,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e-text includes *>act]s t require ,,utf-#h 7,unicode7 file encod+3 2 7v[els ) macron or 8long0 m>k7 7e & o ) ogonek7 ,if any ( ^! *>act]s d n display prop]ly--9 p>ticul>1 if ! diacritic does n appe> directly above ! lett]--or if ! apo/rophes & quotation m>ks 9 ?is p>agraph appe> z g>bage1 make sure y\r text read]'s 8"* set0 or 8file encod+0 is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,y may also ne$ to *ange ! default font4 ,dep5d+ on available fonts1 "s tables may n l9e up v]tically4 ,z a la/ resort1 use ! ,lat9-#a v]sion ( ! file in/ead4 ,see ! ,poetry section 7betwe5 ,v & ,,vi 9 ,"p ,,iii1 ,read+s7 = pot5tial problems specific to t section4 ,italics are %[n ) l9es4 ,boldface is %[n ) ha% m>ks4 ,9 ! pr9t$ book1 boldface 0 us$ = all ,anglo-,saxon o!r ?an ex]cises & read+ passages2 x has be5 omitt$ f ! e-text except :5 necess>y = cl>ity4 ,9 ref]5ces to numb]$ ,sections1 8,note0 may mean ei!r an inset ,note or a footnote4 ,9 ! prose read+ selections 7pages #ii-aba71 page numb]s & l9e breaks h be5 reta9$ = use ) ! l95otes & ,gloss>y4 ,page numb]s are %[n 9 d\ble brackets4 ,9 ! v]se selections1 l9e numb]s 9 ! notes h be5 replac$ ) l9e numb]s f ! orig9al texts1 pr9t$ 9 brackets z %[n4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 l95otes & numb]$ footnotes is 9 ! orig9al4 ,s+le brackets & a/]isks 99 are 9 ! orig9al1 z are ! symbols 4 ,text 9 d\ble brackets 0 add$ by ! transcrib]4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,gramm> ,,& ,,ex]cise ,,book ,) ,inflections1 ,syntax1 ,selections = ,read+1 & ,gloss>y ,by ,c4 ,,alphonso ,,smi?1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,engli% 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,academy ,,allyn & ,,bacon ,bo/on ,new ,york ,*icago ,atlanta ,san ,francisco ,copyright1 #ahif1 by ,c4 ,,alphonso ,,smi?4 ,,iai ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface4 ,! scope ( ?is book is indicat$ 9 #e4 ,x is int5d$ = beg9n]s1 & 9 writ+ x1 ^! words ( ,sir ,?omas ,elyot h n be5 =gott53 8,gramm]1 be+e b an introduction to ! und]/&+e ( autors1 if x be made to longe or exquisite to ! l]n]1 x 9 a man] mortifie? 8 corage3 ,& by t "t he come? to ! mo/ swete & pleasant r$+e ( olde autors1 ! sp>kes ( f]v5t desire ( l]nynge are ext9cte ) ! burdone ( gramm]1 lyke z a lyttell fyre is sone qu5*$ ) a great heape ( small /ickes40 --,! ,gov]n\r1 ,cap4 ,x4 ,only ! ess5tials1 !re=e1 are treat$ 9 ?is "w1 :i* is plann$ m z a f\ndation = ! /udy ( ,mod]n ,engli% gramm>1 ( hi/orical ,engli% gramm>1 & ( ! pr9ciples ( ,engli% etymology1 ?an z a g5]al introduction to ,g]manic philology4 ,! ,ex]cises 9 translation w1 x is believ$1 furni% all ! drill necess>y to enable ! /ud5t to reta9 ! =ms & con/ructions giv5 9 ! v>i\s *apt]s4 ,! ,selections = ,read+ relate to ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ,k+ ,alfr$'s day1 & are suffici5t to give ! /ud5t a fir/-h&1 ?\gh brief1 acqua9tance ) ! native /yle & idiom ( ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon prose 9 its gold5 age4 ,mo/ ( ! words & con/ructions conta9$ 9 !m w be already famili> to ! /ud5t ?r\gh _! int5tional employm5t 9 ! ,ex]cises4 ,= ! inflectional portion ( ?is gramm>1 rec\rse has be5 _h *iefly to ,siev]s' ,abriss d] angels*sis*5 ,grammatik 7#ahie74 ,con/ant ref]5ce has be5 made also to ! same au?or's e>li] & l>g] ,angels*si%e ,grammatik1 translat$ by ,cook4 ,a m sp>+ use has be5 made ( ,cosijn's ,altwe/s*sis*e ,grammatik4 ,= syntax & illu/rative s5t5ces1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,wlf+'s ,syntax 9 d5 ,w]k5 ,alfr$s des ,gross51 ,"p ,i4 7,bonn1 #ahid7 has prov$ indisp5sable4 ,advance %eets ( ! second "p ( ?is great "w lead "o to believe t :5 complet$ ! ?ree p>ts w con/itute ! mo/ important contribution to ! /udy ( ,engli% syntax t has yet be5 made4 ,old ,engli% s5t5ces h also be5 cit$ f ,sweet's ,anglo-,saxon ,read]1 ,bright's ,anglo-,saxon ,read]1 & ,cook's ,fir/ ,book 9 ,old ,engli%4 ,! %ort *apt] on ! ,ord] ( ,words has be5 cond5s$ f my ,ord] ( ,words 9 ,anglo-,saxon ,prose 7,publications ( ! ,mod]n ,language ,association ( ,am]ica1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b74 ,?\gh assum+ sole responsibility = ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 ?is book1 ,i take pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ ! k9d & effici5t assi/ance t has be5 s g5]\sly giv5 me 9 its prep>ation4 ,to none d ,i owe m ?an to ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,wlf+1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn2 ,pr(4 ,james ,a4 ,h>rison1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia2 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,s4 ,currell1 ( ,wa%+ton & ,lee ,univ]sity2 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d\glas ,bruce1 ( ,bryn ,mawr ,college2 & ,pr(4 ,l4 ,m4 ,h>ris1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,indiana4 ,!y h ea* r5d]$ mat]ial aid1 n only 9 ! t$i\s task ( detect+ typographical errors 9 ! pro(-%eets1 b by ! valuable criticisms & sugge/ions :i* !y h made z ?is "w 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,c4 ,,alphonso ,,smi?4 ,l\isiana ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,baton ,r\ge1 ,septemb]1 #ahif4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 prep>+ ?is enl>g$ edition1 a few m9or errors 9 ! fir/ edition h be5 correct$ & a few s5t5ces add$4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! two editions1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 ! introduction ( m read+ matt] & ! consequ5t exposition ( ,old ,engli% met]4 ,bo? *anges h be5 made at ! p]si/5t reque/ ( tea*]s & /ud5ts ( ,old ,engli%4 ,uni=mity ( treatm5t has be5 /udi\sly pres]v$ 9 ! new mat]ial & ! old1 ! emphasis 9 bo? be+ plac$ on syntax & ^u ! aff9ities t ,old ,engli% %>es ) ,mod]n ,engli%4 ,_m obligations h be5 incurr$ 9 prep>+ ?is augm5t$ edition4 ,i h aga9 to ?ank ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,wlf+1 ,pr(4 ,james ,a4 ,h>rison1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,s4 ,currell1 & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d\glas ,bruce4 ,to ! s*ol>ly criticisms also ( ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m4 ,h>t1 ( ,cornell2 ,pr(4 ,frank ,jewett ,ma!r1 ,jr41 ( ,williams ,college2 & ,pr(4 ,fr$]ick ,tupp]1 ,jr41 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,v]mont1 ,i am indebt$ = aid z g5]\sly giv5 z x is g5u9ely appreciat$4 ,c4 ,,alphonso ,,smi?4 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,among ^? :o h k9dly aid$ 9 mak+ ?is edition free f error1 ,i wi% to ?ank especially my fri5d ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,mc,bryde1 ,jr41 ( ,holl9s ,in/itute1 ,virg9ia4 ,c4 ,,alphonso ,,smi?4 ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,*apel ,hill1 ,febru>y1 #aijc4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,introduction4 ,*apt]s ,pages ,i4 ,hi/ory 7 #a-e7 #a ,,ii4 ,s\nds 7 #f-aa7 #d ,,iii4 ,inflections 7 #ab-ai7 #aj ,,iv4 ,ord] ( ,words 7 #bj-ba7 #ah ,v4 ,practical ,sugge/ions 7 #bb-bd7 #ba ,,"p ,,ii4--,,etymology ,,& ,,syntax4 ,,vi4 ,! a-,decl5sion3 ,mascul9e a-,/ems 7 #be-cj7 #bg ,,vii4 ,neut] a-,/ems 7 #ca-cf7 #cj ,,viii4 ,! -,decl5sion 7 #cg-db7 #cc ,,ix4 ,! i-,decl5sion & ! u-,decl5sion 7 #dc-ee7 #ce ,x4 ,pres5t ,indicative ,end+s ( ,/rong ,v]bs 7 #ef-fb7 #ci ,,xi4 ,! ,weak or n-,decl5sion 7 #fc-ff7 #dd ,,xii4 ,remnants ( ,o!r ,consonant ,decl5sions 7 #fg-ga7 #dg ,,xiii4 ,pron\ns 7 #gb-gg7 #ej ,,xiv4 ,adjectives1 ,/rong & ,weak 7 #gh-hg7 #ec ,,xv4 ,num]als 7 #hh-ib7 #eg ,,xvi4 ,adv]bs1 ,prepositions1 & ,conjunctions 7 #ic-ie7 #fj ,,xvii4 ,comp>ison ( ,adjectives & ,adv]bs 7 #if-ajj7 #fd ,,xviii4 ,/rong ,v]bs3 ,class ,i1 ,syntax ( ,moods 7 #aja-ajh7 #fh ,,xix4 ,classes ,,ii & ,,iii 7 #aji-aac7 #gd ,,xx4 ,classes ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,vi1 & ,,vii2 ,contract ,v]bs 7 #aad-aba7 #gh ,,xxi4 ,weak ,v]bs 7 #abb-acc7 #hb ,,xxii4 ,rema9+ ,v]bs2 ,v]b ,phrases ) habban1 bon1 & weoran 7 #acd-adc7 #ij ,,"p ,,iii4--,,selections ,,= ,,read+4 ,,prose4 ,introductory #ih ,i4 ,! ,battle ( ,a%d[n #ii ,,ii4 ,a ,pray] ( ,k+ ,alfr$ #aja ,,iii4 ,! ,voyages ( ,oh!re & ,wulf/an #ajb ,oh!re's ,fir/ ,voyage #ajc ,oh!re's ,second ,voyage #ajf ,wulf/an's ,voyage #ajg ,,iv4 ,! ,/ory ( ,cdmon #aaa ,v4 ,alfr$'s ,preface to ! ,pa/oral ,c>e #aaf ,,poetry4 ,introductory #abb ,,vi4 ,extracts f ,be[ulf #acf ,,vii4 ,! ,w&]] #adh ,,gloss>ies4 ,i4 ,old ,engli%--,mod]n ,engli% #aee ,,ii4 ,mod]n ,engli%--,old ,engli% #aij 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,old ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,& ,,ex]cises 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,old ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,& ,,ex]cise ,,book4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/ory4 #a4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% language falls naturally into ?ree p]iods2 b ^! p]iods bl5d into "o ano!r s gradually t too mu* significance mu/ n be atta*$ to ! exact dates :i* s*ol>s1 *iefly = conv5i5ce ( treatm5t1 h assign$ z _! limits4 ,our language1 x is true1 has und]gone _m & great *anges2 b its cont9uity has nev] be5 brok51 & its individuality has nev] be5 lo/4 #b4 ,! fir/ ( ^! p]iods is t ( ,,old ,,engli%1 or ,,anglo-,,saxon1#a commonly kn[n z ! p]iod ( full inflections4 ,e4g4 /n-z1 /ones2 c>-u1 c>e2 w-a1 w2 b9d-an1 to b9d2 help-a 7 a?71 !y help4 ,x ext5ds f ! arrival ( ! ,engli% 9 ,great ,brita9 to ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,norman ,conque/1--f ,a4,d4 #ddi to #aaej2 b !re are no lit]>y rema9s ( ! e>li] c5turies ( ?is p]iod4 ,!re 7 f\r#b di/9ct dialects spok5 at ?is "t4 ,^! 7 ! ,nor?umbrian1 spok5 nor? ( ! riv] ,humb]2 ! ,m]cian1 spok5 9 ! midl& region betwe5 ! ,humb] & ! ,?ames2 ! ,we/ ,saxon1 spok5 s\? & we/ ( ! ,?ames2 & ! ,k5ti%1 spok5 9 ! neighborhood ( ,cant]bury4 ,( ^! dialects1 ,mod]n ,engli% is mo/ ne>ly ak9 to ! ,m]cian2 b ! be/ kn[n ( !m is ! ,we/ ,saxon4 ,x 0 9 ! ,we/ ,saxon dialect t ,k+ ,alfr$ 7#hdi-ija7 wrote & spoke4 ,8 writ+s belong to ! p]iod ( ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon z di/+ui%$ f ! p]iod ( ,late ,we/ ,saxon1 ! latt] be+ be/ repres5t$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,abbot lfric 7#iee8-ajbe874 ,footnote #a3 ,?is un=tunate nom5clature is due to ! t]m ,angli ,saxones1 :i* ,lat9 writ]s us$ z a designation = ! ,engli% ,saxons z di/+ui%$ f ! cont95tal or ,old ,saxons4 ,b ,alfr$ & lfric bo? use ! t]m ,englisc1 n ,anglo-,saxon4 ,! ,angles spread ov] ,nor?umbria & ,m]cia1 f> outnumb]+ ! o!r tribes4 ,?us ,englisc 7 ,angel isc7 became ! g5]al "n = ! language spok54 ,footnote #b3 ,z small z ,engl& is1 !re are six di/9ct dialects spok5 9 h] bord]s to-day4 ,( ^! ! ,york%ire dialect is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ peculi>4 ,x pres]ves _m ,nor?umbrian survivals4 ,see ,t5nyson's ,nor!rn ,f>m]4 #c4 ,! second p]iod is t ( ,,middle ,,engli%1 or ! p]iod ( level$ inflections1 ! dom9ant v[el ( ! inflections be+ e4 ,e4g4 /on-es1 c>-e1 w-e1 b9d-en 7or b9d-e71 help-e?1 ea* be+1 z 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 a dissyllable4 ,! ,middle ,engli% p]iod ext5ds f ,a4,d4 #aaej to #aejj4 ,its greate/ repres5tatives are ,*auc] 7#acdj-adjj7 9 poetry & ,wiclif 7#acbd-achd7 9 prose4 ,!re 7 ?ree prom95t dialects dur+ ?is p]iod3 ! ,nor!rn1 correspond+ to ! old] ,nor?umbrian2 ! ,midl& 7divid$ into ,ea/ ,midl& & ,we/ ,midl&71 correspond+ to ! ,m]cian2 & ! ,s\!rn1 correspond+ to ! ,we/ ,saxon & ,k5ti%4 ,london1 situat$ 9 ,ea/ ,midl& t]ritory1 _h become ! dom9ant spee* c5t]2 & x 0 ?is ,ea/ ,midl& dialect t bo? ,*auc] & ,wiclif employ$4 ,,note4--,x is a great mi/ake to ?9k t ,*auc] %ap$ our language f crude mat]ials4 ,8 influ5ce 0 cons]vative1 n pla/ic4 ,! popul>ity ( 8 works t5d$ to cry/alize & ?us to p]petuate ! =ms ( ! ,ea/ ,midl& dialect1 b t dialect 0 ready to 8 h& be=e he began to write4 ,! spee* ( ,london 01 9 ,*auc]'s "t1 a mixture ( ,s\!rn & ,midl& =ms1 b ! ,s\!rn =ms 7survivals ( ! ,we/ ,saxon dialect7 _h already begun to fall away2 & ?is !y cont9u$ to d1 s t 8,*auc]'s language10 z ,dr4 ,murray says1 8is m ,s\!rn ?an /&>d ,engli% ev5tually became40 ,see also ,morsba*1 ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung d] neu5glis*5 ,s*riftspra*e 7#ahhh74 #d4 ,! la/ p]iod is t ( ,,mod]n ,,engli%1 or ! p]iod ( lo/ inflections4 ,e4g4 /ones1 c>e1 w1 b9d1 help1 ea* be+ a monosyllable4 ,mod]n ,engli% ext5ds f ,a4,d4 #aejj to ! pres5t "t4 ,x has witness$ comp>atively few grammatical *anges1 b ! vocabul>y ( our language has be5 va/ly increas$ by additions f ! classical languages4 ,v[els1 too1 h %ift$ _! values4 #e4 ,x is ! object ( ?is book to give an elem5t>y k ( ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon1 t is1 ! language ( ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,) ?is k1 x w n be difficult = ! /ud5t to read ,late ,we/ ,saxon1 or any o!r dialect ( ! ,old ,engli% p]iod4 ,su* k w also s]ve z ! be/ introduction to ! /ructure bo? ( ,middle ,engli% & ( ,mod]n ,engli%1 besides lay+ a secure f\ndation = ! sci5tific /udy ( any o!r ,g]manic tongue4 ,,note4--,! ,g]manic1 or ,teutonic1 languages con/itute a bran* ( ! great ,aryan1 or ,indo-,g]manic 7kn[n also z ! ,indo-,european7 gr\p4 ,!y are subdivid$ z foll[s3 ,nor? ,g]manic3 ,sc&9avian1 or ,norse4 ,old ,high ,g]man1 ,g]manic ,ea/ ,g]manic3 ,go?ic4 7to ,a4,d4 #aajj17 ,high ,g]man ,middle ,high ,g]man1 7,a4,d4 #aajj-aejj17 ,we/ ,g]manic ,new ,high ,g]man4 7,a4,d4 #aejj-47 ,l[ ,g]man ,dut*1 ,old ,saxon1 ,frisian1 ,engli%4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,s\nds4 ,v[els & ,diph?ongs4 #f4 ,! long v[els & diph?ongs w 9 ?is book be designat$ by ! macron 7-74 ,v[el l5g? %\ld 9 e case be associat$ by ! /ud5t ) ea* ^w le>n$3 quantity alone sometimes di/+ui%es words mean+ :olly diff]5t ?+s3 fr1 he w5t1 =1 =2 gd1 good1 ,god1 ,god2 mn1 crime1 man1 man4 ,long v[els & diph?ongs3 z 9 fa!r3 /n1 a /one4 z 9 man 7prolong$73 slpan1 to sleep4 z 9 ?ey3 hr1 "h4 z 9 ma*ine3 mn1 m9e4 z 9 note 7pure1 n diph?ongal73 bc1 book4 z 9 rule3 tn1 t[n4 z 9 ,g]man grn1 or ,engli% green 7) lips r\nd$73#a brd1 bride4 ,! diph?ongs1 long & %ort1 h ! /ress ^u ! fir/ v[el4 ,! second v[el is obscur$1 & repres5ts approximately ! s\nd ( er 9 soon]1 fa/] 7 soon-uh1 fa/-uh74 ,! long diph?ongs 7 is n a diph?ong prop]7 are o1 e1 & a4 ,! s\nd ( o is approximately reproduc$ 9 mayor 7 m-uh72 t ( e 9 ! dissyllabic pronunciation ( fe> 7 f-uh74 ,b a -uh4 ,?is diph?ong is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ea 9 pe>1 be>1 etc41 z pron\nc$ 9 ! s\!rn section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 b-uh1 p-uh74 #g4 ,! %ort s\nds are no?+ m ?an ! long v[els & diph?ongs %ort5$2 b ! /ud5t mu/ at once rid himself ( ! idea t ,mod]n ,engli% r$1 = example1 is ! %ort5$ =m ( re$1 or t mat is ! %ort5$ =m ( mate4 ,pron\nce ^! long s\nds ) increas+ rapidity1 & re$ w approa* rid1 :ile mate w approa* met4 ,! ,old ,engli% %ort v[el s\nds are3 a z 9 arti/ic3 habban1 to h4 z 9 mank9d3 dg1 day4 e1 z 9 let3 /elan1 to /eal1 sttan1 to set4 i z 9 sit3 hit1 x4 o z 9 broad 7b %ort]73 ,god1 ,god4 z 9 not3 lmb1 lamb4 u z 9 full3 sunu1 son4 y z 9 mill] 7) lips r\nd$7#a3 gyld51 gold54 ,,note4--,! symbol is kn[n z umlaut-e 7 #eh74 ,x /&s = ,g]manic a1 :ile e 7)\t ! c$illa7 repres5ts ,g]manic e4 ,! symbol is employ$ only be=e m & n4 ,x1 too1 repres5ts ,g]manic a4 ,b ,alfr$ writes manig or monig1 _m2 lamb or lomb1 lamb2 h& or hond1 h&1 etc4 ,! c$illa is an etymological sign add$ by mod]n gramm>ians4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! lett]s & 7 pr9t$ z %[n 9 ?is e-text4 ,! diacritic is n a c$illa 7op5 to ! left7 b an ogonek 7op5 to ! "r74 ,footnote #a3 ,v[els are said to be r\nd1 or r\nd$1 :5 ! lip-op5+ is r\nd$2 t is1 :5 ! lips are ?ru/ out & puck]$ z if prep>+ to pron\nce w4 ,?us o & u are r\nd v[els3 add -+ to ea*1 & phonetically y h add$ -w+4 ,e4g4 gw+1 suw+4 ,consonants4 #h4 ,!re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! values ( ,old ,engli% consonants & ^? ( ,mod]n ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ di/9ctions1 h[ev]1 require notice3 ,! digraph ? is repres5t$ 9 ,old ,engli% texts by & 1 no consi/5t di/9ction be+ made betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! works ( ,alfr$1 7capital1 7 is ! m common3 s1 ^?2 t1 t2 b9de1 he b9ds4 ,! consonant c _h ! h>d s\nd ( k1 ! latt] symbol be+ r>e 9 ,we/ ,saxon3 cyn+1 k+2 cwn1 que52 c1 kn[n4 ,:5 foll[$ by a palatal v[el s\nd1--e1 i1 1 ea1 eo1 long or %ort1--a vani%+ y s\nd 0 d\btless int]pos$ 7cf4 dialectic kyind = k9d74 ,9 ,mod]n ,engli% ! comb9ation has pass$ into *3 cealc1 *alk2 cdan1 to *ide2 lce1 lee*2 cild1 *ild2 cowan1 to *ew4 ,?is *ange 7c *7 is kn[n z ,palatalization4 ,! lett] g1 pron\nc$ z 9 ,mod]n ,engli% gun1 has also a palatal value be=e ! palatal v[els 7cf4 dialectic gyirl = girl74 ,! comb9ation cg1 :i* frequ5tly /&s = gg1 _h probably ! s\nd ( dge 9 ,mod]n ,engli% edge3 cg1 edge2 scgan1 to say2 brycg1 bridge4 ,initial h is s\nd$ z 9 ,mod]n ,engli%3 habban1 to h2 hlga1 sa9t4 ,:5 clos+ a syllable x has ! s\nd ( ,g]man *3 slh1 he slew2 hah1 high2 urh1 ?r\gh4 #i4 ,an important di/9ction is t betwe5 voic$ 7or sonant7 & voiceless 7or surd7 consonants4#b ,9 ,old ,engli% !y are z foll[s3 ,,voic$4 ,,voiceless4 g h1 c d t 1 7z 9 ?ough7 1 7z 9 ?97 b p f 7 v7 f s 7 z7 s ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t 771 f1 & s h d\ble values 9 ,old ,engli%4 ,if voic$1 !y are equival5t to ? 79 ?ough71 v1 & z4 ,o!rwise1 !y are pron\nc$ z ? 79 ?971 f 79 f971 & s 79 s974 ,! syllabic environm5t w usually compel ! /ud5t to give ^! lett]s _! prop] values4 ,:5 occurr+ betwe5 v[els1 !y are always voic$3 er1 o!r2 (]1 ov]2 rsan1 to rise4 ,,note4--,! g5]al rule 9 ,old ,engli%1 z 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 is1 t voic$ consonants h a special aff9ity = o!r voic$ consonants1 & voiceless = voiceless4 ,?is is ! law ( ,assimilation4 ,?us :5 de is add$ to =m ! pret]it ( a v]b ^: /em ends 9 a voiceless consonant1 ! d is unvoic$1 or assimilat$1 to t3 sttan1 to set1 stte 7b trddan1 to tread1 has trdde72 slpan1 to sleep1 slpte2 drncan1 to dr5*1 drncte2 cyssan1 to kiss1 cy/e4 ,see #abf1 ,note #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,a little practice w enable ! /ud5t to see ! appropriat5ess ( call+ ^! consonants voic$ & voiceless4 ,try to pron\nce a voic$ consonant1--d 9 d51 = example1 b )\t ! assi/ance ( en1--& !re w be he>d a gurgle1 or vocal murmur4 ,b 9 t1 ( t51 !re is no s\nd at all1 b only a feel+ ( t5sion 9 ! organs4 ,syllables4 #aj4 ,a syllable is usually a v[el1 ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) consonants1 utt]$ ) a s+le impulse ( /ress2 b c]ta9 consonants may =m syllables3 ov5 7 ov-n71 battle 7 bt-l72 7cf4 also ! vulg> pronunciation ( elm74 ,a syllable may be 7#a7 weak or /rong1 7#b7 op5 or clos$1 7#c7 long or %ort4 7#a7 ,a weak syllable receives a light /ress4 ,its v[el s\nd is (t5 diff]5t f t ( ! correspond+ /rong1 or /ress$1 syllable4 ,cf4 weak & /rong my 9 8,i want my lrge hat0 & 8,i want m hat40 7#b7 ,an op5 syllable ends 9 a v[el or diph?ong3 d-man1 to deem2 1 ?\2 sca-c1 to %ake2 d-ges1 by day4 ,a clos$ syllable ends 9 "o or m consonants3 +1 ?+2 gd1 good2 gld1 glad4 7#c7 ,a syllable is long 7a7 if x conta9s a long v[el or a long diph?ong3 dr-fan1 to drive2 l-c1 to lock2 sl-pan1 to sleep2 co-san1 to *oose2 7b7 if its v[el or diph?ong is foll[$ by m ?an "o consonant3#c crft1 /r5g?2 he>d1 h>d2 lib-ban1 to live2 feal-lan1 to fall4 ,o!rwise1 ! syllable is %ort3 e1 :i*2 be-ran1 to be>2 t1 t2 gie-fan1 to give4 ,,note #a4--;,a s+le consonant belongs to ! foll[+ syllable3 h-lig1 holy 7n hl-ig72 wr-tan1 to write2 f-d]1 fa!r4 ,,note #b4--,! /ud5t w notice t ! syllable may be long & ! v[el %ort2 b ! v[el _c be long & ! syllable %ort4 ,,note #c4--,old ,engli% %ort v[els1 occurr+ 9 op5 syllables1 h regul>ly become long 9 ,mod]n ,engli%3 we-fan1 to weave2 e-tan1 to eat2 ma-cian1 to make2 na-cod1 nak$2 a-c1 to a*e2 o-f]1 ov]4 ,& ,old ,engli% long v[els1 prec$+ two or m consonants1 h g5]ally be5 %ort5$3 bro/1 brea/2 hl1 heal?2 slpte1 slept2 ldde1 l$4 ,footnote #c3 ,tak5 sep>ately1 e syllable end+ 9 a s+le consonant is long4 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t all clos$ syllables are long2 b 9 ! natural fl[ ( language1 ! s+le f9al consonant ( a syllable s (t5 bl5ds ) a foll[+ initial v[el1 ! syllable ?us becom+ op5 & %ort1 t su* syllables are n recogniz$ z prevail+ly long4 ,cf4 ,mod]n ,engli% at all 7 a-tall74 ,acc5tuation4 #aa4 ,! acc5t 9 ,old ,engli% falls usually on ! radical syllable1 nev] on ! inflectional end+3 brngan1 to br+2 /nas1 /ones2 br5de1 be>+2 delnes1 idl5ess2 frondscipe1 fri5d%ip4 ,b 9 ! case ( comp\nd n\ns1 adjectives1 & adv]bs ! fir/ memb] ( ! comp\nd 7unless x be ge- or be-7 receives ! /rong] /ress3 h(on-rce1 heav5-k+dom2 nd-giet1 intellig5ce2 s-f/1 tru?ful2 gd-cund1 div9e2 all-unga1 entirely2 ble-lce1 bli!ly4 ,b be-ht1 promise2 ge-bd1 pray]2 ge-falc1 joy\s2 be-sne1 imm$iately4 ,comp\nd v]bs1 h[ev]1 h ! /ress on ! radical syllable3 =-gefan1 to =give2 (-lnnan1 to cease2 -cnwan1 to "k2 wi-/ndan1 to )/&2 on-sc1 to resi/4 ,,note4--,! t5d5cy ( n\ns to take ! /ress on ! prefix1 :ile v]bs reta9 x on ! root1 is exemplifi$ 9 _m ,mod]n ,engli% words3 prf]5ce1 prefr2 cntract 7n\n71 contrct 7v]b72 b/95ce1 ab/an2 prfume 7n\n71 p]fme 7v]b74 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,inflections4 ,cases4 #ab4 ,!re are five cases 9 ,old ,engli%3 ! nom9ative1 ! g5itive1 ! dative1 ! accusative1 & ! in/rum5tal4#a ,ea* ( !m1 except ! nom9ative1 may be gov]n$ by prepositions4 ,:5 us$ )\t prepositions1 !y h1 9 g5]al1 ! foll[+ functions3 7a7 ,! nom9ative1 z 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 is ! case ( ! subject ( a f9ite v]b4 7b7 ,! g5itive 7! possessive case ( ,mod]n ,engli%7 is ! case ( ! possessor or s\rce4 ,x may be call$ ! ( case4 7c7 ,! dative is ! case ( ! indirect object4 ,x may be call$ ! to or = case4 7d7 ,! accusative 7! objective case ( ,mod]n ,engli%7 is ! case ( ! direct object4 7e7 ,! in/rum5tal1 :i* r>ely diff]s f ! dative 9 =m1 is ! case ( ! means or ! me?od4 ,x may be call$ ! ) or by case4 ,! foll[+ p>adigm ( m1 ! m\?1 illu/rates ! sev]al cases 7! article be+1 = ! pres5t1 gratuit\sly add$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,engli% equival5ts73 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,n4 m ! m\?4 m-z ! m\?s4 ,g4 m-es#b ( ! m\? m-a ( ! m\?s 7 ! m\?'s74 7 ! m\?s'74 ,d4 m-e to or = ! m-um to or = ! m\?s4 m\?4 ,a4 m ! m\?4 m-z ! m\?s4 ,i4 me ) or by means m-um ) or by means ( ! m\?4 ( ! m\?s4 ,footnote #a3 ,mo/ gramm>s add a six? case1 ! vocative4 ,b x seems be/ to consid] ! vocative z only a function ( ! nom9ative =m4 ,footnote #b3 ,( c\rse our 8apo/rophe & s0 7 's7 comes f ! ,old ,engli% g5itive end+ -es4 ,! e is pres]v$ 9 ,w$nesday 7 ,old ,engli% ,wdnes dg74 ,b at a v e>ly p]iod x 0 ?\ght t ,john's book1 = example1 0 a %ort5$ =m ( ,john 8 book4 ,?us ,addison 7,spectator1 ,no4 #ace7 decl>es 's a survival ( 84 ,h[1 !n1 w\ld he expla9 ! s ( 88 ,& h[ w\ld he dispose ( ,m>y's book8 ,g5d]4 #ac4 ,! g5d] ( ,old ,engli% n\ns1 unlike t ( ,mod]n ,engli%1 dep5ds p>tly on mean+ & p>tly on =m1 or end+4 ,?us m1 m\?1 is mascul9e2 tunge1 tongue1 fem99e2 age1 eye1 neut]4 ,no v compreh5sive rules1 !re=e1 c be giv52 b ! g5d] ( e n\n %\ld be le>n$ ) its mean+4 ,g5d] w be indicat$ 9 ! vocabul>ies by ! diff]5t g5d] =ms ( ! def9ite article1 s = ! mascul9e1 so = ! fem99e1 & t = ! neut]3 s m1 so tunge1 t age ! m\?1 ! tongue1 ! eye4 ,all n\ns end+ 9 -dm1 -hd1 -scipe1 or -ere are mascul9e 7cf4 ,mod]n ,engli% wisdom1 *ildhood1 fri5d%ip1 "wer74 ,mascul9e1 also1 are n\ns end+ 9 -a4 ,^? end+ 9 -nes or -ung are fem99e 7cf4 ,mod]n ,engli% goodness1 & g]undial =ms 9 -+3 see+ is believ+74 ,?us s wsdm1 wisdom2 s cildhd1 *ildhood2 s frondscipe1 fri5d%ip2 s fisc]e1 fi%]7man72 s hunta1 hunt]2 so gelcnes1 lik5ess2 so leornung1 le>n+4 ,decl5sions4 #ad4 ,!re are two great sy/ems ( decl5sion 9 ,old ,engli%1 ! ,v[el ,decl5sion & ! ,consonant ,decl5sion4 ,a n\n is said to belong to ! ,v[el ,decl5sion :5 ! f9al lett] ( its /em is a v[el1 ?is v[el be+ !n kn[n z ! /em-*>act]i/ic2 b if ! /em-*>act]i/ic is a consonant1 ! n\n belongs to ! ,consonant ,decl5sion4 ,!re might h be51 !re=e1 z _m subdivisions ( ! ,v[el ,decl5sion 9 ,old ,engli% z !re 7 v[els1 & z _m subdivisions ( ! ,consonant ,decl5sion z !re 7 consonants4 ,all ,old ,engli% n\ns1 h[ev]1 belong+ to ! ,v[el ,decl5sion1 end$ _! /ems orig9ally 9 a1 1 i1 or u4 ,h5ce !re are b f\r subdivisions ( ! ,v[el ,decl5sion3 a-/ems1 -/ems1 i-/ems1 & u-/ems4 ,! ,v[el ,decl5sion is commonly call$ ! ,/rong ,decl5sion1 & its n\ns ,/rong ,n\ns4 ,,note4--,! t]ms ,/rong & ,weak 7 fir/ us$ by ,jacob ,grimm 7#aghe-ahfc7 9 ! t]m9ology ( v]bs1 & !nce transf]r$ to n\ns & adjectives4 ,by a ,/rong ,v]b1 ,grimm meant "o t c\ld =m its pret]it out ( its own res\rces2 t is1 )\t call+ 9 ! aid ( an additional syllable3 ,mod]n ,engli% run1 ran2 f9d1 f\nd2 b v]bs ( ! ,weak ,conjugation _h to borr[1 z x 71 an inflectional syllable3 ga91 ga9$2 help1 help$4 #ae4 ,! /ems ( n\ns belong+ to ! ,consonant ,decl5sion end$1 ) b few exceptions1 9 ! lett] n 7cf4 ,lat9 hom9-em1 ration-em1 ,greek -74 ,!y are call$1 !re=e1 n-/ems1 ! ,decl5sion itself be+ kn[n z ! n-,decl5sion1 or ! ,weak ,decl5sion4 ,! n\ns1 also1 are call$ ,weak ,n\ns4 #af4 ,if e ,old ,engli% n\n _h pres]v$ ! orig9al ,g]manic /em-*>act]i/ic 7or f9al lett] ( ! /em71 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 decid+ at once :e!r any giv5 n\n is an a-/em1 -/em1 i-/em1 u-/em1 or n-/em2 b ^! f9al lett]s _h1 = ! mo/ "p1 ei!r be5 dropp$1 or fus$ ) ! case-end+s1 long be=e ! p]iod ( hi/oric ,old ,engli%4 ,x is only1 !re=e1 by a rigid comp>ison ( ! ,g]manic languages ) "o ano!r1 & ) ! o!r ,aryan languages1 t s*ol>s are able to recon/ruct a s+le ,g]manic language1 9 :i* ! orig9al /em-*>act]i/ics may be se5 f> bett] ?an 9 any "o hi/oric bran* ( ! ,g]manic gr\p 7 #e1 ,note74 ,?is hypo!tical language1 :i* be>s ! same ance/ral relation to ! hi/oric ,g]manic dialects t ,lat9 be>s to ! ,romance tongues1 is kn[n simply z ,g]manic 7,gmc471 or z ,primitive ,g]manic4 ,ability to recon/ruct ,g]manic =ms is n expect$ ( ! /ud5ts ( ?is book1 b ! foll[+ table %\ld be exam9$ z illu/rat+ ! basis ( di/9ction among ! sev]al ,old ,engli% decl5sions 7,o4,e4 ,old ,engli%1 ,mn4,e4 ,mod]n ,engli%73 ,gmc4 /a9a-z1 7#a7 a-/ems ,o4,e4 /n1 ,mn4,e4 /one4 ,gmc4 hall1 7#b7 -/ems ,o4,e4 heall1 ,i4 ,/rong or ,v[el ,mn4,e4 hall4 ,decl5sions ,gmc4 bni-z1 7#c7 i-/ems ,o4,e4 bn1 ,mn4,e4 boon4 ,gmc4 sunu-z1 7#d7 u-/ems ,o4,e4 sunu1 ,mn4,e4 son4 7#a7 n-/ems ,gmc4 tungn-iz1 7,weak ,o4,e4 tung-an1 ,decl5sion7 ,mn4,e4 tongue-s4 ,gmc4 ft-iz1 7a7 ,o4,e4 ft1 ,,ii4 ,consonant 7#b7 ,remnants ,mn4,e4 feet4 ,decl5sions ( o!r ,consonant ,gmc4 frijnd-iz1 ,decl5sions 7b7 ,o4,e4 frend1 ,mn4,e4 fri5d-s4 ,gmc4 brr-iz1 7c7 ,o4,e4 bror1 ,mn4,e4 bro!r-s4 ,,note4--8,x w be se5 t if ,old ,engli% age1 eye1 is said to be an n-/em1 :at is meant is ?is1 t at "s =m] p]iod ! k]nel ( ! ^w end$ 9 -n1 :ile1 z f> z ! ,old ,engli% language prop] is conc]n$1 all t is impli$ is t ! ^w is inflect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]40 7,jesp]s51 ,progress 9 ,language1 #aji74 ,?is is true ( all ,old ,engli% /ems1 :e!r ,v[el or ,consonant4 ,! division1 !re=e1 into a-/ems1 -/ems1 etc41 is made 9 ! int]e/s ( gramm> z well z ( philology4 ,conjugations4 #ag4 ,!re are1 likewise1 two sy/ems ( conjugation 9 ,old ,engli%3 ! ,/rong or ,old ,conjugation1 & ! ,weak or ,new ,conjugation4 ,! v]bs ( ! ,/rong ,conjugation 7! s-call$ ,irregul> ,v]bs ( ,mod]n ,engli%7 numb] ab\t ?ree hundr$1 ( :i* n "o hundr$ rema9 9 ,mod]n ,engli% 7 #aja1 ,note74 ,!y =m _! pret]it & frequ5tly _! pa/ p>ticiple by *ang+ ! radical v[el ( ! pres5t /em4 ,?is v[el *ange or modification is call$ ablaut 7pron\nc$ hp-l[t73 ,mod]n ,engli% s+1 sang1 sung2 rise1 rose1 ris54 ,z ! radical v[el ( ! pret]it plural is (t5 diff]5t f t ( ! pret]it s+ul>1 !re are f\r pr9cipal p>ts or t5se /ems 9 an ,old ,engli% /rong v]b1 in/ead ( ! ?ree ( ,mod]n ,engli%4 ,! f\r pr9cipal p>ts 9 ! conjugation ( a /rong v]b are 7#a7 ! pres5t indicative1 7#b7 ! pret]it indicative s+ul>1 7#c7 ! pret]it indicative plural1 & 7#d7 ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,/rong v]bs fall into sev5 gr\ps1 illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,pres5t4 ,,pret4 ,,s+4 ,,pret4 ,,plur4 ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple4 ,i4 ,btan1 to bite3 ,ic bt-e1 ,i bite or %all bite4#c ,ic bt1 ,i bit4 ,w bit-on1 we bit4 ,ic hbbe ge#d-;bit51 ,i h bitt54 ,,ii4 ,bodan1 to bid3 ,ic bod-e1 ,i bid or %all bid4 ,ic bad1 ,i bade4 ,w bud-on1 we bade4 ,ic hbbe ge-bod51 ,i h bidd54 ,,iii4 ,b9dan1 to b9d3 ,ic b9d-e1 ,i b9d or %all b9d4 ,ic bnd1 ,i b\nd4 ,w bund-on1 we b\nd4 ,ic hbbe ge-bund-en1 ,i h b\nd4 ,,iv4 ,b]an1 to be>3 ,ic b]-e1 ,i be> or %all be>4 ,ic br1 ,i bore4 ,w br-on1 we bore4 ,ic hbbe ge-bor-en1 ,i h borne4 ,v4 ,metan1 to measure3 ,ic met-e1 ,i measure or %all measure4 ,ic mt1 ,i measur$4 ,w mt-on1 we measur$4 ,ic hbbe ge-met-en1 ,i h measur$4 ,,vi4 ,f>an1 to g3 ,ic f>-e1 ,i g or %all g4 ,ic fr1 ,i w5t4 ,w fr-on1 we w5t4 ,ic eom#e ge-f>-en1 ,i h 7am7 gone4 ,,vii4 ,feallan1 to fall3 ,ic feall-e1 ,i fall or %all fall4 ,ic foll1 ,i fell4 ,w foll-on1 we fell4 ,ic eom#e ge-feall-en1 ,i h 7am7 fall54 ,footnote #c3 ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon _h no di/9ctive =m = ! future4 ,! pres5t 0 us$ bo? z pres5t prop] & z future4 ,cf4 ,mod]n ,engli% 8,i g home tomorr[10 or 8,i am go+ home tomorr[0 = 8,i %all g home tomorr[40 ,footnote #d3 ,! prefix ge- 7,middle ,engli% y-71 cognate ) ,lat9 co 7con7 & imply+ complet5ess ( action1 0 n always us$4 ,x nev] occurs 9 ! pa/ p>ticiples ( comp\nd v]bs3 o-feallan1 to fall (f1 pa/ p>ticiple o-feall5 7n o-gefeall574 ,milton errs 9 prefix+ x to a pres5t p>ticiple3 8,:at ne$s my ,%akespe>e1 = 8 hon\r'd bones1 ,! lab\r ( an age 9 pil$ /ones8 ,or t 8 hall['d reliques %\ld be hid ,"u a />-ypo9t+ pyramid40 --,epitaph on ,william ,%akespe>e4 ,& ,%akespe>e misuses x 9 8,y-ravi%$10 a pret]it 7,p]icles ,,iii1 ,prologue l4 #ce74 ,x survives 9 ! ar*aic y-clept 7,old ,engli% ge-clypod1 call$74 ,x appe>s z a 9 aw>e 7,old ,engli% ge-wr71 z e 9 en\gh 7,old ,engli% ge-nh71 & z i 9 h&iwork 7,old ,engli% h&-ge-weorc74 ,footnote #e3 ,) intransitive v]bs d5ot+ *ange ( condition1 ! ,old ,engli% auxili>y is usually "s =m ( to be r ?an to h4 ,see #aci4 #ah4 ,! v]bs ( ! ,weak ,conjugation 7! s-call$ ,regul> ,v]bs ( ,mod]n ,engli%7 =m _! pret]it & pa/ p>ticiple by add+ to ! pres5t /em a suffix#f ) d or t3 ,mod]n ,engli% love1 lov$2 sleep1 slept4 ,! /em ( ! pret]it plural is nev] diff]5t f ! /em ( ! pret]it s+ul>2 h5ce ^! v]bs h only ?ree di/9ctive t5se-/ems1 or pr9cipal p>ts3 viz41 7#a7 ! pres5t indicative1 7#b7 ! pret]it indicative1 & 7#c7 ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,weak v]bs fall into ?ree gr\ps1 illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,pres5t4 ,,pret]it4 ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple4 ,i4 ,frmman1 to p]=m3 ,ic frmm-e1 ,i p]=m or %all p]=m4 ,ic frm-ede1 ,i p]=m$4 ,ic hbbe ge-frm-ed1 ,i h p]=m$4 ,,ii4 ,bodian1 to proclaim3 ,ic bodi-e1 ,i proclaim or %all proclaim4 ,ic bod-ode1 ,i proclaim$4 ,ic hbbe ge-bod-od1 ,i h proclaim$4 ,,iii4 ,habban1 to h3 ,ic hbbe1 ,i h or %all h4 ,ic hf-de1 ,i _h4 ,ic hbbe ge-hf-d1 ,i h _h4 ,footnote #f3 ,! !ory t lov$1 = example1 is a fus$ =m ( love-did has be5 g5]ally giv5 up4 ,! d5tal end+ 0 d\btless an ,indo-,g]manic suffix1 :i* became completely specializ$ only 9 ! ,teutonic languages4 #ai4 ,!re rema9 a few v]bs 7*iefly ! ,auxili>y ,v]bs ( ,mod]n ,engli%7 t d n belong entirely to ei!r ( ! two conjugations m5tion$4 ,! mo/ important ( !m are1 ,ic mg ,i may1 ,ic mihte ,i might2 ,ic cn ,i c1 ,ic ce ,i c\ld2 ,ic mt ,i mu/1 ,ic m/e ,i mu/2 ,ic sceal ,i %all1 ,ic sceolde ,i %\ld2 ,ic eom ,i am1 ,ic ws ,i 02 ,ic wille ,i w1 ,ic wolde ,i w\ld2 ,ic d ,i d1 ,ic dyde ,i did2 ,ic g ,i g1 ,ic ode ,i w5t4 ,all b ! la/ f\r ( ^! are kn[n z ,pret]it-,pres5t ,v]bs4 ,! pres5t t5se ( ea* ( !m is 9 orig9 a pret]it1 9 function a pres5t4 ,cf4 ,mod]n ,engli% ought 7 ow$74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,words4 #bj4 ,! ord] ( words 9 ,old ,engli% is m l t ( ,mod]n ,g]man ?an ( ,mod]n ,engli%4 ,yet x is only ! ,transpos$ ord] t ! /ud5t w feel to be at all un-,engli%2 & ! ,transpos$ ord]1 ev5 be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 0 fa/ yield+ place to ! ,normal ord]4 ,! ?ree divisions ( ord] are 7#a7 ,normal1 7#b7 ,inv]t$1 & 7#c7 ,transpos$4 7#a7 ,normal ord] subject pr$icate4 ,9 ,old ,engli%1 ! ,normal ord] is f\nd *iefly 9 indep5d5t clauses4 ,! pr$icate is foll[$ by its modifi]s3 ,s hwl bi micle lssa onne re hwalas1 ,t :ale is mu* small] ?an o!r :ales2 nd h geseah tw scipu1 ,& he saw two %ips4 7#b7 ,inv]t$ ord] pr$icate subject4 ,?is ord] occurs also 9 indep5d5t clauses1 & is employ$ 7a7 :5 "s modifi] ( ! pr$icate prec$es ! pr$icate1 ! subject be+ ?r[n beh9d4 ,! words mo/ frequ5tly caus+ ,inv]sion 9 ,old ,engli% prose are !n1 onne !n1 & r !re3 fr h1 ,!n w5t he2 onne rna h ealle twe>d m fo1 ,!n gallop !y all t[>d ! prop]ty2 ac r bi m$o g5h1 b !re is mead en\gh4 ,inv]sion is employ$ 7b7 9 int]rogative s5t5ces3 ,lufa/ m8 ,love/ ?\ me8 & 7c7 9 imp]ative s5t5ces3 ,cume n rce1 ,?y k+dom come4 7#c7 ,transpos$ ord] subject 444 pr$icate4 ,t is1 ! pr$icate comes la/ 9 ! s5t5ce1 be+ prec$$ by its modifi]s4 ,?is is ! ord] obs]v$ 9 dep5d5t clauses3#a onne cyme s man s t swifto/e hors hafa1 ,!n comes ! man t has ! swifte/ horse 7lit]ally1 t ! swifte/ horse has72 ,ne mtte h r nn gebn l&1 sian h frm 8 gnum hm fr1 ,nor did he be=e f9d any cultivat$ l&1 aft] he w5t f 8 own home 7lit]ally1 aft] he f 8 own home w5t74 ,footnote #a3 ,b 9 ! ,voyages ( ,oh!re & ,wulf/an1 9 :i* ! /yle is app>5tly m t ( oral ?an ( writt5 disc\rse1 ! ,normal is m frequ5t ?an ! ,transpos$ ord] 9 dep5d5t clauses4 ,9 8 o!r writ+s ,alfr$ manife/s a p>tiality = ! ,transpos$ ord] 9 dep5d5t clauses1 except 9 ! case ( sub/antival clauses introduc$ by t4 ,su* clauses %[ a m>k$ t5d5cy to rev]t to _! ,normal oratio recta ord]4 ,! norm ?us set by ! indirect affirmative clause seems to h prov$ an important factor 9 ! ultimate disappe>ance ( ,transposition f dep5d5t clauses4 ,! influ5ce ( ,norman ,fr5* help$ only to consummate =ces t 7 already busily at "w4 #ba4 ,two o!r peculi>ities 9 ! ord] ( words require a brief notice4 7#a7 ,pronom9al datives & accusatives usually prec$e ! pr$icate3 ,h h9e (]wann1 ,he ov]came him 7lit]ally1 ,he him ov]came72 ,dryht5 him &wyrde1 ,! ,"l answ]$ him4 ,b sub/antival datives & accusatives1 z 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 foll[ ! pr$icate4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce illu/rates bo? ord]s3 ,h g5mon ,ioseph1 nd h9e gesealdon cpemnnum1 nd h h9e gesealdon 9 gypta lnd1 ,!y took ,joseph1 & sold him to m]*ants1 & !y sold him into ,egypt 7lit]ally1 ,!y took ,joseph1 & him sold to m]*ants1 & !y him sold into ,egyptians' l&74 ,,note4--,! same ord] prevails 9 ! case ( pronom9al nom9atives us$ z pr$icate n\ns3 ,ic hit eom1 ,x is ,i 7lit]ally1 ,i x am72 hit e>t1 ,x is ?\ 7lit]ally1 ,?\ x art74 7#b7 ,! attributive g5itive1 :atev] relation%ip x expresses1 usually prec$es ! n\n :i* x qualifies3 ,breoton is grsecges gl&1 ,brita9 is an isl& ( ! ocean 7lit]ally1 ocean's isl&72 ,swilce hit is ac b]5de on wcga rum1 ,likewise x is also ri* 9 ores ( metals 7lit]ally1 metals' ores72 ,cyn+a cyn+1 ,k+ ( k+s 7lit]ally1 ,k+s' k+72 ,g witon ,godes rces g]ne1 ,ye "k ! my/]y ( ! k+dom ( ,god 7lit]ally1 ,ye "k ,god's k+dom's my/]y74 ,a preposition gov]n+ ! ^w modifi$ by ! g5itive1 prec$es ! g5itive3#b ,on ealdra manna sg5um1 ,9 old m5's say+s2 t ra /rta ndum1 ,at ! ends ( ! /reets 7lit]ally1 ,at ! /reets' ends72 ,= ealra nra hlg5a lufan1 ,= all ?y sa9ts' love4 ,see1 also1 #id1 7#e74 ,footnote #b3 ,! positions ( ! g5itive are v>i\s4 ,x frequ5tly foll[s its n\n3 be>n ra ,aeni5sa1 ,! *ildr5 ( ! ,a!nians4 ,x may sep>ate an adjective & a n\n3 n ltel ss e>m1 ,a little arm ( 7!7 sea4 ,! g5itive may "h be con/ru$ z an adjective1 or "p ( a comp\nd ,a little sea-arm2 ,mid mnegum ,godes gifum1 ,) _m ,god-gifts _m div9e gifts4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,practical ,,sugge/ions4 #bb4 ,9 ! /udy ( ,old ,engli%1 ! /ud5t mu/ rememb] t he is deal+ n ) a =eign or isolat$ language b ) ! e>li] =ms ( 8 own "m tongue4 ,! /udy w prove pr(itable & /imulat+ 9 proportion z close & con/ant comp>ison is made ( ! old ) ! new4 ,! guid+ pr9ciples 9 su* a comp>ison are r$ucible *iefly to two4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! regul> op]ation ( phonetic laws1 result+ especially 9 c]ta9 ,v[el ,%ift+s1 & 7#b7 ! alt]ations 9 =m & syntax t are produc$ by ,analogy4 7#a7 8,! =m] ( ^! is ( physiological or natural orig91 & is p]fectly & inflexibly regul> ?r\gh\t ! same p]iod ( ! same language2 & ev5 ?\gh diff]5t languages %[ diff]5t phonetic habits & pr$ilections1 !re is a /rong g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! *anges induc$ 9 "o language & 9 ano!r2 _m ( ! p>ticul> laws are true = _m languages4 7#b7 8,! o!r pr9ciple is psy*ical1 or m5tal1 or artificial1 introduc+ v>i\s m or less caprici\s *anges t are suppos$ to be em5dations2 & its op]ation is1 to "s ext5t1 unc]ta9 & fitful40#a ,footnote #a3 ,skeat1 ,pr9ciples ( ,engli% ,etymology1 ,second ,s]ies1 #cdb4 ,b ,jesp]s51 ) ,collitz & o!rs1 /\tly conte/s 8! !ory ( s\nd laws & analogy suffic+ betwe5 !m to expla9 ev]y?+ 9 l+ui/ic developm5t40 7#a7 ,v[el-,%ift+s4 #bc4 ,x w prove an aid to ! /ud5t 9 acquir+ ! inflections & vocabul>y ( ,old ,engli% to note c>efully ! foll[+ %ift+s t h tak5 place 9 ! gradual gr[? ( ! ,old ,engli% v[el sy/em into t ( ,mod]n ,engli%4 7#a7 ,z /at$ 9 #c1 ! ,old ,engli% inflectional v[els1 :i* 7 all %ort & unacc5t$1 weak5$ 9 e>ly ,middle ,engli% to e4 ,?is e 9 ,mod]n ,engli% is frequ5tly dropp$3 ,,old ,,engli%4 ,,middle ,,engli%4 ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 /n-z /on-es /ones sun-u sun-e son sun-a sun-e sons ox-an ox-en ox5 swift-ra swift-er swift] swift-o/ swift-e/ swifte/ lc-ode lok-ede look$ 7#b7 ,! ,old ,engli% long v[els h %ift$ _! phonetic values ) su* uni=m regul>ity t x is possible 9 almo/ e case to inf] ! ,mod]n ,engli% s\nd2 b our spell+ is s *aotic t :ile ! /ud5t may inf] ! mod]n s\nd1 he _c always inf] ! mod]n symbol repres5t+ ! s\nd4 ,,old ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 ,,engli%4 o#b n no2 /n /one2 bn bone2 7z 9 no7 rd road2 c oak2 hl :ole2 hm home2 swan to s[2 g/ gho/4 e h he2 w we2 !e2 m 7z 9 he7 me2 g ye2 hl heel2 wrig we>y2 gelfan to believe2 gs geese4 77 i 7y7 mn m9e2 n ?9e2 wr wire2 7z 9 m9e7 ms mice2 rm rime 7wrongly spelt rhyme72 ls lice2 b by2 scnan to %9e2 /ig-rp /y-rope 7%ort5$ to /irrup1 /gan mean+ to m\nt74 o d ,i d2 t too1 to2 gs goose2 7z 9 d7 t too?2 mna moon2 m doom2 md mood2 wgian to woo2 slh ,i slew4 ou 7ow7 ?\2 fl f\l2 hs h\se2 7z 9 ?\7 n n[2 h h[2 tn t[n2 re our2 t out2 hld l\d2 s5d ?\s&4 1 ea 3 s sea2 ml meal2 dlan a1 7z 9 sea7 to deal2 clne clean2 grdig o gre$y4 a3 are e>2 a/ ea/2 dram dream2 gar ye>2 batan to beat4 o3 ro ?ree2 drorig dre>y2 so %e1 hrod re$2 dop deep4 ,footnote #b3 ,b ,old ,engli% prec$$ by w sometimes gives ,mod]n ,engli% o z 9 two3 tw two2 hw :o2 hwm :om4 7#b7 ,analogy4 #bd4 ,b m important ?an v[el %ift+ is ! great law ( ,analogy1 = ,analogy %apes n only words b con/ructions4 ,x belongs1 !re=e1 to ,etymology & to ,syntax1 s9ce x influ5ces bo? =m & function4 ,by ?is law1 m9orities t5d to pass ov] to ! side ( ! majorities4 8,! great] mass ( cases ex]ts an assimilative influ5ce ^u ! small]40#c ,! effect ( ,analogy is to simplify & to regul>ize4 8,! ma9 factor 9 gett+ rid ( irregul>ities is gr\p-influ5ce1 or ,analogy--! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! memb]s ( an association-gr\p on "o ano!r4444 ,irregul>ity consi/s 9 p>tial isolation f an association-gr\p ?r\gh "s =mal diff]5ce40#d ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,analogy1 entire decl5sions & conjugations h be5 swept away1 leav+ 9 ,mod]n ,engli% n a trace ( _! =m] exi/5ce4 ,!re are 9 ,old ,engli%1 = example1 five plural end+s = n\ns1 -z1 -a1 -e1 -u1 & -an4 ,no "o c\ld well h pr$ict$#e t -z 7,middle ,engli% -es7 w\ld soon take ! lead1 & become ! norm to :i* ! o!r end+s w\ld ev5tually con=m1 = !re 7 m an-plurals ?an z-plurals2 b ! z-plurals 7 d\btless m (t5 employ$ 9 ev]yday spee*4 ,ox5 7,old ,engli% oxan7 is ! sole pure survival ( ! hundr$s ( ,old ,engli% an-plurals4 ,no gr\p ( fem99e n\ns 9 ,old ,engli% _h -es z ! g5itive s+ul> end+2 b by ! close ( ! ,middle ,engli% p]iod all fem99es =m$ _! g5itive s+ul> 9 -es 7or -s1 ,mod]n ,engli% 's7 aft] ! analogy ( ! ,old ,engli% mascul9e & neut] n\ns ) es-g5itives4 ,! weak pret]its 9 -ode h all be5 level$ "u ! ed-=ms1 & ( ! ?ree hundr$ /rong v]bs 9 ,old ,engli% m ?an two hundr$ h become weak4 ,^! are n cases ( d]ivation 7z are ! %ift$ v[els73 ,mod]n ,engli% -s 9 sons1 = example1 c\ld n possibly be d]iv$ f ,old ,engli% -a 9 suna1 or ,middle ,engli% -e 9 sune 7 #bc1 7#a774 ,!y are cases ( replacem5t by ,analogy4 ,a few m9or examples w quick5 ! /ud5t's appreciation ( ! nature ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,analogy3 7a7 ,! intrusive l 9 c\ld 7,*auc] always wrote c\d or c\de7 is due to association ) w\ld & %\ld1 9 ea* ( :i* l belongs by etymological "r4 7b7 ,he ne$ n 7= ,he ne$s n7 is due to ! assimilative influ5ce ( ! auxili>ies may1 c1 etc41 :i* h nev] add$ -s = _! ?ird p]son s+ul> 7 #acg74 7c7 ,i am fri5ds ) him1 9 :i* fri5ds is a cry/aliz$ =m = on good t]ms1 may be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( su* expressions z ,he & ,i are fri5ds1 ,!y are fri5ds1 etc4 7d7 ,su* errors z are se5 9 runn$1 se$1 gooses1 badd]1 hisself1 says ,i 7usually c\pl$ ) says he7 are all analogical =mations4 ,?\gh n sanction$ by good usage1 x is h>dly "r to call ^! =ms ! products ( 8false analogy40 ,! gramm> involv$ is false1 because unsupport$ by lit]>y usages & traditions2 b ! analogy on :i* ^! =ms are built is no m false ?an ! law ( gravitation is false :5 x makes a dress sit unconv5tionally4 ,footnote #c3 ,:itney1 ,life & ,gr[? ( ,language1 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,footnote #d3 ,sweet1 ,a ,new ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,"p ,i41 #ece4 ,footnote #e3 ,z ,skeat says 7 #bb1 7#b771 ,analogy is 8fitful40 ,x enables u to expla9 _m l+ui/ic ph5om5a1 b n to anticipate !m4 ,! multiplication ( books t5ds to *eck its influ5ce by p]petuat+ ! =ms already 9 use4 ,?us ,*auc] employ$ n9e en-plurals1 & 8 influ5ce s]v$ = a "t to *eck ! fur!r encroa*m5t ( ! es-plurals4 ,z soon z !re is an ackn[l$g$ /&>d 9 any language1 ! op]ation ( ,analogy is fett]$4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,etymology ,,& ,,syntax4 ,,! ,,/rong ,,or ,,v[el ,,decl5sions ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,,! a-,,decl5sion4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 7a7 ,mascul9e a-,/ems4 ,o4,e41 ,m4,e41 & ,mn4,e4 w h5ce=? be us$ = ,old ,engli%1 ,middle ,engli%1 & ,mod]n ,engli%4 ,o!r abbreviations employ$ are self-expla9+4 #be4 ,! a-,decl5sion1 correspond+ to ! ,second or o-,decl5sion ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 conta9s only 7a7 mascul9e & 7b7 neut] n\ns4 ,to ?is decl5sion belong mo/ ( ! ,o4,e4 mascul9e & neut] n\ns ( ! ,/rong ,decl5sion4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod1 _m ( ! n\ns belong+ prop]ly to ! i- & u-,decl5sions began to pass ov] to ! a-,decl5sion4 ,?is decl5sion may !re=e be consid]$ ! normal decl5sion = all mascul9e & neut] n\ns belong+ to ! ,/rong ,decl5sion4 #bf4 ,p>adigms ( s m1 m\?2 s fisc]e1 fi%]man2 s hwl1 :ale2 s me>h1 horse2 s f+]1 f+]3 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 m fisc]-e hwl me>h f+] ,g4 m-es fisc]-es hwl-es mar-es f+r-es ,d4,i4 m-e fisc]-e hwl-e mar-e f+r-e ,plur4 ,n4,a4 m-z fisc]-z hwal-z mar-z f+r-z ,g4 m-a fisc]-a hwal-a mar-a f+r-a ,d4,i4 m-um fisc]-um hwal-um mar-um f+r-um ,,note4--,= mean+s ( ! cases1 see #ab4 ,! dative & in/rum5tal are alike 9 all n\ns4 #bg4 ,! /ud5t w obs]ve 7#a7 t n\ns ^: nom9ative ends 9 -e 7fisc]e7 drop ?is lett] be=e add+ ! case end+s2 7#b7 t be=e a consonant 7hwl7 *anges to a 9 ! plural2#a 7#c7 t h1 prec$$ by r 7me>h7 or l 7seolh1 seal71 is dropp$ be=e an inflectional v[el1 ! /em diph?ong be+ !n l5g!n$ by way ( comp5sation2 7#d7 t dissyllables 7f+]7 hav+ ! fir/ syllable long1 usually syncopate ! v[el ( ! second syllable be=e add+ ! case end+s4#b ,footnote #a3 ,adjectives usually reta9 9 clos$ syllables1 *ang+ x to a 9 op5 syllables3 hwt 7active71 gld 7glad71 wr 7w>y7 h ,g4 hwates1 glades1 w>es2 ,d4 hwatum1 gladum1 w>um2 b ,a4 hwtne1 gldne1 wrne4 ,n\ns1 h[ev]1 *ange to a only 9 op5 syllables foll[$ by a guttural v[el1 a or u4 ,! 9 ! op5 syllables ( ! s+ul> is d\btless due to ! analogy ( ! ,n4,a4 s+ul>1 bo? be+ clos$ syllables4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 ,mn4,e4 drizz'l+1 rememb'r+1 abysmal 7abysm abizum71 sick'n+1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( syncopation is precisely ! same4 #bh4 ,p>adigm ( ! ,def9ite ,article#c s1 so1 t !3 ,mascul9e4 ,fem99e4 ,neut]4 ,s+4 ,n4 s 7se7 so t ,g4 s re s ,d4 m 7m7 re m 7m7 ,a4 "o t ,i4 1 on ---- 1 on ,all ,g5d]s4 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 ,g4 ra ,d4 m 7m7 ,footnote #c3 ,?is may mean f\r ?+s3 7#a7 ,!1 7#b7 ,t 7demon/rative71 7#c7 ,he1 %e1 x1 7#d7 ,:o1 :i*1 t 7relative pron\n74 ,mn4,e4 demon/rative t is1 ( c\rse1 ! survival ( ,o4,e4 neut] t 9 its demon/rative s5se4 ,pr(essor ,victor ,h5ry 7,comp>ative ,gramm> ( ,engli% & ,g]man1 #afj1 #c7 sees a survival ( dative plural demon/rative m 9 su* an expression z 9 !m days4 ,x seems m probable1 h[ev]1 t !m s us$ has foll[$ ! lead ( ?is & ^!1 t & ^?1 9 _! d\ble function ( pron\n & adjective4 ,!re 0 d\btless "s su* evolution z1 ,i saw !m4 ,!m :at8 ,!m boys4 ,an unque/ion$ survival ( ! dative s+ul> fem99e ( ! article is se5 9 ! -t] ( ,att]bury 7 t re byrig1 at ! t[n72 & m survives 9 ! -t5 ( ,att5bor\gh1 ! ^w bor\gh hav+ become an un9flect$ neut]4 ,skeat1 ,pr9ciples1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 #ahe4 #bi4 ,,vocabul>y4#d s bc]e1 scribe bc4 s cyn+1 k+4 s dg1 day4 s nde1 end4 s ngel1 angel angelus4 s frodm1 fre$om4 s fugol 7,g4 sometimes fugles71 bird f[l4 s gr1 spe> gore1 g>-fi%4 s he(on1 heav54 s hi]de1 h]dsman %ep-h]d4 nd 7&71 &4 s scg1 man1 w>rior4 s seolh1 seal4 s /n1 /one4 s wealh1 =eign]1 ,wel%man wal-nut4 s weall1 wall4 s wsdm1 wisdom4 s wulf1 wolf4 ,footnote #d3 ,! brackets conta9 etymological h9ts t may help ! /ud5t to disc]n relation%ips o!rwise ov]look$4 ,! g5itive is giv5 only :5 n p]fectly regul>4 #cj4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ra wulfa mz4 #b4 s fisc]es f+ras4 #c4 ra ,wala cyn+e4 #d4 m nglum nd m hi]dum4 #e4 ra daga nde4 #f4 m bc]um nd m scgum s cyn+es4 #g4 m sole nd m fuglum4 #h4 /nas nd gras4 #i4 ,hwala nd mara4 #aj4 ra ngla wsdm4 #aa4 s cyn+es bc]es frodm4 #ab4 ra hi]da fuglum4 #ac4 /ne4 #ad4 m wealle4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,= ! horses & ! seals4 #b4 ,= ! ,wel%m5's fre$om4 #c4 ,( ! k+'s birds4 #d4 ,by ! wisdom ( m5 & angels4 #e4 ,) ! spe> & ! /one4 #f4 ,! h]dsman's seal & ! w>riors' spe>s4 #g4 ,to ! k+ ( heav54 #h4 ,by means ( ! scribe's wisdom4 #i4 ,! :ale's m\? & ! =eign]'s spe>4 #aj4 ,= ! bird belong+ to 7 (7 ! k+'s scribe4 #aa4 ,( t f+]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 7b7 ,neut] a-,/ems4 #ca4 ,! neut] n\ns ( ! a-,decl5sion diff] f ! mascul9es only 9 ! ,n4,a4 plural4 #cb4 ,p>adigms ( t h(1 c\rt1 dwell+2 aet be>n1 *ild2 t bn1 bone2 t rce1 k+dom2 t sp]e1 spe>2 t w]od1 b& ( m52 t tungol1 />3 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 h( be>n bn rc-e ,g4 h(-es be>n-es bn-es rc-es ,d4,i4 h(-e be>n-e bn-e rc-e ,plur4 ,n4,a4 h(-u be>n bn rc-u ,g4 h(-a be>n-a bn-a rc-a ,d4,i4 h(-um be>n-um bn-um rc-um ,s+4 ,n4,a4 sp]-e w]od tungol ,g4 sp]-es w]od-es tungl-es ,d4,i4 sp]-e w]od-e tungl-e ,plur4 ,n4,a4 sp]-u w]od tungl-u ,g4 sp]-a w]od-a tungl-a ,d4,i4 sp]-um w]od-um tungl-um #cc4 ,! p>adigms %[ 7#a7 t monosyllables ) %ort /ems 7h(7 take -u 9 ! ,n4,a4 plural2 7#b7 t monosyllables ) long /ems 7be>n1 bn7 d n di/+ui% ! ,n4,a4 plural f ! ,n4,a4 s+ul>2#a 7#c7 t dissyllables 9 -e1 :e!r ! /em be long or %ort 7rce1 sp]e71 h -u 9 ! ,n4,a4 plural2 7#d7 t dissyllables end+ 9 a consonant & hav+ ! fir/ syllable %ort#b 7w]od7 d n usually di/+ui% ! ,n4,a4 plural f ! ,n4,a4 s+ul>2 7#e7 t dissyllables end+ 9 a consonant & hav+ ! fir/ syllable long 7tungol7 m frequ5tly take -u 9 ! ,n4,a4 plural4 ,,note4--,syncopation occurs z 9 ! mascul9e a-/ems4 ,see #bg1 7#d74 ,footnote #a3 ,note ! _m n\ns 9 ,mn4,e4 t are un*ang$ 9 ! plural4 ,^! are ei!r survivals ( ,o4,e4 long /ems1 sw9e1 %eep1 de]1 folk1 or analogical =ms1 fi%1 tr\t1 mack]el1 salmon1 etc4 ,footnote #b3 ,dissyllables ^: fir/ syllable is a prefix are1 ( c\rse1 exclud$4 ,!y foll[ ! decl5sion ( _! la/ memb]3 geb$1 pray]1 geb$u1 pray]s2 gefeoht1 battle1 gefeoht1 battles4 #cd4 ,pres5t & ,pret]it ,indicative ( habban1 to h3 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic hbbe1 ,i h1 or %all h4#c #b4 hf/ 7hafa/71 ?\ ha/1 or wilt h4 #c4 h1 ho1 hit hf 7hafa71 he1 %e1 x has1 or w h4 ,plur4 #a4 w habba1 we h1 or %all h4 #b4 g habba1 ye h1 or w h4 #c4 he habba1 !y h1 or w h4 ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic hfde ,i _h4 #b4 hfde/1 ?\ had/4 #c4 h1 ho1 hit hfde1 he1 %e1 x _h4 ,plur4 #a4 w hfdon1 we _h4 #b4 g hfdon1 ye _h4 #c4 he hfdon1 !y _h4 ,,note4--,! negative ne1 n1 :i* always prec$es its v]b1 contracts ) all ! =ms ( habban4 ,! negative loses its e1 habban its h4 ,ne habban nabban2 ,ic ne hbbe ,ic nbbe2 ,ic ne hfde ,ic nfde1 etc4 ,! negative =ms may be got1 !re=e1 by simply sub/itut+ 9 ea* case n = h4 ,footnote #c3 ,see #ag1 ,note #a4 ,note t 7z 9 hwl1 #bg1 7#b77 *anges to a :5 ! foll[+ syllable conta9s a3 hbbe1 b hafa/4 #ce4 ,,vocabul>y4 t dl1 dale4 t dor1 animal de]#d4 t dor1 door4 t ft1 vessel vat4 t fr1 fire4 t gar1 ye>4 t geoc1 yoke4 t geset1 habitation settlem5t4 t hafod1 head4 t hs1 h\se4 t lc1 body li*-gate4 t lim1 limb4 on 7) dat47 94 t spor1 track4 t wp51 weapon4 t wf1 wife1 woman4 t wte1 puni%m5t4 t ^w1 ^w4 ,footnote #d3 ,! old mean+ survives 9 ,%akespe>e's 8,rats & mice & su* small de]10 ,k+ ,le>1 ,,iii1 iv1 #add4 #cf4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ,h hafa s cyn+es be>n4 #b4 ,walas habba sp]u4 #c4 wf habba ra scga wpnu4 #d4 hf/ "o fugol nd t hs s hi]des4 #e4 ,hf#e ho fatu#f8 #f4 ,hfde h s wfes lc on m h(e8 #g4 ,h nfde s wfes lc2 h hfde s dores hafod4 #h4 ,hf s cyn+ gesetu on m dle8 #i4 ,s bc]e hf solas on m hse4 #aj4 ,g habba frodm4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,!y h yokes & spe>s4 #b4 ,we h n ! vessels 9 ! h\se4 #c4 ,he _h fire 9 ! vessel4 #d4 ,did ! woman h 7 ,_h ! woman7 ! *ildr58 #e4 ,! animal has ! body ( ! woman's *ild4 #f4 ,i %all h ! heads ( ! wolves4 #g4 ,he & %e h ! k+'s h\ses4 #h4 ,h n 7 ,nabba7 ! *ildr5 ! w>rior's weapons8 ,footnote #e3 ,see #bj1 7#b71 7b74 ,footnote #f3 ,see #bg1 7#b74 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! -,,decl5sion4 #cg4 ,! -,decl5sion1 correspond+ to ! ,fir/ or -,decl5sion ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 conta9s only fem99e n\ns4 ,_m fem99e i-/ems & u-/ems soon pass$ ov] to ?is ,decl5sion4 ,! -,decl5sion may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ ! normal decl5sion = all /rong fem99e n\ns4 #ch4 ,p>adigms ( so giefu1 gift2 so wund1 w\nd2 so rd1 cross2 so leornung1 le>n+2 so swol1 s\l3 ,s+4 ,n4 gief-u wund rd leornung swol ,g4 gief-e wund-e rd-e leornung-a 7e7 swl-e ,d4,i4 gief-e wund-e rd-e leornung-a 7e7 swl-e ,a4 gief-e wund-e rd-e leornung-a 7e7 swl-e ,plur4 ,n4,a4 gief-a wund-a rd-a leornung-a swl-a ,g4 gief-a wund-a rd-a leornung-a swl-a ,d4,i4 gief-um wund-um rd-um leornung-um swl-um #ci4 ,note 7#a7 t monosyllables ) %ort /ems 7giefu7 take u 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>2 7#b7 t monosyllables ) long /ems 7wund1 rd7 pres5t ! un*ang$ /em 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>2 7#c7 t dissyllables are decl9$ z monosyllables1 except t ab/ract n\ns 9 -ung pref] a to e 9 ! s+ul>4 ,,note4--,syncopation occurs z 9 mascul9e & neut] a-/ems4 ,see #bg1 7#d74 #dj4 ,pres5t & ,pret]it ,indicative ( bon 7wesan7 to be3 ,,pres5t 7fir/ =m74 ,,pres5t ,,pret]it4 7second =m74 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic eom #a4 ,ic bom #a4 ,ic ws #b4 e>t #b4 bi/ #b4 wre #c4 h is #c4 h bi #c4 h ws ,plur4 #a4 w #a4 w #a4 w #b4 g s9d7on71 s9t #b4 g bo #b4 g wron #c4 he #c4 he #c4 he ,,note #a4--,! =ms bom1 bi/1 etc4 are us$ *iefly z future t5ses 9 ,o4,e4 ,!y survive to-day only 9 dialects & 9 poetry4 ,f>m] ,dobson1 = example1 9 ,t5nyson's ,promise ( ,may1 uses be = all p]sons ( ! pres5t indicative1 bo? s+ul> & plural2 & !re be is frequ5t 9 ,%akespe>e = !re are4 ,! ,nor!rn dialect employ$ aron z well z s9don & s9d = ! pres5t plural2 h5ce ,mn4,e4 are4 ,,note #b4--;,fusion ) ne gives neom1 ne>t1 nis = ! pres5t2 ns1 nre1 nron = ! pret]it4 ,,note #c4--,! v]b to be is foll[$ by ! nom9ative case1 z 9 ,mn4,e42 b :5 ! pr$icate n\n is plural1 & ! subject a neut] pron\n 9 ! s+ul>1 ! v]b agrees 9 numb] ) ! pr$icate n\n4 ,! neut] s+ul> t is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ?is con/ruction3 aet wron eall ,f9nas1 ,!y 7 all ,f9s2 t s9d nglas1 ,!y are angels2 t wron ngla g/as1 ,!y 7 angels' spirits4 ,notice1 too1 t ,o4,e4 writ]s d n say ,x is ,i1 ,x is ?\1 b ,i x am1 ,?\ x art3 ,ic hit eom1 hit e>t4 ,see #ba1 7#a71 ,note #a4 #da4 ,,vocabul>y4 so brycg1 bridge4 so co/nung1 temptation4 so cwalu1 dea? quail1 quell4 so fr1 j\rney f>an4 so fr=1 consolation1 com=t4 so geogu1 y\?4 so glf1 glove4 so hlignes#a1 hol9ess4 so heall1 hall4 hr1 "h4 hw1 :o8 hwr1 :]e8 so lufu1 love4 so me>c1 b\nd>y m>k1 m>*es#b4 so md1 me$1 rew>d4 so mildheortnes1 mild-he>t$ness1 m]cy4 so /w1 place /[ away4 r1 !re4 so e>f1 ne$4 so wylf1 %e wolf4 ,footnote #a3 ,all words end+ 9 -nes d\ble ! -s be=e add+ ! case end+s4 ,footnote #b3 ,z 9 w>d5 ( ! m>*es4 #db4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ,hwr is re brycge nde8 #b4 ,hr s9d ra rca me>ca4 #c4 ,hw hf glfa8 #d4 r bi m cyn+e frfre e>f4 #e4 ,so wund is on re wylfe hafde4 #f4 ,w habba co/nunga4 #g4 ,he nron on re healle4 #h4 ,ic hit neom4 #i4 t wron ,walas4 #aj4 t s9d s wfes be>n4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,we %all h ! wom5's gloves4 #b4 ,:]e is ! place8 #c4 ,he w be 9 ! hall4 #d4 ,^? 7t7 7 n ! b\nd>ies ( ! k+dom4 #e4 ,x 0 n ,i4 #f4 ,ye are n ! k+'s scribes4 #g4 ,! %eph]d's words are full 7full g547 ( wisdom & com=t4 #h4 ,:]e are ! bodies ( ! *ildr58 #i4 ,! gifts are n "h4 #aj4 ,:o has ! seals & ! birds8 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! i-,,decl5sion ,,& ,,! u-,,decl5sion4 ,! i-,decl5sion4 7,see #eh47 #dc4 ,! i-,decl5sion1 correspond+ to ! gr\p ( i-/ems 9 ! classical ,?ird ,decl5sion1 conta9s *iefly 7a7 mascul9e & 7b7 fem99e n\ns4 ,! ,n4,a4 plural ( ^! n\ns end$ orig9ally 9 -e 7f old] i74 7a7 ,mascul9e i-,/ems4 #dd4 ,^! /ems h almo/ completely gone ov] to ! a-,decl5sion1 s t -z is m common ?an -e z ! ,n4,a4 plural end+1 :e!r ! /em is long or %ort4 ,! %ort /ems all h -e 9 ! ,n4,a4 s+ul>4 #de4 ,p>adigms ( s wyrm1 worm2 s w9e1 fri5d4 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 wyrm w9-e ,g4 wyrm-es w9-es ,d4,i4 wyrm-e w9-e ,plur4 ,n4,a4 wyrm-z w9-z 7e7 ,g4 wyrm-a w9-a ,d4,i4 wyrm-um w9-um ,names ( ,peoples4 #df4 ,! only i-/ems t regul>ly reta9 -e ( ! ,n4,a4 plural are c]ta9 names ( tribes or peoples us$ only 9 ! plural4 #dg4 ,p>adigms ( ngle1 ,angles2 ,norymbre1 ,nor?umbrians2 lode1 p3 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 ngle ,norymbre lode ,g4 ngla ,norymbra loda ,d4,i4 nglum ,norymbrum lodum 7b7 ,fem99e i-,/ems4 #dh4 ,! %ort /ems 7frm-u7 con=m entirely to ! decl5sion ( %ort -/ems2 long /ems 7cwn1 wyrt7 diff] f long -/ems 9 hav+ no end+ = ! ,a4 s+ul>4 ,!y %[1 also1 a pref]5ce = -e r ?an -a 9 ! ,n4,a4 plural4 #di4 ,p>adigms ( so frm-u1 b5efit2 so cwn1 woman1 que5 quean2 so wyrt1 root wort3 ,s+4 ,n4 frm-u cwn wyrt ,g4 frm-e cwn-e wyrt-e ,d4,i4 frm-e cwn-e wyrt-e ,a4 frm-e cwn wyrt ,plur4 ,n4,a4 frm-a cwn-e 7a7 wyrt-e 7a7 ,g4 frm-a cwn-a wyrt-a ,d4,i4 frm-um cwn-um wyrt-um ,! u-,decl5sion4 #ej4 ,! u-,decl5sion1 correspond+ to ! gr\p ( u-/ems 9 ! classical ,?ird ,decl5sion1 conta9s no neut]s1 & b few 7a7 mascul9es & 7b7 fem99es4 ,! %ort-/emm$ n\ns ( bo? g5d]s 7sun-u1 dur-u7 reta9 ! f9al u ( ! ,n4,a4 s+ul>1 :ile ! long /ems 7feld1 hnd7 drop x4 ,! influ5ce ( ! mascul9e a-/ems is mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ! long-/emm$ mascul9es ( ! u-,decl5sion 7feld1 feld-es1 etc474 ,,note4--,note ! g5]al av]sion ( all ,o4,e4 long /ems to f9al -u3 cf4 ,n4,a4 plural h(-u1 b be>n1 bn2 ,n4 s+ul> gief-u1 b wund1 rd2 ,n4 s+ul> frm-u1 b cwn1 wyrt2 ,n4,a4 s+ul> sun-u1 dur-u1 b feld1 hnd4 7a7 ,mascul9e u-,/ems4 #ea4 ,p>adigms ( s sun-u1 son2 s feld1 field3 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 sun-u feld ,g4 sun-a feld-a 7es7 ,d4,i4 sun-a feld-a 7e7 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 sun-a feld-a 7z7 ,g4 sun-a feld-a ,d4,i4 sun-um feld-um 7b7 ,fem99e u-,/ems4 #eb4 ,p>adigms ( so dur-u1 door2 so hnd1 h&3 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 dur-u hnd ,g4 dur-a hnd-a ,d4,i4 dur-a hnd-a ,plur4 ,n4,a4 dur-a hnd-a ,g4 dur-a hnd-a ,d4,i4 dur-um hnd-um #ec4 ,p>adigm ( ! ,?ird ,p]sonal ,pron\n1 h1 ho1 hit he1 %e1 x3 ,mascul9e4 ,fem99e4 ,neut]4 ,s+4 ,n4 h ho hit ,g4 8 hi]e 8 ,d4 him hi]e him ,a4 h9e1 hi5e he hit ,all ,g5d]s4 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 he ,g4 hi]a ,d4 him #ed4 ,,vocabul>y4 7i-,,/ems47 s ci]r1 turn1 "t *>1 *>e1 *ore4 so dd1 de$4 s dl1 "p a great deal4 ,dne1 ,danes4 s frondscipe1 fri5d%ip4 so hd1 sk91 hide4 lndlode1 natives4 ,mi]ce1 ,m]cians4 ,rmw>e1 ,romans4 ,seaxe1 ,saxons4 s /de1 place 9-/ead (4 7u-,,/ems47 so flr1 floor4 so nosu1 nose4 s sumor 7,g4 sum]es1 ,d4 sum]a71 summ]4 s w9t] 7,g4 w9tres1 ,d4 w9tra71 w9t]4 s wudu1 wood1 =e/4 ,,note4--,! num]\s mascul9e n\ns end+ 9 -hd1--cildhd 7*ildhood71 wfhd 7womanhood71--belong to ! u-/ems hi/orically2 b !y h all pass$ ov] to ! a-,decl5sion4 #ee4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ,seaxe habba s dores hd on m wuda4 #b4 ,hw hf giefa8 #c4 ,mi]ce he#a habba4 #d4 ,hwr is s ,wales fugol8 #e4 ,dne hi5e habba4 #f4 ,hwr s9don hi]a w9as8 #g4 ,he s9don on s cyn+es wuda4 #h4 ,rmw>e nd ,seaxe hfdon gras nd geocu4 #i4 ,ho is on m hse on w9tra1 nd on m feldum on sum]a4 #aj4 ,hwr is s h(es duru8 #aa4 ,ho#b 7 so duru7 nis hr4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,8 fri5ds h ! bones ( ! seals & ! bodies ( ! ,danes4 #b4 ,art ?\ ! k+'s son8 #c4 ,has %e h]#c gifts 9 h]#c h&s8 #d4 ,"h are ! fields ( ! natives4 #e4 ,:o _h ! bird8 #f4 ,i _h x4#b #g4 ,! *ild _h ! worm 9 8#c f+]s4 #h4 ,! ,m]cians 7 "h dur+ 7!7 summ] 7on dat474 ,footnote #a3 ,see #ba1 7#a74 ,footnote #b3 ,pron\ns agree 9 g5d] ) ! n\ns = :i* !y /&4 ,hit1 h[ev]1 sometimes /&s = inanimate ?+s ( bo? mascul9e & fem99e g5d]s4 ,see ,wlf+ 7l4c47 ,i1 #bch4 ,footnote #c3 ,see #gf 7la/ s5t5ce74 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,pres5t ,,indicative ,,end+s ,,( ,,/rong ,,v]bs4 #ef4 ,! un*ang$ /em ( ! pres5t indicative may always be f\nd by dropp+ -an ( ! inf9itive3 feall-an1 to fall2 cos-an1 to *oose2 bd-an1 to abide4 #eg4 ,! p]sonal end+s are3 ,s+4 #a4 -e ,plur4 #a4 #b4 -e/ #b4 -a #c4 -e #c4 i-,umlaut4 #eh4 ,! #b;d & #c;d s+ul> end+s 7 orig9ally n -e/ & -e1 b -is & -i2 & ! i ( ^! old] end+s has left its traces ^u almo/ e page ( ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon lit]ature4 ,?is i1 ?\gh unacc5t$ & soon displac$1 ex]t$ a p[]ful back influ5ce ^u ! v[el ( ! prec$+ acc5t$ syllable4 ,?is influ5ce1 a =m ( regressive assimilation1 is kn[n z i-umlaut 7pron\nc$ om-l[t74 ,! v[el i or j 7 y71 be+ itself a palatal1 succe$$ 9 palataliz+ e guttural v[el t prec$$ x1 & 9 impos+ /ill m ( ! i-quality ^u diph?ongs t 7 already palatal4#a ,! *anges produc$ 7 ^!3 a became 773 mnn 7 99mann-iz71 m54 8 nig 7 99n-ig71 any4 u 8 y wyll5 7 99wull-971 wooll54 8 ms 7 99ms-iz71 mice4 o 8 dht] 7 99dohtr-i71 to or = ! daught]4 8 ft 7 99ft-iz71 feet4 ea 8 ie wiex 7 99weax-i71 he gr[s 7weaxan to gr[74 a 8 e hew 7 99haw-i71 he hews 7hawan to hew74 eo 8 ie wi]can 7 99weorc-jan71 to "w4 o 8 e lehtan 7 99loht-jan71 to light4 ,footnote #a3 ,! palatal v[els & diph?ongs 7 long or %ort 1 e1 i1 7ie71 y1 ea1 eo2 ! guttural v[els 7 long or %ort a1 o1 u4 ,! ,un*ang$ ,pres5t ,indicative4 #ei4 ,9 ! ,nor?umbrian & ,m]cian dialects1 z well z 9 ! dialect ( ,late ,we/ ,saxon1 ! #b;d & #c;d s+ul> end+s 7 usually jo9$ to ! pres5t /em )\t modification ei!r ( ! /em itself or ( ! p]sonal end+s4 ,! complete abs5ce ( umlaut$ =ms 9 ! pres5t indicative ( ,mn4,e4 is ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon1 h[ev]1 su* =ms z ! foll[+ are comp>atively r>e 9 ! #b;d & #c;d s+ul>3 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic feall-e cos-e bd-e 7,i fall7 7,i *oose7 7,i abide7 #b4 feall-e/ cos-e/ bd-e/ #c4 h feall-e cos-e bd-e ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g feall-a cos-a bd-a #c4 he ,! ,pres5t ,indicative ) i-,umlaut & ,contraction4 #fj4 ,! #b;d & #c;d p]sons s+ul> are di/+ui%$ f ! o!r =ms ( ! pres5t indicative 9 ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon by 7#a7 i-umlaut ( ! v[el ( ! /em1 7#b7 syncope ( ! v[el ( ! end+1 giv+ -/ & - = -e/ & -e1 & 7#c7 contraction ( -/ & - ) ! f9al consonant or consonants ( ! /em4 ,contraction4 #fa4 ,! *anges produc$ by i-umlaut h be5 already discuss$4 ,by ^! *anges1 !re=e1 ! /ems ( ! #b;d & #c;d s+ul> indicative ( su* v]bs z 7#a7 /ndan 7 /&an71 to /&1 7#b7 cuman1 to come1 7#c7 grwan1 to gr[1 7#d7 brc1 to enjoy1 7#e7 blwan1 to bl[1 7#f7 feallan1 to fall1 7#g7 hawan1 to hew1 7#h7 weorpan1 to ?r[1 & 7#i7 cosan1 to *oose1 become respectively 7#a7 /nd-1#b 7#b7 cym-1 7#c7 grw-1 7#d7 brc-1 7#e7 blw-1 7#f7 fiell-1 7#g7 hew-1 7#h7 wi]p-1 & 7#i7 ces-4 ,if ! un*ang$ /em conta9s ! v[el e1 ?is is *ang$ 9 ! #b;d & #c;d s+ul> to i 7ie73 cwean to say1 /em cwi-2 b]an to be>1 /em bi]-4 ,b ?is mutation#c _h tak5 place long be=e ! p]iod ( ,o4,e41 & belongs to ! ,g]manic languages 9 g5]al4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to class ! *ange ( e to i or ie ) ! *anges due to umlaut1 s9ce x occurs consi/5tly 9 ! #b;d & #c;d s+ul> /ems ( ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon1 & outla/$ almo/ all ( ! umlaut =ms prop]4 ,if1 n[1 ! syncopat$ end+s -/ & - are add$ directly to ! umlaut$ /em1 !re w frequ5tly result su* a mass+ ( consonants z almo/ to defy pronunciation3 cwi-/1 ?\ saye/2 /nd-/1 ?\ /&e/1 etc4 ,"s sort ( contraction1 !re=e1 is dem&$ = ! sake ( euphony4 ,! e> & eye w1 by a little practice1 become a sure guide 9 ^! contractions4 ,! foll[+ rules1 h[ev]1 mu/ be obs]v$4 ,!y apply only to ! #b;d & #c;d s+ul> ( ! pres5t indicative3 7#a7 ,if ! /em ends 9 a d\ble consonant1 "o ( ! consonants is dropp$3 #a4 feall-e 7,i fall7 #a4 w9n-e 7,i fight7 #a4 swimm-e 7,i swim7 #b4 fiel-/ #b4 w9-/ #b4 swim-/ #c4 fiel- #c4 w9- #c4 swim- 7#b7 ,if ! /em ends 9 -1 ?is is dropp$3 #a4 cwe-e 7,i say7 #a4 weor-e 7,i become7 #b4 cwi-/ #b4 wi]-/ #c4 cwi- #c4 wi]- 7#c7 ,if ! /em ends 9 -d1 ?is is *ang$ to -t4 ,! - ( ! end+ is !n also *ang$ to -t1 & usually absorb$4 ,?us ! /em ( ! #b;d s+ul> s]ves z /em & end+ = ! #c;d s+ul>3 #a4 /nd-e 7 /&-e7 7,i /&7 #a4 b9d-e 7,i b9d7 #b4 /nt-/ #b4 b9t-/ #c4 /nt #c4 b9t #a4 bd-e 7,i abide7 #a4 rd-e 7,i ride7 #b4 bt-/ #b4 rt-/ #c4 bt 7-t7 #c4 rt 7-t7 7#d7 ,if ! /em ends already 9 -t1 ! end+s are add$ z 9 7#c71 - be+ aga9 *ang$ to -t & absorb$3 #a4 brot-e 7,i break7 #a4 feoht-e 7,i fight7 #a4 bt-e 7,i bite7 #b4 bret-/ #b4 fieht-/ #b4 bt-/ #c4 bret 7-t7 #c4 fieht #c4 bt 7-t7 7#e7 ,if ! /em ends 9 -s1 ?is is dropp$ be=e -/ 7to avoid -s/71 b is reta9$ be=e -1 ! latt] be+ *ang$ to -t4 ,?us ! #b;d & #c;d s+ul>s are id5tical3#d #a4 cos-e 7,i *oose7 #a4 rs-e 7,i rise7 #b4 ce-/ #b4 r-/ #c4 ces-t #c4 rs-t ,footnote #b3 ,! m common =m = /ems ) a is r ?an 3 f>an1 to g1 #b;d & #c;d s+ul> /em fr-2 sacan1 to cont5d1 /em sc-4 ,inde$1 a *anges to via 7,cosijn1 ,altwe/s*sis*e ,grammatik1 ,i1 #cb74 ,footnote #c3 ,umlaut is frequ5tly call$ ,mutation4 ,metaphony is /ill ano!r "n = ! same ph5om5on4 ,! t]m ,metaphony has ! advantage ( easy adjectival =mation 7metaphonic74 ,x 0 propos$ by ,pr(essor ,victor ,h5ry 7,comp>ative ,gramm> ( ,engli% & ,g]man1 ,p>is1 #ahid71 b has n be5 naturaliz$4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is happ5s also :5 ! inf9itive /em ends 9 /3 #a4 b]/-e 7,i bur/7 #b4 bi]-/ #c4 bi]/4 #fb4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ,s cyn+ fiel4 #b4 wf cosa giefa4 #c4 /nt/ on m hse4 #d4 ,h wi]p t wp54 #e4 ,s scg hew lc4 #f4 t sd grw nd wiex 7,m>k iv4 #bg74 #g4 ,ic /nde hr1 nd /nt/ r4 #h4 8,ic hit eom10 cwi h4 #i4 ,he b]a s wulfes bn4 #aj4 ,h he b9t1 nd ic h9e b9de4 #aa4 ,ne rt/ 8 ,,ii4 #a4 ,we %all b9d him4 #b4 ,:o *ooses ! *ild's gifts8 #c4 8,he 0 n "h10 says %e4 #d4 ,wilt ?\ rema9 9 ! hall8 #e4 ,! wolves are bit+ 7 bite7 ! fi%]m54 #f4 ,he enjoys#e ! love ( 8 *ildr54 #g4 ,d y enjoy 7 ,enjoye/ ?\7 ! consolation & fri5d%ip ( ! scribe8 #h4 ,w he come8 #i4 ,i %all ?r[ ! spe>1 & ?\ wilt be> ! weapons4 #aj4 ,! k+'s son w become k+4 #aa4 ,! army 7w]od7 is break+ ! doors & walls ( ! h\se4 ,footnote #e3 ,brc1 to enjoy1 usually takes ! g5itive case1 n ! accusative4 ,x means 8to h joy ( any ?+40 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,consonant ,,decl5sions ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,! ,weak or n-,decl5sion4 #fc4 ,! n-,decl5sion conta9s almo/ all ( ! ,o4,e4 n\ns belong+ to ! ,consonant ,decl5sions4 ,! /em *>act]i/ic n has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! oblique cases1 s t !re is no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ n-/ems f ! prec$+ v[el /ems4 ,! n-,decl5sion includes 7a7 mascul9es1 7b7 fem99es1 & 7c7 neut]s4 ,! mascul9es f> outnumb] ! fem99es1 & ! neut]s conta9 only age1 eye & are1 e>4 ,! mascul9es end 9 -a1 ! fem99es & neut]s 9 -e4 #fd4 ,p>adigms ( 7a7 s hunta1 hunt]2 7b7 so tunge1 tongue2 7c7 t age1 eye3 ,s+4 ,n4 hunt-a tung-e ag-e ,g4,d4,i4 hunt-an tung-an ag-an ,a4 hunt-an tung-an ag-e ,plur4 ,n4,a4 hunt-an tung-an ag-an ,g4 hunt-ena tung-ena ag-ena ,d4,i4 hunt-um tung-um ag-um #fe4 ,,vocabul>y4 s adesa1 hat*et1 adze4 s metta1 leisure empt-iness4 s bna 7bana71 murd]] bane4 so cirice1 *ur* ,scot* kirk4 s cnapa 7lat]1 cnafa71 boy knave4 s cuma1 /rang] com]4 t are1 e>4 so eore1 e>?4 s gefra1 companion co-f>]4 s guma1 man bride-groom#a4 so heorte1 he>t4 s mna1 moon4 so ndre1 add] a nadd] an add]#b4 s oxa1 ox4 s scowyrhta1 %oe-mak] %oe-wright4 so sunne1 sun4 s tona1 injury te54 biddan 7) dat4 ( p]son & g54 ( ?+#c71 to reque/1 ask =4 cwelan1 to die quail4 gescieppan1 to create %ape1 l&-scape1 fri5d-%ip4 giefan 7) dat4 ( indirect object71 to give4 healdan1 to hold4 helpan 7) dat471 to help4 scan#d 7) dat471 to injure sca!4 wi/ndan 7-/&an7 7) dat471 to )/&4 wrtan1 to write4 ,footnote #a3 ,! r is intrusive 9 -groom1 z x is 9 c>t-r-idge1 "p-r-idge1 vag-r-ant1 & hoa-r-se4 ,footnote #b3 ,! n has be5 appropriat$ by ! article4 ,cf4 an apron 7 a napron71 an aug] 7 a naug]71 an orange 7 a norange71 an umpire 7 a numpire74 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ,mn4,e4 we say 8,i reque/ a favor ( y02 b 9 ,o4,e4 x 0 8,i reque/ y 7dative7 ( a favor0 7g5itive74 ,cf4 ,cymbel9e1 ,,iii1 vi1 #ib3 8,we'll mann]ly dem& !e ( ?y /ory40 ,see ,franz's ,%akespe>e-,grammatik1 #cfa 7#aijj74 ,footnote #d3 ,scan is conjugat$ ?r\gh ! pres5t indicative l frmman4 ,see #abi4 #ff4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ,s scowyrhta brc 8 mettan4 #b4 guman bidda m cnapan s adesan4 #c4 ,hw is s cuma8 #d4 ,hielp/ m bnan8 #e4 ,ic him ne helpe4 #f4 be>n sca s bnan agum nd arum4 #g4 ,s cuma cwiel on re cirican4 #h4 ,s hunta wi/nt m wulfum4 #i4 oxan b]a s cnapan gefran4 #aj4 ,s mna nd tunglu s9d on m he(onum4 #aa4 huntan healda re ndran tungan4 #ab4 ,h hi]e gief giefa4 #ac4 w]od sca s cyn+es feldum4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:o w b9d ! m\?s ( ! ox58 #b4 ,:o gives him ! gifts8 #c4 ,?\ art help+ him1 & ,i am injur+ him4 #d4 ,! boy's companion is dy+4 #e4 ,8 nephew does n enjoy 8 leisure4 #f4 ,! add]'s tongue injures ! k+'s companion4 #g4 ,! sun is ! day's eye4 #h4 ,%e asks ! /rang]s = ! spe>s4 #i4 ,! m5's bodies are n "h4 #aj4 ,is he n 7,nis h7 ! *ild's murd]]8 #aa4 ,:o creates ! bodies & ! s\ls ( m58 #ab4 ,?\ )/&e/ h]4 #ac4 ,he is n writ+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,remnants ( ,o!r ,consonant ,decl5sions4 #fg4 ,! n\ns belong+ "h are *iefly mascul9es & fem99es4 ,_! /em end$ 9 a consonant o!r ?an n4 ,! mo/ important ( !m may be divid$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! foot ,decl5sion1 7#b7 r-,/ems1 & 7#c7 nd-,/ems4 ,^! decl5sions are all *>act]iz$ by ! preval5ce1 :]ev] possible1 ( i-umlaut 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! case end+ be+ !n dropp$4 #fh4 7#a7 ,! n\ns belong+ to ! foot ,decl5sion exhibit umlaut mo/ consi/5tly 9 ! ,n4,a4 plural4 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 s ft s mn s t so c ,s+4 ,n4,a4 7foot7 7man7 7too?7 7c[7 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 ft mn t c ,,note4--,! dative s+ul> usually has ! same =m z ! ,n4,a4 plural4 ,"h belong also so bc 7book71 so burg 7bor\gh71 so gs 7goose71 so ls 7l\se71 & so ms 7m\se71 all ) umlaut$ plurals4 ,mn4,e4 pres]ves only six ( ! foot ,decl5sion plurals3 feet1 m51 tee?1 geese1 lice1 & mice4 ,! c 9 ! la/ two is an artificial spell+1 int5d$ to pres]ve ! s\nd ( voiceless s4 ,mn4,e4 k9e 7 cy-en7 is a d\ble plural =m$ aft] ! analogy ( weak /ems2 ,burns 9 ,! ,twa ,dogs uses kye4 ,no umlaut is possible 9 so niht 7night7 & s mna 7mon?71 plural niht & mna 7pres]v$ 9 ,mn4,e4 twelvemon? & =tnight74 7#b7 ,! r-,/ems conta9 n\ns express+ k9%ip1 & exhibit umlaut ( ! dative s+ul>4 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 s fd] s bror so mdor 7fa!r7 7bro!r7 7"m7 ,d4 fd] brer md] ,s+4 ,n4,a4 so dohtor 7daught]7 so swu/] 7si/]7 ,d4 dht] swy/] ,,note4--,! ,n4,a4 plural is usually ! same z ! ,n4,a4 s+ul>4 ,^! umlaut datives are all due to ! pres5ce ( a =m] i4 ,cf4 ,lat4 dative s+ul> patri1 frtri1 mtri1 sorori 7 99sosori71 & ,greek 4 7#c7 ,! nd-,/ems %[ umlaut bo? 9 ! ,n4,a4 plural & 9 ! dative s+ul>3 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 s frond 7fri5d7 s fond 7enemy7 ,d4 frend fend ,plur4 ,n4,a4 frend fend ,,note4--,mn4,e4 fri5d & fi5d are int]e/+ analogical spell+s4 ,:5 s _h be5 add$ by analogy to ! ,o4,e4 plurals frend & fend1 ?us giv+ ! d\ble plurals fri5ds & fi5ds1 a second s+ul> 0 =m$ by dropp+ ! s4 ,?us fri5d & fi5d displac$ ! old s+ul>s fr5d & f5d1 bo? ( :i* occur 9 ! ,m4,e4 ,ormulum1 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #abjj4 ,summ>y ( ,o4,e4 ,decl5sions4 #fi4 ,a brief1 work+ summ>y ( ! ,o4,e4 sy/em ( decl5sions may n[ be made on ! basis ( g5d]4 ,all ,o4,e4 n\ns are 7#a7 mascul9e1 7#b7 fem99e1 or 7#c7 neut]4 7#a7 ,! mascul9es foll[ ! decl5sion ( m 7 #bf71 except ^? end+ 9 -a1 :i* are decl9$ l hunta 7 #fd73 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 m ,n4 hunta ,g4 mes ,g4,d4,a4 huntan ,d4,i4 me ,i4 huntan ,plur4 ,n4,a4 mz huntan ,g4 ma hunt5a ,d4,i4 mum huntum 7#b7 ,! %ort-/emm$ neut]s foll[ ! decl5sion ( h( 7 #cb72 ! long-/emm$1 t ( be>n 7 #cb73 ,s+4 ,n4,a4 h( be>n ,g4 h(es be>nes ,d4,i4 h(e be>ne ,plur4 ,n4,a4 h(u be>n ,g4 h(a be>na ,d4,i4 h(um be>num 7#c7 ,! fem99es foll[ ! decl5sions ( giefu & wund 7 #ch7 7! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! ,n4 s+ul>71 except ^? end+ 9 -e1 :i* foll[ ! decl5sion ( tunge 7 #fd73 ,s+4 ,n4 giefu wund tunge ,g4 giefe wunde tungan ,d4,i4 giefe wunde tungan ,a4 giefe wunde tungan ,plur4 ,n4,a4 giefa wunda tungan ,g4 giefa wunda tung5a ,d4,i4 giefum wundum tungum #gj4 ,,vocabul>y4 ac1 b4 btan 7) dat471 except1 b1 )\t4 s ,cr/1 ,*ri/4 s eorl1 e>l1 ald]man1 w>rior4 t nglalnd1 ,engl& ,angles' l&4 f>an1 to g f>e4 f9dan1 to f9d4 s ,god1 ,god4 htan1 to call1 "n4 s hl=d1 "l hlf-we>d4 mid 7) dat471 )4 on 7) acc471 on1 aga9/1 into4 t 7) dat471 to4 uton 7) inf9471 let u4 ,,note4--,o4,e4 mn 7man7 is frequ5tly us$ 9 an indef9ite s5se = "o1 p1 !y4 ,x ?us takes ! place ( a passive con/ruction prop]3 ,& man nam gebrotu e r belifon1 twlf cpan fulle1 ,& !re 7 tak5 up ( fragm5ts t rema9$ !re twelve baskets full2 b m lit]ally1 ,& "o 7or !y7 took ! fragm5ts1 etc42 nd ,h/5es wf nd hs suna twg5 mn brhte t m cyn+e1 ,& ,h/5's wife & 8 two sons 7 br\ght to ! k+4 #ga4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ,mn h9e ht lfr$4 #b4 ,uton f>an on t scip4 #c4 ,god is cyn+a cyn+ nd hl=da hl=d4 #d4 ,s eorl ne gief giefa 8 fend4 #e4 ,ic ns mid 8 frend4 #f4 ,so mdor fr mid hi]e dht] on burg4 #g4 ,f9t/ s bc]es bc8 #h4 ,h b9t ealle 7all7 dor btan m wulfum4 #i4 e>t ,cr/1 ,godes sunu4 #aj4 8,uton b9dan s bnan ft10 cwi h4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,*ri/ is ! son ( ,god4 #b4 ,let u call him ,cdmon4 #c4 ,he ?r[s 8 spe> aga9/ ! door4 #d4 ,?\ art n ! e>l's bro!r4 #e4 ,he w g ) 8 fa!r to ,engl&1 b ,i %all rema9 7abide7 "h4 #f4 ,gifts are n giv5 to murd]]s4 #g4 ,:o w f9d ! tracks ( ! animals8 #h4 ,!y ask _! "l = 8 weapons 7 #fe1 ,note #c74 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,pron\ns4 7#a7 ,p]sonal ,pron\ns4 #gb4 ,p>adigms ( ic1 ,i2 1 ?\4 ,= h1 ho1 hit1 see #ec4 ,s+4 ,n4 ic ,g4 mn n ,d4 m ,a4 m 7mec7 7ec7 ,dual ,n4 wit 7we two7 git 7ye two7 ,g4 unc] 7( u two7 inc] 7( y two7 ,d4 unc 7to or = u two7 inc 7to or = y two7 ,a4 unc 7u two7 inc 7y two7 ,plur4 ,n4 w g ,g4 s] 7re7 ow] ,d4 s ow ,a4 s 7sic7 ow 7owic7 ,,note #a4--,! dual numb] 0 soon absorb$ by ! plural4 ,no relic ( x n[ rema9s4 ,b :5 two & only two are ref]r$ to1 ! dual is consi/5tly us$ 9 ,o4,e4 ,an example occurs 9 ! case ( ! two bl9d m5 7,mat!w ix4 #bg-ca73 ,gemiltsa unc1 ,davdes sunu6 ,pity u1 7?\7 ,son ( ,david6 ,se inc ft] incrum gelafan1 ,be x unto y accord+ to y\r fai?4 ,,note #b4--,mn4,e4 ye 7 g71 ! nom9ative prop]1 is fa/ be+ displac$ by y 7 ow71 ! old objective4 ,! di/9ction is pres]v$ 9 ! ,k+ ,james's v]sion ( ! ,bible3 ,ye 9 me1 & ,i 9 y 7,john xiv4 #bj72 b n 9 ,%akespe>e & lat] writ]s4 7#b7 ,demon/rative ,pron\ns4 #gc4 ,p>adigm ( s1 os1 is1 ?is4 ,= ! ,def9ite ,article z a demon/rative1 mean+ t1 see #bh1 ,note #c4 ,mascul9e4 ,fem99e4 ,neut]4 ,s+4 ,n4 s os is ,g4 isses isse isses ,d4 issum isse issum ,a4 isne s is ,i4 s ---- s ,all ,g5d]s4 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 s ,g4 issa ,d4 issum 7#c7 ,! ,int]rogative ,pron\n4 #gd4 ,p>adigm ( hw1 hwt1 :o1 :at8 ,mascul9e4 ,neut]4 ,s+4 ,n4 hw hwt ,g4 hws hws ,d4 hwm hwm ,a4 hwone hwt ,i4 ---- hw ,,note #a4--,! d]ivative int]rogatives1 hwer 7 99hw-er71 :i* ( two8 & hwilc 7 99hw-lc71 :i*8 are decl9$ z /rong adjectives 7 #gi-hb74 ,,note #b4--,! in/rum5tal case ( hw survives 9 ,mn4,e4 :y on :at acc\nt2 ! in/rum5tal ( ! def9ite article is se5 9 ! adv]bial !3 ,! soon]1 ! bett] by h[ mu* soon]1 by s mu* bett]4 ,,note #c4--;,h[ 7 ! ,mn4,e4 relative pron\ns1 :o & :i*1 evolv$ f ! ,o4,e4 int]rogatives8 ,! *ange began 9 e>ly ,we/ ,saxon ) hwt us$ 9 indirect que/ions 7,wlf+1 l4c4 #caj1 73 ,n ic wt eall hwt wolde/1 ,n[ ,i "k all t ?\ desir$/4 ,! direct "q 01 ,hwt wolde/ 8 ,b ! pres5ce ( eall %[s t 9 ,alfr$'s m9d hwt 01 9 ! indirect =m1 m relative ?an int]rogative4 7#d7 ,relative ,pron\ns4 #ge4 ,o4,e4 _h no relative pron\n prop]4 ,x us$ in/ead 7#a7 ! ,indecl9able ,p>ticle e1 :o1 :om1 :i*1 t1 7#b7 ! ,def9ite ,article 7 #bh71 7#c7 ! ,def9ite ,article ) ! ,indecl9able ,p>ticle1 7#d7 ! ,indecl9able ,p>ticle ) a ,p]sonal ,pron\n4 ,! ,def9ite ,article agrees 9 g5d] & numb] ) ! antec$5t4 ,! case dep5ds ^u ! con/ruction4 ,! bird :i* ,i h may1 !re=e1 be3-- 7#a7 ,s fugol e ic hbbe2 7#b7 ,s fugol "o ic hbbe2 7#c7 ,s fugol "o e 7 ! :i*7 ic hbbe2 7#d7 ,s fugol e h9e ic hbbe4 ,,note4--,o4,e4 e agrees closely 9 con/ruction ) ,mn4,e4 relative t3 7#a7 ,bo? are indecl9able4 7#b7 ,bo? ref] to animate or inanimate objects4 7#c7 ,bo? may be us$ ) phrasal value3 ylcan dge e h h9e t m de b]an wylla1 ,on ! same day t 7 on :i*7 !y int5d to be> him to ! fun]al pile4 7#d7 ,nei!r c be prec$$ by a preposition4 7#e7 ,possessive ,pron\ns4 #gf4 ,! ,possessive ,pron\ns are mn1 m9e2 n1 ?9e2 re1 our2 ow]1 y\r2 sn1 81 h]1 its2 unc]1 belong+ to u two2 inc]1 belong+ to y two4 ,!y are decl9$ z /rong adjectives4 ,! g5itives ( ! ,?ird ,p]sonal ,pron\n1 81 81 hi]e1 h]1 hi]a1 _!1 are indecl9able4 7#f7 ,indef9ite ,pron\ns4 #gg4 ,^! are lc1 ea*1 e2 n1 a1 an1 "o2 nig 7 n-ig71 any2 nnig 7 ne-nig71 none2 er1 o!r2 sum1 "o1 a c]ta9 "o2 swilc1 su*4 ,!y are decl9$ z /rong adjectives4 ,,note4--,o4,e4 _h ?ree e/abli%$ me?ods ( conv]t+ an int]rogative pron\n into an indef9ite3 7#a7 ,by prefix+ ge1 7#b7 by prefix+ g1 7#c7 by int]pos+ ! int]rogative betwe5 sw 444 sw3 7#a7 gehw1 ea*2 gehwer1 ei!r2 gehwilc1 ea*2 7#b7 ghw1 ea*2 ghwer1 ea*2 ghwilc1 ea*2 7#c7 sw hw sw1 :osoev]2 sw hwer sw1 :i*soev] ( two2 sw hwilc sw1 :osoev]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,adjectives1 ,,/rong ,,& ,,weak4 #gh4 ,! decl5sion ( adjectives con=ms 9 g5]al to ! decl5sion ( n\ns1 ?\gh a few pronom9al inflections h influ5c$ c]ta9 cases4 ,adjectives belong ei!r to 7#a7 ! ,/rong ,decl5sion or to 7#b7 ! ,weak ,decl5sion4 ,! ,weak ,decl5sion is employ$ :5 ! adjective is prec$$ by s or s1 !1 t1 or ?is2 o!rwise1 ! ,/rong ,decl5sion is employ$3 gdan cyn+as1 ! good k+s2 s gda cyn+1 ?is good k+2 b gde cyn+as1 good k+s4 ,,note4--,! ,weak ,decl5sion is also frequ5tly us$ :5 ! adjective is employ$ 9 direct address1 or prec$$ by a possessive pron\n3 ,dryht51 lmihtiga ,god 444 ic bidde = nre miclan mildheortnesse1 ,"l1 almighty ,god1 ,i pray !e1 = ?y great m]cy4 7#a7 ,/rong ,decl5sion ( ,adjectives4 7a7 ,monosyllables4 #gi4 ,! /rong adjectives are *iefly monosyllabic ) long /ems3 gd1 good2 eald1 old2 lng1 long2 swift1 swift4 ,!y are decl9$ z foll[s4 #hj4 ,p>adigm ( gd1 good3 ,mascul9e4 ,fem99e4 ,neut]4 ,s+4 ,n4 gd gd gd ,g4 gdes gdre gdes ,d4 gdum gdre gdum ,a4 gdne gde gd ,i4 gde ---- gde ,plur4 ,n4,a4 gde gda gd ,g4 gdra gdra gdra ,d4,i4 gdum gdum gdum #ha4 ,if ! /em is %ort1 -u is reta9$ z 9 giefu 7 #ci1 7#a77 & h(u 7 #cc1 7#a774 ,?us gld 7 #bg1 ,note #a71 glad1 & til1 useful1 are inflect$3 ,mascul9e4 ,fem99e4 ,neut]4 ,s+4 ,n4 gld gladu gld til tilu til ,plur4 ,n4,a4 glade glada gladu tile tila tilu 7b7 ,polysyllables4 #hb4 ,polysyllables foll[ ! decl5sion ( %ort monosyllables4 ,! mo/ common t]m9ations are -en1 -en2 -f/1 -fa/2 -full1 -ful2 -lz1 -less2 -lc1 -ly2 -ig1 -y3 h-en 7h hea?71 hea!n2 /de-f/ 7/de place71 /eadfa/2 sorg-full 7sorg sorr[71 sorr[ful2 cy/-lz 7cy/ wor?71 wor?less2 eor-lc 7eore e>?71 e>?ly2 bld-ig 7bld blood71 bloody4 ,! pres5t & pa/ p>ticiples1 :5 inflect$ & n z weak adjectives1 may be class$ ) ! polysyllabic adjectives1 _! inflection be+ ! same4 ,syncopation occurs z 9 a-/ems 7 #bg1 7#d774 ,?us hlig1 holy1 ble1 bli!1 b]5de1 be>+1 gebor51 born1 are ?us inflect$3 ,mascul9e4 ,fem99e4 ,neut]4 ,s+4 ,n4 hlig hlgu hlig ble blu ble b]5de b]5du b]5de gebor5 gebor5u gebor5 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 hlge hlga hlgu ble bla blu b]5de b]5da b]5du gebor5e gebor5a gebor5u 7#b7 ,weak ,decl5sion ( ,adjectives4 #hc4 ,! ,weak ,decl5sion ( adjectives1 :e!r monosyllabic or polysyllabic1 does n diff] f ! ,weak ,decl5sion ( n\ns1 except t -ena ( ! g5itive plural is usually replac$ by -ra ( ! /rong adjectives4 ,mascul9e4 ,fem99e4 ,neut]4 #hd4 ,s+4 ,n4 gda gde gde ,g4 gdan gdan gdan ,d4,i4 gdan gdan gdan ,a4 gdan gdan gde ,all ,g5d]s4 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 gdan ,g4 gdra 7gd5a7 ,d4,i4 gdum #he4 ,,rule ,,( ,,syntax4 ,adjectives agree ) _! n\ns 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & case2 b p>ticiples1 :5 us$ pr$icatively1 may rema9 un9flect$ 7 #aci1 #adj74 #hf4 ,,vocabul>y4 dad1 dead4 eall1 all4 hl1#a :ole1 hale4 he>d1 h>d4 t hors1 horse4 l(1 de> z lief4 ltel1 little4 micel1 great1 l>ge4 mnig1 _m4 niman1 to take nimble1 numb4 nwe1 new4 rce1 ri*1 p[]ful4 s1 true soo?-say]4 /lwi]e1#b s]viceable /alw>t4 swe1 v4 s tn1 t[n1 village4 s egn1 s]vant1 ?ane1 w>rior4 t +1 ?+4 s weg1 way4 ws1 wise4 wi 7) acc471 aga9/1 9 a ho/ile s5se )-/&4 s ilca1 ! same ( t ilk4 ,footnote #a3 ,hlig1 holy1 conta9s1 ( c\rse1 ! same root4 8,i f9d10 says ,c>lyle1 8t y c\ld n get any bett] def9ition ( :at #8holy' really is ?an #8heal?y--completely heal?y4'0 ,footnote #b3 ,?is ^w has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,! old] etymologi/s expla9$ x z mean+ wor? /eal+4 ,a m improbable conjecture is t x means wor? a /all or place4 ,x is us$ ( %ips 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle4 ,z appli$ to m51 ,skeat ?9ks x meant good or wor?y at /eal+2 b ! etymology is /ill unsettl$4 #hg4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 s scipu ne s9d swe swift1 ac he s9d swe /lwi]u4 #b4 ,so gde cwn gief lcum egne mniga giefa4 #c4 s wsa cyn+ hf mnige micele tnas on 8 rce4 #d4 ,nnig mn is ws on eallum +um4 #e4 ilcan dge 7 #ih1 7#b77 mn fnd 7f\nd7 "o egn e mnes w9es bc hfde4 #f4 ,ealle scgas e swift hors habba rda wi "o bnan4 #g4 ne fend s9d mne frend4 #h4 ,s micela /n "o e ic on mnum hndum hbbe is swe he>d4 #i4 ,he sca m ealdum horsum4 #aj4 ,uton niman s tilan giefa nd he b]an t rum l(um be>num4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,^! holy m5 are wise & good4 #b4 ,are ! little *ildr5 v de> to ! s]vants 7dat4 )\t t78 #c4 ,gifts are n giv5 7 #gj1 ,note #a7 to ri* m54 #d4 ,all ! horses t are 9 ! k+'s fields are swift4 #e4 ,^! /ones are v l>ge & h>d4 #f4 ,he takes ! dead man's spe> & fights aga9/ ! l>ge army4 #g4 ,?is new h\se has _m doors4 #h4 ,my ways are n y\r ways4 #i4 ,:osoev] *ooses me1 him ,i also 7ac7 *oose4 #aj4 ,e man has _m fri5ds t are n wise4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,num]als4 #hh4 ,num]als are ei!r 7a7 ,c>d9al1 express+ pure numb]1 "o1 two1 ?ree2 or 7b7 ,ord9al1 express+ rank or succession1 fir/1 second1 ?ird4 7a7 ,c>d9als4 #hi4 ,! ,c>d9als fall into ! ?ree foll[+ syntactic gr\ps3 ,,gr\p ,i4 #a4 n #b4 twg5 twa9 #c4 re ,^! num]als are inflect$ adjectives4 n1 "o1 an1 a1 be+ a long /emm$ monosyllable1 is decl9$ l gd 7 #hj74 ,! weak =m1 na1 means alone4 ,twg5 & re1 :i* h no s+ul>1 are ?us decl9$3 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,plur4 ,n4,a4 twg5 tw tw 7t7 re ro ro ,g4 twgra twgra twgra rora rora rora ,d4 twm twm twm rm rm rm 7twm7 7twm7 7twm7 #ij4 ,,gr\p ,,ii4 #d4 fow] #e4 ff #f4 siex #g4 se(on #h4 eahta #i4 nigon #aj4 ten #aa4 ndlefan #ab4 twlf #ac4 rotene #ad4 fow]tene #ae4 fftene #af4 siextene #ag4 se(ontene #ah4 eahtatene #ai4 nigontene ,^! words are us$ *iefly z un9flect$ adjectives3 on gewitscipe rora oe fow] bisceopa1 on te/imony ( ?ree or f\r bi%ops2 on siex dagum1 9 six days2 n ndre e hfde nigon hafdu1 a s]p5t :i* _h n9e heads2 el+ eahtatene w9tra1 a pr9ce ( eighte5 w9t]s4 #ia4 ,,gr\p ,,iii4 #bj4 twntig #ba4 n nd twntig #cj4 rtig #dj4 fow]tig #ej4 fftig #fj4 siextig #gj4 hundse(ontig #hj4 hundeahtatig #ij4 hundnigontig #ajj4 hund #bjj4 tw hund #ajjj4 s5d #bjjj4 tw s5d ,all ^! numb]s are employ$ z neut] s+ul> n\ns1 & are foll[$ by ! g5itive plural3 ,nfde h ah m onne twntig hrera1 & twntig scapa1 & twntig swna1 ,he did n h1 h[ev]1 m ?an tw5ty 7(7 cattle1 & tw5ty 7(7 %eep1 & tw5ty 7(7 sw9e2 ,he hfdon hundeahtatig scipa1 ,!y _h eighty %ips2 tw hund mla brd1 two hundr$ miles broad2 r wron se(on hund gfan5a g5um51 !re 7 sev5 hundr$ /&>ds captur$2 n s5d mnna1 a ?\s& m52 ,hannibales folces ws tw s5d (slag51 ,( ,hannibal's m5 !re 7 two ?\s& sla92 ,he curon ndlefan s5d mnna1 ,!y *ose elev5 ?\s& m54 ,,note #a4--;,gr\p ,,iii is r>ely inflect$4 ,almo/ ! only inflectional end+s t are add$ are 7#a7 -es1 a g5itive s+ul> t]m9ation = ! num]als 9 -tig1 & 7#b7 -e1 a dative s+ul> = hund4 7#a7 ,! fir/ is conf9$ to adjectives express+ ext5t ( space or "t1 z1 eald1 old2 brd1 broad2 hah1 high2 & lng1 long3 t is rtiges mla lng1 t is ?irty miles long2 ,h ws rtiges gara eald1 ,he 0 ?irty ye>s old4 7#b7 ,! second is employ$ aft] mid3 mid twm hunde scipa1 ) two hundr$ %ips2 mid rm hunde mnna1 ) ?ree hundr$ m52 r we> 444 ,regulus gefang5 mid ,v hunde mnna1 ,!re 0 ,regulus captur$ ) five hundr$ m54 ,! /atem5t made 9 ne>ly all ! gramm>s t hunde occurs z a nom9ative & accusative plural is )\t f\ndation4 ,,note #b4--,_m num]als1 o!rwise indecl9able1 are us$ 9 ! g5itive plural ) ! indef9ite pron\n sum1 :i* !n means "o ( a c]ta9 numb]4 ,9 ?is peculi> con/ruction1 ! num]al always prec$es sum3 fow]a sum1 "o ( f\r 7 ) ?ree o!rs72 ,h sde t h syxa sum (slge syxtig1 ,he said t he1 ) five o!rs1 slew sixty 7:ales72 ,h ws fow]tigra sum1 ,he 0 "o ( =ty4 ,,note #c4--,^! are ! mo/ common con/ructions ) ! ,c>d9als4 ,! =ms 9 -tig h only rec5tly be5 inve/igat$4 ,a /udy ( ,wlf+'s citations %[s t ,alfr$ occasionally uses ! =ms 9 -tig 7#a7 z adjectives ) plural inflections3 mid ,x,x,xgum cyn+um1 ) ?irty k+s2 & 7#b7 z n\ns ) plural inflections3 ft] siextigum daga1 aft] sixty days4 ,b bo? con/ructions are r>e4 7b7 ,ord9als4 #ib4 ,! ,ord9als1 except ! fir/ two1 are =m$ f ! ,c>d9als4 ,!y are3 #a4 =ma1 re/a1 fyr/a #b4 er1 ft]ra #c4 ridda #d4 fora #e4 ffta #f4 siexta #g4 se(oa #h4 eahtoa #i4 nigoa #aj4 toa #aa4 ndlefta #ab4 twlfta #ac4 rotoa #ad4 fow]toa #ae4 fftoa etc4 #bj4 twntigoa #ba4 n nd twntigoa #cj4 rtigoa etc4 ,,note4--,!re are no ,ord9als correspond+ to hund & s5d4 ,) ! exception ( er 7 #gg71 all ! ,ord9als are decl9$ z ,weak ,adjectives2 ! article1 h[ev]1 z 9 ,mn4,e41 is frequ5tly omitt$3 ,brtus ws s =ma consul1 ,brutus 0 ! fir/ consul2 ,hr nda so re/e bc1 nd ong9ne so er1 ,"h ! fir/ book ends1 & ! second beg9s2 fftan dge1 on ! fif? day2 on m toan gare hi]a gew9nes1 9 ! t5? ye> ( _! /rife2 ,ho ws twlfte1 ,%e 0 twelf?2 ,s ws fora frm ,agu/o1 ,he 0 f\r? f ,augu/us4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,adv]bs1 ,,prepositions1 ,,& ,,conjunctions4 ,adv]bs4 #ic4 7#a7 ,adv]bs are =m$ by add+ -e or -lce to ! correspond+ adjectives3 s1 true2 se or slce1 truly2 e>mlc1 wret*$2 e>mlce1 wret*$ly2 wd1 wide2 wde1 widely2 micel1 great2 micle 7micele71 greatly1 mu*4 7#b7 ,! t]m9ations -e & -lce are replac$ 9 "s adv]bs by -7l7unga or -7l7+a3 eallunga1 entirely2 fr+a1 sudd5ly2 grundlunga1 f ! gr\nd1 completely4 ,,note #a4--;,9 ,mn4,e4 headlong1 d>kl+1 & grovel+1 orig9ally adv]bs1 we h survivals ( ^! end+s4 7#c7 ,! g5itive case is frequ5tly us$ adv]bially3 sewe>des1 s\?w>ds2 ealles1 altoge!r1 entirely2 dges1 by day2 nihtes1 by night2 s1 f t "t1 aft]w>ds4 ,cf4 hys 7 87 weges 9 onne rde lc hys weges1 ,!n rides ea* 8 way4 ,,note #b4--,! adv]bial g5itive is abundantly pres]v$ 9 ,mn4,e4 ,always1 crossways1 sideways1 ne$s 7 necess>ily71 sometimes1 etc41 are n plurals1 b old g5itive s+ul>s4 ,! same con/ruction is se5 9 ( c\rse1 ( a tru?1 ( an ev5+1 ( old1 ( late1 & simil> phrases4 7#d7 ,dative & in/rum5tal plurals may be us$ z adv]bs3 hwlum1 at times1 sometimes :ilom2 /undum 7/und p]iod71 f "t to "t2 miclum1 greatly4 ,especially common is ! suffix -mlum 7ml "t1 measure meal71 pres]v$ adv]bially 9 ,mn4,e4 piecemeal3 dropmlum1 drop by drop2 /yccemlum 7/ycce piece71 piecemeal1 "h & !re4 7#e7 ,! suffix -an usually d5otes motion f3 hr1 "h4 hid]1 hi!r4 heonan1 h5ce4 r1 !re4 id]1 ?i!r4 nan1 !nce4 hwr1 :]e8 hwid]1 :i!r8 hwnan1 :5ce8 noran1 f ! nor?4 a/an1 f ! ea/4 h9dan1 f beh9d4 feorran1 f f>4 tan1 f )\t4 7#f7 ,! adv]b rihte 7riht "r1 /raight7 d5otes motion t[>d 9 norrihte1 nor?w>d1 due nor?2 a/rihte1 due ea/2 srihte1 due s\?2 we/rihte1 due we/4 ,prepositions4 #id4 ,! nom9ative is ! only case 9 ,o4,e4 t is nev] gov]n$ by a preposition4 ,( ! o!r cases1 ! dative & accusative occur mo/ frequ5tly ) prepositions4 7#a7 ,! prepositions t are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd ) ! dative are3 ft]1 aft]4 t1 at4 be 7b71 by1 ne>1 ab\t4 betwonan 7betuh71 betwe54 btan 7bton71 except4 =1 =4 frm 7fram71 f1 by4 mid1 )4 (1 (1 f4 t1 to4 t=an1 be=e4 twe>d1 t[>d4 7#b7 ,! foll[+ prepositions require ! accusative3 geond1 ?r\gh\t be-yond4 (]1 ov]1 ^u4 o1 until1 up to4 urh1 ?r\gh4 ymbe1 ab\t1 ar\nd um-:ile1 emb]-days4 7#c7 ,! preposition on 7r>ely 971 mean+ into1 is usually foll[$ by ! accusative2 b mean+ 91 on1 or dur+1 x takes ! dative or in/rum5tal4 ,! preposition wi1 mean+ t[>d1 may be foll[$ by ! g5itive1 dative1 or accusative2 b mean+ aga9/1 & imply+ motion or ho/ility1 ! accusative is m common4 7#d7 ,! foll[+ phrases are us$ prepositionally ) ! dative3 be noran1 nor? (4 be a/an1 ea/ (4 be san1 s\? (4 be we/an1 we/ (4 t acan1 9 addition to4 on emnlange 7efn-lang ev5ly long71 along4 t emnes1 along4 7#e7 ,prepositions regul>ly prec$e ! n\n or pron\n t !y introduce2 b by _! adv]bial nature !y are sometimes drawn 9 front ( ! v]b3 ,& him ws mycel mnegu t gegad]od1 ,& !re 0 ga!r$ unto him a great multitude4 ,9 relative clauses introduc$ by e1 ! prec$+ position is v common3 so scr 444 e h on bde1 ! di/rict1 444 :i* he dwelt 9 7 :i* he 9-habit$72 ,h ws swe spdig man on m htum e hi]a spda on bo1 ,he 0 a v ri* man 9 ^? possessions :i* _! ri*es consi/ 92 nh/ m tne e s dada man on l1 ne>e/ ! t[n t ! dead man lies 94 ,conjunctions4 #ie4 7#a7 ,! mo/ frequ5tly occurr+ conjunctions are3 ac1 b4 r1 be=e1 ere4 btan 7bton71 except t1 unless4 ac1 also eke4 = m1 = m e1 because4 = on1 = on e1 = 1 !re=e4 gif1 if4 hwer1 :e!r4 nd 7&71 &4 oe1 or4 t1 t1 s t4 ah1 ?\gh1 h[ev]4 7#b7 ,! correlative conjunctions are3 ger ge 444 ge1 bo? 444444 &4 ger 444444 er ei!r 4444 or4 oe 4444444 oe n 444444444 n1 nei!r 444 nor4 sam 44444444 sam1 :e!r 444 or4 sw 44444444 sw ! 4444444 !4 z 44444444 z4 444444444 :5 444444 !n4 onne 444444 onne ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives ,,& ,,adv]bs4 ,adjectives4 #if4 7#a7 ,adjectives are regul>ly comp>$ by add+ -ra = ! comp>ative1 & -o/ 7r>ely -e/7 = ! sup]lative3 ,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 e>m1 poor e>mra e>mo/ rce1 ri* rcra rco/ sml1 n>r[ smlra smalo/ brd1 broad brdra 7brdra7 brdo/ swift1 swift swiftra swifto/ 7#b7 ,=ms ) i-umlaut usually h sup]lative 9 -e/3 ,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 eald1 old ieldra ielde/ lng1 long lngra lnge/ /rng1 /rong /rngra /rnge/ geong1 "y gi5gra gi5ge/ hah1 high herra heh/ 7#c7 ,! foll[+ adjectives are comp>$ irregul>ly3 ,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 gd1 good btra bt/ ltel1 little1 small lssa l/ micel1 great1 mu* mra m/ yfel1 bad wi]sa wi]/ 7#d7 ,! positive is sometimes suppli$ by an adv]b3 ,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 feor1 f> fi]ra fi]re/ nah1 ne> narra neh/ r1 be=e rra1 =m] re/1 fir/ 7#e7 ,! comp>atives all foll[ ! ,weak ,decl5sion4 ,! sup]latives1 :5 prec$$ by ! def9ite article1 are weak2 b :5 us$ pr$icatively !y are frequ5tly /rong3 s l/a dl1 ! lea/ "p2 onne cyme s man s t swifto/e hors hafa t m re/an dle & t m m/an1 ,!n comes ! man t has ! swifte/ horse to ! fir/ "p & to ! l>ge/4 ,b1 t bne l& is a/ewe>d brdo/ 7n brdo/e71 ! cultivat$ l& is broade/ ea/w>d2 & 7hit7 bi ealra wyrta m/1 & x is l>ge/ ( all h]bs2 ,ac hyra 7 hi]a7 r is m/ on m gafole e ,f9nas him gylda1 ,b _! income is greate/ 9 ! tribute t ! ,f9s pay !m4 7#f7 ,! comp>ative is usually foll[$ by onne & ! nom9ative case3 ,s hwl bi micle lssa onne re hwalas1 ,t :ale is mu* small] ?an o!r :ales2 wunda s mdes bo dgelran onne wunda s l*aman4 ,! w\nds ( ! m9d are m secret ?an ! w\nds ( ! body4 ,b :5 onne is omitt$1 ! comp>ative is foll[$ by ! dative3 re les5d1 e mra is nd mrra eallum gesceaftum1 ,our ,r$eem]1 :o is great] & m glori\s ?an all creat$ ?+s2 n ongeat h n hi5e selfne btran rum gdum mnnum1 nor did he consid] himself bett] ?an o!r good m54 ,adv]bs4 #ig4 7#a7 ,adv]bs are regul>ly comp>$ by add+ -or = ! comp>ative & -o/ 7r>ely -e/7 = ! sup]lative3 ,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 georne1 will+ly geornor georno/ swe1 v1 swor1 m swo/1 mo/1 *iefly sev]ely r1 be=e ror1 =m]ly re/1 fir/ nor1 nor?w>ds noror norme/#a 7#b7 ,! comp>atives ( a few adv]bs may be f\nd by dropp+ -ra ( ! correspond+ adjective =m3 ,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 lnge1 long lng lnge/ micle1 mu* m m/ wel1 well bt bt/ ,footnote #a3 ,?is is really a d\ble sup]lative1 m be+ itself an old sup]lative suffix4 ,cf4 ,lat9 opti-m-u4 ,9 ,mn4,e4 nor?mo/ & h9dmo/1 -m-e/ has be5 confus$ ) -mo/1 ) :i* etymologically x has no?+ to d4 ,expressions ( ,"t4 #ih4 7#a7 ,duration ( "t & ext5t ( space are usually express$ by ! accusative case3 ,ealle hwle e t lc bi inne1 ,all ! "t t ! body is )92 twg5 dagas1 = two days2 ealne weg1 all ! way1 always4 7#b7 ,"t :5 is m (t5 express$ by ! in/rum5tal case :5 no preposition is us$3 ilcan dge1 ! same day2 lce gare1 ea* ye>2 gare1 t ye>2 lce dge1 ea* day4 7#c7 ,"t or space )9 :i* is express$ by on & ! dative3 on sum]a1 9 summ]2 on w9tra1 9 w9t]2 on ff dagum1 9 five days2 on ff mlum1 9 five miles2 on issum gare1 9 ?is ye>2 on m tman1 9 ^? times4 ,sometimes by ! g5itive )\t a prec$+ preposition3 s gares1 9 t ye>4 #ii4 ,,vocabul>y4 t gefylce folc1 troop1 division4 t lnd 7l&71 l&4 so ml1 mile4 er 444 er1 ! "o 444 ! o!r2 ! =m] 444 ! latt]4 s sige1 victory4 sige#b habban1 to w9 7!7 victory4 sprecan1 to speak4 t swn 7swn71 sw9e1 hog4 w/e1 wa/e4 ,footnote #b3 ,sige usually1 b n inv>iably1 prec$es habban4 #ajj4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ,h hf ro swe swift hors4 #b4 ,ic hbbe nigontene scap nd m onne twntig swna4 #c4 ,so gde cwn ce/ tw hund mnna4 #d4 ,uton feohtan wi ,dne mid rm hunde scipa4 #e4 nd he wron on twm gefylcum3 on rum ws#c ,b*scg nd ,halfdne hnan cyn+as1 nd on rum wron eorlas4 #f4 spric/ slce4 #g4 onne rt lc mn 8 weges4 #h4 ft] mnigum dagum1 hfde lfr$ cyn+#d sige4 #i4 is lnd is w/e /yccemlum4 #aj4 s feld is fftiges mla brd4 #aa4 lfr$ cyn+ hfde mnige frend1 = m e h ws ger ge ws ge gd4 #ab4 hwalas1 e ymbe spric/1 s9d micle lssan rum hwalum4 #ac4 ,ho is ieldre onne hi]e swu/]1 ac mn bror is ieldra onne ho4 #ad4 ,w cuma t m tne lce gare4 #ae4 mn e swifto/an hors hfdon wron mid m ,dnum fow] dagas4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,our army 7w]od7 0 9 two divisions3 "o 0 l>ge1 ! o!r 0 small4 #b4 ,! ri*e/ m5 9 ! k+dom h m 7m7 ?an ?irty %ips4 #c4 ,he 0 mu* wis] ?an 8 bro!r4 #d4 ,he fights aga9/ ! ,nor?umbrians ) two %ips4 #e4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ,k+ ,alfr$ ga9$ ! victory4 #f4 ,:osoev] *ooses ^! gifts1 *ooses well4 #g4 ,?is man's son is bo? wis] & bett] ?an 8 fa!r4 #h4 ,:5 ! k+ rides1 !n ride 8 ?anes also4 #i4 ,! ri*e/ m5 are n always 77 ! wise/ m54 ,footnote #c3 ,see p4 #ajj1 note on gefeaht4 ,l95ote #ajj4h ,footnote #d3 ,! prop] n\n comes fir/ 9 appositive expressions3 lfr$ cyn+1 ,sidroc eorl1 ,hahmund bisceop4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,/rong ,,v]bs3 ,,class ,i4 7,see #ag47 ,syntax ( ,moods4 #aja4 ,( ! ?ree hundr$ simple v]bs belong+ to ! ,o4,e4 ,/rong ,conjugation1 x is e/imat$#a t sev5ty-eight h pres]v$ _! /rong inflections 9 ,mn4,e41 t eighty-eight h become weak1 & t ! rema9+ "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r h entirely disappe>$1 _! places be+ tak5 9 mo/ cases by v]bs ( ,lat9 orig9 introduc$ ?r\gh ! ,norman-,fr5*4 ,,note4--,only ! simple or primitive v]bs1 n ! comp\nd =ms1 are "h tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! proportionate loss1 !re=e1 is really mu* great]4 ,o4,e4 ab\nd$ 9 =mative prefixes4 8,?us f ! ,anglo-,saxon flwan1 to fl[1 t5 new comp\nds 7 =m$ by ! addition ( v>i\s prefixes1 ( :i* t51 only "o1 (]flwan1 to ov]fl[1 survives ) u4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 f ! v]b sittan1 to sit1 ?irte5 new v]bs 7 =m$1 ( :i* n a s+le "o is to be f\nd to-day40 ,l\nsbury1 ib4 ,"p ,i1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #a3 ,l\nsbury1 ,engli% ,language1 ,"p ,,ii1 #bda4 #ajb4 ,class ,i3 ,! 8,drive0 ,conjugation4 ,v[el ,succession3 1 1 i1 i4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,pret]it ,,s+4 ,,pret]it ,,plur4 ,,pa/ ,,"p4 ,drf-an drf drif-on g$rif-en1 to drive4 ,indicative4 ,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic drf-e ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 drf-/ 7drf-e/7 #b4 drf-e #c4 h drf- 7drf-e7 #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g 7drf-a7 #b4 g drf-en #c4 he #c4 he ,,pret]it4 ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic drf ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 drif-e #b4 drif-e #c4 h drf #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g drif-on #b4 g drif-en #c4 he #c4 he ,imp]ative4 ,inf9itive4 ,pres5t ,p>ticiple4 ,s+4 #b4 drf drf-an drf-ende ,plur4 #a4 drf-an #b4 drf-a ,g]und4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 t drf-anne 7-enne7 g$rif-en ,t5se ,=mation ( ,/rong ,v]bs4 #ajc4 7#a7 ,x w be se5 f ! conjugation ( drfan t ! pres5t /em 9 all /rong v]bs is us$ ?r\gh\t ! pres5t indicative1 ! pres5t subjunctive1 ! imp]ative1 ! inf9itive1 ! g]und1 & ! pres5t p>ticiple4 ,m ?an half ( ! end+s1 !re=e1 ( ! ,/rong ,conjugation are add$ directly to ! pres5t /em4 7#b7 ,t ! pret]it s+ul> /em is us$ 9 only two =ms ( ! v]b1 ! #a/ & #c;d p]sons s+ul> ( ! pret]it indicative3 ,ic drf1 h drf4 7#c7 ,t ! pret]it plural /em is us$ 9 ! pret]it plural indicative1 9 ! second p]son ( ! pret]it s+ul> indicative1 & 9 ! s+ul> & plural ( ! pret]it subjunctive4 7#d7 ,t ! /em ( ! pa/ p>ticiple 7g$rif-7 is us$ = no o!r =m4 ,syntax ( ! ,v]b4 #ajd4 ,! ,indicative ,mood#b repres5ts ! pr$icate z a reality4 ,x is us$ bo? 9 indep5d5t & 9 dep5d5t clauses1 its function 9 ,o4,e4 correspond+ ) its function 9 ,mn4,e4 ,footnote #b3 ,usage sanctions mood1 b ! bett] spell+ w\ld be mode4 ,x is f ! ,lat4 modus1 :]eas mood 7 temp]7 is ,o4,e4 md4 #aje4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mood repres5ts ! pr$icate z an idea4#c ,x is ( f> m frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,o4,e4 ?an 9 ,mn4,e4 #a4 ,:5 us$ 9 indep5d5t clauses x d5otes desire1 comm&1 or entreaty1 & usually prec$es its subject3 ,se n nama gehlgod1 ,hall[$ be ,?y "n2 ,ne swrig5 g1 ,d n swe>4 #b4 ,9 dep5d5t clauses x d5otes unc]ta9ty1 possibility1 or m]e futurity4#d 7a7 ,concessive clauses 7introduc$ by ah1 ?\gh7 & 7b7 temporal clauses 7introduc$ by r1 r m e1 be=e7 are r>ely f\nd ) any o!r mood ?an ! subjunctive4 ,! subjunctive is also regul>ly us$ 9 ,alfr$ian prose 7c7 aft] v]bs ( say+1 ev5 :5 no sugge/ion ( d\bt or discr$it atta*es to ! n>ration4#e 8,:e!r ! /atem5t ref] to a fact or n1 :e!r ! subject-matt] be v\*$ = by ! report]1 z reg>ds its objective reality & tru?1 ! subjunctive does n tell4 ,x simply repres5ts a /atem5t z report$0#f3 ah man stte twg5 ftels full eala oe wt]es1 ?\gh "o set two vessels full ( ale or wat]2 r m e hit eall =hrgod wre1 be=e x 0 all ravag$2 ,h sde t ,normanna l& wre swe lang & swe sml1 ,he said t ! ,norwegians' l& 0 v long & v n>r[4 ,footnote #c3 ,gild]sleeve's ,lat9 ,gramm>1 #bee4 ,footnote #d3 ,?us :5 ,alfr$ writes t an ev5t took place be=e ! f\nd+ ( ,rome1 he uses ! subjunctive3 r m e ,rmeburh getimbrod wre be=e ,rome 7 f\nd$2 b1 ft] m e ,rmeburh getimbrod ws aft] ,rome 0 f\nd$4 ,footnote #e3 8,by ! "t ( lfric1 h[ev]1 ! levell+ influ5ce ( ! indicative aft] v]bs ( say+ has made consid]able progress40--,gorrell1 ,indirect ,disc\rse 9 ,anglo-,saxon 7,diss]tation1 #ahie71 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #f3 ,hotz1 ,on ! ,use ( ! ,subjunctive ,mood 9 ,anglo-,saxon 7,zri*1 #ahhb74 #ajf4 ,! ,imp]ative is ! mood ( comm& or int]cession3 ,ihannes1 cum t m1 ,john1 come to me2 ,& =gyf s re gyltas1 ,& =give u our trespasses2 ,ne drf s fram 1 ,d n drive u f !e4 #ajg4 7#a7 ,! ,inf9itive & ,p>ticiples are us$ *iefly 9 v]b-phrases 7 #ach-ada72 b ap>t f ?is function1 ! ,inf9itive1 be+ a neut] n\n1 may s]ve z ! subject or direct object ( a v]b4 ,htan 7to comm&1 bid71 ltan 7to let1 p]mit71 & ong9nan 7to beg97 are regul>ly foll[$ by ! ,inf9itive3 ,h9e rdan ly/e1 ,to ride pleas$ him2 ,ht bre sttan1 ,he bade set d[n ! bi]2#g ,lta ltl+as t m cuman1 ,let ! little ones come to me2 ongann h sprecan1 !n began he to speak4 7#b7 ,! ,p>ticiples may be us$ indep5d5tly 9 ! dative absolute con/ruction 7an imitation ( ! ,lat9 ablative absolute71 usually = ! expression ( "t3#h ,him gt sprec5dum1 ,:ile he 0 yet speak+2 gefyll$um dagum1 ! days hav+ be5 fulfill$4 ,footnote #g3 ,n1 ,he comm&$ ! bi] to be set d[n4 ,! ,mn4,e4 passive 9 su* s5t5ces is a loss bo? 9 =ce & directness4 ,footnote #h3 ,callaway1 ,! ,absolute ,p>ticiple 9 ,anglo-,saxon 7,diss]tation1 #ahhi71 p4 #ai4 #ajh4 ,! ,g]und1 or ,g]undial ,inf9itive1 is us$3 7#a7 ,to express purpose3 t ode s s7 8 sd t sw5ne1 ,out w5t ! s[] 8 se$ to s[4 7#b7 ,to exp& or det]m9e ! mean+ ( a n\n or adjective3 ,smn1 ic hbbe t scg5ne sum +1 ,simon1 ,i h some?+ to say to !e2 ,hit is scndlc ymb swelc t sprecanne1 ,x is %ameful to speak ab\t su* ?+s4 7#c7 ,aft] bon 7wesan7 to d5ote duty or necessity3 ,hwt is n m ymbe is t sprecanne1 ,:at m is !re n[ to say ab\t ?is8 onne is t genc5ne hwaet ,cr/ self cw1 !n x behooves to be?9k :at ,*ri/ himself said4 ,,note4--,! ,g]und is simply ! dative case ( ! ,inf9itive aft] t4 ,x began v e>ly to supplant ! simple ,inf9itive2 h5ce ! use ( to ) ! ,inf9itive 9 ,mn4,e4 ,z late z ! ,elizabe?an age ! ,g]und sometimes replac$ ! ,inf9itive ev5 aft] ! auxili>y v]bs3 8,"s pagan %ore1 ,:]e ^! two ,*ri/ian armies might comb9e ,! blood ( malice 9 a ve9 ( league1 ,& n to sp5d x s unneighb\rly40 --,k+ ,john1 ,v1 ii1 #ci4 ,:5 to lo/ ! mean+ ( purpose & came to be consid]$ z a m]ely =mal prefix1 = 0 us$ to supplem5t ! purpose elem5t3 ,:at w5t ye out = to see8#i ,footnote #i3 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! ,g]und 9 ,mn4,e41 ! s-call$ 8inf9itive 9 -+40 ,! :ole subject has be5 befogg$ = ! lack ( an accept$ nom5clature1 "o t %all d viol5ce nei!r to gramm> nor to hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,/rong ,,v]bs3 ,,classes ,,ii ,,& ,,iii4 #aji4 ,class ,,ii3 ,! 8,*oose0 ,conjugation4 ,v[el ,succession3 o1 a1 u1 o4 ,,inf9itive4#a ,,pret4 ,,s+4 ,,pret4 ,,plur4#b ,,pa/ ,,"p4#b cos-an1 cz1 cur-on gecor-en1 to *oose4 ,indicative4 ,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic cos-e ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 ce/ 7cos-e/7 #b4 cos-e #c4 h ce/ 7cos-e7 #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g cos-a #b4 g cos-en #c4 he #c4 he ,,pret]it4 ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic cz ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 cur-e #b4 cur-e #c4 h cz #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g cur-on #b4 g cur-en #c4 he #c4 he ,imp]ative4 ,inf9itive4 ,pres5t ,p>ticiple4 ,s+4 #b4 cos cos-an cos-ende ,plur4 #a4 cos-an #b4 cos-a ,g]und4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 t cos-anne 7-enne7 gecor-en ,footnote #a3 ,a few v]bs ( ,class ,,ii h in/ead ( o 9 ! inf9itive3 brc1 brac1 brucon1 gebroc51 to enjoy brook4 bgan1 bag1 bugon1 gebog51 to b5d1 b[4 ,footnote #b3 ,by a law kn[n z ,grammatical ,*ange1 f9al 1 s1 & h ( /rong v]bs g5]ally become d1 r1 & g1 respectively1 9 ! pret]it plural & pa/ p>ticiple4 #aaj4 ,class ,,iii3 ,! 8,b9d0 ,conjugation4 ,v[el ,succession3 i1e1 a1 u1 u1o4 ,! pres5t /em ends 9 m1 n1 l1 r1 or h1 "o or m consonants3 m3 belimp-an1 belmp 1 belump-on1 belump-en1 to belong4 belamp n3 b9d-an1 bnd 1 bund-on1 gebund-en1 to b9d4 b& l3 help-an1 healp1 hulp-on1 geholp-en1 to help4 r3 weor-an1 we>1 wurd-on1 geword-en1 to become4 h3 gefeoht-an1 gefeaht1 gefuht-on1 gefoht-en1 to fight4 ,,note #a4--;,if ! pres5t /em ends 9 a nasal 7m1 n7 a consonant1 ! pa/ p>ticiple reta9s ! u ( ! pret4 plur42 b if ! pres5t /em ends 9 a liquid 7l1 r7 or h1 a consonant1 ! pa/ p>ticiple has o in/ead ( u4 ,,note #b4--,:y d we n f9d 99halp1 99w>1 & 99faht 9 ! pret4 s+48 ,because a be=e l1 r1 or h1 a consonant1 und]w5t 8break+0 to ea4 ,break+ also *anges e e foll[$ by r or h1 a consonant1 to eo3 weoran 7 99w]an71 feohtan 7 99fehtan74 #aaa4 ,indicative4 ,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic b9d-e ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 b9t/ 7b9d-e/7 #b4 b9d-e #c4 h b9t 7b9d-e7 #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g b9d-a #b4 g b9d-en #c4 he #c4 he ,,pret]it4 ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic bnd ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 bund-e #b4 bund-e #c4 h bnd #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g bund-on #b4 g bund-en #c4 he #c4 he ,imp]ative4 ,inf9itive4 ,pres5t ,p>ticiple4 ,s+4 #b4 b9d b9d-an b9d-ende ,plur4 #a4 b9d-an #b4 b9d-a ,g]und4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 t b9d-anne 7-enne7 gebund-en #aab4 ,,vocabul>y4 t gefeoht1 fight1 battle4 so g]c$nes1 n>ration rccan4 t gesceap1 creation scieppan4 so hrgung 7 #ci1 7#c771 h>ry+1 plund]+ hrgian4 s m$u 7m$o7 7 #ea71 mead4 so meolc1 milk4 s middange>d1 _w middle-y>d4 s munuc1 monk mona*us4 so mre1 m>e me>h4 h sde1 he said4 he sdon1 !y said4 so spd1 ri*es spe$4 spdig1 ri*1 prosp]\s spe$y4 so td1 "t tide4 unspdig1 poor4 s we/anw9d1 we/-w9d4 t wn1 w9e4 rsan1 rs1 rison1 ris51 to arise4 bdan1 bd1 bidon1 gebid51 to rema91 expect 7) g547 drogan1#c drag1 drugon1 g$rog51 to endure1 suff]4 dr9can1 drnc1 druncon1 g$runc51 to dr9k4 f9dan1 fnd1 fundon1 gefund51 to f9d4 geswc geswc1 geswicon1 geswic51 to cease1 cease f 7) g547 i]nan 7yrnan71 rn1 urnon1 geurn51 to run4 ong9nan1 ongnn1 ongunnon1 ongunn51 to beg94 rdan1 rd1 ridon1 g]id51 to ride4 s+an1 sng1 sungon1 gesung51 to s+4 wrtan1 wrt1 writon1 gewrit51 to write4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 ! ,scot* 8to dree "o's weird0 to endure "o's fate4 #aac4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ft] issum wordum1 s munuc wrt ealle g]c$nesse on nre bc4 #b4 eorlas ridon p r m e ,dne s gefeohtes geswic54 #c4 ,cdmon sng re/ be middange>des gesceape4 #d4 ,s cyn+ nd rco/an mn dr9ca mran meolc1 nd unspdigan dr9ca m$u4 #e4 nd h rs nd s w9d geswc4 #f4 ,he sdon t he r we/w9des bid54 #g4 ,hwt is n m ymbe s + t sprecanne8 #h4 scgas ongunnon geswc re hrgunga4 #i4 bag t lnd r a/ryhte1 oe so s 9 on t lnd4 #aj4 s lnd belimpa t1 m nglum4 #aa4 ah ,dne ealne dg gefuht51 get hfde lfr$ cyn+ sige4 #ab4 nd s 7aft]w>ds7 ymbe nne mna gefeaht lfr$ cyn+ wi ealne "o hre t ,wiltne4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! mo/ prosp]\s m5 drank m>e's milk & w9e1 b ! poor m5 drank mead4 #b4 ,i suff]$ _m ?+s be=e y began to help me 7dat474 #c4 ,ab\t two days aft]w>ds 7s ymbe twg5 dagas71 ! plund]+ ceas$4 #d4 ,! k+ said t he f\ght aga9/ all ! army 7hre74 #e4 ,al?\gh ! ,danes rema9$ "o mon? 7 #ih1 7#a771 !y did n beg9 to fight4 #f4 ,^! gifts belong$ to my bro!r4 #g4 ,! e>ls 7 glad because _! "l 0 7indicative7 ) !m4 #h4 ,:at did y f9d8 #i4 ,!n wrote he ab\t 7be7 ! wise man's de$s4 #aj4 ,:at m is !re to endure8 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,/rong ,,v]bs3 ,,classes ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,& ,,vii4 ,,contract ,,v]bs4 ,! /ud5t c n[ complete ! conjugation = himself 7 #ajc74 ,only ! pr9cipal p>ts w be giv54 #aad4 ,class ,,iv3 ,! 8,be>0 ,conjugation4 ,v[el ,succession3 e1 1 1 o4 ,! pres5t /em ends 9 l1 r1 or m1 no consonant foll[+3 l3 hel-an1 hl1 hl-on1 gehol-en1 to conceal4 r3 b]-an1 br1 br-on1 gebor-en1 to be>4 ,! two foll[+ v]bs are slightly irregul>3 m3 nim-an1 nm 7nam71 nm-on 7nm-on71 g5um-en1 to take4 cum-an1 c7w7m1 c7w7m-on1 gecum-en1 to come4 #aae4 ,class ,v3 ,! 8,give0 ,conjugation4 ,succession ( ,v[els3 e 7ie71 1 1 e4 ,! pres5t /em ends 9 a s+le consonant1 nev] a liquid or nasal3 met-an1 mt1 mton1 gemet-en1 to measure1 mete4 gief-an1 geaf1 gaf-on1 gegief-en1 to give4 ,,note #a4--,! palatal consonants1 g1 c1 & sc1 conv]t a foll[+ e into ie1 into ea1 & into a4 ,h5ce giefan 7 99gefan71 geaf 7 99gf71 gafon 7 99gfon71 gegief5 7 99gegef574 ,?is *ange is kn[n z ,palatalization4 ,see #h4 ,,note #b4--,! inf9itives ( ! foll[+ important v]bs are only app>5tly exceptional3 biddan1 bd1 bd-on1 geb$-en1 to ask = bid4 licgan1 lg1 lg-on1 geleg-en1 to lie1 ext5d4 sittan1 st1 st-on1 geset-en1 to sit4 ,! orig9al e reappe>s 9 ! p>ticipial /ems4 ,x 0 *ang$ to i 9 ! pres5t /ems on acc\nt ( a =m] -jan 9 ! inf9itive 7bid-jan1 etc474 ,see #fa4 ,to ! same cause is due ! d\bl+ ( consonants 9 ! inf9itive4 ,all simple consonants 9 ,o4,e41 ) ! exception ( r1 7 d\bl$ aft] a %ort v[el1 :5 an orig9al j foll[$4 #aaf4 ,class ,,vi3 ,! 8,%ake0 ,conjugation4 ,succession ( ,v[els3 a1 1 1 a4 scac-an1 scc1 scc-on1 gescac-en1 to %ake4 f>-an1 fr1 fr-on1 gef>-en1 to g f>e4 #aag4 ,class ,,vii3 ,! 8,fall0 ,conjugation4 ,v[el ,succession3 11 1 1 12 or ea1a11 o1 o1 ea1a14 7#a7 ht-an1 ht1 ht-on1 geht-en1 to call1 "n1 comm&4 lt-an1 lt1 lt-on1 gelt-en1 to let4 7#b7 feall-an1 foll1 foll-on1 gefeall-en1 to fall4 heald-an1 hold1 hold-on1 geheald-en1 to hold4 haw-an1 how1 how-on1 gehaw-en1 to hew4 grw-an1 grow1 grow-on1 gegrw-en1 to gr[4 ,,note #a4--,?is class consi/s ( ! ,r$uplicat+ ,v]bs2 t is1 ^? v]bs t orig9ally =m$ _! pret]its n by int]nal v[el *ange 7ablaut71 b by prefix+ to ! pres5t /em ! initial consonant e 7cf4 ,gk4 - & ,lat4 d-di74 ,contraction !n took place betwe5 ! syllabic prefix & ! root1 ! fusion result+ 9 or o3 99he-hat heht ht4 ,,note #b4--;,a peculi> int]e/ atta*es to htan3 ! =ms htte & htton are ! sole rema9s 9 ,o4,e4 ( ! orig9al ,g]manic passive4 ,!y are us$ bo? z pres5ts & z pret]its3 htte ,i am or 0 call$1 he is or 0 call$4 ,no o!r v]b 9 ,o4,e4 c\ld h a passive s5se )\t call+ 9 ! aid ( ! v]b to be 7 #ada74 ,contract ,v]bs4 #aah4 ,! few ,contract ,v]bs f\nd 9 ,o4,e4 d n con/itute a new class2 !y fall "u ,classes ,i1 ,,ii1 ,v1 ,,vi1 & ,,vii1 already treat$4 ,! pres5t /em end$ orig9ally 9 h4 ,?is 0 lo/ be=e -an ( ! inf9itive1 contraction & comp5satory l5g!n+ be+ ! result4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important ( ^! v]bs3 ,classes4 ,i4 on 7 99han71 h1 ig-on1 geig-en 1 to ?rive4 geung-en ,,ii4 ton 7 99tohan71 tah1 tug-on1 getog-en1 to draw1 g tug4 ,v4 son 7 99sehwan71 seah1 sw-on1 gesew-en1 to see4 ,,vi4 slan 7 99slahan71 slh1 slg-on1 geslg-en1 to slay4 ,,vii4 fn 7 99fhan71 fng1 fng-on1 gefng-en1 to seize fang4 #aai4 ,! ,pres5t ,indicative ( ^! v]bs runs z foll[s 7see rules ( i-umlaut1 #eh73 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic o to so sla f #b4 h/ teh/ sieh/ slieh/ fh/ #c4 h h teh sieh slieh fh ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g o to so sla f #c4 he ,! o!r t5ses & moods are regul>ly =m$ f ! giv5 /ems4 #abj4 ,,vocabul>y4 so ht1 prop]ty1 possession gan4 aweg1 away on weg4 so fi]d1 ,engli% army f>an4 s hre1 ,dani% army hrgian4 on gehwre hnd1 on bo? sides4 sige niman 7 sige habban71 to w9 7!7 victory4 so sprc1 spee*1 language4 t rce fn1 to come to ! ?rone4#a t wl ,val-halla slaught]1 c>nage4 s wlsliht1 s weall1 wall1 ramp>t4 t wildor1 wild bea/1 re9de]4 s wnge>d1 v9ey>d4 brecan1#b brc1 brcon1 broc51 to break d[n4 cwean1 cw1 cwdon1 gecw$51 to say quo?4 geson1 geseah1 geswon1 gesew51 to see4 grwan1 grow1 growon1 gegrw51 to gr[4 (slan1 (slh1 (slgon1 (slg51 to slay4 sprecan1 sprc1 sprcon1 gesprec51 to speak4 /elan1 /l1 /lon1 ge/ol51 to /eal4 /ndan1 /d1 /don1 ge/nd51 to /&4 weaxan1 wox1 woxon1 geweax51 to gr[1 increase wax4 ,footnote #a3 ,lit]ally1 to take to 7!7 k+dom4 ,cf4 8,h y any?+ to take to80 7,two ,g5tlem5 ( ,v]ona1 ,,iv1 i1 #db74 ,footnote #b3 ,brecan belongs prop]ly 9 ,class ,v1 b x has be5 drawn into ,class ,,iv possibly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! r 9 ! root4 #aba4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 ft] m slce 7inde$7 ealle mn sprcon ne 7"o7 sprce4 #b4 nd h cw3 8is is n folc1 nd ealle he spreca ne sprce40 #c4 ,on sumum /wum wnge>das grwa4 #d4 ,h ht ndran (slan4 #e4 ngle brcon "o lngan weall1 nd sige nmon4 #f4 nd t sd grow nd wox4 #g4 ,ic ne geseah "o mn s e s cnapan adesan /l4 #h4 ,h ws swe spdig man on m htum e hi]a spda on#c bo1 t is1 on wildrum4 #i4 nd r we> 707 micel wlsliht on gehwre hnd4 #aj4 nd ft] issum gefeohte cm lfr$ cyn+ mid 8 fi]de1 nd gefeaht wi ealne "o hre1 nd sige nm4 #aa4 os burg htte#d scesdn 7,a%d[n74 #ab4 re cwne lc lg on m hse4 #ac4 nd s dl e r aweg cm ws swe ltel4 #ad4 nd s rotene dagas er$ t rce fng4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! m5 /ood 9 ! %ips & f\ght aga9/ ! ,danes4 #b4 ,be=e ! ?anes came1 ! k+ rode away4 #c4 ,!y said 7sdon7 t all ! m5 spoke "o language4 #d4 ,!y bore ! que5's body to ,wilton4 #e4 ,alfr$ gave _m gifts to 8 army 7dat4 )\t t7 be=e he w5t away4 #f4 ,^! m5 are call$ e>ls4 #g4 ,god sees all ?+s4 #h4 ,! boy held ! re9de] ) 7mid7 8 h&s4 #i4 ,ab\t six mon?s aft]w>ds1 ,alfr$ ga9$ ! victory1 & came to ! ?rone4 #aj4 ,he said t !re 0 v great slaught] on bo? sides4 ,footnote #c3 ,see #id1 7#e74 ,footnote #d3 ,see #aag1 ,note #b4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,weak ,,v]bs 7 #ah74 #abb4 ,! v]bs belong+ to ! ,weak ,conjugation are g5]ally ( m rec5t orig9 ?an ! /rong v]bs1 be+ frequ5tly =m$ f ! roots ( /rong v]bs4 ,! ,weak ,conjugation 0 ! gr[+ conjugation 9 ,o4,e4 z x is 9 ,mn4,e4 ,we in/9ctively put our newly co9$ or borr[$ words into ?is conjugation 7telegraph$1 boycott$72 & *ildr51 by ! analogy ( weak v]bs1 say runn$ = ran1 se$ = saw1 te>$ = tore1 draw$ = drew1 & gr[$ = grew4 ,s1 = example1 :5 ,lat9 dictre & brevire came into ,o4,e41 !y came z weak v]bs1 dihtian & brfian4 ,! ,?ree ,classes ( ,weak ,v]bs4 #abc4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 tell+1 f ! inf9itive alone1 to :i* ( ! ?ree classes a weak v]b belongs4 ,class ,,iii has be5 s invad$ by ,class ,,ii t b ?ree important v]bs rema9 to x3 habban1 to h2 libban1 to live2 & scgan1 to say4 ,di/9ction is to be made1 !re=e1 only betwe5 ,classes ,,ii & ,i4 ,class ,,ii conta9s ! v]bs ) inf9itive 9 -ian n prec$$ by r4 ,class ,i conta9s ! rema9+ weak v]bs2 t is1 ^? ) inf9itive 9 -r-ian & ^? ) inf9itive 9 -an 7n -ian74 ,class ,i4 #abd4 ,! pret]it s+ul> & pa/ p>ticiple ( ,class ,i end 9 -ede & -ed1 or -de & -ed respectively4 ,,note4--,! inf9itives ( ?is class end$ orig9ally 9 -jan 7 -ian74 ,?is acc\nts = ! preval5ce ( i-umlaut 9 ^! v]bs1 & also = ! l>ge numb] ( %ort-v[el$ /ems end+ 9 a d\ble consonant 7 #aae1 ,note #b74 ,! weak v]b is frequ5tly ! causative ( ! correspond+ /rong v]b4 ,9 su* cases1 ! root ( ! weak v]b corresponds 9 =m to ! pret]it s+ul> ( ! /rong v]b3 ,mn4,e4 dr5* 7 to make dr9k71 lay 7 to make lie71 re> 7 to make rise71 & set 7 to make sit71 are ! umlaut$ =ms ( drnc 7pret]it s+ul> ( dr9can71 lg 7pret]it s+ul> ( licgan71 rs 7pret]it s+ul> ( rsan71 & st 7pret]it s+ul> ( sittan74 ,pret]it & ,pa/ ,p>ticiple 9 -ede & -ed4 #abe4 ,v]bs ) inf9itive 9 -an prec$$ by ri- or ! d\ble consonants mm1 nn1 ss1 bb1 cg 7 gg71 add -ede = ! pret]it1 & -ed = ! pa/ p>ticiple1 ! d\ble consonant be+ always made s+le3 ri3 nri-an1 nr-ede1 g5r-ed1 to save4 mm3 frmm-an1 frm-ede1 gefrm-ed1 to p]=m frame4 nn3 nn-an1 n-ede1 gen-ed1 to ext5d4 ss3 cnyss-an1 cnys-ede1 gecnys-ed1 to beat4 bb3 swbb-an1 swf-ede1 geswf-ed1 to put to sleep4 cg3 wcg-an1 wg-ede1 gewg-ed1 to agitate4 ,,note4--,lcgan1 to lay1 is ! only "o ( ^! v]bs t syncopates ! e3 lcgan1 lgde 7lde71 gelgd 7geld71 in/ead ( lg$e1 gelg$4 ,pret]it & ,pa/ ,p>ticiple 9 -de & -ed4 #abf4 ,all ! o!r v]bs belong+ to ,class ,i4 add -de = ! pret]it & -ed = ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,?is division includes1 !re=e1 all /ems long by nature 7 #aj1 7#c71 7a773 dl-an1 dl-de1 g$l-ed1 to deal out1 divide dl4 dm-an1 dm-de1 g$m-ed1 to judge dm4 grt-an1 grt-te1 gegrt-ed1 to greet4 her-an1 her-de1 geher-ed1 to he>4 ld-an1 ld-de1 geld-ed1 to lead4 ,,note #a4--;,a prec$+ voiceless consonant 7 #i1 ,note7 *anges -de into -te3 99grt-de grt-te2 99mt-de mt-te2 99ec-de ec-te4 ,syncope & contraction are also frequ5t 9 ! p>ticiples3 gegrt-ed 99gegrt-d gegrt7t72 geld-ed geld7d74 ,,note #b4--;,ban1 to dwell1 cultivate1 has an admixture ( /rong =ms 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple3 ban1 bde1 gebd 7bn1 gebn74 ,! pres5t p>ticiple survives 9 ,mn4,e4 husb& h\se-dwell]4 #abg4 ,x includes1 also1 all /ems long by position 7 #aj1 7#c71 7b77 except ^? 9 mm1 nn1 ss1 bb1 & cg 7 #abe73 snd-an1 snd-e1 gesnd-ed1 to s5d4 stt-an1 st-te1 gest-ed1 to set sittan4 sigl-an1 sigl-de1 gesigl-ed1 to sail4 spnd-an1 spnd-e1 gespnd-ed1 to sp5d4 trdd-an1 trd-de1 getrd-ed1 to tread4 ,,note4--,! p>ticiples frequ5tly und]go syncope & contraction3 gesnd$ gesnd2 gest$ gest7t72 gespnd$ gespnd2 getrd$ getrd7d74 ,irregul> ,v]bs ( ,class ,i4 #abh4 ,!re are ab\t tw5ty v]bs belong+ to ,class ,i t are irregul> 9 hav+ no umlaut 9 ! pret]it & pa/ p>ticiple4 ,! pret]it ends 9 -de1 ! pa/ p>ticiple 9 -d2 b1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a prec$+ voiceless consonant 7 #i1 ,note71 -ed is g5]ally unvoic$ to -te1 & -d to -t4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! v]bs are z foll[s3 br+-an1 brh-te1 gebrh-t1 to br+4 byc-gan1 boh-te1 geboh-t1 to buy4 sc-an1 sh-te1 gesh-t1 to seek4 sll-an1 seal-de1 geseal-d1 to give1 sell h&-sel4 tc-an1 th-te1 geth-t1 to tea*4 tll-an1 teal-de1 geteal-d1 to c\nt tell4 nc-an1 h-te1 geh-t1 to ?9k4 ync-an1 h-te1 geh-t1 to seem me?9ks4 wyrc-an1 worh-te1 geworh-t1 to "w4 ,,note4--,su* ( ^! v]bs z h /ems 9 c or g are frequ5tly writt5 ) an ins]t$ e3 bycgean1 scean1 tcean1 etc4 ,?is e indicates t c & g h palatal value2 t is1 are to be foll[$ ) a vani%+ y-s\nd4 ,9 su* cases1 ,o4,e4 c usually passes into ,mn4,e4 *3 tc7e7an to tea*2 rc7e7an to rea*2 /rcc7e7an to /ret*4 ,sc7e7an gives besee* z well z seek4 ,see #h4 ,conjugation ( ,class ,i4 #abi4 ,p>adigms ( nrian1 to save2 frmman1 to p]=m2 dlan1 to divide3 ,indicative4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic nrie frmme dle #b4 nre/ frme/ dl/ #c4 h nre frme dl ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g nria frmma dla #c4 he ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic nr$e frm$e dlde #b4 nr$e/ frm$e/ dlde/ #c4 h nr$e frm$e dlde ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g nr$on frm$on dldon #c4 he ,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 nrie frmme dle #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g nri5 frmm5 dl5 #c4 he ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 nr$e frm$e dlde #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g nr$5 frm$5 dld5 #c4 he ,imp]ative4 ,s+4 #b4 nre frme dl ,plur4 #a4 nrian frmman dlan #b4 nria frmma dla ,inf9itive4 nrian frmman dlan ,g]und4 t nrianne 7-enne7 t frmmanne 7-enne7 t dlanne 7-enne7 ,pres5t ,p>ticiple4 nri5de frmm5de dl5de ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 g5r$ gefrm$ g$l$ ,,note4--,! end+s ( ! pret]it pres5t no difficulties2 9 ! #b;d & #c;d s+ul> pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t w obs]ve 7a7 t d\ble consonants 9 ! /em are made s+le3 frme/1 frme 7n 99fremme/1 99fremme72 ne/1 ne2 ste/ 7st/71 sete 7stt72 fyl/1 fyl1 f fyllan1 to fill2 7b7 t syncope is ! rule 9 /ems long by nature3 dl/ 7 dle/71 dl 7 dle72 dm/ 7 dme/71 dm 7 dme72 her/ 7 here/71 her 7 here74 ,d\ble consonants are also made s+le 9 ! imp]ative #b;d s+ul> & 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,/ems long by nature take no f9al -e 9 ! imp]ative3 dl1 her1 dm4 ,class ,,ii4 #acj4 ,! inf9itive ( v]bs belong+ to ?is class ends 9 -ian 7n -r-ian71 ! pret]it s+ul> 9 -ode1 ! pa/ p>ticiple 9 -od4 ,! pret]it plural usually has -edon1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( -odon3 e>d-ian1 e>d-ode1 gee>d-od1 to dwell eore4 luf-ian1 luf-ode1 geluf-od1 to love lufu4 rcs-ian1 rcs-ode1 g]cs-od1 to rule rce4 sealf-ian1 sealf-ode1 gesealf-od1 to ano9t salve4 segl-ian1 segl-ode1 gesegl-od1 to sail segel4 ,,note4--,^! v]bs h no trace ( orig9al umlaut1 s9ce _! -ian 0 once -jan4 ,h5ce1 ! v[el ( ! /em 0 %ield$ f ! influ5ce ( ! j 7 i7 by ! int]position ( 4 ,conjugation ( ,class ,,ii4 #aca4 ,p>adigm ( lufian1 to love3 ,indicative4 ,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic lufie ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 u lufa/ #b4 lufie #c4 h lufa #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g lufia #b4 g lufi5 #c4 he #c4 he ,,pret]it4 ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic lufode ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 lufode/ #b4 lufode #c4 h lufode #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g luf$on 7-odon7 #b4 g luf$5 7-od57 #c4 he #c4 he ,imp]ative4 ,inf9itive4 ,pres5t ,p>ticiple4 ,s+4 #b4 lufa lufian lufi5de ,plur4 #a4 lufian #b4 lufia ,g]und4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 t lufianne 7-enne7 gelufod ,,note #a4--,! -ie 7-i57 occurr+ 9 ! pres5t mu/ be pron\nc$ z a dissyllable4 ,! y-s\nd ?us int]pos$ betwe5 ! i & e is frequ5tly indicat$ by ! lett] g3 lufie1 or lufige2 lufi51 or lufig54 ,s also = ia3 lufia1 or lufiga2 lufian1 or lufig7e7an4 ,,note #b4--;,9 ! pret]it s+ul>1 -ade1 -ude1 & -ede are n infrequ5t = -ode4 ,class ,,iii4 #acb4 ,! few v]bs belong+ "h %[ a bl5d+ ( ,classes ,i & ,,ii4 ,l c]ta9 v]bs ( ,class ,i 7 #abh71 ! pret]it & pa/ p>ticiple are =m$ by add+ -de & -d2 l ,class ,,ii1 ! #b;d & #c;d pres5t indicative s+ul> end 9 -a/ & -a1 ! imp]ative #b;d s+ul> 9 -a3 habb-an1 hf-de1 gehf-d1 to h4 libb-an1 lif-de1 gelif-d1 to live4 scg-an1 sd-e 7sg-de71 gesd 7gesg-d71 to say4 ,conjugation ( ,class ,,iii4 #acc4 ,p>adigms ( habban1 to h2 libban1 to live2 scgan1 to say4 ,indicative4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic hbbe libbe scge #b4 hf/ 7hafa/7 lifa/ sg/ 7saga/7 #c4 h hf 7hafa7 lifa sg 7saga7 ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g habba libba scga #c4 he ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic hfde lifde sde #b4 hfde/ lifde/ sde/ #c4 h hfde lifde sde ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g hfdon lifdon sdon #c4 he ,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 hbbe libbe scge #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g hbb5 libb5 scg5 #c4 he ,,pret]it4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 hfde lifde sde #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g hfd5 lifd5 sd5 #c4 he ,imp]ative4 ,s+4 #b4 hafa lifa saga ,plur4 #a4 habban libban scgan #b4 habba libba scga ,inf9itive4 habban libban scgan ,g]und4 t habbanne 7-enne7 t libbanne 7-enne7 t scganne 7-enne7 ,pres5t ,p>ticiple4 hbb5de libb5de scg5de ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 gehfd gelifd gesd ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,rema9+ ,,v]bs2 ,,v]b-,,phrases ,,) habban1 bon1 ,,& weoran4 ,anomal\s ,v]bs4 7,see #ai47 #acd4 ,^! are3 bon 7wesan71 ws1 wron1 ----1 to be4 willan1 wolde1 woldon1 ----1 to w1 int5d4 dn1 dyde1 dydon1 g$n1 to d1 cause4 gn1 ode1 odon1 gegn1 to g4 ,,note4--,9 ! orig9al ,indo-,g]manic language1 ! fir/ p]son ( ! pres5t indicative s+ul> end$ 9 7#a7 or 7#b7 mi4 ,cf4 ,gk4 -1 -1 ,lat4 am-1 su-m4 ,! ,/rong & ,weak ,conjugations ( ,o4,e4 are survivals ( ! -class4 ,! f\r ,anomal\s ,v]bs m5tion$ above are ! sole rema9s 9 ,o4,e4 ( ! mi-class4 ,note ! surviv+ m 9 eom ,i am1 & dm ,i d 7,nor?umbrian =m74 ,^! mi-v]bs are sometimes call$ non-,!matic to di/+ui% !m f ! ,!matic or -v]bs4 ,conjugation ( ,anomal\s ,v]bs4 #ace4 ,only ! pres5t indicative & subjunctive are at all irregul>3 ,indicative4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic eom 7bom7 wille d g #b4 e>t 7bi/7 wilt d/ g/ #c4 h is 7bi7 wille d g ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g s9d7on7 willa d g #c4 he ,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 se wille d g #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g sen will5 dn gn #c4 he ,,note4--,! pret]it subjunctive ( bon is =m$1 ( c\rse1 n f ws1 b f wron4 ,see #ajc1 7#c74 ,pret]it-,pres5t ,v]bs4 7,see #ai47 #acf4 ,^! v]bs are call$ ,pret]it-,pres5t because ! pres5t t5se 7indicative & subjunctive7 ( ea* ( !m is1 9 =m1 a /rong pret]it1 ! old pres5t hav+ be5 displac$ by ! new4 ,!y all h weak pret]its4 ,mo/ ( ! ,mn4,e4 ,auxili>y ,v]bs belong to ?is class4 witan1 wi/e1 wi/on1 gewit51 to "k wisse1 to wit1 wot4 gan1 hte1 hton1 g5 7adj471 to possess owe4 cunnan1 ce1 con1 gecunn51 to "k1 c c 7adj471 unc\?1 cunn+4 durran1 dor/e1 dor/on1 ---- to d>e4 sculan1 sceolde1 sceoldon1 ---- %all4 magan1 meahte1 meahton1 ---- to be able1 may4 mihte1 mihton1 mtan1 m/e1 m/on1 ---- may1 mu/4 ,,note4--,! *ange 9 mean+ f pret]it to pres5t1 ) ret5tion ( ! pret]it =m1 is n uncommon 9 o!r languages4 ,sev]al examples are f\nd 9 ,lat9 & ,greek 7cf4 nvi & 1 ,i "k74 ,mn4,e4 has gone fur!r /ill3 hte & m/e1 :i* _h already suff]$ ! loss ( _! old pret]its 7h1 mt71 h be5 =c$ back aga9 into ! pres5t 7ought1 mu/74 ,hav+ exhau/$1 !re=e1 ! only means ( pret]it =mation kn[n to ,g]manic1 ! /rong & ! weak1 x is n likely t ei!r ought or mu/ w ev] develop di/9ct pret]it =ms4 ,conjugation ( ,pret]it-,pres5t ,v]bs4 #acg4 ,! irregul>ities occur 9 ! pres5t indicative & subjunctive3 ,indicative4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic wt h cn 7c7 #b4 w/ h/ cn/ 7can/7 #c4 h wt h cn 7c7 ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g witon gon cunnon #c4 he ,s+4 #a4 ,ic de> sceal mg mt #b4 de>/ scealt meaht m/ #c4 h de> sceal mg mt ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g durron sculon magon mton #c4 he ,subjunctive4 ,,pres5t4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 wite ge cunne #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g wit5 g5 cunn5 #c4 he ,s+4 #a4 ,ic #b4 durre scule 7scyle7 mge mte #c4 h ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g durr5 scul5 7scyl57 mg5 mt5 #c4 he ,,note #a4--,willan & sculan d n (t5 connote simple futurity 9 ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon1 yet !y 7 fa/ drift+ t way4 ,! ,mn4,e4 use ( %all only ) ! #a/ p]son & w only ) ! #b;d & #c;d1 to express simple futurity1 0 :olly unkn[n ev5 9 ,%akespe>e's day4 ,! elaborate di/9ctions drawn betwe5 ^! words by mod]n gramm>ians are n only cumb]some & =eign to ! g5ius ( ,engli%1 b equally lack+ 9 psy*ological basis4 ,,note #b4--,sculan orig9ally impli$ ! idea ( 7#a7 duty1 or compulsion 7 ought to1 or mu/71 & ?is conception lurks ) m or less prom95ce 9 almo/ e function ( sculan 9 ,o4,e43 ,dryht5 bebad ,moyse h h sceolde b]an e>ce1 ,! ,"l in/ruct$ ,moses h[ he ought to be> ! ark2 lc mann sceal be 8 &gietes me 444 sprecan t he spric1 & dn t t h d1 ,e man mu/1 accord+ to ! measure ( 8 intellig5ce1 speak :at he speaks1 & d :at he does4 ,its next mo/ frequ5t use is to express 7#b7 cu/om1 ! transition f ! obligatory to ! cu/om>y be+ an easy "o3 ,s byrde/a sceall gyldan fftne me>es fell1 ,! man ( highe/ rank pays fifte5 m>t5 sk9s4 ,,note #c4--,willan express$ orig9ally 7#a7 pure volition1 & ?is is its mo/ frequ5t use 9 ,o4,e4 ,x may occur )\t ! inf9itive3 ,nylle ic s synfullan da1 ac ic wille t h gecyrre & lybbe1 ,i d n desire ! s9n]'s dea?1 b ,i desire t he return & live4 ,! wi% be+ fa!r to ! int5tion1 willan soon came to express 7#b7 purpose3 ,h sde t h at sumum cirre wolde f&ian h longe t l& norryhte lge1 ,he said t he int5d$1 at "s "t1 to inve/igate h[ f> t l& ext5d$ nor?w>d4 ,v]b-,phrases ) habban1 bon 7wesan71 & weoran4 ,v]b-,phrases 9 ! ,active ,voice4 #ach4 ,! pres5t & pret]it ( habban1 comb9$ ) a pa/ p>ticiple1 are us$ 9 ,o4,e41 z 9 ,mn4,e41 to =m ! pres5t p]fect & pa/ p]fect t5ses3 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect4 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic hbbe g$rif5 ,s+4 #a4 ,ic hfde g$rif5 #b4 hf/ g$rif5 #b4 hfde/ g$rif5 #c4 h hf g$rif5 #c4 h hfde g$rif5 ,,pres5t ,,p]fect4 ,,pa/ ,,p]fect4 ,plur4 #a4 w ,plur4 #a4 w #b4 g habba g$rif5 #b4 g hfdon g$rif5 #c4 he #c4 he ,! pa/ p>ticiple is n usually inflect$ to agree ) ! direct object3 ,norymbre nd a/ngle hfdon lfr$e cyn+e z geseald 7n gesealde1 #hb71 ,! ,nor?umbrians & ,ea/ ,anglians _h giv5 k+ ,alfr$ oa?s2 nd hfdon miclne dl ra horsa fret5 7n fret5ne71 & 7!y7 _h dev\r$ a l>ge "p ( ! horses4 ,,note4--,_m s5t5ces might be quot$ 9 :i* ! p>ticiple does agree ) ! direct object1 b !re seems to be no cle> l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m & ! s5t5ces j cit$4 ,orig9ally1 ! p>ticiple express$ a resultant /ate1 & belong$ 9 s5se m to ! object ?an to habban2 b 9 ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon habban _h already1 9 ! majority ( cases1 become a pure auxili>y :5 us$ ) ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,?is is conclusively prov$ by ! use ( habban ) intransitive v]bs4 ,9 su* a clause1 !re=e1 z o t he h9e (slg5ne hfdon1 !re is no occasion to translate until !y _h him sla9 7 resultant /ate72 ! agreem5t "h is m probably due to ! proximity ( (slg5ne to h9e4 ,s also ac h hfdon hi]a /emn gest5ne1 b !y _h already s]v$ out 7sat out7 _! milit>y t]m4 #aci4 ,if ! v]b is intransitive1 & d5otes a *ange ( condition1 a dep>ture or arrival1 bon 7wesan7 usually replaces habban4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple1 9 su* cases1 p>takes ( ! nature ( an adjective1 & g5]ally agrees ) ! subject3 ,mne welan e ic o hfde syndon ealle gewit5e nd g$ror5e1 ,my possessions :i* ,i once _h are all dep>t$ & fall5 away2 wron mn uppe on lnde ( gne1 ! m5 _h gone up a%ore2 nd re wron hungre cwol51 & ! o!rs _h p]i%$ ( hung]2 nd ac s micla hre ws r t cum51 & also ! l>ge army _h !n arriv$ !re4 #adj4 ,a progressive pres5t & pret]it 7n always1 h[ev]1 ) di/9ctively progressive mean+s7 are =m$ by comb9+ a pres5t p>ticiple ) ! pres5t & pret]it ( bon 7wesan74 ,! p>ticiple rema9s un9flect$3 nd he alle on "o cyn+ wrun feoht5de1 & !y all 7 fight+ aga9/ ! k+2 ,symle h bi lci5de1 n slp h nfre1 ,he is always look+1 nor does ,he ev] sleep4 ,,note4--,9 mo/ s5t5ces ( ?is sort1 ! subject is mascul9e 7s+ul> or plural72 h5ce no inf]5ce c be made z to agreem5t1 s9ce -e is ! p>ticipial end+ = bo? numb]s ( ! nom9ative mascul9e 7 #hb74 ,by analogy1 !re=e1 ! o!r g5d]s usually con=m 9 inflection to ! mascul9e3 wron ealle d(lu clypig5de nre /efne1 !n 7 all ! devils cry+ ) "o voice4 ,v]b-,phrases 9 ! ,passive ,voice4 #ada4 ,passive con/ructions are =m$ by comb9+ bon 7wesan7 or weoran ) a pa/ p>ticiple4 ,! p>ticiple agrees regul>ly ) ! subject3 he wron b5um5e ger ge s capes ge s cornes1 !y 7 depriv$ bo? ( ! cattle & ! corn2 h bo blnde mid m o/rum heora scylda1 !y are bl9d$ ) ! d>kness ( _! s9s2 & s wlhrowa ,domicinus on m ylcan gare we> cweald1 & ! murd]\s ,domitian 0 kill$ 9 ! same ye>2 nd elwulf aldormn we> (slg51 & !lwulf1 ald]man1 0 sla94 ,,note #a4--,to express ag5cy1 ,mn4,e4 employs by1 r>ely (2 ,m4,e4 (1 r>ely by2 ,o4,e4 frm 7fram71 r>ely (3 ,s e ,godes bebodu ne gecnw1 ne bi h oncnw5 frm ,gode1 ,he :o does n recognise ,god's comm&s1 w n be recogniz$ by ,god2 ,betwux m we> (slag5 adw9e 444 fram ,brytta cyn+e1 ,mean:ile1 ,edw9 0 sla9 by ! k+ ( ! ,britons4 ,,note #b4--,o4,e4 _h no progressive =ms = ! passive1 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 di/+ui% betwe5 ,he is be+ w\nd$ & ,he is w\nd$4 ,x 0 n until m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,%akespe>e's dea? t be+ assum$ ?is function4 ,weoran1 :i* orig9ally d5ot$ a passage f "o /ate to ano!r1 0 ultimately driv5 out by bon 7wesan71 & survives n[ only 9 ,woe wor? 7 be to74 #adb4 ,,vocabul>y4 ,beormas1 ,p]mians4 ,deniscan1 ! ,dani% 7m571 ,danes4 ,f9nas1 ,f9s4 t gewald1 control wealdan4 so s1 sea4 so scr1 %ire1 di/rict4 so wl/w1 battle-field4 gan wl/we gewald1 to ma9ta9 possession ( ! battle-field4 s weald5d1 rul]1 wield]4 gefleman1 geflemde1 geflem$1 to put to flight4 ge/aelian1 ge/aelode1 ge/aelod1 to e/abli%1 re/ore4 gewissian1 gewissode1 gewissod1 to guide1 direct4 wcian1 wcode1 gewcod1 to dwell wc village4 #adc4 ,,ex]cises4 ,i4 #a4 nd r ws micel wl geslg5 on gehwre hnd1 nd elwulf ealdormn we> (slg52 nd ,dniscan hton wl/we gewald4 #b4 nd s ymb nne mna gefeaht lfr$ cyn+ wi ealne "o hre ond h9e geflemde4 #c4 ,h sde ah t t l& se swe lang nor nan4 #d4 ,beormas hfdon swe wel gebd 7 #abf1 ,note #b7 hi]a l&4 #e4 ,oh?re sde t so scr htte 7 #aag1 ,note #b7 ,hlgol&1 e h on 7 #id1 7#e77 bde4 #f4 ,f9nas wc$on be re s4 #g4 ,dryht51 lmihtiga 7 #gh1 ,note7 ,god1 ,wyrhta & ,weald5d ealra gesceafta1 ic bidde = nre miclan mildheortnesse t m gewissie t num willan2 & ge/aela mn md t num willan & t mnre swle e>fe4 #h4 sceolde h r bdan ryhtnoranw9des1 = m t l& bag r sryhte1 oe so s 9 on t l&1 h nysse hwer4 #i4 ,= 1 m ync btre1 gif ow sw ync1 t w ac s bc on t geode wnd5 e w ealle gecnwan mg54 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:5 ! k+ he>d t1 he w5t 7 !n w5t he7 we/w>d ) 8 army to ,a%d[n4 #b4 ,love/ ?\ me m ?an ^!8 #c4 ,! m5 said t ! %ire :i* !y liv$ 9 0 call$ ,halgol&4 #d4 ,all ?+s 7 made 7wyrcan7 by ,god4 #e4 ,!y 7 fight+ = two days ) 7 aga9/7 ! ,danes4 #f4 ,k+ ,alfr$ f\ght ) ! ,danes1 & ga9$ ! victory2 b ! ,danes reta9$ possession ( ! battle-field4 #g4 ,^! m5 dwelt 9 ,engl& be=e !y came hi!r4 #h4 ,i h n se5 ! book ( 7ymbe7 :i* y speak 7sprecan74 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,selections ,,= ,,read+4 ,,prose4 ,,introductory4 ,i4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle4 ,?is fam\s "w1 a s]ies ( progressive annals by unkn[n h&s1 embraces a p]iod ext5d+ f ,cs>'s invasion ( ,engl& to #aaed4 ,x is n kn[n :5 or :]e ^! annals began to be record$ 9 ,engli%4 8,! annals f ! ye> #hff--t ( ,e!lr$'s asc5t ( ! ?rone--to ! ye> #hhg seem to be ! "w ( "o m9d4 ,n a s+le ye> is pass$ ov]1 & to sev]al is grant$ consid]able space1 especially to ! ye>s #hga1 #hgh1 & #hhe4 ,! :ole has ga9$ a c]ta9 r\ndness & fulness1 because ! ev5ts--ne>ly all ( !m episodes 9 ! ev]-recurr+ conflict ) ! ,danes--are tak5 9 _! connection1 & ! ?read dropp$ 9 "o ye> is resum$ 9 ! next4 ,n only is ! /yle 9 itself concise2 x has a sort ( n]v\s sev]ity & pi?y rigor4 ,! con/ruction is (t5 antiquat$1 & sugge/s at times ! fre$om ( poetry2 ?\gh ?is purely hi/orical prose is f> remov$ f poetry 9 pr(usion ( language40 7,t5 ,br9k1 ,e>ly ,eng4 ,lit41 ,i47 ,,ii4 ,! ,translations ( ,alfr$4 ,alfr$'s reign 7#hga-ija7 may be divid$ into f\r p]iods4 ,! fir/1 ! p]iod ( ,dani% invasion1 ext5ds f #hga to #hha2 ! second1 ! p]iod ( comp>ative quiet1 f #hha to #hic2 ! ?ird1 ! p]iod ( r5ew$ /rife 7beg9n+ ) ! incursions ( ,ha/+71 f #hic to #hig2 ! f\r?1 ! p]iod ( peace1 f #hig to #ija4 ,8 lit]>y "w probably falls 9 ! second p]iod4,a ,! works translat$ by ,alfr$ f ,lat9 into ! v]nacul> 7 7#a7 ,consolation ( ,philosophy 7,de ,consolatione ,philosophiae7 by ,bo?ius 7#dge-ebe71 7#b7 ,comp5di\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 7,hi/ori>um ,libri ,,vii7 by ,orosius 7c4 #dah71 7#c7 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% 7,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica ,g5tis ,anglorum7 by ,b$e 7#fgb-gce71 & 7#d7 ,pa/oral ,c>e 7,de ,cura ,pa/orali7 by ,pope ,gregory ! ,great 7#edj-fjd74 ,! *ronological sequ5ce ( ^! works is :olly unkn[n4 ,t giv5 is support$ by ,turn]1 ,ar5d1 ,morley1 ,gre91 & ,pauli4 ,wlk] argues = an exact rev]sal ( ?is ord]4 ,accord+ to ,t5 ,br9k1 ! ord] 0 m probably 7#a7 ,orosius1 7#b7 ,b$e1 7#c7 ,bo?ius1 & 7#d7 ,pa/oral ,c>e4 ,! mo/ rec5t contribution to ! subject is f ,wlf+1 :o cont5ds = 7#a7 ,b$e1 7#b7 ,orosius1 7#c7 ,pa/oral ,c>e1 & 7#d7 ,bo?ius4 ,footnote ,a3 ,!re is some?+ inexpressibly t\*+ 9 ?is clause f ! great k+'s p53 gif w /ilnesse habba4 ,he is speak+ ( h[ mu* he hopes to d1 by 8 translations1 = ! enlight5m5t ( 8 p4 ,i4 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,a%d[n4 ,f ! ,*ronicle1 ,p>k] ,,ms4 ,! ev5t & date are significant4 ,! ,danes _h = ! fir/ "t invad$ ,wessex4 ,alfr$'s old] bro!r1 ,e!lr$1 0 k+2 b to ,alfr$ belongs ! glory ( ! victory at ,a%d[n 7,b]k%ire74 ,ass] 7,life ( ,alfr$7 tells u t = a long "t ,e!lr$ rema9$ pray+ 9 8 t5t1 :ile ,alfr$ & 8 foll[]s w5t =? 8l a wild bo> aga9/ ! h\nds40 page #ii #a #hga4 ,hr cum#a s hre t ,rad+um on ,we/seaxe1 #b nd s ymb iii niht ridon ii eorlas p4 a gemtte he page #ajj #a elwulf aldorman#b on nglafelda1 nd him r wi gefeaht1 #b nd sige nam4 s ymb iiii niht er$ cyn+ #c nd lfr$ 8 brur#c r micle fi]d t ,rad+um #d gelddon1 nd wi "o hre gefuhton2 nd r ws #e micel wl geslg5 on gehwre hnd1 nd elwulf #f aldormn we> (slg52 nd a ,dniscan hton wl/we #g gewald4 #h nd s ymb iiii niht gefeaht er$ cyn+ nd #i lfr$ 8 brur wi alne#d "o hre on scesdne4 #aj nd he wrun#e on twm gefylcum3 on rum ws #aa ,b*scg nd ,halfdne hnan cyn+as1 nd on #ab rum wron eorlas4 nd gefeaht s cyn+ #ac er$ wi ra cyn+a getruman1 nd r we> s #ad cyn+ ,bgscg (slg52 nd lfr$ 8 brur wi #ae ra eorla getruman1 nd r we> ,sidroc eorl (slg5 #af s alda1#f nd ,sidroc eorl s gioncga1#g nd sbe>n eorl1 #ag nd ,frna eorl1 nd ,h>eld eorl2 nd hrgas#h bg5 #ah geflemde1 nd fela s5da (slg5ra1 nd onfeoht5de #ai wron o niht4 #bj nd s ymb xiiii niht gefeaht er$ cyn+ nd #ba lfr$ 8 brur wi "o hre t ,bas5gum1 nd r #bb a ,dniscan sige nmon4 #bc nd s ymb ii mna gefeaht er$ cyn+ nd #bd lfr$ 8 brur wi "o hre t ,mretne1 nd he #be wrun on tum#i gefylcium1 nd he bt geflemdon1 nd #bf lnge on dg sige hton2 nd r we> micel wlsliht #bg on gehwere hnd2 nd ,dniscan hton wl/we page #aja #a gewald2 nd r we> ,hahmund bisceop (slg51 #b nd fela gdra mnna4 nd ft] issum gefeohte cum#a #c micel sumorlida4 #d nd s (] a/ron gefr er$ cyn+2 nd h #e rcsode v gar2 nd 8 lc l t ,wnburnan4 #f fng lfr$ elwulf+ 8 brur t ,wesseaxna #g rce4 nd s ymb nne mna gefeaht lfr$ cyn+ #h wi alne#d "o hre ltle w]$e#aj t ,wiltne1 nd h9e #i lnge on dg geflemde1 nd ,dniscan hton wl/we #aj gewald4 #aa nd s gares wurdon viiii folcgefeoht gefoht5 wi #ab "o hre on cyn]ce be san ,tmese1 btan m e #ac him lfr$ s cyn+es brur nd nlpig aldormn#b nd #ad cyn+es egnas (t rde onridon e mn n ne rmde2 #ae nd s gares wrun#e (slg5e viiii eorlas nd n cyn+4 #af nd gare nmon ,we/seaxe fri wi "o hre4 ,,consult ,,gloss>y ,,& ,,p>adigms ,,"u ,,=ms ,,giv5 ,,bel[4 ,no note is made ( su* v>iants z y 77 or i 77 = ie 7e74 ,see ,gloss>y "u ie 7e72 occurr5ces1 also1 ( & = nd1 l& = lnd1 are f\nd on almo/ e page ( ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon4 ,su* words %\ld be s\ght = "u ! m common =ms1 nd1 lnd4 #a cwm4 #b ealdormn4 #c bror4 #d ealne4 #e wron4 #f ealda4 #g geonga4 #h hras4 #i twm4 #aj w]ode4 ,l95otes3 #ajj4h4 gefeaht4 ,notice t ! s+ul> is us$4 ,?is is ! m common con/ruction 9 ,o4,e4 :5 a comp\nd subject1 compos$ ( s+ul> memb]s1 foll[s its pr$icate4 ,cf4 ,= ?9e is ! k+dom1 & ! p[]1 & ! glory4 ,see also p4 #ajg1 note on ws4 ,l95ote #ajg4ad-ae #ajj4ah4 nd fela s5da (slg5ra1 & !re 7 _m ?\s&s ( sla9 7 #ia74 #aja4ab3 btan m e1 etc41 besides :i*1 ,alfr$ 444 made raids aga9/ !m 7him71 :i* 7 n c\nt$4 ,see #gj1 ,note4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,pray] ,,( ,,k+ ,,alfr$4 ,) ?is *>act]i/ic pray]1 ,alfr$ concludes 8 translation ( ,bo?ius's ,consolation ( ,philosophy4 ,un=tunately1 ! only extant ,,ms4 7,bodleian #ahj7 is ,late ,we/ ,saxon4 ,i foll[1 !re=e1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,s4 ,cook's normalization on an ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon basis4 ,see ,cook's ,fir/ ,book 9 ,old ,engli%1 p4 #afc4 page #ajb #a ,dryht51 lmihtiga ,god1 ,wyrhta & ,weald5d ealra #b gesceafta1 ic bidde = nre miclan mildheortnesse1 #c & = re hlgan rde tcne1 & = ,sanct ,m>ian #d mghde1 & = ,sancti ,mi*aeles gehersumnesse1 & #e = ealra nra hlg5a lufan & hera e>nungum1 t #f m gewissie bt onne ic worhte t 2 & gewissa #g m t num willan1 & t mnre swle e>fe1 bt onne #h ic self cunne2 & ge/aela mn md t inum willan & #i t mnre swle e>fe2 & ge/ranga m wi s d(les #aj co/nungum2 & fi]r fram m flan glnesse & #aa lce unrihtwsnesse2 & gescield m wi mnum wierw9num1 #ab gesew5lcum & ungesew5lcum2 & tc m #ac nne willan t wyrceanne2 t ic mge inwe>dlce #ad lufian t=an eallum +um1 mid clnum geance & #ae mid clnum l*aman4 ,= on e e>t mn ,sciepp5d1 #af & mn ,ales5d1 mn ,fultum1 mn ,fr=1 mn ,trownes1 #ag & mn ,thopa4 ,se l( & wuldor n & #ah 1 t worulde btan ghwilcum nde4 ,am54 ,l95otes3 #c-d3 ,m>ian 444 ,mi*aeles4 ,o4,e4 is inconsi/5t 9 ! treatm5t ( =eign names4 ,!y are sometimes naturaliz$1 & sometimes reta9 9 "p _! orig9al inflections4 ,m>ian1 an orig9al accusative1 is "h us$ z a g5itive2 :ile ,mi*aeles has ! ,o4,e4 g5itive end+4 #ag3 ,se l(4 ,see #aje1 #a4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,voyages ,,( ,,oh!re ,,& ,,wulf/an4 ,laud]dale & ,cottonian ,,mss4 ,^! voyages are an orig9al ins]tion by ,alfr$ into 8 translation ( ,orosius's ,comp5di\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w4 8,!y consi/10 says ,t5 ,br9k1 8( a complete description ( all ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! ,teutonic tongue prevail$ at ,alfr$'s "t1 & a full n>rative ( ! travels ( two voyag]s1 :i* ! k+ wrote d[n f _! own lips4 ,"o ( ^!1 a ,norwegian nam$ ,oh!re1 _h q circumnavigat$ ! coa/ ( ,sc&9avia 9 8 travels1 & _h ev5 p5etrat$ to ! ,:ite ,sea2 ! o!r1 nam$ ,wulf/an1 _h sail$ f ,s*leswig to ,fris*e ,haff4 ,! geographical & e?nographical details ( bo? acc\nts are exce$+ly int]e/+1 & _! /yle is attractive1 cle>1 & concrete40 ,oh!re made two voyages4 ,sail+ fir/ nor?w>d along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,norway1 he r\nd$ ! ,nor? ,cape1 pass$ into ! ,:ite ,sea1 & ent]$ ! ,dw9a ,riv] 7n micel a74 ,on 8 second voyage he sail$ s\?w>d along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,norway1 ent]$ ! ,skag] ,rack 7wds71 pass$ ?r\gh ! ,cattegat1 & an*or$ at ! ,dani% port ( ,haddeby 7t ,hum71 mod]n ,s*leswig4 ,wulf/an sail$ only 9 ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,8 voyage ( sev5 days f ,s*leswig br\ght him to ,draus5 7,trs7 on ! %ore ( ! ,draus5sea4 page #ajc ,oh!re's ,fir/ ,voyage4 #a ?re sde 8 hl=de1 lfr$e cyn+e1 t h #b ealra ,normnna norme/ bde4 ,h cw t h bde #c on m l&e norwe>dum wi ,we/s4 ,h sde #d ah t t l& se swe lang nor onan2 ac hit is #e eal w/e1 bton on fawum /wum /yccemlum wcia #f ,f9nas1 on huntoe on w9tra1 nd on sum]a on fiscae #g be re s4 ,h sde t h t sumum cirre wolde #h f&ian h lnge t l& norryhte lge1 oe hwer #i nig mn be noran m w/5ne bde4 fr h #aj norryhte be m l&e3 lt him ealne weg t w/e #aa l& on t /orbord1 nd wds on t bcbord re #ab dagas4 ws h sw feor nor sw hwlhuntan #ac firre/ f>a4 fr h get norryhte sw feor sw #ad h meahte on m rum rm dagum gesiglan4 bag #ae t l& r a/ryhte1 oe so s 9 on t lnd1 h #af nysse hwer1 bton h wisse t h r bd we/anw9des #ag nd hwn noran1 nd siglde a/ be l&e #ah sw sw h meahte on fow] dagum gesiglan4 #ai sceolde h r bdan ryhtnoranw9des1 = m t #bj l& bag r sryhte1 oe so s 9 on t l&1 h #ba nysse hwer4 siglde h nan sryhte be l&e page #ajd #a sw sw h mhte#a on ff dagum gesiglan4 lg r #b n micel a p 9 on t l&4 cirdon he p 9 on #c a1 = m he ne dor/on = b re a siglan = #d unfrie2 = m t l& ws eall gebn on re healfe #e re z4 ,ne mtte h r nn gebn l&1 sian h #f frm 8 gnum hm fr2 ac him ws ealne weg w/e #g l& on t /orbord1 btan fisc]um nd fugel]um nd #h huntum1 nd t wron eall ,f9nas2 nd him ws #i wds on t bcbord4 ,beormas hfdon swe wel #aj gebd hira l&3 ac he ne dor/on r on cuman4 ,ac #aa ra ,t]f9na l& ws eal w/e1 bton r huntan #ab gewcodon1 oe fisc]as1 oe fugel]as4 #a meahte1 mihte4 ,l95otes3 #ajd4f3 frm 8 gnum hm4 ,an adv]bial dative s+ul> )\t an inflectional end+ is f\nd ) hm1 dg1 morg51 & f54 #ajd4h3 nd t wron4 ,see #dj1 ,note #c4 #ac ,fela spella him sdon ,beormas ger ge ( hi]a #ad gnum l&e ge ( m l&um e ymb he tan wron2 #ae ac h ny/e hwt s ses ws1 = m h hit self ne #af geseah4 ,f9nas1 him hte1 nd ,beormas sprcon #ag nah n geode4 ,swo/ h fr id]1 t acan s #ah l&es scawunge1 = m hor%wlum1 = m he #ai habba swe ele bn on hiora#b tum-- t he brhton #bj sume m cyn+e--nd hiora hd bi swe gd t #ba sciprpum4 ,s hwl bi micle lssa onne re hwalas3 #bb ne bi h lngra onne syfan#c lna lang2 ac on 8 gnum #bc l&e is s bt/a hwlhunta3 bo eahta & fow]tiges #bd lna lange1 & m/an fftiges lna lange2 #be ra h sde t h syxa sum (slge syxtig on twm #bf dagum4 #b hi]a4 #c se(on4 ,l95otes3 #ajd4ae3 hwt s ses ws4 ,sweet errs 9 expla9+ ses z attract$ into ! g5itive by s4 ,x is n a pr$icate adjective1 b a p>titive g5itive aft] hwt4 #ajd4be3 syxa sum4 ,see #ia1 ,note #b4 page #aje #a ,h ws swe spdig man on m htum e heora#b #b spda on bo1 t is1 on wildrum4 ,h hfde gt1 #c h "o cyn+c#e shte1 tamra dora unbebohtra syx hund4 #d dor h hta #8hrnas'2 ra wron syx /lhrnas2 #e bo swe dre mid ,f9num1 = m h f #f wildan hrnas mid4 ,h ws mid m fyr/um mannum #g on m l&e3 nfde h ah m onne twntig hrera1 #h & twntig scapa1 & twntig swna2 & t ltle #i t h r$e1 h r$e mid horsan4#d ,ac hyra r is m/ #aj on m gafole e ,f9nas him gylda4 t gafol bi #aa on dora fellum1 & on fugela feerum1 & hwales bne1 #ab & on m sciprpum e bo ( hwles hde geworht #ac & ( soles4 ghwilc gylt be hys gebyrdum4 ,s byrde/a #ad sceall gyldan fftne me>es fell1 & ff hrnes1 #ae & n b]5 fel1 & tn ambra fera1 & b]5ne kyrtel #af oe yt]5ne1 & twg5 sciprpas2 ger s syxtig #ag lna lang1 er s ( hwles hde geworht1 er ( soles4#f #b hi]a4 #d horsum4 #e cyn+4 #f soles4 ,l95ote3 #aje4b3 on bo4 ,see #id1 7#e74 #ah ,h sde t ,normanna l& wre swe lang & #ai swe sml4 ,eal t 8 man er oe ttan oe rian #bj mg1 t l wi s2 & t is ah on sumum #ba /wum swe cldig2 & licga wilde mras wi a/an #bb & wi pp on emnlange m bnum l&e4 ,on m #bc mrum e>dia ,f9nas4 ,& t bne l& is a/ewe>d #bd brdo/1 & symle sw noror sw smlre4 a/ewrd#g #be hit mg bon#h syxtig mla brd1 oe hwne brdre2 #bf & middewe>d rtig oe brdre2 & norewe>d h #bg cw1 r hit smalo/ wre1 t hit mihte bon rora #bh mla brd t m mre2 & s mr syan1#i on sumum page #ajf #a /wum1 sw brd sw man mg on twm wucum (]fran2 #b & on sumum /wum sw brd sw man mg #c on syx dagum (]fran4 #g -we>d4 #h bon4 #i sian4 ,l95ote3 #aje4ai3 ,eal t 8 man4 ,pronom9al g5itives are n always possessive 9 ,o4,e42 8 is "h ! p>titive g5itive ( hit1 ! succe$+ relative pron\n be+ omitt$3 ,all t 7portion7 ( x t may1 ei!r-(-!-two1 ei!r be graz$ or pl[$1 etc4 7 #gj1 ,note74 #d onne is temnes m l&e sewe>dum1 on re #e healfe s mres1 ,swol&1 o t l& norewe>d2 #f & temnes m l&e norewe>dum1 ,cwna l&4 #g ,cwnas hrgia hwlum on ,normn (] "o mr1 #h hwlum ,normn on h4 ,& r s9t swe micle #i mras f]sce geond mras2 & b]a ,cwnas hyra #aj scypu (] l& on mras1 & anon hrgia on #aa ,normn2 h habba swe ltle scypa & swe #ab leohte4 ,l95ote3 #ajf4aa-ab3 scypa 444 leohte4 ,^! words exhibit inflections m frequ5t 9 ,late ?an 9 ,e>ly ,we/ ,saxon4 ,! normal =ms w\ld be scypu1 leoht2 b 9 ,late ,we/ ,saxon ! -u ( %ort-/emm$ neut]s is g5]ally replac$ by -a2 & ! nom9ative accusative plural neut] ( adjectives takes1 by analogy1 ! mascul9e end+s2 hwate1 gde1 hlge1 in/ead ( hwatu1 gd1 hlgu4 ,oh!re's ,second ,voyage4 #ac h?re sde t so#a scr htte ,hlgol&1 e h on #ad bde4 ,h cw t nn man ne bde be noran him4 #ae onne is n port on sewe>dum m l&e1 "o man #af ht ,scir+e%al4 yd] h cw t man ne mihte #ag geseglian on num mne1 gyf man on niht wcode1 & #ah lce dge hfde ambyrne w9d2 & ealle hwle h #ai sceal seglian be l&e4 ,& on t /orbord him bi #bj re/ ral&1 & onne gl& e synd betux ral&e #ba & issum l&e4 onne is is l&1 o h cym #bb t ,scir9cge%ale1 & ealne weg on t bcbord ,norweg4 page #ajg #a ,wi san "o ,scir+e%al fyl swe mycel #b s p 9 on t l&2 so is brdre onne nig man (] #c son mge4 ,& is ,gotl& on re healfe ongan1 & #d sian ,sillnde4 ,so s l mnig#b hund mla p 9 on #e t l&4 #a so4 #b mnig4 #f ,& ( ,scir+e%ale h cw t h seglode on ff #g dagan#c t m porte e mn ht t ,hum2 s /nt #h betuh ,w9$um1 & ,seaxum1 & ,angle1 & hr 9 #i on ,dne4 h id]we>d seglode fram ,scir+e%ale1 #aj ws him on t bcbord ,dname>c & on #aa t /orbord wds r dagas2 & 1 twg5 dagas r #ab h t ,hum cme1 him ws on t /orbord ,gotl&1 #ac & ,sillnde1 & gl&a fela4 ,on m l&um e>dodon #ad ngle1 r h hid] on l& cman4#d ,& hym ws #ae twg5 dagas on t bcbord gl& e 9 on #af ,dneme>ce hra4 #c dagum4 #d cm54 ,l95otes3 #ajg4g3 t ,hum4 8,?is pleona/ic use ( t ) names ( places occurs else:]e 9 ! old] writ+s1 z 9 ! ,*ronicle 7#eeb71 #89 re /we e is g5mn$ t ,se>obyrg1' :]e ! t has be5 eras$ by "s lat] h&1 %[+ t ! idiom _h become obsolete4 ,cp4 ! ,g]man #8,ga/haus zur ,krone1' ,/amb\l es tn pl940 7,sweet47 ,see1 also1 ,att]bury1 #bh1 ,note #c4 #ajg4ad-ae3 ws 444 gl&4 ,! s+ul> pr$icate is due aga9 to inv]sion 7p4 #ajj1 note on gefeaht l95ote #ajj4h74 ,! con/ruction is comp>atively r>e 9 ,o4,e41 b frequ5t 9 ,%akespe>e & 9 ! popul> spee* ( to-day4 ,cf4 ,!re is1 ,"h is1 ,!re has be51 etc41 ) a 7s+le7 plural subject foll[+4 ,wulf/an's ,voyage4 #ag ,wulf/n sde t h gefre ( ,hum1 t h wre #ah on ,trs on syfan dagum & nihtum1 t t scip ws #ai ealne weg yrn5de "u segle4 ,weonol& him ws page #ajh #a on /orbord1 & on bcbord him ws ,langal&1 & #b ,ll&1 & ,fal/]1 & ,scng2 & s l& eall #c hra t ,dneme>can4 ,& onne ,burg5da l& ws #d s on bcbord1 & habba him sylfe#a cyn+4 onne #e ft] ,burg5da l&e wron s s l&1 synd ht5e #f re/ ,blc+a-g1 & ,more1 & owl&1 & ,gotl& #g on bcbord2 & s l& hra t ,swom4 ,& ,weonodl& #h ws s ealne weg on /orbord o ,wsleman4 #i ,so ,wsle is swe mycel a1 & ho#b tl ,wtl& & #aj ,weonodl&2 & t ,wtl& belimpe t ,e/um2 & #aa so ,wsle l t ( ,weonodl&e1 & l 9 ,e/mre2 #ab & s ,e/mre is hru fftne#c mla brd4 onne cyme #ac ,ilf+ a/an 9 ,e/mre ( m mre1 e ,trs /&e #ad 9 /e2 & cuma t samod 9 ,e/mre1 ,ilf+ a/an #ae ( ,e/l&e1 & ,wsle san ( ,w9odl&e4 ,& #af onne b5im ,wsle ,ilf+ hire naman1 & lige ( m #ag mre we/ & nor on s2 = hit man ht #ah ,wslema4 #a selfe4 #b ho4 #c fftene4 ,l95ote3 #ajh4a-d3 him 444 s4 ,note ! *>act]i/ic *ange ( p]son1 ! transition f indirect to direct disc\rse4 #ai t ,e/l& is swe mycel1 & r bi swe manig #bj burh1 & on lc]e byrig bi cyn+4 ,& r bi #ba swe mycel hunig1 & fiscna2 & s cyn+ & #bb rco/an mn dr9ca mran meolc1 & unspdigan #bc & owan dr9ca m$o4#d r bi swe mycel #bd gew9n betwonan him4 ,& ne bi r nnig ealo#e #be gebr[5 mid ,e/um1 ac r bi m$o g5h4 ,& r #bf is mid ,e/um aw1 onne r bi man dad1 t h l #bg inne un=brn$ mid 8 mgum & frondum mna1 #bh ge hwlum twg52 & cyn+as1 & re hahung5e #bi mn1 sw micle lncg#f sw h mran spda #cj habba1 hwlum healf gar t h bo un=brn$1 & page #aji #a licga bufan eoran on hyra hsum4 ,& ealle hwle #b e t lc bi inne1 r sceal bon g$rync & plega1 #c o "o dg e h h9e =brna4 onne ylcan dge #d e h h9e t m de b]an wylla1 onne tdla h #e 8 feoh1 t r t lfe bi ft] m g$rynce & m #f plegan1 on ff oe syx1 hwlum on m1 sw sw s fos #g &fn bi4 lcga hit onne =hwga on nre mle #h "o m/an dl fram m tne1 onne erne1 onne #i "o riddan1 o e hyt eall ld bi on re nre mle2 #aj & sceall bon s l/a dl nh/ m tne e s dada #aa man on li4 onne sceolon#g bon gesamnode ealle #ab mnn e swyfto/e hors habba on m l&e1 =hwga #ac on ff mlum oe on syx mlum fram m fo4 onne #ad rna h ealle twe>d m fo3 onne cyme s man #ae s t swifto/e hors hafa t m re/an dle & t #af m m/an1 & sw lc ft] rum1 o hit bi eall #ag g5um52 & s nim "o l/an dl s nh/ m #ah tne t feoh gerne4 ,& onne rde lc hys weges #ai mid m fo1 & hyt mtan#h habban eall2 & = #bj r bo swiftan hors ungefge dre4 ,& onne 8 #ba ge/ron bo u eall spnd$1 onne byr man h9e t1 #bb & =brne mid 8 wpnum & hrgle2 & swo/ page #aaj #a ealle hys spda h =spnda mid m langan leg]e #b s dadan mannes inne1 & s e h be m wegum #c lcga1 e frmdan t rna1 & nima4 ,& t #d is mid ,e/um aw t r sceal lces geodes man #e bon =brn$2 & gyf r#i man n bn f9de un=brn$1 #f h hit sceolan#g miclum gebtan4 ,& r is mid #g ,e/um n mg t h magon cyle gewyrcan2 & #h r licga dadan mn sw lange1 & ne flia1 t #i h wyrca "o cyle him on4 ,& ah man stte #aj twg5 ftels full eala oe wt]es1 h g$ t #aa ger bi (]fror51 sam hit s sumor sam w9t]4 #d m$u4 #e ealu4 #f lng4 #g sculon4 #h mton4 #i r4 ,l95otes3 #aji4b3 sceal4 ,see #acg1 ,note #b 7#b74 #aji4g3 lcga hit4 ,boswor? illu/rates ?us3 vi v iv iii ii i #a #b #c #d #e #f ,x ,,xx ,x ,x ,,xxx ,,xx ,,xx ,x ,x ------------------------------- ,,xxxx ,,xxx ,,xxx ,,xx ,,xx ,x e d c b a ,:]e ! horsem5 ,! six p>ts ( ! prop]ty assemble4 plac$ )9 "o mile4 8,! horsem5 assemble five or six miles f ! prop]ty1 at d or e1 & run t[>ds c2 ! man :o has ! swifte/ horse1 com+ fir/ to #a or c1 takes ! fir/ & l>ge/ "p4 ,! man :o has ! horse com+ second takes "p #b or b1 & s1 9 succession1 till ! lea/ "p1 #f or a1 is tak540 #aaj4e-f3 man 444 h4 ,"h ! plural h ref]s to ! s+ul> man4 ,cf4 p4 #aji1 ll4 #ah-ai1 lc 444 mtan4 ,9 ,exodus xxxii1 #bd1 we f9d 8,:osoev] ha? any gold1 let !m break x (f02 & ,addison writes1 8,i d n mean t ,i ?9k anyone to blame = tak+ due c>e ( _! heal?40 ,! con/ruction1 ?\gh outlaw$ n[1 has be5 common 9 all p]iods ( our language4 ,paul rem>ks 7,pr9zipi5 d] ,spra*ges*i*te1 #c;d ed41 #ahf7 t 8,:5 a ^w is us$ z an indef9ite "o1 man1 somebody1 etc4 x is1 /rictly speak+1 incapable ( any di/9ction ( numb]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 9 respect ( ! ext]nal =m1 a p>ticul> numb] has to be *os51 x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :i* ?is is4444 ,h5ce a *ange ( numb]s is common 9 ! diff]5t languages40 ,paul fails to obs]ve t ! *ange is always f s+ul> to plural1 n f plural to s+ul>4 ,see ,note on ! ,concord ( ,collectives & ,indef9ites 7,anglia ,,xi1 #aija74 ,see p4 #aai1 note on ll4 #ai-ba4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,c,,dmon4 ,f ! s-call$ ,alfr$ian v]sion ( ,b$e's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,! text g5]ally foll[$ is t ( ,,ms4 ,bodley1 ,tann] #aj4 ,mill] 7,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society1 ,no4 #ie1 ,introd47 argues1 *iefly f ! use ( ! prepositions1 t ! orig9al ,o4,e4 ,,ms4 0 ,m]cian1 compos$ possibly 9 ,li*field 7,/af=d%ire74 ,at any rate1 ,o4,e4 idiom is frequ5tly sacrific$ to ! ,lat9 orig9al4 8,cdmon1 z he is call$1 is ! fir/ ,engli%man ^: "n we "k :o wrote poetry 9 our isl& ( ,engl&2 & ! fir/ to embody 9 v]se ! new passions & ideas :i* ,*ri/ianity _h br\ght into ,engl&4444 ,undi/urb$ by any previ\s mak+ ( light] poetry1 he came fre% to ! "w ( ,*ri/ianis+ ,engli% song4 ,x 0 a great /ep to make4 ,he built ! *>iot 9 :i* all ! new religi\s emotions ( ,engl& c\ld n[ drive along40 7,brooke1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,lit]ature1 cap4 ,,xv47 ,!re is no reason to d\bt ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,cdmon2 = ,b$e1 :o relates ! /ory1 liv$ ne> ,:itby1 & 0 sev5 ye>s old :5 ,cdmon di$ 7,a4,d4 #fhj74 page #aaa #a ,9 ysse abbudissan myn/re ws sum bror syndriglce #b mid godcundre gife gemr$ nd geweorad1 = on #c he gewunade g]is5lce lo wyrcan1 e t f/nisse#a #d nd t rf/nisse belumpon2 sw tte sw hwt sw #e h ( godcundum /afum urh bc]as geleornode1 t h #f ft] m$miclum fce 9 scopg]eorde mid m/an #g swtnisse nd inbryrdnisse geglngde1 nd 9 ngliscg]eorde #h wel geworht = brhte4 nd = 8 losngum page #aab #a mnigra mnna md (t to worulde =hogdnisse nd t #b geodnisse s he(onlc lfes onbrnde wron4 nd #c ac swelce#b mnige re ft] him 9 ngelode ongunnon #d f/e lo wyrcan1 ac nnig hwre him t gelce #e dn ne meahte2 = on h nls frm mnnum n urh #f mn gelr$ ws t h "o locrft leornade1 ac h #g ws godcundlce gefultumod1 nd urh ,godes gife "o #h sngcrft onfng2 nd h = on nfre nht lasunge1 #i n dles loes wyrcan ne meahte1 ac efne n t #aj f/nisse#a belumpon nd 8 f/an tungan g$af5ode #aa s+an4 #a f/nesse4 #b swilce4 ,l95otes3 #aaa4a3 ysse abbudissan4 ,! abbess ref]r$ to is ! fam\s ,hild1 or ,hilda1 !n liv+ 9 ! mona/]y at ,/reones-halh1 :i*1 accord+ to ,b$e1 means 8,bay ( ! ,beacon40 ,! ,danes aft]w>d gave x ! "n ,:itby1 or 8,:ite ,t[n40 ,! surr\nd+s 7 em95tly fitt$ to nurture ,engl&'s fir/ poet4 8,! natural sc5]y :i* surr\nd$ him1 ! valley ( ! ,esk1 on ^: sides he probably liv$1 ! great cliffs1 ! bill[y sea1 ! va/ sky se5 f ! heights ov] ! ocean1 play$ incessantly ^u him40 7,brooke47 ,note1 also1 9 ?is connection1 ! num]\s ,lat9 words t ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity 7,a4,d4 #eig7 br\ght into ! vocabul>y ( ,o4,e43 abbudisse1 myn/]1 bisceop1 ,ld51 pro/1 /el1 mancus4 #aab4d-e3 ,! m usual ord] ( words w\ld be ac nnig1 hwre1 ne meahte t dn gelce him4 #aab4aj-aa3 nd 8 444 s+an1 & :i* x became 8 7!7 pi\s tongue to s+4 #ab ,ws h1 s mn1 9 weoruldhde#c gest$ o tde e #ac h ws gelfdre ylde1 nd nfre nnig lo geleornade4 #ad nd h = on (t 9 geborscipe1 onne r ws blisse #ae int+a g$m$1 t ho#d ealle sceold5 urh ndebyrdnesse #af be he>pan s+an1 onne h geseah he>pan him #ag nalc1 onne rs h = scme frm m symble1 #ah nd hm ode t 8 hse4 h t sumre tde #ai dyde1 t h =lt t hs s geborscipes1 nd t ws page #aac #a gng5de t nata scip5e1 ra heord him ws re #b nihte bebod52 h r on gelimplcre tde 8 #c leomu#e on r/e gestte nd onslpte1 a /d him sum #d mn t urh swefn1 nd h9e hlette nd grtte1 nd h9e #e be 8 nman nmnde3 8,cdmn1 s+ m hw?wugu40 #f ndsw>$e h1 nd cw3 8,ne cn ic nht s+an2 #g nd ic = on ( yssum geborscipe t ode nd hid] #h gewt1 = on ic nht s+an ne ce40 ,eft h cw s e #i wi h9e sprec5de ws3 8,hwre meaht m s+an40 #aj cw h3 8,hwt sceal ic s+an80 ,cw h3 8,s+ #aa m frumsceaft40 h s &sw>e onfng1 #ab ongn h sna s+an1 9 hr5esse ,godes ,scypp5des1 #ac f]s nd ^w e h nfre ne gehrde1 ra ndebyrdnes #ad is is3 #c woruldhde4 #d he4 #e limu4 ,l95otes3 #aab4ad-ae3 blisse int+a1 = ! sake ( joy2 b ! translator has confus$ laetitiae caus 7ablative7 & laetitiae causa 7nom9ative74 ,! prop] =m w\ld be = blisse ) omission ( int+an1 j z = my sake is usually = m2 = 8 7or _!7 sake1 = him4 ,cf4 ,m>k vi1 #bf3 8,yet = 8 oa?'s sake1 & = _! sakes :i* sat ) him1 he w\ld n reject h]10 = m e1 nd = m e him mid ston4 ,= 8 sake is frequ5tly = 8 +on 7+um71 r>ely = 8 int+an4 +on is regul>ly us$ :5 ! prec$+ g5itive is a n\n d5ot+ a p]son3 = my wife's sake1 = mnes wfes +on 7,g5esis xx1 #aa71 etc4 #aab4ah-ai3 t 444 t h =lt4 ,! sub/antival clause introduc$ by ! second t amplifies by apposition ! fir/ t3 ,:5 he !n1 at a c]ta9 "t 7in/rum5tal case1 #ih1 7#b771 did t1 namely1 :5 he left ! h\se4 ,! bett] ,mn4,e4 w\ld be ?is 444 t3 8,add$ yet ?is above all1 t he %ut up ,john 9 prison0 7,luke iv1 #bj74 #aac4a-b3 ra 444 bebod54 ,?is does n mean t ,cdmon 0 a h]dsman1 b t he s]v$ 9 turn z did ! o!r secul> att5dants at ! mona/]y4 #aac4ac-ad3 ra ndebyrdnes is is4 ,b$e writes ,hic e/ s5sus1 non autem ordo ipse v]borum1 & gives 9 ,lat9 prose a translation ( ! hymn f ! ,nor?umbrian dialect1 9 :i* ,cdmon wrote4 ,! ,o4,e4 v]sion giv5 above is1 ( c\rse1 n ! ,nor?umbrian orig9al 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ) "s v>iations is pres]v$ 9 sev]al ( ! ,lat9 ,,mss4 ( ,b$e's ,hi/ory71 b a ,we/ ,saxon v]sion made also f ! ,nor?umbrian1 n f ! ,lat94 #ae ,n sculon hrigean#f he(onrces ,we>d1 #af ,metodes meahte nd 8 mdgeanc1 #ag weorc ,wuldorfd]1 sw h wundra gehws1 #ah ce ,driht5 r on/ealde4 page #aad #a ,h re/ scop eoran be>num #b he(on t hrfe1 hlig ,scypp5d2 #c middange>d mnncynnes ,we>d1 #d ce ,driht51 ft] tode #e frum foldan1 ,fra lmihtig4 #f hrian4 ,l95otes3 #aac4ae3 ,n sculon hrigean1 ,n[ ought we to praise4 ,! subject w is omitt$ 9 ! be/ ,,mss4 ,note ! *>act]i/ic use ( synonyms1 or epi!ts1 9 ?is bit ( ,o4,e4 poetry4 ,obs]ve t x is n ! ?\ght t is repeat$1 b r ! idea1 ! concept1 ,god4 ,see p4 #abd4 ,poetry3 ,/ructure #aac4ag3 wundra gehws4 ,see p4 #adj1 note on cnra gehwylcum ,be[ulf #gfi4 #f rs h frm m slpe1 nd eal e h slp5de #g sng f/e 9 gemynde hfde2 nd m wordum sna #h mnig ^w 9 t ilce gemet ,gode wyres snges #i tgeodde4 cm h on morg5ne t m tng]fan1 #aj s e 8 ealdormn ws3 sgde him hwylce gife h #aa onfng2 nd h h9e sna t re abbudissan geldde1 #ab nd hire t cde nd sgde4 heht ho gesmnian #ac ealle gelr$e/an mn nd leorn]as1 nd him #ad ndwe>dum ht scgan t swefn1 nd t lo s+an1 #ae t ealra heora#g dme gecor5 wre1 hwt oe hwnan #af t cum5 wre4 ws him eallum gesew51 sw sw #ag hit ws1 t him wre frm ,drihtne sylfum he(onlc page #aae #a gifu =gif54 rhton ho#d him nd sgdon sum hlig #b spell nd godcundre lre ^w3 bebudon him 1 gif h #c meahte1 t h 9 swnsunge losnges t gehwyrfde4 #d h hfde wsan onfngne1 ode h hm t #e 8 hse1 nd cwm eft on morg5ne1 nd bt/an #f loe geglng$ him sng nd geaf t him bebod5 #g ws4 #d he4 #g hi]a4 ,l95otes3 #aad4g-i3 nd m wordum 444 tgeodde1 & to ^? words he soon jo9$1 9 ! same met]1 _m 7o!r7 words ( song wor?y ( ,god4 ,b ! translator has n only blund]$ ov] ,b$e's ,lat9 7eis mox plura 9 eundem modum v]ba ,deo digna c>m9is adjunxit71 b sacrific$ /ill m ! idiom ( ,o4,e4 ,! pr$icate %\ld n come at ! end2 9 %\ld be foll[$ by ! dative2 & = ,gode wyres snges ! bett] ,o4,e4 w\ld be snges ,godes wyres4 ,:5 us$ ) ! dative wyr 7weor7 usually means de> 7 ( wor?7 to4 #aad4af3 444 gesew54 ,we %\ld expect frm him eallum2 b ! translator has aga9 closely foll[$ ! ,lat9 7visumque e/ omnibus71 z lat] 79 ! ,conv]sion ( ,edw97 he r5d]s ,talis mihi videtur by yslc m is gesew54 ,talis 7yslc7 agree+ ) a foll[+ vita 7lf74 lfric1 h[ev]1 ) no ,lat9 be=e him1 writes t ,john we> him frm ,driht5e inwe>dlce gelufod4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 proportion z a pa/ p>ticiple has ! =ce ( an adjective1 ! to relation may supplant ! by relation2 j z we say unkn[n to in/ead ( unkn[n by1 unkn[n be+ m adjectival ?an p>ticipial4 ,gesew51 !re=e1 may "h be translat$ visible1 evid5t1 pat5t 7 gesynelc1 sweotol72 & gelufod1 de> 7 weor1 l(74 ,a survival ( adjectival gesew5 is f\nd 9 ,wycliffe's ,new ,te/am5t 7#a ,cor4 xv1 #e-h73 8,he 0 seyn to ,cephas1 & aftir ^! ?+is to enleu5e2 aftirw>d he 0 seyn to mo ?an fyue hundrid bri!r5 togid]e 444 aftirw>d he 0 seyn to ,james1 & aftirw>d to alle ! apo/lis4 ,& la/ ( alle he 0 seyn to me1 z to a de$ borun *ild40 ,! con/ruction is frequ5t 9 ,*auc]4 #h ongan so abbudisse clyppan nd lufigean#h ,godes #i gife 9 m mn1 nd ho h9e mnade nd lrde #aj t h woruldhd =lte nd munu*d onfnge3 nd #aa h t wel afode4 nd ho h9e 9 t myn/] onfng #ab mid 8 gdum1 nd h9e geodde t gesmnunge ra #ac ,godes owa1 nd heht h9e lran t getl s hlgan #ad /res nd spelles4 nd h eal h 9 gehrnesse #ae geleornian meahte1 mid h9e gemyndgade1 nd sw sw #af clne nt5#i eodorc5de 9 t swte/e lo gehwyrfde4 #ag nd 8 sng nd 8 lo wron sw wynsumu t gehranne1 #ah tte seolfan#aj 8 lrowas t 8 me writon #ai nd leornodon4 ,sng h re/ be middange>des gesceape1 #bj nd b fruman mncynnes1 nd eal t /r ,g5esis 7t #ba is so re/e ,moyses bc72 nd eft b tgnge ,israhla #bb folces ( gypta lnde1 nd b +nge s gehtl&es2 #bc nd b rum mnegum spellum s hlgan gewrites page #aaf #a cnes bca2 nd b ,cr/es mnniscnesse1 nd b 8 #b rwunge1 nd b 8 p/gnesse 9 he(onas2 nd b #c s ,hlgan ,g/es cyme1 nd ra apo/ola lre2 nd eft #d b m dge s twe>dan dmes1 nd b fyrhtu s #e t9treglc wtes1 nd b swtnesse s he(onlc rces1 #f h monig lo geworhte2 nd swelce#b ac er mnig be #g m godcundan frmsumnessum nd dmum h geworhte4 #h ,9 eallum m h geornlce gmde#aa t h mn tuge #i frm synna lufan nd mndda1 nd t lufan nd t #aj geornfulnesse whte gdra dda1 = on h ws1 s #aa mn1 swe f/ nd regollcum odscipum amdlce #ab "uod$2 nd wi m e 9 re wsan dn woldon1 #ac h ws mid welme#ab micelre ll5wdnisse onbrn$4 #ad nd h = on fgre nde 8 lf betnde nd gendade4 #b swilce4 #h lufian4 #i net54 #aj selfan4 #aa gemde4 #ab wielme4 ,l95otes3 #aae4i-aj3 nd ho h9e mnade 444 munu*d onfnge4 ,hild's advice has 9 x ! sugge/ion ( a p]sonal exp]i5ce1 = %e h]self _h liv$ half ( h] life 7?irty-?ree ye>s7 8be=e10 says ,b$e1 8%e d$icat$ ! rema9+ half to our ,"l 9 a mona/ic life40 #aaf4f3 h mnig lo geworhte4 ,! op9ion is n[ ga9+ gr\nd t ( ^! 8_m poems0 only ! %ort hymn1 already giv51 has come d[n to u4 ,( o!r poems claim$ = ,cdmon1 ! /ronge/ argum5ts are advanc$ 9 favor ( a "p ( ! fragm5t>y poetical p>aphrase ( ,g5esis4 ,v4 ,,alfr$',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,c>e4 ,bas$ on ! ,hatton ,,ms4 ,( ! ye> #eig1 ! ,*ronicle says3 8,9 ?is ye>1 ,gregory ! ,pope s5t into ,brita9 ,augu/9e ) v _m monks1 :o gospell$ prea*$ ,god's ^w to ! ,engli% folk40 ,gregory ,i1 surnam$ 8,! ,great10 has ev] s9ce be5 consid]$ ! apo/le ( ,engli% ,*ri/ianity1 & 8 ,pa/oral ,c>e1 :i* conta9s in/ruction 9 conduct & doctr9e = all bi%ops1 0 a "w t ,alfr$ c\ld n af=d to leave untranslat$4 ,= ?is translation ,alfr$ wrote a ,preface1 ! hi/orical value ( :i* x w\ld be h>d to ov]rate4 ,9 x he describes vividly ! intellectual ru9 t ! ,danes _h wr\ght1 & develops at ! same "t 8 plan = repair+ t ru94 ,?is ,preface & ! ,battle ( ,a%d[n 7p4 #ii7 %[ ! great k+ 9 8 tw(old "* ( w>rior & /atesman1 & ju/ify ! inscription on ! base ( ! /atue erect$ to him 9 #ahgg1 at ,wantage 7,b]k%ire71 8 bir?-place3 8lfr$ f\nd ,le>n+ dead1 & he re/or$ x2 ,education neglect$1 & he reviv$ x2 ! laws p[]less1 & he gave !m =ce2 ! ,*ur* debas$1 & he rais$ x2 ! ,l& ravag$ by a fe>ful ,enemy1 f :i* he deliv]$ x4 lfr$'s "n w live z long z mank9d %all respect ! ,pa/40 page #aag #a lfr$ kyn+ hte grtan ,wrf] biscep#a 8 wordum #b luflce nd frondlce2 nd can hte t m cm #c swe (t on gemynd1 hwelce#b witan u#c wron giond#d #d ,angelcynn1 ger ge godcundra hda ge woruldcundra2 #e nd h gesliglca tda wron giond ,angelcynn2 nd #f h kyn+as e "o onwald hfdon s folces on #g m dagum ,gode nd 8 r5dwrecum hrsum$on#e2 #h nd h he ger ge hiora sibbe ge hiora siodo#f ge hiora #i onweald innanbordes geholdon1#d nd ac t hiora el #aj g]mdon2 nd h him spow ger ge mid wge ge #aa mid wsdme2 nd ac a godcundan hdas h giorne #ab he wron ger ge ymb lre ge ymb liornunga1 ge ymb #ac ealle owotdmas e he ,gode dn scoldon2 nd h #ad man tanbordes wsdm nd lre hi$] on lnd shte1 #ae nd h w he n sceoldon te begietan1 gif w he habban #af sceoldon4 ,sw#g clne ho ws ofeall5u on ,angelcynne #ag t swe fawa wron behionan ,humbre e hiora n+a #ah cen und]/ndan on nglisc oe furum n r5dgewrit #ai ( ,ld5e on nglisc rccean2 nd ic wne tte #bj nht mnige begiondan ,humbre nr54 ,sw#g fawa #ba hiora wron t ic furum nne nlpne#h ne mg geencean page #aah #a be san ,tmese1 ic t rce fng4 ,gode lmihtegum #b se nc tte w n nigne on/l habba #c lrowa4 nd = on ic bebode t d sw#g ic #d gelefe t wille1 t issa woruld+a t m #e gemetige1 sw (to/ mge1 t "o wsdm e #f ,god sealde r r hi5e bef/an mge1 bef/e4 #g ,genc hwelc#i wtu s becmon = isse worulde1 #h w hit nhwer n selfe ne lufodon1 n ac rum #i mnnum ne lfdon#aj3 "o naman nne w lufodon tte #aj w ,cr/ne wr51 nd swe fawe awas4 #a bisceop4 #b hwilce4 #c gu4 #d ,= all words ) io 7o71 consult ,gloss>y "u eo 7o74 #e hersum$on4 #f sidu 7siodu74 #g sw4 #h nlpigne4 #i hwilc4 #aj lefdon4 ,l95otes3 #aag4a-b3 lfr$ kyn+ hte 444 hte4 ,note ! *ange f ! =mal & (ficial ?ird p]son 7hte7 to ! m famili> fir/ p]son 7hte74 ,s lfric1 9 8 ,preface to ,g5esis1 writes lfric munuc grt elwrd ealdormann admdlce4 bde m1 l(1 t ic1 etc43 lfric1 monk1 greets !lwe>d1 ald]man1 humbly4 ,?\1 belov$1 did/ bid me t ,i1 etc4 #aah4e3 ,notice t mge 7l4 #e7 & mge 7l4 #f7 are n 9 ! subjunctive because ! s5se requires x1 b because !y h be5 attract$ by gmetige & bef/e4 ,sen 7p4 #aai1 l4 #ae7 & hbb5 7p4 #aai1 l4 #bj7 illu/rate ! same con/ruction4 #aah4i-aj3 ,we lik$ only ! reputation ( be+ ,*ri/ians1 v few 7( u7 ! ,*ri/ian virtues4 #aa ic is eall gemunde1 gemunde ic ac h ic #ab geseah1 r m e hit eall =hrgod wre nd =brn$1 #ac h ciricean giond eall ,angelcynn /don #ad mma nd bca gefylda1 nd ac micel mnigeo#aa ,godes #ae owa2 nd swe ltle fiorme ra bca wi/on1 = #af m e he hiora nnwuht#ab ongietan ne meahton1 = #ag m e he nron on hiora g5 geode awrit5e4 #ah ,swelce#ac he cwd53 8,ure ieldran1 e s /wa r #ai holdon1 he lufodon wsdm1 nd urh "o he begaton #bj welan1 nd s lfdon4 ,hr mn mg get geson hiora #ba sw1 ac w him ne cunnon ft] spyrigean1#ad nd = #bb m w habba n ger =lt5 ge "o welan ge "o #bc wsdm1 = m e w noldon t m spore mid re #bd mde onltan40 #aa mnigu4 #ab nnwiht4 #ac swilce4 #ad spyrian4 #be ic is eall gemunde1 wundrade ic swe swe #bf ra gd5a wiotona#ae e gu wron giond ,angelcynn1 nd #bg bc ealla be fullan geliornod hfdon1 t he hiora page #aai #a nnne dl noldon on hiora g5 geode wndan4 ,ac #b ic sna eft m selfum &wyrde1 nd cw3 8,he ne #c wndon tte fre mnn sceold5 sw#g reccelase weoran1 #d nd so lr sw ofeallan2 = re wilnunga he #e hit =lton1 nd woldon t hr mra wsdm on #f lnde wre w m geoda con40 #g sw4 #ae wit5a4 #g gemunde ic h so ws re/ on ,ebrisc geode #h fund51 nd eft1 he ,cracas geliornodon1 wndon #i he he on hiora g5 geode ealle1 nd ac ealle re #aj bc4 nd eft ,ld5w>e sw same1 sian he he geliornodon1 #aa he he wndon ealla urh wse wealh/das #ab on hiora g5 geode4 nd ac ealla ra ,cr/5a #ac oda sumne dl hiora on hiora g5 geode wndon4 #ad ,= m ync btre1 gif ow sw ync1 t w ac #ae suma bc1 e nedbee>fo/a sen eallum mnnum #af t wiotonne1#af t w on t geode wnd5 e w #ag ealle gecnwan mg51 nd g$n sw w swe ae #ah magon mid ,godes fultume1 gif w /ilnesse habba1 #ai tte eall so giogu e n is on ,angelcynne friora #bj mnna1 ra e spda hbb5 t he m befolan #ba mg51 sen t liornunga of/e1 hwle e he t page #abj #a nnre erre note ne mg51 o "o fir/ e he wel #b cunn5 nglisc gewrit rdan3 lre mn sian furur #c on ,ld5geode e mn furor lran wille1 nd t #d herran hde dn wille4 ic gemunde h so lr #e ,ld5geodes r issum feall5 ws giond ,angelcynn1 #f nd eah mnige con nglisc gewrit rdan1 #g ongan ic ongemang orum mislcum nd manigfealdum #h bisgum isses kyn]ces bc wndan on nglisc e is #i g5mn$ on ,ld5 8,pa/oralis10 nd on nglisc 8,hi]debc10 #aj hwlum ^w be worde1 hwlum &git ( &giete1 #aa sw sw ic he geliornode t ,plegmunde mnum #ab rcebiscepe1 nd t ,ass]e mnum biscepe1 nd t ,grimbolde #ac mnum mssepro/e1 nd t ,ihanne mnum mssepro/e4 #ad ,sian ic he geliornod hfde1 sw sw #ae ic he =/d1 nd sw ic he &gitfullco/ rccean #af meahte1 ic he on nglisc wnde2 nd t lcum biscep/le #ag on mnum rce wille ne onsndan2 nd on lcre #ah bi n /el1 s bi on fftegum mancessa4 nd ic bebode #ai on ,godes naman t nn mn "o /el frm #bj re bc ne d1 n bc frm m myn/re2 unc h #ba lnge r sw gelr$e biscepas sen1 sw sw n1 ,gode #bb onc1 wel hwr si5don4 ,= ic wolde tte he ealneg page #aba #a t re /we wr51 bton s biscep he mid him #b habban wille1 oe ho hwr t lne se1 oe hw re #c b wrte4 #af witanne4 ,l95otes3 #aai4ad3 ,alfr$ is "h address+ ! bi%ops collectively1 & h5ce uses ! plural ow 7 ow71 n 4 #aai4af3 t w 4 ,^! ?ree words are n necess>y to ! s5se4 ,!y con/itute ! figure kn[n z epanalepsis1 9 :i* 8! same ^w or phrase is repeat$ aft] "o or m int]v5+ words40 is ! pronom9al sub/itute = suma bc4 #aai4ag3 ,g$n is ! fir/ p]son plural subjunctive 7f inf9itive g$n74 ,x & wnd5 are 9 ! same con/ruction4 ,two ?+s seem 8bett]0 to ,alfr$3 7#a7 t we translate1 etc41 7#b7 t we cause1 etc4 #aai4ai-ba3 so giogu 444 is 444 he 444 sen4 ,notice h[ ! collective n\n1 giogu1 s+ul> at fir/ bo? 9 =m & function1 gradually loses its on5ess be=e ! close ( ! s5t5ce is rea*$1 & becomes plural4 ,! con/ruction is entirely legitimate 9 ,mn4,e4 ,spani% is ! only mod]n language kn[n to me t condemns su* an idiom3 8,spani% ideas ( congruity d n p]mit a collective n\n1 ?\gh d5ot+ a plurality1 to be accompani$ by a plural v]b or adjective 9 ! same clause0 7,ramsey1 ,text-,book ( ,mod]n ,spani%1 #adeb74 #abj4b3 lre mn4 ,see #aje1 #a4 #abj4aa-ac3 ,t none ( ^! advis]s ( ! k+1 except ,plegmond1 a ,m]cian1 7 natives1 be>s out :at ,alfr$ says ab\t ! sc>city ( le>n$ m5 9 ,engl& :5 he began to reign4 ,ass]1 to ^: ,lat9 ,life ( ,alfr$1 9 spite ( its mutilations1 we owe almo/ all ( our k ( ! k+1 came f ,/4 ,david's 79 ,wales71 & 0 made ,bi%op ( ,%]borne4 #aba4a3 ,translate t re /we by ea* 9 its place4 ,! *ange f plural he 79 he 444 wr57 to s+ul> he 79 ! clauses t foll[7 w ?us be prep>$ =4 #aba4b-c3 oe hw re b wrte1 or unless "s "o wi% to copy a new "o 7write !reby ano!r74 ,,poetry4 ,,introductory4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ,section ,,ii41 ,/ructure1 ! /ress m>k]s & are int5d$ to display above ! macron - or breve 3 - - ,"s comput]s w in/ead %[ !m aft] 7to ! "r (7 ! macron4 8,resolv$ /ress0 7two %ort syllables act+ z "o long7 is %[n ) a d\ble breve bel[ ! syllables3 ,if y\r comput] does n h ?is "*1 x w probably display a box or "q m>k betwe5 ! two syllables4 ,i4 ,,hi/ory4 7a7 ,old ,engli% ,poetry z a ,:ole4 ,nor?umbria 0 ! home ( ,old ,engli% poetry4 ,beg9n+ ) ,cdmon & 8 s*ool ,a4,d4 #fgj1 ,nor?umbria ma9ta9$ h] poetical supremacy till ,a4,d4 #hjj1 sev5 ye>s be=e :i* date ! ravages ( ! ,danes _h begun4 ,:5 ,alfr$ asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,wessex 7#hga71 ! ,danes _h de/roy$ ! seats ( le>n+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,nor?umbria4 ,z ,:itby _h be5 8! cradle ( ,engli% poetry10 ,w9*e/] 7,alfr$'s capital7 became n[ ! cradle ( ,engli% prose2 & ! old] poems t _h surviv$ ! fire & sword ( ! ,vik+s 7 translat$ f ! orig9al ,nor?umbrian dialect into ! ,we/ ,saxon dialect4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ! ,we/ ,saxon dialect t ^! poems#a h come d[n to u4 ,old ,engli% poetry conta9s 9 all only ab\t ?irty ?\s& l9es2 b x includes epic1 lyric1 didactic1 elegiac1 & allegorical poems1 toge!r ) w>-ballads1 p>aphrases1 riddles1 & *>ms4 ,( ! five elegiac poems 7,w&]]1 ,seaf>]1 ,ru91 ,wife's ,compla9t1 & ,husb&'s ,message71 ! ,w&]] is ! mo/ arti/ic1 & be/ portrays ! gloomy contra/ betwe5 pa/ happ9ess & pres5t grief s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,old ,engli% lyric4 ,old ,engli% lit]ature has no love poems4 ,! c5tral !mes ( its poets are battle & b]eavem5t1 ) a c]ta9 grim resignation on ! "p ( ! h]o to ! issues ( ei!r4 ,! movem5t ( ! ?\ght is usually abrupt1 !re be+ a noticeable pov]ty ( transitional p>ticles1 or connectives1 8:i*10 says ,t5 ,br9k1 8are ! cem5t ( s5t5ce-/ructure40 7b7 ,be[ulf4 ,! greate/ ( all ,old ,engli% poems is ! epic1 ,be[ulf4#b ,x consi/s ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& l9es1 & probably assum$ approximately its pres5t =m 9 ,nor?umbria ab\t ,a4,d4 #gjj4 ,x is a cry/allization ( cont95tal my?s2 &1 ?\gh no?+ is said ( ,engl&1 ! /ory is an invaluable index to ! social1 political1 & e?ical ideals ( our ,g]manic ance/ors be=e & aft] !y settl$ along ! ,engli% coa/4 ,x is mo/ poetical1 & its te/imony is hi/orically mo/ valuable1 9 ! "*-portraits t x conta9s4 ,! fatalism t runs ?r\gh x1 in/ead ( mak+ ! *>act]s weak & less human1 s]ves at times r to dignify & elevate !m4 8,fate10 says ,be[ulf 7l4 #egb71 rec\nt+ 8 battle ) ! sea-mon/]s1 8(t5 saves an undoom$ man if 8 c\rage hold out40 8,! e?ical ess5ce ( ?is poetry10 says ,t5 ,br9k1 8lies pr9cipally 9 ! conception ( manly virtue1 undismay$ c\rage1 ! /oical enc\nt] ) dea?1 sil5t submission to fate1 9 ! read9ess to help o!rs1 9 ! clem5cy & lib]ality ( ! pr9ce t[>d 8 ?anes1 & ! self-sacrific+ loyalty ) :i* !y rew>d him40 ,,note #a4--,_m diff]5t int]pretations h be5 put ^u ! /ory ( ,be[ulf 7= argum5t ( /ory1 see texts74 ,?us ,mll5h(f sees 9 ,gr5del ! giant-god ( ! /orm-toss$ equ9octial sea1 :ile ,be[ulf is ! ,sc&9avian god ,freyr1 :o 9 ! spr+ drives back ! sea & re/ores ! l&4 ,lai/n] f9ds ! prototype ( ,gr5del 9 ! noxi\s exhalations t rise f ! ,frisian coa/-m>%es dur+ ! summ] mon?s2 ,be[ulf is ! w9d-h]o1 ! autumnal /orm-god1 :o dissipates ! effluvia4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 include ! few %ort poems 9 ! ,*ronicle1 or t portion ( ,g5esis 7,g5esis ,b7 suppos$ to h be5 put directly into ,we/ ,saxon f an ,old ,saxon orig9al4 ,!re /ill rema9 9 ,nor?umbrian ! v]sion ( ,cdmon's ,hymn1 fragm5ts ( ! ,ru?well ,cross1 ,b$e's ,dea?-,song1 & ! ,leid5 ,riddle4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ^w bowulf1 says ,grimm1 meant orig9ally bee-wolf1 or bee-enemy1 "o ( ! names ( ! woodpeck]4 ,sweet ?9ks ! be> 0 meant4 ,b ! ^w is almo/ c]ta9ly a comp\nd ( ,bow 7cf4 ,o4,e4 bow gra971 a ,dani% demigod1 & wulf us$ z a m]e suffix4 ,,ii4 ,,/ructure4 7a7 ,/yle4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ,old ,engli% poetry ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature is ! con/ant repetition ( ! idea 7sometimes ( ! ?\ght7 ) a correspond+ v>iation ( phrase1 or epi!t4 ,:51 = example1 ! ,que5 passes into ! banquet hall 9 ,be[ulf1 %e is designat$ at fir/ by h] "n1 ,wealhow2 %e is !n describ$ 9 turn z cwn ,hrgres 7,hro?g>'s que571 gold-hrod5 7! gold-adorn$71 frolc wf 7! noble woman71 ides ,helm+a 7! ,helm+s' lady71 bag-hrod5 cwn 7! r+-adorn$ que571 mde geung5 7! high-spirit$71 & gold-hrod5 frolcu folc-cwn 7! gold-adorn$1 noble folk-que574 ,& :5ev] ! sea ent]s l>gely into ! poet's v]se1 n cont5t ) simple 7uncomp\nd$7 words 7su* z s1 lagu1 holm1 /ram1 mre1 etc471 he w use num]\s o!r equival5ts 7phrases or comp\nds71 su* z waema geb9d 7! comm+l+ ( waves71 lagu-fld 7! sea-flood71 lagu-/rt 7! sea-/reet71 swan-rd 7! swan-road71 etc4 ,^! comp\nds are usually n\ns1 or adjectives & p>ticiples us$ 9 a s5se m appositive ?an attributive4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ?is abundant use ( comp\nds1 or p]iphra/ic synonyms1 gr[s out ( ! desire to repeat ! idea 9 v>y+ language4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 also1 t ! ,old ,engli% poets r>ely make any /udi$ attempt to balance phrase aga9/ phrase or clause aga9/ clause4 ,!irs is a repetition ( idea1 r ?an a p>allelism ( /ructure4 ,,note #a4--;,x is impossible to tell h[ _m ( ^! synonym\s expressions _h already become /]eotyp$1 & 7 us$1 l _m ( ! epi!ts 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 purely z padd+4 ,:51 = example1 ! poet tells u t at ! mo/ critical mom5t ,be[ulf's sword fail$ him1 add+ 9 ! same brea?1 r5 r-gd 7mat*less blade71 we conclude t ! b>d is ei!r nodd+ or p>rot+4 7b7 ,met]4 ,re-read #aj1 7#c74 ,prim>y ,/ress4 ,old ,engli% poetry is compos$ ( c]ta9 rhy?mically ord]$ comb9ations ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables4 ,! acc5t$ syllable 7! arsis7 is usually long1 & w be indicat$ by ! macron ) ! acute acc5t ov] x 7-72 :5 %ort1 by ! breve ) ! same acc5t 774 ,! unacc5t$ syllable or syllables 7! !sis7 may be long or %ort1 & w be indicat$ by ! oblique cross 774 ,second>y ,/ress4 ,a second>y acc5t1 or /ress1 is usually put ^u ! second memb] ( comp\nd & d]ivative n\ns1 adjectives1 & adv]bs4 ,?is w be indicat$ by ! macron ) ! grave acc5t1 if ! second>y /ress falls on a long syllable 7-72 by ! breve ) ! same acc5t1 if ! second>y /ress falls on a %ort syllable 774 ,n\ns3 ,hrgres 7--71 fondgrpum 7--71 fromgum 7--71 a/-,dna 7-71 ,helm+a 7--71 ,scyld+a 7--71 nhaga 7-71 ,ecgowes 7--71 s9c-fato 7-74 ,adjectives3#a ghwylcne 7--71 r/hdig 7--71 gold-hrod5 7-71 drorigne 7--71 gyld5ne 7--71 erne 7--71 g/lcum 7--71 wynsume 7-71 nigne 7--74 ,adv]bs3#b unsfte 7--71 he>dlce 7--71 smn+a 7--74 ,! ,old ,engli% poets place also a second>y acc5t ^u ! end+ ( pres5t p>ticiples 7-ende71 & ^u ! p5ultimate ( weak v]bs ( ! second class 7 #acj71 provid$ ! root-syllable is long4#c ,pres5t p>ticiples3 slp5dne 7--71 ws-hycg5de 7---71 flot5dra 7--71 hros5de 7--74 ,weak v]bs3 swynsode 7-71 ancode 7-71 wnigean 7-71 scawian 7-71 scawige 7-71 hlfian 7-74 ,footnote #a3 ,x w be se5 t ! adjectives are *iefly d]ivatives 9 -ig1 -en1 -er1 -lc1 & -sum4 ,footnote #b3 ,mo/ ( ! adv]bs belong+ "h end 9 -lce1 -unga1 & -+a1 #ic1 7#a71 7#b73 su* words z t-gd]e1 on-gan1 on-wg1 t-ganes1 t-mddes1 etc41 are inv>iably acc5t$ z "h indicat$4 ,footnote #c3 ,x w save ! /ud5t "s tr\ble to rememb] t ?is means long by nature 7lcodon71 or long by position 7swynsode71 or long by resolution ( /ress 7maelode71--see next p>agraph4 ,resolv$ ,/ress4 ,a %ort acc5t$ syllable foll[$ 9 ! same ^w by an unacc5t$ syllable 7usually %ort also7 is equival5t to "o long acc5t$ syllable 7 -74 ,?is is kn[n z a resolv$ /ress1 & w be indicat$ ?us1 2 hlea 771 guman 771 ,gode 771 sle-ful 771 ides 771 fyr5a 771 maelode 771 hogode 771 mg5-ll5 7-71 hige-ihtigne 7--71 ,metudes 771 lagulde 7-71 unlyfig5des 7--71 bi=an 771 =olian 771 baian 771 worolde 7-74 ,resolution ( /ress may also att5d second>y /resses3 s9c-fato 7-71 dryht-sle 7-71 f]loca 7-71 =wege 7-74 ,! ,normal ,l9e4 ,e normal l9e ( ,old ,engli% poetry has f\r prim>y acc5ts1 two 9 ! fir/ half-l9e & two 9 ! second half-l9e4 ,^! half-l9es are sep>at$ by ! cesura & unit$ by allit]ation1 ! allit]ative lett] be+ f\nd 9 ! fir/ /ress$ syllable ( ! second half-l9e4 ,?is syllable1 !re=e1 gives ! cue to ! scansion ( ! :ole l9e4 ,x is also ! only allit]at+ syllable 9 ! second half-l9e4 ,! fir/ half-l9e1 h[ev]1 usually has two allit]at+ syllables1 b frequ5tly only "o 7! ratio be+ ab\t ?ree to two 9 ! foll[+ selections74 ,:5 ! fir/ half-l9e conta9s b "o allit]at+ syllable1 t syllable m>ks ! fir/ /ress1 r>ely ! second4 ,! foll[+ l9es are giv5 9 ! ord] ( _! frequ5cy3 7#a7 r ws hlea hlahtor2 hln swnsode4 7#b7 mde geng51 md-ful tbr4 7#c7 sna t onfnde fr5a hrde4 ,any initial v[el or diph?ong may allit]ate ) any o!r initial v[el or diph?ong2 b a consonant requires ! same consonant1 except /1 sp1 & sc1 ea* ( :i* allit]ates only ) itself4 ,rememb]+1 n[1 t ei!r half-l9e 7especially ! second7 may beg9 ) sev]al unacc5t$ syllables 7^! syllables be+ kn[n 9 types ,a1 ,d1 & ,e z ! anacrusis71 b t nei!r half-l9e c end ) m ?an "o unacc5t$ syllable1 ! /ud5t may beg9 at once to read & prop]ly acc5tuate ,old ,engli% poetry4 ,x w be f\nd t ! allit]ative pr9ciple does n op]ate me*anically1 b t ! poet employs x = ! purpose ( emphasiz+ ! words t are really mo/ important4 ,s\nd is made subs]vi5t to s5se4 ,:51 f ! lack ( allit]ation1 ! /ud5t is 9 d\bt z to :at ^w to /ress1 let him fir/ get ! exact mean+ ( ! l9e1 & !n put ! emphasis on ! ^w or words t seem to be> ! *ief burd5 ( ! poet's ?\ght4 ,,note #a4--;,a few l9es1 r>e or abnormal 9 _! allit]ation or lack ( allit]ation1 may "h be not$4 ,9 ! texts to be read1 !re is "o l9e ) no allit]ation3 ,w&]] #eh2 ?ree ( ! type a b a b3 ,be[ulf #fed1 #hcj1 #bgdf2 "o ( ! type a a b a3 ,be[ulf #bgdd2 "o ( ! type a a b c3 ,be[ulf #bgah2 & "o ( ! type a b c a3 ,be[ulf #bgch4 ,! ,five ,types4 ,by an exhau/ive comp>ative /udy ( ! metrical unit 9 ,old ,engli% v]se1 ! half-l9e1 ,pr(essor ,edu>d ,siev]s1#d ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 has %[n t !re are only five types1 or v>ieties1 employ$4 ,^! he classifies z foll[s1 ! p]p5dicul> l9e s]v+ to sep>ate ! s-call$ feet1 or measures3 #a4 ,a - - #b4 ,b - - #c4 ,c - - #d4 ,d ,d#a - - - ,d#b - - - #e4 ,e ,e#a - - - ,e#b - - - ,x w be se5 7#a7 t ea* half-l9e conta9s two1 & only two1 feet2 7#b7 t ea* foot conta9s "o1 & only "o1 prim>y /ress2 7#c7 t ,a is tro*aic1 ,b iambic2 7#d7 t ,c is iambic-tro*aic2 7#e7 t ,d & ,e consi/ ( ! same feet b 9 inv]se ord]4 ,footnote #d3 ,siev]s' two articles appe>$ 9 ! ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,spra*e und ,lit]atur1 ,vols4 ,x 7#ahhe7 & ,,xii 7#ahhg74 ,a brief summ>y1 ) slight modifications1 is f\nd 9 ! same au?or's ,altg]manis*e ,metrik1 pp4 #abj-add 7#ahic74 ,be=e attempt+ to employ ,siev]s' types1 ! /ud5t w\ld d well to read sev]al pages ( ,old ,engli% poetry1 tak+ c>e to acc5tuate accord+ to ! pr9ciples already laid d[n4 ,9 ?is way 8 e> w become accu/om$ to ! rhy?m ( ! l9e1 & he w see m cle>ly t ,siev]s' "w 0 "o prim>ily ( sy/ematization4 ,siev]s himself says3 8,i _h read ,old ,engli% poetry = ye>s exactly z ,i n[ scan x1 & long be=e ,i _h ! slighte/ idea t :at ,i did in/9ctively c\ld be =mulat$ into a sy/em ( set rules40 7,altg]manis*e ,metrik1 ,vorwort1 p4 #aj47 ,! ,five ,types ,illu/rat$4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ! pr9t$ book1 all examples l9e up v]tically at ! ma9 4 ,all ! illu/rations1 z hi!rto1 are tak5 f ! texts to be read4 ,! figures prefix$ indicate :e!r fir/ or second half-l9e is cit$4 ,b ,be[ulf2 ,w ,w&]]4 #a4 ,,type ,a1 - - ,two or m unacc5t$ syllables 7in/ead ( "o7 may int]v5e betwe5 ! two /resses1 b only "o may foll[ ! la/ /ress4 ,if ! !sis 9 ei!r foot is ! second "p ( a comp\nd x receives1 ( c\rse1 a second>y /ress4 7#b7 ful gesealde1 ,b4 #faf1 - - 7#a7 wdre gew9dan1 ,b4 #gfd1 - - 7#a7e ,gemunde s gda1 ,b4 #gei - - 7#a7e swylce h on eald]-dagum1 ,b4 #geh1 - 7#a7 de sw isne e>dge>d1 ,w4 #he1 - - - 7#a7 ws-f/ wordum1 ,b4 #fbg1 - - - 7#a7 gryre-lo galan1 ,b4 #ghg1 - 7#b7 smod tgdre1 ,w4 #ci1 - 7#a7 dugue nd geogoe1 ,b4 #fbb1 7#a7 fg] fold-bold1 ,b4 #ggd1 - - - 7#a7 atelc gesa1 ,b4 #ghe1 - 7#b7 goldw9e mnne1 ,w4 #bb1 - - 7#a7 gesan on 99han3 #aah1 ,b4 #bgcg1 - ,,note4--,r>e =ms ( ,a are - - - 7does n occur 9 texts71 - - - - 7occurs once1 ,b4 #gha 7#a771 & - - - 7once1 ,b4 #bgdc 7#a774 ,footnote #e3 ,! fir/ p]p5dicul> m>ks ! limit ( ! anacrusis4 #b4 ,,type ,b1 - - ,two1 b n m ?an two1 unacc5t$ syllables may int]v5e betwe5 ! /resses4 ,! type ( ,b mo/ frequ5tly occurr+ is - -4 7#a7 nd frolc wf1 ,b4 #faf1 - - 7#b7 h on lu/ geeah1 ,b4 #fai1 - - 7#b7 se el+ gong1 ,b4 #bgaf1 - 7#b7 seah on nta geweorc1 ,b4 #bgah1 - - 7#a7 (] flda g5ipu1 ,b4 #bhji1 - 7#a7 =am m wtan ne e>f1 ,b4 #bgdb1 - - 7#b7 aes e hire se willa gelamp1 ,b4 #fbg1 - - 7#a7 =on ne mg weoran ws1 ,w4 #fd1 - - 7#a7 ,nfre ic negum n'gum mn1 ,b4 #fef1 - - ,,note4--,9 ! la/ half-l9e ,siev]s sub/itutes ! old] =m ngum1 & supposes elision ( ! e 9 ,nfre 7 ,nfr-ic3 - -74 #c4 ,,type ,c1 - - ,! conditions ( ?is type are usually satisfi$ by comp\nd & d]ivative words1 & ! second /ress 7n s /rong z ! fir/7 is frequ5tly on a %ort syllable4 ,! two arses r>ely allit]ate4 ,z 9 ,b1 two unacc5t$ syllables 9 ! fir/ !sis are m common ?an "o4 7#a7 t ho on nigne1 ,b4 #fbh1 - - 7#a7 t ic nunga1 ,b4 #fce1 - - 7#b7 ode gold-hrod51 ,b4 #fda1 - 7#a7 gemyne mro1 ,b4 #ffj1 - 7#a7 on isse meodu-healle1 ,b4 #fci1 - 7#b7 t brimes nosan1 ,b4 #bhjd1 7#b7 t ,wealhon -owan1 ,b4 #fcj1 - - 7#a7 geond lagulde1 ,w4 #c1 - 7#a7 ,sw cw e>d/apa1 ,w4 #f1 - 7#b7 al byrnwiga1 ,w4 #id1 - 7#b7 n r fela br+e1 ,w4 #ed1 - #d4 ,,type ,d1 ,d#a - - - ,d#b - - - ,bo? types ( ,d may take "o unacc5t$ syllable betwe5 ! two prim>y /resses 7- - - 1 - - -74 ,! second>y /ress 9 ,d#a falls usually on ! second syllable ( a comp\nd or d]ivative ^w1 & ?is syllable 7z 9 ,c7 is frequ5tly %ort4 7a7 ,d#a - - - 7#a7 cwn ,hrgres1 ,b4 #fad1 - - - 7#b7 dl ghwylcne1 ,b4 #fbb1 - - - 7#a7 ,bowulf maelode1 ,b4 #fcb1 - 7#b7 slt unwe>num1 ,b4 #gdb1 - - - 7#a7 wrra wlsleahta1 ,w4 #g1 - - - 7#a7 wd w9t]ce>ig w9t'rce>ig1 ,w4 #bd1 - - 7#a7 shte sle drorig1 ,w4 #be1 - - 7#a7 ne shte se>o-nz1 ,b4 #bgci1 - - ,,note4--,!re is "o in/ance 9 ! texts 7,b4 #fac1 7#a77 ( app>5t - - 3 ^w wron wynsume4 7,! triple allit]ation has no significance4 ,! s5se1 besides1 precludes our /ress+ wron47 ,! difficulty is avoid$ by br++ ! l9e "u ! ,a type3 - - 4 7b7 ,d#b - - - 7#b7 ,= nar t/p1 ,b4 #gdf1 - - - 7#b7 eorl furur /p1 ,b4 #gfb1 - - - 7#b7 ,dnum eallum we>1 ,b4 #gfh1 - - 7#a7 grtte ,gata lod1 ,b4 #fbf1 - - - 7#a7 nig yrfe-we>d1 ,b4 #bgcb1 - - - 7#a7 hrosan hrm & snw1 ,w4 #dh1 - - - 7#b7 swimma eft on weg1 ,w4 #ec1 - - - ,v r>ely is ! !sis 9 ! second foot exp&$4 7#b7 egn ungemete till1 ,b4 #bgbb1 - - - 7#a7 hrsan heol/] biwrh1 ,w4 #bc1 - - - #e4 ,,type ,e1 ,e#a - - - ,e#b - - - ,! second>y /ress 9 ,e#a falls frequ5tly on a %ort syllable1 z 9 ,d#a4 7a7 ,e#a - - - 7#a7 wyrmlcum fh1 ,w4 #ih1 - - - 7#b7 m$o-ful tbr1 ,b4 #fbe1 - 7#a7 s-bt gest1 ,b4 #fcd1 - - - 7#a7 sige-folca swg1 ,b4 #fde1 - - 7#b7 ,nor-,dnum /d1 ,b4 #ghd1 - - 7#a7 fond-grpum f/1 ,b4 #fcg1 - - - 7#b7 wyn eal g$rz1 ,w4 #cf1 - - - 7#b7 feor (t gemn1 ,w4 #ij1 - - - ,z 9 ,d#b1 ! !sis 9 ! fir/ foot is v r>ely exp&$4 7#a7 wn-rnes geweald1 ,b4 #fee1 - - - 7#a7 ,hafa n nd geheald1 ,b4 #fei1 - - 7#a7 se>o-ncum besmiod1 ,b4 #ggf1 - ,,note4--,our ignorance ( ,old ,engli% s5t5ce-/ress makes x impossible = u to draw a h>d-&-fa/ l9e 9 all cases betwe5 ,d#b & ,e#a4 ,= example1 9 ^! half-l9es 7already cit$71 wyn eal g$rz feor (t gemn ,= nar t/p if we ?r[ a /rong /ress on ! adv]bs t prec$e _! v]bs1 ! type is ,d#b4 ,less5 ! /ress on ! adv]bs & increase x on ! v]bs1 & we h ,e#a4 ,! position ( ! adv]bs furni%es no clue2 = ! ord] ( words 9 ,old ,engli% 0 gov]n$ n only by consid]ations ( relative emphasis1 b by syntactic & euphonic consid]ations z well4 7b7 ,e#b - - - ,?is is ! r>e/ ( all types4 ,x does n occur 9 ! texts1 !re be+ b "o in/ance ( ?is type 7l4 #bdcg 7#b771 & t d\btful1 9 ! :ole ( ,be[ulf4 ,abnormal ,l9es4 ,! l9es t fall "u none ( ! five types enum]at$ are comp>atively few4 ,!y may be divid$ into two classes1 7#a7 hyp]metrical l9es1 & 7#b7 defective l9es4 7#a7 ,,hyp]metrical ,,l9es4 ,ea* hyp]metrical half-l9e has usually ?ree /resses1 ?us giv+ six /resses to ! :ole l9e in/ead ( two4 ,^! l9es occur *iefly 9 gr\ps1 & m>k increas$ range & dignity 9 ! ?\ght4 ,:e!r ! half-l9e be fir/ or second1 x is usually ( ! ,a type )\t anacrusis4 ,to ?is type belong ! la/ five l9es ( ! ,w&]]4 ,l9es #ib & #ic are also unusually long1 b n hyp]metrical4 ,! fir/ half-l9e ( #fe is hyp]metrical1 a fusion ( ,a & ,c1 consi/+ ( 7-- -74 7#b7 ,,defective ,,l9es4 ,! only defective l9es 9 ! texts are ,b4 #gdh & #bgae 7! second half-l9e 9 ea*74 ,z !y /&1 ^! half-l9es w\ld h to be scann$ ?us3 rhte ongan - - bealo-n woll - - ,siev]s em5ds z foll[s3 rhte tganes - - ,a bealo-ne woll - - ,e#a ,^! defective half-l9es are made up ( syntactic comb9ations f\nd on almo/ e page ( ,old ,engli% prose4 ,t !y occur s r>ely 9 poetry is /rong presumptive evid5ce1 if fur!r evid5ce 7 ne$$1 9 favor ( ! adequacy ( ,siev]s' five-fold classification4 ,,note4--,all ! l9es t c\ld possibly occasion any difficulty to ! /ud5t h be5 purposely cit$ z illu/rations "u ! diff]5t types4 ,if ^! are ma/]$1 ! /ud5t w f9d x an easy matt] to scan ! l9es t rema94 ,,selections ,,= ,,read+4 ,,vi4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,be[ulf4 ,,! ,,banquet ,,9 ,,heorot4 ,l9es #fab-ffb4 ,! ,heyne-,soc9 text has be5 closely foll[$4 ,i h attempt$ no orig9al em5dations1 b h deviat$ f ! ,heyne-,soc9 edition 9 a few cases :]e ! ,gre9-,wlk] text seem$ to give ! bett] read+4 ,! argum5t prec$+ ! fir/ selection is z foll[s3 ,hro?g>1 k+ ( ! ,danes1 or ,scyld+s1 elat$ by prosp]ity1 builds a magnific5t hall 9 :i* to fea/ 8 reta9]s2 b a mon/]1 ,gr5del by "n1 issues f 8 f5-haunts1 & night aft] night c>ries (f ?ane aft] ?ane f ! banquet+ hall4 ,= twelve ye>s ^! ravages cont9ue4 ,at la/ ,be[ulf1 nephew ( ,hygelac1 k+ ( ! ,geats 7a p ( ,s\? ,sw$571 sails ) f\rte5 *os5 companions to ,dane-l&1 & (f]s 8 s]vices to ! ag$ ,hro?g>4 8,leave me alone 9 ! hall to-night10 says ,be[ulf4 ,hro?g> accepts ,be[ulf's pr(f]$ aid1 & be=e ! dread h\r ( visitation comes1 ! "t is sp5t 9 wassail4 ,! banquet sc5e foll[s4 r ws hlea hleahtor1 hlyn swynsode1 ^w wron wynsume4 ode ,wealhow =1 cwn ,hrgres1 cynna gemyndig2 grtte gold-hrod5 guman on healle1 #fae nd frolc wf ful gesealde re/ a/-,dna el-we>de1 bd h9e blne t re bor-ge1 lodum l(ne2 h on lu/ geeah symbel nd sle-ful1 sige-rf kyn+4 #fbj ,ymb-ode ides ,helm+a dugue nd geogoe dl ghwylcne1 s9c-fato sealde1 o t sl lamp t ho#a ,bowulfe1 bag-hrod5 cwn1 mde geung51 m$o#b-;ful tbr2 #fbe grtte ,gata lod1 ,gode ancode ws-f/ wordum1 s e hire se willa gelamp1 t ho on nigne eorl gelfde fyr5a frfre4 ,h t ful geeah1 wl-row wiga1 t ,wealhon1 #fcj nd gyddode ge gefs$2 ,bowulf maelode1 be>n ,ecgowes3 8,ic t hogode1 ic on holm ge/h1 s-bt gest mid mnra scga g$riht1 t ic nunga owra loda #fce willan geworhte1 oe on wl crunge fond-grpum f/4 ,ic gefrmman sceal eorlc ll51 oe nde-dg on isse meodu#b-;healle mnne gebdan40 m wfe ^w wel lcodon1 #fdj gilp-cwide ,gates2 ode gold-hrod5 frolicu folc-cwn t hire fran sittan4 ws eft sw r inne on healle r-^w sprec51#c od on slum1 sige-folca swg1 o t smn+a #fde sunu ,healfdnes scean wolde f5-r/e2 wi/e m hlc#d t m hah-sle hilde ge+$1 sian he sunnan loht geson ne meahton oe np5de niht (] ealle1 #fej scadu-helma gesceapu scran cwman1#e wan "u wolcnum4 ,w]od eall rs2 grtte giddum guma erne ,hrgr ,bowulf1 nd him hl bad1 wn-rnes geweald1 nd t ^w cw3 #fee 8,nfre ic negum#f mn r lfde1 sian ic hnd nd rnd hbban mihte1 r-rn ,dna bton n 4 ,hafa n nd geheald hsa sle/1 gemyne mro1#g mg5-ll5 c1 #ffj waca wi wrum4 ,ne bi wilna gd1 gif t ll5-weorc aldre#h g$ge/40 #a ho4 #b m$u-4 #c gesprec54 #d glc4 #e cwmon4 #f nigum4 #g mre 7acc4 s+474 #h ealdre 7in/r4 s+474 ,l95otes3 #fbc3 s9c-fato sealde4 ,bann+ 7,die epis*5 ,=meln im ,be[ulf7 %[s t ! usual translation1 gave co/ly gifts1 mu/ be giv5 up2 or1 at lea/1 t ! co/ly gifts are no?+ m ?an beak]s ( mead4 ,! expression is an epic =mula = pass+ ! cup4 #fch-ci3 nde-g 444 mnne4 ,?is unnatural sep>ation ( n\n & possessive is frequ5t 9 ,o4,e4 poetry1 b almo/ unkn[n 9 prose4 #fda-db3 ode 444 sittan4 ,! poet might h employ$ t sittanne 7 #ajh1 7#a772 b 9 poetry ! inf9itive is (t5 us$ = ! g]und4 ,alfr$ himself uses ! inf9itive or ! g]und to express purpose aft] gn1 gngan1 cuman1 & sndan4 #fdg-ea3 wi/e 444 cwman4 ,a difficult passage1 ev5 ) ,?orpe's ins]t$ ne2 b !re is no ne$ ( putt+ a p]iod aft] ge+$1 or ( translat+ oe by &3 ,he 7,hro?g>7 knew t battle 0 9 /ore 7ge+$7 = ! mon/] 9 ! high hall1 aft] z soon z !y c\ld no long] see ! sun's light1 or t is aft] night came d>k5+ ov] all1 & %ad[y figures /alk+4 ,! subject ( cwman cwmon is niht & gesceapu4 ,! /ud5t w note t ! inf9itive 7scran7 is "h employ$ z a pres5t p>ticiple aft] a v]b ( motion 7cwman74 ,?is con/ruction ) cuman is frequ5t 9 prose & poetry4 ,! inf9itive expresses ! k9d ( motion3 ic cm drfan ,i came driv+4 ,,! ,,fight ,,betwe5 ,,be[ulf ,,& ,,gr5del4 ,l9es #gdj-hcg4 ,! w>riors all retire to re/ except ,be[ulf4 ,gr5del /eal?ily ent]s ! hall4 ,f 8 eyes gleams 8a lu/] unlovely1 like/ to fire40 ,! combat beg9s at once4 ,ne t se glca yldan hte1 #gdj ac h gefng hrae =man se slp5dne r9c1 slt unwe>num1 bt bn-locan1 bld drum dranc1 syn-sndum swealh2 sna hfde unlyfig5des eal gefeormod #gde ft nd folma4 ,= nar t/p1 nam mid h&a hige-ihtigne r9c on r/e2 rhte ongan fond mid folme2 h onfng hrae inwit-ancum nd wi e>m gest4 #gej ,sna t onfunde fyr5a hyrde1 t h ne mtte middan-ge>des1 eoran scatta1 on lran mn mund-gripe mran2 h on mde we> =ht1 on f]he2 n r fram meahte4 #gee ,hyge ws him h9-fs1 wolde on heol/] flon1 sc d(la g$rg2 ne ws 8 drohto r1 swylce h on eald]#a-;dagum r gemtte4 ,gemunde se gda mg ,higelces f5-sprce1 p-lang /d #gfj nd him f/e wifng2 f+ras bur/on2 eot5 ws t-we>d2 eorl furur /p4 ,mynte se mra1 hwr h meahte sw1 wdre gew9dan nd on weg anon flon on fn-hopu2 wi/e 8 f+ra geweald #gfe on grames grpum4 t ws gocor s1 t se he>m-scaa t ,heorute#b tah4 ,dryht-sle dyn$e2 ,dnum eallum we> cea/]-bendum1 cnra gehwylcum1 eorlum ealu-sc]w54 ,yrre wron bg5 #ggj re rn-we>das4 ,rc$ hlynsode2 ws wundor micel1 t se wn-sle wihfde heao-dorum1 t h on hrsan ne fol1 fg] fold-bold2 ac h s f/e ws innan nd tan r5-bndum #gge se>o-ncum besmiod4 r fram sylle bag m$u-bnc mnig1 mne gefrge1 golde g]egnad1 r graman wunnon2 s ne wndon r witan ,scyld+a1 t hit mid gemete manna nig1 #ghj betlc nd bn-fg1 tbrecan meahte1 li/um tlc1 nyme lges fm swulge on swaule4 ,swg p /g nwe g5eahhe2 ,nor-,dnum /d atelc gesa1 nra gehwylcum1 #ghe ra e ( wealle wp gehrdon1 gryre-lo galan ,godes ndsacan1 sige-lasne sang1 sr wnigean hlle hfton4#c ,hold h9e f/e1 s e manna ws mg5e /rnge/ #gij on m dge ysses lfes4 ,nolde eorla hlo nige +a "o cwealm-cuman cwicne =ltan1 n 8 lf-dagas loda nigum nytte tealde4 r g5eho/ brgd #gie eorl ,bowulfes ealde lfe1 wolde fra-drihtnes feorh ealgian1 mres odnes1 r he meahton sw4 ,he t ne wi/on1 he gew9 drugon1 he>d-hicg5de hilde-mcgas1 #hjj nd on healfa gehwone hawan hton1 swle sc3 "o syn-scaan nig (] eoran r5na cy/1 g-billa nn1 grtan nolde2 ac h sige-wpnum =swor5 hfde1 #hje cga gehwylcre4 ,scolde 8 aldor#d-;g$l on m dge ysses lfes e>mlc wuran#e nd se llor-g/ on fonda geweald feor sian4 t onfunde1 s e fela ror #haj mdes myre manna cynne fyr5e gefrm$e 7h ws fg wi ,god71 t him se lc-hma l/an nolde1 ac h9e se mdega#f mg ,hygelces hfde be hnda2 ws gehwer rum #hae lifig5de l4 ,lc-sr gebd atol glca#g2 him on eaxle we> syn-dolh sweotol2 seon[e onsprungon2 bur/on bn-locan4 ,bowulfe we> g-hr gyfee4 ,scolde ,grndel nan #hbj feorh-soc flon "u fn-hleou1#h scean wyn-lz wc2 wi/e geornor1 t 8 aldres#i ws nde gegng51 dg]a dg-rm4 ,dnum eallum we> ft] m wl-rse willa gelump54 #hbe ,hfde geflsod1 s e r feorran cm1 snotor nd sw-f]h1 sle ,hrgres1 g5r$ wi ne4 ,niht-weorce gefeh1 ll5-mrum2 hfde a/-,dnum ,gat-mcga lod gilp gel/$2 #hcj swylce once ealle gebtte1 inwid-sorge1 e he r drugon nd = ra-ndum olian scoldon1 torn unltel4 t ws tc5 sweotol1 syan hilde-dor hnd lgde1 #hce e>m nd eaxle 7r ws eal geador ,grndles grpe7 "u gapne hrf4 #a ealdor-4 #b ,heorote4 #c hftan4 #d ealdor-4 #e weoran4 #f mdiga4 #g glca4 #h -hliu4 #i ealdres4 ,l95otes3 #gdj3 t1 ! direct object ( yldan1 ref]s to ! conte/ ab\t to ensue4 ,be[ulf1 9 ! prec$+ l9es1 0 wond]+ h[ x w\ld result4 #gdf3 t/p4 ,! subject ( ?is v]b & ( nam is ,gr5del2 ! subject ( ! ?ree succe$+ v]bs 7rhte1 onfng1 gest7 is ,be[ulf4 #gea-eb3 ,! ,o4,e4 poets are fond ( secur+ emphasis or ( /imulat+ int]e/ by indirect me?ods ( /atem5t1 by sugge/+ m ?an !y affirm4 ,?is device (t5 appe>s 9 _! use ( negatives 7ne1 l4 #ac2 p4 #adj1 l4 #c2 n1 p4 #adj1 l4 #a l9es #geb1 #geg1 #gee71 & 9 ! unexpect$ prom95ce t !y give to "s m9or detail usually suppress$ because und]/ood2 z :]e ! n>rator1 wi%+ to describe ! t]ror produc$ by ,gr5del's midnight visits to ,heorot1 says 7ll4 #ach-aci71 8,!n 0 x easy to f9d "o :o else:]e1 m commodi\sly1 s\ght re/ = himself40 ,x is h>d to believe t ! poet saw no?+ humor\s 9 ?is po9t ( view4 #gee3 n 444 meahte1 none ! soon] c\ld he away4 ,! omission ( a v]b ( motion aft] ! auxili>ies magan1 mtan1 sculan1 & willan is v frequ5t4 ,cf4 ,be[ulf's la/ utt]ance1 p4 #adg1 l4 #ag l9e #bhag4 #gfh3 ,! l9es t imm$iately foll[ con/itute a f9e bit ( description by indication ( effects4 ,! two conte/ants are )drawn f our sight2 b we he> ! s\nd ( ! fray cra%+ ?r\gh ! massive old hall1 :i* trembles z 9 a bla/2 we see ! t]ror depict$ on ! faces ( ! ,danes z !y li/5 to ! /range s\nds t issue f _! =m] banquet+ hall2 by ^! s\nds we1 too1 measure ! progress & alt]nations ( ! combat4 ,at la/ we he> only ! 8t]ror-lay0 ( ,gr5del1 8lay ( ! beat510 & "k t ,be[ulf has made good 8 promise at ! banquet 7gilp gel/$74 #gfi3 cnra gehwylcum4 ,! indef9ite pron\ns 7 #gg7 may be us$ z adjectives1 agree+ 9 case ) _! n\ns2 b !y frequ5tly1 z "h1 take a p>titive g5itive3 nra gehwylcum1 to ea* "o 7 to ea* ( ones72 nige 7in/rum5tal7 +a1 = any ?+ 7 = any ( ?+s72 on healfa gehwone1 into halves 7 into ea* ( halves72 ealra dgra gehwm1 e day 7 on ea* ( all days72 htna gehwylce1 e morn+ 7 on ea* ( morn+s74 #ghj3 ,notice t hit1 ! object ( tbrecan1 /&s = wn-sle1 :i* is mascul9e4 ,see p4 #ci1 ,note #b #ee1 #b4 ,manna is g5itive aft] gemete1 n aft] nig4 #ghg-hi3 gryre-lo 444 hfton hftan4 ,note t v]bs ( he>+ & see+1 z 9 ,mn4,e41 may be foll[$ by ! inf9itive4 ,!y he>d ,god's adv]s>y s+ 7galan7 444 hell's captive bewail 7wnigean74 ,_h ! pres5t p>ticiple be5 us$1 ! effect w\ld h be51 z 9 ,mn4,e41 to emphasize ! ag5t 7! subject ( ! inf9itive7 r ?an ! action 7! inf9itive itself74 #gie-if3 r 444 lfe4 ,be[ulf's foll[]s n[ seem to h seiz$ _! swords & come to 8 aid1 n kn[+ t ,gr5del1 hav+ =sworn w>-weapons himself1 is pro( aga9/ ! be/ ( swords4 ,!n _m an e>l ( ,be[ulf's 7 an e>l ( ,b4 v (t57 br&i%$ 8 sword4 ,t no def9ite e>l is meant is %[n by ! succe$+ he meahton in/ead ( h meahte4 ,see p4 #aaj1 ,note4 ,l95ote #aaj4e-f #gii3 ,!y did n "k ?is 7t71 :ile !y 7 fight+2 b ! fir/ ,he ref]s to ! w>riors :o pr(f]$ help2 ! second he1 to ! combatants1 ,be[ulf & ,gr5del4 ,9 apposition ) t1 /&s ! :ole clause1 "o synscaan 7object ( grtan7 444 nolde4 ,! second1 or conjunctional1 t is "h omitt$ be=e "o4 ,see p4 #aab1 note on ll4 #ah-ai4 #hcg3 grpe g5itive s+ul>1 fem99e1 aft] eal4 ,,be[ulf ,,fatally ,,w\nd$4 ,l9es #bgab-bgeb4 ,hro?g>1 9 8 gratitude = ! great victory1 lavi%es gifts ^u ,be[ulf2 b ,gr5del's "m mu/ be reckon$ )4 ,be[ulf f9ds h] at ! sea-bottom1 & aft] a desp]ate /ruggle slays h]4 ,hro?g> aga9 p\rs treasures into ,be[ulf's lap4 ,be[ulf1 hav+ n[ accompli%$ 8 mission1 returns to ,sw$54 ,aft] a reign ( fifty ye>s1 he goes =? to meet a fire-spew+ dragon t is ravag+ 8 k+dom4 ,9 ! /ruggle ,be[ulf is fatally w\nd$4 ,wiglaf1 a loyal ?ane1 is ) him4 so#a wund ongn1 e him se eor-draca r geworhte1 swlan nd swellan4 ,h t sna onf&1 t him on bro/um bealo-n woll #bgae ttor on innan4 se el+ gong1#b t h b wealle1 ws-hycg5de1 gest on sesse2 seah on nta geweorc1 h /n-bogan /apulum f/e ce eor-rc$ innan healde4 #bgbj ,hyne mid h&a heoro-drorigne1 od5 mrne1 egn ungemete till1 w9e-dryht5 8 wt]e gelaf$e1 hilde-sdne1 nd 8 helm onspon4 ,bowulf#c maelode2 h (] bnne sprc1 #bgbe wunde wl-blate2 wisse h ge>we1 t h dg-hwla g$rog5 hfde eoran wynne2 ws eall sceac5 dgor-g]mes1 da ungemete nah3 8,n ic suna mnum syllan wolde #bgcj g-gewdu1 r m gifee sw nig yrfe-we>d ft] wurde lce gelnge4 ,ic s lode hold fftig w9tra2 ns se folc-cyn+ ymbe-sitt5dra nig ra1 #bgce e mec g-w9um grtan dor/e1 gesan on4 ,ic on e>de bd ml-gesceafta1 hold mn tela1 n shte se>o-nz1 n m swr fela a on unriht4 ,ic s ealles mg1 #bgdj feorh-bnnum soc1 gefan habban2 =-m m wtan ne e>f ,wald5d#d fra moror-bealo#e mga1 onne mn sceace lf ( lce4 ,n lungre geong#f hord scawian "u hrne /n1 #bgde ,wglf l(a1 n se wyrm lige1 swefe sre wund1 s9ce b]afod4 ,bo#g n on (o/e1 t ic r-welan1 gold-ht ongite1 ge>o scawige swegle se>o-gimmas1 t ic sft mge #bgej ft] mum-welan mn ltan lf nd lod-scipe1 "o ic lnge hold40 ,l95otes3 #bgaf3 se el+ is ,be[ulf4 #bgah3 nta geweorc is a /]eotyp$ phrase = any?+ t occasions wond] by its size or /rang5ess4 #bgbj3 healde4 ,heyne1 foll[+ ,ettmll]1 reads holdon1 ?us arbitr>ily *ang+ mood1 t5se1 & numb] ( ! orig9al4 ,ei!r mood1 indicative or subjunctive1 w\ld be legitimate4 ,z to ! t5se1 ! n>rator is id5tify+ himself 9 "t ) ! h]o1 ^: wond] 0 8h[ ! /one-ar*es 444 su/a9 ! ev]-dur+ e>?-hall03 ! con/ruction is a =m ( oratio recta1 a sort ( miratio recta4 ,! s+ul> healde1 in/ead ( heald51 has _m p>allels 9 ! dep5d5t clauses ( ,be[ulf1 mo/ ( ^! be+ relative clauses introduc$ by ra e 7 ( ^? t 444 a s+ul> pr$icate74 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! pr$icate has d\btless be5 influ5c$ by ! proximity ( eor-rc$1 a quasi-subject2 & we h no m "r to alt] to heald5 or holdon ?an we h to *ange ,%akespe>e's gives to give 9 8,words to ! heat ( de$s too cold brea? gives40 7,macbe?1 ,,ii1 i1 #fa47 #bgbb3 ,! egn ungemete till is ,wiglaf1 ! brave/ ( ,be[ulf's reta9]s4 #bgbe3 h (] bnne sprc4 ,! editors & translators ( ,be[ulf inv>iably r5d] (] 9 ?is passage by ab\t2 b ,be[ulf says n a ^w ab\t 8 w\nd4 ,! context seems to me to %[ pla9ly t (] 7cf4 ,lat9 supra7 d5otes "h opposition 9 spite (4 ,we read 9 ,g5esis1 l4 #eid1 t ,eve took ! =bidd5 fruit (] ,driht5es ^w4 ,be[ulf fe>s 7l4 #bcca7 t he may h rul$ unju/ly (] ealde riht2 & he goes =? 7l4 #bdji7 (] willan to confront ! dragon4 #bgca-cc3 r m 444 gelnge1 if s be t 7r 444 sw7 any heir _h aft]w>ds be5 giv5 me 7m gifee 444 ft] wurde7 belong+ to my body4 #bgdd-de3 geong gng 444 scawian4 ,see note on ode 444 sittan1 p4 #acg1 ll4 #ai-bj l9es #fda-db4 ,9 ,mn4,e4 ,g see1 ,g fet*1 etc41 is ! second v]b imp]ative 7cord9ate ) ! fir/71 or subjunctive 7t y may see71 or inf9itive )\t to8 #bgea-eb3 mn 444 lf4 ,see note on nde-dg 444 mnne1 p4 #acg1 ll4 #af-ag l9es #fch-ci4 #a so4 #b gong4 #c ,bowulf4 #d ,weald5d4 #e moror-bealu4 #f gng 7gang74 #g ,bo4 ,,be[ulf',s ,,la/ ,,words4 ,l9es #bgic-bhba4 ,wiglaf br+s ! jewels1 ! tok5s ( ,be[ulf's triumph4 ,be[ulf1 rejoic+ to see !m1 reviews 8 c>e]1 & gives advice & f9al directions to ,wiglaf4 ,bowulf#a maelode1 gmel on giohe 7gold scawode73 8,ic ra frtwa ,fran ealles anc1 #bgie ,wuldur-cyn+e1 wordum scge cum ,dryhtne1 e ic hr on />ie1 s e ic m/e mnum lodum r swylt-dge swylc ge/rnan4 ,n ic on mma hord mne bebohte #bhjj frde feorh-lge1 frmma g n loda e>fe2 ne mg ic hr lng wesan4 ,hta heao-mre hlw gewyrcean1 beorhtne ft] ble t brimes nosan2 s scel#b t gemyndum mnum lodum #bhje hah hlfian on ,hrnes nsse1 t hit s-lend syan htan#c ,bowulfes#a biorh#a e br5t+as (] flda g5ipu feorran drfa40 ,dyde him ( healse hr+ gyld5ne #bhaj od5#a r/-hdig2 egne gesealde1 geongum gr-wigan1 gold-fhne helm1 bah nd byrnan1 ht hyne brc well4 8 e>t nde-lf sses cynnes1 ,wgmund+a2 ealle wyrd =swop #bhae mne mgas t metod-sceafte1 eorlas on lne2 ic him ft] sceal40 t ws m gmelan g+e/e ^w bro/-gehygdum1 r h bl cure1 hte heao-wylmas2 him ( hrere gewt #bhbj swol scean s-f/ra dm4 #a o1 io o1 eo4 #b sceal4 #c ht54 ,l95otes3 #bgie-ii3 ,! expression scgan anc takes ! same con/ruction z ancian2 i4e41 ! dative ( ! p]son 7,fran7 & ! g5itive 7a g5itive ( cause7 ( ! ?+ 7ra frtwa74 ,cf4 note on biddan1 p4 #de #fe1 #c4 ,! antec$5t ( e is frtwa4 ,= ! position ( on1 see #id1 7#e74 ,! clause introduc$ by s e 7because7 is p>allel 9 con/ruction ) frtwa1 bo? be+ causal modifi]s ( scge anc4 ,! ,*ri/ian color+ 9 ^! l9es betrays ! influ5ce ( prie/ly transcrib]s4 #bhjj3 ,n[ t ,i1 9 ex*ange = 7on7 a ho>d ( treasures1 h b>t]$ 7bebohte7 ! lay+ d[n 7-lge licgan7 ( my old life4 ,! e?ical codes ( ! e>ly ,g]manic races make frequ5t m5tion ( blood-paym5ts1 or life-b>t]s4 ,!re seems to be "h a sugge/ion ( ! 8w]gild40 #bhja3 frmma g4 ,! plural imp]ative 7z also 9 ,hta7 %[s t ,be[ulf is "h speak+ n s mu* to ,wiglaf 9 p>ticul> z1 ?r\gh ,wiglaf1 to 8 reta9]s 9 g5]al1--to 8 comitatus4 #bhjf3 ,! desire = conspicu\s burial places f9ds frequ5t expression 9 e>ly lit]atures4 ,! tomb ( ,a*illes 0 situat$ 8high on a jutt+ headl& ov] wide ,hellespont t x might be se5 f (f ! sea40 ,elp5or asks ,ulysses to bury him 9 ! same way4 neas places ! a%es ( ,mis5us b5ea? a high m\nd on a headl& ( ! sea4 #bhjg3 hit hlw1 :i* is mascul9e4 ,see p4 #ci1 ,note #b #ee1 #b4 #bhaj-aa3 him 444 od54 ,! ref]5ce 9 bo? cases is to ,be[ulf1 :o is dis>m+ himself 7d-( d(f7 = ! la/ "t2 egne to ,wiglaf4 ,note1 :]e ! p]sonal elem5t is /rong1 ! use ( ! dative in/ead ( ! m colorless possessive2 him ( healse1 n ( 8 healse4 #bhag3 ic 444 sceal4 ,see note on n 444 meahte1 p4 #adj1 l4 #a l9e #gee4 #bhbj3 him ( hrere4 ,cf4 note on him 444 od51 p4 #adg1 ll4 #aj-aa l9es #bhaj-aa4 #bhbj-ba3 ,= con/ruction ( gewt 444 scean1 see note on ode 444 sittan1 p4 #acg1 ll4 #ai-bj l9es #fda-db4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,w&]]4 ,exet] ,,ms4 8,! epic "* ( ! anci5t lyric appe>s especially 9 ?is3 t ! song is less ! utt]ance ( a mom5t>y feel+ ?an ! portrayal ( a la/+ /ate1 p]haps ! reflection ( an entire life1 g5]ally t ( "o isolat$1 or b]eft by dea? or exile ( protectors & fri5ds40 7,t5 ,br9k1 ,e>ly ,eng4 ,lit41 ,i47 ,i adopt ,brooke's ?reefold division 7,e>ly ,eng4 ,lit41 p4 #cef73 8,x op5s ) a ,*ri/ian prologue1 & closes ) a ,*ri/ian epilogue1 b ! :ole body ( ! poem 0 writt51 x seems to me1 by a p]son :o ?\ght m ( ! goddess ,wyrd ?an ( ,god1 ^: life & way ( ?9k+ 7 un9flu5c$ by any di/9ctive ,*ri/ian doctr9e40 ,! au?or is unkn[n4 ,,prologue4 ,(t him nhaga re gebde1 ,metudes#a miltse1 ah e h mdce>ig geond lagulde lnge sceolde hrran mid hndum hrmcealde s1 wadan wrcl/as3 wyrd bi ful rd6 #e ,sw cw e>d/apa e>fea#b gemyndig1 wrra wlsleahta1 w9emga hryres3 ,,pla9t ,,( ,,! ,,w&]]4 8,(t ic sceolde na htna gehwylce mne ce>e cwan2 nis n cwicra nn1 e ic him mdsefan mnne durre #aj sweotule#c scgan4 ,ic t se wt t bi 9 eorle indryht5 aw1 t h 8 f]locan f/e b9de1 healde 8 hordc(an1 hycge sw h wille2 ne mg wrig md wyrde wi/ndan #ae n s hro hyge helpe gefrmman3 = on dmgeorne drorigne (t 9 hyra bro/c(an b9da f/e4 ,sw ic mdsefan mnne sceolde (t e>mce>ig le bidl$1 #bj fromgum feor fet]um slan1 sian gara i goldw9e mnne hrsan heol/] biwrh1 & ic han nan wd w9t]ce>ig (] waema geb9d1 shte sle drorig s9ces bryttan1 #be hwr ic feor oe nah f9dan meahte "o e 9 meoduhealle#d miltse wisse oe mec frondlasne frfran wolde1 wnian mid wynnum4 ,wt s e cunna h slen bi sorg t gefran #cj m e him lt hafa l(ra gehol5a3 w>a h9e wrcl/1 nles wund5 gold1 f]loca frorig1 nls foldan bld2 gemn h slescgas & s9cge1 h h9e on geogue 8 goldw9e #ce wn$e t wi/e3 wyn eal g$rz6 ,= on wt s e sceal 8 w9$ryhtnes l(es lrcwidum lnge =olian1 onne sorg & slp smod tgdre e>mne nhagan (t geb9da3 #dj ince him on mde t h 8 mndryht5 clyppe & cysse1 & on cno lcge hnda & hafod1 sw h hwlum r 9 gardagum gief/les brac2 onne onwcne eft w9elz guma1 #de gesih him bi=an fealwe wgas1 baian brimfuglas1 brdan fera1 hrosan hrm & snw hagle gemng$4 onne bo hfigran heortan bnne1 sre ft] swsne2 sorg bi g5wad2 #ej onne mga gemynd md geondhweorfe1 grte glw/afum1 georne geondscawa4 ,scga geseldan swimma eft on weg2 flot5dra f]#e n r fela br+e cra cwidegi$da2 ce>o#f bi g5wad #ee m e sndan sceal swe g5eahhe (] waema geb9d wrigne sefan4 ,= on ic gencan ne mg geond s woruld = hwan mdsefa mn ne gesweorce1 onne ic eorla lf eal geondnce1 #fj h h frlce flt (gafon1 mdge maguegnas4 ,sw s middange>d ealra dgra gehwm drose & fealle2 = on ne mg weoran ws w]1 r h ge w9tra dl 9 woruldrce4 ,wita sceal geyldig1 #fe ne sceal n t h!ort n t hrdwyrde1 n t wc wiga n t wanhdig1 n t =ht n t fg5 n t feohgfre1 n nfre gielpes t georn1 r h ge>e cunne4 ,beorn sceal gebdan1 onne h bot sprice1 #gj o t coll5f] cunne ge>we hwid] hrera gehygd hweorfan wille4 ,ongietan sceal glaw hle h g/lc bi1 onne eall isse worulde wela w/e /nde1 sw n miss5lce geond isne middange>d #ge w9de biwune#g weallas /nda1 hrme bihror5e1#h hryge ed]as4 ,wria wnsalo1#i wald5d licga drame bidror5e#aj2 dugu eal gecrng wlnc b wealle3 sume wg =nm1 #hj fr$e 9 =wege2 sumne fugel#aa obr (] hanne holm2 sumne s hra wulf dae g$lde2 sumne drorighlor 9 eorscrfe eorl gehdde3 de sw isne e>dge>d lda ,scypp5d1 #he o t burgw>a breahtma lase eald nta geweorc dlu /don4 ,s onne isne weal/eal wse gehte1 & is deorce lf dope geondnce1 frd 9 f]e#ab feor (t gemn #ij wlsleahta worn1 & s ^w cwi3 #8,hwr cwm me>g8 hwr cwm mago#ac8 hwr cwm mumgyfa8 hwr cwm symbla gesetu8 hwr s9don sl$ramas8 al beorht bune6 al byrnwiga6 al odnes rym6 h so rg gewt1 #ie g5p "u nih!lm1 sw ho n wre6 ,/nde n on l/e l(re dugue weal wundrum hah1 wyrmlcum fh3 eorlas =nmon asca re1 wp5 wlgfru1 wyrd so mre2 #ajj & s /nhleou#ad /ormas cnyssa2 hr hros5de hrsan b9de1 w9tres wma1 onne wn cyme1 npe nihtsca1 noran onsnde hro hglf>e hleum on &an4 #aje ,eall is e>folc eoran rce1 onwnde wyrda gesceaft weoruld "u he(onum3 hr bi feoh lne1 hr bi frond lne1 hr bi mn lne1 hr bi mg lne2 eal is eoran ge/eal del weore6'0 #aaj ,,epilogue4 ,sw cw snottor on mde1 gest him sundor t rune4 ,til bi s e 8 trowe gehealde2 ne sceal nfre 8 torn t ryc5e beorn ( 8 bro/um can1 neme h r bte cunne2 eorl mid lne gefrmman4 ,wel bi m e him re sce1 frfre t ,fd] on he(onum1 r s eal so f/nung /nde4 #aae #a ,metodes4 #b e>foa4 #c sweotole4 #d m$u-4 #e f]h4 #f ce>u4 #g ,see bewwan4 #h ,see behrosan4 #i wnsalu4 #aj ,see b$rosan4 #aa fugol4 #ab f]he4 #ac magu4 #ad -hliu4 ,l95otes3 #g3 ,! ,,ms4 read+ is hryre 7nom9ative71 :i* is mean+less4 #h3 ,= htna gehwylce1 see note on cnra gehwylcum1 p4 #adj ,be[ulf #gfi4 #aj3 e 444 him4 ,see #ge 7#d74 ,cf4 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ,,ii1 v1 #ej-ea4 #bg3 ,= m9e 7,,ms4 971 :i* does n satisfy metrical requirem5ts1 ,i adopt ,kluge's plausible sub/itution ( miltse2 miltse witan to %[ 7"k1 feel71 pity4 ,! myne wisse ( ,be[ulf 7l4 #afi7 is metrically admissible4 #cg3 ,! object ( wt is ince him on mde2 b ! con/ruction is unusual1 inasmu* z bo? t's 7t pronom9al be=e wt & t conjunctional be=e ince7 are omitt$4 ,see p4 #aab1 ll4 #ah-ai4 #da3 ince him on mde 7see note on him 444 od51 p4 #adg ,be[ulf #bhaj-aa74 8,no m sympa!tic picture has be5 drawn by an ,anglo-,saxon poet ?an :]e ! w&]] 9 exile falls asleep at 8 o> & dreams aga9 ( 8 dead "l & ! old hall & revelry & joy & gifts1--!n wakes to look once m ^u ! wa/e ( ocean1 sn[ & hail fall+ all ar\nd him1 & sea-birds dipp+ 9 ! spray40 7,gumm]e1 ,g]manic ,orig9s1 p4 #bba47 #ec-ee3 ,scga 444 cwidegi$da ,b ^! comrades ( w>riors ^? se5 9 vision aga9 swim away fade away2 ! gho/ ( ^! fleet+ ones br+s n !re _m famili> words2 i4e4 he sees 9 dream & vision ! old famili> faces1 b no voice is he>d3 !y br+ nei!r greet+s to him nor tid+s ( !mselves4 #fe3 ,wita sceal geyldig4 ,ei!r bon 7wesan7 is "h to be und]/ood aft] sceal1 or sceal alone means ought to be4 ,nei!r con/ruction is to be f\nd 9 ,alfr$ian prose1 ?\gh ! omission ( a v]b ( motion aft] sculan is common 9 all p]iods ( ,old ,engli%4 ,see note on n 444 meahte1 p4 #adj ,be[ulf #gee4 #ge3 sw n4 8,! ,old ,engli% lyrical feel+10 says ,t5 ,br9k1 cit+ ! l9es t imm$iately foll[ sw n1 8is fond ( ! image ( physical de/ruction02 b ,i d n ?9k ^! l9es h a m]ely figurative import4 ,! ref]5ce is to a p]iod ( real deva/ation1 ant$at+ ! ,dani% incursions4 8,we might fairly f9d su* a "t 9 t p>5!sis ( bad gov]nm5t & ( national tumult :i* fill$ ! ye>s betwe5 ! dea? ( ,aldfri? 9 #gje & ! r5ew$ peace ( ,nor?umbria "u ,ceolwulf 9 ! ye>s t foll[$ #gbi40 7,brooke1 ,e>ly ,eng4 ,lit41 p4 #cee47 #ic3 cwm 444 gesetu4 ,ettmll] reads cwmon2 b see p4 #ajg1 note on ws 444 gl& l95ote #ajg4ad-ae4 ,! occurr5ce ( hwr cwm ?ree times 9 ! prec$+ l9e t5ds also to hold cwm 9 ! s+ul> :5 its plural subject foll[s4 ,note ! influ5ce ( a some:at simil> /ructural p>allelism 9 seas hides ( ^! l9es 7,w9t]'s ,tale1 ,,iv1 iv1 #ejj-ejb73 8,n = 444 all ! sun sees or ,! close e>? wombs or ! pr(\nd seas hides ,9 unkn[n fa?oms1 w ,i break my oa?40 #aaa3 gest 444 rne1 sat ap>t to himself 9 sil5t m$itation4 #aad3 eorl 444 gefrmman4 ,supply sceal aft] eorl4 ,i4 ,,gloss>y4 ,,old ,,engli%--,,mod]n ,,engli%4 ,! ord] ( words is /rictly alphabetical1 except t foll[s t4 ,! comb9ation foll[s ad4 ,g5d] is indicat$ by ! abbreviations1 m4 7 mascul9e71 f4 7 fem99e71 n4 7 neut]74 ,! usual abbreviations are employ$ = ! cases1 nom41 g541 dat41 acc41 & in/r4 ,o!r abbreviations are s+4 7 s+ul>71 pl4 7 plural71 ind4 7 indicative mood71 sub4 7 subjunctive mood71 pres4 7 pres5t t5se71 pret4 7 pret]it t5se71 prep4 7 preposition71 adj4 7 adjective71 adv4 7 adv]b71 "p4 7 p>ticiple71 conj4 7 conjunction71 pron4 7 pron\n71 intrans4 7 intransitive71 trans4 7 transitive74 ,figures n prec$$ by ref] to page & l9e ( ! texts4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,ref]5ces to v]se selections 7pages #acf-aec7 are foll[$ by ! actual l9e numb] 9 d\ble brackets4 ,a4 1 ev]1 always1 aye4 abbudisse1 f41 abbess ,lat4 abbatissa4 bodan 7 #aji71 bid1 (f]2 him hl bad #ach1 #i ,be[ulf #fed bade him hail1 wi%$ him heal?4 brecan 7 #abj1 ,note #b71 break d[n1 de/roy4 bgan 7 #aji1 ,note #a71 give way1 />t b[ away4 ac1 conj41 b4 cwean 7 #aae71 say1 speak4 can 7 #abf71 reveal1 proclaim c4 d1 m41 fun]al pile4 adesa1 m41 adze1 hat*et4 7w71 f41 law4 dre 7dre71 f41 /ream1 canal1 ve92 bld drum dranc #aci1 #d ,be[ulf #gdc drank blood 9 /reams 7in/r474 f/nis1 f41 piety4 f5-r/1 f41 ev5+ re/4 f5-sprc1 f41 ev5+ spee*4 f/ 7wf/71 law-abid+1 pi\s4 f/nis1 see f/nis4 fre1 ev]1 always4 ft]1 prep4 7 #id1 7#a771 aft]2 ft] m1 aft] t1 !reaft]2 ft] m e1 conj41 aft]4 ft]1 adv41 aft]1 aft]w>ds4 ghw 7 #gg1 ,note71 ea*1 e4 ghwilc 7 #gg1 ,note71 ea*1 any4 glca1 see glca4 ger 7ghwer1 er7 7 #gg1 ,note71 ea*1 ei!r2 ger 444 er 444 er1 ei!r 444 or 444 or2 ger ge 444 ge 7 #ie1 7#b771 bo? 444 &2 ger ge 444 ge 444 ge1 bo? 444 & 444 &4 ht1 f41 prop]ty1 possession gan4 lc 7 #gg71 ea*4 lde 7ielde7 7 #dg71 m4 pl41 m52 g54 pl41 lda4 lmihtig1 almighty4 metta1 m41 leisure empti-ness4 nig 7 #gg71 any2 nige +a #ada1 #bb ,be[ulf #gib = any?+4 7,see #adj1 #ae ,be[ulf #gfi1 ,note47 r1 adv41 be=e1 =m]ly1 soon]2 n r #adj1 #a ,be[ulf #gee none ! soon]2 ror1 comp>ative1 be=e1 =m]ly2 re/1 sup]lative1 fir/4 r1 conj4 7 #aje1 #b71 ere1 be=e r m e4 r1 prep1 ) dat41 be=e 7"t72 r m e1 conj4 7 #aje1 #b71 be=e4 rcebisceop1 m41 ar*bi%op ,lat4 ar*iepiscopus4 r5dgewrit1 n41 message1 lett]4 r5dwreca 7-raca71 m41 mess5g]4 re/1 adj4 7 #if1 7#d771 fir/4 rnan 7 #abg71 ride1 gallop i]nan4 rra1 adj4 7 #if1 7#d771 =m]4 rwela1 m41 anci5t weal?4 sc1 m41 a%1 spe>2 g54 pl41 asca4 scesdn1 f41 ,a%d[n 79 ,b]k%ire74 /el1 m41 book-m>k ,lat4 ha/ula4 t 7 #id1 7#a771 at1 92 ) leornian1 to le>n1 geicgan1 to receive1 & o!r v]bs ( simil> import1 t f3 #aae1 #ah2 #acg1 #h ,be[ulf #fcj1 etc4 tb]an 7 #aad71 be> to1 h&4 tgd7e7re1 adv41 toge!r4 t/eppan 7 #aaf71 /ep up1 advance2 pret4 s+41 t/p4 ele1 noble1 excell5t4 el+1 m41 a noble1 pr9ce4 elwulf+1 m41 son ( ,e!lwulf4 er$1 m41 ,e!lr$4 feallan 7 #aag71 fall4 fi]ran 7 #abg71 remove feor4 gan 7 #acf71 to own1 possess4 g51 adj4-"p41 own2 dat4 s+41 gnum gan4 giefan 7 #aae71 give back4 glca 7glca71 m41 mon/]1 *ampion4 hton1 see gan4 ltan 7 #aag71 let g1 leave4 aldor1 see ealdor4 lcgan 7 #abe1 ,note71 lay d[n licgan2 pa/ "p41 ld4 les5d1 m41 ,r$eem] lesan release1 ransom4 limpan 7 #aaj71 befall1 occur4 lfan 7 #abf71 entru/1 p]mit4 ambor1 m41 measure2 g54 pl41 ambra 7 #bg1 7#d774 ambyre1 favorable4 n 7 #hi71 "o2 na1 alone1 only2 nra gehwylcum #ada1 #ae ,be[ulf #ghe to ea* "o4 7,see #adj1 #ae1 ,note4 ,be[ulf #gfi7 &a1 m41 zeal1 injury1 indignation2 hleum on &an #aec1 #f ,w&]] #aje h>mful to m54 &fn1 f41 proportion1 am\nt4 &giet 7-git71 n41 s5se1 mean+4 &gitfullce1 intelligibly2 -gitfullco/1 sup]lative4 &sw>u1 f41 answ]4 &wyrdan 7 #abg71 to answ]2 pret41 &wyrde4 ,angel1 n41 ,angl5 79 ,d5m>k72 dat4 s+41 ,angle 7 #bg 7#d774 ,angelcynn1 n41 ,engli% k91 ,engli% p1 ,engl&4 nhaga 7-hoga71 m41 a solit>y1 w&]] n hogian1 to m$itate4 nlpig1 s+le1 individual4 nunga 7 #ic1 7#b771 once = all n4 apo/ol1 m41 apo/le ,gr4 4 r1 f41 honor1 prop]ty1 favor2 re gebde #adh1 #c ,w&]] #a waits = div9e favor 7g5474 rd1 adj41 inexorable4 rdan 7 #abf71 read4 rcc7e7an 7 #abh71 translate1 exp\nd4 rf/nis1 f41 virtue4 rsan 7 #ajb71 arise4 asca1 see aesc4 scgan 7 #acb71 say1 relate4 sttan 7 #abg71 set1 place4 s+an 7 #aaj71 s+4 spndan 7 #abg71 sp5d1 exp5d4 /gan 7 #ajb71 asc5d1 arise4 /ndan 7 #aaf71 /& up4 tah1 see ton4 atelc1 horrible1 dire4 ton 7 #aah71 draw1 draw away1 take 7z a j\rney74 atol1 horrible1 dire4 ttor1 n41 poison4 tuge1 see ton4 1 m41 oa?4 er1 see ger4 wccan 7 #abh71 awake1 ar\se2 pret4 s+41 weahte1 whte4 aweg1 away4 wndan 7 #abg71 turn1 translate4 wrtan 7 #ajb71 write1 compose4 wyrcan 7 #abh71 "w1 d1 p]=m4 ,b4 ,b*scg1 m41 ,bagsac4 bcbord1 n41 l>bo>d1 left side ( a %ip4 bl1 n41 fun]al fire1 fun]al pile4 bn1 n41 bone4 bn-fg1 adorn$ ) bones or antl]s4 bn-loca1 m41 fle% bone-lock]4 ,bas5gas1 m4 pl41 ,bas+ 79 ,hant%ire74 be 7b7 7 #id1 7#a771 by1 ab\t1 conc]n+1 ne>1 along1 accord+ to2 be noran m w/5ne 7 #id1 7#d771 nor? ( ! wa/e 7des]t72 be fullan1 fully1 p]fectly4 bag1 see bgan4 bag-hrod51 r+-adorn$4 bah 7bag71 m41 r+1 bracelet1 coll> bgan4 bealo-n1 m41 dire hatr$1 poison1 v5om4 be>n1 n41 *ild1 son bairn4 bebodan 7 #aji71 comm&1 bid1 entru/ 7) dat474 bebo-1 see bebo-4 bebohte1 see bebycgan4 bebycgan 7 #abh71 sell4 bc1 see bc4 becuman 7 #aad71 come1 arrive1 befall4 b$lan 7 #abf71 sep>ate1 deprive4 b$rosan 7 #aji71 deprive2 pa/ "p4 pl41 b$ror5e 7bidror5e7 dross1 dre>y4 bef/an 7 #abg71 fa/51 implant4 befolan 7 #aaj71 apply "o's self2 ra e spda hbb5 t he m befolan mg5 #aai1 #bj ( ^? :o h ! means by :i* !y may apply !mselves to x4 be=an1 prep4 ) dat41 be=e4 bg5 7decl9$ l twg51 #hi71 bo?4 begeondan 7begiondan71 prep4 ) dat41 beyond4 begietan 7 #aae71 get1 obta91 f9d4 beg9nan 7 #aaj71 beg94 beheonan 7behionan71 prep4 ) dat41 on ?is side (4 behresan 7 #aji71 fall ^u1 cov]2 pa/ "p4 pl41 behror5e 7bihror5e74 belimpan 7 #aaj71 p]ta91 belong4 b5iman 7 #aad71 take1 d]ive4 bnn1 f41 w\nd bana murd]]4 bon 7bon7 7 #acd71 be1 consi/4 beorh 7beorg1 biorh71 m41 m\nd b>r[4 beorht1 bright1 glori\s4 ,beormas1 m4 pl41 ,p]mians4 beorn1 m41 man1 h]o1 *ief4 bor-gu1 f41 be]-dr9k+ icgan receive4 bot1 n41 boa/4 b]an 7 #aad71 be>4 b]afian 7 #acj71 b]eave2 s9ce b]afod #ade1 #bb ,be[ulf #bgdg b]eft ( treasure4 b]51 adj41 ( a be>1 be>4 b]/an 7 #aaj71 bur/1 crack4 besmiian 7 #acj71 make h>d 7z at ! =ge ( a smi?74 bt1 see wel 7 #ig1 7#b774 btan 7 #abf71 make good1 requite2 pa/ "p4 pl41 gebtte4 bt]a 7btra71 see gd 7 #if1 7#c774 betlc1 excell5t4 bt/a1 see gd 7 #if1 7#c774 betuh 7betux7 7 #id1 7#a771 betwe54 betwonan 7 #id1 7#a771 betwe54 betnan 7 #abf71 close1 end tn enclosure4 bewwan 7 #aag71 bl[ ^u2 pa/ "p4 pl41 bewune 7biwune1 beww5e74 bewron 7 #aah1 #a71 enwrap2 pret4 #c;d s+41 bewrh 7biwrh74 b1 see be4 bi-1 see be-4 bdan 7 #ajb71 bide1 await1 expect1 endure 7) g5474 biddan 7 #aae1 ,note #b71 bid1 pray1 reque/ 7 #fe1 ,note #c72 bd h9e blne #acf1 #g ,be[ulf #fah bade him be bli!4 b9dan 7 #aaj71 b9d4 bo1 see bo 7imp]ative s+474 bisceop 7biscep71 m41 bi%op ,lat4 episcopus4 bisceop-/l1 m41 episcopal seat1 bi%opric4 bisigu1 f41 bus9ess1 occupation2 dat4 pl41 bisgum4 btan 7 #ajb71 bite1 cut4 biwrh1 see bewron4 bld1 m41 glory1 prosp]ity blwan bl[1 inflate4 ,blc+a-g1 f41 ,blek+54 bliss1 f41 bliss ble4 ble1 bli!1 happy4 bld1 n41 blood4 bc 7 #fh1 7#a71 ,note #a71 f41 book4 bc]e1 m41 scribe bc4 bna 7bana71 m41 murd]] bane4 bt1 f41 boot1 rem$y1 help1 comp5sation4 brd 7 #if1 7#a771 broad4 brdan 7 #abf71 ext5d1 spread brd4 brdra1 see brd4 brgd1 see bregdan4 brac1 see brc4 breahtm1 m41 noise1 revelry2 burgw>a breahtma lase #aeb1 #aj ,w&]] #hf b]eft ( ! revelries ( citiz5s4 bregdan 7 #aaj71 br&i%1 draw braid2 pret4 ind4 #c;d s+41 brgd4 br5t+1 m41 high %ip4 bro/1 n41 brea/ 7! pl4 has ! same mean+ z ! s+474 bro/-c(a1 m41 brea/-*amb]1 he>t1 m9d4 bro/-gehygd1 n41 brea/-?\ght1 ?\ght ( ! he>t1 emotion4 brim1 n41 sea1 ocean4 brimfugol1 m41 sea-f[l4 br+an 7 #abh71 br+4 brhte1 brhton1 see br+an4 bror 7brur7 7 #fh1 7#b771 m41 bro!r4 brc 7 #aji1 ,note #a71 use1 enjoy 7 #fb1 ,note #a2 b ,alfr$ frequ5tly employs ! acc4 ) brc74 brycg1 f41 bridge4 brc1 see brc4 brytta1 m41 di/ributor1 disp5s] brotan break 9 pieces4 ban 7 #abf1 ,note #b71 dwell1 cultivate b[]4 bde1 see ban4 bufan1 prep4 ) dat4 & acc41 above4 bgan 7 #aji1 ,note #a71 b[1 b5d1 turn4 bune1 f41 cup4 burg 7burh7 7 #fh1 7#a71 ,note71 f41 city1 bor\gh2 dat4 s+41 byrig4 ,burg5da1 m4 g54 pl41 ( ! ,burgundians2 ,burg5da l&1 ,bornholm4 burgw>e 7 #dg71 m4 pl41 burgh]s1 citiz5s4 burh1 see burg4 btan 7bton71 prep4 7 #id1 7#a771 )\t1 except1 except =1 b4 btan 7bton71 conj41 except t1 unless4 bt1 bo? 7 bo?--two4 ,! ^w is comp\nd$ ( ! comb9$ neut]s ( bg5 & twg51 b is m4 & f4 z well z n474 bn 7 #abf1 ,note #b71 cultivat$4 byrde1 adj41 ( high rank1 ari/ocratic4 byrig1 see burg4 byrne1 f41 byrnie1 corselet1 coat ( mail4 byrnwiga1 m41 byrnie-w>rior1 mail$ soldi]4 byr1 see b]an4 ,c4 cn1 m41 sacr$ canon1 ,bible ,lat4 canon1 ,gr4 4 ce>u 7ce>o71 f41 c>e4 cea/]-bend1 m41 ca/le-dwell]4 cne1 ke51 bold1 brave4 cosan 7 #aji71 *oose1 accept1 enc\nt]4 cild1 n41 *ild4 cirice1 f41 *ur*2 nom4 pl41 ciricean4 cirr 7ci]r71 m41 turn1 "t1 occasion *>1 *ore1 aj> on *>1 on ! turn4 cirran 7 #abg71 turn4 clne1 clean1 pure4 clne1 adv41 entirely 8clean out ( ! way10 ,%aks44 cldig1 rocky hav+ b\ld]s or masses l cl\ds4 clyppan 7 #abg71 embrace1 accept clip clasp = lett]s1 pap]s1 etc44 cnapa1 m41 boy knave4 cno 7cnow71 n41 knee2 acc4 pl41 cno4 cniht1 m41 knight1 w>rior4 cnyssan 7 #abe71 beat4 coll5f] 7-f]h71 pr\d-m9d$1 fi]ce4 co/nung1 f41 temptation4 ,crcas 7,cracas71 m4 pl41 ,greeks4 cr+an 7 #aaj71 cr+e1 fall4 ,cr/1 m41 ,*ri/4 ,cr/51 ,*ri/ian2 nom4 pl4 m41 ,cr/5e1 ,cr/ne4 cuma1 m41 new-com]1 /rang]4 cuman 7 #aad71 come4 7,see p4 #ach1 ,note on ll4 #b-f47 cunnan 7 #acg71 "k1 c1 und]/&4 cunnian 7 #acj71 make trial (1 exp]i5ce cunnan4 cure1 see cosan4 c1 well-kn[n1 famili> pa/ "p4 ( cunnan3 cf4 unc\?4 ce1 cen1 con1 see cunnan4 cwd51 cwdon1 see cwean4 cwalu1 f41 dea?1 murd] cwelan4 cwealm-cuma1 m41 murd]\s com]4 cwelan 7 #aad71 die to quail4 cwn1 f41 que54 ,cwnas1 m4 pl41 a ,f9ni% tribe4 cwean 7 #aae71 say1 speak quo?1 bequea?4 cwic1 liv+1 alive quicksilv]2 ! quick & ! dead4 cwidegi$d1 n41 ^w1 utt]ance cwean & gi$dian1 bo? mean+ to speak4 cwan 7 #abf71 bewail 7trans474 cwm1 see cuman4 cyle 7ciele71 m41 cold *ill2 cyle gewyrcan #aaj1 #g produce cold1 freeze4 cyme1 m41 com+ cuman4 cyn7n71 n41 k91 race4 cyn7n71 adj4 7us$ only 9 pl471 fitt+ ?+s1 etiquette1 proprieties1 c\rtesies2 cynna gemyndig #acf1 #c ,be[ulf #fad m9dful ( c\rtesies4 cyn]ce1 n41 k+dom4 cyn+1 m41 k+4 cyssan 7 #abe71 kiss4 cy/1 f41 ! *oice1 ! pick1 ! be/ cosan4 can 7 #abf71 make kn[n1 display1 c2 #b;d s+4 imp]ative1 c4 ,d4 dd1 f41 de$4 dg1 m41 day4 dg-hwl1 f41 day-:ile1 day2 h dg-hwla g$rog5 hfde eoran wynne #ade1 #b ,be[ulf #bgbg he _h sp5t 8 days ( e>?'s joy4 dg-rm1 n41 numb] ( days day-rime2 dg]a daeg-rm #adc1 #g ,be[ulf #hbd ! numb] ( 8 days4 dl1 n41 dale4 dl1 m41 "p1 deal1 division4 dad1 dead4 da1 m41 dea?4 dman 7 #abf71 deem1 judge4 ,dname>c1 see ,dneme>c4 ,dne 7 #dg71 m4 pl41 ,danes4 ,dneme>c 7,dneme>ce71 f41 ,d5m>k2 dat4 s+41 ,dneme>ce 7/rong71 ,dneme>can 7weak74 ,dnisc1 ,dani%2 ,dniscan1 ! ,danes4 d(ol1 m41 n41 devil2 g54 s+41 d(les 7 #bg1 7#d774 dope1 deeply1 pr(\ndly dop4 dor1 n41 wild animal de]4 deorc1 d>k1 gloomy4 dgor1 n41 day2 g54 pl41 dgora1 dg]a1 dgra4 dgor-g]m1 n41 numb] ( days1 lifetime4 dm1 m41 doom1 judgm5t1 glory4 dmgeorn1 adj41 eag] = glory doom-ye>n+4 dn 7 #ace71 d1 cause1 place1 promote1 remove4 dor/e1 dor/on1 see durran4 dram1 m41 joy1 mir? dream4 drogan 7 #aji71 endure1 enjoy1 sp5d ,scot* dree4 drorig1 dre>y1 sad4 drorighlor1 adj41 ) sad face hlor *eek1 face1 le]4 drosan 7 #aji71 fall1 p]i% dross4 drfan 7 #ajb71 drive4 driht51 see dryht54 dr9can 7 #aaj71 dr9k4 drohto 7-a71 m41 mode ( liv+1 occupation drogan4 drugon1 see drogan4 dryht5 7driht571 m41 "l1 ,"l2 dat4 s+41 dryhtne4 dryht-sle1 m41 lordly hall4 dugu1 f41 w>rior-b&1 ho/1 reta9]s d\ght9ess4 ,9 dugu & geogo1 ! high] 7old]7 & l[] 7y\ng]7 ranks are repres5t$1 ! di/9ction correspond+ r\ghly to ! m$ival di/9ction betwe5 knights & squires4 durran 7 #acg71 d>e4 duru1 f41 door4 dyde1 see dn4 dynnan 7 #abe71 res\nd d94 dre 7dere1 dore1 dore71 de>1 co/ly4 ,e4 a1 f41 riv]2 g54 s+41 z2 dat4 & acc4 s+41 a4 ac1 also1 likewise a nickname an eek-"n4 ,see #fe1 ,note #b2 ac swilce 7swelce7 #aab1 #c also4 aca1 m41 addition ac2 t acan 9 addition to 7 #id1 7#d774 age1 n41 eye4 eahta1 eight4 al1 oh6 alas6 eala1 see ealu4 eald 7 #if1 7#b771 old4 ealdor 7aldor71 n41 life2 gif t ll5weorc aldre g$ge/ #ach1 #ag ,be[ulf #ffb if ?\ survive/ t feat ) ?y life 7in/r474 ealdor-dg 7aldor-1 eald]-71 m41 day ( life4 ealdor-g$l 7aldor-71 n41 dea? life-deal4 ealdormn1 m41 ald]man1 *ief1 magi/rate4 ealgian1 7 #acj71 protect1 def5d4 eall 7eal71 all2 ealne weg1 all ! way 7 #ih1 7#a772 ealneg 7 ealne weg71 always2 ealles 7 #ih1 7#c771 adv41 altoge!r1 entirely4 ,eall 7eal7 is frequ5tly us$ ) p>titive g54 all (3 #adc1 #ai ,be[ulf #hcf2 #ade1 #c ,be[ulf #bgbh4 ealu 7ealo7 7 #fh71 n41 ale2 g54 s+41 eala4 ealu-sc]w51 f41 mortal panic ale-spill+4 e>d1 m41 c\ntry1 home eore4 e>dge>d1 m4 e>? e>?-y>d4 e>dian 7 #acj71 dwell e>d4 e>d/apa1 m41 w&]] e>?-/epp]4 are1 n41 e>4 e>fo 7e>fe71 n4 h>d%ip1 toil2 g54 pl41 e>fea4 e>folc1 adj41 full ( h>d%ip1 ardu\s4 e>m1 m41 arm4 e>m1 adj41 poor1 wret*$4 e>mce>ig1 wret*$1 mis]able4 e>mlc1 wret*$1 mis]able4 e>nung1 f41 m]it e>n+4 a/1 ea/4 a/an 7 #ic1 7#e771 f ! ea/4 a/-,dne 7 #dg71 ,ea/-,danes4 a/ewe>d1 ea/w>d4 a/rihte 7a/ryhte7 7 #ic1 7#f771 ea/w>d4 a/ron1 pl41 ,ea/]4 ae1 easily4 amdlce1 humbly4 eaxl1 f41 %\ld] axle4 ,ebrisc1 adj41 ,hebrew4 ce1 et]nal1 ev]la/+4 cg1 f41 sword edge4 edor1 m41 enclosure1 dwell+2 nom4 pl41 ed]as4 drum1 see dre4 efne1 adv41 j1 only ev5ly4 eft1 adv41 aga91 aft]w>ds aft4 gesa1 m41 fe>1 t]ror awe4 ll51 n41 /r5g?1 c\rage2 mid lne boldly2 on lne #adg1 #ag ,be[ulf #bhag mightily1 sudd5ly1 or 9 _! 7e>ls'7 /r5g? 7prime74 ll5-mru1 f4 fame = /r5g?1 feat ( /r5g?4 ll5-weorc1 n41 feat ( /r5g?4 ll5wdnis1 f41 zeal1 f]vor4 llor-g/1 m41 inhuman mon/] ali5 gho/4 ln1 f41 ell el-b[4 lne1 see ll54 lra1 adj4 comp>ative1 ano!r 99le cognate ) ,lat4 alius2 on lran mn #aci1 #ad ,be[ulf #gec 9 ano!r man4 emnlong 7-lang71 equally long2 on emnlange along 7 #id1 7#d774 nde1 m41 end4 ndebyrdnes1 f41 ord]4 nde-dg1 m41 end-day1 day ( dea?4 nde-lf1 f41 la/ remnant end-leav+4 ngel1 m41 angel ,lat4 angelus4 nglafeld 7 #ea71 m41 ,englefield 79 ,b]k%ire74 ngle 7 #dg71 m4 pl41 ,angles4 nglisc1 adj41 ,engli%2 on nglisc #aag1 #ah & #ai 9 ,engli%1 into ,engli%4 ngliscg]eord1 n41 ,engli% language4 nt1 m41 giant4 ode1 see gn4 eodorcan 7 #acj71 rum9ate4 eorl1 m41 e>l1 w>rior1 *iefta94 eorlc1 e>l-l1 noble4 eor-draca1 m41 dragon e>?-drake4 eore1 f41 e>?4 eor-rc$1 n41 e>?-hall4 eorscrf1 n41 e>?-cave1 grave4 eot51 m41 giant1 mon/]4 ow1 see 4 owl&1 n41 l& 7an isl& 9 ! ,baltic ,sea74 rian 7 #abe71 pl[ to e>4 ,e/l&1 n41 l& ( ! ,e/as 7on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,baltic ,sea74 ,e/mre1 m41 ,fris*e ,haff4 ,e/um1 dat4 pl41 ! ,e/as4 etan 7 #aae71 eat ort4 ttan 7 #abg71 graze etan4 el1 m41 t]ritory1 native l& allodial4 el-we>d1 m41 gu>dian ( 8 c\ntry4 ,f4 fc1 n41 int]val1 space4 fd] 7 #fh1 7#b771 m41 fa!r4 fg51 fa91 glad1 exultant4 fg] 7fg]71 fair1 beautiful4 flsian 7 #acj71 cleanse4 frlce1 sudd5ly fr fe>4 f/1 fa/1 held fa/4 f/e1 adv41 fa/1 firmly4 f/nung1 f41 security1 safety4 ft1 n41 vessel w9e-fat1 vat4 ftels1 m41 vessel2 acc4 pl41 ftels4 fm1 m41 embrace1 bosom fa?om ! space embrac$ by ! ext5d$ arms4 fg 7fh71 ho/ile2 h ws fg wi ,god #adb1 #ah ,be[ulf #hab he 0 ho/ile to ,god4 fh 7fg71 v>iegat$1 ornam5t$4 ,fal/]1 ,fal/] 7isl& 9 ! ,baltic ,sea74 f&ian 7 #acj71 try1 inve/igate f9dan4 f>an 7 #aaf71 g f>e4 feallan 7 #aag71 fall1 fl[4 fealu1 fall[1 pale1 d>k2 nom4 pl4 m41 fealwe4 fawe 7fa1 fawa71 pl41 few4 fela 7indecl9able71 mu*1 _m 7) g5474 feld 7 #ea71 m41 field4 fell 7fel71 n41 fell1 sk91 hide4 fng1 see fn4 fn-hli1 n41 f5-slope4 fn-hop1 n41 f5-retreat4 feoh1 n41 cattle1 prop]ty fee2 g54 & dat4 s+41 fos1 fo4 feohgfre1 gre$y ( prop]ty1 av>ici\s4 feohtan 7 #aaj71 fight4 fol1 see feallan4 fond 7 #fh1 7#c771 m41 enemy1 fi5d4 fond-grp1 f41 fi5d-grip4 feor 7 #if1 7#d771 adj41 f>1 f> f 7) dat474 feor1 adv41 f>1 f> back 7"t74 feorh1 m41 n41 life4 feorh-bnn1 f41 life-w\nd1 mortal w\nd4 feorh-lgu1 f41 lay+ d[n ( life4 7,see p4 #adf1 ,note on l4 #ac4 ,be[ulf #bhjj7 feorh-soc1 life-sick1 mortally w\nd$4 feorm 7fiorm71 f41 use1 b5efit 7food1 provisions7 f>m4 feormian 7 #acj71 eat1 dev\r4 feorran1 f af>4 fow]tig1 =ty2 g541 fow]tiges 7 #ia1 ,note #a74 f]h 7f]71 m41 he>t1 m9d1 _s4 frian 7 #abe71 c>ry1 transport to f]ry2 fr$e 9 =wege #aeb1 #e ,w&]] #ha c>ri$ away4 f]s1 n41 v]se ,lat4 v]sus4 f]sc1 fre%4 f]loca 7f]h-71 m41 he>t1 m9d1 _s he>t-lock]4 ft1 see ft4 fetor1 f41 fett] ft2 in/r4 pl41 fet]um4 feer1 f41 fea!r2 acc4 pl41 fera4 fi]d1 f41 ,engli% army f>an4 ff1 five4 fftene1 fifte54 fftig1 fifty2 g54 s+41 fftiges 7 #ia1 ,note #a72 dat4 pl41 fftegum 7 #ia1 ,note #c74 f9dan 7 #aaj71 f9d4 f+]1 m41 f+]4 ,f9nas1 m4 pl41 ,f9s4 fiorm1 see feorm4 fras1 m4 pl41 m5 feorh2 g54 pl41 fra2 dat4 pl41 frum4 firre/ 7fi]re/71 see feor 7 #if1 7#d774 fir/1 m41 "t1 p]iod4 fisca 7fiscna71 m41 fi%+4 fisc]e1 m41 fi%]man4 fiscna1 see fisca4 flon 7 #aah1 ,,ii471 flee4 flotan 7 #aji71 float4 flt1 n41 floor ( ! hall4 fld1 m41 flood1 wave4 folc1 n41 folk1 p4 folc-cwn1 f41 folk-que54 folc-cyn+1 m41 folk-k+4 folcgefeoht1 n41 folk-fight1 battle1 g5]al engagem5t4 fold-bold1 n41 e>?-build+1 hall4 folde1 f41 e>?1 l&1 c\ntry feld4 folm1 f41 h& flan feel4 fn 7 #aah71 seize1 capture1 take fang2 t rce fn come to 7asc5d7 ! ?rone4 = 7 #id1 7#a771 =1 on acc\nt (2 = m 7e71 = on 7e71 because2 = on1 = 1 = m 7=-m71 !re=e4 fr1 see f>an4 =brnan 7 #abg71 burn ?or\ghly = is int5sive1 l ,lat4 p]4 =giefan 7-gifan7 7 #aae71 give1 grant4 =hrgian 7 #acj71 h>ry1 lay wa/e4 =hogdnis1 f41 contempt4 =ht1 fe>ful1 afraid4 =hwga1 ab\t1 at lea/4 =ltan 7 #aag71 ab&on1 leave4 =lt1 =lton1 see =ltan4 =ma1 fir/2 =man se1 ! fir/ "t 7in/r474 =niman 7 #aad71 take (f1 de/roy4 =spndan 7 #abg71 sp5d1 squ&]4 =/ndan 7-/&an7 7 #aaf71 und]/&4 =swpan 7 #aag71 sweep away2 pret4 #c;d s+4 indic41 =swop4 =swrian 7 #aaf71 =swe> 7) dat472 pa/ "p41 =swor54 =1 =?1 =w>d4 =olian 7 #acj71 miss1 g )\t 7) dat47 n to ?ole or exp]i5ce4 =weg1 m41 way =?2 9 =wege1 away4 ft 7 #fh1 7#a771 m4 foot4 ,frna1 m41 ,fr5e4 frtwe1 f4 pl41 frett$ armor1 jewels fret4 fram1 see frm4 fra1 m41 "l1 ,"l4 fra-driht51 m41 "l1 ma/]4 frfran 7 #acj71 console1 *e] fr=4 frmde1 /range1 =eign2 frmdan1 ! /rang]s4 frmman 7 #abe71 accompli%1 p]=m1 support to frame4 frmsumnes 7-nis71 f41 k9dness1 b5efit4 fro 7fro71 free2 g54 pl41 frora 7frora74 frodm1 m41 fre$om4 frolc1 noble free-l4 fromg1 m41 free k9sman4 frond 7 #fh1 7#c771 m41 fri5d4 frondlz1 fri5dless4 frondlce1 9 a fri5dly mann]4 frorig1 cold1 *ill froran4 frora1 see fro4 fri1 m41 n41 peace1 security bel-fry4 frd1 old1 sage1 prud5t4 fr=1 f41 com=t1 consolation1 alleviation2 fyr5a frfre #acg1 #g ,be[ulf #fbi z an alleviation ( outrages 7dat474 frm 7fram7 7 #id1 7#a771 f1 by4 frm1 adv41 away1 =?4 fruma1 m41 orig91 beg9n+ frm4 frumsceaft1 f41 creation4 fugela1 see fugol4 fugel]e1 m41 f[l]4 fugol 7fugel71 m41 f[l1 bird2 g54 pl41 fugela4 ful1 n41 cup1 beak]4 fl1 f\l4 flian 7 #acj71 gr[ f\l1 decompose4 full 7ful71 adj41 full 7) g5472 be fullan1 fully1 p]fectly4 full 7ful7 adv41 fully1 v4 fultum1 m41 help4 furor 7furur71 adv41 fur!r4 furum1 adv41 ev54 fyl1 see feallan4 fyr5 7fir571 f41 crime1 viol5ce1 outrage4 fyrhtu1 f41 fright1 t]ror2 dat4 s+41 fyrhtu4 fyr/1 adj41 sup]lative1 fir/1 *ief4 fsan 7 #abf71 make ready1 prep>e fs ready2 ge gefs$ #acg1 #i ,be[ulf #fca ready = battle4 ,g4 gd1 n41 lack4 g/1 see g/4 gafol1 n41 tax1 tribute4 galan 7 #aaf71 s+ night+ale4 glnes1 f41 lu/1 impurity4 gn 7 #acd71 g4 gr1 m41 spe> gore1 g>-fi%4 gr-wiga1 m41 spe>-w>rior4 g/ 7g/71 m41 _s1 gho/4 g/lc 7g/lc71 gha/ly1 t]rible4 ge1 &2 see ger4 g1 ye2 see 4 geador1 toge!r4 gemetigian 7 #acj71 dis5gage f 7) acc4 ( p]son & g54 ( ?+7 empty4 gernan 7 #abg71 ga9 by runn+ i]nan4 gap1 spaci\s4 gar1 n41 ye>2 g54 pl41 gara1 is us$ adv]bially ( yore1 =m]ly4 gardg1 m41 day ( yore4 ge>e 7ge>o1 ge>we71 readily1 well1 cle>ly y>ely4 ,gat1 m41 a ,geat1 ! ,geat 7i4e4 ,be[ulf74 ,gatas1 m4 pl41 ! ,geats 7a p ( ,s\? ,sw$574 ,gat-mecgas1 m4 pl41 ,geat m5 7 ! f\rte5 :o accompani$ ,be[ulf to ,heorot74 geborscipe1 m41 banquet1 ent]ta9m5t4 gebtan 7 #abf71 make am5ds = bt4 gebdan 7 #ajb71 wait1 bide "o's "t 7intrans472 endure1 exp]i5ce 7trans41 ) acc474 geb9d1 n41 comm+l+4 geb9dan 7 #aaj71 b9d4 gebrowan 7 #aji71 brew4 gebr[51 see gebrowan4 gebd1 gebn1 see ban 7 #abf1 ,note #b74 gebyrd1 n41 rank1 social di/9ction4 gecosan 7 #aji71 *oose1 decide4 gecnwan 7 #aag71 "k1 und]/&4 gecor51 see gecosan4 gecr+an 7 #aaj71 fall1 die cr+e4 g$lan 7 #abf71 deal out1 give2 dae g$lde #aeb1 #g ,w&]] #hc apportion$ to dea? 7dat471 or1 tore 787 9 dea? 7in/r474 g$af5ian 7 #acj71 become1 befit1 suit 7imp]sonal1 usually ) dat41 b ) acc4 #aab1 #aj74 g$gan 7 #abf71 endure1 survive4 g$n 7 #ace71 d1 cause1 effect4 g$rg1 n41 company4 g$rosan 7 #aji71 fall1 fail4 g$riht 7g$ryht71 n41 b&1 troop4 g$rog51 see drogan4 g$rync1 n41 dr9k+4 gendian 7 #acj71 end1 f9i%4 gef>an 7 #aaf71 g1 die4 gefa1 m41 joy4 gefeaht1 see gefeohtan4 gefeh1 see gefon4 gefng1 see gefn4 gefeoht1 n41 fight1 battle4 gefeohtan 7 #aaj71 fight4 gefon 7 #aah1 v471 rejoice at 7) dat472 pret4 #c;d s+41 gefeah1 gefeh4 gefra1 m41 companion1 comrade co-f>]4 gefleman 7 #abf71 put to flight flon4 gefoht51 see gefeohtan4 gefn 7 #aah1 vii471 seize4 gefr1 see gef>an4 gefrge1 n41 he>say1 report2 mne gefrge 7in/r47 #ada1 #g ,be[ulf #ggg z ,i h he>d say1 accord+ to my in=mation4 gefrmman 7 #abe71 p]=m1 accompli%1 effect4 gefultumian 7 #acj71 help fultum4 gefylce1 n41 troop1 division folc2 dat4 pl41 gefylcum1 gefylcium4 gefyllan 7 #abg71 fill 7) g5472 pa/ "p4 pl41 f41 gefylda4 geglngan 7 #abg71 adorn4 gehtl&1 n41 promis$ l& gehtan to promise4 gehealdan 7 #aag71 hold1 ma9ta94 geheran 7gehran7 7 #abf71 he>4 gehersumnes1 f41 ob$i5ce4 gehola1 m41 protector helan4 gehw 7 #gg1 ,note71 ea*2 on healfa gehwone #adb1 #g ,be[ulf #hja 7see ,note #adj1 #ae ,be[ulf #gfi4 ,obs]ve t ! pron4 may1 z "h1 be masc4 & ! g54 fem474 gehwer 7 #gg1 ,note71 ea*1 ei!r1 bo?4 gehwylc 7gehwilc7 7 #gg1 ,note71 ea* 7) g54 pl4 ,see ,note #adj1 #ae ,be[ulf #gfi74 gehwyrfan 7 #abg71 conv]t1 *ange4 gehdan 7 #abf71 hide1 conceal1 consign4 gehygd1 f41 n41 ?\ght1 purpose4 gehran1 see geheran4 gehrnes1 f41 he>+2 eal h 9 gehrnesse geleornian meahte #aae1 #ad all ?+s t he c\ld le>n by he>+4 geldan 7 #abf71 lead4 gelr$1 "p4-adj41 le>n$2 sup]lative1 gelr$e/4 gelafian 7 #acj71 lave4 gelnge1 along (1 belong+ to 7) dat474 geleornian 7-liornian7 7 #acj71 le>n4 gelce1 likewise2 9 l mann] to 7) dat474 gelefan 7gelfan7 7 #abf71 believe2 t ho on nigne eorl gelfde #acg1 #f ,be[ulf #fbh t %e believ$ 9 any e>l4 gelimpan 7 #aaj71 happ51 be fulfill$4 gelimplc1 prop]1 fitt+4 gelfan1 see gelefan4 gelf$1 weak1 infirm left 7h&74 gmde1 see geman4 gemet1 n41 met]1 measure1 ability4 gemtan 7 #abf71 meet4 gemn1 see gemunan4 gemunan 7 #acf71 rememb]2 indic4 pres4 #a/ & #c;d s+41 gemn2 pret4 s+41 gemunde4 gemynd1 n41 memory1 memorial2 t gemyndum #adg1 #e ,be[ulf #bhje z a memorial4 gemyndgian 7-mynian7 7 #acj71 rememb]2 mid h9e gemyndgade #aae1 #ae he treasur$ 9 8 memory2 gemyne mro #ach1 #ae ,be[ulf #ffj be m9dful ( glory 7imp]ative #b;d s+474 gemyndig1 m9dful ( 7) g5474 g5p1 see g5pan4 g5eahhe1 en\gh1 (t52 g5eho/1 sup]lative1 v (t54 g5ip1 n41 mi/1 d>kness4 g5pan 7 #ajb71 gr[ d>k4 g5wian 7 #acj71 r5ew4 g5h1 en\gh4 g5um51 see niman4 geoc1 n41 yoke4 gocor1 dire1 sad4 geogo1 f41 y\?1 "y p1 "y w>riors4 7,see dugu47 geond 7giond7 7 #id1 7#b771 ?r\gh\t yond4 geondhweorfan 7 #aaj71 pass ov]1 trav]se1 recall2 onne mga gemynd md geondhweorfe #aej1 #ae ,w&]] #ea !n 8 m9d recalls ! memory ( k9sm54 geondscawian 7 #acj71 survey1 review2 georne geondscawa #aej1 #af ,w&]] #eb eag]ly surveys !m4 geondnc7e7an 7 #abh71 ?9k ov]1 consid]4 geong 7 #if1 7#b771 "y2 gi5ge/1 7g+e/71 sup]lative1 y\nge/1 late/1 la/4 geong gng1 see gngan 7imp]ative #b;d s+474 gong 7gong71 see gngan 7pret4 #c;d s+474 georn 7giorn71 eag]1 desir\s1 zeal\s1 sure ye>n4 georne1 eag]ly1 c]ta9ly2 wi/e geornor #adc1 #e ,be[ulf #hbb knew ! m c]ta9ly4 geornfulnes1 f41 eag]ness1 zeal4 geornlce1 eag]ly1 att5tively4 geornor1 see georne4 g]c$nes1 f41 n>ration rccan4 g]is5lc1 suitable1 becom+4 g]man 7 #abf71 ext5d1 7trans47 rm4 gesliglc1 happy1 bless$ silly4 gesamnode1 see gesmnian4 gesceaft1 f41 creature1 creation1 de/9y scieppan4 gesceap1 n41 %ape1 creation1 de/9y scieppan4 gescieldan 7 #abg71 %ield1 def5d4 gesealde1 see gesllan4 geseglian 7 #acj71 sail4 geselda1 m41 comrade4 gesllan 7 #abh71 give4 geson 7geson7 7 #aah71 see1 obs]ve2 pres4 indic4 #c;d s+41 gesih4 geset1 n41 habitation1 seat4 gesttan 7 #abg71 set1 place1 e/abli%4 gesew51 see son1 geson 7pa/ "p474 gesew5lc1 se51 visible se5-l4 gesiglan 7 #abg71 sail4 gesih1 see geson4 gesittan 7 #aae1 ,note #b71 sit 7trans41 z to sit a horse1 to sit a boat1 etc472 sit1 sit d[n 7intrans474 geslg51 see slan 7 #aah74 gesmnian 7 #acj71 assemble1 collect4 gesmnung1 f41 collection1 assembly4 ge/h1 see ge/gan4 ge/aelian 7 #acj71 e/abli%1 re/ore /&an4 ge/eal1 n41 e/abli%m5t1 f\ndation /all4 ge/gan 7 #ajb71 asc5d1 g /ile1 /irrup1 /y 7 a ris+ on ! eye74 ge/rangian 7 #acj71 /r5g!n4 ge/ron1 n41 prop]ty4 ge/rnan 7 #abf71 obta91 acquire ge/ron4 gesweorcan 7 #aaj71 gr[ d>k1 become sad2 ,= on ic gencan ne mg geond s woruld = hwan mdsefa mn ne gesweorce #aea1 #c-d l9es #eh-ei ,!re=e 9 ?is _w ,i may n und]/& :]e=e my m9d does n gr[ 8black z night40 7,brooke47 geswc 7 #ajb71 cease1 cease f 7) g5474 getl1 n41 some?+ told1 n>rative4 getruma1 m41 troop1 division4 geanc1 m41 n41 ?\ght4 geeah1 see geicgan4 genc7e7an 7 #abh71 ?9k1 rememb]1 und]/&1 consid]4 geodan 7 #abf71 jo94 geode 7-ode71 n41 language1 tribe4 geodnis1 f41 association2 b 9 #aab1 #b ?is ^w is us$ to r5d] ! ,lat4 appetitus desire4 geicg7e7an 7 #aae1 ,note #b71 take1 receive2 pret4 indic4 #c;d s+41 geeah4 geung51 "p4-adj41 di/+ui%$1 excell5t on1 to ?rive4 geyldig1 pati5t olian4 geweald 7gewald71 n41 control1 possession1 p[] wield4 geweorc1 n41 "w1 labor4 geweorian 7 #acj71 honor to attribute wor? to4 gewcian 7 #acj71 dwell4 gew97n71 n41 /rife1 /ruggle4 gew9dan 7 #aaj71 flee w5d4 gewissian 7 #acj71 guide1 direct4 gewtan 7 #ajb71 g1 dep>t4 geworht1 see gewyrcan4 gewrit1 n41 writ+1 ,scripture4 gewunian 7 #acj71 be accu/om$1 be wont4 gewyrc7e7an 7 #abh71 "w1 create1 make1 produce4 gid7d71 n41 ^w1 spee*4 giefan 7 #aae71 give4 gief/l1 m41 gift-/ool1 ?rone4 giefu 7gifu71 f41 gift4 gielp 7gilp71 m41 n41 boa/ yelp4 geman 7gman7 7 #abf71 endeavor1 /rive4 get 7gt1 gt71 yet1 /ill4 gif 7gyf71 if n relat$ to give4 gifee 7gyfee71 giv51 grant$4 gilp1 see gielp4 gilp-cwide1 m41 boa/+ spee* yelp-spee*4 g+e/1 see geong 7adj474 gioho 7gehu71 f41 c>e1 sorr[1 grief4 gi 7i71 =m]ly1 ( old4 gld 7gld71 glad4 glaw1 wise1 prud5t4 glw/f1 m41 glee1 joy2 in/r4 pl4 7us$ adv]bially71 glw/afum #aej1 #af ,w&]] #eb joyfully4 ,god1 m41 ,god4 gd 7 #if1 7#c771 good2 mid 8 gdum #aae1 #ab ) 8 possessions 7goods74 godcund1 div9e ,god4 godcundlce1 div9ely4 gold1 n41 gold4 gold-ht1 f41 gold treasure4 gold-fh1 gold-adorn$4 gold-hrod51 "p4-adj41 gold-adorn$4 goldw9e1 m41 pr9ce1 giv] ( gold1 "l gold-fri5d4 gomel 7gomol71 old1 old man4 gngan 7gangan7 7 #aag71 g gang2 imp]ative #b;d s+41 geong2 pret4 s+41 gong1 gong1 gng2 pa/ "p41 gegng51 gegang54 ,! mo/ commonly us$ pret4 is ode1 :i* belongs to gn 7 #acd74 ,gotl&1 n41 ,jutl& 79 ,oh!re's ,second ,voyage71 ,go?l& 79 ,wulf/an's ,voyage74 gram1 grim1 angry1 fi]ce1 ! angry "o4 grp1 f41 grasp1 clut*1 claw4 grtan 7 #abf71 greet1 attack1 t\*4 grwan 7 #aag1 7#b771 gr[4 gryre-lo1 n41 t]rible song grisly lay4 guma1 m41 man1 h]o groom2 see #fe1 ,note #a4 g1 f41 w>1 battle4 g-bill1 n41 sword w>-bill4 g-gewde1 n41 armor w>-we$s4 g-hr1 f41 w>-fame4 g-w9e1 m41 sword w>-fri5d4 gyddian 7 #acj71 speak =mally1 *ant giddy2 ! orig9al mean+ ( giddy 0 mir?ful1 z :5 "o s+s4 gyf1 see gif4 gyfee1 see gifee4 gyldan 7gieldan7 7 #aaj71 pay2 indic4 #c;d s+41 gylt4 gyld51 gold5 gold4 ,h4 habban 7 #acc71 h4 hd1 m41 ord]1 rank1 (fice1 degree -hood1 -head4 hfta1 m41 captive4 hgel 7hagol71 m41 hail2 in/r4 s+41 hagle4 hglf>u1 f41 hail-/orm hail-f>+4 hle1 see hle4 hl1 f41 hail1 heal?1 good luck4 hle 7hle71 m41 h]o1 w>rior4 ht1 see htan4 hen1 hea!n4 ,hum 7t ,hum71 ,haddeby 7 ,s*leswig74 hl1 hale1 :ole4 hlettan 7 #abg71 greet1 salute to hail4 ,halfdne1 ,halfdane 7prop] "n74 hlga1 m41 sa9t4 ,hlgol&1 ,halgol& 79 anci5t ,norway74 hlig1 holy4 hlignes1 f41 hol9ess4 hm1 m41 home2 dat4 s+41 hme1 hm 7p4 #ajd1 ,note72 us$ adv]bially 9 hm ode #aab1 #ah w5t home4 h&1 see hnd4 hr1 ho>y1 gray4 ht1 hot4 htan 7 #aag1 ,note #b71 call1 "n1 comm&2 pret4 s+41 heht1 ht4 h!ort1 hot-he>t$4 htte1 see htan4 h1 ho1 hit 7 #ec71 he1 %e1 x4 hafod1 n41 head4 hah 7 #if1 7#b771 high2 acc4 s+1 m41 hanne4 hah-sle1 m41 high hall4 hahung51 highly prosp]\s1 ari/ocratic hah pa/ "p4 ( on 7 #aah74 healdan 7 #aag71 hold1 gov]n1 possess2 #add1 #i ,be[ulf #bgbj hold up1 su/a94 healf1 adj41 half4 healf1 f41 half1 side1 %ore4 heall1 f41 hall4 heals1 m41 neck4 han1 abject1 mis]able4 hanne1 see hah4 he>d1 h>d4 he>d-hicg5de1 brave-m9d$ h>d-?9k+4 he>m-scaa1 m41 h>mful foe h>m-sca!r4 he>pe1 f41 h>p4 heao-dor1 battle-brave4 heao-mre1 fam\s 9 battle4 heao-wylm1 m41 flame-surge1 surg+ ( fire battle-well+4 hawan 7 #aag71 hew1 cut4 hbban1 hf1 hfon1 gehaf5 7 #aag71 heave1 lift1 raise4 hfig1 heavy1 oppressive4 heht1 see htan4 helan 7 #aad71 conceal4 hll1 f41 hell4 helm1 m41 helmet4 ,helm+as1 m4 pl41 ,helm+s 7,weal![1 ,hro?g>'s que51 is a ,helm+74 help1 f41 help4 helpan 7 #aaj71 help 7) dat474 he(on1 m41 heav54 he(onlc1 heav5ly4 he(onrce1 n41 k+dom ( heav54 hold1 see healdan4 heol/or 7-/]71 n41 d>kness1 concealm5t1 cov] hol/]4 heora 7hi]a71 see h4 heord1 f41 c>e1 gu>dian%ip ho>d4 heoro-drorig1 bloody sword-dre>y4 ,heorot1 ,heorot1 ,h>t 7! fam\s hall :i* ,hro?g> built74 heorte1 f41 he>t4 hr1 "h1 hi!r2 9 ! ,*ronicle ! mean+ frequ5tly is at ?is date1 9 ?is ye>3 #ii1 #a4 hre1 m41 ,dani% army4 hr5is1 f41 praise4 hrgian 7 #acj71 raid1 h>ry1 ravage hre4 hrgung1 f41 h>ry+1 plund]+4 hrian 7hrigean7 7 #abe71 praise4 hrsum$on1 see hersumian4 ht1 see htan4 hid] 7hi$]71 hi!r4 hi]a1 see h4 heran 7hran7 7 #abf71 he>1 belong4 hi]de1 m41 %eph]d1 in/igator keep] ( a h]d4 hi]debc1 f41 pa/oral treatise %eph]d-book1 a translation ( ,lat4 ,cura ,pa/oralis4 herra1 see hah4 hersumian 7hr-1 hr-7 7 #acj71 obey 7) dat474 hige 7hyge71 m41 m9d1 he>t4 hige-ihtig1 bold-he>t$4 hild1 f41 battle4 hilde-dor1 battle-brave4 hilde-mecg1 m41 w>rior4 hilde-sd1 battle-sat$4 h9-fs1 eag] to be gone h5ce-ready4 hira1 see h4 hlw 7hlw71 m41 m\nd1 burial m\nd ,ludl[ & o!r place-names1 l[ mean+ hill4 hl=d1 m41 "l1 ma/] loaf-w>d84 hleahtor1 m41 laught]4 hlo1 m41 refuge1 protector lee4 hlfian 7 #acj71 rise1 t[]4 hlyn1 m41 d91 noise4 hlynsian 7 #acj71 res\nd4 h(1 n41 c\rt1 abode4 hogode1 see hycgan4 holm1 m41 sea1 ocean4 hnd 7h&71 f41 h&2 on gehwre hnd1 on bo? sides4 hord1 m41 n41 ho>d1 treasure4 hordc(a1 m41 brea/1 he>t ho>d-*amb] hors1 n41 horse4 hor%wl1 m41 walrus4 hrdwyrde1 ha/y ( spee* hrd quick4 hrgel1 n41 g>m5t2 dat4 s+41 hrgle4 hrn1 m41 re9de]4 hrae1 quickly1 soon ra?-er4 hro 7hroh71 r\gh1 cruel1 sad4 hrosan 7 #aji71 fall4 hrran 7 #abf71 /ir4 hreer1 m41 n41 brea/1 purpose2 dat4 s+41 hrere4 hrm1 m41 rime1 ho>fro/4 hrmceald1 rime-cold4 hr+1 m41 r+1 r+-mail4 hr1 f4 7871 sn[-/orm4 hrf1 m41 ro(4 ,hrones nss1 lit]ally ,:ale's ,ness1 :ale's promontory2 see nss4 hrse1 f41 e>? hrosan3 deposit4 hryre1 m41 fall1 dea? hrosan4 hrer1 n41 cattle r9d]-pe/4 hryig1 ru9$ 7871 /orm-beat52 nom4 pl4 m41 hryge4 h1 h[4 ,humbre1 f41 riv] ,humb]4 hund1 hundr$4 hunig1 n41 honey4 hunta1 m41 hunt]4 hunto 7-ta71 m41 hunt+4 hru1 adv41 ab\t4 hs1 n41 h\se4 hw1 hwt 7 #gd71 :o8 :at8 sw hwt sw 7 #gg1 ,note71 :atsoev]2 indef9ite1 any "o1 any?+2 = hwan 7in/r471 :]e=e4 hwl1 m41 :ale4 hwlhunta1 m41 :ale-hunt]4 hwlhunta1 m41 :ale-fi%+4 hwr1 :]e8 hwr 444 sw1 :]esoev]2 wel hwr1 ne>ly ev]y:]e4 hw?wugu1 some?+4 hwer1 :e!r1 :i* ( two8 hwre1 h[ev]1 nev]!less4 hwne1 see hwn4 hweorfan 7 #aaj71 turn1 g4 hwid]1 :i!r4 hwl1 f41 :ile1 "t2 ealle hwle e1 all ! :ile t2 hwlum 7in/r4 pl471 sometimes4 hwilc 7hwylc1 hwelc7 7 #gd1 ,note #a71 :i*8 :at8 hwn1 n41 a trifle2 hwne 7in/r4 s+471 some:at1 a little4 hwnan1 :54 h1 see he4 hycgan 7 #acb71 ?9k1 resolve2 pret4 #c;d s+41 hogode4 hd1 f41 hide1 sk94 hyge1 see hige4 hyra 7hi]a71 see h4 hran1 see heran4 hyrde1 see hi]de4 hys 7871 see h4 hyt 7hit71 see h4 ,i4 ic 7 #gb71 ,i4 del1 idle1 useless1 desolate4 ides1 f41 woman1 lady4 ieldra1 adj41 see eald4 ieldra1 m41 an eld]1 p>5t1 ance/or4 i]nan 7yrnan7 7 #aab71 run4 glnd 7gl&71 n41 isl&4 ilca 7ylca71 ! same ( t ilk4 ,ilf+1 ! ,elb+4 91 91 into 7) dat4 & acc472 9 on1 9 on1 to1 t[>d4 inbryrdnis 7-nes71 f41 inspiration1 ardor4 indryht51 v noble4 +ng1 m41 entrance4 innan1 adv41 )91 inside2 on innan1 )94 innanbordes1 adv4-g541 )9 bord]s1 at home4 inne1 adv41 )91 inside4 int+a1 m41 cause1 sake4 inwe>dlce1 inw>dly1 f]v5tly4 inwid-sorg 7inwit-sorh71 f41 sorr[ caus$ by an enemy4 inwit-anc1 m41 ho/ile int5t4 ral&1 n41 ,irel& 7b 9 ,oh!re's ,second ,voyage1 ,icel& is probably meant74 r51 n41 iron1 sword2 g54 pl41 r5na1 r5a4 r5-bnd1 m41 f41 iron-b&4 u1 see gu4 ,k4 kyn]ce1 see cyn]ce4 kyn+1 see cyn+4 kyrtel1 m41 kirtle1 coat4 ,l4 ,ld51 ,lat94 ,ld5geode 7-ode71 n41 ,lat9 language4 ,ld5w>e 7 #dg71 m4 pl41 ,lat9 p1 ,romans4 lfan 7 #abf71 leave4 lge1 see licgan4 ,ll&1 n41 ,laal& 79 ,d5m>k74 ln1 n41 loan2 t lne #aba1 #b z a loan4 lne1 adj41 z a loan1 transitory1 p]i%able4 lran 7 #abf71 tea*1 advise1 exhort lr4 lssa1 l/a1 see ltel4 l/an 7 #abg71 la/1 hold out 7intrans472 p]=m1 a*ieve 7trans474 ltan 7 #aag71 let1 leave4 lf1 f41 some?+ left1 remnant1 heirloom 7(t5 a sword72 t lfe1 z a remnant1 rema9+4 laguld1 f41 sea lake-way1 ld lead+1 direction1 way4 l&1 see lnd4 lang1 see lng4 ,langal&1 n41 ,langel& 79 ,d5m>k74 lr1 f41 lore1 tea*+4 lrcwide1 m41 precept1 in/ruction1 cwide cwean4 lrow1 m41 tea*] lr ow4 l/1 m41 track1 footpr9t %oemak]'s la/2 on l/7e71 9 ! track (1 beh9d 7) dat474 l1 loa?some1 hateful4 lz1 loose1 free f1 b]eft ( 7) g5474 lasung1 f41 leas+1 deception1 falsehood4 lcgan 7 #abe1 ,note71 lay4 lfdon1 see lefan4 leg]1 n41 ly+ 91 illness licgan4 lng1 see lnge4 lngra1 see lng4 lod1 m41 pr9ce1 *ief4 lod1 f41 p1 nation 7! plural has ! same mean+74 lod-scipe1 m41 nation p-%ip4 l(1 de> lief4 leoht1 adj41 light4 loht1 n41 light1 brightness4 leorn]e1 m41 le>n]1 disciple4 leornian 7 #acj71 le>n4 leornung 7liornung71 f41 le>n+4 lo1 n41 song lay84 locrft1 m41 poetic skill lay-craft4 losng1 n41 song1 poem4 lt1 see ltan4 libban 7 #acc71 live2 pres4 "p41 lifig5de1 liv+1 alive4 lc1 n41 body1 corpse li*-gate1 ,li*field4 licgan 7 #aae1 ,note #b71 lie1 ext5d1 fl[1 lie dead2 #c;d s+4 indic4 pres41 lige1 l4 l*ama 7-hma71 m41 body body-cov]+4 lcian 7 #acj71 please 7) dat47 l4 lc-sr1 n41 body-sore1 w\nd 9 ! body4 lefan 7lfan7 7 #abf71 p]mit1 all[ 7) dat47 grant leave to4 lf1 n41 life4 lf-dagas1 m4 pl41 life-days4 lifig5de1 see libban4 lg1 m41 flame1 fire4 lige1 see licgan4 lim1 n41 limb4 li/1 f41 cunn+2 dat4 pl41 li/um1 is us$ adv]bially cunn+ly4 l1 see licgan4 l(1 m41 praise1 glory4 lnd 7l&71 n41 l&1 c\ntry4 lng 7lang7 7 #if1 7#b771 long4 lnge 7lange7 7 #ig1 7#b771 long2 lnge on dg1 late 9 ! day4 lufan1 see lufu4 lufian 7lufigean7 7 #aca71 love4 luflce1 lov+ly4 lufu1 f41 love2 dat4 s+4 7weak71 lufan4 lungre1 quickly4 lu/1 m41 joy lu/2 on lu/1 joyfully4 lt1 indecl9able1 little1 few 7) p>titive g5474 ltel 7ltel7 7 #if1 7#b771 little1 small4 ,m4 m1 see micle 7 #ig1 7#b774 mg1 see magan4 mg1 m41 k9sman2 nom4 pl41 mgas 7 #bg1 7#b774 mg5 n41 /r5g?1 p[] might & ma94 mg5-ll51 n41 ma9 /r5g?1 mighty c\rage4 mg1 f41 tribe4 mghd1 m41 maid5hood1 virg9ity4 ml-gesceaft1 f41 appo9t$ "t ml meal1 "t4 mran 7 #abf71 make fam\s1 honor4 mre1 fam\s1 glori\s1 notori\s4 mro 7mro1 mr71 f41 glory1 fame4 mssepro/1 m41 mass-prie/4 m/1 see micel4 magan 7 #acg71 be able1 may4 mgas1 see mg4 magu 7mago71 m41 son1 man4 maguegn1 m41 vassal1 reta9]4 man7n71 see mn7n74 mancus1 m41 mancus1 half-cr[n2 g54 pl41 mancessa4 mndd1 f41 evil de$4 manig1 see mnig4 manigfeald1 see mnigfeald4 mra1 see micel4 maelian 7 #acj71 h>angue1 speak4 mum 7mum71 m41 gift1 treasure1 jewel2 g54 pl41 mma4 mumgyfa1 m41 treasure-giv]1 "l4 mum-wela1 m41 weal? ( treasure4 m1 see ic4 meaht1 f41 might1 p[]4 meahte1 see magan4 me>c1 f41 b\nd>y1 limit m>k1 m>*4 me>g 7me>h71 m41 horse2 nom4 pl41 maras4 me>1 m41 m>t54 mec1 see ic4 m$micel1 mod]ately l>ge1 %ort1 brief4 m$u 7m$o71 m41 mead4 m$u-bnc1 f41 mead-b5*4 m$u-ful1 n41 mead-cup4 m$u-heall1 f41 mead-hall4 mn1 see mn7n74 mngan 7 #abg71 m+le1 mix4 mnigu 7mnigeo71 f41 multitude _m4 mnniscnes1 f41 humanity1 inc>nation man4 meolc1 f41 milk4 ,more1 ,mre 79 ,sw$574 mre1 m41 lake1 m]e1 sea m]maid4 ,m]etn1 m41 ,m]ton 79 ,surrey74 mtan 7 #abf71 meet1 f9d4 ,metod 7,meotod1 ,metud71 m41 ,creator1 ,god4 metod-sceaft1 f41 appo9t$ doom1 et]nity4 micel 7 #if1 7#c771 great1 mighty1 /rong1 l>ge mickle2 mra1 m1 /rong]1 l>g]4 micle 7micele71 greatly1 mu*4 miclum1 7 #ic1 7#d771 greatly4 mid1 )1 amid1 among 7) dat4 & acc474 middange>d1 m41 e>?1 _w middle-y>d4 middewe>d1 midw>d1 t[>d ! middle4 ,mi]ce1 m4 pl41 ,m]cians4 mihte1 see magan4 ml1 f41 mile ,lat4 mille4 mildheortnes1 f41 mild-he>t$ness1 m]cy4 milts1 f41 mildness1 m]cy4 mn 7 #gf71 my1 m9e4 mislc1 v>i\s4 miss5lc1 v>i\s4 md1 n41 mood1 m9d1 c\rage4 mdce>ig1 sorr[ful ( m9d4 mdega1 mdga1 see mdig4 mdgeanc1 m41 purpose ( m9d4 mdig1 moody1 brave1 pr\d4 mdor1 f41 "m4 mdsefa1 m41 m9d1 he>t4 mn7n7 7man1 mann7 7 #fh2 #gj1 ,note71 m41 man1 "o1 p]son1 !y4 mna1 m41 moon4 mna 7 #fh1 7#a71 ,note71 m41 mon? mna2 dat4 s+41 mne4 mn7n7cynn1 n41 mank9d4 mndryht51 m41 liege "l4 mnian 7manian7 7 #acj71 admoni%4 mnig 7manig1 mneg1 mnig71 _m4 mnigfeald 7manig-71 manifold1 v>i\s4 mne1 see mna4 mr1 m41 moor4 morg51 m41 morn+2 dat4 s+41 morg57n7e4 moror-bealu 7-bealo71 n41 murd] murd]-bale2 see urfan4 m/e1 see mtan4 mtan 7 #acg71 may1 be p]mitt$1 mu/4 mund-gripe1 m41 h&-grip4 munuc1 m41 monk ,lat4 mona*us4 munu*d1 m41 monkhood1 mona/ic rank4 m1 m41 m\?4 myntan 7 #abg71 be m9d$1 int5d2 pret4 indic4 #c;d s+41 mynte4 myn/]1 n41 mona/]y ,lat4 mona/]ium2 dat4 s+41 myn/re4 mre1 f41 m>e me>h4 myr1 f41 joy1 mir?2 mdes myre #adb1 #ag ,be[ulf #haa ) joy ( he>t4 ,n4 n 7n71 n ne n-ev]2 n ne1 n1 n at all4 nabban 7p4 #cb1 ,note71 n to h4 ndre1 f41 s]p5t1 add]4 nfde1 see nabban4 nfre1 nev]4 nnig 7 #gg71 no "o1 no1 none4 nre1 nr51 nron1 see #dj1 ,note #b4 ns ne ws1 see #dj1 ,note #b4 nss1 m41 ness1 headl&4 nht1 see nht4 nls 7nles71 n at all n ealles4 nam1 see niman4 nama1 see nma4 nmon1 see niman4 nn1 n "o1 no1 none ne n4 nnwuht1 n41 no?+ no :it4 ne1 n4 n1 nor2 n 444 n1 nei!r 444 nor4 nah 7 #if1 7#d771 ne>4 nah1 adv41 nigh1 ne>1 ne>ly1 almo/2 comp>ative1 nar1 ne>]4 neaht1 see niht4 nalc 7-lc7 7 #abf71 draw ne> to1 approa* 7) dat474 nar1 see nah1 adv4 nat1 n41 neat1 cattle4 nmnan 7 #abg71 "n4 neme1 7nyme71 except1 unless4 nrian 7 #abe71 save1 pres]ve4 nt51 see net54 nedbee>f1 ne$ful1 necess>y4 neh/1 see nah 7 #if1 7#d774 net5 7nt571 n41 neat1 bea/1 cattle4 nigontene1 n9ete54 niht 7neaht7 7 #fh1 7#a71 ,note71 night4 nih!lm1 m41 night-helm1 %ade ( night4 nihtsca1 m41 %ad[ ( night4 niht-weorc1 n41 night-"w4 niman 7 #aad71 take1 ga9 nimble1 numb4 npan 7 #ajb71 gr[ d>k1 d>k54 nis1 see #dj1 ,note #b4 n1 m41 malice1 viol5ce4 nwe1 new1 novel1 />tl+4 n1 see n4 nht 7nht1 n-wiht71 n41 n a :it1 naught1 no?+2 n1 n at all4 nhwer 7nhwer71 nei!r2 nhwer n 444 ne 444 n 444 ne #aah1 #h nei!r 444 nor4 nolde1 noldon ne wolde1 ne woldon1 see willan4 nma 7nama71 m41 "n4 nor 7 #ig1 7#a771 nor?1 9 ! nor?1 nor?w>ds4 noran 7 #ic1 7#e771 f ! nor?2 be noran1 see #id1 7#d74 ,nor-,dne1 m4 pl41 ,nor?-,danes4 norewe>d1 nor?w>d4 ,norhymbre1 m4 pl41 ,nor?umbrians4 ,normanna1 see ,normn4 ,normn1 see ,normn4 norme/1 see nor4 ,normn 7-man7 7 #fh1 7#a771 ,norwegian4 noror1 see nor4 norryhte1 nor?w>d4 norwe>d1 nor?w>d4 ,norweg1 ,norway4 nose1 f41 cape1 naze ness1 nose4 notu1 f41 (fice1 employm5t4 n1 n[2 n[ t1 see+ t2 n #ach1 #ac ,be[ulf #feh n[ !n4 nh/ 7neh/71 see nah4 nyme1 see neme4 nysse1 see nytan4 ny/e1 see nytan4 nyt7t71 useful1 pr(itable4 nytan 7nitan ne witan1 #acf71 n to "k2 #c;d s+4 pret41 nysse1 ny/e4 ,o4 ( 7 #id1 7#a771 (1 f1 conc]n+4 (] 7 #id1 7#b771 ov]1 across1 aft]1 9 spite ( 7see #add1 #ad ,be[ulf #bgbe72 (] eoran #adb1 #i ,be[ulf #hjc on e>?4 (]1 adv41 ov]1 across4 (]fran 7 #abf71 g ov]1 trav]se4 (]frosan 7 #aji71 freeze ov]4 (]fror51 see (]frosan4 (giefan 7 #aae71 give up1 rel9qui%4 (o/1 f41 ha/e4 (slg51 see (slan4 (slan 7 #aah71 slay (f1 slay4 (slge1 see (slan4 (t1 (t1 (t52 sup]lative1 (to/4 on 7 #id1 7#c771 91 into1 on1 aga9/1 to1 among1 dur+2 on ff oe syx #aji1 #f into five or six p>ts2 on weg #adj1 #aj ,be[ulf #gfd away2 on innan #add1 #e ,be[ulf #bgaf )92 on unriht #ade1 #ae ,be[ulf #bgdj falsely4 onbrnan 7 #abf71 k9dle1 inspire4 onc1 f41 di/ress1 suff]+4 nd 7&71 &4 ndsaca1 m41 adv]s>y4 ndsw>ian 7 #acj71 answ]4 ndwe>d1 adj41 pres5t4 onfng1 see onfn4 onfeohtan 7 #aaj71 fight4 onf9dan 7 #aaj71 f9d out1 discov]2 pret4 indic4 #c;d s+41 onfunde4 onfn 7 #aah71 receive1 seize viol5tly4 onfunde1 see onf9dan4 ongan1 prep41 aga9/1 t[>ds 7) dat4 & acc474 ongan1 adv41 j across1 opposite4 ngelcynn 7,angel-71 n41 ,angle k91 ,engli% p1 ,engl&4 ngelod 7,angel-71 f41 ! ,engli% p or nation4 ongemang 7-mng71 among 7) dat474 ongietan 7-gitan7 7 #aae71 p]ceive1 see1 und]/&4 ong9nan 7 #aaj71 beg91 attempt4 onltan 7 #aji71 b[1 incl9e 7intrans47 l\t a /oop]4 onrdan 7 #ajb71 ride aga9/1 make a raid on4 onsndan 7 #abg71 s5d4 onslpan 7onslpan7 7 #abf71 fall asleep1 sleep4 onspnnan 7 #aag71 loos5 unspan2 pret4 #c;d s+4 indic41 onspon4 onspr+an 7 #aaj71 spr+ ap>t1 unspr+4 on/l1 m41 in/itution1 supply4 on/llan 7 #abh71 e/abli%2 pret4 #c;d s+4 indic41 on/ealde4 onwcnan 7 #abg71 awake 7intrans474 onweald 7-wald71 m41 p[]1 au?ority wield4 onwndan 7 #abg71 *ange1 ov]turn to w9d4 r1 n41 beg9n+4 o 7 #id1 7#b771 until1 z f> z 7( "t & place72 o t1 o e1 until4 ob]an 7 #aad71 be> away4 er1 o!r1 second2 er 444 er1 ! "o 444 ! o!r4 of/an 7 #abg71 set to 7a task74 ofeallan 7 #aag7 fall (f1 decl9e4 oe1 or2 oe 444 oe1 ei!r 444 or4 ,p4 plega1 m41 play1 fe/ivity4 port1 m41 port ,lat4 portus4 ,r4 rd1 f41 raid4 rc 7 #abf71 rea*2 pret4 #c;d s+41 rhte4 r/1 see r/4 ,rad+as1 m4 pl41 ,read+ 79 ,b]k%ire74 rccan 7 #abh71 n>rate1 tell2 pret4 pl4 indic41 rhton1 reahton4 rccelz1 reckless1 c>eless4 rc$1 n41 h\se1 hall4 regnian 7rnian7 7 #acj71 adorn1 prep>e2 pa/ "p41 g]egnad4 regollc 7-lec71 accord+ to rule1 regul>4 rn-we>d1 m41 mighty w>d51 gu>d1 *ampion4 r/ 7r/71 f41 re/1 re/+-place1 b$4 re1 fi]ce1 furi\s4 rce1 ri*1 p[]ful1 ari/ocratic4 rce1 n41 realm1 k+dom bi%opric4 rcsian 7 #acj71 rule4 rdan 7 #ajb71 ride4 rman 7 #abf71 c\nt rime4 r9c1 m41 man1 w>rior4 rd1 f41 rood1 cross2 rde tc51 sign ( ! cross4 ,rmw>e1 m4 pl41 ,romans4 rnd 7r&71 m41 %ield4 rn1 f41 rune1 secret m$itation to r\nd to :isp]4 ryc5e 7ric5e71 quickly1 ra%ly4 ryhtnoranw9d1 m41 /raight nor?-w9d4 ,s4 s1 f41 sea4 s-bt1 m41 sea-boat4 sd1 n41 se$4 sde1 see scgan4 sl1 m41 f41 "t1 happ9ess sil-ly2 on slum #acg1 #bb ,be[ulf #fdd joy\s1 m]ry4 slan 7 #abf71 b9d4 s-lend 7 #fh1 7#c771 m41 seaf>] 7nom4 & acc4 pl4 same z nom4 & acc4 s+474 sam 444 sam1 :e!r 444 or4 same1 simil>ly2 sw same1 j ! same1 9 l mann]4 samod1 see smod4 sanct1 m41 f41 sa9t ,lat4 sanctus2 g54 s+41 sanct1 f41 sancti1 m4 sang1 see sng4 sr1 f41 n41 sore1 pa91 w\nd4 sr1 adj41 sore1 griev\s4 sre1 sorely4 swan 7 #aag17 s[4 swol1 f41 s\l2 oblique cases1 s+41 swle 7 #ci1 ,note74 scacan 7sceacan7 7 #aaf71 %ake1 g1 dep>t2 pa/ "p41 scac51 sceac54 scadu-helm1 m41 cov] ( night1 %ad[-cov]+ %ad[-helm2 scadu-helma gesceapu1 see ,note on #ach1 #b-f l9es #fdg-ea4 sceal1 see sculan4 scap1 n41 %eep4 scat1 m41 corn]1 region1 qu>t] %eet2 eoran scatta #aci1 #ad ,be[ulf #gec 9 ! regions ( e>? 7g54 us$ z locative74 scawi7g7an 7 #acj71 view1 see %ew4 scawung1 f41 see+4 sceolde1 see sculan4 scop 7scp71 see scieppan4 scowyrhta1 m41 %oe-mak]4 scan 7 #aaf71 injure1 sca! 7) dat474 scieppan 7 #aaf71 create4 ,sciepp5d1 m41 ,creator4 scnan 7 #ajb71 %9e4 scip 7scyp71 n41 %ip4 scip51 n41 /all4 sciprp1 m41 %ip-rope1 cable4 scr1 f41 %ire1 di/rict4 ,scir+e%al1 m41 ,scir+e%eal 79 ,norway74 scolde1 see sculan4 scmu1 f41 %ame1 di%onor4 ,scng1 f41 ,skaane 7s\!rn di/rict ( ! ,sc&9avian p59sula74 scopg]eord1 n41 poetic language4 scran 7 #ajb71 /ride1 /alk4 sculan 7 #acf2 #acg1 ,note #b71 %all1 h to1 ought4 ,scyld+as1 m4 pl41 ,scyld+s1 ,danes4 scyp1 see scip4 ,scypp5d1 see ,sciepp5d4 s1 so1 t 7 #bh2 #bh1 ,note #c71 !2 t2 he1 %e1 x2 :o1 :i*1 t2 s1 f !n1 aft]w>ds1 !re=e2 s e 7p4 #aaj1 l4 #b71 ) :at2 444 t 7p4 #aaj1 ll4 #g-h71 = ?is reason 444 because2 t m 444 sw1 to su* an ext5t 444 z2 y 771 ! 7adv]bial1 ) comp>atives72 444 1 ! 444 !4 seah1 see son4 sealde1 see sllan4 se>o-gimm1 m41 arti/ic gem1 jewel4 se>o-n1 m41 cunn+ hatr$1 plot4 se>o-nc1 m41 cunn+ ?\ght1 device4 ,seaxe1 m4 pl41 ,saxons1 ,saxony4 sc7e7an 7 #abh71 to seek1 visit1 meet4 scg1 m41 man1 w>rior4 scgan 7 #acb71 say1 tell4 sefa1 m41 m9d1 _s4 sfte1 m easily 7comp>ative ( sfte74 segel1 m41 n41 sail2 dat4 s+4 segle4 seglian 7 #acj71 sail4 sle1 m41 hall4 sl$ram1 m41 hall joy1 fe/ivity4 sle-ful1 n41 hall cup4 slescg1 m41 hall w>rior1 reta9]4 sle/1 be/ 7no positive74 self 7sylf71 self1 himself 7decl9$ z /rong or weak adjective74 sllan 7syllan7 7 #abh71 give sell1 han7d7sel4 smn+a1 =?)1 /raightway4 sndan 7 #abg71 s5d4 so1 see s4 soc1 sick4 se(on 7syfan71 sev54 seolh1 m41 seal2 g54 s+4 soles 7 #bg1 7#c774 son 7 #aah71 see1 look4 seonu1 f41 s9ew2 nom4 pl41 seon[e4 sess1 m41 seat4 sibb1 f41 fri5d%ip1 peace gossip4 sidu 7siodu71 m41 cu/om1 morality1 good conduct4 se1 see bon4 siex1 six2 syxa 7siexa7 sum1 see sum4 siextig1 sixty4 sige1 m41 victory4 sige-folc1 n41 victori\s p4 sige-lz1 victory-less1 ( defeat4 sige-rf1 victory-fam$1 victori\s4 sige-wp51 n41 victory-weapon4 siglan 7 #abg71 sail4 ,sill5de1 ,zeal&4 s9c1 n41 treasure1 prize4 s9c-ft1 n41 see #acg1 #a ,be[ulf #fbc treasure-vat4 s9c-gu1 f41 receiv+ ( treasure icgan4 s9d1 s9t1 s9don1 see bon4 s+an 7 #aaj71 s+4 sittan 7 #aae1 ,note #b71 sit1 take position4 s1 m41 j\rney1 "t2 =man se #aci1 #b ,be[ulf #gda ! fir/ "t 7in/r4 s+474 sian 7 #acj71 j\rney4 sian1 aft] t1 aft]w>ds1 aft]4 slp1 m41 sleep4 slpan 7 #aag71 sleep4 slan 7 #aah71 slay sl[-worm4 sltan 7 #ajb71 slit1 te> to pieces4 slen1 savage1 p]il\s4 sml1 n>r[4 smalo/1 see sml4 snw1 m41 sn[4 snot7t7or1 wise1 prud5t4 shte1 see sc4 smod 7samod71 toge!r4 sna1 soon4 sng1 m41 n41 song1 poem4 sngcrft1 m41 art ( song & poetry4 sorg 7sorh71 f41 sorr[4 s1 true4 s1 n41 tru?2 t se1 = a tru?1 truly1 v]ily4 s-f/1 tru?ful1 j4 slce1 truly4 spd1 f41 possessions1 success1 ri*es spe$4 spdig1 ri*1 prosp]\s4 spell1 n41 /ory1 tale gospel4 spow1 see spwan4 sp]e1 n41 spe>4 spor1 n41 track1 footpr9t4 spwan 7 #aag71 succe$ 7imp]sonal ) dat474 sprc1 f41 spee*1 language4 sprecan 7 #aae71 speak4 spyrian 7spyrigean7 7 #acj71 foll[ 7intrans47 spor4 /f1 /aff1 rod2 pl4 lit]ature1 le>n+4 /lhrn1 m41 decoy-re9de]4 /lwi]e1 s]viceable 7see p4 #ef1 ,note #b74 /r1 n41 /ory1 n>rative ,lat4 hi/oria4 /1 n41 %ore4 /n1 m41 /one1 rock4 /n-boga1 m41 /one-ar* /one-b[4 /&an1 see /ndan4 /nhli 7-hleo71 n41 /one-cliff4 /apol1 m41 column /aple4 />ian 7 #abe71 />e1 gaze4 /de1 m41 place4 /elan 7 #aad71 /eal4 /nt1 see /ndan4 /orbord1 n41 />bo>d1 "r side ( a %ip4 /ppan 7 #aaf71 /ep1 advance2 pret4 indic4 #c;d s+41 /p4 /ilnes1 f41 /illness1 quiet4 /ndan 7 #aaf71 /&4 /p1 see /ppan4 /orm1 m41 /orm4 /w1 f41 place /[1 & 9 names ( places4 /rang1 see /rng4 /rnge/1 see /rng4 /rng 7 #if1 7#b771 /rong4 /yccemlum1 "h & !re4 sum 7 #ia1 ,note #b71 "s1 c]ta91 a c]ta9 "o2 h syxa sum #ajd1 #be he ) five o!rs4 sum]a1 see sumor4 sumor1 m41 summ]2 dat4 s+4 sum]a4 sumorlida1 m41 summ]-army4 sundor1 ap>t4 sunne1 f41 sun4 sunu1 m41 son4 s1 s\?1 s\?w>ds4 san 7 #ic1 7#e771 f ! s\?2 be san1 s\? ( 7 #id1 7#d774 sewe>d1 s\?w>d4 sryhte1 s\?w>d4 sw 7sw71 s1 z1 h[1 z if2 sw sw1 j z1 z f> z2 sw 444 sw1 ! 444 !1 z 444 z2 sw hwt sw1 :atsoev] 7 #gg1 ,note74 sws1 belov$1 own4 sw1 n41 track1 footpr9t swa?4 swaul1 m48 n481 smoke4 swealh1 see swelgan4 swefan 7 #aae71 sleep1 sleep ! sleep ( dea?4 swefn1 n41 sleep1 dream4 swg1 m41 s\nd1 noise4 swegle1 bright1 cle>4 swlan 7 #abf71 burn sweal4 swelgan 7 #aaj71 swall[2 pret4 indic4 #c;d s+41 swealh2 subj41 swulge4 swellan 7 #aaj71 swell4 ,swol&1 n41 ,sw$54 ,swom1 m41 dat4 pl41 ! ,sw$es4 sweotol1 cle>4 sweotole1 cle>ly4 swrian 7 #aaf71 swe>4 swte1 sweet4 swtnes 7-nis71 f41 sweetness4 swift 7swyft71 swift4 swilc 7swylc7 7 #gg71 su*4 swilce1 9 su* mann]1 z1 likewise2 z if1 z ?\gh 7) subj474 swimman 7 #aaj71 swim4 swn 7swn71 n41 sw9e1 hog4 swnsung1 f41 melody1 h>mony4 swe 7swe71 v1 exce$+ly1 greatly4 swo/1 *iefly1 almo/4 swr1 see swrian4 swulge1 see swelgan4 swu/] 7 #fh1 7#b771 f41 si/]4 swylce 7swelce71 see swilce4 swn1 see swn4 swynsian 7 #acj71 res\nd4 swe1 see swe4 sw-f]h1 /rong-s\l$4 sylf1 see self4 syll1 f41 sill1 floor4 syllan1 see sllan4 symbel1 n41 fea/1 banquet4 symle1 always4 synd1 see bon4 syn-dolh1 n41 ceaseless w\nd1 incurable w\nd4 syndriglce1 specially4 synn1 f41 s94 syn-scaa1 m41 ceaseless sca!r1 p]petual foe4 syn-snd1 f41 huge bit ceaseless bit4 syan1 see sian4 syx1 see siex4 syxtig1 see siextig4 ,t4 tc51 n41 sign1 tok52 dat4 s+41 tcne 7 #cc1 ,note74 tc 7 #abh71 tea*4 tam1 tame4 tela1 prop]ly1 well til4 tllan 7 #abh71 c\nt1 deem tell2 pret4 #c;d s+41 tealde4 ,tmes1 f41 ! ,?ames4 ton1 arrange1 create2 pret4 s+41 tode4 ,t]f9na1 m41 g54 pl41 ! ,t]f9s4 t1 see t4 td1 f41 tide1 "t1 h\r4 ten 7tn71 t54 til7l71 good4 tma1 m41 "t4 t9treglc1 full ( torm5t4 t 7 #id1 7#a771 to1 =1 accord+ to1 z2 t hrfe #aad1 #b = 7z7 a ro( cf4 ,biblical to wife1 mod]n to boot4 t1 adv41 too4 tbrecan 7p4 #ha1 ,note #b71 break to pieces1 knock ab\t4 tdlan 7 #abf71 divide4 temnes 7t emnes7 7 #id1 7#d771 along1 alongside4 t=an 7 #id1 7#a771 be=e4 tgeodan 7 #abf71 jo94 thopa1 m41 hope4 tlicgan 7 #aae1 ,note #b71 sep>ate1 lie betwe52 #c;d s+1 indic4 tl4 tl1 see tlicgan4 tolc 7 #aji1 ,note #a71 de/roy ! prefix t rev]ses ! mean+ ( lc1 to lock4 torn1 m41 ang]1 insult4 t 7 #fh1 7#a771 m41 too?4 twe>d 7 #id1 7#a771 t[>d4 twe>d1 adj41 approa*+1 future4 trow1 f41 pl$ge1 tro?4 trownes1 f41 tru/4 ,trs1 ,draus5 7a city on ! ,draus5sea74 tn1 m41 t[n1 village4 tunge1 f41 tongue4 tng]fa1 m41 bailiff t[n-reeve2 s %]iff %ire-reeve4 tungol1 n41 />4 tw1 see twg54 twg51 7 #hi71 two1 twa94 twntig1 tw5ty4 tn1 see ten4 4 1 !n1 :52 444 1 :5 444 !n2 1 !n :5 :54 1 see s4 r1 !re1 :]e2 r r1 !re :]e :]e2 r 444 sw #adb1 #d ,be[ulf #gih :]esoev]2 #ade1 #f ,be[ulf #bgca if s be t4 s1 aft]w>ds1 !re=e1 ?us1 because2 see s4 t 7tte t e71 t1 s t4 afian 7 #acj71 cons5t to4 anc1 see nc4 ancian 7ncian7 7 #acj71 ?ank4 anon1 see nan4 s1 see s4 1 see s 7in/r4 s+47 & 4 e 7 #ge71 :o1 :om1 :i*1 t4 ah1 ?\gh1 al?\gh2 ah e1 ?\gh1 al?\gh4 e>f1 see urfan4 e>f1 f41 ne$1 b5efit4 aw1 m41 habit1 cu/om !ws4 egn 7eg571 m41 s]vant1 ?ane1 w>rior4 nc7e7an 7 #abh71 ?9k1 int5d4 en+ 7-ung71 f41 s]vice2 ! pl4 may mean book ( s]vice 7#aag1 #ag74 od1 f41 p1 nation4 od51 m41 pr9ce1 "l4 odscipe1 m41 discipl9e4 on 7wan7 7 #abf71 oppress ow4 ow1 m41 s]vant4 owa1 m41 s]vant4 owotdm 7owot-71 m41 s]vice4 s 7 #gc71 ?is4 id]1 ?i!r4 id]we>d1 ?i!rw>d4 n 7 #gf71 ?9e4 +1 n41 ?+2 nige +a1 see #adj1 #ae ,be[ulf #gfi1 ,note4 +an 7 #abg71 arrange1 appo9t4 is1 see s4 issum1 see s4 hte1 hton1 see ncean4 olian 7 #acj71 endure ?ole4 nan1 !nce4 nc1 m41 ?anks4 "o1 see s4 onne1 ?an1 !n1 :52 onne 444 onne1 :5 444 !n4 rg1 f41 "t4 ra-nd1 f41 compulsion1 oppression1 mis]y ?roe-ne$4 rora1 see re4 ridda1 ?ird4 rie 7r7 7 #hi71 ?ree4 rm1 see re4 r/-hdig1 bold-m9d$4 rtig1 ?irty4 rwung1 f41 suff]+4 r1 see re4 rym7m71 m41 r5[n1 glory1 /r5g?4 r1 f41 p[]1 multitude 7pl4 us$ 9 s5se ( s+472 asca re #aeb1 #bc ,w&]] #ii ! might ( spe>s4 r-rn1 n41 mighty h\se1 noble hall4 r-^w1 n41 mighty ^w1 excell5t disc\rse4 7 #gb71 ?\4 hte1 see yncan4 urfan 7 #acf71 ne$2 pres4 indic4 #c;d s+41 e>f2 pret4 #c;d s+41 orfte2 =-m m wtan ne e>f ,wald5d fra moror-bealo mga #ade1 #ag ,be[ulf #bgdb !re=e ! ,rul] ( m5 ne$ n *>ge me ) ! murd] ( k9sm54 urh 7 #id1 7#b771 ?r\gh4 u1 ?us4 s5d1 ?\s&4 1 see s4 yd]1 see id]4 yncan 7 #abh71 seem1 appe> 7imp]sonal72 m ync1 me?9ks1 x seems to me2 him hte1 x seem$ to him4 ,u4 hta1 m41 dawn2 g54 pl41 htna4 unbeboht1 unsold bebycgan to sell4 unc1 unkn[n1 unc]ta9 unc\?4 "u1 "u 7) dat4 & acc474 und]/ndan 7 #aaf71 und]/&4 "uodan 7-edan7 7 #abf71 subject to2 pa/ "p4 "uod$ subject$ to1 ob$i5t to 7) dat474 un=brn$1 unburn$4 unfri1 m41 ho/ility4 ungefge1 excessively4 ungemete1 immeasurably1 v4 ungesew5lc1 invisible pa/ "p4 ( son lc4 unlyfig5d1 dead1 dead man unliv+4 unltel1 no little1 great4 unriht1 n41 wrong2 on unriht1 see on4 unrihtwsnes1 f41 unrighte\sness4 unspdig1 poor4 unwe>num1 unaw>es4 p 7pp71 up4 p/gnes1 f41 asc5sion /gan4 p-lang1 upright4 re 7 #gf71 our4 usses g54 s+4 neut4 ( s]1 see ic4 t1 out1 outside4 tan1 f )\t1 outside4 tanbordes1 abroad4 tgng1 m41 exodus4 uton1 let u 7) inf947 lit]ally let u g ) inf94 ( purpose 7see #acg1 #ai-bj1 ,note l9es #fda-db72 uton wuton1 corrupt$ =m ( #a/ pl4 subj4 ( wtan1 to g4 t-we>d1 outw>d b\nd1 mov+ outw>ds4 ,w4 wc1 weak1 insignificant4 wacian 7 #acj71 wat*1 be on gu>d2 imp]ative s+41 waca4 wadan 7 #aaf71 g1 tread wade4 wg1 m41 wave4 ,wgmundigas1 m4 ,wgmund+s 7family to :i* ,be[ulf & ,wiglaf belong$74 wl1 n41 slaught]1 ! sla94 wl-blat1 deadly slaught]-pitiful4 wlgfre1 gre$y = slaught]4 wl-rs1 m41 mortal combat slaught]-race4 wl-row1 fi]ce 9 /rife4 wlsliht 7-sleaht71 m41 slaught]4 wl/w1 f41 battle-field slaught]-place2 wl/we gewald1 possession ( ! battle-field4 wp51 n41 weapon4 wre1 see bon4 ws1 see bon4 wt]1 n41 wat]4 wald5d1 see weald5d4 wan 7wn71 wan1 d>k4 wanhdig1 he$less1 ra%4 wnigean 7wnian7 7 #acj71 bewail1 lam5t 7trans47 :9e4 w>ian 7 #acj71 att5d1 accompany4 wt1 see witan4 waum1 m41 wave2 g54 pl41 waema4 weal7l71 m41 wall1 ramp>t4 weald5d 7 #fh1 7#c771 wield]1 rul]1 "l4 wealh1 m41 =eign]1 ,wel%man4 wealh/d1 m41 int]pret]1 translator4 weallan 7 #aag71 well up1 boil1 be agitat$2 pret4 #c;d4 s+4 indic41 woll4 weal/eal7l71 m41 wall-place1 f\ndation4 we>d1 m41 w>d1 keep]4 we>1 see weoran4 weaxan 7 #aag71 wax1 gr[4 weg1 m41 way2 hys weges1 see #ic1 7#c72 on weg1 see on4 wel7l71 well1 readily4 wela1 m41 weal1 prosp]ity1 ri*es4 welm1 see wielm4 wnan 7 #abf71 we51 ?9k1 expect4 wndan 7 #abg71 *ange1 translate w5d1 w9dan4 wnian 7 #acj71 ent]ta92 wnian mid wynnum #adi1 #bj ,w&]] #bi ent]ta9 joyfully2 wn$e t wi/e #adi1 #bg ,w&]] #cf fea/$ 7trans474 ,weonodl& 7,weonol&71 n41 ,w5dl&4 weorc1 n41 "w1 de$4 weorold 7weoruld71 see woruld4 weorpan 7 #aaj71 ?r[4 weoran 7 #aaj71 be1 become4 w]1 m41 man w]wulf4 wrig1 we>y1 deject$4 w]od1 n41 army1 b&4 wesan1 see bon4 ,wesseaxe1 m4 pl41 ,we/ ,saxons2 g54 pl4 ,wesseaxna4 we/1 we/1 we/w>d4 we/anw9d1 m41 we/ w9d4 w/e1 wa/e4 w/51 n41 wa/e1 des]t4 ,we/s1 f41 ,we/ ,sea 7we/ ( ,norway74 ,we/seaxe1 m4 pl41 ,we/ ,saxons1 ,wessex4 wc1 n41 dwell+ bailiwick4 wcian 7 #acj71 /op1 lodge1 soj\rn wc4 wdre1 adv41 f>!r1 m widely 7comp>ative ( wde74 wds1 f41 op5 sea4 wielm 7welm71 m41 well+1 surg+ flood weallan4 wf1 n41 wife1 woman4 wg1 m41 n41 w>1 battle4 wiga1 m41 w>rior4 wild1 wild4 wildor1 n41 wild bea/1 re9de]2 dat4 pl4 wildrum 7 #cc1 ,note74 willa1 m41 w1 pleasure2 g54 pl41 wilna 7#ach1 #af ,be[ulf #ffa74 willan 7 #acd2 #acg1 ,note #c71 w1 int5d1 desire4 wilnung1 f41 wi%1 desire2 = re wilnunga #aai1 #d purposely4 ,wiltn1 m41 ,wilton 79 ,wilt%ire74 wn1 n41 w9e4 wn-rn1 n41 w9e-hall4 ,wnburne1 f41 ,wimborne 79 ,dorset%ire74 w9d1 m41 w9d4 w9e1 m41 fri5d4 ,w9$as1 m4 pl41 ! 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