file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #cabcg-;h4htm  
or #cabcg-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#cabcg_/pg#cabcg-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cabc
g_/cabcg-;h4zip7      ,,! ,,gladiolus   
,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,culture ( 
! ,gladiolus1 ) ,notes on ,its ,hi/ory1 
,/orage1 ,diseases1 etc4  by  ,,mat!w   
,,craw=d  ,) an app5dix by ,dr4 ,w4 ,van
 ,fleet #aiaa  ,add5da by ,j4 ,c4       
,vaughan #aiba        ,illu/ration3     
,,detroit    ,*icago & ,new ,york       
,vaughan's ,se$ ,/ore #aiba  ,copyright1
 #aiaa1 by ,vaughan's ,se$ ,/ore ,second
 ,edition1 ) ,add5da1 ,nov4 #aiba       
,,cont5ts     ,*apt]                    
,page    ,preface                       
#a    ,i4 ,hi/ory & ,developm5t         
#c    ,,ii4 ,habit ( ,gr[?              
#i    ,,iii4 ,soils & ,prep>ation       
#ab    ,,iv4 ,"t to ,plant              
#ae    ,v4 ,cultivation                 
#ai    ,,vi4 ,digg+ & ,cur+             

#ba    ,,vii4 ,clean+ & ,grad+          
#be    ,,viii4 ,w9t] ,/orage            
#cj    ,,ix4 ,gr[+ f ,se$               
#cc    ,x4 ,gr[+ f ,bulblets            
#cg    ,,xi4 ,peel+ ,bulblets           
#dc    ,,xii4 ,gr[+ = ,specific         
,purposes                               
#dg    ,,xiii4 ,cross+ or ,hybridiz+    
#ed    ,,xiv4 ,enemies & ,diseases      
#eg    ,,xv4 ,:at ,con/itutes a ,good   
,v>iety                                 
#fj    ,,xvi4 ,h[ to ,obta9 a ,*oice    
,collection                             
#fb    ,,xvii4 ,h[ to ,keep a           
,collection ,vigor\s & ,well   ,balanc$ 
#fd    ,,xviii4 ,comm5c+ 9 ! ,bus9ess   
#fg    ,app5dix                         
#gc-ib    ,i4 ,g>d5 ,hi/ory ( !         
,gladiolus                              
#gc    ,,ii4 ,hybridiz+ ,gladiolus      
#hb    ,,iii4 ,special ,c>e ( ,se$l+s   
#he    ,,iv4 ,gladiolus ,species        
#hi    ,add5da                          
#ie-ajj     ,,illu/rations              
,page    ,detroit                       

,frontispiece    ,s*wab5                
#h    ,*>les ,l4 ,hut*9son & ,am]ica    
#bj    ,halley1 ,crack] ,jack & ,gret*5 
,zang                              #cb  
,m>g>et                                 
#df    ,europe1 ,sph9x & ,attraction    
#ef    ,mrs4 ,frank ,p5dleton           
#ff    ,pr9ceps                         
#ha     ,,! ,,gladiolus  ,illu/ration   
,,preface   ,?is little book is writt5 )
 a view to be+ ( s]vice to ^? inexp]i5c$
 admir]s,a ( ! gladiolus :o wi% to      
become bett] acqua9t$ ) its nature1 & m 
famili> ) ! details ( its cultivation4  
,! language us$ is pla9 & easily        
und]/ood1 & ! abs5ce ( te*nical t]ms1   
:i* might seem a fault to ! skill$ gr[]1
 w probably enhance ! value ( ! "w to ! 
le>n]1 = :om x is prep>$4 ,:ile x is    
writt5 f ! view-po9t ( ! comm]cial gr[]1
 ! int]e/s ( ! amateur are kept 9 m9d   
?r\gh\t1 & ! in/ructions are z c>efully 
adapt$ to ! managem5t ( a little g>d5 z 
to t ( an ext5sive field4  ,footnote ,a3
 ,p4 ,s4 ,! ,add5da includes "s good    

advice = ! comm]cial gr[]4  ,a few words
 9 reg>d to ! pronunciation ( gladiolus 
may be timely 9 ! beg9n+ ( a treatise   
devot$ exclusively to t subject4 ,fifty 
ye>s ago ! popul> pronunciation 0       
glad-i-o'-lus1 acc5t on ! ?ird syllable1
 b gradually a *ange crept 91 z x 0     
notic$ t s*ol>s said gla-di'-o-lus1     
acc5t on ! second syllable4 ,obs]v+ ?is1
 p began to consult diction>ies1 & x 0  
f\nd t ,web/] & o!rs gave gla-di'-o-lus 
only1 & t all au?orities plac$ ?is fir/1
 ?\gh a few p]mitt$ glad-i-o'-lus1 mu*  
to ! satisfaction ( ^? :o f\nd x h>d to 
*ange4 ,:5 gla-di'-o-lus is us$1 z x is 
almo/ univ]sally1 at ! pres5t "t1 !     
plural is gla-di'-o-li1 :i* ! plural (  
glad-i-o'-lus may be glad-i-o'-luses1   
?\gh ?is is v seldom he>d4 ,nei!r       
gladiola nor gladiolia is admissible4   
,!re are no su* words4 ,x is also       
incorrect to say gladioli bulbs1 :i* is 
equival5t to roses bu%es or pea*es      
trees4 ,gladiolus bulbs is ! prop]      
expression4  ,b,! "n1 gladiolus1 comes f

 ! ,lat91 gladius1 a sword1 & 0 giv5 to 
?is plant on acc\nt ( ! sword-l %ape (  
its leaves4  ,footnote ,b3 ,note3       
,au?ority is n lack+ to %[ t            
,glad-i-o'-lus1 /ronge/ acc5t on fir/   
syllable1 is ! be/1 z x c]ta9ly is ! mo/
 agreeable pronunciation4 ,?is puts x 9 
l9e ) ,he-li-an'-?us1 & _m o!r f\r      
syllabl$ words us$ 9 botany4            
,glad-i-o'-luses z ! plural is          
increas+ly us$ 9 lit]ature b n 9 spee*4 
,,! ,,gladiolus  ,,*apt] ,i4  ,hi/ory & 
,developm5t4   ,! gladiolus comes       
pr9cipally f ,s\? ,africa1 :]e ab\t     
fifty species h be5 discov]$4 ,x is also
 a native ( middle ,africa1 c5tral &    
s\!rn ,europe1 ,p]sia1 ,caucasus1 & !   
c\ntry ar\nd ! ea/]n end ( !            
,m$it]ranean4 ,ab\t =ty additional      
species h be5 f\nd 9 ^! localities1 & "o
 9 ,hamp%ire1 ,engl&4 ,^! h be5         
hybridiz$ & cross$ until !y are s mix$ t
 x is impossible = ! ord9>y gr[] to say 
:at blood may h ent]$ into a giv5       
v>iety1--nor does x matt]4 ,we are      

satisfi$ to "k t ?is is "o ( ! mo/      
beautiful ( our summ]-bloom+ fl[]s1 & t 
x is s easily gr[n z to be )9 ! rea* (  
almo/ anyone :o c>es to h x4   ,its     
,developm5t4  ,! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( 
! gladiolus1 f ! orig9al wild species to
 ! spl5did revelations ( ! pres5t day1  
?\gh extremely int]e/+1 is r unc]ta91 & 
lack+ 9 details4 ,ev5 au?orities        
disagree1 & x is n wor? :ile to t\* ^u  
disput$ po9ts1 ?\gh a few accept$ facts 
may be ( value to ! le>n]4  ,!          
,encyclopa$ia ,britannica says t "o     
v>iety 0 cultivat$ z f> back z #aeif1 & 
ano!r f #afbi4 ,betwe5 #agej & #ahbe _m 
new ones 7 add$ to ^? previ\sly kn[n4   
,!re are sev]al g5]al classes n[ be=e ! 
public1 ( :i* ! olde/ is ! ,g&av5sis4 ,x
 is said t ?is 0 orig9at$ by ,van       
,h\tte1 & 0 introduc$ 9 #ahda4 ,belgium 
is cr$it$ ) ! honor ( be+ its native    
c\ntry4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ! ,encyclopa$ia 
,britannica1 we f9d t ! com+ ( !        
,g&av5sis made ! gladiolus a g5]al      
favorite 9 g>d5s1 & t s9ce t "t v>ieties

 h be5 greatly multipli$ 9 numb]1       
increas$ 9 size & quality1 z well z     
m>vel\sly v>i$ 9 color & m>k+1 s t n[ !y
 h become exce$+ly popul>4  ,! ,g&av5sis
 has a sub/antial /em1 capable ( tak+ up
 wat] freely1 & probably ow+ to ?is fact
 op5s _m fl[]s at once4 ,^! are g5]ally 
( good size & sub/ance1 & ( h&some =m4  
,9 mo/ cases !y are arrang$ ^u ! /em 9  
two r[s t face ! same way1 :i* makes !m 
v %[y & attractive4  ,"s ye>s aft] !    
introduction ( ! ,g&av5sis1 ,victor     
,lemo9e1 ( ,nancy1 ,france1 br\ght out a
 new hybrid to :i* he gave 8 own "n1    
,lemo9ei4 ,x has a sl5d]1 graceful /em1 
:i* seems unable to take up wat]        
rapidly1 & consequ5tly only a few ( its 
fl[]s op5 at once4 ,^! are small] ?an ^?
 ( ! ,g&av5sis1 & m ar*$ 9 =m4 ,_m ( !m1
 p]haps ! majority1 h ri* velvety       
blot*es on "s or all ( ! petals1 d>k] 9 
color ?an ! petals !mselves1 ?us giv+ ! 
fl[]s a v /rik+ appe>ance4 ,! well kn[n 
,m>ie ,lemo9e 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ v>ieties (
 ?is new hybrid1 & its d>k velvet spots 

on a gr\nd ( pale yell[ slightly t+$ )  
gre51 h caus$ "s to call x ! pansy      
gladiolus4  ,lemo9e's next a*ievem5t 0 !
 ,nanceianus1 probably f ,nancy1 8 home4
 ,its fl[]s are q diff]5t f ^? (        
,g&av5sis or ,lemo9ei1 be+ l>g] ?an     
ei!r1 v wide1 & m>k$ ) peculi> mottl+s1 
or f9e1 %ort1 p>allel /rokes ( "s       
contra/+ color4  ,next came ,lei*tl9ii1 
aft]w>ds call$ ,*ildsii1 orig9at$ by    
,max ,lei*tl9 & pur*as$ by ,v4 ,h4      
,hallock  ,son1 :o work$ t5 ye>s to     
improve x1 & !n sold x to ,john ,lewis  
,*ilds1 :o *ang$ its "n4 ,?is transf] 0 
made 9 #ahib4 ,*ildsii is f ne>ly ! same
 cross z ,nanceianus & q simil> to x4   
,bo? plant & fl[] are l>ge1 & ! latt] is
 v %[y1 b ! petals incl9e to lack       
sub/ance1 & consequ5tly c n endure      
h>d%ip4 ,at fir/ ! ,*ildsii ran too mu* 
to r$s1 b x has s9ce be5 improv$ 9 t    
respect4  ,! next di/9ctive attraction 0
 ! ,new ,blue1 ano!r ( ,lemo9e's        
productions4 ,!re has be5 mu* ef=t      
exp5d$ 9 try+ to orig9ate a blue        

gladiolus1 & ?is1 al?\gh n a pure &     
p]fect blue1 is ! ne>e/ approa* to x yet
 made1 & may prove to be ! f\ndation =  
complete success 9 ! future4  ,9 #aijh !
 ,primul9us1 a new species f ,s\?       
,africa1 0 introduc$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,?orburn
  ,company4 ,x is small & inconspicu\s1 
b yell[1 & is said to transmit its color
 to all its se$+s4 ,x may be ! means (  
supply+ :at has be5 long /riv5 =1--a    
good yell[4  ,! gladiolus ( my e>lie/   
recollection1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 "s g>d5s ab\t
 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 dull r$ 
m+l$ ) gre5i% yell[1 appe>+ r$ at a     
di/ance4 ,! fl[]s 7 small & p9*$-look+1 
) po9t$ petals1 & 7 scatt]$ at regul>   
int]vals along "o side ( ! lean+ /em4 ,!
 next t ,i rememb] 0 a great improvem5t 
^u ?is4 ,x made an upright1 /urdy spike1
 ) two r[s ( l>ge1 well-=m$1 melon      
color$ fl[]s1 set close toge!r on ! /em1
 b ! r[s fac$ 9 opposite directions4    
,aft] ?is1 new v>ieties came fa/1 &     
rapid improvem5t 0 made4 ,among ^! e>li]
 sorts 0 "o call$ ,br5*ley5sis1         

conspicu\s = its color1 a mo/ vivid &   
int5se r$4 ,x _h "s faults1 & gradually 
lo/ popul>ity until x 0 sc>cely he>d (1 
b n[1 aft] an int]val ( two or ?ree     
decades1 x is aga9 mak+ its way to !    
front1 & is li/$ 9 catalogues at good   
prices4   ,popul>ity ( ! ,gladiolus4    
,?is fl[] is already v popul>1 & is     
becom+ m & m ( a favorite e ye>4 ,x     
possesses a comb9ation ( *>act]i/ics t  
comm5d x to all fl[] lov]s4 ,x is easily
 gr[n1 & may be _h 9 bloom ab\t f\r     
mon?s 9 ! ye> )\t ! aid ( glass4 ,!     
blossoms are beautiful 9 =m1 & include a
 wond]ful range ( colors1 ) almo/       
innum]able comb9ations4 ,its g5]al habit
 ( be>+ two r[s ( fl[]s fac+ ! same way 
makes x easy to arrange s z to %[ all to
 ! be/ advantage4 ,x has a capacity =   
tak+ up wat] :i* enables x to g on      
bloom+ to ! v tip ( ! spike aft] be+    
cut1 la/+ a week 9 ! hotte/ wea!r1 &    
twice t "t :5 cool]4 ,! ease ) :i* ! /em
 c be dive/$ ( its fad$ fl[]s1 leav+ x z
 fre% z ?\gh j br\ght f ! g>d51 is also 

a great recomm5dation4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,i 
express$ a quantity ( ! spikes f        
,cuyahoga ,falls1 ,ohio1 to ,butte1     
,montana4 ,!y 7 9 bud :5 />t$1 & :5 !y  
arriv$1 _h bloom$ half way up ! /alks1 &
 ! l[] fl[]s _h fad$4 ,^! 7 tak5 (f1 !  
/ems plac$ 9 wat]1 & ! buds w5t on op5+ 
to ! la/1 unaffect$ by ! j\rney ( two   
?\s& miles4  ,ano!r m]it ( ! gladiolus1 
:i* might n seem a m]it at fir/ ?\ght1  
is its lack ( p]fume4 ,an agreeable     
fragrance is desirable 9 fl[]s t are us$
 9 mod]ate quantities1 b 9 banks &      
masses1 z ?is is (t5 arrang$1 a sweet   
odor w\ld be ov]p[]+4   ,its ,uses4  ,= 
decorative purposes ! gladiolus is fa/  
becom+ indisp5sable4 ,! dem& has gr[n f 
t5s to hundr$s )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 &     
probably x w increase f hundr$s to ?\s&s
 9 ! ne> future1 = x is a fl[] = all p &
 all places4 ,x is suitable = ! home1 & 
f midsumm] until ,novemb] is a con/ant  
dep5d5ce4 ,= /ores & (fices its bright &
 la/+ bloom makes x v desirable4 ,x is 9
 great dem& = ornam5t+ *ur*es1 halls1   

s*oolrooms1 &1 9 fact1 all places :]e p 
come toge!r = almo/ any purpose4 ,x is  
popul> = w$d+s1 & great quantities are  
(t5 us$ on su* occasions1 a s+le ord]   
sometimes call+ = ?\s&s ( spikes4 ,la/ (
 all1 x is se5 9 ! h\se ( m\rn+1 & at ! 
graves ( ! dead1 :]e its sweet          
*e]fulness seems to speak a message (   
com=t to ! liv+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,s*wab5
     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,habits ( ,gr[?4    
,! gladiolus is a bulb\s plant t gr[s   
only 9 ! w>m season ( ! ye>4 ,x may be  
gr[n f bulbs1 bulblets1 or se$s4        
,amateurs h to d ma9ly ) bulbs1 z _!    
*ief object is to produce fl[]s4 ,! bulb
 conta9s ! food = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! "y     
plant until x has leaves1 :5 x comm5ces 
to =m a new bulb close above ! old "o1  
:i* latt] gradually %rivels & dies1 its 
"w be+ done4 ,mean:ile1 ! "y plant1 hav+
 roots & leaves ( its own1 cont9ues to  
gr[ & build up ! new bulb4  ,:5 f> en\gh
 advanc$1 ! fl[] spike />ts up ?r\gh !  
middle ( ! foliage & makes its appe>ance
 above ! upp] leaf4 ,f ! "t ! spike     

comes 9 sight1 ! plant seems to devote !
 mo/ ( its en]gy to develop+ ! fl[]s1 & 
! se$ :i* foll[s4 ,:5 ! latt] is all[$  
to rip51 ! bulb is small] ?an x o!rwise 
w\ld h be51 & n only ?is1 x is v]tically
 ?91 hav+ be5 p>tially />v$ by ! div]t+ 
( ! n\ri%m5t to rip5 ! se$4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 if ! spike is remov$ :5 ! fir/ fl[] 
op5s1 ! bulb w gr[ l>g] & ?ick]4 ,o!r   
?+s be+ equal1 a bulb is valuable       
accord+ to its v]tical diamet]4 ,! mo/  
p]fect ones are obta9$ by plant+ small  
ones1 j bel[ ! bloom+ size4 ,n be+ able 
to s5d up fl[] spikes1 _! vitality goes 
to ! production ( new bulbs1 & ^! are   
conical1 or ne>ly r\nd1 :i* is ! ideal  
%ape4 ,_m flori/s insi/ ^u ?is =m :5    
buy+ bulbs = =c+4 ,!y are kn[n to !     
trade z virg9 bulbs4 ,z to ! bread? (   
bulbs1 ! broad] ! bett]1 o!r po9ts be+ !
 same4 ,"o t is conical 9 %ape1 &       
?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 horizontal        
diamet]1 w probably produce z f9e a     
spike ( fl[]s z is possible to ! v>iety1
 b x w yield only "o1 :ile bulbs ( l>g] 

size may s5d up f two to six4  ,bulblets
 are produc$ dur+ ! summ]1 on und]gr\nd 
/ems t come out f ! base ( ! new bulbs4 
,ea* bulblet is enclos$ 9 a h>d %ell1   
:i* is g5]ally br[n 9 color1 ?\gh       
sometimes gray1 slate1 or black1 & v    
r>ely :ite4  ,j "h ,i w speak ( !       
diff]5ce betwe5 bulblets & small bulbs1 
= !re are "s confus$ ideas abroad on ?is
 subject4 ,bulblets gr[ f ! bottoms (   
bulbs1 are usually atta*$ by /ems1 & h  
h>d %ells4 ,bulbs gr[ f o!r bulbs1 f    
bulblets1 or f se$s1 & h s(t %ells4 ,!y 
may be v t9y1 no l>g] ?an apple se$s1 b 
/ill !y are bulbs4  ,v>ieties diff]     
widely 9 _! ability to produce bulblets4
 ,! ,may & ,augu/a are exce$+ly         
prolific1 :ile ! ,%akespe>e is j !      
opposite4 ,a bulb too small to bloom w  
yield _m times m bulblets ?an a l>ge "o 
( ! same v>iety4 ,sometimes z _m z two  
hundr$ bulblets h be5 f\nd on a s+le    
bulb4  ,corm & cormel are ! correct     
botanical t]ms respectively = solid     
bulbs1 l ^? ( ! gladiolus1 & ! small    

und]gr\nd increase1 b ^! names are r>ely
 us$ 9 comm]cial horticulture4          
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,soils & ,prep>ation4   
,! gladiolus w gr[ on almo/ any soil1 & 
d well ) only a mod]ate *ance4 ,:ile x  
has its pref]5ces1 x readily adapts     
itself to circum/ances1 & makes ! mo/ ( 
:at x f9ds4 ,:e!r s&1 clay1 gravel1 muck
 or loam1 x w get a liv+ out ( !m1 ?\gh 
gravel is p]haps lea/ desirable4 ,!     
gladiolus )/&s dr\? v well1 b likes     
pl5ty ( moi/ure mu* bett]1 & l[ l& well 
dra9$ is excell5t = x4 ,x ought n to be 
"u wat]4 ,good f>m l&1 suitable = corn  
or potatoes1 answ]s its purpose v well1 
& x fl\ri%es on gre5 sw>d prop]ly pl[$ &
 h>r[$4 ,! ri*e/ place 9 ! g>d5 suits x 
admirably1 & x %[s its appreciation (   
special favors by ready response 9 gr[? 
& bloom4  ,! gr\nd %\ld be pl[$ or spad$
 to a good dep?1 ab\t ! same z =        
potatoes1 & h>r[$ or rak$ until x is    
?or\ghly pulv]iz$1 n only on ! surface1 
b d[n deep4   ,f]tiliz]s4  ,any crop c  
be well f$ ) good /able manure prop]ly  

appli$1 b ?is is sometimes out ( rea*4  
,9 su* cases we mu/ ei!r resort to      
comm]cial f]tiliz]s or dep5d ^u ! plant 
food 9 ! soil1 :i* is seldom suffici5t =
 any crop1 especially "o ^: yield (     
pr(it may be greatly increas$ or dim9i%$
 by ! giv+ or )hold+ ( n\ri%m5t4 ,!     
g>d5] _c af=d to take any risks along   
?is l9e4 ,8 crops are too valuable4 ,!  
safe c\rse is = him to assume t ! l& is 
poor to consid] ! gr\nd z simply a place
 ( an*orage = ! roots ( plants1 & a     
res]voir = plant food to be suppli$2 &  
!n1 to furni% ! am\nt ne$$ to produce ! 
crop4 ,=tunately1 mo/ soils d1 z a matt]
 ( fact1 conta9 a fair supply (         
f]tility1 b v r>ely z mu* z a crop c    
appropriate1 & x is be/ to be on ! safe 
side4 ,! gladiolus is a /urdy gr[]1 able
 to assimilate a g5]\s supply (         
nutrim5t1 & %\ld be prop]ly f$4  ,9     
reg>d to ! use ( /able manure z a       
f]tiliz] = ?is crop1 almo/ any am\nt ( x
 may be put on 9 ! fall be=e plant+1 to 
be lea*$ & subdu$ by ! *anges ( w9t]1 b 

x is h>dly safe to spread x on ! gr\nd 9
 ! spr+ & pl[ x "u1 le/ x come 9 contact
 ) ! bulbs & cause ! gr[+ crop to be    
scabby & unsalable4 ,i h us$ = _m ye>s1 
& ) mo/ satisfactory results1 a good    
potato phosphate4 ,any complete         
comm]cial f]tiliz] w answ] ! purpose4 ,i
 once tri$ a ton ( ,p]uvian guano1 z an 
exp]im5t1 b x did no bett] ?an ! potato 
phosphate1 :i* co/s less4  ,comm]cial   
f]tiliz] may be appli$ 9 v>i\s          
ways1--be=e plant+ or aft]1 or 9 !      
furr[s4 ,f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& p\nds 
p] acre1 or ev5 m1 may be us$1 accord+  
to ! previ\s condition ( ! l& & !       
results desir$4 ,:5 us$ be=e plant+1 x  
is put on ) a gra9 drill1 or1 if ! area 
is small1 is rak$ 9 by h&4 ,x may be    
appli$ 9 ! furr[ 9 two ways--fir/1 /rew 
x along 9 ! bottom & mix x ) ! soil by  
dragg+ a *a9 or a hoe ov] x1 or by us+ !
 cultivator t made ! drill4 ,!n plant ! 
bulbs1 & cov] prop]ly4 ,second1 aft] !  
drill is made & ! bulbs are dropp$1 cov]
 !m ) a little e>?1 say half ! dep? ( ! 

furr[1 !n put 9 ! f]tiliz] by h&1 & f9i%
 cov]+4 ,?is places x :]e ! fir/ good   
ra9 w wa% its ri*ness d[n to ! roots4   
,:5 appli$ aft] plant+1 x may be scatt]$
 by h& along ! r[s or ov] ! b$4 ,?is    
plan produces good results1 ev5 on poor 
l&1 & ! same may be said ( ! o!rs4      
,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,"t to ,plant4   ,l>ge   
bloom+ bulbs may be plant$ 9 ,april or  
,may1 or !y may be held until ,june1 or 
ev5 ,july1 if !y c be kept f gr[+ too   
mu* 9 /orage4 ,x is _! natural in/9ct to
 s5d out roots & %oots 9 ! spr+1 & :5 !y
 d !y %\ld be plant$ soon4 ,:5 "o has a 
consid]able quantity ( fl[]+ bulbs1 x is
 easy to secure a long succession (     
bloom by plant+ at sev]al diff]5t times4
 ,good siz$ bulbs w bloom 9 ab\t n9ety  
days aft] plant+4 ,small] ones require a
 long] "t4 ,if all ! bloom+ sizes ( !   
same v>iety are plant$ at ! same "t1 !y 
w bloom 9 regul> succession1 ! l>ge/    
fir/ & ! smalle/ la/4 ,small bulbs1--too
 small to bloom1--bulblets1 & se$1 %\ld 
be plant$ e>ly 9 ord] to h pl5ty ( "t to

 make _! gr[?4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,april is 
a suitable "t 9 ! latitude ( ,nor!rn    
,ohio4 ,9 a mild climate ! bulbs may be 
left 9 ! gr\nd all w9t]1 & ! same might 
be done 9 ! nor? if !y c\ld be cov]$    
securely en\gh to keep out ! fro/4      
,plant+4  ,aft] ! l& has be5 well       
prep>$1 furr[s are made ?ree feet ap>t &
 ab\t six in*es deep1 = l>ge bulbs4 ,!  
furr[+ is done ) ! ,planet ,jr4         
cultivator1 arrang$ ) a l>ge too? beh9d1
 & two or f\r small] ones 9 front1 turn$
 edgewise4 ,!y /eady ! cultivator &     
contribute t[>ds ! f9+ ( ! soil4 ,next1 
! bulbs are plac$ 9 ! furr[s1 z f> ap>t 
z _! own diamet]2 t is1 two-in* bulbs   
%\ld be two in*es ap>t1 "o-in* bulbs "o 
in*1 & s on d[n ?r\gh all ! bloom+      
sizes4 ,:5 bulbs are an in* or m 9      
diamet]1 !y are g5]ally plac$ "r side   
up1 ?\gh ?is is n ess5tial4 ,h[ev]1 :5  
scatt]$ along ! furr[ !y c be put 9     
position v quickly4  ,aft] !y are plac$1
 cov] ) ! cultivator us$ 9 furr[+1 tak+ 
(f ! small tee? 9 front & putt+ on !    

w+s4 ,by go+ once 9 ea* space1 ?r[+ !   
soil bo? ways1 ! bulbs are cov]$ deeply 
en\gh to make q prom95t ridges ov] !    
r[s1 ) furr[s midway betwe54 ,v soon !  
we$s beg9 to %[1 & !n a good h>r[+ is   
giv51 l5g?-wise ( ! r[s1 to kill ! fir/ 
crop4 ,next1 j be=e ! spr\ts are ready  
to come 9 sight1 !y are gone ov] ) !    
we$]4 ,on small areas all ?is /irr+ is  
done ) a /eel rake4 ,by ?is me?od !     
surface is kept free f we$s1 & is also  
made f9e & mell[ = ! "y %oots to come   
?r\gh4 ,if ! "w _c be done at ! "r "t1 x
 is bett] to wait until ! spr\ts are up 
an in* or two1 z !y c !n be /irr$ )\t   
fe> ( injury1 b :5 j com+ up !y are t5d]
 & easily bruis$ or brok54  ,:5 bulbs   
are plant$ 9 a small way1 x is n cu/om>y
 to place !m 9 r[s4 ,a bett] plan is to 
scatt] !m ov] ! gr\nd ab\t z f> ap>t z  
!y are want$1 say six or eight in*es ea*
 way1 & put !m 9 "o at a "t ) a tr[el or
 dibble1 five or six in*es bel[ !       
surface4 ,!y are plant$ at ?is dep?1 9  
bo? g>d5 & field1 to prev5t _! bl[+ ov] 

:5 9 bloom4 ,^? t are f "o-half to      
?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet] %\ld be   
cov]$ ) ab\t f\r in*es ( soil4  ,=      
plant+ small /ock1 less ?an half an in* 
9 diamet]1 ! gr\nd %\ld be prep>$ z     
previ\sly direct$4 ,! r[s %\ld be ?ree  
feet ap>t if ! cultivat+ is to be done )
 a horse2 if by h&1 eighte5 in*es4 ,!   
furr[s %\ld be /raight1 & ?ree in*es 9  
dep?4 ,! gr[] c n[ *oose "o ( two me?ods
 ( plant+4 ,he c s[ ! bulbs 9 ! furr[s1 
ab\t twelve to ! foot1 or drop !m 9     
hills1 f\r to six 9 a place1 e twelve   
in*es4 ,9 ei!r case !y c be cov]$ ) a   
cultivator1 z be=e describ$1 ridg$ up1 &
 h>r[$ or rak$ aft]w>ds1 ?us sav+ ! fir/
 & mo/ exp5sive we$+4 ,:5 ! bulbs h />t$
 suffici5tly to make ! r[s visible1 !   
cultivator c be us$1 & f t "t =w>d ! mo/
 ( ! "w c be done ) a horse1 turn+ a    
little e>? up to ! r[s ea* "t4  ,! hill 
me?od ( plant+ takes m gr\nd1 b x has   
two di/9ct advantages ov] ! drill me?od4
 ,fir/1 ! hoe c be us$ 9 ! r[ betwe5 !  
hills1 ?us light5+ ! labor & exp5se (   

we$+2 &1 second1 9 tak+ up ! bulbs 9 !  
fall1 ea* hill c be lift$ out ) a =k1 & 
e bulblet sav$4 ,9 gr[+ /ock t is       
especially valuable ?is is ( great      
acc\nt4  ,v few bulbs less ?an "o-half  
in* 9 diamet] w bloom1 s all !y ne$ is a
 *ance to gr[1--a loose surface1 fre$om 
f we$s1 & suffici5t plant food1 )       
moi/ure en\gh to make x available4      
,bulbs ?us produc$ w be ( ! mo/         
desirable %ape1 r\nd or conical4 ,if1   
h[ev]1 any consid]able numb] come into  
bloom1 ! spikes %\ld be cut (f z soon z 
!y get above ! foliage4 ,?is prev5ts !  
plants f exhau/+ !mselves by produc+    
fl[]s & se$4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 bulbs f
 :i* ! spikes are remov$ z e>ly z       
possible w be ab\t twice z heavy z ^? t 
produce se$ un*eck$4  ,! plant+ &       
managem5t ( bulblets w be consid]$ 9    
ano!r *apt]4     ,,*apt] ,v4            
,cultivation4   ,! gladiolus ne$s ! same
 /irr+ ( ! soil t is giv5 to o!r crops4 
,! reason :y ! soil mu/ be /irr$ is a "q
 ^u :i* !re are v>i\s op9ions4 ,"s hold 

t x is to kill ! we$s2 "s to cons]ve    
moi/ure2 o!rs1 to let ! air to ! roots2 
&1 /ill o!rs1 to r5d] ! plant food 9 !  
gr\nd available4 ,probably all are "r1 &
 ! summ+ up seems to be1 to make ! crop 
gr[1 s ! safe way is to /ir (t54 ,?is _c
 be ov]done4 ,a crop may be cultivat$ e 
day if desir$1 provid$ t good judgm5t is
 ex]cis$ z to ! condition ( ! soil4 ,x  
%\ld n be /irr$ :5 too wet4 ,! gladiolus
 has n a v long season = gr[?1 & if be/ 
results are to be obta9$ x mu/ be kept  
gr[+ cont9u\sly4 ,! next be/ ?+ to      
frequ5t /irr+ ( ! surface is a mul* to  
keep x loose & moi/1 b ?is is n z good4 
,support4  ,! critical p]iod 9 ! life ( 
! gladiolus is ! bloom+ season1 & "s    
support at t "t is almo/ indisp5sable4  
,x gr[s s tall & (f]s s mu* resi/ance to
 ! w9d t ! /alk is liable to be /ra9$ or
 brok51 to ! detrim5t ( ! bulb1 & e ef=t
 %\ld be made to keep x upright & prev5t
 its be+ injur$1 ev5 a little4 ,:5 we   
consid] t ea* leaf is connect$ ) ! bulb1
 & is do+ its "p t[>ds br++ x to        

maturity1 we readily p]ceive t :atev]   
hurts ! foliage also hurts ! bulb1 &    
realize ! importance ( prev5t+1 z f> z  
possible1 any weak5+ ( ! connection     
betwe5 ! two4  ,deep plant+ is ! fir/   
safegu>d1 & ?is is r5d]$ /ill m         
effectual by ridg+ up ! r[s4 ,cutt+ !   
spikes z soon z ! fir/ fl[]s op5 is a   
great advantage1 less5+ ! weight ( !    
tops & dim9i%+ its resi/ance to ! w9d1  
besides reliev+ ! plant ( ! burd5 (     
n\ri%+ ! blooms4 ,if ! fl[]s are n      
want$1 ! spikes c be cut z soon z !y are
 high en\gh to escape ! foliage1 & ?is  
is /ill bett]4 ,:5 ! gladiolus is gr[n z
 a field crop1 !re are s _m tops toge!r 
t !y support ea* o!r to "s ext5t4 ,:5   
gr[n 9 small areas1 x is a good plan to 
/ret* wires along ! r[s ab\t a foot f ! 
gr\nd1 & tie ! /alks to !m4 ,:5 ! plants
 are scatt]$ irregul>ly ov] ! b$1 !y may
 be support$ by ty+ ea* "o to a %ort1   
inconspicu\s /ake %>p5$ & driv5 into !  
gr\nd s t ! top is fifte5 to eighte5    
in*es high4 ,! same /akes may be us$ ye>

 aft] ye>1 & x improves ! appe>ance ( ! 
b$ to h !m pa9t$ gre54  ,illu/ration3   
,,*as4 ,l4 ,,hut*9son  ,illu/ration3    
,,am]ica     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,digg+ &    
,cur+4   ,:5 "o has _m bulbs to take up 
x is be/ to comm5ce e>ly1 ab\t ! la/ (  
,augu/ or ! fir/ ( ,septemb]4 ,?is gives
 a long season = dry+1 :i* is q         
necess>y1 z x is difficult to cure a    
great _m 9 a %ort "t1 especially 9      
unfavorable wea!r4  ,! smalle/ /ock %\ld
 be tak5 up fir/1 = sev]al reasons3     
,fir/1 ! small bulbs gr[n f se$ or f    
bulblets d n all rip5 at ! same "t1 & if
 digg+ is def]r$ until aft] "s ( !m h   
matur$1 ^! drop f _! /ems 9 h&l+1 & keep
 "o pick+ !m up1 :i* is a great         
h9drance4 ,if tak5 up 9 "t1 !y c be     
pull$ (f f ! gre5 /alks 9 h&fuls4       
,second1 :5 ! little bulbs mature !y    
*ange color f :ite to br[n1 & if any    
drop x is n s easy to f9d !m 9 ! br[n   
soil4 ,!y may be tak5 up :5 no l>g] ?an 
apple se$s1 cur$1 & kept till spr+ )    
p]fect success4 ,?ird1 ! small bulbs are

 easily dri$ &1 if tak5 up e>ly1 !y may 
be cur$ & pack$ away = ! w9t]1 entirely 
out ( ! way ( ! l>g] /ock4 ,x is q an   
advantage to h "p ( ! /ock dispos$ (    
e>ly4 ,f\r?1 x is sl[1 putt]+ "w to take
 up small bulbs runn+ f "o hundr$ to    
?ree hundr$ to ! foot ( r[1 & x %\ld be 
done be=e cold wea!r4 ,my rule is to    
take up se$l+s fir/1 !n ! /ock gr[n f ! 
bulblets1 !n ! next size l>g]1 & s on1  
leav+ ! l>ge/ to ! la/4 ,?is /ock is    
heavy1 & m5 c keep w>m h&l+ x1 ev5 9 q  
cool wea!r1 su* z we are likely to h    
late 9 ! season4  ,= conv5i5ce 9 tak+ up
 small /ock1 we use a l[ seat made l a  
small sl$ ) wide runn]s :i* d n s9k into
 ! gr\nd4 ,a burlap sack is fold$ sev]al
 ?icknesses & tack$ on ! top = a cu%ion4
 ,?is seat1 a spad+ =k1 a g>d5 tr[el1 & 
a half-bu%el basket l9$ ) clo? to keep !
 bulblets f pass+ ?r\gh1 are !          
appliances ne$$ = ! "w4 ,! r[ is fir/   
loos5$1 or slightly pri$ up ) ! =k4 ,!n 
! man occupy+ ! seat1 ) ! r[ 9 front (  
him1 ?ru/s 8 tr[el "u a few in*es ( x1 &

 ) ! o!r h& grasps ! tops & lifts ! bun*
 up1 giv+ x a slight %ake4 ,he !n holds 
x ov] ! basket1 & pulls ! bulbs (f f !  
tops1 dropp+ !m into ! basket4 ,:5 x is 
ne>ly fill$1 ! cont5ts are sift$ ?r\gh a
 numb] five sieve 7five me%es to ! in*71
 :i* all[s ! e>? to pass out4 ,a second 
sift+ ?r\gh a numb] ?ree sieve sep>ates 
! bulblets f ! bulbs4 ,! latt] are !n   
spread out an in* or two deep 9 crates1 
& dri$ 9 ! %ade1 aft] :i* ! dep? may be 
d\bl$ = /orage until clean+ "t4 ,!      
bulblets are p\r$ into a box or b>rel4  
,9 digg+ l>g] bulbs1 !y are simply      
loos5$ up ) ! =k1 lift$ out by ! tops1  
:i* are clipp$ (f close to ! bulbs1 &   
are dropp$ into a co>se sieve1 numb]    
two1 plac$ ov] a bu%el basket4 ,?r\gh   
?is ! e>? & mo/ ( ! bulblets are sift$  
into ! basket4 ,! bulbs are !n spread 9 
%all[ crates to dry4 ,! crates %\ld be  
plac$ :]e ! v5tilation is good1 & no ra9
 c rea* !m4 ,! bulblets are sep>at$ f ! 
e>? ) a f9e sieve1 & put into a box or  
b>rel4  ,by way ( explanation ,i w say j

 "h t ! bulblets gr[n on small /ock are 
easily sep>at$ f ! bulbs1 z ! orig9al   
bulbs 7 small :5 plant$ & %r9k away to  
almo/ no?+1 ?us leav+ ! bulblets free to
 fall4 ,) l>ge /ock ! case is diff]5t4  
,! orig9al bulbs 7 l>ge :5 plant$1 &    
al?\gh !y )] & die z ! new bulbs gr[ &  
mature1 !y /ill reta9 a consid]able     
portion ( _! size4 ,! new bulbs are =m$ 
close above ! old ones1 & ! bulblets    
appe> ar\nd ! l9e ( contact1 sometimes  
betwe5 ! two1 s t !y d n all become     
deta*$ at ! "t ( digg+4 ,^? t /ill adh]e
 are remov$ 9 ! process ( clean+4  ,x is
 advisable to dry bulbs ( all sizes z   
soon z practical aft] digg+4 ,!y look   
mu* bright] & m attractive :5 ?us treat$
 ?an :5 left ly+ 9 contact ) ! damp     
soil1 = a consid]able "t1 z ?is gives !m
 a dull1 discolor$ appe>ance4 ,if gr[n =
 m>ket1 ^? t %9e l sat9 are mu* m       
salable1 & ev5 = plant+ x is mu* m      
pleas+ to h !m bright ?an t>ni%$4       
,sometimes1 :5 %ort ( crates1 or 9 a    
great hurry1 we h pil$ up small bulbs ) 

_! accompany+ soil 9 ! field & left !m  
to be c>$ = at a m conv5i5t "t4 ,!y kept
 all "r & c\ld h be5 kept until spr+ )  
suffici5t cov]+1 b !y lo/ _! lu/] &     
became d+y & unattractive4  ,bulblets   
%\ld n be dri$4 ,! reason = ?is w be    
giv5 else:]e4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4        
,clean+ & ,grad+4   ,:5 bulbs are tak5  
up1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld be dri$ to  
"s ext5t be=e ! "w ( clean+ beg9s1--!   
l>ge ones p>tially at lea/1 & ! small   
ones :olly1 = reasons :i* w be expla9$  
h]eaft]4  ,:5 l>ge bulbs are dug1 ! old 
ones t 7 plant$ adh]e s firmly t a good 
deal ( =ce is requir$ to sep>ate !m4 ,= 
?is reason x is n economy to clean !m at
 once1 s we /ore !m 9 %all[ crates1 to !
 dep? ( two or ?ree in*es1 & let !m dry4
 ,!y c !n be fill$ 9 to ! tops ( !      
crates1 :i* are f\r in*es deep1 & left  
until a conv5i5t "t = clean+4  ,9 two   
weeks aft] !y are tak5 up1 ! old] bulbs 
c be remov$ ) a slight ef=t1 b we res]ve
 ?is "w = /ormy days4 ,?is is ! way x is
 done3 ,a numb] two sieve is plac$ ^u a 

tight bu%el basket1 & fill$ ) ! bulbs to
 be clean$4 ,! old bulbs are tak5 (f by 
h& & ca/ aside1 c>ry+ ! roots ) !m1 & ! 
bulblets t /ill rema9 fall ?r\gh ! sieve
 into ! basket bel[4 ,! clean$ bulbs are
 dropp$ into ano!r basket & !n /or$ 9   
crates to await ! "t = grad+4 ,!        
bulblets are put away 9 a cool1 damp    
place4 ,bulbs ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* or m 9
 diamet] are clean$ "o at a "t1 z       
describ$1 b small] ones are treat$      
diff]5tly4 ,!re is mu* wa/e matt]       
connect$ ) !m1 roots1 bits ( tops1 &    
soil1 & ! "w ( clean+ !m is done out (  
doors on w9dy days 9 ord] t ! tra% & du/
 may be bl[n away4 ,?is expla9s :y small
 /ock %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e x is   
clean$4 ,! bulbs are plac$ on a table or
 plat=m :]e ! w9d c h free play1 & pull$
 & twi/$ by h&fuls1 until ! mo/ ( !m are
 sep>at$ f ! rubbi%4 ,^? t /ill rema9   
are pick$ out1 & ! tra% is pu%$ (f f !  
table4 ,! bulbs are !n put into a f9e   
sieve & ! rema9+ du/ is sift$ out4 ,?is 
process usually br+s to light ! la/     

remnants ( dry roots1 leaves1 & husks1 &
 ^! are dispos$ ( by p\r+ ! bulbs f "o  
bu%el basket to ano!r 9 ! w9d4 ,at "o "t
 ,i _h ?is f9i%+ "w done on m ?an half a
 million small bulbs ) an old-fa%ion$   
fann+ mill1 & x 0 done to p]fection4    
,grad+4  ,aft] ! bulbs are cur$ &       
clean$1 ! next /ep is grad+1 or sep>at+ 
!m into classes accord+ to size4 ,?is is
 absolutely necess>y if ! bulbs are to  
be sold1 & almo/ z mu* s if !y are to be
 plant$4 ,z to ! sizes ( ! diff]5t      
grades1 e gr[] seems to be a law unto   
himself4 ,an ef=t has be5 made by !     
,society ( ,am]ican ,flori/s to e/abli% 
a uni=m /&>d ( division1 & ?is w        
d\btless be accompli%$ 9 "t4 ,at pres5t 
! mo/ common arrangem5t ( numb]s & sizes
 seems to be ab\t z foll[s3       ,fir/ 
size 7,no4 #a7 #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] &
 up4       ,second size 7,no4 #b7       
#a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4       ,?ird    
size 7,no4 #c7 #c_/d-a in* 9 diamet]4   
,f\r? size 7,no4 #d7 #a_/b-c_/d in* 9   
diamet]4       ,fif? size 7,no4 #e7 all 

bel[ #a_/b in*4  ,numb]s "o1 two1 & ?ree
 are consid]$ regul> bloom+ sizes1 & are
 b\ght & sold by se$sm54 ,numb] f\r     
bulbs w ne>ly all bloom1 b !y are seldom
 (f]$ = sale1 except to ! trade4 ,numb] 
fives are n suppos$ to bloom at all1 b a
 few ( !m w d s4 ,!re is a great        
diff]5ce 9 v>ieties 9 ?is respect1 "s   
bloom+ mu* small] ?an o!rs4  ,bulbs may 
be approximately grad$ by scre5+ !m     
?r\gh sieves ) me%es ( prop] sizes1 f an
 in* & a half d[n to half an in*1 & ?is 
is ! mo/ spe$y way ( do+ ! "w4 ,!       
necess>y correct+ c be done by h& :5    
c\nt+ !m out = sale or prep>+ !m =      
plant+4   ,crates4  ,"s allusions to ^! 
h be5 made 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & x may be  
well to preface ! subject ( keep+ !     
bulbs ov] w9t] by describ+ ! receptacles
 9 :i* !y are /or$4  ,i h us$ crates (  
two sizes4 ,! l>g] ones are ?ree feet by
 f\r1 & f\r in*es deep1 ) bottoms ( la? 
runn+ l5g?wise & plac$ a qu>t] ( an in* 
ap>t4 ,/rips ( #ax#b-;in* /uff are nail$
 across ! corn]s1 on bo? top & bottom1  

exactly opposite ea* o!r1 s t !y w come 
toge!r & keep ! crates ap>t = v5tilation
 :5 pil$ "o above ano!r4 ,! upp] /rips  
also s]ve z h&les by :i* to lift !      
crates4 ,!y %\ld be f> en\gh f ! corn]s 
s t bulbs c run out betwe5 :5 empty+ !  
crates1 & yet n s f> z to make x        
difficult to take bulbs out f "u !m ) a 
%ovel4 ,! ends ( ^! corn] pieces %\ld be
 saw$ bevel+1 s z n to project & be 9 ! 
way4 ,!re is also a #bx#b-;in* /rip     
nail$ across ! middle ( ! crate on ! "u 
side1 to support ! la?4  ,! small]      
crates are half ! size ( ! o!rs1 two    
feet by ?ree1 & f\r in*es deep4 ,!      
bottoms are tight1 & ?ree-eigh?s ( an   
in* ?ick4 ,! corn] pieces are two in*es 
wide & "o in* ?ick4 ,no /rips are ne$$  
across ! middle und]nea?4  ,! small]    
crates are pref]able = sev]al reasons4  
,fir/1 !y c be h&l$ by "o man :ile !    
l>g] ones1 :5 fill$1 require two4       
,second1 ! tight bottoms prev5t any mix+
 ( v>ieties1 :i* may happ5 9 us+ ! l>g] 
crates by ! bulblets dropp+ ?r\gh f "o  

to ano!r4 ,?ird1 ! small crates c be    
easily & entirely empti$1 :ile ! l>ge   
ones reta9 bulblets or v small bulbs 9 !
 spaces betwe5 ! la?1 & :5 v>ieties are 
to be kept sep>ate ^! mu/ be c>efully   
pick$ out4 ,9 /or+ mix$ bulbs1 or a l>ge
 quantity ( "o v>iety1 ! la/ two        
objections d n hold1 b crates conta9+   
k9ds t %\ld be kept pure _c safely be   
plac$ "o above ano!r :5 ! bottoms are   
slatt$4 ,x may be ask$ :y ! l>ge crates 
are n made ) tight bottoms4 ,!y h a     
capacity ( two bu%els ea*1 or m1 & :5   
fill$ ) damp bulbs fre% f ! gr\nd1 !y   
mu/ h bottom v5tilation 9 ord] to dry _!
 cont5ts4 ,! small ones1 hold+ only half
 z mu*1 d n ne$ ! draft f bel[4         
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,w9t] ,/orage4   ,an   
excell5t way to keep bloom+ bulbs ?r\gh 
! w9t] is to pack !m 9 crates1 & pile ^!
 9 a cell> )\t artificial heat1 :]e !   
m]cury ranges f ?irty-five to =ty       
degrees 9 cold wea!r4  ,small bulbs may 
be kept 9 ! same way1 b !y %\ld n be m  
?an two or ?ree in*es deep 9 ! crates4  

,!y settle into a m solid mass ?an l>ge 
bulbs1 & if too deep !y are liable to   
/>t into gr[?4 ,?is %\ld be c>efully    
gu>d$ aga9/4  ,small quantities ( bulbs 
may be /or$ 9 half-bu%el baskets1 f two 
to f\r in*es deep1 accord+ to size1 &   
hung up 9 ! cell>4  ,bulblets may be    
pack$ 9 boxes or b>rels )\t reg>d to    
dep?4 ,!y d n ne$ to be cur$ 9 ! fall1 l
 bulbs1 z a little dry+ h>d5s ! %ells 9 
:i* !y are enclos$ to su* an ext5t t _m 
( ! t9y %oots are unable to break ?r\gh 
:5 ! gr[+ season comes4 ,!y %\ld be     
pack$ away :5 tak5 (f f ! bulbs at digg+
 or clean+ "t1 & a cool1 damp place =   
keep+ !m is be/4 ,"s ( !m w spr\t 9     
/orage1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is n to be desir$1
 b x is bett] to lose ! few t w gr[ too 
soon by dampness ?an ! _m t w be kept f 
gr[+ at all by dry+4 ,! ideal place =   
/or+ bulblets is a root cell>1 or       
und]gr\nd room n connect$ ) any build+1 
:i* is securely clos$ aft] ! /ock is put
 91 & n op5$ till spr+4 ,"h x is kept   
fre% & moi/ & p]fectly safe f fire &    

fro/4 ,ano!r excell5t way to pres]ve    
bulblets is to pack !m 9 boxes & bury !m
 9 ! gr\nd1 z our =efa!rs did potatoes &
 apples4 ,!y mu/ be cov]$ suffici5tly to
 gu>d aga9/ any possible dang] f freez+1
 & ) ?is precaution !y come out 9 f9e   
condition at plant+ "t4  ,:5 a few      
bulblets ( "s *oice v>iety are to be    
kept by !mselves1 x is a good plan to   
wrap !m 9 p>aff9 pap]1 & enclose !m 9 a 
pap] bag1 :i* may be m>k$ to %[ its     
cont5ts4   ,pack+ ,bulbs = ,%ipm5t4  ,:5
 bulbs are well cur$1 ! *ief dang] 9    
%ipp+ is f fro/1 & ?is is mu* great] 9  
transportation by freight ?an by        
express4 ,!y are long] on ! way1 & m    
expos$ to cold4 ,h[ev] & :5ev] %ipm5t is
 made1 & :atev] packages are us$1 :e!r  
boxes1 b>rels or baskets1 !y %\ld be    
?or\ghly l9$ ) _m ?icknesses ( pap] to  
gu>d aga9/ possible h>m4 ,pap] is an    
excell5t non-conductor ( heat & cold1 & 
packages well protect$ ) x may be       
consid]$ secure = fall or spr+ %ipm5ts1 
:5 a few degrees ( fro/ are to be gu>d$ 

aga9/1 b n extreme cold4 ,:5 bulbs are  
to g by freight 9 w9t]1 e precaution    
%\ld be tak5 to make !m absolutely safe4
 ,! pap] l9+s ( ! packages %\ld be      
increas$ 9 ?ickness1 & 9 addition to ?is
 "s good pack+ mat]ial1 z sawdu/        
?or\ghly dri$1 plan] %av+s1 buck:eat    
*aff1 or gr\nd cork1 %\ld be mix$ all   
?r\gh among ! bulbs4 ,?is prev5ts ! fro/
 f ent]+4 ,z an additional safegu>d1 !  
bulbs may be put into /rong sacks1 ) "s 
"o ( ! mat]ials be=e m5tion$ among !m1 !
 sacks pack$ into ! box or b>rel1 & all 
crevices among !m fill$ ) /raw1         
excelsior or pap]4 ,?is mode ( pack+ is 
especially suitable :5 sev]al v>ieties  
are compris$ 9 "o ord]4  ,9 %ipp+       
high-pric$ bulbs1 x is sometimes        
advisable to pack !m c>efully 9 a box1 &
 enclose ?is box 9 ano!r a few in*es    
l>g] e way1 fill+ ! space betwe5 on all 
sides ) dry sawdu/4 ,x is mu* ! bett]   
way to make co/ly %ipm5ts 9 mild wea!r1 
if possible4  ,x seems h>dly necess>y to
 speak ( s5d+ bulbs by mail1 b a few    

words may n be amiss4 ,almo/ ! only     
dang] 9 su* cases is t ( freez+ on !    
ride ) ! rural c>ri]1 & ?is c be gu>d$  
aga9/ 9 a great measure by us+ pl5ty (  
pap] 9 wrapp+1 & buck:eat hulls = fill+4
 ,x is bett] to pay po/age on a little  
extra weight ?an to risk injury to !    
valuable goods enclos$4  ,illu/ration3  
,,halley  ,illu/ration3 ,,crack] ,,jack 
,illu/ration3 ,,gret*5 ,,zang           
,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,gr[+ f ,se$4   ,!re is  
great satisfaction 9 gr[+ ! f9e/        
gladioli t h ev] be5 produc$ 9 all ! _w4
 ,! consci\sness t "o has ! be/         
obta9able gives pleasure1 b rais+ se$l+s
 ( "o's own1 kn[+ t !y are diff]5t f any
 o!rs1 t no two are exactly alike1 & t  
among !m may be "o or m ( ! v f9e/1 &   
ultimately f9d+ ?is possibility realiz$1
 is "o ( ! greate/ delights 9           
horticulture4 ,"o ounce ( good se$ w    
produce ab\t ?ree ?\s& bulbs1 & among !m
 w be f\nd a l>ge numb] ( f9e v>ieties4 
,if ! se$ is f *oice /ock1 ) no common  
v>ieties ne>1 mo/ ( ! se$l+s w be wor?  

sav+4 ,s ,i advise e gr[] to raise      
se$l+s4 ,!y w yield bo? pleasure &      
pr(it4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i b\ght all ! se$ t
 0 (f]$ by ! p\nd 9 ,am]ica & ,europe1  
ab\t ?irty p\nds1 & no "o b myself ev]  
knew ! satisfaction t came f t inve/m5t4
 ,at ano!r "t ,i 0 gr[+ a b$ ( se$l+s & 
! gras%opp]s cut !m (f at ! gr\nd e>ly 9
 ! summ]4 ,i suppos$ t !y 7 ru9$ & w5t  
to plant some?+ else on ! b$ a week or  
two lat]1 :51 to my surprise1 ,i f\nd   
small bulbs1 ab\t ! size ( apple se$s4  
,i sav$ !m ) great c>e1 sixte5 ?\s& 9   
numb]1 & plant$ !m ! next spr+4 ,!y made
 a f9e gr[? & ne>ly all bloom$ ! ye>    
foll[+4 ,! pleasure !y gave1 n only to  
myself1 b to my fri5ds1 paid _m fold = !
 "t sp5t on !m1 & m ?an made up = !     
disappo9tm5t ,i _h felt :5 ,i ?\ght !   
gras%opp]s _h de/roy$ !m4  ,! gladiolus 
op5s its fir/ fl[] 9 ! morn+1 & ! "w (  
go+ ov] a b$ conta9+ hundr$s t h j      
bloom$ = ! fir/ "t1 & m>k+ ! f9e/ ) tags
 ^u :i* are inscrib$ a few *>act]s t    
mean mu* to ! own]1 & almo/ no?+ to     

anyone else1 w give "o an und]curr5t (  
joy = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,ano!r special     
pleasure t comes to ! gr[] ( *oice      
se$l+s is t ( nam+ "o = a fri5d1 & ?is  
pleasure has be5 m9e a numb] ( times4 ,!
 mo/ notable example ( ?is is ! ,may1 & 
,i fully expect t "s ( ^? :i* h sc>cely 
be5 he>d ( z yet w become equally z     
popul> z t well-kn[n v>iety4  ,9 gr[+   
se$l+s1 x is be/ to use l& t is ne>ly or
 q level1 s t x _c wa%4 ,! soil %\ld be 
?or\ghly pulv]iz$1 & enri*$ by ! use (  
"s complete comm]cial f]tiliz] scatt]$  
ov] ! surface at ! rate ( six or sev5   
p\nds to ! squ>e rod1 & well /irr$ 94   
,!n make drills twelve in*es ap>t1 f "o 
to two in*es wide1 & half an in* deep4  
,^! drills %\ld be laid out cross-wise (
 ! b$1 & may be made by g5tly press+ a  
n>r[ /rip ( bo>d into ! mell[ e>?4 ,s[ !
 se$ ?ick en\gh to cov] ! bottom ( !    
drill1 & spr9kle ov] x f9e e>? to ! dep?
 ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*4 ,?is %\ld be    
press$ d[n ) ! foot or a roll]1 s t x w 
be only half an in* ?ick ov] ! se$s4    

,"s provision mu/ n[ be made = keep+ !  
surface ( ! b$ moi/ until ! se$ comes   
up1 :i* requires two or ?ree weeks "u   
favorable conditions1 & may take mu*    
long]4 ,if ! surface dries aft] ! se$s  
spr\t1 !y are likely to p]i%4 ,! be/ way
 to prev5t ?is is to furni% %ade4 ,= a  
small b$1 a piece ( burlap spread ov] x1
 & kept 9 position by a /one at ea*     
corn]1 is excell5t4 ,i h g5]ally us$ a  
light cov]+ ( /raw1 held 9 place ) /rips
 f ! plan+ mill4 ,ano!r me?od ( keep+ ! 
/raw 9 place is by /ret*+ b9d] tw9e     
directly ov] ! r[4 ,:5 ! "y plants      
appe>1 a /raight edge is plac$ j outside
 ( ! r[1 & ! /raw is cut ?r\gh ) a %>p  
knife1 fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r4 ,!
 "p ov] ! r[ is !n remov$1 & ! re/ left 
= a mul*4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two          
objections to ! use ( /raw z a cov]+3   
moles sometimes "w "u x1 heav+ up !     
gr\nd to ! detrim5t ( ! crop1 & x ne>ly 
always conta9s objectionable se$s4 ,"o (
 ! mo/ ext5sive gr[]s 9 my acqua9tance  
%ades 8 se$ b$s ) ! %all[ crates 9 :i*  

he /ores bulbs ?r\gh ! w9t]4  ,aft] !   
se$l+s come up !y %\ld be kept p]fectly 
free f we$s1 & ! surface %\ld be /irr$  
frequ5tly4 ,9 an ord9>y season ! bulbs w
 run f "o-f\r? to "o-half in* 9 diamet]1
 & ) ! be/ possible opportunity !y w gr[
 some:at l>g]4  ,se$l+s %\ld be tak5 up 
z soon z !y %[ ! fir/ sign ( rip5+1 i4  
e41 :5 _! tops beg9 to turn yell[4 ,!   
reasons :y ?is "w %\ld be done e>ly are 
giv5 "u ! head ( ,digg+ & ,cur+1 :i*    
also describes 9 detail ! mode ( do+ x4 
,mo/ ( ! e>? falls (f 9 ! process ( tak+
 up ! bulbs & pull+ !m f ! /ems1 & ! re/
 is sift$ out4 ,! bulbs are !n put into 
flats1 an in* or two deep1 & all[$ to   
dry4 ,sometimes !y are dri$ ) ! tops on1
 & kept 9 t condition till plant+ "t1 b 
mo/ gr[]s pref] to take !m (f :5 gre54  
,,*apt] ,x4  ,gr[+ f ,bulblets4         
,success ) ! gladiolus dep5ds m ^u ! use
 & managem5t ( bulblets ?an ^u any o!r  
"o ?+4 ,let u suppose ! case ( a p]son  
:o gr[s bulbs 9 8 g>d5 = fl[]s1 & saves 
only ! bulbs1 all[+ ! bulblets to g to  

wa/e z ( no value1--& ?is is exactly :at
 _m p d4 ,:at is ! result8 ,! bulbs t   
are sav$ h bloom$1 ne>ly all ( !m at    
lea/1 & consequ5tly !y are some:at      
flatt5$ 9 v]tical diamet]1 :i* is m or  
less ( a fall+ (f f ! ideal r\nd or     
conical %ape4 ,^! are plant$ & bloom$ ! 
next season1 & only ! bulbs are sav$1 z 
be=e4 ,?is process is repeat$ ye> aft]  
ye>1 ! bulbs becom+ gradually ?9n] &    
less vigor\s1 ! spikes dim9i%+ 9 height 
& ! fl[]s 9 size1 until1 by & by1 ! gr[]
 comes to ! conclusion t 8 bulbs h run  
out4  ,n[ foll[s ! exp]i5ce ( "o :o     
saves ! bulblets1 or a portion ( !m4 ,he
 plants !m1 & !y make bulbs1 mo/ly too  
small to bloom4 ,! next ye> ^! are      
plant$1 & 9 turn make l>g] bulbs1 (     
bloom+ size1 p]fect 9 =m1 & capable (   
yield+ spikes ( fl[]s t w be an honor to
 ! v>ieties f :i* !y 7 gr[n4  ,! fir/   
example %[s :y bulbs det]iorate :5 only 
bulbs are sav$1 & ! second1 h[ to keep  
!m up to a high /&>d ( vigor by r5ew+ !m
 f "t to "t ) bulblets4  ,z success )   

bulbs dep5ds l>gely ^u ! use & managem5t
 ( bulblets1 s success ) bulblets       
dep5ds1 to a great ext5t1 ^u ! c>e giv5 
!m :ile out ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is has be5     
dwelt ^u 9 a =m] *apt]1 & may be /ill   
fur!r emphasiz$ to good advantage4      
,bulblets may easily be kept too dry1 & 
h]e9 lies ! pr9cipal dang]4 ,!y %\ld n  
be /or$ :]e artificial heat c rea* !m   
nor :]e !y are expos$ to drafts ( air4  
,! effect ( dry+1 z previ\sly expla9$1  
is to h>d5 ! cov]+s1 & r5d] x difficult 
= ! spr\ts to make _! way out4 ,x is be/
 nev] to let !m get dry f ! "t !y are   
tak5 up till !y are plant$4 ,!re is b   
little risk ( keep+ !m too damp1 & yet  
?is is possible1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 !     
receptacles 9 :i* !y are /or$ are all[$ 
to /& on a wet cell> bottom4 ,9 su* a   
case a l>ge "p ( !m w gr[ be=e !y c be  
plant$1 & s be lo/4 ,on acc\nt ( !      
necess>y dampness to :i* !y are expos$  
?r\gh ! w9t]1 !y %\ld be plant$ e>ly1   
f\r or five weeks be=e corn plant+ "t1  
if wea!r & condition ( soil p]mit4 ,!   

bulblets ( "s v>ieties spr\t e>ly & at a
 l[ temp]ature1 & an active ef=t %\ld be
 made to get !m into ! gr\nd be=e ?is   
comes to pass4 ,! soil may be too cold  
to />t ! majority into gr[?1 b ! %ells w
 /ill be s(t5+ & gett+ ready to gr[ z   
soon z !re is suffici5t w>m?4  ,! gr[+ (
 bulbs f bulblets is su* an important "p
 ( ! bus9ess t x seems be/ to describe !
 process 9 detail1 ev5 at ! risk ( "s   
repetition4 ,! gr\nd us$ = ?is purpose  
%\ld be level1 or z ne>ly s z possible1 
to gu>d aga9/ wa%+1 & ! soil %\ld be    
made v f9e4 ,! r[s %\ld be made /raight1
 ( uni=m dep?1 ab\t two in*es1 & r      
broad1 s z to give a good wid? ( bottom 
surface4 ,if horse labor is to be       
employ$ 9 ! cultivat+1 ! r[s w ne$ to be
 f ?irty to ?irty-six in*es ap>t2 if a  
:eel hoe is to be us$1 eighte5 in*es w  
be ample1 & :5 l& is preci\s ! space may
 be dim9i%$ to fifte5 in*es1 or ev5     
twelve1 ?\gh ! latt] is too n>r[ =      
conv5i5ce4 ,! bulblets %\ld be scre5$   
?r\gh sieves ( diff]5t me%es1 s z to h  

ea* size by itself1 9 ord] t ! gr[? may 
be uni=m4  ,s[ !m v ?ick 9 ! r[1 f "o   
hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ to ! foot1 & h !  
bulbs av]age half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y 
seem to d be/ :5 v ?ick 9 ! r[1 p]haps  
because !re is su* a mass ( /em t !y c  
lift up ! cov]+ ( e>? & come ?r\gh )    
ease4 ,:5ev] ,i h s[n !m ?91 ) a view to
 obta9+ l>g] bulbs1 ,i h be5 disappo9t$4
 ,!y seem to exhau/ _! en]gy 9 pu%+ _!  
way out ( ! %ells & up ?r\gh ! soil1 &  
_! subsequ5t gr[? is n /rong en\gh to be
 satisfactory4 ,z a rule1 x is ! object 
( ! gr[] simply to *ange ! bulblets into
 bulbs1 )\t special reg>d to size1 b ev5
 if ! latt] 7 ! *ief consid]ation1 ! end
 w\ld probably be bett] atta9$ by close 
s[+4 ,:at !y lose by cr[d+ ea* o!r seems
 to be m ?an made up by _! mutual help 9
 ov]com+ ! ob/acles :i* !y enc\nt] 9    
/>t+4  ,aft] ! bulblets are s[n1 cov] !m
 slightly ) ! foot1 tread+ ! e>?        
directly ov] ! r[s4 ,next1 s[ a complete
 f]tiliz]1 at ! rate ( a ?\s& p\nds to !
 acre1 along ! r[s 9 ! tracks made by ! 

foot & !n draw ! soil f bo? sides ov] ! 
f]tiliz]1 mak+ q a ridge above ea* r[4  
,9 small areas ?is "w may be done ) !   
hoe1 b 9 l>ge ones x is bett] to use !  
cultivator ) ! w+s atta*$1 z 9 cov]+    
bulbs4 ,z soon z ! we$s />t on ! ridges1
 !y %\ld be lightly /irr$ ) a /eel rake4
 ,a f9e h>r[ or we$] may be us$ on l>ge 
plantations1 if pref]r$4 ,?is /irr+     
de/roys ! we$s ov] ! r[s be=e ! bulblets
 are fairly spr\t$4 ,a little lat]1 :5 !
 %oots are ne>ly ready to come ?r\gh !  
gr\nd1 g ov] ! r[s aga9 ) ! /eel rake1 &
 level !m d[n4 ,?is kills ! second gr[? 
( we$s1 makes ! surface clean = ! "y    
plants1 & does away ) ! fir/ we$+1 :i*  
is a co/ly item4 ,x is important t ?is  
second /irr+ be done at ! "r "t4 ,if too
 e>ly1 we$s w come up 9 ! r[s ) !       
bulblets2 if too late1 "s ( ! "y1 t5d]  
%oots may be injur$4  ,if !re is reason 
to ?9k ! bulblets too dry at plant+ "t1 
!y may be put into sacks & soak$ 9 wat] 
a day or two4 ,9 fact1 h[ev] well !y may
 h be5 kept ?r\gh ! w9t]1 x is n a bad  

plan to soak !m be=e plant+4 ,?is gives 
! %ells a m ?or\gh moi/5+ ?an !y c\ld   
get 9 /orage or 9 ! gr\nd1 & ?is cuts   
%ort ! "t requir$ to s(t5 !m1 &         
accel]ates ! com+ up by j s mu*4 ,"s    
gr[]s spread !m on ! cell> floor1 wet   
!m1 & cov] ) burlap4 ,!y are /irr$ e    
day1 & kept moi/ until !y beg9 to spr\t1
 :5 !y are plant$4  ,a b$ ( bulblets    
%\ld receive ! mo/ ?or\gh & c>eful      
cultivation f ! "t ! little %oots appe> 
until ! crop is ready to be h>ve/$4 ,!  
surface %\ld be /irr$ (t5 to keep d[n ! 
we$s & enc\rage a /eady & vigor\s gr[?4 
,inasmu* z ! product is a valuable "o1 x
 pays to give x e advantage4 ,! "w (    
h>ve/+ is describ$ at l5g? "u ! head (  
,digg+ & ,cur+4  ,!re is "o curi\s fact 
connect$ ) bulblets1 :i* is wor?        
m5tion+4 ,al?\gh !y ne$ ! mo/ judici\s  
c>e :5 out ( ! gr\nd1 if be/ results are
 to be atta9$1 _! vitality & t5acity (  
life are su* t !y may be left ar\nd1    
expos$ to all k9ds ( wea!r1 & treat$ )  
p]fect neglect1 & yet1 :5 !y come 9     

contact ) ! e>? "s ( !m w gr[4 ,i recall
 an in/ance ( a b>rel ( bulblets t /ood 
9 a %$ ?r\gh two w9t]s & "o summ]1 & :5 
! second spr+ came !y 7 p\r$ out on !   
gr\nd1 & probably tw5ty p] c5t ( !m     
spr\t$4    7,see fur!r ,notes ,pages    
#ie-ajj7     ,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,peel+      
,bulblets4   ,x is sometimes desirable  
to increase a /ock ( bulbs fa/] ?an x c 
be done 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 ev5 )
 ! be/ ( c>e & skill 9 gr[+4 ,?is is (t5
 ! case ) new1 high-pric$ v>ieties1 &   
occasionally ) an old & popul> "o t     
naturally increases v sl[ly1 z !        
,%akespe>e4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t ?is   
end c be a*iev$ by peel+ ! bulblets be=e
 plant+4 ,ev5 if ! bulblets h be5 kept 9
 p]fect condition1 ! %ells are some:at (
 an ob/ruction to _! gr[?1 & x is easy  
to see t ! removal ( ^! w\ld be a great 
advantage by giv+ ! k]nels fre$om to />t
 & fl\ri% unh9d]$4 ,! h>d cov]+ is      
nature's safe protection = ! beautiful  
little bulblet )91 & x comes s ne> to   
be+ wat]pro( & air-tight t ! t9y spr\t  

is sl[ 9 mak+ its way out4 ,_m ( !m     
rema9 %ut 91 & s are lo/ to ! gr[]4     
,c>eful peel+ ov]comes ?is difficulty1 &
 !y all gr[1 l bulbs4 ,n only ?is1 b !y 
gr[ mu* l>g] = ! peel+1 & also yield a  
fair product ( bulblets1 ?us increas+ _!
 rate ( multiplication 9 v>i\s ways4    
,:5 ,i fir/ he>d ( ! advantages ( peel+ 
bulblets ,i decid$ to try x1 & engag$ a 
numb] ( girls to d ! "w at _! homes 9 ! 
w9t]1 pay+ t5 c5ts an h\r4 ,i _h a *oice
 lot & ! "w am\nt$ to ov] ?irty doll>s4 
,i f\nd t !re 0 a diff]5ce 9 girls4 ,"s 
did ! "w c>efully & o!rs bruis$ or w\nd$
 ! t5d] k]nels4 ,! bulblets 7 put away 9
 ! cell>1 & 9 a %ort "t !y became a     
moldy mass4 ,!y 7 a complete loss1 = n  
"o ( !m 0 plant$1 & ! ru9 ( my *oice    
bulblets hurt m ?an ! wa/e ( ! money4   
,aft] t ,i _h v little confid5ce 9 peel+
 bulblets1 until ,mr4 ,e4 ,v4 ,hallock (
 ,long ,isl&1 ,new ,york1 "o ( ! mo/    
exp]i5c$ & skillful gr[]s 9 ! c\ntry1   
gave me an important item ( in=mation1  
:i* expla9$ my failure & reviv$ my      

int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,?is 0 ! secret3 ,! 
bulblets %\ld be peel$ ! same day !y are
 plant$4 ,mr4 ,hallock also gave me "s  
valuable h9ts on cultivation4  ,by      
exp]im5t+ on ! "w ( peel+1 ,i h f\nd :at
 seems to be a good way ( do+ x4 ,hold !
 bulblet firmly betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s ( !
 left h&--unless y are left-h&$--) ! top
 upw>d4 ,!n ) ! ?umb nail & fir/ f+] ( !
 "r h& take tight hold ( ! po9t ( !     
%ell1 & pull to ! "r1 z if husk+ an e> (
 corn4 ,?is w usually /rip (f a piece ( 
! cov]+1 leav+ a "p ( ! k]nel b>e4 ,n[  
take a %>p-po9t$1 ?9-blad$ knife & ins]t
 ! po9t "u ! edge ( ! brok5 %ell1 be+ v 
c>eful n to cut or bruise ! k]nel1 &    
lift up ! husk 9 pieces1 until x is all 
remov$4  ,= plant+1 make ! soil ri* &   
f9e1 z mu* l pott+ soil z possible1 & h 
! gr\nd ready :5 x is "t to plant corn4 
,lay out a b$ f\r feet wide1 & rake x   
smoo?4 ,make drills across x ab\t an in*
 deep1 m r ?an less1 & f> en\gh ap>t to 
p]mit work+ betwe5 ) a n>r[ hoe1 say six
 in*es4 ,place ! newly peel$ bulblets 9 

! drills1 ab\t an in* ap>t1 & cov] at   
once ) sift$ s&1 ab\t two in*es deep1 & 
!n press x d[n level ) ! surface4 ,s& is
 pref]able to mo/ k9ds ( soil1 because x
 nev] bakes1 & n only ?is1 b x %[s :]e !
 r[s are1 s t if x becomes necess>y to  
hoe ! surface be=e ! "y plants appe> x c
 be done )\t dang] ( injury to !        
bulblets4 ,! b$ %\ld h frequ5t /irr+ &  
p]fectly clean culture4  ,bulblets ?us  
treat$ w produce bulbs f ?ree-f\r?s ( an
 in* to an in* or m 9 diamet]4 ,!y w    
also yield a goodly numb] ( bulblets !  
fir/ ye>1 & ! second ye> ! increase w be
 /ill great]4  ,soak+ ! bulblets1 z     
m5tion$ else:]e1 is next be/ to peel+1 &
 is available = l>ge quantities1 :ile ! 
latt] is pr(itable only 9 special cases4
  ,i w add1 by way ( sugge/ion1 t ,i h  
lately tri$ peel+ bulblets 9 advance (  
plant+1 & mix+ !m ) pott+ soil to keep4 
,my "w along ?is l9e has n be5 ext5sive 
en\gh to w>rant pron\nc+ x a success1 b 
! few bulblets t ,i h exp]im5t$ ) h kept
 p]fectly4  ,illu/ration3 ,black        

,bulblets 7,h>d ,%ell7  ,illu/ration3   
,,m>g>et     ,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,gr[+ =    
,specific ,purposes4   ,gladiolus gr[]s 
h diff]5t objects 9 view 9 c>ry+ on _!  
"w1 & x is manag$ accord+ to ! results  
desir$4 ,he :o raises bulbs = sale uses 
e ef=t to increase 8 /ock & to cause !  
bulbs to make ! greate/ possible gr[?   
dur+ ! season4 ,he prep>es ! gr\nd      
?or\ghly1 plants deep to support ! tops1
 gives pl5ty ( n\ri%m5t & ! be/ (       
culture1 cuts ! spikes z soon z !y are  
high en\gh1 & z a result he h>ve/s a    
crop ( l>ge1 well =m$ bulbs t are pleas+
 to buy]s & satisfactory 9 e way4  ,he  
:o gr[s = fl[]s1 takes ! same pa9s 9    
prep>+1 enri*+1 & till+ ! soil1 &       
support+ ! tops1 b :5 ! spikes appe>1   
in/ead ( cutt+ !m at once1 he all[s !m  
to g on gr[+ until ! fl[]s beg9 to op54 
,!n he cuts !m judici\sly2 if = sale1 ) 
long /ems & pl5ty ( foliage2 if = home  
use1 ) less ( bo?4 ,?is is 8 h>ve/1 & ! 
bulbs1 :i* are tak5 up lat]1 may be     
consid]$ a by-product4 ,:5 ! fl[]s are  

cut ) mu* foliage ! bulbs are dw>f$1 b  
?is does n matt] :5 ! fl[] m>ket pays m 
= ! spikes ?an ! bulbs w\ld br+ if gr[n 
to p]fection4 ,! object 9 gr[+ is       
naturally decid$ by ! prospective ga9s4 
,if a crop ( bulbs w yield great] pr(it 
?an a crop ( fl[]s1 ! fl[]s are         
sacrific$ & ! bulbs are giv5 e          
advantage2 if ! fl[]s w br+ bett]       
returns ! bulbs take second place1 & !  
att5tion is c5t]$ ^u develop+ ! blooms4 
,he :o gr[s = se$ gives ! same          
prep>ation & c>e z ! o!rs4 ,!n1 in/ead (
 cutt+ ! spikes at ! e>lie/ opportunity1
 z 9 gr[+ = bulbs1 or :5 !y beg9 to     
bloom1 z 9 gr[+ = fl[]s1 !y are all[$ to
 come out1 display _! beauty = a:ile &  
fade4 ,aft] ?is ! small gre5 pods appe>1
 fill out1 & rip51 & !n ! produc] ( se$ 
reaps 8 h>ve/4  ,!re is mu* to be said  
^u ! subject ( gr[+ & sav+ se$1 & !     
details ( ?is fasc9at+ "w w be consid]$ 
9 o!r *apt]s4   ,keep+ ,cut ,fl[]s4     
,:ile gladiolus blooms are exce$+ly     
beautiful :5 fre% & well c>$ =1 !y are v

 unattractive :5 neglect$1 & x requires 
s little att5tion to keep !m at _! be/ t
 x seems a pity !y %\ld ev] be all[$ to 
suff] = ! want ( x4 ,! be/ "t to cut !  
spikes is :5 ! fir/ fl[]s unfold4 ,put !
 /ems into wat]1 & ! next day !re w be m
 blossoms op51 & !n m1 & s on1 until    
sometimes !re is a l>ge numb] out at    
once4 ,v>ieties diff] v mu* 9 ?is       
respect4 ,"s w display six or eight     
blooms1 or ev5 m4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ,i ev] 
saw on "o spike at "o "t 0 f\rte51 & t 0
 a v r>e case4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s k9ds no 
soon] op5 ?ree or f\r blooms ?an ! l[]  
ones beg9 to fade4 ,?is is equally true 
:e!r !y bloom on ! plants or aft] !y are
 cut4 ,x seems t "s /ems are unable to  
take up moi/ure en\gh to supply m ?an a 
few fl[]s at once4 ,ord9>ily1 a vase or 
j>d9i]e fill$ ) fre%ly cut spikes w look
 nice = two or ?ree days4 ,by t "t !y w 
h bloom$ up f> en\gh s t ! fir/ fl[]s   
beg9 to )]4 ,aft] ?is1 !y %\ld receive  
att5tion e day4 ,! fad$ fl[]s %\ld be   
tak5 (f1 ! /ems %ort5$ accord+ly1 & !   

wat] *ang$4 ,) ?is treatm5t ! b\quet    
keeps fre% & beautiful until ! la/ bud  
op5s4  ,x %ort5s ! life ( cut fl[]s (   
any k9d to /& 9 ! sun1 or to be expos$  
to a curr5t ( air1 & ! gladiolus is no  
exception4   ,m>ket+ ,fl[]s4  ,9 cutt+  
gladiolus spikes = %ipm5t x is be/ to d 
! "w 9 ! morn+1 z f> z possible4 ,9 !   
daytime1 especially :5 ! sun %9es hot1  
or ! w9d bl[s1 or bo?1 ! plant gives (f 
moi/ure rapidly1 & fl[]s cut "u su*     
conditions are liable to wilt1 unless _!
 /ems are plac$ 9 wat] imm$iately4 ,dur+
 ! night1 evaporation is dim9i%$ or     
susp5d$1 :ile ! roots cont9ue to take up
 moi/ure4 ,! dew also has an effect1 & 9
 ! morn+ ! plants are full ( sap4 ,?is  
is "o reason :y x is be/ to cut ! spikes
 e>ly1 & ano!r is t ! new blooms exp& at
 t "t1 & s are p]fectly fre%4 ,if "o has
 l>ge quantities to cut1 x may be       
necess>y to cont9ue ! "w all day1 or !  
great] "p ( x1 & 9 su* a case1 or1 9    
fact1 :5ev] x is done1 x is a good plan 
to /& ! spikes 9 wat] = a "t1 if        

conv5i5t1 & give !m an opportunity to   
fill _! /ems4 ,fl[]s ?us refre%$ w la/  
long] ?an ^? t d n h a *ance to dr9k4   
,!re is a diff]5ce 9 m>kets z to ! l5g? 
( /ems dem&$4 ,"s require !m to be v    
long1 ) mu* foliage1 & 9 su* cases !    
prices %\ld be high en\gh to pay =      
sacrific+ ! bulbs1 :i* are r5d]$ almo/  
wor?less by su* cutt+4 ,:5 /ems (       
mod]ate l5g? are acceptable1 x is a good
 rule to cut d[n to ! ?ird leaf bel[ !  
spike1 tak+ only ! two small ones ne>e/ 
! fl[]s4 ,?is me?od gives ! bulbs an    
opportunity to gr[ l>ge & /rong4  ,=    
%ipm5t1 ! spikes are ti$ 9 bun*es (     
tw5ty-six to tw5ty-eight1 s t ea* bun* w
 make two lib]al doz5s4 ,!y are !n plac$
 9 an upright position 9 a crate1 box1  
or o!r receptacle4 ,!re are v>i\s /yles 
( packages1 & ea* %ipp] *ooses to suit  
himself4 ,"o season ,i %ipp$ ?\s&s (    
spikes 9 tall c&y pails1 ) an in* or two
 ( wat] 9 ! bottom4 ,!y />t$ at night & 
arriv$ at _! de/9ation 9 ! morn+1 z fre%
 z daisies1 ! commission man said4 ,if !

 spikes are slightly wilt$ 9 transit x  
does little h>m1 z !y revive v soon aft]
 be+ plac$ 9 wat]1 ?\gh x is probable t 
any wilt+ %ort5s _! t]ms ( s]vice m or  
less4  ,"s gr[]s cut ! spikes be=e any  
fl[]s op51 tie !m 9 small bun*es1 wrap 9
 pap]1 & pack 9 crates1 9 lay]s4 ,?is   
me?od is good = v long di/ances4  ,!re  
is "o o!r mode ( %ipp+ :i* ,i adopt :5  
,i wi% to s5d spikes t h sev]al blooms  
op51 )\t injury to ! fl[]s4 ,i take a   
half bu%el m>ket basket1 l9e x ) wax$   
pap]1 spr9kle damp moss 9 ! bottom1 & !n
 /r+ ! basket--t is1 sew /rong cords    
across x ) a sail ne$le1 ?ree 9 ea* end 
at ! top1 ab\t ?ree in*es ap>t1 & ?ree  
o!rs bel[ ^!1 an in* or two above !     
bottom ( ! basket4 ,! fl[]s are !n put 9
 slantwise1 beg9n+ at ! ends ( ! basket1
 & work+ t[>ds ! middle1 until ! space  
is all occupi$4 ,! l[] cords hold ! ends
 ( ! /ems 9 place1 :ile ! upp] ones     
support ! weight ( ! fl[]s1 & keep !m f 
cru%+ ea* o!r4 ,a basket ?us prep>$ w   
c>ry f fifty to "o hundr$ spikes1       

accord+ to ! angle at :i* !y are plac$4 
,! ne>] upright _! position ! m ! basket
 w hold1 b an angle ( =ty-five degrees  
is z mu* z !y w be> )\t sw++ sideways & 
becom+ dis>rang$4  ,x is sometimes      
desirable to s5d a spike by mail1 & ?is 
c be done to p]fection by enclos+ x 9 a 
pa/ebo>d tube1 su* z publi%]s use =     
mail+ pictures4 ,x %\ld be drawn into ! 
tube /em fir/1 & out ! same way4   ,gr[+
 & ,sav+ ,se$4  ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+     
bran*es ( gladiolus culture is ! gr[+ ( 
se$l+s1 & a v important "p ( ?is is     
produc+ ! se$4 ,( c\rse1 se$ c be b\ght1
 b x is m satisfactory to ! gr[] to     
raise x himself1 z f> z practicable1 &  
"k :at x is1 besides elim9at+ an item ( 
exp5se4 ,sph]ical or conical bulbs are m
 vigor\s1 & !re=e bett] = ?is purpose1  
?an flat ones ( ! same sort4 ,!re is a  
diff]5ce 9 ! productiv5ess ( v>ieties 9 
reg>d to se$1 z well z bulblets1 "s     
yield+ little or none1 :ile o!rs be>    
freely1 b 9 ! latt] case x is n be/ to  
p]mit ! bulbs to rip5 ! greate/ possible

 am\nt4 ,:5 !y beg9 to bloom !y %\ld be 
behead$1 leav+ only ! l[] fl[]s & buds1 
say f\r1 or five1 or six1 & ^! w develop
 l>ge1 /rong pods1 fill$ ) se$ ( ! be/  
quality 9 po9t ( vigor4 ,?is me?od is   
also advantage\s to ! bulbs1 :i*1 ?\gh  
only a second>y consid]ation1 are n by  
any means wor?less4 ,= ! b5efit ( bo?   
se$ & bulbs1 ! matt] ( cutt+ (f ! buds t
 are n want$ %\ld be att5d$ to promptly 
z soon z ! fir/ fl[]s unclose4  ,:5 !   
se$ beg9s to rip51 x %\ld be wat*$1 &   
secur$ at ! prop] "t4 ,at a c]ta9 /age !
 pods bur/ op51 & if left long aft] ?is1
 ! se$s1 :i* are v light1 are apt to be 
bl[n away4 ,! c>eful gr[] wi%es to save 
e se$1 = he has a feel+ t if "o is lo/1 
t "o may be ! *oice/ ( all4     ,,*apt] 
,,xiii4  ,cross+ or ,hybridiz+4   ,^!   
expressions seem to be popul>ly us$ 9 a 
r free way1 z appli$ to ! gladiolus1 to 
d5ote ! br++ toge!r ( diff]5t v>ieties1 
= ! purpose ( obta9+ se$1 :i* %all      
produce new & div]se k9ds1 comb9+ 9 "s  
degree ! qualities ( ! p>5ts1 &         

presumably ( sup]ior excell5ce4 ,accept+
 ! =ego+ t]ms 9 ! s5se allud$ to1 z     
mean+ simply a mix+ ( /ocks1 or (       
v>ieties1 !re are two ways ( secur+ !   
desir$ results1 ! natural & !           
artificial4 ,9 ! =m]1 insects & ! w9d d 
! "w2 9 ! latt]1 x is done by h&4 ,x may
 be wor? :ile to speak ( ^! me?ods      
some:at 9 detail1 ) ! prefatory /atem5t 
t a v>iety is n suppos$ to reproduce    
itself f se$1 & z a rule x does n4      
,al?\gh !re are in/ances 9 :i* se$l+s   
be> a close resemblance to a p>5t1 or to
 ea* o!r1 !oretically no two are alike1 
& 9 reality !re is a wide range (       
v>iation among ^? gr[n f ! same bulb4 ,9
 ?is v>iation lies ! *>m ( ! "w & !     
secret ( success4  ,suppose ! gr[] wi%es
 to cross two v>ieties 9 ! natural way4 
,he plants ! bulbs ne> toge!r & ap>t f  
o!rs1 f> en\gh di/ant s t _! poll5 _c   
rea* ! blooms4 ,betwe5 ! two !re is an  
int]*ange1 ea* be+ f]tiliz$ by ! o!r1 & 
! results w comprise z _m v>iations z   
!re are se$s produc$4 ,sev]al k9ds may  

be plant$ toge!r 9 ! same mann] & !     
consequ5t comb9ation w be /ill m num]\s 
& v>i$4 ,if ! amateur wi%es to save se$ 
f 8 b$ ( mix$ bulbs1 he wat*es ! blooms 
z !y come out & cuts & c>ries away any t
 are n desirable to propagate f1 s t !y 
may n affect ! se$ ( ! o!rs4 ,by ?is    
me?od all ! se$ sav$ is ( a high grade (
 excell5ce1 & ! new developm5ts f x are 
exce$+ly int]e/+4  ,:5 ! gr[] purposes  
to cross two v>ieties artificially1 he  
goes ab\t x e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! blooms 
fir/ op54 ,he selects ! fl[] :i* is to  
be ! "m p>5t1 cuts away ! /am5s ) %>p   
po9t$ scissors1 & !n cov]s x ) *eese    
capp+1 to keep out /range poll54 ,f t5  
o'clock 9 ! =5oon to ab\t f\r 9 !       
aft]noon1 ! pi/il secretes a honey-l    
liquid1 :i* causes ! end or /igma to be 
moi/4 ,x is !n said to be receptive1 & !
 gr[] c>ries ! /am5s f ! o!r p>5t1 &    
g5tly t\*es ! /igma ) ! an!rs1 caus+ !  
poll5 to adh]e4  ,h&-hybridiz+ c be     
c>ri$ on 9 a g>d51 or any small area1   
:ile special cross+ done 9 ! natural way

 requires a great deal ( room4 ,!       
artificial me?od also has ! advantage ( 
be+ p]fectly exact1 :ile 9 ! o!r !re is 
a possibility t poll5 c>ri$ by bees may 
be introduc$1 ev5 at a consid]able      
di/ance4  ,:i*ev] plan is adopt$1 ! "w  
is v fasc9at+1 & if ! gr[] succe$s 9    
atta9+ ! realization ( 8 ideals along ! 
l9es he is pursu+1 or ev5 a ne> approa* 
to ^? ideals1 ! pleasure he exp]i5ces is
 ample recomp5se = all 8 ef=ts4         
,illu/ration3 ,,europe  ,illu/ration3   
,,attraction  ,illu/ration3 ,,sph9x     
,,*apt] ,,xiv4  ,enemies & ,diseases4   
,! gladiolus has almo/ no enemies1 & !  
same may be said ( diseases4 ,! bulb has
 a v unpleasant ta/e1 & is some:at      
poison\s4 ,x is n eat5 by mice or grubs4
 ,! black a/] beetle is fond ( ! fl[]s1 
& is q a pe/ :5 v abundant4 ,^! insects 
h a pref]5ce among colors1 & attack ! r$
 fl[]s fir/1 especially a sc>let sort   
nam$ ,b]?a4 ,!y w s+le out ! spikes (   
?is v>iety 9 a field ( mix$ colors1 &   
dev\r ! v buds z soon z ! r$ comes 9    

sight4 ,!y are especially tr\blesome :5 
! wea!r is hot & dry1 z !y c !n fly     
readily4 ,:5 x is cool & damp1 if j>r$ f
 ! spikes !y fall to ! gr\nd1 & are sl[ 
9 rega9+ _! places4 ,! gr[] ( fl[]s1    
ei!r amateur or comm]cial1 f9ds 9 ^!    
insects an enemy h>d to cont5d )1 b !   
gr[] ( bulbs pays no att5tion to !m1 z  
!y d him no h>m4  ,9 reg>d to diseases1 
bulbs sometimes become scabby1 b ?is    
seems r an accid5t ?an a disease4 ,x is 
app>5tly due to conditions1 & is n      
p]petuat$ by h]$ity4 ,p]fectly s\nd     
bulbs may produce scabby ones1 & vice   
v]sa4 ,if heal?y bulbs are plant$ 9 a   
place t is too wet1 or t is subject to  
frequ5t ov]fl[1 or if !y come 9 contact 
) b>ny>d manure 9 ! gr\nd1 or if !      
foliage is s]i\sly injur$ 9 ! gr[+      
season1 ! product is liable to be       
scabby4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i _h a field (    
gladioli1 "o end ( :i* prov$ to be a    
runway = dogs1 & ! plants t came 9 _!   
way 7 brok51 or p>tly brok54 ,z a       
consequ5ce1 _m ( ! bulbs 9 t "p ( !     

field 7 scabby1 b ^! plant$ 9 a diff]5t 
place1 produc$ smoo? ones ! next season4
 ,if bulbs are tak5 up & cur$ imm$iately
 aft] ! tops h be5 injur$1 by w9d or    
o!rwise1 !y w be s\nd & 9 good condition
 = ! next ye>1 ev5 ?\gh n half gr[n2 b  
to be depriv$ ( _! foliage1 or a l>ge   
portion ( x1 :ile ! roots rema9         
undi/urb$1 appe>s to de/roy ! balance1 &
 cause bad results4  ,9 "s localities ! 
gladiolus is affect$ by ru/1 :i* turns !
 tips ( ! leaves br[n 9 ! gr[+ season4  
,if ?is is a disease1 ! rem$y does n    
seem to h be5 discov]$1 b 9 num]\s      
in/ances c>eful obs]vation w %[ t x is  
due to local causes4 ,! foliage is      
s5sitive to atmosph]ic conditions1 & _c 
be successfully gr[n :]e x is subject to
 poison\s gases4 ,smoke f a pott]y c>ri$
 ov] ! b$ by prevail+ w9ds is almo/ sure
 to be fatal4 ,salt is ?r[n into ! kilns
 to glaze ! w>e1 & ! *lor9e set free is 
deadly to _m plants4 ,ev5 smoke f       
factories is m or less injuri\s1 & _m   
cases ( ru/ c be trac$ to "s su* s\rce4 

,tak5 all 9 all1 ! gladiolus is "o ( !  
mo/ reliable ( crops4 7,see ,note47     
,note3--,!re are ?ree well def9$        
diseases affect+ gladiolus      bulbs   
dur+ gr[? & 9 /orage1 s(t rot1 h>d rot1 
& scab4      ,!re is no cure = ! two    
=m]1 b !y may be controll$ by           
disc>d+ all affect$ bulbs & plant+ 9    
fre% soil free f      animal manures4   
,scab may be greatly r$uc$ by soak+ all 
diseas$      or suspect$ bulbs1 aft]    
remov+ ! out] coat+s1 = tw5ty           
m9utes 9 a solution ( bi*loride (       
m]cury1 fifte5 gra9s to      ea* gallon 
( wat]1 or = same "t 9 solution ( =mal91
 "o      p9t to ?irty gallons ( wat]4   
,,*apt] ,,xv4  ,:at ,con/itutes a ,good 
,v>iety4   ,! diff]5t types ( !         
gladiolus v>y s widely t !y _c be       
measur$ by "o fix$ /&>d1 b !re are "s   
g5]al requirem5ts ( excell5ce t apply to
 all4 ,vigor\s heal?y gr[? is           
indisp5sable4 ,x is n wor? :ile to      
cultivate a v>iety t is con/itutionally 
feeble4 ,ano!r ess5tial is a fair-siz$  

clean bulb1 & x is desirable1 ?\gh n    
imp]ative1 t x %\ld produce bulblets    
freely4 ,! leaves %\ld be gre5 to ! tips
 ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,! spike %\ld be tall
 & /raight1 ) a good di/ance betwe5 !   
fir/ fl[] & ! foliage4 ,9 "s v>ieties ! 
spike develops s rapidly1 & is s t5d] & 
succul5t1 t x is unable to support its  
own weight4 ,h5ce1 x makes a crook$ /em 
:i* is a blemi%1 h[ev] p]fect x may be  
o!rwise4 ,ord9>ily1 x is bett] t ! spike
 %\ld n h bran*es1 ?\gh "s ( ! be/ k9ds 
d1 z ,may1 ,augu/a1 & o!rs4 ,:5 a v>iety
 is us$ = =c+1 & individual fl[]s are   
cut1 bran*es are an advantage1 z !y     
l5g!n ! season1 b :5 ! :ole spike is cut
 !y are useless1 & worse1 = !y exhau/ ! 
bulb m or less1 & "t is consum$ 9 tak+  
!m (f4 ,! /em %\ld be able to take up   
wat] freely1 s t x may op5 a goodly     
numb] ( fl[]s at once4 ,?is is a        
*>act]i/ic common to ! ,g&av5sis        
v>ieties1 :ile ! opposite is true ( !   
,lemo9es4 ,! typical spike %\ld h two   
r[s ( fl[]s fac+ ! same way1 & ne> en\gh

 toge!r to conceal ! /em1 or ! mo/ ( x1 
b n s close z to look cr[d$4 ,! blossom 
%\ld be f9ely ar*$1 & op5 en\gh to br+  
out t frank1 engag+ expression :i* is   
peculi> to ?is fl[]1 & "o ( its special 
*>ms4 ,! petals %\ld be ( ample wid?1 to
 give ! bloom a ri*1 g5]\s appe>ance4   
,sub/ance 9 ! petals is ( v great       
importance z enabl+ !m to endure        
exposure4 ,if too ?91 !y w wilt 9 a w>m 
or w9dy day4  ,!re is "o m requirem5t1  
)\t :i* all o!r p]fections g =          
naught1--f9e color+4 ,x may be light or 
d>k1 delicate or ri*1 solid or a        
comb9ation ( few or _m hues1 b x mu/ be 
cle>1 spirit$ & attractive1 n dull nor  
muddy1 nor fad$4 ,! gladiolus comprises 
su* a m>vel\s range ( colors1 f :ite up 
?r\gh all ! %ades ( p9k1 melon1 &       
sc>let1 to ! ri*e/ & mo/ gl[+ r$s2 "s   
f9e t9ts ( yell[2 & innum]able bl5d+s1  
m>k+s & v>iegations1 t !re is no ne$ (  
accept+ or p]petuat+ an unlovely color  
or "o t requires an apology4     ,,*apt]
 ,,xvi4  ,h[ to ,obta9 a ,*oice         

,collection4   ,!re are1 z be=e /at$1 "s
 qualities :i* are requisite to a good  
gladiolus1 b ?is dem& does n draw close 
or inflexible l9es4 ,!re are hundr$s (  
v>ieties 9 exi/5ce :i* possess !        
necess>y traits 9 a consid]able degree1 
& m are be+ produc$ e ye> by ! gr[+ (   
se$l+s4 ,?is bread? ( v>iation gives    
room = ! ex]cise ( individual ta/es     
equally z div]sifi$1 & x is int]e/+ to  
obs]ve ! diff]5ces display$4 ,"o p]son's
 ideal may be q ord9>y 9 ! e/imation (  
ano!r4 ,once1 :5 ,i exhibit$ n9ety      
v>ieties at a fair1 ,i 0 surpris$ to see
 a lady select z h] fir/ *oice ! "o :i* 
0 n9etie? 9 my op9ion4  ,!re are sev]al 
ways ( obta9+ a f9e collection4 ,if "o c
 af=d to gratify 8 wi%es )\t reg>d to   
exp5se1 he c buy nam$ v>ieties ye> aft] 
ye>1 select ^? t he mo/ admires1 &      
reject ! o!rs4 ,) less outlay he c buy  
mix$ bulbs ( a high grade1 or unbloom$  
se$l+s1 & reta9 ! f9e/1 z be=e4 ,?is is 
an excell5t way1 & 9 no o!r c a *oice   
collection be obta9$ = s little money 9 

s %ort a "t4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* involves 
/ill less exp5se b requires m "t1 is to 
gr[ bulbs f se$1 & x is wise to procure 
! se$ f _m diff]5t s\rces1 9 ord] to    
atta9 ! mo/ ext5sive range ( colors &   
*>act]i/ics4 ,se$l+s well gr[n ! fir/   
ye> w %[ a few fl[]s ! second1 & ! next 
season all w bloom4 ,! gr[] c !n *oose  
^? t please him be/1 & ?is "w is        
unspeakably captivat+4      ,,*apt]     
,,xvii4  ,h[ to ,keep a ,collection     
,vigor\s & ,well ,balanc$4   ,!         
gladiolus1 l o!r fl[]+ plants1 %[s !    
effects ( cont9u$ neglect or ill usage 9
 dim9i%$ vigor & inf]ior bloom4 ,?is is 
n say+ t a v>iety w g back to "s        
ance/ral sort1 or t x w lose its        
individuality1 b x w become puny &      
unsatisfactory4 ,?is det]ioration is    
pr9cipally due to mismanagem5t1 & c be  
c\nt]act$ by a *ange ( me?ods4 ,suppose 
a f9e1 conical bulb is plant$4 ,if x    
meets ) no mis=tune x w produce a p]fect
 spike ( fl[]s1 & p]haps a doz5 or tw5ty
 pods ( se$4 ,:5 tak5 up 9 ! fall1 !    

bulb is almo/ c]ta9 to be small & flat1 
on acc\nt ( hav+ exhau/$ its vitality 9 
bloom+ & se$-be>+1 & if x yields any    
bulblets !y w probably be s dim9utive z 
to be ?\ght n wor? sav+4 ,no am\nt (    
skill c\ld get mu* out ( t bulb ! second
 ye>4  ,!re are two ways to br+ x up to 
its =m] vigor4 ,fir/3 plant ! bulb !    
next spr+ "u ! mo/ favorable            
circum/ances1 give x pl5ty ( plant food 
& ! be/ ( c>e1 provide support = !      
foliage1 cut ! spike z soon z possible1 
& :5 ! bulb is tak5 up x w be l>ge &    
solid1 & ready to d en]getic "w ! foll[+
 ye>4 ,! second1 & bett] way1 ( re/or+ a
 v>iety t has become exhau/$1 is to save
 ! bulblets1 h[ev] t9y !y may be1 pack  
!m 9 damp s&1 & /ore !m 9 a cool place  
ov] w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+1 peel !m c>efully1 &
 plant accord+ to ! directions giv5 9 ! 
*apt] on ,peel+ ,bulblets4 ,give good   
culture1 & ! outcome w be a crop (      
bloom+ bulbs1 & mo/ likely a fair yield 
( bulblets4  ,!re is ano!r difficulty t 
besets "s lov]s ( ?is beautiful fl[] :o 

take pa9s to procure f9e collections1 & 
give !m ! be/ ( c>e1 accord+ to _! k4 ,9
 a few ye>s _m ( _! *oice v>ieties seem 
to h dw9dl$ away to almo/ no?+1 or to h 
disappe>$ entirely1 :ile !y h a         
burd5some surplus ( "s o!rs4 ,!y wond]  
:y ?is is s1 & "s become conv9c$ t !    
gladiolus w 9 "t rev]t to "s orig9al    
species4 ,ne>ly all su* cases may be    
acc\nt$ = by consid]+ t "s v>ieties     
multiply v mu* fa/] ?an o!rs1 bo? by    
bulblets & ! =mation ( new bulbs4 ,if "o
 bulb produces a hundr$ bulblets1 ano!r 
t51 & ano!r "o--or p]haps none1--x is   
easy to =esee :at w happ5 9 a few ye>s4 
,ano!r ?+ to be tak5 into acc\nt is t ! 
gr[] sometimes divides 8 treasures ) 8  
fri5ds1 & 9 s do+ he is liable to give  
away ! "o bulb t does n multiply1 ?us   
los+ t v>iety f 8 /ock4 ,he may dispose 
( a numb] 9 ?is way &1 mean:ile1 ^? t   
increase rapidly are fa/ tak+ possession
 ( 8 collection4 ,!re are ways ( gu>d+  
aga9/ ?is situation4 ,fir/1 :5 v>ieties 
are f\nd to h _m bulblets1 save only    

en\gh to keep ! /ock 9 balance1 & ?r[   
away ! re/4 ,by be+ wat*ful & p]sev]+ 9 
?is c\rse1 mu* ( ! difficulty 9 "q c be 
avoid$4 ,second1 if "s v>ieties get !   
/>t1 & become too num]\s1 m>k !m z !y   
come into bloom1 ) *eap tags1 or by "s  
o!r device1 & take !m up sep>ately 9 !  
fall4 ,sev]al v>ieties c be m>k$ out at 
! same "t 9 ?is way4  ,illu/ration3     
,,mrs4 ,f4 ,,p5dleton     ,,*apt]       
,,xviii4  ,comm5c+ 9 ! ,bus9ess4   ,if  
"o desires to gr[ ! gladiolus           
comm]cially1 !re are sev]al ways ( mak+ 
a beg9n+1 & x is well to h a cle>ly     
def9$ plan4 ,! gr[] c ent] ^u ! "w ) v  
little outlay by comm5c+ ) se$4 ,only   
*oice se$ %\ld be us$4 ,! fir/ ye>'s    
product w av]age ab\t ! size ( peas4 ,) 
extra pa9s1 _m ( ^! c\ld be br\ght to   
small bloom+ size1 b x is bett] to keep 
!m bel[ t limit4 ,! next ye> !y w all   
gr[ to fir/ & second sizes & ! bulbs w  
be p]fect 9 =m & full ( en]gy4 ,( ^! !re
 w be no two alike1 & su* bulbs are     
g5]ally 9 dem&4 ,"s w be ( sup]ior m]it1

 & _m good4 ,ea* pur*as] w f9d at lea/ a
 few t he w prize4 ,by s[+ se$ e ye>1 ! 
gr[] w always h fre% /ock com+ on1 & if 
c>eful to use only se$ ( high grade1 he 
w e/abli% a reputation z a produc] ( f9e
 se$l+s4 ,he c1 9 "t1 make arrangem5ts =
 gr[+ se$ himself1 & ?us save ! exp5se (
 buy+1 besides enjoy+ ! satisfaction (  
kn[+ its excell5ce4  ,ano!r way ( />t+  
is by pur*as+ small /ock4 ,?is has !    
advantage ( mak+ salable bulbs ! fir/   
ye>1 also quantities ( bulblets1 b !re  
is ano!r side to ! "q1 :i* is less      
enc\rag+4 ,if ! /ock is simply common   
mix$1 :i* is ab\t ! only grade (f]$ =   
sale1 ! gr[] is likely to f9d t a good  
"p ( x is su* z he c take no pride 91 & 
he w be "u ! necessity ( beg9n+ soon to 
we$ out ! undesirable v>ieties4 ,! same 
difficulty w re-appe> 9 ! crop gr[n f ! 
bulblets4 ,?is me?od involves m exp5se  
?an w\ld appe> at fir/ ?\ght1 & is      
likely to be r unsatisfactory z to      
quality 9 ! end4 ,if small /ock ( high  
excell5ce c\ld be b\ght1 x w\ld be !    

p]fection ( a />t = a beg9n]1 b x is v  
seldom obta9able4 ,e gr[] kn[s t bulbs !
 size ( peas are f> m prolific (        
bulblets ?an ^? ( ! same v>iety two     
in*es 9 diamet]4 ,accord+ly1 he sells ! 
l>ge ones1 :i* br+ good prices1 b make  
little increase1 & reta9s ! small ones1 
:i* w\ld yield only trifl+ returns if   
sold1 b are ( great value z multipli]s (
 /ock4  ,/ill ano!r & v good way (      
beg9n+ 9 ! bus9ess is to buy bloom+     
bulbs ( f9e nam$ sorts1 cultivate !m    
sep>ately1 & sell !m by "n4 ,he :o      
adopts ?is plan does n ne$ _m v>ieties4 
,x is bett] to pur*ase few1 & a l>g]    
numb] ( ea*4 ,if he selects ^? t are 9  
good dem&1 he is pretty sure to f9d     
ready sale = all t he c raise4 ,he is n 
likely to h too _m ( ! ,may or ,augu/a1 
nor ( ^? new] & m exp5sive favorites1   
,am]ica & ,pr9ceps4 ,?is la/ me?od1 & ! 
"o fir/ describ$ may be comb9$ to good  
advantage4  ,if "o wi%es to comm5ce gr[+
 fl[]s = m>ket1 he may />t ) se$1       
provid$ he c af=d ! "t1 or he may buy   

bloom+ bulbs1 ei!r mix$ or nam$4 ,9 !   
latt] case he %\ld look out = a lib]al  
proportion ( light colors1 z !y are     
usually m salable ?an d>k] ones1 ?\gh ( 
late1 good r$s are rapidly ga9+ 9       
popul>ity4 ,"s gr[]s raise mo/ly f9e    
:ite & light v>ieties1 & _! fl[]s are 9 
dem& ev5 :5 ! m>ket is full ( common    
/ock4  ,f9ally1 :atev] ! gr[]'s objects 
may be 9 8 "w1 & :atev] me?ods he may   
adopt 9 c>ry+ x on1 he w f9d pl5ty (    
room = ! ex]cise ( 8 own judgm5t & tact1
 aft] he has read & pond]$ all t he c   
f9d 9 pr9t 9 reg>d to gladiolus culture4
     ,,app5dix  ,by  ,,dr4 ,w4 ,,van    
,,fleet     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,g>d5 ,hi/ory (
 ! ,gladiolus4   ,! gladiolus is        
horticulturally ! mo/ important memb] ( 
! ,iridac or great ,iris family & has   
long be5 ! mo/ popul> ( all summ]-fl[]+ 
bulb\s plants1 rank+ 9 g5]al usefulness 
ev5 su* prime favorites z ! dahlia1 !   
canna & ! lily4 ,almo/ "o hundr$ & fifty
 species h be5 f "t to "t describ$ by   
botani/s1 b only a fraction ( ! numb]   

has ?us f> prov$ ( value 9 bre$+ &      
developm5t "w4 ,f\rte5 or m species are 
natives ( ,s\!rn ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia1
 b ^! h always be5 ( m9or importance z  
g>d5 plants4  ,! headqu>t]s ( ! g5us is 
,s\? ,africa1 c5t]+ 9 ,cape ,colony &   
,natal1 ?\gh !re h be5 rec5t f9ds (     
value on ! m\nta9s ( tropical ,africa & 
9 ,madagasc>4 ,! ,european & ,asiatic   
species run to purple & lilac 9 color+1 
?\gh :ite v>ieties occur 9 cultivation4 
,fl[]s & plants are r small1 r5d]+ !m   
mo/ useful = pot or frame culture & =   
naturaliz+ 9 protect$ bord]s :]e !      
deeply plant$ corns c be kept f !       
effects ( fro/4 ,! mo/ attractive ( ^!  
nor!rn k9ds are ,g4 crispiflorus1 ,g4   
atroviolaceus1 ,g4 ,byzant9us & ,g4     
communis4 ,! latt] has be5 (f]$ 9 ?is   
c\ntry z ! h>dy gladiolus1 b x w n      
endure sev]e freez+4 ,^! species        
hybridize toge!r :5 opportunity pres5ts1
 b d n readily int]bre$ ) ! ,african    
k9ds & h r>ely develop$ g>d5 =ms sup]ior
 to ! respective wild types4 ,! bloom+  

"t is e>ly spr+4  ,ano!r s]ies (        
e>ly-bloom+1 small-fl[]$ species is     
repres5t$ by ,g4 bl&us1 fle% color$1 ,g4
 ,watsonius1 sc>let1 ,g4 alatus1 yell[ &
 r$1 & ,g4 tri/is1 pale yell[1 sweet    
sc5t$4 ,all are native to ! ,cape (     
,good ,hope & c endure little cold4 ,!y 
are admirably suit$ = w9d[ & gre5h\se   
culture & are int]e/+ subjects =        
int]bre$+1 ?\gh no />tl+ results %\ld be
 expect$4 ,! w9t]-bloom+ v>ieties gr[n  
by flori/s1 su* z ! ,bride1             
,delicatissima1 & ,pea* ,blossom1 belong
 to ! hybrid section kn[n z ,gladiolus  
,colvillii1 :i* is1 )\t d\bt1 a hybrid  
betwe5 ,g4 c>d9alis & ,g4 tri/is4 ,!    
corms ( ^! e>ly-bloom+ species are less 
resi/ant ?an ^? ( ! summ]-bloom+ k9ds & 
c r>ely be kept ov] w9t] 9 good         
condition4 ,! species 9 ?is class are   
_m1 sev]al are fragrant1 & all are wor? 
gr[+ by ! speciali/ = _! individual *>m1
 b few are likely to atta9 comm]cial    
importance 9 ?is c\ntry = a consid]able 
"t4   ,summ] ,bloom+ ,species4  ,our    

popul> g>d5 & comm]cial v>ieties are1 ) 
sc>cely an exception1 developm5ts (     
/rong-gr[+ & relatively late-bloom+     
species f\nd wild 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,!    
*ief ( ^! is ,g4 psittac9us1 native (   
,natal1 b cultivat$ 9 ,europe s9ce      
#ahcj4 ,x is a /rik+ & robu/ species )  
hood$1 n>r[1 r$-&-yell[ fl[]s1 borne 9 a
 scatt]+ mann] on a tall fle%y scape or 
spike4 ,elev5 ye>s lat] a se$l+ appe>$ 9
 ! fam\s ,van ,h\tte ,nurs]ies1 ,gh5t1  
,belgium1 ?\ght to be a hybrid betwe5   
psittac9us & ,g4 c>d9alis1 ! latt] a    
tall sc>let fl[]$ species or v>iety (   
unc]ta9 orig91 kn[n to h be5 cultivat$ z
 e>ly z #aghe4 ,! ,van ,h\tte se$l+1    
nam$ ,g&av5sis 9 honor ( ! city ( its   
orig91 0 s sup]ior to psittac9us z to   
cause ! latt] to at once g out (        
cultivation4  ,g&av5sis made a great    
s5sation 9 its "t & is /ill ! be/       
repres5tative ( ! old-"t gaudy          
r$-&-yell[ g>d5 gladiolus1 or corn flag4
 ,x 0 eag]ly welcom$ by bre$]s ( ! day1 
among o!rs ! accompli%$ ,fr5* hybridiz]1

 ,mons4 ,s\*et1 ( ,fonta9ebleu1 :o      
really laid ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n       
,g&av5sis /ra91 ! basis ( all t is be/ 9
 ! summ]-bloom+ section4 ,! pr$om9at+   
types ( ! f9e/ ,g&av5sis v>ieties1      
h[ev]1 reta9 few ( ! *>act]i/ics (      
psittac9us4 ,! erect1 fle%y /em1 capable
 ( absorb+ suffici5t wat]1 :5 ! spike is
 cut1 to develop all blooms1 & ! /rong  
upright gr[? h be5 pres]v$ z            
indisp5sable features1 b ! fl[]s h be5  
m>vel\sly improv$ 9 respect to =m1      
color1 size1 arrangem5t & f9i%1 z !     
result ( int]bre$+ ) e procurable       
species or v>iety ( suffici5tly di/9ct  
"*1 & con/ant se$+ selection4 ,! mo/    
popul> v>ieties ( ! day1 su* z ,may1    
,augu/a1 & ,%akespe>e1 h little         
resemblance to psittac9us & practically 
none to c>d9alis1 b exhibit /rongly !   
ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ,g4 oppositiflorus1 an
 old :ite-&-rose1 _m-fl[]$ species1 (t5 
?\ght to h be5 ! real p>5t ( ,g&av5sis1 
in/ead ( c>d9alis4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce  
is t pres5t-day au!ntic hybrids (       

psittac9us & c>d9alis d n resemble      
,g&av5sis1 :ile ! issue ( psittac9us x  
oppositiflorus closely reproduces       
,g&av5sis z x is f\nd 9 old g>d5s4 ,v>i$
 & beautiful z ! ,g&av5sis hybrids or   
,fr5* se$l+s ( ! la/ g5]ation 7--& "s h 
nev] be5 excell$--int5se & pleas+ %ades 
( r$ 7 /rangely lack+1 :5 ! pr$om9ance (
 psittac9us blood 9 ! /ra9 is consid]$4 
,x 0 n until #ahgh t ,victor ,lemo9e1   
,nancy1 ,france1 produc$1 by cross+ !   
f9e/ ,g&av5sis v>ieties ) ,g4           
purpureo-auratus1 an important race n[  
widely kn[n z ,lemo9ei1 t possess$ ! ri*
 & int5se %ades ( r$1 purple1 & yell[ s 
ard5tly desir$ by fanci]s4 ,"s ( ! ri*e/
 color+ 9 ! floral k+dom is f\nd among !
 ,lemo9ei v>ieties1 n[ wond]fully       
develop$ by consi/5t bre$+4 ,! hood$ =m 
( purpureo-auratus blooms1 h[ev]1 is (t5
 reta9$1 & ! /ems usually h ! wiry      
texture ( ! species r5d]+ ! developm5t (
 ! fl[]s1 aft] cutt+1 less p]fect ?an ! 
,g&av5sis4  ,! next great improvem5t 9  
g>d5 gladioli 0 br\ght ab\t by ,max     

,lei*tl91 ,bad5 ,bad51 ,g]many1 :o      
ext5sively hybridiz$ ! be/ ,g&av5sis    
v>ieties ) ,g4 ,saund]sii1 !n a newly   
introduc$ species *>act]iz$ by l>ge     
widely op5$ sc>let fl[]s speckl$ ) :ite 
on ! l[] divisions4 ,! result+ se$l+s1  
)\t d\bt ! f9e/ /ra9 ( mod]n times1 7   
b\ght by ,v4 ,h4 ,hallock & ,son1       
,que5s1 ,n4 ,y41 !n ! mo/ ext5sive      
,am]ican bulb gr[]s1 & = _m ye>s ! /ock 
0 work$ up by !m 9 ! mo/ pa9/ak+ mann]4 
,be=e dissem9ation x 0 sold to ,j4 ,l4  
,*ilds1 ,floral ,p>k1 ,n4 ,y41 :o       
introduc$ x to g5]al cultivation "u ! "n
 ( ,*ildsii4 ,! true ,lei*tl9 ,saund]sii
 hybrids are *>act]iz$ by gigantic gr[? 
& v l>ge ri*ly color$ well-op5$ blooms )
 beautifully spott$ & v>iegat$ ?roats4  
,%ades ( r$ pr$om9at$ at fir/1 b light  
colors h s9ce be5 develop$ 9 a v        
satisfactory mann]4 ,! only j criticism 
( ?is /ra9 is t "s k9ds lack sub/ance ( 
petal & are n z la/+ z ,g&av5sis        
v>ieties "u simil> try+ conditions4     
,lemo9e soon aft]w>ds produc$ a f9e l>ge

 fl[]$ & brilliantly color$ race by     
cross+ ,lemo9ei hybrids ) ,saund]sii4   
,?is race 0 nam$ ,nanceianus & comprises
 _m truly beautiful v>ieties1 few1      
h[ev]1 possess+ ! vigor ( ! ,lei*tl9    
hybrids4  ,! next break ( importance1   
also ! "w ( ,lemo9e1 came ) ! use ( ,g4 
papilio1 pale lilac1 blot*$ & ov]laid ) 
dull r$4 ,9 _m ( its hybrids ! primitive
 colors h sep>at$1 result+ 9 an         
attractive s]ies ( ri* purple &         
heliotrope blues1 q new to ! g5us4 ,true
 bright blues1 free f r$ & purple tones1
 h n yet be5 obta9$1 b ! blue           
k9ds--issue ( ,papilio & ! ,lemo9e      
v>ieties--are unique & desirable        
acquisitions4  ,gladiolus cru5tus1 blood
 r$ & :ite1 poll5iz$ ) a select$        
,*ildsii v>iety result$ 9 ! magnific5t  
sc>let hybrid ,pr9ceps1 ackn[l$g$ ! fir/
 ( its color yet produc$4 ,! late/      
species ( importance to be widely us$ is
 ,g4 ,primul9us1 rec5tly f\nd 9 !       
,zambesi ,valley1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is a 
vigor\s species ) n>r[ blooms1 pure     

bright yell[ 9 color4 ,! hybrids l>gely 
p>take ( ?is color+1 & x appe>s only a  
matt] ( "t :5 good self-yell[ v>ieties1 
comp>able 9 size & f9i% to ! be/ r$ &   
p9k k9ds w be br$4   ,m9or ,species4  ,a
 numb] ( hybrids ( ,g4 dracocephalus1   
,g4 ,coop]i & ,g4 ,qu>t9anus h be5 (f]$ 
( late ye>s4 ,^! species are closely    
alli$ to ,psittac9us1 b yell[1 gre5 &   
purpli% %ades1 oddly m>k$ & /rip$1 appe>
 9 ! (fspr+4 ,"s are curi\s &           
attractive1 b possess little value f !  
/&po9t ( ! comm]cial gr[]4 ,g4          
,qu>t9anus is a v late bloom] & may     
produce v>ieties extremely useful = mild
 climates :]e ! seasons are suffici5tly 
long to =m bulb developm5t4 ,g4 ,eckloni
 is a r>e species ) small :iti% blooms1 
m9utely dott$ ) black purple4 ,! hybrids
 h mo/ly purple or r$ gr\nd colors      
fleck$ ) d>k] %ades4 ,!y are exce$+ly   
attractive1 b d n increase ) suffici5t  
rapidity to possess great value4 ,g4    
vitatus1 an e>ly bloom+1 dw>f species1  
has yield$ "s *>m+ porcela9 & salmon    

color$ g>d5 v>ieties1 ( r small size1   
h[ev]4 ,g4 ,lei*tl9i1 sc>let & yell[1   
alli$ to ,saund]sii1 :5 cross$ )        
cru5tus1 is a /rik+ brilliant crimson   
hybrid ( mu* vigor1 b :5 bl5d$ ) o!r    
species entirely loses its              
individuality4 ,! li/ may be ext5d$1 b  
en\gh has be5 said to indicate ! great  
possibilities inh]5t to ! use ( wild    
species z a means ( add+ attractive new 
features to highly develop$ g>d5 /ra9s4 
,summ>y4  ,! gladiolus1 9 its ,european 
species at lea/1 has be5 9 g>d5         
cultivation = q #djj ye>s4  ,! ,african 
=ms fir/ f\nd _! way to ,europe ab\t    
#agde & new ones h s9ce be5 con/antly   
add$4 ,! g5us n[ numb]s almo/ #aej      
species4  ,! fir/ m>k$ improvem5t1 f !  
g>d5 /&po9t1 came ) ! introduction f    
,holl&1 ab\t #aghe1 ( ,g4 c>d9alis1 "o (
 ! reput$ p>5ts ( ,g4 ,g&av5sis4 ,! true
 orig9 ( ,c>d9alis has nev] be5         
asc]ta9$4  ,9 #ahdj ,g4 ,g&av5sis 0     
rais$ 9 ,belgium f se$ ( ,g4 psittac9us1
 an ,african species suppos$ to be      

poll9at$ ) ,c>d9alis1 b m1 likely ) ,g4 
oppositiflorus1 :i* ! prog5y ( ,g&av5sis
 m closely resembles4  ,f #ahde until   
#ahhj ,g&av5sis se$l+s or ,fr5* ,hybrids
 held full sway 9 g>d5s4 ,m ?an #djj    
v>ieties h be5 nam$1 compris+ "s ( ! mo/
 highly priz$ ( all g>d5 k9ds4  ,lemo9e 
introduc$ 9 #ahgh 8 ju/ly celebrat$     
hybrids betwe5 ,g&av5sis & ,g4          
purpureo-auratus1 kn[n z ,lemo9ei4  ,!  
,nanceianus /ra91 crosses betwe5        
,lemo9ei & ,g4 ,saund]sii1 0 introduc$ 9
 #ahhi4  ,*ildsii1 orig9at$ by ,max     
,lei*tl91 ,g]many1 0 fir/ dissem9at$ 9  
#ahic4 ,x consi/s ( hybrids ( ,g4       
,saund]sii poll9at$ ) ! f9e/ ,g&av5sis  
v>ieties4  ,lemo9e's ,new ,blue 0 fir/  
exhibit$ at ! ,*icago ,exposition #ahic 
& plac$ on sale ! foll[+ ye>4           
,gladiolus ,pr9ceps1 ,*ildsii x ,g4     
cru5tus1 ! f9e/ sc>let v>iety ev] rais$1
 0 introduc$ 9 #aijc4  ,gladiolus       
primul9us & hybrids 7 fir/ publicly (f]$
 9 #aiji4  ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9ceps      
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,hybridiz+ ,gladiolus4   

,! gladiolus1 ow+ to ! l>ge size ( !    
blooms & its op5 "*1 is "o ( ! easie/   
plants to poll9ate artificially4 ,heal?y
 vigor\s plants %\ld be select$ = se$   
be>]s1 & ! bloom spike support$ ) a firm
 /ake4 ,! blooms %\ld be visit$ 9 e>ly  
morn+ z !y op51 & ! an!rs remov$ be=e !y
 h %$ poll51 ) ! f+]s1 or bett] ) sl5d] 
=ceps1 tak+ c>e n to injure ! /yle or ! 
?ree-p>t$ /igma1 :i* w be ready to      
receive poll5 ab\t midday 9 bright wea!r
 or late 9 ! aft]noon1 or ev5 next day  
if cl\dy or dull4  ,! blooms %\ld1      
imm$iately aft] ! an!rs h be5 remov$1 be
 cov]$ ) ?9 *eeseclo?1 or bob9et1 firmly
 ti$ or p9n$ 9 su* a mann] z effectually
 to keep out bees & visit+ insects4     
,ord9>y mosquito nett+ w n s]ve aft] x  
has be5 wet ) dew or ra91 z ! me%       
becomes s loose t en]getic little poll5 
c>ry+ bees =ce _! way ?r\gh1 (t5        
entirely spoil+ results4 ,! poll5-be>+  
blooms %\ld be c>efully select$ to op5 !
 same day & %\ld be z well protect$ )   
musl9 or f9e nett+ z possible to prev5t 

robb]y ( poll54  ,ab\t noon1 :5 ! an!rs 
are cov]$ ) dry-du/-l poll5 !y c be p9*$
 out ) =ceps & c>ri$ to ! se$-be>+      
spikes 9 a cov]$ di% to protect f w9d4  
,! an!rs may be tak5 sep>ately 9 ! f+]s1
 or ) =ceps1 & lightly bru%$ ov] !      
/igmas1 :i* %\ld be erect & op5 if !y h 
rea*$ ! receptive /age4 ,"o an!r w      
usually suffice = a se$ bloom if poll5  
is abundant1 b 9 "s ( ! light]-color$   
v>ieties x is scantily produc$ & sev]al 
may be ne$$4 ,occasionally ! an!r valves
 d n op5 freely en\gh to p]mit ! escape 
( poll51 :i* may !n be tak5 out ) a     
n>r[-blad$ p5knife1 or bett] ) a little 
in/rum5t made ( a flatt5$ p9 fix$ 9 a   
wood5 h&le4  ,! poll9at$ blooms %\ld    
imm$iately be cov]$ ) ! nett+1 :i* %\ld 
rema9 until !y fade4 ,if conv5i5ces are 
at h& ! "w may be rapidly               
accompli%$--sev]al hundr$ poll9ations   
be+ made 9 a s+le day by an active      
work]4 ,poll5 c also be us$ f cut       
blooms1 ! spikes be+ kept 9 wat] 9 a    
light room1 free f flies or bees1 b x   

gradually loses p[] :5 ! upp] blooms op5
 "u su* artificial conditions4 ,if ! "w 
is c>efully done ! result+ se$s w       
produce hybrids or cross bre$s z ! case 
may be1 & x is always possible t ! ideal
 s\ght = may appe> among ! numb]4 ,poll5
 may be kept a week or m by dry+ 9 !    
%ade & wrapp+ 9 p>aff9 pap]1 b is f>    
less reliable ?an if appli$ fre% f !    
an!rs4  ,! blooms ( l>ge g>d5 v>ieties  
are r>ely self-poll9at$1 ev5 if left    
uncov]$1 b ! *ances ( f]tilization )    
inf]ior k9ds1 g5]ally ! mo/ abundant    
poll5 produc]s1 are s great t x is well 
to protect all se$-be>+ blooms f insect 
int]f]5ce4 ,if ! "w is to be done on a  
l>ge scale sleeves ( nett+ or musl9 l>ge
 en\gh to enclose ! entire spike w be   
f\nd s]viceable4 ,! ends may be drawn   
toge!r by cords loop$ ?r\gh ! fabric1   
effectually b>r+ out ! m$dl+ bees4 ,if a
 gre5h\se /ructure or ev5 a well light$ 
room is available1 ! plants may be gr[n 
9 l>ge boxes or pots & tak5 inside :5   
bloom+4 ,?is is especially desirable 9 !

 case ( r>e species & v>ieties1 z !re is
 no int]f]5ce f /ormy wea!r4 ,e bloom c 
be poll9at$ & practically e gra9 ( poll5
 utiliz$ "u ^! secure conditions4       
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,special ,c>e ( ,se$l+s4
   ,r>e or sc>ce gladiolus se$s1        
p>ticul>ly ^? result+ f difficult       
crosses1 %\ld n be risk$ "u ord9>y g>d5 
or field conditions ( gr[?4 ,we         
naturally wi% to br+ to maturity e      
possible plant t ! ideal we are bre$+ = 
may n be lo/1 if x %\ld by *ance be     
includ$ 9 ! numb]4 ,if gr[n 9 pots or   
boxes ! fir/ season1 ) due c>e e good   
se$ is likely to produce a vigor\s bulb 
t may be plant$ out next ye>4 ,i h f\nd 
six-in* /&>d fl[] pots1 aft] _m trials1 
to be ! mo/ conv5i5t receptacles = small
 quantities ( se$s1 ?\gh almo/ equally  
good results may be _h f well dra9$     
wood5 boxes five in*es deep4 ,! boxes   
may be a foot or m wide & #ah to #bj    
in*es long1 & %\ld be new & clean4  ,on 
no acc\nt gr[ gladiolus se$s or bulblets
 successive ye>s 9 ! same pots or boxes 

)\t /]ilization1 le/ disease be fo/]$4  
,/]ilization may be effect$ 9 ! case (  
pots1 by roa/+ an h\r or m 9 an ov5 at a
 temp]ature above ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1  
or by well soak+ 9 bi*loride ( m]cury or
 =maldehyde solution1 describ$ 9 a      
prec$+ *apt]4,c ,boxes may also be roa/$
 9 ! ov5 or soak$ 9 /]iliz+ solutions1 b
 x is be/ to use new ones if procurable4
 ,boxes %\ld h at lea/ "o-half-in*      
dra9age hole to ea* sixte5 squ>e in*es (
 bottom surface1 z gladiolus se$l+s     
greatly dislike wat]logg$ soil4 ,an in* 
( pebbles1 brok5 %ells or /]iliz$       
pot%]ds %\ld be plac$ 9 bottom & pot or 
box fill$ to )9 "o-half in* ( top )     
light compo/ made ( two p>ts ri* loamy  
soil & "o "p s&1 well mix$ toge!r4 ,"s v
 old f9e manure may be us$1 b x %\ld be 
conf9$ to ! bottom ?ird ( ! receptacle &
 n come into contact ) ! se$s or result+
 bulbs4 ,! se$s previ\sly rubb$ free f  
*aff1 %\ld be ?ickly s[n on !           
surface--"o hundr$ se$s is n too _m = a 
six-in* pot--& cov]$ ) "o-half in* (    

clean s&4 ,wat] ) a g5tle spray until   
entire mass ( soil is saturat$1 cov] top
 ) old burlap or bagg+ & place pots or  
boxes 9 a secure place :]e ! temp]ature 
w n v>y greatly f sixty degrees4 ,b     
little m wat] w be ne$$ until ! plants  
beg9 to come up1 :i* %\ld be 9 ab\t     
tw5ty days4 ,a sunny situation 9        
gre5h\se or g>d5 is ne$$ to gr[ ! se$l+s
 to be/ advantage1 b if 9 ! latt]1      
protection %\ld always be giv5 f beat+  
ra9s z ! t9y se$l+s are v easily brok5  
d[n dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t4  
,wat] %\ld be giv5 ) suffici5t regul>ity
 to keep ! soil con/antly moi/ )\t      
becom+ sodd5 & all we$s remov$ z !y     
appe>4 ,! bulbs w mature 9 twelve to    
fifte5 weeks f g]m9ation4 ,wat] %\ld    
gradually be less5$ z gr[? ceases &     
foliage beg9s to yell[ until ! soil q   
dries out1 :5 x may be pass$ ?r\gh a    
sieve & ev5 ! smalle/ bulblet secur$4   
,footnote ,c3 ,page #ei4  ,! little     
se$l+ bulbs1 rang+ 9 size f a :eat gra9 
to a hazelnut1 keep be/ 9 dry s& & %\ld 

be s[n next season l peas 9 drills 9 !  
g>d54 ,"s ( ! /ronge/ are likely to     
bloom ! second ye> & all %\ld produce   
fl[]s ! ?ird4 ,if se$s are s[n "u glass 
soon aft] rip5+1 9 e>ly ,octob]1 accord+
 to =ego+ directions1 ! bulbs may       
usually be rip5$ (f 9 ,m>*1 cur$ 9 s& 9 
a dry w>m place & plant$ out 9 ,may1 ?us
 secur+ a few blooms ! foll[+ ,autumn1  
"o ye> aft] ga!r+ ! se$4 ,mo/ ( ! bulbs 
?us treat$ %\ld atta9 bloom+ size by !  
end ( ! fir/ season4 ,if only a few se$s
 ( a r>e v>iety are obta9able1 v por\s  
compo/ 9 five-in* pots or %all[] boxes1 
! se$s s[n ne> ! edges1 w give be/      
results4 ,! se$l+ gladiolus ! fir/ ye>  
is s sl5d] & ) su* a small root sy/em t 
consid]able att5tion is ne$$ to avoid   
excess moi/ure unless closely plant$4   
,a useful modification ( ! above me?od  
is to replace ! bottom ( a box (        
conv5i5t size ) wire nett+ ( "o-half-in*
 me% or less1 s9k x to )9 an in* ( ! top
 9 ! soil 9 a conv5i5t sunny place 9    
g>d51 fill ) prep>$ compo/1 s[ se$s &   

proce$ 9 ! describ$ mann] except t less 
att5tion w be requir$ 9 wat]+ ?an if    
entirely expos$ to ! air4 ,box & soil c 
be lift$ out :5 ! bulbs mature1 ! soil  
dri$ & sift$ to secure e m9ute bulb4 ,if
 a consid]able quantity ( se$ is to be  
s[n a bo>d frame eight in*es deep1 )    
bottom l9$ ) "o-half-in* me% nett+1 &   
sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 w give complete security
 f moles & simil> v]m94 ,if ord9>y      
p\ltry nett+ is /ret*$ ov] ! top1       
additional security aga9/ surface       
m>aud]s is giv54 ,h& hybridiz$ se$s are 
too preci\s to risk 9 ord9>y unprotect$ 
soil4 ,five ?\s& se$l+ bulbs may be gr[n
 9 a frame #df feet1 if se$s are ?ickly 
en\gh s[n4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,gladiolus
 ,species4   ,! foll[+ li/ includes !   
mo/ important ,gladiolus species1 z     
recogniz$ by mod]n botani/s4 ,_m species
 =m]ly includ$ 9 ! g5us ,gladiolus are  
n[ correctly assign$ to ,acidan!ra1     
,an?olyza1 ,babiana1 ,freesia1          
,montbretia1 ,tritona & ,watsonia4 ,mo/ 
true ,gladiolus species w hybridize     

toge!r1 "u favorable opportunity1 b all 
attempts to bre$ ! above g5]a )         
,gladiolus1 ?us f>1 appe> to h fail$4 ,!
 mo/ important g>d5 hybrids (           
,gladiolus1 useful 9 bre$+ "w1 h be5    
describ$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,an attempt is
 "h made to note ! height ( ea* species1
 ! season ( bloom 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 
! native locality :]e kn[n1 & !         
approximate date ( introduction to      
cultivation3    ,gladiolus adlami1 dull 
yell[ ) m9ute r$ spots1 ,transvaal1     
#ahhi4      alatus1 #c_/d ft41 sc>let1  
yell[1 ,june1 #agie4      alatus        
algo5sis1 #c_/d ft41 orange1 ,july1     
#ahbd4      albidus1 #a ft41 :ite1      
,june1 #aggd4      angu/us1 #b ft41     
yell[1 ,june1 #agef4      atroviolaceus1
 d>k blue1 purple1 :ite1 ,pale/9e1      
#ahhi4      bl&us1 #a-a_/b ft41 fle%1   
,june1 #aggd4     bra*y&rus1 #b ft41    
sc>let1 :iti%1 ,zambesi ,l&1 ,july1     
#ahgi4     brevifolius1 #a-a_/b ft41    
p9k1 ,june1 #ahjb4     byzant9us1 #b    
ft41 r$1 ,july1 ,turkey1 #afbi4         

campanulatus1 #a-a_/b ft41 light purple1
 ,may1 #agid4     c>neus1 #b ft41 fle%1 
,june1 #agif4     caucasicus1 ,caucasus1
 #ahdb4     co*leatus1 #a-a_/b ft41     
:ite1 r$1 ,m>*1 #ahbi4     ,colvillei1  
#a-a_/b  ft41 bright r$ m>k$ ) pale     
purple4 ,hybrid4     ,colvillei1 alba1  
:ite4     communis1 #b ft41 r$1 ,s\?    
,europe1 #aeif1 ,july4     communis     
albus1 #b ft41 :ite1 ,june1 ,s\?        
,europe4     concolor1 #a ft41 yell[1   
,june1 #agij4     ,coop]i1 #c ft41 r$1  
yell[1 ,septemb]1 ,natal1 #ahfb4        
crispiflorus1 v>i\s1 ,july1 #ahdb4      
cru5tus1 blood r$1 :ite1 ,septemb]1     
,natal1 #ahfh4     cuspidatus1 #a-a_/b  
ft41 :ite1 br[n1 ,may1 #agie4           
debilis1 #a-a_/b ft1 :ite1 ,may4        
decoratus1 #c ft41 sc>let1 yell[1 ,ea/  
,africa1 #ahij4     dracocephalus1      
#b-a_/d ft41 gre5i% yell[ ) purple l9es1
       ,natal1 #ahga4     ,eckloni1 #a  
to #a-a_/b ft41 p9ki% :ite1 d5sely r$   
spott$1 ,autumn1       ,s\? ,africa1    
#ahfb4     edulis1 #a-a_/b ft41 :ite1   

,june1 #ahaf4     ,elloni1 :ite tipp$ ) 
purple1 #ahij4     fe/ivus1 pale rose1  
,july1 #ahdd4     flexuosus1 #a ft41    
orange1 ,june1 #ahbe4     floribundus1  
#a ft41 citron1 ,july1 #aghh4           
,g&av5sis1 ri* crimson1 yell[1 summ]1   
hybrid4     gracilis1 #b ft41 blue1     
:ite1 ,april1 #ahjj4     ha/atus1 #a    
ft41 fle%1 ,may1 #ahdf4     hirsutus1   
#a-a_/b ft41 p9k1 ,june1 #agie4         
hyal9us1 #a ft41 yell[1 r$1 ,june1      
#ahbe4     imbricatus1 #a ft41 r$1      
,june1 ,russia1 #ahbj4     involutus1   
#a-a_/b ft41 p9k1 ,june1 #ageg4         
,kirkii1 #c ft41 rose1 ,graham/[n1      
#ahij4     ,kots*yanus1 light violet1   
,afghani/an & ,p]sia4     ,lei*tl9i1    
sc>let1 yell[1 ,transvaal1 #ahhi4       
,mack9d]ii1 #b ft41 r$ or yell[1 #aije4 
,mill]i1 #a-a_/b ft41 violet1 ,may1     
#agea4     ,mortonius1 #a-a_/b ft41     
:ite1 #ahcg4     namaqu5sis1 #c_/d ft41 
orange1 ,june1 #ahjj4     natal5sis1 #d 
ft41 sc>let1 yell[1 ,augu/1 ,natal      
,riv]1 #ahcj4     o*roleucus1           

,transvaal4     oppositiflorus1 ,april1 
,madagasc>1 #ahdc4     papilio1 #b ft41 
purple1 yell[1 ,s\? ,africa1 #ahff4     
p]meabilis1 #c_/d ft41 orange1 ,june1   
#ahbe4     primul9us1 ,primrose-yell[1  
,ea/ ,africa1 #ahij4     psittac9us1 #c 
ft41 sc>let1 yell[1 ,s4 ,e4 ,africa4    
pudibundus1 #c ft41 rose1 hybrid 7,g4   
bl&us  ,g4 ,c>d9alis74     punctatus1   
gre5i%-yell[1 br[ni%-purple1 #ahhi4     
purpureo-auratus1 yell[1 purple1 ,natal1
 #ahgb4     ,qu>t9ianus1 #d ft41 yell[ &
 r$4     recurvus1 #b ft41 /rip$1 ,may1 
#ageh4     ,saund]sii1 sc>let1 :ite1    
,augu/1 ,s\? ,africa1 #ahga4            
segetum1 #b ft41 purple1 ,july1 ,s\?    
,europe1 #aeif4     s]iceo-villosus1 #c 
ft41 yell[1 ,s4 ,africa1 #ahfd4         
,salmoneus1 #b ft41 bright salmon4      
t5ellus1 #c_/d ft41 yell[1 ,june1 #ahbe4
     t5uis1 #a ft41 r$1 ,june1 ,tauria1 
#ahbc4     tri*onemifolius1 #a-a_/b ft41
 yell[1 ,june1 #ahjj4     trimaculatus1 
#a ft41 r$1 :ite1 ,june1 #agid4         
tri/is1 #a ft41 br[n1 r$1 #agde4        

turic5sis1 ,g>d5 hybrid3 ,g4 ,g&av5sis  
,g4 ,saund]sii4     undulatus1 #a ft41  
p9k1 ,may1 #agfj4     v]sicolor1 #a-a_/b
 ft41 br[n1 ,june1 #agid4     v9ulus1   
creamy :ite1 fea!r$ ) crimson1 #ahhh4   
vip]atus1 #a_/b ft41 gre51 :ite1 ,may1  
#aghg4     watsonioides1 #a-a_/b ft41   
sc>let1 ,mt4 ,kilimanj>o1 #ahhg4        
,,add5da   ,odd ,notes ,f ,_m ,s\rces4  
,plant+ gladioli aft] potato or tomato  
crops is said to incur risk ( scabby    
/ock4  ,p>cel po/ has prov5 v           
satisfactory = %ipp+ blooms1 pack$ 9 ?is
 mann]4  ,! pure yell[ ,primul9us       
,sunbeam :5 display$ ) purple ,b>on     
,hulot is v effective4  ,peel$ bulblets 
require a w>m] soil ?an ! unpeel$ ones1 
& = ?is reason1 ,may #ae to #bj is ab\t 
! prop] "t = s[+4  ,to gr[ giant fl[]   
spikes1 plant 9 r[s #ba to #cj in*es    
ap>t & #g to #i in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s2     
f]tilize well4  ,long di/ance crates =  
mail+ cut blooms may be made ( slats    
#c_/d-;in* ap>t1 ) end pieces #f to #g  
in*es squ>e1 brac$ 9 ! middle4  ,all    

spikes %\ld be cut :5 l[e/ or fir/ fl[] 
beg9s to unroll2 spikes %\ld be set 9   
wat] = an h\r or m be=e pack+4  ,con/ant
 cultivation creat+ a du/ mul* is v     
necess>y ) ^! z ) o!r crops 9 case (    
dr\ght4 ,_m ov]look ?is4  ,mrs4 ,b4 ,h4 
,tracy says t ,liebesfeur or ,w>1 ,mrs4 
,frances ,k+1 ,p9k ,p]fection &         
,indep5d5ce make a wond]ful color       
comb9ation4  ,x is conc$$ t second or   
ev5 ?ird size bulbs ( ,mrs4 ,francis ,k+
 w ?r[ a bett] fl[] spike ?an bulbs ( a 
simil> small size ( mo/ o!r k9ds4  ,:5  
y\r fl[]s are com+ on freely & wea!r    
turns w>m]1 don't =get t cutt+s mu/ be  
made m frequ5tly1 & ,sunday "w          
unavoidable4  ,"s ,gladiolus bulbs c /& 
freez+1 ?\gh froz5 solid4 ,if left 9    
tight boxes or b>rels & all[$ to ?aw out
 v sl[ly )\t h&l+ or exposure to air !y 
w n be s]i\sly injur$4  ,:5 ! roots ( ! 
gladiolus h atta9$ _! full gr[?1 !      
surface ( ! soil %\ld be /irr$ b        
lightly1 because ( ! dang] ( cutt+ !    
roots4 ,prior to t "t1 gladiolus bulbs w

 /& deep] cultivation4  ,write y\r /ate 
exp]im5t /ation = analysis ( comm]cial  
f]tiliz] be/ adapt$ to ! ,gladiolus4 ,if
 y contemplate %ipp+ cut blooms1 consult
 y\r commission man z to ! mo/          
satisfactory me?od ( pack+4  ,"y bulbs f
 sev5 eights to "o in* 9 diamet] %\ld1  
if giv5 space :5 plants ( ab\t two & a  
half in*es ap>t & well cultivat$1       
produce a crop approximately half or m  
fir/ grade bulbs & ! rema9d] seconds4   
,"o gr[] nev] plants gladioli ! second  
"t 9 succession on ! same l&4 ,dr4 ,van 
,fleet1 ! orig9ator ( ,pr9ceps1 :o      
di/ribut$ x ?r\gh ,vaughan's ,se$ ,/ore1
 says t ! v>iety %\ld nev] be plant$ on 
rec5tly manur$ l&1 b 9 a naturally deep1
 ri*1 alluvial soil4  ,:5 bulbs are wor?
 only two c5ts or less & cut blooms     
sell+ at ?ree c5ts net or ov]1 /alks may
 be cut close to ! gr\nd1 giv+ foliage  
mu* desir$ by ! retail flori/4 ,?is     
advice1 ( c\rse1 applies to o!r values  
:5ev] ! fl[]s are sell+ well above ! co/
 ( ! bulbs4  ,gladiolus make roots      

freely outside 9 q cool wea!r1 !re=e1   
may be plant$ z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z gr\nd c 
be op5$1 sometimes c]ta9 soils may be   
heavily mul*$ ) /raw 9 fall & ?us kept  
unfroz5 = v e>ly plant+ 9 ,m>*4  ,:5 cut
 blooms are sell+ = less ?an ! value ( !
 bulbs1 great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 cutt+ to
 leave f\r good leaves uncut z ^! are   
necess>y to complete ! gr[? & mature a  
heal?y bulb4 ,two leaves or ev5 ?ree are
 n en\gh to f9i% & develop a fir/ class 
bulb4  ,= all po9ts s\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] 
& 9 ! extreme s\? second grade bulbs1 t 
is ( diamet] #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b in*es h 
bloom$ well out ( doors4 ,mrs4 ,frances 
,k+ bulbs ( only #a in* to #a-a_/d h    
produc$ well2 ,am]ica & ,*icago ,:ite = 
be/ results ne$ l>g] grad+ ?an ,k+4     
,wat*fulness 9 w9t] /orage is necess>y4 
,if bulbs are rack$ or %elv$ too deep & 
become moi/1 !y mu/ be ?9n$ & turn$ or  
bo?2 if !y become too dry1 z !y w if y\r
 cell> or /oreh\se lacks moi/ure1 y may 
put m lay]s 9 ! racks1 or spread        
newspap] ov] !m or spray ! floor ( y\r  

/or]oom z (t5 z may be necess>y to      
ma9ta9 prop] moi/ure :i* c be told by   
feel+ ( ! bulbs4  ,^?1 & !y are _m1 bo? 
,amateur & ,comm]cial gr[]s :o exhibit  
blooms at ,fl[] %[s %\ld rememb] t if   
spikes are cut :5 ! l[e/ blooms beg9 to 
op5 & transport$ to ! exhibition halls  
e>ly & !re1 /&+ 9 vases all[$ to op5 _! 
blooms1 w be mu* m p]fect & free f t    
bruis$ condition %[n by blooms :i* h n  
be5 cut until ! fl[]s on ! spikes 7     
ne>ly op54  ,"o reliable gr[] keeps 8   
black h>d-%ell$ bulblets 9 gunny sacks  
conta9+ ab\t "o bu%el mix$ ) ab\t #bj p]
 c5t ( f9e dry e>?4 ,he has be5 q       
successful 9 keep+ ! bulblets 9 ?is     
mann]1 & :5 s kept ! %ells d n h>d5 to  
su* an ext5t z to prev5t spr\t+ ( !     
k]nel1 z sometimes is ! case :5 !y dry  
out too mu*4 ,?is same gr[] believes 9  
soak+ ! black h>d-%ell$ bulblets = #cf  
h\rs 9 wat] j be=e plant+1 b no long]4  
,gladiolus bulbs /or$ 9 b9s %\ld be     
turn$ e few days1 especially aft]       
,febru>y1 z ?is t5ds to prev5t spr\t+4  

,!y %\ld n be kept 9 too w>m & dry a    
place4 ,x is be/ to keep !m q cool1 !   
!rmomet] runn+ z l[ z =ty degrees       
,fahr5heit at times1 & 9 an atmosph]e ( 
! ord9>y cell>1 :i* usually has "s      
moi/ure4 ,if !y become tr\bl$ ) gre5    
fly1 spr9kle !m ) tobacco du/ once a    
week4  ,gladiolus bulbs /or$ 9 racks h  
be5 kept 9 good condition by close cov]+
 ( d\ble or triple ?ickness ( newspap]s1
 ! bulbs be+ levell$ (f & ! newspap]s   
laid closely ov] ! racks & kept close to
 ! bulbs by loose /rips ( wood laid ov] 
!m4 ,o!rs h kept gladiolus bulbs 9 v    
good %ape 9 old pap] fl\r sacks1 :i*    
conta9 half a bu%el or ?ree pecks ( !   
bulbs 7! bulbs be+1 ( c\rse1 ?or\ghly   
dri$ out :5 ti$ 9 ! bags74 ,! natural   
moi/ure ( ! bulbs seems1 by "s k9d (    
pap] protection z m5tion$ above1 to be  
cons]v$1 :ile full & cont9u$ exposure to
 dry air seems to provoke scab z well z 
h>d5+ ( ! out] sk9 ( ! bulbs4  ,x       
requires a good siz$ bulb ( ,am]ica to  
?r[ a fir/ class spike & second size    

bulbs produce1 :5 =c$1 a consid]ably    
small] spike ?an ! fir/ size bulbs4 ,!  
,am]ica requires a long] gr[+ season ?an
 mo/ o!r gladioli & cont9ues its gr[?   
well up to sev]e fro/s4 ,gr[]s :o wi% to
 h>ve/ ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( fir/    
size bulbs all[ ^! to gr[ z late z      
possible1 & !n leave ! plants on _!     
sides = #cf or #dh h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t !  
sap f ! /alks seems to g into ! bulbs1  
mak+ !m m firm & putt+ !m into bett]    
keep+ condition = ! w9t]4 ,?is latt]    
sugge/ion probably applies to all       
gladioli & n alone to ,am]ica1 z x is   
practic$ by a good _m ( ! be/ gr[]s4    
,gr[]s diff] a good deal z to ! dep? ( !
 plant+ & wid? ( r[s4 ,"o v successful  
,ohio gr[] plants 8 bulblets & small    
bulbs fully six in*es deep & 9 r[s only 
two feet ap>t1 press+ ! dirt d[n v      
firmly ov] ! bulbs4 ,su* deep plant+1 he
 claims1 secures cool] soil = ! work+   
roots & insures a bett] crop 9 case (   
dry wea!r4 ,! same gr[] 9 plant+ h>d    
%ell$ bulblets s[s "o p9t to ab\t ?ree  

feet ( r[1 mak+ !m v ?ick 9 ! r[1 z he  
believes t ! h>d %ell$ bulblets1 9      
g]m9at+ s close toge!r1 cause ! h>d     
%ells ( mo/ ( !m to rot4 ,!re is        
conv5i5ce also 9 digg+ ! crop :i* may be
 lift$ 9 a mass4 ,!y also gr[ up s      
closely toge!r 9 ! r[ t !y seem to *oke 
out ! we$s1 ?us sav+ h& labor4