,historical ,literature in ,agriculture 7,,chla71 ,cornell ,university7 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,transcriber's ,note ,a quincunx is a geometric pattern consisting of five points1 four of them forming a square or rectangle and a fifth at its center4 ,it forms the arrangement of five units in the pattern corresponding to the five-spot on dice1 playing cards1 or dominoes4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,handbooks ,,of ,,practical ,,gardening--,,xi ,,edited ,,by ,,harry ,,roberts ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,pears ,,and ,,plums ,illustration3 ,,pear ,,blossom ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,pears ,,and ,,plums ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,e4 ,,bartrum1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,rector ,,of ,,wakes ,,colne1 ,,essex ,,editor ,,of ,,helpful ,,hints ,,for ,,hard ,,times1 ,,etc4 ,,with ,,chapters ,,on ,,cherries ,,and ,,mulberries ,,john ,,lane3 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head ,,london ,,and ,,new ,,york4 ,,mcmiii ,printed by ,turnbull ,spears1 ,edinburgh ,,introduction ,i have grown pears1 plums1 cherries and mulberries for many years1 and have written many articles about the first two fruits2 yet1 in preparing this work1 ,i found that ,i had still much to learn1 and ,i wish particularly to express my obligations to the new edition of ,thompson's ,gardener's ,assistant1 edited in six volumes by ,mr ,watson1 ,assistant ,curator of the ,royal ,gardens1 ,kew1 and brought out by the ,gresham ,publishing ,company4 ,i have also derived valuable aid from the volumes of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 ,the chapter on cherries is based chiefly on the booklet contributed by ,mr ,g4 ,bunyard to my ,helpful ,hints for ,hard ,times published by the ,s4,p4,c4,k4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,wakes ,,colne ,,rectory1 ,,essex1 ,july #aijb4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction vii ,,pears-- ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,pear #a ,,situation ,,and ,,soil #c ,,protection #e ,,planting #e ,,staking ,,and ,,wiring #g ,,stocks ,,for ,,pears #h ,,orchard ,,trees #aj ,,pyramids #ab ,,columnar ,,trees #ad ,,espaliers #ae ,,horizontals ,,on ,,walls #ae ,,fan-,,shaped ,,trees #af ,,bushes #af ,,cordons #bj ,,arches #ba ,,prices ,,of ,,trees #bb ,,garden ,,orchards #bb ,,manures #bc ,,pears ,,for ,a ,,private ,,garden #bd ,,exhibition ,,pears #bd ,,cooking ,,pears ,,for ,,exhibition #bf ,,pears ,,for ,,appearance #bg ,,pears ,,for ,,quality #bg ,,cooking ,,pears #bh ,,early ,,pears #bh ,,late ,,pears #bi ,,pears ,,for ,,cottagers ,,and ,,small ,,farmers #bi ,,synonyms #cj ,,pears ,,for ,,perry #cb ,,gathering ,,and ,,storing #cb ,,protection ,,of ,,fruit #cc ,,winter ,,and ,,spring ,,washes #cd ,,insect ,,enemies #cg ,,thinning ,,fruit #dc ,,summer1 ,,winter1 ,,branch ,,and ,,root ,,pruning2 ,,lifting #dc ,,marketing ,,and ,,packing #dd ,,pears ,,in ,,an ,,unheated ,,orchard ,,house #df ,,old ,,standards #ea ,,irrigation #ea ,,labels #ea ,,american ,,pears #ea ,,notes ,,on ,,varieties #eb ,,receipts #ed ,,plums-- ,,what ,,is ,,the ,,finest ,,fruit8 #eh ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,plum #eh ,,soil ,,and ,,situation #eh ,,propagation ,,and ,,stocks #fa ,,planting #fb ,,what ,,is ,,your ,,object8 #fb ,,plums ,,for ,a ,,private ,,garden #fc ,,pruning ,,and ,,training #ff ,,manures #fh ,,thinning #fi ,,gages #fi ,,market ,,plums #gj ,,gathering1 ,,packing1 ,,marketing #gb ,,storing ,,and ,,keeping #gd ,,insect ,,enemies #ge ,,orchard ,,house #gg ,,damsons #gh ,,bullaces #gh ,,important ,,points #gh ,,drying ,,by ,,evaporation #gh ,,bottling #gi ,,plum ,,jelly #hb ,,cherries-- ,,keeping ,,fruit1 ,,suitable ,,soil1 ,,aspect1 ,,sorts ,,recommended ,,by ,r4,h4,s4 ,,and ,,mr ,,bunyard ,,for ,,eating1 ,,cooking ,,and ,,market1 ,,protection1 ,,pruning1 ,,training1 ,,cherries ,,on ,,walls1 ,,insect ,,attacks1 ,,distances1 ,,manures1 ,,marketing1 ,,derivation ,,of ,,the ,,word #hc-hh ,,the ,,mulberry ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,word1 ,,soil1 ,,situation1 ,,aspect1 ,,shape1 ,,culture1 ,,pruning1 ,,trees ,,in ,,pots1 ,,use ,,of ,,fruit #hi-ia ,,appendix ,,the ,,propagation ,,of ,,the ,,pear #ib ,,illustrations ,,page ,,pear ,,blossom 7from a drawing by ,ethel ,roskruge7 ,frontispiece ,,bergamotte ,,esperen ,,on ,,wall #ag ,,pear--,,mar,,chal ,,de ,,la ,,cour #be ,,pear--,,marguerite ,,marillat #bg ,,pear--,,beurr ,,diel #ca ,,fan-,,shaped ,,pear ,,tree1 ,,one ,,year ,,after ,,grafting1 ,,showing ,,the ,,length ,,of ,,resulting ,,shoots #da ,,espalier ,,trained ,,tree ,,cut ,,back ,,for ,,grafting--,,the ,,grafts ,,inserted ,,and ,,clayed ,,over #di ,,plum--,,rivers' ,,early ,,prolific #fd ,,plum--,,czar #fd ,a ,,cherry ,,orchard #he ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,pears ,,and ,,plums ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,pear ,the ,pear is my theme1 and a pleasant one it is4 ,only those who have planted trees1 pruned them1 watched their growth1 plucked the fruits1 enjoyed them at almost all hours1 seen them on the table month after month as an appetising dish1 can fully realise the value of the ,pear4 ,a good ,pear-tree is like a faithful friend--treat him properly and he will not fail you4 ,circumstances1 as for instance1 a late frost1 may render him incapable of helping you2 he may have nothing to offer you2 no doubt he is sorry1 but with patience he will do you a good turn4 ,pyrus 7or pirus71 the ,latin name for ,pear-tree1 is the name of a genus of plants belonging to the natural order ,rosace4 ,pyrus communis1 the wild pear1 from which the numerous cultivated varieties have sprung1 is found over a great part of ,europe and ,asia1 within the limits of the temperate regions4 ,its origin is lost in obscurity4 ,the lake-dwellers in ,switzerland are said to have stored the fruits for winter use4 ,it was probably brought by the ,greeks1 possibly by birds1 from ,asia1 and after a time became a favourite with the ,romans as well as the ,greeks4 ,it is mentioned by ,horace1 ,vergil1 ,juvenal1 and others4 ,pliny refers to numerous varieties1 describing those with special flavours4 ,he tells us that many of the sorts were called after the countries from which they came1 such as the ,syrian1 the ,alexandrian1 the ,numidian1 and the ,grecian4 ,thus he mentions pira nardina1 a pear with the scent of nard2 pira onynchina1 a pear of the colour of the fingernail1 and others4 ,these last are evidently ,greek4 ,forty or fifty sorts are named in ,roman writers1 and the ,pear was appropriately dedicated to ,minerva1 the goddess of wisdom4 ,the ,romans no doubt took their pear-trees northwards into ,gaul and ,britain4 ,the climate of ,france is so well adapted to the growth of pears1 that at one time it was thought all good pears must come from ,france4 ,i well remember many years ago seeing a garden in this country full of pear-trees1 every one of which had come from ,france4 ,happily there is no need now to go out of ,england for the very best varieties4 ,a list published in #afbh by a fruit-grower of ,orleans named ,le ,lectier 7there is a new variety called by his name1 and probably after him7 enumerates #bfj varieties4 ,the well known ,jargonelle is mentioned in that list4 ,our ,parkinson in #afbi refers to #fd varieties only4 ,seventy years later we read of #ach1 and in #ahbi of #fcj varieties4 ,john ,scott1 rather famous as a fruit-grower forty years ago1 says in his ,orchardist that he has above #ajjj sorts worked upon the ,quince ,stock4 ,he had studied pomology at the ,jardin ,fruitier1 the fruit garden attached to the ,jardin des ,plantes at ,paris1 and1 using his opportunities1 learnt all the secrets of ,pear culture1 and brought them from ,france to ,merriott1 near ,crewkerne1 in ,somerset4 ,the last edition of ,dr ,hogg's ,fruit ,manual 7invaluable to the ,pomologist71 published in #ahhd1 contains the names of #fdg varieties4 ,not a few of these were marked as worthless by the ,committee of the ,national ,pear ,conference1 held at ,chiswick in ,october #ahhe4 ,the ,royal ,horticultural ,society in their ,fruits for ,cottagers and ,small ,farmers 7#ahib71 selected eight varieties only for eating1 and two more for late keepers2 four were recommended for cooking or stewing4 ,fresh sorts are constantly being brought into notice1 the result of cross-fertilisation1 and we may1 ,i think1 congratulate ourselves that ,british pears in a favourable season are as good as those produced in any part of the world4 ,let any one who doubts this statement attend a ,crystal ,palace or any other first-rate ,fruit ,show2 his doubts will soon be dispelled4 ,,situation ,,and ,,soil ,these two points are of the greatest importance in successful cultivation4 ,no amount of skill will enable even a clever gardener to grow good fruit in a bad site4 ,where the land is low and swampy1 exposed therefore to frosts more than ground at a higher altitude1 the effort would be useless4 ,stagnant water moreover produces canker1 and soon ruins trees4 ,pears love a deep moist soil1 but not water that lies for any length of time about the roots4 ,on a hillside1 where the slope is more than gradual1 so that in a dry season the upper part suffers from drought1 they would be a failure4 ,trees planted near the bottom and properly protected from winds might succeed1 yet they would probably suffer from frost4 ,the slope should not be more than two to three feet in a hundred4 ,the aspect should be south1 south-east or south-west4 ,the ,pear is of ,eastern origin1 and probably retains its ,eastern habit in blooming early some time before the apple4 ,it needs more warmth1 and more protection4 ,to plant pears in a north aspect even on a wall is a mistake4 ,morello cherries are a sure crop1 pears a very doubtful one4 ,the wood is not well ripened1 and bloom-buds are not often formed4 ,the amount of rainfall is also a matter for consideration4 ,if the soil is light1 more moisture will be needed than in heavier land4 ,heavy clays are not good for pears1 yet much may be done to improve such soils1 and some outlay may be desirable in gardens and small plantations4 ,good drainage will be necessary4 ,the ground before planting must be well lifted and exposed to the air2 some portions should be burnt and mixed with the rest2 decayed vegetable matter should be added in abundance4 ,after planting1 when the trees are rooted and growing1 the soil should be often lifted with a light fork1 or hoed1 and the air admitted to the roots4 ,a clayey loam is the best of all soils for the ,pear1 yet even that may be much improved by exposure before planting1 and the use of the fork or hoe afterwards4 ,in sandy or chalky soils1 pears will have a poor chance even on the free 7or pear7 stock1 unless the ground has been previously prepared by trenching1 and then digging in a good quantity of decayed stable or farmyard manure4 ,marl or clay from other parts1 or turf 7chopped up7 from a field1 may be added with advantage4 ,generous treatment subsequently in the way of liquid manure will alone make trees in such ground a success4 ,should1 however1 the soil be shallow and the subsoil gravel or chalk1 trees must be lifted every few years1 and the expense in a large garden might be considerable4 ,the monks in olden days were wont to put slates or large stones below their trees before planting1 to prevent the tap-root running into bad soil4 ,in modern gardens a concrete bottom two or three inches thick1 sloping towards a drain in front1 is sometimes made4 ,methods must depend on soil and means4 ,a concrete bottom is better than a stratum of stones or brick rubbish4 ,persons content with a few small trees may lift them frequently or root-prune annually1 in which case no special precautions are required4 ,,protection ,as the ,pear needs sunshine and warmth as well as moisture1 it must have protection from cold winds4 ,walls and buildings are not always to be had4 ,black ,italian or ,canadian poplars well planted and rather close together soon form a good shelter2 limes 7invaluable for bees7 quickly make a good fence if encouraged to throw shoots from the lower part of the tree and closely cut in4 ,hedges of damsons or the myrobalan 7the cherry plum7 serve as shelters from the wind and grow rapidly4 ,this cherry plum blooms early1 and its flower is often cut off2 otherwise its fruit 7ripe in ,august7 is useful for tarts4 ,protection is needed on the south-west against the winds as well as on the north-east4 ,the larger trees should be placed at some distance that their roots may not absorb the nourishment needed in the fruit garden4 ,,planting seems a simple subject1 yet the difference between good and bad work may make the difference between success and failure4 ,proper planting is of vital importance4 ,the ground should be prepared beforehand4 ,if it is wet1 and the water does not readily pass off1 drainage is essential4 ,the depth of the drains must depend on the outfall4 ,if they can be sunk three or even four feet below the surface1 they are less exposed to danger from deep trenching or the roots above them4 ,the drains should be about five yards apart4 ,the soil should then be well trenched and exposed thoroughly to the action of the atmosphere4 ,but beware of opening holes some time beforehand4 ,should rain come1 the holes will be filled1 and if the soil is heavy1 may remain there for some time4 ,abstain1 too1 from planting in wet weather4 ,if the ground is sticky1 the roots will not have free play4 ,should the soil be light1 well-decayed manure may be dug in1 especially if it has been well mixed some time beforehand with turfy or good loam4 ,in strong soil1 no manure is needed4 ,when the trees arrive1 do not unpack them until you are ready to plant4 ,exposure of the roots to the air should be avoided as much as possible4 ,if delay occurs from rain1 frost1 or any other cause1 put the roots in the ground1 laying the trees in a slanting position in a trench1 and covering the roots thoroughly with soil4 ,choose1 too1 a sheltered position in the garden for the trench4 ,should the ground be hard from frost1 do not unpack the trees2 keep them under cover1 and protect them as far as possible from cold and frost4 ,when the ground is fit and the weather favourable1 open the earth #b to #c feet across at a depth of #ab to #ah inches according to the class and size of the tree and roots4 ,carefully examine the roots4 ,cut off the points of any jagged or torn roots cleanly with a sharp knife1 and shorten all downward and coarse roots4 ,cut on the under side1 and towards the outside1 so that the tree may lie flat4 ,avoid any injury to the rootlets4 ,the aid of a lad will be useful to hold the tree in its place while the gardener is planting4 ,spread the roots and rootlets carefully out with an upward rather than a downward tendency4 ,then scatter fine soil amid them1 shaking the trees occasionally1 adding more soil until it stands erect4 ,now tread in the soil firmly1 and fill up the hole with fresh soil1 raising the earth several inches above the ordinary level4 ,the soil will sink after a time1 and occasionally more soil may be added subsequently4 ,but deep planting should always be avoided4 ,with pears on the ,quince1 it is important that all the quince stock should be covered by the soil1 as it suffers in dry weather if exposed1 and the fruit would therefore be affected4 ,all buds on this stock should on this account be inserted as near the ground as possible4 ,should the soil be very heavy1 yet pears must be planted1 place the roots almost on the surface1 and throw the lightest earth obtainable round the stem4 ,if such ground is trodden down hard1 and rain should soon follow1 the ground would probably become like a brick1 and the roots1 kept in check1 would suffer seriously4 ,the best time for planting is towards the close of ,october and in ,november4 ,select your trees yourself1 and go only to first rate nurserymen for pears if you want varieties on the ,quince stock4 ,each nursery has its specialty4 ,budding1 grafting and double-grafting on special stocks do not always have the attention and skill required4 ,if you cannot go1 send your orders early1 so as to secure an early choice and good trees4 ,planting may continue to the end of ,february1 but you must not expect good trees for late orders4 ,the roots1 too1 make some progress even in winter1 so that early planting is preferable in every way4 ,,staking ,,and ,,wiring ,standards should be attached to a round1 strong1 stout stake #b- inches thick or more1 as soon as planted4 ,the best plan is to have the stake in position ready for the tree4 ,for full sized standards1 the stakes should be #g to #h feet long1 and driven #ah inches or more into the ground2 they should be in the centre of each hole4 ,choose durable wood1 as far as possible4 ,a straw or hay band1 or a piece of bagging1 should now be run round the stem1 and the stake attached to it by thick string or cord well tarred4 ,the twigs of the willow 7soft and strong1 especially the golden willow7 may also be used4 ,protection against rabbits must be provided at once4 ,a wire fence round the orchard or garden is best2 where there is no fence1 put a yard of wire netting 7#a- mesh7 round each tree4 ,this will last for years4 ,the wire should be #c feet high at the least4 ,examine your fence every year in ,september and repair4 ,you cannot be too particular4 ,serious damage may be done in a night4 ,,stocks ,,for ,,pears ,the discovery of the ,quince ,stock1 as adapted to the ,pear for budding or grafting upon1 has added immensely of late years to the popularity of this valuable fruit4 ,the discovery1 it is true1 is not a new one4 ,merlet1 writing in #affg 7says ,mr ,scott71 recommends the ,portugal ,quince as stronger and more favourable for working pears upon than any other variety3 ,it swells equally fast with the graft1 which none of the other sorts do4 ,le ,gendre1 an author of about the same date1 in ,le ,manire de cultiver les arbres ,frutiers1 says3 ,i have been much aided by the invention of grafting the ,pear upon the ,quince1 and adds that he was one of the first who helped to introduce this method4 ,by this discovery the well-known saying3 ,plant pears for your heirs1 must give way to another3-- ,that those who plant pears ,grow fruit for their heirs ,is a maxim our grandfathers knew2 ,but folks have learnt since1 ,if you graft on the quince ,the fruit will develop for you4#a ,this stock checks excessive growth1 and brings the tree into early bearing4 ,it is not adapted for large standards nor for light soil2 in good pear ground it is simply invaluable4 ,sometimes poor results occur1 but the failure is usually caused by the want of proper care1 either at the nursery or in the garden4 ,young trees are often overworked4 ,some varieties will not thrive on the quince stock1 so that double-grafting has been introduced4 ,thus the strong-growing ,beurr d',amanlis is grafted on the quince1 then two years after some other sort is grafted on it4 ,it is said that in this way ,gansel's ,bergamot is made a marvel of fertility1#b but this is not my experience6 ,the disappointing pear ,marie ,louise is usually double-grafted1 so is that excellent late pear ,josephine de ,malines for cordons1 bushes1 or pyramids1 and so are many others4 ,strong-growing varieties like ,vicar of ,winkfield1 ,beurr ,hardy1 ,beurr ,clairgeau1 ,marie ,louise d',uccle1 and others1 are used as intermediate stocks4 ,to check the vigorous ,pitmaston ,duchess1 the weakly ,winter ,nelis is employed as an intermediary4 ,our chief nurserymen are studying the habits of each pear which needs double grafting1 and failure is rare on their part4 ,fruits grown on the ,quince ,stock are often more highly coloured1 and not so coarse as such as are on the ,pear ,stock4 ,those who have a good pear soil then should plant no tree on the ,pear ,stock1 except in an orchard4 ,the varieties usually employed are the ,portugal1 the ,angers1 and the common ,quince4 ,the ,angers being compact1 prolific1 and easily increased1 is said to be the favourite4#c ,in some soils ,pear ,stocks must be used4 ,the ,quince would not thrive2 it is not strong enough4 ,the latter is surface rooting1 it emits more fibres1 and does not rejoice in the tap-root of the ,pear ,stock4 ,but for light and unfavourable soils1 and also for large standards1 the ,pear ,stock alone will suffice4 ,this is often called the ,free ,stock1 as compared with the dwarfing ,quince4 ,in former years the seeds of the wild pear were used to raise new stocks1 but at the present time pear seedlings are sent from ,france to ,england and the ,united ,states in large quantities4 ,our cousins1 however1 are exerting themselves earnestly to improve the pear1 and with their energy and variety of climate1 will not long be dependent upon ,france4 ,,orchard ,,trees ,in good soil and a favourable1 well-sheltered aspect1 standard trees on the pear stock may be a success if planters and owners can wear the cap of patience for eight to ten years4 ,should it be probable that cattle will use the ground1 a strong and lasting fence must be put round each tree1 as thorns encircling them will not suffice4 ,iron fences made for the purpose1 with wire netting added at the top1 may be the cheapest in the end4 ,otherwise1 put three posts 7larch or oak7 to form a triangle round the tree4 ,these should be well charred or tarred at some distance from the lower end before being firmly driven in4 ,the tops should slant outwards4 ,then nail cross-pieces to the posts2 old railway-sleepers are sometimes cheap and useful4 ,the standards in good soil should be thirty feet apart or more4 ,it is a mistake to allow the grass at any time to grow under the trees4 ,moisture which pears require is absorbed1 and the air is kept from the roots4 ,reduce the branches after planting 7in ,october or ,november7 to five or six at the most2 cut these back to an outer eye1 six to nine inches from the stem4 ,the roots will establish themselves for the first year1 and good growth will usually follow4 ,the strength of a tree depends mainly on its roots4 ,these must not be overtasked at first1 or the tree will suffer seriously4 ,next year1 late in ,july1 cut back to the sixth leaf all shoots springing from the main branches which run inwards2 keep the centre open1 well exposed to the light1 sun and air1 and allow the main branches to develop themselves freely4 ,in the winter cut all shoots not needed back to two or three eyes4 ,if more boughs are needed1 shorten the leading shoots1 always cutting just above an outer eye4 ,make the tree as even as you can by shortening leading shoots on opposite sides4 ,never allow boughs to cross or to interfere with one another4 ,if boughs are void of a fair proportion of shoots and spurs1 they should be stopped4 ,be careful to admit the sun fully on the south side4 ,cut off all shoots springing from the central part or on the lower part of the branches of old standards4 ,if young standard trees are well planted1 carefully fed and pruned1 the stems kept clear of weeds and grass1 they can be brought into comparatively early bearing4 ,where irrigation is possible1 let a stream of water that has flowed some distance over the ground be turned in dry weather on to their roots1 or let liquid manure be given after rain2 the effect will be surprising4 ,but beware of very cold or stagnant water6 ,early pears are probably the most profitable for orchard planting4 ,the following are reliable3-- ,six ,market ,orchard ,standard ,pears selected by ,messrs ,bunyard3 ,hessle1 ,fertility1 ,williams' ,bon ,chrtien1 ,beurr ,capiaumont1 ,durondeau1 ,pitmaston ,duchess4 ,messrs ,rivers' list of seven3 ,beacon1 ,bon ,chrtien1 ,clapp's ,favourite1 ,fertility1 ,conference1 ,marie ,louise d',uccle1 ,vicar of ,winkfield4 ,the list of an eminent firm in the south is as follows3-- ,bon ,chrtien1 ,hessle1 ,pitmaston ,duchess1 ,louise ,bonne of ,jersey1 ,emile d',heyst1 ,marie ,louise4 ,at the ,pear ,conference 7,r4,h4,s471 #ahhe1 ,bon ,chrtien had #ej votes1 ,louise ,bonne #df1 ,b4 ,capiaumont #ch1 ,hessle #cj4 ,thus1 ,william's ,b4 ,c4 has #d votes1 ,hessle #c1 ,pitmaston #b1 ,fertility #b4 ,personally1 ,i prefer ,pitmaston as a bush1 the fruit being so large4 ,it is a pear for a good market1 not a coster's fruit4 ,ten trees of three varieties would make a good orchard4 ,vicar of ,winkfield or ,verulam might be added for a later ,stewing ,pear4 ,the bloom of ,marie ,louise is so tender that ,i prefer ,marie ,louise d',uccle1 a very good cropper2 the fruit is sometimes sold as ,marie ,louise4 ,the list of #ahhe is hardly up to date4 ,louise ,bonne does not do well with me as a standard1 and ,i should substitute ,fertility4 ,clapp's ,favourite is also very promising4 ,if the plantation is of any size1 do not put two trees of the same variety close together4 ,some varieties are self-sterile1 yet quite capable of cross-fertilisation from the pollen of other varieties4 ,bees should be kept close at hand to fertilise the blooms4 ,the following is ,mr ,radcliffe ,cook's list of orchard standards for ,perry 7see his ,cider and ,perry73-- ,barland1 ,moorcroft1 ,red ,pear1 ,taynton ,squash1 early varieties4 ,langland1 ,yellow and ,black ,huffcup1 midsummer4 ,blakeney ,red1 ,butt ,pear1 ,oldfield1 ,pine ,pear1 ,rock ,pear1 late4 ,it is said that in ,france there are more than #aejj varieties of ,perry ,pears4 ,we must wake up and grow the best varieties4 ,,pyramids ,no one should plant high standards except under special circumstances2 pyramids are a part of almost every large and good fruit-garden4 ,in moist1 strong soils they should be on the ,quince ,stock4 ,in light soils the ,pear ,stock alone has a chance4 ,some trees succeed only as bushes1 others can be trained as pyramids4 ,the lists of the leading nurserymen usually refer to the habits of each tree4 ,buy trees trained as pyramids direct from the nursery4 ,if you prefer maidens 7trees one year old7 train as follows3 ,in early spring1 after planting1 stop the tree slightly1 and encourage growth2 next winter cut it down almost to the stock4 ,a strong shoot from the base must now be made the leader and the central stem4 ,next winter cut this back to within #ah inches of the ground4 ,the highest shoot next season must be trained upwards by a straight stake2 the side shoots will form branches4 ,these in ,september must be brought 7by stakes7 into a horizontal position4 ,the stronger must be more depressed1 the weaker may be left for another year4 ,bend into position before the sap sinks4 ,in winter reduce side shoots on branches to two or three eyes4 ,cut the leading shoot #ab or #ae inches 7according to growth or soil7 above the branch below it1 so as to produce fresh branches4 ,bend these down as before4 ,as the tree progresses1 the leading shoot may be stopped in summer when it has grown a foot1 so as to throw out more branches2 it may grow another foot upwards by ,september1 and also send out fresh branches4 ,every care should be taken to keep an upright and straight stem4 ,in summer pruning check the upper branches before the lower1 stopping the terminal shoots so that they shall not spread out further than those below them4 ,stop them when they have grown #h or #aj inches1 removing the top4 ,any shoots from the branches 7laterals7 must be reduced to six or seven leaves about mid-,june 7on young trees71 so as to open the tree and concentrate growth on necessary parts1 and also to produce bloom-buds4 ,these may form near the base4 ,in winter reduce to two or three eyes4#d ,pyramids on the ,pear ,stock in strong soil reach a height of #ae to #be feet1 but such trees are hard to manage4 ,weak growing sorts might be tried4 ,the larger trees would need annual root-pruning 7half a side each year7 to secure good crops4 ,train pyramids from the nursery in a similar way1 keeping the upper branches in subjection to the lower1 taking care to let light into every part of the tree by summer pruning4 ,pyramids on the ,quince should be not less than #aj feet apart1 #ae in strong soil with strong sorts 7such as ,pitmaston ,duchess1 or ,duchesse d',angoulme72 on the ,pear ,stock in similar soil for strong sorts #bj feet apart4 ,avoid crowding4 ,lift or root-prune rather than crowd4 ,do not plant two trees of the same variety close together4 ,the pollen of a different sort may make each tree more fruitful4 ,have hives of bees at no great distance to promote fertilisation4 ,the following are good sorts for pyramids3-- ,citron des ,carmes 7on pear7 early1 ,williams' ,bon ,chrtien1 ,clapp's ,favourite1 ,marie ,louise d',uccle1 ,duchesse d',angoulme1 ,durondeau1 ,fondante d',automne1 ,beurr ,hardy1 ,beurr ,superfin1 ,marchal de la ,cour1 ,doyenn du ,comice1 ,princess1 ,josephine de ,malines1 ,beurr ,rance4 ,,cooking ,,pears4--,bellissime d',hiver1 ,vicar of ,winkfield1 ,verulam4 ,others might be added4 ,some of these also do well as bushes4 ,,columnar ,,trees are pyramids on a smaller scale1 kept well in check by lifting or root-pruning1 more like a column than a pyramid4 ,in light soil this work would not be needed4 ,they are adapted for small gardens1 and1 well managed1 may be very useful4 ,plant from #h to #aj feet apart4 ,,espaliers in the open ground 7according to some good growers7 are the most economical of space1 but ,i do not care much for them4 ,train at first from maidens as for a pyramid1 keeping one upright shoot and guiding one branch each side in an almost horizontal position4 ,cut back the leader once a year at first at about #ab or #ae inches from the branch below to one bud just above the buds whence the branches are to spring4 ,from this one bud the upright leader will grow4 ,the branches should be about a foot apart4 ,stop the topmost in summer 7if very strong7 to divert the sap into other parts4 ,stop strong horizontals to strengthen the weak and to promote fruit-buds4 ,stop shoots on the branches late in ,june or in ,july at six full leaves1 if the tree is flourishing1 but not otherwise4 ,equalise the sap as far as possible4 ,espaliers may be bought from the nurseries1 saving several years4 ,plant #ae or #bj feet apart according to ground and tree4 ,support with rails or stout firm stakes placed #b- feet from the walk2 place the tree #c inches from the stake on the side of the path4 ,keep the trees low to prevent shade on the garden2 #e feet is high enough4 ,prune established trees in ,july2 cutting back fresh shoots 7laterals7 to six leaves1 and opening the tree and fruit to the sun1 removing shoots not needed4 ,reduce to two or three buds in winter2 with a small saw cut back large lumpy pieces the growth of years4 ,,horizontals ,,on ,,walls should be trained as ,espaliers4 ,they are better for a low than a high wall4 ,the branches should be about a foot 7four bricks7 apart4 ,in some old gardens1 enormous ,horizontals may be seen with the branches at distant ends turned upwards4 ,the lower branches are horizontal as far as the space allows1 then turned upwards4 ,this change checks the sap1 lessens luxuriance1 and promotes fruit-buds4 ,but there often is excessive growth in the upper parts4 ,these upper shoots must be pruned before the lower4 ,such trees are called ,palmetto ,verrier1 and are scarcely to be recommended4 ,,fan-,,shaped ,,trees are adapted to high walls4 ,tomatoes or other fruits may be grown below in the vacant spaces4 ,by planting a standard against a high wall1 it will soon be covered if fed and duly trained4 ,cut the tree back as an orchard standard after planting4 ,keep the boughs well away from each other1 #ab inches or more apart4 ,if a wall is shaded with foliage it derives little heat from the sun4 ,stop the gross upright shoots early in the season to spread the sap1 and summer prune in ,july4 ,keep the branches close to the wall1 and complete pruning in winter4 ,these trees must be on the ,pear ,stock4 ,the choicest sorts1 such as ,doyenn du ,comice1 ,beurr ,superfin or ,diel should be selected for a south wall4 ,prune the upper parts before the lower4 ,wires may be placed on the walls #a- inches out1 with an interval of #ab inches or more between each wire4 ,,bushes are of great value1 either in a plantation or a garden4 ,in good soil1 even those on the quince grow large1 and may need root-pruning or moving4 ,in poor soil1 with gravel or chalk not far below1 bushes on ,pear ,stock must be moved every few years1 and well fed4 ,rotten manure given in the autumn will attract and feed the roots4 ,fruit on low bushes is less affected by strong winds4 ,some sorts do better as bushes than as pyramids2 bushes1 too1 are more under control4 ,a maiden tree after planting should be allowed to grow for a year unchecked1 to establish the roots4 ,in winter cut the tree back to within a foot of the ground4 ,in the spring it will throw out vigorous shoots4 ,select three or four of these1 and fix them in position with stakes1 removing the others4 ,next winter cut these back to an outer eye1 leaving six or nine inches of each branch from the stem4 ,other branches will soon follow4 ,time will be saved by buying bushes from the nursery4 ,keep these as open as possible1 especially on the south side and the centre4 ,each branch should be a foot apart4 ,summer prune in ,july and winter as before4 ,stop the branches in summer1 if growing rapidly1 to produce fruit spurs1 and in winter cut back to strong wood 7to an outer eye74 ,all new wood will thus be feathered during the following year4 ,some bushes are very diffuse and need much room1 e4g4 ,catillac and ,uvedale ,st ,germain4 ,bushes on quince should be eight to twelve feet apart2 strong growers1 such as ,pitmaston1 ,duchesse d',angoulme1 ,catillac1 should be even more in good soil1 if root-pruning is not to be practised4 ,the following are good as bush trees3-- ,illustration3 ,,bergamotte ,,esperen ,,on ,,wall ,dessert ,pears4--,doyenn d't 7very early71 ,beurr ,giffard1 ,jargonelle1 ,b4 d',amanlis1 ,doyenn ,boussoch1 ,louise ,bonne1 ,pitmaston ,duchess1 ,emile d',heyst1 ,b4 ,diel1 ,forelle or ,trout ,pear1 ,b4 ,clairgeau1 ,winter ,nelis1 ,josephine de ,malines1 ,passe ,crassanne1 ,easter ,beurr4 ,cooking ,pears4--,catillac1 ,uvedale's ,st ,germain1 ,verulam 7more compact71 ,bellissime d',hiver 7grows like a cypress74 ,others might be added4 ,some of these do well also as pyramids4 ,,cordons oblique or diagonal1 on one stem only1 are my favourites4 ,the finest fruit can be grown on them even in the open1 if the situation is good and well protected4 ,they are usually placed against a wall1 but they also do well on wires4 ,these should be put near a path about #ah inches or #b feet away1 and #b to #c feet should be allowed the other side4 ,if the wires run ,n4 and ,s41 the best fruit will be on the ,s4 side4 ,e4 and ,w4 is a better aspect1 but both are good if there is shelter4 ,on a wall1 ,s4 or ,s4-,w4 is best4 ,plant single cordons in good ground1 they will soon grow and bear4 ,double-grafted trees are dearer1 yet cheap4 ,all in such soil should be on ,quince4 ,on chalk or gravel soils they must be on the pear or free stock4 ,older trees cost a trifle more1 but never buy old trees4 ,old trees are like old folks1 they rarely transplant well4 ,avoid horizontal or double cordons4 ,the former are too near the ground1 and often in the gardener's way4 ,the latter are not so manageable as single stems4 ,sometimes single stems fail from various causes2 they can be easily removed1 and a fresh tree substituted at little cost4 ,in a year or two the new tree1 if not cropped at first1 may begin to do well and bear fruit4 ,plant #ah or #bj inches from each other at an angle of #de2 when the tree reaches the top wire1 train it onwards4 ,after a time1 this wire may be crowded2 then a tree here and there may be allowed 7as a single stem7 to go upwards4 ,but root-pruning 7half a side only7 each year will keep gross growers in check4 ,stop the tops of strong growers of any size after planting to produce fruit buds1 and always remove blossom buds at the top4 ,all varieties do well as cordons2 the most tender should be planted in the best protected and warmest spot4 ,the wires 7galvanised7 should be stretched from iron posts1 the latter strengthened with stays4 ,bars of iron perforated1 flat1 and light1 #f or #g feet apart1 should keep the wires in position4 ,the lowest wire should be about #ah inches from the ground1 the wires above at least #ab inches apart4 ,six feet is a sufficient height for the top wire4 ,otherwise the garden is shaded and the trees require a ladder4 ,oak posts #g to #h feet long1 #d to #e inches through1 tarred or charred at the bottom1 are perhaps cheaper at first4 ,these also require stays4 ,in three or four years the wires are almost covered1 and good crops in a fine season follow4 ,leave openings at intervals for gardeners to go through4 ,,arches 7with a cordon on each7 may also be formed over paths and wires stretched from one to another4 ,but beware of bringing them very near to each other4 ,sun and air are essential to success4 ,a shoot allowed to run along a high horizontal wire will often bear fine fruit4 ,walls too should be covered with cordons rather than horizontals4 ,double the crop is often secured in half the time4 ,visitors to the ,chiswick ,gardens of the ,r4,h4,s4 may see a large number on a high wall bearing in a hot gravelly soil good fruit4 ,the treatment of all such trees is simple4 ,if against a wall and on light soil1 they must be fed well4 ,stable manure should be given in the autumn and left to decay2 liquid manure when the fruit begins to swell4 ,summer prune in ,july1 pinching or cutting new growths back to the sixth leaf1 reducing these in autumn to two or three eyes1 but leaving fruit buds untouched4 ,root prune when necessary in late ,october or ,november4 ,in winter1 look over the trees1 see that all are tied properly1 reduce with a small saw any large lumps of wood formed in the course of years1 and prepare the trees for spraying or washing4 ,,prices ,,of ,,trees ,the cost of ,standards is usually from #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #f;d42 ,maidens or ,yearlings #as4 #f;d4 each1 #abs4 per dozen2 ,bush and ,pyramids on ,pear or ,quince #as4 #f;d4 to #cs4 #f;d42 cordons1 #as4 #f;d4 each1 #abs4 per dozen2 double-grafted trees #bs4 #f;d4 to #cs4 #f;d4 ,,garden ,,orchards ,bush trees on the ,quince are best for these4 ,they come soon into bearing1 are interesting and sometimes profitable4 ,heavy fruits have a better chance than those on standards or on pyramids4 ,these latter require more time1 and are more exposed to the wind4 ,pyramids can soon be converted into bushes by cutting out the central branch within #b or #c feet of the ground4 ,begin by enclosing your orchard with a wire fence1 then form a hedge of damsons4 ,plant your pears #h to #ab feet apart4 ,keep avenues open for the transit of manures2 one hard path or road may be very useful4 ,use intermediate spaces for other crops while the bushes are young4 ,as crops cannot be expected every year1 grow gooseberries1 strawberries1 currants1 salads1 etc41 in a large plantation4 ,trees of the same variety should not be planted next each other4 ,pollination is often promoted by a different variety being close at hand4 ,the following are reliable and saleable3--,beacon1 ,clapp's ,favourite1 ,bon ,chrtien1 ,b4 d',amanlis1 ,souvenir du ,congrs1 ,louise ,bonne1 ,fertility1 ,b4 ,hardy1 ,d4 du ,comice1 ,durondeau1 ,pitmaston ,duchess1 ,b4 ,diel1 ,josephine de ,malines1 and 7cooking7 ,verulam4 ,no one growing for market should plant all these sorts except in a large plantation1 a first rate soil1 and a well sheltered position4 ,for market only take ,bon ,chrtien1 ,amanlis1 ,fertility1 ,durondeau1 ,pitmaston ,duchess1 ,josephine de ,malines1 ,verulam4 ,bon ,chrtien does not suit every soil4 ,clapp's ,favourite might be better4 ,fertility1 ,durondeau and ,pitmaston are a good three2 ,hessle1 ,beacon and ,fertility1 if earlier pears are desired4 ,,manures ,the artificial manures recommended by the ,r4,h4,s4 are as follows3 #d oz4 of ,basic slag and #a oz4 of ,kainit per square yard 7as far as the roots extend7 in the autumn2 follow these in ,february or ,march with #b oz4 of superphosphate and #a oz4 of sulphate of ammonia4 ,liquid manure stimulates growth of wood1 roots and fruit4 ,soot 7#a peck to #cj gallons of water7 allowed to stand till the liquid is clear1 given once or twice a week1 is very helpful4 ,every fruit-grower should have a good supply of some kind at hand4 ,not a drop from his stables1 etc41 should be wasted in summer4 ,in a drought it may save his trees4 ,but rank or fruitless trees of any age1 as a rule1 need no manure4 ,if there is a heavy crop1 feed well when the growing season is over4 ,pears are gross and thirsty feeders4 ,messrs ,rivers#e recommend that a peck of soot should be strewed on the surface in a circle #c feet in diameter round each 7dwarf7 tree in ,march4 ,pears on the ,quince in a light1 dry soil should have the surface round the tree covered during ,june1 ,july and ,august1 with short litter or manure1 and in dry weather be drenched once a week with guano water 7#a lb4 to #aj gallons71 and equal parts of soot1 which must be well stirred before it is used4 ,each tree should have #aj gallons poured gradually into the soil4 ,lime rubbish or chalk should be added wherever there is any deficiency4 ,if it be possible1 in dry weather allow a stream of water to flow by their roots1 or in any case give liquid manure4 ,the roots should never be dry2 cracking often follows rain just after a drought if the roots are dry4 ,soot is a safeguard against insects1 and is supposed to give colour4 ,dr ,griffiths 7in ,special ,manures for ,garden ,crops1 p4 #aja7 says3 ,nitrogenous manures are requisite for backward1 potash and phosphates for forward trees2 the former aids growth1 the latter develops bloom1 the sugar in the fruit1 and the ripening of the wood4 ,pear trees are aided by a manure containing four parts 7by weight7 of kainit and one part of superphosphate--#d lbs4 of this mixture to be given in the spring to each tree after pruning4 ,if the trees are backward1 water once a week with a solution containing #a oz4 of nitrate of soda to #b gallons of water4 ,if basic slag and kainit are given1 autumn is the time1 as their action is slow4 ,nitrate of soda is good on hot1 dry1 and chalky soils4 ,,pears ,,for ,a ,,private ,,garden ,if the space is small1 try cordons or bushes4 ,if three are enough1 ,fertility1 ,pitmaston1 ,josephine de ,malines2 if six1 add ,durondeau1 ,bon ,chrtien1 ,comice2 if nine1 add ,b4 ,hardy1 ,b4 ,superfin1 ,verulam2 if twelve1 ,b4 d',amanlis1 ,louise ,bonne1 ,b4 ,clairgeau2 if fifteen1 ,jargonelle1 ,clapp's ,favourite1 ,b4 ,diel2 if twenty1 ,doyenn ,boussoch1 ,marie ,louise d',uccle1 ,marchal de la ,cour2 if twenty-three1 ,glou ,morceau1 ,winter ,nelis1 ,passe ,crassanne2 if twenty-six1 ,comte de ,lamy1 ,dana's ,hovey1 ,thompson's2 if thirty1 ,doyenn d't1 ,emile d',heyst1 ,baronne de ,mello1 ,easter ,beurr or ,olivier de ,serres4 ,,exhibition ,,pears ,size is of importance as well as perfection in every point4 ,coarse pears of inferior quality rarely win4 ,choice must depend on the time of year when you compete4 ,the same fruits cannot be sent to several shows2 they are certain to be bruised and to suffer in some way4 ,the following are the chief pears for exhibition3-- ,illustration3 ,,pear--,,mar,,chal ,,de ,,la ,,cour ,august and ,september4 ,beacon4 ,souvenir du ,congrs4 ,flemish ,beauty4 ,clapp's ,favourite4 ,bon ,chrtien4 ,marguerite ,marillat4 ,september and ,october4 ,b4 d',amanlis4 ,bonne d',eze or ,brockworth ,park4 ,beurr de l',assomption4 ,triomphe de ,vienne4 ,october4 ,b4 ,hardy4 ,marie ,louise d',uccle4 ,d4 ,boussoch4 ,b4 ,superfin4 ,louise ,bonne4 ,october and ,november4 ,beurr ,alexandre ,lucas4 ,marchal de la ,cour4 ,emile d',heyst4 ,d4 du ,comice4 ,b4 ,diel4 ,pitmaston ,d4 ,beurr ,fouqueray4 ,magnate4 ,duchesse d',angoulme4 ,conference4 ,durondeau4 ,marie ,louise4 ,november and ,december4 ,thompson's4 ,b4 ,sterkmans4 ,nouveau ,poiteau4 ,b4 d',anjou4 ,princess4 ,glou ,morceau4 ,fondante de ,thirriott4 ,general ,todleben4 ,b4 ,baltet ,pre4 ,january1 etc4 ,nouvelle ,fulvie4 ,passe ,crassanne4 ,bergamotte ,esperen4 ,president ,barab4 ,olivier de ,serres4 ,easter ,beurr4 ,b4 ,rance4 ,,cooking ,,pears ,,for ,,exhibition ,december and ,april4 ,uvedale's ,st ,germain4 ,bellissime d',hiver4 ,catillac4 ,directeur ,alphand4 ,verulam4 ,size is the chief point in cooking pears1 then equality of excellence4 ,size is produced by careful culture and good feeding in good soil4 ,the dates above are only approximate4 ,,pears ,,for ,,appearance ,illustration3 ,,pear--,,marguerite ,,marillat ,doyenn ,boussoch is perhaps the most handsome of all pears1 but does not last long4 ,marguerite ,marillat 7,september7 is large and handsome1 so are ,b4 ,clairgeau1 ,b4 ,sterkmans1 ,b4 ,mortillet1 ,souvenir du ,congrs1 ,b4 ,baltet ,pre 7very turbinate71 ,b4 ,giffard1 ,b4 ,hardy1 ,louise ,bonne1 and others4 ,,pears ,,for ,,quality ,much depends on the season1 soil and situation4 ,in a cold season1 even pears of good quality are only fit for cooking4 ,thus used1 they are often excellent4 ,the sweetest of all pears is ,comte de ,lamy4 ,dana's ,hovey 7of ,american origin7 is perhaps its equal4 ,d4 du ,comice1 ,b4 ,hardy1 ,marie ,louise1 ,josephine de ,malines1 ,winter ,nelis1 ,bon ,chrtien1 ,b4 ,superfin1 ,thompson's1 ,fondante d',automne1 are among the best4 ,a warm autumn makes a vast difference4 ,b4 ,diel then becomes first rate1 so do ,passe ,crassanne1 ,olivier de ,serres1 ,bergamotte ,esperen1 ,b4 d',anjou1 ,b4 ,sterkmans1 and others4 ,,cooking ,,pears ,growers should keep in mind that dessert pears often cook well if gathered before they are ripe4 ,stewed pears are excellent food in every way2 pears that do not ripen well can be utilised thus4 ,there are special sorts pre-eminently good4 ,verulam and ,bellissime d',hiver1 very fertile as bushes or cordons1 keep and cook well4 ,catillac and ,uvedale's ,st ,germain are very large1 the latter often enormous2 the fruit sometimes exceeds #b lb4 if the tree is well fed4 ,the two last are spreading as bushes1 but do well as cordons4 ,bellissime d',hiver was the favourite ,c4 pear of the famous ,dr ,hogg4 ,vicar of ,winkfield is also good1 but not so lasting4 ,cooking pears should begin in ,september and last until ,april4 ,b4 ,clairgeau is regarded by the ,r4,h4,s4 as a cooking pear4 ,it is free-bearing and handsome1 but not lasting4 ,directeur ,alphand 7new7 is described as very large1 but needs sun to ripen4 ,,early ,,pears ,these are not important 7except for sale71 as so many fruits of other kinds are usually abundant4 ,doyenn d't is the first in4 ,double-grafted on the ,quince1 it is very fertile4 ,next comes ,citron des ,carmes1 a great ,french favourite4 ,the fruit of this is said to be fine when the tree is double-grafted4 ,crawford1 a favourite ,scotch pear1 is regarded as its superior north of the ,tweed4 ,jargonelle is also a ,scotch favourite1 especially in ,perth1 where every vacant wall space is said to be soon occupied by this pear4 ,it is grown1 too1 as a standard on the free stock1 but does not love the ,quince4 ,if double-grafted1 the leading shoot pinched as well as the side shoots two or three times in the season1 it will bear well4 ,beacon and ,b4 ,giffard are also ,august pears4 ,later on come ,clapp's ,favourite1 ,bon ,chrtien1 and many others4 ,early sorts should be gathered before they are ripe4 ,mr ,g4 ,bunyard recommends that early pears as well as early apples should be laid in heaps1 covered with nettles or straw1 and sweated1 to improve their appearance4 ,they are said to colour well treated thus4 ,,late ,,pears ,are often worthless until they are in the kitchen2 yet a warm autumn makes some of them delicious4 ,the best of all is ,josephine de ,malines4 ,the tree does well as a standard or bush1 and the demand for the fruit is sometimes great4 ,with care it will last to ,march4 ,next comes ,winter ,nelis1 not so hardy2 then follow ,nouvelle ,fulvie1 ,madame ,millett1 ,passe ,crassanne1 ,olivier de ,serres1 ,easter ,beurr1 and ,b4 ,rance4 ,a new sort1 ,president ,barab1 has received a ,first ,class ,certificate from the ,r4,h4,s4 ,late varieties must be allowed on the trees as long as possible1 and be well protected from birds4 ,great care must be taken in handling and storing4 ,bruised pears soon rot4 ,,pears ,,for ,,cottagers ,,and ,,small ,,farmers ,the following were selected in #ahib by the ,r4,h4,s4 on the advice of forty experts3 for eating1 ,jargonelle1 ,bon ,chrtien1 ,b4 d',amanlis1 ,louise ,bonne1 ,durondeau1 ,marie ,louise1 ,d4 du ,comice1 ,pitmaston ,duchess2 for cooking1 ,b4 ,clairgeau1 ,catillac1 ,uvedale's ,st ,germain1 ,verulam4 ,but ,marie ,louise is a poor and uncertain bearer4 ,,synonyms ,when fruit trees have numerous names1 they certainly are popular1 probably good4 ,passe ,colmar has twenty-eight1 chiefly ,french2 grown in a rich warm soil it is a first-rate dessert pear 7,november74 ,the tree is vigorous and makes a good pyramid4 ,b4 ,diel has thirteen3 among the ,french it is ,beurr ,magnifique4 ,it requires a good season here4 ,uvedale's ,st ,germain 7,belle ,angevine of the ,french7 has twenty-two1 chiefly ,french4 ,yet it was raised in #afij by ,dr ,uvedale1 a ,schoolmaster of ,eltham in ,kent4 ,windsor1 a very old ,english pear1 mentioned in #afbi1 yet of ,french origin1 has eleven4 ,the fruit is large and greenish-yellow1 flushed1 but soon becomes dry and worthless4 ,in good soil it grows and bears well 7,august74 ,white ,doyenn has fourteen1 a fairly good ,september and ,october pear1 rather large1 a good bearer1 flesh white1 but somewhat acrid and gritty 7,barron74 ,vicar of ,winkfield has twelve4 ,a long large fruit often twisted1 fairly good for baking1 from ,november to ,january1 second rate 7,barron74 ,b4 ,rance has six4 ,a long1 largish1 late pear1 sometimes very good4 ,wardens1 a name given to pears which never melt1 are long keeping1 and used for cooking only4 ,the name comes from the ,cistercian ,abbey of ,warden in ,beds4 ,parkinson's ,warden is now ,black ,worcester4 ,there are ,spanish1 ,white and ,red ,wardens4 ,bishop's ,thumb was originally called ,bishop's ,tongue1 ,it was a favourite in #afij1 and is still a favourite4 ,the tree is hardy and a good bearer1 the fruit long1 firm1 melting1 sweet 7,october1 ,november74 ,brown ,beurr has ten2 an old favourite1 which requires a wall or very warm site 7,october74 ,chaumontel has nine1 requires a very warm climate4 ,better in ,jersey than in ,britain4 ,illustration3 ,,pear--,,beurr ,,diel ,easter ,beurr has twenty-two1 most of them ,french4 ,good if grown in good soil and in a good season4 ,it does not grow well on the ,quince4 ,flemish ,beauty has seventeen4 ,the fruit is large and sometimes russetty and flushed crimson2 good only when gathered before it is ripe 7,september and ,october74 ,louise ,bonne has seven4 ,raised at ,avranches in ,normandy 7#aghh71 it curiously is called ,l4 ,b4 of ,jersey4 ,marchal de la ,cour has six1 large and good4 ,one of the finest 7,dr ,hogg74 ,napoleon has fourteen4 ,second rate 7,barron74 ,red ,doyenn has eleven1 chiefly ,french4 ,the fruit is superior to ,white ,d4 7,november74 ,glou ,morceau has twelve or thirteen1 chiefly ,french4 ,it is excellent in a warm soil and site 7,november and ,december74 ,,pears ,,for ,,perry ,our people are beginning to discover that we can and ought to make as good ,cider and ,perry as is made in any country4 ,mr ,radclyffe ,cooke in his ,cider and ,perry gives the following list3-- ,early ,varieties4 ,barland4 ,moorcroft4 ,red ,pear4 ,taynton ,squash4 ,midsummer4 ,langland ,yellow and ,black ,huffcap4 ,late4 ,blakeney ,red4 ,butt ,pear4 ,oldfield4 ,pine ,pear4 ,rock ,pear4 ,sixty varieties appear in the ,list sent to the ,pear ,conference of the ,r4,h4,s41 ,october #ahhe4 ,,gathering ,,and ,,storing ,mid-,season and late pears should be gathered in dry weather as soon as they come easily from the tree4 ,lift gently1 and gather by degrees as the fruits ripen1 those on south side first4 ,use padded baskets1 and treat good fruits with loving care4 ,beware of piling a large quantity in one basket1 of turning or rolling out instead of handling by the stems4 ,with high pyramids ,heathman's combined ladder-steps may be needed4 ,pears should be put away quite dry in a dark and dry place1 where the temperature is as even as outside wooden or other walls1 and thatch above can make it4 ,perfect and fine fruit should be wrapped in tissue or other paper and placed singly on shelves or in shallow drawers or boxes4 ,boxes are excellent for late fruit4 ,for storing they should be only deep enough to hold one layer of fruit4 ,scott recommends clean bran1 others dry silver sand1 to put among the fruit so as to absorb any moisture4 ,the ripening may be hastened by placing the fruit in a gently warmed room1 or on hot water pipes in a greenhouse4 ,sorts dry and tough carefully ripened in warm drawers or on the shelves of a warm cupboard become deliciously melting and rich4 ,a heat from #fj to #gj is about the proper temperature 7,scott74 ,fruit pecked1 bruised1 or injured in any way should be kept apart and got rid of without storing4 ,white tissue paper1#f glazed on one side1 the fruit resting on the glazed side with another sheet on the top1 the glazed side downwards1 is useful where a large amount of fruit is stored on shelves or trays4 ,orr's ,patent ,trays1 sold by ,john ,p4 ,white1 ,bedford1 are excellent for storing4 ,the trays fit on each other1 and single trays are readily moved1 so that the fruit on each tray can be examined without being handled4 ,,protection ,,of ,,fruit ,as trees must be protected against hares and rabbits1 so must fruit be from other enemies4 ,birds in some seasons are most destructive1 attacking the finest fruit1 pecking a piece out near the stalk4 ,such fruit soon decays4 ,wasps and blue-bottle flies feast on ripe or injured fruit4 ,mr ,cheal in his ,fruit ,culture recommends that galvanised wire netting be put over the whole ground4 ,this may do for small plantations1 not for large1 nor for places where the trees rise beyond #g feet4 ,many use the ,cloister ,fruit ,protector of perforated celluloid4 ,this protects peaches1 apples1 pears1 etc41 from birds1 wasps and snails1 but the cost is heavy4 ,muslin bags kept carefully from year to year are good4 ,the fruit rests in them and grows4 ,nets made in different sizes might be put over bush trees on stakes4 ,they last if kept dry4 ,the gardener1 too1 should have a gun and use it at dawn and daily4 ,messrs ,bunyard recommend a trap like a lobster pot made by ,gilbertson ,page1 ,hertford1 to be baited with soaked bread4 ,this trap takes birds alive4 ,the house-sparrow and the bullfinch are the chief1 but not the only1 enemies4 ,robins1 hedge-sparrows1#g etc41 might be released4 ,cut ivy carefully back1 and encourage winter nets and sparrow clubs4 ,frost is another foe4 ,cordons might be protected by hoops covered with tiffany1 ,russian canvas1 mats1 or netting2 bushes by nets1 mats1 etc4 ,a movable coping over a wall is often useful4 ,but if strong colonies of bees are close at hand1 they will rarely fail to fertilise some blossoms4 ,in fine intervals bees come out in crowds1 and do great good4 ,queen wasps and wasps' nests should be sought and destroyed4 ,country children will find them for a small reward4 ,,winter ,,and ,,spring ,,washes ,if the fruit-blossoms survive frost1 cold winds and rain1 enemies of a different kind await them4 ,it is necessary to spray or wash the trees if these enemies are to be kept at bay4 #a4 ,the following mixture is recommended by the ,board of ,agriculture3 ,to prepare caustic alkali wash1 first dissolve #a lb4 of commercial caustic soda in water1 then #a lb4 of crude potash 7potashes or pearl ash of oilmen7 in water4 ,when both have been dissolved1 mix the two well together1 then add lb4 of soft soap or agricultural treacle1 stir well1 and add sufficient water to make up #aj gallons4 ,as the wash has a burning effect on the hands1 the sprayer should wear gloves and be careful4 ,the ,eclair hand-spraying pump1 supplied by ,clark ,co41 #bj ,great ,st ,helens1 ,e4 ,c41 sends a spray like a mist4 ,the cost is about #ces4 ,we have used it for years1 and the same firm repairs it well4 ,this mixture with us1 though easily sprayed1 has not been a great success4 ,if used1 it should be applied in ,february1 just before the buds open4 #b4 ,the ,bordeaux ,mixture is used for spraying by some1 and is recommended by ,messrs ,bunyard4 ,it is a good fungicide as well as insect-enemy4 ,the following is the receipt3 ,sulphate of copper #f lbs41 unslaked lime #d lbs41 water #ej gallons4 ,dissolve the sulphate of copper in a wooden vessel1 pouring in sufficient water to cover the coarse bag in which the sulphate should have been placed4 ,attach the bag by means of a string to a rod placed across the vessel1 and let it hang in the water4 ,in another vessel add water gradually to the lime until a thick paste is formed2 when cool mix the two together in a third vessel1 and add water up to #dj1 #ej or #fj gallons4 ,if the mixture is properly made1 a clean knife blade held for one minute in the solution should remain unchanged2 if coated with copper1 add more lime until no copper adheres to the blade4 ,stir the mixture constantly while spraying and use it fresh4 ,spray the trees when the buds are first expanding4 ,messrs ,bunyard 7,fruit ,catalogue1 #aija-b7 recommend #f lbs4 of pure sulphate of copper1 #d lbs4 fresh unslaked lime1 and #bb gallons of water1 the sulphate to be put in a piece of sacking or light cloth1 and hung by a string from the top of a barrel containing #ah gallons of water1 a few inches below the surface so as to dissolve4 ,then slack #d lbs4 of fresh lime in as small a quantity of water as possible1 the water being added very slowly1 until slaking is completed2 then slowly make up to #d gallons4 ,when cool1 thoroughly stir and strain slowly the milk of lime into the copper solution1 stirring well while mixing for another minute or two2 it is then fit for use as a winter spray4 ,it should be used when freshly made1 7a7 ,apply before buds start to all fruit trees with the #bb gallons mixture4 ,this can be diluted to a #cj1 #ej or #fj gallons mixture for spring or summer use4 7b7 ,spray again just as the petals drop with the #fj gallons mixture4 ,if made and applied as above 7within ten or twenty hours7 it adheres closely to the wood and foliage2 treacle need not be added4 ,this adhesion is of vast importance1 as lime is abhorred by stem-borers 7e4g41 the goat and leopard moths7 as well as by all insects4 ,the double application of lime is also helpful4 ,in the ,united ,states ,paris ,green is sometimes added1 and is no doubt useful2 the proportion must be very small4 #c4 ,for many years ,i have painted my trees in winter with the following mixture3 one bushel of lime1 half a bushel of soot1 a quart of paraffin1 a pail of cow dung1 a pail of clay2 melted grease is sometimes added1 and the whole worked into a paint and then put on the trees4 ,treacle might be substituted for the cow dung and grease4 ,this has proved a valuable preventive4 ,the lime and soot gradually falling off1 leave the bark clean1 and enrich the soil below4 ,but painting is a much longer process than spraying with 7#a7 or 7#b74 ,apples have subsequently been sprayed with ,paris ,green1 and pears might also be4 ,,insect ,,enemies #a4 ,the pear oyster scale is very injurious1 especially on walls1 if not checked at an early stage4 ,the covering of the female is like a small oyster scale1 hence the name4 ,scrape off any rough bark in winter1 and apply the alkali or one of the other washes as a preventive4 ,in ,may and ,june affected parts might be brushed with lb4 of soft soap in a gallon of water4 ,tobacco or lime water might also be applied4 ,paraffin largely diluted may be used1 but is dangerous in excess4 ,messrs ,rivers in ,the ,miniature ,fruit ,garden 7p4 #add7 say3 ,washing the parts affected with a mixture of soot1 lime and sulphur will remove the roughness and restore the tree to health2 the above mixed with skim milk is more enduring4 ,as a believer from experience in soot and lime1 ,i prefer this receipt1 if the trees were not washed in winter4 #b4 ,the ,blister ,moth makes brown blisters on the leaves4 ,it may be kept from laying eggs on the tree by syringing occasionally with soap-suds4 ,spraying with ,paris ,green just after the fruit is formed will do good4 ,half an ounce of best paste to #aj or #ab gallons of water1 with some fresh lime added1 will suffice for small gardens4 ,spray only in fine weather just after the petals have fallen4 ,paris ,green is arsenic1 and may poison bees if used too soon4 ,the sprayer should avoid breathing over the mixture when making it up1 should use gloves1 work from windward1 and not allow any spray to reach his flesh4 ,a second spraying for this and other insects is often useful4 ,blundell1 ,spence ,co4 7,ltd471 ,hull1 supply good paste4 ,price lb4 #as41 less for larger quantities4 ,see also ,no4 #c4 #c4 ,the ,pear ,leaf ,mite causes small blisters on the leaves1 but not the tunnels or galleries of the ,blister ,moth4 ,it winters in the bud scales1 and emerges in the spring4 ,if the trees are washed and syringed1 the attacks will be lessened4 ,in 7#b7 and 7#c7 collect the blistered leaves as soon as seen1 burn them and spray or syringe at once4 ,miss ,ormerod recommends a dilute paraffin emulsion sprayed over infested leaves4 ,dissolve lb4 of soft soap in a gallon of water1 add this while boiling to two gallons of paraffin1 churn the whole with syringe or small pump for ten or fifteen minutes to make a perfect mixture4 ,for spraying add #ab gallons of water to each gallon of the emulsion4 ,stir well while spraying1 and try the mixture on a branch or two lest it be too strong2 if so1 add more water4 ,this emulsion is good for the ,blister ,moth and the ,slug-worm4 #d4 ,the ,slug-worm is so called from the similarity of the larva of this sawfly to a small black slug4 ,the worms feed on the upper surface of the leaves4 ,dust with quick lime two or three days in succession1 or syringe with strong soap-suds and some tobacco water4 ,clean with pure water in a few days4 ,the paraffin emulsion 7,no4 #c7 might also be used4 ,quick-lime scattered around the roots and forked three or four inches into the soil may destroy their cocoons4 ,but beware of excess4 ,the remedy may be worse than the disease4 ,insects that attack leaves will also eat the skin of the young fruits if conveniently placed for them4 #e4 ,the ,pear ,sucker is a jumping plant-louse which early in the season sucks the juices of the tree about the axils of the leaves4 ,they are covered with the exudations of the sap1 which often drops on the ground4 ,the visits of the ants should call attention to this pest4 ,syringe well with soft soap and water1 lb4 to #d gallons1 and add tobacco water4 ,remove all rough bark 7their hiding-places7 in winter4 #f4 ,the ,pear ,gnat ,midge 7,diplosis pyrivora7 may readily ruin a crop if unchecked4 ,it is a recent importation among us4 ,both here and in the ,united ,states it is spreading with alarming rapidity4 ,it is a small two-winged fly1 with a black body having lines of yellow hair4 ,the female pierces the flower-buds and lays her eggs in them4 ,these soon hatch1 and the young tiny grubs eat their way into the embryo fruit1 keeping to the fleshy part1 leaving the core and seeds alone4 ,the pears turn brown1 and then black4 ,cut them open1 you will notice maggots4 ,the fruit bursts or falls1 the maggots form silken cocoons in the soil in which they pupate1 and remain till the blossoms begin to expand next spring4 ,mr ,j4 ,fraser 7editor of ,gardening ,world7 has kindly sent these details1 and recommends 7#a7 that the injured fruit be gathered and burnt2 7#b7 that two inches of the ground beneath the trees should be taken up and burnt2 7#c7 that kainit should be distributed round the trees in autumn4 ,kainit is said to keep off wireworm1 and is recommended in the ,united ,states as a preventive against this pest4 ,i think the mixture ,no4 #b or ,no4 #c should also be used1 as insects may be deterred by the scent4 ,lime and soot spread over the ground in winter would probably do good4 #g4 ,weevils devour leaves1 buds1 young shoots1 even the skin of fruit4 ,they feed by night1 and may be shaken into a cloth off bushes4 ,lime and soot may lessen their attacks1 either as a wash ,no4 #b or #c1 or spread lightly round the stems1 or as a powder over the leaves4 ,a special bellows for distributing any dry powder 7as sulphur1 lime1 soot1 etc47 can be had from ,de ,luzy ,frres1 #dd;,a ,harold ,street1 ,camberwell4 ,the price is #gs4 #f;d41 carriage paid4 ,as a general rule insecticides should be applied in the evening or after the sun is down4 ,early and late visits to the trees are best for finding them feeding4 #h4 ,wasps1 after a dry spring1 may be very numerous4 ,their nests often hold many thousands4 ,large numbers may be destroyed thus3 place a hand-light upon bricks1 make a small hole in the top of this1 and over it put a sound and closely-fitting one4 ,fruit cut open should be thrown beneath the lower light4 ,the wasps often go up through the hole1 and do not return4 ,their buzzing attracts others4 ,destroy by burning sulphur beneath1 or by drowning4 ,a glass destroyer on a similar principle is sold in china-shops4 ,open-mouthed bottles filled with beer sweetened or water sweetened with treacle will lure many to destruction4 ,queen wasps in spring and wasp-nests must be noticed and destroyed4 ,fasten a piece of cloth soaked in a solution of cyanide of potassium 7a small quantity dissolved in hot water71 and put it in the nest2 all the wasps will be killed4 ,dig out the grubs4 ,this is a deadly poison1 and should be handled only by an expert4 ,the emanation from the solution must not be breathed4 ,tar does almost as well4 ,a nest may be partly dug and flooded at night4 ,a clean wine bottle 7half-filled with water7 inserted in the place of the nest 7the top of the neck level with the surface of the ground7 will probably capture all stragglers4 ,some make a heap of injured fruit and syringe the wasps with nicotine soap1 eight ounces to a gallon of hot or cold water4 ,this plan kills quickly1 but the fruit no longer attracts4 ,squibs a half-inch in diameter1 three inches long1 made of gunpowder moistened with water1 one-fourth of flowers of sulphur added1 mixed into a paste1 wrapped in brown paper1 and tied at one end1 are good for the work4 ,after dark1 light the squib1 push the lighted end into the hole1 put a sod over1 and ram it in to confine the fumes4 ,in a few minutes dig up and destroy the grubs1 then fill up the hole4 ,if the nest is high up1 attach the squib to a stick1 light1 and keep it close 7while burning7 to the entrance4 ,young gardeners enjoy this squibbing process4 ,illustration3 ,,fan-,,shaped ,,pear ,,tree1 ,,one ,,year ,,after ,,grafting1 ,,showing ,,the ,,length ,,of ,,resulting ,,shoots ,,thinning ,,fruit ,if you wish for fine fruit or a crop every year1 trees must not be overworked1 especially in their earlier days4 ,thin whenever there is a large crop1 but do not begin too soon1 as some fruits are not fully fertilised1 and may fall4 ,never let fruits touch each other4 ,as the fruits mature1 give any grub-eaten to the pigs1 and use inferior pears for cooking purposes4 ,grub-eaten fruit must not lie on the ground4 ,,summer1 ,,winter1 ,,branch ,,and ,,root ,,pruning2 ,,lifting ,summer pruning rests chiefly on the principle that the trees should always be open more or less while in leaf to the sun1 the light1 and the air4 ,so cut out at any time branches that crowd the tree or threaten to cross other boughs4 ,cut from below1 so as not to tear bark away4 ,pears do not bleed from being cut4 ,in ,july1 when the growing time is almost over1 cut back to six or seven leaves any strong shoots springing from a main branch1 or in cordons1 from the stem4 ,if they shoot again1 they should again be stopped4 ,in late autumn or winter look over the trees1 reduce the shoots to two or three eyes1 taking care not to remove bloom buds4 ,early in the summer1 and at any time1 remove from the trunk and boughs any shoots threatening to crowd or shade the centre4 ,keep the tree 7especially the centre7 open to sun and light4 ,even large standards are improved by summer pruning4 ,tree-pruners should be used where the shoots are out of hand-reach4 ,root pruning is also essential in strong soils where trees are too rank in growth and produce wood rather than fruit4 ,trees of all kinds may be root pruned with advantage in such soils1 and also where the lower soil is bad4 ,open a trench #bj1 #cj or #dj inches from the stem 7according to size of tree7 until the coarse roots are reached4 ,one-third the distance from the stem that the trees are in height is a rule suggested by a recent writer4#h ,cut back such roots with a sharp knife2 drive the spade under the stem 7if possible7 to cut the tap roots1 and any others going downwards4 ,open a trench half round one year1 and if necessary attack the other half next year4 ,be careful not to prune too hard at first1 or to injure the fibres4 ,begin in mid-,october4 ,if the ground below is very dry1 give warm or rain water4 ,fruit blooms will probably appear next autumn4 ,if young trees grow very luxuriantly1 they may be lifted at the end of ,october with advantage4 ,cut the tap root and replant at once4 ,exposure of the roots is dangerous to vitality4 ,persons who prune their trees only in winter usually grow wood rather than fruit4 ,,marketing ,,and ,,packing ,marketing depends greatly on the neighbourhood4 ,colour1 size and quality ensure a sale everywhere1 but only a constant supply of good fruit will attract retail dealers or the ,london salesmen4 ,poor stuff will not sell at a good market4 ,the early fruits may be sent in flats 7with tops7 lent by the salesmen4 ,but these are often lost and involve trouble and expense4 ,non-returnable boxes to contain half a bushel or a bushel are now in use1 but such boxes are too large for the better fruits4 ,californian pears come to us in good condition in boxes containing each a few dozen fruits1 each fruit being separately packed in tissue paper4 ,french pears are also sent in boxes evenly graded and packed in one1 two1 or three layers4 ,small boxes bought by the gross are not dear4 ,the following list is taken from ,watson1 vol4 v4 p4 #cfi4 ,gross4 ,length4 ,width4 ,depth4 ,s4 ,d4 #aa- in4 #aj- in4 #g- in4 #cb #f #ae #f #g- #ca #f #ae #aa #g #ej #j #ae #ac #d #ec #f #af #h #d #bh #f --,,blacknell4 ,in the larger boxes1 strong paper should be put round inside to prevent bruising4 ,all fruit1 however sent1 should be even in size1 of good quality1 not diseased or bruised4 ,pears are more attractive when well packed than apples4 ,placed with their heads against the two opposite sides in two rows with the stems toward each in a box of suitable size1 they may be made to fit closely so as to travel safely4 ,the better and later sorts should be bedded in wood-wool and wrapped in tissue paper1 white or coloured1 with a sheet of paper between each layer1 and the whole firmly packed4 ,loose fruit are sure to suffer4 ,the contents of each box must be made so firm as not to be moved in the slightest degree4 ,the ,g4,e4 and other railway companies provide cheap boxes of a suitable size and allow similar boxes also to be used if nailed4 ,they must not be corded4 ,wire hinges and a fastening in front have been suggested4 ,nos4 #c1 #d and #e 7,g4,e4,r471 #bs4 #f;d41 #cs41 and #ds4 per dozen are the best sizes4 ,they will hold #ah to #bd fruits4 ,on ,g4,e4,r4 #bj lbs4 can be sent for #d;d4 to ,london2 #a;d4 extra is charged for every additional #e lbs42 delivery is included4 ,such boxes could be readily stamped with the grower's name4 ,the companies assist growers by publishing the names of those who have produce to sell4 ,,pears ,,in ,,an ,,unheated ,,orchard ,,house ,with skill and care pears may be successfully grown in an unheated orchard house4 ,they may have apples for their companions1 but not cherries1 peaches1 plums or apricots4 ,the most convenient house is a span-roof from #bj to #bd feet wide1 #aj to #ab feet high to the ridge of the roof1 and #d- to #f feet at the sides4 ,ventilators should run round the sides #ah inches wide1 and hinged at bottom2 the top ventilators should be #c feet wide by #ae inches1 #g- feet apart1 on alternate sides of the ridge 7,mr ,t4 ,somers ,rivers1 in ,royal ,horticultural ,journal1 vol4 xxv41 parts i41 ii474 ,a good length for this breadth is #ej to #fj feet4 ,a half-inch wire protection over the ventilators and an inner wired door may be as necessary 7as a protection against birds71 as it is for cherries4 ,there should be a path made hard with clay and gravel through the centre4 ,some advise a concrete floor2 others prefer to plunge their pots inside as well as out4 ,a lean-to house from #f to #i feet wide against a south wall may be of great service4 ,cordons can be grown on the wall1 or planted outside and trained indoors1 like vines1 near the glass4 ,trees in pots can also be placed there4 ,with either house1 some ground to which the trees in pots can be removed when all danger from frost is over is required4 ,it should be warm and well sheltered4 ,maiden plants may be put into #h or #aj-;inch pots in ,september1 and cut back later on1 but time is saved by purchasing older trees of nurserymen2 #ae to #ah-;inch pots will be needed in a few years4 ,if there is a concrete floor1 the pots must be raised on bricks1 that surplus water may pass off4 ,if the pots are plunged1 care must be taken that the water can run away4 ,in ,june take them into the open air1 plunge them in the ground within three inches of the rim1 to keep them warm and moist1 and to protect the trees from the wind4 ,after the fruit is gathered1 the trees should as a rule be repotted4 ,prepare a fresh pot with broken flints1 etc41 at the bottom1 place a piece of turf on them1 next a handful of soot1 and some fine soil on that4 ,have ready some new soil made chiefly of good turfy loam1 to which old mortar rubbish or road scrapings1 wood ashes1 guano1 and bone-dust have previously been added4 ,the whole should be well mixed4 ,then take the tree out with a ball of earth1 remove the soil all round the ball with a pointed stick1 shorten the rootlets around1 and cut any coarse roots away with sharp pruning scissors4 ,place the topmost roots an inch and a half below the rim1 then shake this compost among the roots1 finally ramming the soil hard down into the pot4 ,in two or three days soak the ball with rain or warm water4 ,the trees are better in the house until re-established4 ,sprinkle the leaves daily with soft water4 ,close and keep the house moist4 ,the pots can then be taken out and plunged once more4 ,the house will probably be wanted4 ,they must be carefully protected in severe weather2 place ashes1 earth1 or manure around them4 ,another plan is to lay the pots on the ground and cover them with mats4 ,take them back to the house before the buds begin to move4 ,shape the trees in winter1 and summer prune as may be necessary4 ,they require syringing as well as rich feeding when carrying a crop4 ,a mixture of poultry droppings or night soil 7half a barrowful7 added to the same amount of sifted soil and of wood ashes1 with a peck of soot and a peck of bone dust1 all made into a compost a few days before use1 is a strong surface-dressing4 ,a layer half an inch thick when the fruit is swelling should be given two or three times1 and be watered down with a fine rose4 ,messrs ,bunyard recommend cow manure mixed with malt combings1 and 7as an artificial7 sulphate of ammonia4 ,liquid manure 7not strong nor cold7 must also be given two or three times a week4 ,the fruit must be thinned1 and the trees never over-cropped4 ,large trees in #af or #ah-;inch pots need the annual renewal of the soil rather than repotting4 ,the flowers should be fertilised by the admission of bees1 by shaking the trees in fine weather about mid-day1 or by passing a light brush gently over the blooms from flower to flower4 ,change of diet as well as air1 and frequent syringing with clear water 7say ,messrs ,bunyard7 are very necessary 7,modern ,fruit ,culture1 p4 #bc74 ,but a dry atmosphere is best when pear and plum trees are in flower4 ,syringing in the open air is good for all trees in dry weather after the fruit has set4 ,the following is a good wash to be applied when the trees are brought into the house in ,january or ,february4 ,put a peck of fresh soot into a coarse sack1 and hang it in a tub containing #cj or #dj gallons of water2 leave it there for eight or ten days2 then remove it and throw in half a peck of fresh lime4 ,mix well1 then take off the surface scum4 ,a decoction of quassia made by boiling #b or #c ozs4 of chips to a gallon of water for twenty-five or thirty minutes 7or steeped in soft water for twenty-four hours7 added to the above is a useful insecticide4 ,syringe with this before the buds appear1 but not again until the fruit is set1 then once a week1 or oftener1 as occasion may require4 ,n4 ,b4--,never repot until you have learnt that the ball and roots of the tree are thoroughly moist4 ,soak the ball1 if necessary1 for twenty minutes4 ,in surface-dressing leave a space near the tree open1 that you may see what water is wanted4 ,never give strong liquid manure4 ,as severe frosts and dull weather sometimes occur in ,march when the trees are in bloom1 some hot-water pipes 7two rows of #d-;inch7 may be added if means allow4 ,a span-roof house should run north and south4 ,only the choicest sorts should be deemed worthy of a house1 such as ,bon ,chrtien1 ,souvenir du ,congrs1 ,b4 ,brown1 ,b4 ,superfin1 ,louise ,bonne1 ,b4 ,hardy1 ,marchal de la ,cour1 ,marie ,louise1 ,d4 du ,comice1 ,josephine de ,malines1 ,winter ,nelis1 ,passe ,crassanne1 ,bergamotte ,esperen1 and others4 ,illustration3 ,,espalier ,,trained ,,tree ,,cut ,,back ,,for ,,grafting--,,the ,,grafts ,,inserted ,,and ,,clayed ,,over ,,old ,,standards ,old ,standards that have ceased to produce good fruit should be cut down to within a few feet of the stem4 ,the young wood will soon bear better quality4 ,the trunk should be well cleaned and washed4 ,,irrigation ,wherever possible1 irrigation should be applied in dry weather4 ,an aero-motor pump or engine of some kind may raise the water to a tank4 ,it should be allowed to run over the ground for some distance to be warmed and aerated4 ,apply in strong soil only when the growing season is over4 ,,labels ,labels add greatly to the interest and pleasure of a garden4 ,acme labels are popular4 ,those sent out by ,john ,smith1 ,label ,factory1 ,stratford-on-,avon1 are also good4 ,they may be attached by his copper wire1 but those of the form of the rose labels with the name affixed at the top of a long spike are less likely to be lost4 ,,american ,,pears ,the chief pear in the ,states is the ,bartlett1 corresponding with our ,bon ,chrtien4 ,a schoolmaster named ,wheeler1 of ,aldermaston 7,berks71 raised it about #aggj4 ,a nurseryman named ,williams brought it out4 ,in #agii one ,enoch ,bartlett1 of ,dorchester1 near ,boston 7,u4,s471 introduced it into ,america1 and now it is cultivated so widely that it is on sale for three or four months in the year1 and exported also to ,england4 ,seckle1 a good ,october pear1 but small1 we have from the ,states2 the original tree is said to be near ,philadelphia1 about #ajj years old4 ,clapp's ,favourite 7,august7 comes from ,dorchester1 ,massachusetts2 ,dana's ,hovey1 a veritable sweetmeat 7,november and ,january71 also comes from the same ,state4 ,it is sometimes called ,winter ,seckle4 ,most of our good sorts are grown in the ,u4,s41 and ,californian pears are now coming to us in great quantities4 ,they are sent in wooden boxes1 properly graded and packed4 ,every fruit is in paper1 with the name of the grower on it1 and the name of the variety on each box4 ,the excellent quality and careful packing ensure a good demand at a high price4 ,good ,american sorts are ,lawson or ,comet1 ,block's ,acme1 ,sugar ,pear1 ,bloodgood1 and others4 ,our growers may learn a useful lesson from ,californian pears in the ,london market4 ,,notes ,,on ,,varieties ,emile d',heyst is said to be equal to ,marie ,louise in quality1 to be hardier1 and to be a better bearer4 ,it is not a grand grower on the ,quince1 nor does the fruit keep long 7,october1 ,november74 ,althorp ,crassanne is often a first-rate pear4 ,mr ,knight 7very eminent a century ago7 called it the best of all4 ,it lasts from ,october to ,december4 ,the tree is hardy1 and a good bearer1 but the fruit is hardly large enough for exhibition4 ,brockworth ,park1 almost identical with ,bonne d',eze1 was once a pear of great repute1 being large and showy1 but the flesh is coarse 7,november74 ,b4 ,bosc is largely grown in ,kent as a market pear4 ,it succeeds on a chalky1 warm soil4 ,it is sometimes first rate1 ,barron 7,october1 ,november74 ,beurr ,mortillet 7new7 7,d4 ,g41 i4e4 ,double ,grafted7 is a large and handsome ,september pear2 gather before it is ripe4 ,conference 7,rivers71 comparatively new1 is large1 handsome1 and a good bearer1 but not first rate 7,november74 ,fondante de ,thirriott1 or ,thiriot 7new71 grows and bears freely1 fruit large and good4 ,first quality1 ,barron 7,november and ,december74 ,madame ,treyve is a good ,september pear1 red and yellow1 in chalky soil4 ,it bears freely1 but is not first rate4 ,bon ,chrtien should be gathered gradually before it is ripe1 and laid on the shelves4 ,it is said that you must sit up all night to eat it just at the right time4 ,d4 du ,comice is regarded as the best all round ,dessert pear grown4 ,marie ,louise is tender and unreliable4 ,thompson's1 some think1 the best for flavour4 ,it is smaller1 and bears best on the ,pear ,stock4 ,marie ,benoist is recommended in many lists as a good late pear1 but my experience has not been favourable4 ,it is late and large when it bears4 ,general ,todleben is large and handsome1 but usually only fit for cooking 7,october and ,november74 ,princess 7new7 is a late ,louise ,bonne1 large and good2 the tree bears well4 ,beurr or ,doyenn ,sterkmans is a medium-sized1 late pear 7,december1 ,january1 ,february71 flushed bright red on one side2 second rate1 ,barron4 ,beurr de ,jonghe is a good ,christmas ,pear1 but a slow grower1 and needs a wall or orchard house4 ,beurr ,bachelier is large1 handsome1 a good bearer1 but quite second rate 7,november74 ,hacon's ,incomparable is large and handsome1 but second rate 7,november74 ,swan's ,egg was a popular pear fifty years ago for market1 as the tree is hardy1 bears well1 and the fruit is good1 but rather small 7,october74 ,noveau ,poiteau is a good exhibition pear1 of vigorous growth1 and bears well2 the fruit is excellent but does not keep well 7,november74 ,pitmaston ,duchess is an increasingly popular pear for market4 ,it is very large1 and on a cordon often handsome2 in warm seasons of good quality1 golden yellow when ripe4 ,bush trees on ,quince bear well 7,october1 ,november74 ,duchesse d',angoulme was a great favourite formerly1 the tree growing and bearing well4 ,fruit often very large1 but coarse and gritty4 ,crossed with ,glou ,morceau it has given us a child ,pitmaston superior to the parents4 ,josephine de ,malines is pronounced by ,mr ,barron to be always good4 ,hardy1 and bears well on ,quince 7,january-,april74 ,fouqueray is a large1 good pear1 an improved ,b4 ,bachelier 7,october74 ,b4 ,hardy is a great favourite with birds2 they prefer and peck the best fruit4 ,b4 ,alexandre ,lucas is large and handsome2 pyriform1 the tree is a good grower 7,october1 ,november74 ,triomphe de ,vienne is a large and handsome ,september pear tree 7,d4 ,g471 grows and bears well1 comparatively new4 ,marguerite ,marillat1 a very large1 handsome ,september pear1 bears well3 comparatively new4 ,michaelmas ,nelis is a new variety1 of which a specimen fruit has just been sent me by ,messrs ,bunyard4 ,it is as delicious as the ,winter ,nelis pear 7,december and ,january74 ,,receipts 7from ,cassell's ,dictionary of ,cookery1 slightly abridged7 #a4 ,to bake ,pears4--,rub half-a-dozen large hard pears with a soft cloth4 ,put them on a buttered baking tin into a slow oven1 and let them bake gently for five or six hours4 ,when tender1 they are done enough1 and are excellent if eaten with sugar4 ,probably cost #d;d4 ,sufficient for three or four persons4 #b4 ,another way4--,pare very smoothly a dozen large baking pears4 ,halve them1 take out the cores1 put them side by side into a well-brightened block-tin saucepan with a closely fitting cover4 ,pour over as much cold water as will cover them1 add the thin rind of a small lemon1 a tablespoonful of strained lemon juice1 an inch of stick cinnamon1 and fifteen grains of allspice4 ,put on cover1 place the dish in a gentle oven1 let it remain until the pears are tender1 add a little white wine if liked4 ,if such a saucepan is used1 no cochineal will be needed4 ,time to bake six hours4 ,probable cost #as4 #h;d4 ,sufficient for eight or ten persons4 ,to ,preserve ,pears4--,gather the pears before they are quite ripe1 pare1 halve1 core and weigh them1 put into a deep jar1 allowing #c lbs4 of sugar to every #d lbs4 of pears1 and just enough water to moisten the sugar1 and to keep the fruit from burning4 ,the strained juice and thinly-pared rind of a lemon and an inch of whole ginger may be put with every #b lbs4 of pears4 ,place the jar in a saucepan of boiling water1 and let the fruit steam gently for six or seven hours4 ,turn it into jars1 and at once fasten these down securely1 and store in a dry1 cool place4 ,two or three drops of cochineal added to the pears after they are cooked improve their appearance4 ,pears preserved thus will not probably keep good more than three or four months4 ,probable cost #h;d4 per lb4 ,pears ,preserved1 ,red4--,if in preserving pears it is wished to give a deep pink tinge to the fruit and syrup1 use a perfectly bright block-tin saucepan4 ,if this is not convenient1 add three or four drops of cochineal to the syrup or a small proportion of ,red ,currant or ,red ,gooseberry juice4 ,pears ,stewed4--,pare1 core1 and halve eight or ten good-sized pears1 leaving on the stalks or not1 according to taste2 put them into a tinned saucepan1 with #f ozs4 of loaf sugar1 #f cloves1 #f whole allspice1 of a pint of water1 and a glassful of port 7874 ,let them boil as gently as possible until quite soft but not broken4 ,lift them out1 put them on a glass dish1 and when the syrup is cold1 strain it over them4 ,some cream or custard added is a great improvement4 ,time to stew the pears from two-and-a-half to three hours4 ,probable cost #as4 #d;d4 ,sufficient for five or six persons4 ,for ,compte of ,pears1 ,pears ,frosted and ,iced1 ,pears ,pickled1 and other such receipts1 see same dictionary4 ,for another method of preserving1 see plums4 ,to ,preserve ,pears 7from an old author74--,pare them very thinly and simmer in a thin syrup2 let them lie a day or two in the syrup4 ,make the syrup richer1 and simmer again1 and repeat this process till they are clear2 then drain and dry them in the sun or a cool oven a very little time4 ,they may be kept in syrup1 which makes them more moist and rich1 and dried as wanted4 ,jargonelles are said to be the best for this purpose4 ,to ,bake ,pears4--,these need not be of a fine sort2 but some taste better than others1 and often those that are least fit to eat raw are best for baking4 ,wipe1 but do not pare1 and lay them on tin plates1 and bake in a slow oven4 ,when soft enough to bear pressure1 flatten them with a silver spoon4 ,when done thorough1 put them on a dish4 ,they should be baked three or four times1 and very gently4 ,to ,stew ,pears4--,pare1 halve or quarter large pears1 according to their size2 throw them into water1 as the skin is taken off1 before they are divided to prevent them turning black4 ,pack them round a block tin stewpan1 and sprinkle as much sugar over as will make them pretty sweet2 add lemon-peel1 a clove or two1 and some allspice cracked2 just cover them with water1 and add a little red wine4 ,cover them close and stew three or four hours2 when tender1 take them out1 and strain the liquor over them4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,cheal1 ,fruit ,culture1 p4 #h4 #b ,rivers4 #c ,see an excellent article on ,pears in new edition of ,thompson's ,gardeners' ,assistant1 by ,r4 ,l4 ,c4 #d ,see elaborate account in the ,watson's ,g4's ,assistant1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aaf4 #e ,see ,miniature ,fruit ,garden1 p4 #fd4 #f ,see ,watson1 vol4 v41 ,storing4 #g ,hedge-sparrow smaller1 duller in colour1 eggs bluish green1 builds in hedges2 house-sparrow1 eggs white1 with brown spots1 nests in trees and buildings4 #h ,john ,wright1 ,profitable ,fruit ,growing4 ,,plums ,,and ,,damsons ,what is the finest fruit in the world8 ,the secretary and the superintendent of the ,r4,h4,s4 7in vol4 xxvi41 parts ii4 and iii4 of the ,journal of the ,r4,h4,s47 agree in thinking that ,goldoni1 a yellow nectarine raised from a peach by the late ,francis ,rivers is1 when properly ripened1 without exception1 the finest fruit in the world4 ,it has not been my privilege to taste it1 yet ,i venture to think that a thoroughly ripened plum of one of the best varieties must come near it4 ,the incessant demand for greengages is a testimony to the popularity of the plum as a dessert fruit4 ,next to the apple1 it is the most useful of our fruits4 ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,plum ,eminent botanists are of opinion that our plums and damsons have had their origin in the ,prunus ,communis found in various parts of ,europe and ,asia1 but others consider that the ,prunus ,domestica is the parent of the majority4 ,mr ,a4 ,h4 ,pearson of ,chilwell1 ,nott4 7v4 ,journal of the ,r4,h4,s41 vol4 xxi4 part ii471 thinks that the blood of more than one species is found in the plums of the present day1 as varieties closely resembling one another demand different stocks for their well-being when propagated by grafting4 ,the cherry plum is ,prunus myrobalana1 and of this species there are several varieties1 as ,st ,etienne1 ,mirabelle ,prcoce1 i4e4 the ,early ,mirabelle1 ,mirabelle ,petite1 and others4 ,rivers' ,early ,prolific is said to be of the same race4 ,the ,bullace is classed by some botanists under the ,prunus ,instititia1 and they place the damson in the same species1 but the latter is round1 the former oval4 ,the damson1 a small plum1 may be safely classed with the ,prunus ,communis4 ,it derives its name from the city of ,damascus4 ,damascena is the word used in ,pliny for the district round ,damascus1 and damson originally meant the ,damascus plum4 ,the ,chinese have for centuries cultivated plums1 and in the ,united ,states plums from ,japan are coming rapidly into use1 and appear to be more successful there than in the ,british ,isles4 ,we find the word prunum1 a plum1 in ,vergil1 ,ovid1 ,martial1 and other ,roman writers4 ,prunus1 a plum tree1 is derived directly from the ,greek2 prunus silvestris1 in ,columella and ,pliny1 is supposed to mean the black thorn or sloe tree4 ,these illustrations prove that the plum has been known for ages1 and that its value is recognised in every part of the world4 ,our word plum is plainly derived from the ,latin 7probably through the ,anglo-,saxon71 and the word prune is almost identical with prunum4 ,,soil ,,and ,,situation ,the plum is not so particular as the pear about soil1 yet it has its preferences4 ,it is not so deep-rooting as the apple and pear are2 the character therefore of the lower soil is not so important4 ,but stone-fruits require lime4 ,in planting for profit1 no site should be selected for a large plantation if the soil is deficient in lime4 ,it is true that lime can be added1 but this plan may suit a private garden1 not a large plantation for profit4 ,the plum being hardier than the pear will flourish in most soils1 even in a heavy loam1 but not in light sandy or gravelly soil4 ,in the latter case1 something may be done by heavy manuring and frequent removal4 ,the trees in the ,r4,h4,s4's garden at ,chiswick are a triumph of skilful culture1 as good crops are raised on many trees in a hot and gravelly soil4 ,some damsons1 however1 do not thrive there4 ,but such culture is costly4 ,in soils of an intermediate character1 much may be done by adding other materials as suggested for pears4 ,if there is any doubt about the amount of lime in the soil1 an analysis should be obtained1 and special notice taken of the trees in the neighbourhood4 ,the plum 7like the pear7 will not thrive in a low1 wet1 undrained locality1 nor in one that is very dry or exposed4 ,drainage is essential to success4 ,if1 in a rainy season1 water in a clay soil is allowed to remain round the roots1 canker or gumming is pretty sure to follow4 ,excessive moisture is as bad as extreme dryness4 ,the slope of the ground1 therefore1 is a matter of importance4 ,in ,essex there is often land quite level with a heavy clay soil difficult to drain2 such soil would not suit plums1 though it might suit quinces4 ,the aspect as well as the slope must also be considered4 ,for the better class of plums1 i4e4 dessert varieties1 where sweetness is expected1 a position open to the southern sun is best1 but they will also thrive if the aspect is ,s4-,e4 or even ,s4-,w4 ,culinary and hardy varieties might be planted in the colder aspects to the ,n41 ,n4-,e4 or ,n4-,w4 ,proper shelter must by no means be forgotten4 ,bitter north winds may injure the bloom almost as much as frost or rain2 strong winds from the ,e4 or ,s4-,w4 may do great damage to heavy crops4 ,mr ,lewis ,castle in ,plums for ,profit 7edited by myself1 ,s4,p4,c4,k47 suggests that ,canadian and ,italian poplars make a good break if tall growers are required1 but cherry plums1 the myrobalan1 will grow into a strong hedge in two or three years' time if the height be sufficient4 ,damson hedges serve a double purpose and afford good protection4 ,he also suggests that some of the ornamental crabs are similarly useful for protection4 ,of these the ,transcendant and ,hyslop or ,dartmouth produce good crops of lovely fruit which are excellent for cooking purposes and would probably sell well4 ,,propagation ,,and ,,stocks ,the usual method of propagation is by budding and grafting4 ,the stocks on which the different varieties are grafted are raised from stones4 ,mr ,pearson states that six kinds of stocks are used in the best nurseries--i4e4 the common plum1 the ,brussels1 the ,mussel1 the ,brompton1 the ,damas ,noir or ,st ,julien1 and the ,myrobalan4 ,the secret of success is to work the stock with a variety which is of common parentage4 ,nearly all plums will grow upon the common plum stock1 though some of them thrive much better upon other stocks4 ,prince ,englebert and ,diamond flourish upon ,mussel1 but not upon the ,brompton4 ,belgian ,purple will not grow upon either ,brussels or common plum1 but succeeds upon ,damas ,noir1 ,mussel1 or ,myrobalan4 ,the accurate knowledge required points to the wisdom of purchasing trees only from nurserymen who make such trees a specialty4 ,the late ,archdeacon ,lea in his excellent book ,small ,farms dwells strongly on the folly of buying cheap stuff4 ,trees on unsuitable stocks or not true to name bring bitter disappointment after a few years4 ,never purchase trees because they are cheap4 ,visit the nurseries1 and pick out trees with clean healthy bark1 even though they are smaller than others4 ,if you cannot go or send a reliable man1 write in good time and get an early choice4 ,select and accept only young trees not more than two or three years' old4 ,budded trees are better than those grafted1 as a general rule1 the union being better2 indeed grafting is usually adopted because budding has failed4 ,in trees that have been budded1 there will probably be less gumming4 ,,planting ,planting is a matter of supreme importance1 but the rules for pears and plums are very much the same4 ,especial care must be taken if the soil is heavy and loaded with moisture4 ,put the trees on arrival in a trench 7see before71 and wait until the ground is fit and the soil as fine as possible so that the roots may run freely through it4 ,get the stakes ready and place them in position before planting4 ,bind the tree1 if tall1 at once when planted to the stake by soft willow twigs or other means1 taking every care that the bark is not rubbed by the stake4 ,old cloth or carpet may be used for this purpose1 tarred twine or cord being passed round it4 ,dry stakes well tarred1 often last as long as they are needed4 ,,what ,,is ,,your ,,object8 ,what is your object8 ,before choosing varieties1 or planting1 it is advisable to ask yourself1 what is my object8 ,on the answer the form of plantation and the choice of trees must depend4 ,if for a private house only1 the answer is easy4 ,then comes the question1 ,is there a wall1 and if so1 what is the soil and the aspect8 ,is there an ,orchard ,house8 ,if for market1 for what market are you preparing8 ,in the ,midlands1 the ,pershore 7 ,gisborne's7 is a great favourite2 in ,london1 the ,early ,orleans and the ,egg ,plum2 in the ,north1 the ,black ,diamond1 the ,wydale and others4 ,in planting damsons the same question should be put4 ,the ,midland people won't have the ,farleigh ,prolific so popular in ,kent1 and they are right2 the ,shropshire folks think their damson the best of all and many agree with them4 ,are you near a jam factory8 ,what plums do they desire or require8 ,local circumstances and wants should have great weight4 ,if you are near a wood and birds are numerous1 you may be wise in not growing greengages1 yet otherwise they may be the best sort for a large outlay as the demand for them is universal4 ,,plums ,,for ,a ,,private ,,garden ,let us suppose that the soil is fairly good2 the choice of trees is not difficult4 ,we have a selection made in #ahib by a committee of the ,r4,h4,s41 consisting of forty experts1 and their choice has been confirmed in a remarkable degree by a report of the trial of plums at the ,chiswick ,garden of the ,r4,h4,s4 in #aija4 ,at this trial on a soil that in a good year is said to suit them generally1 ninety-five varieties were tested1 and a good account was given of the following ten3-- ,plums for ,eating4 ,rivers' ,early ,transparent ,gage4--,green or greenish yellow1 flushed with red1 the finest early dessert plum1 a good cropper1 habit bushy1 compact1 vigorous4--,r4#i ,august #ba4 ,dennistoun's ,superb ,gage4--,green and of greengage flavour1 a first-rate dessert variety1 of exquisite flavour1 cropping well as a bush tree in the open air1 habit erect1 compact1 vigorous4--,r4 ,august #bf4 ,jefferson's4--,fruit larger than the two former1 yellow1 covered with small red dots1 habit erect1 compact1 very vigorous1 the best 'all round' table kind1 succeeds in every form4--,r4 ,september #f4 ,in the list of #ahib ,belgian ,purple was named as a plum for eating1 but it is only fit for the table in warm seasons1 dark purple1 of medium size1 bears well1 habit erect1 compact1 vigorous4--,r4 ,august #ai4 ,plums for ,cooking4 ,illustration3 ,,plum--,,rivers' ,,early ,,prolific ,rivers' ,early ,prolific1 a dark purple fruit1 rather small but one which comes in early so that it is often first in the market2 thus the tree has time to rest and recover before winter4 ,a very early and valuable cooking plum2 of fair quality for dessert1 a great and constant bearer4 ,the tree does not thrive everywhere1 nor is it very vigorous4--,r4 ,july #bc4 ,illustration3 ,,plum--,,czar ,rivers' ,czar4--,dark red or purple1 of medium size1 very good bearer1 habit erect1 compact1 vigorous4--,r4 ,august #b4 ,victoria1 ,fruit large and bright red1 very heavy cropper1 the most popular plum and best for general purposes4--,r4 ,august #bb4 ,cox's ,emperor1 or ,denbigh1 or ,denbigh ,seedling1 a large dark red of the ,orleans type1 habit erect1 compact1 vigorous1 a very good free bearing plum that always cooks well4--,r4 ,august #bb4 ,gisborne's 7like ,pershore71 ,fruit deep yellow1 rather large1 habit erect1 compact1 vigorous1 a great bearer4--,early ,september4 ,rivers' ,monarch1 ,fruit large1 bluish-purple1 the best late ,c4 7,cooking7 plum1 habit rather diffuse and vigorous4--,r4 ,september #ac4 ,these ten varieties have borne the test of time1 and won approval from the ,r4,h4,s4 in #ahib and #aija4 ,the descriptions are those of the ,r4,h4,s4 ,mr ,lewis ,castle omits ,cox's ,emperor and adds2-- ,early ,orleans1 medium size1 reddish purple1 good bearer and good ,c4 variety1 habit diffuse and moderately vigorous4--,r4 ,august #b4 ,greengage4--,if this is planted1 choose ,july greengage1 rather large for a greengage1 habit erect1 compact1 vigorous1 better bearer than old ,g41 fine-flavoured ,dessert plum4--,r4 ,august #g4 ,diamond1 very large1 blue-black1 very heavy cropper1 habit bushy1 compact1 vigorous1 good ,c4 plum4--,r4 ,august #bc4 ,pond's ,seedling1 ,fruit very large1 deep red1 habit bushy1 compact1 vigorous1 rather late1 free bearing ,c4 plum4--,r4 ,september #g4 ,prince ,englebert1 ,rather large1 dark purple1 habit erect1 compact1 vigorous1 reliable ,c4 plum4--,r4 ,august #ac4 ,coe's ,golden ,drop1 ,fruit large1 pale yellow1 habit bushy1 compact1 vigorous1 a delicious late ,d4 plum1 an indifferent bearer on bush trees1 most reliable on walls4--,r4 ,september #ac4 ,these remarks are based on the ,report of trials at ,chiswick in #aija4 ,if one plum only is wanted1 choose ,victoria1 if three1 ,early ,prolific1 ,victoria and ,monarch2 to these ,dennistoun's ,superb and ,jefferson might be added for dessert if five are desired4 ,all these varieties may be planted as ,standards1 but are better as half-standards or bushes4 ,if as cordons they must be two feet or more apart1 and lifted about once in three years4 ,there is no dwarfing plum stock like the paradise for apples or the quince for pears4 ,if the dessert varieties are on walls1 special attention must be given to pruning and to root-pruning4 ,the growth of coarse thick stems and branches is often fatal to the prospect of good crops4 ,,pruning ,,and ,,training ,plums as a rule do not need nor will they bear as much close pruning as pears and apples4 ,but they need special attention in early life4 ,,standards4--,these must be planted1 when other crops are to be grown beneath4 ,quincunx fashion is the best4 ,the rows1 as a rule1 should be #bd feet apart1 and the trees in each row about #bj feet4 ,plums do not shade as much as apples and pears1 yet it is always wise to avoid overcrowding4 ,some sorts are not as spreading or as vigorous as others4 ,weak growers like the ,early ,prolific might be placed between ,jefferson and ,monarch4 ,good trees in six or seven years should bring good returns1 but the intermediate space may meanwhile be utilised for strawberries1 gooseberries1 and so on4 ,standards should be #f feet high or more4 ,after planting1 cut back the shoots to about one-third of their length1 the weakest still more1 to promote vigorous growth1 and cut just above an outer eye4 ,keep the centre open4 ,in later years stop gross or robber shoots in ,june1 clipping some leaves of the latter1 if necessary4 ,never allow boughs to cross1 and keep all the tree fairly open4 ,when the tree begins to bear1 little pruning is necessary4 ,but stopping luxuriant shoots about midsummer is good for the other branches1 and for the production of fruit buds before winter4 ,complete pruning early in ,august4 ,in winter cut out dead wood1 and shorten boughs wherever fresh wood is required4 ,the wood of the ,victoria plum is very brittle1 and requires special treatment4 ,shorten the strong growing luxuriant branches of this variety in ,july2 otherwise later on they will break when loaded with fruit4 ,messrs ,bunyard's choice of six for market standards is3 ,rivers' ,early ,prolific1 ,czar1 ,early ,orleans1 ,victoria1 ,pond's ,seedling1 ,rivers' ,monarch4 ,,half ,,standards 7#c- feet to #d feet high7 are better1 and more manageable4 ,planted #ab feet apart1 gooseberries1 etc41 may be placed around them2 otherwise they may be nearer1 even up to #f or #h feet4 ,these should be pruned in ,august unless strong shoots require pinching back4 ,stop new side shoots at the sixth leaf to produce fruit-buds4 ,avoid excess4 ,wounds made in ,august have a better chance of healing while the sap is still active4 ,pyramids are not as useful as bushes2 the former require a central stem and special training4 ,,in ,,bushes1 keep the tree open1 stop strong shoots at midsummer1 prune new 7side7 shoots back to six leaves about mid-,august1 and take out wood that is not wanted1 admitting the sun and air4 ,in winter cut back any boughs where fresh shoots are wanted to a wood bud at an outer eye4 ,,trees ,,on ,,walls4--,plums are usually put on east walls1 but the best repay a south as well as a west aspect4 ,they require and repay care and skill in training4 ,if the wall is low1 the horizontal form is best4 ,the branches should be taken several inches below the line along which they are to be trained1 and not at right angles2 the sap will flow better1 and the tendency of branches to die off will be lessened4 ,the first branch should be #a foot from the ground1 the rest #i inches apart4 ,coarse stems and branches must be avoided by moderate root-pruning4 ,the wood must be kept near the wall1 that wood and fruit may be better ripened4 ,the fan system is better for a high wall4 ,train shoots on the tree from the nursery in regular order at equal intervals1 cutting back only to ripe wood4 ,pick off growths on the side next the wall1 and others badly placed4 ,lay in new wood every year1 and in ,august or ,early ,september cut out unsightly branches or spurs if there is other wood to replace them4 ,prune upper part of tree first1 and encourage foliage and fruit spurs over every part4 ,stop strong growing branches at midsummer1 and pinch back side shoots to six leaves about mid-,august4 ,fruit buds will follow4 ,wire on the wall should be #a- inch out1 with an interval of #a foot between each wire4 ,,manures ,the absence of moisture and the consequent exhaustion have a serious effect on plums1 and should never be allowed4 ,mulch newly-planted trees in light or poor soil2 give liquid manure or irrigate in dry weather4 ,should the crops be heavy1 and the soil at all deficient in lime1 the deficiency should be made up by scattering lime some distance around the stems and working it gently in4 ,an annual dressing of decayed vegetable matter1 old manure and lime-rubbish1 laid about a yard round the stems1 produces very satisfactory results 7,plums for profit74 ,supply this in ,november4 ,the artificials recommended by ,r4,h4,s4 for pears are also good for plums4 ,dr ,griffiths recommends cow dung and a mixed manure1 composed of #e parts of kainit1 #a part of magnesium sulphate1 #b parts of superphosphate2 #g lbs4 of the mixture to be applied to each tree in autumn1 two more pounds in the spring4 ,established trees in full health need no aid in an ordinary season if they carry no crop4 ,damsons should be fed as well as plums4 ,,thinning must be carried out severely if the crop is thick4 ,in a good plum season1 only very fine and first-rate fruits fetch a good price1 and these can only be obtained by thinning the fruit and feeding the trees4 ,an annual crop 7if frost does not interfere7 may then be expected4 ,half the crop in some years should be taken off long before the fruit is ripe4 ,the jam-makers utilise green and half-ripe plums4 ,,gages ,these are dessert plums1 some of the highest excellence1 but they usually require a wall or the best soil and situation4 ,the demand for them is very great4 ,preserved with proper care1 they last until plums come again1 and often fetch a higher price than the red or dark plums4 ,the following are the five best3-- #a4 ,july ,greengage 7see before7 early in ,august4 #b4 ,dennistoun's ,superb 7see before7 mid-,august4 #c4 ,early ,transparent 7see before7 end of ,august4 #d4 ,reine ,claude ,comte d',althann1 briefly ,comte d',althann1 a comparatively new plum from ,bohemia4 ,first-class certificate ,r4,h4,s4 ,medium to large1 greyish green1 deeply flushed and dotted with red1 covered with a beautiful white bloom1 very heavy crop1 habit bushy1 compact1 vigorous1 remarkably good dessert plum1 succeeding equally well as a wall tree1 bush1 or standard1 remarkably prolific4 ,r4,h4,s41 ,r4 ,august #bb4 #e4 ,jefferson 7see before74 #f4 ,if more are wanted ,m',laughlin's ,gage is rather large1 pale yellow1 flushed with red1 a good cropper1 habit erect1 compact1 vigorous1 one of the finest dessert plums4 ,r4 ,august #ag4 #g4 ,guthrie's ,late ,green1 very good cropper1 habit bushy1 compact1 vigorous1 a most delicious dessert plum4 ,r4 ,august #cj4 ,nos4 #b1 #e and #f are splendid specimens of ,american plums1 ,no4 #g is ,scotch1 named after the late ,mr ,guthrie of ,dundee4 ,the following are well known but not so good in some respects3 ,bryanston ,gage1 ,oullin's ,golden ,gage1 ,golden ,transparent4 ,coe's ,golden ,drop has been described4 ,angelina ,burdett is sometimes classed with the gages4 ,it is dark red1 shaded with purple1 a good cropper1 habit bushy and compact1 a delicious dessert variety that hangs well in the trees for some time after it is ripe4 ,r4 ,august #bb4 ,,market ,,plums ,if a planter prefers to grow gages1 he must protect his trees from bullfinches and other birds4 ,the former often carry off the buds in winter1 and ruin all hopes of a crop4 ,such a plantation near a wood would usually be a failure4 ,if the trees are washed in early winter with ,no4 ,,ii4 mixture1 the buds will have some protection4 ,lime should be thrown over the branches on a damp day4 ,the gun in many cases must be at work from dawn to dusk4 ,the gardener must learn to distinguish between friend and foe4 ,mr ,lea's list in ,small ,farms in the ,midlands is as follows3 ,early ,prolific1 ,victoria1 ,black ,diamond 7the wood is remarkably tough71 ,pond's ,seedling 7tolerably tough71 ,pershore ,egg ,plum1 i4e4 ,gisborne 7hardiest of all plums1 surest cropper1 comes early into bearing1 the wood tough1 and though the price is low1 pays well74 ,he also mentions ,prince ,englebert and ,jemmy ,moore 7alias ,cox's ,emperor1 alias ,denbigh71 but wisely adds1 these come in about the same time as ,victoria1 when there is a glut4 ,early or late varieties usually sell best4 ,a new variety1 ,bittern1 raised 7as so many varieties have been7 at ,sawbridgeworth1 by the late ,francis ,rivers1 seems well worth trying3 ,fruit rather large1 deep purple1 very heavy crop1 habit bushy1 compact1 vigorous1 excellent early free-bearing variety4 ,r4 ,august #b4 ,curlew is another early free-cropping purple plum1 habit erect1 vigorous1 also raised by ,francis ,rivers4 ,monarch is a late1 good1 and very saleable plum4 ,it is said that #ge per cent4 or more of the plums planted in recent years have been ,victorias4 ,planters should avoid the ,victoria glut4 ,pond's ,seedling1 red and very large1 coming in after ,victoria1 often sells well4 ,put up in a small basket it is inviting1 and sells for an eating though properly a cooking plum4 ,early ,prolific is also largely planted1 but does not suit all soils4 ,the white ,magnum ,bonum or egg plum 7very large71 good for cooking and preserving1 sells well in ,london1 but needs a strong soil4 ,it is an early ,september fruit4 ,wyedale is popular in ,yorkshire1 valuable for its lateness1 and for keeping sound on the trees when ripe2 its habit is diffuse1 size rather small1 a good cropper4 ,mr ,pearson names ,goliath1 a large reddish purple plum1 a good cropper1 habit diffuse and vigorous1 a very useful cooking plum4 ,r4 ,september #g4 ,at the ,plum ,congress held at ,edinburgh in ,september #ahhi an election of sorts was made with the following result3-- ,dessert ,plums ,votes4 ,jefferson #gb ,coe's ,golden ,drop #fi ,green ,gage #eg ,kirke's #eg ,early ,transparent #be ,oullin's ,golden ,gage #af ,reine ,claude de ,bavay #ad ,culinary ,votes4 ,victoria #gd ,pond's ,seedling #ed ,white ,magnum ,bonum #eb ,early ,prolific #dj ,goliath #ca ,early ,orleans #bg ,the friend who sent me this list remarks3 ,newer plums supersede some of these4 ,czar does not crack with the wet as ,orleans does4 ,i prefer ,diamond to ,goliath4 ,kirke's is better on a wall than in the open4 ,the same may be said of ,oullin's2 neither are grand croppers4 ,reine ,claude de ,bavay is a late gage1 richly flavoured1 but not a good cropper4 ,,gathering1 ,,packing1 ,,marketing ,a step ladder or a ,heathman's combined ladder is best for gathering as plum wood is often brittle4 ,look over the trees several times and gather gradually4 ,fruit for home use should not be gathered until it is ripe1 but for market it should not be quite ripe4 ,early morning when the fruit is cool is the best time4 ,dessert fruits generally should be handled as little as possible1 otherwise the bloom on them and the appearance are spoilt4 ,plums are often sent away in round baskets1 or oblong flat baskets4 ,the former in the ,london markets are termed sieves or half-sieves4 ,a sieve holds seven imperial gallons2 the diameter is #ae inches1 the depth #h inches4 ,flat baskets with lids protect the fruit from injury4 ,stout and strong paper1 above1 below and around1 assist in saving it4 ,oblong baskets with handles and without a lid are used in the ,midlands and the ,n4 ,they are called pots1 and local inquiry as to weight should be made4 ,strong brown paper is useful on the top4 ,the cost per ream is from #ajs4 to #bjs4 ,but non-returnable boxes are better4 ,the baskets are often missing or lost4 ,the sizes of unplaned boxes with lids to be nailed on are usually as follows3--#aj ,gross4 ,doz4 lbs4 ,length4 ,width4 ,depth4 s4 d4 s4 d4 #ad #aj- in4 #aj- in4 #f- in4 #bf #f #b #f #bh #bb #aj- #f- #df #j #d #b #db #bg #ae #h #hd #j #g #f --,,glover4 ,choice dessert plums sent in light boxes 7one or two layers only in a box7 placed in wood-wool1 and with tissue paper covering the inside of the box1 and lying between each layer1 often sell well4 ,white paper-lace 7such as is used for honey sections7 sets off good fruit1 and makes it more attractive4 ,pink tissue paper is often used for light fruits4 ,the boxes should be uniform in size and quality of fruit as far as possible4 ,tissue paper can be bought at #bs4 #f;d4 to #es4 or more a ream1 and should not be grudged4 ,the best wood-wool ranges from #ahs4 to #bes4 per cwt4 ,a few visits to ,covent ,garden1 the best shops1 and the ,crystal ,palace ,fruit ,shows1 will not be time or labour lost4 ,plums and damsons for market should be gathered and sent before they are quite ripe2 if soft and pulpy on arrival1 they are valueless4 ,sort in size and quality as even as possible3 keep back all inferior stuff4 ,only good produce1 well sorted and properly packed1 placed on the market in good condition1 is likely to sell well4 ,foreigners as well as neighbours compete for custom4 ,in large establishments a packing room with every convenience close at hand is necessary4#aa ,the market-agent should daily advise what goods are needed4 ,,storing ,,and ,,keeping ,plums1 as a rule1 do not remain good for any length of time after being gathered4 ,they will however last a week or two if laid out in a cool1 dark1 well constructed place4 ,slate slabs assist to keep baskets and fruit cool4 ,some of the late dessert varieties gathered before they are quite ripe1 wrapped in paper1 will last in a dry place for a long period4 ,dr ,hogg says that ,ickworth ,impratrice1 a large late dessert variety1 if allowed to remain on the tree until it shrivels1 then wrapt in silk paper and placed in a dry shelf1 will last for many weeks4 ,it is a richly-flavoured plum4 ,the remark is probably true of other late varieties2 e4g41 the lovely ,golden ,transparent1 a delicious plum grown against a wall1 but not a success in the open 7,r4 ,september #ab71 or ,reine ,claude de ,bavay1 which is late1 but a poor bearer4 ,the ,ickworth ,impratrice was not tested by the ,r4,h4,s41 and is not now often grown4 ,guthrie's late ,green1 a most delicious dessert plum and the heaviest cropper here 7i4e4 ,chiswick ,r4,h4,s47 of all the gages1 is probably one of the best sorts for keeping as described above4 ,angelina ,burdett 7see gages7 if allowed to hang till it shrivels becomes a perfect sweetmeat 7,hogg74 ,,insect ,,enemies #a4 ,,aphides are often a great trouble4 ,there are three sorts or more1 one called the plum aphis4 ,they attack in spring and cause the leaves to curl up1 and so check growth4 ,steep #d ozs4 of quassia chips in a gallon of soft water for twenty-four hours4 ,dissolve #b ozs4 of soft soap in this mixture1 and add to the infusion4 ,apply by a painter's brush1 and carefully wash the under side of the leaves 7,rivers74 ,on a larger scale3 ,boil #a lb4 of chips in a gallon of water for twenty minutes1 strain off the chips and add #ch gallons of water4 ,put #a lb4 of soft soap in a gallon of water until dissolved1 then add to the rest4 ,apply by a syringe or sprayer4 ,where the foliage is young follow the spraying by syringing half-an-hour afterwards 7,castle74 ,tobacco water made as follows is also a good remedy3 ,pour soft boiling water at the rate #a gallon to #b ozs4 of the strongest shag tobacco1 allow it to stand till cool4 ,its efficacy is increased by dissolving #b ozs4 of soft soap in each gallon at the time it is poured on the tobacco 7,wright74 ,this mixture may be applied with some force by the garden engine4 ,the great point is to syringe or paint with one of these remedies as soon as the evil is perceived4 #b4 ,,red ,,grub is often very injurious4 ,the moth measures about inch across1 the caterpillars are pale red1 with brown neck and black head4 ,they pierce and drop with the fruit1 seek shelter in the bark1 where they spin a cocoon and pass the winter4 ,if the trees have been scraped1 then washed with a mixture of lime and soot1 paraffin and grease 7see ,no4 ,,iii4 pears71 or sprayed before the buds open with ,bordeaux mixture 7see ,no4 ,,ii471 and also afterwards1 they probably will not suffer4 ,lime and soot scattered over the ground under the trees will also be useful4 ,if the plums are attacked1 collect all fallen fruits and shake the trees every morning1 burn the fruits affected or give them to the pigs4 #c4 ,the ,,plum ,,sawfly also attacks the fruit1 laying an egg in the calyx of each flower4 ,the grub is whitish1 with brown head4 ,it enters the fruits1 feeds on the stone1 and causes them to drop4 ,a spraying of the modified mixture ,no4 ,,ii4 after the fruit has set would be useful1 but as the grub pupates in the soil1 lime and soot will again be serviceable4 ,collect and destroy fallen fruit daily4 #d4 ,,red ,,spider1 a spinning mite1 is a great pest in dry summers4 ,it must be checked by the free use of the syringe or water engine as soon as seen4 ,yellow spots on the leaves are a proof of its presence4 ,mix #d gallons of soft soap solution with lb4 of flowers of sulphur2 apply with syringe4 ,strong soap-suds1 or even clear water forcibly given are better than nothing4 ,,fungoid ,,attacks injure the trees4 ,the ,bordeaux mixture 7,no4 ,,ii47 is the best preventive and remedy if there are any signs of fungus4 ,cut away all diseased twigs1 boughs and branches1 and burn them4 ,fungus spores are scattered by the wind and spread the disease4 ,drench the trunk and bark in winter with this mixture before the buds swell4 ,care must be taken not to apply the mixture in full strength to tender leaves and buds4 ,for the fungus mildew1 half an ounce of sulphide of potassium mixed in a gallon of water and applied by a syringe is recommended 7,wright74 ,finely-powdered quick-lime mixed with sulphur 7double the quantity of the former71 and distributed by a special bellows 7see before1 page #ci71 is also said to be a good remedy4 ,,orchard ,,house ,for dimensions see under pears4 ,plums are best in pots or tubs1 as they can be taken out when at rest4 ,they are very liable to attacks from aphides1 but the insecticide for pears in pots is good also for plums4 ,the house must be fumigated1 and the trees syringed on the least appearance of aphis4 ,place the pots on bricks 7v4 pears74 ,when growth is being started the temperature should be from #de at night to #ej by day4 ,soft or tepid water should be given freely4 ,fumigate again just before the flowers come out4 ,as the buds increase1 raise the temperature #e to #aj and syringe once or twice a day with tepid water4 ,but a dry atmosphere is important while the trees are in flower4 ,admit air as well as bees in the forenoon1 and pass a camel-hair or light brush over the flowers about the middle of the day4 ,when the fruit is set1 syringe at least once a day2 if the weather is hot1 twice or even three times a day1 and give all the air possible4 ,thin the fruits 7if the crop is large7 with scissors2 mulch and feed with weak liquid manure 7see pears74 ,the shoots must be pinched if the trees are of any age1 at the fifth or sixth leaf4 ,not much heat is needed generally1 but when the stoning period is passed1 the ripening process may be hastened by a higher temperature4 ,the house may be closed at an earlier hour if necessary4 ,avoid extremes4 ,as the fruits ripen1 cease gradually to syringe1 but keep the house moist by sprinkling water over the paths1 etc4 ,choose the choicest dessert sorts3 ,early ,transparent1 ,dennistoun's ,superb1 ,july ,greengage1 ,jefferson1 ,count ,althann1 ,coe's ,golden ,drop1 ,guthrie's ,late ,green1 ,angelina ,burdett1 ,bryanstone ,gage1 and ,golden ,transparent2 and if darker colours are desired3 ,early ,prolific1 ,belgian ,purple and ,czar4 ,bryanston ,gage was recommended by the ,r4,h4,s4 in #ahib1 and is a very richly-flavoured dessert variety1 but is not a good cropper in the open1 and needs a wall or house4 ,,damsons are often very valuable1 and also make good outside hedges4 ,bradley's ,king of the ,damsons is the best4 ,the fruit is large1 the tree free-cropping1 bushy1 vigorous1 erect4 ,r4 ,september #bj4 ,frogmore ,prolific 7earlier7 is also large and free-bearing4 ,r4 ,september #i4 ,both these are late4 ,mirabelle and ,rivers' ,early ,damson are ,august damsons1 small1 the former vigorous4 ,,bullaces ,shepherd's is the best1 and hangs late on the tree4 ,a few trees in a large garden are useful4 ,r4 ,september #bj4 ,,important ,,points ,good sorts on suitable stocks in good soil and proper aspect2 lime in the soil1 added or otherwise2 winter washing or spraying2 thinning fruit2 early training2 moderate pruning2 root-pruning in very strong soils2 lifting in shallow soils2 liquid and other manures2 immediate action if aphides or red spider appear4 ,,drying ,,by ,,evaporation ,this important subject cannot be treated here at length4 ,in a hot season with abundant crops1 good results may be obtained with some prospect of profit4 ,but the apparatus has been expensive4 ,mr ,udale's ,report to the ,worcestershire ,c4,c4 on dried fruits1 vegetables and herbs1 with the article in ,journal of ,r4,h4,s41 vol4 xxvi41 part ii41 should be consulted1 and ,fruit ,preserving1 by ,r4,l4,c41 in ,watson1 vol4 v4 ,thick-skinned plums1 e4g41 ,czar1 ,prince ,englebert1 ,diamond and ,monarch are best for the purpose4 ,plums placed on trays1 dried in a very slow oven1 and allowed to cool several times1 are often equal to ,french prunes4 ,,bottling ,this is a simple and most useful process4 ,plums well bottled will last for years4 ,gather clean and dry fruit before it is quite ripe1 that the heat may not crack the plums4 ,remove the stalks and pack closely in bottles not over #aa inches high1 without bruising1 up to shoulder of bottle4 ,provide a boiler a foot deep2 place hay or canvas at the bottom1 then put the bottles in the boiler with hay or canvas around them to prevent fracture4 ,now fill the boiler up to the necks of the bottles1 and place it on a slow fire4 ,heat very gradually until the water is at boiling point4 ,then take each bottle out with a cloth1 fill with boiling water kept close at hand1 and cover while boiling with air-tight stoppers4 ,another method is to fill the bottles nearly full with cold water or thin syrup1 and boil for fifteen minutes4 ,messrs ,de ,luca have received silver and bronze medals from the ,r4,h4,s4 for self-closing bottles now sold by ,messrs ,abbott of ,southall1 near ,london4 ,their method is as follows3 ,pour in water or cold thin syrup 7one tablespoonful of crystalised cane-sugar to the pint7 sufficient to cover the fruit4 ,adjust the indiarubber in the groove made for it on neck of the bottle1 place the disc on it1 and lightly screw down the outer ring4 7,steam must be allowed to escape47 ,boil as before for twenty minutes2 take out each bottle1 and at once screw the outer ring as tightly as possible4 ,leave bottles until cold4 ,next day examine by unscrewing the outer ring1 and try whether the disc is firmly fastened down4 ,if so1 replace the ring1 screw down tightly and store away in a cool place1 standing them upright4 ,the bottles by having new discs and indiarubber rings may be frequently used4 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,wilks1 secretary of the ,r4,h4,s41 recommends pears1 especially ,pitmaston ,d41 as suitable for bottling4 ,bottled it is delicious4 ,he thinks fifteen minutes from the time the water boils sufficient for plums4 ,messrs ,de ,luca mention an hour as the time for pears4 ,messrs ,lee ,co4 of #ai ,knightrider ,st41 ,maidstone1 have received medals from the ,r4,h4,s4 and others for their fruit bottling apparatus and bottled fruit4 ,they supply a patent economic fruit bottling apparatus at #bas4 ,a thermometer at the side records the temperature of the bottles and of their contents4 ,the following is the method given in the ,journal of the ,r4,h4,s4 ,the fruit must1 of course1 be fresh and good and the bottles clean4 ,the fruit is first packed into the bottles1 which are then filled up to the neck with cold water1 or if preferred1 with thin syrup made by dissolving lb4 of loaf-sugar in hot water and leaving it to cool4 ,the bottles are then put into the cooking pot where they must remain for certainly not less than two hours at a temperature of between a minimum of #ade degrees and a maximum of #afj degrees4 ,this low sterilising temperature being maintained for two1 three1 or four hours will destroy all germs without cooking the fruit1 and is the great secret of successful bottling4 ,no actual harm is done by the heat rising above #afj degrees1 but if it does the fruit will probably burst1 lose its shape1 and not look so nice4 ,vegetables may be preserved in exactly the same way1 but they must be done twice over with an interval of twenty-four hours to allow of their becoming quite cold4 ,jams and fruit jellies can be preserved fresh and good for years in the same way4 ,success in bottling and preserving fruit depends chiefly on two points3 7#a7 ,the destruction of every germ of mildew1 etc41 by keeping the bottles at a certain temperature for a certain time2 7#b7 the absolute prevention of any possible re-entry of air into the bottles afterwards4 ,the bottles must be hermetically sealed while in the steam or standing in almost boiling water 7see ,journal ,r4,h4,s41 vol4 xxvi4 part iii4 p4 #cfe74 ,,bottling ,,or ,,canning ,,in ,,syrup4--,this is done by boiling together at the rate of #c lbs4 of cane-sugar to #a quart of water and the white of #a egg2 pour the fruit whole into the syrup while boiling1 and continue to boil together for only a few minutes1 then pour into bottles or cans1 and stopper or seal air-tight immediately whilst boiling4 ,pears may be preserved in the same way4 ,cheal1 ,journal of ,r4,h4,s41 vol4 xxi4 #a4 ,,plum ,,jam makes a rich preserve4 ,take equal quantities of fruit and cane-sugar2 boil quickly half to three-quarters of an hour1 then put into hot jars and cover well at once4 ,exclude the air as much as possible4 ,the colour of the flesh is said to make a difference in the sale4 ,red jam is usually preferred1 but greengage is also popular4 ,coe's ,golden ,drop or ,autumn ,compte 7,september1 hardy1 fairly productive1 but the fruit often splits7 are good for yellow 7,amber--,dr ,hogg7 jam2 ,belle de ,septembre 7,september1 a good late cooking variety1 good bearer1 but fruit prone to split7 for crimson colour4 ,free-stones are better than cling-stones4 ,the following are free-stones3 ,bittern1 ,coe's ,late ,red 7fruit small1 good bearer1 a very useful late cooking plum71 ,early ,orleans1 ,early ,transparent ,gage1 ,old ,greengage1 ,orleans1 ,oullin's ,golden ,gage1 ,red ,magnum ,bonum1 ,comte d',althann1 ,victoria4 ,the following are nearly so3 ,early ,prolific1 ,czar1 ,cox's ,emperor1 ,jefferson4 ,belle de ,septembre is a cling-stone4 ,damsons make good jam1 the colour being a dark rich red4 ,,plum ,,jelly ,plums are rich in vegetable jelly4 #a4 ,boil alone for half-an-hour1 then strain the juice through a fine sieve or cloth2 add #b lbs4 of cane-sugar to each quart of juice1 boil again for twenty minutes1 pour into jars and glasses1 cover at once4 ,a firm1 clear and bright jelly should result 7,watson74 #b4 ,during the preserving season ,i generally have a few pots of jelly made from each pan of preserves without spoiling my jams4 ,i make currant1 gooseberry1 and plum jelly this way4 ,for all common preserves ,i allow of a pound of loaf-sugar to each pound of fruit4 ,the sugar must be broken small4 ,put the fruit and sugar into your pan1 let the sugar melt1 then boil quickly for twenty to thirty minutes4 ,skim carefully1 take the pan off the fire1 take from it three or four cupfuls of juice1 or as much as you think can be spared without making your jam dry4 ,strain the juice through a small gravy sieve into small jars4 ,this will be found to jelly well4 ,in this way a nice stock of jelly can be procured1 and no fruit is wasted4 7,from ,weldon's ,menu ,cookery ,book1 #as41 published by ,weldon1 #ca ,southampton ,street1 ,strand47 ,,footnotes3 #i ,the dates refer to the time when the fruits were ready 7ripe1 fit for gathering7 at the ,chiswick ,garden of the ,r4,h4,s4 #aj ,from ,watson1 vol4 v4 p4 #cfi4 #aa ,for many useful details see ,watson1 vol4 v4 ,,cherries ,it is useless to plant cherries unless the fruit can be protected from the birds4 ,the cost of keeping a few trees would absorb all profit4 ,in planting for sale1 select two or three varieties only2 and these should come in together1 if possible1 to lessen the cost of keep4 ,they should be intermingled1 for reasons already mentioned 7see pears1 p4 #ab74 ,cherries like a deep1 mellow1 and rather sandy soil1 but they also thrive on a good loam lying on chalk4 ,stiff moist soils and dry gravelly soils are not suitable4 ,the trees require much moisture1 especially sorts with large leaves1 such as the ,bigarreau and ,heart ,cherries4 ,plant varieties to suit the soil4 ,inquire carefully what sorts do best in your neighbourhood4 ,cherries do well in open ground1 not shaded nor in a valley4 ,they prefer a south aspect1 but ,morellos thrive on a north wall4 ,kentish and ,late ,duke might also be tried there4 ,plant as you would pears or plums4 ,protect your trees from rabbits by wire1 and from cattle by cradles1 #f feet high at least1#ab or iron guards4 ,cattle fed on cake are useful in cherry orchards1 and improve the produce4 ,,cherries ,,for ,,eating1 recommended by ,r4,h4,s4 in #ahib1 are3-- a4 ,,dukes4--7#a7 ,may ,duke1 dark red and early2 7#b7 ,archduke 7large blackish red71 mid-season1 both tender-skinned1 and so beloved by birds4 ,both are close growers4 b4 ,,yellow-,,fruited 7i4e4 ,white ,heart or ,bigarreau74--7#a7 ,elton1 very early1 good on heavy soil1 tree spreading2 7#b7 ,kent ,bigarreau1 early1 large1 hardy1 makes a large tree1 best for general crop4 c4 ,,black-,,fruited4--7#a7 ,black ,eagle1 very large1 travels well1 free grower1 mid-season2 7#b7 ,early ,rivers1 first-rate1 earliest black1 a good cropper and grower4 ,,cooking ,,cherries4--7#a7 ,kentish1 bright red1 mid-season1 a compact grower1 best for jam2 7#b7 ,morello1 very late1 only fit for wall1 fence1 or bush4 ,other good sorts are ,governor ,wood 7mottled red1 early7 and ,black ,tartarian1 a strong grower1 fruit large1 late4 ,florence is very large and late1 succeeding the ,bigarreau1 but requires a warm soil and aspect4 ,where there is no wall1 ,morellos and other sorts should be planted as bushes in a garden #e or #f feet apart4 ,they should be covered with nets when the fruit is colouring4 ,morellos last a long while on a north wall1 protected by a net4 ,these are often in great demand1 and in a plantation succeed as standards4 ,but the cost of keeping for a long time would be excessive4 ,,pruning ,,and ,,training ,allow the trees to grow a year before pruning them4 ,then cut back the branches to about #a foot in length to an outer eye2 the ,bigarreau to #ae inches4 ,encourage two shoots from each branch1 one at the end1 the other #c inches from the stem1 and on the outside4 ,thus the branches will not grow into each other4 ,maintain the chief branches at nearly equal length for some years4 ,standards do not require much pruning4 ,cut back in summer 7,july7 all shoots crowding the tree or threatening to cross others4 ,in winter look over the trees again4 ,keep the trees open to sun and air4 ,cherries on wall should be on the fan system1 and pinched back in ,july4 ,the branches should be #i inches apart for ,duke ,cherries1 #ab for ,bigarreau4 ,if trained horizontally or as espaliers1 shorten the shoots on the upper branches a week or two before those on the lower4 ,keep the shoots near the wall4 ,when sufficient main branches are formed to cover the wall1 do not cut back the leaders again4 ,be sparing with the knife4 ,after two or three years fruit spurs will form1 but not much surplus wood4 ,morellos require special treatment4 ,the fruit is usually found on the wood of the previous year4 ,train young shoots in to replace the old1 and cut out1 when the fruit is off1 all the old that can be spared4 ,in standards1 pyramids and bushes1 thin out the branches4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,cherry ,,orchard ,,aphides are the chief enemy1 especially on walls4 ,syringe with tobacco water made by pouring #a gallon of soft boiling water on #b ozs4 of strong shag tobacco2 add #b ozs4 of soft soap to the water when poured on the tobacco4 ,strain off and use cold4 ,this solution is also good against the pear slug-worm1 which attacks cherries as well as pears4 ,follow this prescription by a good syringing of cold water the following morning4 ,the roots of cherries are near the surface so that the ground above them must not be dug4 ,,standards in strong soil should be #cj feet apart1 #bd feet in lighter ground4 ,they are best on grass which is used for pasture4 ,the trees then should be #cj feet from each other4 ,the ,kentish ,red are sometimes #ae or #ah feet only4 ,between standards at #bd feet apart bush trees of various kinds may be planted 7apples1 pears1 plums71 the two former on dwarfing stocks2 there should be two between each standard #h feet apart4 ,ordinary manure is not often given4 ,it may cause rank growth4 ,dr ,griffiths recommends the following artificials3 #c parts weight of kainit1 #b parts of superphosphate1 #a part of nitrate of soda4 ,three lbs4 of this mixture should be applied to each tree shortly before active growth begins4 ,if the land is deficient in lime or chalk some should be given to each tree4 ,w4 ,c4 7in ,watson73 ,superphosphate of lime1 #e lbs41 sulphate of potash1 #b lbs41 sulphate of magnesia1 lb41 chloride of soda1 lb4 ,apply during mild weather in ,february at the rate of #d ozs4 to the square yard of border1 or the full quantity #h lbs4 to each rod of orchard ground4 ,gather fruit dry before it is quite ripe4 ,cherries are usually sent to market in baskets which contain #bd lbs4 nett2 very choice fruit in #ab lb4 baskets4 ,the word cherry comes from the old ,english cheri1 chiri1 and that probably from the ,french cerise1 that from the ,latin cerasus1 and that from the ,greek kerasos4 ,cheri or chiri was a corruption of cheris or chiris1 the final s being mistaken for the plural inflection2 the same mistake occurs in several other words1 notably in pea as shortened from pease1 ,latin pisum 7,skeat74 ,,footnote3 #ab ,cradles in ,kent are often made of chestnut wood split1 and last as long as they are needed4 ,for form see pears1 p4 #g4 ,,the ,,mulberry ,the mulberry is a very handsome tree well worthy of cultivation in a large garden1 if only it receives the care and culture which it deserves4 ,its proper name derived from the ,latin through the ,anglo-,saxon is ,murberry4 ,mulberry is certainly more euphonious4 ,it is said to be a native of ,persia1 but it has been known in this country for three centuries and a half at least4 ,it is stated that there are trees still living among us several centuries old4 ,the black mulberry is the one commonly grown in ,england2 the white does better in a warmer clime1 and has been largely planted in ,france and other lands1 where the leaves are required for silkworms4 ,the white1 however1 can be grown in this country4 ,the mulberry will thrive in any good soil1 but the ground should not be very wet4 ,it should be placed in a sheltered southern aspect1 and is likely to do well in the south rather than the north of ,england4 ,it is propagated by layers1 cuttings and seeds4 ,trees with good straight stems should be had from the nurserymen1 and a few shillings spent in buying a straight1 strong tree may save years4 ,plant in late autumn without manure with the usual care 7see planting pears72 the roots should not be exposed to frost or cold winds4 ,brick and lime-rubbish below in a heavy wet soil should be given4 ,in a lighter soil put decayed manure round the tree after planting4 ,in spring fork the soil up lightly1 as trees thrive better when the soil is stirred4 ,if you plant early in ,november under favourable circumstances leave four branches only1 and cut these hard back to an outer eye4 ,if you plant late1 don't prune until the following winter4 ,the first branches if cut back to three or four inches will probably throw out strong shoots4 ,in ,august choose four of the best placed and strongest of these1 cutting out the rest that those left may grow and the wood be ripened4 ,the tree bears on short-jointed young wood1 and on spurs1 not on gross shoots4 ,keep the tree open1 especially the middle1 removing weak1 watery spray1 and train the shoots upwards4 ,it will be a pleasure to go under the tree in time and enjoy its shade4 ,the sun and air must have free access if the fruit is to ripen4 ,sometimes the berries fall prematurely4 ,drought or want of food may be the cause4 ,liquid manure in summer as the fruit comes on1 and the artificial manures recommended for all fruit trees 7see pears7 will be helpful4 ,in the winter-pruning1 cut out all cross boughs1 beginning from below1 so as not to tear the bark4 ,check only branches that are rampant and running away from others4 ,keep the tree as uniformly round as you can4 ,when the tree has 7in four or five years7 gained size and fruits well1 grass may be grown around the tree1 but it should be kept closely mown1 especially when the fruit is ripening4 ,all coarse grasses should be spudded out4 ,if the fruit were thinned and the tree well fed1 no doubt the berries would be finer4 ,in any case feed well in ,july4 ,the fruit is not very marketable1 as it does not travel well1 nor last long4 ,but in cider counties it is sometimes mixed with apples1 to make mulberry cider4 ,the trees bear forcing in pots1 and give good fruit in ,july4 ,they will bear a high temperature4 ,the fruit mixed with apples in a tart or pudding is described as delicious4 ,if it is gathered perfectly dry1 it can be used to make a jelly in a similar manner to red currant jelly1 and used for light puddings1 etc4 ,mulberry syrup is said to be good for sore throat2 mulberry water to be refreshing as a drink in cases of fever1 mulberry vinegar to be efficacious for medicinal purposes just as raspberry vinegar1 which it somewhat resembles4 ,cassell's ,dictionary of ,cookery explains these details1 and also how to make mulberry preserve4 ,,appendix ,,the ,,propagation ,,of ,,the ,,pear ,it is not proposed to enter into elaborate details with reference to the propagation of the pear1 for the general cultivator is far more concerned with and interested in its successful treatment when established than before1 for he can now obtain prepared trees so readily and cheaply from nurserymen1 who propagate them by the thousand1 that it is not at all worth his while to attempt their propagation himself4 ,pear trees are propagated either by budding or grafting4 ,the first mentioned process is performed during ,july and ,august1 and grafting is done in the month of ,march4 ,budding consists in removing a bud from one tree and inserting it under the bark of the stock or branch of another tree4 ,this work is done in the months of ,july and ,august1 because the bark is during that time more easily raised1 and a union more easily effected between the cambium 7an inner growing layer7 of both bud and stock4 ,the buds inserted are taken from the current year's shoots1 choosing shoots that are firm and short-jointed4 ,after having removed a shoot1 say nine or ten inches long1 and cut the leaves to half their lengths1 next proceed to cut out a bud4 ,this is done by inserting a knife below the bud at a distance of about half an inch1 and then drawing it upwards behind the bud1 emerging again about half an inch above the bud4 ,the cut must1 of course1 turn inwards--that is to say1 towards the centre of the shoot4 ,when removed1 the bud therefore will be about an inch long1 with the eye in the centre1 and with a certain amount of wood attached to it behind4 ,this should be removed1 and the best way to do it is to insert the point of one's knife just underneath1 so as slightly to raise the wood4 ,then1 with the blade of the knife and one's thumb above1 it can easily be removed with a slight jerk4 ,take great care that the root of the bud is not removed also4 ,the stock to be budded should have a ,t-shaped incision made in the bark4 ,with the ivory handle1 which a proper budding knife will have1 raise the bark on either side of the longitudinal slit1 commencing at the corners just below where it joins the transverse incision4 ,take great care that the knife handle does not penetrate beneath the inner bark1 but press it against the latter1 slipping it along4 ,when the bark is sufficiently raised1 carefully insert the bud beneath1 taking hold of it by the remaining portion of the leaf stalk4 ,it must not be forced down1 but introduced as gently as can be1 otherwise there will be danger of injuring the vital cambium layer1 where the union is effected4 ,afterwards tie the bud around with matting1 to keep it in position and to prevent the entrance of air4 ,tie both above and below the eye1 leaving this of course free4 ,an excellent indication as to whether or not the bud has taken is afforded by the petiole 7leaf stalk74 ,if this1 a few weeks afterwards1 falls completely away1 one may be fairly certain that the bud has taken2 if1 on the other hand1 it withers away1 one may be almost equally sure that the operation has not been successful4 ,the buds that have taken will commence to grow in the following spring1 and then the stocks must be cut back to within a few inches of where the buds are inserted4 ,many nurserymen1 if they find that the bud has not taken1 graft the same stock in the following spring1 instead of waiting to bud again in summer4 ,grafting consists in so attaching one shoot to another that they unite and grow together4 ,there are many different methods of grafting1 but that most usually employed in the grafting of pear trees is tongue or splice grafting4 ,this is done in the month of ,march1 with firm growth of the preceding year4 ,first cut the stock in a sloping direction1 and so that the cut may terminate just above a bud if possible4 ,great care must be taken that the scions fit the stocks1 is the recommendation of one of our large nursery growers of pear trees1 and one that should be closely followed4 ,therefore choose a graft as nearly as possible of the same size as the stock4 ,having cut the graft to a suitable length1 say nine or ten inches1 cut the lower end 7that is1 the thicker one7 exactly as the top of the stock was cut1 so that when placed together they will properly fit upon each other4 ,the essential point is1 of course1 to make sure that the inner bark of the one coincides with the inner bark of the other1 as then the cambium layers will also coincide4 ,the graft should be carefully and securely tied on to the stock with raffia1 and then covered over with either clay or grafting wax1 so as effectually to prevent the entrance of air4 ,it is advisable to place moss over the clay1 so that in dry weather this can be watered to prevent the clay from becoming dry4 ,unless there were a covering of some material capable of holding moisture1 it would be impossible to keep the clay in anything like a moist condition4 ,when it is seen that the graft commences to grow freely1 the clay may be partly removed so as to allow of the ligatures being loosened4 ,it is wise to tie the graft to a stake attached to the stock when the clay is finally removed1 as in rough weather it might possibly be broken off4 ,the above is reprinted from ,the ,book of the ,apple in the present series of handbooks4 ,handbooks of ,practical ,gardening ,under the ,general ,editorship of ,,harry ,,roberts ,crown #hvo4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net per volume4 ,price #a4jj net4 ,,some ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,scotsman--,a series which has already elicited warm recognition4 ,western ,daily ,mercury--,the invaluable series4 ,literary ,world--,in every respect these ,handbooks will delight the heart of the gardener4 ,they are written by men of wide experience1 and are well got up and well illustrated4 ,churchwoman--,delightfully got up1 well and freely illustrated1 and full of useful and practical information simply expressed4 ,bradford ,observer--,an elegant and compendious series1 the great excellence of which is that they are written by men having special authority1 and that they convey in succinct and practical form what the cultivator wants to know4 ,pilot--,the series is remarkable for the amount of practical information and advice compressed within each volume4 ,world--,this very useful series should by no means be missed from the library of the sincere gardener4 ,liverpool ,courier--,a useful and attractive series4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,asparagus4 ,with sections also on ,celery1 ,salsify1 ,scorzonera1 and ,seakale2 together with a chapter on their cooking and preparation for the table4 ,by ,,charles ,,ilott1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,lecturer on ,horticulture to the ,cornwall ,county ,council4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,greenhouse4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,tallack1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,head ,gardener at ,shipley ,hall4 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,grape4 ,together with a chapter on the ,history and ,decorative ,value of the ,vines4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,ward1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 for twenty-five years ,head ,gardener at ,longford ,castle4 ,vol4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,old-,,fashioned ,,flowers4 ,by ,,harry ,,roberts1 author of ,the ,chronicle of a ,cornish ,garden4 ,vol4 ,v4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,bulbs4 ,by ,s4 ,,arnott1 of ,carsethorne1 near ,dumfries4 ,vol4 ,,vi4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,apple4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,thomas1 ,assistant ,editor of ,the ,garden1 late of the ,royal ,gardens1 ,windsor4 ,together with chapters by the ,editor on the ,history and ,cooking of the ,apple and the ,preparation of ,cider4 ,vol4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,vegetables4 ,by ,,george ,,wythes1 ,v4,m4,h41 ,head ,gardener at ,syon ,house4 ,together with chapters on ,history and ,cookery1 by the ,editor4 ,,vol4 ,,viii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,orchids4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,white1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,orchid ,grower to ,sir ,trevor ,lawrence1 ,president of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 ,,vol4 ,,ix4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,strawberry4 ,with chapters on the ,raspberry1 ,blackberry1 ,loganberry1 ,japanese ,wineberry and allied fruits4 ,by ,,edwin ,,beckett1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,head ,gardener at ,aldenham ,park4 ,,vol4 ,x4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,climbing ,,plants4 ,by ,s4 ,,arnott1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 author of ,the ,book of ,bulbs4 ,,vol4 ,,xi4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,pears ,,and ,,plums4 ,by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,,bartrum1 ,d4,d4 ,,vol4 ,,xii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,herbs4 ,by ,,lady ,,rosalind ,,northcote4 ,,vol4 ,,xiii4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,wild ,,garden4 ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,,fitzherbert4 ,,vol4 ,,xiv4--,,the ,,book ,,of ,,bees4 ,by ,,charles ,,harrison4 ,,books ,,for ,,country ,,houses ,,by ,e4 ,v4 ,b4 ,author of ,days and ,hours in a ,garden4 ,seven ,gardens and a ,palace4 ,illustrated by ,f4 ,l4 ,b4 ,,griggs and ,,arthur ,,gordon4 ,third ,edition4 ,price #es4 net4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #a4ej4 ,,by ,,harry ,,roberts ,the ,chronicle of a ,cornish ,garden4 ,with ,seven ideal ,illustrations by ,f4 ,l4 ,b4 ,,griggs4 ,price #es4 net4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #a4ej net4 ,,by ,,francis ,,bacon ,of ,gardens3 ,an ,essay4 ,with an ,introduction by ,,helen ,,milman and a ,cover ,design and ,frontispiece by ,,edmund ,h4 ,,new4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,demy #afmo4 ,price #ej cents net4 ,,by ,,mrs ,,leslie ,,williams ,a ,garden in the ,suburbs4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations4 ,price #es4 net4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #a4be net4 ,,by ,,mary ,p4 ,,milne-,,home ,stray ,leaves from a ,border ,garden4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations by ,f4 ,l4 ,b4 ,,griggs4 ,price #fs4 net4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #a4ej net4 ,,by ,,helen ,,milman ,in the ,garden of ,peace4 ,with #bd ,illustrations and ,cover designed by ,,edmund ,h4 ,,new4 ,third ,edition4 ,price #es4 net4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #a4ej4 ,outside the ,garden4 ,with #bd ,illustrations and ,cover by ,,edmund ,h4 ,,new4 ,price 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#f;d4 net4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #b4ej net4 ,,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,pollard ,the ,natural ,history of ,selborne4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,,grant ,,allen4 ,with nearly #bjj ,illustrations by ,,edmund ,h4 ,,new4 ,price #es4 net4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #a4ej net4 ,,by ,,izaak ,,walton ,,and ,,charles ,,cotton ,the ,compleat ,angler4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,,richard ,,le ,,gallienne4 ,with ,photogravure ,portraits of ,walton and ,cotton1 and over #bej ,illustrations and ,cover designed by ,,edmund ,h4 ,,new4 ,price #aes4 net4 ,fcap4 #dto4 ,price #f4jj4 ,,by ,,charles ,,henry ,,lane ,all ,about ,dogs4 ,a ,book for ,doggy ,people4 ,with #he ,full-page ,illustrations 7including nearly #gj champions7 by ,r4 ,h4 ,,moore4 ,gilt top4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #b4ej net4 ,,john ,,lane3 ,,london3 ,,vigo ,,street1 ,w4 ,,new ,,york3 #fg ,,fifth ,,avenue4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,some inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved4 ,typographical errors corrected in the text3 ,page #bb ,josephines changed to ,josephine ,page #bd ,cornice changed to ,comice ,page #bh it's changed to its ,page #ea ,josephines changed to ,josephine ,page #ed ,marrillat changed to ,marillat ,page #fa ,engelbert changed to ,englebert ,page #fc ,denniston's changed to ,dennistoun's ---------------------------------------- --------