,,bible ,,studies  ,,in ,,the ,,life    
,,of ,,paul   ,,historical ,,and        
,,constructive    ,,by  ,,rev4 ,,henry  
,t4 ,,sell1 ,d4,d4   ,author of         
,supplemental ,bible ,studies1 ,bible   
,study by ,books1   ,bible ,study by    
,doctrines1 ,bible ,study by ,periods1  
and ,bible ,studies in the ,life of     
,christ4     ,,chicago ,,new ,,york     
,,toronto  ,,fleming ,h4 ,,revell       
,,company  ,,london  ,,edinburgh        
,,copyright1 #aijd  ,,by ,,fleming ,h4  
,,revell ,,company     ,chicago3 #fc    
,washington ,street   ,new ,york3 #aeh  
,fifth ,avenue   ,toronto3 #bg ,richmond
 ,street1 ,w4   ,london3 #ba            
,paternoster ,square   ,edinburgh3 #cj  
,st4 ,mary ,street     ,,preface  ,the  
book of ,acts shows in a very graphic   
way the rapid growth and marvelous      
progress of ,christianity in the midst  
of great opposition4  ,we see in process
 of fulfillment the promise of ,jesus   
,christ to his disciples that they      
should receive power after the ,holy    

,ghost had come upon them and that they 
should be witnesses unto ,him both in   
,jerusalem and in all ,judea and in     
,samaria and unto the uttermost part of 
the earth4  ,those were earnest times   
and full of stirring events1 when men   
went forth to conquer a hostile world   
not with swords1 but by the preaching of
 a gospel of peace and good will4  ,as  
soon as this proclamation was made in   
,judea and ,samaria a new instrument was
 chosen by ,jesus ,christ1 in ,paul1 to 
carry ,his message to the uttermost part
 of the earth4  ,he thus became at once 
the chief character in the larger work  
of planting and developing churches     
outside of ,palestine4 ,the study of    
,paul's life shows the difficulties     
encountered1 the doctrines taught1 and  
the organization perfected in the early 
churches4  ,we here watch the dawn of   
the gospel which the ,savior preached as
 it broadens gradually into the         
boundless day4  ,bible ,studies in the  
,life of ,paul is designed to follow the

 author's ,bible ,studies in the ,life  
of ,christ and to show the work of the  
,great ,apostle in carrying the gospel  
to a ,gentile world4  ,the aim is to    
present the work of ,paul in a          
constructive and historical way4  ,while
 there has been a careful consideration1
 on the part of the author1 of disputed 
questions1 only conclusions upon which  
there is a general agreement amongst    
scholars1 and which can be consistently 
held1 are presented4  ,the great main   
facts of ,paul's life and work stand    
forth unchallenged and the emphasis is  
placed upon them4  ,this book is divided
 into three parts1 ,paul's preparation  
for his work1 his missionary journeys1  
and his writings4  ,this is a text book1
 and1 with the analysis of each study   
and questions1 is prepared for the use  
of normal and advanced ,sunday-school   
classes1 teachers' meetings1 schools1   
colleges1 and private study4 ,this is   
the sixth book of the kind which the    
author has prepared and sent forth4     

,the large favor with which the other   
books have been received1 and the       
desire1 first of all1 of making the life
 and work of ,paul even better known1   
have been the motives which have led to 
its preparation4  ,,chicago1 ,,ill4     
,,henry ,t4 ,,sell4     ,,contents      
,i4  ,,paul',s ,,preparation  ,,study   
,i4  ,early ,life    ,,ii4  ,conversion 
,,ii4  ,,paul',s ,,journeys    ,,iii4   
,first ,missionary ,journey    ,,iv4    
,second ,missionary ,journey     ,v4    
,third ,missionary ,journey    ,,vi4    
,jerusalem to ,rome           ,,iii4    
,,paul',s ,,writings    ,,vii4  ,the    
,future of ,christ's ,kingdom  ,,viii4  
,the ,old ,faiths and the ,new    ,,ix4 
,the ,supremacy of ,christ     ,x4      
,pastoral and ,personal     ,i4         
,,paul',s ,,preparation   ,,study ,i    
,,early ,,life   ,,analysis  ,the ,place
 of ,paul--,the ,man4  ,the ,work of the
 ,apostle4  ,the ,leading ,thought4     
,birth--,place4  ,time4  ,family4       
,training--,home4  ,mental1 ,moral and  

,religious4  ,industrial4  ,the ,world  
as ,paul ,saw ,it--,the ,world4         
,political4  ,religious4 ,the           
,difficulties4     ,bible ,studies in   
the ,life of ,paul   ,i4  ,,paul',s     
,,preparation   ,,study ,i  ,,early     
,,life  ,,the ,,place ,,of ,,paul  ,the 
,man1 ,paul1 judged by the influence he 
has exerted in the world1 is one of the 
greatest characters in all history4  ,he
 is pre-eminent not only as a           
missionary1 but as a marvelous thinker  
and writer4  ,he was a personality of   
vast power1 force1 and individuality4   
,there are some men who seem to be born 
and prepared to do a large work for the 
world2 ,paul makes the impression upon  
those who carefully read the record of  
his life that he stands first in this   
class of men4  ,the ,work of the        
,apostle4--,as ,john the ,baptist       
preceded ,christ and prepared the way   
for ,his coming1 so ,paul succeeded     
,christ and went throughout the heathen 
world proclaiming that the ,christ had  

come1 and calling upon all men1 ,jews   
and ,gentiles1 to repent and accept ,him
 as their ,lord and ,savior4  ,so wide  
was his work as a missionary of the     
cross1 and an interpreter of the        
,christ1 that a certain class of critics
 have sought to make him the creator of 
,christianity1 as we know it2 a position
 which ,paul would be the first to      
repudiate4  ,he sought of himself1      
before he was apprehended by ,christ on 
the way to ,damascus1 to drive          
,christianity from the face of the      
earth4  ,the ,leading ,thought in       
,paul's mind1 after his conversion1 was 
personal devotion to ,christ2 this was  
the mainspring of every act4  ,he said1 
,i am crucified with ,christ3           
nevertheless1 ,i live2 yet not ,i1 but  
,christ liveth in me3 7,gal4 #b3bj74    
,for me to live is ,christ 7,phil4      
#a3ba74  ,in his letters to the churches
 which he founded1 there are found no   
picturesque descriptions of cities or of
 scenery2 his one thought is to make    

known the ,christ4 ,he says1 writing to 
the ,corinthian church1 and ,i1         
brethren1 when ,i came to you1 came not 
with excellency of speech or of wisdom1 
declaring unto you the testimony of     
,god4  ,for ,i determined not to know   
anything among you1 save ,jesus ,christ 
and ,him crucified 7#a ,cor4 #b3a1 #b74 
,in the evangelization of the heathen   
world1 for which task he had been set   
apart by the ,holy ,spirit 7,acts #ac3b7
 and which he had accepted with all his 
heart1 it is not only his leading1 but  
his only thought to make known ,jesus   
,christ as ,lord and ,savior4  ,to miss 
this supreme purpose of ,paul in the    
study of his life is to miss its whole  
significance 7,phil4 #b3a-aa2 ,col4     
#a3ab-bj74   ,,birth  ,place4--,the     
world is interested in the birthplaces  
of its great men4  ,some of these       
birthplaces are in doubt4 ,there is no  
doubt about the place in which ,paul was
 born4  ,he says1 in making a speech to 
the ,jews1 ,i am verily a man which am a

 ,jew1 born in ,tarsus1 a city in       
,cilicia 7,acts #bb3c74  ,this city was 
the capital of ,cilicia and was situated
 in the southeastern part of ,asia      
,minor4  ,it was but a few miles from   
the coast and was easily accessible from
 the ,mediterranean sea by a navigable  
river4  ,a large commerce was controlled
 by the merchants1 on sea and on land4  
,tarsus1 while one of three university  
centers of the period1 ranking with     
,athens and ,alexandria1 was an         
exceedingly corrupt city4  ,it was the  
chief seat of a special ,baal worship of
 an imposing but unspeakably degrading  
character4  ,time4--,the date of ,paul's
 birth is nowhere recorded1 but from    
certain dates given in the ,acts1 from  
which we reckon back1 it is thought that
 he was born about the same time as     
,jesus ,christ4  ,family4--,we are left1
 in this matter1 without any            
uncertainty4  ,paul says1 ,i am a       
,pharisee1 the son of a ,pharisee 7,acts
 #bc3f74  ,i was circumcised the eighth 

day1 of the stock of ,israel1 of the    
tribe of ,benjamin1 an ,hebrew of the   
,hebrews1 as touching the law1 a        
,pharisee 7,phil4 #c3e74  ,paul's father
 and mother were ,jews of the stricter  
sort4  ,the expression which ,paul uses1
 ,an ,hebrew of the ,hebrews is very    
significant4  ,the ,jews of the         
,dispersion were known at this time as  
,hebrews and ,hellenists4  ,the ,hebrews
 clung to the ,hebrew tongue and        
followed ,hebrew customs4  ,the         
,hellenists spoke ,greek by preference  
and adopted1 more or less1 ,greek views 
and civilization4  ,paul had a married  
sister who lived in ,jerusalem 7,acts   
#bc3af7 and relatives in ,rome 7,rom4   
#af3g1 #aa74   ,,training  ,home4--,the 
instruction received in the home has    
often more influence and is more lasting
 than any other4  ,paul received the    
usual thorough training of the ,jew boy 
accentuated in his case1 in all         
probability1 by the open iniquity which 
was daily practised in his native city4 

,we never hear him expressing any regret
 that he received such thorough         
religious instruction at the hands of   
his parents4  ,mental1 ,moral1 and      
,religious4--,good teachers were        
employed to instruct the boy1 who was   
afterwards to make such a mark in the   
world4  ,after going through the school1
 under the care of the synagogue at     
,tarsus1 he was sent to ,jerusalem to   
complete his education4  ,paul1 speaking
 in this chief ,jewish city1 says1 ,i   
was brought up in this city at the feet 
of ,gamaliel1 and taught according to   
the perfect manner of the law of the    
fathers 7,acts #bb3c74  ,it is very     
evident that ,he had a profound         
knowledge of the ,scriptures from the   
large use he makes of them in his       
,epistles4  ,he seems also to have been 
quite well acquainted with ,greek       
philosophy and literature4  ,he quotes  
from the ,greek poets1 ,aratus1         
,epimenides1 and ,menander4  ,no man    
ever studied men and the motives which  

actuate them more than he4  ,his inward 
life was pure 7,acts #bc3a2 #bd3af74    
,paul differed from ,christ in that he  
was a man who sought the cities and drew
 his illustrations from them1 while     
,christ was much in the country and drew
 his illustrations from country life4   
,but in this study of and work for the  
city ,paul was but carrying out the     
commands of ,christ4  ,industrial4--,it 
was required of every ,jew father that  
his boy should learn some trade by which
 he might support himself should        
necessity require it4  ,it was a common 
,jewish proverb that he who taught his  
son no trade taught him to be a thief4  
,paul was taught the trade of tent      
making4  ,the hair of the ,cicilian     
goats was used to make a cloth which was
 especially adapted for tents for       
travelers1 merchants1 and soldiers4  ,he
 afterwards found this trade very useful
 in his missionary work 7,acts #ah3c2   
#bj3cd2 #a ,cor4 #d3ab2 #a ,thess4 #b3i2
 #b ,thess4 #c3h74   ,,the ,,world ,,as 

,,paul ,,saw ,,it  ,this ,world was very
 different from the world as we see it  
to-day4  ,this makes it difficult for us
 to appreciate his work at its full     
value4  ,now1 ,christianity is the great
 religion of the world2 then it was     
unknown1 outside a very limited circle  
of believers4  ,the state and society   
were organized upon a different basis   
and were in strong opposition to the new
 religion4  ,political4--,the world was 
under the dominion of the ,romans4      
,they1 in conquering it1 broke down the 
barriers that had separated tribe from  
tribe and nation from nation4  ,yet it  
was a comparatively small world for all 
interests centered about the            
,mediterranean ,sea4  ,before the       
,romans the ,greeks had been in         
possession of a part of this world and  
had permeated and penetrated the whole  
of it1 with their art1 language1 and    
commerce4  ,with the upheavals of war   
and the tribulations that had befallen  
the ,jews1 they were everywhere         

scattered abroad and had their          
synagogues in most of the cities4       
,religious4--,for the ,romans1 ,greeks1 
and conquered nations and tribes1 it was
 an age of scepticism4  ,while the gods 
and goddesses in the great heathen      
temples still had their rites and       
ceremonies observed yet the people1 to a
 large degree1 had ceased to believe in 
them4  ,the ,roman writers of the period
 are agreed in the slackening of        
religious ties and of moral restraints4 
,yet it was the policy of the state to  
maintain the worship of the gods and    
goddesses4  ,any attack upon them or    
their worship was regarded as an offense
 against the state4  ,the ,difficulties 
of the situation were threefold3 7a7 ,to
 seek to overturn the religion of the   
state constituted an offense which was  
punishable by stripes and imprisonment2 
7b7 ,to rebuke men's sins and the evils 
of the times stirred up bitter          
opposition on their part2 7c7 ,to       
proclaim a crucified and risen ,christ  

as the ,messiah to the ,jews1 when they 
expected a great conquering hero1 often 
excited and put them in a rage4  ,that  
,paul could preach ,christ and establish
 churches1 under all the opposition that
 he encountered1 shows how fully and    
implicitly he believed in his ,lord4    
,,questions  ,what impression has the   
man1 ,paul1 made upon the world8 ,what  
was his work as an apostle8  ,what his  
leading thought8 ,where is the place of 
his birth8  ,what can be said of his    
family8 ,how was he educated and        
trained1 in the home1 in school1 and for
 a trade8  ,what was the political and  
religious condition of the world as     
,paul saw it8  ,what were the three     
difficulties in the way of his work in  
preaching ,christ8     ,i4  ,,paul',s   
,,preparation   ,,study ,,ii            
,,conversion   ,,analysis  ,paul the    
,persecutor--,order of ,events4  ,the   
,inevitable ,conflict4 ,cruelty of the  
,persecutor4  ,conversion--,cause4      
,effects 7physical1 mental and          

spiritual1 penalty1 relief to the       
,christians1 triumph of ,christ1 and    
estimates of the results74  ,period of  
,waiting--,retirement of ,paul4         
,reasons4  ,the ,gospel for the         
,gentiles4  ,paul ,brought to ,antioch4 
,i4  ,,paul',s ,,preparation   ,,study  
,,ii  ,,conversion  ,,paul1 ,,the       
,,persecutor  ,order of ,events4--,it   
seems to be quite evident1 when ,paul   
finished his studies in ,jerusalem1 that
 he left the city and engaged in work   
somewhere else1 during the years when   
,john the ,baptist and ,jesus were      
preaching and teaching4  ,in all        
probability he did not return until     
after the crucifixion and resurrection  
of ,christ4  ,paul first appears in the 
narrative of the ,acts1 under the name  
of ,saul1 at the martyrdom of ,stephen1 
where he takes charge of the clothes of 
the witnesses 7,acts #g3eh1 #ei74  ,from
 the ,ascension of ,christ to the       
martyrdom of ,stephen is an important   
period in the history of the infant     

church4  ,on and after the day of       
,pentecost 7,acts #b7 the apostles and  
followers of the risen ,lord assumed a  
very bold attitude4  ,they did not      
hesitate to speak openly in the temple  
7,acts #c3ab-af7 of the crime of putting
 ,the ,prince of ,life to death and     
asserted that ,he was risen from the    
dead4  ,the priests and ,sadducees      
strongly objected to this kind of       
preaching 7,acts #d71 laid hands upon   
the preachers1 and put them in prison4  
,when they were examined the next day   
before 7,acts #d3e-ac7 the ,jewish      
tribunal1 the apostles spoke even more  
boldly of ,jesus and his resurrection   
and refused to be silenced 7,acts       
#d3ac-bj1 #cc74  ,again an attempt was  
made to stop the preaching of the       
apostles1 but they refused to keep still
 7,acts #e3af-cc74  ,a remarkable prison
 deliverance by the ,angel of the ,lord 
7,acts #e3ai1 #bj7 gave them great      
courage in proclaiming all the words of 
this life4  ,at this point ,gamaliel    

7,acts #e3cd-db7 proposes in the ,jewish
 council a new policy1 which was to let 
the followers of ,christ alone1 arguing 
that then they would speedily give up   
their preaching4  ,this policy was      
adopted 7,acts #e3dj74  ,but with the   
election of ,stephen as a deacon 7,acts 
#f3a-h7 the followers of ,christ began  
to multiply with great rapidity and it  
was soon seen that the let-alone policy 
was a mistake 7,acts #f3i-ae74          
,persecution again breaks out which     
results in the death of ,stephen 7,acts 
#g71 the bringing out of ,saul as the   
arch persecutor1 and the scattering of  
the church 7,acts #h3a-d74  ,the        
,inevitable ,conflict4--,had the early  
,christians been content to have        
proclaimed ,jesus ,christ to be but a   
great teacher and prophet1 they would in
 all probability have become a ,jewish  
sect and been speedily lost to sight4   
,but extraordinary claims were put forth
 that ,jesus ,christ was the promised   
,messiah 7,acts #b3be-dj71 the ,son of  

,god 7,acts #c3bf71 the ,forgiver of    
sins 7,acts #b3ch2 #e3ca71 that ,he was 
risen from the dead 7,acts #d3cc71 that 
obedience to ,him was above that to the 
,jewish rulers 7,acts #d3ah-bj71 that   
the ,jews had wickedly slain ,christ    
7,acts #c3ad1 #ae71 and that salvation  
was only through ,him 7,acts #d3ab74    
,further than this they wrought miracles
 in the name of ,jesus ,christ 7,acts   
#c3b-h1 #af2 #b3dc2 #e3ab74  ,it was    
very soon plainly seen that             
,christianity could keep no truce1 and  
proposed to keep no truce1 which called 
in question or denied the supremacy of  
,christ4  ,the ,cruelty of the          
,persecutor4--,to a man of ,paul's      
temperament and zeal there could be no  
half way measures in a case like this4  
,he could not be content to bide his    
time4  ,either the claims of ,christ    
were true or false4  ,if false1 then    
they were doing harm and ,his doctrine  
and teaching must be eradicated at any  
cost4  ,all the aggressive forces of the

 ,jews found a champion in this ,saul of
 ,tarsus4  ,drastic measures were at    
once inaugurated4 ,there was to be no   
more temporizing4  ,the cruelty and     
thoroughness of the persecutor1 in his  
work1 are shown in his instituting a    
house to house canvass seeking for the  
,christians and sparing neither age nor 
sex 7,acts #h3a1 #c74  ,in the first    
persecutions the ,jews had been content 
to arrest and imprison those who        
publicly preached ,christ1 but now the  
policy was changed and ,christianity was
 to be exterminated root and branch4    
,all believers in ,christ were to be    
hunted out4  ,the character of ,saul1   
the arch persecutor1 is shown in the    
characterization of him by ,luke1 when  
he represented him as breathing out1    
threatenings and slaughter against the  
disciples of the ,lord 7,acts #i3a74    
,,conversion  ,cause4--,the book of the 
,acts1 opened at one place1 shows a     
fierce hater and persecutor of the      
,christians 7#h3c71 opened at another   

place it shows this same persecutor as  
an ardent and enthusiastic preacher of  
the faith in ,jesus ,christ 7#ac3af-ci7 
,we seek for the cause of this          
remarkable change4  ,luke tells us that 
,saul was on his way to ,damascus1      
seeking victims for his persecuting     
zeal1 when ,jesus suddenly appeared to  
him and ,saul was changed from a        
persecutor to a believer in ,christ     
7,acts #i3c-g74 ,the account is very    
brief4  ,for an event which has had such
 tremendous results1 the narrator is    
very reticent2 a light from heaven1 a   
voice speaking1 and a person declaring  
that ,he is ,jesus4  ,paul gives us two 
accounts of his conversion and how it   
took place 7,acts #bb3f-ae2 #bf3ab-ah74 
,the men who were with ,paul saw a light
 and heard a voice1 but not what was    
said4  ,it is impossible to describe or 
exaggerate what took place in ,paul's   
mind in those brief moments while ,jesus
 talked to him2 but his beliefs1 and his
 whole life plan were radically changed4

  ,it had been well if no explanation of
 this conversion had been attempted and 
the great fact had been left to stand as
 it does in the ,acts4  ,attempts1      
however1 have been made to minimize the 
power of this conversion and the        
marvelous and sudden change it wrought  
in the character and life of ,paul4     
,some critics seeking a natural1 rather 
than a supernatural1 cause have         
attributed to ,paul certain compunctions
 of conscience and misgivings about his 
persecution of the ,christians1 together
 with a hot day and a certain           
temperament1 which led him to have a    
subjective experience1 which he thought 
was real4  ,but there is no recorded    
evidence forthcoming that ,paul ever had
 any compunctions of conscience about   
persecuting the ,christians4  ,paul was 
an honest man to the very core of his   
being2 in the two accounts he gives us  
of this conversion1 and in incidental   
references to it1 he never even hints at
 any such state of mind4  ,the          

expression used by ,jesus1 ,it is hard  
for thee to kick against the pricks     
7,acts #i-e71 of which so much has been 
made1 means no more than that ,saul's   
opposition and hard work against the    
,christians 7,acts #h3c2 #i3a71 would be
 of no avail4  ,in doing what he did    
,paul thought he was doing ,god's       
service4  ,again the language which     
,paul uses and the references which he  
makes to this appearance of ,christ     
forbid us to think that it was only a   
mere vision of ,christ which he saw4    
,he ranks it as the last of the         
appearances of the risen ,savior to ,his
 disciples and places it on the same    
level as the appearances to ,peter1 to  
,james1 to the eleven1 and to the five  
hundred 7#a ,cor4 #ae3a-h74  ,in these  
appearances ,jesus had eaten with his   
disciples and been touched by them      
7,john #bj3bd-ca2 ,luke #bd3cf-dc71     
appearing as a real being1 according to 
the narrative4  ,it was the appearance  
to ,paul of the risen ,lord1 which made 

him a ,christian1 gave him a gospel to  
preach1 and sent him forth as the       
apostle of the ,gentiles4  ,the time of 
,paul's conversion was about #cf ,a4,d4 
,effects4--,there is no question as to  
the very marked results which followed  
the appearance of the risen ,lord to    
,saul on the way to ,damascus4  #a4     
,physical4  ,he was smitten with        
blindness 7,acts #i3h71 and was without 
food for three days 7,acts #i3i74 ,his  
sight was restored by ,ananias at the   
command of the ,lord 7,acts #i3ae-ah74  
#b4  ,mental and spiritual4  ,his whole 
outlook upon life and its significance  
was changed4  ,he received baptism and  
was filled with the ,holy ,spirit 7,acts
 #i3ag74  ,from being a persecutor he   
became an enthusiastic witness for      
,christ 7,acts #i3bj-bb74  #c4          
,penalty4  ,the consequences of his     
former course of action were visited    
upon him2 for the ,jews sought to kill  
him and the disciples of ,christ were at
 first afraid of him 7,acts #i3bc-bf74  

,but ,barnabas vouched for his sincerity
 7,acts #i3bg74  #d4  ,the relief to the
 ,christians at ,damascus1 when ,saul   
was converted1 was very great4  ,they   
had looked forward to his coming with   
dread4  #e4  ,the triumph of ,christ4   
,in ,paul ,christianity won its most    
efficient missionary and1 next to       
,christ1 its greatest thinker1 preacher1
 and teacher4  #f4  ,the estimates of   
the results of this conversion of ,saul 
cannot be too large2 they are world     
wide4   ,,period ,,of ,,waiting         
,retirement of ,paul4--,from the        
conversion of ,paul 7,acts #i3c-g7 to   
his call to the missionary work 7,acts  
#ac3b7 is a period of about ten years4  
,during this time we have only          
incidental notices of him and what he   
was doing4  ,when we think of it there  
is nothing strange in this retirement4  
,it is the divine method1 as in the case
 of ,moses1 when a man is to do a very  
large work for ,god that he should be   
well prepared for it4  ,the chief       

scripture notices of this period of     
retirement are found in ,acts #i3ai-cj2 
,gal4 #a3ae-bd2 7,acts #aa3be-cj2       
#ab3be74 ,from these notices it is quite
 plain3 7a7 ,that ,paul retired into    
,arabia4  7b7 ,that he preached in      
,damascus and ,jerusalem1 but was       
compelled to flee from both cities on   
account of the persecutions of the      
,jews1 who sought his life4  7c7 ,that  
he went to ,tarsus and into the regions 
of ,syria and ,cilicia4  7d7 ,that he   
came to ,antioch1 where there was a     
great revival 7,acts #aa3be-cj71 at the 
solicitation of ,barnabas4  ,luke in his
 account 7,acts #i3ai-cj7 does not      
mention the trip to ,arabia spoken of by
 ,paul in his epistle to the ,galatians 
7#a3ae-bd74  ,it must be remembered     
however that each is writing from a     
different point of view4  ,luke is a    
historian recording only the most       
salient facts and passing over the      
mention of many events4  ,we see this in
 the compression in eight and a half    

short chapters of the events of the     
three missionary journeys4  ,paul       
writing to the ,galatians is anxious to 
establish the fact that he received his 
commission1 as an apostle1 not from man1
 but from ,christ himself 7,gal4 #a3a72 
hence he enters more into details and we
 get from him the inside view4  ,the    
accounts of ,luke and ,paul if read     
carefully1 keeping in mind all the      
circumstances1 are seen not to be in any
 way antagonistic1 but to supplement    
each other4  ,reasons4--,many reasons   
have been given for the retirement of   
,paul to ,arabia1 and what seems to be  
the period of comparative inactivity    
that followed it4  #a4  ,fierce         
opposition on the part of the ,jews     
whenever ,paul attempted to preach1 as  
in the cities of ,damascus and          
,jerusalem4  #b4  ,a preparation of mind
 and heart for his great work4  ,as a   
thinker he needed to look upon all sides
 of the gospel1 which he was afterwards 
to preach so effectively to the         

,gentiles4  #c4  ,a careful rereading of
 the ,old ,testament4  ,as a ,jew he had
 read the ,scriptures in one way1 now he
 reread them seeing ,christ there4  #d4 
,system of doctrine4  ,he may at this   
time have wrought out that magnificent  
system of ,christian doctrine which he  
afterwards presented to the churches in 
his ,epistles4  ,the ,gospel for the    
,gentiles4--,while ,paul was waiting for
 the call to his great missionary work  
there came a new crisis in the history  
of the early church1 and a new era was  
inaugurated4  ,in the tenth and eleventh
 chapters of the book of ,acts ,luke    
tells us of the conversion of the       
,gentile ,cornelius1 a centurion of the 
band called the ,italian band 7,acts    
#aj3a-h71 and of the instructions given 
to ,peter to receive him 7,acts         
#aj3i-dd74  ,cornelius was the first    
,gentile convert and we note here the   
beginning of the preaching of the gospel
 to the ,gentiles1 which was to have    
such large results4  ,the day of        

,pentecost1 the conversion of ,saul of  
,tarsus1 the call of ,cornelius and the 
foundation of the ,gentile church at    
,antioch are1 if we are to pick and     
choose amid the events related by ,luke1
 the turning points of the earliest     
ecclesiastical history4  ,how great and 
epoch making was this new departure of  
preaching the gospel to the ,gentiles1  
and receiving them into the church1 is  
shown in the eleventh chapter of the    
,acts 7#aa3a-ah7 where1 when ,peter goes
 up to ,jerusalem1 he is put on the     
defensive and compelled to explain why  
he received ,cornelius into the church4 
,when however the matter was fully      
explained the early disciples rejoiced  
over the fact that to the ,gentiles was 
granted by ,god repentance unto life    
7,acts #aa3ah74  ,paul ,brought to      
,antioch by ,barnabas1 on account of the
 revival that had broken out in that    
city1 is another step which he takes up 
to his work as the great missionary to  
the ,gentiles 7,acts #aa3be-bf74  ,it   

was here that the disciples were first  
called ,christians 7,acts #aa3bf74  ,it 
was from this city that ,paul went forth
 on his missionary journeys and it was  
here that he returned 7,acts #ac3a-c2   
#ad3bf2 #ae3bd-da2 #ah3bb2 #ah3bc74     
,antioch was the capital of the ,greek  
kingdom of ,syria1 and afterwards the   
residence of the ,roman governor of the 
province4  ,it was made a free city by  
,pompey the ,great1 and contained an    
aqueduct1 amphitheater1 baths1 and      
colonnades4  ,it was situated on the    
,orontes about twenty miles from the    
mouth of the river4  ,its sea-port was  
,seleucia4  ,it was intimately connected
 with apostolic ,christianity4  ,here   
the first ,gentile church was formed    
7,acts #aa3bj1 #ba74   ,,questions      
,give the order of events which led to  
the persecution in which ,paul was so   
prominent4  ,why was the conflict       
between ,christianity and ,judaism      
inevitable8  ,what can be said of the   
cruelty of ,paul1 the persecutor8  ,give

 the cause of ,paul's conversion4  ,what
 were some of the effects8  ,what can be
 said of the period of waiting2 the     
retirement of ,paul8  ,what are some of 
the probable reasons for this           
retirement8  ,what can be said about the
 beginning of the gospel to the         
,gentiles8  ,by whom was ,paul brought  
to ,antioch and for what purpose8  ,in  
what relation does ,antioch stand to the
 missionary journeys of ,paul8     ,,ii4
  ,,paul',s ,,journeys  ,acts           
#ac3a-bh3ca   ,,study ,,iii  ,,first    
,,missionary ,,journey  ,scripture1     
,acts #ac3a-ad3bf  ,,analysis           
,introduction to the ,three ,missionary 
,journeys--,the call4  ,the             
,significance4  ,extent and ,time4  ,the
 ,record4  ,other ,long ,journeys4      
,method of ,work and ,support4  ,the    
,message4  ,the ,first                  
,journey--,preparation4  ,companions4   
,paul ,comes to the ,front4  ,time and  
,extent4  ,rulers4  ,the                
,itinerary--,salamis4  ,paphos4  ,perga4

  ,antioch4  ,iconium4 ,lystra and      
,derbe4  ,the ,return ,journey4  ,the   
,jerusalem ,council--,one ,problem of   
the ,early ,church4  ,the ,decision of  
the ,council4     ,illustration3        
,outline map illustrating the first and 
second missionary journeys of ,paul4    
,,ii4  ,,paul',s ,,journeys  ,acts      
#ac3a-ch3ca   ,,study ,,iii  ,,first    
,,missionary ,,journey  ,scripture1     
,acts #ac3a-ad3bf  ,,introduction ,,to  
,,the ,,three ,,missionary ,,journeys   
,before taking up the study of the first
 missionary journey1 attention is called
 to certain points which should be      
considered in regard to all three of    
them 7,acts #ac3a-ba3ag74  ,we have now 
arrived at what we might call the       
watershed of the ,acts of the ,apostles4
  ,hitherto we have had various scenes1 
characters1 personages to consider4     
,henceforth ,paul1 his labors1 his      
disputes1 his speeches1 occupy the      
entire field1 and every other man who is
 introduced into the narrative plays a  

subordinate part4  ,our attention is now
 turned from the ,jewish world1         
considered so largely in the first      
twelve chapters of the ,acts1 to the    
heathen world and the struggle which    
,paul and his fellow laborers had with  
it1 in bringing it to ,christ4  ,the    
,call to this work was by the ,holy     
,ghost in the city of ,antioch 7,acts   
#ac3a-d74  ,luke says1 ,as they         
ministered to the ,lord and fasted1 the 
,holy ,ghost said1 separate me ,barnabas
 and ,saul for the work whereunto ,i    
have called them 7,acts #ac3b1 #d74     
,contrast this with the beginning of the
 work in ,jerusalem which was also      
inaugurated by the ,holy ,ghost on the  
day of ,pentecost 7,acts #a3ad2 #b3a-d74
  ,this call was in accordance with what
 ,jesus had told his disciples before   
,his ascension 7,acts #a3h74  ,the      
agency of the ,holy ,ghost in directing 
and promoting this missionary work is   
very manifest 7,acts #ac3b1 #d1 #i1 #eb2
 #ae3h1 #bh2 #af3f2 #ai3b1 #f2 #bj3bc1  

#bh2 #ba3aa2 #bh3be74  ,the             
,significance and importance of these   
journeys cannot be overestimated4  ,it  
is probable1 when the call came1 that   
,paul had but little idea of their      
magnitude and that in the end they would
 result in changing not only the        
religion1 but the philosophy and        
civilization of the world4  ,extent and 
,time4--,it is estimated that the first 
journey was #a1djj miles long1 the      
second #c1bjj1 and the third #c1ejj1    
making #h1ajj miles traveled by ,paul4  
,the time occupied for the three        
journeys was about ten years4  ,the     
,record of the three missionary         
journeys1 is briefly comprised in eight 
and a half chapters 7,acts #ac3a-ba3ag71
 and it does not profess to be a        
complete one4  ,only the most striking  
incidents and events1 and probably not  
all of these1 are given4  ,there were   
side trips not recorded by ,luke2 ,paul 
speaks of one to ,illyricum 7,rom4      
#ae3ai71 and of others in which he      

underwent great perils 7#b ,cor4        
#aa3bd-bg74  ,the purpose of ,luke seems
 to be to show how1 in accordance with  
the command and promise of ,christ1 the 
knowledge and power of the gospel was   
spread1 beginning in ,jerusalem1 through
 ,judea1 and ,samaria1 throughout the   
heathen world 7,acts #a3h72 everything  
seems to be made to bend to this        
purpose4  ,certainly there could be no  
more graphic and concise account of     
these epoch making events than that     
given us by this wonderful narrator4    
,other ,long ,journeys4--#a4  ,paul's   
voyage to ,rome as a prisoner4  ,luke   
gives a full account of this voyage1 its
 many interesting incidents 7,acts      
#bg3a-bh3af71 and of the circumstances  
which led up to it 7,acts #ba3ag-bg3a74 
#b4  ,there is every reason to believe  
that ,paul was released at the end of   
his two years imprisonment in ,rome     
7,acts #bh3cj7 and that he made an      
,eastern journey as far as ,coloss and a
 ,western journey as far as ,spain4     

,,note4--,these last journeys are       
considered in chapter ten4  ,method of  
,work and ,support4--,paul and his      
companion1 or company1 when they entered
 into a city would first seek for a     
lodging and then for work1 going from   
one tent maker's door to another until  
finally a place was found4  ,then upon  
the following ,sabbath they would seek  
the ,jewish synagogue and after the     
reading of the ,scriptures1 when an     
opportunity was given1 ,paul would arise
 and begin to speak1 7,acts #ac3ad-af7  
leading up through the ,old ,testament  
message 7,acts #ac3ag-dc7 to the great  
topic of ,jesus ,christ as the promised 
,messiah and closing with an exhortation
 to believe on ,him4  ,such a speech    
would naturally excite great interest   
coming from the lips of one1 who by his 
speech and the handling of the ,old     
,testament1 would be recognized as a    
cultivated ,jewish ,rabbi4  ,paul would 
be asked to speak again the next        
,sabbath 7,acts #ac3dd-eb71 the         

synagogue would be full of people and he
 would set forth ,jesus ,christ more    
plainly as the ,savior both of ,jew and 
,gentile4  ,this would generally be a   
signal for the ,jews to contradict and  
oppose ,paul1 but some ,jews would      
believe with a number of ,gentiles4     
,this would be the starting point of the
 ,christian church in that community4   
,the ,jews1 however1 who were untouched 
by what ,paul preached1 and who looked  
upon him as the destroyer of their      
religion1 would raise a cry against him 
and seek to have him expelled from the  
city4  ,this experience was frequently  
repeated4  ,there were great            
difficulties also to be encountered when
 the heathen thought that their worship 
was in danger 7,acts #ai3bj-cj74  ,the  
,message which ,paul bore to ,jew and   
,gentile was the moving force of all his
 work4  ,the starting point was the     
memorable day when ,jesus ,christ       
appeared to him on his way to ,damascus4
  ,paul believed that he received his   

commission as an apostle directly from  
,jesus ,christ 7,gal4 #a3a-bd74  ,the   
four main positions of ,paul1 set forth 
so plainly in his ,epistle to the       
,romans1 are3 7a7 ,all are guilty before
 ,god 7,jew and ,gentile74  7b7 ,all    
need a ,savior4  7c7 ,christ died for   
all4  7d7 ,we are all 7through faith7   
one body in ,christ4  ,paul leaves us in
 no doubt as to how he regards ,jesus   
,christ4  ,he is to him the ,son of     
,god1 through whom ,god created all     
things and who is the ,divine ,savior of
 man 7,eph4 #c3i-ba2 ,phil4 #b3i-aa2    
,rom4 #i3e74  ,there is no doubt1 no    
hesitation on ,paul's part in delivering
 his message4  ,he is a witness1        
testifying to the glory of his ,divine  
,lord4  ,he is a messenger who cannot   
alter or tamper with that which has been
 entrusted to him4  ,to the rude        
inhabitants of the mountain regions of  
,asia ,minor1 to the philosophers in    
,athens1 to the ,roman governors in     
,csarea1 to the dwellers in ,corinth and

 in ,rome the purport of the ,message is
 always the same4   ,,the ,,first       
,,journey  ,scripture1 ,acts #ac3a-ad3bh
  ,preparation4--,first1 on the part of 
,paul4  ,about ten years have passed    
since his conversion4  ,during this time
 we have few notices of him1 but he was 
undoubtedly making ready for this very  
important work of a missionary4 ,second1
 on the part of the church4  ,the first 
step had already been taken1 in the     
conversion of ,cornelius1 in the giving 
of the gospel to the ,gentile world4    
,third1 ,paul was brought to ,antioch by
 ,barnabas to assist the church in the  
great revival which broke out in that   
second early center of ,christian work  
and teaching 7,acts #aa3ba-bf74 ,fourth1
 the large success of the disciples who 
went throughout ,judea and ,samaria1    
preaching the gospel1 after the death of
 ,stephen 7,acts #g3e-h3d2 #aa3ai-ba7   
made possible this new aggressive       
movement to the regions beyond4  ,fifth1
 the ,christian prophets and teachers at

 ,antioch ministered to the ,lord and   
fasted4  ,they desired to know the will 
of the ,lord and it was made known to   
them by the ,holy ,ghost4  ,and when    
they had fasted and prayed1 and laid    
their hands on them1 they sent them     
away4  ,so they being sent forth by the 
,holy ,ghost1 departed unto ,seleucia   
7,acts #ac3c1 #d74  ,companions of the  
,journey1 ,barnabas and ,saul 7,acts    
#ac3b7 and ,john ,mark 7,acts #ac3e74   
,barnabas has been called the discoverer
 of ,saul4  ,he was probably a convert  
of the day of ,pentecost4  ,he was a    
land proprietor of the island of ,cyprus
 and early showed his zeal for ,christ  
by selling his land and devoting the    
proceeds to the cause in which he so    
heartily believed 7,acts #d3cf1 #cg74   
,he early sought out and manifested1 in 
a very practical way1 his friendship for
 ,paul 7,acts #i3bg2 #aa3bb1 #be1 #cj2  
#ab3be74  ,john ,mark1 who started on   
this journey with ,barnabas and ,saul1  
was a nephew of ,barnabas 7,acts #ac3e1 

#ac2 #ab3be2 ,col4 #d3aj74  ,paul ,comes
 to the ,front when his company leave   
,paphos and ever after he has the first 
place 7,acts #ac3 #ac74  ,here also he  
is called ,paul for the first time1 a   
name which he retains4  ,extent and     
,time--,this was the shortest of the    
three journeys 7about #a1djj miles74    
,it extended over the island of ,cyprus 
and a part of ,asia ,minor4  ,in time it
 occupied about three years1 #dg-ej     
,a4,d4  ,rulers--,claudius was the      
emperor of ,rome1 since #da ,a4,d4      
,herod ,agrippa was king of ,chalcis1   
,ananias was high priest in ,jerusalem4 
,,the ,,itinerary  ,,note4--,the cities1
 which ,paul visited in this and the    
other journeys1 should be located upon  
the map by the student4  ,it will       
greatly increase the interest to consult
 some good ,bible dictionary and get    
well acquainted also with the history of
 the places4   ,salamis1 on the island  
of ,cyprus1 was the first place reached1
 after sailing from ,seleucia 7,acts    

#ac3d1 #e7 the sea-port of ,antioch4    
,it was the natural thing to go first to
 this island as it had been the home of 
,barnabas and many ,jews had settled    
there2 it was about eighty miles to the 
southwest of ,seleucia4                 
,paphos4--,after passing through the    
island from east to west the            
missionaries came to ,paphos4  ,this    
city was the seat of the worship of     
,venus1 the goddess of love4 ,this      
worship was carried on with the most    
degrading of immoralities4  ,the chief  
incidents in the ministry here were the 
smiting of the ,jewish sorcerer1        
,elymas1 with blindness for his         
persistent opposition and the conversion
 of the deputy of the country1 ,sergius 
,paulus 7,acts #ac3f-ab74  ,saul is     
filled with an unusual power of the     
,spirit for his work in this city and   
takes the name of ,paul4  ,it is now no 
longer ,barnabas and ,saul1 but ,paul   
and ,barnabas4  ,perga in               
,pamphylia--7,acts #ac3ac1 #ad74  ,the  

missionaries take ship from ,paphos and 
sail in a north-easterly direction      
across the ,mediterranean ,sea to this  
city of ,asia ,minor4  ,john ,mark1     
doubtless appalled by the difficulties  
which had already been experienced and  
now that the journey seemed to promise  
still greater hardships1 left the       
company and returned to ,jerusalem4     
,antioch in ,pisidia 7,acts #ac3ad-eb7  
was about ninety miles directly north of
 ,perga4  ,it was a good-sized city with
 a large ,jewish population4  ,luke's   
account of this visit is notable in that
 we have the chief points in ,paul's    
speech in the synagogue set down4  ,this
 address is worth study from the fact   
that it is the first sermon of ,paul of 
which we have any record1 and is        
probably the usual way in which he began
 his work in a great many ,jewish       
synagogues4  ,paul is asked to speak to 
the assembled ,jews4 ,he begins upon the
 common ground of the history of        
,israel4  ,he declares the promise of a 

,savior4  ,this ,savior is to be of the 
seed of ,david4  ,then ,paul sets forth 
that ,jesus is the promised ,savior4    
,he reminds them of the testimony of    
,john and of those who had seen ,jesus  
before and after ,his resurrection4  ,he
 declares unto them the glad tidings of 
a ,savior4  ,he warns them of their     
peril in rejecting ,jesus ,christ4      
,paul is invited to speak upon the next 
,sabbath1 but there is a division and   
those who oppose ,paul try to drive him 
out of their city which they finally    
succeed in doing4  ,but the ,word has   
fallen into good soil and there is the  
beginning of a ,christian church4       
,iconium in ,lycaonia 7,acts #ad3a-e7 is
 over one hundred miles distant from    
,antioch4  ,the missionaries were now in
 a country of a people with strange     
ways4  ,they remained here for some time
 and their ministry was attested by     
signs and wonders4  ,but again some of  
the ,jews opposed them and stirred up   
the multitude4  ,a plan was made by the 

ringleaders of the opposition to stone  
them1 but being made aware of it ,paul  
and ,barnabas fled unto ,derbe and      
,lystra4  ,they had1 however1 the       
satisfaction of leaving behind a great  
multitude of believing ,jews and ,greeks
 7,acts #ad3a74  ,lystra and ,derbe in  
,lycaonia 7,acts #ad3f-ba74--;,and there
 they preached the gospel4  ,there is no
 mention of any ,jewish synagogue at    
either of these cities4 ,the inhabitants
 were worshippers of the heathen gods4  
,the healing of a lame man at ,lystra   
brought ,paul and ,barnabas directly    
into touch with the heathen priests and 
populace4  ,when they saw this miracle  
of healing1 they thought that the gods  
had come down to earth in the likeness  
of men4  ,barnabas was called ,jupiter  
and ,paul ,mercurius1 because he was the
 chief speaker4  ,when ,paul and        
,barnabas sought to restrain the priests
 and people from doing sacrifice to     
them1 it is interesting to note what    
words ,paul uses in addressing them4    

,as with the ,jews he here seeks first  
of all a common ground4  ,he says1 ,we  
are men of like passions with you and   
preach unto you that you should turn    
from these vanities unto the living     
,god1 which made heaven1 and earth1 and 
the sea1 and all things that are        
therein2 who in times past suffered all 
nations to walk in their own ways4      
,nevertheless ,he left not ,himself     
without a witness1 in that ,he did good1
 and gave us rain from heaven1 and      
fruitful seasons1 filling our hearts    
with food and gladness 7,acts           
#ad3ae-ag74  ,we find the same          
earnestness the same desire to preach   
the gospel to the heathen here as to the
 ,jews elsewhere4  ,but the ,jews who   
had made trouble in ,antioch and        
,iconium for the missionaries came to   
,lystra and1 forming a plot against     
,paul1 persuaded the people and stoned  
him so that he was drawn out of the     
city1 they supposing he had been dead4  
,but he was not dead1 he soon rose up   

and came back into the city and the next
 day departed with ,barnabas to ,derbe1 
where they preached the gospel and      
taught many4  ,the ,return ,journey is  
very briefly recorded 7,acts #ad3ba-bh74
  ,the missionaries returned through the
 same cities1 ,lystra1 ,iconium1        
,antioch1 and so back to ,perga4 ,but   
from the last city they did not sail to 
the island of ,cyprus1 but took a       
different course1 westerly along the    
coast to ,attalia in ,pamphylia and from
 thence they sailed to ,antioch1 the    
starting point of their trip4  ,during  
this return journey they proved to their
 friends and enemies that1 in departing 
from the cities where mobs threatened   
them1 it was through no cowardice on    
their part1 but for other reasons and   
for the purpose of preaching the gospel 
in the regions beyond4  ,they confirmed 
the souls of the disciples exhorting    
them to continue in the faith4  ,they   
also further perfected the organization 
of the churches1 ordaining elders in    

every church4  ,they prayed with and for
 the disciples and commended them to the
 ,lord4  ,when the missionaries at last 
entered the city of ,antioch1 they      
rehearsed all that ,god had done with   
them1 and how ,he had opened the door of
 faith unto the ,gentiles4  ,there must 
have been great rejoicing over this     
happy return of ,paul and ,barnabas4    
,,the ,,jerusalem ,,council  ,acts      
#ae3a-ce  ,one ,problem of the ,early   
,church was how to reconcile the        
commandments of ,moses with the new law 
of liberty in ,jesus ,christ4  ,ought   
the ,gentile ,christians to observe the 
law of ,moses8  ,ought they to become   
,jews before they became ,christians8   
,were there to be two churches8  ,one   
for ,jewish and another for ,gentile    
,christians8  ,these questions are      
obsolete now1 but then they were burning
 ones and hotly debated4  ,hence this   
,jerusalem ,council1 where the matter   
was debated and settled1 was exceedingly
 important and fraught with great and   

grave consequences for the future       
welfare of the church4 ,because certain 
of the ,jewish brethren came to ,antioch
 and began to teach that it was         
necessary to salvation that a certain   
,jewish ordinance and the law of ,moses 
be kept1 it was determined to send ,paul
 and ,barnabas to ,jerusalem4  ,a       
council of the apostles and elders came 
together for to consider of this matter 
7,acts #ae3f74  ,at this council in     
,jerusalem1 ,peter1 ,paul1 ,barnabas1   
and ,james were the chief speakers4     
,all matters were carefully gone over4  
,of all the speeches made1 ,luke records
 only the two made by ,peter 7,acts     
#ae3g-ab7 and ,james 7,acts #ae3ac-bl71 
which must have embodied the sense of   
the meeting in that both spoke for      
liberty1 from the ,mosaic yoke1 in      
,christ4  ,the ,decision of the council 
was for the freedom of the ,gentile     
,christians and that they should not be 
obliged to become ,jews before they     
became ,christians4  ,thus was one of   

the grave crises of the early church    
safely passed4 ,paul and ,barnabas went 
back happy in that great victory for    
,gentile ,christianity to their brethren
 at ,antioch4  ,it should be borne in   
mind1 however1 that while the question  
of the relation of the ,gentile         
,christians to the law of ,moses was    
decided at this council1 it was one     
which came up again and again to hamper 
and bother ,paul in his missionary work4
   ,,questions  ,what is to be          
considered in the introduction to the   
three missionary journeys8  ,by whom was
 the call to this work8  ,what is the   
significance of the journeys8  ,the     
extent and time8  ,what can be said of  
the record8  ,were there other long     
journeys by ,paul8  ,what was the method
 of work and support8  ,what was the    
message8  ,the first journey2 what was  
the preparation for it8 ,who the        
companions8  ,time and extent8  ,rulers8
  ,give some of the incidents that took 
place upon the ,itinerary1 at ,salamis1 

,paphos1 ,perga1 ,antioch1 ,iconium1    
,lystra1 and ,derbe8  ,what can be said 
of the return journey8  ,why was the    
,jerusalem ,council necessary1 and what 
was decided by it8     ,,ii4  ,,paul',s 
,,journeys  ,acts #ac3a-bh3ca   ,,study 
,,iv  ,,second ,,missionary ,,journey   
,scripture1 ,acts #ac3cf-ah3cb          
,,analysis  ,second ,missionary         
,journey--,the ,inception4  ,the        
,companions4 ,the ,wide ,scope4  ,value 
to the ,world4  ,time and ,rulers4      
,epistles to the ,churches4  ,the       
,itinerary--,through ,asia ,minor4  ,in 
,europe 7,philippi4 ,thessalonica4      
,berea4  ,athens4  ,corinth74  ,the     
,return ,voyage--,ephesus4  ,csarea4    
,antioch4     ,,ii4  ,,paul',s          
,,journeys  ,scripture1 ,acts           
#ac3a-bh3cb   ,,study ,,iv  ,,second    
,,missionary ,,journey  ,scripture1     
,acts #ae3cf-ah3bb  ,the                
,inception--,after the ,jerusalem       
,council ,paul returned to ,antioch     
where he spent some time1 teaching and  

preaching the ,word of the ,lord with   
many others also4  ,and some days after 
,paul said unto ,barnabas1 ,let us go   
again and visit our brethren in every   
city where we have preached the ,word of
 the ,lord1 and see how they do 7,acts  
#ae3ce1 #cf74  ,he felt that he must be 
advancing the work of ,jesus ,christ4   
,the ,companions 7,acts                 
#ae3cg-dj74--;,barnabas proposed to take
 ,john ,mark1 his nephew1 with them on  
this second journey4  ,but ,paul        
strenuously objected1 basing his        
objection on the ground that this young 
man had deserted them 7,acts #ac3ac7 at 
a very important juncture in the first  
journey4  ,we are told that the         
contention was very sharp between       
,barnabas and ,paul over this matter4   
,it was finally settled by ,barnabas    
taking ,john ,mark and sailing for the  
island of ,cyprus and ,paul choosing    
,silas for his companion4  ,when ,paul  
came to ,derbe and ,lystra ,timotheus   
was invited to join him1 which he did   

7,acts #af3a-d74  ,luke1 the author of  
the ,acts1 goes with this company into  
,macedonia 7,acts #af3aj74  ,we can     
trace ,luke's connection with the       
missionaries by the we passages4  ,that 
,paul was afterwards reconciled to      
,barnabas and ,john ,mark is shown by   
his kindly mention of them in his       
,epistles 7#a ,cor4 #i3f2 ,col4 #d3aj2  
#b ,tim #d3aa2 ,philem4 #bd74  ,the     
,wide ,scope is a marked feature of this
 journey of about #c1bjj miles4  ,the   
first journey was through ,cyprus1 where
 ,barnabas was well acquainted1 and     
through that section of ,asia ,minor    
roundabout the province of ,cilicia1    
where ,paul was practically at home4    
,paul was born in ,tarsus in ,cilicia   
and it was to this region that he went  
for some part of the time between his   
conversion and his call to the          
missionary work 7,acts #i3cj2 ,gal4     
#a3ba74  ,the second journey carries    
,paul into entirely1 to him1 new        
provinces of ,asia ,minor and into      

,macedonia and ,achaia4  ,he comes into 
close contact not only with the rough   
native populations of the ,asian        
provinces but with the cultivated       
philosophers of ,greece and the         
effeminate voluptuaries of the heathen  
temples4  ,here are new tests for this  
missionary and the gospel which he      
preaches1 but he meets them all4  ,this 
journey had a large significance for the
 spread of ,christianity4  ,had the     
gospel failed to meet the wants of all  
sorts and conditions of men1 there would
 have been no further triumphs for it4  
,value to the ,world4--,this journey was
 not only the greatest which ,paul      
achieved but perhaps the most momentous 
recorded in the annals of the human     
race4  ,in its issues it far outrivalled
 the expedition of ,alexander the ,great
 when he carried the arms and           
civilization of ,greece into the heart  
of ,asia1 or that of ,csar when he      
landed on the shores of ,britain1 or    
even the voyage of ,columbus when he    

discovered a new world4  ,to ,paul's    
turning westward1 instead of eastward1  
through the guidance of the ,spirit1 and
 his entering upon his work in          
,macedonia 7,acts #af3g-aa7 ,europe     
to-day owes her advancement and         
,christian civilization4  ,it is stating
 a sober fact when it is asserted that  
without ,christianity ,europeans would  
now be worshipping idols1 the same as   
the inhabitants of other sections of the
 world where the gospel of ,christ has  
not been made known4  ,time and         
,rulers4--,in time this journey extended
 over about three years1 #ea-ed ,a4,d4  
,the rulers were3 ,claudius1 ,emperor of
 ,rome 7,nero became ,emperor in #ed    
,a4,d472 ,herod ,agrippa ,,ii41 ,king of
 ,chalcis 7who also gets ,batanea and   
,trachontis72 and ,gallio1 ,procurator  
of ,achaia4  ,epistles to the           
,churches4--,upon this journey ,paul    
makes a new departure4  ,with the       
multiplication of the churches and the  
impossibility of visiting them often1   

when occasions demanded it1 ,paul begins
 the writing of special and circular    
letters to the churches4  ,the two first
 ,epistles1 of which we have any record1
 were those to ,the ,thessalonians from 
,corinth1 written probably in the winter
 of #eb-ec ,a4,d4  ,,note4--,for an     
account of and an analysis of these     
,epistles see study #g4   ,,the         
,,itinerary  ,through ,asia ,minor      
7,acts #ae3dj-af3h74--;,it was ,paul's  
custom to revisit the churches which he 
had organized1 and to care for them4    
,following out this plan he went through
 ,syria and ,cilicia confirming the     
churches1 then to ,derbe and ,lystra1   
where he found ,timotheus who joined his
 company4  ,after visiting the churches 
founded on the first missionary journey1
 ,paul and his company turned northward 
and went throughout ,phrygia and the    
region of ,galatia 7,acts #af3f7 though 
there is no record of any church having 
been founded in these regions4  ,after  
they were come to ,mysia1 they assayed  

to go into ,bithynia2 but the ,spirit   
suffered them not 7,acts #af3g74  ,it is
 important to note that the ,holy ,ghost
 now forbade ,paul1 at this time1 to    
further preach the word in ,asia 7,acts 
#af3g74  ,paul and his company tried    
after this to go into ,bithynia but they
 were prevented from doing so by the    
,spirit1 and came down to ,troas 7,acts 
#af3h-ab74 ,of this long journey through
 ,asia ,minor1 of its perils and        
difficulties1 of the rejoicings of the  
former ,christian converts1 when they   
saw ,paul again1 and of the many        
interesting facts and incidents we have 
only a glimpse4  ,in ,europe 7,acts     
#af3i-ah3ah74--,paul1 following what was
 to him a clear indication of the       
guidance of the ,holy ,ghost 7,acts     
#af3f-aa71 left ,troas and set out by   
ship1 by way of ,samothracia1 for       
,neapolis1 which he reached on the      
following day4  ,there have been many   
conjectures as to what the fortunes of  
the ,christian church would have been   

had ,paul been allowed to carry out his 
intention to visit ,bithynia1 and to    
preach the gospel in the regions of the 
east4  ,had he done so1 however1 it is  
quite certain1 that the history of the  
world would have been quite different   
from what it is to-day4  ,in this       
invasion of ,europe ,paul came within   
the charmed circle of what was then the 
highest civilization4  ,the gospel was  
now to try its strength with the keenest
 philosophers and the most seductive    
fascinations of immorality1 masquerading
 under the guise of religion in the     
licentious rites of the heathen temples 
and groves4  ,what could this missionary
 do8  ,what could he preach8  ,if       
philosophy1 if art1 if beauty could have
 saved the souls of men then they would 
not have needed the gospel which ,paul  
preached4  ,but this was a gilded age1  
and the gilding hid the corruption1     
beneath4  ,the message of ,paul to the  
men in this charmed circle of           
civilization was the same that he had   

set forth in the rough mountain towns of
 ,asia ,minor4  ,human nature1 under a  
rough or a polished exterior1 is the    
same the world over4  ,paul was seeking 
men1 to bring them to a knowledge of    
their alienation from ,god through sin1 
and to show them the way of salvation   
through repentance and faith in ,jesus  
,christ8  ,greece1 over whom the ,romans
 held sway at this time1 had been       
divided into two parts3 ,achaia on the  
south and ,macedonia on the north4  ,a  
great ,roman road ran from east to west 
through ,macedonia4 ,it was by this road
 that the missionaries traveled4  #a4   
,philippi 7,acts #af3ab-dj7 will be     
forever memorable as the first city in  
,europe in which a ,christian church was
 established4  ,it had the character of 
a ,roman rather than a ,greek city2 both
 the civil and the military authorities 
being ,roman4  ,it had the rank of a    
,roman colony4 ,situated as it was on   
the great ,egnatian way travelers and   
traders passed through it1 eastward and 

westward1 from all parts of the ,roman  
world4  ,the ,greek character in this   
northern province of ,macedonia was more
 vigorous and much less corrupted than  
in the more polished society of the     
south4  ,the churches which ,paul       
established here gave him more comfort  
than any he established elsewhere4  ,the
 beginning of the work at ,philippi was 
not very promising and to most men would
 have been very discouraging4  ,luke    
tells us that on the ,sabbath we went   
out of the city by a riverside where    
prayer was wont to be made2 and we sat  
down1 and spake unto the women which    
resorted hither4  ,but there they met   
,lydia1 an energetic business woman and 
a work was begun which has had far      
reaching consequences4  ,paul and his   
company had been but a short time in the
 city when they came in conflict with   
the ,roman authorities4 ,a damsel1      
possessed with a spirit of divination1  
who brought much gain to her masters1   
testified to ,paul and his work2 this   

spirit ,paul cast out and in consequence
 the owners of the girl brought the     
charge against ,paul and ,silas that    
they were ,jews who taught customs not  
lawful for ,romans to receive4  ,notice1
 the shrewdness of the trumped-up charge
 against ,paul and ,silas4  ,nothing is 
said about the real state of the case4  
,in this charge the status of the ,jews 
is shown in this city4  ,paul and ,silas
 are beaten and thrown into prison2     
their feet are made fast in the stocks2 
their wounds are left unwashed and      
undressed4  ,but in the earthquake1     
which opens the prison doors and gives  
release to the prisoners1 ,paul has an  
opportunity to preach the gospel to the 
jailer4  ,how magnificently1 forgetting 
himself1 he sets forth the way of       
salvation through ,christ6  ,we turn to 
the ,epistle to the ,philippians 7see   
,study #i7 to see how ,paul loved this  
church1 and how this church loved him4  
#b4  ,thessalonica 7,acts #ag3a-i74     
,thinking it best to leave ,philippi1   

,paul and his company passed on their   
way along the ,egnatian road through the
 two beautiful ,greek cities of         
,amphipolis and ,apollonia to           
,thessalonica1 distant about            
seventy-three miles from ,philippi4     
,thessalonica is one of the few cities  
which has retained its importance up to 
the present time4  ,it was founded by   
,cassander1 ,king of ,macedon in #cae   
,b4,c4  ,it came under the ,roman rule  
in #afh ,b4,c4  ,in ,paul's time it was 
a great commercial center1 the          
inhabitants being ,greeks1 ,romans1 and 
,jews4  ,here was a ,jewish synagogue   
and for three ,sabbath days ,paul went  
into it and reasoned with the assembled 
,jews about ,jesus ,christ1 declaring to
 them that ,he was the promised         
,messiah1 and had suffered and was risen
 from the dead4  ,we have the same      
results here which followed similar     
preaching elsewhere 7#a ,thess4 #a3h74  
,out of the storm again emerges a       
,christian church4  ,paul and his       

company1 after the usual tumult1 pass on
 to another city but the church remains 
to send its blessed influence through   
all that region4  ,the ,epistles to the 
,thessalonians 7see ,study #g7 give us  
some graphic pictures of the converts   
and their ways of working4  #c4  ,berea 
7,acts #ag3aj-ad7 was a secluded inland 
city4 ,it must have been somewhat of a  
surprise to ,paul to find the ,jews of  
this place so ready to receive the ,word
 of ,god1 which he preached to them in  
their synagogue4 ,there was great       
searching of the ,scriptures and many   
believed4  ,a large work was in progress
 when ,jews from ,thessalonica1 hearing 
of the success of ,paul in ,berea1 came 
down and stirred up the people against  
him4  ,it became quite evident now that 
there was a persistent and organized    
effort being made to drive ,paul out of 
this section4  ,as the opposition seemed
 to be directed against ,paul alone1 the
 brethren proposed to send him away1 and
 to have ,silas and ,timotheus remain   

for a short time4 ,this plan was carried
 out4  #d4  ,athens 7,acts #ag3ae-cd7   
was the most cultivated city of the old 
world2 a statue was set upon every      
corner and an altar in every street4    
,here the human mind had blazed forth   
with a splendor it has never exhibited  
elsewhere4  ,in the golden age of its   
history ,athens possessed more men of   
the very highest genius than have ever  
lived in any other city4  ,to this day  
their names invest her with glory4  ,yet
 even in ,paul's day the living ,athens 
was a thing of the past4  ,four hundred 
years had elapsed since its golden age1 
and in the course of these centuries it 
had experienced a sad decline4          
,philosophy had degenerated into        
sophistry1 art into dilettanteism1      
oratory into rhetoric1 poetry into verse
 making4  ,it was a city living on its  
past4  ,paul entered into the open      
places where the people gathered and    
talked with them4 ,so much interest was 
aroused by what he had to say that he   

was asked to speak to them upon ,mars   
,hill4  ,thither they all went4  ,paul  
as his custom was sought a common       
starting point in the altar to the      
unknown ,god4  ,so long as he spoke of  
,god and man in general terms he was    
listened to1 but when he came to touch  
their hearts and consciences and to     
apply what he said1 speaking of the     
judgment through ,christ and ,his       
resurrection from the dead1 he was left 
alone4  ,paul did not fail1 the trouble 
with the ,athenians was that they       
possessed only intellectual curiosity2  
they had no appetite for the truth4     
,but still some converts were made4     
,certain men clave unto him and         
believed2 among whom were ,dionysius the
 ,areopagite and a woman named ,damaris 
and others with them 7,acts #ag3cd74    
#e4  ,corinth4  7,acts #ah3a-ah7 was the
 largest and most important city in     
,greece4  ,from ,athens ,paul came to   
,corinth and remained over a year and a 
half4  ,we have a graphic picture of    

this church in the ,epistles to the     
,corinthians4  7,see ,study #h47        
,probably no better place than this     
highway of all peoples could have been  
selected in which to preach the gospel4 
,no one knew better than ,paul how to   
select strategic places4  ,a stream of  
travelers1 merchants1 scholars1 and     
sailors was constantly passing through  
this great commercial city2 what was    
preached here would be carried to the   
ends of the earth4  ,it was a city of   
art and culture and yet a place where   
the vices of the east and west met and  
held high carnival4  ,religion itself   
was put to ignoble uses2 a thousand     
priestesses ministered to a base worship
 in the magnificent temple of the       
goddess ,aphrodite4  ,greek philosophy  
showed its decay in endless discussions 
about words and the tendency to set     
intellectual above moral distinctions4  
,there was a denial of the future life  
for the sake of unlimited enjoyment in  
the present4  ,paul1 when he came into  

the city1 found a lodging with ,aquila  
and his wife ,priscilla1 and wrought    
with them at the occupation of tent     
making4 ,when ,silas and ,timotheus     
joined him he openly testified to the   
,jews that ,jesus was the ,christ4      
,crispus1 the chief ruler of the        
synagogue1 was converted together with  
many ,corinthians4  ,paul was comforted 
at this time by a vision of the ,lord   
which bade him to speak and not to hold 
his peace4  ,after a year and a half of 
earnest preaching an attempt was made by
 the ,jews to drive ,paul out of the    
city by bringing accusations against him
 before the ,roman proconsul ,gallio1   
but in this they were unsuccessful4     
,paul tarried and worked here until it  
seemed best for him to turn his steps   
homeward again to ,antioch4  ,the       
keynote of his preaching in this city is
 given by him in his ,first ,epistle to 
the ,corinthians where he says 7#b3b71  
,for ,i determined not to know anything 
among you save ,jesus ,christ and him   

crucified4  ,if this gospel could win   
converts in ,corinth1 it can win        
converts anywhere4  ,the ,return ,voyage
 7,acts #ah3ah-bb7 was by way of        
,ephesus where he entered into the      
synagogue and reasoned with the ,jews4  
,leaving ,ephesus he sailed for ,csarea 
where he landed4  ,after he had gone up 
and saluted the church he went down to  
,antioch4   ,,questions  ,who proposed  
the second missionary journey8  ,who    
were the companions8  ,what can be said 
of the wide scope8  ,what was its value 
to the world8  ,time and ,rulers8  ,what
 can be said of the new departure in    
writing ,epistles to the churches8      
,what can be said of the itinerary      
through ,asia ,minor8  ,give the        
incidents1 of preaching the gospel1 that
 occurred during the trip in ,europe1 in
 the different cities2 ,philippi1       
,thessalonica1 ,berea1 ,athens1 and     
,corinth4  ,how was the return voyage   
made8     ,,ii4  ,,paul',s ,,journeys   
,scripture1 ,acts #ac3a-bh3ca   ,,study 

,v  ,,third ,,missionary ,,journey      
,scripture1 ,acts #ah3bc-ba3ag          
,,analysis  ,third ,missionary          
,journey--,method4  ,the ,chief ,city4  
,time and ,extent4  ,epistles ,written4 
,itinerary--,through ,galatia and       
,phygia4  ,ephesus4  ,through ,macedonia
 and ,greece4  ,the ,return ,voyage4    
,illustration3 ,outline map illustrating
 the third missionary journey of ,paul  
and the voyage to ,italy4     ,,ii4     
,,paul',s ,,journeys  ,acts #ac3a-ch3ca 
,,study ,v  ,,third ,,missionary        
,,journey  ,scripture1 ,acts            
#ah3bc-ba3ag  ,method4--,a study of the 
three missionary journeys shows the     
method of evangelization of the ancient 
world4 ,the first journey was           
comparatively near home4  ,the second   
was a review of the work done in the    
first and a pushing on to new work in   
,asia ,minor and the larger conquests in
 ,europe4  ,in the third we have a      
review visit to the churches of ,asia   
,minor1 a long stop at ,ephesus1 and a  

review visit to the churches of         
,macedonia and ,achaia1 which were      
organized upon the second missionary    
journey4  ,there was always a method in 
what ,paul did4  ,he was not only a     
missionary preaching and testifying to  
,jesus ,christ1 but he was an organizer 
and leader of men4  ,the churches formed
 were visited again and again2          
messengers were sent to them to         
instruct1 to chide1 and to encourage    
them2 circular and special letters from 
,paul's own hand were dispatched to     
them1 when occasion required4  ,wherever
 ,paul preached1 whatever might be the  
tumults raised1 he always won some      
adherents for ,jesus ,christ1 who were  
brought together and organized into a   
church4  ,on this third journey he was  
already planning to go to ,rome 7,acts  
#ai3ba7 and wrote an epistle to the     
,romans announcing his coming 7,rom4    
#a3g1 #ae74  ,the ,chief ,city1 in which
 ,paul spent most of his time 7,acts    
#ai3a1 #h1 #aj71 between two and three  

years upon this journey1 was ,ephesus in
 ,asia ,minor4  ,this city situated     
midway between the extreme points of his
 former missionary journeys was a place 
where he could have an intelligent      
oversight over all the work which he had
 previously accomplished4  ,ephesus has 
been thus described3 ,it had been one of
 the early ,greek colonies1 later the   
capital of ,ionia1 and in ,paul's day it
 was by far the largest and busiest of  
all the cities of proconsular ,asia4    
,all the roads in ,asia ,minor centered 
in ,ephesus and from its position it was
 almost as much a meeting place of      
eastern and western thought as          
,alexandria4  ,its religion was         
oriental4  ,its goddess called ,artemis 
or ,diana1 had a ,greek name but was the
 representative of an old ,phrygian     
nature worship4 ,the goddess was an     
inartistic1 many-breasted figure1 the   
body carved with strange figures of     
animals1 flowers1 and fruits4  ,the     
temple built by ,alexander the ,great   

was the most magnificent religious      
edifice in the world4  ,it was kept by a
 corporation of priests and priestesses1
 who were supported by the rents of vast
 estates4  ,for centuries ,ephesus was a
 great center of pilgrimage1 and        
pilgrims came from all parts of ,asia to
 visit the famous shrine4  ,the first   
great blow which this worship received  
was given by ,paul during his two years'
 stay in ,ephesus1 and the story told in
 this chapter is the history of the     
beginning of a decline from which the   
worship of ,diana never recovered4  ,the
 speech of ,demetrius perhaps           
exaggerates the effects of ,paul's work1
 but it should be remembered that the   
gospel took firm hold of proconsular    
,asia from a very early period4  ,paul's
 ,epistles tell us of the churches in   
,ephesus1 ,laodicea1 and ,coloss1 and   
the ,apocalypse adds churches in        
,pergamos1 ,smyrna1 ,thyatira1 ,sardis1 
and ,philadelphia4  ,half a century     
later1 ,pliny asserted that in this     

region the temples were deserted1 the   
worship was neglected1 and the          
sacrificial victims were unsold4        
,during his long stay in ,ephesus1 ,paul
 doubtless received many delegations and
 visitors from the churches formerly    
organized by him4  ,the character of the
 ,ephesian ,christians can be seen from 
the ,epistle addressed to them 7,see    
,study #i74  ,time and ,extent4--,about 
four years1 #ed-eh ,a4,d41 were occupied
 by ,paul in going about among the      
churches and about #c1ejj miles were    
traveled4  ,epistles4--,this journey was
 prolific in masterly writings4  ,paul  
wrote the ,first and ,second ,epistles  
to the ,corinthians from ,ephesus about 
#eg ,a4,d41 ,galatians from the same    
city 7somewhere between #ed and #ef     
,a4,d471 and ,romans at ,corinth in #eh 
,a4,d4  7,see ,study #h74   ,,itinerary 
,through ,galatia and ,phrygia 7,acts   
#ah3bc74--;,after ,paul had spent some  
time at ,antioch1 at the close of the   
second missionary journey1 ,he departed 

and went over all the country of        
,galatia and ,phrygia in order          
strengthening all the disciples4  ,thus 
,luke briefly sums up in a few words all
 the incidents of a journey of hundreds 
of miles of travel4  ,ephesus 7,acts    
#ai3a-bj3a74--;,evidently with the      
purpose of showing what is new and of   
chief importance in each journey ,luke1 
as is his habit1 calls attention to the 
work of ,paul in ,ephesus2 other parts  
of this journey are passed over with    
slight mention4  ,having gone through   
the upper coasts1 ,paul comes to        
,ephesus4  ,the chief events in this    
city1 during the visit of the ,apostle1 
were3  #a4  ,the incident of the work of
 ,apollos is given 7,acts #ah3bd-ai3a7  
to show how ,paul found about twelve    
disciples of ,john the ,baptist 7,acts  
#ai3g7 at ,ephesus and instructed them  
further1 baptizing them in the name of  
the ,lord ,jesus 7,acts #ai3e1 compare  
,acts #ai3a-g74  #b4  ,three months were
 spent by ,paul 7,acts #ai3h1 #i7 with  

the ,jews in their synagogue1 disputing 
and persuading the things pertaining to 
the kingdom of ,god4  ,but when certain 
of them became hardened and it was      
plainly seen that little good was being 
done he left the synagogue4  #c4  ,about
 two years' time was given1 after the   
apostle had separated himself and       
followers from the ,jewish synagogue1 to
 teaching in the school or lecture room 
of ,tyrannus 7,acts #ai3i1 #aj74  ,the  
result of this preaching and teaching   
was that a great multitude of men and   
women was brought to a confession of    
faith in ,christ1 throughout ,asia4  #d4
  ,the mighty growth of the ,word of    
,god 7,acts #ai3bj7 was attested by the 
miracles which ,paul did in the name of 
,christ 7,acts #ai3aa1 #ab74  ,he       
confounded the ,jewish exorcists1 who   
attempted to imitate these miracles     
7,acts #ai3ac-bj74  ,this great work was
 shown to be a thorough one from the    
fact that many who used curious arts    
brought their books and burned them     

amounting in value to over #ca1jjj4  #e4
  ,paul now proposed1 thinking the      
,ephesian church could stand alone      
7,acts #ai3ba1 #bb71 after he had passed
 through ,macedonia and ,achaia to go to
 ,jerusalem1 saying1 after ,i have been 
there1 ,i must also see ,rome4  ,in     
anticipation of this visit he sent      
,timotheus and ,erastus into ,macedonia1
 but he himself stayed in ,asia for a   
season4  #f4  ,the tumult made by       
,demetrius 7,acts #ai3bc-dj7 is a strong
 proof of the large impression made by  
the gospel of ,jesus ,christ upon not   
only the city of ,ephesus but all ,asia 
,minor4  ,the burning of the magical    
books had arrested the attention of many
 people1 but when the sale of the silver
 images of the idol1 ,diana1 began to   
fall off so as to touch the trade of the
 silversmiths they were up in arms at   
once4  ,demetrius showed how the power  
of ,christ had prevailed with men when  
he declared that1 ,paul hath persuaded  
and turned away much people1 saying that

 there be no gods which are made with   
hands4  ,the violence of the men who    
composed the mob showed how deeply      
,christianity had taken hold upon large 
numbers of people4  ,paul1 after the    
uproar had quieted down1 carried out his
 intention of departing for ,macedonia4 
,through ,macedonia and ,greece 7,acts  
#ba3a-f74--,the order of events seems to
 have been3 7a7 ,timotheus and ,erastus 
were sent to look after the church      
discipline at ,corinth 7,acts #ai3bb74  
,stephanas and others came from ,corinth
 and returned with the ,first ,epistle  
to the ,corinthians 7#a ,cor4 #af3ag74  
7b7 ,paul meant to visit ,corinth 7#a   
,cor4 #d3ah1 #ai72 instead he went to   
,macedonia by ,troas 7#b ,cor4 #b3ab1   
#ac74  7c7 ,he waited at ,troas for news
 from ,corinth1 and his anxiety told on 
his health 7#b ,cor4 #b3ab2 #a3h2 #d3aj1
 #aa2 #ab3g74  7d7 ,in spite of illness 
he pressed on to ,macedonia 7#b ,cor4   
#b3ac71 where he met ,titus1 who brought
 him good news of the state of the      

,corinthian church 7#b ,cor4 #g3e-i74   
7e7 ,he wrote the ,second ,epistle to   
the ,corinthians and sent it by ,titus1 
and resolved to wait sometime longer    
before going to ,corinth1 for he wished 
to take a contribution from the         
,corinthians to ,jerusalem 7#b ,cor4    
#i3a-e74  7f7 ,in ,macedonia he probably
 visited ,berea1 ,thessalonica1 and     
,philippi1 with perhaps a journey to    
,illyricum 7,rom4 #ae3ai74 7g7 ,he went 
to ,greece 7,corinth and ,cenchrea74    
7h7 ,he proposed sailing for ,syria with
 the contributions of the various       
churches1 and with delegates who carried
 the money2 ,sopater from ,berea1       
,aristarchus and ,secundus from         
,thessalonica1 ,gaius from ,derbe1      
,timotheus from ,lystra1 ,tychicus and  
,trophimus from ,ephesus 7,acts #bj3d2  
#ba3bi74  7i7 ,the ,jews of ,corinth    
conspired to murder ,paul on his        
embarkation1 so his friends went by     
ship1 and he eluded the conspirators by 
going by land to ,philippi4  7j7 ,then  

he took ship for ,troas1 having ,luke   
who had been at ,philippi for his       
companion 7,we sailed74  ,the ,return   
,journey1 ,troas to ,jerusalem 7,acts   
#bj3f-ba3ae74  #a4  ,troas4  ,luke and  
,paul were five days in reaching ,troas1
 from ,philippi1 where they found a     
number of the brethren who had preceded 
them 7,acts #bj3f1 compare ,acts        
#bj3d-f74  ,seven days were spent at    
,troas 7,acts #bj3f74  ,we have here the
 record of how the disciples spent the  
,sabbath day in breaking bread together 
and in listening to the preaching of    
,paul4  7,acts #bj3g-ab74  ,this last   
day here came near being marred by      
,eutychus meeting his death1 when he    
fell down from the third loft4  ,but    
,paul was there and ,eutychus's life was
 spared4  ,the meeting did not break up 
until the next morning1 so interested   
were they in talking over ,the ,way4    
#b4  ,troas to ,miletus 7,acts          
#bj3ac-ae74  ,paul's company went by    
ship first to ,assos1 where ,paul met   

them2 he having covered the distance of 
about twenty miles on foot4  ,at ,assos 
,paul joined the company on the ship and
 they sailed from ,assos to ,mitylene4  
,and we sailed thence1 says ,luke1 and  
came the next day over against ,chios2  
and the next day we arrived at ,samos1  
and tarried at ,trogyllium2 and the next
 day we came to ,miletus4  #c4  ,at     
,miletus 7,acts #bj3ag-ch7 ,paul sent   
for the elders of the ,ephesian church  
to come to him4  ,when they came he     
spoke to them in a very touching and    
tender way4  ,this address has been     
divided into four parts3 7a7 ,what was  
behind ,paul2 he called them to witness 
that he had been faithful in declaring  
to them the full gospel of ,jesus       
,christ1 repentance toward ,god and     
faith in the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4  7b7 
,what was before ,paul2 he said that in 
every city the ,holy ,ghost witnessed   
that bonds and afflictions awaited him4 
7c7 ,what was before the elders of the  
,ephesian church2 it was theirs to take 

care of the flock over which they       
presided and to feed the church of ,god4
  7d7 ,commendation of the elders to    
,god in their good work4  7e7 ,paul's   
earnest prayer for their welfare4  7f7  
,the farewell words4  #d4  ,miletus to  
,csarea and ,jerusalem 7,acts #ba3a-ae7 
by way of ,coos1 ,rhodes1 ,patara1      
,tyre1 and ,csarea4 ,at ,tyre there was 
a wait of seven days and a change of    
ships2 in this city it was testified to 
,paul that he should not go up to       
,jerusalem4  ,at the parting1 when ,paul
 and his company took ship to go to     
,csarea1 the disciples of ,tyre came out
 to see them off and all kneeled down on
 the shore and prayed4  ,at ,csarea     
where ,paul's company tarried many days1
 it was again made known to ,paul by the
 ,holy ,ghost that bonds and            
imprisonment awaited him at ,jerusalem1 
but still he pressed on saying1 ,the    
will of the ,lord be done4  ,arriving in
 ,jerusalem they were gladly received by
 the brethren4   ,,questions  ,what was 

the method of evangelizing the ancient  
world8 ,how did the three missionary    
journeys differ from each other8 ,what  
can be said of the chief city in which  
,paul spent so much of the time of this 
journey8  ,time and extent of this      
journey8 ,what ,epistles were written8  
,give the chief incidents of the        
itinerary2 through ,galatia and         
,phrygia2 in ,ephesus2 through          
,macedonia and ,greece2 the return      
voyage4     ,,ii4  ,,paul',s ,,journeys 
,scripture1 ,acts #ac3a-bh3ca   ,,study 
,,vi  ,,jerusalem ,,to ,,rome  ,acts    
#ba3ag-bh3ca  ,,analysis  ,this         
,journey--,from ,jerusalem to ,rome4    
,the ,seven ,speeches4 ,the ,writings4  
,time and ,extent4  ,the ,historical    
,connections4  ,paul at ,jerusalem--,the
 ,return to ,jerusalem4  ,the ,meeting  
with ,james and the ,elders of the      
,church4  ,the ,temple ,riot4 ,the      
,speech of ,paul to the ,rioters4       
,before the ,jewish ,council4  ,paul    
,comforted by ,god4  ,conspiracy of     

,jewish ,fanatics4  ,paul at            
,csarea--,the ,first ,defense1 before   
,jewish ,accusers and the ,roman        
,governor ,felix4  ,second ,defense1    
before ,felix4  ,third ,defense1 before 
,festus4  ,fourth ,defense1 before      
,festus and ,king ,agrippa ,,ii4  ,the  
,voyage to ,rome--,csarea to ,myra4     
,myra to ,melita4  ,melita to ,rome4    
,paul at ,rome--,testifying to the      
,jews4  ,testifying to the ,gentiles4   
,incidental ,notices of the             
,imprisonment4  ,the ,further ,travels  
of ,paul4     ,,ii4  ,,paul',s          
,,journeys  ,scripture1 ,acts           
#ac3b-bh3ca   ,,study ,,vi  ,,jerusalem 
,,to ,,rome  ,scripture1 ,acts          
#ba3aa-bh3ca  ,,this ,,journey          
,scripture1 ,acts #ba3ag-bh3ca  ,from   
,jerusalem to ,rome4--,this portion of  
the book of the ,acts comprises more    
than one quarter of the whole1 or seven 
and a half chapters4  ,there must have  
been some important purpose to be served
 by thus relating so fully the incidents

 of this period in ,paul's life2 for    
,luke elsewhere narrates only the       
incidents of the missionary journeys    
which are of great interest4  ,it may be
 that his purpose was to show1 with the 
full connecting incidents1 how clearly  
and strongly ,paul testified1 to the    
,jews in the temple 7,acts #bb3a-bc71   
and before the ,roman tribunal 7,acts   
#be3ac1 #ad1 #bf2 #bf3a-cb71 that ,jesus
 was the ,christ4  ,jesus himself1      
before his death1 gave the same         
testimony to the ,sanhedrin 7,matt4     
#bf3fc1 #fd2 ,mark #ad3fa1 #fb2 ,luke   
#bb3fg-fi71 and the ,roman tribunal     
7,john #ah3cc-cg74  ,the testimony of   
,paul was further carried to imperial   
,rome1 the capital of the world 7,acts  
#bh3ag-bd74  ,the ,seven                
,speeches4--,the last recorded addresses
 of the ,great ,apostle are a striking  
feature of this period4 ,they show his  
faith after it had been tried and tested
 in his toilsome years of missionary    
labors4  ,they reveal the courage and   

character of the man in that they were  
given when he was in bonds and in       
imminent peril of his life4  #a4  ,the  
speech before the ,jewish mob in the    
temple 7,acts #bb3a-bi7 in which ,paul  
tells the ,jews how he was changed from 
a persecutor to a believer in ,christ4  
,he relates also the story of his       
conversion4  #b4  ,the speech before the
 ,jewish council 7,acts #bb3cj2         
#bc3a-aj7 in which he creates confusion 
by raising the question of the          
resurrection4  ,but the provocation was 
great for the high-priest had commanded 
that ,paul be smitten on the mouth when 
he began to speak4  #c4  ,the speech    
before ,felix1 the ,roman governor      
7,acts #bd3aj-bb7 in which he makes his 
defense against ,jewish accusers1 and   
affirms his belief in the new ,way and  
in the resurrection4  #d4  ,the speech  
before ,felix and ,brasilia1 his wife1  
7,acts #bd3bd-bg74  ,paul1 being sent   
for by ,felix to tell him of his faith  
in ,christ1 reasons of righteousness1   

temperance1 and judgment to come4  #e4  
,the speech before ,festus the ,roman   
governor 7,acts #be3g-aa7 in which ,paul
 appeals to ,csar4  #f4  ,the speech    
before ,festus1 the ,roman governor1 and
 ,king ,agrippa and his wife1 ,bernice1 
7,acts #be3ac2 #bf3a-cb74  ,here ,paul  
again relates the story of his          
conversion and shows that ,jesus is the 
,christ4  #g4  ,the speech before the   
chief ,jews in ,rome 7,acts #bh3ag-ca7  
showing that ,jesus is the ,christ4     
,the ,writings4--,during the two years' 
imprisonment of ,paul in ,csarea we have
 no account of any ,epistles written by 
him4  ,but when he arrives in ,rome he  
again begins to indite those writings   
which have made his name so famous4     
,from his prison in ,rome he sent out   
four letters which have been called1    
,the ,epistles of the ,first            
,imprisonment2 ,colossians1 ,philemon1  
,ephesians1 and ,philippians 7,see      
,chapter #i74  ,for profound expositions
 of the ,christian doctrines1 lofty     

ethical teaching1 and mellowness of     
feeling they stand unequalled4  ,time   
and ,extent4--,paul arrived in          
,jerusalem in #eh ,a4,d4  ,he was       
imprisoned two years in ,csarea1 #eh to 
#fj ,a4,d4  ,the voyage to ,rome was in 
the winter of #fj and #fa ,a ,d4  ,he   
was imprisoned in ,rome two years1 #fa  
to #fc ,a4,d4  ,in extent the journey   
which ,paul took from ,csarea to ,rome  
was about #b1cjj miles4  ,the           
,historical ,connections4--,nero was    
,emperor of ,rome 7since #ed ,a4,d474   
,felix was ,procurator of ,judea from   
#ea to #fj ,a4,d41 when he was succeeded
 by ,festus4 ,we fix the date of ,paul's
 going to ,rome by the fact that when   
,festus came in #fj ,a4,d41 he made his 
appeal to ,csar4   ,,paul ,,at          
,,jerusalem  ,the ,return to ,jerusalem 
7,acts #ba3ag-bc3bc7 was at the feast of
 ,pentecost when it was crowded with    
strangers from all parts of the world4  
,paul had been warned not to come back  
to this city 7,acts #ba3aj-ad7 and it   

might have been possible for him to have
 remained away1 passing the last years  
of his life in high honor and peace as  
the ,great ,apostle and ,head of the    
,gentile churches4 ,but he seems to have
 felt it incumbent upon him to return to
 ,jerusalem and testify for his faith   
7,acts #ba3ad71 and to carry alms 7,acts
 #bd3ag74  ,paul was now about sixty    
years of age and for more than ten years
 had been engaged in the most arduous   
missionary labors1 enduring stonings1   
beatings1 and contumelies of all kinds1 
for the sake of preaching ,jesus        
,christ4  ,more than twenty years had   
elapsed since his conversion2 and before
 his well-known three missionary        
journeys he had been actively engaged in
 the work which he loved so well4  ,in  
his body he must have borne the marks of
 these incessant labors1 but his spirit 
was as fresh and undaunted as ever4     
,whatever awaited him in ,jerusalem he  
was ready for it4  ,the ,meeting with   
,james and the ,elders of the ,church   

7,acts #ba3ag-be7 seems to have been a  
pleasant one4  ,paul told his story of  
the wonders wrought in the ,gentile     
world1 and ,god was glorified1 but there
 seems to have been a certain constraint
 upon the company4  ,paul was well known
 everywhere as an exponent of that      
liberty in ,christ by which the         
,gentiles when they became ,christians  
were not obliged to become ,jews and    
obey the laws of ,moses4  ,we find the  
elders1 while freely admitting the      
binding nature of the decision of the   
,jerusalem ,council upon this matter1   
advising him to show the many thousands 
of ,jews who believed and kept the law1 
that he himself still held to the       
observance of the law4 ,hence the       
urgency with which they requested him to
 purify himself in the temple1 with     
certain men who had a vow1 so that the  
,jews might see that he was not a       
renegade4  ,the consequences of this    
advice soon became evident4  ,the       
,temple ,riot and ,paul's ,imprisonment 

7,acts #ba3bf-ci74--,when the days of   
purification for his companions were    
almost completed some ,jews of ,asia saw
 him and at once raised a great tumult4 
,it is a wonder that he was not seen and
 recognized earlier4  ,doubtless the    
,asian ,jews had been restrained in     
their own cities from wreaking their    
hatred upon ,paul to the full1 by the   
strong arm of the ,roman magistrate4    
,at once a great outcry was raised and  
,paul would have fared badly if he had  
not been rescued by the ,roman soldiers1
 to be imprisoned by them4  ,the ,speech
 of ,paul to the ,rioters 7,acts        
#ba3dj-bb3bc74--;,he requested that he  
be permitted to speak to this angry     
crowd of fanatic ,jews1 who were howling
 for his life4  ,what would he say8     
,what defense could he make8  ,listen to
 him6  ,he is telling the story of his  
life and conversion1 on the way to      
,damascus4  ,he is glorifying ,jesus and
 urging them to believe in ,him4  ,there
 is not one word about the indignities  

that have been heaped upon himself4     
,this personal testimony in this city   
where ,paul had been the chief          
persecutor was wonderful4  ,but as the  
,jews had demanded the life of ,christ1 
when he was upon earth and testified to 
,his mission1 so now they demanded the  
life of ,paul4  ,before the ,jewish     
,council 7,acts #bb3bd-bc3aj74--,paul1  
rescued from the clutches of the mob1   
would have been scourged by the ,romans 
had he not declared himself a ,roman4   
,on the morrow1 taken before the        
,sanhedrin1 and seeing no hope of any   
justice being done him1 he sets one     
party of it over against the other by   
declaring that he was a ,pharisee and of
 the hope of the resurrection of the    
dead ,i am called in question4  ,so     
great was the dissension that arose over
 this matter that ,paul was faring badly
 when he was rescued by the chief       
captain and his soldiers4  ,paul        
,comforted by ,god 7,acts               
#bc3aj74--,paul must have been quite    

worn out with the tumults and mobs of   
the last two days4  ,the encouragement  
of ,god speaking to him and telling him 
to be of good cheer1 and that as he had 
testified of ,him in ,jerusalem1 he must
 also bear witness in ,rome1 put a new  
heart in him4  ,it had been ,paul's     
great desire to visit ,rome and preach  
,christ in that city 7,rome #a3aa-ae2   
,acts #ai3ba74  ,conspiracy of ,jewish  
,fanatics 7,acts #bc3aj-cj74--,the mad  
hatred of the ,jews against ,paul is    
shown by more than forty men binding    
themselves under a curse to kill him4   
,the astonishing thing about this       
conspiracy is that the conspirators     
showed what they proposed to do to the  
chief priests and elders and asked their
 aid to bring ,paul down for another    
examination that they might kill him4   
,the plot was brought to naught by      
,paul's nephew1 who heard of it and told
 ,paul4  ,this information was at once  
given to the chief captain1 who         
determined to send ,paul away that night

 to the ,roman governor at ,csarea4 ,it 
was a large escort1 #bjj legionaries1   
#bjj light armed troops1 skirmishers1   
and #gj cavalry1 which was sent out with
 ,paul4  ,this great company of soldiers
 showed the immanent danger in which    
,paul stood at this time4   ,,paul ,,at 
,c,,sarea  ,scripture1 ,acts #bc3cc-bg3a
  ,paul now comes under ,roman          
jurisdiction and remains for two years  
7,acts #bd3bg7 a prisoner in ,csarea4   
,he is not kept in close confinement and
 his friends are allowed to see him     
7,acts #bd3bc74  ,who came to see him of
 these friends and what they talked     
about ,luke does not tell us4  ,our     
attention seems to be purposely directed
 to the defense which ,paul made of his 
faith and work before the ,roman        
governors1 ,felix and ,festus1 and the  
,jewish ,king ,agrippa ,,ii4  ,as       
,pilate had seen no just cause why      
,christ should be condemned to death1 so
 ,felix and ,festus1 when ,paul had     
testified of his faith in ,christ before

 them1 saw no reason why he should      
suffer the death penalty4  ,the ,first  
,defense2 before ,jewish ,accusers and  
the ,roman ,governor1 ,felix 7,acts     
#bc3cc-bd3bc74--;,awaiting the coming of
 his accusers from ,jerusalem ,paul was 
kept in ,herod's judgment hall4  ,after 
five days ,ananias1 with the elders1 and
 an orator1 named ,tertullus1 came to   
,csarea1 and charged ,paul with being a 
mover of sedition among all the ,jews   
throughout the world1 and a ring-leader 
of the sect of the ,nazarenes2 they also
 accused him of profaning the temple4   
,paul being beckoned by the governor to 
speak replied in answer to the charges  
made against him3 7a7 ,that ,felix1 who 
has been governor so long 7since #ea    
,a4,d471 must know from personal        
knowledge1 that he had not been engaged 
in any sedition and that this charge    
could not be proved against him4  ,it   
had only been twelve days since he went 
up to ,jerusalem and a number of them   
had been spent in ,roman custody4       

,during this period there had been no   
time to plot against the government4    
7b7 ,while he worshipped ,god after the 
way that they called heresy1 yet he     
believed all that was written in the law
 and the prophets4  ,he had come he said
 after many years to bring alms to my   
nation1 and offerings4  ,it was true    
that certain ,jews had found him        
purified in the temple1 neither with    
multitude1 nor with tumult4  ,these     
ought to have been present and to have  
testified to these things4 7c7 ,he      
denied that he had committed any        
sacrilege4 ,when he was seized in the   
temple he was in the very act of        
performing a portion of the worship     
prescribed by the ,mosaic law4  7d7 ,the
 knowledge of those present went no     
further than that they had heard him    
declare his belief in the doctrine of   
the resurrection from the dead 7,acts   
#bb3cj-bc3a-f74  ,upon the conclusion of
 ,paul's argument1 ,felix adjourned the 
case until ,lysias1 the chief captain1  

should come down and give his testimony4
  ,second ,defense2 before ,felix and   
his ,wife1 ,drusilla 7,acts             
#bd3bd-bg74--,this was evidently a      
private hearing of ,paul of his faith in
 ,christ4  ,there was ample reason for  
the trembling of ,felix when ,paul      
reasoned of righteousness1 temperance1  
and judgment to come4  ,felix was a     
notoriously unjust ruler who had taken  
bribes1 murdered a high-priest and1     
relying upon the influence of his       
infamous brother ,pallas at ,rome1 was  
steeped in crimes4  ,he had induced his 
wife ,drusilla to desert her husband to 
marry him4  ,felix showed his character 
when he sent for ,paul a number of times
 and communed with him1 hoping to       
receive a bribe4  ,when recalled to     
,rome in consequence of repeated        
complaints of his misadministration of  
justice he1 willing to show the ,jews a 
pleasure1 left ,paul bound4  ,third     
,defense2 before ,festus1 the ,new      
,governor 7,acts #be3a-ab74--;,festus1  

,josephus tells us1 was one of the best 
procurators of ,judea4  ,he was         
appointed by ,nero in the year #fj      
,a4,d41 and died two years after this4  
,he is importuned by the high-priest and
 the chief of the ,jews1 as soon as he  
takes office1 to send ,paul back to     
,jerusalem 7in order that he might be   
killed on the way thither74  ,festus    
replies that they are to come to ,csarea
 and there make their accusations       
against ,paul4  ,when they are come and 
,festus sits on the judgment seat they  
make many and grievous complaints       
against ,paul which they could not      
prove4  ,paul's answer is3 neither      
against the law of the ,jews1 neither   
against the temple1 nor yet against     
,csar1 have ,i offended in anything at  
all4  ,but ,festus showed1              
notwithstanding his many good traits1 a 
decided leaning toward ,paul's accusers4
  ,when therefore ,festus asked ,paul if
 he would go back to ,jerusalem and be  
there judged before the ,sanhedrin1     

,paul recognizes the hopelessness of his
 case and exercised his right as a      
,roman citizen in taking an appeal to   
the judgment seat of ,csar4  ,this right
 of appeal was one of the most important
 prerogatives of the ,roman citizen2 he 
had only to say the word1 ,appello and  
proceedings must at once be stopped2 his
 case must go to the court of the       
emperor4 ,in exercising this appeal     
,paul very justly said that if he had   
done anything worthy of death he was    
willing to die1 but if the charges made 
against him by the ,jewish high-priest  
and elders were not true he ought not to
 be delivered up to them4  ,fourth      
,defense2 before ,festus and ,king      
,agrippa ,,ii4--,in ,acts #be3ac-bg we  
have an account of the visit of ,jewish 
,king ,agrippa ,,ii4 to ,festus and the 
statement of the latter in regard to the
 case of ,paul4  ,festus is at a loss   
what to write about the prisoner1 to the
 imperial court 7,acts #be3be-bg71 the  
accusations of the ,jews having failed  

of proof4  ,to send a prisoner to ,csar 
and not be able to state clearly what   
his crime was might involve ,festus in  
difficulties4  ,agrippa1 as a ,jew1     
might be able to give some light upon   
this matter4  ,the question seemed to be
 in regard to religious freedom4  ,rome 
did not allow religious liberty4  ,the  
,jewish religion1 however1 was licensed 
as one of the forms under which men were
 allowed to worship ,god in the ,roman  
empire4 ,agrippa might be able to solve 
this question as to whether ,paul was or
 was not within his legal rights and the
 ,christianity which he professed be as 
legal as ,judaism4  ,paul in his        
argument 7,acts #bf3a-bi7 before ,festus
 and ,king ,agrippa ,,ii41 took the     
ground that ,christianity1 as an        
outgrowth of ,judaism1 had a legal      
status4  ,paul said that he preached    
that the ,messiah had come in the person
 of ,jesus ,christ and this was the ,one
 whom ,moses and the prophets had       
foretold1 7a7 ,paul's introduction is   

very courteous4  ,he recognizes ,king   
,agrippa as well versed in all customs  
and questions which are among the ,jews4
  7b7 ,he declares his early life to be 
well known1 as a ,jew1 and1 of the      
strictest sect1 a ,pharisee4  7c7 ,he   
stands accused because he believes that 
the ,messiah1 whom all ,jews are praying
 may come1 has come4  7c7 ,here1 as     
,prof4 ,lindsay says1 in his commentary 
on the ,acts1 ,agrippa may by look1     
word1 or gesture have suggested1 ,a     
crucified ,messiah6 and ,paul have      
answered1 ,no1 but a risen ,redeemer6   
,is it incredible that ,god should raise
 the dead8  ,then ,paul continues       
saying1 that he himself was an enemy of 
,christ at first4  7d7 ,paul proceeds   
with his argument1 giving his personal  
testimony1 how this risen ,messiah had  
appeared to him on the way to ,damascus 
and what ,he had said to him4  7e7 ,then
 he shows how it had been foretold by   
the prophets and ,moses that ,christ    
should suffer and that ,he should be the

 first that should rise from the dead1  
and should show forth light unto the    
people1 and to the ,gentiles4  ,the     
argument is over and after certain      
remarks1 by ,festus and ,agrippa which  
are characteristic of both men1 there is
 a conference and a decision rendered by
 the ,roman governor and ,jewish ,king1 
,that this man doeth nothing worthy of  
death or of bonds4  ,but the appeal to  
,csar cannot be set aside and ,paul must
 go to ,rome4   ,,the ,,voyage ,,to     
,,rome  ,scripture1 ,acts #ba3a-bh3ca   
,paul now begins his long delayed trip  
to ,rome not1 however1 as he expected a 
free man1 but as a prisoner4 ,he comes  
finally to ,rome and there testifies of 
his faith in ,christ4  ,his native force
 of character and ,christian graces     
bring him to the front upon this voyage 
and in the time of shipwreck he takes   
over the command4  ,three ships convey  
him to ,rome1 one of which is cast away 
on the island of ,melita2 if we follow  
the fortunes of these three ships this  

section of ,acts may be divided into    
three parts3  ,csarea to ,myra 7a city  
of ,lycia7 or the fortunes of ,paul upon
 the first ship 7,acts #bg3a-e74        
,aristarchus and ,luke were the         
companions who embarked with the ,great 
,apostle upon a ship of ,adramyttium4   
,paul was in charge of ,julius1 a       
centurion of ,augustus's band4  ,the    
first stop was at ,sidon where ,paul was
 given liberty to go unto his friends   
and refresh himself4  ,the ship then    
sailed for the city of ,myra in ,lycia  
passing to the east and north of the    
island of ,cyprus4  ,myra to the ,island
 of ,melita1 or the fortunes of ,paul   
upon the second ship 7#bg3f-bh3aj74     
,arrived at the city of ,myra the whole 
company changed ships1 re-embarking in a
 large ship which was probably engaged  
in the grain carrying trade between     
,alexandria in ,egypt and ,rome4  ,this 
portion of the voyage was full of       
difficulties from the beginning4  ,from 
,myra to ,cnidus 7a peninsula which     

projected from the ,carian coast having 
,cos on the north and ,rhodes on the    
south7 the progress against baffling    
winds was slow4  ,the first stop was    
made at ,fair ,havens1 a place upon the 
southern coast of ,crete 7the modern    
,candia74  ,it was here that ,paul      
foretold the serious danger to the ship 
if the voyage should be continued4 ,but 
the centurion taking the advice of the  
master and owner of the ship1 and       
because the harbour was not commodious  
to winter in1 determined to make an     
attempt to reach ,phenice 7a harbour    
west of ,crete and upon the same side of
 the island74  ,the adventures that     
befell the ship's company1 and1 the     
misfortune that came to the ship1 in the
 terrible fourteen days that followed   
after the departure from ,fair ,havens  
are best understood through the graphic 
language of ,luke1 an eye witness 7,acts
 #bg3ad-dd should be read carefully in  
this connection74  ,it is in this time  
of trial that ,paul steps forth and     

shows his mastery over men4  ,comforted 
himself by the angel of ,god he comforts
 others in declaring that no harm shall 
come to the lives of those in the ship4 
,in the midst of this great storm he    
alone is calm and able to insist that   
his companions keep up their courage and
 strength1 and not to give away to      
despair4  ,the island of ,melita 7the   
modern ,malta71 where the shipwreck took
 place1 lies directly south of ,sicily4 
,the place where the ,great ,apostle was
 cast ashore is now known as ,st4       
,paul's ,bay4 ,the inhabitants of the   
island received the ship's company with 
no little kindness and ,paul engaged    
here in a healing ministry1 curing the  
father of ,publius1 the chief man of the
 island1 of a fever and many others of  
diseases4  ,in whatever place or        
circumstances ,paul comes he at once    
begins to exercise his ,christian gifts4
  ,the ,island of ,melita to ,rome1 or  
the adventures of ,paul on the third    
ship 7,acts #bh3aa-af74  ,three months  

were spent at ,melita4  ,then ,paul and 
the company embarked on another         
,alexandrian grain ship for ,puteoli1   
eight miles southwest of ,naples and the
 principal harbour south of ,rome in    
,paul's day4  ,it was the port at which 
the ,egyptian grain ships usually       
unloaded4  ,there were two stops made on
 the way to ,puteoli1 one at ,syracuse  
in ,sicily and the other at ,rhegium1 at
 the southern point of ,italy4  ,at     
,puteoli ,paul found ,christian brethren
 with whom he remained for seven days4  
,the ,roman ,christians came but to meet
 ,paul at ,apii ,forum1 forty-three     
miles1 and the ,three ,taverns1         
thirty-three miles from ,rome4  ,this   
expression of love and interest in him  
and his welfare greatly cheered the     
heart of the ,apostle4   ,,paul ,,at    
,,rome  ,testifying to the ,jews 7,acts 
#bh3ag-bg74--;,after an interval of only
 three days ,paul called the chief of   
the ,jews together1 and explained to    
them why he had been sent to ,rome4  ,he

 declared that he had no accusation to  
make against his nation to the ,roman   
authorities1 but that he was a prisoner 
on account of his advocacy of the hope  
of ,israel fulfilled in ,jesus ,christ4 
,but the ,jews replied that they had had
 no word about ,paul from ,jerusalem4   
,desiring to hear more of what ,paul had
 to say about the ,christians they      
appointed a day in which they would hear
 ,paul at his lodgings4  ,this hearing  
was evidently very thorough1 and the    
usual division was made of believing and
 unbelieving ,jews4  ,testifying to the 
,gentiles 7,acts #bh3bh74--,paul        
receiving no sufficient response to his 
words from the ,jews now turns his      
attention to the ,gentiles4  ,the ,two  
,years' ,imprisonment 7,acts #bh3cj1    
#ca7 was spent in preaching the gospel  
of ,jesus ,christ1 in his own hired     
house1 and receiving all who came to    
him4  ,although ,paul was a prisoner he 
was allowed complete freedom of speech4 
,incidental ,notices of this            

,imprisonment are found in the four     
,epistles which were written from ,rome 
during its continuance4  ,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 
,lumby1 ,d4,d4 7,acts1 ,cambridge ,bible
 for ,schools and ,colleges7 says3 ,we  
know from first to last the prisoner's  
chain hurt ,paul 7,eph4 #c3a2 #d3a2     
,phil4 #a3ac1 #af2 ,col4 #d3ah2 ,philem4
 #a1 #i1 #aj71 and that his cause was at
 times an object of much anxiety 7,phil4
 #b3bc1 #bd74  ,we also learn from the  
same letters that besides ,luke and     
,aristarchus 7,acts #bg3b2 #bh3ae7 he   
had also the fellowship1 for some time  
at least1 of ,tychicus1 who 7,eph4      
#f3ba7 was the bearer of his letter to  
,ephesus2 of ,timothy1 whom 7,phil4     
#a3a2 ,col4 #a3a2 ,philem4 #a7 he joins 
with himself in the greeting to the     
churches of ,philippi and ,coloss and   
also in that to ,philemon4  ,in the     
former of these churches ,timothy had   
been a fellow laborer with the ,apostle4
  ,epaphroditus came with the           
,philippian contributions to the aid of 

the imprisoned ,apostle 7,phil4 #d3ah74 
,onesimus found out ,paul when in flight
 from his master he made his way to     
,rome 7,col4 #d3i2 ,philem4 #aj74       
,mark1 the cousin of ,barnabas1 was also
 there and another ,jewish convert1     
,jesus1 called ,justus1 of whom we only 
know that the ,apostle considered him   
worthy to be called a fellow worker unto
 the kingdom of ,god 7,col4 #d3aa74     
,epaphras from the churches of ,laodicea
 and ,hieropolis1 had come to visit     
,paul1 and to bring him greetings       
doubtless of the ,christians there1 and 
carry back some words of earnest council
 and advice from the ,roman prisoner    
7,col4 #d3ab1 #ac74  ,last of all ,demas
 was there to be mentioned as having    
forsaken the good way through love of   
this present world 7,col4 #d3ad2 #b     
,tim4 #d3aj74  ,more than this and the  
few words in verses thirty and          
thirty-one1 of ,acts #bh1 we do not know
 of this first imprisonment4  ,his      
spirit however was unsubdued through all

 his hardships and he was ever exhorting
 the disciples of ,christ to rejoice in 
,him 7,phil4 #b3a1 #b2 #d3d74  ,the     
,further ,travels of ,paul are          
considered in ,study #aj4   ,,questions 
,how much space does the account of this
 journey occupy in the ,acts1 and why is
 so much given to it8  ,what do the     
seven speeches of ,paul signify8  ,what 
,epistles did ,paul write while at      
,rome8  ,give the time and extent of    
this journey4  ,give the historical     
connections4  ,why did ,paul return to  
,jerusalem8  ,give an account of his    
meeting with ,james and the elders2 the 
temple riot2 his speech to the rioters2 
and his speech before the ,jewish       
,council4  ,how was ,paul comforted by  
,god8  ,what was the conspiracy of the  
,jewish fanatics8  ,how long did ,paul  
remain a prisoner at ,csarea8  ,give an 
account of his first defense before his 
,jewish accusers1 and the ,roman        
governor ,felix2 his second defense     
before ,felix2 his third defense before 

,festus2 and his fourth defense before  
,festus and ,king ,agrippa ,,ii4  ,give 
an account of the voyage to ,rome2      
,csarea to ,myra2 ,myra to ,melita2 and 
,melita to ,rome4  ,what did ,paul      
testify to the ,jews and ,gentiles in   
,rome8  ,where do we find incidental    
notices of this imprisonment8     ,,iii4
  ,,paul',s ,,writings   ,,study ,,vii  
,,the ,,future ,,of ,,christ',s         
,,kingdom  ,,first ,,group ,,of         
,,epistles  ,,first ,,and ,,second      
,,epistles ,,to ,,the ,,thessalonians   
,,analysis  ,introduction to the        
,epistles of ,paul--,epistolary         
,writings4  ,some ,reasons for ,paul's  
,writings4  ,qualifications of ,paul4   
,how the ,epistles are ,best            
,understood4  ,titles and ,groups4      
,common ,plan4  ,supreme ,purpose4  ,the
 ,future of ,christ's ,kingdom--,the    
,first ,group of ,epistles4 ,the ,chief 
,doctrinal ,point4  ,the ,first ,epistle
 to the ,thessalonians--,the ,founding  
of the ,church4  ,occasion1 ,time1 and  

,place of ,writing4  ,contents4         
,analysis4  ,the ,second ,epistle to the
 ,thessalonians--,occasion1 ,time1 and  
,place of ,writing4  ,principal         
,divisions and ,chief ,points4          
,,iii4  ,,paul',s ,,writings   ,,study  
,,vii  ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,christ',s  
,,kingdom  ,,first ,,group ,,of         
,,epistles  ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second
 ,,epistles ,,to ,,the ,,thessalonians  
,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,epistles    
,,of ,,paul  ,epistolary                
,writings4--,the ,new ,testament is     
composed of twenty-seven books1         
twenty-one of which are ,epistles4  ,of 
this latter number thirteen are ascribed
 to ,paul4  ,it is thus seen how largely
 the ,new ,testament is made up of      
,epistles and how many of these are     
attributed to the ,great ,apostle4  ,in 
the letters of men of great prominence  
and power of any age we get closer to   
the real condition of the affairs of    
that age than by any other means4  ,in  
this way1 we get information at first   

hand from the participants in the events
 of which they write4  ,it is fortunate 
for us that we have this first hand     
material with which to deal1 when we    
come to study the early growth and      
development of ,christianity4  ,by means
 of the ,new ,testament ,epistles 7which
 are real letters and written with a    
definite purpose in view7 we look       
directly into the faith1 the customs1   
and practices of the early ,christian   
churches4  ,we see how they were        
organized and how they conducted their  
services4  ,we see the marvelous changes
 wrought in the lives and characters of 
the converts4  ,we note that the        
triumphs of faith were won through a    
belief in the ,divine ,son of ,god and  
the power of the ,holy ,ghost4  ,the    
struggles and difficulties of these     
early ,christians in coming out of      
heathenism are depicted in a masterly   
way4  ,paul1 in his endeavor to guide   
aright the churches1 of which he had    
been the spiritual father1 shows what he

 believes and teaches about ,god1 the   
,holy ,ghost1 ,jesus ,christ1 sin1      
redemption1 and the future state of the 
soul4  ,in these letters the incidental 
and indirect references to the doctrines
 taught1 and the customs of the early   
churches1 are as valuable as the direct4
  ,some ,reasons for ,paul's            
,writings4--,the ,apostle was the       
founder of churches over a large area of
 territory4 ,he soon realized1 however1 
that it was impossible to visit them as 
often as he desired and as frequently as
 he ought4  ,many of the converts had   
come out of heathenism and needed       
doctrinal and ethical instruction in the
 way of ,christ4  ,they also needed     
encouragement1 comfort1 and sometimes   
sharp correction for outbreaking sins4  
,as means of communication were open and
 easy along the well kept ,roman roads1 
what was more natural than that ,paul   
should begin to write letters which were
 not only to be read by the particular  
churches to which they were addressed1  

but passed on to the other churches4    
,qualifications of ,paul4  #a4          
,intellectual4  ,he was not only        
pre-eminent as a missionary1 but even   
more remarkable as a writer4  ,he was   
the greatest thinker of his age1 if not 
of any age1 who in the midst of his     
outward labors was producing writings   
which have ever since been among the    
mightiest intellectual forces of the    
world and are still growing4  #b4       
,spiritual4  ,he had been converted in a
 wonderful way and had received a       
special revelation from ,christ 7,acts  
#i3c-ae2 #a ,cor4 #ae3c2 ,gal4 #a3aa1   
#ab74  ,he had been called to his great 
work among the ,gentiles by ,christ and 
the ,holy ,ghost 7,acts #i3ae2 #ac3b74  
,he was absolutely absorbed in the work 
of ,christ and in making known ,his     
gospel4  ,how the ,epistles are ,best   
,understood4--,each one should be       
studied in the light of the occasion    
which called it forth and in connection 
with the church1 group of churches1 or  

the individual to which it is addressed4
  ,titles and ,groups4--,the thirteen   
,epistles fall naturally into four      
groups2 in each of which is set forth   
some great doctrinal and ethical truth4 
,first ,group1 ,first and ,second       
,thessalonians4  ,these ,epistles are   
short1 simple1 and practical4  ,they may
 be regarded as illustrating ,paul's    
earlier missionary instruction to his   
converts--hence the name ',missionary   
,epistles1' sometimes applied to them4  
,they treat of but one doctrinal        
subject--the second coming of ,christ4  
,it should be borne in mind1 however1   
that ,paul speaks of ,jesus ,christ as  
,the ,lord1 ,our ,lord1 about           
twenty-five times in ,first             
,thessalonians2 this shows how          
thoroughly he believed in the ,deity of 
,christ4  ,second ,group1 ,galatians1   
,first and ,second ,corinthians and     
,romans4  ,this group is the great      
repertory of ,paul's doctrinal and      
ethical teaching4  ,galatians and       

,romans deal chiefly with his doctrine  
of justification by faith4  ,they are   
designed to disprove the current ,jewish
 teaching 7which was invading the       
churches7 that men might be saved by    
obedience to the ,mosaic law4  ,on the  
contrary ,paul maintained that the sole 
basis of salvation is the grace of ,god 
to be appropriated by faith on man's    
part4  ,third ,group1 ,colossians1      
,philemon1 ,ephesians1 and ,philippians4
  ,this group is predominantly          
,christological4 ,errors had invaded the
 churches addressed1 which tended to    
degrade the person and work of ,christ1 
and the ,apostle writes with a view to  
showing his pre-eminence and saving     
power1 so that the readers may be       
induced to keep their allegiance to     
,christ and ,his gospel4  ,fourth       
,group1 ,first ,timothy1 ,titus and     
,second ,timothy4 ,these are called     
',the ,pastoral ,epistles1' and were    
designed to instruct ,timothy and ,titus
 as superintendents of the churches in  

,ephesus and ,crete1 and were thus      
semi-official in character4  ,but they  
have also a strong personal element and 
a tone of warm sympathy and affection4  
,the above characterization of the four 
groups of these ,epistles by ,prof4 ,g4 
,b4 ,stevens is brief and to the point4 
,common ,plan4--,the plan in all of     
,paul's ,epistles1 with slight          
variations1 is much the same4  ,the     
outlines of these letters fall uniformly
 into six divisions4  ,first1 a greeting
 sometimes very brief1 sometimes        
extending over several verses1 in which 
he generally manages with consummate    
skill to strike the keynote of the whole
 letter4 ,secondly1 a thanksgiving to   
,god for the ,christian gifts and graces
 of his converts4  ,thirdly1 a doctrinal
 part1 in which he argues out or        
explains some great topic of ,christian 
truth1 specially required by the        
condition of the church to which he is  
writing4  ,fourthly1 a practical        
section1 in which he applies to daily   

moral duties the great doctrines which  
he has developed4  ,fifthly1 personal   
messages1 salutations1 and details4     
,sixthly1 a brief autograph conclusion  
to ratify the genuineness of the entire 
letter4  ,the ,supreme ,purpose was to  
make known the ,divine ,christ as the   
,savior of all men1 both ,jew and       
,gentile 7#a ,cor4 #b3a-af2 ,col4       
#a3i-bi2 ,phil4 #b3i-aa2 ,acts #bf3bb1  
#bc2 ,rom4 #c3i-ca74   ,,the ,,future   
,,of ,,christ',s ,,kingdom  ,,first     
,,group ,,of ,,epistles  ,,the ,,first  
,,and ,,second ,,epistles ,,to ,,the    
,,thessalonians  ,the ,first ,group of  
,epistles4--,the ,first and ,second     
,epistles to the ,thessalonians are the 
earliest writings of ,paul of which we  
have any certain knowledge4  ,he may    
possibly have written earlier epistles1 
which are now lost4 ,he speaks of       
writing a salutation in every epistle   
7#b ,thess4 #c3ag71 with mine own hand1 
which may imply that he had already     
written a number of ,epistles4 ,in      

regard to later writings he also speaks 
of an ,epistle 7#a ,cor4 #e3i7 to the   
,corinthians written to them before that
 now known as ,first ,corinthians and of
 one written to the ,laodiceans 7,col4  
#d3af72 of these writings we have no    
record save these incidental notices1 if
 these notices refer to lost ,epistles4 
,the ,chief ,doctrinal ,point considered
 in this group is ,the ,future of       
,christ's ,kingdom as it was related to 
,his second coming 7#a ,thess4          
#d3ac-e3i1 compare #b ,thess4 #b3a-ag74 
,it was natural that1 after so great a  
manifestation of the ,divine ,christ1   
the earlier believers in ,him should    
make much of the promise that ,he said  
,he would come again1 and amid their    
troubles and difficulties the strong    
tendency would be to think that second  
coming was close at hand4  ,it is a well
 known fact however that the near       
approach of a great joy or sorrow unfits
 men and women for the ordinary pursuits
 of life4  ,paul1 in his first letter to

 the members of the church of           
,thessalonica1 spoke of the second      
coming of ,christ to relieve their minds
 of a worry over those who had died     
since he had preached to them 7lest they
 should not see the ,lord when ,he      
came71 and also to encourage them in    
their faith 7#a ,thess4 #d3ac-ah74  ,it 
seems that ,paul was taken to mean by   
what he wrote that ,christ's coming was 
near at hand4 ,the believers in ,christ1
 in ,thessalonica1 began to give up     
their ordinary avocations and pursuits  
in speedy anticipation of this great    
event4  ,he therefore takes occasion in 
his second letter to the church to      
correct the impression that ,christ's   
coming 7#b ,thess4 #b3a-ag7 was near at 
hand4 ,he exhorts them to true and      
faithful living in the sight of their   
,lord ,jesus ,christ 7#b ,thess4        
#c3a-ah7 as the best way to serve their 
,divine ,master4  ,the principle of the 
true ,christian life is here set forth  
in a masterly way2 it holds good for all

 time and all peoples4    ,,the ,,first 
,,epistle ,,to ,,the ,,thessalonians    
,the ,founding of the ,church at        
,thessalonica 7,acts #ag3a-aj74--,paul  
was on his second missionary journey and
 this church was the second which he    
organized in ,europe4  ,he entered into 
the synagogue at ,thessalonica and three
 ,sabbath days reasoned with the ,jews  
out of the scriptures1 opening and      
alleging1 that ,christ must needs have  
suffered and risen again from the dead2 
and that this ,jesus1 whom ,i preach to 
you1 is ,christ 7,acts #ag3c74  ,through
 this preaching a few of the ,jews      
believed and of the devout ,greeks a    
great multitude1 and of the chief women 
not a few4  ,it appears from this       
account that the church was mostly made 
up of ,gentiles4  ,but through the      
opposition of the ,jews all the city was
 set in an uproar and ,paul was sent    
away by night to ,berea4  ,occasion1    
,time1 and ,place of ,writing4--,paul   
left ,thessalonica unwillingly for he   

had a great affection for his converts  
in this city4  ,twice he endeavored to  
return1 but was prevented from doing so 
7#b3ag1 #ah74  ,when he reached ,athens 
7,acts #ag3ae7 he grew so anxious about 
the church at ,thessalonica that he sent
 ,timothy back to see how it prospered  
7#c3a1 #b74  ,while ,timothy was gone on
 his mission ,paul went on to ,corinth  
7,acts #ah3a74  ,here ,timothy found him
 when he returned with his report of the
 church 7,acts #ah3e2 #a ,thess4 #c3f74 
,paul was greatly pleased with what     
,timothy had to say about the converts4 
,while enduring persecution they were   
standing fast in the ,lord and devoted  
to their faith in ,christ 7#c3g-ac74    
,the report which ,timothy brought was  
the occasion of the first letter to this
 church4  ,the time was1 in all         
probability1 in the winter of #eb-ec    
,a4,d41 and the place of writing was at 
,corinth1 where ,paul remained for over 
a year and a half 7,acts #ah3a1 #aa1    
#ah74  ,contents4--,the first three     

chapters are of a personal character and
 show how dear to ,paul's heart were    
these converts of ,thessalonica4  ,they 
also show the good record made for the  
short time since they had embraced      
,christianity4  ,but nothing could be   
more revolutionary in those days than to
 become a ,christian2 therefore ,paul   
takes occasion to correct social1 moral1
 and doctrinal faults and to instruct   
them more fully in the faith1 in        
,christ1 which they professed4  ,in the 
matter of doctrine ,paul mentions       
,christ as the ,lord1 our ,lord about   
twenty-five times1 showing his belief in
 and teaching of the ,deity of ,christ4 
,in regard to ,christ's speedy second   
coming1 of which many seem to have had a
 lively expectation so that they were   
troubled when some died lest these had  
lost their opportunity to see this      
glorious event1 ,paul writes to reassure
 them that all believers1 those who have
 died and those who are alive at that   
time1 will enter together and share     

equally in the blessings of ,christ's   
heavenly kingdom 7#d3ac-ah74  ,the      
,epistle closes with exhortations to be 
joyful1 thankful1 and prayerful4        
,principal ,divisions and ,chief        
,points4  #a4  ,introduction 7#a3a-aj74 
,personal address and salutation4       
,thanksgiving for their faith1 love and 
hope in ,jesus ,christ and for their    
conversion4  #b4  ,narrative            
7#b3a-d3ab74  ,how the gospel was given 
and how it was received at              
,thessalonica4  ,an account of ,paul's  
care and anxiety for the church4        
,paul's prayer for their establishment  
in the faith of ,jesus ,christ4         
,exhortation to abstain as followers of 
,christ from impurity and fraud2 to     
follow after holiness and brotherly     
love4  #c4  ,doctrinal 7#d3ac-e3aa74    
,the second advent of ,christ4  ,the    
parts which the dead and living will    
have when ,christ shall come again4     
,the uncertainty of the time4  ,the need
 of constant watchfulness4  #d4         

,practical 7#e3ab-bh74  ,rules for the  
conduct of the church1 its overseers and
 members4  ,exhortation to be joyful1   
prayerful1 and thankful4  ,closing      
prayer that they may be preserved       
blameless unto the coming of the ,lord  
,jesus ,christ4  ,greeting and          
benediction4   ,,the ,,second ,,epistle 
,,to ,,the ,,thessalonians  ,occasion1  
,time1 and ,place of ,writing4--,what   
,paul wrote about the second coming of  
,christ1 in the ,first ,epistle1 seems  
to have been misunderstood by the church
 at ,thessalonica 7#a3g-c3aa74  ,then   
too there was probably a spurious       
epistle 7and this may have occasioned   
much of the trouble7 in circulation1 in 
which ,paul is evidently made to declare
 that the day of ,christ is close at    
hand 7#b3b74  ,he writes of this false  
epistle very vigorously that they be not
 troubled in spirit by a letter1 as from
 us1 as that the day of ,christ is at   
hand4  ,evidently some were neglecting  
their work1 becoming impatient at the   

delay in ,christ's coming 7#c3e1 #aa1   
#ab7 and walking disorderly4  ,the      
,epistle opens1 with an expression of   
thanks for the general condition of the 
church and that it was enduring         
persecutions and tribulations well      
7#a3b-f74  ,hence it is evident that    
some but not all of the church members  
were out of accord with an earnest      
sensible faith in ,christ4 ,this        
,epistle reflects certain conditions    
which ,paul had to meet in his work and 
shows how he sought to check any        
defections from right conceptions of    
true ,christian doctrine and life4  ,in 
the second chapter ,paul shows that the 
day of ,christ may not speedily come1   
that certain other things must come to  
pass before it is revealed 7compare     
,matthew ch4 #bd71 and that the true    
,christian way is to stand fast always  
in the ,lord4  ,in thus standing fast   
every believer will grow in faith and   
grace4  ,the duties taught are courage  
and faith under persecution and calmness

 and quiet industry in the presence of  
the greatest expectations4  ,the time of
 writing was probably1 a few months     
after that of the ,first ,epistle1 in   
#ec ,a4,d4  ,the place of writing was   
,corinth4  ,principal ,divisions and    
,chief ,points4  #a4  ,introduction     
7#a3a-d74  ,salutation4  ,thanksgiving  
for the growth of faith in the          
,thessalonian church4  #b4  ,doctrinal  
7#a3e-b3ag74  ,the great day of the     
,lord4  ,the ,thessalonians seemingly   
misunderstood ,paul's first letter and  
he now more fully explains the second   
advent of ,christ4  ,it will be a day of
 terrible retribution for the unbeliever
 but one of glory for all who trust in  
,him4  ,a warning is given not to think 
the day near at hand4  ,certain things  
must first come to pass2 a falling away1
 a man of sin1 signs and lying wonders4 
,thanksgiving that the ,thessalonians   
have been chosen to salvation through   
the sanctification of the ,spirit4  #c4 
,conclusion 7,ch4 #c74  ,paul requests  

prayer for himself that the word of the 
,lord may have free course and be       
glorified with him2 he also desires that
 the ,lord may direct their hearts into 
the love of ,god and into the patient   
waiting for ,christ4  ,paul gives       
command to discipline the disorderly and
 that every man earn his own living4    
,exhortation to be not weary in well    
doing4 ,salutation and benediction4     
,,questions  ,what can be said of       
epistolary writings2 their place and    
usefulness8  ,give some reasons for     
,paul's writings4  ,what were the       
qualifications of ,paul8  ,how are the  
,epistles best understood8 ,what can be 
said of the four groups and their       
characteristics8 ,what is the common    
plan8  ,what is the supreme purpose8    
,what can be said of the first group of 
,epistles2 ,first and ,second           
,thessalonians8  ,what is the chief     
doctrinal point8  ,the ,first ,epistle2 
what can be said of the founding of the 
church at ,thessalonica8  ,what can be  

said of the occasion1 time1 and place of
 writing8  ,what are the contents8      
,give the four parts of the principal   
divisions and chief points4  ,the       
,second ,epistle2 what can be said of   
the occasion1 time1 and place of        
writing8  ,give the three parts of the  
principal divisions and chief points4   
,,iii4  ,,paul',s ,,writings   ,,study  
,,viii  ,,the ,,old ,,faiths ,,and ,,the
 ,,new  ,,second ,,group ,,of ,,epistles
  ,,galatians4  ,,first ,,and ,,second  
,,corinthians4  ,,romans4  ,,analysis   
,problems of ,early ,christianity--,the 
,old ,faiths and the ,new4 ,the ,great  
,question4  ,the ,jewish ,faith4  ,the  
,heathen ,faith4 ,the ,new ,faith in    
,christ4  ,practical ,bearing upon      
,present ,day ,living4  ,the ,epistles  
of this ,group4  ,the ,epistle to the   
,galatians--,the ,galatians4  ,time of  
,writing4 ,occasion and ,purpose4       
,principal ,divisions and ,chief        
,points4  ,the ,epistles to the         
,corinthians--,the ,church at ,corinth4 

,the ,city of ,corinth4  ,the ,first    
,epistle to the ,corinthians--,occasion 
and ,purpose4 ,place and ,time4  ,the   
,supremacy of ,christ4  ,principal      
,divisions and ,chief ,points4  ,the    
,second ,epistle to the                 
,corinthians--,occasion and ,purpose4   
,place and ,time4  ,principal ,divisions
 and ,chief ,points4  ,the ,epistle to  
the ,romans--,the ,church at ,rome4     
,occasion and ,purpose4  ,place and     
,time4  ,central ,thought4  ,principal  
,divisions and ,chief ,points4    ,,iii4
  ,,paul',s ,,writings   ,,study ,,viii 
,,the ,,old ,,faiths ,,and ,,the ,,new  
,,second ,,group ,,of ,,epistles        
,,galatians4  ,,first ,,and ,,second    
,,corinthians4  ,,romans4  ,,problems   
,,of ,,early ,,christianity  ,the ,old  
,faiths and the ,new4--,in this second  
group of ,epistles1 ,galatians1 ,first  
and ,second ,corinthians1 and ,romans1  
we enter upon a period of conflict in   
which ,christianity is being defined1   
and differentiated from ,judaism and    

,heathenism4  ,no great truth ever came 
into the world without a battle for its 
right to the attention of men4  ,the new
 faith in ,christ made large claims for 
itself4 ,it marked an advance upon      
,judaism and maintained that in ,christ 
was fulfilled all the promises made by  
the prophets of the coming of the       
,jewish ,messiah4  ,it radically        
antagonized the heathen religions4  ,it 
had a double task to win men out of     
,judaism and heathenism4  ,only by a    
careful study of these great doctrinal  
,epistles1 and the circumstances out of 
which they arose1 can it be seen how    
really great was this task4  ,the ,great
 ,question was3 ,on what terms does ,god
 save men8  ,does ,he owe salvation to  
any because of what they have done1 or  
does ,he bestow it as an unmerited favor
 upon condition of trust and            
self-surrender8  ,paul maintained that  
the sole basis of salvation is the grace
 of ,god through ,jesus ,christ to be   
appropriated by faith on the part of    

man4  ,this is still the great question4
  ,the ,jewish ,faith had been long in  
the world4  ,its prophets had two great 
themes1 the ,messiah and the ,messianic 
,kingdom4  ,all ,israel1 while observing
 feast and fast days1 the precepts of   
the ,mosaic law and offering sacrifices1
 looked forward to the coming of the    
,messiah and the establishment of ,his  
kingdom upon earth1 as the supreme      
fulfillment of its hopes4  ,it is the   
contention of ,paul in these ,epistles  
that this ,messiah has come in the      
person of ,jesus ,christ and fulfilled  
all the promises made to ,israel1 and   
that1 through faith in ,him1 believers  
are released from the observance of the 
precepts of the ,mosaic law4  ,there    
were two parties of ,jews who sought to 
check the advance of the early church1  
with its all sufficient ,savior4        
,first1 there were the ,jews who denied 
any and every claim of ,christ to be the
 ,messiah2 of this party were the       
rioters who drove ,paul out of city     

after city and sought to kill him in the
 temple4  ,second1 there were the       
,jewish ,christians who asserted that   
their faith was ,judaism with a new     
prophet2 that the law of ,moses and     
,mosaic ceremonial practices were       
binding on ,christians as well as on    
unbelieving ,jews2 that ,gentile        
believers must first become proselytes  
to ,judaism before they could become    
,christians2 and lastly that            
circumcision was the only gateway to    
baptism4  ,with the first class of ,jews
 it was not so difficult to deal1 for   
they were out and out antagonists1 but  
the ,jewish ,christians1 7who still     
clung to the ,jewish law7 were          
constantly making trouble not only      
amongst the ,christian ,jews1 who had   
fully come out from under the law of    
,moses and expressed their faith in     
,christ1 but also among the ,christian  
,gentiles who had come out of the       
heathen religions4  ,the masterly       
arguments of ,paul1 presented in        

,galatians and ,romans1 deal chiefly    
with the doctrine of justification by   
faith in ,jesus ,christ alone4  ,in     
,gal4 #e3a-d he calls the return to     
,jewish belief and practice1 falling    
from grace4  ,the ,heathen ,faith4--,the
 people of the ,roman empire were       
idolaters4  ,temples for the worship of 
idols occupied prominent positions in   
every city4  ,some of them were very    
beautiful1 from an architectural point  
of view4  ,but the objects of worship1  
frequently1 were of the basest sort4    
,this worship caused a notorious laxness
 of view in regard to the relations     
between the sexes4  ,this state of      
things is not overstated by ,paul in his
 epistle to the ,romans 7#a3ah-bc74  ,it
 was this condition of idolatrous       
worship which led to the decision of the
 ,jerusalem ,council in regard to the   
,gentile converts 7,acts #ae3bi74 ,the  
,christianity which ,paul taught called 
for a pure and upright life and a       
subjugation of human passion4  ,we see  

the effects of former idolatrous lives  
manifesting themselves in the evils     
which ,paul sought to correct in his    
letters to the ,corinthians4  ,it was no
 small conflict in which the ,great     
,apostle to the ,gentiles engaged when  
he sought to cleanse1 through ,christ1  
the base idolatrous hearts of the men of
 his times4  ,the ,new ,faith in        
,christ4--,paul stands for spiritual    
freedom in ,christ and loyalty to ,him  
as ,divine ,lord without the necessity  
of observing the minute regulations of  
the ,jewish ritual4  ,he insists upon   
purity of soul and outward life as      
opposed to the laxness of the idolaters4
 ,each individual soul is related to    
,christ to whom it is responsible4      
,practical ,bearing upon ,present ,day  
,living4--,the things contended for1 the
 evils scored in these ,epistles may    
seem to belong to dead controversies1   
but they do not4  ,while it is a fact   
that ,christianity has freed itself from
 ,judaism and the heathen religions have

 been conquered1 the old evils still    
manifest themselves and the same        
remedies must be applied to them4  ,many
 to-day will do works of the law 7,gal4 
#b3af7 who have no use for ,christ1 or  
,his church1 thinking in this way to buy
 their way to ,god4  ,these are the old 
,judaizers come to life again4  ,they   
often know nothing and care less for    
spiritual things and heart              
righteousness4  ,sensuality1 and all its
 attendant evils1 driven from the old   
heathen temples1 manifests itself in    
many ways2 it still seeks to array      
itself in beautiful garments that it may
 lure many to ruin4 ,there is need of   
repeating over again the arguments of   
,paul for a pure life lived in the faith
 of ,jesus ,christ1 and the spiritual   
upbuilding of the soul through ,him4    
,paul also insists upon good works as   
the outcome of faith1 but faith must    
come first4  ,the ,epistles of this     
,group were ,written on the third       
missionary journey4   ,,the ,,epistle   

,,to ,,the ,,galatians  ,the ,galatians 
to whom this ,epistle was addressed2 who
 were they8  ,the name ,galatia was used
 in two ways4 ,geographically to denote 
the country inhabited by the ,celtic    
tribes 7who were descended from the     
,gauls and who formerly inhabited the   
country we now call ,france74           
,politically it meant the ,roman        
province which also included ,psidia1   
,lycaonia1 and part of ,phrygia to the  
south of ,galatia proper4  ,it has been 
a question which of the two ,paul       
intended to address in his letter4      
,there are no particular names of       
churches which are specified4  ,many    
scholars think that ,paul means to      
address his ,epistle to the churches of 
the ,roman province4  ,in this case the 
letter would be sent to the churches of 
a wide area1 and primarily addressed to 
those founded in the first missionary   
journey at ,antioch1 ,iconium1 ,derbe1  
and ,lystra 7,acts #ad3a-bh74  ,luke    
speaks also of a region lying roundabout

 ,derbe and ,lystra where the gospel was
 preached on this first journey 7,acts  
#ad3f74  ,the passage in ,galatians     
7#b3e7 in which ,paul refers to the     
,jerusalem ,council where he contended  
for the liberty in ,christ of the       
,gentiles would naturally be taken to   
mean these first churches 7however wide 
the application7 as the ,jerusalem      
,council was held at the close of the   
first missionary journey4  ,the word    
,galatia may be used in the narrower    
sense also by ,luke in speaking of the  
beginning of ,paul's second 7,acts      
#af3f7 and third 7,acts #ah3bc7         
missionary journeys4  ,it would be      
natural for the ,judaizers1 who sought  
to turn back the converts of ,paul to   
,judaism1 to begin with the churches in 
,south ,galatia first4  ,time of        
,writing4--,the common opinion is that  
this epistle was written at ,ephesus1   
during ,paul's long stay there on his   
third missionary journey or between #ed 
and #ef ,a4,d4  ,some however would     

place the date earlier4  ,occasion and  
,purpose4--,that which caused ,paul to  
write this first of his great doctrinal 
,epistles was the teaching of certain   
,judaizers who had found their way into 
the churches of ,galatia4  ,they claimed
 that the ,jewish law was binding upon  
believers in ,christ1 and declared that 
salvation was through works of the law4 
,they insisted upon the rite of         
circumcision4  ,paul's gospel and       
authority were disparaged4  ,paul wrote 
this ,epistle for the purpose of showing
 that faith in ,christ was the sole and 
sufficient condition of salvation4      
,principal ,divisions and ,chief        
,points4  #a4  ,introduction 7#a3a-aj7  
,salutation4  ,subject of the ,epistle2 
the defection of the ,galatian churches4
  #b4  ,the divine commission given to  
,paul as an apostle 7#a3aa-b3ba74  ,he  
makes a statement of his claims and     
gives a sketch of his life4  ,the gospel
 he preached came not from man but      
through a revelation of ,jesus ,christ4 

,all this is to show the authenticity of
 his claims4  #c4  ,doctrinal4          
,justification is by faith 7ch4 #c-d74  
,the ,galatian churches had received the
 ,spirit through faith and not by law2  
why should they turn back8  ,the        
superiority of faith is shown by        
,abraham's faith4  ,the covenant of the 
promise of ,christ was before the law4  
,the law is subordinate to faith1 its   
purpose is to bring men to ,christ4     
,there is serious danger in returning to
 the law4  #d4  ,practical4             
,application of the doctrinal teaching  
7ch4 #e-f3aj74  ,an exhortation to stand
 fast in the liberty of ,christ2 this   
liberty excludes ,judaism4  ,a warning  
against the abuse of ,christian liberty4
  ,the works of the flesh and the fruits
 of the ,spirit4  ,sowing and reaping4  
#e4  ,autograph conclusion 7#f3aa-ah74  
,summary of the ,epistle4  ,the glory of
 the ,apostle is in the cross of        
,christ4  ,benediction4   ,,the         
,,epistles ,,to ,,the ,,corinthians     

,the ,church at ,corinth was founded    
during ,paul's second missionary journey
 7,acts #ah3a-ah74  ,when the ,apostle  
came to ,corinth he found a home with   
,aquila and ,priscilla and worked with  
them at his trade as a tent-maker4  ,he 
preached in ,corinth for over a year and
 a half4  ,although ,paul was the means 
of converting ,crispus1 the ruler of the
 synagogue1 and his family1 he had no   
large success with the ,jews and        
consequently turned to the ,gentiles4   
,the ,gentiles gladly heard him and     
there was a great ingathering into the  
church4  ,paul's sole purpose was to    
preach ,christ for he says1 ,i          
determined not to know anything among   
you1 save ,jesus ,christ and ,him       
crucified 7#a ,cor4 #b3b74  ,the ,city  
of ,corinth was the largest and most    
important city of ,greece4  ,the        
commerce of the world flowed through its
 two harbours4  ,the population         
consisted of ,greeks1 ,jews1 ,italians1 
and a mixed multitude2 it was excitable1

 pleasure loving1 and mercurial4  ,in   
this city was held a perpetual vanity   
fair4  ,the vices of the east and west  
met and clasped hands in the work of    
human degradation4  ,the ,greek goddess 
,aphrodite had a magnificent temple in  
which a thousand priestesses ministered 
to a base worship4  ,while it was a     
center of wealth and fashion it was a   
city of gilded vice4  ,in the           
philosophical schools there was an      
endless discussion about words and      
non-essentials and a strong tendency to 
set intellectual above moral            
distinctions4   ,,the ,,first ,,epistle 
,,to ,,the ,,corinthians  ,occasion and 
,purpose4-,it was natural that the      
pressure of heathen customs and         
practices should be very great upon this
 young church4  ,it was also to be      
expected that parties and divisions     
would arise4  ,the immediate cause of   
this ,epistle was that strifes and      
divisions had arisen in the church4  ,it
 was the reporting of these matters to  

,paul by those of the house of ,chloe   
7#a ,cor4 #a3aa7 that led him to write  
in the way in which he did4  ,to settle 
the strifes of this church and to define
 the relations which ,christians should 
assume towards the political1 religious1
 and domestic institutions of the       
heathen was a matter of no little       
delicacy and difficulty4  ,the mastery  
of ,paul is shown in the laying down of 
principles1 in accordance with the      
gospel of ,christ1 that were effective  
not only for the ,corinthian church but 
which are applicable to-day to all such 
church difficulties and the conduct of  
,christians towards non-,christians4  ,a
 ,former ,epistle4--,previous to the one
 now called ,the ,first1 had been       
written to the ,corinthians 7#a ,cor4   
#e3i7 and it appears that the church had
 replied and requested further          
explanation and instruction on certain  
points 7#e3aa2 #g3a2 #h3a2 #ab3a2       
#af3ab74  ,place and ,time4--,this      
,epistle was written during ,paul's long

 stay in ,ephesus 7,acts #ai3aj2 #a     
,cor4 #af3ai7 and the date is in all    
probability #eg ,a4,d4  ,the ,supremacy 
of ,christ over all parties1 ,his love  
as the touchstone of all service1 and   
,his resurrection are the great subjects
 of this ,epistle4  ,principal          
,divisions and ,chief ,points4  #a4     
,salutation and thanksgiving 7#a3a-i74  
#b4  ,correction of divisions of party  
spirit 7#a3aj-d3ba74 ,it having been    
reported to ,paul that four parties were
 striving for mastery in the church and 
there was great contention2 he rebukes  
the party spirit1 sets forth the        
principles of his teaching1 and declares
 that ,christ alone is the center of the
 ,christian system4  ,faith stands not  
in the wisdom of men4  ,the only        
foundation is in ,christ4  #c4          
,correction of moral disorders 7ch4     
#e-g74  ,in consequence of the close    
contact of the church with heathendom   
grave moral evils found their way into  
the fold4  7a7 ,the case of an          

incestuous person1 ,paul writes that    
such a person is to be expelled because 
the leaven of evil separates men from   
,christ4  7b7 ,the sin of going to law  
in heathen courts4  ,christians ought to
 settle their own disputes4  7c7 ,sins  
of the body4  ,no man should commit a   
sin as his body is the temple of the    
,holy ,ghost4  7d7 ,advice concerning   
marriage4  ,the purpose of the gospel is
 not to antagonize but to ,christianize 
the natural relations between society   
and the believer4  #d4  ,correction of  
social and ecclesiastical misconceptions
 7ch4 #h-ad74  7a7 ,the question of     
eating of meats offered in idol worship 
is decided on the ground of love rather 
than knowledge4  7b7 ,the preacher of   
the gospel has the right to be supported
 by the church4  7c7 ,the true          
,christian liberty to be observed in the
 matters of eating and drinking4  ,the  
proper celebration of the ,lord's       
,supper4  7d7 ,the use and abuse of     
spiritual gifts4  7e7 ,the greatness of 

love 7ch4 #ac7 ,the touchstone of all is
 love4  7f7 ,the end to be sought in    
every spiritual gift is the edification 
and upbuilding of the church4  #e4  ,the
 true doctrine of the resurrection 7ch4 
#ae71 ,paul lays great stress upon this 
doctrine4  ,if ,christ be not risen from
 the dead1 then is our preaching vain   
and your faith is also vain4  #f4       
,parting directions1 exhortations1 and  
salutations 7ch4 #af74   ,,the ,,second 
,,epistle ,,to ,,the ,,corinthians      
,occasion and ,purpose4--,paul was quite
 anxious about the reception of his     
first letter by the ,corinthian church4 
,not long after its dispatch he sent    
,titus 7#b ,cor4 #b3ac7 to see how it   
was received and to note whether the    
strife of parties had ceased1 the       
incestuous person had been dealt with1  
and other matters properly adjusted4    
,while ,titus was absent on this mission
 ,paul left ,ephesus on account of the  
riot made by ,demetrius and his fellows 
7,acts #ai3bc-da2 #bj3a7 and went over  

into ,macedonia 7,acts #bj3a74  ,on the 
way1 at ,troas1 he expected to meet     
,titus and was greatly disappointed in  
not seeing him 7#b ,cor4 #b3ab-ac74  ,it
 is evident that he met ,titus in       
,macedonia and received from him the    
report of the condition of the          
,corinthian church and the manner in    
which his first letter had been received
 and acted upon 7#b ,cor4 #g3e-af74     
,again it is evident1 from the ,epistle1
 that ,titus brought back the           
encouraging news to the ,apostle that   
the incestuous person had been dealt    
with and had repented1 and that1 as a   
whole1 the church stood loyally by him1 
but still there were some who were      
making trouble4  ,it was this report    
that was the occasion of the ,second    
,epistle4 ,prof4 ,g4 ,b4 ,stevens says  
in regard to this letter1 ,it reflects  
the mingled joy and grief of the        
,apostle4  ,the earlier chapters are    
predominately cheerful and commendatory1
 the latter mainly sorrowful and severe4

  ,in the light of these facts the      
letter may be described as threefold3   
,first1 to encourage and instruct the   
church 7#a-g74  ,second1 to induce the  
,corinthians to make a collection for   
the poor ,judean churches 7#h-i74       
,third1 to defend the writer's apostolic
 authority against the calumnies of his 
enemies 7#aj-ac74  ,place and           
,time4--,there are a number of          
references by the ,apostle which show   
that this ,epistle was written in       
,macedonia 7#a3ae1 #af2 #b3ab1 #ac2     
#h3a2 #i3b7 and shortly after ,paul came
 out of ,asia 7#a3h1 compare ,acts      
#bj3a1 #b74  ,the time probably #eg     
,a4,d41 the same year in which the      
,first ,epistle was written4  ,principal
 ,divisions and ,chief ,points4  #a4    
,salutation 7#a3a1 #b7  #b4  ,paul's    
principles and ways of working          
7#a3c-g3af74 ,in these chapters the     
,apostle endeavors to remove any feeling
 of bitterness which may have been      
produced in the ,corinthian church by   

his dealing with a certain evil in the  
previous ,epistle4  ,he also vindicates 
his spiritual ministry4  ,he declares   
his love for the church and its         
spiritual advancement4  ,he also        
declares that he has put off his visit  
to ,corinth that he might not come in   
sorrow4  ,he rejoices in the good news  
brought by ,titus4 ,while he is weak in 
body1 the power is of ,god and the      
ministry is a communication of the      
,spirit4  ,he asserts that he is        
sustained by the hope of the future     
life4  ,he earnestly exhorts the church 
to receive and live the gospel which he 
preached to them1 for separation from   
the world and unity with ,god4  ,in     
chapter seven he rejoices that they have
 received his words so well4  #c4  ,the 
collection for the poor ,christians in  
,jerusalem 7#h-i74  ,paul here speaks of
 the liberality of the ,macedonian      
churches and the work of ,titus who is  
sent to forward the contributions4  #d4 
,paul's vindication of his authority as 

an apostle 7#aj3a-ac3aj74  ,he has been 
attacked in his person1 character1 and  
teaching by parties in the ,corinthian  
church who would overthrow his authority
 and ruin the church4 ,these four       
chapters are a magnificent setting forth
 of his apostolic claims4  7a7 ,his     
power and glory are not in his bodily   
presence or his letters but in the      
spiritual might of ,god4  7b7 ,his      
preaching is the pure gospel of ,christ4
 ,in bodily labor1 trials1 and          
persecutions he has excelled them all   
7ch4 #aa74  7c7 ,he has the highest     
qualifications 7in visions and          
revelations7 but he will glory only in  
his infirmities4  ,his object is not to 
boast but to put an end to the disorders
 in the church4  7d7 ,the ,apostle      
declares his intention to visit the     
church4  ,by the power of ,christ he    
will not spare the evil4  ,his desire is
 only for righteousness4  #e4  ,farewell
 greetings and messages 7#ac3aa-ad74    
,,the ,,epistle ,,to ,,the ,,romans     

,the ,church at ,rome4--,when and by    
whom this church was founded it is not  
known4  ,it is thought that the         
strangers of ,rome 7,acts #b3aj71 who   
were present at the day of ,pentecost   
when the great manifestation of the     
,holy ,spirit took place1 carried back  
the good news and that this was the     
beginning of the church4  ,it was       
composed of both ,jews and ,gentiles for
 ,paul addresses both classes 7,rom4    
#a3ac2 #i3bd2 #aa3ac2 #b3ag2 #d3a2      
#i3ac2 #g3a2 #i3a-e74  ,this church     
seems to have made rapid progress       
7#a3h74  ,paul was evidently acquainted 
with some of the ,roman ,christians     
7#af3c-ae74  ,occasion and              
,purpose4--,this ,epistle grew out of a 
desire on the part of ,paul to see ,rome
 7,acts #ai3ba2 ,rom4 #a3aa2 #ae3bd-bh74
  ,as this would be his first visit it  
was no more than a courteous act that he
 should write to the church of this     
intention4  ,again as the ,christians in
 ,rome might have heard false and       

distorted reports of the gospel which he
 preached1 ,paul takes care to clearly  
and logically set forth the principles  
and doctrines which he was teaching4    
,this letter then becomes very important
 as the summing up of the experience and
 teaching of many years of service in   
the cause of ,jesus ,christ4  ,place and
 ,time4--,this ,epistle was in all      
probability written from ,corinth during
 ,paul's stay there in the course of his
 third missionary journey #eh ,a4,d4    
7compare ,acts #ai3ba2 #bj3a-c2 ,rom4   
#af3bc2 #a ,cor4 #a3ad2 #b ,tim4 #d3bj74
  ,central ,thought4--,the theme is     
justification by faith and not by works4
  ,there are four main positions4       
,first1 ,all are guilty before ,god4    
,second1 ,all need a ,savior4 ,third1   
,christ died for all4  ,fourth1 ,we are 
all 7through faith7 one body in ,him4   
,the thought may be put in other ways1  
but all to the same purpose4  ,the      
doctrine of sin1 and the doctrine of    
grace2 or the universality of sin and   

the universality of grace4  ,principal  
,divisions and ,chief ,points4--,there  
are two great sections1 ,doctrinal 7ch4 
#a-aa71 and ,practical1 7ch4 #ab-af74   
#a4  ,introduction 7#a3a-ae74  ,paul's  
salutation to and thanksgiving for 7the 
faith of7 the ,roman church4  #b4       
,doctrinal 7#a3af-aa3cf74  7a7 ,the     
great theme stated1 ,justification by   
,faith4  7b7 ,all have sinned and all   
are guilty1 ,gentiles without the law   
and ,jews with the law have failed to   
attain righteousness4  7c7              
,righteousness for all comes through    
faith in ,jesus ,christ and not by law  
or works2 the universality of grace4    
,abraham was justified by faith 7ch4    
#d74  ,the blessedness of justification 
by faith in ,jesus ,christ 7ch4 #e74    
7d7 ,objections against free grace that 
it will multiply sin or discredit the   
law are taken up and answered4          
,thorough union with ,christ on the part
 of the believer annihilates sin and the
 law has no more any power4  ,the       

believer justified by his faith in      
,christ is dead to the law while        
quickened to a new and holy life by the 
,spirit4  7e7 ,the apparent rejection of
 ,israel is the problem considered in   
chapters #i-aa4  ,the nation sought     
righteousness through the law and not by
 faith4  7f7 ,christ is the end of the  
law for righteousness4  7g7 ,the        
restoration of ,israel4  #c4  ,practical
 7#ab-af74  7a7 ,advice and exhortation4
 ,the ,christian's duty to the church   
and his conduct outside of it2 duty to  
the state and society2 duty of          
toleration and supreme trust in ,christ4
  7b7 ,salutations4  ,paul's apology and
 explanation for addressing the ,roman  
church4 ,greetings to various persons   
and farewell words4   ,,questions  ,what
 can be said of the old faiths and the  
new8  ,what was the great question8     
,the ,jewish faith2 how fulfilled in    
,christ8 ,what can be said of the       
heathen faith8  ,what of the new faith  
in ,christ8  ,what is the practical     

bearing of this group of ,epistles upon 
every day life8  ,when written8  ,give  
some account of the ,galatians4  ,when  
was the ,epistle to the ,galatians      
written8 ,what was the occasion and     
purpose8  ,give the principal divisions 
and chief points4  ,what can be said of 
the ,epistles to the ,corinthians8      
,when was the church founded8  ,give    
some account of the city4  ,what was the
 occasion and purpose of writing the    
first ,epistle to the ,corinthians8     
,what was the place and time8 ,what the 
thought of ,christ4  ,give the principal
 divisions and chief points4  ,what was 
the occasion and purpose of writing the 
,second ,epistle8  ,place and time8     
,give the principal divisions and chief 
points4  ,when was the church at ,rome  
founded8 ,what was the occasion and     
purpose of writing the ,epistle to the  
,romans8  ,time and ,place8  ,central   
thought8  ,give the principal divisions 
and chief points4     ,,iii4  ,,paul',s 
,,writings   ,,study ,,ix  ,,the        

,,supremacy ,,of ,,christ  ,,third      
,,group ,,of ,,epistles  ,,colossians4  
,,philemon4  ,,ephesians4               
,,philippians4  ,,analysis  ,the        
,question at ,issue--,the ,supremacy of 
,christ4  ,reason for ,raising this     
,question4  ,the ,answer to the         
,question4 ,present ,day ,attention4    
,the ,writing of the ,epistles--,the    
,interest4  ,the ,sending of the        
,epistles4  ,the ,epistle to the        
,colossians--,the ,church at ,coloss4   
,the ,occasion4  ,central ,thought4     
,time and ,place of ,writing4 ,principal
 ,divisions and ,chief ,points4  ,the   
,epistle to ,philemon--,occasion4       
,principal ,divisions and ,chief        
,points4  ,the ,epistle to the          
,ephesians--,the ,city and the ,church4 
,title and ,time of ,writing4  ,subject4
  ,principal ,divisions and ,chief      
,points4  ,the ,epistle to the          
,philippians--,the ,city and the        
,church4 ,occasion4  ,objects4  ,time of
 ,writing4  ,principal ,divisions and   

,chief ,points4    ,,iii4  ,,paul',s    
,,writings   ,,study ,,ix  ,,the        
,,supremacy ,,of ,,christ  ,,third      
,,group ,,of ,,epistles  ,,colossians4  
,,philemon4  ,,ephesians4               
,,philippians4  ,,the ,,question ,,at   
,,issue  ,the ,supremacy of             
,christ4--,these ,epistles mark a new   
stage in the writings of ,paul4  ,the   
great question discussed in the second  
group of ,epistles was in regard to the 
terms of salvation4  ,the question now  
at issue 7in ,colossians1 ,ephesians1   
,philippians7 is3 ,what is the nature1  
the rank1 the dignity of the ,mediator  
of salvation8 ,is ,he one of a series of
 ,saviors8  ,does ,he belong to some    
angelic order 7,col4 #b3ah71 or1 does   
,he stand supreme 7,col4 #b3h1 #i1 #ai7 
and solitary8  ,is ,he the ,head and    
,chief of all creation 7,col4 #b3ai2    
#a3af74  ,other matters are discussed in
 these ,epistles1 but this is the great 
doctrinal question and burden of the    
,apostle's thought4  ,the ,reason for   

the ,raising of this ,question was the  
development of certain false religious  
beliefs among which were1 asceticism1   
the worship of angels1 revelings in     
supposed visions and belief in          
emanations4  ,these degraded the object 
of faith and so destroyed its meaning   
and power4  ,the ,answer to the         
,question4--,paul is in no doubt as to  
the supremacy of ,christ4  ,all his     
argument is to show the ,deity of       
,christ4  ,he holds aloft the true      
object of faith namely1 the supreme     
,divine ,savior ,himself1 in opposition 
to speculation which would degrade and  
deny to ,him the eminence which belongs 
to ,him 7,col4 #a3ae-bj2 ,eph4 #a3aj1   
#bj-bc2 #c-i2 ,philippians #b3e-aa74    
,present ,day ,attention has been       
focused upon this matter of the         
supremacy of ,christ4  ,was he human or 
divine8  ,the arguments of ,paul still  
hold good for a stout belief in the     
,divine ,christ4  ,the writings of the  
,great ,apostle are all characterized by

 his grasp of fundamental things2 they  
serve their purpose for the modern      
church in bringing it back to ,jesus    
,christ as the only ,savior1 as they    
also in times past corrected the errors 
of the early church4   ,,the ,,writing  
,,of ,,the ,,epistles  ,the ,interest in
 these ,epistles is heightened by the   
fact that they were written during      
,paul's first ,roman imprisonment of    
which ,luke gives all too brief an      
account 7,acts #bh3cj1ca74  ,they have  
been called from this fact1 ,the        
,epistles of the ,first ,imprisonment4  
,it is a marvel that ,paul with his     
surroundings could have written in such 
a masterly way and handled such lofty   
themes in a manner which has commanded  
the attention of the thinking world ever
 since his day and age4  ,the ,sending  
of the ,epistles--,colossians1          
,philemon1 and ,ephesians were evidently
 dispatched from ,rome by the same      
messenger1 ,tychicus 7,col4 #d3g1 #i2   
,eph4 #f3ba74 ,philippians was sent by  

the hand of ,epaphroditus 7,phil4 #b3be2
 #d3ah74   ,,the ,,epistle ,,to ,,the   
,,colossians  ,the ,church at           
,coloss--,the city of ,coloss was       
situated about #aaj miles east of       
,ephesus where ,paul spent so long a    
time during his third missionary journey
 7,acts #ai3aj74  ,we have no record of 
any visit of ,paul to this city or how  
the church was founded 7,col4 #b3a74 ,it
 is supposed that ,ephaphras might have 
organized this church 7,col4 #a3g74     
,the ,occasion 7and purpose7 of this    
,epistle was evidently the coming of    
,epaphras to ,rome to consult ,paul     
about the affairs of this church 7#a3g1 
#h74  ,in chapter #b3h-bc we have some  
account of the things which were        
troubling this ,christian community and 
drawing them away from faith in ,jesus  
,christ as their ,savior4 ,false        
teachers had appeared at ,coloss who    
were confusing the minds of the         
,christian converts4  ,the starting     
point of the error of teaching was the  

old oriental dogma that matter is evil  
and the source of evil 7#b3h71 that as  
,god is good the world could not have   
come directly from ,god4  ,to bridge the
 chasm between ,god and the matter of   
the world a long chain of intermediate  
beings was conceived to exist4  ,this   
doctrine played havoc with the simplest 
moral conceptions for if matter is evil1
 and its source1 then man's sin is not  
in his will1 but in his body4           
,redemption from sin can come only      
through asceticism and the mortification
 of the flesh4  ,the result of all this 
was a lowering of the dignity of        
,christ1 taking away ,his saving power  
and the substitution of various ascetic 
abstinences and ritualistic practices   
7#b3bj7 for trust in ,him1 the worship  
of angels 7#b3ah71 and a reveling in    
dreams and visions4  ,this was kindred  
to a type of speculation which later    
became rife under the name of           
,gnosticism4  ,to these ideas ,paul     
opposed the true doctrine of the        

,headship of ,christ 7#b3ai7 and that   
,he is the only link between ,god and   
the universe 7#a3ae-ag74  ,by ,him were 
all things created 7#a3af7 that are in  
heaven and that are in earth4  ,christ  
is the only ,mediator 7#a3ac1 #ad74 ,in 
this faith there is no place for ascetic
 mortification4 ,evil is in our         
unwillingness to live the life in       
,christ4  ,in ,christ we are dead to sin
 and risen with ,him to a life of       
holiness 7#b3bj-bc2 #c3a-d74  ,christ is
 not only our ,redeemer 7#a3ad7 and the 
,head of the church1 but the source of  
creation and its ,lord 7#a3af1 #ag74    
,we have a similar error 7against which 
,paul warns7 taught to-day by the       
speculative thinker1 who fills the world
 with forces which leave no room for the
 working of a personal will4  ,central  
,thought--,jesus ,christ the sole       
,savior of men and ,mediator between    
,god and men 7#a3ac-ad71 the ,creator   
7#a3af2 #b3i7 and ,head of the church   
7#a3ah74 ,exhortation to follow ,christ 

7#c3a-d74  ,time and ,place4--,this     
,epistle was written at ,rome and sent  
by the messenger1 ,tychicus1 7#d3g1 #h1 
#ah7 to the church at ,coloss about #fc 
,a4,d4  ,paul also directed that it be  
read to the church at ,laodicea 7#d3af74
  ,principal ,divisions and ,chief      
,points4  #a4  ,introduction 7#a3a-ab7  
,salutation4  ,thanksgiving for their   
faith and prayer for their increase and 
knowledge of the will of ,god4  #b4     
,doctrinal4  ,the sole ,headship of     
,christ 7#a3ac-c3d74  7a7 ,christ the   
,mediator4  ,there is redemption for us 
through ,his blood4  7b7 ,christ1 the   
image of the invisible ,god1 ,creator   
and ,preserver of all things4 7c7 ,he is
 the ,head of the church1 reconciliation
 is only through ,him4  ,the ,colossians
 were reconciled to ,god through the    
mediation of ,christ4  ,it is the       
earnest desire of ,paul that the church 
at ,coloss should remain rooted in the  
faith which it had been taught4  7d7    
,warning against wrong speculation2 lest

 any man through philosophy or vain     
deceit obscure or cause the ,colossians 
to deny the true ,godhead of ,christ    
7#b3h-ae74  7e7 ,renewed warnings       
against errors in worship2 ,jewish      
observances1 ordinances and asceticisms1
 and the adoration of angels4  7f7 ,in  
,christ we are dead to the rudiments of 
the world and risen into communion with 
,god in ,christ4  #c4  ,practical       
7#c3e-d3f74  7a7 ,exhortations to cast  
out all sins of the unregenerate nature 
and to put on the new man in ,christ4   
,then ,christ will be all and in all4   
7b7 ,all family and social duties are to
 be performed as in the sight of        
,christ4  7c7 ,renewed exhortations to  
prayer and watchfulness4  #d4           
,conclusion 7#d3g-ah74  7a7 ,the mission
 of ,tychicus and ,onesimus1 the        
greetings of the companions of ,paul and
 his expressed desire that the churches 
of ,coloss and ,laodicea exchange       
,epistles4  7b7 ,the ,salutation4       
,,the ,,epistle ,,to ,,philemon         

,occasion4--,this is the only purely    
personal letter of ,paul that we        
possess4  ,it is placed in this group   
because it was sent with the ,epistle to
 the ,colossians and by the same        
messenger1 ,tychicus 7,col4 #d3g-i74    
,philemon was a member 7with his wife   
,apphia7 of the church at ,coloss       
7,philemon #b74  ,onesimus was a runaway
 slave1 belonging to ,philemon1 who had 
found his way to ,rome and been         
converted by ,paul 7,philemon #aj71 who 
returned him1 with this letter1 to his  
master 7,col4 #d3i2 ,philemon #aj-ab74  
,in this letter we have a picture of the
 ,apostle's kindness of heart and a     
carrying out of the principles which    
,paul had advocated in his ,first       
,epistle to the ,corinthians 7#g3bj-bd71
 ,let every man abide in the same       
calling wherein he was called4  ,we find
 also this same principle set forth1 in 
another way1 in his letter to the       
,colossians upon the ,supremacy of      
,christ4  ,these principles will make   

all men brethren in ,christ and every   
man will strive to serve ,christ in his 
own place1 whatever that place is4 ,paul
 exhorts ,philemon1 along this very     
line1 to receive ,onesimus not as a     
servant but as a brother beloved        
7,philemon #af74  ,the practical        
teaching of this letter upon the        
relations between masters and servants  
and employers and employees is very     
pertinent to the present times4  ,the   
true solution of all labor troubles is  
that men should regard each other as    
brethren under the leadership of ,jesus 
,christ4  ,principal ,divisions and     
,chief ,points4  #a4  ,salutation and   
,thanksgiving 7#a-g74  #b4  ,statement  
of the object of the letter 7#h-ba74    
,as a favor for love's sake ,philemon is
 asked to receive back ,onesimus no     
longer a runaway slave but ,paul's      
spiritual child4  ,emphasis is laid upon
 the fact that he is now a ,christian   
brother and should be received as such4 
#c4  ,conclusion 7#bb-be74  7a7 ,in     

expectation of a speedy release from    
imprisonment the ,apostle asks that a   
lodging be secured for him 7#bb v474    
7b7 ,salutation and benediction         
7#bc-be74   ,,the ,,epistle ,,to ,,the  
,,ephesians  ,the ,city of ,ephesus and 
the ,church4--,this city was1 next to   
,rome1 the most important visited by    
,paul4 ,it was the capital of ,asia     
,minor and a great commercial center4   
,it was the seat of the worship of the  
goddess ,diana4  ,paul first visited the
 city when he was returning from his    
second missionary tour1 but1 while asked
 to prolong his stay1 he remained only  
for a short time 7,acts #ah3ai-ba74     
,during his third missionary journey he 
again visited the city and remained for 
three years 7,acts #bj3ca1 compare      
#ai3aj1 #bb74  ,his success in ,ephesus 
was very great 7,acts #ai3ah-bj1 #bf7   
and extended beyond the city4  ,the     
letters to the churches at ,coloss      
7,col4 #a3b7 and ,laodicea 7this letter 
is lost7 7,col4 #d3af7 show his care for

 the churches that were adjacent to     
,ephesus and of which we have no account
 of his visiting4  ,title and ,time of  
,writing4--,many scholars think that    
this ,epistle was a circular letter     
written for the edification of the      
churches of ,asia ,minor and sent to the
 church of the capital city4  ,this     
opinion is strengthened by the lack of  
local allusions and the naming of       
friends1 as in other epistles4  ,the    
inscription at ,ephesus is wanting in   
two of the more important manuscripts4  
,on this view it may be supposed that a 
space was left in the salutation in     
which could be inserted the name of the 
particular place where the letter was   
being read1 that the letter finally fell
 wholly into the keeping of the         
,ephesian church1 and that the space was
 at length permanently filled by the    
phrase 'at ,ephesus4'  ,the time and    
place of writing was at ,rome about #fc 
,a4,d4  ,this ,epistle was sent by the  
messenger1 ,tychicus1 7,eph4 #f3ba7 who 

also carried the letters to the church  
at ,coloss and to ,philemon 7,col4      
#d3g-i74  ,subject4--,as in ,colossians1
 the subject is the ,headship of ,christ
 7#c3i-aa72 ,his person and work4       
,god's eternal purpose is disclosed4    
,christ is given sway over all things   
both which are in heaven and which are  
on earth 7#a3aj1 #bl74  ,the unity of   
the church in ,christ is set forth2 the 
unity of the ,gentile and ,jewish       
branches in ,him2 the unity of all the  
individual members in ,him4 ,this union 
is spiritual and not mechanical2 it is  
holy and pure2 therefore sin is         
excluded4  ,paul looks upon this as the 
mystery of the ages1 now revealed to    
him4  ,there is one great kingdom1 the  
risen and glorified ,christ is the ,head
 of this kingdom 7#a3ai-bc74            
,redemption and reception into this     
kingdom is through ,jesus ,christ       
7#a-g74  ,paul in this epistle rises    
above the controversies of the hour and 
sees in clear vision the eternal        

realities and the great plan of ,god for
 the saving of men4  ,principal         
,divisions and ,chief ,points4  #a4     
,introduction 7#a3a-bc74  7a7           
,salutation4  7b7 ,thanksgiving and     
,thesis 7#a3c-ad74  ,unity in ,christ4  
,he who is the ,head of the church is   
the ,center of the universe 7#a3aj74    
,the eternal purpose of ,god in         
,salvation is now made known4  ,before  
the foundation of the world1 man and the
 redeemed church of ,christ were in the 
thought of ,god4  ,christ in whom we    
have redemption looked forward to ,his  
mission from eternity4  ,creation1      
nature1 and redemption are all parts of 
one system2 in the reconciliation of the
 cross all orders of beings are         
concerned4  ,that in the dispensation of
 the fulness of times ,he might gather  
together in one all things in ,christ1  
both which are in heaven and which are  
on earth2 even in ,him 7#a3aj74  7c7    
,prayer4  ,a petition that the          
understanding of believers may be       

illuminated2 that they may know the hope
 of their calling and the riches of     
their heritage1 which comes through     
unity with their risen and ascended     
,lord4  #b4  ,doctrinal4  ,unity in     
,christ 7ch4 #b-c74  7a7 ,the calling of
 the ,gentiles out of trespasses and    
sins into a new life in ,christ4  7b7   
,jews and ,gentiles are reconciled and  
brought together in one body by the     
cross2 no more strangers and foreigners 
but fellow citizens with the saints1 and
 of the household of ,god4  ,all built  
upon the foundation of ,jesus ,christ1  
through the ,spirit4  7c7 ,the mystery  
of the universal call was made known to 
,paul by a new revelation4  ,prayer for 
a more full comprehension of this unity4
  #c4  ,practical4  ,the new life in    
unity with ,christ 7#d3a-f3ag74  7a7    
,exhortation to walk worthy of this new 
life4  7b7 ,exhortation to gain the     
victory over sin in virtue of the sense 
of unity with man in ,christ4  7c7      
,social duties4  ,the regeneration and  

consecration in this new life of the    
relations of husbands and wives1        
children and parents1 and slaves and    
masters1 7d7 ,final entreaty1 in the    
battle against the powers of evil1 to   
put on the whole armour of ,god4  #d4   
,conclusion 7#f3ah-bd74  7a7 ,personal4 
,paul requests special prayer for       
himself in captivity4  ,tychicus is     
commended4  7b7 ,farewell and blessing4 
,,the ,,epistle ,,to ,,the ,,philippians
  ,the ,city of ,philippi and the       
,church4--,this city is notable from the
 fact that it was the first1 in ,europe1
 in which the gospel tidings were made  
known4  ,accounts of how ,paul came to  
visit ,macedonia and to begin the work  
in ,philippi are given in ,acts 7#af3aj1
 #ab-dj74 ,going out of the city as he  
did by the river side1 where prayer was 
wont to be made1 and talking to a number
 of women about the ,new ,way would not 
seem to be a very favorable beginning   
for a movement which was to produce such
 exceedingly large results4  ,but ,paul 

was so full of zeal for ,christ that he 
seized every opportunity1 no matter how 
small1 to make ,him known4  ,this church
 afterwards was a great comfort to the  
,apostle4  ,this letter shows how he    
loved it and how he exhorted them to    
rejoice in the ,lord 7#d3d74            
,occasion4--,paul was in prison in      
,rome4  ,the ,philippian converts were  
greatly concerned about him1 therefore  
they sent ,epaphroditus with gifts and  
offerings to him 7#d3ah74  ,this was not
 the first time that they had taken     
thought of and remembered their founder1
 in a similar way 7#d3ae1 #af74  ,the   
,apostle was very grateful for their    
care 7#d3aj-ad74  ,while in ,rome1      
,epaphroditus was taken very sick and   
came near death 7#b3be-bh74 ,as soon as 
he had recovered from his sickness ,paul
 sent him back to ,philippi 7#b3bh71    
with this letter4  ,the reference to    
,csar's household shows how strong a    
hold ,christianity was getting in ,rome 
7#d3bb2 #a3ab-ad71 and that there was   

great boldness in proclaiming the       
gospel4  ,objects4--,it is an ,epistle  
of thanks to the ,philippians for their 
kindness 7#d3aj-ah7 in remembering the  
,apostle with substantial gifts in his  
work and for their fellowship 7#a3e7 in 
the gospel4  ,another object is to give 
them friendly advices and warnings      
7#b3ab-bd2 #c3b-c1 #ag-ba74  ,paul does 
not forget1 in this connection1 to      
remind them of ,him to whom they owe a  
whole-hearted allegiance1 their ,lord   
and ,master1 ,jesus ,christ 7#d3a74     
,the great doctrinal object1 the        
,supremacy of ,christ1 is also set forth
 as is markedly manifest in the         
,epistles of ,colossians and ,ephesians4
  ,the whole ,christian creed1 the      
incarnation1 passion1 and exaltation of 
,christ is expressed in the second      
chapter 7#b3e-aa71 ,that at the name of 
,jesus every knee should bow1 of things 
in heaven1 and things in earth and      
things under the earth2 and that every  
tongue should confess that ,jesus       

,christ is ,lord to the glory of ,god   
the ,father4  ,the great end to be      
attained is likeness to ,christ 7#b3e74 
,time of ,writing4--,this epistle is    
generally regarded as the latest of the 
letters written during the first        
imprisonment in ,rome1 and in the same  
year with those to the churches at      
,coloss1 and ,ephesus4  ,it was probably
 sent to ,philippi shortly after the    
other ,epistles 7,colossians1 ,philemon1
 and ,ephesians7 had been dispatched to 
,asia ,minor4  ,principal ,divisions and
 ,chief ,points4--,this epistle is      
divided into two parts4  ,first part    
7#a3a-c3a74  ,i4  ,introduction         
7#a3a-b3d74  7a7 ,greeting4  7b7 ,paul's
 thanksgiving1 joy in the fellowship1   
and prayer for the ,philippians4  7c7   
,an account of the rapid spread of the  
gospel in ,rome and the apostle's       
rejoicing that ,christ is preached4  7d7
 ,exhortation to unity in ,christ4  #b4 
,doctrinal 7#b3e-ab74  ,in this short   
passage we have the ,christian creed in 

brief form4  ,the ,godhead of ,christ   
and ,his ,manhood--,his ,pre-existence  
and ,his ,incarnation--,his ,passion and
 ,his ,exaltation4  #c4  ,conclusion of 
the first part 7#b3ac-c3a74  7a7        
,renewed exhortation to an upright and  
blameless ,christian life4  7b7 ,the    
return of ,epaphroditus4  7c7 ,farewell 
message4  ,second part 7#c3b-d3bc74     
,this section seems to have been added  
after the letter had been finished4  #a4
  ,warnings 7#c3b-ba74  7a7 ,against    
,judaic errors4 ,paul could boast that  
he had been a good ,jew and scrupulously
 kept the law1 yet he renounced all that
 he might win ,christ4  ,true           
righteousness can come only through     
faith in ,christ4  7b7 ,against a false 
idea of the liberty of the gospel2      
whereby men1 claiming to be ,christians1
 walked in evil ways4  #b4  ,final      
exhortations 7#d3a-i7 to steadfastness1 
unity1 joy1 and the following of all    
good in ,christ4  ,acknowledgment of    
gifts and benedictions 7#d3aj-bc74      

,,questions  ,what is the question at   
issue in this group of ,epistles8  ,what
 the reason for raising this question8  
,what answer is given8 ,what attention  
is now paid to this question8  ,when    
were these ,epistles written8  ,how were
 they sent8  ,what can be said of the   
,epistles to the ,colossians8  ,the     
church at ,coloss1 how was it organized8
  ,what was the occasion of this        
,epistle8  ,what the central thought8   
,what the time and place of writing8    
,give the principal divisions and chief 
points4  ,what was the occasion of the  
,epistle to ,philemon8  ,give the       
principal divisions and chief points4   
,what can be said of the ,epistle to the
 ,ephesians8  ,give an account of the   
founding of this church4  ,what can be  
said of the title and time of writing8  
,what is the subject8  ,give the        
principal divisions and chief points4   
,what can be said of the ,epistle to the
 ,philippians8  ,how was this church    
organized8 ,what was the occasion of the

 ,epistle8  ,what the objects8  ,give   
the time of writing4  ,give the         
principal divisions and chief points4   
,,iii4  ,,paul',s ,,writings   ,,study  
,x  ,,pastoral ,,and ,,personal         
,,fourth ,,group ,,of ,,epistles        
,,first ,,timothy4  ,,titus4  ,,second  
,,timothy4  ,,analysis  ,the ,place of  
the ,epistles--,when ,written4  ,paul's 
,fourth ,missionary ,journey--,notices  
and ,time4  ,the ,first ,trip ,eastward4
  ,the ,trip ,westward to ,spain4  ,the 
,second ,trip ,eastward4  ,the ,second  
,imprisonment of ,paul4  ,the ,questions
 ,discussed--,the ,personal ,element4   
,the ,doctrinal ,part4 ,the ,practical  
,teaching4  ,the ,special ,theme4       
,paul's ,last ,declaration of ,his      
,faith4  ,the ,first ,epistle to        
,timothy--,timothy4  ,time and ,place4  
,purpose4 ,principal ,divisions and     
,chief ,points4  ,the ,epistle to       
,titus--,titus4  ,purpose4  ,time and   
,place4  ,principal ,divisions and      
,chief ,points4  ,the ,second ,epistle  

to ,timothy--,the ,last ,words of ,paul4
  ,time and ,place of ,writing4         
,purpose4  ,principal ,divisions and    
,chief ,points4     ,,iii4  ,,paul',s   
,,writings   ,,study ,x  ,,pastoral     
,,and ,,personal  ,,fourth ,,group ,,of 
,,epistles  ,,first ,,timothy4  ,,titus4
  ,,second ,,timothy4  ,,the ,,place    
,,of ,,the ,,epistles  ,when            
,written4--,it is generally agreed among
 scholars that no place can be found for
 the writing of ,first ,timothy1 ,titus1
 and ,second ,timothy in the period     
covered by ,luke in his narrative in    
,acts4  ,agreeing with the tradition of 
the church1 however1 the opinion of many
 eminent scholars is that ,paul was     
released from the first ,roman          
imprisonment 7,acts #bh3af1 #cj71 that  
he again took up his missionary work1   
and at the end of a few years of such   
work1 he was a second time imprisoned   
and suffered martyrdom under the ,roman 
,emperor ,nero4  ,it was during this    
period between the first and second     

imprisonments that ,first ,timothy and  
,titus were written4  ,second ,timothy  
was written during the second           
imprisonment at ,rome1 and at the time  
when ,paul was expecting his sentence of
 death4  ,eusebius 7,h4 ,e4 #b3bb-b7    
says1 that at the end of the two years  
of imprisonment1 according to tradition1
 ,paul went forth again upon the        
ministry of preaching2 and in a second  
visit to the city ended his life by     
martyrdom under ,nero1 and that during  
his imprisonment he wrote the ,second   
,epistle to ,timothy4   ,,paul',s       
,,fourth ,,missionary ,,journey         
,notices and ,time4--,from the notices  
given in the ,epistles and other sources
 the probable course of the missionary  
travels of ,paul from #fc-fg ,a4,d4 has 
been reconstructed4  ,the ,first ,trip  
,eastward4--,when ,paul wrote to the    
church at ,philippi 7#b3bd7 and to      
,philemon at ,coloss 7#bb v47 he        
evidently expected to be released from  
his imprisonment very soon and to see   

his beloved ,philippian church and      
,philemon4  ,he was so sure of speedily 
visiting ,coloss that he asked that a   
lodging be prepared for him4  ,with     
,paul to plan was to act and it is quite
 possible that he undertook this trip   
immediately upon his release from       
prison4  ,he probably also visited      
,ephesus and a number of other cities4  
,the ,trip ,westward to ,spain4--,in the
 ,epistle to the ,romans ,paul declared 
his intention to visit ,spain 7,rom4    
#ae3bd1 #bh74  ,it is probable that he1 
upon his return from the visit to ,asia 
,minor1 remained for a very short time  
in ,rome and then made a voyage to      
,spain4  ,the tradition of the early    
church is very pronounced upon this     
voyage to ,spain4  ,clement of ,rome    
7,cor4 #e7 speaks of ,paul having       
reached the furtherest bound of the     
west4  ,this could hardly mean anything 
but ,spain4  ,the ,muratorian ,fragment 
names the departure of ,paul from the   
city to ,spain4  ,the ,second ,trip     

,eastward4--,we can now1 from notices in
 ,first and ,second ,timothy and ,titus1
 quite closely follow ,paul in his      
travels4 ,from ,spain he probably went  
by various stages to ,ephesus1 where as 
he tells us 7#a ,tim4 #a3c7 he left     
,timothy in charge when he went into    
,macedonia4  ,from ,macedonia he        
probably wrote his first letter to      
,timothy 7#a3c74  ,from ,macedonia he   
went to ,troas and from ,troas to       
,miletus 7#b ,tim4 #d3ac74  ,on account 
of sickness ,trophimus was left at      
,miletus 7#b ,tim4 #d3bj74  ,he next    
probably visited ,crete1 where he left  
,titus 7,titus #a3e74  ,from ,crete it  
is thought that ,paul went to ,corinth  
7#b ,tim4 #d3bj7 where he left ,erastus 
and in all probability wrote to ,titus  
7#a3e74  ,in the letter to ,titus ,paul 
speaks of being at ,nicopolis and of his
 intention to spend the winter in that  
city 7,titus #c3ab74 ,but these notices 
of places are by no means exhaustive4   
,they show1 however1 how wide were      

,paul's last travels4  ,the ,second     
,imprisonment of ,paul4--,it is by no   
means unlikely that the enemies of      
,paul1 of whom we hear so much in the   
first three missionary journeys1 were   
stirred to renewed activity by again    
seeing him at liberty and conducting an 
active missionary campaign4  ,but with a
 prisoner on parole from the ,imperial  
,court the local magistrates could do   
nothing4  ,but a new element came in4   
,the great fire1 which destroyed so     
large a part of the city of ,rome on the
 #ahth of ,july1 #fd ,a4,d41 was used by
 the ,emperor ,nero as an excuse for    
starting a great persecution against the
 ,christians4  ,this was done to divert 
the odium of the starting of the fire   
from himself1 for he had sung and danced
 the ,mime of the ,burning of ,troy from
 a turret of his palace during this     
great conflagration4  ,it was some time 
before this persecution was extended to 
the provinces and ,paul's enemies saw   
their opportunity to accuse him to the  

,imperial ,court1 where under the       
circumstances they would then find a    
ready hearing4  ,paul was probably      
rearrested at ,nicopolis where he       
intended to winter 7,titus #c3ab7 and   
hurried off to ,rome4  ,this time he    
endured no light imprisonment4          
,onesiphorus had difficulty in finding  
him 7#b ,tim4 #a3af1 #ag7 and he was    
closely confined in a common criminal   
dungeon 7#b ,tim4 #b3i74  ,from this    
dungeon he wrote the ,second ,epistle to
 ,timothy and from thence he went to his
 death4   ,,the ,,questions ,,discussed 
,the ,personal ,element in these        
epistles is quite large both in respect 
to ,timothy and ,titus and ,paul        
himself1 but it is quite evident that   
this element is not the chief cause for 
the writing4  ,the ,doctrinal           
,part4--,paul is here as strenuous for  
the need of repentance1 the atonement   
through ,jesus ,christ and ,his sole    
sufficiency as ,mediator1 ,savior1 and  
,lord of all 7#a ,tim4 #a3ae-ag2 ,titus 

#b3ac2 #c3d-g71 as in his other         
,epistles4  ,there are also enemies of  
the truth who are to be opposed 7#b     
,tim4 #c74  ,it is quite evident from   
what ,paul says in the second chapter   
and elsewhere in ,titus and ,second     
,timothy that the ,colossian heresy is  
already bearing its evil fruit and is   
likely in the future to do great injury 
to the churches4  ,the ,practical       
,teaching about the necessity of        
developing and conserving the ,church's 
system of government occupies1 however1 
the chief place4  ,the two notes which  
are struck again and again are3 ,first1 
',hold fast the tradition1 the deposit  
of faith4'  ,second1 ',preserve order in
 the church4'  ,in short this group of  
,epistles constitutes ,paul's last will 
and testament in which he gives his     
final instructions for the maintenance  
and continuity of the faith4  ,the      
church of ,jesus ,christ must have form 
and order4  ,the truth must have a      
proper shelter4  ,churches must have and

 observe certain regulations4  ,there   
must be proper officers4  ,the gospel is
 applied to outward conduct4  ,great    
stress is laid upon the character of    
church officers 7#a ,tim4 #c3a-ac2      
,titus #a3e-g74  ,pastors are directed  
how they should bear themselves toward  
church members and what they should     
teach 7#a ,tim4 #e2 ,titus #b74  ,the   
conduct of the ,church in the presence  
of the heathen world and its magistrates
 is set forth 7,titus #c74  ,instruction
 is given in regard to public worship   
7#a ,tim4 #b74  ,the most effective     
barrier against all forms of evil1 it is
 declared1 is a diligent study of the   
,scriptures and a fervent preaching of  
the word 7#b ,tim4 #c3ac-d3e74  ,the    
,special ,theme then is1 ,the           
constitution1 methods1 and conduct of   
the early churches4  7#a ,tim4 #b3a1 #b1
 #h1 #i-ab2 #c3a-ac2 ,titus #a3e-ad2    
#b3a-aj2 #c3a1 #b1 #h-aa1 #ac1 #ad2 #b  
,tim4 #b3b1 #ad-ah2 #c3f-i74   ,,paul',s
 ,,last ,,declaration ,,of ,,his ,,faith

  ,the famous passage in #b ,timothy    
7#d3f-h7 shows how the ,great ,apostle  
went triumphantly to his death4  ,it is 
a declaration of the sustaining power of
 his faith in the ,savior whom he had   
everywhere proclaimed4  ,i am now ready 
to be offered and the time of my        
departure is at hand4 ,i have fought a  
good fight1 ,i have finished my course1 
,i have kept the faith3 ,henceforth     
there is laid up for me a crown of      
righteousness1 which the ,lord1 the     
righteous judge1 shall give me at that  
day2 and not to me only1 but unto all   
them also that love ,his appearing4     
,,the ,,first ,,epistle ,,to ,,timothy  
,timothy was one of the close companions
 of ,paul4  ,his father was a ,greek and
 his mother a ,jewess1 by the name of   
,eunice1 7#b ,tim4 #a3e2 ,acts #af3a74  
,he was a native of ,lystra1 ,paul took 
him as his companion in travel and      
addressed two ,epistles to him2 he was  
sent on a number of important missions4 
,timothy is mentioned twenty-four times 

by name in the ,acts and ,epistles2 from
 these notices we can construct his     
itinerary with ,paul and see how beloved
 and how trusted he was by the ,great   
,apostle4  ,during ,paul's last journey 
he left him in charge of the affairs of 
the church at ,ephesus 7#a ,tim4 #a3c74 
,when ,paul was apprehended a second    
time and lying in a dungeon at ,rome1 in
 expectation of death1 he wrote ,timothy
 the last letter 7#b ,timothy7 he ever  
penned1 and besought him to come to him 
as speedily as possible 7#b ,tim4 #d3i74
  ,time and ,place of ,writing4--,paul  
in all probability wrote the ,first     
,epistle to ,timothy from ,macedonia 7#a
 ,tim4 #a3c7 in the year #ff ,a4,d4     
,the ,purpose involved is through the   
instruction and exhortation of ,timothy1
 to purify1 strengthen1 and elevate the 
,christian life of the church in        
,ephesus4  ,this teaching is put in such
 a way that it is applicable to every   
,christian minister and church4         
,principal ,divisions and ,chief        

,points4  #a4  ,greeting 7#a3a1 #b74    
#b4  ,the ,true teaching of the gospel  
7ch4 #a74  ,timothy is warned against   
false teachers and reminded of the aim  
and end of life in ,christ4  #c4  ,the  
order and regulation of public worship  
7ch4 #b74  7a7 ,prayer1 for those in    
authority and for all men4  7b7         
,instruction4  ,there is one ,god and   
one ,mediator 7,christ7 between ,god and
 man4  7c7 ,conduct of men and women in 
the church assemblies4  #d4             
,qualifications of the church officers  
7ch4 #c74  7a7 ,the ideal minister4  7b7
 ,the ideal deacon and the ministering  
women4  7c7 ,conclusion of chapter4     
,paul declares his intention to visit   
,timothy4 ,an ascription of praise4  #e4
  ,the government of the ,christian     
church and community 7ch4 #d-f74  ,in   
these three chapters ,timothy is charged
 by ,paul to keep before him a high view
 of the church and its grand destiny4   
7a7 ,timothy1 as a teacher1 is reminded 
of his commission to put the church on  

guard against errors of doctrine and    
life 7ch4 #d74  7b7 ,timothy is shown   
how he should bear rule and conduct     
himself towards the elders and women of 
his congregation4  ,paul adds           
instructions in regard to a man's care  
for his family1 support of the ministry1
 discipline of offenders1 etc4 7ch4 #e74
  7c7 ,relations of masters and         
servants4  ,right attitude of believers 
in ,christ toward riches4  ,the chief   
thing is to follow after righteousness1 
godliness1 faith1 love1 patience1       
meekness1 and to fight the good fight of
 faith 7#f3a-ai74  7d7 ,closing charge  
to ,timothy with benediction 7#f3bj1    
#ba74   ,,the ,,epistle ,,to ,,titus    
,titus was a beloved disciple of ,paul4 
,he was a ,gentile and was taken by     
,paul to ,jerusalem and was made a test 
case of the freedom of the gospel and   
was not compelled to be circumcised     
7,gal4 #b3a-e74  ,he is mentioned by    
name1 by ,paul1 twelve times in four of 
the ,epistles 7#b ,cor4 #b3ac2 #g3f1    

#ac1 #ad2 #h3f1 #af1 #bc2 #ab3ah2 ,gal4 
#b3a1 #c2 #b ,tim4 #d3aj2 ,titus #a3d74 
,the early church tradition is that     
,titus was descended from the royal     
family of ,crete4  ,he was an able and  
capable missionary4 ,we have no account 
of his conversion4  ,he might have come 
first in contact with ,paul and been    
converted when the ,great ,apostle      
visited ,crete on his way to ,rome as a 
prisoner 7,acts #bg3g-ac74  ,some time  
was spent at this island by ,paul's     
company 7,acts #bg3i74  ,paul again     
visited ,crete after his first ,roman   
imprisonment and when he went away he   
left ,titus in charge of affairs 7,titus
 #a3e71 ,to set in order things that are
 wanting and to ordain elders in every  
city4  ,this message of ,paul to ,titus 
not only shows the confidence which     
,paul reposed in him1 but also how      
widespread ,christianity was in ,crete4 
,after ,titus had completed his special 
work in ,crete he was to rejoin ,paul at
 ,nicopolis 7,titus #c3ab74  ,the       

,purpose of this letter is to show      
,titus what he is to do1 in his work    
with the churches1 and how to do it4    
,time and ,place of ,writing4--,it is   
thought that this ,epistle was written  
from ,corinth in #ff ,a4,d4  ,principal 
,divisions and ,chief ,points4  #a4     
,greeting and subject of the ,epistle   
7#a3a-e74  ,titus is left in ,crete to  
accomplish certain things 7#a3e7 after  
which he is to rejoin ,paul 7#c3ab74    
#b4  ,the kind of officers to be        
appointed in the ,cretan churches       
7#a3e-af74  ,special moral and spiritual
 fitness is set forth as necessary in   
view of the peculiar character of the   
,cretans and certain forms of doctrinal 
error4  #c4  ,the instruction to be     
given to the ,cretans 7#b3a-c3aa74  7a7 
,the things which become sound doctrine4
  7b7 ,practical teaching for the proper
 regulation of the conduct of all       
classes4  7c7 ,the foundation of the    
instruction rests upon ,christ4  7d7    
,proper attitude of the ,christian      

community toward the ,pagan world2      
magistrates and those who have not yet  
believed in ,christ4  ,kindness and     
gentleness and the avoidance of foolish 
questions best reveal the spirit of     
,christ by those who profess ,his name4 
7e7 ,parting requests and benediction   
7#c3ab-ae74   ,,the ,,second ,,epistle  
,,to ,,timothy  ,the ,last ,words of    
,paul4--,this ,epistle is of special    
interest as it contains the last        
recorded words of ,paul to his faithful 
disciple1 ,timothy4  ,the ,great        
,apostle is writing from a strict prison
 confinement 7#a3af1 #ag2 #b3i74  ,he   
has had a first preliminary trial       
7#d3af7 and this was of such a dread    
nature that none of his friends dare to 
stand with him1 yet he rejoices in his  
,lord that ,he stood by him and         
strengthened him4  ,he feels however    
that his end is near and gives a        
magnificent testimony of his faith      
7#d3f-h74  ,he urges ,timothy to come to
 him in ,rome and bring ,mark with him  

7#d3i1 #aa74  ,time and ,place of       
,writing4--,it was written by ,paul in  
prison at ,rome #fg ,a4,d4  ,the        
,purpose4--,paul shows here his care for
 the churches1 their upbuilding in the  
faith and their proper regulation of the
 things that pertain to worship and     
organization4  ,timothy1 as a preacher  
of the ,word1 has his personal          
responsibility1 for the upbuilding of   
the churches1 presented to him4         
,principal ,divisions and ,chief        
,points4  #a4  ,greeting and            
thanksgiving 7#a3a-e74  #b4  ,the       
,christian conduct of ,timothy          
7#a3f-b3ad74  ,paul exhorts ,timothy not
 to allow himself to be daunted by fear 
of opposition or suffering in doing his 
work for ,christ4  ,he encourages him   
by1 7a7 ,the great revelation and power 
of the gospel4  7b7 ,his own work4  7c7 
,the sure hope of a great reward4  #c4  
,timothy as a preacher of the ,word     
7#b3ae-d3e74  ,paul exhorts ,timothy1   
7a7 ,to study to show himself a workman4

  7b7 ,in the perilous times that are   
coming to feed on the ,word of ,god and 
preach it in season and out of season4  
#d4  ,last words of ,paul 7#d3f-bb74    
,the ,apostle now turns to himself and  
speaks of his coming martyrdom4  ,he is 
ready to be offered1 he has fought a    
good fight4  ,he beseeches ,timothy to  
come and see him and bring ,mark4  ,he  
refers to his first hearing when every  
friend left him alone and only the ,lord
 stood by him4  ,he1 after various      
messages1 closes with the usual         
benediction4   ,,questions  ,what is the
 place of these ,epistles in ,paul's    
life8  ,what can be said of ,paul's     
fourth missionary journey2 the first    
trip eastward1 the trip westward to     
,spain1 and the second trip eastward8   
,how did ,paul come to be imprisoned a  
second time8  ,what are the questions   
discussed in these ,epistles2 the       
personal element1 the doctrinal part1   
the practical teaching1 and the special 
theme8  ,what is ,paul's last           

declaration of faith8  ,what can be said
 of the ,first ,epistle to ,timothy2    
,timothy's life1 time1 and place of     
writing1 the purpose1 and the principal 
divisions and chief points8  ,what can  
be said of the ,epistle to ,titus2 the  
life of ,titus1 the purpose1 time1 and  
place of writing1 and the principal     
divisions and chief points8  ,what can  
be said of the ,second ,epistle to      
,timothy2 the last words of ,paul1 time 
and place of writing1 and the principal 
divisions and chief points8     ,a ,new 
,method for ,bible ,classes  ,,by       
,,henry ,t4 ,,sell   ,studies ,in ,early
 ,church ,history4   #ab mo1 paper1 #be 
cts4 net2 cloth1 #ej cts4 net4  ,studies
 in the ,life of the ,christian4   ,his 
,faith and ,his ,service4   #ab mo1     
paper1 #be cts4 net2 cloth1 #ej cts4    
net4  ,bible ,studies in the ,life of   
,paul4   ,historical and ,constructive4 
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cts4 net4  ,bible ,studies in the ,life 
of ,christ4   ,historical and           

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edition1 revised and enlarged4          
,supplemental ,bible ,studies4   #ab mo1
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net4   #eth edition1 revised4  ,bible   
,studies by ,books4   #ab mo1 paper1 #ce
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,studies by ,doctrines4   #ab mo1 paper1
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,bible ,studies by ,periods4   ,a       
,series of ,twenty-four ,historical     
,bible   ,studies1 from ,genesis to     
,revelation4   #ab mo1 paper1 #ce cts4  
net2 cloth1 #fj cts4 net4  ,fleming ,h4 
,revell ,company  ,publishers