,note3 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive_/,american ,libraries4 ,see http3_/_/www4archive4org_/details_/anthr opologyassc#jj;brinrich ,transcriber's ,note ,two typographical errors were identified but not corrected in this e-book4 ,they are marked with ,,tn-#a and ,,tn-#b1 which refer to notes at the end of the text4 ,,anthropology3 ,as a ,science and ,as a ,branch of ,university ,education in the ,united ,states4 by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,brinton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,american ,archology and ,linguistics in the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 and of ,general ,ethnology at the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia2 ,corresponding ,member of the ,anthropological ,societies of ,washington1 ,new ,york1 ,paris1 ,berlin1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,vienna1 ,munich1 ,florence1 ,etc4 ,philadelphia3 #ahib4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,this very brief presentation of the claims of ,anthropology for a recognized place in institutions of the higher education in the ,united ,states will1 ,i hope1 receive the thoughtful consideration of the officers and patrons of our ,universities and ,post-,graduate ,departments4 ,the need of such a presentation was urged upon me not long since by the distinguished president of a ,new ,england ,university4 ,impressed with the force of his words1 ,i make an earnest appeal to our seats of advanced learning to establish a branch of ,anthropology on the broad lines herein suggested4 ,it may be but one chair in their ,faculties of ,philosophy2 but the rightful claims of this science will be recognized only when it is organized as a department by itself1 with a competent corps of professors and docents1 with well-appointed laboratories and museums1 and with fellowships for deserving students4 ,who is the enlightened and liberal citizen ready to found such a department1 and endow it with the means necessary to carry out both instruction and original research8 ,i do not plead for any one institution1 or locality1 or individual2 but simply for the creation in the ,united ,states of the opportunity of studying this highest of the sciences in a manner befitting its importance4 ,,anthropology1 ,,as ,a ,,science1 ,,and ,as a ,branch of ,university ,education4 ,what ,anthropology ,is4 ,man himself is the only final measure of his own activities4 ,to his own force and faculties all other tests are in the end referred4 ,all sciences and arts1 all pleasures and pursuits1 are assigned their respective rank in his interest by reference to those physical powers and mental processes which are peculiarly the property of his own species4 ,hence1 the ,study of ,man1 pursued under the guidance of accurate observation and experimental research1 embracing all his nature and all the manifestations of his activity1 in the past as well as in the present1 the whole co-ordinated in accordance with the inductive methods of the natural sciences--this study must in the future unfailingly come to be regarded as the crown and completion of all others--and this is ,anthropology4 ,the ,value of ,anthropology4 ,the value of the applications of this science can scarcely be overestimated4 ,in government and law1 in education and religion1 men have hitherto been dealt with according to traditional beliefs or a priori theories of what they may or ought to be4 ,when we learn through scientific research what they really are1 we shall then1 and then only1 have a solid foundation on which to build the social1 ethical and political structures of the future4 ,it is the appreciation of this which has given the extraordinary impetus to the study of ,sociology--a branch of ,anthropology--within the last decade4 ,anthropology alone furnishes the key and clue to ,history4 ,this also is meeting recognition4 ,no longer are the best histories mainly chronicles of kings and wars1 but records of the development and the decline of peoples2 and what constitutes a people1 and shapes its destiny1 is the very business of ,ethnology to explain4 ,so likewise in hygiene and medicine1 in ethics and religion1 in language and arts1 in painting1 architecture1 sculpture and music1 the full import and often unconscious intention of human activity can only be understood1 and directed in the most productive channels1 by such a careful historical and physical analysis as ,anthropology aims to present4 ,societies and ,schools for the ,study of ,anthropology4 ,the world of science has been recognizing more fully1 year by year1 the paramount importance of the systematic study of ,anthropology to the aspirations of modern civilization4 ,the first ,anthropological ,society--that of ,paris--was founded by ,paul ,broca1 in ,may1 #ahei4 ,it has been rapidly followed by the organization of similar societies in ,london1 ,berlin1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,vienna1 ,brussels1 ,munich1 ,madrid1 ,florence1 ,washington1 ,new ,york1 and many other centres of enlightened thought4 ,in #ahhb the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science organized its ,section of ,anthropology2 and in #ahhd the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science followed this example4 ,it is a well known fact that these sections are more attractive to the general public1 and are better supplied with material than any other sections in the ,associations4 ,this augurs well for the zeal with which students would welcome the creation of special departments for instruction in all branches of the science4 ,the first ,school of ,anthropology was founded also by ,broca1 at ,paris1 in the year #ahgf4 ,it began with a corps of five professors1 a number which it has now doubled1 the demand for more extended instruction having steadily increased4 ,the courses have been as well attended as any others1 either at the ,collge de ,france1 or at the ,sorbonne4 ,a second school is organized in connection with the ,museum of ,natural ,history at the ,jardin des ,plantes4 ,it has counted among its instructors various illustrious names1 and its courses have also been highly popular4 ,several of the ,german universities have organized a department of ,anthropology4 ,in those of ,munich1 ,berlin1 ,marburg1 and ,buda ,pesth the chairs are filled respectively by ,ranke1 ,bastian1 ,von den ,steinen1 and ,von ,trk4 ,in the ,university of ,leipzig1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,schmidt is docent in ,anthropology2 and the same position is held in ,berlin by ,dr4 ,von ,luschan4 ,in a number of other institutions1 lectures on the branch are given4 ,the first degree in ,anthropology was conferred by the ,university of ,munich three years ago4 ,the ,university of ,brussels has established a full chair of ,anthropology1 occupied by ,professor ,houze2 and a similar position is filled in the ,muse ,polytechnique1 at ,moscow1 by ,professor ,dimitri ,anoutchine4 ,in the ,united ,states1 regular courses on ,physical ,anthropology and ,ethnology have been given by me for the last six years1 at the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia4 ,but the only educational institutions which have distinctly recognized the branch are ,clark ,university1 ,worcester1 ,mass41 where ,dr4 ,franz ,boas is docent in ,anthropology1 and which1 in ,march of this year1 conferred the first degree in ,anthropology given in ,america2 and the ,university of ,chicago1 in which ,dr4 ,frederick ,starr is ,assistant ,professor of ,anthropology4 ,i cannot learn that any full professorship of the science has been established in this country4 ,considerable attention has been paid to the subject by the scientists connected with the ,national ,museum1 the ,smithsonian ,institution1 the ,army ,medical ,museum1 and especially the ,bureau of ,ethnology at ,washington4 ,the last mentioned1 under the efficient administration of ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,powell1 has enriched the literature of ,anthropology with a series of publications not exceeded in value by those of any other government4 ,subdivisions of ,anthropology4 ,the ,study of ,man in accordance with the laws of inductive research is1 therefore1 the aim and meaning of ,anthropology4 ,the subject is a broad one1--in space1 as wide as the world2 in time1 longer than all history2 in depth1 reaching to the innermost consciousness4 ,a man may be regarded merely as a specimen of a certain species of vertebrates2 or1 in his multifarious relations as a member of a social organization4 ,we may study him as a living being2 or seek to trace his actions and origin in ages long before history begins4 ,hence1 ,anthropology is divided into several associated departments devoted to the exploration of its varied realms of research4 ,they may conveniently be divided into four1 of nearly equal importance4 ,an acquaintance with all of them is essential to the equipment of a sound anthropologist4 ,the first is the study of the physical nature of man1 his anatomy1 physiology and biology1 so far as these bear on the distinctions of races1 peoples1 and nations4 ,psychology1 so far as it is an experimental and inductive science1 belongs in this department4 ,this general division has been called by ,french writers special ,anthropology1 and by the ,germans somatic ,anthropology2 but we need for it a single term1 and none better could be found than that suggested by the ,german expression4 ,i call it1 therefore1 ,somatology1 a word long since1,,tn-#a domesticated in the vocabulary of ,english and ,american medical science1 and explained in the dictionaries as a discourse or discussion on the human body4 ,the second division is ,ethnology4 ,this is1 in its methods1 historic and analytic4 ,it contemplates man as a social creature4 ,it is more concerned with the mental1 the psychical part of man1 than with his physical nature1 and seeks to trace the intellectual development of communities by studying the growth of government1 laws1 arts1 languages1 religions1 and society4 ,the third division1 ,ethnography1 is geographic and descriptive in its plans of research4 ,it studies the subdivision and migrations of races1 local traits1 peculiarities and customs1 and confines itself to matters of present observation4 ,finally1 ,archology comes in to supply the material which neither history nor present observation can furnish4 ,it pries into the obscurity of the remotest periods of man's life on earth1 and gathers thousands of facts forgotten by historians and overlooked by contemporaries4 ,often these unconsidered trifles prove of priceless value1 and furnish the key to the real life of ancient nations4 ,means of ,practical ,instruction4 ,anthropology is not a theoretical science4 ,it is essentially experimental and practical1 a science of observation and operative procedures4 ,it cannot be learned by merely reading books and attending lectures4 ,the student must literally put his hand to the work4 ,for that reason every institution for teaching ,anthropology must have a ,laboratory attached to it2 and in that ,laboratory the best part of the work will be done4 ,such a ,laboratory will naturally be divided into two departments2 one devoted to the study of the physical characteristics of man1 the other to the investigation of the products of his industry4 ,the former will be more especially related to the branch of ,somatology2 the latter1 to those of ,ethnology1 ,ethnography1 and ,archology4 ,the efforts of the ,laboratory instructors will be directed to training the perceptions of the students in the requirements of this science and to giving them the practical knowledge and manual dexterity necessary to employ its tests4 ,connected with the ,laboratory1 and really forming part of it1 will be a ,museum1 of such extent as circumstances permit4 ,it will include crania and osteological specimens2 art-products1 arranged both ethnologically1 that is1 in series showing their evolution1 and ethnographically1 that is1 illustrating the geographical provinces and ethnic areas from which they are derived2 and archological specimens typical of prehistoric and proto-historic culture4 ,hand in hand with the ,laboratory work should proceed ,library ,labor4 ,there is a strong tendency in students of sciences of observation to read only for immediate purposes and on current topics4 ,few acquaint themselves with the history even of their own special branches2 an ignorance which often results injuriously on the effectiveness of their work4 ,to correct this1 a series of tasks in the literature of the science should regularly be assigned4 ,finally1 all that has been proposed must be supplemented by a course of ,field-work1 in which the student must be trained to apply his acquirements in really adding to the stores of knowledge by independent and unaided exertion4 ,i do not rest satisfied with presenting these general statements4 ,more detail will very properly be demanded by any one seriously considering the foundation of a chair or department in this branch4 ,i have drawn up1 therefore1 and append1 a scheme for a course or courses of lectures2 a plan for laboratory instruction2 another for library work2 a sketch of what should be done in the field2 and finally1 ,i name a few of the best text-books on the various subdivisions of the general science4 ,i would ask the particular attention of those interested in this science to the classification and nomenclature which ,i here present4 ,it is the result of a careful collation of all the leading ,european writers on the subject and of consultation with several of the most thoughtful in this country4 ,there is1 unfortunately1 considerable diversity in the arrangements and terms adopted by different authors1 and it is most desirable that a uniform phraseology be adopted in all countries4 ,that which ,i offer aims to be exhaustive of the science and to adopt1 wherever practicable1 the expressions sanctioned by the greater number of distinguished living authorities in its literature4 ,general ,scheme for ,instruction in ,anthropology4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,lecture ,,course4 ,,principal ,,subdivisions4 ,i4 ,somatology4--,physical and ,experimental ,anthropology4 ,,ii4 ,ethnology4--,historic and ,analytic ,anthropology4 ,,iii4 ,ethnography4--,geographic and ,descriptive ,anthropology4 ,,iv4 ,archology4--,prehistoric and ,reconstructive ,anthropology4 ,i4--,somatology4 ,a4 ,internal ,somatology4 a4 ,osteology4--,bones of the skeleton1 names1 forms1 measures1 proportions1 peculiarities1 such as flattened tibia1 perforated humerus1 form of pelvis1 os calcis1 etc4 ,craniology2 measurements of skull and face1 sutures1 angles1 nasal and orbital indices1 dentition1 artificial deformations4 b4 ,myology and ,splanchnology4--,the muscular system and viscera so far as they concern racial peculiarities1 as deficient calves1 proportions of liver and lungs1 etc4 ,steatopygy4 ,b4 ,external ,somatology4 ,stature and ,proportion4 ,anthropomometry4 ,tests for strength and endurance4 ,color of skin1 hair1 and eyes4 ,color scales4 ,shape and growth of hairs4 ,canons of proportion4 ,physical beauty4 ,c4 ,psychology4 ,application of experimental psychology to races4 ,comparative rates of nervous impulse1 sensation1 muscular movements1 and mental processes4 ,right- and left-handedness4 ,anomalous brain actions4 ,d4 ,developmental and ,comparative ,somatology4 ,embryology of man4 ,doctrines of heredity and congenital transmission4 ,teratology1 or the production of varieties and monstrosities4 ,ethnic and racial anatomy4 ,evolution of man4 ,comparative anatomy of man and anthropoids4 ,simian and lemurian analogies4 ,fossil remains of man4 ,biology of man4 ,changes produced by nutrition 7food supply71 climate1 humidity1 altitude1 etc4 ,comparative physiology and pathology4 ,medical geography4 ,comparative nosology of different races4 ,criminal anthropology4 ,pathology of races4 ,fertility and sterility of races4 ,reproduction and stirpiculture4 ,comparative longevity4 ,immunity from disease4 ,vital statistics4 ,anatomical classifications of races4 7,historical review2 present opinions47 ,,ii4--,ethnology4 ,a4 ,definitions and ,methods4 ,meaning of ,race1 ,people 7ethnos1 folk71 ,nation1 ,tribe4 ,culture and civilization4 ,measures and stages of culture4 ,causes and conditions of ethnic progress4 ,ethnic aptitudes for special lines of progress4 ,ethnic psychology 7,vlkerpsychologie74 ,b4 ,sociology4 a4 ,government4--,primitive forms4 ,the gens2 the tribe2 the confederacy2 chieftainship2 monarchy2 theocracy2 democracy1 etc4 b4 ,marriage4--,theories of primitive marriage2 promiscuity2 polygamy2 polyandry2 monogamy4 ,limitations of marriage4 ,forms and rites of marriage4 ,laws of descent and consanguinity4 ,social position of woman4 ,gynocracy4 c4 ,laws4--,origin of laws4 ,primitive ethics4 ,dualism of ethics4 ,evolution of the moral sense4 ,the ,taboo4 ,blood revenge4 ,tenures of land4 ,classes above law4 ,castes4 ,privileged classes4 ,codified laws4 ,international laws4 ,c4 ,technology4 a4 ,the ,utilitarian ,arts4--,manufacture of tools1 utensils1 weapons1 and agricultural1 etc41 implements4 ,architecture and building4 ,clothing and fashions4 ,means of transportation by land and water4 ,agriculture4 ,domestication of plants and animals4 ,weights1 measures1 and instruments of precision4 ,media of exchange1 currency1 money1 articles of barter and commerce4 b4 ,the ,esthetic ,arts4--,theory of the sense of the beautiful4 ,decorative designs in line and color4 ,skin-painting4 ,tattooing4 ,sculpture and modeling4 ,music and musical instruments4 ,scents and flowers4 ,games and festivals4 ,d4 ,religion4 a4 ,psychological ,origin of ,religions4--,principles and method of the science of religion4 ,personal1 family1 and tribal religions4 ,ancestral worship4 ,doctrines of animism2 fetichism2 polytheism2 henotheism2 monotheism2 universal religions4 b4 ,mythology4--,definition and growth of myths4 ,solar light and storm myths4 ,creation and deluge myths4 ,relation of myths to language4 c4 ,symbolism and ,religious ,art4--,relation of symbolism to fetichism4 ,primitive idols4 ,charms and amulets4 ,tokens4 ,tombs1 temples1 altars4 ,sacrifice4 ,symbolism of colors and numbers4 ,special symbols2 the bird2 the serpent2 trees2 the cross2 the svastika2 the circle1 etc4 d4 ,religious ,teachers and ,doctrines4--,the priestly class4 ,shamanism4 ,theocracies4 ,secret orders4 ,initiations4 ,diviners4 ,augurs and prophets4 ,doctrines of soul4 ,fatalism4 e4 ,analysis of ,special ,religions4--,egyptian religion2 ,buddhism2 ,judaism2 ,christianity2 ,mohammedanism1 etc4 ,e4 ,linguistics4 a4 ,gesture and ,sign ,language4--,examples4 ,plan of thought in relation to picture writing4 b4 ,spoken ,language4--,articulate and inarticulate speech4 ,imitative sounds4 ,the phonology of languages4 ,universal alphabets4 ,logical relations of the parts of speech4 ,the vocabulary and the grammar of languages4 ,distinctions between languages and dialects4 ,mixed languages and jargons4 ,relations of language to ethnography4 ,polyglottic and monoglottic peoples4 ,causes of changes in language4 ,extent and nature of such changes4 ,examples4 ,classifications of languages4 ,relative excellence of languages4 ,criteria of superiority4 ,rules for the scientific comparison of languages4 c4 ,recorded ,language4--,systems of recording ideas4 ,thought-writing4 ,pictography4 ,symbolic and ideographic writing4 ,examples4 ,sound-writing4 ,evolution of the phonetic alphabets4 ,egyptian1 ,cuneiform1 ,chinese1 ,aztec1 and other phonetic systems4 d4 ,forms of ,expression4--,rhythmical4 ,origin of meter4 ,poetry of primitive peoples4 ,rhythm and rhyme4 ,characters of prose4 ,relation of prose and poetry to national language and character4 ,dramatic4 ,the primitive drama and its development4 ,f4 ,folk-lore4 ,definition1 nature1 and value of folk-lore4 ,methods of its study4 ,relations to history and character of a people4 ,traditional customs4 ,traditional narratives4 ,folk-sayings4 ,superstitious beliefs and practices4 ,,iii4--,ethnography4 ,a4 ,the ,origin and ,subdivisions of ,races4 ,theories of monogenism and polygenism4 ,doctrine of geographical provinces or areas of characterization4 ,the continental areas at the date of man's appearance on the earth4 ,eurafrica1 ,austafrica1 ,asia1 ,america1 ,oceanica4 ,causes and consequences of the migrations of races and nations4 a4 ,the ,eurafrican ,race4--,types of the white race4 ,its first home4 ,early migrations4 ,the ,south ,mediterranean branch 7,hamitic and ,semitic stocks74 ,the ,north ,mediterranean branch 7,euskaric1 ,aryan1 and ,caucasic stocks74 b4 ,the ,austafrican ,race4--,former geography of ,africa4 ,the ,negrillos or ,pigmies4 ,the true ,negroes4 ,the ,negroids4 ,the race in other continents4 ,negro slavery4 c4 ,the ,asian ,race4--,the ,sinitic branch 7,chinese1 ,thibetans1 ,indo-,chinese74 ,the ,sibiric branch 7the ,tungusic1 ,mongolic1 ,tataric1 ,finnic1 ,arctic1 and ,japanese groups74 d4 ,the ,american ,race4--,peopling of ,america4 ,groups of ,north and ,south ,american tribes4 e4 ,insular and ,litoral ,peoples4--,the ,negritic stock 7,negritos1 ,papuans1 ,melanesians74 ,the ,malayic stock 7,western ,malayans1 ,eastern1 or ,polynesians74 ,the ,australic stock 7,australian tribes2 ,dravidians and ,kols1 of ,india74 ,,iv4--,archology4 ,a4 ,general ,archology4 a4 ,geology of the epoch of man4 ,late tertiary and quaternary periods4 ,glacial phenomena4 ,river drift4 ,diluvial and alluvial deposits4 ,physical geography of the quaternary4 ,prehistoric botany and zology4 b4 ,prehistoric ,ages4--,the ,age of ,stone 7chipped stone1 or palolithic period2 polished stone1 or neolithic period74 ,the ,age of ,bronze4 ,the ,age of ,iron4 ,epochs1 stations1 and examples4 ,methods of study of stone and bone implements1 pottery1 and other ancient remains4 ,indications of prehistoric commerce4 ,palethnology4 ,proto-historic epoch4 ,b4 ,special ,archology4 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,phenician1 ,classical1 and ,medieval ,archology4 ,archology of the various areas in ,america4 ,art in stone1 bone1 shell1 wood1 clay1 paper1 etc41 in these areas4 ,,laboratory ,,work4 ,a4 ,physical ,laboratory4 ,comparing and identifying bones4 ,measuring skulls4 ,dissections of anthropoids and human subjects4 ,examination of brains4 ,study of embryology and teratology4 ,practical study of the hair1 skin1 nails1 etc41 of different races4 ,use of color scales1 etc4 ,practice in anthropomometry1 with the necessary instruments4 ,testing for sense perceptions4 ,b4 ,technological ,laboratory4 ,study of stone implements2 simple and compound2 rough and polished2 primary and secondary chipping2 cleavage2 firing2 bulb of percussion2 mineralogy of implements2 patine1 etc4 ,bone implements4 ,study of metal implements4 ,hammering1 smelting1 casting4 ,results of exposure4 ,analysis of alloys4 ,coins1 etc4 ,study of pottery4 ,pastes2 burning2 glazing2 forms2 decorative designs2 painting and coloring4 ,textile materials2 ancient cloth and basket work2 feather work4 ,methods of making casts and models2 taking squeezes1 rubbings1 copies1 and photographs4 ,drawing1 shading1 and coloring ethnographic charts4 ,practice in preserving1 mounting1 arranging1 and classifying specimens4 ,tests for the detection of frauds4 ,incrustations1 dendrites1 etc4 ,practice in reducing unknown tongues to writing1 by the ear4 ,practice in the repetition of unfamiliar phonetic elements4 ,study of the actions of the lingual muscles in the production of sounds4 ,,library ,,work4 ,researches in the history of anthropology4 ,making lists of works and articles on special subjects1 with brief abstracts4 ,notes of the proceedings of anthropological societies and the contents of journals4 ,presentation of the theories of particular writers on the science4 ,familiarize the student with the past and present literature of his branch4 ,,field ,,work4 ,methods of surveying1 photographing1 and plotting ancient remains4 ,plans for taking field-notes4 ,instruction in the proper methods of opening mounds1 shell heaps1 etc41 and in excavating rock-shelters and caverns4 ,the preserving and packing of specimens4 ,study of quaternary geology2 alluvial deposits2 river terraces2 glacial scratches2 moraines2 river drift2 loess2 elevation and subsidence4 ,the collection of languages and dialects2 of folk-lore1 and local peculiarities4 ,,text-,,books4 ,as the plan of study here proposed is largely that which ,i have pursued and developed in my own lectures and published works on the subject1 ,i may be permitted to insert the following list of these3-- ,anthropology and ,ethnology4 #dto1 pp4 #ahd4 ,in ,vol4 ,i of the ,iconographic ,encyclopdia 7,philadelphia1 #ahhf74 ,prehistoric ,archology4 #dto1 pp4 #aaf4 ,in ,vol4 ,,ii of the ,iconographic ,encyclopdia 7,philadelphia1 #ahhf74 ,races and ,peoples2 ,lectures on the ,science of ,ethnography4 #hvo1 pp4 #cac 7,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges1 ,new ,york1 #ahij74 ,the ,american ,race2 a ,linguistic ,classification and ,ethnographic ,description of the ,native ,tribes of ,north and ,south ,america4 #hvo1 pp4 #cib 7,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges1 ,new ,york1 #ahia74 ,in addition to these ,i would name the following as among the best works for the student of this branch3-- ,anthropologische ,methoden4 ,by ,dr4 ,emil ,schmidt 7,leipzig1 #ahhh74 ,elments d',anthropologie ,gnrale4 ,by ,dr4 ,paul ,topinard 7,paris74 ,also ,l',homme dans la ,nature 7,paris1 #ahia71 by the same author4 ,prcis d',anthropologie4 ,by ,hovelacque and ,herv 7,paris74 ,allgemeine ,ethnographie4 ,by ,friederich ,mller4 ,die ,urgeschichte des ,menschen4 ,by ,moritz ,hoernes 7,leipzig1 #ahia74 ,la ,prhistorique ,antiquit de l',homme4 ,by ,g4 de ,mortillet 7,paris74 ,anthropology4 ,by ,dr4 ,tylor 7,new ,york74 ,elements,,tn-#b de ,sociologie4 ,by ,ch4 ,letourneau 7,paris74 ,to this list ,i add the names of some others of the distinguished foreign living writers on various departments of ,anthropology3-- ,in ,france3 ,bertrand1 ,collignon1 ,letourneau1 de ,nadaillac4 ,in ,england3 ,buckland1 ,flower1 ,gallon1 ,m4 ,mller4 ,in ,germany3 ,andree1 ,bastian1 ,meyer1 ,f4 ,mller1 ,ranke1 ,schaafhausen1 ,steinthal1 ,virchow1 ,ratzel1 ,gerland4 ,in ,italy3 ,giglioli1 ,mantegazza4 ,it is highly likely that many modifications and improvements on this scheme will suggest themselves to instructors2 but ,i may say for it that it is the carefully considered result of a comparison of the methods employed in the ,european schools1 combined with a personal experience of some years in the presentation of the topics to classes4 ,of course1 the amount of attention which will be given to the separate divisions of the subject will depend on the position which the branch occupies in the student's plan of studies--whether a major or a minor4 ,if the latter1 he should attend a course of thirty or forty lectures about equally divided between the four headings under which the science is here presented1 and should give double as many hours to laboratory work4 ,this is the minimum which would give him any adequate notion of the science4 ,if1 on the other hand1 it be taken as a major1 or principal subject1 the greater part of his time for two or three years will be fully occupied in preparing himself for independent work1 or for the instruction of others4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,the following misspelling and typographical error were not corrected3 ,page ,error ,,tn-#a #f since1 should read since ,,tn-#b #ad ,elements should read ,elments