file was produced from images produced  
by ,core ,historical ,literature in     
,agriculture 7,,chla71 ,cornell         
,university7          ,,the ,,training  
,,of ,a ,,forester     ,illustration3 ,a
 ,,forest ,,ranger ,,looking ,,for      
,,fire ,,from ,a ,,national ,,forest    
,,lookout ,,station ,page #cb           
,,the ,,training ,,of ,a ,,forester     
,,by    ,,gifford ,,pinchot       ,,with
 ,,eight ,,illustrations                
,illustration      ,,philadelphia       
,,london   ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott         
,,company   #aiad       ,,copyright1    
#aiad1 ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott        
,,company    ,,published ,,february1    
#aiad      ,,printed ,,by ,j4 ,b4       
,,lippincott ,,company   ,,at ,,the     
,,washington ,,square ,,press           
,,philadelphia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4       ,to   
,,overton ,w4 ,,price   ,,friend ,,and  
,,fellow ,,worker    ,,to ,,whom ,,is   
,,due1 ,,more ,,than ,,to ,,any ,,other 
,,man1 ,,the   ,,high ,,efficiency ,,of 
,,the ,,united ,,states ,,forest        

,,service     ,,preface   ,at one time  
or another1 the largest question before 
every young man is1 ,what shall ,i do   
with my life8 ,among the possible       
openings1 which best suits his ambition1
 his tastes1 and his capacities8 ,along 
what line shall he undertake to make a  
successful career8 ,the search for a    
life work and the choice of one is      
surely as important business as can     
occupy a boy verging into manhood4 ,it  
is to help in the decision of those who 
are considering forestry as a profession
 that this little book has been written4
  ,to the young man who is attracted to 
forestry and begins to consider it as a 
possible profession1 certain questions  
present themselves4 ,what is forestry8  
,if he takes it up1 what will his work  
be1 and where8 ,does it in fact offer   
the satisfying type of outdoor life     
which it appears to offer8 ,what chance 
does it present for a successful career1
 for a career of genuine usefulness1 and
 what is the chance to make a living8   

,is he fitted for it in character1 mind1
 and body8 ,if so1 what training does he
 need8 ,these questions deserve an      
answer4  ,to the men whom it really     
suits1 forestry offers a career more    
attractive1 it may be said in all       
fairness1 than any other career         
whatsoever4 ,i doubt if any other       
profession can show a membership so     
uniformly and enthusiastically in love  
with the work4 ,the men who have taken  
it up1 practised it1 and left it for    
other work are few4 ,but to the man not 
fully adapted for it1 forestry must be  
punishment1 pure and simple4 ,those who 
have begun the study of forestry1 and   
then have learned that it was not for   
them1 have doubtless been more in number
 than those who have followed it        
through4  ,i urge no man to make        
forestry his profession1 but rather to  
keep away from it if he can4 ,in        
forestry a man is either altogether at  
home or very much out of place4 ,unless 
he has a compelling love for the        

,forester's life and the ,forester's    
work1 let him keep out of it4    ,g4 ,p4
     ,,contents                         
,,page    ,,what ,,is ,a ,,forest8      
#ac    ,,the ,,forester',s ,,knowledge  
#ah    ,,the ,,forest ,,and ,,the       
,,nation                                
#ai    ,,the ,,forester',s ,,point ,,of 
,,view                                  
#bc    ,,the ,,establishment ,,of       
,,forestry                              
#bg    ,,the ,,work ,,of ,a ,,forester  
#cj    ,,the ,,forest ,,service         
#cj    ,,the ,,forest ,,supervisor      
#df    ,,the ,,trained ,,forester       
#ej    ,,personal ,,equipment           
#fc    ,,state ,,forest ,,work          
#hd    ,,the ,,forest ,,service ,,in    
,,washington                            
#hi    ,,private ,,forestry             
#ajf    ,,forest ,,schools              
#aad    ,,the ,,opportunity             
#aaf    ,,training                      
#abc     ,,illustrations                
,,page    ,a ,,forest ,,ranger ,,looking

 ,,for ,,fire ,,from ,a ,,national      
,,forest ,,lookout ,,station            
,frontispiece    ,,stringing ,a ,,forest
 ,,telephone ,,line                     
#cb    ,,forest ,,rangers ,,scaling     
,,timber                                
#dc    ,,western ,,yellow ,,pine ,,seed 
,,collected ,,by ,,the ,,forest         
,,service ,,for ,,planting ,,up         
,,denuded ,,lands                       
#dg    ,a ,,forest ,,examiner ,,running 
,a ,,compass ,,line                     
#ei    ,,brush ,,piling ,,in ,a         
,,national ,,forest ,,timber ,,sale     
#ie    ,,forest ,,rangers ,,getting     
,,instruction ,,in ,,methods ,,of       
,,work ,,from ,a ,,district ,,forest    
,,officer                               
#aje    ,,forest ,,service ,,men        
,,making ,,fresh ,,measurements ,,in    
,,the ,,missouri ,,swamps               
#acf     ,,the ,,training ,,of ,a       
,,forester     ,,what ,,is ,a ,,forest8 
,first1 ,what is forestry8 ,forestry is 
the knowledge of the forest4 ,in        

particular1 it is the art of handling   
the forest so that it will render       
whatever service is required of it      
without being impoverished or destroyed4
 ,for example1 a forest may be handled  
so as to produce saw logs1 telegraph    
poles1 barrel hoops1 firewood1 tan bark1
 or turpentine4 ,the main purpose of its
 treatment may be to prevent the washing
 of soil1 to regulate the flow of       
streams1 to support cattle or sheep1 or 
it may be handled so as to supply a wide
 range and combination of uses4         
,forestry is the art of producing from  
the forest whatever it can yield for the
 service of man4  ,before we can        
understand forestry1 certain facts about
 the forest itself must be kept in mind4
 ,a forest is not a mere collection of  
individual trees1 just as a city is not 
a mere collection of unrelated men and  
women1 or a ,nation like ours merely a  
certain number of independent racial    
groups4 ,a forest1 like a city1 is a    
complex community with a life of its    

own4 ,it has a soil and an atmosphere of
 its own1 chemically and physically     
different from any other1 with plants   
and shrubs as well as trees which are   
peculiar to it4 ,it has a resident      
population of insects and higher animals
 entirely distinct from that outside4   
,most important of all1 from the        
,forester's point of view1 the members  
of the forest live in an exact and      
intricate system of competition and     
mutual assistance1 of help or harm1     
which extends to all the inhabitants of 
this complicated city of trees4  ,the   
trees in a forest are all helped by     
mutually protecting each other against  
high winds1 and by producing a richer   
and moister soil than would be possible 
if the trees stood singly and apart4    
,they compete among themselves by their 
roots for moisture in the soil1 and for 
light and space by the growth of their  
crowns in height and breadth4 ,perhaps  
the strongest weapon which trees have   
against each other is growth in height4 

,in certain species intolerant of shade1
 the tree which is overtopped has lost  
the race for good4 ,the number of young 
trees which destroy each other in this  
fierce struggle for existence is        
prodigious1 so that often a few score   
per acre are all that survive to middle 
or old age out of many tens of thousands
 of seedlings which entered the race of 
life on approximately even terms4  ,not 
only has a forest a character of its    
own1 which arises from the fact that it 
is a community of trees1 but each       
species of tree has peculiar            
characteristics and habits also4 ,just  
as in ,new ,york ,city1 for example1 the
 ,french1 the ,germans1 the ,italians1  
the ,hungarians1 and the ,chinese each  
have quarters of their own1 and in those
 quarters live in accordance with habits
 which distinguish each race from all   
the others1 so the different species of 
pines and hemlocks1 oaks and maples     
prefer and are found in certain definite
 types of locality1 and live in         

accordance with definite racial habits  
which are as general and unfailing as   
the racial characteristics which        
distinguish1 for example1 the ,italians 
from the ,germans1 or the ,swedes from  
the ,chinese4  ,the most important of   
these characteristics of race or species
 are those which are concerned with the 
relation of each to light1 heat1 and    
moisture4 ,thus1 a river birch will die 
if it has only as much water as will    
suffice to keep a post oak in the best  
condition1 and the warm climate in which
 the balsam fir would perish is just    
suited to the requirements of a long    
leaf pine or a magnolia4  ,the tolerance
 of a tree for shade may vary greatly at
 different times of its life1 but a     
white pine always requires more light   
than a hemlock1 and a beech throughout  
its life will flourish with less        
sunshine or reflected light than1 for   
example1 an oak or a tulip tree4  ,trees
 are limited in their distribution also 
by their adaptability1 in which they    

vary greatly4 ,thus a bald cypress will 
grow both in wetter and in dryer land   
than an oak2 a red cedar will flourish  
from ,florida to the ,canadian line1    
while other species1 like the ,eastern  
larch1 the ,western mountain hemlock1 or
 the big trees of ,california1 are      
confined in their native localities     
within extremely narrow limits4         
,,the ,,forester',s ,,knowledge   ,the  
trained ,forester must know the forest  
as a doctor knows the human machine4    
,first of all1 he must be able to       
distinguish the different trees of which
 the forest is composed1 for that is    
like learning to read4 ,he must know the
 way they are made and the way they     
grow2 but far more important than all   
else1 he must base his knowledge upon   
that part of forestry which is called   
,silvics1 the knowledge of the relation 
of trees to light1 heat1 and moisture1  
to the soil1 and to each other4  ,the   
well-trained ,forester must also know   
the forest shrubs and at least the more 

important smaller forest plants1        
something of the insect and animal life 
of his domain1 and the birds and fish4  
,he must have a good working knowledge  
of rocks1 soils1 and streams1 and of the
 methods of making roads1 trails1 and   
bridges4 ,he should be an expert in     
woodcraft1 able to travel the forest    
safely and surely by day or by night4   
,it is essential that he should have a  
knowledge of the theory and the practice
 of lumbering1 and he should know       
something about lumber markets and the  
value of lumber1 about surveying and map
 making1 and many other matters which   
are considered more at length in the    
,chapter on ,training4 ,there are as yet
 in ,america comparatively few men who  
have acquired even fairly well the more 
important knowledge which should be     
included in the training of a ,forester4
     ,,the ,,forest ,,and ,,the ,,nation
   ,the position of the forest in the   
housekeeping of any nation is unlike    
that of any other great natural         

resource1 for the forest not only       
furnishes wood1 without which           
civilization as we know it would be     
impossible1 but serves also to protect  
or make valuable many of the other      
things without which we could not get   
on4 ,thus the forest cover protects the 
soil from the effects of wind1 and holds
 it in place4 ,for lack of it hundreds  
of thousands of square miles have been  
converted by the winds from moderately  
fertile1 productive land to arid        
drifting sands4 ,narrow strips of forest
 planted as windbreaks make agriculture 
possible in certain regions by          
preventing destruction of crops by      
moisture-stealing dry winds which so    
afflict the central portions of our     
country4  ,without the forests the great
 bulk of our mining for coal1 metals1   
and the precious minerals would be      
either impossible or vastly more        
expensive than it is at present1 because
 the galleries of mines are propped with
 wood1 and so protected against caving  

in4 ,so far1 no satisfactory substitute 
for the wooden railroad tie has been    
devised2 and our whole system of land   
transportation is directly dependent for
 its existence upon the forest1 which   
supplies more than one hundred and      
twenty million new railroad ties every  
year in the ,united ,states alone4  ,the
 forest regulates and protects the flow 
of streams4 ,its effect is to reduce the
 height of floods and to moderate       
extremes of low water4 ,the official    
measurements of the ,united ,states     
,geological ,survey have finally settled
 this long-disputed question4 ,by       
protecting mountain slopes against      
excessive soil wash1 it protects also   
the lowlands upon which this wash would 
otherwise be deposited and the rivers   
whose channels it would clog4 ,it is    
well within the truth to say that the   
utility of any system of rivers for     
transportation1 for irrigation1 for     
waterpower1 and for domestic supply     
depends in great part upon the          

protection which forests offer to the   
headwaters of the streams1 and that     
without such protection none of these   
uses can be expected long to endure4    
,of the two basic materials of our      
civilization1 iron and wood1 the forest 
supplies one4 ,the dominant place of the
 forest in our national economy is well 
illustrated by the fact that no article 
whatsoever1 whether of use or ornament1 
whether it be for food1 shelter1        
clothing1 convenience1 protection1 or   
decoration1 can be produced and         
delivered to the user1 as industry is   
now organized1 without the help of the  
forest in supplying wood4 ,an           
examination of the history of any       
article1 including the production of the
 raw material1 and its manufacture1     
transportation1 and distribution1 will  
at once make this point clear4  ,the    
forest is a national necessity4 ,without
 the material1 the protection1 and the  
assistance it supplies1 no nation can   
long succeed4 ,many regions of the old  

world1 such as ,palestine1 ,greece1     
,northern ,africa1 and ,central ,india1 
offer in themselves the most impressive 
object lessons of the effect upon       
national prosperity and national        
character of the neglect of the forest  
and its consequent destruction4         
,,the ,,forester',s ,,point ,,of ,,view 
,the central idea of the ,forester1 in  
handling the forest1 is to promote and  
perpetuate its greatest use to men4 ,his
 purpose is to make it serve the        
greatest good of the greatest number for
 the longest time4 ,before the members  
of any other profession dealing with    
natural resources1 the ,foresters       
acquired the long look ahead4 ,this was 
only natural1 because in forestry it is 
seldom that a man lives to harvest the  
crop which he helped to sow4 ,the       
,forester must look forward1 because the
 natural resource with which he deals   
matures so slowly1 and because1 if steps
 are to be taken to insure for          
succeeding generations a supply of the  

things the forest yields1 they must be  
taken long in advance4 ,the idea of     
using the forest first for the greatest 
good of the present generation1 and then
 for the greatest good of succeeding    
generations through the long future of  
the nation and the race--that is the    
,forester's point of view4  ,the use of 
foresight to insure the existence of the
 forest in the future1 and1 so far as   
practicable1 the continued or increasing
 abundance of its service to men1       
naturally suggested the use of foresight
 in the same way as to other natural    
resources as well4 ,thus it was the     
,forester's point of view1 applied not  
only to the forest but to the lands1 the
 minerals1 and the streams1 which       
produced the ,conservation policy4 ,the 
idea of applying foresight and          
common-sense to the other natural       
resources as well as to the forest was  
natural and inevitable4 ,it works out1  
equally as a matter of course1 into the 
conception of a planned and orderly     

development of all that the earth       
contains for the uses of men4 ,this     
leads in turn to the application of the 
same principle to other questions and   
resources4 ,it was foreseen from the    
beginning by those who were responsible 
for inaugurating the ,conservation      
movement that its natural development   
would in time work out into a planned   
and orderly scheme for national         
efficiency1 based on the elimination of 
waste1 and directed toward the best use 
of all we have for the greatest good of 
the greatest number for the longest     
time4 ,it is easy to see that this      
principle 7the ,forester's principle1   
first brought to public attention by    
,foresters7 is the key to national      
success4  ,forestry1 then1 is seen to be
 peculiarly essential to the national   
prosperity1 both now and hereafter4     
,national degradation and decay have    
uniformly followed the excessive        
destruction of forests by other nations1
 and will inevitably become our portion 

if we continue to destroy our forests   
three times faster than they are        
produced1 as we are doing now4 ,the     
principles of forestry1 therefore1 must 
occupy a commanding place in determining
 the future prosperity or failure of our
 nation1 and this commanding position in
 the field of ideas is naturally and    
properly reflected in the dignity and   
high standing which the profession of   
forestry1 young as it is1 has already   
acquired in the ,united ,states4 ,this  
position it must be the first care of   
every member of the profession to       
maintain and increase4  ,in the long    
run1 no profession rises higher than the
 degree of public consideration which   
marks its members4 ,the profession of   
forestry is in many ways a peculiarly   
responsible profession1 but in nothing  
more so than in its vital connection    
with the whole future welfare of our    
country and in the obligation which lies
 upon its members to see that its       
reputation and standing1 which are the  

measures of its capacity for usefulness1
 are kept strong and clear4     ,,the   
,,establishment ,,of ,,forestry   ,in   
the ,united ,states1 forestry is passing
 out of the pioneer phase of agitation  
and the education of public opinion1 and
 into the permanent phase of the        
practice of the profession4 ,the first  
steps in forestry in this country1 as in
 any other where the development and    
destruction of natural resources has    
been rapid1 were necessarily directed   
mainly to informing the public mind upon
 the importance of forestry1 and to     
building up national and ,state laws and
 organizations for the protection of    
timberlands set aside for the public    
benefit4 ,the right to be heard with    
respect by the men who were already in  
control of the larger part of our total 
forest wealth had to be won1 and has    
been won4 ,what is more1 in the teeth of
 the bitterest opposition of private    
special interests1 the right of the     
public to first consideration in the    

protection and development of the forest
 and of all the resources it contains   
had to be asserted and established4     
,that has now been done4  ,in the       
,united ,states these steps in the      
movement for the wise use of the forest 
have been taken mainly in the last dozen
 or fifteen years1 during which the     
,federal forest organization has grown  
from an insignificant division of less  
than a dozen men to the present ,united 
,states ,forest ,service1 of more than  
three thousand members4 ,during this    
period1 also1 forestry1 both as a       
profession and as a public necessity1   
has won enduring public recognition1 and
 at the same time more public timberland
 has been set aside for the public use  
and to remain in the public hands than  
during all the rest of our history put  
together4 ,to-day the ,national ,forests
 are reasonably safe in the protection  
of public opinion1 not against all      
attack1 it is true1 but against any     
successful attempt to dismember and turn

 them over to the special interests who 
already control the bulk and the best of
 our forests4 ,the public has accepted  
forestry as necessary to the public     
welfare1 both in the present and in the 
future2 ,state forest organizations are 
springing up2 forestry has won the right
 to be heard in the business offices as 
well as in the conventions of the       
private owners of forest land2 and the  
time for the practice of the profession 
has fully come4     ,,the ,,work ,,of ,a
 ,,forester   ,what does a ,forester do8
 ,i will try to answer this question1   
first1 with reference to the ,united    
,states ,forest ,service1 and later as  
to the numerous other fields of activity
 which are opening or have already      
opened to the trained ,forester in the  
,united ,states4     ,,the ,,forest     
,,service   ,the ,united ,states ,forest
 ,service is responsible both for the   
general progress of forestry1 so far as 
the ,united ,states ,government is      
concerned1 and for the protection and   

use of the ,national ,forests4 ,these   
,national ,forests now cover an area of 
one hundred and eighty-seven million    
acres1 or as much land as is included in
 all the ,new ,england ,states1 with    
,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1
 ,delaware1 ,maryland1 ,virginia and    
,west ,virginia4 ,the head of the       
,service1 whose official title is       
,forester1 is charged with the great    
task of protecting this vast area       
against fire1 theft1 and other          
depredations1 and of making all its     
resources1 the wood1 water1 and grass1  
the minerals1 and the soil1 available   
and useful to the people of the ,united 
,states under regulations which will    
secure development and prevent          
destruction or waste4  ,the ,united     
,states ,forest ,service consists1      
first1 of a protective force of ,forest 
,guards and ,forest ,rangers1 who spend 
practically the whole of their time in  
the forest2 second1 of an executive     
staff of ,forest ,supervisors and their 

assistants1 who have immediate charge of
 the handling of the ,national ,forests2
 and third1 of an administrative staff  
divided between headquarters in         
,washington and the six local           
administrative offices in the ,west1    
where the ,national ,forests mainly lie4
  ,the work of a ,forest ,ranger is1    
first of all1 to protect the ,district  
committed to his charge against fire4   
,that comes before all else4 ,for that  
purpose1 the ,ranger patrols his        
,district during the seasons when fires 
are dangerous1 or watches for signs of  
fire from certain high points1 called   
fire-lookouts1 or both4 ,he keeps the   
trails and fire lines clear and the     
telephone in working order1 and sees to 
it that the fire fighting tools1 such as
 spades1 axes1 and rakes1 are in good   
condition and ready for service4 ,if he 
is wise1 he establishes such relations  
with the people who live in his         
neighborhood that they become his       
volunteer assistants in watching for    

forest fires1 in taking precautions     
against them1 and in notifying him of   
them when they do take place4           
,illustration3 ,,stringing ,a ,,forest  
,,telephone ,,line  ,fighting a forest  
fire in some respects is like fighting a
 fire in a city4 ,in both1 the first and
 most necessary thing is to get men and 
apparatus to the site of the fire at the
 first practicable moment4 ,for this    
purpose1 fire-engines and men are always
 ready in the city1 while in the forest 
the telephones1 trails1 and bridges must
 be kept in condition1 and the forest   
officers must be ready to move instantly
 day or night4  ,it is far better to    
prevent a forest fire from starting than
 to have to put it out after it has     
started2 but in spite of all the care   
that can be exercised with the means at 
hand1 many fires start4 ,each year the  
,forest ,service men extinguish not less
 than three thousand fires1 nearly all  
of them while they are still small4 ,at 
times1 however1 when the woods are very 

dry and the wind blows hard1 in spite of
 all that can be done1 a fire will grow 
large enough to be dangerous not only to
 the forest but to human life4 ,thus in 
the summer of #aiaj1 the driest ever    
known in certain parts of the ,west1    
high winds drove the forest fires clear 
beyond the control of the fire fighters1
 many of whom were compelled to fight   
for their own lives4  ,the worst of     
these fires were in ,montana and ,idaho1
 where the whole power of the ,forest   
,service was used against them4 ,the    
,forest ,rangers1 under the orders of   
their ,supervisors1 immediately         
organized or took charge of small       
companies of fire fighters1 and began   
the work of getting them under control4 
,but so fierce was the wind and so      
terrible the heat of the fires and the  
speed with which they moved1 that in    
many places it became a question of     
saving the lives of the fire fighters   
rather than of putting out the fires4   
,as a matter of fact1 nearly a hundred  

of the men temporarily employed to help 
the ,government fire fighters lost their
 lives1 and many more would have died   
but for the courage1 resource1 and      
knowledge of the woods of the ,forest   
,rangers4  ,take1 for example1 the case 
of ,ranger ,edward ,c4 ,pulaski1 of the 
,coeur d',alene ,national ,forest1      
stationed at ,wallace1 ,idaho4 ,pulaski 
had charge of forty ,italians and       
,poles4 ,he had been at work with them  
for many hours1 when the flames grew to 
be so threatening that it became a      
question of whether he could save his   
men4 ,the fire was travelling faster    
than the men could make their way       
through the dense forest1 and the only  
hope was to find some place into which  
the fire could not come4 ,accordingly   
,pulaski guided his party at a run      
through the blinding smoke to an        
abandoned mine he knew of in the        
neighborhood4 ,when they reached it1 he 
sent the men into the workings ahead of 
him1 hung a wet blanket across the mouth

 of the tunnel1 and himself stood there 
on guard4 ,the fierce heat1 the stifling
 air1 and their deadly fear drove some  
of the foreigners temporarily insane1   
and a number of them tried to break out4
 ,with drawn revolver ,pulaski held them
 back4 ,one man did get by him and was  
burned to death4 ,many fainted in the   
tunnel4 ,the ,ranger himself1 more      
exposed than any of his men1 was        
terribly burned4 ,he stood at his post1 
however1 for five hours1 until the fire 
had passed1 and brought his party       
through without losing a single man     
except that one who got out of the      
tunnel1 although his own injuries were  
so severe that he was in the hospital   
for two months as a result of them4 ,the
 record of the ,forest ,service in these
 terrible fires is one of which every   
,forester may well be proud4  ,the      
,ranger must protect his ,district1 not 
only against fire but against the theft 
of timber and the incessant efforts of  
land grabbers to steal ,government      

lands4 ,to prevent the theft of timber  
is usually not difficult1 but it is far 
harder to prevent fake homesteaders1    
fraudulent mining men1 and other        
dishonest claimants from seizing upon   
land to which they have no right1 and so
 preventing honest men from using these 
claims to make a living4  ,in the past1 
this problem has presented the most     
serious difficulties1 and still         
occasionally does so4 ,there is no      
louder shouter for justice than a balked
 habitual land thief with political     
influence behind him4 ,to illustrate the
 kind of attack upon the ,forest        
,service to which fraudulent land claims
 have constantly given rise1 ,i may cite
 the statements made during one of the  
annual attempts in the ,senate to break 
down the ,service4 ,one of the ,senators
 asserted that in his ,state the ,forest
 ,service was overbearing and           
tyrannical1 and that in a particular    
case it had driven out of his home a    
citizen known to the ,senator1 and had  

left him and his family to wander       
houseless upon the hillside1 and that   
for no good reason whatsoever4  ,this   
statement1 if it had been true1 would at
 once have destroyed the standing of the
 ,service in the minds of many of its   
friends1 and would have led to immediate
 defeat in the fight then going on4     
,fortunately1 the records of the        
,service were so complete1 and the      
knowledge of field conditions on the    
part of the men in ,washington was so   
thorough1 that the mere mention of the  
general locality of the supposed outrage
 by the ,senator made it easy to        
identify the individual case4 ,the man  
in question1 instead of being an honest 
settler with a wife and family1 was the 
keeper of a disreputable saloon and     
dance hall1 a well-known law-breaker    
whom the local authorities had tried    
time and again to dispossess and drive  
away4 ,but by means of his fraudulent   
claim the man had always defeated the   
local officers4 ,when1 however1 the     

officers of the ,forest ,service took   
the case in hand1 the situation changed 
and things moved quickly4 ,the          
disreputable saloon was promptly removed
 from the fraudulent land claim by means
 of which the keeper of it had held on1 
and this thoroughly undesirable citizen 
either went out of business or removed  
his abominable trade to some locality   
outside the ,national ,forest4  ,the    
actual facts were fully brought out in  
the debate next day1 remained           
uncontradicted1 and saved the fight for 
the ,forest ,service4 ,the whole        
incident may be found at length in the  
,congressional ,record4  ,the ,forest   
,ranger is charged with overseeing and  
regulating the free use of timber by    
settlers and others who live in or near 
the ,national ,forests4 ,last year      
7#aiab7 the ,forest ,service gave away  
without charge more than #aif1jjj worth 
of saw timber1 house logs1 fencing1     
fuel1 and other material to men and     
women who needed it for their own use4  

,usually it is the ,ranger's work to    
issue the permits for this free use1 and
 to designate the timber that may be    
cut4 ,for this purpose1 he must be well 
acquainted with the kinds and the uses  
of the trees in his ,district1 and it is
 most important that he should know     
something of how their reproduction can 
best be secured1 in order that the free 
use may be permitted without injury to  
the future welfare of the forest4  ,a   
,ranger oversees the use of his         
,district for the grazing of cattle1    
sheep1 and other domestic animals4 ,he  
must acquaint himself with the brands   
and marks of the various owners1 and    
should be well posted in the essentials 
of the business of raising cattle1      
sheep1 and horses4 ,the allotment of    
grazing areas is one of the most        
difficult problems to adjust1 because   
the demand is almost always for much    
more range than is available and the    
division of what range there is among   
the local owners of stock often presents

 serious difficulties1 in which the     
,ranger's local knowledge and advice is 
constantly sought by his superior       
officer4  ,there is a wise law1 passed  
at the request of the ,forest ,service1 
under which land in the ,national       
,forests which is shown to be           
agricultural may be entered under the   
homestead law1 and used for the making  
of homes4 ,this law is peculiarly hard  
to carry out because the ceaseless      
efforts of land grabbers to misuse it   
demand great vigilance on the part of   
the ,forest ,officers4 ,in many cases it
 is the ,ranger who makes the report    
upon which the decision as to the       
agricultural or non-agricultural        
character of the land is based1 although
 in other cases the examinations to     
determine whether the land is really    
agricultural in character are made by   
,examiners especially trained for this  
duty4 ,serious controversies into which 
politics enter are often caused by the  
efforts of speculators and others1 under

 pretext of this law1 to get possession 
of lands chiefly valuable for their     
timber4  ,the building and maintenance  
of trails1 telephone lines1 roads1      
bridges1 and fences in his ,district is 
under the charge of the ,ranger1 and in 
many cases ,rangers and ,forest ,guards 
are appointed by the ,state as ,wardens 
to see to it that the game and fish laws
 are properly enforced4  ,next to the   
protection of his ,district from fire1  
the most important duty of the ,ranger  
has to do with the sale of timber and   
the marking of the individual trees     
which are to be cut4 ,the reproduction  
of the forest depends directly on what  
trees are kept for seed1 or on how the  
existing young growth is protected and  
preserved in felling and swamping the   
trees which have been marked for        
cutting1 and in skidding the logs4 ,the 
disposal of the slash must be looked    
after1 for it has much to do with forest
 reproduction1 and with promoting safety
 from fire4 ,then1 the scaling of the   

logs determines the amount of the       
payment the ,government receives for its
 timber1 and there are often regulations
 governing the transportation of the    
scaled logs whose enforcement is of     
great consequence to the future forest4 
,illustration3 ,,forest ,,rangers       
,,scaling ,,timber  ,nearly all of these
 duties the ,ranger may perform in      
certain cases without supervision1 if   
his judgment and training are           
sufficient1 but the marking especially  
is often done under the eye or in       
accordance with the directions of the   
technical ,forester1 whose duty it is to
 see that the future of the forest is   
protected by enforcing the conditions of
 sale4  ,these are but a part of the    
duties of the ,ranger1 for he is        
concerned with all the uses which his   
,district may serve4 ,the streams1 for  
example1 may be important for city water
 supply1 irrigation1 or for waterpower1 
and their use for these purposes must be
 under his eye4 ,hotels and saw-mills on

 sites leased from the ,government may  
dot his ,district here and there4 ,the  
land within ,national ,forests may be   
put to a thousand other uses1 from a bee
 ranch on the ,cleveland ,forest in     
southern ,california to a whaling       
station on the ,tongass ,forest in      
,alaska1 all of which means work for    
him4  ,the result of all this is that   
the ,ranger comes in contact with city  
dwellers1 irrigators1 cattlemen1        
sheepmen1 and horsemen1 ranchers1       
storekeepers1 hotel men1 hunters1       
miners1 and lumbermen1 and above all    
with the settlers who live in or near   
his ,district4 ,with all these it is his
 duty to keep on good terms1 for well he
 knows that one man at certain times can
 set more fires than a regiment can     
extinguish1 and that the best protection
 for his ,district comes from the       
friendly interest of the men who live in
 it or near it4  ,a ,forest ,guard is in
 effect an assistant to the ,ranger1 and
 may be called upon to carry out most of

 the duties which fall upon a ,ranger4  
,the foregoing short statement will make
 it clear that preliminary experience as
 a ,ranger may be of the utmost value to
 the man who proposes later on to       
perform in the ,government ,service the 
duties of a trained ,forester4 ,it is   
becoming more and more common1 and      
fortunately so1 for graduates of forest 
schools to begin their work in the      
,united ,states ,forest ,service as     
,rangers or ,forest ,guards4 ,the man   
who has done well a ,ranger's work1 like
 the graduate of an engineering school  
who1 after graduation1 has entered a    
machine shop as a hand1 has acquired a  
body of practical information and       
experience which will be invaluable to  
him in the later practice of his        
profession1 and which is far beyond the 
reach of any man who has not been       
trained in the actual execution of this 
work on the ground and in actual daily  
contact with the multifarious uses and  
users of the forest4     ,,the ,,forest 

,,supervisor  ,illustration3 ,,western  
,,yellow ,,pine ,,seed ,,collected ,,by 
,,the ,,forest ,,service ,,for          
,,planting ,,up ,,denuded ,,lands  ,the 
,supervisor is the general manager of a 
,national ,forest4 ,the responsibility  
for the protection1 care1 and use of it 
falls upon him1 under the direction of  
the ,district ,forester4 ,the           
,supervisor is responsible for making   
the use of his forest as valuable and as
 convenient as possible for the people  
in and around the area of which he has  
charge4 ,he deals with the organizations
 of forest users1 such as local stock   
associations1 and issues permits for    
grazing live stock in the forest4       
,permits for cutting small amounts of   
timber are granted by him1 and he       
advertises in the papers the sale of    
larger amounts and receives bids from   
prospective purchasers2 keeps the       
accounts of his forest2 and makes       
regular reports on a variety of         
important subjects1 such as the         

personnel of his forest force1 the      
permanent improvements made or to be    
made1 the permits issued for regular and
 special uses of the forest and for free
 use of timber and forage1 the number   
and kinds of predatory animals killed1  
the amount of forest planting           
accomplished1 and the expense and losses
 from forest fires4 ,he has general     
oversight of the roads1 trails1 and     
other improvements on his forest2 and   
prepares plans for the extension of     
them4 ,in particular1 he directs1       
controls1 and inspects the work of the  
,ranger and ,guards1 and in general1 he 
attends to the thousand and one matters 
which go to adjusting the use of the    
forest to the needs of the men who use  
it1 and on which depends whether the    
forest is well or badly thought of among
 the people whose cooperation or        
opposition have so much to do with      
making its management successful or     
otherwise4  ,the ,supervisor spends     
about half his time in the office and   

half in the field1 inspecting the work  
of his men and consulting with them1    
meeting local residents or associations 
of local residents who have propositions
 to submit for improving the service of 
the forest to them1 or for correcting   
mistakes1 or who wish to lay before the 
,supervisor some one of the numberless  
matters in which the forest affects     
their welfare4 ,the usefulness of the   
,supervisor depends as much upon his    
good judgment1 his ability to meet men  
and do business with them1 and his      
knowledge of local needs and local      
affairs1 as it does upon his knowledge  
of the forest itself4 ,as in the case of
 every superior officer1 his attitude   
toward his work1 his energy1 his good   
sense1 and his good will are or should  
be reflected in the men under him1 so   
that his position is one of the greatest
 importance in determining the success  
or failure of each ,national ,forest1   
and hence of the ,forest ,service as a  
whole4 ,more and more of the trained    

,foresters in the ,service are seeking  
and securing appointments as ,forest    
,supervisors because of the interest and
 satisfaction they find in the work4    
,such men handle both the professional  
and business sides of forest management4
 ,many of their duties1 therefore1 are  
described in the succeeding chapter4    
,the position of ,supervisor is in many 
respects the most desirable a trained   
,forester can occupy in the ,forest     
,service1 and the most responsible of   
the field positions4     ,,the ,,trained
 ,,forester   ,to each forest where     
timber cutting has become important     
there are assigned one or more ,forest  
,assistants or ,forest ,examiners4      
,these are professionally trained       
,foresters4 ,they are subordinate upon  
each forest to the ,supervisor as       
manager1 but it is their work which has 
most to do with deciding whether the    
,forest ,service in general is to be    
successful or is to fail in the great   
task of preserving the forest by wise   

use4  ,the ,forest ,assistant secures   
his position with the ,service by       
passing an examination devised to test  
his technical knowledge and his ability4
 ,after he has served two years as      
,forest ,assistant the quality and      
quantity of his work will have          
determined his fitness to continue in   
the employ of the ,government4 ,if he is
 unfit he may be dropped1 for there are 
many young and ambitious men ready to   
step into his place4 ,if he makes good  
he is promoted to the grade of ,forest  
,examiner and is put definitely in      
charge of certain lines of professional 
work2 always1 of course1 under the      
direction of the ,supervisor1 of whom he
 becomes the adviser on all problems    
involving technical forestry4  ,the most
 important tasks of the trained         
,forester on a ,national ,forest are the
 preparation of working plans for the   
use of the forest by methods which will 
protect and perpetuate it as well1 and  
the carrying out of the plans when made4

 ,this is forestry in the technical     
sense of the word4 ,it involves a       
thorough study of the kinds of timber1  
their amount and location1 their rate of
 growth1 their value1 the ease or       
difficulty of their reproduction1 and   
the methods by which the timber can be  
cut at a profit and at the same time the
 reproduction of the forest can be      
safely secured4 ,a working plan usually 
includes a considerable number of maps1 
which often have to be drawn in the     
first place from actual surveys on the  
ground by the ,forest ,examiner4 ,these 
maps contain the information secured by 
working-plan studies1 and are of the    
first necessity for the wise and skilful
 handling of the forest4 ,they often    
constitute1 also1 most important        
documents in the history of its         
condition and use4  ,on many of the     
,national ,forests the need for         
immediate use of the timber is so urgent
 and so just that there is no time to   
prepare elaborate working plans4 ,timber

 sales must be made1 and made at once2  
but they must be made1 nevertheless1 in 
a way that will fully protect the future
 welfare of the forest4 ,whether working
 plans can be prepared or not1 a most   
important duty of the technical         
,forester is to work out the conditions 
under which a given body of timber can  
be cut with safety to the forest1       
especially with safety to its           
reproduction and future growth4 ,the    
principal study for a timber sale will  
usually include an examination of the   
general features and condition of the   
forest1 and the determination of the    
diameter down to which it is advisable  
to cut the standing trees1 a diameter   
which must be fixed at such a size as   
will protect the forest and make the    
lumbering pay4 ,it will include also an 
investigation1 more or less thorough and
 complete1 as the conditions warrant1 of
 the silvical habits of one or more of  
the species of trees in that forest4    
,the areas which form natural units for 

the logging and transportation of the   
timber must be worked out and laid off1 
and careful estimates1 or measurements1 
of the amount of standing timber and of 
its value on the stump must be made1 as 
well as of the cost of moving it to the 
mill or to the railroad4  ,the ,forest  
,examiner must also consider1 in many   
cases1 the building of logging roads or 
railroads1 timber slides1 etc41 and must
 make a careful study of the material   
into which the trees to be cut can best 
be worked up1 and of the value of such  
material in the market4 ,most of all1   
however1 he must study1 think over1 and 
decide what he will recommend as to the 
conditions which are to govern the      
logging conditions by which the         
protection of the forest is to be       
insured4 ,these conditions1 fixed by his
 superiors upon the report of the       
,forest ,examiner1 determine whether an 
individual timber sale is forestry or   
forest destruction4 ,this is the central
 question in the administration of the  

,national ,forests from the national    
point of view4  ,the principal objects  
of the conditions laid down for a timber
 sale are always the reproduction of the
 forest and its safety against fire4    
,natural reproduction from self-sown    
seed is almost invariably the result    
desired2 and so the question of the seed
 trees to be left1 and how they are to  
be located or spaced1 is fundamental1   
unless there is ample young growth      
already on the ground4 ,in the latter   
case this young growth must not be      
smashed or bent by throwing the older   
trees on top of it1 or against it1 and  
the young saplings bent down by the     
felled tops must be promptly released4  
,in order to avoid danger to the young  
growth already present or to be secured1
 as well as to protect the older trees  
from fires1 the slash produced in       
lumbering1 the tops lopped from the     
trees up to and beyond the highest point
 to which the lumbermen are required to 
take the logs1 must be satisfactorily   

disposed of--either by scattering it    
thinly over the ground1 by piling and   
burning1 or often by piling alone4      
,these and many other conditions of sale
 must be studied out in a form adapted  
to each particular case1 and must be    
discussed with the men who propose to   
buy1 who often have wise and practical  
suggestions to make4  ,similar questions
 on a less important scale present      
themselves and must be answered in the  
matter of small timber sales1 and of    
timber given without charge under       
free-use permits to settlers and others4
  ,when the terms of a contract of sale 
have been worked out and accepted and   
the timber has been sold1 then the      
,forest ,assistant has charge of the    
extremely interesting task of marking   
the trees that are to be cut1 in        
accordance with these terms4 ,usually   
this is done by marking all the trees   
which are to be felled1 but sometimes by
 marking only the trees which are to    
remain4  ,the marking is usually done by

 blazing each tree and stamping the     
letters ,u4 ,s4 upon the blaze with a   
,government marking axe or hatchet4 ,it 
must be done in such a way that the     
loggers will have no excuse either for  
cutting an unmarked tree or leaving a   
marked tree uncut1 or vice versa1 as the
 case may be4 ,the marking may be       
carried out by the ,rangers and ,forest 
,guards under supervision of the ,forest
 ,assistant1 or in difficult situations 
he may mark or direct the marking of    
each tree himself4 ,marking is          
fascinating work4  ,later1 while the    
logging is under way1 the ,forest       
,examiner will often inspect it to see  
that the terms of the sale are complied 
with1 that the trees cut are thrown in  
places where they will not unduly damage
 either young growth or the larger trees
 which are to remain1 and that the other
 conditions laid down for the logging in
 the contract of sale are observed4 ,the
 scaling of the logs to determine the   
amount of payment to the ,government    

will many times be under his            
supervision1 although in the larger     
sales this work1 as well as the routine 
inspection of the logging1 is usually   
carried out by a special body of expert 
lumbermen1 who often bring to it a much 
wider knowledge of the woods than the   
men in actual charge of the lumbering4  
,in nearly every ,national ,forest there
 are areas upon which the trees have    
been destroyed by fire4 ,many of these  
are so large or so remote from          
seed-bearing trees that natural         
reproduction will not suffice to replace
 the forest4 ,in such localities        
planting is needed1 and for that purpose
 the ,forest ,examiner must establish   
and conduct a forest nursery4 ,the      
decision on the kind of trees to plant  
and on the methods of raising and       
planting them1 the collection of the    
seed1 the care and transplanting of the 
young trees until they are set out on   
the site of the future forest1 forms a  
task of absorbing interest4 ,such work  

often requires a high degree of         
technical skill4 ,it is likely to occupy
 a larger and larger share of the time  
and attention of the trained men of the 
,forest ,service4  ,illustration3 ,a    
,,forest ,,examiner ,,running ,a        
,,compass ,,line  ,the ,forest          
,assistant's or ,examiner's knowledge of
 surveying makes it natural for him to  
take an important part in the laying out
 of new roads and trails in the forest1 
or in correcting the lines of old ones1 
and there is little work more           
immediately useful4 ,the forest can be  
safeguarded effectively just in         
proportion to the ease with which all   
parts of it can be reached4 ,forest     
protection may be less technically      
interesting than other parts of the     
,forester's work1 but nothing that he   
does is more important or pays larger   
dividends in future results4  ,in       
addition to his studies of the habits   
and reproduction of the different trees 
for working plans or timber sales1 or   

simply to increase his knowledge of the 
forest1 the ,forest ,examiner is often  
called upon to lay out sample plots for 
ascertaining the exact relation of each 
species to light1 heat1 and moisture1 or
 for studying its rate of growth4 ,he   
may find it necessary to determine the  
effect of the grazing of cattle or sheep
 on young growth of various species and 
of various ages1 or to ascertain their  
relative resistance to fire4 ,in        
general1 what time he can spare from    
more pressing duties is very fully      
occupied with adding to his silvical    
knowledge by observation1 with studies  
of injurious insects or fungi1 of the   
reasons for the increase or decrease of 
valuable or worthless species of trees  
in the forest1 the innumerable secondary
 effects of forest fires1 the causes of 
the local distribution of trees1 or with
 some other of the thousand questions   
which give a never-failing interest to  
work in the woods4  ,the protection of a
 valuable kind of tree often depends    

upon the ability to find a use for1 and 
therefore to remove1 a less-valuable    
species which is crowding it out1 for as
 yet the ,american ,forester can do very
 little cutting or thinning that does   
not pay4 ,just so1 the protection of a  
given tract against fire may depend upon
 the ability to use1 and therefore to   
remove1 a part or the whole of the dead 
and down timber which now makes it a    
fire trap4 ,for such reasons as these1  
the uses of wood and the markets for its
 disposal form exceedingly important    
branches of study for the ,forest       
,examiner1 who will usually find that   
his duties require him to be thoroughly 
familiar with them4  ,it is more and    
more common to find each ,forest        
,officer--,ranger1 ,forest ,examiner1 or
 ,supervisor--combining in himself the  
qualities and the knowledge required to 
fill any or all of the other positions4 
,the professionally trained man who     
develops marked executive ability is    
likely to become a ,supervisor1 just as 

a ,ranger1 with the necessary training  
and experience1 who may wish to devote  
himself to silvical investigations may  
be transferred to that work4 ,the point 
is that each man has individual         
opportunity to establish and occupy the 
place for which he is best fitted4  ,the
 success of the technical ,forester1    
like that of the ,ranger1 and indeed of 
nearly every ,government ,forest        
,officer1 in whatever position or line  
of work1 will very frequently depend on 
his good judgment and practical sense1  
the chief ingredient of which will      
always be his knowledge of local needs  
and conditions1 and his sympathetic     
understanding of the local point of     
view4 ,this does not mean that the local
 point of view is always to control4 ,on
 the contrary1 the ,forest ,officer must
 often decide against it in the interest
 of the welfare of the larger public4   
,but the desires and demands of the     
users of the forest should always be    
given the fullest hearing and the most  

careful consideration4 ,to this rule    
there is no exception whatsoever4       
,,personal ,,equipment   ,forestry      
differs from most professions in this1  
that it requires as much vigor of body  
as it does vigor of mind4 ,the sort of  
man to which it appeals1 and which it   
seeks1 is the man with high powers of   
observation1 who does not shrink from   
responsibility1 and whose mental vigor  
is balanced by physical strength and    
hardiness4 ,the man who takes up        
forestry should be little interested in 
his own personal comfort1 and should    
have and conserve endurance enough to   
stand severe physical work accompanied  
by mental labor equally exhausting4     
,foresters are still few in numbers1 and
 the point of view which they represent1
 while it is making immense strides in  
public acceptance1 is still far from    
general application4 ,therefore1        
,foresters are still missionaries in a  
very real sense1 and since they are so  
few1 it is of the utmost importance that

 they should stand closely together4    
,differences of opinion there must      
always be in all professions1 but there 
is no other profession in which it is   
more important to keep these differences
 from working out into animosities or   
separations of any kind4 ,we are        
fortunate above all in this1 that       
,american ,foresters are united as      
probably the members of no other        
profession4 ,this esprit de corps has   
given them their greatest power of      
achievement1 and any man who proposes to
 enter the profession should do so with 
this fact clearly in mind4  ,the high   
standard which the profession of        
forestry1 new in the ,united ,states1   
has already reached1 its great power for
 usefulness to the ,nation1 now and     
hereafter1 and the large                
responsibilities which fall so quickly  
on the men who are trained to accept    
it--all these things give to the        
profession a position and dignity which 
it should be the first care of every man

 who enters it to maintain or increase4 
,to stand well at graduation is or ought
 to be far less the object of a         
,forester's training than to stand well 
ten or twenty years after graduation4   
,it is of the first importance that the 
training should be thorough and         
complete4  ,a friend of mine1 ,john     
,muir1 says that the best advice he can 
give young men is3 ,take time to get    
rich4 ,his idea of getting rich is to   
fill his mind and spirit full with      
observations of the nature he so deeply 
loves and so well understands2 so that  
in his mind it is not money which makes 
riches1 but life in the open and the    
seeing eye4  ,next to those basic traits
 of personal character1 without which no
 man is worth his salt1 the ,forester's 
most important quality is the power of  
observation1 the power to note and      
understand1 or seek to understand1 what 
he sees in the forest4 ,it is just as   
essential a part of the ,forester's     
equipment to be able to see what is     

wrong with a piece of forest1 and what  
is required for its improvement1 as it  
is necessary for a physician to be able 
to diagnose a disease and to prescribe  
the remedy4  ,silvics1 which may be said
 to be the knowledge of how trees behave
 in health and disease toward each      
other1 and toward light1 heat1 moisture1
 and the soil1 is the foundation of     
forestry and the ,forester's first task 
is to bring himself to a high point of  
efficiency in observing and interpreting
 these facts of the forest1 and to keep 
himself there4 ,it should be as hard    
work to walk through the forest1 and see
 what is there to be seen1 as to wrestle
 with the most difficult problem of     
mathematics4 ,no man can be a good      
,forester without that quality of       
observation and understanding which the 
,french call the forester's eye4 ,it is 
not the only quality required for       
success in forestry1 but it is          
unquestionably the first4  ,perhaps the 
second among the qualities necessary for

 the ,forester is common sense1 which   
most often simply means a sympathetic   
understanding of the circumstances among
 which a man finds himself4 ,the        
,american ,forester must know the       
,united ,states and understand its      
people4 ,nothing which affects the      
welfare of his country should be        
indifferent to him4 ,forestry is a form 
of practical statesmanship which touches
 the national life at so many points    
that no ,forester can safely allow      
himself to remain ignorant of the needs 
and purposes of his fellow citizens1 or 
to be out of touch with the current     
questions of the day4 ,the best citizen 
makes the best ,forester1 and no man can
 make a good ,forester unless he is a   
good citizen also4  ,the ,forester can  
not succeed unless he understands the   
problems and point of view of his       
country1 and that is the reason why     
,foresters from other lands were not    
brought into the ,united ,states in the 
early stages of the forest movement4 ,at

 that time practically no ,american     
,foresters had yet been trained1 and the
 great need of the situation was for men
 to do the immediately pressing work4   
,foresters from ,germany1 ,france1      
,switzerland1 and other countries could 
have been obtained in abundant numbers  
and at reasonable salaries4 ,they were  
not invited to come because1 however    
well trained in technical forestry1 they
 could not have understood the habits of
 thought of our people4 ,therefore1 in  
too many cases1 they would have failed  
to establish the kind of practical      
understanding which a ,forester must    
have with the men who use1 or work in1  
his forest1 if he is to succeed4 ,it was
 wiser to wait until ,americans could be
 trained1 for the practising ,forester  
must handle men as well as trees4  ,one 
of the most difficult things to do in   
any profession which involves drudgery  
7and ,i take it that no profession which
 does not involve drudgery is worth the 
attention of a man7 is to look beyond   

the daily routine to the things which   
that routine is intended to assist in   
accomplishing4 ,this is peculiarly true 
of forestry1 in which1 perhaps more than
 in any other profession1 the           
long-distance1 far-sighted attitude of  
mind is essential to success4 ,the trees
 a ,forester plants he himself will     
seldom live to harvest4 ,much of his    
thought about his forest must be in     
terms of centuries4 ,the great object   
for which he is striving of necessity   
can not be fully accomplished during his
 lifetime4 ,he must1 therefore1 accustom
 himself to look ahead1 and to reap his 
personal satisfaction from the planned  
and orderly development of a scheme the 
perfect fruit of which he can never hope
 to see4  ,this is one of the strongest 
reasons why the ,forester1 whether in   
public or private employment1 must      
always look upon himself as a public    
servant4 ,it is of the first importance 
that he should accustom himself to think
 of the results of his work as          

affecting1 not primarily himself1 but   
others1 always including the general    
public4 ,it is essential for a ,forester
 to form the habit of looking far ahead1
 out of which grows a sound perspective 
and persistence in body and mind4  ,one 
of the greatest football players of our 
time makes the distinction between a    
player who is quick and a player who is 
soon4 ,in his description1 the quick    
player is the man who waits until the   
last moment and then moves with nervous 
and desperate haste in the little time  
he has left4 ,the man who is soon1      
however1 almost invariably arrives ahead
 of the man who is quick1 because he has
 thought out in advance exactly where he
 is going and how to get there1 and when
 the moment comes he does not delay his 
start1 makes no false motions1 and      
thereby makes and keeps himself         
efficient4 ,forestry is preeminently a  
profession for the soon man1 for it is  
the steady preparation long in advance1 
the well-thoughtout plan well stuck to1 

which in forestry brings success4  ,in  
my experience1 men differ comparatively 
little in mere ability1 in the quality  
of the mental machine1 through which the
 spirit works4 ,nine times out of ten1  
it is not ability which brings success1 
but persistence and enthusiasm1 which   
are usually1 but not always1 the same as
 vision and will4 ,we all have ability  
enough to do the things which lie before
 us1 but the man with the will to keep  
everlastingly at it1 and the vision to  
realize the meaning and value of the    
results for which he is striving1 is the
 man who wins in nearly every case4     
,this is true in all human affairs1 but 
it is peculiarly true of the ,forester  
and his task1 the end of which lies so  
far ahead4  ,in a class below me at     
,phillips-,exeter ,academy was a boy who
 had just entered the school4 ,his great
 ambition was to play football1 and he  
came to the practise day after day4 ,his
 abilities1 however1 were apparently not
 on the same plane with his ambitions1  

and his work was so ridiculously poor   
that he became the laughing stock of the
 whole school4 ,that1 however1 troubled 
him not at all4 ,what held his mind was 
football4 ,undiscouraged and undismayed1
 he kept on playing football until in   
his last year he became captain of the  
,exeter football team4  ,every man of   
experience has known many similar cases4
 ,it is clear1 ,i think1 that the master
 qualities in achievement are neither   
luck nor mere ability1 but rather       
enthusiasm and persistence1 or vision   
and will4  ,in a peculiar sense the     
,forester depends upon public opinion   
and public support for the means of     
carrying on his work1 and for its final 
success4 ,but the attention which the   
public gives or can give to any         
particular subject varies1 and of       
necessity must vary1 from time to time4 
,under these circumstances1 it is       
inevitable that the ,forester must meet 
discouragements1 checks1 and delays1 as 
well as periods of smooth sailing4 ,he  

should expect them1 and should be       
prepared to discount them when they     
come4 ,when they do come1 ,i know of no 
better way of reducing their bad effects
 than for a man to make allowance for   
his own state of mind4 ,he who can stand
 off and look at himself impartially1   
realizing that he will not feel         
to-morrow as he feels to-day1 has a     
powerful weapon against the temporary   
discouragements which are necessarily   
met in any work that is really worth    
while4 ,progress is always in spirals1  
and there is always a good time coming4 
,there is nothing so fatal to good work 
as that flabby spirit under which some  
weak men try to hide their              
inefficiency--the spirit of ,what's the 
use8  ,it has been the experience of    
every ,forester1 as he goes about the   
country1 to be told that a certain      
mountain is impassable1 that a certain  
trail can not be travelled1 that a      
certain stream can not be crossed1 and  
to find that mountain1 trail1 and stream

 can all be passed with little serious  
difficulty by a man who is willing to   
try4 ,most things said to be impossible 
are so only in the mind of the man whose
 timidity or inertness keeps him from   
making the attempt4 ,the whole story of 
the establishment and growth of the     
,united ,states ,forest ,service is a   
story of the doing of things which the  
men who did them were warned in advance 
would be impossible4 ,usually the thing 
which can't be done is well worth       
trying4  ,perhaps ,i ought to add that  
,i am not urging the young ,forester to 
disregard local public opinion without  
the best of reasons1 or to rush his     
horse blindly into the ford of a swollen
 stream4 ,good sense is the first       
condition of success4 ,i am merely      
saying that in ninety-nine cases out of 
a hundred1 when a thing ought to be done
 it can be done1 if the effort is made  
with that idea in mind4  ,all this is   
but one way of saying that the ,forester
 should be his own severest taskmaster4 

,the ,forester must keep himself up to  
his own work4 ,in no other profession1  
to my knowledge1 is a man thrown so     
completely on his own responsibility4   
,the ,forester often leads an isolated  
life for weeks or months at a time1     
seeing the men under whom he works only 
at distant intervals4 ,because he is so 
much his own master1 the responsibility 
which rests upon him is peculiarly his  
own1 and must be met out of the         
resources within himself4  ,the training
 of a ,forester should lead him to be   
practical in the right sense of that    
word1 which emphatically is not the     
sense of abandoning standards of work or
 conduct in order to get immediate      
results4 ,the practical men with whom   
the ,forester must do his               
work--lumbermen1 cattlemen1 sheepmen1   
settlers1 forest users of all kinds--are
 often by very much his superiors in    
usable knowledge of the details of their
 work4 ,their opinions are entitled to  
the most complete hearing and respect4  

,there is no other class of men from    
whose advice the ,forester can so       
greatly profit if he chooses to do so4  
,he is superior to them1 if at all1 only
 in his technical knowledge1 and in the 
broader point of view he has derived    
from his professional training4 ,it is  
of the first importance that the young  
,forester should know these men1 should 
learn to like and respect them1 and that
 he should get all the help he can from 
their knowledge and practical           
experience4 ,the willingness to use the 
information and assistance which such   
men were ready to give has more than    
once meant the difference between       
failure and success4  ,the young        
,forester1 like other young men1 is     
likely to be impatient4 ,i do not blame 
him for it4 ,rightly directed1 his      
impatience may become one of his best   
assets4 ,but it will do no harm to      
remember1 also1 that the human race has 
reached its present degree of           
civilization and advancement only step  

by step1 and that it seems likely to    
proceed in very much the same way       
hereafter4 ,as a general rule1 results  
slowly and painfully accomplished are   
lasting4 ,the results to be achieved in 
forestry must be lasting if they are to 
be valuable4  ,in general1 the men with 
whom the ,forester deals can adopt1 and 
in many cases1 ought to adopt1 a new    
point of view but slowly4 ,to fall in   
love at first sight with theories or    
policies is as rare as the same         
experience is between persons4 ,as a    
rule1 an intellectual conviction1       
however well founded1 must be followed  
by a period of incubation and growth    
before it can blossom into a definite   
principle of action1 before the man who 
holds it is ready to work or fight in   
order to carry it out4 ,there is a rate 
in the adoption of new ideas beyond     
which only the most unusual             
circumstances will induce men's minds to
 move4 ,forestry has gone ahead in the  
,united ,states faster than it ever did 

in any other land4 ,if it proceeds a    
little less rapidly1 now that so much of
 the field has been won1 there will be  
no reason for discouragement in that4   
,,as ,a ,,subordinate ,,officer         
,necessarily the young ,forester will   
begin as a subordinate4 ,how soon he    
will come to give orders of his own will
 depend on how well he executes the     
orders of his superior4 ,in particular1 
it will depend on whether he requires to
 be coddled in doing his work1 or       
whether he is willing and able to stand 
on his own feet4 ,the man for whom every
 employer of men is searching1          
everywhere and always1 is the man who   
will accept the responsibility for the  
work he has to do--who will not lean at 
every point upon his superior for       
additional instructions1 advice1 or     
encouragement4  ,there is no more       
valuable subordinate than the man to    
whom you can give a piece of work and   
then forget about it1 in the confident  
expectation that the next time it is    

brought to your attention it will come  
in the form of a report that the thing  
has been done4 ,when this master quality
 is joined to executive power1 loyalty1 
and common sense1 the result is a man   
whom you can trust4 ,on the other hand1 
there is no greater nuisance to a man   
heavily burdened with the direction of  
affairs than the weak-backed assistant  
who is continually trying to get his    
chief to do his work for him1 on the    
feeble plea that he thought the chief   
would like to decide this or that       
himself4 ,the man to whom an executive  
is most grateful1 the man whom he will  
work hardest and value most1 is the man 
who accepts responsibility willingly1   
and is not continually under his feet4  
,,as ,a ,,superior ,,officer  ,the      
principles of effective administrative  
work have never1 so far as ,i know1 been
 adequately classified and defined4     
,when they come to be stated one of the 
most important will be found to be the  
exact assignment of responsibility1 so  

that whatever goes wrong the            
administrative head will know clearly   
and at once upon whom the responsibility
 falls4 ,this is one of the reasons why1
 as a rule1 boards and commissions are  
far less effective in getting things    
done than single men with clear-cut     
authority and equally clear-cut         
responsibility4 ,another principle1 so  
well known that it has almost become a  
proverb1 is to delegate everything you  
can1 to do nothing that you can get     
someone else to do for you4 ,but the    
wisdom of letting a good man alone is   
less commonly understood4 ,it is        
sometimes as important for the superior 
officer not to worry his subordinate    
with useless orders as it is for the    
subordinate not to harass his superior  
with useless questions4  ,let a good man
 alone4 ,give him his head4 ,nothing    
will hold him so rigidly to his work as 
the feeling that he is trusted4 ,lead   
your men in their work1 and above all   
make of your organization not a         

monarchy1 limited or unlimited1 but a   
democracy1 in which the responsibility  
of each man for a particular piece of   
work shall not only be defined but      
recognized1 in which the credit for each
 man's work1 so far as possible1 shall  
be attached to his own name1 in which   
the opinions and advice of your         
subordinates are often sought before    
decisions are made2 in a word1 a        
democracy in which each man feels a     
personal responsibility for the success 
of the whole enterprise4  ,the young    
,forester may be years removed from the 
chance to apply these principles in     
practice1 but since no superior officer 
can put them into fruitful effect       
without the cooperation of his          
subordinates1 it is well that they      
should be known at both ends of the     
line4   ,a ,,public ,,servant  ,i repeat
 that whether a ,forester is engaged in 
private work or in public work1 whether 
he is employed by a lumberman1 an       
association of lumbermen1 a fishing and 

shooting club1 the owner of a great     
estate1 or whether he is an officer of a
 ,state or of the ,nation1 by virtue of 
his profession he is a public servant4  
,because he deals with the forest1 he   
has his hand upon the future welfare of 
his country4 ,his point of view is that 
which must control its future welfare4  
,he represents the planned and orderly  
development of its resources4 ,he is the
 representative also of the forest      
school from which he graduates1 and of  
his profession4 ,upon the standards     
which he helps to establish and         
maintain1 the welfare of these1 too1    
directly depends4     ,,state ,,forest  
,,work   ,the work of the ,states in    
forestry is still in the pioneer stage1 
and the work of a ,state ,forester must 
still bear largely on the creation of a 
right public sentiment in forest        
matters4 ,in ,state forestry the need   
for agitation has by no means passed4   
,it is often the duty of the ,state     
,forester to prepare or endeavor to     

secure the passage of good ,state forest
 laws1 or to interpose against the      
enactment of bad laws4 ,in particular1  
much of his time is likely to be given  
to legislation upon the subjects of     
forest fires and forest taxation4 ,upon 
the latter there is as yet no sound and 
effective public opinion in many parts  
of the ,united ,states1 and legislatures
 and people still do not understand how 
powerful bad methods of forest taxation 
have been and still are in forcing the  
destructive cutting of timber by making 
it impossible to wait for the better    
methods of lumbering which accompany a  
better market4 ,i have known the taxes  
on standing timber to equal six per     
cent4 a year on the reasonable value of 
the stumpage4  ,thirteen ,states have   
,state ,forests with a total area       
altogether of #c1djj1jjj acres4 ,of     
these ,new ,york has the largest area4  
,its ,state ,forests cover #a1fde1jjj   
acres1 partly in the ,adirondacks and   
partly in the ,catskills2 ,pennsylvania 

comes next with nine hundred and        
eighty-four thousand acres2 and         
,wisconsin third1 with about four       
hundred thousand acres4  ,twenty-nine   
,states make appropriations for forest  
work4 ,excluding special appropriations 
for courses in forestry at universities1
 colleges1 and schools1 the total amount
 spent for this purpose is about        
#a1cdj1jjj4 ,pennsylvania has the       
largest appropriation1--three hundred   
and twenty-eight thousand dollars1 in   
addition to which a special             
appropriation of two hundred and        
seventy-five thousand dollars has been  
devoted to checking the chestnut blight4
 ,minnesota comes second with two       
hundred and thirty-three thousand       
dollars2 ,new ,york third with about one
 hundred and sixty-five thousand        
dollars1 and ,wisconsin next with       
ninety-five thousand dollars4           
,thirty-three ,states have ,state forest
 officers1 of whom fifteen are ,state   
,foresters by title1 while the majority 

of the remainder perform duties of a    
very similar nature4  ,eleven ,states   
are receiving assistance from the       
,federal ,government under the ,weeks   
law1 which authorizes cooperation for   
fire protection1 provided the ,state    
will furnish a sum equal to that        
allotted to it from the ,national fund1 
with a limit of ten thousand dollars to 
a single ,state4  ,for purposes of      
reforestation1 ten ,states maintain     
forest nurseries4 ,during the year #aiab
 they produced in round numbers twenty  
million young trees1 of which fourteen  
million were distributed to the citizens
 of these ten ,states4  ,in some ,states
 the waterpower question falls within   
the sphere of the ,state ,forester1 as  
well as other similar ,conservation     
matters1 while it has usually been made 
his duty to assist private timberland   
owners in the handling of their         
holdings1 whether these be the larger   
holdings of lumber companies or the     
farmers' woodlots4 ,in many ,states the 

,state ,forester is made responsible for
 the enforcement of the ,state forest   
fire laws1 and for the control and      
management of a body of ,state fire     
wardens1 who may or may not be          
permanently employed in that work4 ,the 
enforcement of laws which exempt        
timberlands or lands planted to timber  
from taxation1 or limit the taxation    
upon them1 are also usually under his   
supervision4  ,the work of forestry in  
the various ,states being on the whole  
much less advanced than it is in the    
,nation1 the ,state ,forester must still
 occupy himself largely with those      
preliminary phases of the work of       
forestry through which the ,national    
,forest ,service has already passed4    
,much progress1 however1 is being made1 
and we may fairly count not only that   
,state forest organizations will        
ultimately exist in every ,state1 but   
that the ,state ,foresters will exert a 
steadily increasing influence on forest 
perpetuation in the ,united ,states4    

,,the ,,forest ,,service ,,in           
,,washington   ,a description of what a 
,forester has to do which did not       
include the work of the ,government     
,foresters at the ,national ,capital    
would necessarily be incomplete4 ,the   
following outline may1 therefore1 help  
to round out the picture4  ,the         
,washington headquarters of the ,forest 
,service are directly in charge of the  
,forester and his immediate assistants4 
,the ,forester has general supervision  
of the whole ,service4 ,it is he who1   
with the approval of the ,secretary of  
,agriculture1 determines the general    
policy which is to govern the ,service  
in the very various and numerous matters
 with which it has to deal4 ,he keeps   
his hand upon the whole machinery of the
 ,service1 holds it up to its work1 and 
in general is responsible for supplying 
it with the right spirit and point of   
view1 without which any kind of         
efficiency is impossible4  ,the         
,forester prepares the estimates1 or    

annual budget1 for the expenditures of  
the ,service1 and appears before        
,committees of ,congress to explain the 
need for money1 and otherwise to set    
forth or defend the work upon which the 
,service is engaged4 ,his immediate     
subordinates spend a large part of their
 time in the field inspecting the work  
of the ,service and keeping its tone    
high4 ,their reports to the ,forester   
keep him thoroughly advised as to the   
situation on all the ,national ,forests1
 so that he may wisely meet each        
question as it comes up1 and adjust the 
regulations and routine business methods
 of the ,service to the constantly      
changing needs of the people with whom  
it deals4  ,being responsible for the   
personnel of the ,forest ,service1 the  
,forester recommends to the ,secretary  
of ,agriculture1 by whom the actual     
papers are issued1 all appointments to  
it1 as well as promotions1 reductions1  
and dismissals4 ,under his immediate eye
 also is the very important and         

necessary work of making public the     
information collected by the ,service   
for the use of the people4 ,since #aijj1
 #cgj publications of the ,service have 
been issued1 with a total circulation of
 #aa1aih1jjj copies4  ,the publications 
of the ,united ,states ,forest ,service 
include by far the most and the best    
information upon the forests of this    
country which has until now been        
assembled and printed4 ,hence1 the      
prospective student of forestry can do  
nothing better than to write to ,the    
,forester1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 7which  
is the correct address71 for the        
annotated catalogue of these            
publications which is sent free to all  
applicants1 and then to secure and study
 such of the bulletins and circulars as 
best meet his individual needs4 ,if he  
looks forward to entering the ,united   
,states ,forest ,service1 he should not 
fail to get also the ,use ,book1 the    
volume of directions and regulations in 
accordance with which the ,national     

,forests are protected1 developed1 and  
made available and useful to the people 
of the regions in which they lie4  ,the 
dendrological work of the ,service1     
which has to do with forest             
distribution1 the identification of tree
 species and other forest botanical     
work1 is also under the immediate       
supervision of the ,forester1 and the   
,chief ,lumberman reports directly to   
him4  ,in addition to the work which    
falls immediately under the eye of the  
,forester1 and which used to1 but does  
not now1 include the legal work         
necessary to support and promote the    
operations of the ,service1 there are   
seven principal parts1 or branches1 in  
the work of the ,washington             
headquarters4 ,the first of these is the
 ,branch of ,accounts1 whose work ,i    
need not describe further than to say   
that the ,service has always owed a very
 large part of its safety against the   
bitter attacks of its enemies to the    
accuracy1 completeness1 and general high

 quality of its accounting system4  ,the
 second branch1 that of ,operation1 has 
charge of the business administration   
both of the ,national ,forests and of   
the other work of the ,forest ,service4 
,here the business methods which are    
necessary to keep the organization at a 
high state of efficiency are formulated1
 put in practice1 and constantly        
revised1 for it is only by such revision
 that they can be kept1 as they are     
kept1 at a level with the very best     
practice of the best modern business4   
,there are very few ,government bureaus 
of which this can be said4 ,the ,branch 
of ,operation is responsible for the    
adoption and enforcement of labor-saving
 devices in correspondence1 in handling 
requisitions1 and in the filing and care
 of papers generally1 and for the supply
 of stationery1 tools1 and instruments1 
and the renting of quarters1--in a word1
 for the whole of the more or less      
routine transaction of business which is
 essential to keep so large an          

organization at the highest point of    
efficiency4  ,illustration3 ,,brush     
,,piling ,,in ,a ,,national ,,forest    
,,timber ,,sale  ,the office work needed
 in the mapping of the ,national        
,forests1 with all their resources1     
boundaries1 and interior holdings1 is in
 charge of the ,branch of ,operation4   
,so is the immense amount of drafting   
which is necessary in the other work of 
the ,service1 and the photographic      
laboratory in which maps are reproduced 
and where permanent photographic records
 of the condition of the forest are     
made4  ,the third branch1 that of       
,silviculture1 is the most important of 
all4 ,it has oversight of the practice  
of forestry on all the ,national        
,forests1 and of all scientific forest  
studies in the ,national ,forests and   
outside4 ,it is here that the conditions
 in the contracts under which the larger
 timber sales are made are finally      
examined and approved1 and here are     
found the inspectors whose duty it is   

not only to see that the work is well   
done1 but to labor constantly for       
improvements in methods as well as in   
results4 ,here centres the preparation  
of forest working plans1 and the        
knowledge of lumber and the lumber      
markets4  ,the ,branch of ,silviculture 
has charge also of ,national cooperation
 for the advancement of forestry with   
the several ,states1 and in particular  
for fire protection under the ,weeks    
law4 ,this form of cooperation has made 
the knowledge and equipment of the      
,forest ,service available for the study
 of ,state forest resources and forest  
problems1 and much of the progress in   
forestry made by the ,states is directly
 due to it4  ,under the ,branch of      
,silviculture1 the ,office of ,forest   
,investigations brings together all that
 is known of the nature and growth of   
trees in this country1 and to some      
extent in other countries also1 conducts
 independent studies of the greatest    
value in developing better methods of   

securing the reproduction of important  
forest trees1 and computes the enormous 
number of forest measurements dealing   
with the stand and the rate of growth of
 trees and forests that are turned in by
 the parties engaged in forest          
investigation in the field4 ,under the  
,office of ,forest ,investigations1     
studies in forest distribution and in   
the structure of wood are carried on1   
and it includes the ,library of the     
,forest ,service1 by far the most       
complete and effective forest library in
 the ,united ,states4  ,the fourth      
branch1 that of ,grazing1 supervises the
 use of the ,national ,forests for      
pasture4 ,over the greater part of the  
,west1 this was the first use to which  
the forests were put1 and an idea of its
 magnitude may be gathered from the fact
 that every year the ,national ,forests 
supply feed for about a million and a   
half cattle and horses1 and more than   
fourteen million sheep4 ,it is no easy  
task to permit all this live stock to   

utilize the forage which the ,national  
,forests produce1 and yet do little or  
no harm to the young growth on which the
 future of the forest depends4 ,to      
exclude the grazing animals altogether  
is impossible and undesirable1 for to do
 so would ruin the leading industry in  
many portions of the ,west4             
,consequently1 many of the most         
difficult and perplexing questions in   
the practical administration of the     
,national ,forests have occurred in the 
work of the ,branch of ,grazing1 and    
have there been solved1 and many of the 
most bitter attacks upon it have there  
been met4  ,the fifth branch1 that of   
,lands1 has to do with the questions    
which arise from the use of the land in 
the ,national ,forests for farming or   
ranching1 mining1 and a very wide       
variety of other purposes1 and with the 
exceedingly numerous and intricate      
questions which arise because there are 
about #ba1ajj1jjj acres of land within  
the boundaries of the ,national ,forests

 whose title has already passed from the
 ,government4 ,the boundaries of the    
,national ,forests also are constantly  
being examined to determine whether they
 include all the land1 and only the     
land1 to be contained within them1 and  
whether they should be extended or      
reduced4  ,the first permits for the use
 of waterpower sites on ,government land
 were issued by the ,forest ,service1   
and the policy which is just being      
adopted by the ,interior ,department and
 other ,government organizations in     
their handling of waterpower questions  
was there first developed4 ,these       
permits are prepared in the ,branch of  
,lands4 ,the first steps toward         
deterring men who attempt in defiance of
 the law to get possession of lands     
claimed to be agricultural or mineral   
within the ,national ,forests are taken 
here1 but the final decision on these   
points rests with the ,department of the
 ,interior4 ,the examination of lands to
 determine whether they are agricultural

 in character1 and therefore should be  
opened to settlement1 is directed from  
this ,branch4  ,the uses to which       
,national ,forest lands are put are     
almost unbelievably various4 ,barns1    
borrow pits1 botanical gardens1         
cemeteries and churches1 dairies and    
dipping vats1 fox ranches and fish      
hatcheries1 hotels1 pastures1 pipe      
lines1 power sites1 residences1         
sanitaria and school-houses1 stores and 
tunnels1 these and many others make up1 
with grazing and timber sales1 the uses 
of the ,national ,forests1 for which    
already more than half a million permits
 have been issued4 ,this work also falls
 to the ,branch of ,lands4  ,the sixth  
branch1 that of ,forest ,products1 is   
concerned with the whole question of the
 uses of wood and other materials       
produced by the forest4 ,its principal  
work is conducted through the ,forest   
,products ,laboratory1 in cooperation   
with the ,university of ,wisconsin at   
,madison4 ,here timber is tested to     

ascertain its strength1 the products of 
wood distillation are investigated1 wood
 pulp and paper studies of large reach  
are carried on1 the methods of wood     
preservation and the results of applying
 them are in constant course of being   
examined1 and the diseases of trees and 
of wood are studied in cooperation with 
the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry of the  
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture4 ,the consumption of wood1 
and the production of lumber and forest 
products1 are also the subject of       
continuous investigation1 and various   
necessary special studies are undertaken
 from time to time4 ,at the moment1 an  
effort is under way to find new uses and
 new markets for wood killed by the     
chestnut blight in the northeastern     
,united ,states4  ,the seventh branch   
has to do with the study1 selection1 and
 acquisition of lands under the ,weeks  
law1 in accordance with which eight     
million dollars was appropriated for the
 purchase of forest lands valuable for  

stream protection1 with particular      
reference to the ,southern ,appalachians
 and the ,white ,mountains of ,new      
,england4 ,the examination of the amount
 of merchantable timber on lands under  
consideration for purchase1 the study of
 the character of the land and the      
forest1 and the survey of the land keep 
a numerous body of young men very fully 
occupied4 ,their task is to see that    
none but the right land is recommended  
for acquisition by the ,government1 that
 the nature and value of the lands      
selected shall be most thoroughly known1
 and that the constant effort to make   
the ,government pay unreasonable prices 
or purchase under unfavorable conditions
 shall as constantly be defeated4 ,the  
same branch takes charge of the lands as
 soon as they have been acquired4  ,the 
foregoing description of the work which 
is done in ,washington by the ,forest   
,service may help to make clear the     
great variety of tasks to which a       
,forester may be required to set his    

hand1 and emphasizes the need of a broad
 training not strictly confined to      
purely technical lines4 ,it would be    
defective as a description1 however1 and
 would fail to show the spirit in which 
the work is done1 if no mention were    
made of the ,service ,meeting1 at which 
the responsible heads of each branch and
 of the work of the ,forester's office  
meet once a week to discuss every       
problem which confronts the ,service and
 every phase of its work4 ,this meeting 
is the centre where all parts of the    
work of the ,service come together and  
arrange their mutual cooperation1 and it
 is also the spring from which the      
essential democracy of the organization 
takes its rise4 ,the ,service ,meeting  
is the best thing in the ,forest        
,service1 and that is saying a great    
deal4  ,it must not be imagined that the
 maintenance of ,forest ,service        
headquarters in ,washington indicates   
that the actual business of handling the
 ,national ,forests is carried on at    

long range4 ,in order to avoid any such 
possibility the six ,district offices   
were organized in #aijh4 ,these are     
situated at ,missoula1 ,denver1         
,albuquerque1 ,portland1 ,ogden1 and    
,san ,francisco4 ,each of the ,district 
offices is in charge of a ,district     
,forester1 who directs the practical    
carrying out of the policies finally    
determined upon in ,washington1 after   
consultation with the men in the field4 
,the execution of all the work1 the     
larger features of which the ,washington
 office decides and directs 7and the    
details of which it inspects71 is the   
task of the ,district ,forester4 ,the   
,district ,forester's office is         
necessarily organized much on the same  
general lines as the ,washington        
headquarters4 ,thus1 the subjects of    
accounts1 operation1 silviculture1      
grazing1 lands1 and forest products are 
all represented in the ,district        
offices4 ,in addition1 a legal officer  
is necessarily attached to each         

,district office1 and each ,district    
,forester has in his ,district one or   
more forest experiment stations1        
employed mainly in studying questions of
 growth and reproduction2 and three     
forest insect field stations1 maintained
 in cooperation with the ,bureau of     
,entomology1 are divided among the six  
,districts4  ,illustration3 ,,forest    
,,rangers ,,getting ,,instruction ,,in  
,,methods ,,of ,,work ,,from ,a         
,,district ,,forest ,,officer  ,while   
the work of the ,washington office is   
mainly that of guiding the work of the  
,national ,forests along broad general  
lines1 through instructions to the      
,district ,foresters1 the office of each
 ,district ,forester deals directly with
 the ,forest ,supervisors1 and so with  
the handling of the ,national ,forests4 
,a multitude of questions which the     
,supervisors can not answer are decided 
in the ,district office instead1 as was 
formerly the case1 of being forwarded to
 ,washington for disposal there1 with   

the consequent aggravating and needless 
delay4 ,the establishment of the        
,district offices has made the handling 
of the ,national ,forests far less      
complicated and far more prompt1 and has
 brought it far closer than ever before 
to the actual users1--that is1 has made 
it far more quickly and accurately      
responsive to their needs4     ,,private
 ,,forestry   ,as yet1 the practice of  
forestry by private owners1 except for  
fire protection1 has made but little    
progress in the ,united ,states1        
although without doubt it will be widely
 extended during the next ten or fifteen
 years4 ,the concentration of timberland
 ownership in the ,united ,states has   
put a few men in control of vast areas  
of forest4 ,many of them are anxious to 
prevent forest destruction1 so far as   
that may be practicable without         
interfering with their profits1 and for 
that purpose ,foresters are beginning to
 be employed4 ,until now the principal  
tasks of ,foresters employed by         

lumbermen have been the measurement of  
the amount of lumber in the standing    
crop of trees1 and the protection of    
forest lands from fire4 ,here and there 
the practice of a certain amount of     
forestry has been added1 but this part  
of the work of the private ,forester    
employed by lumbermen has not been      
important4 ,it is likely1 however1 to   
increase with some rapidity before long4
 ,in the meantime1 the private ,forester
 must usually be willing to accept a    
good many limitations on the technical  
side of his work4  ,it is essential for 
the ,forester thus employed to have or  
promptly to acquire a knowledge of      
practical lumbering1 that is1 of        
logging1 milling1 and markets1 and for  
the forest student who expects to enter 
this work to give special attention to  
these subjects4  ,already about #agj    
graduates of forest schools are in      
private employ1 a considerable          
proportion of which number are employed 
by large lumbermen4  ,the time is       

undoubtedly coming1 and ,i hope it may  
come soon1 when forest destruction will 
be legally recognized as hostile to the 
public welfare1 and when lumbermen will 
be compelled by law to handle their     
forests so as to insure the reproduction
 of them under reasonable conditions and
 within a reasonable time4 ,the idea is 
neither tyrannical nor new4 ,in         
democratic ,switzerland1 private owners 
of timberland are restrained by law from
 destroying the forests upon which the  
welfare of that mountain region so      
largely depends1 and if they disobey1   
their forest lands are replanted by the 
,government at the owners' expense4     
,another opening for ,foresters in the  
employ of lumbermen is through the      
forest fire protective associations4 ,of
 these1 two stand out most conspicuously
 at the present time1 one the           
,northwestern ,conservation and         
,forestry ,association1 the other the   
,oregon ,forest ,fire ,association4     
,each has as its executive officer a    

trained ,forester whose knowledge of the
 woods not only makes him exceedingly   
useful to his employers1 but also1 when 
combined with the ,forester's point of  
view1 enables him to be of great value  
in protecting the general interest in   
the forest4  ,the object and methods of 
one of the associations is described by 
its ,secretary as follows3  ,a field    
hitherto narrow but continually         
broadening1 and offering much           
opportunity for those with peculiar     
qualifications1 is the management of the
 cooeperative forest work carried on by 
timber owners in many localities1 often 
jointly with ,state and ,government4    
,this movement originated in the        
,pacific ,northwest1 where it still has 
the highest development1 but is         
extending to the ,lake ,states1 ,new    
,england1 and ,canada4  ,as a rule the  
primary object of these cooeperative    
associations is fire prevention and     
their local managers must have          
demonstrated ability to organize        

effective patrol systems1 build         
telephone lines1 apply every ingenuity  
to supplying and equipping their forces1
 and1 above all1 to handle men in       
emergencies4 ,but in most cases the     
association of forest owners to this end
 has led also to progress in many other 
matters inseparable from improvement1   
such as study of reforestation          
possibilities1 forest legislation1      
educating lumberman and public in forest
 preservation1 and the extension of     
cooperation in all these as well as in  
fire prevention from private to ,state  
and federal agencies4  ,the development 
of such activities is already employing 
several highly paid men who can command 
the confidence1 not only of forest      
owners1 but also of the public and of   
public officials4 ,advisers in          
legislative as well as technical        
forestry matters and particularly       
proficient in all that pertains to      
forest protection1 their usefulness lies
 as much outside their own association  

as within them1 and to be successful    
they must be skilful organizers and     
campaigners4 ,it is these men who have  
developed to its highest extent the     
adaptation to forestry propaganda of    
modern publicity and advertising        
methods4  ,as a rule1 however1 these may
 be described as graduate positions1    
filled by men of experience and         
acquaintance with the several agencies  
involved1 rather than by newly fledged  
,foresters4 ,a practical knowledge of   
protection problems is essential4       
,forestry associations offer a          
different1 but often a most fascinating 
field1 of work for the trained          
,forester4 ,there are at present #ci    
such associations4 ,the work which they 
offer has much in common with the duties
 of a ,state ,forester4  ,fish and game 
associations are beginning to employ    
,foresters1 realizing that the wise     
handling of the forests may well go hand
 in hand with the care of the game and  
fish which the forest shelters and      

protects4 ,eventually nearly all such   
associations which control any          
considerable body of land in timbered   
regions may be expected to utilize the  
services of trained ,foresters of their 
own4  ,in addition to the work for      
lumbermen and for associations of       
various kinds1 land owners in           
considerable variety have begun to      
employ ,foresters4 ,among these are coal
 and coke companies1 iron companies1    
wood pulp and paper companies which are 
beginning to look after their supply of 
timber2 powder1 arms1 and ammunition    
companies1 hydraulic and water          
companies2 a great corporation engaged  
in the manufacture of matches2 and a    
number of railroads1 including the      
,delaware and ,hudson1 the ,illinois    
,central1 and the ,pennsylvania4 ,in    
addition to the need for cross ties1    
railroads are among the largest         
consumers of lumber4 ,the ,foresters who
 work for them are largely occupied with
 growing the wood supplies which the    

railroads need1 and nursery practice    
often occupies a very large share of    
their attention4     ,,forest ,,schools 
,since the first one was founded in     
#ahih1 the number of forest schools in  
the ,united ,states has increased so    
rapidly as to create a demand for forest
 instructors which it has been          
exceedingly difficult to fill4 ,indeed1 
the increase in secondary forest        
schools1 or schools not of the first    
grade1 has doubtless been more rapid    
than the welfare of the profession or   
the sound practice of forestry required1
 and the brisk demand for teachers has  
led some men to take up the task of     
instruction who were not well fitted for
 it4  ,there are in this country to-day 
#bc forest schools which prepare men for
 the practice of forestry as a          
profession1 and #ea schools which devote
 themselves to general instruction in   
forestry or to courses for ,forest      
,rangers and ,forest ,guards4 ,the      
approximate number of teachers in all   

forest schools is at present #aaj1 and  
this number will doubtless be still     
further increased by the addition of new
 forest schools or the expansion of old 
ones1 while a certain number of places  
will be made vacant by the retirement of
 men who find themselves better fitted  
for other lines of work4  ,the teaching 
staff at three of the principal forest  
schools of the country is as follows3   
,at ,school ,a1 #e men give their whole 
time to forest instruction1 and #ad give
 courses in the forest school4  ,schools
 ,b and ,c have each #d men who give    
their whole time to the work2 and #d and
 #bj respectively who give lectures or  
individual courses4  ,in addition to the
 work for lumbermen1 associations1      
railroads1 and others just mentioned1 an
 increasing number of ,foresters are    
required to care for the forests on     
large landed estates in different parts 
of the country4 ,work of this kind is at
 present restricted almost entirely to  
the ,east1 and especially to ,new       

,england1 where several firms of        
consulting ,foresters give to it the    
larger portion of their time4 ,some of  
the men thus employed are as fully      
occupied with the tasks of the          
professional ,forester as any of the men
 in the ,government service1 while      
others give a part of their attention to
 the general management of the property1
 or to the protection and propagation of
 game and fish4     ,,the ,,opportunity 
,,government ,,service  ,there is no    
more useful profession than forestry4   
,the opportunity to make himself count  
in affairs of public importance comes   
earlier and more certainly to the       
,forester than to the member of any     
other profession4 ,the first and most   
valuable1 therefore1 of the incentives  
which lead the ,forester to his choice  
is the chance to make himself of use to 
his country and to his generation4  ,but
 if this is the first matter to be      
considered in deciding upon a           
profession1 it is by no means the last1 

and the practical considerations of a   
fair return for good work1 bread and    
butter for a man and his family1 the    
certainty or uncertainty of             
employment1--such questions as these    
must have their full share of attention4
  ,there are in the ,united ,states     
,forest ,service #ajei ,forest ,guards1 
#abdg ,forest ,rangers1 #bcc            
,supervisors1 and ,deputy ,supervisors1 
and #aae ,forest ,assistants and #agg   
,forest ,examiners who1 as already      
explained1 are the technical men in     
charge of practical forestry on the     
,national ,forests4 ,the six ,district  
offices together include in their       
membership about #ej professional       
,foresters1 and about #fe more are      
attached to the headquarters at         
,washington1 so that allowing for       
duplications there are about #cce       
trained ,foresters in the ,united       
,states ,forest ,service4  ,the number  
of new appointments to the ,forest      
,service in the different permanent     

grades varies from year to year but may 
be said to be approximately as follows3 
,rangers1 #bdj new appointments2 ,forest
 ,assistants1 #ce2 other technical      
positions1 #aj4 ,all appointments as    
,supervisor are by promotion from the   
lists of ,forest ,rangers or ,forest    
,examiners4  ,the yearly pay of the     
,forest ,guard1 who1 like the ,ranger1  
must be a citizen of the ,state in which
 his work lies1 is from #dbj to #ijj4   
,forest ,rangers1 who enter the ,service
 through ,civil ,service examination1   
receive from #aajj to #aejj per annum4  
,forest ,supervisors1 practically all of
 whom are men of long experience in     
forest work1 receive from #afjj to #bgjj
 per annum4 ,forest ,assistants enter   
the ,forest ,service through ,civil     
,service examination at a salary of     
#abjj per annum1 and are promoted to a  
maximum salary of #bejj per annum1 as   
,forest ,examiners4 ,professional       
,foresters at work in the ,district     
offices are recruited mainly from among 

the ,forest ,assistants and ,examiners4 
,they receive from #aajj to #cbjj       
yearly4 ,the technical men in charge at 
,washington get from #aajj to #ejjj per 
annum1 which last is the pay of the     
,forester1 at the head of the ,service4 
,,state ,,service  ,the pay of the      
,state ,foresters1 or other trained     
,foresters in charge of ,state work1    
ranges from #ahjj to #djjj1 and that of 
their technical assistants from #ajjj to
 #bejj4 ,out of the total number1 only  
#b are directly in charge of their own  
work1 responsible only to the ,governor 
and the ,legislature1 while #ai act as  
subordinates for ,state forest          
commissions or commissioners1 who in the
 majority of cases are political        
appointees4 ,in striking contrast with  
the ,united ,states ,forest ,service1   
politics has so far been a dangerous1 if
 not a dominating1 influence in the     
forest work of most of the ,states which
 have undertaken it4  ,like the         
,national ,forests1 the ,state ,forests 

already in existence will create an     
increasing demand for the service of    
technical ,foresters4 ,indeed1 as       
similar forests are acquired by most of 
the ,states which are now without them1 
as undoubtedly they will be1 the extent 
of the opportunity for professionally   
trained ,foresters in ,state work is    
certain to grow4   ,,private ,,work  ,at
 present1 the demand for ,foresters in  
private work is far less pressing and   
the opening is far less attractive than 
it will be in the not distant future4   
,the number of men that will be required
 for this work will depend on the       
development of legislation as well as   
upon the desire of the private owners1  
lumbermen and others1 to protect and    
improve their property4 ,the time is    
coming1 and coming before long1 when all
 private owners of forests in the       
mountains1 or on steep slopes elsewhere1
 will be required by law to provide for 
their protection and reproduction4 ,when
 that time arrives1 the demand for      

,foresters in private work will increase
 to very large dimensions1 and will     
probably do so far more rapidly than    
,foresters can be trained to supply it4 
,the pay of ,foresters in private work1 
whether in the employ of lumbermen1     
railroads1 shooting and fishing clubs1  
the proprietors of large private        
estates1 or other forest owners1 has so 
far been somewhat better than that for  
similar services in ,government employ4 
,this money difference in favor of      
private employment is1 in my judgment1  
likely to continue1 and eventually the  
pay of consulting ,foresters of         
established reputation employed in      
passing upon the value of forests       
offered as security for investments1 or 
in estimating the standing timber for   
purchasers or sellers1 or in other      
professional work of large business     
importance1 will certainly reach very   
satisfactory figures4   ,,teaching      
,approximately #aaj ,foresters are      
engaged in teaching in the ,united      

,states to-day4 ,their pay varies from  
about #ajjj to about #cjjj1 and is      
likely to increase rather more rapidly  
than that of other professional         
teachers1 since less of them are        
available4 ,it is not likely1 however1  
that the number of openings in teaching 
forestry will be large within the next  
ten years4     ,,training   ,the length 
of time which his training is to take   
and the particular courses of           
instruction which he shall pursue are to
 the young man contemplating the study  
of forestry matters of the first        
importance4 ,the first thing to insist  
on in that connection is that the       
training must be thorough4 ,it is       
natural that a young man should be eager
 to begin his life work and therefore   
somewhat impatient of the long grind of 
a thorough schooling4 ,but however      
natural1 it is not the part of wisdom to
 cut short the time of preparation4     
,when the serious work of the trained   
,forester begins later on1 there will be

 little or no time to fill the gaps left
 at school1 and the earnest desire of   
the young ,forester will be that he had 
spent more time in his preparation      
rather than less4 ,in this matter ,i    
speak as one who has gathered a         
conviction from personal experience1 and
 believes he knows4  ,it would be       
useless to attempt to strike an average 
of the work prescribed and the courses  
given at the various forest schools4 ,i 
shall describe1 therefore1 not an       
average system of instruction but one   
which1 in the judgment of men entitled  
to an opinion1 and in my own judgment1  
is sound1 practical1 and effective4     
,forest schools may roughly be divided  
between those which do not prepare men  
for professional work in forestry1 and  
those which do4 ,the latter may be      
divided again into undergraduate schools
 and graduate schools4 ,most of the     
former offer a four-year undergraduate  
course1 and their students receive their
 degrees at the same time as other      

members of the ,university who entered  
at the same time with them4 ,the        
graduate schools require a college      
degree1 or its equivalent in certain    
subjects1 before they will receive a    
student4 ,the men who have completed    
their courses have usually1 therefore1  
pursued more extensive and more advanced
 studies in forestry1 are better        
trained1 and are themselves older and   
more ready to accept the                
responsibilities which forestry brings  
upon them4 ,for these reasons1 the      
graduate school training is by far the  
more desirable1 in my opinion4  ,the    
subjects required for entrance to a     
graduate forest school should include at
 least one full year in college botany1 
covering the general morphology1        
histology1 and physiology of plants1 one
 course each in geology1 physics1       
inorganic chemistry1 zooelogy1 and      
economics1 with mathematics through     
trigonometry1 and a reading knowledge of
 ,french or ,german4 ,some acquaintance 

with mechanical drawing is also         
desirable but not absolutely necessary4 
,other courses which are extremely      
desirable1 if not altogether essential1 
are mineralogy1 meteorology1 mechanics1 
physical geography1 organic chemistry1  
and possibly calculus1 which may be of  
use in timber physics4  ,one or two     
forest schools begin their course of    
training for the first year in ,july    
instead of in ,october1 in order to give
 their students some acquaintance with  
the woods from the ,forester's          
standpoint before the more formal       
courses begin4 ,the result of this plan 
is to give increased vividness and      
reality to all the courses which follow 
the work in the woods1 to make clear the
 application of what is taught1 and so  
to add greatly to the efficiency of the 
teaching4  ,in addition to this         
preliminary touch with the woods1 any   
wise plan of teaching will include many 
forest excursions and much practical    
field work as vitally important parts of

 the instruction4 ,this outdoor work    
should occur throughout the whole       
course1 winter and summer1 and in       
addition1 the last term of the senior   
year may well be spent wholly in the    
woods1 where the students can be trained
 in the management of logging operations
 and milling1 and can get their final   
practice work in surveying and          
map-making1 in preparing forest working 
plans1 estimating timber1 laying out    
roads and trails1 making plans for      
lumber operations1 and other similar    
practical work4 ,several of the best    
forest schools have adopted this plan4  
,the regular courses of a graduate      
forest school usually cover a period of 
two years4 ,they should fit a student   
for nearly every phase of professional  
work in forestry1 and should give him a 
sound preparation not merely for        
practical work in the woods1 but also   
for the broader work of forest          
organization in the ,government ,service
 in the ,united ,states and in the      

,philippines1 and in the service of the 
,states2 for handling large tracts of   
private forest lands2 for expert work in
 the employ of lumbermen and other      
forest owners2 for public speaking and  
writing2 for teaching2 and for          
scientific research4  ,every well       
equipped forest school will have a      
working library of books1 pamphlets1 and
 lumber journals published here and     
abroad1 an herbarium at least of native 
trees and shrubs and of the more        
important forest herbs1 together with a 
collection of forest tree fruits and    
seeds1 and specimens of domestic and    
foreign timbers4 ,exhibits showing the  
uses of woods and the various forms of  
tools used in lumbering1 as well as the 
apparatus for laboratory work and       
surveying1 and forest instruments for   
work in the field1 are often of great   
value to the student4  ,what should a   
young man learn at a forest school8     
,doubtless there will be some variation 
of opinion as to the exact course of    

study which will best fit him for the   
work of a ,forester in the ,united      
,states4 ,the following list expresses  
the best judgment on the subject ,i have
 been able to form3   ,,dendrology3     
,the first step in forestry is to become
 acquainted with the various kinds of   
trees4 ,the coming ,forester must learn 
to identify the woody plants of the     
,united ,states1 both in summer and in  
winter4 ,he must understand their shapes
 and outward structures1 and where they 
are found1 and he must begin his        
knowledge of the individual habits of   
growth and life which distinguish the   
trees which are important in forestry4  
,,forest ,,physiography3  ,trees grow in
 the soil4 ,it is important to know     
something of the origin of soils and    
their properties and values1 and of the 
principal soil types1 with special      
reference to their effect upon plant    
distribution and welfare4 ,the origin1  
nature1 value1 and conservation of      
humus1 that most essential ingredient of

 the forest floor2 the field methods of 
mapping soil types2 the rock types most 
important in their relation to soils1   
how they are made up1 how they make     
soil1 and where they occur--something   
should be learned of all this4 ,finally1
 under this head1 the student ought to  
get a usable knowledge of the           
physiographic regions of the ,united    
,states1 their boundaries1 geologic     
structure1 topography1 drainage1 and    
soils1--all this naturally with special 
reference to the relation between these 
basic facts and the forest4             
,,silviculture3  ,silviculture is the   
art of caring for forests1 and therefore
 the backbone of forestry4 ,it is based 
upon ,silvics1 which is the knowledge of
 the habits or behavior of trees in     
their relations to light1 heat1 and     
moisture1 to the air and soil1 and to   
each other4 ,it is the facts embraced in
 ,silvics which explain the composition1
 character1 and form of the forest2 the 
success or failure of tree species in   

competition with each other2 the        
distribution of trees and of forests2   
the development of each tree in height1 
diameter1 and volume2 its form and      
length of life2 the methods of its      
reproduction2 and the effect of all     
these upon the nature and the evolution 
of the city of trees1 and upon forest   
types and their life histories4  ,this  
is knowledge the ,forester can not do   
without4 ,silvics is the foundation of  
his professional capacity1 and as a     
student he can better afford to scamp   
any part of his training rather than    
this4 ,a man may be a poor ,forester who
 knows ,silvics1 but no man can be a    
good ,forester who does not4  ,the      
practice of ,silviculture has to do with
 the treatment of woodlands4 ,the forest
 student must learn the different       
methods of reproducing forests by       
different methods of cutting them down1 
and the application of these methods in 
different ,american forest regions4     
,there are also many methods of cutting 

for the improvement of the character and
 growth of forests1 as well as for      
utilizing material that otherwise would 
go to waste1 before the final           
reproduction cuttings can be made4 ,the 
ways in which forests need protection   
are equally numerous1 and of these by   
far the most important in our country   
have to do with methods of preventing or
 extinguishing forest fires4  ,well     
managed forests are handled under       
working plans based on the silvical     
character and silvicultural needs of the
 forest1 as well as upon the purpose set
 by the owner as the object of          
management1 which is often closely      
related to questions of forest finance4 
,the student should ground himself      
thoroughly in the making of             
silvicultural working plans1 and the    
more practice in making them he can get1
 the better4 ,so1 too1 with the marking 
of trees in reproduction and improvement
 cuttings under as many different kinds 
of forest conditions as may be possible4

  ,the artificial reproduction of       
forests is likely to occupy far more of 
the ,forester's attention in the future 
than it has in the past4 ,hence the     
collection of tree seeds1 their         
fertility and vitality as affecting     
their handling1 the best methods of     
seeding and planting1 and the lessons of
 past failures and successes1 with the  
whole subject of nursery work and the   
care of young plantations1 must by no   
means be overlooked4  ,much incidental  
information on the subject of forest    
protection will come to the student in  
the course of his studies1 but special  
attention should be given to learning   
which of the species of forest insects  
are most injurious to forest vegetation1
 how their attacks are made1 how they   
may be discovered1 and the best ways by 
which such attacks can be mitigated or  
controlled4 ,so also the diseases of    
timber trees will repay hard study4 ,the
 principal fungi which causes such      
diseases should be known1 how they      

attack the trees1 and what are the      
remedies1 as well as 7although this is  
far less important7 the way to treat    
tree wounds and the correct methods of  
pruning4   ,,forest ,,economics3        
,forest ,economics is a large subject4  
,it deals with the productive value of  
forests to their owners1 and with the   
larger question of their place in the   
economy of the ,nation4 ,it considers   
their use as conservers of the soil and 
the streams2 their effect on climate1   
locally1 as in the case of windbreakers1
 and on a larger scale2 and their       
contribution to the public welfare as   
recreation grounds and game refuges4 ,it
 includes a knowledge of wastes from    
which the forests suffer1 and the       
consequent loss to industry and to the  
public1 and in this it does not omit the
 effects of forest fires4 ,statistics of
 forest consumption2 the relation of the
 forest to railroads1 mines1 and other  
wood-using industries2 its effect upon  
agriculture1 stock raising1 and         

manufacturing industries2 and its effect
 upon the use of the streams for        
navigation1 power1 irrigation1 and      
domestic water supply2 all these are    
important4 ,the student should consider 
also the forest resources of the ,united
 ,states1 their present condition1 and  
the needs they must be fitted to supply4
   ,,forest ,,engineering3  ,forest     
engineering is steadily becoming more   
and more necessary to the ,forester4 ,he
 must have a working knowledge of the   
use of surveying instruments2 the making
 of topographic surveys2 the office work
 required of an engineer2 the making of 
topographic maps2 the location of       
trails1 roads1 and railroads2 and the   
construction of bridges1 telephone      
lines1 cabins1 and fences1 together with
 logging railroads1 slides1 dams1 and   
flumes4   ,,forest ,,mensuration3       
,illustration3 ,,forest ,,service ,,men 
,,making ,,fresh ,,measurements ,,in    
,,the ,,missouri ,,swamps  ,forest      
mensuration1 the art of measuring the   

contents and growth of trees and forest 
stands1 is of fundamental importance4   
,the principles and methods of timber   
estimating1 the actual measurement of   
standing timber1 log rules1 the making  
of stem analyses to show the increase of
 a tree in diameter1 height1 and volume1
 the construction of tables of current  
and mean annual growth per acre and per 
tree1 and the methods of using the      
information thus formulated1--all these 
are necessarily of keen interest to the 
man who later on will have to apply his 
knowledge in the practical management of
 woods4   ,,forest ,,management3        
,forest management is concerned with the
 principles involved in planning the    
handling of forests4 ,questions of the  
valuation of forests form a most        
essential part of it1--such questions as
 the cost of growing timber crops1 the  
value of land for that purpose1 the     
value of young timber1 the valuation of 
damage to the forest1 and the legal     
status of the damage and the remedy4    

,business principles are as necessary in
 the management of forests as in the    
management of mills or farms4 ,these    
business principles work out in         
different forms of forest policy adapted
 to the needs of different kinds of     
owners1 such as lumbermen and the       
,government4 ,what the young ,forester  
has learned about growth and yield1     
about timber estimates and forest       
statistics1 and many other matters1 all 
finds its application in forest         
management4 ,he must also consider the  
methods and principles for regulating   
the cut of timber1 or for securing      
sustained annual yields4 ,all this forms
 the basis for the preparation of       
working plans for the utilization of    
forests under ,american economic and    
silvicultural conditions1 not only      
without injury1 but with benefit1 to    
their continued productiveness4  ,the   
subjects of forest surveying and working
 plans are intimately related4 ,maps are
 indispensable in the practical work of 

making a forest working plan4           
,topographic mapping1 timber estimating1
 forest description1 and the location of
 logging roads1 trails1 and fire lines1 
together with ,silvics and a knowledge  
of growth and yield--these and many     
other subjects enter into the making of 
a practical working plan to harvest a   
forest crop and secure a second growth  
of timber4 ,the student should get all  
the practice he can in marking timber   
for cutting under such a plan4  ,the    
young ,forester must make himself       
familiar with the administration of the 
,national ,forests4 ,he must know how   
the business of the forest is handled1  
how it is protected against fire1 how   
the timber is sold1 how claims and      
entries are dealt with under the public 
land laws1 how land in the ,national    
,forests is used to make homes1 how     
trespass is controlled1 how the         
livestock industry on the ,national     
,forests is fostered and regulated1 and 
how the extremely valuable watersheds   

they contain are safeguarded and        
improved4   ,,the ,,practice ,,of       
,,forestry3  ,the practice of forestry  
is necessarily different in different   
kinds of forests and under different    
economic conditions4 ,all that the      
,forester knows must here be applied1   
and applied in workable fashion1 not    
only to the forest1 but to the men who  
use the forest4 ,this is peculiarly true
 of the practice of forestry in         
,national and ,state ,forests           
everywhere4   ,,forest ,,products3      
,under this general subject1 the forest 
student must acquaint himself1 through  
the microscope1 with the minute anatomy 
of the woody stem of coniferous and     
broadleaf trees1 and the occurrence1    
form1 structure1 and variability of the 
elements which make it up4 ,he should   
become familiar with the methods of     
classifying the economic woods of the   
,united ,states1 both under the         
microscope and with the unassisted eye1 
and for this purpose should know        

something of their color1 gloss1 grain1 
density1 odor1 and resonance both as    
aids to identification and as to their  
importance in giving value to the wood2 
the defects of timber2 its moisture     
content1 density1 shrinking1 checking1  
warping2 and the effect of all these    
upon its uses4  ,the chemical           
composition of wood and of minor forest 
products1 such as tannins and dye       
stuffs1 is important2 the properties    
governing the fuel value and the other  
values of wood must be studied1 as well 
as the methods of using these properties
 in the making of charcoal and wood     
pulp1 in wood distillation1 the         
turpentine industry1 in tanning and     
dyeing1 and in other industries4  ,a    
field of great importance is the        
relation between the physical structure 
and the mechanical properties of wood4  
,a student should inform himself        
concerning the standard methods of      
testing the properties of structural    
timber1 by bending1 compression1        

shearing1 torsion1 impact1 and the      
hardness and tension tests1 with their  
relation to heat and moisture1 and the  
methods of seasoning1 the use of        
preservatives1 and the effect of the    
rate of application of the load4  ,woods
 vary as to their durability4 ,it is    
important1 therefore1 to know about the 
causes of decay1 the decay-resisting    
power of various woods1 the relation of 
moisture content to durability1 why the 
seasoning of wood is effective1 the     
theory and the commercial methods of    
wood preservation1 and its relation to  
the timber supply4   ,,lumbering3       
,lumbering the ,forester should know    
more than a little about1 as how to     
organize lumber operations1 the         
equipment and management of logging and 
milling in various forest regions1 the  
manufacture1 seasoning1 and grading of  
the rough and finished lumber1 cost     
keeping in a lumber business1 methods of
 sale1 market requirements at home and  
abroad1 prices1 the relation of the     

lumber tariff to forestry1 lumber       
associations1 timber bonds1 and         
insurance4 ,the practical construction  
of logging equipment1 such as aerial    
tramways1 log slides1 dams1 and flumes1 
is of peculiar importance1 and so are   
the conditions and changes of the lumber
 market4  ,experience on the land of    
some operating lumber company is of     
great value4 ,it should include a study 
of logging methods1 log scaling1 waste  
in logging1 the equipment and handling  
of the mill1 the sawing and care of     
rough and finished lumber1 its grading1 
and so far as possible an acquaintance  
with wood working plants of various     
kinds1 and with the operations of       
turpentine orcharding4 ,studies along   
these lines may with advantage be almost
 indefinitely extended to include1 for  
example the utilization of steam        
machinery for logging1 the improvement  
of streams for driving logs1 and other  
similar questions4   ,,forest ,,law3    
,the ,forester must have at least a     

slight acquaintance with forest law1    
both ,state and ,national4 ,it is       
important to know something of the      
general principles of classifying the   
public lands1 of ,state laws for fire   
protection1 the development of forest   
policies in the various ,states as      
legally expressed1 and the important    
laws which govern the creation and      
management of ,state forest reserves4   
,forest taxation1 ,state and local1     
which has1 when excessive1 so much to do
 with hastening forest destruction1 is  
one of the most important questions     
which can engage the attention of the   
,forester4  ,under the subject of       
,federal ,forest ,law1 it is not        
sufficient for the student to acquaint  
himself with those laws alone which     
govern the forests4 ,he must also have  
some knowledge of the creation of a     
forest policy out of the public land    
policy of the ,united ,states1 some     
acquaintance with the public land laws4 
,a good working knowledge of the laws   

and regulations governing the ,national 
,forests is indispensable1 and the      
student should at least know where to   
find the more important court decisions 
by which they are interpreted4          
,,forest ,,history3  ,the history of    
forestry in ,europe has a certain       
importance in throwing light on our own 
forest history and its probable         
development1 and this is especially true
 of the history of the administration of
 ,government forest lands and of        
education in forestry4  ,the history of 
forestry in the ,united ,states1        
however1 is far more important4 ,the    
,forester must know the story of the    
growth and change of ,national ,forest  
organizations1 the ,forest ,officers and
 their duties1 the cost1 size1 and      
effectiveness of the ,government ,forest
 ,service at different times1 the ,civil
 ,service regulations under which it is 
recruited1 and other similar matters4   
,it is important likewise for him to    
become thoroughly saturated with an     

intimate knowledge of the development of
 forestry in public opinion in the      
,united ,states1 its extension to the   
other natural resources through the     
conservation policy1 and the relation of
 the ,forester's point of view thus     
expressed to the present welfare and    
future success of the ,nation4  ,it is  
not always possible for the forest      
student to become a woodsman before     
entering his profession1 but it is most 
desirable4 ,a ,forester must be able to 
travel the forest alone by day and by   
night1 he should be a good fisherman and
 a good hunter 7which is far more       
important than to be a good shot71 and  
deeply interested in both fish and game4
 ,the better horseman he is the better  
,forester he will be1 and especially if 
he can pack and handle pack horses in   
the woods4 ,so that whether the young   
,forester begins with a practical       
knowledge of woodcraft or not1 he must  
not fail to acquire or improve it1 for  
without it he will endanger the whole   

success of his career4  ,some knowledge 
of first aid to the injured is likely to
 be of great and sudden value to a man  
so much of whose life must be spent in  
the woods1 at a distance from medical   
aid4 ,the time spent in getting         
information on this subject will be     
anything but wasted4   ,,english3  ,the 
ability to write and to speak good1     
plain1 understandable ,english is a     
prime requisite in the ,forester's      
training4 ,it is a part of education    
frequently neglected1 especially by     
those in engineering or scientific      
pursuits2 yet its importance for the    
,forester is very large4 ,as already    
pointed out1 the ,forester is on the    
firing line of the conservation         
movement2 he is pioneering in a new     
profession4 ,for this reason he will    
often need to explain his stand and     
convert others to his beliefs4 ,in      
addition1 he must make available to     
others the results he secures from the  
study of new facts4 ,a usable command of

 his own language will stand him in good
 stead1 whether he needs to talk face to
 face with another man1 or from a       
platform to a concourse of people1 or to
 put into readable printed form the     
results of his observations or his      
thinking4  ,when the young ,forester has
 completed the courses of his school    
training in ,america1 the question may  
be raised whether he should supplement  
his training by study abroad4 ,i am     
strongly of opinion that he should do so
 if he can4 ,study abroad is not        
indispensable for the ,american         
,forester1 but it can do him nothing but
 good to see in practical operation the 
methods of forestry which have resulted 
from the long experience of other lands1
 and especially to become familiar with 
the effect of sound forestry on the     
forest4                                 
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-------                  ,transcriber's 
,note3                                  
,inconsistent hyphenation and spelling  

in the        original document have    
been preserved4                         
,typographical errors corrected in the  
text3                                   
,page #ace  windbrakes changed to       
windbreaks                              
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