him d[n to ,wat] ,baby c\ntry4 ,! *ief ( ! ,wat] ,babies liv$ 9 a big h\se made out ( t black %9+ rock obsidian4 ,b !y didn't g !re4 ,! ,wat] ,baby said #8we got "s girls t want to give y some?+1' & he took my uncle to a place & !re 0 five girls !re4 ,!y all sat ar\nd my uncle & sang him a song & told him t x 0 8 song f n[ on4 ,!n ! ,wat] ,baby took my uncle back & !n he said x 0 l wak+ up f a dream & !re he 0 lay+ 9 ! creek d[n "u a bun* ( cattails407#d7 #f4 8,!re 0 ?is :ite man up "h fi%+4 ,he caught a ,wat] ,baby b he didn't "k :at x 04 ,he ?\ght x 0 "s k9d ( fi% & took x to ,san ,francisco & !y put x t place :]e !y h a lotta fi% aqu>ium4 ,capta9 ,jim w5t all ! way d[n !re to tell ! mayor t !y _h bett] let t ,wat] ,baby loose1 b nobody w\ld pay no att5tion to him4 ,well y "k !y _h a big e>?quake d[n !re & ! wat] came up ar\nd ev]y?+4 ,:5 x 0 all ov] t tank :]e !y _h ! ,wat] ,baby 0 empty40 ,! ,giants ,wa%o my?ology features sev]al creatures :i* may ea* h contribut$ to ! wild m5 ,i w describe 9 ?is section4 ,bo? ,l[ie & ,dangb]g report my?s 9 :i* a giant1 ,hangawuiwui1 is ! pr9cipal figure4 ,al?\gh ! my?s d n describe him1 my in=mants g5]ally picture him z a colossus :o hops on a s+le leg f ! top ( "o m\nta9 to ano!r4 ,he has a s+le eye to mat* 8 s+le limb & a proclivity = gobbl+ up ,indians4 ,sev]al miles s\?we/ ( ,g>dn]ville1 9 ! hills ov]look+ ,d\ble ,spr+ ,flats1 a cave is kn[n by ! ,wa%o z ,hangawuiwui al 7! place :]e ,hangawuiwui lives74 ,pres5t-day ,indians tell a numb] ( /ories ab\t ?is giant & display a c]ta9 uneas9ess :5 !y are ne> places he is suppos$ to haunt4 ,ano!r k9d ( giant appe>s 9 a my? report$ by ,l[ie4 ,^! be+s appe> to be consid]ably m human ?an ,hangawuiwui4 ,traditionally !y camp$ s\? ( ,pyramid ,lake & t]roriz$ ! ,paiutes4 ,h[ev]1 :5 "o ( _! numb] attempt$ to take fi% f a ,wa%o ! tribe ralli$ & r\t$ ! giants 9 a battle ne> ,walk] ,lake4 ,! giants did n h b[s & arr[s4 ,!y =tifi$ !mselves beh9d rock walls & ?rew /ones4 ,accord+ to my in=mant on ! subject1 ! m\nta9s are /ill ! home ( a tribe ( 8wild m540 ,^! p h manag$ to hide ! location ( _! camps s t no "o kn[s :]e !y live4 ,my in=mant felt t !y 7 9 fact "s k9d ( ,indian4 ,despite ! my?ological ability ( ! ,wa%o to defeat ! giants1 mod]n /ories ab\t !m sugge/ !y h a great deal ( sup]natural p[] 9 addition to _! physical pr[ess4 ,! foll[+ /ories 7 told to me z contempor>y or relatively rec5t occurr5ces3 #a4 8,!re is ^! wild fellas up 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,i guess y call !m giants4 ,"o "t !re 0 an old man :o _h set up a bl9d to hunt *ipmunks1 l ,i told y ye/]day4 ,he 0 up 9 ! p9e-nut hills & he _h kill$ f\r *ipmunks4 ,"o ( ^! fellas come along & he snat*$ up a *ipmunk & he ate x4 ,!n he snat*$ ano!r & ate x4 ,he tri$ to grab ano!r b ! old man wre/l$ ) him & /opp$ him f gett+ ! *ipmunk & !n he got away4 ,he tussl$ ) t wild man & got away4 ,b a long "t aft] :5 he 0 real old & w5t ar\nd ) a long /ick /aff1 he w5t out walk+ & he didn't come back4 ,!y w5t out look+ = him & f\nd 8 tracks lead+ up ! foot ( ,job's ,peak & !y end$ !re4 ,8 /ick 0 /uck 9 ! gr\nd & at ! end ( 8 tracks x look$ l some?+ _h snat*$ him up40 ,:5 ,i ask$ if ! wild m5 _h gott5 him my in=mant said he ?\ght s4 ,! !me ( a wild man's attempt+ to take "p ( a cat* f a ,wa%o recalls ! my? z report$ by ,l[ie1 al?\gh 9 ! v]sion he record$ ! incid5t occurr$ betwe5 ,wadswor? & ,sp>ks & ! f9al battle took place at ,walk] ,lake1 :]eas my in=mant *ang$ ! locale to ! ,c>son ,valley area4 #b4 8,my old gr&fa!r _h ?is happ5 to him4 ,he 0 hunt+ up by ! ,lake ,tahoe1 ,9 !m days hunt]s j c>ri$ little ?9 rabbit sk9 blankets4 ,!y cov]$ up _! front & put _! back to ! fire4 ,my old gr&fa!r 0 j lay+ !re :5 he notic$ ! fire go+ d[n 7maybe t wild man did some?+ to ! fire74 ,pretty soon he saw a big %ad[4 ,he 0 pretty sc>$ & j laid !re4 ,pretty soon he felt a h& feel+ 8 feet & 9 betwe5 8 toes & up 8 leg & all ar\nd 8 hole anus4 ,pretty soon x rea*$ 8 face & tri$ to put 8 f+] 9 my gr&fa!r's m\?4 ,my gr&fa!r bit t f+] real h>d & ! wild man yell$ & ran away40 ,i ask$ if ! wild m5 /ill exi/$ & my in=mant repli$3 8,sure4 ,!y are up !re 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,!y are pretty sm>t & y c't see !m4 ,b u ,wa%o c he> !m talk+4 ,we c und]/& _! language4 ,i h ?\ght a lot ab\t x & !y %\ld h call$ "s ,wa%o ov] to ,oroville :5 !y caught t fella ov] !re4 ,i read ab\t x 9 ! newspap] :5 ,i 0 y\ng]4 ,i "k !y _h a lot ( !m ,cali=nia ,indians come up !re b !y c\ldn't und]/& him4 ,i'll bet a ,wa%o c\ld h und]/ood him40 ,i ask$ if he ?\ght x _h be5 a wild man & he nodd$ 9 affirmation4 ,! 8wild man0 ( c\rse 0 ! n[-fam\s ,i%i1 ! la/ ( ! ,s\!rn ,yana :o w&]$ half />v$ into a slaught]h\se 9 ,oroville 9 #aiaa4 ,! ,coyote ,& ,o!r ,figures ,wa%o my?s conta9 a numb] ( tales ab\t a bumbl+1 n v bright1 g5]ally malevol5t ,coyote1 :o z a companion ( ,wolf seems to devote a great deal ( "t to eat+ ,indians & to sexual misadv5tures4 ,mod]n ,wa%o seem less will+ ?an _! =ebe>s to weave ,coyote into tales b are no less consci\s ( 8 malevol5t pres5ce4 ,peyoti/s (t5 see visions or dream ( ,coyote 7d',azev$o & ,m]riam #aieg71 & quick asides ab\t ,coyote's influ5ce are apt to come up 9 conv]sation ei!r z t5tative jokes or 9 s]i\sness4 ,"o tale ( a mod]n occurr5ce involv+ ,coyote did come my way ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,w>r5 d',azev$o4 ,8 in=mant 0 ! bro!r-9-law ( my own in=mant &1 l 8 k9sman1 a semimy/ic1 v consci\s ( 8 ,indianness & cr$it$ by o!r ,wa%o ) p[]s beyond ^? ( an ord9>y man 9 hunt+4 8,i 0 /ay+ 9 ?is %ack ) ! guy :o own$ x4 ,"o night he didn't come home b ,i kept he>+ some?+ walk+ ar\nd t %ack4 ,! next morn+ :5 t guy came home he 0 all tir$ out & !re 0 ,coyote tracks all ar\nd t %ack4 ,i got my gun & told t guy to /ay away f me0 7d',azev$o74 ,! ,a1 a huge man-eat+ bird describ$ 9 ,l[ie's my? numb] #ac1 is no long] alive1 b accord+ to sev]al in=mants ! creature's bones or at lea/ ! isl& on :i* x ne/$ c be se5 by p fly+ ov] ! lake because !y are only a bit bel[ ! surface4 ,wa%o insi/ t :ite airplane pilots see ! %ape ( ! isl& daily b keep sil5t because !y don't want to confirm an ,indian /ory4 ,"o day on a trip ar\nd ,lake ,tahoe my ,indian companion1 a sometime lead] among ! ,wa%o ask$3 8,if we get t money f our claim d y ?9k "o ( !m ar*eologi/ fellas c\ld g d[n "u ! wat] & f9d t !re a bird's skeleton80 ,! =ego+ p>agraphs illu/rate ! t5acity ) :i* ,wa%o my?ology has ma9ta9$ itself among ^! p4 ,! entirety ( _m ( ! my?s is no long] "p ( ! rep]toire ( e adult ,wa%o1 b v>iations1 on-!-spot recon/ructions1 & ! introduction ( my?ological !mes into contempor>y /ories ( a secul> nature are def9itely "p ( ! oral lit]ature ( ! ,wa%o4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t "s aspects ( ,wa%o my?ology appe> to h m viability ?an o!rs4 ,?us ! ,wat] ,baby rema9s an important & vital aspect ( mod]n ,wa%o life1 z does ! ,coyote4 ,! tw9 weasels h lo/ mu* ( _! appeal1 z has ! giant ,hangawuiwui4 ,! giants ( ! m\nta9s are ackn[l$g$ to be alive today b are seldom ref]r$ to1 :]eas ,coyote & ,wat] ,baby are almo/ always m5tion$ & spok5 ( z liv+ entities ev5 by ! mo/ progressive ,wa%o4 ,except = ! mak+ ( (f]+s to nature1 :i* may be def9$ z purely religi\s1 o!r religi\s or ritual activities deal+ ) :at we w\ld call ! sup]natural are s integrat$ ) o!r aspects ( ,wa%o life z to be almo/ insep>able4 ,?us 9 describ+ ! religi\s activities ( ! ,wa%o ,i w proce$ ?r\gh v>i\s phases ( _! life1 po9t+ out ! ritual actions :i* are "p ( ,wa%o behavior 9 specific situations4 ,,cur+ ,,& ,,%amanism 7#bdfi-beda7 ,! ,wa%o ^w damanli has a wide range ( mean+s :i* include almo/ all p ) sup]natural p[]s1 includ+ cur]s ( sev]al ord]s4 ,! t]ms :i* !y use :5 discuss+ ! subject 9 ,engli% are some:at m precise & w be us$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! ,wa%o make a di/9ction betwe5 cur]s 7#beid-if7 & ,indian doctors4 ,! latt]1 z w be %[n1 are true %amans :]eas ! =m] are some:at less p[]ful4 ,cur]s appe> to be wom5 :o h c]ta9 p[]s reveal$ to !m 9 dreams4 ,su* p]sons are usually memb]s ( :at ! ,wa%o describe z a 8doctor family40 ,an in=mant describ$ ! activities ( su* a cur]3 8,my "m 0 a cur]4 ,%e j smoke & talk4 ,y w\ld meet h] on ! way to t[n mebbe & say #8,i don't feel good' & %e'd j sit d[n & smoke & talk pray8 a little & !n mebbe tell y :at 0 wrong & :at y %\ld d4 8,along ab\t ! fir/ w> ,i got sick & c\ldn't make no wat] at all4 ,my "m smok$ & !n spread a%es all ov] my belly & talk$ "s & aft] t ,i pass$ a lot ( blood & got bett]407#e7 ,f> m important ?an ! cur]s1 h[ev]1 7 ! ,indian doctors4 ,su* m5 7 nev] exclusive speciali/s & 7 app>5tly expect$ to %>e 9 ! "w ( hunt+ & fi%+ ) less gift$ m54 ,) ! introduction ( money by ! :ites1 %amans appe> to h approa*$ some?+ l specialization1 *>g+ fees ( up to tw5ty doll>s a session = _! s]vices4 ,until ! middle #aicj's !re 7 a numb] ( %amans among ! ,wa%o 7,/ew>t #aidd74 ,h[ev]1 ) ! introduction ( ! peyote cult1 :i* among ! ,wa%o is conc]n$ ) cur+1 ! %aman 0 sup]s$$4 ,today only a s+le ,wa%o practices %amani/ic cur+4 ,int]e/+ly en\gh ?is man1 n[ sev5ty-five1 0 an in=mant ( ,l[ie's 9 ! #aibj's1 & at t "t ,l[ie describ$ him z a sophi/icat$ "y ,wa%o1 some:at my/ic & ) %amani/ic ambitions 7,l[ie #aici74 ,?is man1 ,h5ry ,rup]t1 sp5t t5 ye>s 9 ! ,indian s*ool at ! ,/ew>t ,ag5cy & aft] graduation work$ = a numb] ( ye>s 9 a pr9t+ plant 9 ,r5o4 ,:5 que/ion$ ab\t ! old days he 0 a fair in=mant1 seldom (f]+ m in=mation ?an 0 ask$ = & cle>ly enjoy+ ! bus9ess ( mak+ a :ite man "w = e scrap ( in=mation4 ,he 0 also giv5 to dropp+ subtle h9ts & wait+ ) /olid indiff]5ce to see if ,i _h be5 al]t4 ,he did n d5y 8 %amani/ic practices b 0 less ?an will+ to discuss !m 9 detail4 ,8 equipm5t1 he admitt$ 7b refus$ to %[ me71 consi/$ ( a butt]fly-cocoon rattle1 an eagle-bone :i/le1 & a fea!r headb&4 8,i don't really d no?+ b help nature10 he said4 ,:5 ,i repli$ t only "s p "k h[ to help nature he 0 gratifi$ & smil$4 8,oh well1 x's all psy*ological anyway10 he answ]$1 confirm+ ,l[ie's description ( him z a sophi/icate4 ,he is not$ = 8 r atypical practice ( t5d+ a g>d51 :i* consi/s mo/ly ( fruit trees1 & = 8 op5 lik+ = old-fa%ion$ foods1 :i* he collects1 includ+ fly grubs & locu/s4 ,i 0 n able to obs]ve 8 cur+ proc$ures1 b !y 7 describ$ to me by ano!r in=mant1 a sev5ty-five-ye>-old woman1 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ progressive ( ! resid5ts ( ,dressl]ville4 8,i took my gr&daught] to ,rup]t aft] ! :ite doctors didn't d no?+ = h]4 ,he don't doctor 9 ! real old ,indian way a phrase ,i lat] le>n$ meant t he did n hold a s]ies ( f\r "o-night sessions b only a %ort c]emony4 ,he don't give y no?+1 j s+s & prays & talks ov] y = a :ile4 ,he has a rattle & a :i/le & a b& on 8 head4 ,aft] we w5t to him my gr&daught] got well40 ,ano!r in=mant1 ! man :o 0 cur$ by 8 "m--curi\sly ano!r graduate ( ! ,/ew>t ,s*ool & outw>dly a progressive ,indian--0 a v]itable f\nta9 ( %amani/ic k4 ,8 fa!r & mat]nal uncle 7 bo? well-kn[n %amans4 ,al?\gh he insi/$ t he _h no p>ticul> p[] himself1 o!r ,indians g5]ally claim$ t he _h c]ta9 hunt+ m$ic9es :i* assi/$ him 9 tak+ game4 ,!re is little d\bt t he believ$ he _h be5 approa*$ by spirits (f]+ him %amani/ic p[]4 ,8 life /ory 0 a long recital ( ailm5ts & my/ic occurr5ces4 ,! ailm5ts1 c\pl$ ) 8 attitude ab\t spiritual p[]1 sugge/$ /rongly t 8 suff]+ _h be5 due to a rejection ( ! p[] (f]$ 7,:it+ #aiej74 ,he suppli$ ! foll[+ acc\nt ab\t ! process ( becom+ a %aman4 8,"y fell[s sometimes h dreams b usually !y don't pay no att5tion to !m4 ,b :5 y get old] & keep hav+ dreams y beg9 to pay att5tion4 ,maybe y see a be> or a rattlesnake or ,wat] ,baby or any?+4 ,x tell y t y are go+ to be a doctor4 ,! next morn+ y g out & ba! & pray4 ,?is ?+ keeps com+ 9 y\r dreams4 ,x may take any =m1 a skeleton or an animal b y "k x's always ! same ?+ z ! fir/ "t1 j tak+ diff]5t %apes4 8,^! dreams keep com+ = f\r1 sometimes eight1 ye>s to get y to be a good doctor4 ,b dur+ all ?is "t y don't get no song4 ,b !y d give y y\r wat]4 ,x tells y "s c]ta9 place up 9 ! m\nta9s :]e !re is a spr+4 ,y mebbe ?9k !re isn't no spr+ !re1 b !re is4 ,!n x tells y :]e to ga!r tobacco4 ,lat] x w tell y to make a rattle out ( cocoon4 ,mebbe at fir/ y only make a rattle ) "o cocoon4 ,lat] x says = y to add m4 ,f9ally x w give y a song4 ,y dream ?is song4 ,b y don't really rememb] x4 ,y j beg9 s++ x l y _h kn[n x all ! "t4 ,= a :ile y may get a new song e ye>4 ,sometime y h a dream t tells y h[ to h&le y\r p>aph]nalia4 ,sometime a dream tells y t y h to be all alone 9 y\r h\se4 ,i don't "k :at happ5s 9 !re b "s ( !m doctors1 ,i ?9k1 g ov] to visit ! dead = a little :ile4 8,aft] y be5 dream+ = a long "t maybe y try to cure somebody b y don't ask = no?+4 ,y nev] tell !m dreams or :at y\r _s is b o!r doctors1 !y "k4 ,if y\r dreams are "r y c cure p & !n y c ask = some?+ paym5t4 ,! real ,indian way 0 to doctor = f\r nights4 ,!n he'd lay out all 8 /uff & give x a dr9k by spr9kl+ wat] on x4 ,!n he'd %ake 8 rattle & s+ & t\* ! pati5t ) 8 h&s4 ,he'd talk to ! sickness1 l he knew x 444 l maybe he 0 fri5ds to x 444 he'd say #8n[ y behave & don't bo!r ?is p]son no m4 ,if y don't behave ,i'm gonna take y out & %[ y to ev]ybody & !n y'll be emb>rass$6' ,!n he'd suck at ! pati5t 7"s ( ^! "y doctors suck on a /ick ) a fea!r on x t !y po9t$ at ! sick p]son1 b ! old ones didn't d t71 & get out ! sickness1 x w\ld be a fea!r or a /one4 ,sometime t sickness come out & g into ! doctor s h>d !y c't get x out & h to get ano!r doctor to help him4 ,sometimes x hit !m s h>d t !y defecate4 ,i se5 !m doctors j fill _! pants4 ,if x's real t\gh !y get all /iff & fall ov]4 ,sometimes fall "r 9 ! fire & _! clo!s all burn (f b x don't burn !m none4 ,y c't t\* !m !n or x w kill !m4 ,b :5 !y beg9 to %ake a little & t rattle beg9s to g !n y c pick !m up4 ,if he c1 ! doctor w vomit out ! sickness4 ,:5 x's out he puts x 9 8 h& & rubs x ) dirt & ?r[s x away t[>d ! nor?2 t kills x40 ,?is recital ( ! process ( becom+ a doctor %[s cle>ly ! ideal situation1 ! receiv+ ( p[]s1 uns\ght1 f sup]natural s\rces1 ! gu>dian _s wat*+ ov] its protg's c>e]1 provid+ him ) ! :]e)al 9 ! =m ( songs1 spells1 & p>aph]nalia4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 x w\ld appe> t ! process ( becom+ a %aman 0 f> m a consci\s & volunt>y act on ! "p ( an individual ?an w\ld be suppos$ f ! =ego+ /ory4 ,doctor+ p[] cle>ly seems to h rema9$ )9 c]ta9 families4 ,! in=mant :o gave ! =ego+ acc\nt 0 himself ! son ( a woman cur] & a fam\s doctor & ! nephew ( ano!r doctor4 ,f 8 *ildhood he 0 famili> ) ! proc$ures ( cur+1 ) /ories ab\t dreams1 _s visitations1 trips to ! aft]world1 my/]i\s & sacr$ locations4 ,he some:at pr\dly admitt$ t z a boy he 8us$ to %ake t rattle0 himself4 ,9 %ort1 until 8 %amani/ic education 0 int]rupt$ by :ite man's s*ool+1 he 0 a %aman's appr5tice4 ,?is view is support$ by ! /atem5ts ( o!r in=mants3 8,( c\rse !m p t is f a doctor family1 !y h dreams & get cur+ p[]10 said "o r assimilat$ woman ( ab\t sev5ty-five4 ,ano!r in=mant1 a man ( sixty1 :o repeat$ly indicat$ 8 fe> ( 8p[]0 b at ! same "t 0 reput$ to be an important cur] 9 ! peyote *ur* said3 8,if y come f a family ( dream]s !re a9't no?+ y c d4 ,y're trapp$ by x40 ,"y %amans appe> to h und]gone a p]iod ( in=mal appr5tice%ip "u an old] doctor4 ,al?\gh !re appe>s to h be5 no special requirem5t t a %aman h an assi/ant1 x 0 n uncommon = a y\ng] man to help out4 ,accord+ to "o in=mant1 :5 ,bl9d ,mike1 "o ( ! well-kn[n doctors 9 hi/oric times1 0 becom+ a doctor1 8 tea*] requir$ him to smoke f\r h&-roll$ cig>ettes 9 a r[ )\t all[+ ! smoke to escape f 8 lungs4 ,?is 0 n consid]$ an ex]cise 9 leg]dema9 b a way to develop ! y\ng] man's control ov] 8 p[]4 ,ea* doctor receiv$ in/ruction f 8 _s famili> z to :at p>aph]nalia he %\ld ga!r b !re 0 a great deal ( uni=mity 9 ! outfits ( ,wa%o doctors4 ,! foll[+ description is ( ! kit ( my in=mant's uncle1 :o practic$ until ! fir/ decade ( ?is c5tury1 & x includes "s items cle>ly po/:ite 9 orig94 8,i don't "k :at all doctors _h b ,i'll tell y :at my old uncle _h 'cause ,i se5 x lots ( times4 ,at ?is po9t ano!r ,indian ent]$ ! h\se1 obvi\sly curi\s1 & my in=mant /opp$ talk+ until ! visitor left4 ,he _h eagle fea!rs & magpie fea!rs4 ,he _h a rattle ) six or eight cocoons on a /ick wrapp$ 9 weasel sk9 & humm+ bird fea!rs4 ,he _h a tobacco p\* ( tree-squirrel hide4 ,he also _h a /one4 ,x look$ l a big too? ) a cavity 9 x4 ,he told me h[ he got t /one4 ,he 0 walk+ to t[n ,g5oa1 ,nevada "o day & he he>d some?+ :i/le4 ,he kept on walk+ b x :i/l$ aga94 ,s he w5t look+ = :at 0 mak+ t noise & he f\nd t /one sett+ by a f5ce po/4 ,i he>d t /one :i/le sometimes :5 he 0 doctor+4 ,he also _h a tie made out ( beadwork4 ,lots ( times a doctor w\ld pay "s woman to make him a real f9e basket or "s bead "w because t's :at 8 p[] told him to d40 ,wa%o doctors (t5 work$ toge!r on 8t\gh0 cases4 ,"o su* 0 ! treatm5t ( :at seems to h be5 an infect$ elb[ by my in=mant's uncle & ,bl9d ,mike4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process 0 to bl[ smoke 9 a circle ar\nd ! pa9ful area s t ! sickness c\ldn't move4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by s++1 rattl+1 & suck+ until some?+ bright began to come out4 ,x 01 accord+ to witnesses1 z bright z a />1 s bright 9 fact t ev5 ,bl9d ,mike c\ld see x4 ,! bright object prov$ to be 7if we c tru/ descriptions7 ! /one & sett+ ( a *eap r+ :i* 0 remov$ f ! sore arm4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :ile ?is process 0 successful my in=mant seem$ to consid] ! cure less ?an "o-hundr$-p]-c5t effective because ! woman :o 0 be+ treat$ di$ two ye>s lat]4 ,doctors 7 privy to a numb] ( secrets :i* 7 n common k among mo/ ,wa%o4 ,su* a secret 0 ! cave reput$ to be inside ,cave ,rock at ,lake ,tahoe4 ,?is cave 0 a retreat = %amans :o w5t !re to commune ) _! spirits or to secrete a p>ticul>ly important piece ( p>aph]nalia4 ,! cave c\ld be ent]$ ?r\gh a n>r[ op5+ on ! l&w>d side1 b mo/ %amans pref]r$ a m dramatic entrance4 ,by /&+ on a c]ta9 rock & s++ a special song !y 7 l[]$ ?r\gh ! wat] & !n lift$ into ! cave4 ,! la/ doctor to attempt ?is 0 ,bl9d ,mike4 ,he 0 direct$ to g to ! cave 9 a dream4 ,h[ev]1 he p]mitt$ 8 wife to accompany him & :5 %e saw him beg9 to s9k into ! wat] %e scream$ ) fe>4 ,! rock /opp$ s9k+ ) ,mike only knee deep 9 ! wat]4 ,s9ce t "t no "o has attempt$ to ent] ! room4 ,?is promontory is ! c5t] ( ,wat] ,baby habitation & is report$ to be ! upp] end ( a tunnel :i* ext5ds "u ! m\nta9s to ,g5oa s t ,wat] ,babies c move freely f ! lake to ! valley4 ,! rock also m>ks ! ea/]n end ( a road ( :ite s& report$ to cross ! lake bottom4 ,on ! nor?we/ end ( ! road 0 locat$ a b$ ( plants1 probably wild p>snips1 :i* doctors ga!r$ = m$ic9e4 ,! wild p>snip 0 poison\s b doctors ate x to demon/rate _! p[]4 ,!y also *ew$ x into a pa/e & spread x on rattlesnake bites4 ,ano!r spot famili> to doctors 0 a my/]i\s hole 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ,blue ,lake4 ,! hole c\ld be locat$ by foll[+ a spiral+ pa? ( :ite qu>tz t[>d ! c5t]4 ,accord+ to ! ,wa%o tale1 if a man dropp$ ev5 z mu* z a hair into ?is hole x made a great ro>+ s\nd4 ,suzie ,dick1 a ,wa%o woman1 ^: claim ( be+ "o hundr$ ye>s' old is borne out by :ite resid5ts1 insi/s t z a fifte5-ye>-old girl %e w5t to see ?is hole & 0 t]roriz$ by a huge h& :i* rea*$ up out ( ! d>kness & tri$ to seize h]4 ,vaguely kn[n to mo/ ,wa%o b famili> to doctors 0 a cave situat$ s\? & we/ ( ,g>dn]ville :]e ready-made gr9d+ /ones 7 to be f\nd4 ,^!1 dep5d+ on ! in=mant1 7 made by old ,indians or 7 put !re by 8nature0 = ! use ( ! ,wa%o4 ,noncurative ,use ,( ,p[] 7#befg-beic7 ,indian doctors (t5 us$ _! p[] 9 spectacul> displays1 app>5tly to impress pati5ts4 ,(t5 ^! displays 7 competitive4 ,9 ! words ( "o in=mant3 8,!m old doctors us$ to see :o _h ! mo/ p[]4 ,!y'd /ick f\r or five /icks 9 ! gr\nd1 ea* "o f>!r away ?an ! la/ "o1 & see h[ _m !y c\ld knock d[n40 ,!n1 disconc]t+ly1 he add$3 8,y c read ab\t t 9 ,kroeb]4 ,he tells ab\t "s o!r ,indians :o did t b ,i guess he didn't "k ! ,wa%o did x too40 ,?is in=mant consid]$ ,pr(essor ,kroeb] z an au?ority second only to himself 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ,indians4 ,div9+ ,& ,ra9mak+ 7#beec-beef1 #beff7 ,!re 7 no doctors ) ra9mak+ p[] among ! ,wa%o4 ,h[ev]1 anyone1 p>ticul>ly a man deem$ to be a lead]1 might enc\rage ra9 dur+ ! summ]4 ,! rite1 :i* is /ill obs]v$ occasionally by individuals1 consi/s ( soak+ a p9e-nut cone 9 wat] & plac+ x on ! gr\nd 9 ! p9e-nut hills4 ,mod]n ,wa%o look ^u ?is m z a pray]1 b 9 ! pa/ x may h be5 consid]$ z a spell4 ,! anci5t matri>* ,suzie ,dick /eadfa/ly insi/s t less ra9 falls 9 ! ,c>son ,valley ?an 9 neighbor+ valleys because 8nobody is talk+ to ,god anymore ar\nd "h40 ,:ile %e talk$ %e po9t$ to ! cl\ds hang+ ov] ,wa%o & ,antelope valleys & to ! cl\dless sky ov]head4 ,old] :ite resid5ts speak ( ,indian ra9mak]s1 :i* is a s\rce ( mu* amusem5t among ! ,wa%o4 ,until a few ye>s ago an ,indian1 :o /ill lives 9 ,dressl]ville1 us$ to take advantage ( ! gullibility or g5]osity ( :ite ran*]s by p]=m+ 8ra9 dances0 on _! prop]ty 9 return = h&\ts ( food4 ,! ,wa%o g5]ally fr[n$ on ?is1 b because :ite m5 7 ! victims ( ! fraud x 0 consid]$ h>mless4 ,! fa!r ( ! false ra9mak] 0 a div9] ( /ol5 articles4 ,8 me?od 0 to sit & smoke until ! location ( ! desir$ article 0 reveal$ to him4 ,objects ,( ,p[] ,eagle & magpie fea!rs 7 consid]$ to be ! mo/ p[]ful items ( a %aman's p>aph]nalia4 ,doctors are report$ to h captur$ eagles & ev5 to h tri$ to raise !m to obta9 fea!rs 7#bbc-bca7 ,! tail fea!rs 7 ! mo/ priz$4 ,eagle fea!rs 7 extremely valuable & c\ld be trad$ = any?+ includ+ 8a woman or a sack ( p9e-nut fl\r or any?+ wor? a lot40 ,ideally ! eagle 0 ti$ up until ! %aman remov$ ?ree tail fea!rs4 ,! doctor !n ti$ a /r+ ( beads to ! bird's leg & releas$ x z a mess5g] to ! spirits4 ,description ( eagle-d[n co/umes sugge/ t birds 7 /ripp$ ( _m m fea!rs ?an ! ideal ?ree4 ,9 hi/oric times individuals h attempt$ to conta9 eagles4 ,"o old man 9 ,wood=ds is well kn[n = hav+ kept !m on cradle-bo>ds = easy transport1 b su* exp]im5ts usually end$ 9 failure4 ,magpie fea!rs 7 consid]$ less p[]ful ?an eagle fea!rs b /ill 7 highly priz$4 ,today !y are ga!r$ by *ance--tak5 f dead birds on ! highway or pick$ up :]e !y 7 %$4 ,9 ! pa/1 eagle & magpie fea!rs 7 important p>ts ( ! dress ( w>riors4 ,magpie fea!rs 7 us$ to make a fea!r cap ) a s+le fea!r susp5d$ f ! top4 ,in=mants recall _! eld]s' describ+ eagle fea!rs' be+ susp5d$ individually f ! upp] arms & ?ighs ( p>ticul>ly p[]ful w>riors4 ,mod]n peyoti/s h lo/ none ( ! traditional ,wa%o feel+ ab\t ^! fea!rs4 ,! c]emonial fans ( road *iefs1 believ$ ! only p]sons capable ( h&l+ ! imm5se p[]1 are made ( eagle fea!rs4 ,o!r peyoti/s favor ! less p[]ful b none!less pot5t magpie fea!r 7d',azev$o & ,m]riam #aieg74 ,tobacco1 z ! =ego+ acc\nts illu/rate1 play$ an important "p 9 ,wa%o %amanism4 ,x appe>s to h be5 us$ z an (f]+ to ! spirits4 ,9 addition x is cle> t x 0 felt to h special p[] ( its own4 ,today old] m5 smoke sp>+ly & are (t5 some:at emb>rass$ to be (f]$ a cig>ette casually dur+ conv]sation4 ,9 pre:ite times ! tobacco 0 a native v>iety ga!r$ & dri$ by ! %aman4 ,today ,bull ,durham appe>s to h replac$ ! wild v>iety z 8,indian0 tobacco4 ,! ,indians seem$ delight$ to see me roll+ a cig>ette2 !y act$ z if ,i 7 ma/]+ :at !y felt 0 a p>ticul>ly ,indian art4 ,bull ,durham is also important 9 peyote c]emonialism because x is 8real ,indian tobacco40 ,inc5se c$> plays an important role 9 mod]n peyote meet+s4 ,x is dri$ & ?r[n into ! fire to create a fragm5t smoke :i* is consid]$ b5eficial4 ,meet+ (ficials fan x into ! atmosph]e & 8rub0 !mselves 9 ! smoke to obta9 p[] or purification4 ,?is has a connection ) traditional ,wa%o ritual1 b ! relation%ip is uncle> & ! aborig9al practices obscure4 ,"o gr\p ( ,wa%o1 :i* 0 assign$ a special place 9 ! l>ge camp circle =m$ dur+ ! p9e-nut dances held at ,d\ble ,spr+s ,flats 9 ! late n9ete5? c5tury1 is said to h special rights 9 connection ) cutt+ c$>4 ,mod]n in=mants d n h a cle> picture ( :at ! rights 7 or :at ! cu/oms surr\nd+ c$> 74 ,"o in=mant did say t if ! c$> 8bun*0 f\nd anyone else ) c$> !y w\ld say 8y ar5't suppos$ to h t0 & w\ld make fun ( !m4 ,%e c\ld (f] no fur!r details or explanations4 ,sorc]y ,& ,wit*craft 7#befb-befd7 ,!re is no real di/9ction 9 ! ,wa%o m9d betwe5 a doctor & a sorc]] or wit*4 ,p>ticul>ly p[]ful doctors 7 able to kill _! enemies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fe>$ bits ( p>aph]nalia 0 an obsidian po9t f\nd by a doctor4 ,^! l>ge po9ts 7 n made by ,wa%o & are app>5tly remnants ( "s previ\s cultural occupation 9 ! area4 ,if a ,wa%o f9ds "o po9t up he c>efully knocks x ov] ) a long /ick be=e t\*+ x4 ,^! po9ts are call$ mankill]s1 b ,i 0 unable to le>n exactly h[ !y 7 us$4 ,!y are /ill view$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( awe1 & ! f9d+ ( a l>ge po9t 9 a s&pit 9 ,smi? ,valley 0 kn[n 9 ,wood=ds1 fifty miles away4 ,sorc]y 0 us$ to expla9 ! ab&onm5t ( an anci5t campsite at ,dangb]g's ,hot ,spr+s4 ,?is site is a trove ( gr9d+ /ones1 po9ts1 & o!r ,wa%o artifacts4 ,=m]ly !re 7 num]\s skeletons 9 ! area1 accord+ to bo? ,indian & :ite in=mants4 ,h[ev]1 ! site has n be5 occupi$ 9 hi/oric times because ( ! foll[+ incid5t4 8,"o w9t] !re 0 a lot ( ,wa%os camp$ ar\nd ! hot spr+s4 ,my old aunt 0 camp$ !re4 ,!re 0 ?is nor!rn ,wa%o f ,si]ra ,valley came into ! camp4 ,nobody "k'd him & nobody w\ld fe$ him4 ,b my old aunt f$ him4 ,b he 0 mad at !m p s he w5t to ,m>kleville & made a lot ( m$ic9e4 ,:y he w5t to ,m>kleville is uncle>4 ,?is is ! site ( ano!r hot spr+s1 a fact :i* may figure 9 ! magic us$4 ,aft] he made m$ic9e = a :ile he k9d ( spit on 8 f+]s & po9t$ at ,dangb]g ,hot ,spr+s4 ,"r :]e he po9t$ all ! grass got br[n2 y c /ill see t l9e ( br[n if y "k :]e to look1 & a lot ( ,indians di$4 ,nobody ev] w5t back !re4 ,my old aunt %e didn't die40 ,only "o ,wa%o disput$ ?is /ory4 ,%e1 a v progressive old woman & sometime ,*ri/ian1 attribut$ ! dea?s to an epidemic & 8didn't ?9k0 ! doctor 0 responsible4 ,wit*craft & sorc]y among ! pres5t-day ,wa%o is a difficult subject to inve/igate4 ,ev5 among !mselves x is treat$ ) extreme indirection & veil$ h9ts4 ,9 discuss+ ! problem ) d',azev$o ,i f\nd t we 7 9 agreem5t t a numb] ( kill+s report$ among ^! p c\ld probably be attribut$ to rev5ge =1 or prev5tion (1 antisocial use ( p[]4 ,"o woman1 n[ dead1 0 describ$ z probably a wit*4 ,! wife ( ! div9] m5tion$ e>li] 0 consid]$ a p[]ful & dang]\s woman4 ,%e 0 useful to ! community because %e knew pray]s & songs = ! p9e-nut celebration1 b dang]\s1 p>ticul>ly if %e met y at night4 ,"o in=mant describes ! attitude ( ! re/ ( ! community t[>d h]4 8,%e us$ to come ar\nd at night & knock on y\r door & say %e 0 lo/4 ,%e came "h "o night & p\nd$ on ! door ) h] cane b we w\ldn't let h] 94 ,aft] %e w5t away my husb& roll$ up a newspap] & set x on fire & ran x along ! inside ( ! door :]e %e _h knock$4 ,i don't "k :y he did t except we 0 afraid ( h]40 ,/ew>t also reports ?is attitude t[>d ! same woman 7#aida1 p4 #ddd2 #befb74 ,! woman :o told me ?is /ory is h]self "u ! %ad[ ( indictm5t = wit*craft4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! same phrase1 8,i am afraid ( h]10 s]ves z an accusation4 ,%e & h] si/]-9-law qu>rel$ ov] ! disposal ( h] husb&'s body two ye>s ago4 ,s9ce t "t !y h n spok51 & ! si/]-9-law has be5 proclaim+ h] fe>4 ,w> ,p[] ,! ,wa%o h n engag$ 9 real ho/ilities ) ! ,miwok or ,maidu = well ov] a c5tury & ,paiute ho/ilities appe> to h tak5 ! =m ( occasional def5sive skirmi%es2 ?us ! details ( w> magic are vague4 ,h[ev]1 ,wa%o tradition repeat$ly m5tions a mon?-long p]iod dur+ :i* doctors ga!r$ & made m$ic9e aga9/ ! enemy be=e laun*+ a campaign4 ,usually ?is took place at ,wood=ds1 :i* 0 ! site ( a l>ge e>? lodge dance h\se copi$ aft] ,miwok /ructures & describ$ z 8:]e ! "y m5s le>n$ !m ,miwok dances40 7,a second dance h\se is kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ,si]ra ,valley2 attribut$ to ! ,maidu1 x fell into disuse aft] ! dea? ( its own]47 ,summ>y ,( ,%amanism ,al?\gh !re appe>s to be only a s+le practic+ %aman among ! ,wa%o today 7& he c]ta9ly n a practition] ( ! old s*ool71 x w\ld be a mi/ake1 9 my op9ion1 to claim t ,wa%o %amanism is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,few1 if any1 ,wa%o ov] =ty h n att5d$ a %amani/ic cur+ c]emony & _m h be5 pati5ts4 ,ev5 ^? ,indians :o h reject$ %amanism z old fa%ion$--or 9 def]5ce to :ite attitudes--give "o ! impression ( 8prote/+ too mu*0 9 _! d5ial ( old beliefs4 ,! woman :o took h] gr&daught] to ,rup]t1 ! cur]1 is among ! mo/ progressive ( ! ,wa%o4 ,%e is a nom9al ,*ri/ian1 active 9 an in=mal way z a repres5tative ( h] p be=e :ite au?ority1 & is mo/ apt to d5y sup]natural explanations ( hi/oric incid5ts4 ,none!less %e has fai? 9 ! p[] ( ?is mod]n %aman & 9 ! cures report$ = ! old-"t %amans4 ,"o factor 9 ! decl9e ( ! %aman z a pr9cipal 9 curative activities 0 ! rise ( ! peyote cult 9 ! mid-#aicj's 7,/ew>t #aidd74 ,! cult 0 introduc$ by a ,paiute :o ga!r$ a numb] ( ,wa%o foll[]s4 ,8 cult or 8way0 has s9ce be5 sup]s$$ by a /rictly ,wa%o gr\p1 foll[+ ! ,teepee ,way 7d',azev$o #aieg74 ,! ,teepee ,way is an illu/ration ( ! effect an e?nograph] c h on ! lives ( 8 subjects4 ,a casual rem>k by an e?nograph] t ! peyote c]emonies c>ri$ out by ! ,paiute lead] 7 n l ^? he _h se5 else:]e motivat$ a ,wa%o to drive to ,idaho to f9d out = himself4 ,?is trip result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! new cult & ! ne> dissolution ( ! gr\p head$ by ! ,paiute4 ,wa%o peyotism has incorporat$ mu* ( ! cur+ emphasis ( ,wa%o %amanism & mu* ( ! symbolism z well4 ,! peyote button is rem9isc5t ( ! poison p>snip tak5 by old-"t doctors 7d',azev$o #aieg74 ,! p[]ful eagle fea!r is res]v$ = ! use ( road *iefs j z x 0 ! special symbol ( ! %aman or p[]ful w>rior4 ,! fans c>ri$ by mo/ peyoti/s are (t5 compos$ ( magpie fea!rs4 ,curative peyote meet+s are (t5 conduct$ by a special *ief1 reput$ to h v pot5t cur+ p[]s1 :o does n conduct ! regul> peyote meet+4 ,ev5 9 regul> meet+s "o ( ! ma9 emphases is on cur+ ailm5ts ( bo? ! body & _s4 ,l$ by an assimilat$ ,wa%o1 kn[n by o!r ,indians z a 8:ite man's ,indian10 ! %amans br\ght suit aga9/ ! peyoti/s urg+ !y be arre/$ & _! meet+s bann$4 ,!y *>g$1 among o!r ?+s1 t peyote meet+s 7 occasions ( sexual lic5se4 ,su* op5 accusations & ! br++ ( :ite m5 into a /rictly ,indian matt] creat$ a great deal ( antagonism t[>d ! %amans among ! ,wa%o1 :e!r or n !y 7 committ$ to peyote4 ,peyote cur+ diff]s only 9 detail f %amani/ic cur+ z ^! two /ories may illu/rate4 8,_h ^! gall/ones & !m :ite doctors op]at$ & !y got a lotta little /ones b pretty soon x 0 back4 ,s ,i decid$ to pray4 ,y "k :5ev] an ,indian wants to pray ! fir/ ?+ he turns to is wat] & tobacco4 ,s e night :5 ,i w5t to ! john toilet ,i'd roll a cig>ette & pray to t ,peyote4 ,i'd say1 #8,i don't want to be sick s y got to help !m :ite doctors4 ,y got to get all ^? little /ones toge!r 9 "o place4' ,t ,peyote is a good m$ic9e4 ,i us$ to g to meet+s & x help$ me be=e4 ,s e night ,i pray$ to ! ,peyote to get !m /ones 9 "o place4 ,!n ,i w5t to ! hospital & !y op]at$ & got out ! bigge/ gall/one !y ev] saw4 ,x w\ld h>dly g 9 a fruit j>4 ,i told t ,peyote t ! job 0 too big = x all alone t x %\ld j help !m :ite doctors & get all !m /ones 9 "o place40 ,ano!r in=mant1 m5tion$ e>li] z a peyote *ief ) special cur+ p[]1 rec\nts ! ev5ts lead+ up to ! dea? ( 8 =m] wife ( canc] ( ! kidneys4 8,yeah ,i _h a c\ple ( meet+s = ,onie4 ,i help$ h] too4 ,except %e w\ld n d ! ?+s ,i told h] to d4 ,i made t canc] move ar\nd f h] back :]e x hurt a lot4 ,i got x ar\nd 9 front :]e x didn't hurt h] s mu*4 ,b %e w\ldn't keep do+ ! ?+s ,i told h] to d40 ,^! two incid5ts reveal traditional attitudes transf]r$ into a new framework ( cur+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 illness is a corporeal object :i* c be manipulat$--mov$ & 7if "o's p[] is suffici5t7 remov$4 ,secondly1 peyote is view$ z a manife/ation ( a spiritual p[]4 ,! in=mant ) gall/ones did n att5d meet+s to h 8 ailm5t cur$2 r1 he us$ wat] & tobacco1 traditional adjuncts to %amani/ic cur+4 ,moreov] he did n take peyote = 8 illness2 he simply pray$ to ,peyote 9 a mann] v simil> to pray+ to a _s gu>dian = assi/ance4 ,o!r %ad[s ( ! %amani/ic pa/ seem to lie heavily on ! m9ds ( mod]n ,wa%o peyoti/s4 ,9 8 discussion ( peyotism1 d',azev$o 7#aieg1 pp4 #fbd-fbf7 describes 9 "s detail ! attitudes ab\t ! assi/ance or int]f]5ce t "o peyote s+] or drumm] may receive f ano!r4 ,! /atem5ts ( 8 in=mants1 al?\gh c\*$ 9 diff]5t t]ms1 are rem9isc5t ( _m ,i he>d deal+ ) competitions betwe5 %amans4 ,= sev]al ye>s peyoti/s 7 a p[]ful factor 9 ! tribal c\ncil1 & !y 7 n loa? to play ^u ! connection betwe5 peyote & poison p>snips 9 ! m9ds ( _! cotribali/s4 ,! peyote button is consid]$ to be a p[]ful ag5t & z su* pot5tially dang]\s4 ,!re=e a man :o c\ld deal ) ?is ag5t1 j l a %aman :o c\ld eat ! poison p>snip ) impunity1 0 a man to be li/5$ to & foll[$4 ,despite a belief 9 & a dep5d5ce on %amani/ic cur+ or its latt]-day c\nt]p>t1 ! peyote cur+ session1 mo/ ,wa%o are will+ pati5ts ( :ite doctors4 ,?is sugge/s t p]haps ! old views are disappe>+ "u ! sci5tific c]ta9ty ( ,we/]n m$ic9e4 ,q ! rev]se seems true1 h[ev]4 ,e failure ( :ite m$ic9e /r5g!ns ! ,indians' belief t ! real s\rce ( cur+ p[] is a gift f nature4 ,e success is attribut$ to assi/ance ! :ite m5 h receiv$ f ,indians' p[]4 ,:5 ask$ ! direct "q3 8,:y ar5't !re s _m ,indian doctors today80 my in=mant answ]$3 8,well1 ,indians j don't ne$ all t p[] today4 ,! :ite doctors "k a lot ( ?+s & c cure sickness pretty good4 ,9 ! old days we didn't "k !m ?+s s we _h to h !m real p[]s40 ,?is attitude1 t nature provid$ :atev] 0 necess>y = ,wa%o survival1 crops up 9 o!r contexts :i* ,i w discuss lat] 9 ?is pap]4 ,f> f disappe>+1 ! old notions seem to be ma9ta9+ a /rong hold on ! m9ds ( ! ,wa%o4 ,z ! numb] ( active peyoti/s dw9dle 7d',azev$o & ,m]riam #aieg71 "o gets ! impression t ! %amani/ic =ms may aga9 become a m important "p ( ,wa%o life4 ,,dreams ,,& ,,dream]s 7#beff7 ,m5tion$ almo/ z frequ5tly z doctors are dream]s1 :om ! ,wa%o view z di/9ct f %amans4 ,! s-call$ antelope %aman & rabbit boss fall into ?is category r ?an t ( doctor4 ,dream]s 7 gift$ ) a p[] to =etell special classes ( ev5ts 9 dreams4 ,all ,wa%o believe dreams are likely to =etell ! future1 & !y are al]t to f9d mean+s 9 any dreams !y h4 ,c]ta9 p]sons1 ^? ?\ght ( z 8dream]s10 are report$ to h special gifts ( ?is nature4 ,!re are app>5tly no dream]s among ! ,wa%o today1 9 ! s5se t ! t]m 0 us$ 9 times pa/4 ,t is1 no "o is especially s+l$ out z hav+ infallible dreams =etell+ c]ta9 classes ( ev5ts4 ,x may be t ! breakd[n ( ! b& /ructure1 :i* 0 relat$ to economic exploitative activity1 9 effect1 =c$ ev]yone to dream = himself4 ,9 ! pa/1 dream]s 7 p>ticul>ly important 9 sett+ ! "t & place = activities :i* 7 c>ri$ out by l>ge gr\ps1 su* z hunt+1 fi%+1 p9e-nut ga!r+1 & w>4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! la/ sem9omadic b&s 9 ! middle #aibj's1 z well z ) ! r$uc$ importance ( hunt+ & fi%+ z gr\p activities1 p]sons hav+ dreams :i* direct$ gr\p actions 7 no long] useful4 ,today1 dreams appe> to occur to a numb] ( individuals1 & ^? felt to be ( social significance usually deal ) cata/rophe or o!r =ebod+ subjects4 ,! foll[+ /ories 7 told to me by ! wid[ "u ! %ad[ ( wit*craft4 ,:5 ,i ask$ h] if %e ?\ght any ( h] fri5ds w\ld tell me _! dreams1 %e repli$3 8,no ,i don't ?9k no ,wa%o w\ld tell y _! dreams4 ,b ,i'm n sup]/iti\s ab\t !m ?+s & ,i'll tell y ^! two dreams ,i _h40 8,"o summ] ,i 0 up at ! ,lake ,tahoe ) my husb& & ,i _h a dream t ! gambl+ h\se at ,dressl]ville a /ructure kn[n (ficially z ! community c5t] 0 on fire4 ,!re 0 kids inside & !y 0 scream+ b !re wasn't no wat]4 ,i saw ! m5 all ar\nd ) buckets b !y c\ldn't d no?+ because !re wasn't no wat]4 ,i told my husb& ab\t ! dream ! next morn+ & he said ,i %\ld take a ba? & pray4 ,t's :at we d to keep a bad dream f happ5+40 ,! foll[+ w9t] ! community c5t] did 9 fact burn d[n4 ,a "y ,indian 9 a rage aft] hav+ an argum5t ) 8 fa!r hurl$ a bottle ( k]os5e aga9/ a wood /ove4 ,! result+ fire c\ld n be ext+ui%$ because ! ,dressl]ville pump 0 n work+4 ,:e!r ! dream 0 really a prophecy aft] ! fact ,i d n "k4 ,x is significant 9 any case t ! prophecy appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a dream4 ,my in=mant's second dream =etold ! viol5t dea? ( a "y ,indian woman4 ,! prophecy came true two ye>s lat]4 ,h] /atem5t t o!r ,wa%o w\ld be reluctant to discuss _! dreams 0 all too true1 confirm+ ! importance t dreams play 9 _! daily lives4 ,a numb] ( tang5tial rem>ks sugge/ t ! belief t dreams conf] advance k ( ! future & t !y conf] p[] is /ill common among ! ,wa%o4 ,"o in=mant said1 9 talk+ ab\t 8old-"t dream]s03 8,today a lot ( p w say !y _h a dream ab\t some?+1 & act real big4 ,i j tell !m !y are crazy4 ,!y ar5't real dream]s4 ,!y c\ldn't h a dream ab\t _! girl fri5d40 ,until v rec5t times a dream 0 ju/ification = almo/ any gr\p activity4 ,! mo/ common motivation = su* ev5ts z a p9e-nut dance1 a w> p>ty1 or a rabbit or antelope drive 0 usually t 8,s-&-,s _h a dream40 ,an ann\ncem5t w\ld be made & o!rs w\ld ga!r = ! ev5t4 ,^! dreams are cle>ly diff]5t f ! visitations ( spirits to prospective %amans1 :i* occurr$ repeat$ly & 7 kept secret4 ,dream]s1 on ! o!r h&1 publicly report$ individual dreams4 ,be+ a dream] appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! important factors 9 atta9+ positions ( lead]%ip1 in=mal z su* positions 7 among ! ,wa%o4 ,! almo/ leg5d>y ,capta9 ,jim17#f7 :o 0 ackn[l$g$ z a lead] by all ! ,wa%o 9 ! late n9ete5? c5tury1 is consid]$ to h be5 a dream] by _m ( ! ,wa%o4 ,^? in=mants :o rememb] ! big times at ,d\ble ,spr+s ,flat1 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( ! ,wa%o ( ! day p>ticipat$ prior to ! p9e-nut h>ve/1 usually beg9 _! acc\nts ) ! /atem5t t ,jim w\ld h a dream & ann\nce ! date ( ! meet+4 ,v>i\s p>ts ( ! c]emony 7 also validat$ by dreams4 ,x is equally cle> t al?\gh ,jim 0 an honor$ lead] & _h dream+ p[] he 0 n consid]$ a doctor4 ,negative te/imony also indicates ! importance ( dream+ 9 ,wa%o life4 ,x is to ! advantage ( c]ta9 individuals to d5y ! 8*iefta9%ip0 ( ,capta9 ,jim2 !y vehem5tly d5y t he 0 a dream] b insi/ t he 0 simply a good man :o 0 tru/$ by ! ,wa%o4 8,t ,jim 0 j a good old guy t ev]ybody obey$ because !y lik$ him & ! :ole gr\p select$ him4 ,he wasn't no m ( a dream] ?an ,i am10 is ! way "o claimant = ! ,wa%o *iefta9%ip put x4 ,h[ev]1 8 own claim 0 bas$ on 8 relation%ip to a man :o 0 a rabbit boss & :o dream$ :5 x 0 "t to hunt rabbits4 ,cle>ly ! ,wa%o believ$ & /ill believe t dreams make "o privy to ! future & provide important insights on :i* "o c base decisions4 ,! specific uses to :i* dreams c be put *ange ) ! situation4 ,antelope dream+ is no long] important because !re are no antelope4 ,rabbit dream]s no long] exi/ because ! rabbit drive has lo/ mu* ( its importance 9 ,wa%o life4 ,conv]sely1 dreams deal+ ) mod]n problems appe> to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,"o in=mant (t5 dreams ( snakes & evid5ces a great fe> ( !m4 ,! ,wa%o view ?is behavior z a rational response to a real w>n+ & consid] ! man's caution z good judgm5t 9 ! face ( repeat$ w>n+s4 ,,ritual ,,activities ,few1 if any1 ,wa%o activities d n conta9 an elem5t :i* we c describe z religi\s1 sup]natural1 or magical4 ,?is elem5t is mo/ commonly reveal$ by specifically ritualiz$ behavior c>ri$ on :ile a regul> c\rse ( action is be+ tak5 by a ,wa%o4 ,! foll[+ sections w deal ) ?is ritualiz$ behavior & ! rationale = x (f]$ by ! ,wa%o4 ,conception ,& ,contraception ,app>5tly ! ,wa%o h no specific ritual to enc\rage conception4 ,!y are extremely fond ( *ildr5 & desire z _m z possible4 ,no ,wa%o has ev] he>d (1 or w admit hav+ he>d (1 infanticide among ! ,wa%o1 al?\gh !y h he>d ( ! practice among o!r ,indians4 ,! bir? ( an illegitimate *ild1 despite ! attitude ( :ites1 is greet$ ) z mu* joy z t ( a legitimate *ild4 ,h[ev]1 x is believ$ t conception c be prev5t$ by manipulation ( ! aft]bir?4 ,:5 ! aft]bir? is expell$ x is wrapp$ 9 a piece ( de] hide or clo? & buri$4 ,x is always plac$ "r side up if a woman desires to cont9ue be>+ *ildr54 ,if %e wi%es n to h *ildr5 x is buri$ upside d[n4 ,if at a lat] "t %e wi%es to become pregnant1 %e w turn ! e>? :]e ! upside-d[n aft]bir? 0 buri$4 ,in=mants say t n _m p d ?is any m1 ma9ly because y\ng] wom5 g to ! hospital to h _! babies1 b t _m p "k h[ & "s may /ill d x4 ,c]ta9 ,indians are report$ to be able to prev5t ! bir? ( *ildr5 )\t ! k ( ! woman conc]n$4 ,?is requires ! coop]ation ( a woman :o has j _h a *ild & :o w give ! magician ! aft]bir?4 ,x is !n buri$ or hidd5 upside d[n & ! woman conc]n$ w n become pregnant4 ,! me?od ( transf]r+ ! influ5ce ( ! aft]bir? f ! real "m to ! victim 0 n expla9$1 & 9 fact ! practice 0 reveal$ ) a good deal ( reluctance4 ,bir? 7#bagh-bbic7 ,in=mants report t ! baby 0 n t\*$1 ei!r by ! "m or h] att5dants1 until ! aft]bir? 0 expell$4 ,! bir? & recup]ation 7 c>ri$ out 9 a pit fill$ ) w>m a%es4 ,a sl[ bir? 0 blam$ on ! belief t ! "m _h slept too mu* or be5 lazy dur+ h] pregnancy4 ,! "m 0 n all[$ to eat salt until ! baby's umbilicus dropp$ (f1 usually 9 two or ?ree days4 ,! umbilicus 0 dri$ & hung on ! "r side ( ! cradlebo>d to insure t ! baby w\ld be "r-h&$4 ,! baby's hair 0 cut ab\t ?irty days aft] its bir?4 ,until t "t ! "m 0 n p]mitt$ to eat meat or to leave h] b$ ( a%es4 ,h[ev]1 "o ( my in=mants :o _h borne eight *ildr5 claim$ nev] to h sp5t m ?an two weeks 9 h] ly+-9 b$4 ,%e did insi/ t 89 ! old days0 wom5 adh]$ to ! traditional ?irty-day p]iod4 ,a pregnant woman 0 n p]mitt$ to eat eggs ) d\ble yolks1 or d\ble fruit1 le/ %e h tw9s4 ,no special action 0 tak5 if tw9s 7 born1 h[ev]4 ,dur+ h] conf9em5t a woman 0 n suppos$ to rub ! sweat f h] face4 ,%e might dab ! sweat (f1 b to rub x w\ld cause h] to be wr9kl$ 9 h] old age4 ,"o in=mant assur$ me t ?is 0 ! tru? & po9t$ to h] own relatively unwr9kl$ face z pro(4 ,:5 a *ild loses a milk too?1 x is tak5 up & ?r[n into ! bru%4 ,at t "t an admonition is %\t$ to 8"s little animal ) %>p tee?10 t x %\ld ex*ange ! milk too? = a good p]man5t "o 7#bbie;a-#bcja7 ,pub]ty3 ,girls 7#bcje-bceb7 ,aside f ! 8big times0 :i* w be describ$ lat]1 ! girls' pub]ty dance 0 ! mo/ important c]emonial ga!r+ among ! ,wa%o4 ,?is cu/om has surviv$ ) t5acity & x is /ill consid]$ a matt] ( real conc]n if = "s reason a girl does n h 8h] dance40 ,al?\gh mu* ( ! activity at a girls' dance is cle>ly social ?r\gh\t ! occasion1 !re is a s]ies ( ritual actions :i* mu/ be c>ri$ out4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is an idealiz$ v]sion ( ! 8old way40 ,o!r acc\nts w describe v>iations :i* h develop$ 9 ! pa/ ye>s4 ,c]ta9 /atem5ts :i* ,i make w appe> to be at v>iance ) ,/ew>t's ,culture ,elem5t ,di/ribution ,li/s4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! abs5ce ( traits 9 ! memory ( my own in=mants repres5ts a patt]n ( *ange r ?an inaccuracies on ! "p ( e>li] inve/igators4 ,) m9or exceptions1 diff]5ces betwe5 /atem5ts made today & ,/ew>t's li/s take ! =m ( traits m>k$ pres5t 9 ! li/s :i* are unkn[n to my own in=mants4 ,moreov]1 mo/ ( ^! diff]5ces are to be f\nd 9 ! hair-comb+ & scrat*+ complex & sugge/ t ! taboos on hair comb+ 7 ab&on$ "s "t betwe5 ! *ildhood ( 8 in=mants1 :o 7 9 _! sev5ties 9 #aicf1 & t ( my own in=mants1 :o are 9 _! sev5ties today 7#aiei74 ,! p>5ts ( my in=mants mu/ n h kn[n or n en=c$ comb+ taboos1 :ile ! p>5ts ( ,/ew>t's in=mants mu/ h consid]$ !m prop] & s in/ruct$ _! *ildr54 ,we c speculate1 on ?is basis1 t ! taboo on hair comb+ & scrat*+ 0 ab&on$ by ! ,wa%o "s "t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,:e!r ?is c be cr$it$ to ! influ5ce ( ! :ite man or to a cont9u+ patt]n ( *ange is a matt] = fur!r inve/igation4 ,! acc\nt ( ! entire pub]ty complex :i* foll[s 0 giv5 to me by a sev5ty-five-ye>-old ,wa%o woman :o is g5]ally consult$ :5ev] a family plans to hold ! girls' dance4 8,:5 a girl is ab\t t5 %e is told :at is go+ to happ5 to h]4 ,:5 h] fir/ p]iod comes %e is n specially conf9$ p tell h] to be active & n to be lazy4 ,%e dr9ks only w>m wat]4 ,9 ! old days any?+ t %e ga!r$ anyone c\ld come along & take4 ,%e c\ldn't eat meat or salt b ,wa%o don't ?9k eggs are ! same z meat40 7,?is la/ /atem5t 0 9 response to direct que/ions & does n reflect special ,wa%o traits4 ,9 fact1 all food appe>s to h be5 =bidd5 = f\r days47 ,! family ( ! girl imm$iately prep>es z mu* food z possible to fe$ ! gue/s4 ,"o in=mant rememb]s 9 8 y\? t a family ( a girl eligible = a dance w\ld light a l>ge fire "p way up on ,job's ,peak to ann\nce ! ev5t4 ,! dance itself is c>ri$ out at night4 ,s++ & h&-clapp+ accompany ! danc+1 :i* may g on all night4 ,dur+ ! dance ! girl c>ries a w& ab\t six or sev5 feet long4 ,! w& is made ( a v light wood1 (t5 eld]b]ry1 & pa9t$ r$ ) a native pigm5t4 ,9 ! pa/1 gr\ps camp$ ab\t ,dressl]ville /ag$ _! dances at ! base ( a prom95t hill ne>by4 ,dur+ ! night ! girl 0 requir$ to run to ! top ( ! hill & light f\r fires2 ?is practice has be5 discont9u$ = _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 app>5tly z a result ( :ite accusations t ! ,indians />t$ range fires & also to avoid attract+ curi\s :ites4 ,ab\t dawn "o ( ! girl's male relatives ran =w>d & snat*$ ! /ick f h]4 ,he !n ran ) x into ! hills & hid x 9 an upright position 9 "s out-(-!-way place4 ,! eld]b]ry w& is a device us$ to insure ! girl's cont9u$ agility & lightness ( foot4 ,z long z ! hidd5 /ick rema9s unbrok5 ! girl w rema9 /raight & agile4 ,aft] ! /ick 0 tak5 away1 an old] female relative took a small am\nt ( a% on a :isk ( sage1 & du/$ ! nude girl on ! head1 arms1 & legs4 ,?is ritual 0 accompani$ by an in=mal pray] t ! girl n suff] pa9s 9 h] head1 arms1 or legs4 ,%e 0 told3 8,i am do+ ?is e>ly 9 ! morn+ s t y w get up e>ly 9 ! morn+ & "w h>d40 ,! :isk 0 !n ?r[n into ! cr[d1 along ) a gift1 :i* today is usually a bit ( money4 ,food or beads 7 app>5tly us$ 9 ! pa/4 ,aft] ! du/+1 a basketful ( wat] 0 br\ght =w>d & ! girl 0 ba!d4 ,! basket 0 !n ?r[n into ! cr[d4 ,?is 0 consid]$ a high po9t ( ! celebration4 ,aft] %e 0 ba!d1 a few dabs ( native pigm5t 7 plac$ on h] *e/ & face4 ,! c]emony above 0 describ$ z ! 8real way to d x 444 ! way !y did x 9 ! old days40 ,! ,c>son ,valley ,record ,c\ri] reports a pub]ty dance held 9 ! summ] ( #aiai 9 :i* at lea/ "s ( ^! activities 7 obs]v$ 7al?\gh ! report] ?\ght he 0 att5d+ a betro?al dance7 ,"s two-hundr$ ,indians 7 9 att5dance4 ,!re 7 no fires1 only lant]ns & fla%lights4 ,! p>ticipants _h tak5 up a collection & pur*as$ wat]melon1 ice cream1 cake1 pie1 bread1 & meat = ! fea/4 ,! food 0 s]v$ 7to ! surprise ( ! report]7 on a long table ) plates4 ,ab\t midnight two girls appe>$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! danc+ circle c>ry+ long w&s4 ,9 #aibf ,l[ie witness$ a girls' dance ne> ,m9d5 & 0 obvi\sly unimpress$4 ,! cr[d ga!r$ sl[ly & gradually began to dance4 ,he makes no m5tion ( ei!r ! w& or ! a%-du/+ ritual1 nor does he give u details ( ! fea/4 ,! ba? 0 giv5 f a t9 c1 & he does n report a basket's be+ ?r[n 7,l[ie #aici1 pp4 #cje-cjh74 ,"o suspects t dances held today are some:at m elaborate ?an ^? ( ?ree or f\r decades ago1 possibly z a response to increas+ aw>5ess & pride 9 ! fact ( ,indianness4 ,c]ta9ly e girl expects to h h] dance1 j z a debutante expects to h a com+-out p>ty4 ,:5 dea? 9 ! family made x inadvisable to hold a dance on a girl's fir/ m5/rual p]iod1 ev]yone agre$ t x 0 inde$ a %ame4 ,! girl w5t ?r\gh h] f\r-day fa/ & a small p>ty 0 held = h] :5 h] second p]iod occurr$4 ,"o in=mant insi/$ t 9 ! 8old days0 a dance 0 always held on ! occasion ( a girl's second p]iod b t ?is _h long s9ce be5 ab&on$ 7,c>twright1 #aieb1 confirms74 ,! basket plays an important "p 9 ! c]emony & x w\ld be consid]$ improp] if !re 7 no basket to be ?r[n to ! cr[d4 ,x is be/ if ! basket is well made & c actually hold ! c]emonial ba? wat]4 ,if su* a basket _c be obta9$1 & !y are gr[+ r>] z ! old] basket mak]s die1 ! ba? is p\r$ f a bucket1 b a less fancy basket is /ill ?r[n to ! cr[d4 ,! ba? & du/+ are n[ giv5 to ! girl :ile clad 9 h] slip1 9 def]5ce to :ite notions ( mode/y :i* are /rictly obs]v$ by ! ,wa%o4 ,! pa9t+ is c>ri$ out only if native pigm5t is available4 ,! w& is left unpa9t$ unless native pigm5ts are available4 ,! ritual ( seiz+ & hid+ ! w& is c>ri$ out p]functorily4 ,dur+ a rec5t dance ! girl's uncle took ! w& b simply c>ri$ x to ! gr&mo!r's h\se1 int5d+ to take x to ! m\nta9s lat]4 ,h[ev]1 ! /ick rema9$ ) ! gr&mo!r1 :o 0 some:at conc]n$ ab\t x4 ,x 0 kept 9 an upright position1 & %e con/antly rem9d$ ! man t he %\ld take x4 ,he regul>ly promis$ t he w\ld1 ! next "t he came to visit1 b j z regul>ly =got x4 ,x may well be t z an adult & an important peyote *ief1 he 0 reluctant to c>ry out :at he consid]$ an old ,indian sup]/ition4 ,!re is no indication n[ t ! girls' pub]ty dance is dy+ out among ! ,wa%o4 ,x may well be *ang+ 9 =m & develop+ into m ( a p>ty4 ,z ! numb] ( p]sons :o "k :ite dances increases1 ^! may replace ,indian dances4 ,!re is "s sugge/ion ( ?is 9 o!r c]emonial activities4 ,& ( c\rse ! fact t future g5]ations ( ,wa%o girls w att5d integrat$ ,nevada public s*ools & associate ) :ite /ud5ts ) diff]5t aspirations = approa*+ adul?ood may h important effects on ! future ( ! girls' dance4 ,p9e-nut fl\r seems to h tak5 on an important symbolic role 9 latt]-day dances4 ,we see no m5tion ( ?is food 9 #aiai or #aibf4 ,today x might be consid]$ prop] to delay hold+ a dance if x 0 n possible to get en\gh p9e-nut fl\r to fe$ ! cr[d4 ,pub]ty3 ,boys 7#bcgi-bchf1 #cfi-cgd7 ,! approa*+ maturity ( a boy _c be measur$ 9 dramatic physiological t]ms1 & pub]ty is consid]$ to occur ab\t :5 a boy's voice *anges4 ,! ritual = boys is less important ?an t = girls4 ,! emphasis = a boy is on 8 develop+ ability z a hunt]4 ,al?\gh hunt+ is f> less important today ?an x 0 ev5 9 ! rec5t pa/1 few ,wa%o g ?r\gh ! w9t] )\t dep5d+ on rabbit or de] = meat4 ,! pursuit ( ! squirrel1 gr\nd squirrel1 goph]1 & o!r small game appe>s to be m9imal1 b c]ta9ly ?is food is n spurn$1 if available4 ,"o ( ! common legal conflicts ) ! :ite man /ems f out-(-season hunt+ dur+ ! w9t] by ,wa%o m5 fill+ out ! family l>d]4 ,"y boys 7 enc\rag$ to hunt ) b[ & arr[ z soon z !y c\ld4 ,q (t5 su* tra9+ 0 c>ri$ out by an old] male relative--a gr&fa!r or an old uncle4 ,exp$itions ( old m5 & "y boys aft] *ipmunk & squirrel appe> to h be5 common1 free+ able-bodi$ m5 = major hunt+ :ile ! exp]i5c$1 b less able1 old] m5 in/ruct$ ! boys4 ,h[ev]1 all ! game tak5 by a boy 0 taboo to 8 imm$iate family4 ,?is includ$ "y de] & does :i* he might kill4 ,su* game 0 giv5 to ano!r family1 usually relat$4 ,! boy 0 also =bidd5 to eat 8 own take4 ,! taboo includ$ any fi% ! boy caught4 ,:5 a boy kill$ a buck de] consid]$ by 8 fa!r or o!r male relative to be big en\gh1 he w5t ?r\gh a simple c]emony4 ,"o in=mant said t 9 ! old days a boy 0 requir$ to crawl "u ! antl]s ( 8 kill4 ,8 fa!r or old] male relative !n gave him a ba?1 & f t "t he 0 consid]$ a man & ! taboo on 8 kill 0 lift$ f himself & 8 family4 ,my in=mant1 a "m ( f\r sons n[ ov] =ty1 /at$ t all h] sons _h gone ?r\gh ! taboo p]iod & 7 ba!d by _! fa!r :5 !y kill$ _! fir/ big buck4 ,until v rec5tly %e receiv$ meat f "s relatives ) a "y son :o hunt$ frequ5tly4 ,:e!r or n ! "y ,wa%o are /ill obs]v+ ?is taboo & ritual ,i 0 unable to det]m9e4 ,h[ev]1 9 c]ta9 cons]vative families x seems probable t at lea/ m9imal ritual is obs]v$4 ,m>riage 7#bjah-bjea7 ,m>riage is entirely a social in/itution1 & no religi\s elem5ts appe> to h ent]$ into x4 ,traditionally ! c]emony1 if !re 0 any at all1 consi/$ ( a 8*ief0 7respect$ man7 ?r[+ a blanket ov] ! %\ld]s ( a c\ple at a dance4 ,c]emonial ga!r+s1 su* z ! p9e-nut dances & ! girls' dances 7 important 9 ! selection ( m>riage p>tn]s1 inasmu* z boys & girls came toge!r at ^! ga!r+s to engage 9 flirtation1 affairs1 & c\rt%ip4 ,dream]s at ! 8big times0 are report$ by in=mants to h exhort$ m>ri$ c\ples to be good to ea* o!r & n fight 7see also ,l[ie #aici1 p4 #cjc74 ,dea? 7#bchi-bdec7 ,no am\nt ( social dislocation or cultural impact alt]s ! con/ant fact ( dea?4 ,ea* g5]ation faces ?is inevitability4 ,x is less ?an surpris+ !n t *anges 9 attitudes & rituals surr\nd+ dea? among ! ,wa%o h *ang$ v sl[ly4 ,! only *anges :i* appe> to h develop$ 9 ,wa%o dea? cu/oms are ^? impos$ by direct int]v5tion ( ! :ites or z unavoidable consequ5ces ( *anges 9 o!r aspects ( ! culture4 ,9 ! pa/1 :5 a p]son di$ ! h\se 9 :i* he expir$ 0 ab&on$ by 8 family4 ,( c\rse1 if ! dea? occurr$ 9 ! spr+ or summ] su* ab&onm5t 0 simple2 dur+ ^! seasons ! ,wa%o usually liv$ 9 simple bru% %elt]s4 ,a w9t] dea? 0 a m s]i\s matt]2 x 0 dur+ ?is season t ! ,wa%o liv$ 9 ! gal'sdal--a /ructure made to la/ ?r\gh ! w9t] & until ! next w9t]1 :5 x 0 reoccupi$4 ,valley ,wa%o (t5 made ^! w9t] homes ( bru% or tules4 ,9 ! foo?ills & m\nta9s1 b>k slabs & tree limbs 7 utiliz$4 ,if an occupant di$1 ?is home mu/ be ab&on$ & 0 (t5 burn$ d[n1 & ! imm$iate family mov$ to ano!r campsite4 ,?us a family :i* suff]$ no dea?s dur+ ! w9t]s might sp5d sev]al ye>s 9 a s+le campgr\nd1 :]eas a less =tunate family might h to move e w9t]1 or ev5 (t5] ?an t4 ,a few ,wa%o began build+ simple rectangul> bo>d & batt5 h\ses 9 ! #ahij's4 ,mo/ ( ! o!rs cont9u$ to live 9 gal'sdal made ( bo>ds & scrap1 begg$1 /ol51 or pur*as$ f ! lumb] mills :i* 7 q num]\s 9 ! area at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ! #aibj's1 :5 mo/ ( ! ,wa%o mov$ into ! 8colonies0 e/abli%$ = !m by ! gov]nm5t1 ! native-/yle h\ses 7 ab&on$ 9 favor ( ! wood5 homes built by ! gov]nm5t4 ,no long] p]mitt$ to move ab\t ! c\ntry at w1 & frankly unwill+ to ab&on ! m com=table :ite-/yle h\ses1 ! ,wa%o adju/$ _! dea? cu/oms4 ,! mo/ common adju/m5t 0 to prep>e = an imp5d+ dea? by %ift+ s]i\sly ill p]sons into an adjo9+ /ructure1 (t5 a %ack built 9 ! native mann] or a %$ or lean-to4 ,?is /ructure c\ld be burn$ d[n )\t loss :5 its inhabitant di$47#g7 ,! ,wa%o view$ ?is de/ruction ( a h\se occupi$ by a dead p]son z simply prev5t+ 8 _s f bo!r+ ! liv+4 ,mo/ ,wa%o dea? cu/oms display a consci\s attempt to avoid association ) ! dead4 ,b>rett reports t cremation 0 practic$1 & ! bones plac$ 9 a /ream to prev5t _! desecration4 ,h[ev]1 ?is appe>s to h be5 only "o ( ! disposal cu/oms & is n well rememb]$ by ,wa%o liv+ today4 ,! burn+ or bury+ ( ! p]sonal possessions ( ! dead 0 common4 ,c]ta9 priz$ possessions 7 int]r$ ) ! body1 :i* 0 usually wrapp$ 9 a %r\d ( matt+1 de]sk91 or be>hide & plac$ 9 a fissure or cave 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,al?\gh !re are a numb] ( locations kn[n by bo? ,indians & local :ites z old bury+ gr\nds1 all my in=mants agre$ t 9 ! 8real old days0 !re 0 no special cemet]y & t ^! burial spots h develop$ s9ce ! com+ ( ! :ite man4 ,?is may well h be5 z a result ( direct :ite int]f]5ce ) native fun]al cu/oms & an insi/5ce t ,indians conc5trate _! burials4 ,"s ( ^! sites h become traditional among ! ,wa%o4 ,! dispute betwe5 ! wid[ & ! si/] m5tion$ e>li] 0 an argum5t z to :e!r ! deceas$ w\ld be buri$ 9 "o ( ^! sites or 9 ! cemet]y at ,/ew>t1 ,nevada4 ,a :ite man :o has liv$ 9 ! area = n9ety ye>s1 report$ t z a boy he (t5 came across ca*es ( belong+s ( dead ,indians 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,today1 priz$ possessions are ei!r cr[d$ into ! casket ) ! body or burn$ or secret$ 9 "s remote area ( ! ,si]ra4 ,fun]al c]emonies 7 app>5tly simple4 ,! body 0 wrapp$ & c>ri$ into ! hills to be int]r$4 ,pray]s 9 ! =m ( a %ort spee* 7 direct$ t[>d ! dead4 8,we are bury+ y because y are dead4 ,x's n because we are mad at y or don't l y4 ,b y are dead4 ,please don't come back & bo!r u40 ,wid[s traditionally cut _! hair 9 m\rn+1 a cu/om :i* is /ill practic$4 ,/ew>t reports t m\rn]s pa9t$ _! faces black4 ,my in=mants d5i$ ?is1 b "o elaborat$3 8,i rememb] :5 ,i 0 a little girl old ,indians :o _h lo/ someone w\ld cry a lot & let ! te>s run d[n _! faces & n wa% _! faces until !y 7 real dirty & black ) fire smoke40 ,cry+ at a fun]al 0 expect$ & 9 fact positively sanction$4 ,at a fun]al conduct$ :ile ,i 0 pres5t ! %]iff arre/$ a drunk5 ,wa%o :o 0 wail+ q l\dly4 ,! ,indians 7 all bitt] ab\t ?is because3 8,all ( u cry at a fun]al :e!r we are drunk or n4 ,t's ! way ! ,wa%o d x40 7,?is fun]al 0 t ( a murd] victim & ! %]iff 0 pres5t because he fe>$ !re might be a reprisal attempt47 ,a newspap] report ( a fun]al 9 ,g5oa1 ,nevada1 9 ! late #ahhj's records t ! ,indians _h borr[$ a wagon f a :ite man to transport ! corpse 7t ( a well-kn[n ,indian woman7 to ! bury+ gr\nd4 ,! wagon 0 foll[$ by a l>ge cr[d ( weep+ m\rn]s4 ,mod]n fun]als usually take place "u ! auspices ( a fun]al director1 & g5]ally s]vices are p]=m$ by a ,*ri/ian m9i/] f ! ,/ew>t ,indian ag5cy4 ,aft] ! :ite m9i/] has left1 x is usual = an old] ,indian to approa* ! casket & repeat ! old fun]al pray]s4 ,! reason = wait+ until ! m9i/] leaves is to avoid hurt+ 8 feel+s4 ,my in=mants said ! pray]s made ! old] ,indians feel m com=table4 ,x is usually n necess>y to burn ! deceas$'s home1 b 8 belong+s are dispos$ (4 ,!re is an increas+ t5d5cy to t5d graves & put fl[]s on !m4 ,! cemet]y at ,/ew>t appe>s to be well decorat$ ) fl[]s4 ,two old ,indian graves ne> ,lake ,tahoe are regul>ly visit$ & j>s ( fl[]s plac$ on !m47#h7 ,:5 ! husb& ( "o ( my in=mants di$1 foll[+ a twelve-ye> illness sp5t 9 a second>y h\se1 %e w5t to visit a daught] liv+ ne> ,lake ,tahoe4 ,:5 %e return$ to ,dressl]ville h] two sons _h torn d[n ! %$ & dispos$ ( all _! fa!r's possessions4 ,9 def]5ce to _! "m's r mod]n views ab\t fun]als1 no?+ _h be5 plac$ 9 ! casket4 ,:ile ,i 0 9 ,dressl]ville an ,indian ( ab\t =ty put ! tor* to ! h\se 9 :i* 8 "m & fa!r _h liv$4 ,! h\se _h be5 unoccupi$ s9ce _! dea?s4 ,:ile ! h\se burn$ no ef=t 0 made to ext+ui% ! fire or to call ! fire dep>tm5t4 ,a ne>by ran*] saw ! fire & summon$ ! fire dep>tm5t1 b ! ,indians refus$ to tell ! firem5 h[ ! fire _h />t$4 ,! local newspap] report$ x _h be5 burn$ to drive away evil spirits4 ,?is upset my in=mants1 "o ( :om said t ! sight ( ! h\se simply made ! man sad4 ,%e elaborat$ t ! ,wa%o felt !y 7 help+ ,god wipe out ! tracks ( a dead p]son4 ,! ,wa%o claim t aft] a dea? !re is always a ra9 or s& /orm :i* wipes out ! tracks ( ! deceas$4 ,aft] ! ,wa%o return home f a fun]al1 !y imm$iately wa% _! faces & h&s4 ,!y w\ld n feel safe 9 h&l+ food or *ildr5 until ?is ritual _h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! behavior ( ! dead is a matt] ( conc]n = mo/ ,wa%o 7#bfjf-bfji;a74 ,ideally1 ! _s is suppos$ to g up & to ! s\? :]e dead ,indians are4 ,?is l& ( ! dead is gu>d$ by a numb] ( m5 ) b[s4 ,"s %amans 7 able to make ! trip to ! l& ( ! dead 7#beda-bedd74 ,if !y c\ld elude ^! gu>ds1 !y 7 sometimes able to recov] ! _s ( a rec5tly dead p]son & return x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! _s has p>tak5 ( ! wat] ( a spr+ imm$iately beh9d ! gu>ds1 x c nev] be recov]$4 ,! by-n[-famili> uncle ( my in=mant once visit$ ! l& ( ! dead & report$ t !re 7 lots ( ,indians !re play+ games & hav+ a good "t4 ,if murd] victims 7 pres5t !y 7 ) ! celebrants1 b ! spirits ( ! kill]s 7 segregat$ & 7 n hav+ a good "t4 ,gho/s1 h[ev]1 w&] ov] ! l&4 ,!y are g5]ally malevol5t4 ,if !y feel !y h be5 badly us$ 9 life1 or are n prop]ly honor$ aft] dea?1 or h n be5 giv5 ! ?+s !y want$ :5 buri$1 !y may wreak v5geance on ! liv+4 ,to prev5t ?is1 homes 7 ab&on$1 pray]s 7 said1 & names ( ! dead 7 n us$4 ,9 discuss+ a rec5t murd]1 "o ( ! mo/ progressive ( ! ,wa%o 0 extremely reluctant to give ! "n ( ! victim1 &1 :5 %e f9ally did1 %e :isp]$ x4 ,"o ( ! difficulties enc\nt]$ by gov]nm5t ag5ts :5 p9e-nut l&s 7 allott$ to ! ,wa%o 0 a refusal to "n ! ance/ors on :om ! allotm5t claim 0 bas$4 ,gho/s are (t5 said to come 9 ! =m ( :irlw9ds or du/ devils1 & mo/ ,wa%o w avoid look+ at a :irlw9d4 ,at night1 a sudd5 puff ( w>m air is ?\ght to be a gho/ pass+ ne>by4 ,,ritual ,,9 ,,subsi/5ce ,hunt+1 f> m ?an ga!r+1 appe>s to h be5 ! focus ( mu* ritual activity4 ,?is sugge/s t = ! ,wa%o ! importance ( ritual may h increas$ 9 proportion to ! elem5t ( *ance inh]5t 9 ! activity und]tak54 ,ga!r+ 0 a surety1 assum+ ( c\rse t !re 0 a h>ve/ to ga!r4 ,) ! wide v>iety ( plants available )9 ! ,wa%o t]ritory dur+ ! spr+1 summ]1 & fall x seems highly unlikely t ! failure ( "o species ( plant creat$ a s]i\s problem4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 n true ( ! p9e nut4 ,a failure ( ! p9e-nut crop 0 a h>b+] ( a />vation w9t]4 ,! ga!r+ ( p9e nuts1 9 contra/ to ! ga!r+ ( o!r plants1 0 ! subject ( a great deal ( ritual &1 9 "s degree1 ( c]emonialism uncommon to mo/ ,wa%o ga!r+ activities4 ,?is w be dealt ) lat] 9 ! pap]4 ,hunt+ ,de] 7#a-bg74--;,de] 7 hunt$ 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,b>rett reports1 & old in=mants confirm1 t hunt+ p>ties ( z _m z ?irty or =ty m5 7 =m$ 9 ! old days to g to ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra 9 pursuit ( de]4 ,! l>ge numb] may h be5 necessitat$ by ! possibility ( meet+ ho/ile ,miwok or ,maidu4 ,my own in=mants claim$ t ^! l>ge p>ties (t5 set fire to ! =e/ to drive ! de] into ! op51 & t ! l>ge numb] ( m5 0 ne$$ to cov] ! escape r\tes4 ,m common1 app>5tly1 7 small gr\ps ( five or six m51 usually relatives1 :o w5t into ! de] c\ntry toge!r4 ,_! te*nique 0 to drive along a s+le de] run t[>d "o ( _! numb] :o 0 consid]$ ! be/ %ot4 ,?is me?od 0 v common aft] ! introduction ( fire>ms1 p>ticul>ly repeat+ fire>ms4 ,f9ally1 any ,wa%o man might hunt s+ly4 ,(t5 gr\ps ( five or six m5 w5t hunt+ toge!r b ea* did 8 own /alk+4 ,:atev] ! te*nique1 hunt+ magic 0 an individual affair :i* did n require any c]emonial activities4 ,a s+le hunt]1 be=e ! days ( fire>ms1 (t5 /alk$ 9 ! antl]s & hide ( a de]4 ,wa%o 7 (t5 sup]/iti\s ab\t us+ ! real antl]s & made artificial sets f manzanita bran*es4 ,?is fe> ( us+ real antl]s appe>s relat$ to ! treatm5t :i* 0 accord$ to ! bones ( de]4 ,^!1 once ! meat _h be5 completely /ripp$ (f1 7 subm]g$ 9 a /ream to prev5t _! be+ eat5 by dogs or wild animals4 ,p]haps ! be/ acc\nt ( ! magic involv$ 9 /alk+ is ! foll[+ by an ag$ in=mant1 reput$ to h 8hunt+ m$ic9e40 8,we nev] _h no poison arr[ = be> or de] b _h some?+ j z good4 ,we took r$ pa9t & mix$ x ) m>r[ f a de] leg & rubb$ x on ! %aft & po9t ( ! arr[4 ,arr[heads = w> 7 little b ^? = big game l de] or be> 7 pretty big40 ,:5 ,i ask$ my in=mant ! ,wa%o ^w = ?is mixture he evad$ ! "q4 8,i don't ?9k !y _h a ^w = x4 ,!y didn't talk ab\t x1 j us$ x4 ,if y us$ x y _h to c>ry "s m$ic9e to "w aga9/ x1 'cause if y got a scrat* ( t mixture & didn't h ?is o!r /uff ! c\nt] ag5t1 y 0 a gon]4 8,a long "t ago "o man w\ld hunt4 ,"s ( !m fellas 0 sup]/iti\s ab\t us+ real de] horns1 s !y w\ld make horns ( manzanita & !n cov] up ) a de] hide4 ,!y'd move along 444 tak+ a long "t1 j l a de]4 ,t old buck w\ld try to get to ! side away f ! w9d to smell y1 b y kept circl+ ar\nd s he w\ldn't smell y4 ,f9ally y c\ld get real close1 maybe only ?ree1 f\r feet 444 go+ ar\nd mak+ s\nds j l a de]4 ,sometimes !m bucks w\ld really believe y & want to fight & !n x 0 dang]\s4 ,:5 y 0 close y %ot t arr[ into ! de] "r beh9d ! %\ld] blade4 ,t way :5 he jump$1 ! %\ld] blade comes back & breaks (f ! %aft4 ,! man w\ld grab ! %aft & suck (f ! blood4 ,!n he'd make a little fire on a flat /one & :5 x 0 hot he'd sweep (f ! fire & spit t on ! /one & x w\ld bubble up & disappe>4 ,!n y'd g aft] ! de] & y'd f9d him lay+ !re ) blood bubbl+ out ( 8 nose j l t blood bubbl$ on ! /one40 ,o!r rituals relat$ to hunt+ dealt ) ! loss ( hunt+ luck4 ,to rega9 "o's luck 9 hunt+1 a sweat lodge 0 built1 consi/+ ( a tempor>y bru% %elt] 7#fhh-gei74 ,to insure luck x 0 common 9 ! old days to ba! & rub ! leaves ( a c]ta9 m\nta9 plant ov] "o's body4 ,o!r ,wa%o c>ri$ a plant on _! p]sons :ile hunt+1 to insure luck4 ,i 0 unable to get my in=mant to give me ! ,wa%o "n ( ?is plant4 ,c]ta9 o!r special m$ic9es are report$4 ,"o man1 x is h9t$1 has a m$ic9e :i* he rubs on 8 gun to insure good aim4 ,old hunt]s are said to h obta9$ m$ic9e f ! ,miwok :i* w\ld put de] to sleep4 ,today ?is m$ic9e is a subject ( esot]ic humor betwe5 my in=mant & 8 son-9-law4 ,! latt] insi/s t ! be> has a m$ic9e :i* w put 8 fa!r-9-law to sleep because he came ^u ! old man asleep "u a tree "o day :5 he %\ld h be5 hunt+4 ,al?\gh ! ,wa%o dep5d$ on ritual to assi/ !m 9 hunt+1 x is cle> t !y consid]$ a successful hunt] ! possessor ( p[] beyond simple magic4 ,l cur]s or dream]s1 c]ta9 hunt]s obvi\sly _h be5 bless$ by spirits & 7 able to out?9k & outsm>t animals & !re=e 7 p>ticul>ly good hunt]s4 ,at lea/ "s ( ! ,wa%o :o hunt today attempt to give ! impression t _! success is bas$ on some?+ m ?an luck or skill4 ,antelope 7#bg;a-#ge74--,!re are no ,wa%o alive today :o c rememb] antelope surr\nds4 ,x appe>s t mo/ ( ! ,wa%o t]ritory 0 n inhabit$ by antelope1 ly+ z x does betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn ranges ( ! ,nevada h]ds4 ,h[ev]1 small h]ds did range 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ,wa%o c\ntry1 b ! appe>ance ( fire>ms & live/ock elim9at$ ! antelope completely 9 ?is area4 ,"o in=mant1 himself sev5ty-five1 rememb]s /ories ab\t ! hunts1 told to him by a v old bro!r-9-law :o rememb]$ ! antelope songs4 ,ano!r in=mant1 g5]ally a good s\rce ( hunt+ in=mation1 admitt$ t he did n "k any?+ ab\t ! subject4 ,he _h nev] hunt$ antelope1 nor _h 8 fa!r or uncles4 ,! signal to hunt 0 a dream ann\nc+ ! pres5ce ( antelope to a dream]1 :o act$ z lead] ( ! hunt4 ,! entire process 0 consid]$ to be magical by ?is in=mant :o said3 8,!re 0 really no corral4 ,mebbe j a few piles ( bru%4 ,! p j danc$ ar\nd & sang1 & t kept !m antelope !re l !y 0 hypnotiz$4 ,!y c\ld keep !m "r !re all night t way4 ,aft] !y held !m all night !y'd />t to slaught] at sunrise4 ,!y'd s+3 #8,we ar5't do+ ?is = meanness or = fun b we want y = f9e food1' or some?+ l t4 ,i he>d ! song once b ,i nev] le>n$ x all4 ,i wi% ,i _h1 n[40 ,?is in=mant 0 c]ta9 t ! ,wa%o did n expect a p]son to die z a result ( ! ex]cise ( antelope *>m+4 ,he _h he>d ( o!r tribes :i* believ$ ?is1 & he ?\ght x peculi> 7,/ew>d #aida3 #bah-bbj74 ,?is explanation comp>es favorably ) ! culture elem5t di/ribution li/s pres5t$ by ,/ew>t1 :i* report$ none ( ! traits usually consid]$ z "p ( ! %aman complex 9 antelope hunt+ common among ,bas9 ,%o%one & ,paiute4 7,/ew>t #aida2 ,/ew>d #aida47 ,rabbits 7#ib-if74--,! pursuit ( ! jack rabbit appe>s to h be5 *ang+ 9 its importance dur+ ! pa/ c5tury4 ,sev]al in=mants recall be+ told 9 _! y\? by old m5 t (t5 only ! hides 7 /ripp$ f rabbits to make blankets1 b t mo/ ( ! meat 0 disc>d$ because o!r game 0 pl5tiful4 ,h[ev]1 fire>ms & agriculture soon put an end to antelope hunt+1 & ! trans-,si]ran region1 l mo/ ( ! nation1 suff]$ a /eady decl9e 9 ! numb] ( de]4 ,all in=mants agree t 9 _! own y\? trips to ,cali=nia aft] de] 7 necess>y because !re 7 almo/ no de] ea/ ( ! ,si]ra4 ,all ,indians agree t ! de] population 9 ,nevada today is f> great] ?an x 0 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury4 ,! decrease 9 antelope & de] =c$ a great] dep5d5ce on ! jack rabbit z a s\rce ( food z well z fur4 ,! communal nature ( ! rabbit hunt may h made possible a gradual transf]5ce ( ritual traits f ! antelope complex to ! rabbit hunt4 ,traditionally ! ,wa%o drove rabbits into nets1 a me?od common 9 ! ,bas94 ,/ew>t's notes1 tak5 f in=mants 9 _! sev5ties 9 #aicf1 make no m5tion ( any sup]natural aspect ( ! rabbit drive4 ,ev5+ danc+ dur+ ! rabbit drive 0 d5i$4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a special lead] :o direct$ ! hunt4 ,9 lat] times ^! m5 7 cr$it$ ) dream+ p[]1 z ?is quotation illu/rates3 8,jack ,wallace w\ld dream :]e ! rabbits 7 & :5 x 0 "t = hunt+ he w\ld s5d out a call40 ,! man m5tion$ 0 describ$ z ! la/ ( ! real dream]s4 ,?is p[] made him extremely influ5tial among ! ,wa%o1 & 8 desc5dants are consid]$ among ! claimants = ! 8*iefta9%ip40 ,!re appe> to h be5 =maliz$ pray]s :i* 7 said be=e ! hunt by a man ) p[] ov] rabbits4 ,today1 rabbit hunts are inv>iably held on ,sunday4 ,9 ! words ( "o in=mant3 8,n[adays anybody c j say #8,let's h a hunt ?is ,sunday4'7#i7 ,!y h to hunt on ,sunday because mo/ ( ! m5 h jobs dur+ ! week40 ,! dis9tegration ( ! ritualiz$ aspects ( rabbit driv+ is n complete1 h[ev]1 & _m ,wa%o pref] to hunt ) a c]ta9 man :o lives 9 ! ,indian colony at ,c>son ,city4 ,:ile no "o w op5ly claim t he has sup]natural p[]1 x seems cle> t 8 pres5ce is important to o!r ,indians4 ,8 role is t ( lead] or capta9 :o sup]9t5ds ! ord] & discipl9e ( ! l9e ( hunt]s :o today sweep a wide area1 arm$ ) %otguns4 ,d',azev$o1 :o 0 =tunate en\gh to take "p 9 a hunt 9 #aiee1 /ates t prior to ! hunt ?is man )drew f ! gr\p4 ,:5 he ask$ :at ! lead] 0 do+ he met evasion1 & he conclud$ t p]haps ! man 0 pray+4 ,9 ! p]iod cov]$ by ! memory ( my olde/ in=mants1 dances 7 (t5 /ag$ nightly dur+ ! rabbit drives4 ,! danc+ is inv>iably describ$ z 8j = fun0 & probably 0 m social ?an religi\s1 b su* danc+ appe>s to h be5 "p ( o!r c]emonial or semic]emonial occasions su* z ! girls' dances1 fir/-fi% c]emonies & ! p9e-nut dances4 ,x seems cle> t :atev] t5d5cy !re 0 to %ift ! ritualiz$ aspects ( antelope hunt+ to rabbit drives has be5 /emm$ by a gr[+ dep5d5ce ( ! ,wa%o on wage labor :i* precludes _! response to dream-inspir$ hunts4 ,be> 7#bih1 #beeh-befa74--;,be> hunt+ appe>s nev] to h be5 a subsi/5ce activity among ! ,wa%o4 ,_m in=mants /\tly d5y t be> meat 0 ev] eat51 al?\gh be> 7 hunt$4 ,no ,wa%o ev] gave a direct answ] to ! "q ( :y !y hunt$ be> if !y didn't eat ! meat4 ,o!rs /at$ t ! be> might be eat5 9 extreme />vation conditions b 0 nev] eat5 regul>ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 almo/ all ,wa%o m5 7 able to describe 9 detail ! me?od ( hunt+ & !y obvi\sly enjoy$ tell+ be>-hunt+ /ories4 ,! foll[+ /ory told to me by "o ( ! elde/ m5 9 ,dressl]ville1 :o claims x 0 told to him by a v old man1 is consi/5t ) ! /ories told by o!r in=mants4 8,!re 0 h>dly any ,wa%o :o kill be>4 ,b ,i "k ?is mu* 444 ! man :o w5t 9 !re & did x tells me 444 be>s h _! own home 9 ! rocks 444 a hole go+ 9 ! rocks4 ,g 9 !re nak$ ) a knife or arr[ 9 "o h& & burn+ pit* 9 o!r 444 light sc>es him out ! be>1 !n o!r m5 %oot ! be> 9 ! m\? ) poison arr[ see de] hunt+ = ref]5ce to poison 444 get sick = f\r or five days1 maybe a week4 ,!n ! man goes back 94 ,h>dly any ,indians c\ld d ?is47#aj7 ,i've he>d t !y cook x & eat x 444 n only "h b up nor?4 ,aft] !y get ! rifle !y get to kill+ be>s ar\nd "h b h>dly ev] he> ( divid+ up ! be> meat40 ,?is la/ rem>k appe>s to be significant z all in=mants emphasiz$ t ,indians %>$ food equally4 ,?us a /atem5t made volunt>ily t be> meat 0 n %>$ sugge/s diff]5t attitudes ab\t be>s4 ,ano!r in=mant adds ! detail t :5 ! be> left 8 lair1 ! companions ( ! man :o ent]$ ! d5 w\ld block ! entrance s ! be> c\ld n return4 ,! fir/ man to place an arr[ 9 ! animal c\ld claim x & get ! hide4 ,?is in=mant also add$ at ?is po9t3 8,x's funny t ! fella :o w5t inside 0 j an ord9>y fella emphasis m9e40 ,he also insi/$ t aft] a be> 0 kill$ ! hunt+ p>ty pa9t$ _! faces black4 ,o!r in=mants claim$ n to "k ( ?is or said su* pa9t+ 0 done :5 a m9k 0 kill$ b !y did n "k :y4 ,"o traditional /ory 7,dangb]g7 %$s a bit m light on ! be>4 ,9 ?is tale a gr\p ( ,wa%o 7 camp$ ne> a b& ( ,paiute :o *all5g$ ! ,wa%o to fight4 ,in/ead ( fight+1 ! ,wa%o drove a be> f its d5 & kill$ x & ?us defeat$ ! ,paiute4 ,i _h all b giv5 up ! pursuit ( in=mation on ! be>1 be+ conv9c$ t my in=mants ei!r hone/ly did n "k any m 7! be> hav+ be5 relatively r>e 9 ?is area = a good _m ye>s7 or 7 unwill+ to discuss some?+ ( an extremely sacr$ nature1 :5 a *ance rem>k sugge/$ at lea/ "p ( ! explanation4 ,a pione] :ite resid5t :o _h liv$ 9 ,alp9e ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 = n9ety ye>s casually m5tion$ t e ,indian man :o 0 buri$ dur+ 8 boyhood 0 wrapp$ 9 a be>sk9 %r\d4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) an e>li] m5tion ( 8r\gh0 m5 hav+ be>sk9s1 sugge/s t ! kill+ ( a be> repres5t$ ! ultimate 9 ,wa%o brav]y & ! possession ( ! sk9 conf]r$ extra p[]s on ! own]4 ,! rifle made su* acquisitions mu* less haz>d\s & 9 ! late n9ete5? c5tury x _h become common = ,indians to own a be>sk9 cloak1 :i* became _! mo/ priz$ possession & 0 buri$ ) !m4 ,/ew>t's elem5t li/s %[ no evid5ce ( any =maliz$ be> cult among ! ,wa%o4 ,h[ev]1 ,smi?'s notes1 :i* ,/ew>t us$1 report a be> %aman :o imp]sonat$ a be> 7#beeh74 ,c]ta9ly ! be> 0 "o ( ! spirits :o c\ld give p[] to a man de/9$ to become a %aman4 ,be> %amanism is report$ only = ! ,fi% ,spr+ ,valley ,paiute by ,/ew>d & = ! ,tago & ,wada ,nor!rn ,paiute by ,/ew>t4 ,^! ?ree gr\ps con/itute ! only ones hav+ =maliz$ be> c]emonialism ( any sort 9 ! ,bas94 ,! be> dance & a note ab\t imp]sonat+ be>s 7,/ew>d #aida1 pp4 #bff1 #cbb7 sugge/ t =maliz$ be> c]emonialism came into ! ,bas9 f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s via ! ,ute & ,bannock4 ,h[ev]1 ,kroeb] reports awe ( ! be>1 special euphemisms = !m1 & ritualiz$ secrecy ab\t hunt+ !m among ! ,miwok :i* seem m closely relat$ to ,wa%o behavior4 ,be> imp]sonators among ! ,battle ,m\nta9 ,paiute 7 cr$it$ ) invuln]ability 9 w>1 :i* is rem9isc5t ( ! use ( a be>-hide cloak by ,wa%o 8r\gh m540 ,al?\gh x is n possible to make any conclusive /atem5t ab\t ! role ( ! be> 9 ! sup]natural life ( ! ,wa%o1 x seems cle> t ! animal is held 9 special awe & e/eem by mod]n ,indians4 ,fi%+ 7#beb;a-#bif7 ,fi%+ appe>s to be f> less subject to ritualization among ! ,wa%o ?an 0 hunt+4 ,"h aga9 !re may be a correspond5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( ritual & ! degree ( c]ta9ty involv$ 9 obta9+ ! desir$ food4 ,! ,wa%o area is rat$ by ,ro/lund z be+ "o ( ! high] fi%-produc+ areas 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,c]ta9ly ! _m lakes1 /reams1 & riv]s 7 ! s\rce ( great am\nts ( fi% e ye>4 ,indians :o c\ld at mo/ be describ$ z only middle-ag$1 rec\nt ! trem5d\s numb]s ( fi% :i* swept up ! /reams f ,lake ,tahoe dur+ ! spawn+ season4 ,:ile ! numb]s may h v>i$ f ye> to ye>1 ! l>ge numb] ( fi% plus ! int5sive fi%+ me?ods employ$ by ! ,wa%o almo/ gu>antee a l>ge cat*4 ,h[ev]1 d',azev$o reports t ,nor!rn ,wa%o describe "s degree ( ritualism connect$ ) fi%+ 7d',azev$o p]sonal communication74 ,dream]s are said to h pr$ict$ ! day ( ! spawn+ run4 ,dances 7 held & pray]s said1 sugge/+ a r att5uat$ fir/-fi% c]emony = "s ( ! ,wa%o 7#bfah74 ,o!r ,wa%o report 8big times10 :i* includ$ danc+ & pray]1 dur+ ! spr+ ga!r+ on ! lake4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! actual cat*+ ( fi% !re 0 mu* less ritual4 ,"s fi%]m5 c>ri$ a fi%+ m$ic9e compos$ ( dri$ l>vae ( ! ,ephydra hians 7,say71 call$ kutsavi by ! ,paiute 7,heiz] #aiej7 & matsi babaa by ! ,wa%o4 ,^! l>vae 7 obta9$ f ! ,mono ,lake ,paiute 9 trade or z gifts4 ,!y 7 consid]$ good food & are /ill eat5 by "s ,wa%o4 ,h[ev]1 9 addition !y 7 cr$it$ ) hav+ great p[]s to lure fi% & 7 rubb$ on h>poons1 hooks1 & l9es4 ,p]haps ?is mat]ial 0 consid]$ a fi% m$ic9e because ^! l>vae are said to be g5]at$ f ! scales ( a giant fi%4 ,?is levia?an is report$ to h travel$ ?r\gh all ! lakes 9 ! ,si]ran area look+ = a lake l>ge en\gh 9 :i* to live4 ,at ,mono ,lake x scrap$ "s scales into ! wat] be=e x left to f9d a p]man5t home 9 ,lake ,tahoe 7,/ew>d #aicf74 ,:e!r ! ,wa%o %>e ?is /ory ) ! ,ow5s ,valley ,paiute1 ,i d n "k1 b ,mono ,lake1 because ( its sal9e wat] & its lack ( any fi% life1 is ?\ght ( ) "s fe> & awe4 ,today ,i get ! impression t "s ,wa%o /ill keep a bit ( ?is mat]ial ) _! fi%+ ge>1 al?\gh !y are apt to rationalize x z a lure r ?an real m$ic9e4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t hook-&-l9e or spe> fi%+ acc\nt$ = a mu* small] p]c5tage ( ! total annual take ?an did trapp+1 damn+1 nett+1 or o!r communal me?ods :i* entail$ no ritual4 ,miscellane\s ,concepts ,ab\t ,hunt+ ,& ,fi%+ ,a numb] ( ritual activities clu/] ar\nd hunt+ & fi%+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important is ! requirem5t t wom51 p>ticul>ly m5/ruat+ wom51 avoid ! hunt+ & fi%+ equipm5t4 ,if a woman t\*$ su* ge> ! own] w\ld ba! x & pray 8,i'm giv+ y a ba? to wa% away ! bad luck40 7#bced-bcgh74 ,a fur!r re/riction plac$ on m5/ruat+ wom5 0 t !y mu/ n eat meat dur+ _! p]iods4 ,to d s meant bad hunt+ = ! man :o kill$ ! game4 ,! meat f ! neck ( a de] & ! inte/9al organs 7 =bidd5 to vigor\s "y p4 ,if a man ate neck meat 8 aim w\ld be bad 7#cfj-cfh74 ,neck meat 0 res]v$ = *ildr5 & ! old4 ,9 actuality x w\ld seem t only ! *ildr5 & ! almo/ decrepit ate su* meat4 ,"o ( my in=mants :o is sev5ty-five1 ?us c]ta9ly qualify+ = old age1 has nev] ta/$ ei!r neck meat or int]nal organs4 ,to d s app>5tly w\ld be an admission ( loss ( vig\r :i* no ,wa%o old/] wi%es to make4 ,m5/ruat+ wom5 today w eat meat pur*as$ f a but*] b refra9 f eat+ v5ison or o!r game tak5 by someone !y "k1 = fe> ( spoil+ 8 luck4 ,m5/rual taboos also hold today 9 reg>d to t\*+ fire>ms or fi%+ poles1 al?\gh at lea/ "s ,wa%o wom5 own fi%+ poles1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury a woman :o lives at ,c>son ,city 0 reput$ to be a great hunt]4 ,9 times pa/1 c]ta9 wom5 are report$ to h made excell5t b[s b n to h us$ !m4 ,/ew>t reports dances to br+ de] :i* none ( my in=mants rememb]$4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 8 "t ! dances 7 said to be 8ma9ly = pleasure10 :i* sugge/s ! sacr$ nature ( su* dances has gradually fad$ out ( ! consci\sness ( mo/ mod]n ,wa%o1 p>ticul>ly z de] hunt+ has become entirely an individual ent]prise & is no long] c5tral to ,wa%o subsi/5ce4 ,ga!r+ ,z /at$ e>li]1 !re appe>s to h be5 mu* less ritual involv$ 9 ga!r+ activities1 p]haps because !re 0 mu* less *ance ( failure ?an 9 hunt+4 ,h[ev]1 ,/ew>t reports t sometimes dances 7 held to make se$s gr[ 7#bfai-bfba74 ,su* ga!r+s appe> to be rememb]$1 if at all1 by liv+ ,wa%o only z social occasions4 ,! fall p9e-nut dance 0 cle>ly "p ( ! ritual ( ! p9e-nut h>ve/ 7#bfag1 #bfbb74 ,! p9e nut 0 c5tral to ,wa%o w9t] survival1 & its production 0 a matt] ( extreme conc]n4 ,ev5 today ! p9e-nut h>ve/ becomes a p>am\nt int]e/ among all ! ,wa%o dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! summ]4 ,speculations z to its size1 wi%es = ra91 & survey trips into ! p9e-nut hills become common1 & accord+ to "o in=mant3 8,if we h a c\ple ( bad ye>s somebody w say1 #8,we ought to h a p9e-nut dance1' & !n we'll h "o40 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! p9e-nut dances ( ! pa/ 0 giv5 to me by a man1 n[ almo/ bl9d1 ( betwe5 sev5ty-five & eighty4 ,8 fa!r claim$ to be *ief ( ! ,wa%o ?r\gh an aff9al relation%ip to ! fam\s ,capta9 ,jim1 & my in=mant ma9ta9s ! claim1 /\tly d5i$ by all o!r ,wa%o except 8 relatives & admitt$ by !m only :5 !y are =c$ to dep5d on 8 hospitality4 ,! acc\nt is "o ( a well-regulat$ f\r-day c]emony ( ! fir/ fruit4 ,h[ev]1 x w become app>5t z o!r in=mation is pres5t$ t x is a highly idealiz$ v]sion4 ,x is valuable1 h[ev]1 because x includes a numb] ( sacr$ elem5ts ( obvi\s importance4 8,?is pray]7#aa7 fella ,capta9 ,jim liv$ at ,d\ble ,spr+s all ye> r\nd4 ,he w\ld h a dream tell+ him :5 to h a meet+4 ,he 0 :at y w\ld call a religi\s man4 ,he w\ld get someone he c\ld tru/ & s5d out a long1 tann$ /r+ ( hide ) knots 9 x4 ,= e day until ! meet+ !re 0 a knot & e day ! mess5g] unti$ a knot s ! p w\ld "k h[ _m days !y _h until ! meet+4 8,all ! m5 came & hunt$ = f\r days1 & ! wom5 w\ld />t ga!r+ p9e nut4 ,!y w\ld hang up ! game to let x dry4 8,! pray] w\ldn't eat meat dur+ ^? f\r days b he c\ld dr9k cold wat]1 & "s lady w\ld cook him p9e nut4 8,e night !y w\ld h a dance4 ,on ! f\r? day ev]ybody w\ld br+ ! food !y _h & put x 9 front ( ! pray]1 & !n he w\ld pick "s man :o 0 fair j & ! food 0 divid$ a little be=e sunrise4 ,if y h a small family y get less1 if y h a big family y get m47#ab7 8,!n ! pray] makes a pray] some?+ l ?is3 #8,our fa!r ,i dream t we mu/ take a ba? & !n pa9t4 ,ev5 ! *ildr5s 444 we mu/ wa% away ! bad habits s we won't get sick f ! food we h 9 front ( u6' 8,!n ev]ybody g to ! riv] 444 no matt] if !re 0 a little ice on ! wat]1 & take a ba?4 ,if !y 0 n ne> ! riv] !y ba!d ! kids f baskets at ,d\ble ,spr+s4 ,! pray] he pray$ = p9e nut1 rabbit1 & de]40 ,suzie ,dick1 an anci5t ,wa%o woman :o claims to h rea*$ ! c5tury m>k 9 #aiei1 recalls t ,capta9 ,jim 0 h] "m's si/]'s son & t %e call$ him bro!r4 ,he 0 a big man 9 a figurative if n a lit]al s5se4 ,he wore eagle fea!rs on 8 head & arms4 ,he _h r$ tr\s]s made out ( a blanket ) fea!rs on ! sides ( ! legs4 ,z %e rememb]s him at ^! c]emonies3 8,he w\ld sc>e y to dea?40 ,! assembl$ ,wa%o br\ght p9e nuts1 de] meat1 megal ,indian tea1 & mu* o!r food4 ,capta9 ,jim pray$ & gave a s]mon1 urg+ ev]yone to dr9k wat] & avoid liquor1 & sup]vis$ f\r nights ( danc+4 ,judg+ f ! age ( ^! two in=mants1 ^! meet+s1 :i* !y claim 7 att5d$ by all ! ,wa%o1 7 held betwe5 #ahhj & #aijj4 ,mo/ ,wa%o agree t ^! l>ge meet+s 7 ! way 8!y did x 9 ! old days40 ,h[ev]1 8! old days0 appe> n to be aborig9al b ! late n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,wa%o exp]i5c$ a brief p]iod ( semi-unity & prosp]ity4 ,rup]t1 ! psy*ologically ori5t$ %aman comm5ts1 8,hell1 !m nor!rn ,wa%o didn't come d[n to ,d\ble ,spr+s v mu*4 ,!y got _! p9e nuts s\!a/ ( ,r5o4 ,capta9 ,jim he 0 only a big man to !m ,c>son ,valley ,wa%o4 ,he didn't h no?+ to say to ! nor!rn bun*40 ,despite ?is1 x seems cle> t dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury l>ge numb]s ( ,wa%o f ! v>i\s areas did1 9 fact1 ga!r at ,d\ble ,spr+s prior to ! p9e nutt+4 ,x seems equally cle> t ?is 0 di/9ctly a po/:ite ph5om5on & t 9 aborig9al times su* ga!r+s 7 mu* small]4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts ( ^! p9e-nut c]emonies are cle>4 ,!re 0 a ga!r+ ( a numb] ( b&s1 usually at ! prompt+ ( a dream] :o knew c]ta9 pray]s & songs :i* w\ld insure a successful h>ve/4 ,!re 0 a %>+ ( food among ! celebrants1 z well z danc+ & c]emonial ba?+4 ,su* affairs 7 held 9 ,si]ra ,valley & at ,d\ble ,spr+s & probably at a numb] ( o!r places 9 ! p9e-nut hills4 ,! l>ge celebrations at ,d\ble ,spr+s appe> to h tak5 on a di/9ctly nativi/ic or revitali/ic ca/4 ,in=mants rememb] ,capta9 ,jim's exhortations to ab/a9 f :ite man's :iskey1 to treat ea* o!r z bro!rs & si/]s1 to eat ,indian food1 & to apply !mselves to ! bus9ess ( hunt+ & ga!r+4 ,he himself refus$ to we> new :ite clo?+ b accept$ only us$ g>m5ts4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ,wa%o receiv$ individual p9e-nut allotm5ts bas$ on _! traditional pick+ gr\nds4 ,mooney 7#ahif71 ^: in=mation on ! ,wa%o 0 filt]$ ?r\gh ! ,paiute1 reports ! ,wa%o dur+ ?is p]iod z a %att]$ remnant ( a =m] society ek+ out an exi/5ce 9 ! dump heaps ( :ite settlem5ts 9 ,nevada4 ,! fact t ! ,wa%o did n respond to ! ,gho/ ,dance seems 9 8 m9d to support 8 notions ab\t ! condition ( ! tribe4 ,h[ev]1 among old] in=mants ?is p]iod is inv>iably recall$ z an almo/ gold5 age4 ,al?\gh ! implications ( movem5ts su* z ! ,gho/ ,dance 7 n cle> 9 ,mooney's "t1 x seems m ?an likely t ! ,wa%o fail$ to jo9 ! movem5t because !y 7 n suff]+ ! social & cultural dislocation ( ! ,paiute1 ,pla9s tribes1 or ,cali=nia ,indians &1 9 fact1 may h be5 und]go+ a process ( social unification "u ,capta9 ,jim4 ,?is unification appe>s to h _h its prim>y symbolization 9 ! ritual activity :i* surr\nd$ e>li] c]emonies conc]n$ ) p9e-nut h>ve/+4 ,! use ( a hide /r+ to summon p to ! meet+ appe>s e>li] z a w> signal us$ by a ?reat5$ b& to entreat o!r ,wa%o 7(t5 n too successfully7 to come to _! aid4 ,) ! dea? ( ,capta9 ,jim1 ! l>ge ga!r+s at ,d\ble ,spr+s appe> to h ceas$4 ,9 ! words ( "o in=mant1 8,:5 he di$ all !m ?+s l ! knott$ /r+ & t /uff di$ ) him40 ,aft] 8 dea? ! p9e-nut dances cont9u$ to be held 9 v>i\s places 9 ,wa%o c\ntry--,sug> ,loaf ,m\nta91 ,g5oa1 & ,si]ra ,valley be+ ! mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,jim's daught] 7or si/]'s daught]7 :o 0 m>ri$ to ! claimant ,capta9 ,pete & 0 ! "m ( ! pres5t claimant1 ,hank ,pete1 /ag$ a numb] ( dances ar\nd ,g5oa until h] dea?4 ,?is action is ( int]e/ 9 view ( ! fact t %e 0 consid]$ a dang]\s woman & a poison]4 ,x sugge/s t !re 0 9 fact no cle> di/9ction betwe5 doctors & wit*es or sorc]]s4 ,h] k ( p9e-nut pray]s & songs made h] ess5tial 9 ! c]emony despite ! fe> ! ,wa%o may h _h ( h]4 ,s9ce h] dea? 9 ! e>ly #aidj's1 p9e-nut dances h be5 less frequ5t4 ,only "o woman among ! ,wa%o is reput$ to "k all ! songs1 al?\gh ,i suspect t sev]al o!rs are 9 possession ( ?is k b refuse to come =? & s]ve z lead]s1 9 keep+ ) ,wa%o reluctance to assume responsible roles4 ,aft] a numb] ( ye>s )\t a dance1 ! cu/om 0 reviv$ 9 ! e>ly #aiej's at ,dressl]ville4 ,! dances 7 /ag$ because previ\s crops _h be5 poor & x 0 felt a dance w\ld increase ! h>ve/4 ,^! dances1 sup]vis$ by ! woman :o knew ! songs1 7 n consid]$ too successful because bo? ,indian dances & :ite m5's dances 7 conduct$4 ,indian dances 7 held outside ! community h\se :ile y\ng] c\ples danc$ 9 ! :ite mann] inside4 ,! pray]s1 ba?+1 & dreams play$ a v m9or role1 al?\gh food 0 suppli$4 ,f ! acc\nts ^! dances s\nd$ extremely secul> ) an emphasis on ! recreational aspects1 p>ticul>ly danc+4 ,h[ev]1 ! cons5sus t ! c]emonies 7 n successful because ( ! introduction ( :ite-/yle danc+ sugge/s t ! ,indian dances /ill reta9 "s ( _! =m] sacr$ "*4 ,x 0 agre$ t a dance might be held today or 9 ! future if ! crops 7 poor4 ,"h aga9 ! pres5t economic situation ( ! ,wa%o t5ds to limit ^! affairs to week5ds4 ,! impossibility ( hold+ f\r-day dances h[ev]1 is n consid]$ s]i\s by mo/ ,wa%o4 ,sev]al in=mants /\tly d5i$ t !re 0 any requirem5t t ! dance la/ f\r days4 ,!y impli$ t ^? :o insi/$ on ?is 7 simply try+ to make x s\nd m important 7note t us+ ! figure f\r makes some?+ m important74 ,_! acc\nts report t ! dances might la/ f "o or two days to a week dur+ :i* "t games 7 play$1 dances held1 & ! ritual describ$ e>li] c>ri$ out4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no d\bt t ! dances 7 important to ! success ( ! h>ve/ & ! well-be+ ( ! h>ve/]s4 ,"o in=mant recalls t3 8,sometimes !m p9e nuts 0 ripe be=e ! dance4 ,if we pick$ !m !n be=e ! dance1 we took a ba? e day be=e we />t$ pick+ b we didn't h to d t aft] ! dance40 ,! foll[+ incid5t illu/rates ! attitude mo/ cons]vative ,wa%o h t[>d ! p9yon p9e4 ,d',azev$o 7p]sonal communication7 accompani$ an eld]ly woman to h] p9e-nut allotm5t :]e %e discov]$ t illegal ,*ri/mas-tree cutt]s _h topp$ a numb] ( trees1 :i* %e believ$ de/roy$ _! ability to be>4 ,h] response 0 ( sorr[ r ?an ang]4 ,%e sat "u h] trees = a long "t apologiz+ to h] fa!r1 f :om %e _h inh]it$ ! plot1 & to ! spirits ( ! trees4 ,!re seems to h be5 little ritual involv$ 9 o!r ga!r+ activities1 except = ! dances to make ! se$s gr[ m5tion$ 9 ! elem5t li/s 7#bfba74 ,?is practice mu/ h be5 occasional & relatively old1 because x is no long] "p ( ! memories ( old] in=mants4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ritual ,al?\gh mod]n in=mants d n rememb] taboos deal+ ) hair comb+ & scrat*+ dur+ m5/ruation1 !y d recall be+ w>n$ aga9/ comb+ _! hair at night4 8,my fa!r us$ to say t if we did x we'd m>ry out ( ! tribe4 ,mike 7h] husb&7 us$ to tell ! same ?+ to our girls b !y didn't li/5 & e "o ( !m m>ri$ out ( ! tribe40 ,! dri$ body ( a bat1 describ$ z hav+ sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( hair 7,l[ie #aici1 p4 #ccb7 0 a p[]ful gambl+ *>m4 ,pr(essional ,indian gambl]s1 :o travel$ ab\t ! c\ntry p>ticipat+ 9 ! h& game1 (t5 c>ri$ "o4 ,bat p[] 0 consid]$ extremely dang]\s if "o did n "k h[ to use x4 8,my daught] f\nd a bat 9 a field "o day1 b an old ,indian said t if %e didn't "k h[ to treat x1 x w\ld eat up h] *ildr540 ,wom5 especially 7 afraid ( bat-talismans & ( liv+ bats4 ,! ,wa%o believe t a bat *>m is also a p[]ful love m$ic9e & t a woman once t\*$ by su* a *>m is p[]less 9 ! h&s ( its own]4 8,y t\* a woman ) t ?+ & x hypnotizes h]4 ,%e foll[ ! guy & die if %e don't g ) him4 ,i don't believe ,i ev] he>d ( a ,wa%o use "o4 ,we'd be too afraid4 ,b !m ,paiutes & ,%o%ones use x40 ,except = ! pa9t+ ( a girl dur+ h] pub]ty dance1 pa9t+ ( ! face & body _h little "p 9 ,wa%o ritualism1 al?\gh its social significance may h be5 important 7,l[ie #aici1 p4 #cjd74 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 o!r cu/oms ( dress & adornm5t appe> to h _h religi\s significance4 ,eagle fea!rs & magpie fea!rs1 z well z a be>sk9 robe1 conf]r$ p[]4 ,a simil> notion may expla9 ! use ( ! sk9 ( ! agile & wise long-tail$ weasel z a b9d+ = hair braids4 ,! hoot+ ( an owl or s++ ( birds at night 0 consid]$ z a w>n+ ( dang] or an om5 ( dea?4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,! ,wa%o h be5 expos$ to ,*ri/ianity f two ma9 s\rces4 ,mission>y gr\ps h ma9ta9$ repres5tatives f "t to "t at "o or ano!r ( ! ,wa%o colonies4 ,a *ur* dom9ates ! appall+ly dre>y l&scape ( ,dressl]ville4 ,wea!r & neglect h caus$ ! build+ to det]iorate4 ,p]man5t missioniz+ ef=ts app>5tly h be5 ab&on$4 ,"o *ur* gr\p c>ries on a summ] ,bible class = *ildr5 & sew+ classes = wom54 ,fun]als are g5]ally conduct$ by a ,*ri/ian m9i/]1 b ?is appe>s to be a sop to :ite op9ion r ?an ! result ( any real desire on ! "p ( ! ,wa%o to become ,*ri/ians4 ,at be/ !y seem to h simply incorporat$ ,*ri/ian s]vices z ano!r s\rce ( p[]4 ,x is less ?an surpris+ t a p ^: ma9 religi\s emphasis seems to h be5 on cur+ or subsi/5ce ritual %\ld h f\nd :ite doctors useful b :ite m9i/]s a r my/]i\s & sup]flu\s bit ( :ite culture4 ,! o!r ma9 s\rce ( ,*ri/ian ideas has be5 ! peyote cult1 :i* includes a r\ghly ,*ri/ian v]sion ( ,god & ,*ri/ visualiz$ z ! fa!r & ! bro!r4 ,! cross1 pictures ( ,*ri/1 & ref]5ces to ,jesus play a role 9 peyote c]emonialism4 ,o!r inve/igators 7d',azev$o & ,m]riam #aiea2 ,/ew>t #aidd7 h not$ a %ift t[>d ,indian tradition 9 ! ,wa%o peyote cult1 ) an att5d+ r$uction ( ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,! attitude ( "o ,wa%o woman sums ! "q up q well3 8,i ?9k !m peyote p %e 0 n a peyoti/ b _h enc\rag$ h] son to att5d a meet+ to cure a back injury believe m :at !y do+ ?an ! :ite prea*]40 ,h] own religion is summ$ up 9 h] actions4 ,9 addition to s5d+ h] son to peyote meet+s1 %e _h tak5 h] gr&daught] to ! %aman & is a regul> att5dant at ! *ur* sew+ s*ool4 ,%e 0 also ! p]son :o wait$ until ! m9i/] left ! *ur* to repeat anci5t fun]al pray]s4 ,,bibliography ,abbreviations ,,aa3 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ ,,bae3 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology ,,si-,,mc3 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,miscellane\s ,collections ,,uc3 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,publications ,,uc-,,ar3 ,an?ropological ,records ,,uc-,,paae3 ,am]ican ,ar*aeology & ,e?nology ,b>rett1 ,samuel ,a4 #aiag4 ,! ,wa%o ,indians4 ,bull4 ,milwaukee ,pub4 ,mus41 ,vol4 #b1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #a-eb4 ,c>twright1 ,w4 ,d4 #aieb4 ,a ,wa%o ,girls' ,pub]ty ,c]emony4 ,pro4 #cj? ,int4 ,cong4 ( ,am]icani/s1 pp4 #acf-adb4 ,london4 ,dangb]g1 ,grace #aibg4 ,wa%o ,texts4 ,,uc-,,paae #bb3cia-ddc4 d',azev$o1 ,w>r5 ,l41 & ,a4 ,p4 ,m]riam #aieg4 ,wa%o ,peyote ,songs4 ,,aa #ei3fae-fda4 ,fre$1 ,/anley ,a4 #aifj4 ,*ang+ ,wa%o ,k9%ip4 ,,uc-,,ar #ad3cdi-dah4 ,heiz]1 ,rob]t ,f4 #aiej4 ,kutsavi1 ,a ,great ,bas9 ,indian ,food4 ,kroeb] ,an?ro4 ,pap]s1 ,no4 #b 7,fall71 pp4 #ce-da4 ,kroeb]1 ,alfr$ ,l4 #aijg4 ,religion ( ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia4 ,,uc-,,paa #d3cai-cef4 ,kluckhohn1 ,clyde1 & ,doro!a ,leighton #aidg4 ,! ,navaho4 ,cambridge2 ,london4 ,l[ie1 ,rob]t ,h4 #aici4 ,e?nographic ,notes on ! ,wa%o4 ,,uc-,,paae #cf3cja-ceb4 ,mooney1 ,james #ahif4 ,! ,gho/ ,dance ,religion & ! ,si\x ,outbreak ( #ahij4 ,,bae #ad? ,ann4 ,report1 ,"p #b1 pp4 #fda-aacf4 #aibh4 ,aborig9al population ( ,am]ica ,nor? ( ,mexico4 ,,si-,,mc #hj1 ,no4 #g1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sisk91 ,e4 ,e4 ,,ms ,! ,impact ( ! ,peyote ,cult ,^u ,%amanism ,among ! ,wa%o ,indians4 ,ph4,d4 ,diss4 #aida4 ,yale ,univ4 ,/ew>d1 ,julian ,h4 #aicf4 ,my?s ( ! ,ow5s ,valley ,paiute4 ,,uc-,,paae #cd3cee-ddj4 #aida4 ,culture ,elem5t ,di/ribution1 ,,xiii3 ,nevada ,%o%one4 ,,uc-,,ar #d3bji-cfj4 ,/ew>t1 ,om] ,c4 #aida4 ,culture ,elem5t ,di/ribution1 ,,xiv3 ,nor!rn ,paiute4 ,,uc-,,ar #d3cfa-ddf4 #aidd4 ,wa%o-,nor!rn ,paiute ,peyotism4 ,,uc-,,paae #dj3fc-adb4 ,:it+1 ,beatrice ,bly? #aiej4 ,paiute ,sorc]y1 ,new ,york4 ,,footnotes #a ,w4 ,l4 d',azev$o1 bas+ 8 op9ions on ext5sive field "w 9 ! area1 cont5ds t e>ly e/imates ( ,wa%o population 7 incorrect & t mod]n figures bas$ on ^! e/imates are inaccurate4 ,a contempor>y e/imate1 made by a resid5t j\rnali/ 9 #ahha1 0 some:at ov] #c1jjj4 #b ,?is /atem5t %\ld n be consid]$ z an indication ( matril9eality 9 ,wa%o society4 ,fre$ & d',azev$o1 :o h done ext5sive "w 9 k9%ip & social organization ( ?is gr\p1 seem$ to agree t ! ,wa%o 7 loosely bilat]al ) c]ta9 =maliz$ patril9eal elem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 because ( fragile m>riages1 _m ,wa%o h _h a long] & clos] association ) _! mo!rs' families ?an ) _! fa!rs'1 or ) ^? ( any ( _! mo!rs' subsequ5t husb&s4 #c ,kluckhohn reports t ! paym5t = jo9+ a cov5 ( ,navajo wit*es is (t5 ! life ( a relative 7#aidg1 p4 #aca74 #d ,?is /ory v closely p>allels "o record$ by ,james ,hat* among ! ,yokuts4 ,kroeb] ,an?ropological ,society ,pap]s1 ,no4 #ai1 ,fall1 #aieh4 #e ,regul> ,indian doctors 7 =bidd5 to treat memb]s ( _! own families1 a prohibition :i* appe>s n to h ext5d$ to a non-%amani/ic cur]4 #f ,capta9 ,jim is ! only ,wa%o :om ! ,wa%o g5]ally accept z hav+ be5 a lead] ( ! entire tribe4 ,o!r claimants to ! title ( *ief ( ! ,wa%o are contemptu\sly disc\nt$4 ,!re 7 9 ! pa/ a numb] ( m51 usually consid]$ lead]s ( a 8bun*0 :o 7 call$ 8capta9s0 or1 less (t51 8*iefs0 because !y dealt ) ! :ite population4 ,! entire in/itution ( capta9 may well be a po/-:ite developm5t4 #g ,! will+ness ( ! ,wa%o to s5d gravely ill p]sons to ! hospital seems 9 "p motivat$ by ! wi% to avoid a dea? 9 ! h\se4 #h ,! conc]n = ^! p>ticul> graves may be 9 "p motivat$ by ! fact t !y are a focal po9t 9 a ,wa%o l& claim4 ,because ( ,cali=nia law conc]n+ cemet]ies1 ! ,indians cont5d t ! t\ri/ camp pres5tly on ! site is !re illegally & t ! l& is !irs4 ,?us f> ! camp op]ator has be5 enjo9$ f remov+ or desecrat+ ! graves1 b ! ,indians' claim has n be5 consid]$4 #i ,?is /atem5t 0 made to po9t out to me t 9 o!r times only special p1 inspir$ by dreams1 w\ld h sugge/$ a rabbit hunt4 #aj ,?is k9d ( a /atem5t 0 common & :5ev] x 0 made sugge/ions ( special p[] 7 made explicit lat] 9 ! conv]sation1 or 7 impli$ by ! attitude ( ! in=mant4 #aa ,us$ 9 an adjectival s5se4 ,9 ! ref]5ce bel[ pray] is us$ nom9ally4 #ab ,no matt] h[ reluctant ag$ ,wa%o may h be5 to discuss o!r aspects ( ! pa/1 !y became eloqu5t ab\t any occasion on :i* food 0 pl5tiful4 ,!y describe 9 m9ute detail ! k9ds & am\nt ( food at a fea/ al?\gh !y _c rememb] ! "t1 place1 or ^? pres5t4