,,euphorion3 ,,be+ ,,/udies ,,( ,,!     
,,antique ,,& ,,! ,,m$ieval ,,9 ,,!     
,,r5aissance  ,,by  ,,v]non ,,lee       
,au?or ( ,/udies ( ! #ah? ,c5tury 9     
,italy1 ,belc>o1 etc4  ,,vol4 ,,ii4     
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4   ,,! ,,portrait 
,,art  ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,boi>do         
,,m$i,,val ,,love  ,,epilogue  ,,app5dix
          99       99       99       99 
99   ,,! ,,portrait ,,art   ,i4  ,real &
 ,ideal--^! are ! h&y t]ms1 admir+ or   
disapprov+1 :i* criticism claps ) r&om  
facility on to e imag9able s*ool4 ,?is  
arti/ or gr\p ( arti/s goes 9 = !       
real--! upright1 noble1 trump]y1 fil?y  
real2 t o!r arti/ or gr\p ( arti/s seeks
 aft] ! ideal--! ideal :i* may mean     
sublimity or platitude4 ,we summon e    
liv+ arti/ to /ate :e!r he is a reali/  
or an ideali/2 we classify all dead     
arti/s z reali/s or ideali/s2 we treat !
 matt] z if x 7 "o ( almo/ moral        
importance4 ,n[ ! fact ( ! case is t !  
"q ( realism & idealism1 :i* we calmly  
assume z already settl$ or easy to      

settle by our own s5se ( "r & wrong1 is 
"o ( ! tangl$ que/ions ( art-philosophy2
 & "o1 moreov]1 :i* no am\nt ( !ory1 b  
only hi/oric fact1 c ev] set "r4 ,=1 to 
beg9 )1 we f9d realism & idealism com+  
be=e u 9 diff]5t ways & ) diff]5t mean+ 
& importance4 ,all art :i* is n address+
 7z decrepit art is =c$ to d7 faculties 
to :i* x does n spontane\sly & prop]ly  
appeal--all art is decorative1          
ornam5tal1 ideali/ic !re=e1 s9ce x      
consci\sly or unconsci\sly aims1 n m]ely
 at reproduc+ ! already exi/+1 b at     
produc+ some?+ :i* %all repay ! look+ at
 x1 some?+ :i* %all ornam5t1 if n a     
place1 at lea/ our lives2 & su* mak+ ( !
 ornam5tal1 ( ! wor? look+ at1          
necess>ily implies selection &          
arrangem5t--t is to say idealism4 ,at ! 
same "t1 :ile art aims def9itely at be+ 
9 ?is s5se decorative1 art may v        
possibly aim m imm$iately at m]ely      
reproduc+1 )\t1 selection or arrangem5t1
 ! actually exi/+ ?+s ( ! _w2 & ?is 9   
ord] to obta9 ! m]e p[] ( repres5tation4

 ,9 %ort1 art :i* is ideali/ic z a ma/] 
w yet be reali/ic z a s*ol>3 x decorates
 :5 x a*ieves1 x copies :5 x /udies4 ,b 
?is is only half ! "q4 ,c]ta9 :ole      
s*ools may be describ$ z ideali/ic1 o!rs
 z reali/ic1 9 t5d5cy2 & ?is1 n 9 _!    
/udy1 b 9 _! a*ievem5t4 ,"o s*ool w     
obvi\sly be cont5t$ ) =ms ! mo/         
unselect$ & vulg>2 o!rs w g b little out
 ( _! way 9 se>* ( =m-sup]iority2 :ile  
yet o!rs1 & ^! we mu/ emphatically call 
ideali/ic1 are squeami% to ! la/ degree 
9 ! *oice & adaptation ( =m1 anxi\s1 to 
get ! v be/1 & make ! v be/ ( x4 ,yet1  
on ?9k+ ov] x1 we %all f9d t reali/ic & 
ideali/ic s*ools are all1 9 _!          
a*ievem5ts1 equally /riv+ aft] some?+   
:i* is n ! m]e reproduction ( ! already 
exi/+ z su*--/riv+1 9 %ort1 aft]        
decoration4 ,! pupil ( ,p]ug9o w1 inde$1
 wait pati5tly to beg9 8 "w until he c  
f9d a model fit = a god or goddess2 :ile
 ! fell[-craftsman ( ,rembr&t w be      
satisfi$ ) ! fir/ dirty old ,jew or     
besott5 b>maid t comes to h&4 ,b !      

reali/ic ,dut*man is n1 !re=e1 any !    
less smitt5 ) beauty1 any ! less eag] to
 be ornam5tal1 ?an ! ideali/ic ,italian3
 8 man & woman he takes inde$ ) (f-h&   
indiff]5ce1 b he places !m 9 t ( :i* !  
,italian %all p]haps nev] h dream$1 9 t 
on :i* he has exp5d$ all 8 sci5ce1 8    
skill1 8 fancy1 9 t :i* he gives z 8    
addition to ! beautiful ?+s ( art--9    
atmosph]e1 9 light1 :i* are to ! ev]yday
 atmosph]e & light :at ! pati5tly s\ght 
=1 c>efully p]fect$ god or goddess model
 ( ,raphael is to ! ev]yday ,jew1 to !  
ev]yday b>maid1 ( ,rembr&t4  ,! ideal1 =
 ! man :o is q co>sely reali/ic 9 8     
figures1 exi/s 9 ! air1 light1 col\r2 & 
9 say+ ?is ,i h1 s to speak1 turn$ ov] !
 page too quickly1 =e/all$ ! expression 
( :at ,i c prove only lat]3 !           
disconnection ( su* comp>ative realism &
 idealism z ?is 7! only k9d ( realism1  
let u rememb]1 :i* c exi/ 9 great art7 )
 any p]sonal bias ( ! arti/1 its        
intimate dep5d5ce ^u ! con/itution &    
t5d5cy ( art1 ^u its preoccupations ab\t

 =m1 or col\r1 or light1 9 a giv5 c\ntry
 & at a giv5 mom5t4 ,& n[ ,i %\ld wi% to
 resume ! m ord]ly treatm5t ( ! subject1
 :i* w lead u 9 "t to ! second half ( ! 
"q respect+ realism & idealism4 ,^!     
consid]ations h come to me 9 connection 
) ! portrait art ( ! ,r5aissance2 & ?is 
v simply4 ,= portrait is a curi\s ba/>d 
( art1 sprung on ! "o side f a desire   
:i* is n arti/ic1 nay1 if any?+1 oppos$ 
to ! :ole nature & function ( art3 !    
desire = ! m]e lik5ess ( an individual4 
,! union ) ?is int]lop+ t5d5cy1 s =eign 
to ! :ole ari/ocratic temp] ( art1 has  
produc$ portrait2 & by ! position ( ?is 
hybrid1 or at lea/ f> f regul>ly br$    
creature2 by ! am\nt ( ! real arti/ic   
quality ( beauty :i* x is p]mitt$ to    
reta9 by ! v>i\s s*ools ( art1 we c1 ev5
 z by ! treatm5t ( simil> social        
int]lop]s we c e/imate ! necessities &  
t5d5cies ( v>i\s /ates ( society1 judge 
:at are ! conditions 9 :i* ! v>i\s      
s*ools ( art /ruggle = ! object ( _!    
lives1 :i* is ! beautiful4  ,i h said t 

art is reali/ic 9 its p]iods or mom5ts (
 /udy2 & ?is is ess5tially ! case ev5 ) 
! s*ool :i* 9 _m respects 0 ! mo/       
unmi/akably decorative & ideali/ic 9    
int5tion3 ! s*ool ( ,giotto4 ,!         
,giottesques are m ?an decorative       
arti/s1 !y are decorators 9 ! mo/ lit]al
 s5se4 ,pa9t+ ) !m is m]ely "o ( !      
sev]al arts & crafts enslav$ by m$ival  
ar*itecture & subs]vi5t to ar*itectural 
effects4 ,_! art is ! only "o :i* is    
really & successfully ar*itecturally    
decorative2 & to appreciate ?is we mu/  
contra/ _! fresco-"w ) t ( ! fifte5?    
c5tury & all subsequ5t times4 ,masaccio1
 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,signorelli1 turn ! wall   
into a m]e badly made frame2 a gigantic 
piece ( c>dbo>d w\ld d z well1 & bett]2 
! col\rs melt into "o ano!r1 ! figures  
deta* !mselves at v>i\s degrees (       
relief2 ^? ^u ! ceil+ & p5d5tives are   
frequ5tly upside d[n2 yet ^! figures1   
:i* are s difficult to see1 are wor?    
see+ only 9 !mselves1 & n 9 relation to 
_! position4 ,! masonry is no long]     

cov]$1 b c>v$1 r5d]$ unev5 ) ! cavities 
& protrusions ( p]spective4 ,9          
,mantegna's frescoes ! wall becomes a   
slant+ !atre sc5e1 cunn+ly p]spectiv$ l 
,palladio's ,teatro ,olimpico2 )        
,correggio1 wall1 masonry1 ev]y?+1 is   
dissolv$1 ! side or cupola ( a *ur*     
becomes a r5t 9 ! cl\ds1 /ream+ ) light4
  ,n s ) ! ,giottesque frescoes3 ! wall1
 ! vault1 ! triumphant masonry is always
 pres5t & felt1 b5ea? ! /raight1 flat   
b&s ( uni=m col\r2 ! symmetrical        
comp>tm5ts1 ! p5tacles1 triangles1 &    
segm5ts1 & bord]s ( hi/ories1 ^: figures
 nev] project1 ^: col\rs are sep>ate z  
^? 9 a mosaic4 ,! ,giottesque frescoes1 
) _! ti]s & comp>tm5ts ( d>k blue1 _!   
vague figures dress$ 9 simple           
ultram>9es1 gre5s1 dull r$s1 & purples2 
_! geometrical bord]s & pe>l+s &        
dog-too?s2 cov] ! walls1 ! ribb$ & ar*$ 
ceil+s1 ! po9t$ raft]+ almo/ l "s       
beautiful br[n1 blue1 & t>ni%$ gold     
lea!r-hang+s2 ! figures1 outl9$ 9 d>k   
pa9t1 h almo/ ! appe>ance ( be+ /5cill$1

 or ev5 /amp$ on ! wall4 ,su* is        
,giottesque pa9t+3 an art :i* is n m]ely
 ess5tially decorative1 b :i* is1       
moreov]1 :at pa9t+ & sculpture rema9$   
?r\gh\t ! ,go?ic p]iod1 subs]vi5t to !  
decorative effect ( ano!r art2 an art 9 
:i* all is subord9at$ to ar*itectural   
effect1 9 :i* =m1 col\r1 figures1 h\ses1
 ! mo/ dramatic sc5es ( ! mo/ awful (   
all dramas1 ev]y?+ is turn$ into a k9d (
 colossal & sublime wall-pap]2 & su* an 
art z ?is w\ld lead u to expect b little
 realism1 little delib]ate & slavi%     
imitation ( ! exi/+4 ,yet :]ev] !re is  
life 9 ?is ,go?ic art 7:i* has a        
horrible t5d5cy1 pi\sly unobs]v$ by     
critics1 to /agnate into blund]+        
repetition ( ! same ?+71 :]ev] !re is   
progress1 !re is1 9 ! details ( t       
gr&iose1 ideali/ic decoration1 realism (
 ! crude/ k9d4 ,^? ,giottesque work]s1  
:o 7 n cont5t ) a k9d ( ,go?ic          
,byzant9ism2 ^? :o really h&$ ov] some?+
 vital to _! successors ( ! fifte5?     
c5tury1 :ile repeat+ ! old ideali/ical  

decorations2 7 /udy+ ) extraord9>y      
crud5ess ( realism4 ,ev]y?+ t 0 n       
conv5tional ornam5t or type 0 portrait2 
& portrait 9 :i* ! scanty te*nical means
 ( ! arti/1 e meagre l9e & ?9 dab (     
col\r1 e timid /roke ( bru% or ( p5cil1 
w5t t[>ds ! m]ciless del9eation n m]ely 
( a body b ( a s\l4 ,& ! great] ! arti/1
 ! m cruel ! portrait3 cruelle/ 9       
repres5tation ( utt] spiritual bas5ess 9
 ! two greate/ ( ^! ideali/ic           
decorators2 ,giotto1 & 8 late/ disciple1
 ,fra ,angelico4 ,( ?is ,i %\ld l to    
give a c\ple ( examples4  ,9 ,giotto's  
frescoes at ,santa ,croce--"o ( ! mo/   
lovely pieces ( m]e ar*itectural        
decoration conceivable--!re are ar\nd ! 
dy+ & ! dead ,/4 ,francis two gr\ps (   
monks1 :i* are a/\nd+ly reali/ic4 ,!    
solemn end+ ( ! ideally beautiful life (
 sanctity :i* 0 s fre% 9 ! memory (     
,giotto's contempor>ies1 is no?+ beyond 
a set ( portraits ( ! mo/ absolutely    
m$iocre creatures1 moral & intellectual1
 ( creatures ! mo/ utt]ly incapable (   

religi\s en?usiasm t ev] made religion a
 livelihood4 ,!y ga!r r\nd ! dy+ & !    
dead ,/4 ,francis1 a noble figure1 n at 
all ec/atic or s]aphic1 b pure1 /rong1  
worn out ) wise & righte\s lab\r1 a man 
( ?\ght & action1 ^u ^: h&s & feet !    
/igmata ( sup]natural rapture are a m]e 
absurdity4 ,! monks are presumably 8    
imm$iate disciples1 ^? f]v5t & delicate 
poetic natures ( :om we read 9 !        
,fioretti di ,san ,francesco4 ,to       
repres5t !m ,giotto has pa9t$ ! lik5ess 
( ! fir/ half-doz5 fri>s he may h met 9 
! /reets ne> ,santa ,croce3 n           
c>icatures1 nor ideals1 b portraits     
,giotto has attempt$ nei!r to exalt nor 
to degrade !m into any sort ( bodily or 
spiritual int]e/+ness4 ,!y are n l[ nor 
be/ial nor extremely /upid4 ,!y are 9   
v>i\s degrees dull1 sly1 r\t9i/1        
prosaic1 p$antic2 _! mo/ notewor?y      
*>act]i/ic is t !y are c]ta9ly ! m5 :o  
are n call$ by ,god4 ,!y are no sc&al to
 ! ,*ur*1 b no hon\r2 !y are slo?1      
/upidity1 s5sualism1 & cunn+ n yet ris5 

to ! dignity ( a vice4 ,!y look ^u ! dy+
 & ! dead sa9t ) indiff]5ce1 want (     
und]/&+1 at mo/ a gape or a bright look 
( /upid miscompreh5sion at ! /igmata3 !y
 d n ev5 p]ceive t a sa9t is a diff]5t  
be+ f !mselves4 ,) ^! frescoes ( ,giotto
 ,i %\ld wi% to comp>e ,fra ,angelico's 
great c]emonial crucifixion 9 ! cloi/]  
*apel ( ,san ,m>co ( ,flor5ce2 = x      
displays to an extraord9>y degree t     
juxtaposition ( ! mo/ conv5tionally     
ideali/ic1 pi\s decorativ5ess ) !       
realism /raight=w>d1 unreflect+1 &      
he>tless to ! po9t ( becom+ p]fectly    
grotesque4 ,! fresco is divid$ into two 
sc5es3 on ! "o side ! crucifixion1 !    
my/ic actors ( ! drama1 on ! o!r ! holy 
m5 admitt$ to its contemplation4 ,a s5se
 t holy ?+s ought to be old-fa%ion$1 a  
respect = ,byzant9e inanity :i*         
inv>iable haunt$ ! ,giottesques 9 _!    
capacity ( ideali/ic decorators1 ( m5 :o
 replac$ ) frescoes ! solemn lifeless   
spl5d\rs ( mosaic2 ?is k9d (            
arti/ico-religi\s prud]y has made       

,angelico1 :o 0 able to =e%ort5 p[]fully
 ! brawny crucifi$ ?ieves1 repres5t !   
,savi\r dangl+ f ! cross blea*$1        
boneless1 & %apeless1 a ?+ t is n dead  
because x has nev] be5 alive4 ,! holy   
p]sons ar\nd /& rigid1 vacant1 aga9/ _! 
blue n[h]e ( backgr\nd1 ) vague expanses
 ( p9k face look+ nei!r "o way nor !    
o!r2 m]e mod]niz$ copies ( ! /range1    
goggle-ey$1 vapid be+s on ! old ,italian
 mosaics4 ,?is is n a repres5tation ( ! 
actual reality ( ! crucifixion1 l       
,t9toret's sup]b picture at ,s4 ,rocco1 
or ,dr]'s pr9t1 or s _m o!rs1 :i* %[ !  
hill1 ! p1 ! hangman1 ! ladd]s & ropes &
 hamm]s & tweez]s3 x is a sort ( my/ic  
repetition ( x2 subjective1 if ,i may   
say s2 exi/+ only 9 ! contemplation ( ! 
sa9ts on ! opposite side1 :o are        
spectators only 9 ! s5se t a            
contemplative ,*ri/ian may be said to be
 ! my/ic spectator ( ! ,passion4 ,! ?+ =
 ! pa9t] to repres5t is f]v5t           
contemplation1 ec/atic realization ( !  
pa/ by ! =ce ( ard5t love & belief2 !   

condition ( m9d ( ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4     
,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 ,madame ,guyon3 x is ! 
revelation ( ! great trag$y ( heav5 to !
 s\l ( ! my/ic4 ,n[1 h[ does ,fra       
,angelico repres5t ?is8 ,a r[ ( sa9ts1  
f\nd]s ( ord]s1 kneel "o beh9d ! o!r1 & 
by _! side /& apo/les & doctors ( !     
,*ur*2 admitt+ !m to ! sight ( !        
sup]-human1 ) ! ge/ure1 ! bl&1 indiff]5t
 vacuity ( ! ,cam]i]e ,segreto or       
,monsignore :o introduces a troop (     
pilgrims to ! ,pope2 !y are privileg$   
p]sons1 !y respect1 !y keep up decorum1 
!y raise _! eyes & compress _! lips )   
c]emoni\s rev]5ce2 b1 ,"l6 !y h gone    
?r\gh x all s (t51 !y are s famili> ) x1
 !y don't look at x any long]2 !y gaze  
ab\t li/lessly1 !y w\ld yawn if !y 7 n  
too well br$ = t4 ,! o!rs1 mean:ile1 !  
sa9t$ pilgrims1 ! m5 ^: j\rney ov] ! %>p
 /ones & among ! prick+ brambles (      
life's wild]ness f9ds its f9al rew>d 9  
?is admission into ! pres5ce ( !        
,holie/1 kneel "o by "o1 ) v>i\s        
expressions3 "o ) ! /upid delight ( a   

religi\s sightse]2 8 vanity is satisfi$1
 he w next draw a ros>y f 8 pocket & get
 x bless$ by ,*ri/ ,himself2 he w rec\nt
 x all to 8 fri5ds at home4 ,ano!r is   
dull & gap+1 a cl[n :o has walk$ b>efoot
 f ,val5cia to ,rome1 & got imbecile by 
! way2 yet ano!r1 prim & dapp]2 ! re/   
indiff]5t look+ re/lessly ab\t !m1 at   
ea* o!r1 at _! feet & h&s1 p]haps       
ex*ang+ mute rem>ks ab\t ! l5g? ( "t !y 
are kept wait+2 ^? at ! end ( ! kneel+  
procession1 ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr & ,/4      
,giovanni ,gualb]to especially1 h !     
bor$1 li/less1 dev\t look ( ! prie/lets 
9 ! tra9 ( a bi%op4 ,all ^! figures1 !  
/&+ ones :o introduce & ! kneel+ ones :o
 are be+ introduc$1 are ! mo/ p]fect    
types ( v>i\s /ates ( dull1 commonplace1
 m$iocre r\t9i/ sup]/ition2 s _m        
,cam]l5ghi on ! "o h&1 s _m ,passioni/  
or ,propag&i/s on ! o!r3 ! fir/         
ari/ocratic1 bl& & bor$2 ! second1 dull1
 li/less1 mumbl+1 *ew+ ,lat9 ,pray]s :i*
 nev] meant mu* to _! m9ds1 & n[ mean   
no?+2 bo? p]fectly rev]5tial & prop] 9  

behavi\r1 ) no m possibility (          
individual f]v\r ( belief ?an (         
individual levity ( disbelief3 ! ,*ur*1 
z x exi/s 9 well-regulat$ decrepitude4  
,& ?us does ! la/ ( ! ,giottesques1 !   
pa9t] ( glorifi$ ,madonnas & danc+      
angels1 ! sa9t1 repres5t ! sa9ts admitt$
 to behold ! supreme trag$y ( !         
,r$emption4  ,?us mu* = ! ,giottesques4 
,! ,tuscans ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance        
develop$ up to ! utmo/1 assi/$ by !     
goldsmi?s & sculptors1 :o taught !m     
modell+ & anatomy1 t reali/ic elem5t (  
,giottesque pa9t+4 ,its ideal decorative
 "p _h become impossible4 ,pa9t+ c\ld no
 long] be a decoration ( ar*itecture1 & 
x _h n yet ! means ( be+ ornam5tal 9    
itself2 x 0 an art :i* did n a*ieve1 b  
m]ely /udi$4 ,among its ex]cises 9      
anatomy1 modell+1 p]spective1 & s =?1   
always labori\s & frequ5tly abortive1   
its only spontane\s1 satisfactory1      
mature production 0 its portrait "w1    
,portraits ( burgh]s 9 black robes &    
hoods2 ( squ>e-jaw$ y\?s ) r$ caps /uck 

on to _! fuzzy heads1 ( bald & wr9kl$   
s*ol>s & magnificoes2 ( ?9ly be>d$      
artizans2 p :o /& r\nd ! prea*+ ,bapti/ 
or crucifi$ ,savi\r1 look on at miracle 
or m>tyrdom1 /olid1 self-complac5t1     
he$less1 aga9/ _! backgr\nd ( t[]$1     
wall$1 & cypress$ city--( buttress$     
squ>e & /reet2 ugly b real1 int]e/+1    
p[]ful among ! grotesque agglom]ations (
 bag-(-bones nudities1 bun*$ & tap$-up  
drap]ies & out-(-jo9t ar*itecture ( !   
e>ly ,r5aissance frescoes2 at be/ among 
its picture-book & ,noah's-ark          
prett9esses ( toy-box cypresses1 v9e    
trellises1 inlaid h\se fronts1 rabbits 9
 ! grass1 & peacocks on ! ro(s2 = ! e>ly
 ,r5aissance1 ) ! "o exception (        
,masaccio1 is 9 reality a *ildi% "t (   
art1 giv+ u ! horrors ( s*ool-h\r       
blund]s & abortions v>i$ ) ! delights ( 
nurs]y wond]l&3 maturity1 ! p[] (       
a*iev+1 ! p]ception ( some?+ wor?y (    
p]ception1 comes only ) ! lat] g5]ation1
 ! "o imm$iately prec$+ ! age ( ,raphael
 & ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ) ,ghirl&ajo1       

,signorelli1 ,filipp9o1 ,botticelli1    
,p]ug9o1 & _! contempor>ies4  ,b ?is    
p]iod is n *ildi%1 is n immature 9      
ev]y?+4 ,or1 r1 ! v>i\s arts :i* exi/   
toge!r at ?is p]iod are n all 9 ! same  
/age ( developm5t4 ,:ile pa9t+ is 9 ?is 
immature ugl9ess1 & ideal sculpture1 9  
works l ,v]roc*io's & ,donatello's      
,david1 only a clev]]1 m exp]i5c$1 b    
less legitimate k9d ( pa9t+1 pa9t+ m    
successful 9 ! pres5t1 b ) no possible  
future2 ! almo/ sep>ate art (           
portrait-sculpture arises aga9 :]e x 0  
left by ,grco-,roman ma/]s1 &1 develop+ 
to yet great] p]fection1 gives 9 m>ble !
 equival5t ( :at pa9t+ w be able to     
produce only mu* lat]3 reali/ic art :i* 
is decorative2 beautiful works made out 
( ugly mat]ials4  ,! vicissitudes (     
,r5aissance sculpture are /range3 its   
life1 its p[]1 dep5d ^u dea?2 x is an   
art develop$ 9 ! bury+ vault & cloi/]   
cemet]y4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages sculpture
 _h _h its reason1 its vital            
possibility1 its some?+ to influ5ce1    

nay1 to keep x alive1 9 ar*itecture2 b )
 ! disappe>ance ( ,go?ic build+         
disappe>s also ! possibility ( !        
sculpture :i* cov]s ! portals ( ,*>tres 
& ! belfry ( ,flor5ce4 ,! pseudo-classic
 colonnades1 entablatures1 all ! ?9     
ba/>d ,ionic & ,cor9?ian ( ,ab]ti &     
,bramante1 did n require sculpture1 or  
_h _! own little supply ( unfle%$       
ox-skulls1 gre5groc]'s g>l&s1 scallop+s 
& wave-l9+s1 :i*1 ) a /ray sir5 & "o or 
two bloat$ emp]ors' heads1 amply        
suffic$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m$ival           
civilization & ,*ri/ian dogma did n     
enc\rage ! production ( nak$ ( drap$    
ideal /atues l ^? :i* ,antiquity /uck on
 c\ntless temple fronts1 & erect$ at e  
corn] ( squ>e1 /reet1 or g>d54 ,! p ( ! 
,middle ,ages 7 too griev\sly ill gr[n1 
di/ort$1 hide\s1 to be o!rwise ?an      
indec5t 9 nudity2 !y may h _h an in/9ct 
( ! k9d1 &1 ugly z !y knew !mselves to  
be1 !y mu/ yet h f\nd 9 =ms l ^? (      
,v]roc*io's ,david insuffici5t beauty to
 give mu* pleasure4 ,besides1 if !      

,middle ,ages _h left no moral room =   
ideal sculpture once fre$ f ! s]vice (  
ar*itecture2 !y _h /ill less provid$ x )
 a physical place4 ,su* ?+s c\ld n be   
set up 9 *ur*es1 & only a v mod]ate     
numb] ( /atues c\ld be want$ z op5-air  
monum5ts 9 ! n>r[ space ( a /ill ,go?ic 
city2 &1 9 fact1 ideal h]oic /atues ( ! 
e>ly ,r5aissance are =tunately n only   
ugly1 b comp>atively few 9 numb]4 ,!re  
rema9$1 !re=e1 = sculpture1 unless      
cont5t$ to dw9dle d[n into brass & gold 
m9iature "w1 no regul> employm5t save t 
connect$ ) sepul*ral monum5ts4 ,dur+ !  
real ,middle ,ages1 & 9 ! /ill ,go?ic   
nor?1 ! ornam5tation ( a tomb belong$ to
 ar*itecture3 f ! sup]b m9iature m9/]s1 
pill>$ & p9nacl$ & sculptur$1 ca!drals  
)9 ! ca!dral1 to ! humbl] foliat$ ar*$  
canopy1 protect+ a simple s>cophagus at 
! corn] ( _m a /reet 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,!     
sculptor's "w 0 b ! l[ relief on ! *ur* 
flags1 ! timidly c>v$1 outl9$1          
cross-legg$ knight or pray+ prie/1      
flatt5$ d[n on 8 pill[ z if a%am$ ev5 ( 

t am\nt ( prom95ce1 & 9 a hurry to be   
trodd5 d[n & oblit]at$ into a few gho/ly
 outl9es4 ,b to ?is humiliat$ pro/rate  
image1 to ?is flat ?+ doom$ to          
oblit]ation1 came ! sculptor ( !        
,r5aissance1 & bade ! waf]-l simulacrum 
fill up1 exp&1 raise itself1 lift itself
 on its elb[1 arise & take possession ( 
! b$ ( /ate1 ! catafalque rais$ high    
above ! cr[d1 drap$ ) brocade1 c>v$ )   
ri* devices ( leaves & bea/s ( h]aldry1 
ro($ ov] ) a das1 :i* is almo/ a        
triumphal ar*1 g>l&$ ) fruits & fl[]s1  
^u :i* ! illu/ri\s dead 7 %[n to ! p2 b 
made et]nal1 & ( et]nal magnific5ce1 by 
! /one-cutt]1 & gu>d$1 n = an h\r by !  
liv]i$ pages or *aunt+ monks1 b by w+$  
g5ii = all et]nity4 ,"s p1 ,i "k1 call  
?is a degradation1 & say t x 0 ! result 
( corrupt pride1 ?is refusal to h ! de> 
or illu/ri\s dead scrap$ out any long]  
by ! %oe-nails ( e ruffian1 rubb$ out by
 ! knees ( e kit*5 w5*2 b to me x seems 
t x 0 due m]ely to ! fact t sculpture _h
 lo/ its =m] employm5t1 & t a great art 

_c 7?ank ,heav567 be pieti/ically       
self-humiliat+4 ,be ?is z x may1 !      
sculpture ( ! ,r5aissance _h f\nd a new 
& s+ul>ly noble l9e ( "w1 ! "o 9 :i* x 0
 great1 unique1 unsurpass$1 because     
untutor$4 ,x work$ "h )\t models1 to    
suit mod]n requirem5ts1 ) mod]n _s2 x 0 
emphatically-mod]n sculpture2 ! only    
mod]n sculpture :i* c be talk$ ( z      
some?+ orig9al1 g5u9e1 valuable1 by !   
side ( antique sculpture4 ,greek        
,antiquity _h evad$ dea?1 & neglect$ !  
dead2 a g>l& ( mnads & fauns among ivy  
leaves1 a battle ( amazons or c5taurs2 9
 ! late semi-,*ri/ian1 platonic days1 "s
 ,orphic emblem1 or g5ius2 at mo/1 z 9 !
 exquisite tombs ( ! ,k]amikos ( ,a!ns1 
a figure1 a y\? on a pranc+ /e$1 l !    
,phidian monum5t ( ,dexileus2 a maid51  
drap$ & be>+ an urn2 b nei!r ! y\? nor !
 maid5 is ! inmate ( ! tomb3 !y are     
types1 liv+ types1 no portraits4 ,nay1  
ev5 :]e ,antiquity %[s u ,dea? or       
,h]mes1 g5tly lead+ away ! belov$2 ! _s1
 ! gho/1 ! dead "o1 is un9dividual4     

,s>kophag5 und ,urn5 bekrnzte d] ,heide 
mit ,leb51 said ,goe!2 b x 0 ! life :i* 
0 ev]la/+ because x 0 typical3 ! life n 
:i* _h be5 rel9qui%$ by ! "o buri$ !re1 
b ! life :i* ! _w danc$ on1 =getful1    
r\nd 8 a%es4 ,! ,romans1 on ! contr>y1  
grav] & m ret5tive folk ?an ! ,greeks1 z
 well z m dome/ic1 less c(fee-h\se liv+1
 appe> to h inh]it$ f ! ,etruscans a    
desire to pres]ve ! effigy ( ! dead1 a  
desire unkn[n to ! ,greeks4 ,b !        
,etrusco-,roman monum5ts1 :]e husb& &   
wife />e =? toga$ & /ola$1 half r$uc$ to
 a conv5tional crop-head$ness1 grim &   
/iff z if sitt+ unwill+ly = _! portrait2
 or recl9+ on ! s>cophagus-lid1 nei!r   
dead1 nor asleep1 nor yet alive & awake1
 b ) a hi]atic mummy />e1 h little (    
/hetic or sympa!tic value4 ,! e>ly      
,r5aissance1 !n1 fir/ be?\ght x (       
repres5t+ ! real individual 9 ! real    
dea? slumb]4 ,& ,i "q :e!r any?+ m fitt+
 c\ld be plac$ on a tomb ?an ! effigy ( 
! dead z we saw !m j be=e ! c(f9-lid    
clos$ d[n2 z we w\ld give our all to see

 !m b "o little mom5t long]2 z !y       
cont9ue to exi/ = our fancy )9 ! grave2 
= to any b morbid feel+s ! belov$ c nev]
 suff] decay4 ,:]eas a portrait ( ! man 
9 life1 z ! ?ron+ popes 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1  
seems he>tless & d]isive2 su* monum5ts  
/rik+ u z conceiv$ & ord]$ by _! inmates
 :ile alive1 l ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,pope  
,julius1 & ,br[n+'s ,bi%op1 :o 0 s      
preoccupi$ ab\t 8 tomb 9 ,/4 ,prax$'s   
,*ur*4 ,! ,r5aissance1 ! late ,middle   
,ages1 felt bett] ?an ?is3 on ! extreme 
p9nacle1 high on ! ro(1 !y might inde$  
place aga9/ ! russet brick or ! blue    
sky1 amid ! hum ( life & ! movem5t ( !  
air1 ! liv+ man1 l ! ,scalig]s1 ! mail$ 
knight on 8 *>g]1 lance 9 re/3 b 9 !    
*ur* bel[1 "u ! fun]eal pall1 !y c\ld   
place only ! body su* z x may h la9 on !
 bi]4  ,& t figure on ! bi] 0 ! great "w
 ( ,r5aissance sculpture4 ,inanimate &  
vulg> :5 9 h]oic figures !y tri$ to     
emulate ! anci5ts1 ! sculptors ( !      
fifte5? c5tury h f\nd _! own l9e4 ,!    
mode/y1 ! simplicity1 ! awful &         

beautiful repose ( ! dead2 ! individual 
"* cle>$ ( all its conflict+ meannesses 
by dea?1 simplifi$1 idealiz$ z x is 9 ! 
memory ( ! survivors--all ^! are ?+s :i*
 belong to ! ,r5aissance4 ,z ! ,greeks  
gave ! /rong1 smoo? life-curr5t         
circulat+ ?r\gh _! h]oes2 s did ^! m5 ( 
! fifte5? c5tury give ! g5tle & h>moni\s
 ebb+ aft]-life ( dea? 9 _! sepul*ral   
monum5ts4 ,?+s difficult to describe1 & 
:i* mu/ be se5 & rememb]$4 ,!re is !    
monum5t1 n[ 9 ! museum at ,rav5na1 by a 
sculptor ^: "n1 7 x kn[n1 w\ld surely be
 among ! greate/1 ( ! condotti]e1       
,bracci(orte3 ! body prone 9 its heavy  
case ( arm\r1 n yet laid out 9 /ate1 b  
su* z he may h be5 f\nd 9 ! ev5+1 :5 !  
battle 0 ov]1 "u a tree :]e !y _h c>ri$ 
him to die :ile !y !mselves w5t back to 
fight2 ! head has fall5 back1 side-ways1
 weigh$ d[n by ! helmet1 :i* has n ev5  
be5 unbuckl$1 only ! face1 ! cle>-cut1  
au/]e features1 visible b5ea? ! )drawn  
vizor2 ! eyes h n be5 clos$2 & !re are  
few ?+s m exquisite & solemn at once 9  

all sculpture1 ?an ! indication ( ^? no 
long] see+ eyes1 ( t brok5 glance1 b5ea?
 ! half-clos$ lids4 ,!re is ,rossell9o's
 ,c>d9al ( ,portugal at ,s4 ,m9iato a   
,monte3 ! slight body1 drap$ 9 episcopal
 robes1 ly+ ) delicate fold$ h&s1 9     
graci\s decorum ( y\?ful sanctity2 !    
/rong delicate head1 ( cle> feature &   
g5tle furr[ ( suff]+ & ?\ght1 a face (  
inf9ite purity ( /r5g?1 /r5g? /ill      
ungn>l$ by action3 a "y prie/1 :o 9 8   
virg9al dignity is almo/ a noble woman4 
,& !re is ! ,il>ia ,gu9igi ( ,jacopo    
della ,qu]cia 7! man :o _h mo/ natural  
aff9ity ) ! antique ( all ^! sculptors1 
z "o may see f ! %att]$ rema9s ( !      
,fonte ,gaia ( ,si5a71 ! lady /ret*$ out
 on ! rose-g>l&$ b$ ( /ate 9 a corn] (  
,lucca ,ca!dral1 h] feet ^u h] sleep+   
dog1 h] sweet1 girli% head1 ) wavy      
plaits ( hair encircl$ by a rose-wrea!d1
 turban-l diadem1 ly+ l[ on r\nd        
cu%ions2 ! b$ g5tly giv+ way b5ea? !    
beautiful1 ample-bosom$ body1 r\nd :i* !
 s(t robe is *a/ely ga!r$1 & across :i* 

! long-sleev$ arms are demurely fold$2 !
 mo/ beautiful lady 7^: maje/ic tread   
?r\gh ! palace rooms we c well imag9e7 t
 ! art ( ! fifte5? c5tury has record$4  
,!re is1 above all1 ! ,c>lo ,m>supp9i ( 
,desid]io da ,settignano1 ! humani/     
,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 ly+ on !    
s>cophagus1 sup]b ) %ell fretwork &     
curl+ acan?us1 9 ,santa ,croce (        
,flor5ce4 ,= ! y\?ful beauty ( ! ,c>d9al
 ( ,portugal & ( ! ,lady ,il>ia are     
commonplace comp>$ ) ! ref9em5t ( ?is   
worn old face1 ) scant wavy hair & ?91  
g5tly furr[$1 b by no means pl\gh$-up   
features4 ,! slight figure looks z if 9 
life x mu/ h seem$ almo/ transp>5t2 & ! 
h&s are v pa!tic3 noble1 firm h&s1      
subtle ( ve9 & wri/1 cross$ simply1     
nei!r 9 pray] nor 9 agony1 b 9 g5tle    
we>9ess1 ov] ! book on 8 brea/4 ,t book 
is c]ta9ly no pray]-book2 r a volume (  
,plato or ,cic]o3 9 8 la/ mom5ts ! noble
 old man has long$ = a glance ov] !     
famili> pages2 !y h plac$ ! book on 8   
brea/1 b x has be5 too late2 ! dr[s9ess 

( dea? has ov]tak5 him1 & ) 8 la/ sigh  
he has g5tly fold$ 8 h&s ov] ! volume1 )
 ! fa9t1 la/ cl++ to ! ?+s belov$ 9 ?is 
_w4  ,su* is t portrait sculpture ( !   
e>ly ,r5aissance1 its only sculpture1 if
 we except ! exquisite "w 9 babies &    
angels j out ( ! nurs]y ( ! ,robbias1   
:i* is a real a*ievem5t4 ,b h[ a*iev$8  
,?is art is great j by ! ?+s :i*        
,antiquity did n4 ,& :at are ^? ?+s8    
,%all we say t x is s5tim5t8 ,b all f9e 
art has tact1 antique art mo/ c]ta9ly2 &
 z to pa?os1 :y1 any quiet figure ( a   
dead man or woman1 h[ev] rudely c>v$1   
has pa?os2 nay1 !re is pa?os 9 ! poor   
pul+ hy/]ical art :i* makes angels draw 
! curta9s ( f9e ladies' b$*amb]s1 & f9e 
ladies1 9 hoop or limp ,grecian dress1  
fa9t 7! smell+ bottle1 ,betty67 ov] _!  
"l's c(f92 !re is pa?os1 to a dec5tly   
con/itut$ human be+1 :]ev] 7despite all 
absurdities7 we c imag9e t !re lies "s  
"o :om x 0 bitt] to see dep>t+1 to :om x
 0 bitt] to dep>t4 ,pa?os1 !re=e1 is n !
 "q2 &1 if y *oose to call x s5tim5t1 x 

is 9 reality a s5tim5t = l9e & curve1 = 
/one & light4 ,! great "q is1 ,h[ did ^!
 m5 ( ! ,r5aissance make _! dead p look 
beautiful8 ,= !y 7 n all beautiful 9    
life1 & ugly folk d n gr[ beautiful     
m]ely because !y are dead4 ,! ,c>d9al ( 
,portugal1 ! beautiful ,il>ia h]self1 7 
y to sket* _! pr(ile & place x by ! side
 ( no matt] :at ord9>y antique1 w\ld    
greatly fall %ort ( :at we call         
sculpturesque beauty2 & _m ( ! o!rs1 old
 humani/s & prie/s & lawy]s1 are        
emphatically ugly3 snub or absurdly     
hook$ noses1 retreat+ or de=m$ly        
ov]hang+ =eheads1 fle%y noses1 & flabby 
*eeks1 ble> eyes & sunk-9 m\?s2 & a     
p]fect network ( wr9kles & creases1 :i*1
 h>d z x is to say1 h be5 scoop$ out n  
m]ely by age1 b by l[ m9d1 frett+ &     
triumphant animalism4 ,n[1 by :at means 
did ! sculptor--! sculptor1 too         
unacqua9t$ ) sculptural beauty 7witness 
8 ugly ideal /atues71 to be able1 l !   
man :o turn$ ! successors ( ,alex&] into
 a race ( leon9e ?\gh crazy             

demi-gods--to insidi\sly idealize ^!    
ugly & insignificant features2 by :at   
means did he turn ^! dead m5 into ?+s   
beautiful to see8 ,i h said t he took up
 art :]e ,grco-,roman ,antiquity _h left
 x4 ,rem>k t ,i say ,grco-,roman1 & ,i  
ought to add mu* m ,roman ?an ,greek4 ,=
 ,greek sculpture1 nurtur$ 9 ! habit (  
p]fect =m1 art to :om beauty 0 a *eap   
necessity1 inv>iably idealiz$ portrait1 
idealiz$ x into beauty or inanity4 ,b :5
 ,greek art _h run its c\rse2 :5 beauty 
( =m _h well-nigh be5 exhau/$ or begun  
to pall2 c]ta9 arti/s1 presumably       
,greeks1 b work+ = ,romans1 began to    
produce portrait "w ( q a new & wond]ful
 sort3 ! beautiful portraits ( ugly old 
m51 ( snub little boys1 "w :i* 0 cle>ly 
be=e its "r "t1 & 0 swamp$ by idealiz$  
portraits1 insipid1 nay1 inane1 f !     
elegant revivali/ bu/s ( ,hadrian &     
,m>cus ,aurelius d[n to ! bonnet blocks 
( ! l[] empire4 ,( ?is ,roman portrait  
art1 ( c]ta9 heads ( half-idiotic little
 ,cs> brats1 ( sly & wr9kl$ old m51 ?+s 

:i* ought to be s ugly & yet are s      
beautiful1 we say1 at lea/1 p]haps      
un=mulat$1 we ?9k1 ,h[ ,r5aissance6 ,& !
 secret ( ! beauty ( ^! few ,grco-,roman
 bu/s1 :i* is also t ( ,r5aissance      
portrait sculpture1 is t ! beauty is q  
diff]5t 9 k9d f ! beauty ( ,greek ideal 
sculpture1 & obta9$ by q diff]5t means4 
,x is1 ess5tially1 t k9d ( beauty :i* ,i
 began by say+ belong$ to reali/ic art1 
to ! art :i* is n squeami% ab\t ! object
 :i* x repres5ts1 b is squeami% ab\t !  
mann] & m$ium 9 :i* t indiff]5t object  
is repres5t$2 x is a k9d ( beauty1      
!re=e1 m ak9 to t ( ,rembr&t &          
,velasquez ?an to t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo or
 ,raphael4 ,x is ! beauty1 n ( l>ge l9es
 & h>monies1 beauty resid+ 9 ! real     
model's =ms1 beauty real1 :olesale1 :i* 
w\ld be ! same if ! man 7 n m>ble b     
fle%1 n 9 a giv5 position b mov+2 b x is
 a beauty ( comb9ations ( light &       
surface1 a beauty ( texture oppos$ to   
texture1 :i* w\ld probably be unp]ceiv$ 
9 ! pres5ce ( ! m regal beauty ( l9e &  

col\r h>monies1 & :i* ^? :o c\ld obta9  
?is latt] w\ld employ only z mu* z !y 7 
conducive to su* l>g] beauties4 ,& ?is  
beauty ( texture oppos$ to texture &    
light comb9$ ) surface is a v real ?+2 x
 is ! great reality ( ,r5aissance       
sculpture3 ?is beauty1 result+ f !      
comb9ation1 = in/ance1 9 a commonplace  
face1 ( ! r\ghness & co>s] pore ( !     
close %av5 lips & *9 ) ! smoo?ness ( !  
waxy hang+ *eeks2 ! "o cat*+ ! light1 ! 
o!r break+ x into a ribb$ & =k$ p5umbra4
 ,! v p]fection ( ?is k9d ( "w is       
,b5$etto da ,maiano's bu/ ( ,pietro     
,mell9i 9 ! ,b>gello at ,flor5ce4 ,!    
eld]ly head is ( /rongly m>k$ osse\s    
/ructure1 yet fle%$ ) abundant & flaccid
 fle%1 hang+ 9 folds or creases r\nd !  
m\? & *91 yet n flobb]y & floppy1 b     
solid1 ?\gh yield+1 creas$1 wr9kl$1     
crevass$ r z a s&y hillside is crevass$ 
by ! trickl+ wat]s2 semi-solid1 promis+ 
slight resi/ance1 waxy1 yield+ to ! t\*4
 ,b all ! fle% has1 z x 71 gravitat$ to 
! l[] "p ( ! face1 conglom]at$1 or r    

drap$ itself1 ab\t ! m\?1 firm] = sunk5 
tee? & %av+2 & ! sk9 has rema9$ alone   
across ! head1 wr9kl$1 yet drawn 9 tight
 folds across ! dome-%ap$ skull1 z if1  
:ile ! fle% disappe>$1 ! bone also _h   
enl>g$4 ,& on ! temples ! fle% has once 
be5 ?ick1 ! bone 7seem+ly7 slight2 & n[ 
! sk9 is be+ drawn1 rec5tly1 & we feel m
 & m e day1 into a radiation ( m9ute    
creases1 z if ! bone & fle% 7 hav+ a la/
 /ruggle4 ,n[ 9 ?is head !re is little  
beauty ( l9e 7! man has nev] be5        
good-look+71 & !re is n mu* "* 9 ! s5se 
( /rongly m>k$ m5tal or moral           
p]sonality4 ,i d n "k1 nor c>e1 :at     
mann] ( man ?is may h be54 ,!           
individuality is "o1 n ( ! m9d b ( !    
fle%4 ,:at int]e/s1 atta*es1 is n ! "*  
or temp]am5t1 b ! bone & sk91 ! creases 
& folds ( fle%4 ,& h]e9 also lies !     
beauty ( ! "w4 ,i d n mean its int]e/ or
 m]e te*nical skill1 ,i mean di/9ctly   
visible & arti/ic beauty4  ,?us does !  
sculptor ( ! ,r5aissance get beauty1    
visible beauty1 n psy*ologic int]e/1 out

 ( a pla9 human be+2 b ! beauty 7& ?is  
is ! di/+ui%+ po9t ( :at ,i mu/ call    
reali/ic decorative art7 does n exi/    
necess>ily 9 ! pla9 human be+3 he m]ely 
af=ds ! beg9n+ ( a patt]n :i* ! arti/   
may be able to c>ry out4 ,a p]son may h 
9 him ! mak+ ( a really beautiful bu/ & 
yet be ugly2 j z ! same p]son may af=d a
 subject = a spl5did pa9t+ & = an       
execrable piece ( sculpture4 ,! wr9kles 
& creases 9 a face l t ( ,b5$etto da    
,maiano's ,mell9i w\ld probably be ugly 
& p]haps disgu/+ 9 ! real r$di%1        
flaccid1 discol\r$ fle%2 :ile !y are    
admirable 9 ! solid & supple-look+      
m>ble1 9 its w>m & delicate bi/re &     
yell[4 ,mat]ial has an extraord9>y      
effect ^u =m2 col\r1 ?\gh n a positive  
elem5t 9 sculpture1 has imm5se negative 
p[] 9 acc5tuat+ or oblit]at+ ! m]e l9e4 
,all =m becomes vague & s(t 9 ! dairy   
flaccidness ( mod]n ivory2 & cle> &     
p[]ful 9 ! d>k t]ra cotta1 :i* c ennoble
 ev5 ! fatte/ & flatte/ faces ) its     
wond]ful faculty = mak+ m]e surface     

m>k+s1 m]e cr[sfeet1 int]e/+4 ,?us also 
) bronze3 ! poli%$1 work$ bronze1 ( f9e 
*ocolate burni% & r$di% reflections1 m>s
 all beauty ( l9e2 h[ diff]5t ! un*as$1 
m]ely r\gh ca/1 gre5i%1 ) inf9ite       
delicate greys & br[ns1 mak+1 = in/ance1
 ! head ( an old woman l an exquisite   
)]$1 %rivell$1 ve9$ autumnal leaf4 ,x is
 moreov]1 z ,i h said1 a "q ( comb9ation
 ( surface & light1 ?is art :i* makes   
beautiful bu/s ( ugly m54 ,! ideal /atue
 ( ! ,greeks int5d$ = ! op5 air2 fit to 
be look$ at "u any light1 high or l[1   
brilliant or veil$1 _h inde$ to be      
prep>$ to look well "u any light2 b to  
look well "u any light means n to use   
any "o p>ticul> relation ( light z an   
ally2 ! surface 0 kept mode/ly          
subord9at$ to ! features1 ! features :i*
 mu/ ne$s look well at all mom5ts & f   
all po9ts ( view4 ,b ! ,r5aissance      
sculptor knew :]e 8 "w w\ld be plac$2 he
 c\ld calculate ! effect ( ! light fall+
 inv>iably ?r\gh ?is or t w9d[2 he c\ld 
make a fell[-workman ( t light1 pres5t =

 x to draw or to oblit]ate :at features 
he lik$1 bid x sweep away su* or su*    
surfaces ) a broad /ream1 cut !m ) a    
deep %ad[1 c>ess _! smoo? *isell+ or _! 
r\gh gra9+s1 m>k z ) a nail ! few l>ge  
/rokes ( ! po9t :i* gave ! firmness to !
 /ra9$ muscle or /ret*$ sk94 ,out ( ?is 
model ( 81 ?is pla9 old burgess1 he & 8 
docile fri5d ! light1 c\ld make q a new 
?+2 a new patt]n ( bosses & cavities1 ( 
smoo? sweeps & track$ l9es1 ( creases & 
folds ( fle%1 ( pliable l95 & r\gh      
brocade ( dress3 some?+ new1 some?+ :i*1
 )\t a s+le feature be+ /raight5$ or    
%ort5$1 yet *ang$ completely ! value ( !
 :ole assemblage ( features2 some?+     
undream$ ( by nature 9 m\ld+ t ugly old 
m]*ant or humani/4 ,) ?is art :i*       
produc$ works l ,desid]io da            
,settignano's ,c>lo ,m>supp9i & ,b5$etto
 da ,maiano's ,pietro ,mell9i1 is       
intimately connect$ ! art ( ! great     
m$alli/s ( ! ,r5aissance--,pa/i1        
,guacialotti1 ,niccol ,fior5t9o1 &1     
greate/ ( all1 ,pisanello4 ,its         

excell5ce dep5ds precisely ^u its       
indep5d5ce ( ! ideal "w ( ,antiquity2   
nay1 ev5 ^u ! fact t1 :ile ! anci5ts1   
/rik+ _! co9s 9 *as$ metal dies1 obta9$ 
an a/oni%+ m9ut5ess & cle>ness ( e      
sep>ate little /roke & d9t1 & 7 !re=e   
=c$ into an almo/ m ?an sculptural      
p]fection ( m]e l9e1 ( m]e pr(ile &     
?roat & elaborately compos$ hair1 a sort
 ( sublime ab/raction ( ! possible      
beauty ( a human face1 z 9 ! co9s (     
,syracuse & also ( ,alex&]2 ! m5 ( !    
fifte5? c5tury employ$ ! process ( ca/+ 
! bronze 9 a concave m\ld obta9$ by !   
melt+ away ( a m$allion 9 wax2 9 wax1   
:i* tak+ ! liv+ impress ( ! arti/'s f+]1
 & recall+ 9 its firm & yet s(t texture 
! real sub/ance ( ! human face1         
ins5sibly l$ ! m$alli/ to seek1 n %>p & 
ab/ract l9es1 b simple1 /rongly m\ld$   
bosses2 n ideal beauty1 b ! real        
appe>ance ( life4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a     
significant fact t :ile ! m5 :o1 half a 
c5tury or s lat]1 made f9e1 *>act]less  
die-/amp$ m$als 9 imitation ( ! antique1

 ,c>adossi & ,b5v5uto = in/ance1 7      
goldsmi?s & sculptors1 work]s ) ! *isel1
 arti/s seek+ ess5tially = ab/ract      
elegance ( l9e2 ! two greate/ m$alli/s (
 ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 ,vittore ,pisano & 
,matteo di ,pa/i1 7 bo? ( !m pa9t]s2 &  
pa9t]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,italian s*ool1 to   
:om col\r & texture 7 all important1 &  
l9e> =m a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,& inde$1 
if we look at ! be/ "w ( :at ,i may call
 ! wax m\ld m$alli/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1
 ev5 at ! magnific5t m>ble m$allions ( !
 laurel-wrea!d head ( ,sigismund        
,malate/a on ! pill>s ( 8 *ur* at       
,rim9i1 modell$ by ,pa/i1 we %all see t 
^! m5 7 preoccupi$ almo/ exclusively ) !
 almo/ pictorial effect ( ! fle% 9 its  
v>i\s degrees ( boss & ( reaction ( !   
light2 & t ! "*1 ! beauty ev51 :i* !y   
atta9$1 is ess5tially due to a skilful  
manipulation ( texture1 & surface1 &    
light--"o might almo/ say ( col\r4 ,we  
all "k ,pisanello's fam\s heads ( !     
,malate/i ( ,rim9i3 ! saturn9e          
,sigismund1 ! delicate dapp] ,novello1 !

 p[]ful yet beautiful ,isotta2 b !re are
 o!r ,r5aissance m$als :i* illu/rate my 
mean+ ev5 bett]1 & connect my feel+s on 
! subject ( ?is bran* ( art m cle>ly )  
my feel+s t[>ds su* "w z ,b5$etto's     
,pietro ,mell9i4 ,=emo/ among ^! is !   
p]haps some:at imp]fect & decid$ly      
grotesque1 b a/oni%+ly p[]ful1 naf &    
*>act]i/ic ,lor5zo dei ,m$ici by ,niccol
 real gr&eur ( ^: conception ( ?is co>se
 yet imag9ative head may be pr(itably   
contra/$ ) ! classiciz+ ef=ts aft] !    
demi-god or successor ( ,alex&] 9       
,pollaiolo's fam\s m$al ( ! ,pazzi      
conspiracy4 ,next to ?is ,i w\ld place a
 m$al by ,guacialotti ( ,bi%op ,niccol  
,palmi]i1 ) ! motto1 ,nudus egressus sic
 r$ibo--s+ul>ly appropriate to !        
%ameless fle%l9ess ( ! p]sonage1 ) 8    
nak$ fat *e/ & %\ld]s1 8 fat1 pig-l     
*eeks & greasy-look+ bald head2 a hide\s
 bea/1 yet magnific5t 9 8 be/iality l "s
 huge fatt5$ pork]4 ,^! m$als give u1 z 
does ! bu/ ( ,pietro ,mell9i1 beauty ( !
 portrait despite ugl9ess ( ! orig9al4  

,b !re are two o!r m$als1 ?is "t by     
,pisanello1 &1 z x seems to me1 p]haps 8
 ma/]pieces1 :i* %[ ! q peculi> way 9   
:i* ?is homely *>m ( portraiture        
amalgamates1 s z to =m a homog5e\s & mo/
 seem+ly simple :ole1 ) ! homely *>m (  
c]ta9 k9ds ( pure & simple y\?ful types4
 ,"o ( ^! 7! rev]se ( :i* fanta/ically  
repres5ts ! f\r elem5ts1 ! wood$ e>?1 ! 
/>ry sky1 ! rippl$ sea1 ! sun1 all 9 "o 
sph]e7 is ! portrait ( ,don ,inigo      
d',avalos2 ! o!r t ( ,cecilia ,gonzaga4 
,?is sl5d] be>dless boy 9 ! ,spani%     
%ovel hat & wisp ( sc>f twi/$ r\nd !    
?roat2 & ?is tall1 long-neck$ girl1 )   
slop+ %\ld]s & /ill half-develop$ bosom2
 are1 s to speak1 bro!r & si/] 9 art1 9 
,pisanello's wond]ful g5ius4 ,! relief (
 ! two m$als is extremely l[1 s t 9     
c]ta9 lights ! effigies vani% almo/     
completely1 s9k into ! pale gre5 surface
 ( ! bronze2 ! portraits are a m]e film1
 a sort ( haze :i* has aris5 on ! bronze
 & ga!r$ into human lik5ess2 b 9 ?is    
film1 ?is sc>ce p]ceptible relief1 we   

are made to p]ceive ! sl5d] osse\s      
/ructure1 ! smoo?1 sleek1 *ildi% blond  
fle% & hair1 ! delicate1 undecid$ pallor
 ( extreme y\? & purity1 ev5 z we might 
9 "s elaborate portrait by ,velasquez1 b
 ) a spr+-l heal?9ess :i* ,velasquez1   
pa9t+ 8 lymphatic ,hapsburgs1 r>ely has4
  ,su* is ?is ,r5aissance art ( m$als1  
?is side bran* ( ! great reali/ic       
portraiture 9 /one ( ! ,b5$ettos1       
,desid]ios1 & ,rossell9os2 a p]fect ?+ 9
 itself2 & "o :i*1 if we muse ov] x 9   
connection ) ! m important works (      
fifte5? c5tury sculpture1 w p]haps lead 
u to ?9k t1 z ! sculpture ( ,antiquity1 
9 its sup]b idealism1 its devotion to ! 
p]fect l9e & curve ( beauty1 a*iev$ !   
highe/ t m]e col\rless art c            
a*ieve--?anks to ! v purity1 /]nness1 & 
n>r[ness ( its sculpturesque feel+--s   
also1 p]haps1 mod]n sculpture1 %\ld x   
ev] re-arise1 mu/ be a cont9uation ( !  
t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance1 mu/ be !      
humbl] si/] ( pa9t+1 mu/ seek = !       
reali/ic portrait & beg91 p]haps1 ) !   

reali/ic m$al4     ,,ii4   ,?is k9d (   
realism1 :]e only ! model is ugly1 :ile 
! portrait is beautiful2 :i* seeks      
decorative value by o!r means ?an !     
intr9sic excell5ce ( =m 9 ! object      
repres5t$1 ?is k9d ( realism is q       
diff]5t 9 sort f ! realisms ( immature  
art1 :i*1 aim+ at no?+ beyond a fai?ful 
copy1 is cont5t ) produc+ an ugly       
picture ( an ugly ?+4 ,n[ ?is latt] k9d 
( realism endur$ 9 pa9t+ "s "t aft]     
decorative realism su* z ,i h describ$  
_h rea*$ p]fection 9 sculpture4 ,nor 0 x
 till lat]1 & :5 ! crude s*ola/ic       
realism _h completely come to an end1 t 
!re became ev5 p>tially possible 9 pa9t+
 decorative realism analog\s to :at we h
 notic$ 9 sculpture2 :ile x 0 n till    
aft] ! close ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance   
p]iod t ! pa9t]s arose 9 ,spa9 & !      
,ne!rl&s :o 7 able to treat _! subjects 
) ! uncompromis+ decorative realism (   
,desid]io or ,rosell9o or ,b5$etto da   
,maiano4 ,= ! purely imitative realism (
 ! pa9t]s ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance 0 succe$$

 9 ,italy by idealism1 :i* matur$ 9 !   
great art ( intr9sically beautiful l9e> 
=m ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael1 & !    
great art ( intr9sically beautiful col\r
 =m ( ,giorgione & ,titian4 ,^! two     
s*ools 7 b\nd to be1 ea* 9 its degree1  
ideali/ic4 ,complete p[] ( m]e          
repres5tation 9 t9t & col\r hav+ be5    
obta9$ ?r\gh ! reali/ic drudg]y ( ! e>ly
 ,r5aissance1 selection 9 ! objects ?us 
to be repres5t$ _h naturally aris52 & ! 
/udy ( ! antique _h fur!r ha/5$ &       
direct$ ?is movem5t ( art no long] to   
/udy b to a*ieve1 to be decorative once 
m1 decorative no long] 9 subs]vi5ce to  
ar*itecture1 b z ! sep>ate &            
self-suffic+ art ( pa9t+4 ,selection1   
!re=e1 :i* is ! only practical k9d (    
idealism1 _h begun z soon z pa9t+ 0     
possess$ ( ! p[] ( repres5t+ objects 9  
_! relations ( l9e & col\r1 ) t am\nt ( 
light & %ad[ requisite to ! j           
appreciation ( ! relations ( =m & ! j   
relations ( col\r4 ,n[ art :i* /ops %ort
 at ?is po9t ( repres5tation mu/        

inevitably be1 if decorative at all1    
ideali/ically decorative2 x mu/ be      
squeami% respect+ ! objects repres5t$1  
respect+ _! real /ructure1 col\r1       
position1 & gr\p+4 ,=1 ( ! visible      
impressions receiv$ f an object1 "s are 
f> m intr9sic ?an o!rs4 ,suppose we see 
a woman1 beautiful 9 ! /ructure ( h]    
body1 & beautiful 9 ! col\r ( h] p]son &
 h] drap]ies1 /&+ "u a light :i* is su* 
z we %\ld call beautiful & int]e/+3 ( ^!
 ?ree qualities "o w be intr9sic 9 !    
woman1 ! second v consid]ably s1 ! ?ird 
n at all4 ,=1 let u call t woman away & 
replace h] imm$iately by ano!r woman    
*os5 at r&om4 ,we %all imm$iately       
p]ceive t we h lo/ "o pleasurable       
impression1 t ( beautiful bodily        
/ructure3 ! woman has tak5 away h]      
well-%ap5 body4 ,next we %all p]ceive a 
notable dim9ution 9 ! second pleasurable
 impression3 ! woman has tak5 ) h]1 n   
inde$ h] well-t9t$ g>m5ts1 :i* we may h 
be/[$ on h] successor1 b h] beautifully 
col\r$ sk9 & hair1 s t ( ! pleas+       

col\r-impression w rema9 only z mu* z 0 
due to1 & may h be5 reta9$ )1 ! orig9al 
woman's clo!s4 ,b if we look = our ?ird 
pleasurable impression1 our beautiful   
light1 we %all f9d t un*ang$1 :e!r x    
fall ^u a magnific5tly array$ goddess or
 ^u a sordid slut ,&1 conv]sely1 !      
beautiful woman1 :5 )drawn f t light &  
plac$ 9 any o!r1 w be equally lovely 9  
=m1 ev5 if we ca/ h] 9 pla/]1 & lose !  
col\r ( h] sk9 & hair2 or if we leave h]
 n only ! beautiful t9ts ( h] fle% &    
hair1 b h] own spl5didly col\r$ g>m5ts1 
we %all /ill h1 9 :atsoev] light1 a     
magnific5t piece ( col\r4 ,b if we      
recall ! poor ugly creature :o has      
succe$$ h] f out ( t f9e effect ( light1
 we %all h no?+ b a hide\s =m inve/$ 9  
hide\s col\r4  ,?is r\gh diagram w be   
suffici5t to expla9 my ?\ght respect+ ! 
relative degree to :i* ! art deal+ )    
l9e> =m1 t deal+ ) col\r & t deal+ )    
light1 ) ! m$ium 9 :i* =m & col\r are   
p]ceiv$2 is ea* respectively b\nd to be 
ideali/ically or reali/ically           

decorative4 ,n[ pa9t+ 0 /hetically      
mature1 possess$ ! means to a*ieve great
 beauty1 at a "t :5 ( ! ?ree modes (    
repres5tation !re _h z yet develop$ only
 ^? ( l9e> =m & col\r2 & ! v possibility
 & necessity ( imm$iately a*iev+ all t  
c\ld be a*iev$ by ^! means delay$ = a   
long "t ! developm5t ( ! ?ird mode (    
repres5tation3 ! repres5tation ( objects
 z !y appe> ) ref]5ce to ! light ?r\gh  
:i* !y are se54 ,a beg9n+ _h inde$ be5  
made4 ,c]ta9 ( ,correggio's effects (   
light1 ev5 m an occasional mann] (      
treat+ ! fle% & hair1 r$uc+ bo? =m &    
col\r to a k9d ( vague boss & vague %e51
 su* z !y really pres5t 9 giv5 effects (
 light1 a some?+ :i* we def9e r\ghly z  
em95tly mod]n 9 ! pa9t+ ( 8 clu/]$      
*]ubs2 all ?is is c]ta9ly a beg9n+ ( !  
s*ool ( ,velasquez4 ,/ill m s is x !    
case ) ,&rea del ,s>to1 ! man ( g5ius   
:om critics love to despat* z a         
m$iocrity1 because 8 art1 :i* is art    
altoge!r = ! eyes1 & 9 :i* he innovat$ m
 ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 does n af=d 

any excuse = ! irrelevancies ( ornam5tal
 criticism2 ) him ! appe>ance ( =m &    
col\r1 act$ ^u by light1 ! relative     
values ( :i* fle% & drap]ies consi/ )   
ref]5ce to ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 all ?is    
becomes s evid5t a preoccupation & a    
basis = decorative effects1 z to give   
c]ta9 ( 8 works an almo/ />tl+ air ( be+
 mod]n4 ,b ?is t5d5cy comes to no?+3 !  
m5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury appe> sc>cely to h
 p]ceiv$ :]e9 lay ! true excell5ce ( ?is
 ,&rea s5za errori1 deem+ him ess5tially
 ! arti/ ( l9e> p]fection2 :ile !       
innovations ( ,correggio 9 ! way ( %[+ !
 relations ( fle% tones & light end$ 9 !
 m]e co>se gala illum9ations 9 :i* 8    
successors made _! s]aphs plunge &      
sprawl4 ,!re 0 too mu* to be done1 good 
& bad1 9 ! way ( m]e l9e> =m & m]e      
col\r2 & z art ( m]e l9e> =m & col\r1   
indiff]5t ( all else1 did ! art ( !     
,italian ,r5aissance run to se$4  ,i    
said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap] t ! degree  
to :i* any art is /rictly ideali/ic1 c  
be measur$ by ! t]ms :i* x w make )     

portrait4 ,= z portrait is due to !     
desire to repres5t a p]son q ap>t f t   
p]son af=d+ mat]ial = decoration1 x is  
evid5t t only ! art :i* c call 9 !      
assi/ance ( decorative mat]ials1        
indep5d5t ( ! repres5t$ individual1 c   
possibly make a beautiful picture out ( 
an ugly man2 :ile ! art :i* deals only )
 su* visible peculi>ities z are inh]5t 9
 ! individual1 has no k9d ( outlet1 is  
corn]$1 & c make ( a repulsive orig9al  
only a repulsive picture4 ,! analogy to 
?is we h already notic$ 9 sculpture3    
antique sculpture1 consid]+ only ! l9e> 
bosses :i* exi/$ equally 9 ! liv+ man & 
9 ! /atue1 c\ld n af=d to repres5t pla9 
p2 :ile ,r5aissance sculpture1 extract+ 
a l>ge am\nt ( beauty out ( comb9ations 
( surface & light1 0 able1 z long z x   
c\ld arrange su* an artificial          
comb9ation1 to disp5se ) great p]fection
 9 ! model4 ,nay1 if we except          
,r5aissance /atu>y z a k9d ( sep>ate    
art1 we may say t ?is indep5d5ce ( !    
object portray$ is a k9d ( analytic te/1

 enabl+ u to judge at a glance1 & by !  
degree ( indep5d5ce f ! model1 ! degree 
to :i* any art is remov$ f ! m]e l9e &  
boss ( antique sculpture4 ,9 ! /atue /&+
 free 9 any light t may *ance to come1 e
 =m mu/ be beautiful f e po9t2 b 9      
proportion z ! new elem5ts ( pa9t+ ent]1
 9 proportion z ! actual l9e> =m & boss 
is m>k$ & help$ out by gr\p+1 col\r1 &  
light & %ade1 does ! actual p]fection ( 
! model become less important2 until1 "u
 ! reign ( light z ! *ief factor1 x     
becomes altoge!r indiff]5t4 ,9 ?is fact 
lies ! only rational f\ndation = !      
notion1 made popul> by ,hegel1 t pa9t+  
is an art 9 :i* beauty is ( mu* less    
acc\nt ?an 9 sculpture2 fail+ to und]/& 
t ! sum total ( beauty rema9$ ! same1   
:e!r dep5d5t ^u ! conc5tration ( a s+le 
elem5t or obta9$ by ! co-op]ation (     
sev]al consequ5tly less s+ly important  
elem5ts4  ,b to return to ! "q (        
portrait art4 ,f :at we h se51 x is cle>
 t art :i* requires p]fection ( =m w be 
r$uc$ to ugl9ess if cramp$ 9 ! obta9+ ( 

su* p]fection1 :]eas art :i* c obta9    
beauty by o!r means w /ill h a *ance :5 
r$uc$ to imitate ugly object8 ,h5ce x is
 t :ile ! reali/ically decorative art ( 
! sev5te5? c5tury c make actually       
beautiful ?+s ( ! portraits ( ugly p1 ! 
ideali/ically decorative art ( !        
,r5aissance produces portraits :i* are  
cruelly ugly 9 proportion z ! art is    
purely ideali/ic4 ,yet ev5 9 idealism   
!re are degrees3 ! m ! art is conf9$ to 
m]e l9e> =m1 to ! exclusion ( col\r1 !  
ugli] w be ! portraits4 ,) ,mi*ael      
,angelo ! difficulty 0 simplifi$ to     
impossibility3 he c\ld n pa9t portrait  
at all2 & 9 8 sculptur$ portraits ( !   
two ,m$icean dukes at ,s4 ,lor5zo he    
evad$ all attempt at lik5ess1 mak+ ^?   
two m5 into sc>cely m ?an two           
ar*itectural mon/]s1 half-human c\s9s ( 
! fanta/ic creatures :o keep wat* on !  
belfries & gurgoyles ( a ,go?ic ca!dral4
 ,x is almo/ impossible to ?9k ( ,mi*ael
 ,angelo attempt+ portrait3 ! man's     
g5ius _c be con/ra9$ to x1 & :at ought  

to be m]e ugl9ess w\ld come out idealiz$
 into gr&iose mon/rosity4 ,m5 l ,titian 
& ,t9toret are at ! o!r end ( ! scale ( 
ideal decoration3 !y are bord]+ ^u !    
doma9 ( realism4 ,h5ce !y c raise into  
int]e/1 by ! m]e p[] ( col\r1 _m an     
insignificant type2 yet ev5 !y are      
incapable ( deal+ ) absolute ugl9ess1 ) 
abs5ce ( f9e col\r1 or1 if !y d deal )  
x1 !re is an imm$iate improvem5t ^u !   
model1 & ! appe>ance ( tru?fulness goes4
 ,betwe5 ! absolute incapacity = deal+ )
 ugl9ess ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & ! p[] (   
compromis+ ) x ( ,titian & ,t9toret1    
,raphael /&s half-way3 he c call 9 !    
assi/ance ( col\r j suffici5tly to      
create a sett+ ( c>efully h>moniz$      
drap]ies & accessories1 beautiful en\gh 
to all[ ( 8 fill+ x up ) ! mo/ cruelly  
ugly lik5ess :i* any pa9t] ev] pa9t$4   
,f> too mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ,raphael
 9 g5]al1 b n half en\gh ab\t ,raphael z
 a portrait-pa9t]2 = by ! side ( !      
eclectic ideali/1 :o comb9$ & balanc$   
beauty almo/ into insipidity1 is ! mo/  

t]ribly1 inflexibly v]aci\s             
portrait-pa9t] t ev] 04 ,comp>$ ) ^?    
/]nly /raight=w>d portraits ( 8         
,flor5t9e & ,roman "t1 :]e ugl9ess &    
bas5ess are nev] att5uat$ by "o tittle1 
& alloy$ nobility or amiability1 z ) 8  
f9] models1 l ! two ,donis1 husb& &     
wife1 & ,bibbi5a1 is nev] purifi$ ( its 
tr\bl+ elem5t2 comp>$ ) !m ! ,v5etian   
portraits are m]e ins9c]e1 enorm\sly    
idealiz$ pieces ( col\r-h>mony2 nay1 !  
portraits ( ,velasquez are m]e          
h9ts--giv5 rapidly by a sick5$ pa9t]    
/riv+ to make ^? scr(ul\s ,hapsburgs no 
long] m]e m51 b keynotes ( h>monies (   
light--( :at ! p really are4 ,=         
,velasquez seems to %[ u ! temp]am5t1 ! 
pot5tiality ( 8 p1 & to leave u1 ) a k9d
 ( dignifi$ & melan*oly sil5ce z to all 
fur!r1 to f9d out :at life1 :at feel+s &
 actions1 su* a temp]am5t implies4 ,b   
,raphael %[s u all3 ! temp]am5t & ! "*1 
! real active creature1 ) all ! m>ks ( 8
 pres5t temp] & habits1 ) all !         
indications ( 8 imm$iate actions ^u him3

 completely )\t hum\r or bitt]ness1 )\t 
! smalle/ t5d5cy to twi/ ! reality into 
c>icature or mon/rosity1 nay1 p]haps )\t
 mu* psy*ologic analysis to tell him !  
exact mean+ ( :at he is pa9t+1 go+      
/raight to ! po9t1 & utt]ly ru?less f   
%e] abs5ce ( all alt]native ( do+       
o!rwise ?an he does4 ,!re is no?+ m     
cruelly reali/ic 9 ! _w1 cruel n only to
 ! base orig9als b to ! feel+s ( !      
spectator1 ?an ! h>mony ( villa9ies1 (  
v>i\s comb9ations ( black & hog-l       
be/iality1 & fox & wolf-l cunn+ &       
f]ocity ) wick$ human ?\ght &           
self-comm&1 :i* ,raphael has en%r9$ 9 t 
spl5did h>mony ( sc>let silk & crimson  
sat91 & purple velvet & dull :ite       
brocade1 z ! portraits ( ,leo ,x4 & 8   
c>d9als ,rossi & ,dei ,m$ici4  ,!       
ideali/ic pa9t]1 accu/om$ to rely ^u !  
intr9sic beauty :i* he has hi!rto be5   
able to select or create2 accu/om$ also 
to ?9k ( =m z some?+ q indep5d5t ( !    
m$ium ?r\gh :i* x is se51 sc>cely       
consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( light & air 9 8  

habit ( conc5trat+ all att5tion ^u a    
figure plac$1 z x 71 9 a sort ( vacuum (
 indiff]5ce2--?is ideali/ic arti/ is    
left )\t any res\rces :5 bid to pa9t an 
ugly man or woman4 ,) ! reali/ic arti/1 
to :om ! man or woman is utt]ly         
indiff]5t1 to :om ! m$ium 9 :i* !y are  
se5 is ev]y?+1 ! case ,is j rev]s$3 let 
him arrange 8 light1 8 atmosph]ic       
effect1 & he w "w into _! patt]n no     
matt] :at pla9 or repulsive wret*4 ,to  
,velasquez ! flaccid yell[i% fair fle%1 
) its grey d[ny %ad[s1 ! limp pale drab 
hair1 :i* is grey 9 ! light & sc>cely   
p]ceptibly blond 9 ! %ade1 all ?is      
unheal?y1 bloodless1 feebly liv+1 effete
 mass ( humanity call$ ,philip ,,iv4 (  
,spa91 %iv]+ 9 moral anmia l "s dog     
?or\gh br$ into no?+ness1 becomes m]ely 
! f\ndation = a spl5did h>mony ( pale   
t9ts4 ,aga91 ! poor little baby pr9cess1
 ) sc>ce visible features1 seem+ly      
knead$ 7b n suffici5tly p9*$ & modell$7 
out ( ! wet a%es ( an auto da f1 9 h]   
black-&-:ite frock 7h[ diff]5t f !      

dresses pa9t$ by ,raphael & ,titian671  
d+y & gloomy en\gh = an abbess or a     
cam]i]a major1 ?is *ildi% p]sonification
 ( c\rtly dre>9ess1 c]ta9ly born on an  
,a% ,w$nesday1 becomes ! pr9cipal /r&s =
 a m>vell\s tissue ( silv]y & a%y light1
 t+$ yell[i% 9 ! hair1 blui% 9 ! eyes & 
d[ny *eeks1 pale r$ 9 ! lips & ! rose 9 
! hair2 some?+ to mat* :i* 9 beauty y   
mu/ ?9k ( "s r>ely se5 ve9$ & jasp]$    
ra9y twilight1 or opal-t9t$ hazy w9t]   
morn+4 ,ugl9ess1 nay1 repulsiv5ess1     
vani%1 subdu$ into beauty1 ev5 z noxi\s 
gases may be subdu$ into heal?-giv+     
sub/ances by "s cunn+ *emi/4 ,! diff]5ce
 betwe5 su* portraits z ^! & ! portraits
 by ,raphael does n h[ev] consi/ m]ely 9
 ! beauty3 !re is also ! fact t if y    
take "o ( ,velasquez's portraits out (  
_! frame1 recon/itute ! liv+ individual1
 & bid him walk =? 9 :atsoev] light may 
fall ^u him1 y w h some?+ inf9itely     
diff]5t f ! portrait1 & ( :i* y\r only  
di/9ct feel+ w be t a f9e portrait might
 be made ( ! creature2 :]eas x is a     

matt] ( complete indiff]5ce :e!r y see  
,raphael's ,leo ,x4 9 ! fle% or 9 8     
gild$ frame4  ,:atev] may fairly be said
 respect+ ! relative value ( ideali/ic &
 reali/ic decorative art is really also 
connect$ ) ?is latt] po9t4 ,consid]+ t  
reali/ic art is m]ely obta9+ beauty by  
att5tion to o!r factors ?an ^? :i*      
preoccupy ideali/ic art1 t ! "o fulfils 
:at ! o!r neglects--tak+ ! matt] f ?is  
po9t ( view1 x w\ld seem z if ! two k9ds
 ( arts 71 s to speak1 morally equal2 & 
t any vague s5se ( my/]i\s sup]ior      
dignity cl++ to ideali/ic art 0 a m]e   
%r$ ( long disc>d$ p$antry4 ,b x is n s4
 ,= reali/ic art does m ?an m]ely br+   
into play p[]s unkn[n to ideali/ic art3 
x becomes1 by ! possession ( ^! p[]s1   
utt]ly indiff]5t to ! intr9sic value ( !
 =ms repres5t$3 x is s c]ta9 ( mak+     
ev]y?+ lovely by its h>monies ( light & 
atmosph]e t x almo/ pref]s to *oose     
inf]ior ?+s = ?is purpose4 ,i am ?9k+ at
 pres5t ( a picture by ,i =get :at      
,dut*man 9 our ,national ,gall]y1       

repres5t+ 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts five     
besott5-look+ creatures1 symbolical ( ! 
five s5ses3 !y are ugly1 bruti%1 ) ,i "k
 n :at sugge/ion ( dete/able temp]am5t 9
 _! blood%ot fle% & v]milion lips1 z if 
! :ole man 7 saturat$ ) 8 appetite4 ,yet
 ! ,dut*man has f\nd ! means ( mak+ ^!  
degrad$ types into some?+ :i* we c>e to 
look at1 & to look at on acc\nt ( its   
beauty2 ev5 z1 9 less] degree1 ,rub5s   
has always manag$ to make u feel t[>ds 8
 flaccid1 veal-complexion$1 fi%-ey$     
wom51 some?+ ( :at we feel t[>ds !      
goddesses ( ! ,p>!non2 t[>ds !          
:ite-rob$1 long-glov$ ladies1 )         
m$itative face b5ea? _! crimp$ auburn   
hair1 ( ,titian4  ,view$ 9 "o way1 !re  
is a k9d ( nobility 9 ! v fact t su*    
reali/ic art c make u p>don1 c r$eem1   
nay almo/ sanctify1 s mu*4 ,b is x "r   
?us to p>don1 r$eem1 & sanctify2 ?us to 
br+ ! inf]ior on to ! level ( ! sup]ior8
 ,nay1 is x n r wrong to tea* u to      
endure s mu* meanness & ugl9ess 9       
creatures1 on acc\nt ( ! nobility ) :i* 

!y are repres5t$8 ,is ?is n vitiat+ our 
feel+s1 blunt+ our desire = ! bett]1 our
 repugnance = ! worse8  ,a great &      
*>itable art1 ?is reali/ic art ( !      
sev5te5? c5tury1 & to be respect$ = its 
v t5d]ness t[>ds ! scorn$ & ca/away ?+s 
( reality2 b accu/om+ u1 p]haps too mu*1
 l all *>itable & reclaim+ impulses1 to 
c]ta9 unwor?y contacts3 9 /range contra/
 h]e9 ) t n>r[ b ascetic & ari/ocratic  
art ( idealism1 :i*1 isolat$ & impov]i%$
 ?\gh x may be1 has always ! dignity (  
its immaculate purity1 ( its unsw]v+    
judgm5t1 ( its ob/9ate det]m9ation to   
deal only ) ! be/4 ,a h>d task to judge 
betwe5 !m4 ,b be ?is z x may1 x is "o ( 
! s+ul> ri*nesses ( ! ,italian          
,r5aissance t x knew ( bo? t5d5cies2 t  
:ile 9 pa9t+ x gave ! equival5t ( t     
rigid idealism ( ! ,greeks :i* c make no
 compromise ) ugl9ess2 9 sculpture x    
possess$ ! equival5t ( ! realism (      
,velasquez1 :i* c make beauty out ( ugly
 ?+s1 ev5 z ! *emi/ c make sug> out (   
vitriol4          99       99       99  

99       99   ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,boi>do4 
,le donne1 i cavali]i1 l' armi1 gli     
amori4    ,i4  ,?r\gh\t ! tales (       
,*>lemagne & 8 w>riors1 ov]topp+ by f> !
 cr[d ( palad9s & knights1 move two     
colossal mail$ & vizor$ figures--,rol&1 
:om ! ,italians call ,orl&o & !         
,spani>ds ,roldan1 ! son ( ,milon       
d',ang]s & ( ,*>lemagne's si/]2 & ,r5aud
 or ,r9aldo1 ! "l ( ,montauban1 & elde/ 
( ! fam\s f\r sons ( ,aymon4 ,^! are !  
two repres5tative h]oes1 equal b oppos$1
 ! ,a*illes & ,odysseus1 ! ,siegfri$ &  
,dietri*1 ( ! ,c>ol+ian epic2 & 9 ea* is
 p]sonifi$1 by ! unconsci\s g5ius ( !   
e>ly ,middle ,ages1 "o ( ! great        
political movem5ts1 ( ! h]oic /ruggles1 
( feudalism4 ,= !re exi/$ 9 feudalism   
two =ces1 a c5tripetal & a c5trifugal--a
 =ce :i* made = ! supremacy ( ! k+ly    
ov]lord%ip1 & a =ce :i* made = !        
indep5d5ce ( ! great vassals4 ,h5ce1 9 !
 poetry :i* is ! poetry ( feudalism1 two
 di/9ct curr5ts ( feel+1 two di/9ct     
epics---! epic ( ! devot$ loyalty ( all 

! h]oes ( ,france to _! wise & mighty   
emp]or ,*>lemagne1 triumphant ev5 9     
mis=tune2 & ! epic ( ! hopeless         
resi/ance aga9/ a crav5 & caprici\s     
despot ,*>les ( ! mo/ righte\s &        
:ole-he>t$ among 8 feudatories3 ! epic (
 ,rol&1 & ! epic ( ,r5aud4 ,( ! fir/ !re
 rema9s to u1 9 its inflexible & iron   
solemnity1 an orig9al rhym$ n>rative1 ,!
 ,*anson de ,rol&1 :i* we may read      
p]haps almo/ 9 ! self-same words 9 :i* x
 0 sung by ! ,normans ( ,william 9 _!   
night wat* be=e ! great battle4 ,!      
c5tripetal =ce ( feudalism ga9$ ! upp]  
h&1 & ! song ( ! great empire1 ( ! great
 de$s ( loyal pr[ess1 0 consecrat$ 9 !  
feudal mon>*y4 ,! case 0 diff]5t ) !    
tale ( resi/ance & rebellion4 ,! /ory ( 
,r5aud soon became a dang]\s lesson = ! 
great b>ons2 x fell f ! h&s ( ! nobles  
to ^? ( humbl] folk2 & x is pres]v$ to u
 no long] 9 m$ival v]se1 b 9 a prose    
v]sion1 d\btless ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 "u 
! "n1 famili> on ! /alls ( village      
fairs1 ( ,! ,quatre ,fils ,aymon4 ,b1 z 

,r5aud is ! equal ( ,rol&1 s is ?is     
humble prose tale nev]!less ! equal ( ! 
great song ( ,roncevaux2 & ev5 n[1 x    
w\ld be a difficult task to decide :i* 7
 ! gr&]1 ! tale ( loyalty or ! tale (   
resi/ance4  ,9 ea* ( ^! tales1,! ,*anson
 de ,rol& & ,! ,quatre ,fils ,aymon1 !re
 is conta9$ a picture ( its respective  
h]o1 :i* sums up1 z x 71 ! :ole noble "*
 ( ! book2 & :i*1 ! picture ( ! dy+     
,rol& & ! picture ( ! dy+ ,r5aud1 ,i    
w\ld fa9 br+ be=e y be=e speak+ ( ! o!r 
,rol& & ! o!r ,r5aud1 ! ,orl&o ( ,ario/o
 & ! ,r9aldo ( ,boi>do4 ,! traitor      
,ganelon has enabl$ ,k+ ,m>sile to      
ov]take ) all 8 hea!nness ! re>-gu>d (  
,*>lemagne betwe5 ! granite walls (     
,roncevaux2 ! ,franks h be5 massacr$1 b 
! ,s>ac5s h be5 r\t$2 ,rol& has at la/  
c$$ to ! pray]s ( ,oliv] & ( ,ar*bi%op  
,turp92 ?ree times has he put to 8 m\? 8
 oliphant & bl[n a bla/ to call back    
,*>lemagne to v5geance1 till ! blood has
 foam$ r\nd 8 lips & 8 temple has bur/4 
,oliv] is dead1 ! ar*bi%op is dy+1 ,rol&

 himself is sl[ly ble$+ to dea?4 ,he    
goes d[n into ! defile1 heap$ ) corpses1
 & seeks = ! bodies ( ! pr9cipal        
palad9s1 ,ivon & ,ivaire1 ! ,gascon     
,engeli]1 ,gri] & ,gr91 ,br5g] & ,o?o1  
,anseis & ,salamon1 & ! old ,g]>d (     
,r\sillon2 & "o by "o drags !m to :]e ! 
ar*bi%op lies dy+4 ,& !n1 :5 to ^!      
knights ,rol& has at la/ add$ 8 own     
belov$ comrade ,oliv]1 he bids !        
ar*bi%op bless all ! dead1 be=e he die  
himself4 ,!n1 :5 he has rev]5tly cross$ 
,turp9's beautiful prie/ly h&s ov] 8    
brea/1 he goes =? to %att] 8 sword      
,dur5dal aga9/ ! rocks2 b ! good sword  
has cut ! rock )\t %iv]+2 & ! coldness (
 dea? /eals1 ov] ,rol&4 ,he /ret*es     
himself ^u a hillock look+ t[>ds ,spa91 
& prays = ! =giv5ess ( 8 s9s2 !n1 )     
,dur5dal & 8 ivory horn by 8 side1 he   
/ret*es out ! glove ( 8 "r h& to ,god4  
,he has /ret*$ =? to ,god ! glove ( 8 "r
 h&2 ,/4 ,gabriel has receiv$ x444 ,!n 8
 head has sunk on 8 arm2 he has gone1 ) 
clasp$ h&s1 to 8 end4 ,god s5ds him "o (

 8 *]ubim & ,/4 ,mi*ael ( ,p]il4 ,/4    
,gabriel has come ) !m4 ,!y c>ry ! s\l (
 ! ,c\nt3 up to p>adise4  ,m solit>y1 & 
solemn & sad ev51 is ! end ( ! o!r h]o1 
( ! great rebel ,r5aud ( ,montauban4 ,at
 l5g?1 aft] a lifetime wa/$ 9 fruitless1
 attempts to resi/ ! iniquity ( !       
emp]or1 to baffle 8 p[]1 to %ame him by 
magnanimity into1 ju/ice1 ! f\r sons (  
,aymon1 :o h giv5 up _! y\?1 _! manhood1
 ! de>e/ ?+s to _! he>t1 respect to _!  
fa!r & loyalty to _! sov]eign1 r ?an    
c\nt5ance ! inju/ice ( ,*>lemagne to _! 
k9sman1 h at la/ obta9$ to be p>don$2 to
 be p>don$1 !y1 h]oes1 by ?is1 da/>dly  
tyrant1 & to quietly s9k1 brok5-he>t$   
into no?+ness4 ,! elde/1 ,r5aud1 return+
 f 8 exile & ! ,holy ,l&1 f9ds t 8 wife 
,cl>isse has p9$ = him & di$2 & !n1     
putt+ away 8 arm\r f him1 & dress+ 9 a  
pilgrim's frock made ( ! purple s]ge ( !
 dead lady's robe1 he goes =? to w&]    
?r\gh ! _w2 n v old 9 ye>s1 b           
brok5-spirit$2 at peace1 b 9 solitude ( 
he>t4 ,& "o ev5+ he arrives at ,cologne4

 ,we c imag9e ! old knight1 only half   
aw>e ( ! sun%9e ( ! ev5+1 ! noise ( !   
/reets1 ! looks ( ! cr[d1 ! great m9/]  
ris+ half-f9i%$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! t[n by !   
,rh9e1 ! cries & noise & *ipp+ ( !      
masons2 unconsci\s ( all ?is1 half away3
 ) 8 bro!rs hid+ 9 ! ,ard5nes1 liv+ on  
roots & b]ries1 at bay be=e ,*>lemagne2 
or w&]+ ragg$ & fami%+ ?r\gh ,france2 ) 
,k+ ,yon brilliant at ,t\l\se1 see+     
p]haps = ! fir/ "t 8 bride ,cl>isse1 or 
! t[]s ( ,montauban ris+ "u ! workm5's  
h&s2 ?9k+ p]haps ( ! frightful siege1 :5
 all1 all _h be5 eat5 9 ! =tress1 & 8   
*ildr5 ,aymonnet & ,yonnet1 all ?9 &    
:ite1 knelt d[n & begg$ him to slaught] 
8 horse ,bay>d t !y might eat2 p]haps ( 
t j\rney1 :5 he & 8 bro!rs1 all 9       
r$-furr$ robes ) roses 9 _! h&s1 rode   
prison]s ( ,k+ ,*>les across ! pla9 (   
,vauc\leurs2 p]haps ( :5 he gallop$ up  
to ! gall[s at ,montfaucon1 & cut loose 
8 bro!r ,ri*>d2 or ( t d>+ ride to      
,p>is1 :]e he & 8 horse won ! race1     
snat*$ ! prize f be=e ,*>lemagne & sp$  

(f cry+ out t ! w9n] 0 ,r5aud (         
,montauban2 or1 p]haps1 see+ once m !   
sad1 sweet face ( ! ,lady ,cl>isse1 :5  
%e _h burn$ all h] preci\s /uffs & tires
 9 ! ca/le-y>d1 & lay dead )\t him to   
kiss h] cold m\?2 ( see+ once m 8 good  
horse ,bay>d1 :5 he kiss$ him 9 8 /all  
be=e giv+ him to be kill$ by ,*>lemagne4
 ,?9k+ ( all t pa/1 see+ x all )9 8 m9d1
 & see+ b little ( ! pres5t2 z1 9 ! l[  
yell[ light1 he help$1 = 8 bread1 !     
workm5 to heave ! great beams1 to c>ry !
 great /ones ( ! ca!dral1 to split !    
huge m>ble masses :ile !y />$ 9 a/oni%$ 
envy2 z he sat1 unconsci\s ( _! mutt]+s1
 eat+ 8 dry bread & porridge 9 ! build+ 
docks by ! riv]4 ,& !n1 :5 we>i$1 he _h 
sunk to sleep 9 ! hay-l(t1 dream+       
p]*ance t all ?is evil life 0 b a dream 
& ! awak5+ !refrom to happ9ess & /r5g?2 
! jeal\s workm5 came & kill$ him ) _!   
base tools1 & ca/ him into ! ,rh9e4 ,!y 
say t ! huge body float$ on ! wat]1     
surr\nd$ by a great halo2 & t :5 ! m5 ( 
! banks1 see+ ?is1 rev]5tly fi%$ x out1 

!y f\nd t ! noble corpse 0 unt\*$ by    
decay1 & /ill surr\nd$ by a light (     
glory4 ,& ?us1 x seems to me1 ?is       
,r5aud1 ?is rebel b>on ( ^: reality we  
"k no?+1 has float$ surr\nd$ by a halo (
 poetry d[n ! black flood ( ! ,middle   
,ages 79 :i* s mu* has sunk72 & :5 we   
look ^u 8 face1 & see its beauty & /r5g?
 & solemness1 we feel1 l ! p ( ! ,rh9e  
bank1 incl9$ to weep1 & to say ( ?is    
my/]i\s corpse1 ,surely ?is is "s great 
sa9t4  ,( ea* ( ^! h]oes ?us %[n u by ! 
,middle ,ages1 ! ,italian ,r5aissance   
also1 by ! h& ( two ( h] greate/ poets1 
has giv5 u a picture4 ,& fir/1 ( ,rol&4 
,( him1 ( ,c\nt ,orl&o1 we are told by  
,mess] ,lodovico ,ario/o1 t 9 consequ5ce
 ( 8 hav+ discov]$1 9 a c]ta9 pleasant  
grotto among ! f]ns & maid5hair1 words  
grav5 on ! rock 7int]rupt$1 d\btless1 by
 ! lov]'s kisses7 :i* reveal$ t !       
,pr9cess ,angelica ( ,ca?ay _h disda9$  
him = ,m$oro1 ! fair-hair$ page ( ! ,k+ 
( ! ,moors2 ,c\nt ,orl&o w5t /raightway 
out ( 8 m9d1 & hang+ up 8 arm\r & /ripp+

 (f 8 clo!s1 gallop$ ab\t on 8 b>e-back$
 horse1 slaught]+ c[s & %eep in/ead (   
,s>ac5s2 until x pleas$ ,god1 mov$ by ! 
dang] ( ,*ri/5dom & ! pray]s (          
,*>lemagne1 to p]mit ,a/olfo to ride on 
! hippogriffs back up to ! moon1 & br+  
back !nce ! wits ( ! great palad9       
conta9$ 9 a small phial4 ,we all "k t   
m]ry tale4 ,:at ! ,r5aissance has to say
 ( ,r5aud ( ,montauban is ev5 /rang] & m
 fanta/ic4 ,"o day1 says ,matteo        
,boi>do1 9 ! fifte5? canto ( ! second "p
 ( 8 ,orl&o ,innamorato1 z ,r9aldo (    
,montalbano1 ! contemn] ( love1 0 rid+ 9
 ! ,ard5nes1 he came to a cle>+ 9 ! =e/1
 :]e1 close to ! f\nta9 ( ,m]l91 a      
wond]ful sight met 8 eyes4 ,on a fl[]y  
mead[ 7 danc+ ?ree nak$ damsels1 & s++ )
 !m danc$ also a nak$ y\?1 d>k ( eyes & 
fair ( hair1 ! fir/ d[n on 8 lips1 s t  
"s might h said x 0 & o!rs t x 0 n !re4 
,on ,r9aldo's approa* !y broke ?r\gh _! 
s++ & danc+1 & ru%$ ^u him1 pelt+ him ) 
roses & hyac9?s & violets f _! baskets1 
& beat+ him ) great %eaves ( lilies1 :i*

 burnt l flames ?r\gh ! plates ( 8 arm\r
 to ! v m>r[ ( 8 bones4 ,!n :5 !y _h    
dragg$ him1 ti$ ) g>l&s1 by ! feet r\nd 
& r\nd ! mead[2 w+s1 ey$ n ) ! eyes ( a 
peacock b ) ! eyes ( lovely damsels1    
sudd5ly spr\t$ out ( _! %\ld]s1 & !y    
flew (f1 leav+ ! poor b>on1 bruis$ on ! 
grass1 to m$itate ^u ! vanity ( all     
future resi/ance to love4  ,su* are !   
?+s :i* ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance 
f\nd to tell u ( ! two great h]oes (    
,c>ol+ian poetry4 ,& ! explanation ( h[ 
x came to pass1 t = ! ,rol& ( ! song (  
,roncevaux 0 sub/itut$ ! ,orl&o (       
,ario/o1 & = ! ,r5aud ( ,! ,quatre ,fils
 ,aymon ! ,r9aldo ( ,matteo             
,boi>do--means simply t :i* ,i desire "h
 to /udy3 ! metamorphoses ( m$ival      
romance /uffs1 &1 m especially1 !       
vicissitudes ( ! cycle ( ,*>lemagne4    
,,ii4   ,we are apt to ?9k ( ! ,middle  
,ages z if !y 7 ! companion-piece to    
,antiquity2 b no su* ideal correspond5ce
 exi/s betwe5 ! two p]iods4 ,antiquity  
is all ( a piece1 & ! ,middle ,ages1 on 

! contr>y1 are het]og5e\s & *aotic4 ,=  
,antiquity is ! /eady & uni=m developm5t
 ( civilization 9 "o direction & ) "o   
mean+2 !re are great diff]5ces betwe5   
its v>i\s epo*s1 b !y are z ! diff]5ces 
betwe5 ! budd+1 ! blossom+1 & ! fad+    
/ages ( "o plant3 life v>ies1 b is "o4  
,! ,middle ,ages1 on ! o!r h&1 are a    
s]ies ( false />ts1 ( int]ruptions & (  
new dep>tures2 a p]petual confusion4 ,=1
 if we ?9k ov] !m1 we %all see t ^!     
c5turies call$ m$ival are occupi$ by !  
ef=t ( "o p1 or "o g5]ation1 to put to  
rights & settle d[n among z mu* z x c   
save ( ! civilization ( ,antiquity4 ,& !
 sudd5 ov]:elm+ ( ?is p or ?is g5]ation 
by ano!r1 :i* puts all ! elaborate      
arrangem5ts into dis>ray1 adds to ! ru9s
 ( ,antiquity ! ru9s ( m rec5t times2 & 
!n ?is de/roy+ g5]ation tries to put ?+s
 /raight1 to settle d[n1 & is 9 its turn
 int]rupt$ by ! adv5t ( "s new com] :o  
beg9s ! game afre%4  ,z x is ) peoples1 
s also is x ) ideas2 sc>cely has a s*eme
 ( life or ( philosophy or ( art tak5   

%ape & consi/5ce be=e1 f out ( !        
inexhau/ible *aos ( m$ival ?\ght &      
feel+1 !re issue new necessities1 new   
aspirations1 :i* put into confusion all 
previ\s ones4 ,! ,middle ,ages 7 l "s   
f9ancial crisis3 a little "t1 a little  
cr$it1 money w fructify1 weal? w        
reappe>1 ! difficult mom5t w be tid$    
ov]2 & s ) civilization4 ,b un=tunately 
! weal? ( ideas began to accumulate 9 ! 
/oreh\se only j long en\gh to br+ d[n a 
r\t ( cr$itors1 p :o rifl$ ! bank1 & w5t
 home to consume or inve/ _! money 9    
ord] to be succe$$ by o!rs4 ,h5ce1 9 !  
matt] ( civilization1 ! ,middle ,ages   
end$ 9 an extraord9>y sl[ ru91 a        
bankruptcy l t :i* ov]took ,france be=e 
'#hi1 & f :i*1 z ,france 0 re/or$ by !  
bold seizure & break+ up ( prop]ty ( !  
revolution1 ! _w 0 re/or$ by ! bold     
break+ ( feudal & spiritual mortma91 !  
re/or+ ( wa/$ en]gies to utility1 ( t   
great d\ble revolution1 ! ,r5aissance & 
! ,re=mation4 ,be ?is z x may1 mank9d   
?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages appe>s to h be5 

9 a *ronic condition ( pack+ up &       
unpack+1 & pack+ up aga92 "o aft] ano!r 
a nation1 a race1 a philosophy1 a       
political sy/em came to ! front & 0 pu%$
 back aga9 into limbo3 ,g]mans & ,kelts 
& ,lat9s1 ,fr5* civilization ( ! day (  
,abl>d1 ,prov5al civilization ( ! days (
 ! ,raymonds1 brilliant & evanesc5t     
,hoh5/auff5 supremacy1 papacy at        
,canossa & at ,avignon1 ,templ>s        
triumphant & ,templ>s p]secut$2         
s*ola/icism1 my/icism1 feudalism1       
democracy1 communism3 influ5ces all ^!  
p]petually ris+ up & be+ trodd5 d[n1    
till !y all rott$ away 9 ! great        
/agnation ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 & only 9  
"o "p ( ! _w1 :]e ! conflict 0 m spe$ily
 end$1 :]e "o set ( t5d5cies e>ly       
triumph$1 :]e /ability 0 tempor>ily     
obta9$1 9 ,italy alone did civilization 
cont9ue to be nurtur$ & develop$ = !    
b5efit ( all mank9d4 ,9 su* a /ate (    
affairs only su* ?+s c\ld fl\ri% &      
mature z 7 safe f :at ,i h call$1 = want
 ( a bett] expression1 ! p]petual       

unpack+ & repack+1 ! p]petual be+ on !  
move1 ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & among su* ?+s
 =emo/ 0 art1 ! ess5tial art ( ! times1 
ar*itecture1 :i*1 belong+ to ! small    
t[ns1 to ! inf9ite m9ority ( !          
democracy1 :o work$ & made money & let !
 great *anges pass ov] _! heads1 ?riv$  
almo/ z some?+ too insignificant =      
notice4 ,b x 0 diff]5t ) lit]ature4     
,ca!drals once built _c s easily be     
*ang$2 new peoples1 new ideas1 mu/      
accept !m4 ,b poetry--! ?+ :i* e nation 
insi/s ^u hav+ to suit its own ta/e1 !  
?+ :i* e nation & e g5]ation c>ries ab\t
 ) x hi!r & ?i!r1 ! ?+ :i* c be alt]$ to
 suit e pass+ :im--poetry 01 ( all !    
fluctuat+ ?+s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p]haps 
! mo/ fluctuat+4 ,& fluctuat+ also      
because1 z none ( ^! v>i\s nations1     
t5d5cies1 aspirations1 dom9at$          
suffici5tly long to produce any highly  
organiz$ art1 !re rema9$ no /&>d works1 
no?+ recogniz$ly p]fect1 :i* w\ld be    
kept = its p]fection & ga!r r\nd x      
imitations1 s z to =m ! nucleus ( any   

homog5e\s tradition4 ,! ,middle ,ages1 s
 full ( fa%ions 9 lit]>y matt]s1        
possess$ no classics2 ! m9nes+]s knew   
no?+ ( ! /]n old ,teutonic w> songs2 !  
mei/]sng]s _h =gott5 ! m9nes+]s2 !      
tr\vres & tr\bad\rs knew no?+ ( ,!      
,*anson de ,rol&1 & ,villon knew no?+ ( 
!m2 only 9 ,italy1 :]e ! ,middle ,ages  
came to an end & ! ,r5aissance began ) !
 ,lomb>d league1 0 !re e/abli%$ a       
tradition ( excell5ce1 ) m5 l ,dante1   
,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio1 h&$ d[n f        
g5]ation to g5]ation2 ev5 z1 :ile 9 !   
nor? !re came ab\t ! /range modification
 :i* sub/itut$ ! ,fr5* ( ,rabelais = !  
,fr5* ( ,*re/i5 de ,troyes1 ! ,g]man (  
,lu!r = ! ,g]man ( ,wolfram von         
,es*5ba*1 ! ,italian language1 f ,ciullo
 d',alcamo almo/ to ,boi>do & ,lor5zo   
dei ,m$ici1 rema9$ virtually id5tical4  
,! result ( ?is1 :i* ,i may call !      
het]og5e\sness & in/ability ( ! ,middle 
,ages 0 t n m]ely lit]>y =ms 7 = ev]    
aris+ & be+ sup]s$$1 b lit]>y subject   
matt] 0 cont9ually und]go+ a process (  

trans=mation4 ,:ile 9 ,antiquity ! great
 epic & tragic /uffs rema9$ well-nigh   
unalt]$1 & ! /ories ( ,val]ius ,flaccus 
& ,apollonius ,rhodius 7 m]ely ! /ories 
:i* _h be5 curr5t s9ce ! days ( ,hom]1  
dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ,middle ,ages e epic   
cycle1 & e tale belong+ !reunto1 0      
gradually adult]at$1 m+l$ )1 swamp$ by1 
"s o!r cycle or tale2 nay1 r1 e o!r1    
cycle & e o!r tale1 ! old] ones try+ to 
save _! popul>ity by admixture ) ! m    
rec5t1 till at la/ all my?ical          
significance1 all hi/orical mean+1 all  
national "*1 all psy*ological reality1 7
 lo/ 9 ! *aotic result4 ,& mean:ile1 9 !
 abs5ce ( any /able language1 ( any     
durable lit]>y fa%ion1 ! ,middle ,ages 7
 unable to give to ^! epic /uffs1 at any
 "o p]iod ( _! life ( metamorphose1 a =m
 suffici5tly arti/ically valuable to    
secure any?+ beyond mom5t>y vogue1 to   
secure = !m ! immortality ( ! great     
,greek tales ( adv5ture & w>f>e & love4 
,?us x came ab\t t ! epic cycle (       
,*>lemagne1 aft] supplant+ 9 m5's m9ds !

 gr& sagas ( ! pagan ,nor?1 0 itself    
supplant$ by ! ,ar?urian cycle2 t !     
,franki% /ories absorb$ ! :olly         
discrepant elem5ts ( _! m =tunate       
,keltic rivals2 t bo? cycles1 hav+ lo/  
all "* ?r\gh fusion & ?r\gh oblit]ation 
by "t1 became m mean+less g5]ation by   
g5]ation & ye> by ye>1 until :5 !       
,middle ,ages _h come to an end1 & !    
great poets ( ! ,r5aissance 7 ready to  
give ?is old m$ival epic /uff a         
def9itive & durable arti/ic %ape1 !re   
came to ! h&s ( ,boi>do & ,ario/o1 (    
,tasso & ,sp5s]1 only a /range1 trump]y 
mat]ial1 muddl$ by jongleurs & romance  
writ]s1 & r$uc$ to m]e fairy /uff1 tak5 
s]i\sly only by ,don ,quixote1 & by !   
au?ors ( ! volumes ( insane twaddle     
call$ aft] ,amadis ( ,gaul & all 8      
k9sm54  ,su* a condition ( p]petual     
*ange z expla9s1 9 my belief1 :y !      
m$ival epic subjects 7 want$1 c be made 
cle> only by examples4 ,i %all !re=e try
 to %[ ! trans=mations :i* 7 und]gone by
 "o or two pr9cipal m$ival epic subjects

 z a result ( a mixture ) o!r epic      
cycles2 ( a gradual adaptation to a new 
/ate ( civilization2 & f9ally ( _!      
gradual sep>ation f all k9d ( reality & 
real int]e/s4  ,fir/ ( all1 let u look  
at ! epic cycle1 :i*1 al?\gh kn[n to u  
only 9 poems no old] ?an ^? ( ! tr\vres 
& m9nes+]s :o sang ( ,*>lemagne &       
,ar?ur1 is 9 reality f> m anci5t1 & on  
acc\nt ( its antiquity & its consequ5t  
disconnection ) m$ival religi\s &       
political int]e/s1 0 ?r[n aside ev5 by !
 nations to :i* x belong$1 by !         
,sc&9avians :o took to writ+ sagas ab\t 
! w>s ( ,*>lemagne aga9/ ,s>ac5s1 & by !
 ,g]mans :o pref]r$ to he> ! adv5tures (
 ,wel% & ,briton1 ,launcelots &         
,tri/rams4 ,i am allud+ to ! /ories     
connect$ ) ! family & life ( ! h]o call$
 ,sigurd by ! ,sc&9avians1 & ,siegfri$  
by ! ,g]mans4 ,( ^! we possess a ,norse 
v]sion call$ ! ,volsunga ,saga1         
magnific5tly done into ,engli% by ,mr4  
,william ,morris2 :i*1 al?\gh writt5 d[n
 at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 ! v "t   

!re=e ( ,*re/i5 de ,troyes1 ,wolfram von
 ,es*5ba*1 & ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 &
 subsequ5tly to ! presum$ writ+ ( ,!    
,*anson de ,rol& & ! ,nibelung5li$1 %[s 
u 9 reality ! product ( a p1 ! di/ant   
,sc&9avians ( ,icel&1 :o 7 five or six  
hundr$ ye>s beh9d ! ,fr5*1 ,g]mans1 &   
,engli% ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 !         
,volsunga ,saga1 nei!r ,*ri/ianity nor  
feudalism is yet dream$ (2 & x is = ?is 
reason t ,i wi% to comp>e x ) !         
,nibelung5li$1 9 ord] to %[ h[ enorm\sly
 ! old epic /uff 0 alt]$ by ! new       
civilization4 ,! :ole social & moral    
condition ( ! two v]sions is diff]5t4 ,9
 ! old ,sc&9avian civilization1 :]e !   
,vik+ is surr\nd$ & s]v$ by clansm51 !  
feel+ ( blood relation%ip is ! /ronge/ 9
 p's he>ts2 /rangely & fe>fully %[n 9 ! 
introductory tale ( ,signy1 :o1 9 ord]  
to av5ge h] fa!r ,volsung1 kill$ by h]  
husb&1 murd]s h] *ildr5 by ! latt]1 &   
!n1 alt]$ 9 face by magic arts1 goes =? 
to ! woods to h] bro!r ,sigmund1 t1     
un-witt+ly1 he may beget ) h] ! only man

 fit to av5ge ! ,volsungs4 ,& !n %e s5ds
 ! boy ,s9fjotli to ! man he has hi!rto 
consid]$ m]ely z 8 uncle1 bidd+ ! latt] 
kill him if he prove unwor?y ( 8        
ince/u\s bir?1 or tra9 him to v5geance4 
,! ?ree toge!r murd] ! husb& &          
legitimate *ildr5 ( ,signy1 & set !     
palace on fire2 :i*1 be+ done1 ! que51  
hav+ accompli%$ h] duty to h] k91       
accompli%es t t[>ds h] husb&1 & calmly  
returns to die 9 ! burn+ hall4 ,"h 7&   
app>5tly aga9 9 ! case ( ! *ildr5 (     
,sigurd & ,brynhilt7 ince/ becomes a    
family virtue4 ,?is be+ ! frightful     
prepond]ance ( ! feel+ ( blood          
relation%ip1 x is q natural t !         
,sc&9avian ,*riemhilt 7call$ 9 !        
,volsunga ,saga1 ,gudrun7 %\ld n res5t !
 murd] ( h] husb& ,siegfri$ or ,sigurd  
by h] bro!rs at ! in/igation ( ! jeal\s 
,brynhilt 7:o has 9 a mann] be5         
,sigurd's wife be=e he made h] ov] to   
,*riemhilt's elde/ bro!r72 & t1 s f> f  
seek+ any rev5ge aga9/ !m1 %e %\ld1 :5  
h] second husb& ,atli s5ds = h] bro!rs 9

 ord] to rob & murd] !m1 fir/ va9ly w>n 
!m ( ! plot1 & !n1 :5 !y h be5 massacr$1
 kill ,atli & h] *ildr5 by him 9 ord] to
 av5ge h] bro!rs4 ,! slack5+ ( ! tribal 
feel+1 ! idea ( fidelity 9 love &       
sanctity ( m>riage belong+ to           
,*ri/ianity & feudalism1 r5d]$ su* a    
/ory un9telligible to ! ,g]mans ( !     
,o?os & ,h5rys4 ,9 ! ,nibelung5li$1 !   
:ole /ory ( ! massacre ( ! bro!rs is    
*ang$4 ,*riemhilt nev] =gives ! murd] ( 
,siegfri$1 & x is n ,etzel--,atli = !   
sake ( plund]1 b %e h]self = ! sake (   
rev5ge1 :o decoys h] bro!rs & murd]s !m2
 x is %e :o ) h] own h& cuts (f ! head (
 ,gun!r to expiate 8 murd] ( ,siegfri$4 
,to our feel+s1 m ak9 to ^? ( ! feudal  
,*ri/ians ( ,franconia ?an to ^? ( !    
tribal ,sc&9avians ( ! ,edda1 ! second  
v]sion is f> m intelligible & int]e/+--!
 /ory ( ?is once g5tle & lov+           
,*riemhilt1 turn$ by ! murd] ( h] belov$
 into a fury1 & plott+ to av5ge 8 dea?  
by ! dea? ( all 8 k9sfolk1 mu/ be mu*   
gr&] & m pa!tic ?an ! /ory ( ?is /range 

,gudrun1 :o sits d[n pati5tly b5ea? !   
injury done to h] by h] bro!rs1 b       
savagely av5ges !m on h] new husb&1 & h]
 own & 8 innoc5t *ildr52 to u ?is       
p]si/5ce ( tribal feel+1 de/roy+ all    
indignation & love1 is m]ely unnatural1 
confus+1 & repulsive4 ,b ?is alt]ation =
 ! bett] 9 "o ( ! incid5ts ( ! tale is a
 m]e fluke2 & ! :ole ma9 plot ( !       
orig9ally c5tral figures are completely 
oblit]at$ by ! new /ate ( civilization1 
& r5d]$ m]ely trivial & grotesque4 ,9 ! 
,volsunga ,saga ,sigurd1 ov]come by     
en*antm5ts1 has =gott5 8 wife 7or       
mi/ress1 a vague my?ical relation%ip72  
&1 ) all s5se ( ! pa/ oblit]at$1 has    
made h] ov] to ! bro!r ( 8 new wife     
,gudrun2 & ,brynhilt kills h] fai?less  
love to dissolve ! second m>riage & be  
reunit$ ) him 9 dea?4 ,9 ! ,nibelung5li$
 ,siegfri$1 al?\gh ! fl[] ( knigh?ood1  
conqu]s by f\l play ! ,amazon ,brunhilt 
to rew>d ,gun!r = ! h& ( 8 si/]2 nay1 9 
a comic & loa?some sc5e he =ces h] into 
! embraces ( ! crav5 ,gun!r2 & !n he    

gets kill$ by ,brunhilt's ma*9ations2   
:51 aft] mo/ unque5ly bick]+s1 ! pr\d   
,amazon is brutally told by ,siegfri$'s 
wife ( ! dirty trick :i* has giv5 h] to 
,gun!r4 ,aft] ?is1 x is impossible to   
realize1 :5 ,siegfri$ is murd]$ & all   
our sympa?ies call$ on to 8 side1 !     
utt]ly out-(-"*1 blackgu>dly behavi\r   
:i* has br\ght ! h]o to 8 dea?4         
,simil>ly ! conception ( ! "* & position
 ( ,brynhilt is entirely disfigur$ &    
r5d]$ inane 9 ! ,nibelung5li$3 ( t sup]b
 demi-goddess ( ! ,sc&9avians1 burnt on 
! pyre ) h] falcons & dogs & horses &   
slaves1 by ! side ( ! demi-god ,sigurd1 
:om %e has lov$ & kill$1 le/ ! door (   
,valhalla1 sw++ aft] him1 %\ld %ut h]   
out f 8 pres5ce2 ( h] !re rema9s 9 !    
,g]man m$ival poem only a virago 7m l ! 
giantesses ( ! ,amadis romances7 enrag$ 
at hav+ be5 defeat$ & grotesquely &     
grossly pummell$ into w$lock by a man n 
h] husb&1 & !n slang$ l a fi%wife by h] 
envi\s si/]-9-law4  ,! old1 consi/5t1   
gr&ly tragic tale ( ! my/]i\s ince/s &  

rev5ges ( a race ( demi-gods has lo/ its
 s5se1 its po9t 9 ! attempt to arrange x
 to suit ,*ri/ian & feudal ideas4 ,!    
really f9e portions ( ! ,nibelung5li$   
are exactly ^? :i* h no real connection 
) ! orig9al /ory1 gratuit\s additions by
 m$ival poets4 ,! delicately indicat$   
fall+ 9 love ( ,siegfri$ & ,*riemhilt1 !
 /ruggles ( ,m>kgraf ,rdg] betwe5       
ob$i5ce to 8 feudal sup]ior & fidelity  
t[>ds 8 fri5ds & gue/s2 &1 above all1 ! 
canto ( ! dea? ( ,siegfri$4 ,?is la/ is 
diff]5t1 int5sely diff]5t1 f ! rugg$ &  
dre>y monotony ( ! re/2 ?is mo/         
poetical1 almo/ ,sp5s]ian or ,ario/esque
 realization ( ! sc5e2 ?is beautiful    
picture 7?\gh work$ ) ! ne$le ( !       
arras-work] r ?an ) p5cil or bru%7 ( !  
wood1 ! hunt1 ! solit>y f\nta9 9 !      
,od5wald1 :]e1 ) 8 spe> lean$ aga9/ !   
lime-tree1 ,siegfri$ 0 /ruck d[n into ! 
clov] & fl[]s1 & wri!d ) ,hag5's /eel   
?r\gh 8 back4 ,?is canto is c]ta9ly     
int]polat$ by "s fir/-rate poet1 at lea/
 a ,gottfri$ or a ,wal!r1 to :om t      

passage ( ! savage old dron+ song ( dea?
 _h sugge/$ a piece ( new art2 x is l ! 
fragm5ts ( exquisitely *isell$ leafage &
 figures :i* y sometimes f9d encru/$--by
 :om8 :]e=e8--q isolat$ 9 ! mid/ ( !    
r\gh & li*5-/a9$ /ones ( "s rude ,lomb>d
 *ur*4 ,all ! re/ ( ! ,nibelung5li$     
gives an impression ( effet5ess2 !re is 
no def9it5ess ( idea su* z t ( !        
,volsunga ,saga2 ! battles are m]e vague
 slaught]1 no action1 no realiz$        
movem5t1 or 7except+ ,rdg]7 no realiz$  
motive ( conduct4 ,%ape & col\r w\ld    
seem to h be5 oblit]at$ by repetition & 
alt]ation4 ,yet ev5 ^! alt]ations c\ld n
 make ! tale ( ,siegfri$ survive among !
 ,g]mans ( ! ,middle ,ages2 nay1 ! m !  
alt]ations ! less ! int]e/2 ! want (    
consi/5cy & col\r due to re>rangem5t    
m]ely accel]at$ ! ?r[+ aside ( a subject
 :i*1 dat+ f pagan & tribal times1 _h   
become repugnant to ! new g5]ations4    
,all ! mutilations 9 ! _w c\ld n make ! 
old ,sc&9avian tales ( betray$ tru/1 (  
rev5ge & triumphant blood%$1 at all     

sympa!tic to m5 ^: religi\s & social    
ideals 7 ^? ( =giv5ess & fidelity2 ev5  
/ripp$ ( its ince/u\s my/]ies & ( its   
fe>ful tribal love1 ! tale ( ,sigurd &  
,brynhilt1 r$uc$ to ! tale (            
,*riemhilt's rev5ge1 0 unpalatable3 no m
 attempts 7 made at re-writ+ x1 & !     
poems ( ,wal!r1 ( ,gottfri$1 ( ,wolfram1
 ( ,ulri*1 & ( ,tannhus]1 full z !y are 
( ref]5ces to /ories ( ! ,c>ol+ian &    
,ar?urian cycles1 nay1 to ,antique &    
,ori5tal tales1 conta9 no allusion to ! 
p]sonages ( ! ,nibelung5li$4 ,! old epic
 ( ! ,go?ic races _h be5 pu%$ aside by !
 triumphant epic ( ! obscure & conqu]$  
,kelts4  ,!re are few ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory
 ( ideas & =ms m s+ul> ?an t ( ! sudd5  
conque/ ( ! poetry ( dom9ant or di/ant  
nations by ! poetic subjects ( a        
comp>atively small race1 %e>$ ( all     
political importance1 re/rict$ to a     
trifl+ t]ritory1 & well-nigh depriv$ (  
_! language2 & ( ?is !re c be f\nd no m 
/rik+ example ?an ! sudd5 ou/+ ( !      
,c>ol+ian epic by ! cycle ( ,ar?ur4  ,! 

,kelts ( ,brita9 & ,irel& possess$ an   
epic cycle ( _! own1 :i* came to notice 
only :5 !y 7 dispossess$ ( _! la/       
/rongholds by ,saxons & ,normans1 & :i* 
imm$iately spread ) a/\nd+ rapidity all 
ov] ,europe4 ,! vanqui%$ race became    
fa%ionable2 !mselves1 _! art & _!       
poetry1 began to be s\ght = z a preci\s 
& w>-enhanc$ loot4 ,! h]oic tales ( !   
,kelts 7 transcrib$ 9 ,wel%1 & translat$
 into ,lat91 by ord] ( ! ,norman &      
,angev9e k+s1 glad1 x w\ld seem1 to     
oppose ! ,old ,briton to ! ,saxon       
elem5t4 ,! ,keltic songs 7 c>ri$ all ov]
 ,france by ,breton b>ds1 to ^: music & 
rhymes1 ) only a g5]al idea ( !         
subjects1 ! neo-,lat9-speak+ ,franks    
li/5$ ) ! sort ( /olid satisfaction )   
:i* ,engli% or ,g]mans ( a hundr$ ye>s  
ago li/5$ to ,italians s++ ,meta/asio's 
v]ses4 ,b soon ! songs & tales 7        
translat$2 & ,fr5* poets imitat$ 9 _!   
language1 nor!rn & s\!rn1 ! graceful    
metres ( ! ,keltic lays1 & alt]$ &      
arrang$ _! subjects4 ,s t1 9 a v %ort   

"t1 ,france1 & ?r\gh x ,g]many1 0       
inundat$ ) ,keltic /ories4 ,?is triumph 
( ! vanqui%$ race 0 n )\t reason4 ,!    
,kelts1 e>ly civiliz$ by ,rome &        
,*ri/ianity1 _h a set ( /ories & a set (
 h]oes extremely 9 accordance ) m$ival  
ideas1 & requir+ b v little alt]ation4  
,! consid]able age ( _! civilization _h 
long oblit]at$ all traces ( pagan &     
tribal feel+ 9 _! tales4 ,_! h]oes1     
orig9ally1 l ^? ( all o!r p1 div9ities  
intimately connect$ ) natural ph5om5a1  
_h long lo/ all cosmic *>act]i/ics1 long
 ceas$ to be gods1 &1 manipulat$ by !   
fancy ( a race ^: greatness 0 q a ?+ ( !
 pa/1 _h become a sort ( gold5 age      
ideals--! m5 ( a di/ant p]iod ( glory1  
:i* 0 adorn$ ) e k9d ( p]fection1 till x
 became z unreal z fairyl&4 ,fairyl&1 9 
good soo?1 0 ?is c\ntry ( ! ,keltic     
tales2 & !re is a sort ( symbolical     
significance 9 ! fact ( its lawgiv]     
,m]l91 & its emp]or ,ar?ur1 be+ bo? ( !m
 n dead1 l ,sigurd1 l ,dietri*1 l       
,*>lemagne & ,rol&1 b ly+ 9 en*ant$     

sleep4 ,long inaction & ! day-dream+ (  
idl5ess _h ref9$ & idealiz$ ! h]oes (   
?is ,keltic race--a race ( brilliant    
fancy & almo/ s\!rn mobility1 & s(t5$ = 
a long "t by contact ) ,roman coloni/s &
 ,*ri/ian prie/s4 ,!y 7 n ! brutal      
combatants ( an active fight+ age1 l !  
h]oes ( ! ,edda & ( ! ,c>ol+ian cycles2 
nor _h !y any p>ticul> milit>y "w to d1 
belong+ z !y did to a p huddl$ away into
 inactivity4 ,_! sole occupation 0 to   
ext5d abroad t ideal happ9ess :i* reign$
 9 ! ideal c\rt ( ,ar?ur2 to g =? on !  
loose & see :at ill-condition$ folk !re 
might yet be :o requir$ be+ subdu$ or   
taught mann]s 9 ! happy k+dom1 :i* !    
poor insignificant ,kelts connect$ ) "s 
pr9celet ( !irs :o c5turies be=e may h  
mom5t>ily repell$ ! pagan ,saxons4 ,h5ce
 9 ! ,keltic /ories1 su* z !y exi/ 9 !  
v]sions previ\s to ! conque/ by !       
,norman k+s1 & previ\s also to any      
communications ) o!r peoples1 ! di/9ct  
beg9n+ ( :at 0 lat] to be call$         
knight-errantry2 ( h]oes1 creations ( an

 inactive nation1 hav+ no special       
milit>y duties1 go+ =? to d :at good !y 
may at r&om1 un=c$ by any necessity1 &  
foll[+ a m]e /hetico-romantic plan (    
p]fect+ !mselves by de$s ( val\r to     
become m wor?y ( _! ,god1 _! ,k+1 & _!  
,lady3 religion1 loyalty1 & love1 all   
?ree ( !m m]e /hetic ab/ractions1 becom+
 ! goal ( an ess5tially /hetic1         
unpractical sy/em ( self-improvem5t1 su*
 z 0 utt]ly incompatible ) any real &   
s]i\s bus9ess 9 life4 ,idle poetic      
fancies ( an in]t p1 ! ,knights ( !     
,r\nd ,table h no mission save t ( be+  
poetically p]fect4 ,su* 0 ! _s ( ,keltic
 poetry2 &1 z x happ5$1 ?is _s satisfi$ 
! imag9ative wants ( m$ival society j at
 ! mom5t :5 political ev5ts diffus$ 9   
o!r c\ntries ! k ( ! ,ar?urian leg5ds4  
,! old ,teutonic tales ( ,sigurd1       
,gudrun1 & ,dietri*1 _h long ceas$ to   
appeal1 9 _! mutilat$ & oblit]at$       
condition1 to a society to :om tribal   
feel+ & pagan h]oism 7 odi\s1 & ^:      
religion di/9ctly reprov$ rev5ge4 ,^!   

semi-my?ological tales _h be5 replac$ by
 ano!r cycle3 ! purely reali/ic epic1   
:i* _h aris5 dur+ ! /ruggles betwe5 !   
,*ri/ian we/ aga9/ ! pagan nor?-ea/ & ! 
,mohamm$an s\?1 & :i*1 orig9at+ 9 ! %ort
 battle-songs n>rat+ ! exploits ( !     
pr$ecessors & help-mates ( ,*>lemagne1  
_h con/itut$ itself into l>ge n>ratives 
( :i* ! ,song ( ,rol& repres5ts arti/ic 
culm9ation4 ,^! n>ratives ( m]e milit>y 
exploits1 ( ! battles ( a /rong feudal  
ari/ocracy animat$ by feudal loyalty &  
half-religi\s1 half-patriotic fury aga9/
 invad+ hea!nness1 _h p]fectly satisfi$ 
! m5 ( ! e>lie/ ,middle ,ages1 ( ! times
 :5 feudalism 0 be+ e/abli%$ & ! *ur*   
be+ re=m$2 :5 ! /rong milit>y pr9celets 
( ! ,nor? 7 emb>k+ ) _! b>ons to conqu] 
new k+doms 9 ,engl& & 9 ,italy &        
,greece2 :5 ! :ole ( feudal ,europe     
hurl$ itself aga9/ ,asia 9 ! fir/       
,crusades4 ,b ! condition ( ?+s soon    
alt]$3 ! feudal hi]>*y 0 brok5 up into a
 numb] ( semi-indep5d5t little k+doms or
 pr9cipalities1 /ruggl+1 ) ! assi/ance (

 indu/rial & m]cantile classes1 to      
become absolute mon>*ies2 pr9ces :o _h  
be5 m]e g5]als became /ay-at-home       
diplomati/s1 /udi\s ( taxation &        
intrigue1 surr\nd$ no long] by arm$     
vassals1 b by an ess5tially urban c\rt1 
9 con/ant communication ) ! money-mak+  
burgh]s4 ,religion1 also1 in/ead ( be+ a
 matt] ( fight+ ) infidel invad]s1 turn$
 to fanta/ic sect>ianism & emotional    
my/icism4 ,) ! s5se ( futility1 (       
disappo9tm5t1 att5dant on ! lat]        
,crusades1 came also a habit ( roam+ 9  
/range c\ntries1 ( isolat$ adv5ture 9   
se>* ( weal? or in=mation1 a love ( !   
di/ant1 ! half-und]/ood1 ! equivocal2   
p]haps ev5 a hank]+ aft] a my/]i\s      
compromise betwe5 ! religion ( ,europe &
 ! religions ( ! ,ea/1 su* z appe>s to h
 exi/$ among ! ,templ>s & o!r ,franks   
settl$ 9 ,asia4  ,!re 01 ?r\gh\t feudal 
society1 a sort ( en]vat$ languor1 a    
morbid long+ = some?+ new1 n[ t ! old _h
 ceas$ to be possible or _h prov$       
futile2 aft] ! great excitem5t ( !      

,crusades x 0 impossible to be ei!r     
s$ately idle or quietly active1 ev5 z x 
is ) all ( u dur+ ! days ( we>9ess &    
re/lessness aft] "s long j\rney4 ,to su*
 a society ! /rongly reali/ic ,c>ol+ian 
epic _h ceas$ to appeal3 ! tales ( !    
,wel% & ,breton b>ds1 repeat$ by tr\vre 
& jongleur1 tr\bad\r & m9nes+]1 came z a
 revelation4 ,! fatigu$1 disappo9t$1    
morbid1 imag9ative society ( ! lat]     
,crusades recogniz$ 9 ?is fairyl& epic (
 a long ref9$1 long idle1 nay1 effete   
race1 ! realization ( _! own ideal3 (   
activity unhamp]$ by aim or             
organization1 ( s5tim5t & emotion &     
action q useless & unnecess>y1 purely   
subs]vi5t to imag9ative gratification4  
,^! ,ar?urs1 ,launcelots1 ,tri/rams1    
,kays1 & ,gawa9s1 fanta/ic phantoms1 7  
also f> m arti/ically malleable ?an !   
iron ,rol&s1 ,oliv]s1 & ,r5auds ( e>li] 
days2 t unkn[n k+dom ( ,brita9 c\ld mu* 
m easily be made ! impossible ideal1 9  
long+ = :i* squeami% & lazy m9ds might  
refuse all co>s] reality4 ,moreov]1 ^?  

:o li/5$ to ! tales ( *ivalry 7 diff]5t 
f ^? :o _h li/5$ to ! ,c>ol+ian /ories2 
&1 !re=e1 requir$ some?+ diff]5t4 ,!y 7 
c\rti]s1 & "o half ( !m 7 wom54 ,n[ !   
,c>ol+ian tales1 orig9ally battle-songs1
 sung 9 camps & ca/les to m]e soldi]s1  
_h at fir/ possess$ no female *>act]s at
 all2 & :5 gradually !y 7 introduc$1 x 0
 9 ! co>se/ b>rack or tap-room /yle4 ,! 
,keltic tales1 on ! contr>y1 :e!r f     
national tradition1 or r f long]        
famili>ity ) ,*ri/ian culture & great]  
idl5ess ( life1 naturally made wom5 &   
wom5's love ! goal ( a great _m         
adv5tures :i* an effete nation c\ld no  
long] ascribe to patriotic movem5ts4 ,b 
?is 0 n all4 ,! religi\s feel+ ( ! day 0
 extremely incl9$ to my/icism1 9 :i*    
/hetic1 erotic1 & all k9ds ( morbid &   
ill-def9$ t5d5cies 7 unit$1 :i* 0 m ?an 
any?+ else t+$ ) a semi-,asiatic        
quietism1 a long+ = ! passive ec/asy (  
,nirvna4 ,?is religi\s side ( m$ival    
life 0 also gratifi$ by ! ,ar?urian     
romances4 ,oddly en\gh1 !re exi/$ an old

 ,wel% or ,breton tale ab\t ! boy       
,p]$ur1 :o f a complete simpleton became
 ! pr9ce ( *ivalry1 & 8 _m adv5tures    
connect$ ) a c]ta9 my/]i\s blood-dripp+ 
lance1 & a /ill m my/]i\s bas9 or grail 
7an allusion to :i* is said by ,m4 de la
 ,villem>qu to be conta9$ 9 ! orig9ally 
,keltic "n ( ,p]cival71 :i* possess$    
magic prop]ties ak9 to ^? ( ! purse (   
,=tunatus1 or ! pipk9 9 ! /ory ( ,little
 pot1 boil6 ,! /ory1 ^: orig9al my?ical 
mean+ _h be5 lo/ 9 ! sev]al c5turies (  
,*ri/ianity1 0 v decay$ & obscure2 & !  
fact ( ! blood on ! lance be+ t ( a     
murd]$ k9sman ( ,p]$ur1 & ( ! bas9      
conta9+ ! head ( ! same p]son cut (f by 
,gl\ce/] wit*es1 0 evid5tly insuffici5t 
to acc\nt = all ! my/]y ) :i* ^! objects
 7 surr\nd$4 ,! ,fr5* poets ( ! ,middle 
,ages1 /rongly imbu$ ) ,ori5tal leg5ds  
br\ght back by ! ,crusad]s1 saw at a    
glance ! mean+ ( ! :ole /ory3 ! lance 0 
! lance ) :i* ,long9us _h pi]c$ !       
,savi\r's side2 ! ,grail 0 ! cup :i* _h 
receiv$ ,8 blood1 nay1 x 0 ! cup ( !    

,la/ ,supp]4 ,a tale ab\t ! pres]vation 
( ^! preci\s relics by ,joseph (        
,arima?a1 0 imm$iately connect$ !re)2 a 
!ory 0 set up 7d\btless ) ! aid ( q     
un*ri/ian1 ,ori5tal leg5ds7 ( a k9d (   
k+dom ( ! keep]s ( ! ,grail1 ( a vague  
half-mat]ial1 half-spiritual /ate (     
bliss connect$ ) ! s]vice ( ! ,grail1   
:i* f$ its knights 7& "h ! ,templ>s & _!
 semi-ori5tal my/]ies1 = :i* !y 7 lat] s
 frightfully misus$1 c]ta9ly come into  
play7 ) food :i* is at once ( ! body & (
 ! s\l4 ,?us ! ,keltic ,p]$ur1 b5t ^u   
massacr+ ! ,gl\ce/] wit*es to av5ge 8   
uncle1 0 turn$ into a sa9tly knight1    
seek+ ?r\gh\t a m & m p]fect life = !   
k+dom ( ! ,grail3 ! ,p]ceval ( ,*re/i5  
de ,troyes1 ! ,p>zifal ( ,wolfram von   
,es*5ba*1 :om lat] romance writ]s 7wi%+ 
to connect ev]y?+ m closely ) ,ar?ur's  
c\rt7 replac$ by ! ,sir ,galahad ( !    
,morte d',ar?ur1 :ile ! gue/ ( ! ,grail 
became a sort ( g5]al mission ( sev]al  
knights1 a sort ( spiritual crusade to  
^: successful *ampions ,p]cival1 ,bors1 

& ,galahad1 ! ,middle ,ages did n       
hesitate to add ! ar*-adult]]           
,launcelot4  ,?us did ! ,ar?urian tales 
answ] ! requirem5ts ( ! languid1 dreamy1
 c\rtly1 lady-s]v+ & religi\sly my/ic   
sons & gr&sons ( ^? e>li] ,crusad]s ^:  
aspirations _h be5 express$ by ! r\gh & 
solemn h]oes ( ,c>ol+ian tales4 ,!      
,c>ol+ian tales 7 ?r[n aside1 or 7 kept 
by ! noble m$ival poets only on         
condition ( _! orig9al mean+ be+        
completely defac$ by :olesale admixture 
( ! mann]s & adv5tures belong+ to !     
,ar?urian cycles4 ,! palad9s 7 =c$ to   
disport !mselves 9 ! same fairyl& z !   
,knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table2 & _m m$ival  
poems ! h]oes ( :i*1 l ,ogi] ( ,d5m>k & 
,huon ( ,bordeaux1 already exi/$ 9 !    
,c>ol+ian tales1 are 9 reality1 ) _!    
romantic loves1 _! useless adv5tures1 _!
 ,morgana's ca/les & ,ob]on's horns1    
(f%oots ( ! ,keltic /ories1 :i* 7 z ri* 
9 e k9d ( sup]natural 7be+1 9 fact1     
pagan my?s turn$ into fairy tales7 z !  
g5u9e ,c>ol+ian subjects1 ^: orig9 0    

entirely hi/orical1 7 completely devoid 
( su* ?+s4 ,ar?ur & 8 ladies & knights3 
,gu5ev]e1 ,ela9e1 ,enid1 ,yseult1       
,launcelot1 ,g]a9t1 ,kay1 ,gawa91       
,tri/ram1 & ,p]cival-,galahad1 7 ! real 
h]oes & h]o9es ( ! c\rtly nobles & !    
c\rtly poets ( ?is second phase ( m$ival
 life4 ,! ,teuton ,*>lemagne1 ,rol& &   
,oliv] 7 z completely =gott5 ( ! poets  
:o met 9 t memorable combat ( !         
,w>tburg1 z 7 ! ,teuton ,sigurd &       
,dietri*4 ,& if ! ,c>ol+ian cycle       
surviv$1 h[ev] mu* alt]$1 ,i ?9k x mu/ h
 be5 ?anks to ! burgh]s & artizans ( !  
,ne!rl&s & ( ,prov5ce1 to :om ! bluff1  
matt]-(-fact h]oism1 ! simple1 gross1 b 
n illegitimate am\rs ( ,c>ol+ian h]oes1 
7 m satisfactory ?an any my/ic que/ ( ! 
,grail1 any ref9$ adult]y ( ,gu5ev]e or 
,yseult4  ,b ! inevitable fate ( all    
m$ival epics await$ ?is triumphant      
,ar?urian cycle3 ! fate ( be+ oblit]at$ 
by pass+ f "o nation & civilization to  
ano!r1 long be=e ! exi/5ce ( any poetic 
art adequate to its treatm5t4 ,( ?is ,i 

w take z an example "o ( ! m$ival poems 
:i* has ! greate/ reputation ! ma/]piece
 7accord+ to mo/ critics1 ) :om ,i f9d x
 difficult1 9 ! pres5ce ( a poet l      
,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 to agree7 (   
probably ! mo/ really poetical & e>ne/  
s*ool ( poetry :i* ! pre-,dantesque     
,middle ,ages possess$--! ,p>zifal (    
,wolfram von ,es*5ba*4  ,! p>am\nt      
impression 7,i _c say ! /ronge/1 = /rong
 impressions are incompatible ) su* "w z
 ?is7 left by ! ma/]piece ( ,wolfram von
 ,es*5ba*1 is t ( ! mo/ a/oni%+         
vagu5ess1 fluidity1 haz9ess1            
vapor\sness4 ,9 read+ x "o looks back to
 t rudely hewn & extremely oblit]at$    
,nibelung5li$1 z to some?+ q a/oni%+ly  
cle>1 detail$ & /rongly m>k$ z to some?+
 di/9ctly arti/ic4 ,inde$ by ! side (   
,p>zifal ev]y?+ seems arti/ic2 ,h>tmann 
von ,aue reads l ,*auc]1 ,aucass9 et    
,nicolette is z liv+ z ,cymbel9e1 ,*evy 
,*ase seems z good z ! battles ( ,hom]4 
,x is n a n>rative1 b a vague moon+2 a  
knight illit]ate1 n m]ely l 8 fell[     

m9nes+]s1 9 ! way ( read+ & writ+1 b 9 !
 s5se ( complete abs5ce ( all habit (   
lit]>y =m2 extremely noble & pure ( m9d1
 *a/e1 g5tle1 ) a funny1 puzzl$ s5se (  
hum\r1 rem9d+ "o di/antly ( ,jean ,paul 
9 8 dr[sy mom5ts2 a hang]-on ( c\rts1 b 
p]fectly simple-he>t$ & *ildlike2 v poor
 & easily pleas$3 su* is1 = good & =    
bad1 ,h]r ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 ! only 
real p]sonality 9 8 poem4 ,& he n>rates1
 9 a moon+1 digressive1 good-natur$1    
dr[sy tone1 ) only a r>e awak+ ( int]e/1
 a /ory :i* he has he>d f "s "o else1 & 
t "s "o else f a s]ies ( o!r "s "o elses
 7,*re/i5 de ,troyes1 a leg5d>y ,prov5al
 ,*iot or ,guyot1 p]haps ev5 ! orig9al  
,wel% b>d72 all muddl$1 monoton\s1 &    
dron+2 ev5ts & p]sons ill-def9$1 )\t any
 s5se ( ! relative importance ( any?+1  
)\t cle> p]ception ( :at x is all ab\t1 
or at lea/ )\t ! p[] ( keep+ ! matt]    
/raight be=e ! read]4 ,a /ory1 9 po9t ( 
fact1 :i* is no /ory at all1 b a m]e    
s]ies ( rambl+ adv5tures 7adv5tures :i* 
are sc>cely adv5tures1 hav+ no po9t or  

plot7 ( v>i\s p ) n mu* connection & no 
individuality--,ga*muret1 ,p>zifal1     
,gawa91 ,loh]angre91 ,an=tas1           
,feirefis--pale gho/s ( be+s1 mov+ 9 a  
c\ntry ( ,k5naq:]e1 ,aquita9e1 ,anj\1   
,brittany1 ,wales1 ,spa91 & heav5 kn[s  
:at wondr\s ,ori5tal places2 a mi/y     
c\ntry ) woods & t[ns & ca/les :i* are  
inf9itely f> ap>t & yet q ne> ea* o!r2  
:i* seem to sail ab\t l cl\d ca/les r\nd
 ! only solid place 9 ! book1 ,plimizl1 
:]e ,ar?ur's c\rt1 ) r\nd table         
con/antly spread1 is = ev] e/abli%$4 ,a 
no place1 n[h]e2 yet full ( details2    
m9ute inv5tories ( ! spl5did furniture (
 ca/les 7ca/les :]e8 h[ rea*$872        
inf9itely inf]ior 9 ?is matt] ev5 to !  
,nibelung5li$1 :]e y are made to feel s 
vividly 7"o ( ! few mod]n & !re=e cle>  
?+s !re97 ! long1 dre>y road f ,worms to
 ,be*l>n1 & !nce to ,etzelburg1 ?\gh (  
none ( !m is !re any?+ beyond a "n4 ,= !
 ,nibelung5 /ory _h be5 localiz$ 9 :at  
to n>rator & audi5ce 0 a reality1 !     
c\ntry 9 :i* !mselves liv$1 :]e !mselves

 might seek out ! abbey 9 :i* ,siegfri$ 
0 buri$1 ! well 9 ! ,od5wald ne> :i* he 
0 /abb$2 :]e !y knew f m]*ant & pilgrim 
! road tak5 by ! ,nibelungs f ,sant5 to 
,worms1 by ! ,burgundians f ,worms to   
,hung>y4 ,b "h 9 ,p>zifal we are 9 a m]e
 vague _w ( any:]e1 ! _w ( ,keltic &    
,ori5tal romance become m]e cl\dl& to ! 
,?ur+ian knight4 ,& simil>ly h ! h]oes (
 o!r nations1 ! ,ar?urs1 ,gawa9s1       
,ga*murets1 ( ,wales & ,anj\1 become m]e
 vague names2 !y h become liquifi$1 lo/ 
all %ape & local habitation4 ,!y are m]e
 names1 ^! ladies & knights ( ,h]r      
,wolfram1 names ) fair p9k & :ite faces1
 names magnific5tly drap$ 9 bejewell$   
,ori5tal /uffs & emboss$ arm\r2 !y h no 
home1 no "w1 no?+ to d4 ,?is is ! mo/   
rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( ,p>zifal1 & :at  
makes x s typical ( ! process ( gr[+    
inane ?r\gh ov]mu* alt]ation1 :i*       
prev5t$ ! m$ival epics ev] turn+ into an
 ,iliad or an ,odyssey2 ?is t x is      
ess5tially idle & all ab\t no?+4 ,!     
feudal relations /rongly m>k$ 9 ! ,g]man

 ,nibelung5li$ h melt$ away l !         
di/9ctions ( race3 e knight is          
indep5d5t1 n a vassal nor a capta91 a   
,volk] or ,hag51 or ,rol& or ,r5aud     
foll[$ by 8 m52 b an isolat$ individual1
 )\t ev5 a squire1 w&]+ ab\t alone ?r\gh
 ?is hazy l& ( n[h]e4 ,knight-errantry1 
9 ! "t ( ! great ,guelph & ,ghibell9e   
/ruggles1 e bit z ideal z t ( ,sp5s] or 
,c]vantes2 & ) ! diff]5ce t ,sir        
,calidore & ,sir ,artegal h an appo9t$  
task1 "s ,blatant ,bea/ or o!r nuisance 
to ov]come2 & t ,don ,quixote has !     
g5]al rescu+ ( all ! oppress$ ,pr9cesse 
,micomiconas1 & ! de/ruction ( all      
w9dmills1 & ! captur+ ( all helmets (   
,mambr9o1 & ! e/abli%+ all ov] ! _w ( ! 
wor%ip ( ,dulc9ea4 ,b ^! knights (      
,wolfram von ,es*5ba* h no m ?is mission
 ?an !y h ! politico-milit>y missions1  
missions ( a ,rdg] or a ,rol&4 ,!y are  
all rid+ ab\t at r&om1 )\t any p>ticul> 
pagans1 necromanc]s1 or dragons to      
pursue4 ,! v s]vice ( ! ,holy ,grail1   
:i* is ! ma9 int]e/ ( ! poem1 consi/s 9 

no?+ app>5tly except liv+ virtu\sly at !
 ,ca/le ( ,montselvs*e1 & virtu\sly eat+
 & dr9k+ ! victuals provid$ miracul\sly4
 ,to be admitt$ to ?is s]vice1 no       
initiation1 no mission1 no?+ prelim9>y  
seems requir$4 ,p>zifal himself m]ely   
w&]s ab\t vaguely1 )\t do+ any specifi$ 
?+4 ,! fact is t 9 ?is poem all has     
become purely ideal2 ideal to ! po9t (  
utt] vacuity3 !re is no connection ) any
 human bus9ess4 ,( all ! h]oes & h]o9es 
we he> t !y are p]fectly *a/e1 tru?ful1 
upright2 & !y are nev] put into any     
situation to te/ ^! qualities3 !y are   
nev] plac$ 9 ! way ( temptation1 nev]   
made to fight ) evil1 or to decide      
betwe5 x & good4 ,! v religion ( ! ,holy
 ,grail consi/s 9 do+ no?+3 n a ^w ab\t 
reliev+ ! poor or oppress$1 ( t5d+ !    
sick1 ( deliv]+ ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 (    
def5d+ t great injur$ ,"o1 ,*ri/4 ,to be
 ,grail ,knight or ev5 ,grail ,k+ means 
to be exactly ! same z be=e4 ,:]e 9 ?is 
vague dreaml& ( passive purity & h]oism1
 ( untempt$ *a/ity & untri$ hon\r1 :]e  

are ! e>?ly trials ( ,tri/ram1 (        
,gu5ev]e1 ( ,rdg]1 ( ,r5aud8 ,:]e !     
moral /ruggles ( ! ,middle ,ages8 ,:]e  
is ,godfrey1 or ,francis1 or ,dom9ick8  
,n[h]e4 ,all has disappe>$1 melt$ away2 
,*ri/ianity & ,paganism !mselves h melt$
 away or into ea* o!r1 z 9 ! easy meet+ 
( ! ,pagan ,feirefis & ! ,*ri/ian       
,p>zifal1 & 9 ! d\ble m>riage (         
,ga*muret ) ! ,indian ,belakane & !     
,wel% ,h]zeloid2 !re rema9s only a k9d (
 ,buddhi/ic ,nirvna ( vague passive     
p]fection1 b )\t any r5unciation2 & 9 a 
_w devoid ( evil & full ( excell5t      
brocade & arm\r & eatables1 & lovely    
maid5s :o dress & undress y1 & *a/ely   
kiss y on ! m\?2 a _w )\t desire1       
aspiration1 or combat1 vacantly happy & 
virtu\s4 ,a _w purely ideal1 divorc$ f  
all reality1 unsub/antial l ! k+dom (   
,gloriana1 b1 unlike ,sp5s]'s1 q un%ad[$
 by any puritan sadness1 by any s5se (  
evil1 untr\bl$ by allegorical vices2    
*e]ful1 s]5e1 fill$ ) fl[]s & song (    
birds1 b z unreal z ! illum9at$         

arabesques ( a missal4 ,9 tru?1 p]haps m
 to be comp>$ ) an eighte5? c5tury      
pa/oral1 an ideal creat$ almo/ 9        
opposition to reality2 a dream (        
passiv5ess & lib]ty 7z ( light leaves   
bl[n ab\t7 z ! ideal ( ! fi]cely tr\bl$1
 /ruggl+1 tightly fett]$ feudal _w4 ,!  
ideal1 p]haps1 ( only "o mom5t1 sc>cely 
( a :ole civilization2 or r 7h[ express 
my feel+87 an accid5tal comb9ation ( an 
in/ant1 z ( spectre vap\r aris5 f !     
mixture ( ,kelt & ,teuton1 ( ,frank &   
,moslem4 ,is x ,*ri/ian1 ,pagan1        
,mohamm$an8 ,none ( all ^!4 ,a          
simple-look+ vapor\s *aos ( incongru\s1 
b n conflict+1 elem5ts3 a poem ( virtue 
)\t object1 ( knigh?ood )\t "w1 (       
religion )\t belief2 9 ?is l its c5tral 
int]e/1 ! ,grail3 a my/]y1 a cup1 a     
/one2 a ?+ :i* heals1 fe$s1 speaks2     
animate or inanimate8 ,/one ( ! ,caaba  
or *alice ( ! ,sacram5t8 ,m]ely a       
my/]i\s holy ( holies & good ( goods1   
:i* does ev]y?+ & no?+s means no?+ &    
requires no?+--is no?+4     ,,iii4      

,?us 0 oblit]at$1 9 all its national &  
traditional mean+1 ! h]oic cycle (      
,ar?ur2 & by ! same process ( sl[       
adaptation to new intellectual          
requirem5ts :i* _h completely wip$ out (
 m5's memory ! h]oic tales ( ,siegfri$1 
:i* _h entirely alt]$ ! orig9ally       
reali/ic "* ( ! epic ( ,*>lemagne4 ,b   
unreal & ideal z _h become ! tales ( !  
,r\nd ,table1 & disconnect$ ) any       
national tradition1 ! "t came :5 ev5 ^! 
7 n suffici5tly indep5d5t ( reality to  
satisfy ! caprici\s imag9ation ( ! lat] 
,middle ,ages4 ,at ! end ( ! f\rte5?    
c5tury 0 writt51 mo/ probably 9         
,portuguese by ,vasco de ,lobeira1 !    
tale ( ,amadis de ,gaula1 :i* 0 foll[$  
by "s =ty or fifty simil> books tell+ ! 
adv5tures ( all ! bro!rs1 nephews1 sons1
 gr&sons sons1 & great-gr&sons1 an      
inf9ite succession1 ( ! orig9al ,amadis2
 :i*1 translat$ into all languages &    
pres5tly multipli$ by ! press1 seem to h
 usurp$ ! place ( ! ,ar?urian /ories 9  
feudal c\ntries until well-nigh ! middle

 ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & :i* 7 succe$$ by 
no m /ories ( h]oes1 b by ! reali/ic    
comic novels ( ! type ( ,laz>illo de    
,tormes1 & ! buffoon philosophic        
extravaganzas ( ,g>gantua4 ,fur!r inde$ 
x 0 impossible to g ?an did m$ival      
idealism 9 ! ,amadises4 ,comp>$ ) !m !  
mo/ fairy-tale-l ,ar?urian /ories are   
p]fect hi/orical docum5ts4 ,!re rema9s  
no long] any connection :atsoev] )      
reality1 hi/orical or geographical3 !   
:ole _w seems to h be5 exp$iti\sly      
empti$ ( all its cont5ts1 to make room =
 k+doms ( ,gaul1 ( ,rome1 ( ! ,firm     
,isl&1 ( ,sobradisa1 etc41 :i* are less 
l ! ,l& ,we/ ( ! ,moon & ,ea/ ( ! ,sun  
?an !y are l ,san*o ,panza's isl&4 ,all 
real mank9d1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 has 
simil>ly be5 swept away & replac$ by a  
miracul\s race ( ,amadises1 ,lisv>ts1   
,galaors1 ,gradasilias1 ,orianas1       
,p9tiqu9e/ras1 ,fradalons1 & s =?1 :o   
flit across our vision1 9 company ) !   
indisp5sable necromanc]s1 fairies1      
dw>fs1 giants1 & du5nas1 l "s huge      

ballet3 ?+s )\t "*1 passions1 pa?os2    
knights :o are nev] w\nd$ or kill$1     
pr9cesses :o always end ) m>ry+ ! "r    
man1 en*ant]s ^: heads are always *opp$ 
(f1 f\ndl+s :o are always re9/at$ 9 _!  
k+dom1 inane pap] puppets bespangl$ )   
impossible s5tim5t1 t9sel & rags :i* are
 driv5 ab\t l *aff by ! w9d-puffs (     
romance4 ,! adv5t ( ! ,amadises is !    
com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,nons5se1 ! sign t !  
la/ days ( *ivalric romance h come2 a   
little m1 & ! ,lic5tiate ,alonzo ,p]ez w
 take 8 seat 9 ,don ,quixote's libr>y1 &
 ,ni*olas ! ,b>b] light 8 faggots 9 !   
y>d4  ,b1 z if 9 comp5sation ( !        
usurpation ( :i* !y _h be5 ! victims1 ! 
,c>ol+ian tales1 pu%$ out ( ! way by !  
,ar?urian cycle1 7 n de/9$ to p]i%4     
,?r[n aside ) contempt by ! upp]        
classes1 engross$ ) ! ,r\nd ,table & !  
,holy ,grail1 ! tales ( ,*>lemagne & 8  
palad9s1 l>gely adult]at$ ) ,ar?urian   
elem5ts1 7 app>5tly *]i%$ by a l[] class
 ( society3 burgesses1 artizans1 &      
su*-l1 = :om t ,ar?urian _w 0 f> too    

e!rial & too delicately immoral2 & to   
?is circum/ance is due ! fact t !       
humiliat$ ,c>ol+ian tales ev5tually     
receiv$ an arti/ic embodim5t :i* 0 n    
giv5 to ! ,ar?urian /ories4 ,:ile       
tr\bad\rs & m9nes+]s 7 busy ) ! c\rt (  
,ar?ur1 & grave ,lat9i/s l ,ru/iciano ( 
,pisa wrote ( ,launcelot & ,gu5ev]e2 !  
,c>ol+ian epics seem to h be5 ma9ly sung
 ab\t by illit]ate jongleurs1 & to h    
busi$ ! p5s ( prose hackwrit]s = !      
b5efit ( t[nsfolk4 ,! free t[ns ( !     
,ne!rl&s & ( ,g]many appe> to h be5 full
 ( ?is unfa%ionable lit]ature3 !        
,c>ol+ian cycle _h become democratic4   
,&1 inasmu* z x 0 lit]ature no long] =  
knights & c\rti]s1 b = artizans &       
%opkeep]s1 x w5t1 ( c\rse1 to !         
pre-em95tly democratic c\ntry ( !       
,middle ,ages--,italy4 ,?is 0 at a "t :5
 ,italian 0 n yet a recogniz$ language1 
& :5 ! m5 & wom5 :o talk$ 9 ,tuscan1    
,lomb>d1 or ,v5etian dialects1 wrote 9  
,lat9 & 9 ,fr5*2 & :ile ,francesca &    
,paolo read ! /ory ( ,launcelot mo/     

probably 9 good m$ival langue d'oil1 z  
befitt$ p ( high bir?2 ! jongleurs1 :o  
collect$ cr[ds s l>ge z to b> ! /reets &
 require ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,bolognese     
magi/rates1 sang ( ,rol& & ,oliv] 9 a   
sort ( l+ua ,franca ( ,fr5* ,lomb>d4    
,fr5* jongleurs s++ 9 impossible        
,fr5*-,italian2 ,italian jongleurs s++ 9
 impossible ,fr5*2 ,paduan p5ny-a-l9]s  
writ+ ,c>ol+ian cyclical novels 9 ,fr5*1
 n ( ,p>is1 assur$ly1 b ( ,padua--a     
comical & mo/ hide\s jabb] ( hybrid     
languages--?is 0 h[ ! ,c>ol+ian /ories  
became popul> 9 ,italy4 ,mean:ile1 ! day
 came :5 ! romantic ,ar?urian tales _h  
to dislodge 9 ,italy be=e ! invasion ( !
 classic epic4 ,troy1 ,rome1 & ,!bes _h 
replac$ ,t9tagil & ,crleon 9 ! int]e/ ( 
! cultur$ classes long be=e ! beg9n+ ( !
 fifte5? c5tury2 :5 ,poggio1 9 ! v mid/ 
( ! classic revival1 /ill told ( !      
comically engross$ audi5ce :i* surr\nd$ 
! vagabonds s++ ( ,orl&o & ,r9aldo4 ,!  
effete ,ar?urian cycle1 sup]s$$ 9 ,spa9 
& ,france by ! ,amadis romances1 0      

spe$ily =gott5 9 ,italy2 b ! ,c>ol+ian  
/ories rema9$2 & :5 ,italian poetry     
arose once m aft] ! long int]regnum     
betwe5 ,petr>* & ,lor5zo dei ,m$ici1 &  
look$ ab\t = subjects1 x laid its h& ^u 
!m4 ,b :51 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5?  
c5tury1 ^? old tales ( ,*>lemagne       
receiv$1 aft] s _m c5turies ( alt]ations
 & ephem]al embodim5ts1 t arti/ic =m :i*
 ! ,middle ,ages _h be5 unable to give  
!m1 ! /ories !mselves1 & ! way 9 :i* !y 
7 reg>d$1 7 totally diff]5t f :at !y _h 
be5 9 ! "t ( ,!r\lde1 or ( ! anonym\s   
au?or ( ,! ,quatre ,fils ,aymon2 !      
,r5aissance1 ) its ke5 arti/ic s5se1    
made out ( ! ,c>ol+ian tales real works 
( art1 b works ( art :i* 7 play?+s4 ,to 
beg9 )1 ! ,c>ol+ian /ories _h be5       
saturat$ ) ,ar?urian col\r3 !y _h be5   
furni%$ ) all ! knight-rrantry1 all !   
gallantry1 all ! en*antm5ts1 ! fairies1 
giants1 & necromanc]s ( ! ,keltic       
leg5ds2 &1 moreov]1 !y _h lo/1 by       
inf9ite repetition1 all ! political     
realism & mean+ s /rik+ 9 ,! ,*anson de 

,rol& & ,! ,quatre ,fils ,aymon2 a      
confusion & unreality fur!r increas$ by 
! fact t ! ,italians _h no orig9al      
connection ) ^? tales1 t to !m real m5 &
 plans 7 no bett] ?an imag9>y ones1 & t 
! m9/rels :o sang 9 ! m>ket-place1 & !  
labori\s prose-writ]s :o compil$ su*    
collections z t call$ ( ! ,reali di     
,francia1 7 equally free 9 _! alt]ations
 & adaptations1 creat+ unkn[n           
relation%ips1 inv5t+ new adv5tures1     
suppress+ ess5tial hi/orical po9ts1 ) no
 object save amus+ _! audi5ce or read]s 
) new /ories ab\t famili> h]oes4 ,su* 0 
! condition ( ! /ories !mselves4 ,!     
attitude ( ! public t[>ds !m 01 by !    
middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 "o ( complete
 incr$ulity & frivol\s amusem5t2 !      
palad9s 7 z unreal z ! h]oes ( any      
granny's fairy tale4 ,! p want$ to he> (
 wond]ful battles & adv5tures1 (        
en*antm5ts & love-mak+s2 b !y want$ also
 to laugh2 &1 sceptical1 practical1     
democratic1 ! artizans & %opkeep]s (    
,flor5ce--to :om1 pay+1 z !y did1       

exp5sive m]c5>ies :o /ole p\ltry & nev] 
got w\nd$ on any acc\nt1 all *ivalry or 
real milit>y hon\r 0 ! v]ie/ nurs]y     
rubbi%--su* p z cr[d$ r\nd ! canta/oria 
( m]cato vec*io1 mu/ inde$ h f\nd mu* to
 amuse !m 9 ^! tales ( s diff]5t an age4
  ,& into su* cr[ds !re p5etrat$ to li/5
 & wat* 7ev5 z ! ,magnific5t ,lor5zo _h 
elb[$ among ! c>nival ragamuff9s (      
,flor5ce1 & _h slid 9 among !           
holiday-mak+ peasants ( ,poggio a       
,caiano7 a le>n$ man1 a poet1 an        
intimate ( ! ,m$icis1 ( ,politian1      
,fic9o1 & ,pico della ,mir&ola1 ,mess]  
,luigi ,pulci1 ! same :o _h writt5 !    
semi-allegorical1 semi-reali/ic poem    
ab\t ,lor5zo dei ,m$ici's gala t\rnam5t4
 ,!re 0 a ta/e 9 ! h\se ( ! ,m$ici1     
toge!r ) ^? = platonic philosophy1      
classical erudition1 religi\s hymns1 &  
,hebrew kabbala1 = a c]ta9 k9d (        
realism1 = ! language & mode ( ?9k+ ( ! 
l[] classes1 z a reaction f ,petr>*esque
 conv5tionality4 ,z ! ,magnific5t       
,lor5zo _h _h ! fancy to /r+ toge!r 9 m 

arti/ic %ape ! qua9t & graceful love    
poems1 hyp]bolical1 reali/ic1 t5d]1 &   
abusive1 ( ! ,tuscan peasantry2 s also  
,mess] ,luigi ,pulci appe>s to h be5    
smitt5 ) ! notion ( try+ 8 h& at a      
*ivalric poem l ^? to :i* he & 8 fri5ds 
_h li/5$ among ! but*]s & pork-%ops1 !  
fi%mong]s & fry+ boo?s ( ! m>ket1 & giv+
 an impression1 9 its ideas & language1 
( ! p to :om su* /ra9s 7 sung4 ,b ,luigi
 ,pulci 0 va/ly less gift$ z a poet ?an 
,lor5zo dei ,m$ici2 ,flor5t9e pr5tices  
are less /hetically pleas+ ?an ,tuscan  
peasants1 & ! ,morgante ,maggiore is a  
piece ( "w ( a sort utt]ly inf]ior to ! 
,n5cia da ,b>b]9o4 ,/ill ! ,morgante    
,maggiore rema9s1 & w rema91 z a v      
rem>kable production ( grotesque art4 ,j
 z ,lor5zo dei ,m$ici 0 c]ta9ly n )\t a 
delib]ate purpose ( select+ ! qua9tness 
& gracefulness ( peasant life2 ev5 s1 & 
p]haps m1 ,luigi ,pulci mu/ h _h a      
delib]ate int5tion ( produc+ a ludicr\s 
effect2 9 bo? cases ! delib]ate attempt 
is v little p]ceptible1 9 ! ,n5cia da   

,b>b]9o f ! g5ius ( ,lor5zo1 9 !        
,morgante ,maggiore f ! /olidity (      
,pulci4 ,! ,morgante1 ( :i* p>ts 7      
probably writt5 z a m]e sample to amuse 
a supp] p>ty1 became int]e/+ to ,pulci1 
9 ! m]e matt] ( inv5t+ & /r++ toge!r new
 incid5ts2 & despite its ludicr\s       
passages1 x mu/ h be5 m s]i\sly writt5  
by him1 & m s]i\sly li/5$ to by 8       
fri5ds1 ?an w\ld a simil> production    
n[-a-days4 ,= ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 no  
matt] h[ philosophiz$ & cultur$1 reta9$ 
! pleasure 9 m]e incid5t1 :i* we mod]ns 
seem to h giv5 ov] to *ildr5 & savages2 
& ,lor5zo1 ,fic9o1 & ,politian probably 
li/5$ to ! adv5tures ( ,luigi ,pulci's  
palad9s & giants ) mu* ! same int]e/1 & 
only a little m consci\s s5se (         
grotesqu5ess1 ) :i* ! cr[d 9 ! m>ket    
li/5$ to ,cri/(ano dell' ,altissimo &   
simil> /ory-tell]s4 ,! ,morgante        
,maggiore1 !re=e1 is nei!r really comic 
nor really s]i\s4 ,x is n a piece (     
reali/ic grotesqu5ess l ,g>gantua or    
,pantagruel1 any m ?an x is a s]i\s     

ideal "w l ,amadis de ,gaula3 !         
proportion ( delib]ately s\ght effects  
is small2 ! great bulk1 s]i\s or comic1 
seems to h come q at r&om4 ,x is n a    
c>icatur$ reproduction ( ! poems (      
*ivalry sung 9 ! m>ket1 = !y 7 probably 
s]i\s1 /ately1 & bald1 ) at mo/ an      
occasional joke2 x is ! reproduction ( !
 jo9t impression receiv$ f ! absurd1    
h>um-sc>um1 unpractical _w ( *ivalry ( !
 poet1 & ! real _w ( prose1 (           
good-hum\r$ buffooni% co>s5ess ) :i* !  
it9]ant poet 0 surr\nd$4 ,! palad9s are 
no ,don ,quixotes1 ! pr9cesses no       
,dulc9eas1 ! battles are real battles2 b
 ! language is t ( ,flor5t9e            
wool-work]s1 h\sewives1 *eese-sell]s1 & 
ragamuff9s1 cramm$ ) ! slang ( !        
m>ket-place1 its heavy jokes & p]petual 
s5t5ti\s aphorism4 ,moreov] ! prom95ce  
giv5 to food & eat+ is unrivall$ except 
by ,rabelais3 ! poet mu/ h l\ng$ )      
delight ?r\gh ! n>r[ m$ival lanes1 cr[d$
 ) boo?s & b>r[s1 sniff+ ) rapture !    
m+l$ sc5ts ( *eese1 pork1 fi%1 spices1 &

 a hundr$ /range concomitant m>ket      
smells4 ,& ! m>ket1 t classic m]cato    
vec*io 7alas1 f9ally condemn$ & de/roy$ 
by mod]n sanit>y prudi%ness1 & :i* only 
^? :o h se5 c conceive 9 its full       
b>b>\s1 nay1 b>b>ic ,pantagruelian      
spl5d\r ( food1 blood1 & /5*es7 (       
,flor5ce1 is :at we ?9k ( ?r\gh\t !     
poem4 ,&1 :5 ,mess] ,luigi comes to     
n>rate1 ) real gravity & aft] ! due     
invocation ( ! ,virg91 ! ,tr9ity1 & !   
sa9ts1 ! trem5d\s disa/] ( ,roncevaux1  
he uses su* words & su* similes1 t above
 ! neigh+ ( horses & ! cla% ( hurtl+    
arm\r & ! yells ( ! combatants we       
sudd5ly he> ! nasal s+-song ( ,flor5t9e 
tripe-v5dors & pumpk9-pod-sell]s1 !     
*aff] & oa?s & laught] ( ! glutton\s    
cr[d p\r+ ?r\gh ! lanes ( ,calimala &   
,pellicc]ia2 nay 7horrible & grotesque  
miracle71 !re seems to rise out ( !     
confus$ d>kness ( ! battle-fill$ valley1
 !re seems to dis5gage itself 7z out ( a
 mi/7 f ! *aos ( heap$ bodies1 & ! fla% 
( /eel among ! :irlw9ds ( du/1 a vision1

 m & m di/9ct & famili>1 ( ! cr[d$ squ>e
 ) its black r\gh-hewn1 smoke-/a9$      
h\ses1 ornam5t$ ) ,robbia-w>e angels &  
lilies or pa9t$ madonnas2 ( its black   
but*]s d5s1 outside :i* hang ! gha/ly   
disemb[ell$ %eep ) blood-/a9$ fleeces1 !
 huge r$-ve9$ he>ts & liv]s2 ( ! piles (
 cabbage & cauli-fl[]s1 ! r[s ( t9 w>e &
 copp] saucepans1 ! heaps ( macc>oni &  
pa/es1 ( spices & drugs2 ! g>l&s (      
onions & r$ pepp]s & piles ( apples2 !  
fetid slim9ess ( ! fi% tressels2 ! r\gh 
pavem5t oozy & black1 slipp]y )         
cabbage-/alks1 puddl$ ) bullock's blood1
 /rewn ) pluck$ fea!rs--all "u ! bright 
blue sky1 ) ,giotto's dove-col\r$ belfry
 so>+ high above2 a vision1 f9ally1 ( "o
 ( ^? deep d5s1 ) walls1 all cov]$ )    
majolica plates & di%es & fla%+         
brass-emboss$ tr5*]s1 9 ! d>k dep?s (   
:i* crackles p]5nially a ruddy fire1    
:ile a huge spit revolves1 (f]+ to !    
flames n[ "o n[ ! o!r side ( scores (   
legs ( mutton1 r\nds ( beef1 & l>d$     
*ick5s1 trickl+ ) ! butt] unceas+ly     

ladl$ by ! :ite-dress$ cooks4           
,roncisvalle1 ,*>lemagne1 ! palad9s1    
paganism1 ,*ri/5dom--:at ( !m8 ,i       
believe 9 capon1 roa/ or boil$1 &       
sometimes done 9 butt]2 9 mead & 9 mu/2 
& ,i believe 9 ! pa/y & ! pa/yk9s1 "m & 
*ildr52 b above all ?+s ,i believe 9    
good w9e --z ,m>gutte snuffles out 9 8  
cate*ism2 & z to ,s>ac5s & palad9s1 pa/1
 pres5t1 & future1 a fig = !m6  ,b      
mean:ile1 = all t ,flor5t9e burgesses1  
artizans1 & humori/s may ?9k1 !re is 9  
?is ,italy ( ! ,r5aissance some?+       
besides ,flor5ce2 !re is a s*ool (      
poetry1 disconnect$ ) ! realisms (      
,lor5zo & ,pulci1 ) ! ,ovidian          
,petr>*isms ( ,politian4 ,!re is ,f]r>a4
 ,ly+1 z !y d1 betwe5 ! ,nor!rn ,ap5n9e 
slopes ( ,mod5a & ! ,euganean hills1 !  
dom9ions ( ! ,h\se ( ,e/e appe> at fir/ 
sight m]ely z "p & p>cel ( ,lomb>dy1 &  
we %\ld expect f !m no?+ v diff]5t f t  
:i* we expect f ,milan or ,bologna or   
,padua4 ,b ! tru? is diff]5t2 all r\nd  
,f]r>a1 inde$1 /ret*es ! f]tile flatness

 ( ,lomb>d cornfields1 & !y produce1 z  
infallibly z !y produce _! sacks ( gra9 
& tuns ( w9e & heaps ( silk cocoon1 !   
intellectual & social equival5ts ( su*  
?+s 9 ,r5aissance ,italy3 indu/ry1      
weal?1 com=t1 scepticism1 art4 ,b on    
ei!r side1 into ! defiles ( ! ,euganean 
hills to ! nor?1 into ! wid5+ torr5t    
valleys ( ! ,mod5ese ,ap5n9es to ! s\?1 
! ,m>quisate ( ,e/e /ret*es up into     
feudalism1 into *ivalry1 into !         
imag9ative k+dom ( ! ,middle ,ages4     
,m$ivalism1 feudalism1 *ivalry1 inde$1 (
 a v modifi$ sort2 & z diff]5t f t (    
,france & ,g]many z diff] f !           
pov]ty-/rick5 pla9s & =e/s & & moors ( !
 nor? ^! ,italian m\nta9 slopes1 along  
:i* ! v9es crawl 9 long trellises1 & !  
*e/nuts rise 9 endlessly sup]pos$ ti]s (
 t]races1 cultivat$ by a peasant :o is n
 ! s]f1 b ! equal %>] 9 pr(its ) ! ma/] 
( ! soil4 ,& on "o ( ^? f]tile          
hill-sides1 look+ d[n ^u a n>r[ valley  
all a gre5-blue %imm] ) corn & v9e-be>+ 
elms1 0 born1 9 ! ye> #adcd1 ,matteo    

,m>ia ,boi>do1 9 ! village :i* gave him 
! title1 "o ( ! highe/ 9 ! ,e/5sian     
dom9ions1 ( ,c\nt ( ,sc&iano4 ,"h1 9 !  
,ap5n9es1 ,sc&iano is a =tifi$ village1 
also a ca/le1 d\btless half turn$ into a
 ,r5aissance villa1 b m$ival & feudal   
nev]!less2 b ! "n ( ,sc&iano belongs    
also1 ,i "k n = :at reason1 to a c]ta9  
little r$-brick palace on ! outskirts ( 
,f]r>a1 beautifully pa9t$ )             
half-allegorical1 half-reali/ic pageant 
frescoes by ,cosimo ,tura1 & enclos+ a  
sweet tangl$ or*>d-g>d52 to all ( :i*1  
be+ ! place to :i* ,duke ,borso & ,duke 
,ercole 7 wont to retire = amusem5t1 !  
,f]r>ese h giv5 ! fur!r "n ( ,s*ifanoia1
 :i* means1 fly f c>es4 ,?is little     
co9cid5ce ( ,sc&iano ! feudal ca/le 9 ! 
,ap5n9es1 & ,sc&iano ! little pleasure  
palace at ,f]r>a1 seems to give1 by     
accid5tal allegory1 a fair idea ( !     
d\ble nature ( ,matteo ,boi>do1 ( !     
,f]r>ese c\rt to :i* he belong$1 & ( !  
s*ool ( poetry 7includ+ ! m notable b   
less orig9al "w ( ,ario/o7 :i* ! g5ius (

 ! man & ! "* ( ! c\rt succe$$ toge!r 9 
produc+4  ,to und]/& ,boi>do we mu/     
comp>e him ) ,ario/o2 & to und]/&       
,ario/o we mu/ comp>e him ) ,boi>do2 bo?
 belong to ! same s*ool1 & are m5 ( v   
simil> g5ius1 & :]e ! "o leaves (f ! o!r
 beg9s4 ,b fir/1 9 ord] to und]/& ! "* (
 ?is poetry :i*1 9 ! ma91 is id5tical 9 
,boi>do & 9 8 m successful b less       
fasc9at+ pupil ,ario/o1 let u und]/&    
,f]r>a4 ,x 01 9 ! late fifte5? & e>ly   
sixte5? c5turies1 a *ivalric t[n (      
,ario/esque *ivalry3 feudalism turn$    
c\rtly & elegant1 & moreov]1 v lib]al & 
com=table by prepond]ance ( democratic &
 indu/rial habits2 a milit>y c\rt1 (    
brave m]c5>y capta9s full ( da% &       
adv5ture1 n m]e brig&s & m>aud]s hav+   
/udi$ /rategy1 l ! little ,umbrian      
*iefta9s2 a c\rt ord]ly1 elegant1 &     
brilliant3 a pr9ce n ris5 f beh9d a     
c\nt] l ,m$icis & ,petruccis1 nor out ( 
blood l ,baglionis & ,s=zas1 b ( a noble
 old h\se ^: beg9n+s are lo/ 9 ! mi/ (  
real *ivalry & real palad9ism2 a duke ) 

a pret5ce ( feudal hon\r & decorum1 at  
^: c\rt m5 7 all brave & ladies all     
*a/e--) ! little lic5ses ( bas5ess &    
gallantry admitt$ by ,r5aissance        
*ivalry4 ,a bright1 brilliant c\rt at ! 
close ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 & m /able ?an 
! only "o :i* might h rivall$ x1 !      
,feltrian c\rt ( ,urb9o1 too small & lo/
 among ! ,umbrian b&its4 ,a bright1     
brilliant t[n1 also1 ?is ,f]r>a3 n      
m]cantile l ,flor5ce1 n m]e b>racks l   
,p]ugia2 a capital1 ess5tially1 9 its   
ri* gre5 pla9 by ! wid5$ ,po1 ) its     
broad h&some /reets 7s diff]5t f !      
m$ival ex*anges ( ,bologna1 & ! feudal  
alleys ( ,p]ugia71 its well-built h\ses1
 s safe & mod]n1 ne$+ nei!r bravi nor   
iron w9d[ b>s1 protect$ 7except aga9/ "s
 /ray murd] by "o ( ! ,e/5si !mselves71 
by ! duke's well-organiz$ police2 h\ses 
) well-trimm$ g>d5s1 l s _m ,p>is htels2
 & ) ! gr& russet brick ca/le1 milit>y )
 its moat & t[]s1 urban ) its belv$]es &
 balconies1 9 ! middle1 well plac$ to   
sweep away ) its guns 7! wond]ful guns (

 ! duke's own mak+7 any riot1 tidily1   
cleanly1 )\t a na/y heap ( bodies & slop
 ( blood z 9 ! n>r[ /reets ( o!r t[ns   
,imag9e ?is bright capital1 plac$1      
moreov]1 9 ! ri*e/ c5tre ( ,lomb>dy1 )  
glitt] ( *ivalry f ! ,euganean hills &  
,ap5n9es 7ca/ellat$ ) ,e/e1 ,monselice1 
,canossa1 & ,boi>do's own ,sc&iano72 )  
gorge\s r>ities ( comm]ce f ,v5ice &    
,milan--a c5tral1 unique spot4 ,x is !  
natural home ( ! *ivalr\s poets ( !     
,r5aissance1 ,boi>do1 ,ario/o1 ,tasso2 z
 ,flor5ce is ( ! ,politians & ,pulcis   
7,hell5ism & back-%op]y72 & ,v5ice ( !  
lit]ature ( lu/1 je/s1 cynicism1 &      
adv5ture1 ,aret9e1 ,beolco1 ,calmo1 &   
,poliphilo-,colonna4 ,9 t g>d51 :]e !   
:ite butt]flies cr[d among ! fruit trees
 b[$ d[n to ! tall grass ( ! palace (   
,s*ifanoia--a g>d5 nei!r gr& nor        
classic1 b elegiac & *>m+--we c imag9e  
,boi>do or ,ario/o read+ _! poems to j  
su* a goodly company z ,giraldi ,c9?io  
7a ,f]r>ese1 & fond ( romance1 too7     
describes 9 ! prologue ( 8 ,ecatomiti3  

g5tle & sprightful ladies1 ) ! spl5did  
brocad$ robes1 & ! gold-fillet$ gold5   
hair ( ,dosso ,dossi's wond]ful ,alc9a  
,circe2 graceful y\?s l ! pr9cely ,/4   
,john ( ,b5v5uto ,g>(alo2 je/]s l       
,dosso's at ,mod5a2 brilliant capta9s l 
8 ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,mi*ael2 & a little 
cr[d ( pages ) d\blets & sleeves lac$ ) 
gold tags1 ( s$ate magi/rates 9 fur     
robes & sc>let caps1 ( :ite-dress$ maids
 ) in/rum5ts ( music & embroid]y frames 
& h& looms1 l ^? :i* ,cosimo ,tura pa9t$
 = ,duke ,borso on ! walls ( ?is same   
,s*ifanoia palace4 ,su* is ! audi5ce2 n[
 = ! poems4  ,! /uff ( ,boi>do & ,ario/o
 is ! same3 t old m$ival /uff ( !       
,c>ol+ian poems1 col\r$1 sc5t$ )        
,ar?urian *ivalry & wond]4 ,!           
knight-errantry ( ! ,keltic tales is    
clev]ly bl5d$ ) ! pseudo-hi/orical      
milit>y organization ( ! ,c>ol+ian      
cycle4 ,palad9s & ,s>ac5s are +5i\sly   
manoeuvr$ ab\t1 n[ scatt]$ 9 little     
gr\ps ( twos & ?rees1 to enc\nt]        
adv5tures 9 ! /yle ( ,sir ,launcelot or 

,amadis2 n[ ga!r$ into a compact army to
 cra% ^u ea* o!r z at ,roncevaux2 or    
else wildly flung up by ! poet to alight
 9 fairyl&1 to f9d !mselves 9 ! cav]ns (
 ,jams*id1 9 ! isles :]e ,ob]on's "m    
kept ,cs>1 & ,morgana kept ,ogi]1 9 !   
boats1 ent]+ subt]ranean *annels1 (     
,s9dbad & ,huon ( ,bordeaux2 a con/ant  
alt]nation ( individual adv5ture &      
:olesale organiz$ campaigns1 conceiv$ & 
c>ri$ out ) admirable +5uity4 ,s mu* = !
 de$s ( arms4 ,! de$s ( love are also   
comp\nd$ ( ,c>ol+ian & ,ar?urian1 b     
flav\r$ ) special ,r5aissance feel+4    
,!re is a great deal ( rapid love-mak+  
betwe5 too gallant knights & too        
impressionable ladies2 lic5ti\s am\rs   
:i* we mod]ns lay at ! door ( ,boi>do & 
,ario/o1 n kn[+ t ! lic5ti\sness ( !    
,oliv]s & ,ogi]s & ,gu]9s & ,huons (    
m$ival poetry1 ( ! s5tim5tal ,amadises1 
,galaors1 & ,lisv>ts ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1
 :om ! ,r5aissance has ton$ d[n 9 ,rog]s
 & ,r9aldos & ,ricci>dettos1 is by _m   
degrees worse4 ,a moral improvem5t also 

7= all ! immorality ( ! ,r5aissance7 9 !
 es*ew+ ( ! nev]-fail+ adult]y ( !      
,ar?urian romances1 & ! appropriation to
 legitimately fai?ful love ( ! poetical 
devotion :i* ,tri/ram & ,launcelot be>  
to o!r m5's wives4 ,to ?is are add$1 & m
 by ,ario/o ?an by ,boi>do1 two         
ess5tially ,italian elem5ts3 some?+ ( ! 
nobility ( passion ( ! ,platonic        
sonnete]s2 & a good dose ( ! ironical1  
scurril\s1 moraliz+ immoral anecdote    
gossip+ ( ,boccaccio & ,sac*etti4 ,su*  
is ! /uff4 ,! conception1 ?\gh r>ely    
comic1 & sometimes bond fide s]i\s1 is  
nev] e>ne/4 ,all ?is is a purely arti/ic
 _w1 a _w ( decorative arabesque        
incid5t1 int5d$ to please1 sc>cely ev]  
to move1 or to move1 at mo/1 l "s       
,decam]onian tale ( ,isabella & ! ,basil
 ,plant1 or ,con/ance & ,m>tuccio4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 !re is none ( ! grotesque      
irrev]5ce ( ,pulci4 ,boi>do & ,ario/o   
are n 9 e>ne/2 !y are well aw>e t _!    
h]oes & h]o9es are m]e mod]n m5 & wom5  
trick$ out 9 pretty *ivalric trapp+s1   

driv5 wildly ab\t f ,p>is to ,ca?ay1 & f
 ,spa9 to ! ,orkneys--on ,tony ,lumpk9's
 pr9ciple ( driv+ 8 "m r\nd & r\nd !    
g>d5 plot till %e ?\ght h]self on a hea?
 six miles (f--)\t ev] really *ang+     
place4 ,b !y d n1 l ,pulci1 make fun (  
_! *>act]s4 ,!y write *ivalry romances n
 = ,flor5t9e pork-but*]s & wool-c>d]s1 b
 = gallant ladies & g5tlem51 to :om1 )  
duels1 t\rnam5ts1 s]5ades1 & f9e        
spee*es1 *ivalry is an admir$ "n1 ?\gh  
no long] a respect$ reality4  ,! h]oes (
 ,boi>do & ( ,ario/o are always bold &  
gallant & glitt]+1 ! _s ( romance is 9  
!m2 a giant ,san*o ,panza l ,morgante1  
r$ol5t ( sausage & *eese1 w\ld nev] be  
admitt$ into ! society ( a ,f]r>ese     
,orl&o4 ,! art ( ,boi>do & ( ,ario/o is 
em95tly pageant art1 9 :i* s5tim5t &    
h]oism are b z "o elem5t among _m2 !re  
is no pret5ce at reality 7al?\gh !re is 
a good deal ( incid5tal realism71 & no  
?\ght ( ! int]e/ 9 subject & p]sons :i* 
goes ) reality4 ,x is a masqu]ade1 & "o 
^: m5 & wom5 mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be imag9$ 9 a 

k9d ( arti/ic fancy co/ume3 a mixture ( 
! ,r5aissance dress & ( ! antique1 z we 
see x 9 ! pr9ts ( contempor>y pageants1 
& 9 ,v5etian & ,f]r>ese pictures2 t     
,circe ( ,dosso's1 9 ! ,borghese gall]y 
( ,rome1 seat$ 9 h] /ately w9e-lees &   
gold half-h]aldically &                 
half-cabali/ically patt]n$ brocade1 be=e
 ! rose-bu%es ( ! little my/]i\s wood1  
is ! v ideal ( ! ,fal]9as & ,alc9as1 ( !
 en*antresses ( ,boi>do & ,ario/o4      
,pageant p1 ^! ( ! ,f]r>ese poets2 !y   
only play at be+ 9 =e/s & des]ts1 z     
*ildr5 play at be+ on volcanoes or 9    
,gre5-l& by ! nurs]y fire4 ,x is a k9d (
 dress+ up1 a masqu]ad+ ( ! fancy2 n    
disguis+ 9 ord] to deceive1 b r lay+    
hold ( any pretty or brilliant          
impressive g>b t comes to h&1 & putt+ t 
on 9 conjunction ) _m odds & ends1 z an 
arti/'s gue/s might d ) ! silks &       
velvets & ,ori5tal prop]ties ( a /udio4 
,^! knights & ladies1 = ev] te>+ ab\t f 
,scotl& to ,india1 nev]1 9 po9t ( fact1 
get any fur!r ?an ! ,ap5n9e slopes :]e  

,boi>do 0 born1 :]e ,ario/o gov]n$ !    
,g>fagnana4 ,!y ride = ev] 7:ile suppos$
 to be 9 ! ,ard5nes or 9 ,egypt7 across 
! velvet moss turf1 all patt]n$ ) m9ute 
/>ry clov]s & ! fall5 :ite ropy *e/nut  
blossom1 amid/ ! brack5 b5ea? ! sl5d]   
*e/nut trees1 ! pale blue sky look+ 9   
betwe5 _! spread+ bran*es2 at mo/ !y    
lose _! way 9 ! intricacies ( "s seaside
 p9eta1 :]e ! feet slip on ! fall5      
ne$les1 & ! sun slants along ! vi/as (  
s]ri$1 r$1 scaly trunks1 among ! junip] 
& gorse & dry grass & fl[]s gr[+ 9 ! sea
 s&4 ,into ! va/ m$ival =e/s ( ,g]many &
 ,france1 ,boi>do & ,ario/o's fancy nev]
 p5etrat$4  ,su* is ! s*ool3 a s*ool    
repres5t$ 9 its typical "* only by      
,boi>do & ,ario/o1 b to :i* belong1     
nev]!less1 ) :atev] diff]5ces1 ,tasso1  
,sp5s]1 ,camo5s1 all ! poets (          
,r5aissance romance4 ,n[ ( ! two lead]s 
!re(4 ,"h ,i feel t ,i c speak only     
p]sonally2 tell only ( my own p]sonal   
impressions & pref]5ces4 ,comp>+ toge!r 
,boi>do & ,ario/o1 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 aw>e 

( ! inf9ite advantages ( ! latt]4       
,ario/o is a man ( f> m v>i$ g5ius2 he  
is an arti/1 :ile ,boi>do is an amateur2
 he is le>n$ 9 arrang+ & ornam5t+2 he   
kn[s h[ to alt]nate v>i\s /yles1 h[ to  
beg9 & h[ to end4 ,moreov]1 he is a     
s*ol>ly p]son ( a m s*ol>ly "t3 he is   
famili> ) ! classics1 &1 :at is m       
important1 he is famili> ) ! language 9 
:i* he is writ+4 ,he writes exquisitely 
h>moni\s1 supple1 & brilliant ,tuscan   
v]se1 ) an inf9ite ri*ness ( diction2   
:ile poor ,boi>do jogs along 9 a        
language :i* is n ! ,lomb>d dialect 9   
:i* he speaks1 & :i* is v unc\? &       
awkw>d1 z is e pure language = a        
prov9cial2 inde$1 s mu* s1 t ! p$antic  
,tuscans require ,b]ni to make ,tuscan1 
elegant1 to +5tilire1 ) inf9ite loss to 
qua9tness & *>m1 ! ,orl&o ,innamorato ( 
poor ,f]r>ese ,boi>do4 ,moreov]1 ,ario/o
 has _m qualities unkn[n to ,boi>do2    
wit1 malice1 /atel9ess1 decid$ eloqu5ce 
& p[] ( simile & apo/rophe2 he is a     
symphony = full or*e/ra1 & ,boi>do a m]e

 melody play$ on a s+le fiddle1 :i* good
 au?orities 7& no "o d>e conte/ )       
,italians :5 !y condemn any?+ n ,tuscan 
z j>gon7 pron\nce to be no ,cremona4    
,all ^! advantages ,ario/o c]ta9ly has2 
& ,i d n qu>rel ) ^? :o pref] him = !m4 
,b _m ( !m di/9ctly take away f my      
pleasure4 ,i confess t ,i am bor$ by !  
beautifully writt5 moral & allegorical  
preludes ( ,ario/o's cantos2 ,i w\ld    
will+ly give all 8 aphorism & all 8     
my?ology to get quickly to ! /ory4      
,also1 ,i res5t 8 admirable rhetorical  
fl\ri%es ab\t 8 patrons1 8 ,ercoles1    
,ippolitos1 & ,isabellas !y r+ false1   
dreadfully false & /udi$2 & ,boi>do's   
quickly despat*$ fri5dly greet+ ( 8     
fri5ds1 8 c\rte\s knights & g5tle       
ladies1 pleases me mu* bett]4 ,moreov]1 
! all-p]vad+ consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( 
,hom]1 ,virgil1 nay1 ,/atius & ,lucan1 e
 trump]y antique epic-mong]1 annoys me1 
giv+ an uncom=table d\bt z to :e!r      
,ario/o did n try to make all ?is       
nons5se s]i\s1 & ?is romance into an    

epic2 all ?is occasional ,virgilian     
/atel9ess1 alt]nat$ ) a k9d ( poli%$    
,decam]onian gossipy cynicism1 div]ts my
 att5tion1 turns palad9s & pr9cesses too
 mu* into tutor-educat$ g5tlem51 into   
,b&ello & ,c9?io-read+ ladies ( !       
sixte5? c5tury4 ,! picture pa9t$ by     
,ario/o is f9]1 b y see too mu* ( !     
pa9t]2 he & 8 patrons take up ne>ly !   
:ole =egr\nd1 & !y h affect$1 idealiz$  
faces & w\ld-be dignifi$ & s5atorial    
poses4 ,= ^! & _m o!r reasons1 ,i       
p]sonally pref] ,boi>do2 & p]haps ! be/ 
reason = my pref]5ce is ! irrational "o 
t he gives me m pleasure4 ,my pref]5ces1
 my impressions1 ,i h said1 are 9 ?is   
matt]1 mu* less critical ?an p]sonal4   
,h5ce ,i c speak ( ,boi>do only z he    
affects me4  ,:5 fir/ ,i read ,boi>do1  
,i 0 consci\s ( a curi\s ph5om5on 9     
myself4 ,i mu/ confess to read+ books   
usually 9 a v ard5t or r we>y mann]1    
ei!r way 9 a hurry to f9i% !m4 ,z x     
happ5$1 :5 ,i borr[$ ,boi>do1 ,i _h a   
great _m o!r ?+s on h& :i* requir$ my "t

 & att5tion2 yet ,i c\ld n make up my   
m9d to return ! book until ,i _h f9i%$  
x1 ?\gh my int5tion _h be5 m]ely to     
satisfy my curiosity by a dip into x4 ,i
 w5t on1 )\t t eag] desire to "k :at    
foll[s :i* "o has 9 a novel2 dr[sily )  
absolute reluctance to leave (f1 l !    
reluctance to rise f ! grass b5ea? !    
trees ) only butt]flies & %ad[s to wat*1
 or ! reluctance to put aside "s fairy  
book ( ,walt] ,crane's4 ,x 0 l /roll+ 9 
"s qua9t1 ill-trimm$1 old g>d51 f9d+    
fre% fl[]s1 fre% bits ( li*5$ walls1    
fre% fragm5ts ( brok5 e>!nw>e ornam5ts2 
or1 r1 m l a morn+ 9 ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y 
at ,si5a1 ! place :]e ! gorge\s *oir    
books are kept1 itself illum9at$ l      
missal pages by ,p9turic*io3 amus$1     
delight$1 n mov$ nor fasc9at$2 f9d+ e   
mom5t some?+ new1 "s *>m+ piece ( gild+1
 "s sweet plum$ head1 "s qua9t little   
tree or t[n2 mak+ a j\rney ( lazy       
discov]y 9 a sort ( _w ( ,pr9ce ,*>m+s1 
! real realm ( ! ,fry ,que51 q diff]5t 9
 en*antm5t f ! c\ntry ( ,sp5s]'s        

,gloriana1 ) its pale allegoric ladies &
 knights1 half-human1 half-metaphysical1
 & its make-believe allegorical ogres & 
giants4 ,?is is ! real ,fairyl&1 ?is (  
,boi>do3 no m]e outskirts ( ,f]r>a1 )   
real1 playfully cynical ,f]r>ese m5 &   
wom5 trick$ out z palad9s & ,amazons1 & 
mak+ fun ( _! disguise1 z 9 ,ario/o2 no 
wond]l& ( ,tasso1 ) en*ant$ g>d5s copi$ 
out ( ,bolognese pictures & miracul\s   
=e/s le>n$ f !atre me*anicians1 wond]s  
imitat$ by a great poet f ! c>dbo>d &   
firework wond]s ( ,bianca ,cappello's   
w$d+ fea/s4 ,?is is ! real fairyl&1 !   
wond]l& ( m$ival romance & ( ,p]sian &  
,arabian tales1 no long] solemn or      
awful1 b brilliant1 sunny1 only half    
believ$ 92 ! fairyl& ( ! ,r5aissance1   
sup]ficially arti/ic1 ) its lighte/1    
brighte/ fancies1 & its *>m+ realities2 
its cloi/]$ & pa9t$ c\rts ) pla%+       
f\nta9s1 its tape/ri$ & inlaid rooms1   
its t[]$ & belv$]$ villas1 its qua9t    
clipp$ g>d5s full ( /range ,ori5tal     
plants & bea/s2 & all ?is transport$    

into a c\ntry ( wond]s1 :]e are ! g>d5s 
( ! ,hesp]ides1 ! f\nta9 ( ,m]l91 ! tomb
 ( ,n>cissus1 ! ca/le ( ,morgan-le-,fay2
 e qua9t & beautiful fancy1 antique &   
m$ival1 mix$ up toge!r1 z 9 "s          
,r5aissance picture ( ,botticelli or    
,rosselli or ,filipp9o1 :]e knights 9   
arm\r desc5d f ,pegasus be=e ,roman     
temples1 :]e sw>?y :ite-turban$ ,turks1 
) oddly bun*$-up tr\s]s & jewell$       
caftans1 & half-nak$1 oak-cr[n$ y\?s1 l 
g5ii desc5d$1 p5sive & wond]+1 f "s     
antique s>cophagus1 & dapp] pr9celets & 
/alw>t knights1 & citiz5s & monks1 all  
cr[d r\nd ! alt> ( "s wond]-work+       
,macone or ,apoll9e or ,trevigante2 "s  
comic1 dreadful1 api% figure1 mumm$ up 9
 half-antique1 half-ori5tal g>b4 ,or    
else we are l$ into "s da9ty1 pale-t9t$ 
panel ( ,botticelli1 :]e ! maid5s dance 
9 :ite cl++ clo!s1 /rew+ fl[]s on to !  
fl[]-freak$ turf2 or into "s (          
,poliphilo's vignettes1 :]e ! g5tle     
ladies1 seat$ ) lute & viol "u          
v9e-trellises1 welcome ! "y gallant1 or 

poet1 or knight4  ,su* is ! _w (        
,boi>do4 ,sp5s] has once or twice peep$ 
91 pa9t$ x1 & giv5 u exquisite little   
pictures1 z t ( ,maleca/a's ca/le1 all  
hung ) my?ological tape/ries1 t ( !     
en*ant$ *amb] ( ,britom>t1 & ^? ( ,sir  
,calidore meet+ ! ,graces & ( ,hell5ore 
danc+ ) ! ,satyrs2 b ,sp5s] has done x  
r>ely1 trembl+ to return to 8 dre>y     
allegories4 ,equal to ^! s+le pictures  
by ,sp5s]1 ,boi>do has only "o or two1 b
 he keeps u p]man5tly 9 ! _w :]e su*    
pictures are pa9t$4 ,boi>do is n a great
 arti/ l ,sp5s]3 b he is a wiz>d1 :i* is
 bett]4 ,he leads u1 unceas+ly1 ?r\gh ! 
little dreamy laurelwoods1 :]e we meet  
crisp-hair$ damsels ti$ to p9e-trees1 or
 t]rible dragons1 or en*ant$ wells1     
?r\gh ^: transluc5t gre5 wat]s we see   
brocad$ rooms full ( fair ladies2 he    
f]ries u ev] & anon across %all[ /reams1
 to ! ca/les :]e g5til donzelle wave _! 
k]*iefs f ! pill>$ belv$]e2 he slips u  
unse5 into ! camps & c\ncil-rooms ( !   
spl5didly trapp$ ,s>ac5s1 l s _m figures

 out ( ,filipp9o's frescoes2 he conducts
 u across ! bridges :]e giants /& w>d]s1
 to ! my/]i\s c>v$ tombs :5ce issue gre5
 & cre/$ snakes1 :o1 kiss$ by a palad91 
turn into lovely en*antresses2 he takes 
u b5ea? ! b$s ( riv]s & ?r\gh ! b[els ( 
! e>? :]e k+s & knights turn$ into      
/atues ( gold1 sit r\nd tables cov]$ )  
jewels1 illum9$ by c>buncles m wond]ful 
?an t ( ,jams*id2 or ?r\gh ! mazes (    
fairy g>d5s1 :]e e e> ( corn1 cut (f1   
turns into a wild bea/1 & e fall5 leaf  
into a bird1 :]e hydras wat* 9 ! wat]s &
 lamias re> !mselves 9 ! grass1 :]e     
,orl&o mu/ fill 8 helmet ) roses le/ he 
he> ! voice ( ! sir5s2 :]e all ! wond]s 
( ,antiquity--! snake-wom51 ! ,circes1 !
 sir5s1 ! hydras & fauns live1 /rangely 
*ang$ into some?+ inf9itely qua9t &     
graceful1 /ill half-antique1 yet already
 half-,arabian or ,keltic1 9 ! mid/ ( ! 
fairyl& ( ,m]l9 & ( ,ob]on--live1 move1 
trans=m !mselves afre%2 :]e !           
gold5-hair$ damsels & ! /ripl+ knights1 
delicate l ,p9turic*io's ,pr9ce ,*>m+s1 

gallop = ev] on _! en*ant$ c\rs]s1 )9   
en*ant$ arm\r1 inv9cible1 invuln]able1  
"u a sky always blue1 & ?r\gh an unceas+
 spr+1 ev] onw>ds to new adv5tures4     
,adv5tures :i* ! noble1 g5tle ,ca/ellan 
( ,sc&iano1 poet & knight & humori/1    
philan?ropical philosoph] almo/ f %e]   
goodness ( he>t1 yet a little crazy1 &  
capable ( sett+ all ! *ur* bells r++ 9  
hon\r ( ! inv5tion ( ! "n ( ,rodomonte  
relates n to "s dully ungrateful        
,alfonso or ,ippolito1 b to 8 own gue/s1
 8 own brilliant knights & ladies1 ) ev]
 & anon an ef=t to make !m feel1 ?r\gh 8
 v]se1 "s ( ^? joy\s spr+-tide feel+s   
:i* bubble up 9 himself2 z :5 he        
rememb]s h[1 ,once did ,i w&] on a ,may 
morn+ 9 a fair fl[]-adorn$ field on a   
hillside ov]look+ ! sea1 :i* 0 all      
tremul\s ) light2 & !re1 among ! roses (
 a gre5 ?orn-brake1 a damsel 0 s++ (    
love2 s++ s sweetly t ! sweetness /ill  
t\*es my he>t2 t\*es my he>t1 & makes me
 ?9k ( ! great delight x 0 to li/52 & h[
 he w\ld fa9 repeat t song1 & inde$ an  

e*o ( its sweetness runs ?r\gh 8 v]se4  
,mean:ile1 /anza p\rs out aft] /anza1   
adv5ture gr[s out ( adv5ture1 ea* m     
wond]ful1 m gorge\s ?an its pr$ecessor4 
,to :i* li/5 ! ladies1 ) _! :ite1 girdl$
 dresses & crimp$ gold5 locks2 ! y\?s1 )
 _! s(t be>dless faces fram$ 9 comb$-out
 hair1 ) _! dagg]s on _! hips & _! plum$
 hats betwe5 _! f+]s2 & ! s]i\s be>d$   
m51 9 silk5 robes2 draw+ ne>] ! poet1   
lett+ g lute or viol9 or music-book z !y
 li/5 on ! villa t]race or 9 "s d>k5$   
room1 :]e ! sunset sky turns gre5-blue  
beh9d ! pill>$ w9d[1 & ! roses hang ov] 
! trellise ( ! cloi/]4 ,& z !y did f\r  
hundr$ ye>s ago1 s d we n[1 rejoice4 ,! 
great /alw>t nak$ =ms ( ,greece no long]
 leap & wre/le or c>ry _! well-pois$    
baskets ( wa%$ l95 be=e u2 ! mail$ &    
vizor$ knights ( ! ,nibelung5 no long]  
cla% _! arm\r to ! s\nd ( ,volk]'s r$   
fiddle-b[2 ! glorifi$ s\ls ( ,dante no  
long] move 9 my/ic mazes ( light be=e ! 
eyes ( our fancy4 ,all t is gone4 ,b "h 
is ! fairyl& ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,& ?us    

,matteo ,boi>do1 ,c\nt ( ,sc&iano1 goes 
on1 add+ adv5ture to adv5ture1 /anza to 
/anza1 9 8 ca/le villa1 or 8 palace at  
,f]r>a4 ,b sudd5ly he /ops & 8 bright   
fiddle & lute music j>s & ends3 ,:ile ,i
 am s++1 ,o ,r$eem+ ,god1 ,i see all    
,italy set on fire by ^! ,gauls1 com+ to
 ravage ,i "k n :at fre% place4  ,& ?us1
 ) ! e>li] & m hopeful ,r5aissance ( !  
fifte5? c5tury1 ,matteo ,boi>do broke (f
 ) 8 ,orl&o ,innamorato4 ,! p]fect      
light-he>t$ness1 ! delight 9 play ( a   
g5tle1 s]i\s1 em95tly k9dly nature1 :i* 
gives half ! *>m to ,boi>do's "w1 seems 
to h become impossible aft] ! ru9 (     
,italian lib]ty & prosp]ity ! frightful 
%[+ up ( ,italy's moral & social &      
political insignificance at ! beg9n+ ( !
 sixte5? c5tury4 ,lomb>dy especially    
became a p]man5t battle-field1 & its    
t[ns m]e g>rison places ( ,fr5*1 ,g]man1
 ,spani%1 & ,swiss b>b>ians1 ^: pres5ce 
meant slaught] & pillage & e f\le/      
outrage2 & !n1 betwe5 ! horrors ( !     
unresi/$ invasions & ! unresi/$         

exactions1 came plague & fam9e1 &       
indu/ry & comm]ce gradually di$ out4 ,a 
few pr9ces1 subsidis$ & gu>d$ by ,fr5*  
or ,imp]iali/s1 kept up an appe>ance (  
*e]fulness1 b ! c\rts ev5 grew m gloomy 
z ! p grew m mis]able4 ,!re is m jok+1 m
 resonant laught] 9 ,ario/o ?an 9       
,boi>do1 b !re is v mu* less s]5ity &   
*e]fulness2 ev] & anon a sort (         
bitt]ness1 a dre>y moraliz+ t5d5cy1 a   
/ill m dre>y fit ( prophesy+ future good
 9 :i* he has no belief1 comes ov]      
,ario/o4 ,b]ni1 :o rewrote ! ,orl&o     
,innamorato 9 *oice ,tuscan1 & :o       
und]l9$ e fa9tly m>k$ je/ ( ,boi>do's1 )
 evid5t preoccupation ( ! ludicr\s      
effects ( ! ,morgante ,maggiore--,b]ni  
ev5 c\ld n keep up 8 spirits2 into !    
middle ( ,boi>do's s]5e fairyl&         
adv5tures he ins]t$ a description ( !   
sack ( ,rome :i* is simply h>r[+4 ,all  
real *e]fulness dep>t$ f ! p1 to be     
replac$ only by pleasure 9 ! debau*]ies 
( ! buffooni% obsc5ity ( ,aret9o1       
,b&ello1 & s =?1 to :i* ! m5 ( ! dy+    

,italy ( ! ,r5aissance li/5$ z ! roy/]]s
 ( ! plague ( ,flor5ce1 ) ! mortal      
sickness almo/ ^u !m1 may h li/5$ to !  
fil?y songs :i* !y troll$ out 9 _!      
drunk5ness4 ,or at be/1 ! poor />v$1    
bruis$1 batt]$1 humiliat$ nation may h  
tri$ to be *e]ful on ! pr9ciple ( its   
h>lequ9 playwright ,beolco1 :o1 m hone/ 
?an ! ,ario/os & ,bibbi5as1 & ,aret9es1 
came =w>d on 8 /age ( planks at ,padua1 
& aft] describ+ ! ru9 & wret*$ness ( !  
c\ntry1 ! s5se ( dre>9ess & desolation1 
:i* made "y folk c>eless ( m>riage1 & ! 
v night+ales 7he ?\ght7 c>eless ( song1 
recomm5d$ 8 audi5ce1 s9ce !y c\ld n ev5 
cry ?or\ghly & to feel any ! bett] = x1 
to laugh1 if !y /ill 7 able4 ,boi>do 0  
=gott52 8 _s 0 unsuit$ to ! depression1 
gloomy brutality1 gloomy s5tim5tality1  
:i* grew e day z ,italy settl$ d[n aft] 
its ,r5aissance-,%rovetide 9 ! c9d]s &  
fa/+ ( ! long ,l5t ( ,spani% & ,jesuit  
rule4  ,/ill ! /yle ( ,boi>do 0 n yet   
exhau/$2 ! peculi> k9d ( fairy epic1 !  
peculi> comb9ation ( *ivalric & classic 

elem5ts ( :i* ! ,orl&o ,innamorato & !  
,orl&o ,furioso1 _h be5 ! great         
examples1 /ill fasc9at$ poets & public4 
,! ,r5aissance1 or :at rema9$ ( x1 0 n[ 
no long] conf9$ to ,italy2 x _h spread1 
pal]1 m dilut$1 %all[]1 ov] ! re/ (     
,europe4 ,to foll[ ! filiation ( s*ools1
 to und]/& ! intellectual relation%ips (
 individuals1 ( ! latt] half ( ! sixte5?
 c5tury1 x becomes necess>y to move f "o
 c\ntry to ano!r4 ,& ?us ! two bro!r    
poets ( ! family ( ,boi>do1 its two la/ 
& mu* sadd5$ repres5tatives1 came to    
write 9 v diff]5t languages & "u v      
diff]5t circum/ances4 ,^! two are ,tasso
 & our own ,sp5s]4 ,!y are bo? poets ( !
 s*ool ( ! ,orl&o ,innamorato1 bo? poets
 ( a reaction1 ( a k9d ( purifi$        
,r5aissance3 ! "o ( ! late ,italian     
,r5aissance emasculat$ by ! ,c\ncil (   
,tr5t & by ,spa92 ! o!r ( ! ,engli%     
,r5aissance1 9 its y\? truly1 b1 9 !    
individual case ( ,sp5s]1 timidly drawn 
aside f ! excesses ( buoyant life ar\nd4
 ,9 ! days ( ! semi-a!i/ dramati/s1 all 

fle% & blood & democracy1 ,sp5s] /eeps  
himself 9 ,*ri/ianity & *ivalry1 ev5 z  
,tasso does1 foll[+ on ! fle%ly levity &
 scepticism ( ,boi>do1 ,b]ni1 & ,ario/o4
 ,!re is 9 bo? poets a pal5ess1 a c]ta9 
diaphan\s weakness1 an abs5ce ( /rong   
t9t or fibre or p]fume2 9 ,tasso !      
pallor ( autumn1 9 ,sp5s] ! pal5ess (   
spr+3 autumn left sad & leafless by !   
too voluptu\s heat & fruitfulness (     
summ]2 spr+ /ill pale & p9*$ by w9t]1 ) 
timid nipp$ grass & unripe /iff buds &  
catk9s1 :i* nev] sugge/ ! tangle ( bu%1 
grasses1 & magnific5t fl[]s & fruits1   
sweet1 spl5did1 or poison\s1 :i* ! sun w
 make out ( !m4 ,! ,r5aissance1 9 ! pa/ 
= ,tasso1 9 ! proximate & v visible     
future = ,sp5s]1 has fright5$ bo?2 !    
cynicism & be/iality ( m5 l ,ma*iavelli 
& ,aret9o2 ! godless1 muscul> lu/9ess ( 
,m>l[e1 ,gre5e1 & ,peele1 se5 9 a       
glimpse by ,tasso & ,sp5s]1 h giv5 a    
%ock to _! s5sitive nature1 h made !m   
turn away & hide !mselves f a second    
sight ( x4 ,!y bo? take refuge 9 a l& ( 

fiction1 ( romance1 f ! realities into  
:i* !y dread to spla%2 a _w             
unsub/antial1 diaphan\s1 fa9t-hu$1 almo/
 passionless1 :i* !y make out ( beauty &
 h]oism & purity1 :i* !y alembicize &   
ref9e1 b into :i* !re nev] ent]s any    
vital elem5t1 any?+ to give x fle% &    
bone & puls+ life3 x is a m]e soap      
bubble4 ,& beautiful z is ?is _w ( _!   
own mak+1 x is too negative ev5 = !m2 !y
 move 9 x only 9 imag9ation1 calm1 s]5e1
 vacant1 almo/ sad4 ,!re is 9 x1 & 9    
!mselves1 a some?+ want+2 & !           
remembrance ( t unholy-life ( reality   
:i* jo/l$ & spla%$ _! delicate s\ls1    
comes back & haunts !m ) its evil ?\ght4
 ,!re is no laugh--:at is worse1 no     
smile --9 ^! m54 ,incipi5t puritanism1 n
 yet ! t]rible brawny reality ( ,bunyan1
 b a vague1 grey spectre1 haunts ,sp5s]2
 & ! puritanism ( ,don ,quixote1 !      
vague1 melan*oly1 fanta/ic rev]t+ f !   
evil _w ( to-day to an impossible _w (  
*ivalry1 is tr\bl+ ! sight ( ,tasso4 ,he
 _c g crazy l ,don ,quixote1 & in/ead he

 gr[s melan*oly2 he _c believe 9 8 own  
ideals2 he _c give !m life1 any m ?an c 
,sp5s] give life to 8 allegoric knights 
& ladies1 because ! life w\ld h to be   
fet*$ by ,tasso out ( ! fle% ( ,ario/o1 
& by ,sp5s] out ( ! blood ( ,m>l[e2 &   
bo? ,tasso & ,sp5s] %r9k at ! ?\ght (   
:at might ) x be inoculat$ or transfus$2
 & !y re/ satisfi$ ) phantoms4 ,!       
phantoms ( ,sp5s] are m %ad[y mu* m     
utt]ly devoid ( human "*2 !y are almo/  
metaphysical ab/ractions1 & !y d n !re=e
 sadd5 u3 !y are too unlike liv+ ?+s to 
seem v lifeless4 ,b ! phantoms ( ,tasso1
 he w\ld fa9 make realities2 he works at
 e detail ( "*1 hi/ory1 or geography1   
:i* may make 8 p real2 !y are n1 z )    
,sp5s]1 elves & wiz>ds flitt+ ab\t 9 a  
nameless fairyl&1 *>act]less &          
passionless2 !y are hi/orical creatures1
 capta9s & soldi]s 9 a c\ntry mapp$ out 
by ! geograph]2 b !y are phantoms all ! 
m melan*oly1 ^! beautiful & h]oic       
,clor9das & ,erm9ias & ,tancr$s &       
,godfreys--:y8 because ! real _w ar\nd  

,tasso is peopl$ ) ,bra*ianos &         
,corombonas1 & ,annabellas & ,giovannis1
 creatures = ,web/] & ,=d2 & because ?is
 _w ( *ivalry is1 9 8 ,italy1 z false z 
! _w ( ,amadis & ,espl&ian 9 ,toboso &  
,b>celona = poor ,don ,quixote4         
,melan*oly !re=e1 & dreamy1 bo? ,tasso &
 ,sp5s]1 ) no?+ !y c fully love 9       
reality1 because !y see x ta9t$ )       
reality & evil2 )\t ! *e]ful fall+ back 
^u ev]yday life ( ,ario/o & ,%akespe>e1 
& ) a /range fancy = fairyl&1 = !       
di/ant1 = ! ,happy ,isl&s1 ! ,/4        
,br&an's ,isles1 ! c\ntry ( ! f\nta9 (  
y\?1 ! c\ntry ( :i* vague reports h come
 back ) ! %ips ( ,raleigh & ,ponce de   
,leon4 ,tasso & ,sp5s] are happie/1 9 _!
 calm1 melan*oly way1 :5 !y c let       
!mselves g 9 day-dreams1 & talk ( ?+s 9 
:i* !y d n believe1 ( diamond %ields :i*
 /un mon/]s ( o9tm5ts :i* cure all ills 
( body & ( s\l ( en*ant$ groves ^: trees
 s\nd ) voices1 & lutes1 ( boats 9 :i*1 
/e]$ by fairies1 we c glide across !    
sc>cely rippl$ summ] sea1 & wat*+ ! ru9s

 ( ! pa/1 "t & reality left beh9d1 set  
sail = "s /range l& ( bliss4 ,& !re is 9
 ! v s5su\sness & love ( beauty-( ^! m5 
a vagu5ess & melan*oly1 a con/ant3 s5se 
( ! fleet+ & ( ! et]nal1 z 9 t passage1 
translat$ f ! languidly sweet ,italian  
p]fection ( ,tasso into ! timid1 almo/  
sc5tless1 ,engli% ( ,sp5s]--,cosi       
trapassa al trapass> d'un giorno4       
,s passe?1 9 ! pass+ ( a day1       ,(  
mortall life ! leafe1 ! bud1 ! fl[re    
,no m do? flori% aft] fir/ decay1       
,t e>/ 0 s\ght to deck bo? b$ & b[re    
,( _m a lady1 & _m a ,p>am[re4          
,ga!r !re=e ! ,rose :ile/ yet is prime1 
,= soone comes age t w h] pride defl[re2
      ,ga!r ! ,rose ( love :ite/ yet is 
"t1      ,:ite/ lov+ ?\ maye/ lov$ be )e
 equall crime4   ,a s5se ( evanesc5ce1 (
 dreamlik5ess1 q diff]5t f ! ?\ghtless  
enjoym5t ( ,boi>do1 f ! bold & manly    
fac+ ( ! future1 ! solemn1 /rong s5se ( 
life & dea? z ( wak+ realities1 ( !     
,elizabe?an dramati/s1 ev5 ( weakl+s l  
,mass+] & ,beaumont4 ,9 ,tasso & 9      

,sp5s] !re is no su* joy\sness1 no su*  
solemnity2 only a dreamy wat*+1 a regret
 :i* is sc>cely a regret1 at !          
evanesc5ce ( pale beauty & pale life1 ( 
joys feebly felt & evils meekly borne4  
,) ,tasso & ,sp5s] comes to a close !   
s*ool ( ,boi>do1 ! small numb] ( real   
arti/s :o f9ally gave an endur+ &       
beautiful %ape to t /rangely mix$ &     
alt]$ mat]ial ( romantic epic left beh9d
 by ! ,middle ,ages2 comes to an end at 
lea/ till our own day ( appreciative &  
delib]ate imitation & selection &       
re>rangem5t ( ! arti/ic =ms ( ! pa/4    
,until ! revival 7aft] mu* /udy &       
criticism7 by our own poets ( ,ar?ur &  
,gudrun & ! ,=tunate ,isles1 ! _w _h _h 
en\gh ( m$ival romance4 ,*ivalry _h     
av[$ly end$ 9 *amb]la9ry2 ! devotion to 
wom5 9 ! (ficial r\t9e ( ! cicisbeo2 !  
la/ romance to :i* ! late ,r5aissance _h
 clung1 :i* made x sympa?ize ) ,huon1   
,ogi]1 ,orl&o1 & ,r9aldo1 :i* _h made x 
take delight /ill 9 ! fairyl& ( ,ob]on1 
( ,fall]9a1 ( ,alc9a1 ( ,armida1 (      

,acrasia1 ! romance ( ! new _w1 _h also 
turn$ into prose1 prose ( blood-/a9$    
fil?4 ,! humani/ic & rationali/ic m5 ( !
 ,r5aissance _h d\btless e>ly begun to  
turn up _! noses 9 da9ty dilettantism or
 sci5tific contempt1 at :at 7 lat] to be
 call$ by ,montaigne1 ,ces ,lancelots du
 ,lac1 ces ,amadis1 ces ,huons et tels  
fatras di livres  quoy l'enfance        
s'amuse2 & by ,b5 ,jonson3              
,public no?+s1      ,abortives ( !      
fabul\s d>k cloi/]1      ,s5t out to    
poison c\rts1 & infect mann]s--   !     
public at l>ge 0 m con/ant1 & /ill      
reta9$ a love = m$ival romance4 ,b m ?an
 humanities1 m ?an sci5tific scepticism 
& religi\s puritanism1 did ! sl[        
dispell+ ( ! illusion ( ,eldorado & !   
,=tunate ,isles4 ,mank9d set sail =     
,am]ica 9 brilliant & knightly ge>1     
believ+ 9 f\nta9s ( y\? & ,/4 ,br&an's  
,isles1 ) ,ario/o1 ,tasso1 & ,sp5s] /ill
 9 its pockets4 ,x returns f ,am]ica    
ei!r z ! tatt]$ fev]-/rick5 ruffian1 or 
z ! vulg>1 fat up/>t ( ,spani% com$y1   

returns )\t hon\r or %ame1 hold+ money  
7& next to money1 negroes7 ( great]     
acc\nt ?an any insignia ( palad9%ip or !
 ,r\nd ,table2 x is brutal1 vulg>1      
cynical2 at be/ v sad1 & x gets writt5 =
 its delectation ! comic-tragic novels (
 rapscallions1 p&]s1 pro/itutes1 &      
c>d-%>p]s1 :i* f ,laz>illo de ,tormes to
 ,gil ,blas1 & f ,gil ,blas to ,tom     
,jones1 f9ally replace ! romances ( !   
,launcelots1 ,galahads1 ,r9aldos1 &     
,orl&os4    ,?us did ! m$ival           
romantic-epic /uffs suff] alt]ation1    
adult]ation1 & loss ( "*1 ?r\gh\t ! long
 p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages1 )\t ev]       
receiv+ an arti/ic %ape1 su* z %\ld make
 all m5 pres]ve & *]i% !m = ! only ?+   
:i* makes m5 pres]ve & *]i% su* ?+s--t  
nev] to be wa/$ quality1 beauty4 ,!     
,middle ,ages 7 p[]less to end[ !re) _! 
own subjects2 s ! subjects _h to wait1  
alt]+ m & m ) e pass+ day1 till ! com+ (
 ! ,r5aissance4 ,& by t "t ^! subjects  
_h ceas$ to h any s]i\s mean+ :atev]2 ! 
,rol& ( ! song ( ,roncevaux _h become ! 

crazy ,orl&o ( ,ario/o2 ! ,r5aud ( ,!   
,quatre ,fils ,aymon1 _h become !       
,r9aldo1 ?ra%$ ) %eaves ( lilies by     
,cupid1 ( ,matteo ,boi>do4 ,!           
,r5aissance took up ! old epic-romantic 
mat]ials & made out ( !m works ( art2 b 
works ( art :i*1 z ,i said be=e1 7      
play?+s gets writt5 = its delectation ! 
comic-tragic novels ( rapscallions1     
p&]s1 pro/itutes1 & c>d-%>p]s1 :i*1 f   
,laz>illo de ,tormes to ,gil ,bias1 & f 
,gil ,bias to ,tom ,jones1 f9ally       
replace ! romances ( ! ,launcelots1     
,galahads1 ,r9aldos1 & ,orl&os4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,m$ieval ,,love4   ,on lay+ d[n ! ,vita
 ,nuova our s\l is at fir/ fill$ &      
res\nd+ ) ! love ( ,beatrice4 ,:atev]   
habits or capacities ( noble lov+ may   
lurk )9 ourselves1 h be5 awak5$ by !    
solemn music ( ?is book1 & h sung 9     
unison ) ,dante's love till we h ceas$  
to he> ! voice ( 8 passion & h he>d only
 ! voice ( our own4 ,:5 ! excitem5t has 
dim9i%$1 :5 we h gr[n able to sep>ate f 

our own feel+s ! feel+s ( ! man dead ^! 
five c5turies & a half1 & to realize !  
/rang5ess1 ! obsolet5ess ( ?is love :i* 
= a mom5t _h seem$ our love2 !n a new   
phase ( impressions has set 91 & ! ,vita
 ,nuova inspires u ) m]e passionate awe3
 awe be=e ?is passion :i* we feel to be 
no long] our own1 b f> above & di/ant f 
u1 z 9 "s r>] /ratum ( atmosph]e2 awe   
be=e ?is woman :o creates x1 or r :o is 
its creation4 ,ev5 z ,dante fanci$ t ! p
 ( ,flor5ce did :5 ! bodily pres5ce (   
?is lady came across _! pa?1 s d we ca/ 
d[n our glance z ! image ( ,beatrice    
passes across our m9d4 ,nay1 ! glory (  
h]1 felt s really :ile read+ ! few1     
meagre words 9 ! book1 is /or$ away 9   
our he>t1 & clo!s ) a fa9t aureole !    
lady--if ev] 9 our life we *ance to meet
 h]--9 :om1 ?\gh ,dante tells u no?+ (  
/ature1 features1 eyes or hair1 we seem 
to recognize a lik5ess to h] on ^:      
passage ogni l+ua divi5 trem&o muta1 e  
gli oc*i non ardiscon di gu>d>e4        
,passion l ?is1 to p>aphrase a l9e (    

,rossetti's1 is g5ius2 & x ar\ses 9 su* 
z look ^u x ! peculi> s5se ( wond] &    
love1 ( awe-/rick5 rais+ up ( him :o    
contemplates1 :i* accompanies !         
contemplation ( g5ius4  ,b x may be t "o
 day we feel1 in/ead ( ?is1 wond] inde$1
 b wond] m+l$ ) d\bt4 ,?is ideal love1  
:i* craves = no union ) its object2 :i* 
seeks m]ely to see1 nay1 :i* is satisfi$
 ) m]e ?9k+ on ! belov$ "o1 w /rike u ) 
! cold & b>r5 glitt] ( ! miracul\s4 ,?is
 ,beatrice1 z we gaze on h]1 w prove to 
be no reality ( fle% & blood l          
ourselves2 %e is a =m modell$ 9 !       
semblance ( t real1 liv+ woman :o di$   
six c5turies ago1 b ! sub/ance ( :i* is 
! :ite fire ( ,dante's love4 ,& ! ?\ght 
w arise t ?is purely intellectual love (
 a sc>ce-notic$ y\? = a sc>ce-kn[n woman
 is a ?+ :i* does n belong to life1     
nei!r sweet5+ nor ennobl+ any ( its real
 relations2 t x is1 9 its dazzl+ purity 
& :it5ess1 9 fact a m]e /range & /]ile  
dea? light1 su* z c\ld n & %\ld n1 9 ?is
 _w ( ours1 exi/ twice ov]4 ,&1 le/ we  

%\ld ev] be tempt$ to ?9k ( ?is ideal   
love = ,beatrice z ( a wond]ful &       
beautiful1 b sc>cely natural or useful  
ph5om5on1 ,i w\ld wi% to /udy ! /ory (  
its orig9 & its influ5ce4 ,i w\ld wi% to
 %[ t _h x n burn$ ?us /rangely         
conc5trat$ & pure1 ! poets ( succe$+    
ages c\ld n h tak5 f t :ite flame ( love
 :i* ,dante set alight ^u ! grave (     
,beatrice1 ! sp>k ( ideal passion :i*   
has1 9 ! noble/ ( our lit]ature1 made ! 
desire ( man = woman & ( woman = man    
burn cle> t[>ds heav51 leav+ beh9d !    
noisome a%es & s\l-en]vat+ vap\rs (     
e>?ly lu/4   ,i4  ,! c5turies h made u2 
=c+ u into new practices1 tea*+ u new   
habits1 creat+ = u new capacities &     
wants2 add+1 ev] & anon1 to ! s\l       
organism ( mank9d features :i* at fir/ 7
 b accid5tal peculi>ities1 :i* became   
little by little qualities delib]ately  
s\ght = & at l5g?s inborn & h]$it>y     
*>act]i/ics4 ,& ?us1 91 :at we call !   
,middle ,ages1 !re 0 inv5t$ by ! /ress (
 circum/ances1 elaborat$ by             

half-consci\s ef=t & bequea!d z an      
unali5able habit1 a new mann] ( lov+4   
,! wom5 ( classical ,antiquity appe> to 
u 9 poetry & imag9ative lit]ature z "o (
 two ?+s3 ! wife or ! mi/ress4 ,! wife1 
,p5elope1 ,&roma*e1 ,alke/is1 nay1 ev5 !
 *>m+ "y bride 9 ,x5ophon's ,oeconomics1
 is1 :ile exclud$ f _m conc]ns1 di/9ctly
 rev]5c$ & lov$ 9 h] own h\sehold       
capacity2 b ! rev]5ce is ( ! sort :i* ! 
man feels = 8 p>5ts & 8 h\sehold gods1 &
 ! affection is calm & g5tly rebuk+ l t 
= 8 *ildr54 ,! mi/ress1 on ! o!r h&1 is 
! object ( passion :i* is (t5 v vehem5t1
 b :i* is always ei!r simply fle%ly or  
m]ely fancifully /hetic or bo?1 & :i*   
entirely precludes any save a degrad+   
influ5ce ^u ! s5sual & suspici\s lov]4  
,ev5 ,tibullus1 9 love matt]s "o ( ! mo/
 mod]n among ! anci5ts1 & capable (     
pa9t+ _m *>m+ & delicate little dome/ic 
idyls ev5 9 connection ) a m]e b\ght    
mi/ress1 is p]petually accus+ 8 ,delia (
 sell+ h]self to a high] bidd]1 & sigh+ 
at ! high probability ( h] ab&on+ him = 

! ,illyrian prtor or "s o!r ri* amateur 
( pretty wom54 ,! b>b>\s ,nor?--^: songs
 h come d[n to u ei!r1 l ! ,volsunga    
,saga translat$ by ,mr4 ,morris1 9 an   
orig9al pagan v]sion1 or else1 z !      
,nibelung5li$1 reca/ dur+ ! e>ly ,middle
 ,ages--! ,nor? tells u no?+ ( ! v5al   
p>am\r1 b kn[s no?+ also beyond ! w$d$  
wife2 m indep5d5t & mighty p]haps ?an h]
 c\nt]p>t ( classical ,antiquity1 b     
al?\gh (t5 b\ght1 l ,brynhilt or        
,gudrun1 at ! exp5se ( trem5d\s         
adv5tures1 *]i%$ sc>cely m passionately 
?an ! wives ( ,odysseus & ,hector4 ,?us1
 be=e ! ,middle ,ages1 !re exi/$ z a    
rule only a holy1 b indiff]5t & utt]ly  
unlyrical1 love = ! wom51 ! equals ( _! 
husb&s1 woo$ usually ( ! family &       
solemnly giv5 9 m>riage )\t mu*         
consultation ( _! wi%es2 & a highly     
passionate & s++1 b completely pr(ligate
 & debas+1 desire = m]c5>y ?\gh         
cultivat$ creatures l ! ,delias &       
,cyn?las ( ,tibullus & ,prop]tius1 or   
highborn wom51 desc5d$1 l ,catullus'    

,lesbia1 9 braz5 di%on\r to _! level1   
wom5 t[>ds :om !re c\ld n possibly exi/ 
on ! "p ( _! lov]s any s5se ( equality1 
mu* less ( inf]iority4 ,to ^! two k9ds (
 love1 *a/e b cold1 & passionate b      
un*a/e1 ! ,middle ,ages add$1 or r      
oppos$1 a new mann] ( lov+1 :i*1 al?\gh 
a m]e pass+ ph5om5on1 has left ! cle>e/ 
traces ?r\gh\t our :ole mode ( feel+ &  
writ+4  ,to describe m$ival love is a   
difficult matt]1 & to describe x except 
9 negations is next to impossibility4 ,i
 conceive x to consi/ 9 a c]ta9         
s5tim5tal1 romantic1 ideali/ic attitude 
t[>ds wom51 n by any means incompatible 
h[ev] ) ! grosse/ animalism2 an attitude
 presuppos+ a complete moral1 /hetical1 
& social sup]iority on ! "p ( ! :ole    
sex1 inspir+ ! v highe/ respect &       
admiration indep5d5tly ( ! individual's 
qualities2 & rea*+ ! po9t ( actual      
wor%ip1 v>y+ f ! adoration ( a que5 by a
 c\rti] to ! adoration ( a %r9e by a    
pilgrim1 9 ! case ( ! "o p>ticul> lady  
:o happ5s to be ! belov$2 an attitude 9 

! relations ( ! sexes :i* results 9 love
 becom+ an indisp5sable "p ( a noble    
life1 & ! devot$ atta*m5t to "o         
individual woman1 a necess>y requisite (
 a g5tlemanly tra9+4  ,m$ival love is n 
m]ely a passion1 a desire1 an affection1
 a habit2 x is a p]fect occupation4 ,x  
absorbs1 or is suppos$ to absorb1 !     
,individual2 x p]meates 8 life l a      
religion4 ,x is n "o ( ! int]e/s ( life1
 or1 r1 "o ( life's phases2 x is ! :ole 
( life1 all o!r int]e/s & actions ei!r  
s9k+ into an uns+able region bel[ x1 or 
m]ely embroid]+ a v>iegat$ patt]n ^u its
 gold5 backgr\nd4 ,m$ival love1 !re=e1  
nev] obta9s its object1 h[ev] mu* x may 
obta9 ! woman2 = ! object ( m$ival love1
 z ( m$ival religi\s my/icism1 is n "o  
p>ticul> act or s]ies ( acts1 b is its  
own ex]cise1 ( :i* ! v>i\s incid5ts ( ! 
drama betwe5 man & woman are m]ely s _m 
results4 ,x has n its def9ite /ages1 l !
 love ( ! m5 ( classical ,antiquity or !
 h]oic "t ( ! ,nor?3 its /ages ( seek+1 
obta9+1 *]i%+1 gu>d+2 x is always at !  

same po9t1 always 9 ! same condition (  
half-religi\s1 half-c\rti]-l adoration1 
:e!r x be triumphantly successful or    
sigh+ly despair+4 ,! man & ! woman--or  
r1 ,i %\ld say1 ! knight & ! lady1 =    
m$ival love is an ari/ocratic privilege1
 & ! love ( l[] folk is n a !me =       
song--! knight & ! lady1 !re=e1 seem    
always1 h[ev] knit toge!r by habit1 nay1
 by inextricable me%es ( guilt1 someh[  
at ! same di/ance f "o ano!r4 ,once !y h
 se5 & lov$ ea* o!r1 _! passion burns on
 always ev5ly1 burns on 7at lea/        
!oretically7 to all et]nity4 ,x seems   
almo/ z if ! woman 7 a m]e %r9e1 a      
my/]i\s receptacle ( ! ineffable1 a     
grail cup1 a consecrat$ waf]1 b n !     
ineffable itself4 ,= !re is always 9    
m$ival love1 h[ev] fle%ly ! incid5ts :i*
 x produces1 a c]ta9 ,platonic elem5t2 t
 is to say1 a crav+ =1 a pursuit (1     
some?+ :i* is an ab/raction2 an         
ab/raction impossible to def9e 9 its    
con/ant %ift+ & %imm]+1 & :i* seems at  
"o mom5t a social /&>d1 a religi\s      

ideal1 or bo?1 & :i* m]ges = ev] 9 !    
dazzl+1 vague %e5 ( ! ,et]nal ,fem99e4  
,h5ce1 "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features (  
m$ival love1 an extraord9>y sam5ess (   
intonation1 mak+ x difficult to di/+ui% 
betwe5 ! bon fide passion = :i* a man   
risks life & hon\r1 & ! m]e conv5tional 
gallantry ( ! knight :o /icks a lady's  
glove on 8 helmet z a complim5t to h]   
rank2 nay1 betwe5 ! impure adoration (  
an adult]\s lamia l ,yseult1 & ! my/ical
 adoration ( a glorifi$ ,"m ( ,god2 =   
bo? are wom51 bo? are ladies1 & !re=e ! 
greate/ poet ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1    
,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 s+s !m bo? ) !
 same religi\s respect1 & ! same        
hy/]ical rapture4 ,?is m$ival love is   
fur!rmore a delib]ately expect$1        
s\ght-=1 & receiv$ necessity 9 a man's  
life2 x is n an accid5t1 mu* less an    
incid5tal occurr5ce to be lightly tak5  
or possibly avoid$3 x is absolutely     
indisp5sable to man's social tra9+1 to 8
 moral & /hetical self-improvem5t2 x is 
"p & p>cel ( manhood & knigh?ood4 ,h5ce1

 :]e x does n arise ( itself 7& :]e a   
man is full ( ! notion ( su* love1 x is 
r>e t x does n come b too soon7 x has to
 be s\ght =4 ,ulri* von ,lie*t5/e91 9 8 
curi\s autobiography writt5 late 9 !    
twelf? c5tury1 relates h[ ev] s9ce 8    
*ildhood he _h be5 aw>e ( ! necessity ( 
! loyal love s]vice ( a lady = !        
accompli%m5t ( knightly duties2 & h[1 z 
soon z he 0 old en\gh to love1 he look$ 
ar\nd him = a lady :om he might s]ve2 a 
proce$+ r5ew$ 9 m prosaic days & ) a    
curi\s p$antic smack1 by ,lor5zo dei    
,m$ici2 & !n aga91 p]haps = ! la/ "t1 by
 ! ,knight ( ,la ,man*a1 9 t memorable  
discussion :i* end$ 9 ! en?ronem5t z 8  
he>t's que5 ( ! unrivall$ ,dulc9ea (    
,toboso4 ,fr[5di5/1 lady's s]vice1 is ! 
"n giv5 by ,ulri* von ,lie*t5/e91 a     
m$ival ,quixote1 out%9+ by f> ! mad     
,prov5als ,rudel & ,vidal1 to ! memoirs 
v delightfully done into mod]n ,g]man by
 ,ludwig ,tieck2 & lady's s]vice is !   
highe/ occupation ( knightly leisure1 ! 
subject ( ! imm5se bulk ( m$ival poetry4

 ,lady's s]vice 9 de$s ( arms & song1 9 
con/ant praise & def5ce ( ! belov$1 9   
h]oic ent]prise & madcap mumm]y1 9      
submission & t]ror to ! wondr\s creature
 :om ! humble s]vant1 ! lov]1 nev] calls
 by h] sacr$ "n1 speak+ ( h] 9 words    
unkn[n to ,antiquity1 dompna1 dame1     
fr[e1 madonna--words ( :i* ! orig9al    
s5se has almo/ be5 =gott51 al?\gh !re   
cleave to !m ev5 n[ ideas high] ?an ^?  
associat$ ) ! puella ( ! anci5ts1 ! wib 
( ! h]oic days--lady1 mi/ress--! titles 
( ! ,"m ( ,god1 :o is1 aft] all1 only ! 
my/ical ,s\l's ,p>am\r ( ! m$ival _w4   
,lady's s]vice--! almo/ te*nical ^w1    
express+ ! position1 half-s]f-l1        
half-religi\s1 ! bonds ( complete       
humility & nev]-end+ fai?fulness1 !     
hopes ( rew>d1 ! pati5ce "u displeasure1
 ! pride 9 ! liv]y ( s]vitude1 ! utt]   
absorption ( ! life ( "o individual 9 ! 
life ( ano!r2 :i* con/itute 9 ,prov5ce1 
9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,engl&1 9       
,italy1 9 ! fabul\s k+doms ( ,ar?ur &   
,*>lemagne1 ! /range new ?+ :i* ,i h    

nam$ ,m$ival ,love4  ,has su* a ?+      
really exi/$8 ,are n ^! m$ival poets    
leagu$ toge!r 9 a huge conspiracy to    
deceive u8 ,is x possible t /rong m5 h  
wept & fa9t$ at a m]e woman's "n1 l !   
,c\nt ( ,nev]s 9 ,flam5ca1 or t _! m9d  
has swoon$ away 9 mon?s ( rev]ie l t (  
,p>zifal 9 ,es*5ba*'s poem2 t worldly   
wise & witty m5 h %ipp$ (f & di$ on sea 
= love ( an unse5 woman l ,jaufre       
,rudel2 or dress$ 9 wolf's hide & lurk$ 
& fl$ be=e ! huntsm5-l ,peire ,vidal2 or
 mangl$ _! face & cut (f _! f+]1 &1     
clo?+ !mselves 9 rags m frightful ?an   
,nessus' robe1 mix$ 9 ! unt\*able b& (  
lep]s l ,ulri* von ,lie*t5/e98 ,is x    
possible to believe t ! insane          
ent]prises ( ! ,amadises1 ,lisv>ts &    
,felixm>tes ( late m$ival romance1 t !  
behavi\r ( ,don ,quixote 9 ! ,si]ra     
,mor5a1 ev] _h any s]i\s models 9       
reality8 ,nay1 m difficult /ill to      
believe--because ! :ole madness (       
individuals is m cr$ible ?an !          
half-madness ( ! :ole _w--is x possible 

to believe t1 z ! poems ( innum]able    
tr\vres & tr\bad\rs1 m9nes+]s & ,italian
 poets1 z ! legion ( m$ival romances ( !
 cycles ( ,*>lemagne1 ,ar?ur1 & ,amadis 
w\ld h x1 t dur+ s long a p]iod ( "t    
society c\ld h be5 en?rall$ by ?is      
hy/]ical1 vision>y1 artificial1         
incr$ible religion ( m$ival love8 ,x is 
at once too grotesque & too beautiful1  
too high & too l[1 to be cr$ible2 & our 
fir/ impulse1 on clos+ ! cate*isms &    
brevi>ies1 ! leg5d>ies & hymn-books (   
?is /range new cre$1 is to prote/ t !   
love poems mu/ be allegories1 ! love    
romances sol> my?s1 ! ,c\rts ( ,love    
hi/orical bungles2 t all ?is m$ival _w (
 love is a figm5t1 a mis9t]pretation1 a 
falsehood4  ,b if we seek m ?an a m]e   
casual impression2 if1 in/ead ( feel+   
sceptical ov] "o or two fragm5ts (      
evid5ce1 we attempt to collect ! l>ge/  
possible numb] ( facts toge!r2 if we    
read n "o m$ival love /ory1 b tw5ty--n  
half a doz5 m$ival love poems1 b sev]al 
scores2 if we really inve/igate into !  

orig9 ( ! app>5t my?1 ! case spe$ily    
alt]s4 ,little by little ?is :i* _h be5 
inconceivable becomes n m]ely           
intelligible1 b inevitable2 ! my?       
becomes an hi/orical ph5om5on ( ! mo/   
obvi\s & necess>y sort4 ,m$ival love1   
:i* _h seem$ to u a poetic fiction1 is  
turn$ into a reality2 & a reality1 alas1
 :i* is prosaic4 ,let u look at x4      
,m$ival love is fir/ reveal$ 9 ! sudd5 &
 almo/ simultane\s bur/ ( song :i*1 l ! 
twitt] & trill s de> to tr\vres1        
tr\bad\rs1 & m9nes+]s1 fills ! woods t  
ye/]day 7 sil5t & dead1 & greet$ !      
e>lie/ sun%9e1 ! e>lie/ fa9t gre5 aft] !
 long w9t] numbness ( ! d>k ages1 aft] !
 boi/]\s gales ( ! e>lie/ ,crusade4 ,!  
,fr5* & ,prov5als sang fir/1 ! ,g]mans  
lat]1 ! ,sicilians la/2 b al?\gh we may 
say aft] delib]ate analysis1 su* or su* 
a =m1 or su* or su* a /ory1 0 kn[n 9 ?is
 c\ntry be=e x appe>$ 9 t "o1 su*       
imitation or sugge/ion 0 s rapid t )    
reg>d to ! ,fr5*1 ! ,prov5als1 & !      
,g]mans at lea/1 ! impression is        

simultane\s2 only ! ,sicilians beg9n+   
di/9ctly lat]1 =]unn]s ( ! new love     
lyric1 :olly diff]5t f t ( tr\vres1     
tr\bad\rs1 & m9nes+]s1 ( ! ,italians ( !
 latt] ?irte5? c5tury4 ,& ?is           
simultane\s revelation ( m$ival love    
takes place 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! twelf?    
c5tury1 :5 ,nor!rn ,france _h already   
consolidat$ into a p[]ful mon>*y1 &     
,p>is1 aft] ! tea*+s ( ,abl>d1 0        
recogniz$ z ! intellectual metropolis ( 
,europe2 :5 s\? ( ! ,loire ! brilliant  
,angev9e k+s held ! ov]lord%ip ( !      
cultur$ ,raymonds ( ,t\l\se & ( ! reviv+
 ,lat9 municipalities ( ,prov5ce  :5    
,g]many 0 weld$ z a compact feudal mass 
by ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,/auff5s2 & ! papacy
 _h be5 built up by ,gregory & ,alex&]  
into a political wall aga9/ :i* ,fr$]ick
 & ,h5ry va9ly batt]$2 :5 ! ,italian    
commonweal?s grew sl[ly b surely1 z yet 
/ill f> f guess+ t ! day w\ld come :5 _!
 democracy %\ld produce a new           
civilization to sup]s$e ?is triumphant  
m$ival civilization ( ! e>ly ,capeti5s1 

! ,angev9es1 & ! ,hoh5/auff5s4 ,europe 0
 sett+ =? once m = ! ,ea/2 b no long] z 
! ignorant & en?usia/ic hordes ( ,pet] !
 ,h]mit3 ,asia 0 ! great field =        
adv5ture1 ! great tea*] ( new luxuries1 
at once ! ,eldorado & ! gr& t\r ( all ! 
brilliant & inquisitive & unscrupul\s   
*ivalry ( ! day4 ,&1 :ile into ! ,we/ 7 
insidi\sly ent]+ habits & modes ( ?\ght 
( ! ,ea/2 ?r\gh\t ,g]many & ,prov5ce1 & 
?r\gh\t ! /ill obscure free burghs (    
,italy1 0 spread+ ! fir/ indication ( t 
emotional my/icism :i*1 tw5ty or ?irty  
ye>s lat]1 0 to bur/ out 9 ! fr5zy (    
spiritual love ( ,/4 ,francis & 8       
foll[]s4 ,! mom5t is "o ( ! mo/         
rem>kable 9 all hi/ory3 ! premature     
promise 9 ! twelf? c5tury ( t           
intellectual revival :i* 0 delay$       
?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,europe until ! sixte5?4
 ,x is ! mom5t :5 society settl$ d[n1   
aft] ! an>*y ( eight hundr$ ye>s1 on its
 feudal basis2 a basis fallaci\sly      
solid1 & 9 ^: pres5ce no "o might guess 
t ! true & def9itive ,r5aissance w\ld   

arise out ( ! democratic civilization ( 
,italy4  ,su* is ! mom5t :5 we fir/ he> 
! almo/ univ]sal song ( m$ival love4    
,?is song comes f ! triumphantly        
reorganiz$ portion ( society1 n f ! "p  
:i* is sl[ly work+ its way to           
reorganization2 n f ! timidly encroa*+  
burgh]s1 b f ! nobles4 ,! reign ( t[n   
poetry1 ( fabliaux & mei/]sang1 comes   
lat]2 ! poets ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1   
tr\vres1 tr\bad\rs1 & m9nes+]s are1 )   
b>ely "o or two exceptions1 all knights4
 ,& _! song comes f ! ca/le4 ,n[1 9 ord]
 to und]/& m$ival love1 we mu/ reflect =
 a mom5t ^u ?is feudal ca/le1 & ^u ! k9d
 ( life :i* ! love poets ( ! late twelf?
 & e>ly ?irte5? c5tury--:e!r lords l    
,b]tram de ,born1 & ,guillaume de       
,poiti]s1 among ! tr\bad\rs2 ! ,vidame  
de ,*>tres1 ,meurisses de ,craon1 & !   
,duke ( ,brabant among ! tr\vres (      
,nor!rn ,france2 l ,ulri* von ,lie*t5/e9
 among ! m9nes+]s2 or reta9]s &         
hang]s-on l ,b]n>d de ,v5tad\r & ,arm&  
de ,m>eulh1 l ,*re/i5s de ,troyes1      

,gaisses ,brulez1 or ,qui5es de ,b?une1 
l ,wal!r1 ,wolfram1 & ,tannhus]--great  
or small1 good or bad1 saw be=e !m &    
mix$ ) 9 t ca/le4 ,! ca/le ( a great    
feudatory ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 :e!r  
nor? or s\? ( ! ,loire1 9 ,au/ria or 9  
,franconia1 is l a m9iature copy ( "s   
g>rison t[n 9 b>b>\s c\ntries3 !re is an
 enorm\s num]ical prepond]ance ( m5 ov] 
wom52 = only ! *iefs 9 comm&1 ! ov]lord1
 & p]haps "o or two ( 8 pr9cipal k9sm5  
or adjutants1 are p]mitt$ ! luxury ( a  
wife2 ! re/ ( ! g5tlem5 are subalt]ns1  
y\ng] sons )\t means1 y\?s s5t to le>n  
_! milit>y duty & ! ways ( ! _w3 a :ole 
pack ( m5 )\t wives1 )\t homes1 &       
usually )\t =tune4 ,high above all ?is  
def]5tial male cr[d1 moves ! lady ( !   
ca/le3 highborn1 pr\d1 hav+ br\ght h]   
husb& a d[] ( fiefs (t5 equal to 8 own1 
& ( vassals devot$ to h] race4 ,ab\t h] 
%e has no equals2 h] daught]s1 sc>cely  
out ( ! nurse's h&s1 are giv5 away 9    
m>riage2 & h] companions1 if companions 
!y may be call$1 are ! wait+ ladies1    

poor g5tlewom5 situat$ betwe5 ! maid (  
hon\r & ! ladies' maid1 l t ,brangwa9e  
:om ,yseult sacrifices to h] intrigue ) 
,tri/ram1 or ^? damsels :om ,flam5ca    
gives ov] to ! squires ( h] lov]        
,guillems2 at be/1 ! wife ( "o ( h]     
husb&'s subalt]ns1 or "s si/] or aunt or
 wid[ kept by *>ity4 ,r\nd ?is lady--!  
/ately1 pr\d lady p]petually describ$ by
 m$ival poets--flutt]s ! sw>m ( "y m51  
all day long1 9 h] pa?3 s]v+ h] at      
meals1 gu>d+ h] ap>tm5ts1 nay1 z pages1 
admitt$ ev5 into h] mo/ secret *amb]2   
meet+ h] = ev] 9 ! n>r[ness ( t ca/le   
life1 :]e e unnecess>y woman is a burd5 
usurp+ ! place ( a soldi]1 &1 if        
possible1 replac$ by a man4 ,s]vants1   
lacqueys1 & enjoy+ ! privileges (       
ubiquity ( lacqueys1 yet1 at ! same "t1 
m5 ( good bir? & high bre$+1 good at !  
sword & at ! lute2 b\nd to amuse ?is    
highborn woman1 fad+ away 9 ! monotony (
 feudal life1 ) few books to read or    
unable to read !m1 & f> above all !     
h\sehold conc]ns :i* devolve on ! butl]1

 ! cell>]1 ! /ew>d1 ! g5tleman1         
hon\rably employ$ z a s]vant4 ,to !m1 to
 ^! "y m51 ) few or no "y wom5 ( _! own 
age to associate1 & absolutely no       
unm>ri$ girls :o c\ld be a desirable    
mat*1 ! lady ( ! ca/le spe$ily becomes a
 goddess1 ! imp]sonation at once ( t    
feudal sup]iority be=e :i* !y b[1 ( t   
social p]fection :i* !y are comm&$ to   
seek1 & ( t womank9d ( :i* ! ca/le af=ds
 s few examples4 ,to please h]1 ?is     
lazy1 bor$1 highbr$ woman1 ) all !      
squeami%ness & caprice ( high bir? &    
laz9ess ab\t h]1 becomes _! ideal2 to be
 fav\rably notic$1 _! highe/ glory2 to  
be lov$1 ^! wret*$ mortals1 by ?is      
div9ity--t ?\ght mu/ (t5 pass ?r\gh _!  
bra9 & t]rify !m ) its delici\s         
audacity2 oh no1 su* a ?+ is n possible4
 ,b x is4 ,! lady at fir/1 p]haps mo/   
(t51 s+les out z a pa/ime "s "y knight1 
"s squire1 "s page2 &1 9 a half-que5ly1 
half-mo!rly way1 corrects1 rebukes 8    
defici5cies1 und]takes to tea* him 8    
duty z a s]vant4 ,! romance ( ! ,petit  

,jehan de ,sa9tre1 writt5 9 ! fifte5?   
c5tury1 b tell+1 ) a delicacy ( cynicism
 wor?y ( ,balzac1 :at mu/ h be5 ! old1  
old /ory ( ! :ole feudal ,middle ,ages1 
%[s ! mann] 9 :i*1 :ile feel+ t he is   
be+ tra9$ to knightly c\rtesy & hon\r1 !
 "y man 9 ! s]vice ( a great feudal lady
 is gradually taught dissimulation1 ly+1
 intrigue2 is initiat$ by ! woman :o    
looms above him l a sa9t into all !     
f\lness ( adult]y4 ,adult]y2 a v ugly   
^w1 :i* mu/ /rike almo/ l a h&ful ( mud 
9 ! face :osoev] has approa*$ ?is       
subject ( m$ival love 9 admiration ( its
 /range delicacy & en?usiasm4 ,yet x is 
a ^w :i* mu/ be spok51 = 9 x is !       
explanation ( ! :ole orig9 & "* ( ?is   
passion :i* bur/ into song 9 ! e>ly     
,middle ,ages4 ,?is almo/ religi\s love1
 ?is love :i* conceives no high] hon\r  
?an ! s]vice ( ! belov$1 no high] virtue
 ?an et]nal fidelity--?is love is ! love
 = ano!r man's wife4 ,betwe5 unm>ri$ "y 
m5 & "y wom51 kept c>efully ap>t by !   
sy/em :i* gives away a girl )\t h]      

cons5t & only to a ri* suitor1 !re is no
 possibility ( love 9 ^! e>ly feudal    
c\rts2 ! am\rs1 h[ev] lic5ti\s1 betwe5  
k+s' daught]s & brave knights1 ( !      
,c>ol+ian tales1 belong to a diff]5t    
rank ( society1 to ! prose romances made
 up 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury = ! burgesses (  
cities2 ! intrigues1 end+ 9 m>riage1 ( !
 pr9ces & pr9cesses ( ! cycle ( ,amadis1
 belong to a diff]5t p]iod1 to ! fifte5?
 c5tury1 & to c\rts :]e feudal society  
sc>cely exi/s2 ! squires1 ! "y knights  
:o hang ab\t a great b>onial e/abli%m5t 
( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 h /ill to
 make _! =tune1 & d n dream ( m>riage4  
,! husb&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great "l or    
successful knightly adv5tur]1 m>ri$ late
 9 life1 & m>ri$ f ! necessity1 = ev]   
press+ ^u ! feudal proprietor1 ( add+ on
 new fiefs & new immunities1 ( increas+ 
8 importance & indep5d5ce 9 proportion  
to ! h\rly increas+ /r5g? & claims ( !  
ov]lord1 ! k+1 :o ca/s covet\s eyes ^u  
him--! husb& has n m>ri$ = love2 he has 
_h 8 love affairs ) ! wives ( o!r m5 9 8

 day1 or may /ill h !m2 ?is lady is a   
m]e feudal necessity1 %e is requir$ to  
give him a d[] & give him an heir1 t is 
all4 ,if ! husb& does n love1 h[ mu*    
less c ! wife2 m>ri$1 z %e is1 sc>ce    
kn[+ :at m>riage is1 to a man mu* old]  
?an h]self1 :om mo/ probably %e has nev]
 se51 to :om %e is a m]e inve/m5t4 ,nay1
 !re is n ev5 ! aft]-m>riage love ( !   
anci5ts3 ?is wife is n ! h\sekeep]1 !   
woman :o works t ! man's h\se may be ri*
 & decor\s2 n ev5 ! nurse ( 8 *ildr51 = 
! *ildr5 are spe$ily giv5 ov] to !      
squires & du5nas2 %e is ! woman ( ano!r 
family :o has come into 81 ! /rang] :o  
mu/ be respect$ 7z t mo/ typical m$ival 
wife1 ,eleanor ( ,gui5ne1 0 respect$ by 
h] husb&s7 on acc\nt ( h] fiefs1 h]     
vassals1 h] k9sfolk2 b :o _c be lov$4 ,c
 !re be love betwe5 man & wife8 ,!re _c 
be love betwe5 man & wife4 ,?is is no   
answ] ( m9e1 fanta/ically d$uc$ f m$ival
 poetry4 ,x is ! answ] solemnly made to 
! solemnly ask$ "q by ! ,c\rt ( ,love   
held by ! ,c\ntess ( ,*ampagne 9 #aagd1 

& regi/]$ by ,ma/] ,&rew ! ,k+ (        
,france's *apla93 ,dicimus enim et      
/abilito t5ore firmamus amorem non posse
 int] duos jugales suas ext5d]e vires4  
,& ! reason alleg$ = ?is judgm5t br+s u 
back to ! :ole conception ( m$ival love 
z a respectful s]vice humbly wait+ = a  
rew>d3 ,=1 pursues ! decision publi%$ by
 ,&r le ,*apela91 :]eas lov]s grant to  
ea* o!r fav\rs freely & f no legal      
necessity1 m>ri$ p h ! duty ( obey+ ea* 
o!r's wi%es & ( refus+ no?+ to "o ano!r4
 ,no love is possible betwe5 man & wife1
 repeat ! ,c\rts ( ,love :i*1 consi/+ ( 
all ! highborn ladies ( ! prov9ce &     
presid$ by "s mighty que5 or pr9cess1   
repres5t ! social op9ions ( ! day4 ,b   
?is lady1 says a knight 7,miles7 be=e ! 
love tribunal ( ,que5 ,eleanor1 promis$ 
to me t if ev] %e %\ld lose ! love ( h] 
lov]1 %e w\ld take me 9 8 place4 ,%e has
 w$d$ ! man :o 0 h] lov]1 & ,i h come to
 claim fulfilm5t ( h] promise4 ,! c\rt  
discusses = a:ile4 ,we _c1 answ]s ,que5 
,eleanor1 g aga9/ ! ,c\ntess (          

,*ampagne's decision t love _c exi/     
betwe5 man & wife4 ,we !re=e desire ?is 
lady to fulfil h] promise & give y h]   
love4 ,aga91 !re come to ! ,c\rt ( ,love
 ( ! ,visc\ntess ( ,n>bonne a knight & a
 lady1 :o desire to "k :e!r1 hav+ be5   
once m>ri$1 b s9ce divorc$1 a love      
engagem5t betwe5 !m w\ld be hon\rable4  
,! visc\ntess decides t ,love betwe5 ^? 
:o h be5 m>ri$ toge!r1 b :o h s9ce be5  
divorc$ f "o ano!r1 is n to be deem$    
repreh5sible2 nay1 t x is to be consid]$
 z hon\rable4 ,& ^! ,c\rts ( ,love1 be x
 rem>k$1 7 frequ5tly held on occasion ( 
! m>riage ( great p]sonages2 z1 =       
in/ance1 ( t betwe5 ,l\is ,,vii4 &      
,eleanor ( ,poiti]s 9 #aacg4 ,! poetry (
 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages foll[s implicitly 
! decisions ( ^! tribunals1 :i* reveal a
 /ate ( society to :i* ! ne>e/ mod]n    
approa* is t ( ,italy 9 ! eighte5?      
c5tury1 :51 z ,goldoni & ,p>9i %[ u1 z  
,/5dhal 7^: ,de l',am\r may be tak5 z ! 
mod]n ,brevi>i d',amor7 exp\nds1 !re 0  
no impropriety possible z long z a lady 

0 belov$ by any "o except h] own husb&4 
,no love1 !re=e1 betwe5 unm>ri$ p 7!    
cyclical romances1 z be=e /at$1 & !     
,amadises1 belong to ano!r "t ( social  
condition1 & ! only real exception to my
 rule ( :i* ,i c ?9k is ! lovely ,fr5*  
tale ( ,aucass9 et ,nicolette72 & no    
love betwe5 man & wife4 ,b love !re mu/ 
be2 & love !re consequ5tly is2 love = ! 
m>ri$ woman f ! man :o is n h] husb&4 ,!
 feudal lady1 m>ri$ )\t be+ consult$ &  
)\t hav+ _h a *ance ( kn[+ :at love is1 
yet lives to "k love2 lives to be taught
 x by "o ( ^! _m ba*elors b\nd to flutt]
 ab\t h] 9 milit>y s]vice or social     
duty2 lives to tea* x h]self4 ,& %e is  
too p[]ful 9 h] fiefs & k9sm51 too      
p[]ful 9 ! public op9ion :i* approves & 
supports h]1 to be hamp]$ by h] husb&4  
,! husb&1 inde$1 has gr[n up 9 ! same   
habits1 has kn[n1 be=e m>ry+1 ! cu/oms  
sanction$ by ! ,c\rts ( ,love2 he has   
be5 ! knight ( "s o!r man's wife 9 8    
day1 :at "r has he to object8 ,z 9 !    
days ( ,italian cecisbei1 ! e>ly m$ival 

lov] might say ) ,goldoni's ,don        
,alfonso or ,don ,rob]to1 ,i s]ve y\r   
wife--su* or su* ano!r s]ves m9e1 :at   
h>m c !re be 9 x8 7,io s]vo vo/ra       
moglie1 ,don ,eug5io favorisce la mia2  
*e male c' e8 ,i am quot+ f memory47 ,& 
z a fact1 we he> little ( jeal\sy2 !    
amusem5t ( ,en ,b>ral :5 ,peire ,vidal  
came 9 & kiss$ 8 sleep+ wife2 & !       
indignation ( all ,prov5ce = ! murd] (  
,guillems de ,cabe/anh 7buri$ 9 ! same  
tomb ) ! lady :o _h be5 made to eat ( 8 
he>t7--%[+ f opposite sides h[ ! society
 accu/om$ to ,c\rts ( ,love look$ ^u !  
duties ( husb&s4  ,su* 0 ! social life 9
 ^? feudal c\rts :5ce fir/ arises ! song
 ( m$ival love1 & t ?is is ! case is    
prov$ by ! :ole huge body ( e>ly m$ival 
poetry4 ,we mu/ n judge1 z ,i h said1   
ei!r by poems ( mu* e>li] date1 l !     
,nibelung5 & ! ,c>ol+ian *ansons de     
ge/e1 :i* m]ely receiv$ a new =m 9 !    
e>ly ,middle ,ages2 /ill less f ! prose 
romances ( ,mlus9e1 ,milles et ,amys1   
,palemon & ,arcite1 & a ho/ ( o!rs :i* 7

 elaborat$ only lat] & "u ! influ5ce ( !
 q unfeudal habits ( ! great cities2 &  
lea/ ( all f t /range late s\!rn cycle (
 ! ,amadises1 f :i*1 odd z x seems1 _m (
 our notions ( *ivalric love h1 ?r\gh   
our ance/ors1 ?r\gh ! satiri/s or       
burlesque poets ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5?  
c5turies1 be5 inh]it$4 ,we mu/ look at !
 tales :i*1 z we are con/antly be+ told 
by tr\vres1 tr\bad\rs1 & m9nes+]s1 7 !  
fa%ionable read+ ( ! feudal classes ( ! 
twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies3 ! tales be/  
kn[n to u 9 ! col\rless respectability (
 ! collection made 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d   
,,iv4 by ,sir ,?omas ,malory1 & call$ by
 him ! ,morte d',ar?ur--( ! ladies &    
knights ( ,ar?ur's c\rt2 ( ! que/ ( !   
,grail by spotless knights :o 7 ba/>ds &
 fa!rs ( ba/>ds2 ( ! intrigues (        
,tri/ram ( ,lyoness & ,que5 ,yseult2 (  
,launcelot & ,gu5ev]e2 ! tales :i*      
,francesca & ,paolo read toge!r4 ,we mu/
 look1 above all1 at ! lyric poetry (   
,france1 ,prov5ce1 ,g]many1 & ,sicily 9 
! e>ly ,middle ,ages4        ,vos qui   

trs bi5 ameis i petit m5t5deis      ,por
 l'amor de ,ihesu les pucelles ameis4   
,nos tr\vons en escris de sa9te         
auctoriteis      ,ke pucelle e/ la fleur
 de loyaulm5t ameir4   ,?is /range      
entreaty to love ! maid5s = ! sake (    
,*ri/'s love1 ?is prote/ ( a nameless   
nor!rn ,fr5* poet 7,wack]nagel1         
,altfranzsis*e ,li$] & ,lei*e ,,ix47    
aga9/ ! adult]\s passion ( 8            
contempor>ies1 comes to u1 pa!tically   
en\gh1 solit>y1 fa9t1 unnotic$ 9 ! va/  
*orus1 b\ndless l ! spr+ song ( birds or
 ! s\nd ( ! waves1 ( poets s++ ! love ( 
o!r m5's wives4 ,b1 x may be object$--h[
 c we tell t ^! love songs1 s c>efully  
avoid+ all m5tion ( names1 are n        
address$ to ! desir$ bride1 to !        
legitimate wife ( ! poet8 ,= sev]al     
reasons2 & ma9ly1 = ! cru%+ evid5ce ( an
 undef9able some?+ :i* tells u t !y are 
n4 ,! o!r reasons are easily /at$4 ,we  
"k t feudal habits w\ld nev] h all[$ to 
unm>ri$ wom5 7& wom5 7 m>ri$ :5 sc>cely 
out ( _! *ildhood7 ! opportunities = !  

relations :i* obvi\sly exi/ betwe5 !    
poet & 8 lady2 & t1 if by "s accid5t a  
"y knight might fall 9 love ) a girl1 he
 w\ld address n h] b h] p>5ts1 s9ce !   
,middle ,ages1 :o 7 indiff]5t to        
adult]y1 71 l ! s\!rn nations among :om 
! m>ri$ woman is n expect$ to be        
virtu\s1 extreme /ickl]s = ! purity ( _!
 unm>ri$ womank9d4 ,fur!r1 we h no      
in/ance ( an unm>ri$ woman be+ ev]      
address$ dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 9 ^?
 t]ms ( social respect--madame1 domna1  
fr[e1 madonna--:i* ess5tially belong to 
! mi/ress ( a h\sehold2 nor d ^! /ately 
names fit 9 ) any !ory :i* w\ld make u  
believe t ! lady address$ by ! poet is !
 jeal\sly gu>d$ daught] ( ! h\se ) :om  
he is plott+ a secret m>riage1 or an    
elopem5t to end (f 9 m>riage4 ,?is is n 
! way t ,romeo speaks to ,juliet1 nor   
ev5 t ! pr9cesses 9 ! cyclical romances 
& 9 ! ,amadises are woo$ by _!          
bridegrooms4 ,?is is n ! language ( a   
lov] :o is broa*+ 8 love1 & :o hopes1   
h[ev] timidly1 to consummate x be=e all 

! _w by m>riage4 ,x is obvi\sly !       
language ( a man ei!r t[>ds a woman :o  
is tak+ a pleasure 9 keep+ him dangl+   
)\t fav\rs :i* %e has implicitly or     
explicitly promis$2 or t[>ds a woman :o 
is mom5t>ily )hold+ fav\rs :i* h] lov]  
has habitually enjoy$4 ,& 9 a l>ge      
proportion ( cases ! poems ( tr\vres1   
tr\bad\rs1 & m9nes+]s are ! expression (
 =tunate love1 ! fond recollection or   
eag] expectation ( meet+s ) ! belov$4   
,all ?is c evid5tly n be connect$ ) !   
woo+1 h[ev] /eal?y1 h[ev]               
,romeo-&-,juliet-l ( a bride2 /ill less 
c x be expla9$ 9 ref]5ce to love )9     
w$lock4 ,a man does n1 h[ev] lov+1      
wor%ip 8 wife z 8 social sup]ior2 he    
does n address h] 9 titles ( /iff       
respect2 he does n sigh & weep &        
supplicate = love :i* is 8 due1 & rem9d 
8 wife t %e owes x him 9 return = loyal1
 humble1 discreet s]vice4 ,above all1 a 
man 7except 9 "s absurd com$y p]haps1   
:]e ! husb&1 9 an age ( cicisbeos1 is 9 
love ) 8 own wife & d>es n admit x be=e 

! society :i* holds t !re c be no love  
betwe5 m>ri$ folk 7--a husb&1 ,i repeat1
 does n beg =1 arrange1 look =w>d to1 & 
recall ) triumph or sadness1 secret     
meet+s ) 8 own wife4 ,n[ ! secret meet+ 
is1 9 ne>ly e ari/ocratic poet ( ! e>ly 
poetry1 ! inevitable result ( ! humble  
praises & humble reque/s = k9dness2 x   
is1 mo/ obvi\sly1 ! rew>d = :i* ! poet  
is always importun+4 ,m$ival love       
poetry1 comp>$ ) ! love poetry (        
,antiquity & ! love poetry ( ! revival (
 lett]s1 is1 9 its lyric =m1 decid$ly   
*a/e2 b x is p]fectly explicit2 &1 = all
 its metaphysical t5d5cies & its abs5ce 
( cle>ly pa9t$ pictures1 ! fur!/        
possible remov$ f be+ ,platonic4 ,"o ( !
 mo/ important1 *>act]i/ic1 &           
arti/ically *>m+ categories ( m$ival    
love lyrics is t compris+ ! ,prov5al    
s]5a & alba1 ) _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! langue  
d'oil1 & ! s-call$ ,wa*tli$] ( !        
m9nes+]s2 & ?is category ( love poetry  
may be def9$ z ! drama1 9 f\r acts1 (   
illicit love4 ,! fai?ful lov] has       

receiv$ f 8 lady an answ] to 8 love1 !  
place & h\r are appo9t$2 all ! day ( :i*
 ! ev5+ is to br+ him ?is hon\r1 he goes
 heavy he>t$ & sigh+3 ,day1 mu* d y gr[ 
= my grief1 & ! ev5+1 ! ev5+ & ! long   
hope kills me4 ,?us f> ! s]5a1 ! ev5+   
song1 ( ,guiraut ,riqui]4 ,a lovely     
anonym\s alba1 ^: refra91 ,oi deus1 oi  
deus2 de l' alba1 tan to/ ve6 is famili>
 to e smatt]] ( ,prov5al1 %[s u ! lady &
 h] knight 9 an or*>d b5ea? ! haw?orn1  
giv+ & tak+ ! la/ kisses :ile ! birds s+
 & ! sky :it5s ) dawn4 ,! lady is       
graci\s & pleasant1 & _m look ^u h] = h]
 beauty1 & h] he>t ,is all 9 lov+       
loyally2 alas1 alas1 ! dawn6 h[ soon x3 
comes6-- ,oi deus1 oi deus2 de l'alba1  
tan to/ ve6 ,! real alba is ! same z !  
,g]man ,wa*tli$]1 ! song ( ! squire or  
fri5d po/$ at ! g>d5 gate or outside !  
ca/le wall1 w>n+ ! lov]s to sep>ate4    
,fair comrade 7,bel ,companho71 ,i call 
to y s++4 ',sleep no m1 = ,i he> ! birds
 ann\nc+ ! day 9 ! trees1 & ,i fe> t !  
jeal\s "o may f9d y2' & 9 a mom5t x w be

 day1 ',bel ,companho1 come to ! w9d[ & 
look at ! signs 9 ! sky6 y w "k me a    
fai?ful mess5g]2 if y d x n1 x w be to  
y\r h>m & 9 a mom5t x w be dawn 7et ades
 s]a l' alba7444 ,bel ,companho1 s9ce ,i
 left y ,i h n slept nor rais$ myself f 
my knees2 = ,i h pray$ to ,god ! ,son ( 
,sa9t ,m>y1 t he %\ld s5d me3 back my   
fai?ful comrade1 & 9 a mom5t x w be dawn
 ,9 ?is alba ( ,guiraut de ,borneulh1 ! 
lov] comes at la/ to ! w9d[1 & cries to 
8 wat*+ comrade t he is too happy to c>e
 ei!r = ! dawn or = ! jeal\s "o4 ,!     
,g]man ,wa*tli$] are ev5 m explicit4 ,he
 mu/ away at once & )\t delay1 s+s !    
wat*man 9 a poem ( ,wolfram1 ! au/]e s+]
 ( ,p>zifal & ! ,grail ,que/2 let him g1
 sweet lady2 let him away f ?y love s t 
he keep 8 hon\r & life4 ,he tru/$       
himself to me t ,i %\ld br+ him safely  
h5ce2 x is day 444 ,s+ :at ?\ wilt1     
wat*man1 answ]s ! lady1 b leave him "h4 
,9 a f> sup]ior1 b also f> less *a/e    
poem ( ,he9ri* von ,morung51 ! lady1    
alone & melan*oly1 wakes up rememb]+ !  

sad :ite light ( morn+1 ! sad cry ( !   
wat*man1 :i* sep>at$ h] f h] knight4    
,/ill m frankly1 & 9 a poem :i* is "o ( 
! few real ma/]pieces ( ,m9nesang1 !    
lady 9 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide's ,"u  
d] l9d5 an d] ,heide n>rates a meet+ 9 !
 wood4 ,:at pass$ betwe5 u %all nev] be 
kn[n by any6 nev] by any1 save him &    
me--yes1 & by ! little night+ale t sang 
,t&>adei6 ,! little bird w surely be    
discreet4  ,! songs ( light love =      
ano!r's wife ( tr\bad\r1 tr\vre1 &      
m9nes+]1 seem to h be5 squeez$ toge!r1 s
 t all _! sweet & acrid p]fume is1 s to 
speak1 sublimat$1 9 ! rec5tly discov]$  
e>ly ,prov5al n>rative poem call$       
,flam5ca4 ,l ! ,tri/ram ( ,gottfri$ von 
,/rassburg1 l all ^! light m$ival love  
lyrics1 ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+1 ! rhym$  
/ory ( ,flam5ca1 a pale & simple1 b     
p]fect petall$ daisy1 has come up 9 a   
sort ( moral & intellectual dell 9 !    
w9t] ( ! ,middle ,ages--a dell su* z y  
meet 9 holl[s ( ev5 ! mo/ w9d-swept     
s\!rn hills1 :]e1 :ile all r\nd ! e>? is

 froz5 & ! %ort grass nibbl$ away by !  
fro/1 may be f\nd ev5 at ,*ri/mas a     
bright %e5 ( budd+ :eat b5ea? ! olives  
on ! slope1 a yell[ haze ( sun ^u !     
grass 9 :i* ! little aromatic %oots (   
f5nel & m9t & m>igold patt]n ) gre5ness 
! s]e br[n1 ! fro/-burnt2 :]e ! v       
leafless fruit trees h a spr+-l rosy t+e
 aga9/ ! blue sky1 & ! tuft$ little     
osi]s flame a joy\s orange aga9/ !      
gre5ness ( ! hill4  ,su* spots !re      
are--& _m--9 ! w9t] ( ! ,middle ,ages2  
?\gh x is n 9 !m1 b :]e ! ra9 beats1 & !
 sn[ & ! w9d tugs1 t gr[1 /ruggl+ )     
bitt]ness1 ! great ?+s ( ! day3 !       
philosophy ( ,abl>d1 ! love ( man ( ,/4 
,francis1 ! patriotism ( ! ,lomb>d      
communes2 nor t lie dormant1 f]tiliz$ 9 
! cold e>?1 ! great ?+s ( art & ?\ght1 !
 great ?+s to come4 ,b 9 !m arise !     
delicate w9t] fl[]s :i* we prize3 t5d]1 
pale ?+s1 )\t mu* life1 ?+s ei!r come   
too soon or /ay$ too late1 among :i* is 
,flam5ca2 "o ( ^? roses1 nipp$ & wr9kl$1
 b /a9$ a bright] r$ by ! fro/1 :i* we  

pluck 9 ,decemb] or 9 ,m>*2 beautiful1  
bright1 sc5tless roses1 :i*1 sc>ce 9    
bud1 already fall to pieces 9 our h&4   
,flam5ca is simply ! n>rative ( ! loves 
( ! beautiful wife ( ! be>i% & jeal\s   
,c\nt ,ar*ambautz1 & ( ,guillems de     
,nev]s1 a brilliant "y knight :o he>s ( 
! lady's sore captivity1 is enam\r$ be=e
 he sees h]1 dresses up z ! prie/'s     
cl]k1 & speaks "o ^w ) h] :ile pres5t+ !
 mass book to be kiss$1 e holiday2 &    
f9ally deceives ! vigilance ( ! husb& by
 means ( a subt]ranean corridor1 :i* he 
gets built betwe5 8 inn & ! ba?-room ( !
 lady at ! fam\s wat]s (                
,b\rbon-les-,ba9s4 ,9 ?is _w ( ,flam5ca1
 :i* is 9 tru? ! same _w z t ( !        
,romaunt ( ! ,rose1 ! ,morte d',ar?ur1 &
 ( ! love poets ( e>ly ,france &        
,g]many1 conjugal morality &            
responsibility simply d n exi/4 ,x seems
 an unreal pleasure-g>d51 ) a %ad[y     
gu>dian--impalpable to u gross          
mod]ns--call$ ,hon\r1 b :]e1 z x seems1 
,love only reigns4 ,love1 n ! my/ic &   

melan*oly god ( ! ,vita ,nuova1 b a     
foppi% "y deity1 s5tim5tal at once &    
s5sual1 ( fa%ionable feudal life3 ! god 
( p ) no app>5t duties t[>ds o!rs1      
unconsci\s ( any re/ra9ts save ^? ( ?is 
vague ?+ call$ hon\r2 ^: highe/ mission 
= ! knight1 z put 9 our ,engli% ,romaunt
 ( ! ,rose is to--           ,set ?y    
might & alle ?y witte      ,wymm5 &     
ladies = to plese1      ,& to d ?yng t  
may hem ese2  :ile1 = ! lady1 x is      
express$ ) p]fect simplicity (          
%amelessness by ,flam5ca h]self to h]   
damsels1 tea*+ !m t ! woman mu/ yield to
 ! pleasure ( h] lov]4 ,n[ love1 :5 "y1 
:51 s to speak1 b j born & able to fe$  
7z a newborn *ild on milk1 )\t hung]+ = 
m solid food7 on looks & words & sighs2 
love ?us "y1 is a fair-seem+ godhead1 & 
! devotion to him a pretty & delicate   
piece ( /heticism4 ,& su* x is "h 9     
,flam5ca1 :]e !re c]ta9ly exi/s nei!r   
,god nor ,*ri/1 bo? complete abs5tees1  
^: prie/ becomes a c\rte\s lov]'s valet1
 ^: *ur* ! place = amor\s r5dezv\s1 ^:  

sacrifice ( mass & pray] becomes a means
 ( amor\s correspond5ce3 ,cupid1 9 !    
%ape ( 8 slave ,guillems de             
,nev]s--become pat>97zealot7 =          
love--peep+ ) %av5 gold5 head f beh9d ! 
missal1 t\*+ ! lady's h& & :isp]+ ) !   
words ( spiritual peace ! decl>ation (  
love1 ! appo9tm5t = meet+4 ,god & ,*ri/1
 ,i repeat1 are abs5tees4 ,:]e !y are ,i
 "k n2 p]haps ov] ! ,rh9e ) ! ,loll>ds 9
 _! weav]s' d5s1 or ov] ! ,alps 9 ! cell
 ( ,/4 ,francis2 n "h1 c]ta9ly1 or if   
"h1 !mselves become ! m]e slaves ( love4
 ,b ?is ,k+ ,love1 z long z a m]e       
infant1 is a sweet & graci\s div9ity1   
surr\nd$ by some:at ( ! fre%ness &      
haw?orn sweetness ( spr+ :i* seem to    
accompany 8 fav\rite ,guillems4         
,guillems de ,nev]s1 :o c\ld /ill gr[1  
?is brilliant knight & tr\bad\r1 9 8    
:ite silk5 & crimson & purple g>m5ts &  
s\ndless %oes embroid]$ ) fl[]s1 ?is    
pr9ce ( t\rnam5ts & t5sos1 :o he>+ !    
sorr[s ( ! beautiful ,flam5ca1 loves h] 
unse51 sits sigh+ 9 sight ( h] prison   

b[]1 & fa9ts l a h]o ( ! ,arabian       
,nights at h] "n1 & has visions ( h] z  
,/4 ,francis has ( ,*ri/2 ?is y\ng] &   
bright] ,sir ,launcelot1 is an ideal    
little figure1 :om y might mi/ake =     
,love himself z describ$ 9 ! ,romaunt ( 
! ,rose2 ,love's avat> or inc>nation1 on
 ^: appe>ance ! ye> blooms into spr+1 ! 
fruit trees blossom1 ! birds s+1 ! girls
 dance at eve r\nd ! maypoles2 beh9d    
:om1 :ile read+ ?is poem1 we seem to see
 ! corn %9e gre5 b5ea? ! olives1 !      
:ite-blossom$ bran*es slant across !    
blue sky4 ,= is he n ! v inc>nation (   
*ivalry1 ( beauty1 & ( love8 ,s mu* =   
?is ,k+ ,love :ile b q "y4 ,un=tunately 
he is spe$ily wean$ ( 8 baby food ( m]e 
blu%+ glances & sigh$-out names2 & !n 8 
aspect1 8 k+dom's aspect1 ! aspect ( 8  
vot>ies1 und]goes a *ange4 ,! pr(ane b  
*>m+ game ( ! lov+ cl]k & ! missal is   
ex*ang$ = ! m co>se hide-&-seek ( hidd5 
causeways & tight5$ bolts1 ) jeal\s     
husb&s gu>d+ ! useless door2 ,guillems  
becomes b an ord9>y ,don ,juan or       

,lovelace1 ,flam5ca b a sorry1 sneak+   
adult]ess1 & ! graci\s damsels m]e      
common sluts1 curtsey+ at ! loan 7dur+ !
 int]view ( nobl] folk7 ( ! gallant's   
squires4 ,= ! sc5t ( ,may1 ( fre% leaves
 & fall5 blossoms1 we get ! nause\s     
vap\rs ( ! ba?-room2 &1 alas1 ,k+ ,love 
has lo/ 8 aureole & 8 w+s & turn$ keep] 
( ! hot spr+s1 s\ght out by ! g\ty &    
lep]s1 ( ,b\rbon-les-,ba9s2 & 9 clos+   
?is book1 s delightfully begun1 we sick5
 at ! :iff ( hot & fetid moral air z we 
%\ld sick5 9 pass+ ov] ! outlet ( !     
pollut$ hot wat]4  ,b :]e is ! use (    
tell+ u all ?is8 ! read] w ask2 e "o    
kn[s t illicit passion exi/$ & exi/s1 & 
has its *ronicl]s1 its s+]s 9 prose & 9 
v]se4 ,b :at has all ?is poetry ( common
 adult]y to d ) a book l ! ',vita       
,nuova1' ) t /range new ?+1 t lifelong  
wor%ip ( a woman1 :i* y call m$ival     
love8 ,?is mu*3 t out ( ?is illicit     
love1 & out ( x1 gross z x looks1 alone 
arises ! possibility ( ! ,vita ,nuova2  
arises ! possibility ( ! romantic &     

semi-religi\s love ( ! ,middle ,ages4   
,or1 r1 let u say t ?is m]e loose love (
 ! albas & ,wa*tli$] & ,flam5ca1 is !   
sub/ratum1 nay1 is ! v fle% & blood1 ( !
 spiritual passion to :i*1 9 lat] days1 
we owe ! book ( ,beatrice4  ,x is a h>% 
?+ to say1 b "o :i* all sociology tea*es
 u1 t z !re exi/s no s5sual relation :i*
 _c produce = its ennoblem5t a c]ta9    
am\nt ( passion1 s also does !re exi/ no
 passion 7& ,phdrus is !re to prove x7 s
 vile & loa?some z to be unable to weave
 ab\t itself a glam\r ( ideal s5tim5t4  
,! poets ( ! ,middle ,ages /rove aft] ! 
crim9al possession ( ano!r man's wife4  
,?is1 h[ev] veil$ ) f9e & delicate      
poetic expressions1 is ! ?+ = :i* !y    
wait & sigh & implore2 ?is is ! rew>d1 !
 supremely hon\r+ & almo/ sanctify+     
rew>d :i* ! lady _c refuse to ! knight  
:o has fai?fully & humbly s]v$ h]4 ,!   
:ole bulk ( ! love lyrics ( ! e>ly      
,middle ,ages are !re to prove x2 & if !
 allusions 9 !m are n suffici5tly cle>1 
^? :o w\ld be enlight5$ may /udy !      

discussions ( ! allegorical p]sons ev5 9
 ! ,engli% 7& lat]7 v]sion ( ,guillaume 
de ,lorris' ,roman de la ,rose2 & turn  
to :at1 7 x 9 langue d'oc1 we %\ld call 
a t5so ( ,guillaume li ,v9i]s among     
,mtzn]'s ,altfranzsis*e ,li$]-di*t]4 ,! 
cata/rophe ( ,ulri* von ,lie*t5/e9's    
,fr[5di5/1 :]e ! lady1 ! virtu\s1 !     
pure1 z he is pleas$ to call h]1 aft]   
mak+ him cut (f 8 f+]1 dress 9 lep]'s   
clo!s1 *op (f "p ( 8 upp] lip1 & g ?r\gh
 ! mo/ m>vell\s ,quixotic antics dress$ 
9 sat9 & pe>ls & false hair z ,que5     
,v5us1 & j\/+ 9 ?is co/ume ) e knight   
betwe5 ,v5ice & ,/yria1 all = h] hon\r &
 glory2 pulls ! gallant 9 a basket up to
 h] w9d[1 & !n lets him drop d[n into ! 
moat :i* is no bett] ?an a sew]2 ?is    
grotesque & tragically res5t$ end (     
,ulri*'s fir/ love s]vice speaks volumes
 on ! po9t4 ,! /ones 9 ,no/radamus'     
,lives ( ! ,tr\bad\rs1 ! incid5ts 9     
,gottfri$'s ,tri/an und ,isolde1 nay1 ! 
adv5tures ev5 9 our expung$ ,engli%     
,morte d',ar?ur1 relat+ to ! bir? ( ,sir

 ,galahad1 are z explicit z any?+ 9     
,brantme or ! ,que5 ( ,nav>re2 ! mo/    
delicate love songs ( ,prov5ce & ,g]many
 are cobwebs spun r\nd ,decam]onian     
situations4 ,& all ?is is p]mitt$1      
admitt$1 sanction$ by feudal society ev5
 z ! cecisbeos ( ! noble ,italian ladies
 7 sanction$ by ! society ( ! sev5te5? &
 eighte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! m$ival ca/le1  
:]e1 z we h se51 ! lady1 sep>at$ f h]   
own sex1 is surr\nd$ by a sw>m ( "y m5  
)\t a *ance ( m>riage1 & b\nd to make   
!mselves agreeable to ! wife ( a milit>y
 sup]ior2 ! woman soon ceases to be !   
exclusive prop]ty ( h] husb&1 & ! husb& 
spe$ily discov]s t ! majority1 h5ce     
public ridicule1 are aga9/ any attempt  
at monopoliz+ h]4 ,?us adult]y becomes1 
z we h se51 accept$ z an in/itution "u !
 "n ( s]vice2 &1 l all o!r social       
in/itutions1 developes a morality ( its 
own--a morality )9 immorality1 (        
fai?fulness )9 infidelity4 ,! lady mu/  
be true to h] knight1 & ! knight mu/ be 
true to 8 lady3 ! ,c\rts ( ,love        

solemnly bani% f society any woman :o is
 kn[n to h m ?an "o lov]4 ,fai?fulness  
is ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial virtue ( m$ival
 love2 a virtue unkn[n to ! erotic poets
 ( ,antiquity1 & :i* mod]n times h      
inh]it$ f ! ,middle ,ages z a requisite1
 ev5 7z ! reproa*es ( poets ( ! ,alfr$  
de ,musset s*ool tea* u7 9 ! mo/        
completely illicit love4 ,tri/ram &     
,launcelot1 ! two p>agons ( knigh?ood1  
are inviolably con/ant to _! mi/ress3 ! 
husb& may & mu/ be deceiv$1 b n ! wife  
:o helps to deceive him4 ,yseult (      
,brittany & ,ela9e1 ! "m ( ,galahad1 d n
 succe$ 9 break+ ! v[s made to ,yseult !
 ,fair & to ,que5 ,gu5ev]e4 ,! beautiful
 lady 9 ! haw?orn alba a son cor en am> 
lejalm5s4 ,b ?is loyal lov+ is = !      
knight :o is w>n$ to dep>t1 c]ta9ly n = 
! husb&1 ! gilos1 9 ^: despite 7,bels   
d\s amios1 baizem nos eu e vos--,aval   
els pratzon *antols auzellos--,tot ,o   
fassam en despeit del gilos7 !y are     
meet+4 ,! ladies ( ! m9nes+]s are pure1 
good1 fai?ful 7& ea* & all are pure1    

good1 & fai?ful1 z long z !y d n resi/7 
f ! po9t ( view ( ! lov]1 n ( ! husb&1  
if inde$ a husb& be p]mitt$ to h any    
po9t ( view at all4 ,& z fidelity is !  
ess5tial virtue 9 ^! adult]\s           
connections1 s infidelity is ! greate/  
crime t a woman 7& ev5 a man7 c commit1 
! greate/ mis=tune :i* fate c s5d to an 
unhappy knight4 ,t he leaves a fai?ful  
mi/ress beh9d him is ! "o hope ( !      
knight :o1 tak+ ! cross1 dep>ts to meet 
! scimit>s ( ,salad9's foll[]s1 ! fev]s1
 ! plagues1 ! _m mis]able dea?s ( !     
unkn[n ,ea/4 ,if any lady be unfai?ful1 
says ,qui5es de ,b?une1 %e w h to be    
unfai?ful ) "s base wret*4        ,et   
les dames ki ca/em5t vivront      ,se   
loiaut font a ceus qui iront2      ,et  
seles font p> mal conseil folaje1       
,a lasques g5s et mauvais le f]ont1     
,c> t\t li bon iront en ce/ voiage4   ,i
 h tak5 ! cross on acc\nt ( my s9s1 s+s 
,albre*t von ,johansdorf1 "o ( ! mo/    
e>ne/ ( ! m9nes+]s2 n[ let ,god help1   
till my return1 ! woman :o has great    

sorr[ on my acc\nt1 9 ord] t ,i may f9d 
h] possess$ ( h] hon\r2 let ,him grant  
me ?is pray]4 ,b if %e *ange h] life    
7i4e41 take to bad c\rses71 !n may ,god 
=bid my ev] return+4 ,! lady is b\nd 7! 
,c\rts ( ,love decide ?is po9t ( hon\r7 
to rew>d h] fai?ful lov]4 ,a knight1    
says a lady1 9 an anonym\s ,g]man song  
publi%$ by ,b>ts*1 has s]v$ me accord+  
to my w4 ,be=e too mu* "t elapse1 ,i mu/
 rew>d him2 nay1 if all ! _w 7 to       
object1 he mu/ h 8 way ) me 7und wa]ez  
al d] ,w]lte leit1 s muoz sn wille an   
mir ergn74 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fav\r$    
knight is b\nd to protect 8 lady's good 
fame4        ,se jai mamie en tel po9t  
mis1      ,que t\t motroit 7m'octroit7  
sans es=m]1      ,tant doi je miex      
sonnor gait]--   ?us "o ( ! int]locutors
 9 a ,fr5* jeu-p>ti1 publi%$ by ,mtzn]2 
a rule :i*1 if we may judge f ! behavi\r
 ( ,tri/ram & ,launcelot1 & f ! la/     
remnants ( m$ival love lore 9 mod]n     
,fr5* novels1 means simply t ! m        
completely a man has induc$ a woman to  

deceive h] husb&1 ! m /\tly is he b\nd  
to d5y1 ) lies1 r[s1 & bl[s1 t %e has   
ev] done any?+ ( ! sort4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d
 e/abli%$1 z a v fundam5tal necessity ( 
?is socially recogniz$ adult]y1 a       
reciprocity ( fidelity betwe5 lov] &    
mi/ress :i* ,antiquity nev] dream$ ( ev5
 betwe5 husb& & wife 7,agamemnon has a  
p]fect "r to ,briseis or ,*ryseis1 b    
,clytmne/ra has no "r to ,aegi/hus72 &  
:i* inde$ c\ld sc>cely arise z a moral  
obligation except :]e ! woman 0 n b\nd  
to love ! man 7:i* ! wife is7 & :]e h]  
behavi\r t[>ds him dep5d$ :olly ^u h]   
pleasure1 t is to say1 ^u h]            
satisfaction ) 8 behavi\r t[>ds h]4     
,?is1 :i* seems to u s obvi\s1 & ( :i* e
 day furni%es u an example 9 ! relations
 ( ! mod]n suitor & 8 hop$-= wife1 c\ld 
n1 at a "t :5 wom5 7 m>ri$ by family    
arrangem5t1 arise except z a result (   
illegitimate love4 ,horrible z x seems1 
! m we exam9e into ?is subject ( m$ival 
love1 ! m %all we see t our :ole code ( 
,gr&isonian *ivalry betwe5 lov]s :o     

int5d m>riage is d]iv$ f ! practice ( ! 
,launcelots & ,gu5ev]es1 n f t ( ! m>ri$
 p 7we may rememb] ! mann] 9 :i* ,gun!r 
woos 8 wife ,brunhilt 9 ! ,nibelung5li$7
 ( =m] ages2 nay1 ! m we %all h to      
recognize t ! v feel+ :i* con/itutes !  
virtu\s love ( mod]n poets is d]iv$ f ! 
illegitimate loves ( ! ,middle ,ages4   
,let u exam9e :at are ! habits ( feel+ &
 ?9k+ :i* gr[ out ( ?is reciprocal      
fidelity due to ! abs5ce ( all "o-sid$  
legal pressure 9 ?is illegitimate1 b    
socially legitimat$1 love ( ! e>ly      
,middle ,ages2 :i* are add$ on to x by !
 v necessities ( illicit connection4 ,! 
lov]1 hav+ no "r to ! fav\rs ( 8        
mi/ress1 is oblig$1 9 ord] to w9 & to   
keep !m1 to please h] by humility1      
fidelity1 & su* knightly qualities z are
 ! ideal plumage ( a man3 he mu/ br+    
home to h]1 by %[+ ! _w h] col\rs       
victori\s 9 s]i\s w>f>e1 9 ! sc>cely    
less dang]\s play ( t\rnam5ts1 & by mak+
 h] beauty & virtues m illu/ri\s 9 8    
song ?an are ^? ( o!r wom5 9 ! songs (  

_! lov]s--he mu/ br+ home to h] t %e has
 a m wor?y s]vant ?an h] rivals2 he mu/ 
det]m9e h] to select him & to adh]e to  
h] selection4 ,n[ m$ival husb&s select  
_! wives1 in/ead ( be+ select$2 & once !
 woman & ! d[ry are 9 _! h&s1 tr\ble    
!mselves b little :e!r !y are approv$ ( 
or n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mi/ress appe>s to 
h] lov] inve/$ ) imag9ative1 ideal      
advantages su* z _c surr\nd h] 9 ! eyes 
( h] husb&3 %e is1 9 ne>ly e case1 8    
sup]ior 9 /ation & ! desir$ ( _m        
behold]s2 %e is b\nd to him by no tie   
:i* may gr[ prosaic & we>isome2 %e      
appe>s to him 9 no dome/ic capacity1 c  
nev] desc5d to be ! female drudge2 h]   
possession is prev5t$ f gr[+ /ale1 h]   
p]sonality f becom+ commonplace1 by !   
difficulty1 r>5ess1 my/]y1 adv5ture1    
dang]1 :i* ev5 9 ! days ( ,c\rts ( ,love
 atta* to illicit am\rs2 above all1 be+ 
= ?is man nei!r ! h\sewife nor ! "m1 %e 
rema9s ess5tially & cont9ually !        
mi/ress1 ! belov$4 ,simil>ly ! relations
 betwe5 ! knight & ! lady1 untr\bl$ by  

dome/ic worries1 pecuni>y difficulties1 
& squabbles ab\t *ildr51 rema91 exi/    
m]ely z love relations1 relations ( p ^:
 highe/ & sole desire is to please "o   
ano!r4 ,moreov]1 & ?is is an important  
consid]ation1 ! lady1 :o is a m]e       
inexp]i5c$1 immature girl :5 %e fir/    
meets h] husb&1 is a mature woman1 ) "* 
& passions develop$ by ! indep5d5ce (   
conjugal & social life4 ,:5 %e meets h] 
lov]1 :atev] p[] or dignity ( "* %e may 
possess is ripe2 :atev] int5sity (      
aspiration & passion may be lat5t is    
ready to come =?2 = ! fir/ "t !re is    
equality 9 love4 ,equality8 ,ah1 no4    
,?is woman :o is ! wife ( 8 feudal      
sup]ior1 ?is woman surr\nd$ by all !    
/ate ( feudal sov]eignty1 ?is woman :o1 
h[ev] "y1 has already kn[n s mu* ( life1
 ?is woman ^: love is a free1 gift (    
grace to ! obscure1 trembl+ vassal :o   
has a "r n ev5 to be notic$2 ?is lady ( 
m$ival love mu/ always rema9            
immeasurably above h] lov]4 ,&1 9 ! long
 day-dreams :ile wat*+ h]1 z he ?9ks    

unse51 :ile s++ ( h]1 z he ?9ks unhe>d1 
!re clu/] r\nd h] figure1 mi/ily se5 9 8
 fancy1 ^? vague &-my/ic spl5d\rs :i*   
surr\nd ! new sov]eign ( ! ,middle      
,ages1 ! ,que5 ( ,heav52 !re m+les 9 !  
half-t]rifi$ raptures ( ! fir/ k9d      
glance1 ! fir/ enc\rag+ ^w1 ! ineffable 
passion /or$ up 9 ! ,*ri/ian's he>t = ! 
immortal be+s :o1 9 ! days ( ,b]n>d &   
,francis1 desc5d cl\d-l on e>? & fill ! 
cells ( ! sa9ts ) un5durable glory4  ,& 
?us1 out ( ! bas5ess ( habitual adult]y1
 arises inc5se-l1 9 ! e>ly m$ival       
poetry1 a new k9d ( love--subtl]1 m     
imag9ative1 m passionate1 a love ( !    
fancy & ! he>t1 a love /imulat+ to !    
p]fection ( ! individual z is any       
religion2 nay1 a religion1 & "o appeal+ 
m completely to ! complete man1 fle% &  
s\l1 ?an ev5 ! my/ical beliefs ( !      
,middle ,ages4 ,& z1 9 ! fanta/ic song (
 ,ritt] ,tannhus]1 ^: liege lady1 s     
leg5d tells1 0 ,dame ,v5us h]self1 !    
lady bids ! knight g =? & fet* h] gre5  
wat] :i* has wa%$ ! sett+ sun1 salam&]s 

snat*$ f ! flame1 ! />s out ( heav52 s  
w\ld x seem z if ?is new p[] 9 ! _w1 ?is
 poetically wor%ipp$ woman1 _h s5t =?   
mank9d to seek wond]ful new virtues1    
nev] be=e se5 on e>?4 ,nay1 r1 z !      
sn[flakes became gre5 leaves1 ! fro/    
blossoms r$ & blue fl[]s1 ! w9t] w9d a  
spr+-sc5t$ breeze1 :5 ,b]n>d de         
,v5tadorn 0 greet$ by 8 mi/ress2 s also 
does x seem z if1 at ! fir/ greet+ ( !  
_w by ?is new love1 ! m$ival w9t] _h    
turn$ to summ]1 & !re _h budd$ =? &     
fl[]$ a new ideal ( manly virtue1 a new 
ideal ( womanly grace4  ,b evil is evil1
 & evil is its fruit4 ,out (            
circum/ances hi!rto unkn[n1 circum/ances
 come ab\t = ! fir/ "t ow+ to !         
necessities ( illegitimate passion1 h   
aris5 c]ta9 new & nobl] *>act]s ( sexual
 love1 c]ta9 new & beautiful conceptions
 ( manly & womanly nature4 ,!           
circum/ances to :i* ^! are ow$ are pure 
9 !mselves1 !y are circum/ances :i* 9 m 
mod]n times h *>act]iz$ ! p]fectly      
legitimate passion ( lov]s held asund]  

by no social law1 b by m]e accid5tal    
b>ri]s--f ,romeo & ,juliet to ! ,ma/] ( 
,rav5swood & ,lucy ,a%ton2 & pure s f> h
 be5 ! spiritual results4 ,b ^!         
circum/ances 7 due1 9 ! e>ly ,middle    
,ages1 to ! fact ( adult]y2 & to ! new  
ideal ( love has clung1 ev5 9 its       
purity1 9 its sup]ior nobility1 an      
elem5t ( corruption z unkn[n to gross & 
corrupt ,antiquity z 0 ! delicacy &     
nobility ( m$ival love4 ,! mo/ poetical 
& pa!tic ( all m$ival love /ories1 ! v  
inc>nation ( all t is mo/ lyric at once 
& mo/ tragic 9 ! new k9d ( passion1 is !
 /ory1 told & retold by a score ( poets 
& prose writ]s1 ( ! loves ( ,yseult (   
,irel& & ( ,sir ,tri/ram :o1 z ! knight 
0 br++ ! pr9cess to 8 uncle & h]        
affianc$1 ,k+ ,m>k ( ,cornwall drank    
toge!r by a fatal mi/ake a philt] :i*   
made all su* z p>took ( x 9 common      
insep>able lov]s ev5 unto dea?4 ,e "o   
kn[s ! result r3 h[ ,yseult came to h]  
husb& already ! p>am\r ( ,tri/ram2 h[   
,brangwa9e1 h] damsel1 feel+ t ?is      

unhall[$ passion 0 due to h] hav+       
left-)9 rea* ! potion int5d$ = ! ,k+ &  
,que5 ( ,cornwall1 devot$ h]self1 at !  
price ( h] maid5hood1 to connive 9 !    
am\rs ( ! lov]s :om %e _h made2 h[ ,k+  
,m>k 0 deceiv$1 & d\bt$1 & 0 deceiv$    
aga92 h[ ,tri/ram fl$ to ,brittany1 b   
h[1 despite 8 seem+ m>riage ) ano!r &   
equally lovely ,yseult1 he rema9$       
fai?ful to ! ,que5 ( ,cornwall4 ,"o     
v]sion tells t ,m>k slew 8 nephew :ile  
he sat h>p+ to ,que5 ,yseult2 ano!r t   
,tri/ram di$ ( grief because 8 scorn$   
?\gh w$d$ wife told him t ! :ite-sail$  
%ip1 be>+ 8 mi/ress to meet him1 bore ! 
black sail :i* meant t %e 0 n on bo>d2 b
 all v]sions1 ,i ?9k1 agree 9 end+ ) !  
fact1 t ! bri>-rose gr[+ on ! tomb ( !  
"o1 sl[ly trail$ its fl[]s & ?orns along
 till x _h rea*$ also ! grave ( ! o!r1 &
 knit toge!r1 z love _h knit toge!r )   
its sweet blossoms & %>p sp9es1 ! two   
fat$ lov]s4 ,! ,middle ,ages 7 en?rall$ 
by ?is tale2 b !y 7 also1 occasionally1 
a little %ock$ by x4 ,poets & prose     

writ]s tamp]$ e n[ & !n ) incid5ts &    
*>act]s1 seek+ to make x appe> t1 ow+ to
 ! sub/itution ( ! wait+-maid1 & !      
neglect ( ! w$d$ pr9cess ( ,brittany1   
,yseult _h nev] belong$ to any man save 
,tri/ram1 nor ,tri/ram to any woman save
 ,yseult2 or t ,k+ ,m>k _h s5t 8 nephew 
to woo ! ,iri% que5's daught] m]ely 9   
hopes ( 8 p]i%+ 9 ! attempt1 & t 8 :ole 
subsequ5t conduct 0 due to a m]e        
unnatural hatr$ ( a bett] knight ?an    
himself2 t\*+ up "h & !re ) a view to   
ju/ify+ & excus+ to "s degree ! long    
s]ies ( deceits :i* con/itut$ ! :ole    
/ory4 ,?us ! m timid & less gift$4 ,b   
:51 9 ! v fir/ ye>s 7#abaj7 ( ! ?irte5? 
c5tury1 ! greate/ m$ival poet t prec$$  
,dante1 ! greate/ ,g]man poet t prec$$  
,goe!1 ,mei/] ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 
took 9 h& ! old ?readb>e /ory ( ,tri/an 
und ,isolde1 he despis$ all alt]ations (
 ?is sort1 & accept$ ! orig9al tale 9   
its complete crud5ess4  ,=1 consci\sly  
or unconsci\sly1 ,gottfri$ _h conceiv$  
?is /ory z a ?+ :olly unkn[n 9 8 "t1 &  

no long] subject to any ( ^? necessities
 ( con/ant re>rangem5t :i* torm5t$      
m$ival poets3 he _h conceiv$ x n z a    
tale1 b z a novel4 ,gottfri$ himself 0  
probably b little aw>e ( :at he 0 do+2 !
 poem t he 0 writ+ probably fell = him  
into ! v same category z ! poems ( o!r  
m52 b to u1 ) our exp]i5ce ( s _m       
diff]5t =ms ( n>rative1 x mu/ be evid5t 
t ,tri/an und ,isolde is a new dep>ture1
 inasmu* z x is n ! /ory ( de$s & ! p :o
 did !m1 l ! true epic f ,hom] to !     
,nibelung52 nor ! /ory ( p & ! adv5tures
 :i* happ5$ to !m1 l all romance poetry 
f ,palemon & ,arcite1 to ! ,orl&o       
,furioso2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! /ory ( !   
psy*ological relations1 ! gradual       
metamorphosis ( s\l by s\l1 betwe5 two  
p]sons4 ,! long introductory /ory (     
,tri/ram's y\? mu/ n mislead u1 nor all 
! m9ute n>rations ( ! kill+ ( dragons & 
! dr9k+ ( love philt]s3 ,gottfri$1 we   
mu/ rememb]1 0 c]ta9ly no delib]ate     
innovator1 & ^! ?+'s are ! m]e          
inevitable ext]nalities ( m$ival poetry1

 pres]v$ ) dull slavi% c>e by ! re-writ]
 ( a well-kn[n tale1 b enclos+ 9 reality
 some?+ ess5tially & />tl+ly mod]n3 !   
hi/ory ( a passion & ( ! spiritual      
*anges :i* x br+s ab\t 9 ^? :o are its  
victims4  ,to meet aga9 ?is purely      
psy*ological int]e/ we mu/ skip ! :ole  
re/ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 nay1 skip ev5 !  
great p]iod ( dramatic lit]ature1 n     
/opp+ till we come to ! end ( ! sev5te5?
 & beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to !     
,pr9cesse de ,clves1 to ,cl>issa ,h>l[e1
 nay1 really1 to ,! ,n\velle ,heloise4  
,= ev5 9 ,%akespe>e !re is always int]e/
 & importance 9 ! action & reaction (   
subsidi>y *>act]s1 9 ! ev5t1 9 !        
accid5tal2 !re is intrigue1 *ance1      
misund]/&+1 fate--active ag5cies ( :i*  
,o!llo & ,hamlet1 ,k+ ,le> & ,romeo1 are
 helpless victims2 !re is1 ev5 9 ?is    
psy*ological ,engli% drama ( !          
,elizabe?ans1 fate 9 ! %ape ( ,iago1 9 !
 %ape ( ! ,gho/1 9 ! %ape ( ! bro!rs (  
,web/]'s du*ess2 fate 9 ! %ape ( a r+1 a
 lett]1 a drug1 b fate always4 ,& 9 ?is 

,tri/an und ,isolde ( ,gottfri$ von     
,/rassburg is !re n fate also 9 ! love  
potion int5d$ = ,k+ ,m>k1 & giv5 by !   
mi/ake ( ,brangwa9e to ,m>k's bride & 8 
nephew8 ,to ?is objection1 :i* w        
naturally occur to any read] :o is n    
acqua9t$ ) ! poem ( ,gottfri$1 ,i simply
 answ]1 !re is n4 ,! love potion !re is1
 b x does n play ! same "p z d1 =       
in/ance1 ! drugs ( ,fri> ,laur5ce & 8   
int]cept$ lett]4 ,suppose ! fri>'s      
n>cotic to h be5 less endur+ 9 its      
action1 or 8 message to h rea*$ 9       
safety1 :y !n ,juliet w\ld h be5 awake  
in/ead ( asleep1 or ,romeo w\ld n h     
suppos$ h] to be dead1 & in/ead ( !     
suicide ( ! two lov]s1 we %\ld h _h !   
successful c>y+ (f ( ,juliet by ,romeo4 
,n s ) ,gottfri$4 ,! philt] is !re1 & a 
great deal is talk$ ab\t x2 b x is m]ely
 "o ( ! old1 ?readb>e trapp+s ( !       
orig9al /ory1 :i* he has be5 too lazy to
 suppress2 x is m]ely1 = ! read]1 !     
allegorical signal = an outbur/ (       
passion :i* all our subsequ5t k (       

,tri/ram & ,yseult %[s u to be          
absolutely inevitable4 ,9 ,gottfri$'s   
poem1 ! dr9k+ ( ! potion signifies m]ely
 t all ! rambl+1 m$ival prelude1 n to be
 di/+ui%$ f ! /ories ( ,morte d',ar?ur1 
& ( half ! romances ( ! ,middle ,ages1  
has come to a close & may be =gott52 & t
 ! real "w ( ! great poet1 ! real1      
mat*less trag$y ( ! f\r                 
actors--,tri/ram1 ,yseult1 ,m>k1 &      
,brangwa9e--has begun4  ,yet if we seek 
aga9 to acc\nt to ourselves = ?is       
a/oni%+ impression ( mod]nness :i* we   
receive f ,gottfri$'s poem1 we recognize
 t x is due to some?+ f> m important ?an
 ! m]e precoci\s psy*ological int]e/2   
nay1 r1 t ?is psy*ological int]e/ is    
itself dep5d5t ^u ! fact :i* makes      
,tri/an und ,isolde1 s mod]n to our     
feel+s4 ,?is fact is simply t ! poem (  
,gottfri$ is ! e>lie/1 & yet p]haps     
almo/ ! complete/1 example ( a lit]>y   
anomaly :i* ,antiquity1 = all its       
abom9ations1 did n "k3 ! glorification (
 fidelity 9 adult]y1 ! glorification (  

excell5ce )9 ! compass ( guilt4 ,old]   
times --m di/ant f our own 9 _s1 ?\gh n 
necess>ily 9 ye>s--h pres5t$ u ) _m !mes
 ( guilt3 ! guilt :i* exi/s accord+ to  
our own moral /&>d1 b n accord+ to t ( !
 n>rator1 z ! magnific5tly tragic       
,icel&ic ince/ /ory ( ,sigmund & ,signy2
 ! guilt :i* has come ab\t no "o well   
kn[s h[1 an un=tunate circum/ance leav+ 
! s9n] virtually /a9less1 9 8 or h] own 
eyes & ! eyes ( o!rs1 l ! ,hom]ic ,hel52
 ! h]oic guilt1 :]e ! v h]oism seems due
 to ! self-sacrifice ( ! s9n]'s         
innoc5ce1 ( ,judi?2 ! /ruggl+1          
remorseful guilt1 hopelessly ov]come by 
fate & nature1 ( ,phdra2 ! dull & dogg$ 
guilt1 mak+ ! s9n] sc>ce m ?an a m]e    
physical /umbl+-block = o!rs1 ( ! murd]]
 ,hag5 9 ! ,nibelung5li$2 &1 f9ally1 !  
p]v]se guilt1 delight+ 9 ! consci\sness 
( itself1 ( demons l ,ri*>d & ,iago1 (  
libid9\s furies l ! h]o9es ( ,t\rneur & 
,m>/on4 ,! guilt !me ( ,tri/an und      
,isolde falls into none ( ^! special    
categories4 ,?is !me1 unguess$ ev5 by   

,%akespe>e1 is t ( ! virtu\s behavi\r   
t[>ds "o ano!r ( two individuals unit$ 9
 s9n+ aga9/ e "o else4 ,gottfri$ von    
,/rassburg n>rates ) ! greate/ detail h[
 ,tri/ram leads to ! unsuspect+ k+ !    
unblu%+1 unremorseful woman pollut$ by 8
 own embraces2 h[ ,yseult sub/itutes on 
! w$d+ night h] spotless damsel         
,brangwa9e = h] own sulli$ self2 !n1    
t]rifi$ le/ ! poor victim ( h] di%on\r  
%\ld ev] reveal x1 attempts to h h]     
b>b>\sly murd]$1 &1 f9ally1 see+ t no?+ 
c %ake ! h]oic creature's fai?1 admits  
h] once m to be ! remorseful g-betwe5 9 
h] am\rs4 ,he n>rates h[ ,tri/ram       
dresses z a pilgrim & c>ries ! que5 f a 
%ip to ! %ore1 9 ord] t ,yseult may call
 on ,*ri/ to be> witness by a miracle t 
%e is innoc5t ( adult]y1 nev] hav+ be5  
t\*$ save by t pilgrim & h] own husb&2 &
 h[1 :5 ! foll[]s ( ,k+ ,m>k h surr\nd$ 
! grotto 9 ! wood1 ,tri/ram places !    
drawn sword betwe5 himself & ! sleep+   
que51 z a symbol ( _! *a/ity :i* ! k+ is
 too hone/ to suspect4 ,he draws1 ) a   

psy*ological p[] truly extraord9>y 9 !  
beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! two o!r    
figures 9 ?is love drama3 ,k+ ,m>k1     
*eat$1 di%on\r$1 oscillat+ betwe5       
horrible d\bt1 ignom9i\s suspicion & m  
ignom9i\s cr$ulity1 8 love = 8 wife1 8  
tru/ 9 8 nephew1 8 incapacity = conceiv+
 ill-fai? & fraud1 ! v g5tl5ess &       
g5]osity ( 8 nature1 made ! p&] ( guilt 
9 :i* he _c believe2 &1 on ! o!r side1  
,brangwa9e1 ! melan*oly1 mute victim (  
h] fidelity to ,yseult1 ! weak1 h]oic   
s\l1 rew>d$ only ) cruel +ratitude1 &   
condemn$ to scre5 & help ! s9 :i* %e    
loa!s & = :i* %e assumes ! awful        
responsibility4 ,all ?is does ,gottfri$ 
d1 yet )\t ev] seem+ to p]ceive !       
bas5ess & wick$ness ( ?is tissue ( lies1
 equivocations1 & p]juries 9 :i* 8 lov]s
 hide _! passion2 )\t ev] seem+ to guess
 at ! pa?os & nobility ( ! man & ! woman
 :o are ! m]e trump]y ob/acles or       
trump]y aids to _! am\rs4 ,he heaps ^u  
,tri/ram & ,yseult ! mo/ extravagant    
praises3 he is ! fl[] ( all knigh?ood1 &

 %e1 ! k9de/1 g5tle/1 pure/1 & noble/ ( 
wom52 he insi/s ^u ! wick$ness ( ! _w   
:i* is = ev] wag+ w> ^u _! passion1 &   
holds up to execration all ^? :o seek to
 spy out _! secret4 ,gottfri$ is mo/    
g5u9ely ov]come by ! ideal beauty ( ?is 
inext+ui%able devotion1 by ! sublimity (
 ?is love :i* holds ! :ole _w z dross2 !
 crimes ( ! lov]s are = him ! m]e       
culm9at+ po9t ( _! moral gr&eur1 :i* has
 ceas$ to "k any guilt save abs5ce (    
love1 any virtue save lov+4 ,& s s]5e is
 ! old m9nes+]'s p]suasion1 t x obscures
 ! judgm5t & tr\bles ! he>t ev5 ( 8     
read]2 & we are tempt$ to ask ourselves1
 on lay+ d[n ! book1 :e!r inde$ ?is c\ld
 h be5 s9ful1 ?is love ( ,tri/ram &     
,yseult :i* triumph$ ov] ev]y?+ 9 ! _w1 
& c\ld be qu5*$ only by dea?4 ,t circle 
( hell :]e all ^? :o _h s9fully lov$ 7  
:irl$ incessantly 9 ! p]se1 d>k1 /ormy  
air1 appe>$ 9 ! eyes ev5 ( ,dante z a   
place less ( puni%m5t ?an ( glory2 &1   
especially s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 all    
mank9d looks ^u t p>ticul> hell-pit )   

admiration r ?an ) loa?+4 ,& h]e9       
consi/s1 m ev5 ?an 9 any deceptions     
practis$ ^u ,k+ ,m>k or any +ratitude   
manife/$ t[>ds ,brangwa9e1 ! s9fulness (
 ,tri/ram & ,yseult3 s9fulness :i* is n 
f9ite l ! individual lives :i* x (f5ds1 
b inf9ite & immortal z ! he>t & !       
judgm5t :i* x p]v]ts4 ,= su* a tale1 & s
 told1 z ! tale ( ,gottfri$ von         
,/rassburg1 makes u sympa?ize ) ?is     
fidelity & devotion ( a man & woman :o  
c>e = no?+ 9 ! _w save = ea* o!r1 :o are
 dragg$ & glu$ toge!r by ! desire &     
habit ( mutual pleasure2 x makes u      
admire _! read9ess to die r ?an be p>t$1
 :5 _! :ole life is conc5trat$ 9 _!     
reciprocal s91 :5 _! mis]able natures   
enjoy1 c>e =1 "k1 only ?is mis]able     
love4 ,x makes u w9k ) l5i5cy at !      
di%on\r1 ! bas5ess1 ! cruelty1 to :i*   
all ?is easy virtue is due4 ,& su*      
sympa?y1 su* admiration1 su* l5i5cy1 =  
h[soev] %ort a "t !y may rema9 9 our    
s\l1 leave x1 if !y ev] leave x         
completely & utt]ly less /rong1 less    

clean ?an x 0 be=e4 ,we h all ( u a lazy
 t5d5cy to approve ( ! virtue :i* co/s  
no tr\ble2 to contemplate 9 ourselves or
 o!rs1 ) a spuri\s moral satisfaction1 !
 developm5t ( ?is or t virtu\s quality 9
 s\ls :i* are det]iorat+ 9 und\bt$      
crim9al self-indulg5ce4 ,we h all ( u1  
at ! bottom ( our he>ts1 a fell[ feel+ =
 all human affection2 & ! s9fulness (   
s9n]s l ,tri/ram & ,yseult lies l>gely 9
 ! fact t !y p]v]t ?is legitimate & holy
 sympa?y into a dang]\s l5i5cy = any    
/rong & consi/5t love1 into a morbid    
admiration = any irresi/ible mutual     
passion1 mak+ u =get t love has 9 itself
 no moral value1 & t :ile self-indulg5ce
 may (t5 be innoc5t1 only               
self-abnegation c ev] be holy4  ,! great
 m$ival ,g]man poem ( ,tri/ram & ,yseult
 rema9$ = c5turies a unique ph5om5on2   
only ,john ,=d p]haps1 t gr&] & d>k] tw9
 _s ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 reviv+1 
ev5 among ! morbidly psy*ological &     
crime-fasc9at$ foll[]s ( ,%akespe>e1 t  
new !me ( evil--! h]oism ( unlawful     

love4 ,b ,gottfri$ _h m]ely manipulat$ )
 precoci\s analytical p[] a mode ( feel+
 & ?9k+ :i* 0 univ]sal 9 ! feudal       
,middle ,ages2 ! great epic ( adult]y 0 
=gott51 b ! sympa!tic & admir+ int]e/ 9 
illegitimate passion rema9$2 & 0        
transmitt$1 :]ev] ! ,r5aissance or !    
,re=mation did n break ?r\gh su*        
transmission ( m$ival habits1 z an almo/
 inborn in/9ct f fa!r to son1 f "m to   
daught]4 ,& we may d\bt :e!r ! important
 class ( m5 & wom5 :o write & read !    
novels ( illicit love1 c\ld ev] h exi/$1
 _h n ! psy*ological arti/s ( mod]n     
times1 f ,r\sseau to ,george ,s&1 & f   
,/5dhal to ,octave ,feuillet1 f\nd ready
 prep>$ = !m 9 ! c\ntries n re-temp]$ by
 ,prote/antism1 an assoiation ( romance1
 h]oism1 & ideality ) m]e adult]\s      
passion1 :i* 0 unkn[n to ! corruption ( 
,antiquity & to ! lawlessness ( ! ,d>k  
,ages1 & :i* rema9$ z a fatal alloy to t
 legacy ( m]e spiritual love :i* 0 left 
to ! _w by ! love poets ( e>ly          
feudalism4   ,,ii4  ,! love ( !         

tr\bad\rs & m9nes+]s1 ( ! ,ar?urian     
tales1 :i* %[ t love 9 n>rative =m1 01 z
 we h se51 pollut$ by ! selfi%ness1 !   
deceitfulness1 ! _m unclean necessities 
( adult]\s passion4 ,elevat$ & exquisite
 ?\gh x 01 x c\ld n really purify !     
relations ( man & woman1 s9ce x 0       
impure4 ,nay1 we see t ?r\gh its        
influ5ce ! grave & simple m>ri$ love ( !
 e>li] tales ( *ivalry1 ! love (        
,siegfri$ = ,*riemhilt1 ( ,rol& = 8     
bride ,belle ,aude1 ( ,r5aud = 8 wife   
,cl>isse1 is gradually replac$ 9 lat]   
fiction by ! irregul> love-mak+s ( ,huon
 ( ,bordeaux1 ,ogi] ! ,dane1 & ,artus ( 
,brittany2 until we come at la/ to !    
extraord9>y s]ies ( ! ,amadis romances1 
:]e e h]o )\t exception is ! ba/>d (    
virtu\s p>5ts1 :o subsequ5tly m>ry &    
discov] _! f\ndl+3 a /ate ( ?+s :i*1 ev5
 9 ! corrupt ,r5aissance1 ,boi>do &     
,ario/o f\nd x necess>y to re=m 9 _!    
romantic poems4 ,) idealiz+ ref9em5t1 ! 
*ivalric love ( ! ,fr5*1 ,prov5al1 &    
,g]man poets br+s also a k9d (          

demoralization :i*1 f "o po9t ( view1   
makes ! spotless songs ( ,b]n>d de      
,v5tad\r & ,armaud de ,m>eulh1 ( ,ulri* 
von ,lie*t5/e9 & ,frau5lob1 less pure   
?an ! lic5ti\s poems address$ by !      
,greeks & ,romans to wom5 :o1 at lea/1 7
 n ! wives ( o!r m54  ,%all all ?is     
idealiz+ ref9em5t1 ?is almo/ religi\s   
f]v\r1 ?is new poetic elem5t ( *ivalric 
love rema9 useless2 or s]ve only to     
subtly pollute :ile pret5d+ to purify ! 
great s++ passion8 ,n s4 ,b to prev5t   
su* wa/e ( :at 9 itself is pure &       
preci\s1 is ! mission ( ano!r c\ntry1 ( 
ano!r civilization2 ( a :olly diff]5t   
cycle ( poets :o1 receiv+ ! new elem5t (
 m$ival love aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh &   
be5 sift$ by a numb] ( h&s1 %all cleanse
 & recreate x 9 ! fire ( intellectual & 
almo/ ab/ract passion1 produc+ t        
wond]ful ess5ce ( love :i*1 z ! juices  
squeez$ by al*emi/s out ( jewels purifi$
 ! body f all its ills1 %all purify away
 all ! diseases ( ! human s\l4  ,:ile ! 
tr\bad\rs & m9nes+]s _h be5 s++ at !    

c\rts ( ,angev9e k+s & ,hoh5/auff5      
emp]ors1 ( c\nts ( ,t\l\se & dukes (    
,au/ria2 a new civilization1 a new      
political & social sy/em1 _h gradually  
be5 develop+ 9 ! free burghs ( ,italy2 a
 new life entirely ! rev]se ( ! life (  
feudal c\ntries4 ,! ,italian cities 7   
communities ( manufactur]s & m]*ants1   
into :i* only gradually1 & at !         
sacrifice ( e ari/ocratic privilege &   
habit1 a c]ta9 numb] ( orig9ally =eign  
feudatories 7 gradually absorb$4 ,ea*   
community consi/$ ( a numb] ( m]cantile 
families1 equal be=e ! law1 & illu/ri\s 
or obscure accord+ to _! tal5ts or      
ri*es1 ^: memb]s1 in/ead ( be+ scatt]$  
ov] a wide area l ! memb]s ( ! feudal   
nobility1 7 mo/ (t5 ga!r$ toge!r "u "o  
ro(--sons1 bro!rs1 nephews1 daught]s1   
si/]s & daught]s-9-law1 =m+ a hi]>*y    
att5d+ to ! bus9ess ( factory or        
c\nt+-h\se "u ! ord]s ( ! fa!r ( !      
family1 & to ! economy ( ! h\se-"u !    
sup]9t5d5ce ( ! "m2 a mann] ( liv+ at   
once bus9ess-l & patri>*al1 exp\nd$     

p\nd$ by ! int]locutors 9 ,alb]ti's     
,gov]no della ,famiglia1 & :i* la/$     
until ! dissolution ( ! commonweal?s &  
almo/ to our own times4 ,su* habits     
imply a social organization1 an         
int]c\rse betwe5 m5 & wom51 & a code (  
dome/ic morality ! exact opposite to ^? 
( feudal c\ntries4 ,"h1 9 ! ,italian    
cities1 !re are no "y m5 b\nd to loit]1 
f> f _! homes1 r\nd ! wife ( a milit>y  
sup]ior1 to :om h] rank & h] isolation f
 all neighb\rs give idl5ess & solitude4 
,! "y m5 are all ( !m 9 bus9ess1 usually
 ) _! own k9sfolk2 n 9 _! employ]'s     
h\se1 b 9 8 (fice2 !y h no opportunity (
 see+ a woman f dawn till sunset4 ,!    
wom51 on _! side1 are ma9ly employ$ at  
home3 ! :ole dome/ic arrangem5t dep5ds  
^u !m1 & keeps _! h&s con/antly full2   
work+1 & work+ 9 ! company ( _! female  
relatives & fri5ds4 ,m5 & wom5 are free 
comp>atively little1 & !n !y are free   
all toge!r 9 ! same places2 h5ce no     
opportunities = tte--tte4 ,e>ly ,italian
 poetry is fond ( %[+ u ! "y poet read+ 

8 v]ses or expla9+ 8 passion to ^?      
g5tle1 compassionate wom5 le>n$ 9 love1 
( :om we meet a troop1 beautiful1 vague1
 half-ar*1 half-melan*oly faces1 consol+
 ,dante 9 ! ,vita ,nuova1 & rem9d+      
,guido ,cavalcanti ( 8 lady f> (f at    
,t\l\se4 ,b su* wom5 almo/ inv>iably =m 
a gr\p2 !y _c be approa*$ s+ly4 ,su* a  
/ate ( society inevitably produces a    
high & /rict morality4 ,9 ^! e>ly       
,italian cities a case ( 9' fidelity is 
puni%$ ru?lessly2 ! lov] bani%$ or      
kill$2 ! wife = ev] lo/ to ! _w1 p]haps 
condemn$ to solitude & a l+]+ dea? 9 !  
fev] tracts1 l ,pia dei ,tolomei4 ,a    
complac5t deceiv$ husb& is ev5 m        
ridicul\s 7! deceiv$ husb& is notori\sly
 ! *ief laugh+ /ock ( all m$ival free   
t[ns7 ?an is a jeal\s husb& among !     
au?oriz$ & recogniz$ cicisbeos ( a      
feudal c\rt4 ,inde$ ! respect = m>riage 
v[s inevitable 9 ?is busy democratic    
m$ival life is s /rong1 t long aft] !   
commonweal?s h turn$ into despotisms1 & 
e social tie has be5 dissolv$ 9 !       

,r5aissance1 ! wives & daught]s ( m5    
/a9$ ) e libid9\s vice1 nay1 ( ! v      
despots !mselves --,tib]iuses & ,n]os on
 a small] scale--rema9 spotless 9 ! mid/
 ( evil2 & au?oriz$ adult]y beg9s 9     
,italy only "u ! ,spani% rule 9 ! late  
sixte5? c5tury4  ,su* 7 ! mann]s &      
morals ( ! ,italian commonweal?s :51    
ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! m5 (
 ,tuscany1 n[ free & prosp]\s1 sudd5ly  
awoke to ! consci\sness t !y _h a s\l   
:i* desir$ song1 & a language :i* 0     
spontane\sly s++4 ,x 0 ! mom5t :5 pa9t+ 
0 beg9n+ to claim = ! figures ( real m5 
& wom5 ! walls & vault$ spaces :5ce _h  
hi!rto gl[]$1 ) vacant faces & huge     
gho/like eyes1 mosaic figures1 f _!     
%imm]+ gold5 gr\nd2 ! mom5t :5 ! ,pisan 
arti/s _h sculptur$ solemnly drap$      
madonnas & k+s n q unwor?y ( ! c>v$     
s>cophagi :i* /ood ar\nd !m2 ! mom5t :51
 m]g+ toge!r old ,byzant9e traditions & 
,nor!rn examples1 ! ar*itects (         
,flor5ce1 ,si5a1 & ,orvieto conceiv$ a  
/yle :i* made ca!drals into m>vell\s &  

huge reliqu>ies ( m>ble1 jasp]1 alaba/]1
 & mosaics4 ,! m$ival fl[]+ "t _h come  
late1 v late1 9 ,italy2 b ! atmosph]e 0 
only ! w>m]1 ! soil ! ri*]1 & ,italy put
 =? a succession ( exquisite & sup]b    
immortal fl[]s ( art :5 ! arti/ic sap ( 
o!r c\ntries _h begun to be exhau/$4 ,b 
! ,italians1 ! ,tuscans1 audaci\s 9 !   
o!r arts1 7 diffid5t ( !mselves ) reg>d 
to poetry4 ,ar*itecture1 pa9t+1         
sculpture1 _h be5 ! undisput$ field =   
plebeian craftsm51 belong+ exclusively  
to ! free burghs & disda9$ by ! feudal  
ca/les2 b poetry 0 ess5tially !         
ari/ocratic1 ! feudal art1 cultivat$ by 
knights & cultivat$ = k+s & b>ons4 ,x 0 
probably an unspok5 s5se ( ?is fact :i* 
caus$ ! e>ly ,tuscan poets to misgive _!
 own p[]s & to turn wi/fully & %yly     
t[>ds ! poets ( ,prov5ce & ( ,sicily4   
,!re1 beyond ! seas1 "u ! la/ lords (   
,t\l\se & ! brilliant mongrel           
,hoh5/auff5 pr9ces1 7 c\rts1 knights1 & 
ladies2 !re 0 ! tradition ( ?is c\rtly  
art ( poetry2 & !re only c\ld ! sons (  

,flor5t9e or ,si5ese m]*ants1 clodhopp]s
 9 gallantry & song1 hope to le>n !     
correct /yle ( ?+4 ,h5ce ! hi/ory ( !   
,italian lyric be=e ,dante is ! hi/ory (
 a s]ies ( trans=mations :i* connect a  
/yle ( poetry absolutely feudal &       
feudally immoral1 ) ! hi!rto unhe>d-(   
platonic love subtleties ( ! ,vita      
,nuova4 ,& x is curi\s1 9 look+ ov] !   
collections ( e>ly ,italian lyri/s1 to  
note ! alt]ation 9 tone z ,sicily & !   
feudal c\rts are left fur!r & fur!r     
beh9d4 ,ciullo d' ,alcamo1 fl\ri%+ ab\t 
#aaij1 is ! only ,italian-writ+ poet    
absolutely contemporane\s ) ! e>li] &   
bett] tr\vres1 tr\bad\rs1 & m9nes+]s2 & 
he is also ! only "o :o resembles !m v  
closely4 ,8 fam\s t5so1 beg9n+ ,rosa    
fresca aul5tissima 7a tol]ably fai?ful  
translation heads ! beautiful collection
 ( ! late ,mr4 ,d4,g4 ,rossetti71 is    
inde$ m explicitly gross & immoral ?an !
 majority ( ,prov5al & ,g]man           
love-songs3 loose z are _m ( ! albas1   
s]5as1 wa*tli$]1 & ev5 _m ( ! less      

special =ms ( ,g]man & ,prov5al poetry1 
,i am acqua9t$ ) none ( !m :i* comes up 
to ?is s+ul> dialogue1 9 :i* a man1     
refus+ to m>ry a woman1 little by little
 w9s h] ov] to 8 wi%es & makes h]       
braz5ly invite him to h] di%on\r4       
,betwe5 ,ciullo d' ,alcamo & 8          
successors !re is "s gap ( "t1 & a      
correspond+ want ( gradation4 ,yet !    
,sicilian poets ( ! c\rts ( ,hoh5/auff5 
& ,anj\1 recognizable by _! "n or ! "n (
 _! t[n1 ,+hilfr$i1 ,manfr$i1 ,rani]i & 
,ruggi]one da ,pal]mo1 ,tommaso &       
,matteo da ,mess9a1 ,guglielmotto d'    
,otranto1 ,r9aldo d',aqu9o1 ,peir delle 
,vigne1 ei!r ma9ta9 altoge!r un*ang$ !  
tone ( ! tr\bad\rs1 or only gradually1 z
 9 ! rem>kable case ( ! ,not>y ( ,l5t9o1
 approximate to ! platonic poets (      
,tuscany4 ,! songs ( ! ar*etype (       
,sicilian s+]s1 ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick      
,,ii41 are completely ,prov5al 9 feel+ z
 9 =m1 ?\gh inf9itely inf]ior 9         
execution4 ,) him x is always ! pleasure
 :i* he hopes f 8 lady1 or ! pleasure   

:i* he has _h--,qu&o ambidue /avamo 9   
allegranza alla dolce f]a2 ,pregovi     
donna mia--,p] vo/ra cortesia--,e       
pregovi *e sia--,quello *e lo core      
disia4 ,aga93 ,sospiro e /o 9           
rancura--,*' io son si disioso--,e      
pauroso--,mi fate p5>e--,ma tanto m'    
assicura--,lo suo viso amoroso--,e lo   
gioioso--,riso e lo sgu>d>e--,e lo      
p>l>e--,di que/a criatura--,*e p]       
paura--,mi fate p5>e--,e di             
mor>e--,tant'  f9a e pura--,tanto       
saggia e cortese--,non cr$o *e          
p5sasse--,n di/ornasse--,di ci he m'    
impromise4 ,x is1 ?is e>lie/ ,italian   
poetry1 l ! m ref9$ poetry ( tr\bad\rs &
 m9nes+]s1 em95tly an importun+ (       
highborn b loosely liv+ wom54 ,f ,sicily
 & ,apulia poetry goes fir/1 z might be 
expect$ 7& z probably sculpture w5t7 to 
! seaport ,pisa1 !nce to ! neighb\r+    
,lucca1 consid]ably be=e rea*+ ,flor5ce4
 ,& z x becomes m ,italian & urban1 x   
becomes also1 "u ! /rict vigilance (    
burgh] husb&s1 consid]ably m platonic4  

,9 ,bologna1 ! city ( juri/s1 x acquires
 7! rem>k is n m9e m]ely1 b belongs also
 to ,c>ducci7 ! v /rong flav\r ( legal  
quibbl+ :i* di/+ui%es ! o!rwise *>m+    
,guido ,gu9icelli2 & once 9 ,flor5ce1   
among ! mo/ subtle ( all subtle         
,tuscans1 x becomes at once :at x rema9$
 ev5 = ,dante1 saturat$ ) metaphysics3 !
 woman is no long] p>am\nt1 %e is       
subord9at$ to ,love himself2 to t       
p]sonifi$ ab/raction ,amor1 ! s]i\s &   
melan*oly son ( pagan philosophy &      
,*ri/ian my/icism4 ,! ,tuscans _h       
import$ f ,prov5ce & ,sicily ! new      
elem5t ( m$ival love1 ( life devotion1  
s\l absorption 9 lov+2 if !y w\ld s+1 !y
 mu/ s+ ( ?is2 any o!r k9d ( love1 at a 
"t :5 ,italy /ill read & reli%$ h]      
w\ld-be ,prov5als1 ,lanfranc ,cicala &  
,sordel ( ,mantua1 w\ld h be5           
unfa%ionable & un5durable4 ,b 9 ^!      
,italian commonweal?s1 z we h se51 poets
 are =c$1 nilly-willy1 to be platonic2  
an importun+ poem f\nd 9 h] "w-basket   
may s5d a ,tuscan lady into a conv5t1   

or1 l ,pia1 into ! ,m>emma2 an alba or a
 s]5a int]rupt$ by a wool-weav] (       
,calim>a or a silk sp9n] ( ,lucca1 may  
mean t ! imprud5t poet be f\nd welt]+ 9 
blood "u "s ar*way ! next morn+4 ,!     
*ivalric s5tim5tality ( feudalism mu/ be
 re/ra9$2 & little by little1 "u !      
pressure ( su* v diff]5t social habits1 
x gr[s into a v]itable platonic passion4
 ,poets mu/ s+1 & 9 ord] t !y s+1 !y mu/
 adore2 s m5 actually beg9 to seek out1 
& adore & make !mselves happy & wret*$  
ab\t wom5 f :om !y c hope only social   
di/9ctions2 & ?is purely /hetic passion 
goes on by ! side nay1 r on ! top1 ( _! 
humdrum1 conjugal life or loose/        
lib]t9age4 ,petr>*'s ba/>ds 7 born dur+ 
! reign ( ,madonna ,laura2 & t !y %\ld h
 be51 0 no m a slight or infidelity to  
h] ?an to ! o!r ,madonna1 ! "o 9 heav54 
,laura _h a "r to only ideal s5tim5ts   
ideal relations2 ! poet 0 at lib]ty to  
c>ry m mat]ial pref]5ces else:]e4  ,b   
c\ld su* love z ?is exi/1 c\ld x be     
g5u9e8 ,to my m9d1 indubitably4 ,= !re  

is1 9 all our p]ceptions & desires (    
physical & moral beauty1 an elem5t (    
passion :i* is ak9 to love2 & !re is1 9 
all love t is n m]e lu/1 a p]ception (1 
a crav+ =1 beauty1 real or imag9>y :i*  
is id5tical ) our m]ely /hetic          
p]ceptions & crav+s2 h5ce ! possibility1
 once ! wi% = su* a passion pres5t1 ( a 
k9d ( love :i* is ma9ly /hetic1 :i*     
views ! belov$ z gratify+ m]ely to ! wi%
 = physical or spiritual lovel9ess1 &   
conc5trates ^u "o exquisite reality all 
dreams ( ideal p]fection4 ,moreov] !re  
comes1 to all nobl] natures1 a love     
dawn+3 a bright5+ & delicate flu%+ ( !  
s\l be=e ! actual appe>ance ( ! belov$  
"o above ! horizon1 :i* is z beautiful &
 fasc9at+ 9 its v cle>ness1 pallor1 &   
coldness1 z ! une>?ly purity ( ! pale   
amb] & gre5 & a%y rose :i* /reaks !     
heav5s be=e sunrise4 ,! love ( ! e>ly   
,tuscan poets 7= we mu/ c\nt ,gu9icelli1
 9 virtue ( 8 language1 z a ,tuscan7 _h 
be5 re/ra9$1 by social necessities fir/1
 !n by habit & delib]ate /hetic *oice1  

)9 ! limits ( ?is dawn+ /ate2 & 9 ?is   
/ate1 x _h f$ itself (f m]e spiritual   
food1 & acquir$ ! /range int5sity ( m]e 
intellectual passions4 ,we give         
excessive weight1 9 our days1 to        
spontaneity 9 all ?+s1 apt to ?9k t only
 ! accid5tal1 ! uns\ght1 c be vital2 b x
 is true 9 _m ?+s1 & true/ 9 all matt]s 
( ! imag9ation & ! he>t1 t ! desire to  
exp]i5ce any s5tim5t w p[]fully conduce 
to its production1 & ev5 give x a /r5g? 
due to ! long incubation ( ! wi%4 ,?us !
 ideal love ( ! ,tuscan poets 0 probably
 none ! weak]1 b r ! /rong]1 = ! desire 
:i* !y felt to s+ su* passion2 nay1 r to
 he> x s++ 9 !mselves4 ,! love ( man &  
wife1 ( bride & bridegroom1 0 /ill ( !  
doma9 ( prose2 adult]\s love =bidd52 & !
 tradition (1 ! f]v5t wi% =1 ! romantic 
passion ( ! tr\bad\rs consum$ !m z a    
/rong arti/ic crav+4 ,platonic love 0   
possible1 d\bly possible 9 s\ls t5se )  
poetic wants2 x became a reality ?r\gh !
 /r5g? ( ! wi% = x4  ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,9 
all imag9ative passions1 intellectual   

motives are s mu* fuel2 & 9 ?is case !  
necessity ( logically expla9+ ! bodiless
 passion = a platonic lady1 ( und]/&+ :y
 !y felt 9 a mann] s hi!rto unkn[n to   
gross mank9d1 t5d$ greatly to increase !
 love ( ^! ,tuscans1 & to br+ x 9 its   
*a/ity to ! pit* ( f]v\r ( m fle%ly     
passions1 by m+l+ ) ! /hetic emotions   
already 9 _! s\ls ! my/ical !oriz+s (   
transc5d5tal metaphysics1 & !           
half-human1 half-sup]natural ec/asy (   
m$ival religion4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t    
,italy 0 a c\ntry n m]ely ( manufactur]s
 & bank]s1 b ( philosoph]s also & (     
sa9ts4  ,among ! ,italians ( ! ?irte5?  
c5tury ! revival ( antique lit]ature 0  
already 9 full sw+2 :ile 9 ,france1     
,g]many1 & ,prov5ce !re _h be51 9 lyric 
poetry at lea/1 no trace ( classic lore4
 ,:]eas ! tr\vres & tr\bad\rs _h        
possess$ b ! light intellectual luggage 
( a milit>y ari/ocracy2 & ! m9nes+]s _h1
 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 absolutely ignorant (  
read+ & writ+ 7,wolfram says s (        
himself1 & ,ulri* von ,lie*t5/e9 relates

 h[ he c>ri$ ab\t 8 lady's lett] = days 
unread until ! return ( 8 secret>y72 !  
poets ( ,italy1 f ,brunetto ,lat9i to   
,petr>*1 7 em95tly s*ol>s2 m5 to :om1   
h[ev] mu* !y might be politicians &     
r+lead]s1 l ,cavalcanti1 ,donati1 &     
,dante1 :atev] exi/$ ( antique le>n+ 0  
?or\ghly well kn[n4 ,su* m5 7 famili> ) 
:atev] yet surviv$ ( ! transc5d5tal     
!ories ( ,plato & ,plot9us2 & !y seiz$  
at once ^u ! my?ic metaphysics ( an     
ant5atal condition1 ( typical ideas1 ( !
 div9e ess5ce ( beauty1 on all ! my/ic  
discussions on love & on ! s\l1 z a     
philosophical explanation ( _! seem+ly  
inexplicable passion = an unapproa*able 
woman4 ,! lady ^u :om ! poetic f]v\r1 ! 
m$ival love1 inh]it$ f ,prov5ce &       
,france1 0 n[ exp5d$1 & :om social      
reasons plac$ q beyond ! rea* ( any?+   
save ! poet's s\l & words1 0 evid5tly   
belov$ = ! sake ( t mu* ( ! div9e ess5ce
 conta9$ 9 h] nature2 %e 0 lov$ = purely
 spiritual reasons1 lov$ z a visible &  
liv+ embodim5t ( virtue & beauty1 z a   

human piece ( ! godhead4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 f
 su* an atta*m5t be+ absurd1 z absurd x 
w\ld h seem$ to tr\bad\rs & m9nes+]s1 :o
 nev] s]v$ a lady save = :at !y call$ a 
rew>d2 x became1 9 ! eyes ( ^! platoniz+
 ,italians1 ! triumph ( ! well-br$ s\l2 
& z su*1 soon aft]1 a necess>y complem5t
 to dignities1 tal5ts1 & weal?1 ! v     
highe/ occupation ( a lib]al m9d4 ,?us  
did _! smatt]+ ( platonic & neo-platonic
 philosophy supply ! ,tuscan poets ) a  
logical reality = ?is o!rwise unreal    
passion4  ,b !re 0 some?+ m4 ,9 ?is     
democratic & philosophiz+ ,italy1 !re 0 
n ! gulf :i* sep>at$ ! *ivalric poets1  
m5 ( ! sword & n ( books1 f ! great _w (
 religi\s my/icism2 =1 ?\gh ! m9nes+]s  
especially 7 extremely dev\t & sang _m a
 /range love-song to ! ,virg92 !y knew1 
!y c\ld "k1 no?+ ( ! contemplative      
religion ( ,eckh>dt & 8                 
disciples--humble & transc5d5tal        
spirits1 ^: words 7 treasur$ by !       
s$5t>y1 dreamy t[nsfolk ( ! ,rh9e1 b    
w\ld h convey$ no mean+ ev5 to ! poet ( 

! ,grail epic1 ) its battles & fea/s1   
its boot$ & spurr$ slapda% morality1    
,wolfram von ,es*5ba*4 ,9 ! great       
manufactur+ cities ( ,italy1 su*        
religi\s my/icism spread z x c\ld nev]  
spread 9 feudal c\rts2 x became famili>1
 bo? 9 ! m]e passionate s]mons & songs (
 ! w&]+ fri>s1 & 9 ! subtle dialectics (
 ! div9es2 above all1 x became famili>  
to ! poets4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( ?is          
contemplative !ology ( ! ,middle ,ages1 
:i* triumphantly held its own aga9/ !   
cut-&-dry argum5tation ( s*ola/ic       
rationalism1 0 love4 ,love :i* assur$ly 
meant diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t m9ds2 a    
passionate b5evol5ce t[>ds man & bea/ to
 godlike simpletons l ,francis (        
,assisi2 a m]e creative & impassive     
activity ( ! div9ity to deep-see+ 7s    
deep z to see only _! own /range        
passionate eyes & lips reflect$ 9 ! d>k 
well ( k7 & almo/ pan!i/ic ?9k]s l ,ma/]
 ,eckh>dt2 b love nev]!less1 love4      
,amor1 amore1 ardo d' amore1 ,/4        
,francis _h sung 9 a wild rhapsody1 a   

sort ( my/ic dance1 a k9d ( furi\s      
malaguea ( div9e love2 & t he :o w\ld   
wi% to "k ,god1 let him love--,qui vult 
hab]e notitiam ,dei1 amet1 _h be5 writt5
 by ,hugo ( ,/4 ,victor1 "o ( ! subtle/ 
( all ! my/ics4 ,amor oculus e/1 said   
,ma/] ,eckh>dt2 love1 love--0 n love !n 
! highe/ ( all human faculties1 & mu/ n 
! act ( lov+1 ( p]ceiv+ ,god's ess5ce 9 
"s creature :i* _h virtue1 ! s\l's      
beauty1 & beauty1 ! body's virtue1 be ! 
noble/ bus9ess ( a noble life8 ,?us     
argu$ ! poets2 & _! argum5t1            
half-passionate1 half-s*ola/ic1 mix+    
,phdrus & ,bonav5tura1 ! ,s*ools (      
,alex&ria & ! ,c\rts ( ,love ( ,prov5ce1
 result$ 9 add+ all ! f]vid reality (   
philosophical & religi\s aspiration to  
_! cle> & cold phantom ( disembodi$ love
 ( woman4  ,little by little !re=e1     
toge!r ) ! c>nal desires ( ,prov5als &  
,sicilians1 ! ,tuscan poets put beh9d !m
 ^? little coquetries ( /yle & mann]1   
complications ( metre & rhy?m le>n$ &   
fanta/ic z a woman's plait$ & braid$    

hair2 ^? metaphors & similes1 l bright  
fl[]s or %9+ gold5 ribbons dropp$ f !   
lady's bosom & head & eag]ly snat*$ by !
 lov]1 :i* we /ill f9d1 curi\sly        
trans=m$ & sc5t$ ) ! rosem>y & ?yme (   
c\ntry lanes1 9 ! peasant poetry ( mod]n
 ,tuscany4 ,little by little does ! love
 poetry ( ! ,italians reject su*        
ornam5ts2 & clo? itself 9 t pale g>m5t1 
pale & /ately 9 heavy folds l a nun's or
 fri>'s we$s1 b pure & radiant & solemn 
z ! g>m5t ( "s pa9t$ angel1 :i* we h all
 le>n$ to "k f ! ,vita ,nuova4  ,to     
describe ?is poetry ( ! imm$iate        
precursors & contempor>ies ( ,dante is  
to ! la/ degree difficult3 x c be       
describ$ only by symbols1 & symbols c b 
mislead u4 ,dante ,rossetti himself1    
aft] translat+ ) exquisite beauty ! f9e/
 poems ( ?is s*ool1 %[$ h[ he _h read   
into !m 8 own _s1 :5 he drew ! beautiful
 design = ! frontispiece ( 8 collection4
 ,^! two lov]s--! y\? kneel+ 9 8 clo? ( 
silv] robe1 lift+ 8 long ?robb+ neck    
t[>ds ! belov$2 ! lady /oop+ d[n t[>ds  

him1 rais+ him up & kiss+ him2 ! m+l$   
cl\d ( wav+ hair1 ! f\r tight-clasp$    
h&s1 ! f\r tightly glu$ lips1 ! pr(ile  
hidd5 by ! pr(ile1 ! passion & ! pa?os1 
! eag]1 wi/ful faces1 nay1 ! v spl5d\r (
 brocade robes & jewels1 ! v sweetness (
 bloom+ rose spali]s2 all ?is is        
suitable to illu/rate ?is gr\p ( sonnets
 or t ( ! ,h\se ( ,life2 b x is false1  
false 9 effloresc5ce & luxuriance (     
passion1 spl5d\r & col\r ( accessory1 to
 ! poetry ( ^! e>ly ,tuscans4           
,imag9ative _! poetry c]ta9ly is1 &     
passionate2 inde$ ! v conc5tration (    
imag9ative passion2 b imag9ation &      
passion unlike ^? ( all o!r poets2      
p]haps because m rigor\sly r$uc$ to _!  
elem5ts3 imag9ation purely ( ! he>t1    
passion purely ( ! intellect1 nei!r ( ! 
s5ses3 love 9 its mo/ ess5tial          
condition1 b1 j because an ess5ce1 purg$
 ( e>?ly alloys1 r>efi$1 sublimat$ into 
a cultus or a philosophy4  ,^! poems    
might ne>ly all h be5 writt5 by "o man1 
7 x possible = "o man to v>y f absolute 

platitude to some?+ l g5ius1 s homog5e\s
 is _! tone3 ev]y:]e d we meet ! same   
simplicity ( diction /ruggl+ ) ! same   
complication & subtlety ( ?\ght1 ! same 
ab/ract speculation /rangely m+l$ ) mo/ 
individual & p]sonal pa?os4 ,! mode (   
?9k+ & feel+1 ! conception ( all ! l>ge 
*>act]i/ics ( love1 & ( all its small   
incid5ts are1 9 ?is cycle ( poets1      
con/antly ! same2 & !y are ! same 9 !   
,vita ,nuova2 ,dante hav+1 x w\ld seem1 
inv5t$ & felt no?+ unkn[n to 8 imm$iate 
pr$ecessors & contempor>ies1 b m]ely    
conc5trat$ _! ?\ghts & feel+s by !      
great] int5s5ess ( 8 g5ius4 ,?is        
platonic love ( ,dante's days is1 z ,i h
 said1 a passion sublimat$ into a       
philosophy & a cultus4 ,! philosophy (  
love engages mu* ( ^! poets' att5tion2  
all h treat$ ( x1 b ,guido ,cavalcanti1 
,dante's eld] bro!r 9 poetry1 is love's 
*ief !ologian4 ,he expla9s1 z ,eckh>dt  
or ,bonav5tura might expla9 ! my/]ies ( 
,god's be+ & w1 ! nature & op]ation (   
love4 ,love1 :i* enam\rs u ( excell5ce1 

arises out ( pure virtue ( ! s\l1 &     
equals u to ,god1 he tells u2 & subtly  
developes 8 !me4 ,?is be+ ! case1 no?+ c
 be m mi/ak5 ?an to suppose1 z d ^? (   
little s5se1 t ,love is bl9d1 & goes    
bl9dly ab\t 7,da s5tir poco1 e da cr$5za
 vana--,si move il dir di cotal grossa  
g5te--,*' amor fa cieco &> p] lo suo    
regno74 ,love is omnisci5t1 s9ce love is
 born ( ! k & recognition ( excell5ce4  
,su* love z ?is is ! only true s\rce (  
happ9ess1 s9ce x alone raises man to !  
level ( ! div9ity4 ,cavalcanti has 9 him
 n m]ely ! subtlety b ! scornfulness ( a
 great div9e4 ,8 wra? aga9/ all ^? :o   
wor%ip or def5d a diff]5t god ( ,love   
kn[s no b\nds4 ,i "k n :at to say ( him 
:o adores ! goddess born ( ,saturn &    
sea-foam4 ,8 love is fire3 x seems      
sweet1 b its result is bitt] & evil4 ,he
 may inde$ call himself happy2 b 9 su*  
delights he m+les himself ) mu* bas5ess4
 ,su* is ?is god ( ,love1 :o1 :5 he     
desc5d$ into ,dante's he>t1 caus$ ! _s (
 life to tremble t]ribly 9 8 secret     

*amb]1 & trembl+ to cry1 ,lo1 "h is a   
god /rong] ?an myself1 :o com+ w rule   
ov] me4 ,ecce ,deus =tior me1 qui v5i5s 
dom9abitur mihi6  ,! god1 ?is *a/e &    
=midable ar*angel ,amor1 is ! true      
subject ( ^! poets' adoration2 ! woman  
into :om he desc5ds by a my/ic miracle (
 beauty & ( virtue becomes h5ce=w>d     
inve/$ ) some:at ( 8 awful radiance4 ,%e
 is a g5tle1 graci\s lady2 a lovable &  
lov+ woman1 9 describ+ ^: grey-gre5 eyes
 & col\r z ( sn[ t9t$ ) pomegranate1 !  
old] ,tuscans w\ld fa9 l+]1 comp>+ h] to
 ! new-budd$ rose1 to ! morn+ />1 to !  
gold5 summ] air1 to ! purity ( sn[flakes
 fall+ sil5tly 9 a s]5e sky2 b ! s5se ( 
! div9ity resid+ )9 h] becomes too      
/rong4 ,f h] eyes d>t spirits :o /rike  
awe into ! he>t2 f h] lips come words   
:i* make m5 sigh2 on h] passage ! poet  
ca/s d[n 8 eyes2 notions1 all ^!1 ) :i* 
we are famili> f ! ,vita ,nuova2 b :i*  
belong to ,cavalcanti1 ,lapo ,gianni1   
nay1 ev5 to ,gu9icelli1 q z mu* z to    
,dante4 ,! poet bids 8 v]se g =? to h]1 

b s(tly2 & /& be=e h] ) b5d$ head1 z    
be=e ! ,"m ( ,god4 ,%e is a miracle     
h]self1 a ?+ s5t f heav51 a _s1 z ,dante
 says 9 t mo/ beautiful ( all 8 sonnets1
 ! summ+ up ( all t ! poets ( 8 circle  
_h said ( _! lady--,tanto g5tile e tanto
 one/a p>e4  ,%e passes along ! /reet s 
beautiful & graci\s1 says ,gu9icelli1 t 
%e humbles pride 9 all :om %e greets1 & 
makes him ( our fai? if he does n yet   
believe4 ,& no base man c come into h]  
pres5ce4 ,& ,i w tell y ano!r virtue (  
h]3 no man c ?9k ought ( evil z long z  
he looks ^u h]4 ,! noble m9d :i* ,i     
feel1 on acc\nt ( ?is y\?ful lady :o has
 appe>$1 makes me despise bas5ess &     
vil5ess1 says ,lapo ,gianni4 ,! wom5 :o 
surr\nd h] are glorifi$ 9 h] glory1     
glorifi$ 9 _! womanhood & companion%ip )
 h]4 ,! ladies ar\nd y1 says            
,cavalcanti1 are de> to me = ! sake (   
y\r love2 & ,i pray !m z !y are c\rte\s1
 t !y %\ld d y all hon\r4 ,%e is1 inde$1
 sc>cely a woman1 & some?+ m ?an a sa9t3
 an avat>1 an inc>nation ( t ,amor :o is

 born ( virtue & beauty1 & raises m5's  
m9ds to heav52 & :5 ,cavalcanti speaks (
 8 lady's portrait beh9d ! blaz+ tap]s (
 ,orsanmi*ele1 x seems b natural t %e   
%\ld be on an alt>1 9 ! ,madonna's      
place4 ,! idea ( a my/]i\s inc>nation ( 
love 9 ! lady1 or ( a my/ic relation%ip 
betwe5 h] & love1 returns to ^! poets4  
,lapo ,gianni tells u fir/ t %e is      
,amor's si/]1 !n speaks ( h] z ,amor's  
bride2 nay1 9 ?is love !ology ( !       
?irte5? c5tury1 arises ! same k9d (     
confusion z 9 ! my/ic disputes ( !      
nature ( ! ,godhead4 ,a ,si5ese poet1   
,ugo da ,massa1 goes s f> z to say1     
,amor & ,i are all "o ?+2 & we h "o w & 
"o he>t2 & if ,i 7 n1 ,amor 7 n2 m9d y1 
d n ?9k ,i am say+ ^! ?+s f subtlety 7'e
 non p5sate *' io 'l dica p] arte'72 =  
c]ta9ly x is true t ,i am love1 & he :o 
%\ld slay me w\ld slay love4  ,toge!r ) 
! k ( public life & ( s*ola/ic !ories1  
toge!r ) ! love ( occult & cabali/ic    
sci5ce1 & ! craft ( ,prov5al poetry1    
,dante receiv$ f 8 ,flor5ce ( ! ?irte5? 

c5tury ! k ( ?is new1 ?is exotic &      
esot]ic intellectual love4 ,&1 z x is ! 
mission ( g5ius to ga!r into an undy+   
:ole1 to model into a p]fect =m1 !      
?\ghts & feel+s & p]ceptions ( ! less   
highly end[$ m5 :o surr\nd x1 s ,dante  
m\ld$ out ( ! love passion & love       
philosophy ( 8 day ! ,vita ,nuova4 ,:e!r
 ! /ory n>rat$ 9 ?is book is fact2 :e!r 
a real woman :om he call$ ,beatrice ev] 
exi/$2 "s ( ^? praisewor?y p]sons1 :o   
pr[l 9 ! *>nel-h\se ( ! pa/1 & put its  
poor fle%less bones into ! acids &      
sublimates ( _! laboratory1 h gravely   
d\bt$4 ,b su* d\bts _c affect u4 ,= if !
 /ory ( ! ,vita ,nuova be a romance1 &  
if ,beatrice be a m]e romance h]o9e1 !  
real mean+ & value ( ! book does n *ange
 9 our eyes2 s9ce1 to concoct su* a     
tale1 ,dante mu/ h _h a numb] ( real    
exp]i5ces :i* are fully ! tale's        
equival5t2 & to conceive & create su* a 
figure z ,beatrice1 & su* a passion z %e
 inspires h] poet1 he mu/ h felt z a    
poignant reality ! desire = su* a lady1 

! capacity = su* a love4 ,a tale m]ely (
 ! s\l1 & ( ! s\l's movem5ts & actions1 
?is ,vita ,nuova2 s :y %\ld x matt] if t
 :i* c\ld nev] exi/ save 9 ! _s1 %\ld h 
be5 b ! _s's creation8 ,x is1 9 its v   
int5sity1 a vision ( love2 :at if x be a
 vision m]ely conceiv$ & nev] realiz$8  
,h5ce ! futility ( all ^? :o wi% to     
de/roy our fai? & pleasure by say+ all  
?is nev] took place4 ,fools1 c y tell   
:at did or did n take place 9 a poet's  
m9d8 ,be ?is z x may1 ! ,vita ,nuova1   
?ank heav51 exi/s2 &1 ?ank heav51 exi/s 
z a reality to our feel+s4 ,! long$-=   
ideal1 ! p]fection ^: love1 said        
,cavalcanti1 raises u up to ,god1 has   
seem$ to ga!r itself into a human %ape2 
& a real be+ has be5 surr\nd$ by ! halo 
( p]fection emanat$ f ! poet's own s\l4 
,! vague visions ( glory h sudd5ly tak5 
body 9 ?is woman1 se5 r>ely1 at a       
di/ance2 ! woman :om1 z a *ild1 ! poet1 
himself a *ild1 _h already look$ at ) ! 
/range1 ideal fasc9ation :i* we         
sometimes exp]i5ce 9 our *ildhood4 ,p   

are apt to smile at ?is op5+ ( ! ,vita  
,nuova2 to put aside ?is n>rative (     
*ildi% love toge!r ) ! pa!tic little    
p$antries ( le>n$ poetry & ,kabbala1 ( !
 long gloses to ea* poem1 & ! elaborate 
calculations ( ! recurr5ce & comb9ation 
( ! numb] n9e 7& t curi\s little bit (  
encyclopdic display ab\t ! ,syrian mon? 
,tism97 z s mu* pretty local col\r+ or  
obsolete sill9ess4 ,b !re is no?+ at :i*
 to laugh 9 su* *ildi% fasc9ations2 !   
wond]ful1 ! p]fect1 is m op5 to u z     
*ildr5 ?an x is aft]w>ds3 a ^w1 a       
picture1 a snat* ( music w h = u an     
ineffable1 my/]i\s mean+2 & h[ mu* m s  
"s human be+1 (t5 "s o!r1 m brilliant   
*ild f ^: imm$iate contact we are sev]$ 
by "s circum/ance1 p]haps by our own    
consci\sness ( inf]iority1 :i* makes t  
o!r appe> /rangely di/ant1 above u1 mov+
 9 a _w ( glory :i* we sc>cely hope to  
approa*2 a *ild sometimes1 or sometimes 
"s gr[n p]son1 beautiful1 brilliant1 :o 
s+s or talks or looks at u1 ! *ild1 )   
ways :i* we d n und]/&1 l "s fairy or   

goddess4 ,no inde$1 !re is no?+ to laugh
 at 9 ?is1 9 ?is fir/ blossom+ ( t love 
= high] & m beautiful ?+s1 :i* 9 mo/ ( u
 is trodd5 d[n1 left to )]1 by our      
matur] selves2 no?+ to make u laugh2    
nay1 r to make u sigh t lat] on we see  
too well1 see o!rs too mu* on _! real   
level1 scrut9ize too mu*2 too mu*1 alas1
 = :at at be/ is b an imp]fect creature4
 ,& 9 ?is /ate ( fasc9ation does ! *ild 
,dante see ! *ild ,beatrice1 z a /range1
 glori\s little vision f a *ildi% sph]e 
q above him2 treasur+ up t vision1 till 
) 8 gr[? x exp&s & gr[s m beautiful &   
noble1 b none ! less fasc9at+ & full (  
awfulness4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! grave "y poet1 
full ( ! ye>n+ = ,p>adise 7b ,p>adise   
vagu]1 sweet]1 less metaphysic &        
!ological ?an ! ,p>adise ( 8 manhood72 z
 yet b a graci\s1 le>n$ y\?1 8 t]rible  
moral muscle /ill undevelop$ by /ruggle1
 ! noble & delicate dream] ( ,giotto's  
fresco1 ) ! long1 ?91 almo/ womani%     
face1 m>k$ only by dreamy eyes & lips1  
w&]+ ?r\gh ?is "y ,flor5ce ( ! ,middle  

,ages--:51 ,i say1 he meets aft] long   
ye>s1 ! noble & g5tle woman1 s]i\s &    
*e]ful & c&id2 & is told t %e is t same 
*ild :o 0 ! que5 & goddess ( 8 *ildi%   
fancies2 !n ! vague glory ) :i* 8 s\l is
 fill$ exp&s & enwraps ! belov$ figure1 
s famili> & yet s new4 ,& ! blood       
retreats f 8 ve9s1 & he trembles2 & a   
vague god )9 him1 half allegory1 half   
reality1 cries out to him t a new life =
 him has begun4 ,beatrice has become !  
ideal2 ,beatrice1 ! real woman1 has     
ceas$ to exi/2 ! ,beatrice ( 8          
imag9ation only rema9s1 a piece ( 8 own 
s\l embodi$ 9 a graci\s & beautiful     
reality1 :i* he foll[s1 seeks1 b nev]   
tries to approa*4 ,( ! real woman he    
asks no?+2 no ^w ?r\gh\t ! ,vita ,nuova 
( entreaty or compla9t1 no %ad[ (       
desire1 n a syllable ( ^? reproa*es (   
cruelty :i* ,petr>* is = ev] %[]+ ^u    
,laura4 ,he desires no?+ ( ,beatrice1 & 
,beatrice _c act wrongly2 %e is         
p]fection1 & p]fection makes him :o     
contemplates humble at once & pr\d1     

glorify+ 8 _s4 ,once1 inde$1 he w\ld wi%
 t %e might li/5 to him2 he has reason  
to ?9k t he has fall5 9 h] e/eem1 has   
seem$ base & unc\rte\s 9 h] eyes1 & he  
w\ld expla94 ,b he does n wi% to address
 h]2 x nev] occurs to him t %e c ev]    
feel 9 any way t[>ds him2 x is en\gh t  
he feels t[>ds h]4 ,let h] g by & smile 
& graci\sly salute h] fri5ds3 ! sight ( 
h] grave & pure regalness1 nay1 r       
div9ity1 ( womanhood1 suffices = 8 joy2 
nay1 lat] ! consci\sness comes ^u him t 
x is suffici5t to "k ( h] exi/5ce & ( 8 
love ev5 )\t see+ h]4 ,&1 z mu/ be !    
case 9 su* ideal passion1 :]e ! action  
is :olly 9 ! m9d ( ! lov]1 he is at fir/
 a%am$1 afraid2 he feels a t]ror le/ 8  
love1 if kn[n to h]1 %\ld excite h]     
scorn2 a horror le/ x be misund]/ood &  
bef\l$ by ! je/s ( ^? ar\nd him1 ev5 (  
^? same g5tle wom5 to :om he aft]w>ds   
addresses 8 praise ( ,beatrice4 ,he is  
afraid ( expos+ to ! air ( reality ?is  
ideal fl[] ( passion4 ,b ! mom5t comes  
:5 he c hide x no long]2 &1 behold1 !   

passion fl[] ( 8 s\l op5s out m         
glori\sly 9 ! sunlight ( ! _w4 ,he is   
pr\d ( 8 passion1 ( 8 wor%ip2 he feels !
 dignity & glory ( be+ ! prie/ ( su* a  
love4 ,! wom5 all r\nd1 ! beautiful1    
c\rte\s wom51 ( :om1 only j n[1 he 0 s  
dreadfully afraid1 become 8 fri5ds &    
confidants2 !y are q a/oni%$ 7half 9    
love1 p]haps1 ) ! "y poet7 at ?is /range
 way ( lov+2 !y sympa?ize1 admire1 are 9
 love ) 8 love = ,beatrice4 ,& to !m he 
speaks ( h] r ?an to m51 = ! womanhood  
:i* !y %>e ) 8 lady consecrates !m 9 8  
eyes2 & !y1 )\t jeal\sy t[>ds ?is ideal 
woman1 ?\gh p]haps n )\t long+ = ?is    
ideal love1 li/5 z !y might li/5 to "s  
new & unacc\ntably sweet music1 t\*$ &  
hon\r$1 & feel+ t[>ds ,dante z t[>ds "s 
beautiful1 half-mad ?+4 ,he talks ( h]1 
s+s ( h]1 & is happy2 ! /range/ ?+ 9 ?is
 int5sely real n>rative ( real love is  
?is complete satisfaction ( ! passion 9 
its own exi/5ce1 ?is complete abs5ce (  
all desire or hope4 ,b ?is happ9ess is  
int]rupt$ by ! sudd51 t]rible ?\ght t "o

 day all ?is mu/ cease2 ! horrible1     
logical necessity com+ /raight home to  
him1 t "o day %e mu/ die--,di necessit  
convi5e *e la g5tilissima ,beatrice     
alcuna volta si muoia4 ,!re is no?+     
tru]1 m int5sely pa!tic1 9 all          
lit]ature1 ?an ?is frightful pang (     
evil1 n real1 b fir/ imag9$2 ?is        
frightful nightm>e vision ( ! end com+  
:5 reality is /ill happy4 ,h we n all ( 
u at "o "t felt ! horrible %udd] ( t    
sudd5 p]ception t happ9ess mu/ end2 t ! 
belov$1 ! liv+1 mu/ die2 t ?is ?+ !     
pres5t1 :i* we clasp tight ) our arms1  
:i* ?robs aga9/ our brea/1 w 9 b few    
mom5ts be gone1 vani%$1 leav+ u to grasp
 m]e phantom recollections8 ,comp>$ )   
?is ! bl[ ( ! actual dea? ( ,beatrice is
 g5tle4 ,& !n1 ! tru?fulness ( 8        
n>ration h[1 ) ye>n+1 empty he>t1 hung]+
 aft] ^? poor lo/ realities ( happ9ess1 
aft] t occasional glimpse ( 8 lady1 t   
r>e cat*+ ( h] voice1 t bless$          
consci\sness ( h] exi/5ce1 he little by 
little lets himself be consol$1 cradl$  

to sleep l a *ild :i* has sobb$ itself  
out1 9 ! sympa?y1 ! vague love1 (       
ano!r--! ,donna della ,f9e/ra--) :om he 
speaks ( ,beatrice2 & ! sudd51 t]rifi$1 
/>t+ up & %ak+ (f ( any su* base        
consolation1 ! wra? at any su* m5tal    
infidelity to ! dead "o1 ! indignant    
impati5ce ) 8 own weakness1 ) 8 bas5ess 
9 n und]/&+ t x is en\gh t ,beatrice has
 liv$ & t he has lov$ h]1 9 n feel+ t ! 
glory & joy ( ! ineffaceable pa/ is     
suffici5t = all pres5t & future4 ,a     
revolution 9 himself :i* gradually m]ges
 9 t grave f9al resolve1 t sudd5 see+ h[
 ,beatrice c be glorifi$ by him1 t      
solemn1 quiet1 brief det]m9ation n to   
say any m ( h] z yet2 n till he c %[ h] 
transfigur$ 9 ,p>adise4 ,aft] ?is sonnet
 !re appe>$ unto me a m>vell\s vision1 9
 :i* ,i beheld ?+s t made me propose    
unto myself to speak no m ( ?is bless$  
"o1 until ! "t :5 ,i might m wor?ily    
treat ( h]4 ,& t ?is may come to pass1  
,i /rive ) all my endeav\r1 ev5 z %e    
truly kn[s x4 ,?us1 if x %\ld please    

,him1 ?r\gh :om all ?+s d live1 t my    
life cont9ue = sev]al m ye>s1 ,i hope to
 say ( h] su* ?+s z h nev] be5 said (   
any lady4 ,& !n may x please ,him1 :o is
 ! "l ( all c\rtesy1 t my s\l %all g =? 
to see ! glory ( its lady1 t is to say1 
( t bless$ ,beatrice1 :o glori\sly looks
 up into ! face ( ,him1 qui e/ p] omnia 
scula b5$ictus  ,?us ends ! ,vita       
,nuova2 a book1 to f9d any equival5t =  
^: reality & complet5ess ( passion1 ?\gh
 x is passion = a woman :om ! poet      
sc>cely kn[s & ( :om he desires no?+1 we
 mu/ g back to ! m]e/ fle%ly love (     
,antiquity1 ( ,sappho or ,catullus2 =   
mod]n times are too hesitat+ & weak4 ,s 
at lea/ x seems2 b 9 fact1 if we only   
?9k ov] ! matt]1 we %all f9d t 9 no     
e>?ly love c we f9d ?is reality &       
complet5ess3 x is possible only 9 love l
 ,dante's4 ,= !re c be no unreality 9 x3
 x is a reality ( ! imag9ation1 &       
leaves1 ) all its my/icism & idealism1  
no room = falsehood4 ,any o!r k9d ( love
 may be set aside1 sil5c$1 by ! activity

 ( ! m9d2 ?is love ( ,dante's con/itutes
 t v activity4 ,&1 aft] read+ t la/ page
 :i* ,i h above transcrib$1 z ^? clos+  
,lat9 words e*o ?r\gh our m9d l !       
b5$iction f an alt>1 we feel z if we 7  
ris+ f our knees 9 "s secret *apel1     
bright ) tap]s & dim ) inc5se2 among a  
cr[d kneel+ l ourselves2 yet solit>y1   
consci\s ( only ! glory we h se5 & ta/$1
 ( t love qui e/ p] omnia scecula       
b5$ictus4   ,,iii4  ,b is x "r t we %\ld
 feel ?us8 ,is x "r t love1 conta9+ )9  
itself ! pot5tialities ( s _m ?+s s     
sadly ne$$ 9 ?is cold real _w1 z        
pati5ce1 t5d]ness1 devotion1 &          
lov+-k9dness--is x "r t love %\ld ?us be
 c>ri$ away out ( ord9>y life & enclos$1
 a sacr$ ?+ = contemplation1 9 ! %r9e or
 *apel ( an imag9>y ,beatrice8 ,&1 on ! 
o!r h&1 is x "r t into ! holy places (  
our s\l1 ! places :]e we %\ld come face 
to face ) ! unatta9able ideal ( our own 
conduct t we may /rive aft] some?+ nobl]
 ?an m]e pres5t pleasure & pr(it--is x  
"r t into su* holy places1 de/9$ b = an 

ab/ract p]fection1 !re %\ld be plac$ a  
m]e half-unkn[n1 vaguely se5 woman8 ,9  
%ort1 is n ?is ,vita ,nuova a m]e false 
ideal1 "o ( ^? works ( art :i*1 because 
!y are beautiful1 get wor%ipp$ z holy8  
,?is "q is a grave "o1 & wor?y to make u
 pause4 ,! _w is full ( in/ances ( !    
fatal wa/e ( feel+s misappli$3 ( human  
affections1 human sympa?y & compassion1 
s t]ribly necess>y to man1 wa/$ 9 v>i\s 
religi\s sy/ems1 ^u ,*ri/ & ,god3 (     
religi\s aspirations1 contemplation1    
wor%ip1 & absorption1 necess>y to !     
improvem5t ( ! s\l1 wa/$ 9 v>i\s arti/ic
 or poetic crazes ^u m]e pleasant works1
 or pleasant fancies1 ( man2 wa/efulness
 ( emotions1 wa/efulness ( "t1 :i*      
con/itute two-?irds ( mank9d's hi/ory & 
expla9 ! va/ am\nt ( evil 9 pa/ &       
pres5t4 ,! pres5t "q !re=e becomes1 is n
 ?is ,vita ,nuova m]ely ano!r in/ance ( 
?is lam5table c>ry+ (f ( preci\s feel+s 
9 *annels :]e !y result no long] 9      
f]tilization1 b 9 corruption8 ,! ,middle
 ,ages1 especially1 9 its religion1 its 

philosophy1 nay1 9 t v love ( :i* ,i am 
writ+1 are "o succession ( su* acts (   
wa/efulness4 ,?is "q has come to me _m a
 "t1 & has left me 9 mu* d\bt & tr\ble4 
,b on reflection ,i am prep>$ to answ] t
 su* d\bts z ^! may safely be ca/ beh9d 
u1 & t we may tru/ t in/9ct :i*1 :5ev]  
we lay d[n ! ,vita ,nuova1 tells u t to 
h felt & lov$ ?is book is "o ( ^?       
spiritual ga9s 9 our life :i*1 come :at 
may1 c nev] be lo/ entirely4  ,! ,vita  
,nuova repres5ts ! mo/ exceptional (    
exceptional moral & intellectual        
conditions4 ,dante's love = ,beatrice   
is1 9 great measure1 to be reg>d$ z an  
extraord9>y & exquisite "w ( art1       
produc$ n by ! volition ( man1 b by !   
accid5tal comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,x 
is no m suit$ to ord9>y life ?an w\ld a 
gold5 & ivory goddess ( ,phidias be     
suit$ to be ! wife ( a mortal man4 ,b x 
may n !re=e be useless2 nay1 x may be ( 
! highe/ utility4 ,x may s]ve t high    
utilit>ian mission ( all art1 to correct
 ! real by ! ideal1 to m\ld ! ?+ z x is 

9 ! semblance ( ! ?+ z x %\ld be4 ,h]e91
 let x be rememb]$1 consi/s ! value1 !  
necessity ( ! ab/ract & ! ideal4 ,9 !   
long hi/ory ( evolution we h n[ rea*$ ! 
/age :]e selection is no long] 9 ! m]e  
h&s ( unconsci\s nature1 b ( consci\s or
 half-consci\s man2 :o makes himself1 or
 is made by mank9d1 accord+ to n m]ely  
physical necessities1 b to !            
intellectual necessity ( realiz+ !      
ideal1 ( pursu+ ! object1 ( imitat+ !   
model1 be=e him4 ,no man w ev] f9d !    
liv+ c\nt]p>t ( t *ryselephant9e goddess
 ( ! ,greeks2 ivory & gold1 nay1 m>ble1 
fa%ion$ by an arti/1 are "o ?+2 fle% is 
ano!r1 & fle% fa%ion$ by m]e bl9d       
accid5t4 ,b ! man :o %\ld h beheld t    
,phidian goddess1 :o %\ld h felt h] full
 p]fection1 w\ld n h be5 z easily       
satisfi$ z any o!r ) a m]e commonplace  
liv+ woman2 he w\ld h s\ght--& seek+1   
w\ld h _h m likelihood ( f9d+--! woman (
 fle% & blood :o ne>e/ approa*$ to t    
ivory & gold p]fection4 ,! case is      
simil> ) ! ,vita ,nuova4 ,no e>?ly      

affection1 no natural love ( man =      
woman1 ( an entire human be+1 body &    
s\l1 = ano!r entire human be+1 c ev] be 
! c\nt]p>t ( ?is passion = ,beatrice1 ! 
passion ( a m]e m9d = a m]e m5tal ideal4
 ,b if ! old lu/-fatt5$ evil ( ! _w is  
to dim9i% r ?an to increase1 :y !n e    
love ( man = woman & ( woman = man %\ld 
t5d1 to ! utmo/ possibility1 to resemble
 t love ( ! ,vita ,nuova4 ,= mank9d has 
gradually sep>at$ f brute k9d m]ely by !
 developm5t ( ^? possibilities (        
intellectual & moral passion :i* !      
animal has n got2 an animal man w nev]  
cease to be1 b a man he c daily m & m   
become1 until f ! obsc5e goat-legg$ &   
goat-fac$ creature :i* we commonly see1 
he has turn$ into some?+ l c]ta9 antique
 fauns3 a beautiful creature1 n         
noticeably a bea/1 a bea/ 9 only !      
smalle/ portion ( 8 nature4 ,9 ord] t   
?is may come to pass--& its com+ to pass
 means1 let u rememb]1 ! enorm\s        
increase ( happ9ess & dim9ution ( mis]y 
^u e>?--x is necess>y t day by day & ye>

 by ye> !re %\ld ent] into man's feel+s1
 emotions1 & habits1 into 8 :ole life1 a
 great] proportion ( t :i* is 8 own1 &  
is n %>$ by ! animal2 t 8 actions1      
pref]5ces1 ! great bulk ( 8 consci\s    
exi/5ce1 %\ld be busi$ ) ?+s ( ! s\l1   
tru?1 good1 & beauty1 & n ) ?+s ( !     
body4 ,h5ce ! love ( su* a gradually    
improv+ & humaniz+ man = a gradually    
improv+ & humaniz+ woman1 %\ld become1 z
 mu* z is possible1 a connection ( !    
high] & m human1 r ?an ( ! l[] & m      
be/ial1 portions ( _! nature2 x %\ld    
t5d1 9 its reciprocal /imulation1 to    
make ! man m a man1 ! woman m a woman1  
to make bo? less ( ! m]e male & female  
animals t !y 74 ,9 brief1 love %\ld     
increase1 in/ead1 l t :i* (t5e/ pr(anes 
love's "n1 ( dim9i%+1 ! p[] (           
aspiration1 ( self-direction1 (         
self-re/ra9t1 :i* may exi/ )9 u4 ,n[ to 
t5d to ?is is to t5d t[>ds ! love ( !   
,vita ,nuova2 to t5d t[>ds ! love ( !   
,vita ,nuova is to t5d t[>ds ?is4 ,say  
:at y w ( ! irresi/ible =ce ( orig9al   

con/itution1 x rema9s c]ta91 & all      
hi/ory is !re z witness1 t mank9d--t is 
to say1 ! only mank9d 9 :om lies !      
initiative ( good1 mank9d :i* c judge & 
select--possesses ! faculty ( feel+ &   
act+ 9 accordance ) its /&>d ( feel+ &  
action2 ! faculty 9 great measure (     
becom+ t :i* x ?9ks desirable to become4
 ,n[ to h p]ceiv$ ! ev5 imag9>y exi/5ce 
( su* a passion z t ( ,dante =          
,beatrice1 mu/ be1 = all :o c p]ceive x1
 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds attempt+ to br+ into  
reality a some?+ ( t passion3 ! real    
passion conceiv$ :ile ! remembrance ( t 
ideal passion be /ill 9 ! m9d w be> to x
 a c]ta9 resemblance1 ev5 z1 accord+ to 
! anci5ts1 ! *ildr5 born ( mo!rs ^:     
rooms conta9$ "s image ( ,apollo or     
,adonis w\ld h 9 !m a reflex1 h[ev]     
fa9t1 ( t beauty 9 ^: pres5ce !y came   
into exi/5ce4 ,9 %ort1 x seems to me1 t 
z ! ,vita ,nuova embodies ! utmo/ ideal 
( absolutely spiritual love1 & z to     
spiritualize love mu/ long rema9 "o ( ! 
*ief moral necessities ( ! _w1 !re exi/s

 9 ?is book a moral =ce1 a moral value1 
a p[] 9 its une>?ly passion & purity1   
:i*1 z mu* z any?+ m delib]ately        
unselfi%1 m self-consci\sly e?ical1 we  
mu/ ackn[l$ge & hon\r z holy4  ,z ! love
 ( him :o has read & felt ! ,vita ,nuova
 _c b /rive t[>ds a pur] nature1 s also 
! love ( :i* poets sang became also     
nobl] z ! influ5ce ( ! /range ,tuscan   
s*ool ( platonic lyri/s spread ?r\gh\t  
lit]ature1 br++ to m5 ! k ( a k9d ( love
 born ( t idealiz+ & wor%ipp+ passion ( 
! ,middle ,ages2 b ( m$ival love *a/5$  
by ! mann]s ( /]n democracy & pass$     
?r\gh ! sieve ( ,*ri/ian my/icism &     
pagan philosophy4 ,( ?is influ5ce ( !   
,vita ,nuova--= ! ,vita ,nuova _h       
conc5trat$ 9 itself all ! int5se/       
*>act]i/ics ( ,dante's imm$iate         
pr$ecessors & contempor>ies1 caus+ !m to
 become useless & =gott5--( ?is influ5ce
 ( ! ,vita ,nuova1 !re is p]haps no m   
/rik+ example ?an t ( ! poet :o1        
con/itut$ by nature to be ! m]e         
cont9uator ( ! romantically gallant     

tradition ( ! tr\bad\rs1 became1 & h5ce 
8 importance & glory1 ! m$iator betwe5  
,dante & ! c5turies :i* foll[$ him2 !   
man :o gave to mank9d1 incapable z yet (
 appreciat+ or endur+ ! spiritual ess5ce
 ( ! ,vita ,nuova1 t self-same ess5ce ( 
intellectual love 9 an immortal         
dilution4 ,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( ,petr>*4 
,8 passion is nei!r ideal nor /rong4 ,! 
man is 9 love1 or has be5 9 love1 exi/+ 
on a bord]l& ( lov+ & n lov+1 ) !       
beautiful woman4 ,8 elegant1 ref9$1     
half-knightly1 half-s*ol>ly1 & altoge!r 
c\rtly m9d is delight$ ) h]2 ) h] curly 
yell[ hair1 h] good r$ & :ite beauty 7we
 are nev] ev5 told t ,dante's ,beatrice 
is beautiful1 yet h[ mu* loveli] is %e n
 ?an ?is ,laura1 desc5d$ f all !        
gold5-hair$ bright-ey$ ladies ( !       
tr\bad\rs671 ) h] mann]1 h] amiability1 
h] purity & dignity 9 ?is ecclesia/ical 
,babylon call$ ,avignon4 ,he ma9ta9s a  
semi-artificial love2 frequ5t+ h] h\se1 
writ+ sonnet aft] sonnet1 rhetorical    
ex]cises1 /udies f ! antique & !        

,prov5al1 = ! mo/ "p2 he1 :o 0 born to  
be a m]e tr\bad\r l ,v5tad\r or         
,folquet1 becomes1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce (   
,dante1 ! type ( ! poet ,abate1 ( !     
poetic cavali]e s]v5te2 a good1 weak man
 ) aspirations1 :o1 fail+ to get ! bett]
 ( ,laura's virtue1 d\btless consoles   
himself else:]e1 b returns to an        
habitual contemplation ( x4 ,he is1 be+ 
con/itutionally a tr\bad\r1 an ,italian 
prie/ turn$ p>tly ,prov5al1 vex$ at h] n
 becom+ 8 mi/ress2 !n 7hav+ made up 8   
m9d1 :i* 0 b little set ^u h]71 q pleas$
 at h] refusal3 x turns h] into a k9d ( 
,beatrice1 & him1 poor man1 heav5 help  
him6 into a k9d ( ,dante--a ,dante = !  
use ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,he goes on visit+  
,laura1 & writ+ to h] a sonnet regul>ly 
s _m times a week1 & ! be/1 c>efully    
select$1 we feel di/9ctly p]suad$1 at   
regul> int]vals4 ,x is a det]m9$ cultus1
 a sort ( half-real affectation1 some?+ 
equival5t to light+ a lamp be=e a v     
well-pa9t$ & v conspicu\s %r9e4 ,all 8  
humanities1 all 8 ,prov5al lore g into  

^! poems--writt5 = :om8 ,= h]8          
,decid$ly2 = %e has no reason n to read 
! effusions ( ?is amiable1 weak         
prie/let2 %e feels no?+ = him4 ,= h]2 b 
d\btless also to be h&$ r\nd 9 society2 
a new sonnet or canzone by t *>m+ &     
le>n$ man1 ! ,abate ,petr>*4 ,!re is    
consid]able empt9ess 9 all ?is3 he      
praises ,laura's *a/ity1 !n gr[s        
impati5t1 !n praises h] aga92 adores h]1
 calls h] cruel1 8 goddess1 8 joy1 8    
torm5t2 he does n really want h]1 b 9 ! 
vacuity ( 8 feel+1 ?9ks he does2 calls  
h] alt]nately ! flat1 abusive1 &        
eulogi/ic names :i* mean no?+4 ,he plays
 l\d & s(t ) ?is abs5ce ( desire2 he    
fiddle faddles 9 descriptions ( h]1 n   
passionate or burn+1 b delicately       
undress$3 he sees h] 7b ) *a/e eyes7 9  
h] ba?2 he envies h] veil1 c42 he nei!r 
viol5tly intellectually embraces1 nor   
humbly b[s d[n 9 imag9ation be=e h]2 he 
trifles gracefully1 mode/ly1            
half-famili>ly1 ) h] f+] tips1 ) ! locks
 ( h] hair1 & s =?4 ,fancy ,dante abus+ 

,beatrice2 fancy ,dante talk+ (         
,beatrice 9 h] ba?2 ! m]e idea ( 8      
indignation & %ame makes "o %ameful &   
indignant at ! ?\ght4 ,b ?is p]fect     
,laura is no ,beatrice1 or only a       
half-&-half %am "o4 ,%e is no ideal     
figure1 m]ely a figure idealiz$2 ?is is 
no imag9ative passion1 m]ely an unreal  
"o4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! sugge/ion (   
,laura's possible dea? ) ! sugge/ion ( !
 possible dea? ( ,beatrice4 ,petr>* does
 n love suffici5tly to guess :at su* a  
loss w\ld be4 ,!n ,laura does die4 ,"h  
,petr>* rises4 ,! sev]+ ( ! de> old     
habits1 ! abs5ce ( ! sweet reality1 !   
t]rible s5se t all is ov]1 ,dea?1 !     
great poetiz] & giv] ( love philt]s1 all
 ?is makes him love ,laura z he nev]    
lov$ h] be=e4 ,! poor weak creature1 :o 
_c1 l a tr\bad\r1 g seek a new mi/ress  
:5 ! old "o fails him1 feels dreadfully 
alone1 ! _w dreadfully dre>y ar\nd him2 
he sits d[n & cries1 & 8 cry+ is g5u9e1 
mak+ ! te>s come also into our eyes4 ,& 
,laura1 z %e becomes a m di/ant ideal1  

becomes nobl]1 ?\gh noble ) only a fa9t 
e>?ly graci\sness n comp>able to ! glory
 ( ! liv+ ,beatrice4 ,&1 z he goes on1  
gr[+ old] & weak] & m desolate1 ! ?\ght 
( a glorifi$ ,laura 7z all are glorifi$1
 ev5 9 ! eyes ( ! weake/1 by dea?7 beg9s
 to haunt him z ,dante 0 haunt$ by !    
?\ght ( ,beatrice alive4 ,yet1 ev5 at   
?is v "t1 come d\bts ( ! lawfulness (   
hav+ ?us ador$ 7or ?\ght he _h ador$7 a 
mortal woman2 he does n "k :e!r all ?is 
may n h be5 vanity & folly2 he tries to 
turn 8 ?\ghts away f ,laura & up to     
,god4 ,p]haps he may be call$ on to     
acc\nt = hav+ giv5 too mu* ( 8 life to a
 m]e e>?ly love4 ,!n1 aga91 ,laura      
reappe>s beautifi$ 9 8 memory1 & is aga9
 trembl+ly half-conjur$ away4 ,he is    
weak1 & sad1 & helpless1 & alone2 & 8   
he>t is empty2 he kn[s n :at to ?9k nor 
h[ to feel2 he sobs1 & we cry ) him4    
,n[h]e c\ld !re be f\nd a /rang] contra/
 ?an ?is no/algic crav+ aft] ! dead     
,laura1 vacillat+ & tr\bl$ by fe> ( s9 &
 d\bt ( unwor?9ess ( object1 ) t solemn 

end+ ( ! ,vita ,nuova1 :]e ! "n (       
,beatrice is pron\nc$ = ! la/ "t be=e x 
be glorifi$ 9 ,p>adise1 :]e ,dante      
devotes 8 life to becom+ wor?y ( say+   
su* words z h nev] be5 said ( any lady4 
,! ideal woman is "o & un*angeable 9    
glory1 & un*angeable is ! passion ( h]  
lov]2 b ( ?is sweet dead ,laura1 ^:     
purity & beauty & cruelty he _h sung1   
)\t a tremor ( self-unwor?9ess all h]   
life1 ( h] ! poor weak ,petr>* beg9s to 
d\bt1 ( h] & h] wor?9ess ( all ?is love2
 & :58 :5 %e is dead & himself is dy+4  
,su* a man is ,petr>*2 & yet1 by !      
irresi/ible purify+ & elevat+ p[] ( !   
,vita ,nuova1' ?is man came to write n  
o!r albas & s]5as1 n o!r love-songs to  
be add$ to ! love-songs ( ,prov5ce1 b ^?
 sonnets & canzoni :i* = f\r c5turies   
taught ! _w1 too co>se z yet to receive 
,dante's passion at fir/ h&1 a nobl] & m
 spiritual love4 ,aft] ,petr>* a gradual
 *ange takes place 9 ! poetic conception
 ( love3 except 9 le>n$ revivalisms or 9
 loose buffoon]ies1 ! m]e fle%ly love ( 

,antiquity disappe>s out ( lit]ature2 & 
equally s1 ?\gh by a sl[] process (     
gradual trans=mation1 vani%es also !    
ador+1 b undisguis$ly adult]\s love ( ! 
tr\bad\rs & m9nes+]s4 ,into ! love      
,in/9cts ( mank9d h be5 m+l$1 h[ev] mu* 
dilut$1 "s drops ( ! m spiritual passion
 ( ,dante4 ,! puella ( ,antiquity1 !    
noble dame ( feudal days1 is succe$$ 9  
,lat9 c\ntries1 9 ,italy1 & ,france1 &  
,spa91 & ,portugal1 by ! gloriosa donna 
imitat$ f4 ,petr>*1 & imitat$ by ,petr>*
 f ,dante2 a long-l9e ( %ad[y figures1  
veil$ 9 ! veil ( ,madonna ,laura1 ladies
 belov$ ( ,lor5zo & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 (  
,ario/o1 & ,tasso1 & ,camo5s1 &         
,c]vantes1 passes ?r\gh ! _w2 nay1 ev5 !
 sprightly-mi/ress ( ,rons>d1 half-br$  
pagan & tr\bad\r has airs ( dignity &   
my/]y :i* make u almo/ ?9k t 9 ?is da9ty
 coquetti% ,fr5* body1 ( ,m>ie or ,hel5e
 or ,cass&rette1 !re really may be an   
immortal s\l4 ,b ) ! ,r5aissance--t     
movem5t half ( m$ival democratic        
progress1 & half ( antique revivalism1 &

 to :i* 9 reality belongs n m]ely       
,petr>*1 b ,dante1 & e "o ( ! ,tuscan   
poets1 ,gu9icelli1 ,lapo ,gianni1       
,cavalcanti1 :o broke ) ! feudal poetry 
( ,prov5ce & ,sicily--) ! ,r5aissance1  
or r ) its long-drawn-out end1 comes !  
close1 = ! mom5t1 ( ! really creative   
activity ( ! ,lat9 peoples 9 ! doma9 (  
poetry4 ,all ! ?+s = two c5turies :i*   
,italy & ,france & ,spa9 & ,portugal    
7:i* we mu/ rememb] = ! sake ( ,camo5s7 
cont9ue to produce1 are b developm5ts ( 
p>ts left unt\*$2 or ref9em5ts ( extreme
 detail1 z 9 ! case1 p>ticul>ly1 ( !    
,fr5* poets ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b poetry
 receives f ^! races no?+ new or vital1 
no fre% ideal or fruitful m>riage (     
ideals4 ,& "h beg9s1 unit+ 9 itself all 
! scatt]$ & long-dormant p[]s ( ,nor!rn 
poetry1 ! great & unexpect$ action (    
,engl&4 ,x _h slept ?r\gh ! s++ p]iod ( 
! ,middle ,ages1 & 0 awak5$1 n by       
,g]many or ,prov5ce1 b by ,italy3       
,boccaccio & ,petr>* spoke1 &1 z ?r\gh  
dreams1 ,engl& 9 ,*auc]'s voice1 made   

answ]4 ,aga91 :5 ! ,r5aissance _h drawn 
to a close1 f> on 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1   
,engli% poetry 0 reawak5$2 & aga9 by    
,italy4 ,?is "t x 0 completely wak5$1 & 
arose & slept no m4 ,& "o ( ! great &   
fruitful ?+s a*iev$ by ,engli% poetry 9 
?is its f9al awak5+ 0 to give to ! _w ! 
new1 ! mod]n1 p]haps ! def9itive1 ! f9al
 ideal ( love4 ,engl& drank a deep      
draught--h[ deep we see f ,sidney's &   
,sp5s]'s sonnets--( ,petr>*2 & 9 ?is    
pleasant dilution1 ta/$ & felt ! burn+  
ess5ce ( ! ,vita ,nuova2 = ?\gh ,dante  
rema9$ z ! poet1 ! poet ( heav5 & hell1 
?is happy half-&-half ,petr>* _h = full 
two c5turies completely driv5 into      
oblivion ! "y ,dante :o _h lov$         
,beatrice4 ,= ,engl&1 = ?is magnific5t &
 m>vell\s outbur/ ( all ! manifold      
poetic en]gy /or$ up & qu9tupl$ dur+ t  
long p]iod ( in]tness1 !re c\ld h[ev] be
 no =eign import$ ideal ( love2 !re 0 no
 possibility ( a new s]ies ( spectral   
,lauras1 %ad[s project$ by a %ad[4      
,already1 long ago1 at ! fir/ call (    

,petr>*1 ,*auc]1 by ! side ( ! m]ely    
m$ival love types--( bruti% lu/ &       
doglike devotion--( ! ,wife ( ,ba? & (  
,griseldis1 _h r\gh-sket*$ a k9d ( mod]n
 love1 ! love :i* is to become t (      
,romeo & ,hamlet1 9 8 /ory ( ,palemon & 
,arcite4 ,among ! poetic mat]ial :i*    
exi/$ 9 ,engl& at ! close ( ! sixte5?   
c5tury 0 ! old1 long-neglect$1 dome/ic  
love1 quiet1 undemon/rative1 ess5tially 
uns++1 ( ! e>ly ,nor!rn 7z inde$ also ( 
! ,greek & ,h9doo7 epics2 a dome/ic love
 :i*1 9 a social condition m closely    
resembl+ our own ?an any o!r1 ev5 ?an t 
( ! ,italian democracies1 :i* _h prec$$ 
x2 among a p :o p]mitt$ a woman to *oose
 h] own husb&1 & =bade a man woo+ ano!r 
man's wife1 _h already1 9 ballads & folk
 poetry1 begun a fa9t-twitt] ( song4 ,to
 ?is love ( ! man & ! woman :o hope to  
m>ry1 /rong & t5d]1 b /ill 7z ,col]idge 
rem>k$ ( sev]al ( ! less] ,elizabe?an   
playwrights7 mo/ outspok5ly c>nal1 0    
unit$ by ! pure _s ( ,sp5s]1 by ! un]r+ 
g5ius ( ,%akespe>e1 t vivify+ drop (    

burn+1 spiritual love tak5 f out ( !    
,vita ,nuova1 :i* _h float$1 l "s       
sov]eign ess5tial oil1 on ! top (       
,petr>*'s rose-wat]4 ,h5ce=w>d ! _w     
possesses a new k9d ( love3 ! love (    
,romeo1 ( ,hamlet1 ( ,bassanio1 (       
,viola1 & ( ,juliet2 ! love ( ! love    
poems ( ,%elley1 ( ,t5nyson1 ( ,br[n+ & 
,br[n+'s wife4 ,a love ^: bl9dness1     
exagg]ation ( passion1 all t might h    
made x fooli% & impracticable1 leads no 
long] to folly & s91 b to an int5s]     
activity ( mank9d's imag9ation ( ! good 
& beautiful1 to a mom5t>y realization 9 
our fancy ( all our vague dreams (      
p]fection2 a love :i*1 ?\gh x may cool  
d[n imp]ceptibly & pale 9 its int5s5ess1
 l ! sunrise fires into a s]5e sky1 has 
left "s glory r\nd ! head ( ! wife1 "s  
glory 9 ! he>t ( ! husb&1 has be51 h[ev]
 fleet+1 a vision ( beauty :i* has made 
beauty m real4 ,& all ?is ow+ to !      
creation1 ! /or+ up1 ! purification by !
 ,platonic poets ( ,tuscany1 ( t /range 
& seem+ly s artificial & unreal ?+1     

m$ival love2 ! v =ms & !mes ( ^: poetry1
 ! s]5a & ! alba1 :i* _h be5 indignantly
 put aside by ! e>ly ,italian lyri/s1   
be+ unconsci\sly reviv$1 & purifi$ &    
consecrat$ 9 ! two lovelie/ love poems (
 ,elizabe?an poetry3 ! s]5a1 ! ev5+ song
 ( impati5t expectation 9 ,sp5s]'s      
,epi?alamium2 ! alba1 ! dawn song (     
hurri$ p>t+1 9 ! balcony sc5e ( ,romeo &
 ,juliet4  ,let u recapitulate4 ,!      
feudal ,middle ,ages gave to mank9d a m 
ref9$ & spiritual love1 a love all      
*ivalry1 fidelity1 & adoration1 b a love
 /eep$ 9 ! poison ( adult]y2 & to save !
 pure & noble portions ( ?is m$ival love
 became ! mission ( ! ,tuscan poets ( t 
/range s*ool ( ,platonic love :i* 9 its 
v lovel9ess may sometimes seem s        
unnatural & /]ile4 ,=1 by r$uc+ ?is     
m$ival love to a m]e intellectual       
passion1 seek+ 9 woman m]ely a self-made
 embodim5t ( crav+s aft] p]fection1 !y  
cleans$ away t deep /a9 ( adult]y2 !y   
quadrupl$ ! int5sity ( ! ideal elem5t2  
!y di/ill$ ! v ess5tial _s ( poetic     

passion1 ( :i* b a few drops1 ev5 z     
dilut$ by ,petr>*1 precipitat$1 :5 m+l$ 
) ! e>?ly passion ( future poets1 to !  
bottom1 no long] to be se5 or ta/$1 all 
bas] +r$i5ts4  ,&1 :ile ! poems (       
m9nes+]s & tr\bad\rs h ceas$ to appeal  
to u1 & rema9 m]ely = _! *>m ( v]se & ( 
graceful conceit2 ! poetry writt5 by !  
,italians ( ! ?irte5? c5tury = wom51 ^: 
love 0 b an imag9ative f]v\r1 rema9s    
conc5trat$ 9 ! ,vita ,nuova2 & w rema9 =
 all "t ! sov]eign purifi] to :i* ! _w  
mu/ h rec\rse :5ev] t precipitate ( bas]
 in/9cts1 :i* ?ick5$ l slime ! love     
poetry ( ,antiquity1 %all rise aga9 &   
sully ! purity ( ! love poetry ( to-day4
      ,,epilogue4  ,m ?an a ye> has     
elaps$ s9ce ! mom5t :51 fancy+ t ?is    
s]ies ( /udies mu/ be well-nigh         
complete1 ,i attempt$ to expla9 9 an    
introductory *apt] :at ! nature ( ?is   
book ( m9e is1 or w\ld fa9 be4 ,i _h    
hop$ t ea* ( ^! /udies w\ld complete its
 companions2 & t1 )\t ne$ = explicit    
explanation1 my :ole idea w\ld h become 

m pla9 to o!rs ?an x 0 at t "t ev5 to   
myself4 ,b in/ead1 x has become obvi\s t
 ! m c>efully ,i _h s\ght to r$uce ea*  
"q to unity1 ! m t "q-subdivid$ &       
connect$ itself ) o!r que/ions2 & t1 ) !
 solution ( ea* sep>ate problem1 _h     
aris5 a new set ( problems :i* inf9itely
 complicat$ ! ma9 lessons to be d$uc$ f 
a /udy ( t _m-sid$ civilization to :i*1 
rememb]+ ! brilliant & my/]i\s (fspr+ ( 
,fau/us & ,hel5a1 ,i h giv5 ! "n (      
,euphorion4 ,h5ce1 z x seems1 !         
necessity = a few fur!r words (         
explanation4  ,9 ^? introductory pages  
writt5 "s fifte5 mon?s ago1 ,i tri$ to  
br+ home to ! read] a s5se :i* has      
haunt$ me ?r\gh\t ! writ+ ( ?is volume2 
namely1 t in/ead ( hav+ delib]ately made
 up my m9d to /udy ! ,r5aissance1 z "o  
makes up "o's m9d to visit ,greece or   
,egypt or ! ,holy ,l&2 ,i h1 on !       
contr>y1 q accid5tally & unconsci\sly1  
f\nd myself w&]+ ab\t 9 _s among !      
monum5ts ( ?is p>ticul> hi/oric region1 
ev5 z ,i might w&] ab\t 9 ! /reets (    

,si5a :]e ,i wrote la/ ye>1 ( ,flor5ce  
:5ce ,i write at pres5t2 w&]+ ab\t among
 ^! ?+s1 & little by little feel+ a     
p>ticul> int]e/ 9 "o1 !n 9 ano!r1       
accord+ z ea* happ5$ to cat* my fancy or
 to recall "s already kn[n ?+4 ,n[ ^!1  
:i* = want ( a bett] ^w ,i h j call$    
monum5ts1 & j n[1 less cle>ly1 b also   
less fooli%ly1 m]ely ?+s--^! ?+s 7 9    
reality n m]ely individual & really     
exi/+ build+s1 books1 pictures1 or      
/atues1 individual & really regi/]$ m51 
wom51 & ev5ts2 !y 7 ! m5tal conceptions 
:i* ,i _h extract$ out ( ^! realities2 !
 intellectual types made up 7z ! m$ival 
symbols ( ju/ice are made up ( ! visible
 p>aph]nalia1 robe1 scales & sword1 =   
judg+ & weigh+ & puni%+7 ( ! impressions
 left on ! m9d by all ^? build+s1 or    
books1 or pictures1 or /atues1 or m51   
wom51 & ev5ts4 ,!y 7 n ! iniquities (   
?is p>ticul> despot nor ! sc&al\s say+s 
( t p>ticul> humani/1 b ! g5]al moral   
*aos ( ! ,italian fifte5? & sixte5?     
c5turies2 n ! poem ( ,pulci1 ( ,boi>do1 

( ,ario/o 9 especial1 b a va/ imag9>y   
poem made up ( !m all2 n ! m$ival sa9ts 
( ,angelico & ! pagan demi-gods (       
,mi*ael ,angelo1 b ! two trem5d\s       
ab/ractions3 ! _s ( ,m$ivalism 9 art1 & 
! _s ( ,antiquity2 ! int]e/ 9 ! di/ress$
 s\l1 & ! int]e/ 9 ! fl\ri%+ body4 ,&1 z
 my ?\ghts h gone back to ,antiquity &  
onw>ds to our own times1 _! />t+-po9t   
has nev]!less be5 ! ,tuscan art ( !     
fifte5? c5tury1 _! nucleus "s notes on  
bu/s by ,b5$etto da ,maiano & portraits 
by ,raphael4  ,my dramatis p]sona h be5 
modes ( feel+ & =ms ( art4 ,i h tri$ to 
expla9 ! life & "*1 n ( any man or      
woman1 b ( ! moral scepticism ( ,italy1 
( ! tragic _s ( our ,elizabe?an         
dramati/s2 ,i h tri$ to write !         
biography ( ! romance poetry ( ! ,middle
 ,ages1 ( ! realism ( ! great portrait  
pa9t]s & sculptors ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,b  
^!1 my dramatis p]sona1 are1 let me     
repeat x1 ab/ractions3 !y exi/ only 9 my
 m9d & 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o ?9k l myself4   
,h5ce1 l all ab/ractions1 !y repres5t ! 

ess5ce ( a "q1 b n its complet5ess1 its 
_m-sid$ness z we may see x 9 reality4   
,h5ce x is t ,i h frequ5tly pass$ ov]   
exceptions to ! rule :i* ,i 0 /at+1     
because ! explanation ( ^! exceptions   
w\ld h involv$ ! =mulat+ ( a numb] (    
app>5tly irrelevant propositions2 s t   
any "o :o please may accuse me (        
inexactness2 &1 to give an in/ance1 cov]
 ! m>g9s ( my essay on ,m$ival ,love ) a
 :ole li/ ( virtu\s love /ories ( !     
,middle ,ages2 or else f]ret out (      
,rayn\>d & ,von d] ,hag5 a doz5 pages ( 
m$ival poems 9 praise ( ru/ic life4 ,^! 
objections w be p]fectly correct1 & 7s  
f> z my k p]mitt$ me7 ,i might h puzzl$ 
! read] ) !m myself2 b x rema9s none !  
less c]ta9 t1 9 ! ma91 m$ival love 0 n  
virtu\s1 & m$ival peasantry n admir$ by 
poets2 & none ! less c]ta91 ,i ?9k1     
also1 t 9 describ+ ! *>act]i/ics & orig9
 ( an ab/ract ?+1 su* z m$ival love1 or 
m$ival feel+ t[>ds ! c\ntry & c\ntry    
folk1 x 0 my bus9ess to /ate ! rule &   
let alone ! exceptions4  ,!re is ano!r  

matt] :i* gives me f> great] conc]n4 ,9 
creat+ & deal+ ) an ab/raction1 "o is   
frequ5tly =c$1 if ,i may use !          
expression1 to cut a subject 9 two1 to  
br+ "o ( its sides into full light &    
leave ! o!r 9 d>kness2 nay1 to speak    
h>%ly ( "o side ( an art or ( a man )\t 
be+ able to speak admir+ly ( ano!r side4
  ,?is "o-sid$ness1 ?is app>5t inju/ice 
( judgm5t1 has 9 "s cases be5 rem$i$ by 
! fact t ,i h treat$ 9 "o /udy ^? ?+s   
:i* ,i 0 =c$ to omit 9 ano!r /udy2 z1 9 
two sep>ate essays1 ,i h po9t$ out fir/ 
! extreme inf]iority ( ,r5aissance      
sculpture to ! sculpture ( ,antiquity ) 
reg>d to absolute beauty ( =m2 & !n !   
immeasurable sup]iority ( ,r5aissance   
ov] antique sculpture 9 ! matt] ( t     
beauty & int]e/ dep5d5t ^u m]e          
arrangem5t & h&l+1 :]e9 lies !          
beauty-creat+ p[] ( reali/ic s*ools4 ,b 
mo/ (t5 ,i h %[n "o side1 n m]ely ( an  
arti/ or an art1 b ( my own feel+1 )\t  
%[+ ! o!r2 & 9 "o case ?is inevitable   
"o-sid$ness has weigh$ ^u me almo/ l    

p]sonal guilt1 & has almo/ made me      
po/pone ! publication ( ?is book to !   
,greek ,kal5ds1 9 hopes ( be+ able to   
expla9 & to atone4 ,i am allud+ to ,fra 
,angelico4 ,i spoke ( him 9 a /udy ( !  
progress ( m]e beautiful =m1 ! nak$     
human =m moreov]1 9 ! art ( !           
,r5aissance2 ,i look$ at 8 "w ) my m9d  
full ( ! unapproa*able sup]iority (     
antique =m2 ,i judg$ & condemn$ ! arti/ 
) ref]5ce to t sup]b movem5t t[>ds      
nature & =m & bodily beauty :i* 0 !     
univ]sal movem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 ,i 
lo/ pati5ce ) ?is sa9t because he w\ld n
 turn pagan2 ,i pu%$ aside1 because he  
did n seek = a classic ,olympus1 8      
exquisite dreams ( a m$ival ,p>adise4 ,i
 _h tak5 "p1 z its *ronicl]1 ) ! art :i*
 seeks m]e pla/ic p]fection1 ! art to   
:i* ,angelico said1 ,retro me ,sa?ana4  
,x 0 my int5tion to close ev5 ?is volume
 ) a /udy ( ! poetical conception ( e>ly
 ,r5aissance pa9t+1 ( t /range k9d (    
pa9t+ 9 :i* a ?+ b imp]fect 9 itself1 a 
m]e symbol ( lovely ideas1 br+s home to 

our m9d1 ) a ru% ( associations1 a s5se 
( beauty & wond] great] p]haps ?an any  
:i* we receive f ! sob] reality ( p]fect
 =m4 ,aga91 !re are ! ,g]man ma/]s--!   
great engrav]s1 ,krana*1 ,altdorf]1     
,aldegrev]1 especially2 ( :om1 = _!     
absolute pleasure 9 ugly wom51 = _!     
fil?y delight 9 horrors1 ,i h said an   
imm5se am\nt ( ill2 & ( :om1 = _!       
wond]ful intuition ( dramatic situation1
 _! in/9ct ( ! poetry ( common ?+s1 & _!
 magnific5tly imag9ative r5d]+ (        
l&scape1 ,i hope "s day to say an equal 
am\nt ( good4  ,i h spok5 ( ! lesson :i*
 may be d]iv$ f /udies ev5 z humble z ^!
 /udies ( m9e2 s9ce1 9 my op9ion1 we _c 
treat hi/ory z a m]e art--?\gh hi/ory   
alone c gives u n[-a-days trag$y :i* has
 ceas$ to exi/ on our /age1 & wond] :i* 
has ceas$ to exi/ 9 our poetry--we _c   
seek 9 x m]e selfi% enjoym5t (          
imag9ation & emotion1 )\t do+ our s\l ! 
great injury ( *eat+ x ( "s ( ^? great  
indignations1 "s ( ^? great lessons :i* 
make x /rong] & m supple 9 ! practical  

affairs ( life4 ,ea* ( ^! /udies ( m9e  
br+s its own lesson1 arti/ic or e?ical1 
important or unimportant2 its lesson (  
seek+ c]ta9ty 9 our moral op9ions1      
beauty 9 all & :atev] our =ms ( art1    
spirituality 9 our love4 ,b besides ^!  
,i seem to p]ceive ano!r d$uction1 an   
hi/orical fact ) a practical            
application2 to see x z ! result n m]ely
 p]haps ( ! /udies ( :i* ?is book is !  
fruit1 b ( ^? fur!r /udies1 ( ! subtl]  
sides ( ,m$ival & ,r5aissance life & art
 :i* at pres5t occupy my m9d & may "s   
day add ano!r s]ies ( essays to ?is3 a  
lesson /ill vague to myself1 b :i*1     
satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily1 ,i  
%all nev]!less attempt to expla92 if    
inde$ x requires to be br\ght home to ! 
read]4  ,( ! few =ms ( feel+ &          
imag9ation :i* ,i h treat$--?+s s       
diff]5t f "o ano!r z ! feel+ = nature & 
! *ivalric poem1 z mod]n art1 ) its     
idealism & realism1 & mod]n love--( ^!  
=ms1 emotional & arti/ic1 :i* ,antiquity
 did n "k1 or knew b little1 ! read] may

 h obs]v$ t ,i h almo/ inv>iably trac$ !
 orig9 deep into t fruitful cosmopolitan
 *aos1 due to ! m+l+ ( all t 0 /ill     
unus$ ( ! rema9s ( ,antiquity ) all t 0 
unt\*$ ( ! intellectual & moral ri*es ( 
! b>b>\s nations1 to :i* we give ! "n ( 
,middle ,ages2 & t ,i h1 z inv>iably1   
foll[$ ! developm5t ( ^! preci\s =ms1 & 
_! def9itive effloresc5ce & fruit-be>+1 
into t p>ticul> c\ntry :]e c]ta9 m$ival 
conditions _h ceas$ to exi/1 namely     
,italy4 ,9 o!r words1 x has seem$ to me 
t ! ?+s :i* ,i h /udi$ 7 orig9ally      
produc$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 &         
consequ5tly 9 ! m$ival c\ntries1        
,france1 ,g]many1 ,prov5ce2 b did n     
atta9 maturity except 9 t portion ( !   
,middle ,ages :i* is m$ival no long]1 b 
already m ?an half mod]n1 ! ,r5aissance1
 :i* began 9 ,italy n ) ! e/abli%m5t (  
despotisms & ! com+ ( ,greek humani/s1 b
 ) ! indep5d5ce ( ! free t[ns & ) !     
revival ( ,roman tradition4  ,:y s8     
,because1 x appe>s to me1 aft] wat*+ !  
l9es ( my ?\ght conv]g+ to ?is po9t1    

because1 ) a few exceptions1 ! ,middle  
,ages 7 ri* 9 great beg9n+s 7inde$ a    
good half ( all t makes up our pres5t   
civilization seems to issue f !m73 b !y 
7 poor 9 complete a*ievem5ts2 full ( !  
se$s ( mod]n in/itutions1 arts1 ?\ghts1 
& feel+s1 !y yet %[ u b r>ely ! complete
 gr[? ( any "o ( !m3 a fruitful ,nile   
flood1 b :i* mu/ cease to dr[n & to wa% 
away1 :i* mu/ subside be=e ! g]ms t x   
has br\ght c %oot =? & mature4 ,! s5se (
 ?is comes home to me mo/ p[]fully :5ev]
 ,i ?9k ( m$ival poetry & m$ival pa9t+4 
,! songs ( ! tr\bad\rs & m9nes+]s1 :at  
are !y to our feel+s8 ,!y are pleasant1 
ev5 occasionally beautiful1 b !y are    
empty1 lam5tably empty1 *>m+ arrangem5ts
 ( words2 poetry :i* fills our m9d or   
t\*es our he>t comes only ) ! ,tuscan   
lyri/s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! same      
applies to m$ival n>rative-v]se3 x is1 )
 "o or two exceptions or half           
exceptions1 su* z ,! ,*anson de ,rol& & 
,gottfri$'s ,tri/an und ,isolde1        
decid$ly we>isome2 a ?+ to /udy1 b      

sc>cely a ?+ to delight 94 ,i d n mean  
to say t ! old leg5ds ( ,wales &        
,sc&9avia1 subsequ5tly embodi$ by !     
,fr5* & ,g]man poets ( ! ,middle ,ages1 
are )\t imag9ative or emotional int]e/2 
no?+ c be fur!r f my ?\ghts4 ,!         
,nibelung /ory possesses1 bo? 9 ! ,norse
 & 9 ! ,middle ,high ,g]man v]sion1 a   
tragic fasc9ation2 & a qua9t fairy-tale 
int]e/1 e n[ & !n ris+ to ! *>m ( a     
,decam]onian novella1 is possess$ by _m 
( ! ,keltic tales1 :e!r briefly told 9 !
 ,mab9ogion or l5g?ily detail$ by       
,*re/i5 de ,troyes & ,wolfram von       
,es*5ba*4 ,b all ?is is ! int]e/ ( ! m]e
 /ory1 & y w\ld enjoy x almo/ z mu* if t
 /ory 7 relat$ n by a poet b by a       
peasant2 x is ! fasc9ation ( ! m]e !me1 
) ! add$ fasc9ation ( our own unconsci\s
 fill+ up & col\r+ ( details4 ,& ! poem 
itself1 :5ce we extract ?is !me1 rema9s1
 = ! mo/ "p1 un9t]e/+4 ,! figures are   
vague1 almo/ %apeless & col\rless2 !y h 
no well-und]/ood m5tal & moral anatomy1 
s t :5 !y speak & act ! writ] seems to h

 no cle> conception ( ! motives or      
temp]s :i* make !m d s2 ev5 z 9 a *ild's
 pictures1 ! horses gallop1 ! m5 run1 ! 
h\ses /&1 b )\t any indication ( !      
muscles :i* move ! horse1 ( ! muscles   
:i* hold up ! man1 ( ! solid gr\nd ^u   
:i* is built1 nay r1 into :i* is plant$1
 ! h\se4 ,hatr$ ( ,hag51 devotion (     
,rdg]1 passionate piety ( ,p>zival--all 
^! are ?+s ( :i* we d n p>ticul>ly see !
 h[ or :y2 we d n foll[ ! reasons1 9    
ev5t or "*1 :i* make ^! m5 sacrifice    
!mselves or o!rs1 weep1 /orm1 & s =?2   
nay1 ev5 :5 ^! reasons are cle> f !     
circum/ances1 we are n %[n ! action ( ! 
me*anism1 we d n see h[ ,brunhilt is    
wro?1 h[ ,*riemhilt is rev5geful1 h[    
,h]zeloid is devot$ to ,p>zival4 ,!re   
is1 9 ! va/ majority ( ?is m$ival       
poetry1 no cle> conception ( !          
con/ruction & functions ( p's "*1 & h5ce
 no conception ei!r ( ^? actions &      
reactions ( v>i\s moral organs :i*1 aft]
 all1 are at ! bottom ( ! ev5ts relat$4 
,h]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ms ( !  

,middle ,ages & ^? ( ,antiquity2 = h[   
p]fectly felt1 und]/ood1 is n e feel+ & 
e action ( ! ,hom]ic h]oes1 h[ p]fectly 
indicat$6 ,we c see ! mann] & reason ( !
 conflict ( ,a*illes & ,agamemnon1 ( !  
behavi\r ( ! return$ ,odysseus1 z cle>ly
 z we see ! mann] & reason ( ! movem5ts 
( ! fight+ ,c5taurs & ,lapi?1 or !      
,amazons2 nay1 ev5 ! m9ute mood (       
comp>atively unimportant figures1 z     
,hel51 ,brisei's1 & ,nausicaa1 is       
indicat$ 9 its moral anatomy & attitude 
z di/9ctly z is ! mann] 9 :i* ! maid5s (
 ! ,p>!non frieze sl[ly re/ra9 _! /eps1 
! boys curb _! /e$s1 or ! old m5 balance
 _! oil j>s4 ,no?+ ( ?is 9 m$ival       
lit]ature1 except p]haps 9 ,flam5ca &   
,tri/an1 :]e ! motive ( action1 m]e     
imag9ative desire1 is all-p]meat+ &     
expla9s ev]y?+4 ,^! p cle>ly _h no      
int]e/1 no p]ception1 connect$ ) "*3 a  
valor\s woman1 a *ivalr\s knight1 an    
insol5t /ew>d1 a jeal\s husb&1 a fai?ful
 reta9]2 ?+s recogniz$ only 9 outl9e1   
made to speak & act only accord+ to a   

fix$ tradition1 )\t k ( ! int]nal       
me*anism ( motive2 ^! suffic$4 ,h5ce x  
is t m$ival poetry is always l m$ival   
pa9t+ 7= pa9t+ cont9u$ to be m$ival )   
,giotto's pupils long aft] poetry _h    
ceas$ to be m$ival ) ,dante & 8 s*ool71 
:]e ! ,virg9 sits & holds ! *ild )\t    
body :]e) to sit or arms :]e) to hold2  
:]e angels flutt] =w>d & kneel 9        
conv5tional greet+1 ) obvi\sly no b5d$  
knees b5ea? _! robes1 nay1 ) knees1     
wai/1 armpits1 all any:]e2 :]e m5 ride  
^u horses )\t flat to _! back2 :]e      
processions ( ! bless$ come =?1 guid$ by
 fiddl+ s]aphs1 vague1 fa9t faces1 sweet
 or gr&1 heads :i* might wave l pieces (
 cut-out pap] ^u _! necks1 arms & legs  
"h & !re1 n cle>ly belong+ to any "o2   
creatures m>*+1 so>+1 fly+1 s++1 fiddl+1
 )\t a bone or a muscle :]e) to d x all4
 ,& mean:ile1 9 ?is m$ival poetry1 z 9  
?is m$ival pa9t+1 !re are y>ds & y>ds ( 
elaborate preci\sness3 all ! emboss$    
velvets1 all ! :ite-&-gold-%ot brocades1
 all ! silks & sat9s1 & jewel-embroid]$ 

/uffs ( ! univ]se ca/ /iffly ab\t ^!    
phantom m5 & wom51 ^! phantom horses &  
horsem54 ,x is n until we turn to       
,italy1 & to ! ,nor!rn man1 ,*auc]1     
entirely "u ,italian influ5ce1 t we     
obta9 an approa* to ! antique cle>ness (
 p]ception & compreh5sion2 t we obta9 n 
only 9 ,dante some?+ ak9 to !           
muscul>ities ( ,signorelli & ,mi*ael    
,angelo2 b 9 ,boccaccio & ,*auc]1 9     
,cavalca & ,petr>*1 ! equival5t ( !     
well-und]/ood movem5t1 ! well-indicat$  
situation ( ! simple1 reali/ic or       
poetic1 sket*es ( ,filipp9o &           
,botticelli4  ,?is1 y w say1 is a m]e   
impression2 x is no explanation1 /ill   
less su* an explanation z may af=d a    
lesson4 ,n s4 ,?is /range               
inconclusiv5ess 9 all m$ival ?+s1 till !
 mom5t comes :5 !y cease to be m$ival2  
?is ri*ness 9 g]ms & pov]ty 9 mature    
fruit1 _c be )\t its reason4 ,& ?is     
reason1 to my m9d1 lies 9 "o ^w1 ! mo/  
t]rible ^w ( any1 s9ce x means suff]+ & 
hopelessness2 a ^w :i* has haunt$ my m9d

 ev] s9ce ,i h look$ into m$ival ?+s3 ! 
^w ,wa/efulness4 ,wa/efulness2 !        
frightful *>act]i/ic ( times at once s  
ri* & s poor1 ! explanation ( ! long    
/>vation & sickness t mank9d1 t all     
mank9d's conc]ns--art1 poetry1 sci5ce1  
life--endur$ :ile ! v ?+s :i* w\ld h f$ 
& reviv$ & nurtur$1 exi/$ close at h&1 &
 9 pr(usion4 ,wa/efulness1 9 ?is great  
p]iod ( confusion1 ( ! mo/ preci\s ?+s t
 we possess3 "t1 ?\ght1 & feel+ refus$  
to ! realities ( ! _w1 & lavi%$ on !    
figm5ts ( ! imag9ation4 ,:y ?is         
vagu5ess1 ?is imp]fection 9 all m$ival  
repres5tations ( life8 ,because ev5 z   
m5's eyes 7 )drawn1 by ! temporal       
in/itutions ( ^? days1 f ! sight ( !    
fields & mead[s :i* 7 left to ! bl9d &  
dumb ?+ call$ s]f2 s also ! ?\ghts (    
mank9d1 its sympa?y & int5tions1 7      
)drawn f ! m]e e>?ly s\ls1 ! m]e e>?ly  
wrongs & woes ( m5 by ! great           
self-organiz$ in/itution ( m$ival       
religion4 ,pity ( ! body ( ,*ri/ held 9 
bondage by ! ,infidel2 love ( ,god2 /udy

 ( ! unkn[able ?+s ( ,heav53 su* are !  
noble/ employm5ts ( ! m$ival s\l2 h[ mu*
 ( pity1 ( love1 may rema9 = man2 h[ mu*
 ( /udy = ! kn[able8 ,to ,wa/efulness l 
?is--to misapplication ( m9d end+ almo/ 
9 palsy--mu/ we ascribe1 ,i ?9k1 !      
/range /]ility ( su* m$ival art z deals 
n m]ely ) patt]n1 b ) ! reality ( man's 
body & s\l4 ,& we might be ?ankful1 if1 
dur+ our w&]+s among m$ival ?+s1 we _h  
se5 ! />v+ ( only art & arti/ic in/9cts2
 b ! s\l ( man has la9 />v+ also2 />v+ =
 ! k :i* 0 s\ght only ( ,div9e ?+s1 />v+
 = ! love :i* 0 giv5 only to ,god4  ,!  
explanation1 !re=e1 & its lesson1 may   
?us be summ$ up 9 ! "o ^w ,wa/efulness4 
,& ! fruitfulness ( ! ,r5aissance1 all t
 x has giv5 to u ( art1 ( ?\ght1 ( feel+
 7= ! ,vita ,nuova is its fruit71 is    
due1 z x seems to me1 to ! fact t !     
,r5aissance is simply ! condition (     
civilization :51 ?anks to ! civil lib]ty
 & ! spiritual lib]ty inh]it$ f ,rome & 
inh]it$ f ,greece1 man's en]gies ( ?\ght
 & feel+ 7 )drawn f ! unkn[able to !    

kn[able1 f ,heav5 to ,e>?2 & 7 devot$ to
 ! develop+ ( ^? m>vell\s new ?+s :i*   
,antiquity _h n kn[n1 & :i* _h la9      
neglect$ & wa/$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4   
,,flor5ce1 ,janu>y1#ahhd4               
,,app5dix4  ,i h se5 ! pictures & /atues
 & t[ns :i* ,i h describ$1 & ,i h read !
 books ( :i* ,i attempt to give an      
impression2 b "h my orig9al rese>*1 if  
su* x may be call$1 comes to an end4 ,i 
h tru/$ only to myself = my impressions2
 b ,i h tak5 f o!rs ev]y?+ t may be     
call$ hi/orical fact1 z di/+ui%$ f !    
hi/ory ( ?is or t =m ( ?\ght or ( art   
:i* ,i h tri$ to elaborate4 ,my ref]5ces
 are !re=e only to /&>d hi/orical works1
 & to su* editions ( poets & prose      
writ]s z h come into my h&s4 ,h[ mu* ,i 
am endebt$ to ! g5ius ( ,mi*elet2 nay1  
r1 h[ mu* ,i am1 h[ev] unimportant1 ! ?+
 made by him1 e "o w see & judge4 ,)    
reg>d to positive in=mation ,i mu/      
express my great obligations to ! works 
( ,jacob ,burckh>dt1 ( ,pr(4 ,vill>i1 & 
( ,mr4 ,j4,a4 ,symonds 9 ev]y?+ t       

conc]ns ! political hi/ory & social     
condition ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,mr4         
,symonds' "n ,i h plac$ la/1 al?\gh ?is 
is by no means ! ord] ( importance 9 :i*
 ! ?ree writ]s appe> 9 my m9d1 because  
vanity compels me to /ate t ,i h depriv$
 myself ( ! pleasure & pr(it ( read+ 8  
volumes on ,italian lit]ature1 f a fe> t
 f9d+ myself d\btless =e/all$ by him 9  
v>i\s appreciations1 ,i might deprive my
 essays ( :at ,i feel to be _! pr9cipal 
m]it1 namely1 ! spontaneity & :ol5ess ( 
p]sonal impression4 ,) reg>d to         
philological lore1 ,i may ref]1 among a 
numb] ( o!r works1 to ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is' 
"w on ! ,cycle ( ,*>lemagne1 ,m4 de la  
,villem>qu's companion volume on ,keltic
 romances1 & ,pr(essor ,rajna's ,fonti  
dell' ,ario/o4 ,my k ( tr\bad\rs1       
tr\vres1 & m9nes+]s is obta9$ ma9ly f ! 
great collections ( ,rayn\>d1           
,wack]nagel1 ,mtzn]1 ,b>ts*1 & ,von d]  
,hag51 & f ,b>ts*'s & ,simrock's        
editions & v]sions ( ,gottfri$ von      
,/rassburg1 ,h>tmann von ,aue1 &        

,wolfram von ,es*5ba*4 ,flam5ca ,i h    
read 9 ,pr(essor ,paul ,mey]'s beautiful
 edition1 text & translation2 ,aucass9  
et ,nicolette1 9 an edition publi%$1 if 
,i rememb] rightly1 by ,janet2 & also 9 
a v happy translation conta9$ 9         
,delvau's huge collection ( ,romans de  
,*eval]ie1 :i* conta9s1 un=tunately     
sometimes g>bl$1 z _m ( ! prose /ories (
 ! ,c>ol+ian & ,amadis cycle z ,i1 at   
all ev5ts1 c\ld endure to read4 ,= !    
e>ly ,italian poets1 except+ ,c>ducci's 
,c9o da ,pi/oia1 my ref]5ces are ! same 
z ^? 9 ,rossetti's ,dante & 8 ,cycle1   
especially ! ,rime ,anti*e & ! ,poeti   
del ,primo ,secolo4 ,pr(essor           
d',ancona's pleasant volume has greatly 
help$ me 9 ! hi/ory ( ! trans=mation ( !
 c\rtly poetry ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages   
into ! folk poetry ( ,tuscany4 ,i owe a 
good deal also1 ) reg>d to ?is same     
essay ,! ,outdoor ,poetry1 to ,rosk(f's 
fam\s ,ges*i*te des ,teufels1 & to      
,signor ,novati's rec5tly publi%$ ,c>m9a
 ,m$ii vi4 ,! ,italian novelli]i1       

,b&ello1 ,c9?io1 & _! set1 ,i h us$ 9 ! 
,flor5t9e editions ( #ahbj or #ahbe2    
,masuccio edit$ by ,de ,sanctis4 ,= !   
essay on ! ,italian ,r5aissance on !    
,elizabe?an ,/age1 ,i h _h rec\rse1     
*iefly1 to ! fifte5? c5tury *ronicles 9 
! ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,italiano1 & to      
,dyce's ,web/]1 ,h>tley ,col]idge's     
,mass+] & ,=d1 ,*urton ,coll9s' ,cyril  
,t\rneur1 & ,j4,o4 ,halliwell's ,m>/on4 
,! essays on art h naturally pr(it$ by !
 n[ inevitable ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle2 b 
9 ?is "p ( my "w1 :ile ,i h reli$ v     
little on books1 ,i h receiv$ m ?an !   
equival5t ( ! in=mation to be obta9$ f  
any writ]s 9 ! sugge/ions & explanations
 ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,t4 ,nelson ,mac,lean1 
:o has made x possible = a m]e creature 
( p5s & ink to foll[ ! diff]5ces (      
te*nique ( ! sculptors & m$alli/s ( !   
fifte5? c5tury2 a ^w ( ?anks also1 =    
v>i\s su* sugge/ions z c come only f a  
pa9t]1 to my old fri5d ,mr4 ,john ,s4   
,s>g5t1 ( ,p>is4  ,i mu/ conclude ^!    
ackn[l$gm5ts by ?ank+ ! ,editors ( !    

,contempor>y1 ,briti% ,qu>t]ly1 &       
,national ,reviews1 & ( ! ,cornhill     
,magaz9e1 = p]mission to republi% su* ( 
! essays or fragm5ts ( essays z h       
already appe>$ 9 ^? p]iodicals4  ,,!    
,,end4