---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$ 9 ?is text4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! bottom ( ?is docum5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,sp9oza ,,edit$ ,,by ,,joseph ,,ratn] ,,tudor ,,publi%+ ,,company ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,preface ,selections usually ne$ no ju/ifications4 ,"s ju/ification1 h[ev]1 ( ! treatm5t accord$ ,sp9oza's ,e?ics may be necess>y 9 ?is place4 ,! object 9 tak+ ! ,e?ics z mu* z possible out ( ! geometrical =m1 0 n to improve ^u ! au?or's text2 x 0 to give ! lay read] a text ( ,sp9oza he w\ld f9d pleasant] to read & easi] to und]/&4 ,to ! practice ( popul>ization1 ,sp9oza1 "o may confid5tly feel1 w\ld n be av]se4 ,he himself gave a %ort popul> /atem5t ( 8 philosophy 9 ! ,political ,treatise4 ,! lay read] ( philosophy is *iefly1 if n :olly1 int]e/$ 9 grasp+ a philosophic po9t ( view4 ,he is n int]e/$ 9 highly meticul\s details1 & /ill less is he int]e/$ 9 *eck+ up ! au?or's /atem5ts to see if ! au?or is consi/5t ) himself4 ,he takes su* consi/5cy1 ev5 if unw>rant$ly1 = grant$4 ,a cont9u\s read+ ( ! orig9al ,e?ics1 ev5 on a s+le topic1 is impossible4 ,! subject-matt] is coh]5t1 b ! propositions d n hang toge!r4 ,by omitt+ ! =mal /atem5t ( ! propositions2 by omitt+ _m ( ! demon/rations & almo/ all cross-ref]5ces2 by gr\p+ relat$ sections ( ! ,e?ics 7) selections f ! ,lett]s & ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+7 "u sectional head+s1 ! text has be5 made m cont9u\s4 ,x is ! only "t1 probably1 dismemb]+ a treatise actually made x m unifi$4 ,9 an ,app5dix1 ! s\rces ( ! selections f ! ,e?ics are summ>ily indicat$4 ,x w\ld be a mean+less burd5 on ! text to make full ackn[l$gm5ts 9 footnotes4 ,= ! same reason1 !re has be5 almo/ no attempt made to %[1 by means ( ! conv5tional devices1 ! re-arrangem5ts & abridgem5ts t h be5 made4 ,e c>e has be5 tak5 n to di/ort 9 any way ! mean+ ( ! text4 ,& t is all t is important 9 a volume ( ?is k9d4 ,:]ev] possible ,sp9oza's own *apt] head+s h be5 reta9$2 & "s ( ! sectional head+s h ei!r be5 tak5 f1 or h be5 bas$ ^u expressions 9 ! text4 ,x w\ld h be5 m 9 keep+ ) contempor>y =m to use ! title ,on ,hi/orical ,me?od or ,! ,new ,hi/ory in/ead ( ,( ! ,int]pretation ( ,scripture2 a *apt] on ,race ,sup]iority w\ld s\nd m important ?an "o on ,! ,vocation ( ! ,hebrews2 b su* mod]niz+ *anges 7 n made because ! aim has be5 to give ! read] a text z fai?ful to ! orig9al z ! "* ( ?is volume w\ld all[4 ,! selections h be5 tak5 f ,elwes' translation ( ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus1 ,a ,political ,treatise & ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+2 & f ,:ite's translation ( ! ,e?ics4 ,^! translations are no long] 9 copyright & h5ce x 0 n necess>y to secure p]mission f ! publi%]s to use !m4 ,none!less1 grateful ackn[l$gm5t is _! j due4 ,:ite1 9 8 translation1 uses1 n altoge!r )\t reason1 ! /ilt$ t]m affect in/ead ( ! natural ,engli% t]m emotion4 ,affect is clos] to ! ,lat9 & x m cle>ly indicates ! metaphysical /atus ( ! emotions z modes or affectiones ( ,sub/ance4 ,/ill1 practically no "o has foll[$ ,:ite 9 8 usage4 ,! reasons are n difficult to discov]4 ,besides be+ a /ilt$ t]m1 hav+ no legitimate ,engli% /atus1 affect v (t5 makes ! text extremely obscure1 ev5 un9telligible to "o :o has no antec$5t k ( x1 because besides hav+ also its ord9>y ,engli% mean+1 affect is us$ by ,:ite to mean mode or modification 7affection7 z well4 ,9 ! circum/ances1 !re=e1 ,i ?\ght x advisable to *ange affect to emotion & affection to modification or mode4 ,i also correct$ ,:ite's translation ( ! ,def9ition ( ,attribute by delet+ ! ^w if4 ,9 spite ( ! ne$ = ^! *anges1 x 0 desirable to use ,:ite's translation because x is ! mo/ accurate & elegant extant4 ,fur!rmore1 9 bo? ,:ite & ,elwes ,i h consi/5tly capitaliz$ ! t]m ,nature1 9 accordance ) ,sp9oza's ,lat9 text2 ,:ite & ,elwes capitalize x only desultorily4 ,i h made "s slight *anges 9 ,elwes' mid-,victorian punctuation & ,:ite's all-too-fai?ful p>agraph+4 ,! ,lat9 p>agraphs ( ! ,e?ics are extremely long4 ,^! *anges are all ext]nal & z f> z ,i c see ?or\ghly legitimate z well z ju/ifi$4 ,! v slight & v occasional int]nal *anges ,i h made--o!r ?an ^? already acc\nt$ =--,i h indicat$ by squ>e brackets4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h\/on ,pet]son1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 = sugge/+ to me ! idea ( arrang+ a volume ( selections f ,sp9oza4 ,i am alone responsible1 h[ev]1 = ! actual selections & arrangem5ts1 & = ! idea ( tak+ ! ,e?ics out ( its geometrical =m4 ,pr(essor ,morris ,r4 ,coh51 ( ! ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 read ?is volume 9 manuscript2 ,i am indebt$ to him = "s valuable sugge/ions4 ,i am also indebt$ v greatly to a fri5d 7:o pref]s n to be ackn[l$g$7 = invaluable help 9 gett+ ! manuscript into %ape4 ,,joseph ,,ratn]4 ,octob]1 #aibf4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,sp9oza xi ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,sp9oza xxvii ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,on ,,god ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,sup]/ition #c ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,scripture #aa ,,iii4 ,,( ,,prophets ,,& ,,prophecy #cf ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,vocation ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews #fd ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,law #ga ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,c]emonial ,,law #hh ,,vii4 ,,( ,,miracles #ajc ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,nature #abb ,,second ,,"p ,,on ,,man ,,ix4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d #aee ,x4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,ext5t ,,( ,,human ,,k #agc ,,xi4 ,,det]m9ism ,,& ,,morals #aia ,,xii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,emotions #baa ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,! ,,emotions #bcf ,,?ird ,,"p ,,on ,,man',s ,,well-,,be+ ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,human ,,bondage #bea ,,xv4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,life #bff ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,a ,,/ate #big ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,supreme ,,au?orities #cad ,,xviii4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,spee* #ccc ,,xix4 ,,( ,,human ,,fre$om #cde ,,xx4 ,,( ,,human ,,bless$ness ,,& ,,! ,,et]nity ,,( ,,! ,,m9d #cfa ,,app5dix #cgg ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,sp9oza ,b>u* de ,sp9oza 0 born into ! ,jewi% community ( ,am/]dam on ,novemb] #bd1 #afcb4 ,8 p>5ts 7 ,jews :o _h fl$1 along ) _m o!rs1 f ! vici\s intol]ance ( ! ,inquisition to ! limit$ & hesitant fre$om ( ,holl&4 ,at ! "t ,sp9oza 0 born1 ! ,jewi% refugees _h already e/abli%$ !mselves to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 _! new home4 ,!y _h won1 = example1 ! important "r to build a synagogue4 ,/ill1 !y did n enjoy ! complete fre$om & peace ( m9d ( an indep5d5t & securely protect$ p4 ,al?\gh "o c\ld be a ,jew 9 ,am/]dam1 "o _h to be a ,jew ) consid]able circumspection4 ,:atev] might prove 9 any way (f5sive to ! political au?ority _h to be scrupul\sly es*ew$4 ,=1 z is always ! case1 m9ority gr\ps :i* are simply tol]at$ h to suff] = ! (f5ses ( any ( _! memb]s4 ,! ,jews ( ,am/]dam ?or\ghly und]/ood ?is4 ,!y knew t any significant default on ! "p ( "o memb] ( _! community w\ld n1 9 all likelihood1 be consid]$ by ! au?orities to be a default ( t "o p]son alone--a fail+ q 9 ! ord] ( human nature2 !y knew x w\ld be consid]$ a manife/ation ( an ess5tial vice *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole community4 ,& ! :ole community w\ld h to suff]1 9 consequ5ce1 an exagg]at$ puni%m5t :i* ! individual del9qu5t himself may well n m]it4 ,x 0 inevitable t ! intellectual life ( ! ,jews ( ,am/]dam %\ld be> ! m>ks ( _! inn] & out] social con/ra9ts4 ,_! intellectual life 0 cramp$ & ineffectual4 ,indiscrim9ate erudition1 n indep5d5t ?\ght1 0 all ! ,jewi% lead]s1 connect$ 9 "o way or ano!r ) ! ,synagogue1 7 able to a*ieve4 ,x 0 f> saf] to cl+ to ! innocu\s pa/ ?an x 0 to /rike out boldly into ! future4 ,any indep5d5ce ( ?\ght t 0 likely to prove socially dang]\s z well z s*ismatic 0 promptly suppress$4 ,! humiliation & excommunication 7circa #afdj7 ( ! indecisive m>tyr ,uriel da ,co/a :5 he v5tur$ to ent]ta9 doctr9es t 7 n or?odox1 7 prompt$ z mu* by political z by religi\s consid]ations4 ,x is true1 _m ( ! fai?ful 7 attract$ by ,cabbali/ic wond]s & ! /range hope ( be+ sav$ f a bitt] exile by a ,messianic ,sabbatai ,zevi4 ,b ^! wayw>d deviations1 9 reality n s v f> remov$ f or?odox tradition1 exhibit$ only ! m cle>ly ! fe>some inn] insecurity :i* a /ra9$ =malism 9 ?\ght & habit bravely attempt$ to cov]4 ,9 su* social & intellectual atmosph]e ,sp9oza grew up4 ,( 8 e>ly life1 practically no?+ is kn[n4 ,8 p>5ts1 we "k1 7 at lea/ fairly well-to-d1 = ,sp9oza receiv$ a good education4 ,& we "k t he 01 :5 ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age1 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant & promis+ ( ,rabbi ,saul ,levi ,morteira's pupils4 ,ev]yone :o !n knew ,sp9oza expect$ great ?+s ( him4 ,he prov$ himself to be a v acute rabb9ical /ud5t2 at t e>ly age already some:at too critical1 if any?+1 to suit ! or?odox4 ,b all felt reasonably confid5t he w\ld become a di/+ui%$ ,rabbi1 & p]haps a great comm5tator ( ! ,bible4 ,( c\rse1 ( ! or?odox sort4 ,b ! ,rabbis 7 e>ly disillusion$4 ,sp9oza soon f\nd ! le>n+ ( ! ,synagogue insuffici5t & unsatisfactory4 ,he s\ght ! wisdom ( secul> philosophy & sci5ce4 ,b 9 ord] to satisfy 8 intellectual desires x 0 necess>y to /udy ,lat94 ,& ,lat9 0 n taught 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,an anonym\s ,g]man taught ,sp9oza ! rudim5ts ( ! language t 0 to enable him to ent] into ! important curr5t ( mod]n ideas especially embodi$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes4 ,francis ,van d5 ,ende gave him a ?or\gh te*nical1 n lit]>y1 ma/]y ( x4 ,& ,van d5 ,ende taught ,sp9oza mu* m besides4 ,he acqua9t$ him ) ! lit]ature ( antiquity2 he gave him a s\nd k ( ! contempor>y fundam5tals ( physiology & physics2 & x 0 he possibly1 :o introduc$ him to ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes & ! lyrical philosophic speculation ( ,bruno4 ,he did mu* also 7we may easily inf]7 to enc\rage ! indep5d5ce ( m9d & ! fre$om 9 ?9k+ ,sp9oza _h already manife/$ 9 no inconsid]able degree4 ,= al?\gh ?is ,van d5 ,ende 0 a ,ca?olic physician & ,lat9 ma/] by pr(ession1 he 0 a free ?9k] 9 _s & reputation4 ,& if we are to believe ! horrifi$ public suspicion1 he taught a select few ( 8 ,lat9 pupils ! gr\nds ( 8 het]odox belief4 ,z "o c easily und]/&1 to /udy ,lat9 ) ,van d5 ,ende 0 n ! mo/ innoc5t ?+ "o c\ld d4 ,c]ta9ly1 to become a favorite pupil & assi/ant tea*] ( ,van d5 ,ende's 01 socially1 decid$ly bad4 ,b ,sp9oza 0 n det]r$ by ! possible social consequ5ces ( 8 se>* = k & tru?4 ,he took full advantage ( 8 opportunities & did n hesitate to foll[ :]ev] 8 ma/] might lead4 ,van d5 ,ende 0 also some?+ ( a political adv5tur]2 he f9ally paid ! unsuccessful conspirator's price on ! gall[s 9 ,p>is4 ,x is n at all unlikely t ,sp9oza's h>d-head$ political & e?ical realism 01 9 significant measure1 due to 8 e>ly intimacy ) 8 v>i\sly gift$ & int]e/+ ,lat9 ma/]4 ,we "k t ,sp9oza 0 at lea/ /rongly attract$1 9 lat] life1 by ! ,italian political insurg5t ,masaniello1 = ,sp9oza drew a portrait ( himself 9 ! ,italian's co/ume4 ,ma*iavelli's influ5ce1 too1 ^u ,sp9oza 0 v great--an influ5ce t w\ld b be a cont9uation ( ,van d5 ,ende's4 ,sp9oza may h be5 indebt$ to ,van d5 ,ende = "o o!r ?+3 8 only record$ romance4 ,!re is "s "q ab\t ?is indebt$ness because tradition does n speak v confid5tly1 9 "s ess5tials1 ab\t ,van d5 ,ende's daught] ,cl>a ,m>ia4 ,cl>a1 tradition is agre$1 0 intellectually & arti/ically well end[$1 al?\gh %e 0 n v good look+4 ,9 h] fa!r's abs5ce on political affairs %e took 8 place 9 ! s*ool1 tea*+ music z well z ,lat94 ,b tradition is some:at disconc]t+ :5 x comes to ,cl>a's age :5 ,sp9oza knew h]4 ,accord+ to "s *ronological rese>*es1 ! fair object ( ,sp9oza's suppos$ devotion1 0 only twelve ye>s old4 ,h>dly ( an age to w>rant ,sp9oza's love1 unless he lov$ h] z ,dante lov$ ,beatrice4 ,a some:at improbable possibility4 ,! tradition t is less sp>+ ( ,cl>a's age is1 h[ev]1 ev5 m sp>+ ( h] "*3 ! success ( ,sp9oza's suppos$ rival--a fell[-/ud5t by "n1 ,k]kr9ck--is attribut$ to ! s$uctive p[]s ( a pe>l necklace4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t tradition reckons ?is gift to h be5 ( decisive importance1 "o does n l to believe t a girl ( high intellectual & arti/ic ability c\ld be s easily & fatefully ov]come by a m]e tr9ket4 ,/ill less does "o l to believe t ,sp9oza fell 9 love ) a girl ^: m9d 0 s f> remov$ f ! joys t are et]nal & spiritual4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x is conceivable t ! girl took ! tr9ket symbolically2 or else t ,sp9oza1 :o _h giv5 all 8 "t to rabb9ical & philosophical /udies 01 9 ! circum/ances1 q ju/ifiably deceiv$4 ,sp9oza _h n yet be5 graduat$ f 8 /ud5t days :5 ! ,synagogue ?\ght him a fit object = (ficial c5sure & ?reat4 ,x seems ,sp9oza 0 betray$ into ov]t indiscretion by two fell[-/ud5ts f ! ,synagogue1 :o ask$ = 8 op9ion reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( angels1 ! corporeality ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,sp9oza's answ]s 7 n complete1 b incomplete z !y 71 !y yet reveal$ a m9d t 01 to ! fai?ful1 %ock+ly a/ray f ! or?odox pa?4 ,sp9oza 0 to h elaborat$ ^u 8 answ]s at a lat] date b ! /ud5ts _h he>d1 app>5tly1 q en\gh4 ,in/ead ( return+ to ,sp9oza !y w5t to ! au?orities ( ! ,synagogue4 ,! au?orities 7 q dispos$ by ,sp9oza's association ) ,van d5 ,ende & 8 p]ceptible neglect ( c]emonial obs]vances1 to believe him capable ( any intellectual villa9y4 ,!y promptly set ab\t to reclaim ! err+ s\l4 ,report has x !y s\ght two means3 !y (f]$ ,sp9oza an annuity ( #a1jjj flor9s if he w\ld1 9 all ov]t ways1 spee* & action1 con=m to ! e/abli%$ op9ions & cu/oms ( ! ,synagogue2 or1 if he did n see ! wisdom & pr(it ( compliance1 !y ?reat5$ to isolate him by excommunication4 ,aga9 social politics z mu* z e/abli%$ religion dem&$ ! action ! ,synagogue took4 ,_! exp]i5ce ) ,uriel da ,co/a 0 /ill v fre% 9 _! m9ds & !y mu/ h felt fairly confid5t t ,sp9oza w\ld be w>n$ by ! fate ( 8 h]etical pr$ecessor if n c\nsel$ by ! wisdom ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,b ,sp9oza 0 ( a firmness !y did n reckon on4 ,he did n he>k5 to _! c5sure nor c[] at _! ?reat4 ,! ?irty days or s 9 :i* he 0 giv5 to re=m pass$ )\t discov]+ 9 him any *ange4 ,excommunication _h to be pron\nc$4 ,:5 b>ely tw5ty-f\r ye>s old1 ,sp9oza f\nd himself cut (f f ! race ( ,israel ) all ! prescrib$ curses ( excommunication ^u 8 head4 ,sp9oza 0 n pres5t :5 excommunication 0 pron\nc$ ^u him4 ,he _h left ,am/]dam to /ay ) "s ,collegiant fri5ds on ! ,ouw]k]k road1 =1 s "o tradition relates1 an attempt _h be5 made by "o ( ! ov]-righte\s ^u ,sp9oza's life soon aft] he became an object ( (ficial displeasure4 ,al?\gh ,sp9oza 01 ?r\gh\t 8 life1 ready to suff] ! consequ5ces ( 8 op9ions & actions1 he at no "t _h ! lea/ aspiration to become a m>tyr4 ,:5 ,sp9oza he>d ( 8 excommunication he s5t a spirit$ & unyield+ reply4 ,! _s if n ! words ( t reply 7n yet discov]$7 ev5tually made its way into ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus4 ,= ! re/ ( 8 life1 :5ev] he _h occasion to ref] to ! ,jews1 ,sp9oza ref]r$ to !m z he did to ! ,g5tiles--a race to :i* he did n belong4 ,& imm$iately1 ) ! p]fect grace & humor ( a cultur$ m9d1 he *ang$ 8 "n f ,b>u* to ,b5$ict1 q confid5t "o c be z bless$ 9 ,lat9 z 9 ,hebrew4 ,! subsequ5t c\rse ( ,sp9oza's life 0 almo/ completely untr\bl$1 ?\gh x 0 unmitigat+ly au/]e4 ,he took up ! trade ( poli%+ l5ses z a means ( e>n+ 8 simple bread4 ,he 0 some:at influ5c$ 9 8 decision by ! advice 9 ! ,e?ics ( ! ,fa!rs t e "o %\ld d "s manual "w4 ,b x 0 also q ! fa%ion at t p]iod = le>n$ m51 int]e/$ 9 sci5ce1 to poli% l5ses1 z a hobby ( c\rse1 n z a means ( support4 ,sp9oza's *oice 0 n altoge!r wise 9 spite ( its le>n$ associations & ! fact t he soon ga9$ an enviable reputation z a "y sci5ti/4 ,! e>ly recognition ,sp9oza receiv$ f m5 l ,h5ry ,old5burg1 ! fir/ secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 f ,rob]t ,boyle & ,huygh5s1 0 h>dly adequate recomp5se = ! f9e du/ he gr\nd :i* aggravat$ 8 inh]it$ tub]culosis & und\bt$ly consid]ably ha/5$ 8 dea?4 ,sp9oza's accompli%m5t 9 8 *os5 trade 0 n m]ely practical4 ,_m look$ =w>d1 ) w>rant$ confid5ce1 to ! "t :5 ,sp9oza w\ld make a di/+ui%$ contribution to ! sci5ce ( optics4 ,b ! only /rictly sci5tific "w ,sp9oza left beh9d 7long consid]$ to h be5 lo/7 0 a %ort treatise on ! ra9b[4 ,all ,sp9oza's intellectual en]gy w5t into s]vice ( 8 philosophy4 ,8 e>lie/ philosophical "w 7r$iscov]$ 7#ahfb7 9 translat$ ,dut* manuscript7 0 a ,%ort ,treatise on ,god1 ,man & ,8 ,well-,be+4 ,x is a fragm5t>y1 unev5 "w1 *iefly valuable = ! insight x gives into ! work+s & developm5t ( ,sp9oza's m9d4 ,! ,e?ics1 9 ! complet$ =m 9 :i* we h x 7no manuscript ( x is extant7 has ! incr$ible appe>ance ( a sy/em ( philosophy sprung full-gr[n f an unhesitat+ m9d4 ,ev5 a mo/ cursory read+ ( ! ,%ort ,treatise completely dispels ?is prepo/]\s illusion4 ,! ,e?ics 0 ! product ( prolong$ & critical toil4 ,b j h[ prolong$ x is difficult to say4 ,= already z e>ly z #affe almo/ f\r-fif?s ( ! ,e?ics seems to h be5 writt54 ,we le>n z mu* f a lett] ,sp9oza wrote to "o ( 8 fri5ds promis+ to s5d him ! ?ird "p ( 8 philosophy up to ! eightie? proposition4 ,f ! lett] x is fairly cle> t at t "t ! ,e?ics 0 divid$ into ?ree1 n five1 p>ts4 ,also1 9 lett]s writt5 t same ye> to ,william ,bly5b]gh "o f9ds express$ "s ( ! *ief conclusions publi%$ five ye>s lat] 9 ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus4 ,& ,sp9oza wrote1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 n conjecturally or speculatively1 b z "o writes :o kn[s ! firm & te/$ gr\nds ( 8 belief4 ,:y ! ,e?ics1 9 f9al =m1 began to circulate privately only two or ?ree ye>s be=e ,sp9oza's dea?1 & :y 8 "w on ,! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+ & 8 ,political ,treatise 7 left unf9i%$1 mu/ rema9 some?+ ( an insoluble philosophico-lit]>y my/]y4 ,! only book ,sp9oza publi%$ 9 8 own lifetime above 8 own "n 0 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,desc>tes' ,philosophy ,geometrically ,demon/rat$ ) an app5dix ( ,cogitata ,metaphysica :i* he _h dictat$ to a y\? 7"o ,cs>ius7 to :om 7he7 did n wi% to tea* 787 own op9ions op5ly4 ,discretion1 z he _h already le>n$ & lat] =mally /at$ & prov$1 0 n inconsonant ) rational valor4 ,! only o!r book ,sp9oza publi%$ 9 8 lifetime--! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus--bore on its title page ,sp9oza's initials only1 & ! "n ( a fictiti\s ,hamburg publi%]4 ,:5 ,sp9oza he>d1 "s "t lat]1 t a ,dut* translation ( ?is "w 0 be+ prep>$1 he e>ne/ly besee*$ 8 fri5ds to =e/all its publication 7:i* !y did7 because only its ,lat9 dress sav$ x f be+ (ficially proscrib$4 ,x 0 !n an op5 secret :o ! au?or 04 ,sp9oza's p]sonal rule to incur z little (ficial displeasure z possible made him ab&on 8 f9al lit]>y project ent]ta9$ 9 #afge4 ,:5 he began negotiations = ! publication ( ! ,e?ics a rumor spread t he _h 9 press a book prov+ t ,god does n exi/4 ,compla9t 0 lodg$ ) ! pr9ce & magi/rates4 ,! /upid ,c>tesians1 ,sp9oza wrote ,old5burg be+ suspect$ ( favor+ me1 endeavor$ to remove ! asp]sion by abus+ e :]e my op9ions & writ+s1 a c\rse :i* !y /ill pursue4 ,9 ! circum/ances1 ,sp9oza ?\ght x wise/ to delay publication till matt]s w\ld *ange4 ,b1 app>5tly1 !y did n *ange1 or *ange suffici5tly4 ,! ,e?ics 0 fir/ publi%$ ab\t a ye> aft] ,sp9oza's dea?4 ,9 spite ( ! cons5sus ( adv]se1 & some:at vici\s op9ion1 ! au?or ( ! ,tractatus did f9d favor 9 ! eyes ( "s4 ,! ,elector ,palat9e1 ,k>l ,ludwig1 ?r\gh 8 secret>y ,fabritius1 (f]$ ,sp9oza ! *air ( philosophy at ,heidelb]g 7#afgc74 ,b ,sp9oza graci\sly decl9$ x4 ,al?\gh a m welcome or m honorable opportunity to tea* c\ld n be conceiv$1 x _h nev] be5 8 ambition to leave 8 seclud$ /ation 9 life = "o involv+ public obligations4 ,ev5 9 8 seclud$ corn]1 he f\nd he _h ar\s$ m public att5tion & s5tim5t ?an 0 altoge!r consonant ) ! peace & retirem5t he s\ght4 ,besides1 he did n "k h[ well he c\ld fulfill ! desires ( ! ,elector by tea*+ no?+ t w\ld t5d to discomfit e/abli%$ religion4 ,sp9oza _h1 9 8 "y days1 le>n$ :at extreme dang]s "o mu/ expect to enc\nt] 9 a righte\s community become inimical4 ,9 8 la/ ye>s1 he exp]i5c$ a /]n & tragic rem9d]4 ,two ( ,sp9oza's be/ fri5ds1 ,cornelius & ,jan de ,witt1 :o _h by a *ange 9 political =tune become ! enemies ( ! p1 7 brutally murd]$ 7#afgb74 ,sp9oza = once1 :5 ?is occurr$1 lo/ 8 habitual philosophic calm4 ,he c\ld re/ra9 nei!r 8 te>s nor 8 ang]4 ,he _h to be =cibly prev5t$ f leav+ 8 h\se to po/ a bill1 at ! sc5e ( ! murd]1 d5\nc+ ! crim9al mob4 ,a some:at simil> crisis recurr$ %ortly aft]w>ds :5 ,sp9oza return$ f a visit to ! ho/ile ,fr5* camp4 ,! object ( 8 mission is n unequivocally kn[n4 ,"s ?9k x 0 to meet ! ,pr9ce ( ,cond solely 9 8 private capacity ( philosoph]4 ,x is c]ta9 ,sp9oza 0 advis$ ! ,fr5* ,k+ w\ld ackn[l$ge a d$icat$ book by means ( a p5sion--an advice ,sp9oza did n act ^u4 ,o!rs ?9k 8 mission 0 political4 ,8 reputation z a di/+ui%$ man w\ld h made him a v likely ambassador4 ,?is conjecture w\ld seem m probable1 h[ev]1 if ! de ,witts1 8 intimate fri5ds1 _h be5 /ill 9 political p[]1 in/ead ( 9 _! graves4 ,b :atev] ,sp9oza's mission 01 :5 he return$ to ! ,hague1 ! populace br&$ him a ,fr5* spy4 ,sp9oza's l&lord fe>$ 8 h\se w\ld be wreck$1 by an infuriat$ mob4 ,?is "t ,sp9oza ex]t$ ! calm+ influ5ce4 ,he assur$ ,van d] ,spijck t if any attempt 7 made on ! h\se he w\ld leave x & face ! mob1 ev5 if !y %\ld deal ) him z !y did ) ! un=tunate de ,witts4 ,he 0 a good republican z all knew4 ,& ^? 9 high political au?ority knew ! purpose ( 8 j\rney4 ,=tunately1 popul> suspicion & ang] dissipat$ ?is "t )\t a sacrifice4 ,/ill1 ! incid5t %[$ q cle>ly t ?\gh ,sp9oza did n desire to be a m>tyr1 he 0 no m afraid to die ?an he 0 to live = ! pr9ciples he _h at he>t4 ,sp9oza's "*1 manife/$ 9 8 life1 has won ! high admiration ( e "o n bitt]ly ho/ile to him4 ,& ev5 8 enemies ma9ta9$ & ju/ifi$ _! hatr$ only by inv5t+ calumni\s falsehoods ab\t him4 ,unf\nd$ rumors ( an evil nature began to circulate dur+ 8 lifetime1 & naturally increas$ 9 virul5ce & volume aft] 8 dea?4 ,at t p]iod 9 human hi/ory1 x 0 popul>ly recogniz$ t no?+ good c\ld be true1 & no?+ vile c\ld be false ( an a!i/--:i* 0 :at ,sp9oza1 ( c\rse1 0 reput$ to be4 ,old5burg ev51 = ye>s unflagg+ly pr(use 9 expressions ( devot$ fri5d%ip & humble disciple%ip1 an eag] & fe>less advocate 7suppos$ly7 ( ! tru?1 a fri5d :o lam5t$ ! fact t ! _w 0 be+ d5i$ ! invaluable products ( ,sp9oza's unsurpass$ intellect1 & :o1 !re=e1 con/antly urg$ ,sp9oza1 by all ! advice ( fri5d%ip1 to publi% 8 "w )\t delay1 irrespective ( popul> prejudice--ev5 ,old5burg began to conceive a f> f complim5t>y op9ion ( ,sp9oza aft] ! publication ( ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus6 ,s preval5t 7 ! gr\ndless rumors t ! ,lu!ran pa/or1 ,col]us--! s\rce ( mo/ ( our in=mation--felt oblig$ 9 8 v qua9t summ>y biography to def5d ! life & "* ( ,sp9oza4 ,to 8 ev]la/+ cr$it1 ,col]us did ?is al?\gh he himself he>tily dete/$ ,sp9oza's philosophy :i* he und]/ood to be abhorr5tly blasphem\s & a!i/ic4 ,col]us' s\rces ( in=mation 7 ! be/3 he spoke to all :o knew ,sp9oza at ! ,hague2 & he himself 0 intimate ) ! ,van d] ,spijcks ) :om ,sp9oza _h liv$ ! la/ five ye>s ( 8 life1 & ) :om ,col]us 0 n[ liv+--9 ,sp9oza's v room4 ,sp9oza's c\rage & /r5g? ( m9d are z impressively manife/$ 9 ! con/ant daily life he liv$ z 9 ! few sev]e crises he resolutely fac$4 ,= ! tw5ty ye>s ( 8 excommunication he liv$ 9 comp>ative retirem5t1 if n isolation4 ,! frugality ( 8 life bord]$ on asceticism4 ,all 8 free "t & en]gy ,sp9oza d$icat$ ) unusual s+le-he>t$ devotion to ! dis9t]e/$ developm5t ( a philosophy he knew w\ld n be v acceptable to ! g5]al or ev5 special philosophic read]4 ,8 mode ( life is all ! m rem>kable because x 0 n det]m9$ by embitt]$ misan?ropy or passionate abhorr5ce ( ! goods ( ! _w4 ,x 0 dictat$ solely by :at he und]/ood to be1 9 8 circum/ances1 ! reasonable life = him4 ,al?\gh he 0 an eag] correspond5t1 & _h _m fri5ds :om he valu$ above all ?+s t are ext]nal to "o's own s\l1 8 int]e/ 9 8 own "w kept him f c>ry+ on1 = any l5g? ( "t1 an active social life4 ,he believ$1 too1 t x is "p ( ! wisdom ( life to refre% oneself ) pleasant food & dr9k1 ) delicate p]fumes & ! s(t beauty ( gr[+ ?+s1 ) music & ! !at]1 lit]ature & pa9t+4 ,b 8 own income 0 too sl5d] to all[ him mu* ( ^! temp]ate ri*es ( a rational life4 ,& always1 r ?an ex]t himself to increase 8 income1 he w\ld decrease 8 exp5diture4 ,/ill1 he no d\bt enjoy$ ! little he _h4 ,he f\nd v palatable1 mo/ likely1 ! simple food he himself prep>$ 9 lat] life2 & he mu/ h ga9$ additional satisfaction f ! ?\ght t he 01 because ( 8 own cook+1 liv+ m safely )9 8 means4 ,! pipe he smok$ occasionally 7let u hope7 0 fragrant2 ! p9t ( w9e a mon? v delectable4 ,= m5tal recreation he read fairly widely 9 lit]ature1 obs]v$ ! habits ( insects1 ) ! microscope z well z ! nak$ eye4 ,he also sometimes drew ink or *>coal sket*es ( 8 visitors & himself4 ,a fairly plausible rumor has x t ,rembr&t 0 8 tea*]4 ,un=tunately1 all ( ,sp9oza's sket*es 7 de/roy$4 ,al?\gh ,sp9oza want$ to be indep5d5t & self-support+ he 0 n irrationally zeal\s ab\t x4 ,he did n accept all ! f9ancial help 8 fri5ds 7 eag] to give him1 b he did accept "s4 ,"o ( 8 "y fri5ds1 ,simon de ,vries1 be=e 8 e>ly dea? occurr$1 want$ to bequea? all ( 8 e/ate to ,sp9oza4 ,b ,sp9oza p]suad$ him n to deprive 8 own bro!r ( 8 natural inh]itance4 ,ev5 ! annual #ejj flor9s de ,vries f9ally left him1 ,sp9oza w\ld n altoge!r accept1 (f]+ ! plea t s mu* weal? w\ld surely take 8 m9d away f 8 philosophy4 ,b he w\ld accept #cjj flor9s1 a sum he felt w\ld n be burd5some or dang]\s to 8 s\l4 ,?is annuity he regul>ly receiv$ until 8 dea?4 ,8 fri5ds ! de ,witts1 p5sion$ him too2 ! heirs to ! e/ate conte/$ ,sp9oza's claim1 :]eupon ,sp9oza promptly )drew x4 ,?is high-m9d$ action correct$ _! covet\sness1 & f ! de ,witts1 too1 he receiv$ f9ancial help until 8 dea?4 ,sp9oza's relations ) ! humble folk he /ay$ ) exhibit$ ! mode/y & grace ( "* t ende>$ him to 8 intimate fri5ds4 ,:5 he 0 tir$ work+ 9 8 own room1 he w\ld frequ5tly come d[n to smoke a pipe & *at ) 8 l&lady & l&lord ab\t ! simple affairs t fill$ _! lives4 ,8 spee* 0 sweet & easy2 8 mann] ( a g5tle1 noble1 beauty4 ,except = ! occasion :5 ! de ,witts 7 murd]$1 ,sp9oza nev] %[$ himself ei!r unduly m]ry or unduly sad4 ,if ev] he f\nd t 8 emotions 7 likely to escape 8 wise control1 he w\ld )draw until su* dang] _h pass$4 ,we f9d ! same *>act]i/ics exhibit$ 9 ,sp9oza's correspond5ce4 ,al?\gh he f\nd "s ( 8 correspond5ts sometimes v try+1 he nev] fail$ to be z c\rte\s & consid]ate z ! circum/ances w\ld p]mit4 ,ev5 :5 "o ,lamb]t de ,vel?uys5 provok$ 8 righte\s indignation1 ,sp9oza temp]$ 8 cau/ic reply be=e s5d+ x (f4 ,sp9oza liv$ ! e?ics he wrote4 ,z is ! ,e?ics1 s is 8 life p]vad$ by a simple gr&eur4 ,& z he liv$1 s did he die4 ,he _h n be5 feel+ v well1 & _h s5t = 8 fri5d & physician ,dr4 ,ludwig ,mey]4 ,a *ick5 bro? 0 ord]$ = ,sp9oza ( :i* he p>took q heal?ily4 ,no "o suspect$ t he 0 ?is "t fatally ill4 ,he came d[n 9 ! morn+1 & spoke = "s "t ) 8 ho/s4 ,b :5 !y return$ f a visit t same aft]noon 7,sunday1 ,feb4 #ba1 #afgg7 !y le>n$ ! sad1 surpris+ news t ,sp9oza _h g5tly pass$ away1 ! only "o by 8 b$side1 8 doctor & fri5d4 ,sp9oza s\ght 9 8 lifetime nei!r ri*es1 nor s5sual pleasure1 nor fame4 ,he wrote & publi%$ 8 books :5 he c\ld & ?\ght advisable because "p ( 8 joy consi/$ 9 ext5d+1 z he said1 a help+ h& to o!rs1 9 br++ !m to see & und]/& ?+s z he did4 ,if !y did n see1 or obdurately refus$ to und]/&1 he did n consid] x "p ( 8 task to ov]come !m4 ,he 0 animat$ by no mission>y zeal4 ,he 0 cont5t to se>* = ! tru? & to expla9 :at he f\nd z be/ he c\ld4 ,! tru?1 he dev\tly believ$1 w\ld make u free4 ,b x 0 tru? t we und]/ood1 n tru? t 0 =c$ ^u u4 ,he 0 q satisfi$ to leave 9 8 desk ! manuscript ( 8 ,e?ics4 ,p 9 8 lifetime did n want to li/5 to him4 ,if ev] !y did aft] 8 dea?1 !y 7 cordially welcome to4 ,9 dea? z 9 life !y w\ld f9d him fai?ful to 8 ideal4 ,sp9oza has (t5 be5 lik5$ to ! old ,hebrew prophets4 ,he does n1 x is true1 exhort ! p to foll[ 9 ! pa? ( righte\sness2 x is ! philosoph]'s task simply to %[ ! way4 ,b ! morality ,sp9oza /&s = is ! old prophetic morality purifi$ & made consi/5t ) itself4 ,& ,sp9oza 01 9 8 own "t1 z ! prophets 7 9 !irs1 a h]etic & a rebel1 a voice call+ 9 ! wild]ness--a wild]ness t 0 lat] to become ! v citadel ( civilization4 ,excommunicat$ by ! ,jews & vilifi$ by ! ,g5tiles dur+ 8 lifetime1 ,sp9oza has1 s9ce 8 dea?1 be5 canoniz$ by bo? alike z ! mo/ sa9tly & exalt$ ( philosoph]s4 ,l 8 =]unn]s ( old1 ,sp9oza 0 a prophet 9 ,israel1 = ,mank9d4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,sp9oza ,i ,sp9oza's philosophy has suff]$ n a little f ! highly ab/ruse & te*nical =m 9 :i* ! ,e?ics is writt54 ,"s1 :o are n inur$ to ! h>d%ips ( philosophy1 q naturally jump to ! conclusion t its =midable geometry conta9s only ! mo/ inscrutable ( philosophic my/]ies2 & a wise humility p]suades !m to =ego ! unexampl$ enlight5m5t a ma/]y ( ! difficulties w\ld yield4 ,o!rs1 :o are dev\tly w$d$ to :at !y consid] ! unres]v$ly empirical "* ( mod]n 7t is1 true7 philosophy1 avoid ! ,e?ics because !y are conv9c$1 on g5]al pr9ciples1 t only a m9d hopelessly lo/ 9 ! d>k night ( m$ieval speculation c\ld conceive ( philosophy 9 su* ultra-d$uctive fa%ion4 ,reason 0 = s long s]vile to idle !ology1 x is n at all surpris+ t a "w exemplify+ reason to su* high degree z does ! ,e?ics1 %\ld receive scant respect f intrepid empirici/s4 ,x is s easy to confuse ! rationalizations ( reason ) ! nature ( reason itself4 ,sp9oza did n1 h[ev]1 *oose ! geometrical ord] because he ?\ght 8 philosophy too pr(\nd = ord9>y exposition2 nor did he *oose x because he 0 enme%$ 9 m$ieval philosophic speculation4 ,he *ose x because 8 fundam5tal philosophic aim 0 to e/abli% e?ics on a ?or\ghly te/$1 sci5tific f\ndation2 & geometry1 an exempl> ( all ma!matical sci5ce1 mo/ completely embodi$1 at t "t1 ! highe/ sci5tific ideal4 ,man1 ,sp9oza held1 is a "p ( ,nature1 & ,nature is gov]n$ by et]nal & immutable laws4 ,x mu/ be j z possible1 !re=e1 to apply ! ma!matical me?od to man1 z x is to apply x to matt]4 ,x mu/ be possible to det]m9e1 ) ! c]titude obta9able 9 ! exact sci5ces1 :at ?+s are good = man & :at means he has = atta9+ !m4 ,sp9oza's belief 9 ! self-suffic+1 lawful ord] ( ,nature1 & ! adequacy ( ! natural p[]s ( our m9d to und]/& ! my/]ies 7popul>ly s apprais$7 ( heav5 & e>?1 ! s+ul> expository /yle ( ! ,e?ics emphasizes 9 unmi/akable fa%ion4 ,ev5 = our und]/&+ ( ,god's own nature1 ,div9e ,revelation1 z commonly int]pret$ 9 ,sp9oza's day & our own1 is :olly unnecess>y4 ,we ne$ only ! revelation af=d$ by ! natural p[]s ( reason op]ative 9 u4 ,9 geometry1 we d n bl9dly accept conclusions on fai?1 nor d we reject !m by au?ority4 ,we are guid$ 9 our discov]y ( ! true & ! false1 solely by ! light ( our natural und]/&+4 ,& ! tru?s we discov] are n tempor>y fabrications ( ! human m9d1 b et]nal tru?s ab\t ! nature ( ?+s4 ,p]haps no o!r s+le aspect ( ,sp9oza's philosophy di/+ui%es ,sp9oza f ! m$ievali/s z ?or\ghly z does 8 use ( ! geometrical ord] ( exposition2 & no o!r s+le aspect1 p]haps1 ju/ifies z ?or\ghly ,sp9oza's claim to rank ) ! mod]ns if n ev5 ! contempor>ies4 ,! geomet]'s me?od ( />t+ ) def9itions & axioms & proce$+ f proposition to proposition especially appeal$ to ,sp9oza1 ap>t f ! fact t geometry 0 an ideal sci5ce1 because1 = ,sp9oza1 ! ess5ce ( logical me?od consi/s 9 />t+ out ) ideas t are ( utt] simplicity4 ,!n1 if ! ideas are und]/ood at all1 !y c only be cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,! absolutely simple we c ei!r "k or n "k4 ,we _c be confus$ ab\t x4 ,& ideas :i* are cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood are1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 necess>ily true4 ,su* unambigu\sly simple & !re=e necess>ily true ideas ,sp9oza believ$ 8 def9itions & axioms express$4 ,fur!rmore1 if we gradually build up ! body ( our sci5ce by means ( our initial simple ideas1 ju/ify+ ourselves at e /ep by adequate pro(1 our f9al result w necess>ily be z firmly e/abli%$ & z c]ta9ly true z ! elem5t>y ideas we />t$ )4 ,! reliability ( ?is :ole proc$ure m ?an comp5sates = its t$i\sness--a defect ,sp9oza expressly recognizes4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re are o!r defects 9 ! geometrical me?od :5 x is appli$ to philosophy1 f> m s]i\s ?an its t$i\sness1--defects1 moreov]1 ,sp9oza app>5tly did n recognize4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! geometrical me?od is prem95tly sci5tific1 x is h>dly a =m suitable = philosophy4 ,! ,euclidean geomet] c take x = grant$ t ! read] und]/&s :at a l9e or plane1 a solid or an angle is4 ,= =mality1 a curt def9ition is suffici5t4 ,b ! philosoph]'s fundam5tal t]ms & ideas are precisely ^? 9 ne$ ( mo/ c>eful & elaborate elucidation--some?+ :i* _c be giv5 9 a =mal def9ition or axiom4 ,also1 9 ! geometrical =m1 ! burd5 ( ! au?or's att5tion is %ift$ f ! cl>ification ( ! propositions to ! accurate demon/ration ( !m4 ,:i*1 9 a philosophical treatise1 is mo/ un=tunate4 ,= ?\gh x is und\bt$ly highly desirable t ! philosoph] %\ld obs]ve ! same c>e & precision z ! sci5ti/1 admitt+ no?+ he _c prove1 x is nev]!less j z well = ! philosoph] to take reasonable c>e t :at he is consci5ti\sly prov+ is und]/ood4 ,t ,sp9oza did n always take su* c>e b consid]ably ov]-e/imat$ ! self-evid5ce ( 8 def9itions & axioms & ! simplicity ( _m ( 8 important propositions1 is an unhappy fact conclusively e/abli%$ by ! increas+ volume ( ,sp9ozi/ic lit]ature4 ,,ii ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! difficult1 & to ! lit]>y repell5t =m ( ! ,e?ics1 ! ca?olicity ( ,sp9oza's influ5ce has be5 extremely rem>kable4 ,9 "t1 8 influ5ce bids fair to equal 9 range1 if n 9 gross ext5t1 ! z yet unp>allel$ influ5ce ( ! arti/-philosoph] ,plato4 ,x took ab\t a hundr$ ye>s = ,sp9oza to come into some?+ ( 8 own4 ,= ! ,e?ics 0 condemn$ ) ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus z an a!i/ic & immoral "w4 ,only :5 ! romantic philosoph]s ( ,g]many1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,less+ & ,jacobi1 f\nd 9 ,sp9oza a man :o 01 z !y ?\ght1 aft] _! own he>t1 did ,sp9oza's mundane =tune *ange4 ,z a result ( _! ef=ts1 ,sp9oza ceas$ to be a philosoph] to be execrat$ 9 public 7?\gh furtively read 9 private71 & became a philosoph] to be eulogiz$ on all occasions 9 mo/ rhapsodic1 if bewild]+1 t]ms4 ,_m o!rs too1 besides pr(essional philosoph]s1 began to read ,sp9oza ) mu* sympa?y & unb\nd$ admiration4 ,goe!1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,he9e1 ,george ,eliot1 ,flaub]t1 ,col]idge1 & ,%elley--to m5tion only a few di/+ui%$ lay names--f\nd 9 ,sp9oza a p[]ful1 /imulat+ &1 9 v>y+ degrees1 cong5ial ?9k]4 ,to-day1 aft] hav+ be5 "o ( ! lib]at+ ?9k]s ( mank9d :o 0 read b n honor$1 ,sp9oza is fa/ becom+ "o ( ! canoniz$ ( mank9d :o are honor$ b n read4 ,! reason = ,sp9oza's magnific5t influ5ce is n difficult to discov]3 8 philosophy deals 9 a gr&1 illum9at+ way ) all t is ( pr(\nde/ importance 9 human life4 ,!re is no mat]ial ! univ]se (f]s = man's life b ,sp9oza seeks to und]/& & expla9 its rational function & utility4 ,= ,sp9oza set be=e himself ! h>d task ( lay+ d[n ! pr9ciples :]eby m5 may guide !mselves aright 9 all ! affairs ( life--! l[e/ z well z ! highe/4 ,8 philosophy1 z a result1 is at once ! mo/ exalt$ & ! mo/ matt] ( fact4 ,!re is no high s5tim5t or glori\s ideal to :i* ,sp9oza does n give prop] att5tion & a prop] place4 ,& yet he prop\nds no?+ 9 8 e?ical !ory t _c be cle>ly se5 by reason & t _c be fully sub/antiat$ by ! hi/ory ( man4 ,sp9oza's e?ics is p]fectly balanc$1 em95tly sane4 ,& !re is1 p]vad+ x all1 a /ately su/a9$ resolution ( m9d1 a royal1 (t5 religi\s _s & calm4 ,& ,sp9oza's ?\ght1 if n all ( 8 t]m9ology1 is refre%+ly mod]n & contempor>y4 ,we f9d 9 him1 z 9 contempor>ies1 an utt] reliance ^u ! p[]s ( ! human m9d4 ,all dogmatism1 9 ! pri/9e connotation ( unexam9$ adh]5ce to ! doctr9es ( tradition1 is abs5t f 8 ?\ght4 ,sp9oza is ?or\ghly critical1 = only mod]n philosophic arrogance1 9 fir/ full bloom 9 ,kant1 c ju/ly monopolize ! t]m critical = itself4 ,naturally1 ?\gh1 ,sp9oza is unfamili> ) ! :ole app>atus & /yle ( philosophic ?9k+ :i* ! la/ two c5turies ( excessively disputati\s & rem>kably inconclusive philosophy h creat$4 ,sp9oza has 8 own te*nical philosophic /yle1 inh]it$ to "s ext5t1 b to a mu* l>g] ext5t trans=m$ by him = orig9al use4 ,b te*nical z 8 /yle may be1 x is simplicity itself :5 comp>$ ) ! horrific /yles :i* 71 until ! la/ few decades1 alone ?\ght adequate to express ! pr(\nd & esot]ic my/]ies ( mod]n philosophy4 ,! philosophic j>gon ( ! #ah?4 & #ai?4 c5turies is n[ almo/ univ]sally disc>d$1 & ) x pret]naturally recondite & ineffectual modes ( ?\ght4 ,^? :o h a*iev$ at lea/ "s ( ! new simplicity 9 ?\ght & expression are bett] able ?an any o!rs to ent] into ! he>t ( ,sp9oza's philosophy1 into ! op5 secret ( 8 ?\ght4 ,= ap>t f ! m]e /yli/ic difficulties ( ! ,e?ics & "s detail ( 8 metaphysical doctr9e1 ! few great & simple ideas :i* dom9ate 8 philosophy are q easy to und]/&--especially if "o uses ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus z an introduction to !m4 ,x 0 an unexpress$ maxim ) ,sp9oza t ev5 at ! risk ( keep+ our heads empty x is necess>y we keep our m9ds simple & pure4 ,,iii ,! c5tral controll+ idea ( ,sp9oza's philosophy is t all ?+s are necess>ily det]m9$ 9 ,nature1 :i* he conceives to be an absolutely inf9ite unifi$ & uni=m ord]4 ,in/ead ( ma9ta9+ t ,god is l man magnifi$ to inf9ity1 :o has absolute1 irresponsible control ( a univ]se :i* is ext]nal to him--! r rude an?ropomorphic acc\nt ( ! ultimate nature ( ! univ]se conta9$ 9 ! ,bible--,sp9oza ma9ta9s t ,god is id5tical ) ! univ]se & mu/ be & act accord+ to et]nal & necess>y laws4 ,god is ,nature1 if we und]/& by ,nature n m]ely inf9ite matt] & inf9ite ?\ght1--! two attributes ( ,nature specifically kn[n to u--b inf9ite o!r attributes ! precise "* ( :i* we c nev]1 because ( our f9itude1 compreh5d4 ,)9 ?is ,be+--,god1 ,nature or ,sub/ance 7! m te*nical1 philosophic t]m7--!re is no di*otomy2 & !re is outside ( x no regulative or co]cive intellig5ce su* z ! ,biblical ,god is conceiv$ to be4 ,:atev] is1 is "o4 ,& x is1 9 ! special ,sp9ozi/ic s5se1 supremely p]fect because absolutely real4 ,!re is1 consid]$ 9 its totality1 no lack or defect 9 ,nature4 ,!re c be1 !re=e1 no cosmic purposes1 = su* purposes w\ld imply t ,nature is yet unf9i%$1 or unp]fect$1 t is1 n completely real4 ,some?+ t _c possibly be true ( an absolutely inf9ite ,be+4 ,sp9oza's conception ( an absolutely inf9ite univ]se is a va/ improvem5t ^u ! p5t-91 f9ite m$ieval univ]se inh]it$ f ,ari/otle4 ,x exce$s by inf9ity1 9 bread? ( vision1 ev5 our contempor>y notion ( an inf9ite physical cosmos4 ,& 8 conception ( univ]sal necessity is z great an advance ^u ! view t trans=m$ natural occurr5ces into miracul\s ev5ts4 ,miracles1 accord+ to ! ,bible1 mo/ cle>ly exemplify ,god's omnipot5ce2 = omnipot5ce 9 ! popul> m9d consi/s 9 no?+ s mu* z 9 ! ability to satisfy any purpose or :im no matt] h[ transitory x is1 or h[ incompatible ) :at has be5 antec$5tly desir$ or done4 ,miracles may be extraord9>y occurr5ces ) ref]5ce to ! ord] ( ,nature1 b !y are1 ) ref]5ce to ,god1 commonplace exhibitions ( ,8 ,almighty p[]4 ,= ,sp9oza1 h[ev]1 miracles1 did !y actually occur1 w\ld exhibit n ,god's p[]1 b ,8 impot5ce4 ,! omnipot5ce ( ! "o absolutely inf9ite ,be+ is n %[n by temp]am5tal int]ruptions ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts2 x is manife/$ 9 ! immutable & necess>y laws by :i* all ?+s come to pass4 ,sp9oza's conception ( ! univ]se1 flawlessly op]at+ "u necess>y laws1 effectively disposes ( miracles4 ,& to dispose ( miracles is "o ( ,sp9oza's prim>y conc]ns4 ,= z long z miracles happ51 organiz$ k & rational control--! bases ( a rational life--are bo? impossible = man4 ,if ev5ts 7 n absolutely condition$ by ! det]m9ate nature ( ?+s1 in/ead ( sci5ce1 we %\ld h sup]/ition1 & magic in/ead ( sci5tific control4 ,:5 a god gov]ns ! univ]se accord+ to 8 transitory & altoge!r p]sonal :ims1 or :5 *ance1 )\t a god1 reigns1 man is hopelessly at ! m]cy ( ! flux ( ev5ts4 ,9 ! conduct ( 8 affairs memory is ( no use to him1 & =e?\ght is impossible4 ,9 su* cases man1 z we read 9 8 hi/ory1 & c\ld easily conclude f 8 nature1 pite\sly grasps = salvation at :atev] happ5s 8 way4 ,all ?+s are !n load$ ) om9\s p[]s ! /r5g? ( :i* is directly proportionate to ! hope or fe> t en?ralls him4 ,if ! univ]se 7 lawless1 ! irony ( man's fate w\ld =ev] be :at x 0 :5 he liv$ 9 abysmal ignorance3 :5 9 bitt]e/ ne$ ( sane guidance1 he w\ld be mo/ prone to tru/ to ! feeble/ & mo/ irrational ( aids4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ?+s are det]m9$ by necessity1 no?+ happ5+ ei!r miracul\sly or by *ance1 sci5ce & a comm5surate p[] ( sci5tific control is possible = man4 ,no m important argum5t c\ld ,sp9oza conceive 9 favor ( 8 doctr9e4 ,,iv ,b ! v doctr9e :i* ,sp9oza plac$ at ! he>t ( 8 philosophy because ( ! ine/imable advantages man c\ld d]ive f x1 p l\dly object$ to on ! gr\nd t x robb$ man's life ( all moral & religi\s value4 ,det]m9ism1 !y exclaim$1 r$uces man to ! rank ( inanimate ,nature2 )\t free-w man is no bett] ?an a slave1 8 life doom$ by an inexorable fate4 ,true en\gh1 no?+ is m abhorr5t or m deadly to ! /riv+ s\l ( man ?an to be b\nd 9 a fatali/ic doctr9e4 ,b ! anti-det]m9i/s wildly confuse a p]v]t$ det]m9ism ( ends ) a sci5tific det]m9ism ( means4 ,& only ! =m] det]m9ism is truly fatali/ic4 ,?is confusion is to be f\nd equally c5tral 9 ,h5ry ,old5burg's inconsequ5tial lett]s to ,sp9oza & 9 ,b]n>d ,%aw's %amelessly silly ,preface to ,back to ,me?uselah4 ,fundam5tal confusions rema9 a/oni%+ly /able ?r\gh\t ! c5turies4 ,sp9oza1 :5 he ma9ta9$ t all ?+s are necess>ily det]m9$ by ! laws ( _! own be+1 c]ta9ly did n mean to say t1 = example1 ! too?bru% ,i %all buy to-morr[ w be det]m9$ by ! /ell> du/ ( ons ago4 ,he did n wi% to ma9ta9 t ! inf9ite occurr5ces ( ! pa/ 7 sl[ly b p]si/5tly mov+ to t f> f div9e or di/ant ev5t4 ,no aborig9al a/ronom] royal c\ld h pr$ict$ ! p5d+ pur*ase m]ely by exhau/ively analyz+ ! !n /ell> du/4 ,= too?bru%es & _! pur*ase are det]m9$ by ! nature ( human be+s1 n by ! nature ( embryonic />s4 ,& ,sp9oza's doctr9e ( necessity ma9ta9s t all ev5ts are det]m9$ by _! prop] causes1 n t ev]y?+ is imm$iately caus$ by "s ant$iluvian ev5t4 ,& ?is is true ev5 ?\gh we c />t f any ev5t 9 ! pres5t1 no matt] h[ trivial1 & g back to an ev5t causally antec$5t1 & f t to ano!r1 ev5 until we rec$e into ! /ell> du/ itself4 ,b ?is only am\nts to say+1 :at is und\bt$ly true1 t nei!r ,i nor ! too?bru% c\ld n[ exi/ if ! /ell> du/1 & ! :ole s]ies ( int]v5+ ev5ts1 _h n exi/$4 ,b ?is is totally diff]5t f say+ t ! /ell> du/ exi/$ t ,i might exi/ to-day & buy a too?bru% to-morr[1 or1 :at equals ! same1 t ,i & ! too?bru% exi/ s t ! /ell> du/ & ! exce$+ly long consequ5ce ( natural ev5ts %\ld h a f9al purpose1 an ultimate end--ev5 if n an ideal fulfillm5t4 ,n[ only :5 causality1 z 9 ! latt] case1 is p]v]sely teleological is det]m9ism fatali/ic4 ,fatalism is ! result only :5 ! ends ( activity are necess>ily b arbitr>ily det]m9$4 ,b :5 causality is n arbitr>ily teleological1 or :5 only ! natures ( ?+s1 ! in/rum5ts or means ( activity are necess>ily det]m9$1 !n det]m9ism involves no fatalism at all4 ,! only truly fatali/ic sy/ems :i* h _h an important influ5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 h be5 c]ta9 religi\s sy/ems--! ,*ri/ian religion among !m4 ,! en]gies ( we/]n m5 71 = ov] f\rte5 c5turies1 robb$ ( all vitality & mean+ because ,*ri/ian !ology irrevocably fix$ ! end ( life1 & man c\ld d no?+ to alt] x significantly 9 any respect4 ,arbitr>y teleological det]m9ism is1 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! philosophic root ( o!r worldl9ess4 ,& x 0 no alleviation ( ! /ate ( affairs t miracles c\ld happ5 9 ! realm ( ,nature1 t is1 t ,nature 0 n det]m9$1 b 0 undet]m9$1 accid5tal1 or free4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 a decid$ aggravation t !re exi/$ side by side ) a p]v]se teleological det]m9ism = ! o!r _w1 an in/rum5tal indet]m9ism = ?is _w4 ,= ! latt] s]v$ z effectively to put ! means ( man's life1 z ! =m] did to put 8 end1 out ( 8 pres5t rea* & control4 ,contra/ ! mod]n & contempor>y ,*ri/ian p]iod ) ! m$ieval & pre-m$ieval ,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,:at a va/ diff]5ce !re is6 ,) ! introduction ( ! mod]n p]iod man's en]gies 7 almo/ in/antane\sly lib]at$4 ,& :y8 ,because ( ,*ancellor ,bacon's discov]y ( ! value ( empirical inve/igation8 ,h>dly4 ,= ?is discov]y _h be5 made long be=e ,bacon4 ,b x 0 only aft] ,bacon t ! discov]y _h a great effect because an enorm\s intellectual trans=mation _h already p>tly tak5 place 9 ! "t betwe5 ! fir/ m$ieval discov]y ( ! empirical me?od & ,bacon's proclamation ( x4 ,! enorm\s *ange 0 t det]m9ism _h be5 transf]r$ f ends to means2 & indet]m9ism f means to ends4 ,ma!matical physics _h1 z a sy/em = expla9+ ,nature1 supplant$ !ology4 ,) sci5tific det]m9ism firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! realm ( ,nature & arbitr>y det]m9ism ?or\ghly dise/abli%$ 9 ! realm ( ends1 ! two-fold fatality t cru%$ man ) its oppressive p[]1 automatically disappe>$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! _w ceas$ to be haunt$ by demonic p[]s2 x 0 no long] a miracul\s _w subject con/antly to caprici\s p]turbations4 ,x 0 no long] a _w ali5 to man's nature & x !re=e ceas$ to be %e]ly brutal to him4 ,= ! _w is brutal only z long z we d n und]/& x4 ,z soon z we d1 x ceases to be brutal1 & becomes q human1 if n humane4 ,k transmutes a brute exi/5t into a rational in/rum5tality4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 man c\ld n[ esp\se any end consonant ) 8 nature4 ,he 0 no long] b\nd & dw>f$ by an ali51 sup]impos$ end :i* is j z %e]ly brutal to man's s\l z an ali5 _w is %e]ly brutal to man's body4 ,( c\rse1 ! ends t are consonant ) man's nature are det]m9$ by 8 nature1 s t x may seem we h n really escap$ ! fatality ( det]m9ism4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only seem+ly s4 ,because1 accord+ to ! teleological det]m9ism ( ,*ri/ian !ology ! ends 7 fix$ indep5d5tly ( ! natures t 7 to fulfill !m2 j z1 accord+ to in/rum5tal indet]m9ism ev5ts 7 caus$ indep5d5tly ( ! natures ( ! ?+s t caus$ !m4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld be no?+ miracul\s ab\t miracles & no?+ virtu\s ab\t ,calv9ism4 ,b if ! ends are ! ends ( our natures1--t is1 if teleological det]m9ism is n p]v]se & arbitr>y b rational & sci5tific--we are1 z ,sp9oza con/antly po9ts out1 free4 ,only :5 we are subject to ali5 ends or ! ends ( ali5 natures are we enslav$4 ,= fre$om is n oppos$ to necessity or det]m9ism2 x is only oppos$ to an ali5 necessity or ali5 det]m9ism4 ,fre$om consi/s n 9 absolute indet]m9ation1 b 9 absolute self-det]m9ation4 ,& self-det]m9ation is ! v la/ ?+ t c be call$ fatali/ic4 ,because ,sp9oza knew t fre$om consi/s 9 self-det]m9ation he 0 sav$ f fall+ into ! absurdities ( ,r\sseau's ,back to ,nature doctr9e ev5 ?\gh ,nature is1 = ,sp9oza1 ! orig9 ( ev]y?+ & its laws1 ! only laws t are div9e4 ,/ill1 ! purpose & conduct ( man's life1 if !y are to be rational1 mu/ be def9$ by man's nature n by any o!r nature2 if man is to be free1 he mu/ be guid$ by ! p>ticul> laws ( 8 own be+1 n by ! laws ( any o!r be+ lea/ ( all by ! g5]al laws ( s totally dissimil> a be+ z absolutely inf9ite ,nature4 ,!re is z mu* s5se & rationality 9 exhort+ u to g back to ! ,realm ( ,nature1 z !re is 9 exhort+ u to g on to ! ,city ( ,god4 ,!re is1 9 ,sp9oza's sy/em1 no teleological det]m9ism 79 ! p]v]t$ !ological usage expla9$ above72 b nei!r is !re1 9 ,sp9oza's sy/em1 any free-w = man4 ,& ! hue & cry t is always rais$ :5 free-w is d5i$1 0 rais$ aga9/ ,sp9oza4 ,! clamor\s morali/s prote/ t free-w is ! necess>y 7sic67 f\ndation ( all morality1 & h5ce ( religion4 ,?is is ! />t+ po9t ( ,b]n>d ,%aw's no less ?an ( ,h5ry ,old5burg's infuriat$ argum5t4 ,&1 un=tunately1 no less a ?9k] ?an ,william ,james />ts f ! same misguid$ assumption4 ,& yet no?+ c be m c]ta9ly cle> ?an t if man z a matt] ( fact has no free-w x is ! v height ( absurdity to ma9ta9 t man's morality necess>ily dep5ds ^u 8 hav+ free-w4 ,some?+ man does n possess _c be made any condition1 let alone ! indisp5sable condition ( 8 be+ able to live a moral life4 ,man's morality mu/ be bas$ ^u 8 nature2 & :at 8 nature is _c be antec$5tly det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( any special moral !ory4 ,moral !ory mu/ be bas$ ^u man's nature2 n man's nature ^u moral !ory4 ,f> f free-w be+ a necess>y f\ndation ( morality free-w w\ld make all morality1 ( ! k9d we "k & ! free-w-i/s want1 absolutely impossible4 ,! c5tral condition ( moral life is responsibility4 ,s c5tral is x1 t x is n[ ackn[l$g$ z su* 9 all ! p5al codes ( civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,b if man has1 in/ead ( a det]m9ate nature1 free-w1 responsibility c 9 no way be fix$4 ,education1 too1 is necess>ily impossible4 ,h5ce all puni%m5t w\ld h to be retributive4 ,moral /rife1 z well z legal p5alties1 w\ld be> all ! /igmata ( unmitigat$1 imbecilic cruelty4 ,?is is n ! case h[ev] if man has an absolutely det]m9ate nature4 ,education is possible4 ,& !re=e al?\gh crime loses none ( its evil "*1 puni%m5t c lose all ( its inhuman /+4 ,! necess>y condition ( human morality is responsibility n irresponsibility2 reliability n unreliability2 c]ta9ty n unc]ta9ty2 a firm w1 n a free w4 ,free-w is necess>y only 9 !ological apologetics4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ian !ology1 if man did n h free-w x w\ld foll[ t ,god is ! ,au?or ( all ! evil ( ! _w4 ,some?+ :i* is n q 9 keep+ ) ,8 p]fect goodness4 ,by a que] twi/ ( m9d1 !ologians !re=e gave man1 & n ,god 7z !y %\ld h done7 free-w4 ,b !y gave man free-w n to enable him to live virtu\sly1 b to enable him to s94 ,if man 7 able to live virtu\sly z well z s9fully ( 8 own free-w he w\ld !n be altoge!r indep5d5t ( ,god1 :i* c 9 no way be admitt$ or all[$4 ,h5ce ! bitt] & he>t-r5d+ cries ( or?odox1 especially evangelical m9i/]s t if left to !mselves !y c only s96 ,!y c live virtu\sly only :5 !y are absolutely co]c$ s to live by ,god6 ,_! radical inability to und]/& or believe ! self-reliant moral p]son gr[s f ! v he>t ( _! !ology4 ,= free-w--! only fre$om !y "k--is ! necess>y condition1 n ( man's morality1 b ( ,god's6 ,!re is no fatalism 9 ,sp9oza's sy/em4 ,fatalism is ! moral value ( a !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,t !ory is fatali/ic1 :i* makes ! activities man *]i%es ei!r futile or impossible4 ,any sy/em t puts man at ! m]cy ( ! flux ( ev5ts does precisely ?is4 ,?is is necess>ily done by a sy/em accord+ to :i* ! univ]se does n fai?fully obs]ve an immutable ord]1 does n obey c]ta9 fix$ & et]nal laws4 ,no?+ is z fatal z an accid5t2 no univ]se z fatali/ic z an accid5tal univ]se4 ,!re is no fatalism 9 ,sp9oza's sy/em because !re are no accid5ts 9 ,sp9oza's univ]se4 ,all ?+s are necess>ily det]m9$ by immutable laws1 & man1 :o is an integral "p ( ! univ]se1 is necess>ily )\t free-w4 ,9 ,sp9oza's sy/em1 ends1 be+ undet]m9$ 7z contra/$ ) _! be+ det]m9$ 9 ! !ological s5se expla9$ above7 !y c ex]cise no fatali/ic p[]2 & means1 al?\gh det]m9$ 79 ! /rict sci5tific s5se7 are simil>ly impot5t because !y are1 9 ! life ( man1 subord9ate to ends4 ,consequ5tly1 ,sp9oza 0 able to write ^u ,human ,fre$om ) a tru? & cl>ity & =ce excell+ by f> all !ological1 teleological1 free-w1 ideali/ic philosoph]s f ,plato to ,josiah ,royce4 ,sp9oza 0 able to write ?us because1 n 9 spite ( ! fact t he plac$ at ! he>t ( 8 philosophy ! doctr9e ( necessity2 because1 n 9 spite ( ! fact t he develop$ ! only complete sy/em ( philosophy /rictly consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce or ma!matical physics4 ,sp9oza is1 p]haps1 ! only ?or\ghly emancipat$1 ! only ?or\ghly mod]n & sci5tific philosoph] t ev] liv$4 ,& he is1 mu* m c]ta9ly1 ! only ?or\ghly emancipat$1 ! only ?or\ghly mod]n & sci5tific e?ici/ t ev] liv$4 ,to-day1 9 view ( ! ext5sive dom9ion & au?ority ( sci5ce1 ! objections aga9/ ,sp9oza's doctr9e ( necessity c h>dly be z self-righte\s & z l\d z !y 7 two c5turies ago4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! uni=mity ( ,nature has become ! e/abli%$ f\ndation ( natural sci5ce4 ,& x is also ackn[l$g$1 except 9 ! rec5t ranks ( sup]/ition1 t man is a "p ( ,nature1 n indep5d5t ( x4 ,man's connection ) ,nature is1 9 ,sp9oza's sy/em1 at lea/ z intimate z x is 9 ! late/ sy/em ( natural sci5ce4 ,! orig9al doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( species1 ,sp9oza w\ld h f\nd entirely 9 h>mony ) 8 g5]al philosophy1 al?\gh :at he w\ld h ?\ght ( subsequ5t evolution>y extravaganzas1 x is impossible to say4 ,d>w9ian biology made man consub/antial ) ! animal k+dom2 ,sp9oza's metaphysics makes man's body consub/antial ) ! inf9ite attribute ( ext5sion or matt]1 & 8 m9d consub/antial ) ! inf9ite attribute ( ?\ght :i* is ! m9d ( ,nature or ,god4 ,man1 z a mode ( ext5sion & ?\ght1 is necess>ily subject to ! laws ( ^! two attributes ( :i* he is comp\nd$4 ,! fundam5tal relation ( man to ! univ]se1 set =? 9 ! ,bible1 is radically trans=m$4 ,man is no long] an only *ild ( ,god1 enjoy+ 8 privileges & protection 7occasionally temp]$ by inexp]i5c$ puni%m5ts72 he is a mode ( two attributes ( sub/ance inexorably det]m9$ by _! univ]sal1 immutable laws4 ,v ,( all ! laws ( ! univ]se1 x 0 ,sp9oza's *ief object to discov] ! m5tal laws4 ,t !re 7 su* laws 8 metaphysics assur$ him2 & ! exi/5ce to-day ( a sci5ce ( psy*ology sub/antiates 8 belief4 ,! mo/ popul> ( rec5t psy*ologies--,freudianism--is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t no?+ :atev] happ5s 9 ! m5tal life ( man1 wak+ or asleep1 t is n specifically det]m9$ by asc]ta9able causes4 ,psy*oanalytic !rapy w\ld be impossible o!rwise4 ,psy*iatry1 too1 has conclusively demon/rat$ t only metaphorically is ! subject matt] x deals ) 9 ! region ( ! abnormal4 ,actually1 ! insane are subject to laws ( behavior :i* c be sci5tifically /udi$ no less ?an ! sane4 ,!y are no m possess$ ( an evil1 design+ _s1 z our wit*-burn+ ance/ors consi/5tly believ$1 ?an ! ord9>y human be+ is possess$ ( free-w4 ,sp9oza's psy*ology is dialectical4 ,b x is no indictm5t ( 8 psy*ology to po9t out t x is4 ,x is true1 8 =mal def9ition ( sorr[1 = in/ance1 fails supremely to t\* ! /r+s ( a sympa!tic he>t4 ,b ! philosophical psy*ologi/ is n a noveli/4 ,! rec5t claim t lit]>y psy*ology is ! only valid psy*ology1 is z well f\nd$ z ! claim w\ld be t only a lit]>y physics is valid4 ,ma!matical physics gives u no m a picture ( ! actual physical univ]se ?an ,sp9oza's psy*ology gives u a picture ( ! m5tal & emotional life ( an actual human be+4 ,b ! failure ( ^! sci5ces to give u a picture ( ! liv+ _w 9 no way invalidates _! tru?1 or deprives !m ( _! utility4 ,consid]1 z an example1 ,sp9oza's psy*ological law freely express$ 9 ! dictum t ,paul's idea ( ,pet] tells u m ab\t ,paul ?an ab\t ,pet]4 ,?is conclusion foll[s /rictly f fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,sp9oza's ab/ract1 dialectical psy*ology2 b its tru? or its practical applicability is because ( t n 9 ! lea/ impair$4 ,inde$1 because ( its dialectical =m its range ( mean+ is greatly increas$4 ,sp9oza's dictum applies to :at ,william ,james call$ ! psy*ologi/'s fallacy4 ,x also applies to :at ,john ,rusk9 call$ ! pa!tic fallacy4 ,aga91 x applies to ! fallacy ,franz ,boas expos$ & :i* he may ju/ly h call$ ! an?ropologi/'s fallacy4 ,& x applies also to :at "o may1 ) a great deal ( b5efit1 dub ! e?ici/'s fallacy4 ,= ! v same con/itutional weakness ( man to id5tify confus$ly 8 own nature ) t ( ! object he is contemplat+ or /udy+1 is mo/ flagrantly & pa9fully evid5t 9 ! fields ( !oretical & practical e?ics4 ,! e?ici/'s fallacy is ! s\rce ( all absolutism 9 !ory1 & all intol]ance 9 practice4 ,all f\r fallacies j enum]at$ come "u ,sp9oza's dictum z special cases come "u a g5]al law4 ,& ^! f\r are by no means ! only in/ances ( ! common habit ( m9d4 ,f no field ( human endeavor is ! mis*ief-work+ fallacy ev] abs5t4 ,we f9d x lodg$ 9 ! judge's decision1 ! propag&i/'s program1 ! hi/orian's record1 ! philosoph]'s sy/em4 ,9 ! field ( metaphysical poetry x has rec5tly be5 id5tifi$ by ,santayana z normal madness4 ,9 its mild] =ms1 ! fallacy is n[ kn[n by e "o z ! p]sonal equation2 9 its pron\nc$1 abnormal manife/ations x is kn[n by ! psy*oanaly/s z transf]5ce4 ,x is a ,protean fallacy wov5 into ! emotional texture ( ! human m9d4 ,no?+1 = x1 is sacr$ en\gh to be inviolate4 ,= ,sp9oza discov]$ x sanctimoni\sly en%r9$ ev5 9 ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,z he brilliantly %[s u 9 ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus1 ! prophets' ideas ab\t ,god tell u m ab\t ! prophets ?an ab\t ,god4 ,! f>-rea*+ significance ( ,sp9oza's propositions is "o ( _! mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ics4 ,?is is due to ! fact1 contempor>y philological philosoph]s not)/&+1 t ,sp9oza def9$ ! ess5ce1 ! g5]at+ pr9ciple1 n ! accid5tal qualities1 ( ! human m9d4 ,ano!r example may n be out ( place4 ,sp9oza's proposition t any?+ may be accid5tally 79 ! philosophic s5se ( accid5t7 a cause ( pleasure1 pa91 or desire seems to expla9 ! ess5ce ( all ! p>ticul> v>iations ( ! psy*ological ph5om5a kn[n n[ by all :o h be5 ar\s$ to ! significance ( _! vagrant cryptic slumb]s1 z ! ph5om5a ( symbolism1 sublimation1 & feti* wor%ip4 ,sp9oza's proposition expla9s all ! ph5om5a adequately because among ! fundam5tal human emotions1 ,sp9oza l ,freud--if we disc\nt ! rec5t attempt to g beyond ! pleasure-pr9ciple--reckons only ?ree3 desire1 pleasure & pa94 ,& ) ,sp9oza1 z ) ! ,freudians1 x sometimes seems t desire is m fundam5tal ?an ! o!r two1 = desire expresses1 9 ,sp9oza's t]m9ology1 ! ess5ce ( man4 ,desire h[ev] may be /imulat$ by almo/ any?+4 ,x requires ! lea/ sanity ( m9d1 !re=e1 to prev5t "o f sc&al\sly ov]-emphasiz+ "o p>ticul> class ( objects--( desire4 ,! /rik+ simil>ity1 if n id5tity1 betwe5 ,sp9oza's psy*ological doctr9es & ^? ( contempor>ies1 s]ves to give conclusive lie to ! crass contempor>y cont5tion t ,tru? in/9ctively %uns ! philosophical /udy1 & t %e only favors ! laboratory or cl9ic :]e %e freely comes & frankly discloses h]self to ! cold1 imp]sonal embrace ( me*anical in/rum5ts4 ,x is n altoge!r =tuit\sly t ,sp9oza's psy*ology embraces s readily contempor>y psy*ological conceptions4 ,sp9oza made a psy*ological1 if n psy*oanalytical1 analysis ( "s portions ( ,scripture4 ,& ,scripture is a v ri* human mat]ial4 ,besides hav+ to expla9 ! div]se & conflict+ acc\nts ! diff]5t ,scriptural au?ors gave ( ! nature ( ,god1 ,sp9oza _h to acc\nt = ! sup]/iti\s beliefs commonly held by m5 t are incorporat$ 9 ! ,bible--! beliefs 9 om5s1 devils1 angels1 miracles1 magical rites4 ,sp9oza _h to acc\nt = all ^! by means ( 8 analysis ( human nature s9ce he w\ld n grant ! exi/5ce ( sup]natural be+s & p[]s4 ,sp9oza's psy*ology adequately p]=ms ! task4 ,8 psy*ology demon/rates ) unsurpass$ ?or\ghness & cl>ity h[ human emotions1 :5 uncontroll$ 9 any way by intellig5ce1 naturally atta* !mselves to all sorts ( biz>rely irrelevant & absurd ?+s1 & /imulate ! imag9ation to end[ ^! ?+s ) all ! qualities & p[]s ! di/urb$ he>ts ( ignorant m5 desire4 ,ignorant & fru/rat$ man1 ,sp9oza %[$1 frantically dreams ) 8 eyes op54 ,,vi ,sp9oza's me?od 9 psy*ology is dialectical1 b 8 int]e/ is practical4 ,8 psy*ology "o might almo/ say is a moral psy*ology4 ,sp9oza wants to expla9 m5tal ph5om5a ?r\gh _! prim>y causes because a k ( man's nature is ! radical cure = 8 ills4 ,! greate/ ob/acle man has to cont5d aga9/ is 8 emotional nature4 ,n t x is inh]5tly degrad$ or s9ful--! grotesque sup]/ition "s religi\s morali/s h ma9ta9$2 b man's emotional nature ma/]s1 m (t5 ?an n1 man's rational nature1 & leads man a/ray4 ,:5 ! emotions are unre/ra9$ & undirect$ by k & intellig5ce1 !y viol5tly atta* !mselves to any?+ t *ances to excite !m4 ,_! />k imm$iacy vitiates man's judgm5t4 ,he is unable1 :ile "u _! sway1 to select & foll[ ! c\rse t is be/1 because 8 m9d is engulf$ 9 ! evanesc5t pres5t4 ,9 8 hectic desire to ga9 ! pass+ pleasure1 man loses 8 ultimate good4 ,b man's salvation1 j z mu* z 8 damnation1 is )9 8 own control4 ,salvation or bless$ness is some?+ man c a*ieve by 8 own ef=ts2 x is n some?+ he c a*ieve only by ,div9e ,grace4 ,= x is no innate p]v]sion ( s\l1 no inh]5t wick$ness ( man1 no malici\s free-w t causes him to foll[ ! lure ( ! ,devil r ?an ! light ( ,god4 ,! v elem5ts 9 man's nature :i* cause him to fall are ! means by :i* he c make himself rise4 ,he c pit "o emotion aga9/ ano!r & ! /rong] w n m]ely w91 b w w9 ov]1 ! weak]4 ,& x is 9 ! nature ( ! emotions n to h only "o satisfy+ object1 b to be able to d]ive satisfaction f almo/ any object :atsoev]4 ,! mo/ spiritual =ms ( human love h ! same emotional f\ndations z ! mo/ be/ial =ms ( human lu/4 ,to le>n h[ to become ma/] ( "o's emotions1 to le>n h[ to free oneself f _! bondage1 is1 !re=e1 ! prim>y condition ( su/a9$ & rational happ9ess4 ,! key to virtue1 ,sp9oza indep5d5tly agre$ ) ,socrates1 is k ( oneself4 ,only :5 we und]/& ourselves c we control our emotions4 ,& only :5 we h our emotions "u control are we able consi/5tly to direct our activity t[>ds a def9ite1 rational goal4 ,our activity !n foll[s f our own nature1 & n f ! nature ( ext]nal ?+s :i* ar\se our emotions & det]m9e _! /r5g?4 ,&1 z already notic$1 to be ! necess>y cause ( our own activity is1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 to be free4 ,x is impossible1 ( c\rse1 = man ev] to be ! sole cause ( 8 activity4 ,to be su*1 he w\ld h to be an entirely indep5d5t be+--an absolute p[]--some?+ he c nev] be4 ,no matt] h[ eloqu5tly misguid$ en?usia/s extol ! p[]ful m]its ( man's free-w x w always be true t man's emotions1 s5sations & ideas *ange v significantly ) ! organic *anges t occur 9 8 body4 ,! emotions1 s5sations & ideas ( a *ild diff] f ^? ( a man1 & ^? ( a man 9 maturity diff] f ^? ( a man decrepit ) old age4 ,& ^! & simil> *anges are q beyond ! control ( man4 ,h[ev]1 )\t d5y+ man's intimate dep5d5ce ^u ,nature1 x is /ill possible to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? activities :i* foll[1 9 an important degree1 f a man's individual nature--:atev] x may happ5 to be at ! "t--& ^? activities :i* foll[ only f 8 own nature 9 conjunction ) ! nature ( o!r ?+s4 ,! movem5t ( my p5 on pap] w\ld be impossible )\t ! g5]al ord] ( ,nature :i* all[s su* ph5om5a z motion1 p5 & pap]1 to exi/4 ,nev]!less1 ,i c pr(itably di/+ui% betwe5 ! movem5t ( my p5 on pap] & ! movem5t ( my body ?r\gh /ell> space4 ,! =m] movem5t foll[s1 9 an important s5se1 f my own peculi> con/itution2 ! latt]1 f ! con/itution ( ! /ell> sy/em4 ,likewise1 b m significantly = human welf>e1 "o c di/+ui% broadly betwe5 ! activities & ! passivities ( ! m9d2 betwe5 man z an ag5t1 a do]--man's intellect2 & man z a pati5t1 a suff]]--man's passions4 ,9 ?is creative age su* di/9ction %\ld be s+ul>ly easy to draw4 ,9 moral t]m9ology "o c di/+ui% betwe5 man z free & man z enslav$4 ,s9ce man c nev] be ! sole cause ( 8 activity1 he c nev] be :olly free4 ,! range ( human p[] is extremely limit$1 & ,sp9oza is ev] c>eful to po9t t out4 ,sp9oza is no incurable optimi/1 no ,leibnizian ,pangloss :o believes ?is is1 = man1 ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,to be humanly ideali/ic x is by no means necess>y to be sup]-humanly utopian4 ,b nei!r is ,sp9oza a %all[ ,s*op5hau]ian pessimi/4 ,sp9oza's reali/ic appraisal ( man's worldly e/ate is entirely free f all romantic despair4 ,?is _w is no m ! wor/ ?an x is ! be/ ( all possible worlds = man4 ,al?\gh man _c completely alt] 8 evil e/ate1 he c bett] x4 ,& ! wisdom ( philosophy consi/s 9 recogniz+ ?is fact & discov]+ :at ways & means !re are = br++ su* bett]m5t ab\t4 ,?is ,sp9oza has 9 m9d ?r\gh\t ! devi\s c\rses ( 8 philosophy4 ,x is pres5t to him :5 he del9eates ! "* ( ,nature or ,god1 :5 he outl9es ! nature ( ! m9d & its emotions1 no less ?an :5 he specifically addresses himself to ! task ( describ+ ! way to ! highe/ bless$ness ( man4 ,inde$1 s int5t is ,sp9oza ^u rea*+ 8 e?ical goal1 & mak+ all 8 doctr9es contributory to x1 he purposely omits to treat ( _m philosophical problems because !y are1 ?\gh int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 ( too little value = ! conduct ( man's life4 ,8 philosophical sy/em1 z a result1 is 9 _m respects m]ely sket*$ 9 massive outl9e4 ,,vii ,! dom9ant e?ics ( ,*ri/ian civilization has made a special po9t ( disreg>d+ ! intimate connection t exi/s betwe5 human nature & rational conduct4 ,morality has be5 id5tifi$1 n ) liv+ a life accord+ to a rational plan & an adequate conception ( an ideal =m ( human exi/5ce1 b ) a /ra9$ attempt to live 9 accordance ) an inh]it$ sy/em ( co]cive social habits4 ,( ?is morality1 ! ,puritan is ! popul> type4 ,only 9 q rec5t ye>s has "s advance be5 made back to ! sane naturali/ic conception ( morals :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,greeks & also 9 ,sp9oza4 ,x is a fundam5tal po9t ) ,sp9oza t ! c]emonial law1 z he puts x 9 ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus1 c at be/ secure man weal? & social position4 ,man's highe/ bless$ness c be secur$ by ! div9e law ( ,nature alone4 ,"h ,sp9oza & ,r\sseau are at "o4 ,x 0 relevant to ,sp9oza's purpose to treat only ( religi\s c]emonial law2 b 8 conclusions apply ) equal =ce & relevancy to social & political c]emonial law z well4 ,sp9oza's di/9ction betwe5 c]emonial & div9e law is peculi>ly significant & illum9at+ :5 appli$ to m>riage4 ,= to-day 9 m>riage1 if any:]e1 is x gl>+ly evid5t t ! legal or religi\s or social c]emonial law c at be/ secure man or woman weal? & social position4 ,happ9ess or bless$ness lie altoge!r beyond its p[]ful rea*4 ,m>riage is sanctifi$ & made bless$ n by ! c]emonial law ( prie/ or city cl]k b by ! div9e law ( love4 ,natural love1 or love free f all c]emonial co]cions1 is n m]ely n a que/ionable s\rce ( m>ital happ9ess3 x is ! only s\rce4 ,! c]emonial law1 ! legal or religi\s m>riage cu/om1 has no?+ :atsoev] to d ) human happ9ess4 ,if by free love is meant love free f all legal1 social & religi\s c]emonial re/ra9ts1 !n free love is1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 ! only basis ( rational m>riage4 ,no man ev] treasur$ ! joys ( ! _s m ?an did ,sp9oza2 b he did n because ( t n\ri% a savage antagonism aga9/ ! body4 ,! v bases ( 8 philosophy ( ! m9d sav$ him f any su* disa/r\s folly4 ,:at ,havelock ,ellis says ,we "k at la/ ,sp9oza knew all ! "t--t x mu/ be among our *ief e?ical rules to see t we build ! l(ty /ructure ( human society on ! sure & simple f\ndations ( man's organism4 ,x is because ,sp9oza knew ?is s ?or\ghly & rememb]$ x s well t he devotes s mu* ( 8 att5tion to ! nature ( ! human m9d & ! human emotions 9 a treatise on e?ics4 ,m9d & body are n intr9sically ali5 or inimical to "o ano!r4 ,!y are cop]ative expressions ( ! "o reality4 ,! m9d is ! idea ( ! body & 9 proportion z "o body is bett] adapt$ ?an ano!r to d or suff] _m ?+s1 9 ! same proportion w ! m9d1 at ! same "t1 be bett] adapt$ to p]ceive _m ?+s4 ,purely psy*ologically1 all t we c ev] discov] ab\t ! regulat+ influ5ce gl&s h ^u p]sonality c only g to corroborate1 n to improve ?is g5]al position4 ,& morally1 ! implications are equally f>-rea*+ & pr(\nd4 ,! virtue ( ! m9d is n to despise or reject b to und]/& & trans=m4 ,& x cle>ly mu/ be m excell5t = ! m9d to "k bo? itself & ! body ?an x is = ! m9d to "k itself alone4 ,= natural sci5ce is ! result :5 ! m9d organizes into a sy/em :at are1 9 _! own nature1 simply appreh5sions ( bodily exi/5ces2 & art is ! result :5 ! m9d transfuses ) an ideal quality ( its own :at are1 9 _! own nature1 simply appreh5sions ( bodily excell5ces ( =m or motion1 color or s\nd4 ,matt] is1 9 its nature1 no m ho/ile to _s ?an body is ali5 to m9d4 ,p>adise is n a non-or sup]-physical realm2 x is a physical realm made h>moni\s ) ! ideality ( ! s\l4 ,_s is an appreciation1 a transmutation ( matt]4 ,= ! lov]1 ! physical embrace is a spiritual revelation4 ,! fundam5tal metaphysical law f :i* ,sp9oza's e?ical sy/em fl[s is t ev]y?+ endeavors to p]si/ 9 its own be+4 ,?is law is ! metaphysical equival5t ( ! fir/ law ( motion 9 physics :i* is itself ! equival5t ( ! law ( id5tity 9 logic4 ,by 8 law ,sp9oza does n mean any?+ :i* anticipates ! n9ete5?-c5tury doctr9e ( ! competitive /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 no?+ is s cle> to ,sp9oza z ! fact t ! mo/ effici5t way ( pres]v+ "o's own be+ is n by competitive b by cop]ative activity4 ,especially is ?is true ( human be+s4 ,by 8 own ef=ts a solit>y man _c1 ev5 aft] he has be5 nurs$ to maturity1 ma9ta9 himself 9 a dec5t mann]4 ,c]ta9ly he is unable successfully to resi/ 8 foes4 ,b ) ! aid ( 8 fell[s man c develop a highly complex & tol]ably /able civilization1 all ! excell5ces ( :i* he c enjoy at ! comp>atively small risk ( becom+ a victim ( its dang]s4 ,social organization is ! natural expression ( man's fundam5tal endeavor to pres]ve himself4 ,a p]fect social organization naturally expresses ! highe/ =m ( human exi/5ce--individualism )\t an>*y & communism )\t oppression4 ,consi/5t ) 8 prim>y law ( be+1 ,sp9oza def9es virtue n 9 t]ms ( negations1 inhibitions1 defici5cies or re/ra9ts2 virtue he def9es 9 t]ms ( positive human qualities comp5di\sly call$ human p[]4 ,virtue is p[]1 h[ev]1 n 9 ! s5se ( ! ,r5aissance ideal ( manl9ess z we glimpse x1 = in/ance1 9 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i2 nor is x p[] 9 ! vulg> s5se ( dom9ion :i* seems to be ! confus$ ideal ( "s ultra-contempor>ies2 virtue is p[] 9 ! s5se ( ! ,greek ideal t virtue is human excell5ce4 ,x 0 !re=e v natural = ,nietzs*e :o consci\sly w5t back to ! ,greeks to hail ,sp9oza z 8 only philosophical =]unn]1 ! only philosoph] :o dwelt ) him on ! highe/ m\nta9-tops1 p]il\s only = ^? :o are born = ! base valleys ( life4 ,& x 0 equally natural = ,nietzs*e to fail to see ! important diff]5ces betwe5 8 own viol5t & turbid ?9k+ & ! sure & discipl9$ ?9k+ ( ,sp9oza--on ^? v po9ts ^u :i* ,nietzs*e ?\ght !y agre$4 ,p]fection & imp]fection are1 9 ,sp9oza's ?\ght1 id5tical ) ! real & ! unreal4 ,! p]fect is ! complet$1 ! p]fect$2 ! imp]fect1 ! uncomplet$1 ! unp]fect$4 ,^! t]ms h1 9 _! fir/ int5tion1 no specifically e?ical significance4 ,nature is p]fect1 t is1 absolutely real or complet$2 b 9 no intelligible s5se is ,nature e?ically good4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible to conv]t non-e?ical into e?ical t]ms4 ,we c d ?is by designat+1 = example1 a c]ta9 type ( "* z ! p]fect type4 ,if we rea* t type we are p]fect or supremely good2 ins(> z we fall %ort ( x1 we are imp]fect1 or bad4 ,j :at con/itutes human excell5ce is det]m9$ 9 ea* case by ! specific nature & relations ( ! individual involv$4 ,! excell5ce ( a *ild is n t ( a man2 & ! excell5ce ( a free man diff]s f t ( a slave4 ,= ! p>5t1 ! p]fect *ild is docile1 beautiful & full ( promise2 = ! rul]1 ! p]fect man is indu/ri\s1 respectful ( law & ord]1 eag] to pay taxes & g to w>2 = ! free man1 ! p]fect man is a rational be+1 liv+ a h>moni\s life 9 k & love ( himself1 8 neighbor & ,god4 ,moreov]1 )9 any "o class ! excell5ces v>y 9 h>mony ) ! v>iations 9 ! individuals4 ,!re is no excell5ce 9 g5]al4 ,b because e?ical /&>ds are q human & v>y1 !y d n lack1 !re=e1 all validity4 ,!y are )9 _! range ( applicability1 absolute1 ev5 ?\gh !y are1 9 a m compreh5sive univ]se1 relative4 ,a j appreciation ( ! relative nature1 b absolute value ( specific e?ical judgm5ts1 is above all ?+s vitally necess>y 9 e?ics4 ,su* appreciation saves ! e?ici/ f ! p]nici\s fallacy ( erect+ p]sonal pref]5ces into univ]sal laws2 & x also saves him f fall+ into ! e?ical abyss :]e all ?+s are ( equal value because all ?+s are equally va94 ,e?ical tol]ance is diff]5t f e?ical s5tim5tality4 ,e "o has ! sov]eign natural "r to *]i% ! excell5ce 9 h>mony ) 8 "*4 ,b ! equality ext5ds no fur!r4 ,a compreh5sive e/imate ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d c be made & !y c be arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( increas+ value4 ,no arrangem5t c ev] be absolutely f9al & au?oritative1 = :at "o free man consid]s ! highe/ p]fection ( human life1 ano!r w consid] to be only ( second>y importance4 ,/ill1 all free m5 w agree t c]ta9 p[]s ( ! m9d are sup]ior to o!rs4 ,b sup]iority is n rationally end[$ ) legislative p[] ov] o!rs4 ,! free man is sup]ior to ! slave1 b he has1 because ( t1 no rational "r to dom9ate him2 nei!r is x 8 (fice to revile or despise him2 ! slave 0 giv5 8 nature1 he did n ask = x4 ,b if x is n ! (fice ( ! free man to dom9ate or revile ! slave /ill less is x ! div9ely appo9t$ (fice ( ! slave to rule & revile ! free man--univ]sal democratic prejudices not)/&+4 ,& 9 support ( ! indep5d5t1 & 9 case ( conte/1 sup]ior "r ( ! free man we h ! v highe/ au?ority = ^? :o d n tru/ !mselves to be guid$ by reason4 ,god ,himself has pron\nc$ ^u ?is trem5d\s issue4 ,& n 9 m]e words1 b by unmi/akable de$s4 ,:5 ,lucif]1 ! fir/ absolute democrat or equalit>ian1 ! fir/ "o to ma9ta9 t no "o 0 bett] ?an he 01 rais$ 8 impi\s /&>d1 ,god assembl$ all ,8 fai?ful ho/s toge!r & hurl$ ,lucif] out ( ,heav5 into ,hell4 ,& ju/ly s4 ,= ,lucif] _h1 by 8 f\l1 sacrilegi\s doctr9e & action1 reveal$ himself to be ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness n ! ,pr9ce ( ,light4 ,to our untold & ev]la/+ mis]y ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness :o fail$ to ensn>e ! majority ( angels did succe$ 9 ensn>+ ! majority ( mank9d4 ,s irr$eemably s1 ev5 ! sweetly & t5d]ly lyrical ,pr9ce ( ,peace _h to be s5t to u be>+ a gha/ly sword4 ,reason is n1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 a con/itutive p[] 9 man's life2 x is a regulative pr9ciple4 ,sp9oza is1 9 ! traditional usage ( ! t]m1 any?+ b a rationali/ 9 8 e?ics4 ,only if rationalism consi/s 9 be+ unflagg+ly reasonable is ,sp9oza an av[$ & ?or\gh-go+ rationali/4 ,reason has1 = ,sp9oza1 no transc5d5tal /atus or p[]1 & x plays no dictatorial rle4 ,reason1 = him1 is ess5tially an organiz+ n a legislative p[] 9 man's life4 ,to take a phrase f ,pr(essor ,dewey1 reason1 = ,sp9oza1 is recon/ructive n con/itutive4 ,! p[] ( ! intellect is n "s und]iv$1 orig9al1 indep5d5t p[] :i* c impose or1 bett]1 sup]impose its categorical imp]atives ^u human conduct4 ,! p[] ( ! intellect is :olly d]ivative1 dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( ! ?+s t x und]/&s4 ,reason gives man ! p[] & insight to organize 8 life on ! basis ( 8 k1 to *ose an end h>moni\s ) 8 nature1 :at is = 8 be/ advantage--! basis ( all virtue--& to select & control ! means by :i* x c be atta9$4 ,= ! happy gov]nance ( our lives ! object we mu/ *iefly und]/& is ourselves4 ,because--9 ,mat!w ,arnold's l9e--! aids to noble life are all )94 ,:5 we become creatures consci\s ( our natural end[m5t we cease to be bl9d in/rum5ts ( our natures & become rational1 intellig5t ag5ts4 ,= intellig5ce1 9 ! fundam5tal s5se ( ! ^w1 consi/s 9 kn[+ :at we are & und]/&+ :at we c d4 ,a man :o gov]ns 8 life accord+ to ! dictates ( reason tries1 ins(> z possible1 to h>monize 8 conflict+ int]e/s4 ,he balances1 imp>tially1 future ) pres5t goods1 & he bases 8 decision ^u ! broad f\ndation ( all 8 ne$s4 ,he does n madly satisfy or repress "o passion at ! exp5se ( ! re/ ( 8 nature4 ,he satisfies a maximum r ?an a m9imum ( 8 desires1 evaluat+ !m n m]ely by num]ical /r5g? b by quality & duration4 ,x is only /upid & p]nici\s confusion t makes man's moral problem consi/ 9 8 discov]+ in/ead ( a good relative to 8 nature1 an absolute good1 good = no nature at all4 ,man's real moral problem is to secure a p]man5t good in/ead ( a transitory good2 a m inclusive good in/ead ( a m re/rict$ good2 a high] good in/ead ( a l[] good4 ,morally1 x matt]s no?+ :e!r an intellectual good is absolute or :e!r x is only relative to man's m9d & 8 p[] ( compreh5sion4 ,b x matt]s ev]y?+1 morally1 :e!r an intellectual good is m or less p]man5t1 m or less inclusive1 m or less valuable ?an a s5sory good4 ,?is is ! real moral problem man is fac$ )4 ,& ?is is ! moral problem ,sp9oza consid]s & solves4 ,ev]ybody kn[s :at is ,sp9oza's solution4 ,"o p]man5t intellectual good is1 accord+ to him1 ( m importance & value 9 ! life ( man ?an c\ntless transitory s5sory pleasures4 ,! object mo/ p]man5t 9 "* & greate/ 9 value is ,nature or ,god4 ,! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d1 !re=e1 ! highe/ bless$ness ( man1 consi/s 9 ! intellectual love ( ,nature or ,god4 ,?us ,sp9oza passes f e?ics to religion1 :i* 9 8 ?\ght almo/ imp]ceptibly bl5d toge!r4 ,,viii ,! beg9n+ & ! end1 z famili> wisdom has long s9ce prop\nd$1 are ! same4 ,! ultimate orig9 ( man is ,god1 & ! f9al end1 ! bless$ cr[n ( life1 is to return to ,god 9 fulle/ k & love4 ,! philosoph] :o 0 dur+ 8 lifetime & = ov] a c5tury aft] 8 dea? con/antly execrat$ = be+ an a!i/ 7he occasionally /ill is by "s h>dy fools7 made ,god a m integral "p ( 8 sy/em ?an did any "o else 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,sp9oza did n d occasional rev]5ce to ,god2 he did n1 9 lightly pass+1 p]functorily b[ to ,him2 ,god is ! v]itable beg9n+ & end ( all 8 ?\ght4 ,! intellectual love ( ,god does n dem& z basis a k ( ! cosmic concat5ation ( ?+s4 ,omnisci5ce alone c\ld satisfy su* a dem&4 ,! intellectual love ( ,nature or ,god dep5ds solely ^u a k ( ! ord] ( ,nature1 ^u a k ( ! inf9ite & et]nal ess5ce ( ,god4 ,& su* k is )9 ! limits ( our rea*4 ,we c appreh5d ! et]nal ess5ce ( ,god because ! temporality ( our ?\ght is accid5tal to its mean+4 ,x is ! nature ( reason to see ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,& we c appreh5d ! inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god or ,nature because e p>ticul> f9ite ?+ is a det]m9ate expression ( ! inf9ite4 ,! law ( causality requires t !re be an ess5tial id5tity ( nature betwe5 cause & effect2 o!rwise x w\ld foll[ t some?+ c be produc$ f no?+4 ,s9ce cause & effect belong to ! same realm ( exi/5ce1 to ! same attribute ( ,nature1 :5ev] we appreh5d ! ess5ce ( a p>ticul> ?+1 we necess>ily appreh5d ! inf9ite ess5ce ( t attribute ( ,nature4 ,= ! inf9ite1 ) ,sp9oza1 is n s mu* an ext5t z a quality ( be+4 ,?us f ! compreh5sion ( any p>ticul> ?+1 we c pass to a compreh5sion ( ! inf9ite & et]nal4 ,?is is mo/ commonly und]/ood1 curi\sly en\gh1 n 9 religion1 b 9 art4 ,! ec/atic p[] ( beauty makes ! s\l lose all s5se ( "t & location4 ,& 9 ! specific object ! s\l sees an inf9ite mean+4 ,inde$1 "o c almo/ say t ! m specific or limit$ ! arti/ic object1 ! m cle>ly is ! absolute or inf9ite mean+ portray$ & disc]n$4 ,a sonnet is (t5] ?an n m expressive ?an a long poem2 ! ,r$ ,badge ( ,c\rage reveals m impressively ?an does ! ,dyna/s ! absolute ess5tial horror ( w>4 ,!re are pres5t1 app>5tly1 9 ! m pron\nc$ my/ical visions1 *>act]i/ics simil> to ^? ( significant e/hetic appreh5sions4 ,^! visions are extremely r>e & fleet+4 ,b !n we c be at ! highe/ peaks only seldom & = a %ort :ile4 ,b 9 a mom5t we see et]nity1 & 9 ! f9ite1 ! inf9ite4 ,x is = ?is reason ,sp9oza says ! m we und]/& p>ticul> ?+s ! m d we und]/& ,god4 ,! great religi\s significance ( ,sp9oza's doctr9e ( ! intellectual love ( ,god is t x e/abli%es religion ^u k & n ^u ignorance4 ,! virtue ( ! m9d is cle>ly & di/9ctly to und]/&1 n ignorantly to believe4 ,!re is no conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion2 religion is bas$ ^u sci5ce4 ,!re is a conflict only betwe5 sci5ce & sup]/ition4 ,my/]ies1 unkn[n & unkn[able p[]s1 miracles1 magical rites & pray]ful incantations are in/rum5ts n ( religion b ( sup]/ition :i* has its orig9 9 ignorant & ignom9i\s fe>4 ,! free man does n fe> & he is n consum$ by fe>'s b\ndless conceit4 ,he has no appreh5sive consci5ce :i* unceas+ly int]prets all unusual or unt[>d ev5ts z be+ delib]ate signs ( a god's imp5d+ wra?4 ,! free man kn[s t man is1 cosmically consid]$1 impressively insignificant4 ,human loves & hatr$s1 human joys & sorr[s are1 9 ! face ( ! et]nal & inf9ite1 ! little/ ( little ?+s4 ,human nature is only an inf9itely small "p ( absolutely inf9ite ,nature2 human life only a v t9y expression ( inf9ite life4 ,inord9ate conceit alone c\ld conceive ,nature to h be5 made design$ly ei!r = our pleasure or our discom=t4 ,! />s 7 n hung 9 ! heav5s s t we may /e] our petty c\rses across ! seas2 nor 7 ! sun & moon put 9 _! places s t we may h ! day 9 :i* to wa/e ourselves 9 futile labors & ! night to sp5d 9 ignorant sleep4 ,ev5 if !re 7 a cosmic drama--:i* !re is n--man is too trivial to play 9 x a lead+ rle4 ,! free man kn[s all ?is2 b 8 he>t is temp]$ & /rong4 ,he c contemplate 8 place 9 ! univ]se )\t bitt]ness & )\t fe>4 ,= ! free man's love1 z 8 wor%ip1 fl[s f 8 k ( ,god4 ,,ix ,sp9oza is unsp>+ 9 8 criticisms ( ! sup]/itions :i* are 91 & :i* h gr[n up ar\nd1 ! ,bible4 ,all ,sp9oza's major conclusions h be5 embodi$ directly or indirectly 9 :at is n[ kn[n z ! high] criticism ( ! ,bible1 :i* is ! basis ( ! ,mod]ni/ movem5t4 ,x 0 ,sp9oza :o e/abli%$ ! fact t ! ,p5tateu* is n1 z x is reput$ to be1 ! "w ( ,moses4 ,x 0 ,sp9oza1 also1 :o fir/ conv9c+ly %[$ t o!r ( ! ,scriptural docum5ts 7 compil$ by v>i\s unackn[l$g$ scribes2 n by ! au?ors canoniz$ by or?odoxy1 ,jewi% or ,g5tile4 ,! weal? ( philological & hi/orical mat]ial at ! disposal ( ! contempor>y ,biblical inve/igator is incomp>ably ri*] ?an x 0 at ,sp9oza's "t4 ,b mod]n s*ol>%ip has only add$ m mat]ial--only ext5d$ 9 bread? ,sp9oza's mode/ rese>*es4 ,9 dep?1 no?+ new has be5 a*iev$4 ,! pr9ciples ( inve/igation & int]pretation1 & ! g5]al results ,sp9oza arriv$ at h n be5 improv$ ^u 9 ! lea/1 nor is x at all likely t !y ev] w4 ,sp9oza f\nd$ himself ^u b$-rock4 ,sp9oza's aim 9 reveal+ ! defectiv5ess ( ! ,bible 0 n !ological b philosophical4 ,or?odox ,biblical conceptions _h 9 8 day1 z !y /ill h to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ours1 a peculi>ly sanctifi$ p[]1 because !y 7 in/itutionaliz$ & made ! basis ( an au?oritative sy/em ( conduct4 ,! misbegott5 doctr9es !re=e c\ld n be que/ion$ ) impunity1 = a criticism ( ! doctr9es on intellectual gr\nds 0 inv>iably con/ru$ z an attack ^u ! ve/$ cu/oms4 ,! mis=tunes ( hi/ory made diss5t f palpable absurdities capital h]esy4 ,social & religi\s bigotry burn$ sci5tific m5 ) political ardor4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh ,sp9oza suff]$ 9 8 own p]son f religi\s p]secution1 he nev] = "o mom5t held z did1 = example1 ,voltaire1 t ! ,*ur* is ! wily & unreg5]ate in/rum5t ( vici\s prie/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,sp9oza 0 q sure t _m ( ! cl]gy 7 among ! noble/ ( m51 & t ! ,*ur* 0 9 l>ge measure a v salut>y in/itution = ! masses :o _c le>n to gov]n !mselves by =ce ( m9d4 ,b ,sp9oza 0 unalt]ably oppos$ to any encroa*m5t ( ,*ur* au?ority ^u ! j lib]ties ( m54 ,especially did he object to ! ,*ur* ext5d+ its prohibitive p[] ov] m5's ?9k+4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,*ur* to inculcate ob$i5ce 9 ! masses2 n to dictate to philosoph]s :at is ! tru?4 ,! fundam5tal purpose ( ,sp9oza's attack ^u ! ,bible is to free philosophy f !ology2 n to de/roy ! ,*ur* b to dise/abli% x4 ,_m read]s ( ,sp9oza conclude t because ,sp9oza tol]at$ ,*ur* au?ority 9 matt]s ( public morality he !re=e ei!r did n 9 8 own ?\ght ?or\ghly adh]e to 8 pr9ciples or else he 0 excessively cauti\s1 ev5 timid1 & did n fully or consi/5tly express 8 m9d4 ,no "o w\ld d5y t !re is "s accommodation 9 ,sp9oza's language4 ,he c]ta9ly foll[$ ! practical wisdom ( ! ?9k]s ( 8 day4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 ,sp9oza 0 by no means z cauti\s z 0 ,desc>tes4 ,anyway1 accommodation does n fully acc\nt = ,sp9oza's attitude on ?is "q2 9 fact1 x does n acc\nt = any significant feature ( x4 ,sp9oza nev] believ$ a s\nd metaphysics 01 = ! masses1 ! indisp5sable basis ( a good moral life4 ,! multitude1 he 0 firmly conv9c$1 are controll$ by _! passions & desires1 n by k & reason4 ,! co]cive law ( ! ,/ate & ,nature1 n philosophy1 keep !m liv+ )9 ! b\nds necess>y = social ord] & human well-be+4 ,f> f x be+ necess>y to tell ! masses only ! tru? ,sp9oza believ$1 z did ,plato be=e him1 t x may ev5 be necess>y 9 ord] to rule ! masses successfully 9 ! ways ( wisdom & virtue to deceive !m to a great] or less] ext5t4 ,su* deception is1 z a political exp$i5cy1 morally ju/ifi$1 = ! rul]s w\ld be ly+ 9 ! int]e/s ( virtue & tru?4 ,sp9oza did n suff] f ! fond contempor>y delusion t ! salvation ( mank9d w come ab\t :5 philosoph]s become l all o!r p4 ,he knew1 z ,plato did1 t ! day ( ultimate1 univ]sal happ9ess w dawn r :5 all o!r p become l philosoph]s4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is ! height ( moral & political folly to act z if t day _h arriv$ or else c\ld be u%]$ 9 by morn+4 ,sp9oza _h no?+ b contempt = facile-tongu$1 fea!r-bra9$ ,utopians4 ,he lov$ humanity too s9c]ely to mislead humanity or himself t way4 ,& s we f9d 9 ,sp9oza's ,e?ics z 9 8 ,tractatus two sy/ems ( morals--"o = ! _m :o are call$1 & "o = ! few :o are *os54 ,9 ! ,tractatus1 ! religion ( ! _m is summ>ily call$ ob$i5ce2 9 ! ,e?ics x is m fully %[n to consi/ ( utilit>ianism 9 ! conduct ( our affairs1 high-m9d$ness t[>ds our fell[s1 & piety t[>ds ,nature or ,god4 ,to ?is is add$1 z ! r>e religion ( ! few1 :at is designat$ 9 bo? treatises alike z ! intellectual love ( ,nature or ,god4 ,x ,sp9oza's religion is z naturali/ic z 8 e?ics4 ,by mak+ ,god & ,nature equival5t t]ms ,sp9oza 0 n m]ely resort+ to equivocation to escape ! p5alty ( 8 views4 ,! id5tification ( ,god & ,nature fully embodies ,sp9oza's doctr9e t !re is no sup]natural realm2 & !re=e if man is to h a ,god at all1 ,nature mu/ be t ,god4 ,to cont5d1 z s _m d1 t true religion mu/ be bas$ ^u ! exi/5ce ( a sup]natural realm1 no matt] :e!r or n su* a realm exi/s1 is z absurd z to cont5d t true morality mu/ be bas$ ^u man's free-w no matt] :e!r or n man has free-w4 ,sp9oza's sy/em has be5 call$ pan!i/ic4 ,b x is pan!i/ic only 9 ! s5se t :atev] man consid]s ,godlike mu/ be f\nd 9 ,nature1 = no o!r realm exi/s1 & !re are no gods4 ,b ! "q is always rais$1 h[ is x possible to love a ,be+ indiff]5t to our human mis]ies & bl9d to our hopes8 ,h[ is ev5 an intellectual love ( su* a ,be+ possible8 ,man1 z 8 religions %[1 wants ,god to be a fa!r1 a protector1 ,"o :o *]i%es man's desires & c>es = 8 wants4 ,! lea/ an?ropomorphic ( religions wants ,god to be ! depository ( ab/ract human ideals4 ,b ,sp9oza's ,god is n ev5 z human z ?is4 ,nature does n con/itute ! ideal type = man4 ,religion is1 x is true1 man's se>* = com=t & security 9 an ali5 & ho/ile _w4 ,! simple dem& ( ! human he>t is to be recogniz$ & to be lov$4 ,love is ! magic t\* t trans=ms all t is b>r5 & cold into all t is ri* & w>m & fruitful4 ,b man is nei!r lov$ nor recogniz$ by ! imm5sities ( ! univ]se4 ,& 9 face ( ! illimitable /ret*es ( "t & space ev5 ! /\te/ he>t involunt>ily quakes4 ,we _c consid] ! va/ p[] ( ! univ]se )\t feel+ cru%$ & becom+ despond5t4 ,& ignorant man _c see 9 ! f9ite ?+s ab\t him ! full expression ( ! inf9ite beyond4 ,he _c d]ive any moral /r5g? or com=t f ! _w ab\t him because he conceives t _w to be an implacable in/rum5t ( a god's unc]ta91 inexplicable w4 ,he !re=e cosmically projects1 9 a fr5zy ( despair1 8 cry+ human dem&4 ,& out ( ! wa/es ( space !re arises = him a p]sonal ,god4 ,an?ropomorphic religions reveal man at 8 weake/1 n at 8 be/4 ,man's true gr&eur is %[n :5 he transc5ds by 8 own p[] ( m9d 8 insi/5t human desires4 ,he c !n /& free be=e ! ,almighty4 ,he may tremble1 b he is n afraid4 ,= 8 /r5g? ( s\l is gr\nd$ n 9 ! ext]nal _w b 9 8 own ideal4 ,if we are born "u a lucky />1 & are =tunate & happy lov]s ( ! ideal1 ! ec/asy ( ! my/ic's beatific vision is ours4 ,b ev5 if we are born "u an unlucky />1 & are mis=tunate & unhappy lov]s ( ! ideal1 we /ill h ! ideal to :i* we c hold fa/ & save ourselves f be+ %att]$ 9 our despairs1 f dy+ 9 _s1 :i* is f> m t]rible ?an any dea? 9 ! body c\ld possibly be4 ,we h ! ideal to give u ! /r5g?1 if we are lov]s ( ,god1 to g to ! cross ) ,jesus2 or1 if we are lov]s ( ,virtue1 to dr9k ! hemlock ) ,socrates4 ,! intellectual love ( ,god is a devotion purg$ ( all fe>1 ( all va9 regrets & ev5 va9] hopes4 ,! wild & angry emotions ( sorr[ & pa9 leave ! /rong & noble he>t ( man l ! tidal waves leave ! scatt]$ rocks ( ! %ore4 ,z ! rocks1 :5 ! waves return to _! dep?s1 smile securely 9 ! gli/5+ sun 9 ! sky1 s does ! brave1 free he>t ( man1 :5 ! passionate deluge is sp5t1 smile s]5ely 9 ! face ( ,god4 ,! free man is born nei!r to weep nor to laugh b to view ) calm & /eadfa/ m9d ! et]nal nature ( ?+s4 ,to "k ! et]nal is ! immortality we enjoy4 ,b to "k ! et]nal we mu/ =get ab\t ourselves4 ,we mu/ cease to be consum$ by a canc]\s anxiety to endure 9 "t & be p]man5t 9 space4 ,9 ! ord] ( ,nature our own p>ticul> lives are ( no especial importance4 ,& unless we recognize ?is1 we are necess>ily doom$ to a mis]able fate4 ,we mu/ recognize t our m]e selves c nev] give u ultimate fulfillm5t or bless$ness ( s\l4 ,only by los+ ourselves 9 ,nature or ,god c we escape ! wret*$ness ( f9itude & f9d ! f9al completion & salvation ( our lives4 ,?is1 ! free man und]/&s4 ,he kn[s h[ insignificant he is 9 ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,b he also kn[s t if only he c lose himself 9 ,nature or ,god !n1 9 8 own insignificant p>ticul>ity1 ! et]nal & inf9ite ord] ( ,nature c be display$4 ,= 9 ! f9ite is ! inf9ite express$1 & 9 ! temporal1 ! et]nal4 ,x is ?is k t makes man free1 t breaks ! f9ite fett]s f 8 s\l enabl+ him to embrace ! inf9ite & to possess et]nity4 ,once man is reconcil$ to ! petty wor? ( 8 own p]son1 he assumes "s ( ! maje/ic wor? ( ! univ]se4 ,& ! au/]e sublimity ( s\l t inscribes on ! grave ( ! belov$ ,god is ,love1 inscribes1 :5 x is *a/5$ & purifi$ by und]/&+1 on ! grave ( all t is m]ely human ,nature is ,great4 ,religion is ! joy & peace & /r5g? t is all und]/&+4 ,,joseph ,,ratn]4 ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,on ,,god ,! multitude1 ev] prone to sup]/ition1 & c>+ m = ! %r$s ( antiquity ?an = et]nal tru?s1 pays homage to ! ,books ( ! ,bible1 r ?an to ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,,sp9oza4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,( ,,sup]/ition#a ,m5 w\ld nev] be sup]/iti\s1 if !y c\ld gov]n all _! circum/ances by set rules1 or if !y 7 always favor$ by =tune3 b be+ frequ5tly driv5 into /raits :]e rules are useless1 & be+ (t5 kept fluctuat+ pitiably betwe5 hope & fe> by ! unc]ta9ty ( =tune's gre$ily covet$ favors1 !y are consequ5tly1 = ! mo/ "p1 v prone to cr$ulity4 ,! human m9d is readily sway$ ?is way or t 9 times ( d\bt1 especially :5 hope & fe> are /ruggl+ = ! ma/]y1 ?\gh usually x is boa/ful1 ov]-confid5t1 & va94 ,?is z a g5]al fact ,i suppose e "o kn[s1 ?\gh few1 ,i believe1 "k _! own nature2 no "o c h liv$ 9 ! _w )\t obs]v+ t mo/ p1 :5 9 prosp]ity1 are s ov]-brimm+ ) wisdom 7h[ev] inexp]i5c$ !y may be71 t !y take e (f] ( advice z a p]sonal insult1 :]eas 9 adv]sity !y "k n :]e to turn1 b beg & pray = c\nsel f e pass]-by4 ,no plan is !n too futile1 too absurd1 or too fatu\s = _! adoption2 ! mo/ frivol\s causes w raise !m to hope1 or plunge !m into despair--if any?+ happ5s dur+ _! fright :i* rem9ds !m ( "s pa/ good or ill1 !y ?9k x port5ds a happy or unhappy issue1 & !re=e 7?\gh x may h prov$ abortive a hundr$ times be=e7 /yle x a lucky or unlucky om54 ,any?+ :i* excites _! a/oni%m5t !y believe to be a port5t signify+ ! ang] ( ! gods or ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 &1 mi/ak+ sup]/ition = religion1 acc\nt x impi\s n to av]t ! evil ) pray] & sacrifice4 ,signs & wond]s ( ?is sort !y conjure up p]petually1 till "o might ?9k ,nature z mad z !mselves1 !y int]pret h] s fanta/ically4 ,?us x is br\ght prom95tly be=e u1 t sup]/ition's *ief victims are ^? p]sons :o gre$ily covet temporal advantages2 !y x is1 :o 7especially :5 !y are 9 dang]1 & _c help !mselves7 are wont ) pray]s & womani% te>s to implore help f ,god3 upbraid+ reason z bl9d1 because %e _c %[ a sure pa? to ! %ad[s !y pursue1 & reject+ human wisdom z va92 b believ+ ! phantoms ( imag9ation1 dreams1 & o!r *ildi% absurdities1 to be ! v oracles ( ,heav54 ,z ?\gh ,god has turn$ away f ! wise1 & writt5 ,8 decrees1 n 9 ! m9d ( man b 9 ! entrails ( bea/s1 or left !m to be proclaim$ by ! inspiration & in/9ct ( fools1 madm51 & birds4 ,su* is ! unreason to :i* t]ror c drive mank9d6 ,sup]/ition1 !n1 is eng5d]$1 pres]v$1 & fo/]$ by fe>4 ,if any "o desire an example1 let him take ,alex&]1 :o only began sup]/iti\sly to seek guidance f se]s1 :5 he fir/ le>n$ to fe> =tune 9 ! passes ( ,sysis 7,curtius v4 #d72 :]eas aft] he _h conqu]$ ,d>ius he consult$ prophets no m1 till a second "t fright5$ by rev]ses4 ,:5 ! ,scy?ians 7 provok+ a battle1 ! ,bactrians _h des]t$1 & he himself 0 ly+ sick ( 8 w\nds1 he once m turn$ to sup]/ition1 ! mock]y ( human wisdom1 & bade ,ari/&]1 to :om he confid$ 8 cr$ulity1 inquire ! issue ( affairs ) sacrific$ victims4 ,v num]\s examples ( a l nature might be cit$1 cle>ly %[+ ! fact1 t only :ile "u ! dom9ion ( fe> d m5 fall a prey to sup]/ition2 t all ! port5ts ev] inve/$ ) ! rev]5ce ( misguid$ religion are m]e phantoms ( deject$ & fe>ful m9ds2 & la/ly t prophets h mo/ p[] among ! p1 & are mo/ =midable to rul]s1 precisely at ^? times :5 ! /ate is 9 mo/ p]il4 ,i ?9k ?is is suffici5tly pla9 to all1 & w !re=e say no m on ! subject4 ,! orig9 ( sup]/ition above giv5 af=ds u a cle> reason = ! fact1 t x comes to all m5 naturally1 ?\gh "s ref] its rise to a dim notion ( ,god1 univ]sal to mank9d1 & also t5ds to %[1 t x is no less inconsi/5t & v>iable ?an o!r m5tal halluc9ations & emotional impulses1 & fur!r t x c only be ma9ta9$ by hope1 hatr$1 ang]1 & deceit2 s9ce x spr+s1 n f reason1 b solely f ! m p[]ful phases ( emotion4 ,fur!rmore1 we may readily und]/& h[ difficult x is to ma9ta9 9 ! same c\rse m5 prone to e =m ( cr$ulity4 ,=1 z ! mass ( mank9d rema9s always at ab\t ! same pit* ( mis]y1 x nev] ass5ts long to any "o rem$y1 b is always be/ pleas$ by a novelty :i* has yet prov$ illusive4 ,?is elem5t ( inconsi/5cy has be5 ! cause ( _m t]rible w>s & revolutions2 =1 z ,curtius well says 7lib4 iv4 *ap4 #aj73 ,! mob has no rul] m pot5t ?an sup]/ition1 & is easily l$1 on ! plea ( religion1 at "o mom5t to adore its k+s z gods1 & anon to execrate & abjure !m z humanity's common bane4 ,imm5se pa9s h !re=e be5 tak5 to c\nt]act ?is evil by inve/+ religion1 :e!r true or false1 ) su* pomp & c]emony1 t x may rise sup]ior to e %ock1 & be always obs]v$ ) /udi\s rev]5ce by ! :ole p--a sy/em :i* has be5 br\ght to great p]fection by ! ,turks1 = !y consid] ev5 controv]sy impi\s1 & s clog m5's m9ds ) dogmatic =mulas1 t !y leave no room = s\nd reason1 n ev5 en\gh to d\bt )4 ,b if1 9 despotic /atecraft1 ! supreme & ess5tial my/]y be to hoodw9k ! subjects1 & to mask ! fe>1 :i* keeps !m d[n1 ) ! speci\s g>b ( religion1 s t m5 may fight z bravely = slav]y z = safety1 & c\nt x n %ame b highe/ honor to risk _! blood & _! lives = ! va+lory ( a tyrant2 yet 9 a free /ate no m mis*iev\s exp$i5t c\ld be plann$ or attempt$4 ,:olly repugnant to ! g5]al fre$om are su* devices z en?rall+ m5's m9ds ) prejudices1 =c+ _! judgm5t1 or employ+ any ( ! weapons ( quasi-religi\s s$ition2 inde$1 su* s$itions only spr+ up1 :5 law ent]s ! doma9 ( speculative ?\ght1 & op9ions are put on trial & condemn$ on ! same foot+ z crimes1 :ile ^? :o def5d & foll[ !m are sacrific$1 n to public safety1 b to _! oppon5ts' hatr$ & cruelty4 ,if de$s only c\ld be made ! gr\nds ( crim9al *>ges1 & words 7 always all[$ to pass free1 su* s$itions w\ld be dive/$ ( e semblance ( ju/ification1 & w\ld be sep>at$ f m]e controv]sies by a h>d & fa/ l9e4 ,n[ see+ t we h ! r>e happ9ess ( liv+ 9 a republic1 :]e e "o's judgm5t is free & un%ackl$1 :]e ea* may wor%ip ,god z 8 consci5ce dictates1 & :]e fre$om is e/eem$ be=e all ?+s de> & preci\s1 ,i h believ$ t ,i %\ld be und]tak+ no ungrateful or unpr(itable task1 9 demon/rat+ t n only c su* fre$om be grant$ )\t prejudice to ! public peace1 b also1 t )\t su* fre$om1 piety _c fl\ri% nor ! public peace be secure4444 ,i h (t5 wond]$ t p]sons :o make a boa/ ( pr(ess+ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 namely1 love1 joy1 peace1 temp]ance1 & *>ity to all m51 %\ld qu>rel ) su* rancor\s animosity1 & display daily t[>ds "o ano!r su* bitt] hatr$1 t ?is1 r ?an ! virtues !y claim1 is ! readie/ crit]ion ( _! fai?4 ,matt]s h long s9ce come to su* a pass t "o c only pron\nce a man ,*ri/ian1 ,turk1 ,jew1 or ,hea!n1 by 8 g5]al appe>ance & attire1 by 8 frequ5t+ ?is or t place ( wor%ip1 or employ+ ! phraseology ( a p>ticul> sect--z = mann] ( life1 x is 9 all cases ! same4 ,inquiry into ! cause ( ?is anomaly leads me unhesitat+ly to ascribe x to ! fact1 t ! m9i/ries ( ! ,*ur* are reg>d$ by ! masses m]ely z dignities1 h] (fices z po/s ( emolum5t--9 %ort1 popul> religion may be summ$ up z a respect = ecclesia/ics4 ,! spread ( ?is misconception inflam$ e wor?less fell[ ) an int5se desire to ent] holy ord]s1 & ?us ! love ( diffus+ ,god's religion deg5]at$ into sordid av>ice & ambition4 ,e *ur* became a !at]1 :]e orators1 in/ead ( *ur* tea*]s h>angu$1 c>+ n to in/ruct ! p1 b /riv+ to attract admiration1 to br+ oppon5ts to public scorn1 & to prea* only novelties & p>adoxes1 su* z w\ld tickle ! e>s ( _! congregation4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s necess>ily /irr$ up an am\nt ( controv]sy1 envy1 & hatr$1 :i* no lapse ( "t c\ld appease2 s t we c sc>cely wond] t ( ! old religion no?+ survives b its outw>d =ms 7ev5 ^!1 9 ! m\? ( ! multitude1 seem r adulation ?an adoration ( ! ,deity71 & t fai? has become a m]e comp\nd ( cr$ulity & prejudices--aye1 prejudices too1 :i* degrade man f rational be+ to bea/1 :i* completely /ifle ! p[] ( judgm5t betwe5 true & false1 :i* seem1 9 fact1 c>efully fo/]$ = ! purpose ( ext+ui%+ ! la/ sp>k ( reason6 ,piety1 great ,god6 & religion are become a tissue ( ridicul\s my/]ies2 m51 :o flatly despise reason1 :o reject & turn away f und]/&+ z naturally corrupt1 ^!1 ,i say1 ^! ( all m51 are ?\ght1 ,oh lie mo/ horrible6 to possess light f on ,high4 ,v]ily1 if !y _h b "o sp>k ( light f on ,high1 !y w\ld n insol5tly rave1 b w\ld le>n to wor%ip ,god m wisely1 & w\ld be z m>k$ among _! fell[s = m]cy z !y n[ are = malice2 if !y 7 conc]n$ = _! oppon5ts' s\ls1 in/ead ( = _! own reputations1 !y w\ld no long] fi]cely p]secute1 b r be fill$ ) pity & compassion4 ,fur!rmore1 if any ,div9e light 7 9 !m1 x w\ld appe> f _! doctr9e4 ,i grant t !y are nev] tir$ ( pr(ess+ _! wond] at ! pr(\nd my/]ies ( ,holy ,writ2 /ill ,i _c discov] t !y tea* any?+ b speculation ( ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians1 to :i* 79 ord] to save _! cr$it ( ,*ri/ianity7 !y h made ,holy ,writ con=m2 n cont5t to rave ) ! ,greeks !mselves1 !y want to make ! prophets rave also2 %[+ conclusively1 t nev] ev5 9 sleep h !y caught a glimpse ( ,scripture's ,div9e nature4 ,! v vehem5ce ( _! admiration = ! my/]ies pla9ly atte/s1 t _! belief 9 ! ,bible is a =mal ass5t r ?an a liv+ fai?3 & ! fact is made /ill m app>5t by _! lay+ d[n be=eh&1 z a f\ndation = ! /udy & true int]pretation ( ,scripture1 ! pr9ciple t x is 9 e passage true & div9e4 ,su* a doctr9e %\ld be rea*$ only aft] /rict scrut9y & ?or\gh compreh5sion ( ! ,sacr$ ,books 7:i* w\ld tea* x mu* bett]1 = !y /& 9 ne$ ( no human fictions71 & n be set up on ! ?re%old1 z x 71 ( inquiry4 ,z ,i pond]$ ov] ! facts t ! light ( reason is n only despis$1 b by _m ev5 execrat$ z a s\rce ( impiety1 t human comm5t>ies are accept$ z div9e records1 & t cr$ulity is extoll$ z fai?2 z ,i m>k$ ! fi]ce controv]sies ( philosoph]s rag+ 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! s\rce ( bitt] hatr$ & diss5sion1 ! ready in/rum5ts ( s$ition & o!r ills innum]able1 ,i det]m9$ to exam9e ! ,bible afre% 9 a c>eful1 imp>tial1 & unfett]$ _s1 mak+ no assumptions conc]n+ x1 & attribut+ to x no doctr9es1 :i* ,i d n f9d cle>ly !re9 set d[n4444 ,,footnotes3 #a ,f ! ,preface to ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,scripture#b ,:5 p decl>e1 z all are ready to d1 t ! ,bible is ! ,^w ( ,god tea*+ m5 true bless$ness & ! way ( salvation1 !y evid5tly d n mean :at !y say2 = ! masses take no pa9s at all to live accord+ to ,scripture1 & we see mo/ p endeavor+ to hawk ab\t _! own comm5t>ies z ! ^w ( ,god1 & giv+ _! be/ ef=ts1 "u ! guise ( religion1 to compell+ o!rs to ?9k z !y d3 we g5]ally see1 ,i say1 !ologians anxi\s to le>n h[ to wr+ _! inv5tions & say+s out ( ! sacr$ text1 & to =tify !m ) ,div9e au?ority4 ,su* p]sons nev] display less scruple & m zeal ?an :5 !y are int]pret+ ,scripture or ! m9d ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 if we ev] see !m p]turb$1 x is n t !y fe> to attribute "s error to ! ,holy ,_s1 & to /ray f ! "r pa?1 b t !y are afraid to be convict$ ( error by o!rs1 & ?us to ov]?r[ & br+ into contempt _! own au?ority4 ,b if m5 really believe :at !y v]bally te/ify ( ,scripture1 !y w\ld adopt q a diff]5t plan ( life3 _! m9ds w\ld n be agitat$ by s _m cont5tions1 nor s _m hatr$s1 & !y w\ld cease to be excit$ by su* a bl9d & ra% passion = int]pret+ ! sacr$ writ+s1 & excogitat+ novelties 9 religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld n d>e to adopt1 z ! tea*+ ( ,scripture1 any?+ :i* !y c\ld n pla9ly d$uce !refrom3 la/ly1 ^! sacrilegi\s p]sons :o h d>$1 9 sev]al passages1 to int]polate ! ,bible1 w\ld h %runk f s great a crime1 & w\ld h /ay$ _! sacrilegi\s h&s4 ,ambition & unscrupul\sness h wax$ s p[]ful1 t religion is ?\ght to consi/1 n s mu* 9 respect+ ! writ+s ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z 9 def5d+ human comm5t>ies1 s t religion is no long] id5tifi$ ) *>ity1 b ) spread+ discord & propagat+ ins5sate hatr$ disguis$ "u ! "n ( zeal = ! ,"l1 & eag] ardor4 ,to ^! evils we mu/ add sup]/ition1 :i* tea*es m5 to despise reason & ,nature1 & only to admire & v5]ate t :i* is repugnant to bo?3 :5ce x is n wond]ful t = ! sake ( increas+ ! admiration & v5]ation felt = ,scripture1 m5 /rive to expla9 x s z to make x appe> to contradict1 z f> z possible1 bo? "o & ! o!r3 ?us !y dream t mo/ pr(\nd my/]ies lie hid 9 ! ,bible1 & we>y !mselves out 9 ! inve/igation ( ^! absurdities1 to ! neglect ( :at is useful4 ,e result ( _! diseas$ imag9ation !y attribute to ! ,holy ,gho/1 & /rive to def5d ) ! utmo/ zeal & passion2 = x is an obs]v$ fact t m5 employ _! reason to def5d conclusions arriv$ at by reason1 b conclusions arriv$ at by ! passions are def5d$ by ! passions4 ,if we w\ld sep>ate ourselves f ! cr[d & escape f !ological prejudices1 in/ead ( ra%ly accept+ human comm5t>ies = ,div9e docum5ts1 we mu/ consid] ! true me?od ( int]pret+ ,scripture & dwell ^u x at "s l5g?3 = if we rema9 9 ignorance ( ?is we _c "k1 c]ta9ly1 :at ! ,bible & ! ,holy ,_s wi% to tea*4 ,i may sum up ! matt] by say+ t ! me?od ( int]pret+ ,scripture does n widely diff] f ! me?od ( int]pret+ ,nature--9 fact1 x is almo/ ! same4 ,= z ! int]pretation ( ,nature consi/s 9 ! exam9ation ( ! hi/ory ( ,nature1 & !refrom d$uc+ def9itions ( natural ph5om5a on c]ta9 fix$ axioms1 s ,scriptural int]pretation proce$s by ! exam9ation ( ,scripture1 & inf]r+ ! int5tion ( its au?ors z a legitimate conclusion f its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,by work+ 9 ?is mann] e "o w always advance )\t dang] ( error--t is1 if !y admit no pr9ciples = int]pret+ ,scripture1 & discuss+ its cont5ts save su* z !y f9d 9 ,scripture itself--& w be able ) equal security to discuss :at surpasses our und]/&+1 & :at is kn[n by ! natural light ( reason4 ,9 ord] to make cle> t su* a me?od is n only correct1 b is also ! only "o advisable1 & t x agrees ) t employ$ 9 int]pret+ ,nature1 ,i mu/ rem>k t ,scripture v (t5 treats ( matt]s :i* _c be d$uc$ f pr9ciples kn[n to reason3 = x is *iefly made up ( n>ratives & revelation3 ! n>ratives g5]ally conta9 miracles--t is1 z we %all %[ 9 a lat] *apt]1 relations ( extraord9>y natural occurr5ces adapt$ to ! op9ions & judgm5t ( ! hi/orians :o record$ !m3 ! revelations also 7 adapt$ to ! op9ions ( ! prophets & 9 !mselves surpass$ human compreh5sion4 ,!re=e ! k ( all ^!--t is1 ( ne>ly ! :ole cont5ts ( ,scripture1 mu/ be s\ght f ,scripture alone1 ev5 z ! k ( nature is s\ght f nature4 ,z = ! moral doctr9es :i* are also conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 !y may be demon/rat$ f receiv$ axioms1 b we _c prove 9 ! same mann] t ,scripture int5d$ to tea* !m1 ?is c only be le>n$ f ,scripture itself4 ,if we w\ld be> unprejudic$ witness to ! ,div9e orig9 ( ,scripture1 we mu/ prove solely on its own au?ority t x tea*es true moral doctr9es1 = by su* means alone c its ,div9e orig9 be demon/rat$3 we h %[n t ! c]titude ( ! prophets dep5d$ *iefly on _! hav+ m9ds turn$ t[>ds :at is j & good1 !re=e we ought to h pro( ( _! possess+ ?is quality be=e we repose fai? 9 !m4 ,f miracles ,god's div9ity _c be prov$ z ,i %all %[1 = miracles c\ld be wr\ght by false prophets4 ,:]e=e ! ,div9e orig9 ( ,scripture mu/ consi/ solely 9 its tea*+ true virtue4 ,b we mu/ come to our conclusion simply on ,scriptural gr\nds1 = if we 7 unable to d s we c\ld n1 unless /rongly prejudic$1 accept ! ,bible & be> witness to its ,div9e orig94 ,our k ( ,scripture mu/ !n be look$ = 9 ,scripture only4 ,la/ly1 ,scripture does n give u def9itions ( ?+s any m ?an nature does3 !re=e1 su* def9itions mu/ be s\ght 9 ! latt] case f ! div]se work+s ( nature2 9 ! =m] case1 f ! v>i\s n>ratives ab\t ! giv5 subject :i* occur 9 ! ,bible4 ,! univ]sal rule1 !n1 9 int]pret+ ,scripture is to accept no?+ z an au?oritative ,scriptural /atem5t :i* we d n p]ceive v cle>ly :5 we exam9e x 9 ! light ( its hi/ory4 ,:at ,i mean by its hi/ory1 & :at %\ld be ! *ief po9ts elucidat$1 ,i w n[ expla94 ,! hi/ory ( a ,scriptural /atem5t comprises-- ,i4 ,! nature & prop]ties ( ! language 9 :i* ! books ( ! ,bible 7 writt51 & 9 :i* _! au?ors 7 accu/om$ to speak4 ,we %all ?us be able to inve/igate e expression by comp>ison ) common conv]sational usages4 ,n[ all ! writ]s bo? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new 7 ,hebrews3 !re=e1 a k ( ! ,hebrew language is be=e all ?+s necess>y1 n only = ! compreh5sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 writt5 9 t tongue1 b also ( ! ,new3 = al?\gh ! latt] 0 publi%$ 9 o!r languages1 yet its *>act]i/ics are ,hebrew4 ,,ii4 ,an analysis ( ea* book & arrangem5t ( its cont5ts "u heads2 s t we may h at h& ! v>i\s texts :i* treat ( a giv5 subject4 ,la/ly1 a note ( all ! passages :i* are ambigu\s or obscure1 or :i* seem mutually contradictory4 ,i call passages cle> or obscure accord+ z _! mean+ is inf]r$ easily or ) difficulty 9 relation to ! context1 n accord+ z _! tru? is p]ceiv$ easily or ! rev]se by reason4 ,we are at "w n on ! tru? ( passages1 b solely on _! mean+4 ,we mu/ take especial c>e1 :5 we are 9 se>* ( ! mean+ ( a text1 n to be l$ away by our reason 9 s f> z x is f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( natural k 7to say no?+ ( prejudices73 9 ord] n to conf\nd ! mean+ ( a passage ) its tru?1 we mu/ exam9e x solely by means ( ! signification ( ! words1 or by a reason ackn[l$g+ no f\ndation b ,scripture4 ,i w illu/rate my mean+ by an example4 ,! words ( ,moses1 ,god is a fire & ,god is jeal\s1 are p]fectly cle> s long z we reg>d m]ely ! signification ( ! words1 & ,i !re=e reckon !m among ! cle> passages1 ?\gh 9 relation to reason & tru? !y are mo/ obscure3 /ill1 al?\gh ! lit]al mean+ is repugnant to ! natural light ( reason1 nev]!less1 if x _c be cle>ly ov]rul$ on gr\nds & pr9ciples d]iv$ f its ,scriptural hi/ory1 x1 t is1 ! lit]al mean+1 mu/ be ! "o reta9$3 & contr>iwise if ^! passages lit]ally int]pret$ are f\nd to cla% ) pr9ciples d]iv$ f ,scripture1 ?\gh su* lit]al int]pretation 7 9 absolute h>mony ) reason1 !y mu/ be int]pret$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 i4e41 metaphorically4 ,if we w\ld "k :e!r ,moses believ$ ,god to be a fire or n1 we mu/ on no acc\nt decide ! "q on gr\nds ( ! reasonabl5ess or ! rev]se ( su* an op9ion1 b mu/ judge solely by ! o!r op9ions ( ,moses :i* are on record4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 z ,moses says 9 sev]al o!r passages t ,god has no lik5ess to any visible ?+1 :e!r 9 heav5 or 9 e>?1 or 9 ! wat]1 ei!r all su* passages mu/ be tak5 metaphorically1 or else ! "o be=e u mu/ be s expla9$4 ,h[ev]1 z we %\ld dep>t z little z possible f ! lit]al s5se1 we mu/ fir/ ask :e!r ?is text1 ,god is a fire1 admits ( any b ! lit]al mean+--t is1 :e!r ! ^w fire ev] means any?+ besides ord9>y natural fire4 ,if no su* second mean+ c be f\nd1 ! text mu/ be tak5 lit]ally1 h[ev] repugnant to reason x may be3 & all ! o!r passages1 ?\gh 9 complete accordance ) reason1 mu/ be br\ght into h>mony ) x4 ,if ! v]bal expressions w\ld n admit ( be+ ?us h>moniz$1 we %\ld h to set !m d[n z irreconcilable1 & susp5d our judgm5t conc]n+ !m4 ,h[ev]1 z we f9d ! "n fire appli$ to ang] & jeal\sy 7see ,job xxxi4 #ab7 we c ?us easily reconcile ! words ( ,moses1 & legitimately conclude t ! two propositions ,god is a fire1 & ,god is jeal\s1 are 9 mean+ id5tical4 ,fur!r1 z ,moses cle>ly tea*es t ,god is jeal\s1 & n[h]e /ates t ,god is )\t passions or emotions1 we mu/ evid5tly inf] t ,moses held ?is doctr9e himself1 or at any rate1 t he wi%$ to tea* x1 nor mu/ we refra9 because su* a belief seems contr>y to reason3 = z we h %[n1 we _c wre/ ! mean+ ( texts to suit ! dictates ( our reason1 or our preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,! :ole k ( ! ,bible mu/ be s\ght solely f itself4 ,,iii4 ,la/ly1 su* a hi/ory %\ld relate ! environm5t ( all ! prophetic books extant2 t is1 ! life1 ! conduct1 & ! /udies ( ! au?or ( ea* book1 :o he 01 :at 0 ! occasion1 & ! epo* ( 8 writ+1 :om did he write =1 & 9 :at language4 ,fur!r1 x %\ld inquire into ! fate ( ea* book3 h[ x 0 fir/ receiv$1 into ^: h&s x fell1 h[ _m diff]5t v]sions !re 7 ( x1 by ^: advice 0 x receiv$ into ! ,bible1 &1 la/ly1 h[ all ! books n[ univ]sally accept$ z sacr$1 7 unit$ into a s+le :ole4 ,all su* in=mation %\ld1 z ,i h said1 be conta9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,scripture4 ,=1 9 ord] to "k :at /atem5ts are set =? z laws1 & :at z moral precepts1 x is important to be acqua9t$ ) ! life1 ! conduct1 & ! pursuits ( _! au?or3 moreov]1 x becomes easi] to expla9 a man's writ+s 9 proportion z we h m intimate k ( 8 g5ius & temp]am5t4 ,fur!r1 t we may n conf\nd precepts :i* are et]nal ) ^? :i* s]v$ only a tempor>y purpose1 or 7 only meant = a few1 we %\ld "k :at 0 ! occasion1 ! "t1 ! age1 9 :i* ea* book 0 writt51 & to :at nation x 0 address$4 ,la/ly1 we %\ld h k on ! o!r po9ts ,i h m5tion$1 9 ord] to be sure1 9 addition to ! au!nticity ( ! "w1 t x has n be5 tamp]$ ) by sacrilegi\s h&s1 or :e!r errors c h crept 91 &1 if s1 :e!r !y h be5 correct$ by m5 suffici5tly skill$ & wor?y ( cr$5ce4 ,all ^! ?+s %\ld be kn[n1 t we may n be l$ away by bl9d impulse to accept :atev] is ?ru/ on our notice1 in/ead ( only t :i* is sure & indisputable4 ,n[1 :5 we are 9 possession ( ?is hi/ory ( ,scripture1 & h f9ally decid$ t we ass]t no?+ z prophetic doctr9e :i* does n directly foll[ f su* hi/ory1 or :i* is n cle>ly d$ucible f x1 !n1 ,i say1 x w be "t to gird ourselves = ! task ( inve/igat+ ! m9d ( ! prophets & ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,b 9 ?is fur!r argu+1 also1 we %all require a me?od v l t employ$ 9 int]pret+ ,nature f h] hi/ory4 ,z 9 ! exam9ation ( natural ph5om5a we try fir/ to inve/igate :at is mo/ univ]sal & common to all ,nature--su*1 = in/ance1 z motion & re/1 & _! laws & rules1 :i* ,nature always obs]ves1 & ?r\gh :i* %e cont9ually works--& !n we proce$ to :at is less univ]sal2 s1 too1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,scripture1 we seek fir/ = t :i* is mo/ univ]sal1 & s]ves = ! basis & f\ndation ( all ,scripture1 a doctr9e1 9 fact1 t is comm5d$ by all ! prophets z et]nal & mo/ pr(itable to all m54 ,= example1 t ,god is "o1 & t ,he is omnipot5t1 & ,he alone %\ld be wor%ip$1 t ,he has a c>e = all m51 & t ,he especially loves ^? :o adore ,him & love _! neighbor z !mselves1 etc4 ,^! & simil> doctr9es1 ,i repeat1 ,scripture ev]y:]e s cle>ly & expressly tea*es1 t no "o 0 ev] 9 d\bt ( its mean+ conc]n+ !m4 ,! nature ( ,god1 ,8 mann] ( reg>d+ & provid+ = ?+s1 & simil> doctr9es1 ,scripture n[h]e tea*es pr(ess$ly1 & z et]nal doctr9e2 on ! contr>y1 we h %[n t ! prophets !mselves did n agree on ! subject2 !re=e1 we mu/ n lay d[n any doctr9e z ,scriptural on su* subjects1 ?\gh x may appe> p]fectly cle> on rational gr\nds4 ,f a prop] k ( ?is univ]sal doctr9e ( ,scripture1 we mu/ !n proce$ to o!r doctr9es less univ]sal1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 h reg>d to ! g5]al conduct ( life1 & fl[ f ! univ]sal doctr9e l rivulets f a s\rce3 su* are all p>ticul> ext]nal manife/ations ( true virtue1 :i* ne$ a giv5 occasion = _! ex]cise2 :atev] is obscure or ambigu\s on su* po9ts 9 ,scripture mu/ be expla9$ & def9$ by its univ]sal doctr9e2 ) reg>d to contradictory in/ances1 we mu/ obs]ve ! occasion & ! "t 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,*ri/ says1 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn1 = !y %all be com=t$1 we d n "k1 f ! actual passage1 :at sort ( m\rn]s are meant2 z1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ aft]w>ds tea*es t we %\ld h c>e = no?+1 save only = ! k+dom ( ,god & ,8 righte\sness1 :i* is comm5d$ z ! highe/ good 7see ,matt4 vi4 #cc71 x foll[s t by m\rn]s ,he only meant ^? :o m\rn = ! k+dom ( ,god & righte\sness neglect$ by man3 = ?is w\ld be ! only cause ( m\rn+ to ^? :o love no?+ b ! ,div9e k+dom & ju/ice1 & :o evid5tly despise ! gifts ( =tune4 ,s1 too1 :5 ,*ri/ says3 ,b if a man /rike y on ! "r *eek1 turn to him ! left also1 & ! words :i* foll[4 ,if ,he _h giv5 su* a comm&1 z a lawgiv]1 to judges1 ,he w\ld !reby h abrogat$ ! law ( ,moses1 b ?is ,he expressly says ,he did n d 7,matt4 v4 #ag74 ,:]e=e we mu/ consid] :o 0 ! speak]1 :at 0 ! occasion1 & to :om 7 ! words address$4 ,n[ ,*ri/ said t ,he did n orda9 laws z a legislator1 b inculcat$ precepts z a tea*]3 inasmu* z ,he did n aim at correct+ outw>d actions s mu* z ! frame ( m9d4 ,fur!r1 ^! words 7 spok5 to m5 :o 7 oppress$1 :o liv$ 9 a corrupt commonweal? on ! br9k ( ru91 :]e ju/ice 0 utt]ly neglect$4 ,! v doctr9e inculcat$ "h by ,*ri/ j be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city 0 also taught by ,j]emiah be=e ! fir/ de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 t is1 9 simil> circum/ances1 z we see f ,lam5tations iii4 #be-cj4 ,n[ z su* tea*+ 0 only set =? by ! prophets 9 times ( oppression1 & 0 ev5 !n nev] laid d[n z a law2 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 ,moses 7:o did n write 9 times ( oppression1 b--m>k ?is--/rove to f\nd a well-ord]$ commonweal?71 :ile condemn+ envy & hatr$ ( "o's neighbor1 yet orda9$ t an eye %\ld be giv5 = an eye1 x foll[s mo/ cle>ly f ^! purely ,scriptural gr\nds t ?is precept ( ,*ri/ & ,j]emiah conc]n+ submission to injuries 0 only valid 9 places :]e ju/ice is neglect$1 & 9 a "t ( oppression1 b does n hold good 9 a well-ord]$ /ate4 ,9 a well-ord]$ /ate :]e ju/ice is adm9i/]$ e "o is b\nd1 if he w\ld be acc\nt$ j1 to dem& p5alties be=e ! judge 7see ,lev4 v4 #a71 n = ! sake ( v5geance 7,lev4 xix4 #ag1 #ah71 b 9 ord] to def5d ju/ice & 8 c\ntry's laws1 & to prev5t ! wick$ rejoic+ 9 _! wick$ness4 ,all ?is is pla9ly 9 accordance ) reason4 ,i might cite _m o!r examples 9 ! same mann]1 b ,i ?9k ! =ego+ are suffici5t to expla9 my mean+ & ! utility ( ?is me?od1 & ?is is all my pres5t purpose4 ,hi!rto we h only %[n h[ to inve/igate ^? passages ( ,scripture :i* treat ( practical conduct1 & :i*1 !re=e1 are m easily exam9$1 = on su* subjects !re 0 nev] really any controv]sy among ! writ]s ( ! ,bible4 ,! purely speculative passages _c be s easily trac$ to _! real mean+3 ! way becomes n>r[]1 = z ! prophets diff]$ 9 matt]s speculative among !mselves1 & ! n>ratives are 9 great measure adapt$ to ! prejudices ( ea* age1 we mu/ n1 on any acc\nt1 inf] ! int5tion ( "o prophet f cle>] passages 9 ! writ+s ( ano!r2 nor mu/ we s expla9 8 mean+1 unless x is p]fectly pla9 t ! two prophets 7 at "o 9 ! matt]4 ,h[ we are to arrive at ! int5tion ( ! prophets 9 su* cases ,i w briefly expla94 ,"h1 too1 we mu/ beg9 f ! mo/ univ]sal proposition1 inquir+ fir/ f ! mo/ cle> ,scriptural /atem5ts :at is ! nature ( prophecy or revelation1 & :]e9 does x consi/2 !n we mu/ proce$ to miracles1 & s on to :atev] is mo/ g5]al till we come to ! op9ions ( a p>ticul> prophet1 &1 at la/1 to ! mean+ ( a p>ticul> revelation1 prophecy1 hi/ory1 or miracle4 ,we h already po9t$ out t great caution is necess>y n to conf\nd ! m9d ( a prophet or hi/orian ) ! m9d ( ! ,holy ,_s & ! tru? ( ! matt]2 !re=e ,i ne$ n dwell fur!r on ! subject4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 "h rem>k conc]n+ ! mean+ ( revelation1 t ! pres5t me?od only tea*es u :at ! prophets really saw or he>d1 n :at !y desir$ to signify or repres5t by symbols4 ,! latt] may be guess$ at b _c be inf]r$ ) c]ta9ty f ,scriptural premises4 ,we h ?us %[n ! plan = int]pret+ ,scripture1 & h1 at ! same "t1 demon/rat$ t x is ! "o & sure/ way ( inve/igat+ its true mean+4 ,i am will+ inde$ to admit t ^? p]sons 7if any su* !re be7 w\ld be m absolutely c]ta9ly "r1 :o h receiv$ ei!r a tru/wor?y tradition or an assurance f ! prophets !mselves1 su* z is claim$ by ! ,ph>isees2 or :o h a pontiff gift$ ) infallibility 9 ! int]pretation ( ,scripture1 su* z ! ,roman ,ca?olics boa/4 ,b z we c nev] be p]fectly sure1 ei!r ( su* a tradition or ( ! au?ority ( ! pontiff1 we _c f\nd any c]ta9 conclusion on ei!r3 ! "o is d5i$ by ! olde/ sect ( ,*ri/ians1 ! o!r by ! olde/ sect ( ,jews4 ,inde$1 if we consid] ! s]ies ( ye>s 7to m5tion no o!r po9t7 accept$ by ! ,ph>isees f _! ,rabbis1 dur+ :i* "t !y say !y h h&$ d[n ! tradition f ,moses1 we %all f9d t x is n correct1 z ,i %[ else:]e4 ,!re=e su* a tradition %\ld be receiv$ ) extreme suspicion2 & al?\gh1 accord+ to our me?od1 we are b\nd to consid] z uncorrupt$ ! tradition ( ! ,jews1 namely1 ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew words :i* we receiv$ f !m1 we may accept ! latt] :ile reta9+ our d\bts ab\t ! =m]4 ,no "o has ev] be5 able to *ange ! mean+ ( a ^w 9 ord9>y use1 ?\gh _m h *ang$ ! mean+ ( a p>ticul> s5t5ce4 ,su* a proce$+ w\ld be mo/ difficult2 = :oev] attempt$ to *ange ! mean+ ( a ^w1 w\ld be compell$1 at ! same "t1 to expla9 all ! au?ors :o employ$ x1 ea* accord+ to 8 temp]am5t & int5tion1 or else1 ) consummate cunn+1 to falsify !m4 ,fur!r1 ! masses & ! le>n$ alike pres]ve language1 b x is only ! le>n$ :o pres]ve ! mean+ ( p>ticul> s5t5ces & books3 ?us1 we may easily imag9e t ! le>n$ hav+ a v r>e book 9 _! p[]1 might *ange or corrupt ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce 9 x1 b !y c\ld n alt] ! signification ( ! words2 moreov]1 if anyone want$ to *ange ! mean+ ( a common ^w he w\ld n be able to keep up ! *ange among po/]ity1 or 9 common p>lance or writ+4 ,= ^! & su*-l reasons we may readily conclude t x w\ld nev] ent] into ! m9d ( anyone to corrupt a language1 ?\gh ! int5tion ( a writ] may (t5 h be5 falsifi$ by *ang+ 8 phrases or int]pret+ !m amiss4 ,z !n our me?od 7bas$ on ! pr9ciple t ! k ( ,scripture mu/ be s\ght f itself alone7 is ! sole true "o1 we mu/ evid5tly r5\nce any k :i* x _c furni% = ! complete und]/&+ ( ,scripture4444 ,if we read a book :i* conta9s incr$ible or impossible n>ratives1 or is writt5 9 a v obscure /yle1 & if we "k no?+ ( its au?or1 nor ( ! "t or occasion ( its be+ writt51 we %all va9ly endeavor to ga9 any c]ta9 k ( its true mean+4 ,= be+ 9 ignorance on ^! po9ts we _c possibly "k ! aim or int5d$ aim ( ! au?or2 if we are fully in=m$1 we s ord] our ?\ghts z n to be 9 any way prejudic$ ei!r 9 ascrib+ to ! au?or or him = :om ! au?or wrote ei!r m or less ?an 8 mean+1 & we only take into consid]ation :at ! au?or may h _h 9 8 m9d1 or :at ! "t & occasion dem&$4 ,i ?9k ?is mu/ be tol]ably evid5t to all4 ,x (t5 happ5s t 9 diff]5t books we read hi/ories 9 !mselves simil>1 b :i* we judge v diff]5tly1 accord+ to ! op9ions we h =m$ ( ! au?ors4 ,i rememb] once to h read 9 "s book t a man nam$ ,orl&o ,furioso us$ to drive a k9d ( w+$ mon/] ?r\gh ! air1 fly ov] any c\ntries he lik$1 kill unaid$ va/ numb]s ( m5 & giants1 & su* l fancies1 :i* f ! po9t ( view ( reason are obvi\sly absurd4 ,a v simil> /ory ,i read 9 ,ovid ( ,p]seus1 & also 9 ! books ( ,judges & ,k+s ( ,samson1 :o alone & un>m$ kill$ ?\s&s ( m51 & ( ,elijah1 :o flew ?r\gh ! air1 & at la/ w5t up to heav5 9 a *>iot ( fire1 ) horses ( fire4 ,all ^! /ories are obvi\sly alike1 b we judge !m v diff]5tly4 ,! fir/ only s\ght to amuse1 ! second _h a political object1 ! ?ird a religi\s object4 ,we ga!r ?is simply f ! op9ions we _h previ\sly =m$ ( ! au?ors4 ,?us x is evid5tly necess>y to "k some?+ ( ! au?ors ( writ+s :i* are obscure or un9telligible1 if we w\ld int]pret _! mean+2 & = ! same reason1 9 ord] to *oose ! prop] read+ f among a great v>iety1 we ought to h in=mation z to ! v]sions 9 :i* ! diff]5ces are f\nd1 & z to ! possibility ( o!r read+s hav+ be5 discov]$ by p]sons ( great] au?ority4444 444 ,! difficulties 9 ?is me?od ( int]pret+ ,scripture f its own hi/ory1 ,i conceive to be s great t ,i d n hesitate to say t ! true mean+ ( ,scripture is 9 _m places inexplicable1 or at be/ m]e subject = guess "w2 b ,i mu/ aga9 po9t out1 on ! o!r h&1 t su* difficulties only arise :5 we endeavor to foll[ ! mean+ ( a prophet 9 matt]s :i* _c be p]ceiv$1 b only imag9$1 n 9 ?+s1 :]e( ! und]/&+ c give a cle> & di/9ct idea1 & :i* are conceivable ?r\gh !mselves3 matt]s :i* by _! nature are easily p]ceiv$ _c be express$ s obscurely z to be un9telligible2 z ! prov]b says1 a ^w is en\gh to ! wise4 ,euclid1 :o only wrote ( matt]s v simple & easily und]/ood1 c easily be compreh5d$ by any "o 9 any language2 we c foll[ 8 int5tion p]fectly1 & be c]ta9 ( 8 true mean+1 )\t hav+ a ?or\gh k ( ! language 9 :i* he wrote2 9 fact1 a q rudim5t>y acqua9tance is suffici5t4 ,we ne$ make no rese>*es conc]n+ ! life1 ! pursuits1 or ! habits ( ! au?or2 nor ne$ we inquire 9 :at language1 nor :5 he wrote1 nor ! vicissitudes ( 8 book1 nor its v>i\s read+s1 nor h[1 nor by ^: advice x has be5 receiv$4 ,:at we "h say ( ,euclid might equally be said ( any book :i* treats ( ?+s by _! nature p]ceptible3 ?us we conclude t we c easily foll[ ! int5tion ( ,scripture 9 moral que/ions1 f ! hi/ory we possess ( x1 & we c be sure ( its true mean+4 ,! precepts ( true piety are express$ 9 v ord9>y language1 & are equally simple & easily und]/ood4 ,fur!r1 z true salvation & bless$ness consi/ 9 a true ass5t ( ! s\l--& we truly ass5t only to :at we cle>ly und]/&--x is mo/ pla9 t we c foll[ ) c]ta9ty ! int5tion ( ,scripture 9 matt]s relat+ to salvation & necess>y to bless$ness2 !re=e1 we ne$ n be mu* tr\bl$ ab\t :at rema9s3 su* matt]s1 inasmu* z we g5]ally _c grasp !m ) our reason & und]/&+1 are m curi\s ?an pr(itable4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ set =? ! true me?od ( ,scriptural int]pretation1 & h suffici5tly expla9$ my own op9ion !reon4 ,besides1 ,i d n d\bt t e "o w see t su* a me?od only requires ! aid ( natural reason4 ,! nature & efficacy ( ! natural reason consi/s 9 d$uc+ & prov+ ! unkn[n f ! kn[n1 or 9 c>ry+ premises to _! legitimate conclusions2 & ^! are ! v processes :i* our me?od desid]ates4 ,?\gh we mu/ admit t x does n suffice to expla9 ev]y?+ 9 ! ,bible1 su* imp]fection does n spr+ f its own nature1 b f ! fact t ! pa? :i* x tea*es u1 z ! true "o1 has nev] be5 t5d$ or trodd5 by m51 & has ?us1 by ! lapse ( "t1 become v difficult1 & almo/ impassable1 z1 inde$1 ,i h %[n 9 ! difficulties ,i draw att5tion to4 ,!re only rema9s to exam9e ! op9ions ( ^? :o diff] f me4 ,! fir/ :i* comes "u our notice is1 t ! light ( nature has no p[] to int]pret ,scripture1 b t a sup]natural faculty is requir$ = ! task4 ,:at is meant by ?is sup]natural faculty ,i w leave to its prop\nd]s to expla94 ,p]sonally1 ,i c only suppose t !y h adopt$ a v obscure way ( /at+ _! complete unc]ta9ty ab\t ! true mean+ ( ,scripture4 ,if we look at _! int]pretations1 !y conta9 no?+ sup]natural1 at lea/ no?+ b ! m]e/ conjectures4 ,let !m be plac$ side by side ) ! int]pretations ( ^? :o frankly confess t !y h no faculty beyond _! natural ones2 we %all see t ! two are j alike--bo? human1 bo? long pond]$ ov]1 bo? labori\sly inv5t$4 ,to say t ! natural reason is insuffici5t = su* results is pla9ly untrue1 fir/ly1 = ! reasons above /at$1 namely1 t ! difficulty ( int]pret+ ,scripture arises f no defect 9 human reason1 b simply f ! c>elessness 7n to say malice7 ( m5 :o neglect$ ! hi/ory ( ! ,bible :ile !re 7 /ill mat]ials = inquiry2 secondly1 f ! fact 7admitt$1 ,i ?9k1 by all7 t ! sup]natural faculty is a ,div9e gift grant$ only to ! fai?ful4 ,b ! prophets & apo/les did n prea* to ! fai?ful only1 b *iefly to ! unfai?ful & wick$4 ,su* p]sons1 !re=e1 7 able to und]/& ! int5tion ( ! prophets & apo/les1 o!rwise ! prophets & apo/les w\ld h seem$ to be prea*+ to little boys & infants1 n to m5 end[$ ) reason4 ,moses1 too1 w\ld h giv5 8 laws 9 va91 if !y c\ld only be compreh5d$ by ! fai?ful1 :o ne$ no law4 ,inde$1 ^? :o dem& sup]natural faculties = compreh5d+ ! mean+ ( ! prophets & apo/les seem truly lack+ 9 natural faculties1 s t we %\ld h>dly suppose su* p]sons ! possessors ( a ,div9e sup]natural gift4 ,! op9ion ( ,maimonides 0 widely diff]5t4 ,he ass]t$ t ea* passage 9 ,scripture admits ( v>i\s1 nay1 contr>y mean+s2 b t we c\ld nev] be c]ta9 ( any p>ticul> "o till we knew t ! passage1 z we int]pret$ x1 conta9$ no?+ contr>y or repugnant to reason4 ,if ! lit]al mean+ cla%es ) reason1 ?\gh ! passage seems 9 itself p]fectly cle>1 x mu/ be int]pret$ 9 "s metaphorical s5se4 ,?is doctr9e he lays d[n v pla9ly 9 ,*ap4 xxv4 "p ii4 ( 8 book ,m ,nebu*im = he says3 ,"k t we %r9k n f affirm+ t ! _w ha? exi/$ f et]nity1 because ( :at ,scripture sai? conc]n+ ! _w's creation4 ,= ! texts :i* tea* t ! _w 0 creat$ are n m 9 numb] ?an ^? :i* tea* t ,god ha? a body2 nei!r are ! approa*es 9 ?is matt] ( ! _w's creation clos$1 or ev5 made h>d to u3 s t we %\ld n be able to expla9 :at is writt51 z we did :5 we %[$ t ,god ha? no body1 nay1 p]adv5ture1 we c\ld expla9 & make fa/ ! doctr9e ( ! _w's et]nity m easily ?an we did away ) ! doctr9es t ,god ha? a beatifi$ body4 ,yet two ?+s h9d] me f do+ z ,i h said1 & believ+ t ! _w is et]nal4 ,z x ha? be5 cle>ly %[n t ,god ha? n a body1 we mu/ p]=ce expla9 all ^? passages :]e( ! lit]al s5se agree? n ) ! demon/ration1 = sure x is t !y c be s expla9$4 ,b ! et]nity ( ! _w ha? n be5 s demon/rat$1 !re=e x is n necess>y to d viol5ce to ,scripture 9 support ( "s common op9ion1 :]e( we might1 at ! bidd+ ( reason1 embrace ! contr>y4 ,su* are ! words ( ,maimonides1 & !y are evid5tly suffici5t to e/abli% our po9t3 = if he _h be5 conv9c$ by reason t ! _w is et]nal1 he w\ld n h hesitat$ to twi/ & expla9 away ! words ( ,scripture till he made !m appe> to tea* ?is doctr9e4 ,he w\ld h felt q sure t ,scripture1 ?\gh ev]y:]e pla9ly d5y+ ! et]nity ( ! _w1 really int5ds to tea* x4 ,s t1 h[ev] cle> ! mean+ ( ,scripture may be1 he w\ld n feel c]ta9 ( hav+ grasp$ x1 s long z he rema9$ d\btful ( ! tru? ( :at 0 writt54 ,= we are 9 d\bt :e!r a ?+ is 9 con=mity ) reason1 or contr>y !reto1 s long z we are unc]ta9 ( its tru?1 &1 consequ5tly1 we _c be sure :e!r ! lit]al mean+ ( a passage be true or false4 ,if su* a !ory z ?is 7 s\nd1 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly grant t "s faculty beyond ! natural reason is requir$ = int]pret+ ,scripture4 ,= ne>ly all ?+s t we f9d 9 ,scripture _c be inf]r$ f kn[n pr9ciples ( ! natural reason1 & !re=e1 we %\ld be unable to come to any conclusion ab\t _! tru?1 or ab\t ! real mean+ & int5tion ( ,scripture1 b %\ld /& 9 ne$ ( "s fur!r assi/ance4 ,fur!r1 ! tru? ( ?is !ory w\ld involve t ! masses1 hav+ g5]ally no compreh5sion (1 nor leisure =1 detail$ pro(s1 w\ld be r$uc$ to receiv+ all _! k ( ,scripture on ! au?ority & te/imony ( philosoph]s1 & consequ5tly1 w\ld be compell$ to suppose t ! int]pretations giv5 by philosoph]s 7 infallible4 ,truly ?is w\ld be a new =m ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & a new sort ( prie/s or pontiffs1 m likely to excite m5's ridicule ?an _! v5]ation4 ,c]ta9ly our me?od dem&s a k ( ,hebrew = :i* ! masses h no leisure2 b no su* objection z ! =ego+ c be br\ght aga9/ u4 ,= ! ord9>y ,jews or ,g5tiles1 to :om ! prophets & apo/les prea*$ & wrote1 und]/ood ! language1 & consequ5tly1 ! int5tion ( ! prophet or apo/le address+ !m2 b !y did n grasp ! intr9sic reason ( :at 0 prea*$1 :i*1 accord+ to ,maimonides1 w\ld be necess>y = an und]/&+ ( x4 ,!re is no?+1 !n1 9 our me?od :i* r5d]s x necess>y t ! masses %\ld foll[ ! te/imony ( comm5tators1 = ,i po9t to a set ( unle>n$ p :o und]/ood ! language ( ! prophets & apo/les2 :]eas ,maimonides c\ld n po9t to any su* :o c\ld arrive at ! prophetic or apo/olic mean+ ?r\gh _! k ( ! causes ( ?+s4 ,z to ! multitude ( our own "t we %all %[ t :atsoev] is necess>y to salvation1 ?\gh its reasons may be unkn[n1 c easily be und]/ood 9 any language1 because x is ?or\ghly ord9>y & usual2 x is 9 su* und]/&+ z ?is t ! masses acquiesce1 n 9 ! te/imony ( comm5tators2 ) reg>d to o!r que/ions1 ! ignorant & ! le>n$ f>e alike4 ,b let u return to ! op9ion ( ,maimonides1 & exam9e x m closely4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he supposes t ! prophets 7 9 entire agreem5t "o ) ano!r1 & t !y 7 consummate philosoph]s & !ologians2 = he w\ld h !m to h bas$ _! conclusions on ! absolute tru?4 ,fur!r1 he supposes t ! s5se ( ,scripture _c be made pla9 f ,scripture itself1 = ! tru? ( ?+s is n made pla9 !re9 79 t x does n prove any?+1 nor tea* ! matt]s ( :i* x speaks ?r\gh _! def9itions & fir/ causes71 !re=e1 accord+ to ,maimonides1 ! true s5se ( ,scripture _c be made pla9 f itself1 & mu/ n be !re s\ght4 ,! falsity ( su* a doctr9e is %[n 9 ?is v *apt]1 = we h %[n bo? by reason & examples t ! mean+ ( ,scripture is only made pla9 ?r\gh ,scripture itself1 & ev5 9 que/ions d$ucible f ord9>y k %\ld be look$ = f no o!r s\rce4 ,la/ly1 su* a !ory supposes t we may expla9 ! words ( ,scripture accord+ to our preconceiv$ op9ions1 twi/+ !m ab\t1 & rev]s+ or completely *ang+ ! lit]al s5se1 h[ev] pla9 x may be4 ,su* lic5se is utt]ly oppos$ to ! tea*+ ( ?is & ! succe$+ *apt]s1 & moreov]1 w be evid5t to e "o z ra% & excessive4 ,b if we grant all ?is lic5se1 :at c x effect aft] all8 ,absolutely no?+4 ,^? ?+s :i* _c be demon/rat$1 & :i* make up ! great] "p ( ,scripture1 _c be exam9$ by reason1 & _c !re=e be expla9$ or int]pret$ by ?is rule2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 by foll[+ our own me?od1 we c expla9 _m que/ions ( ?is nature1 & discuss !m on a sure basis1 z we h already %[n1 by reason & example4 ,^? matt]s :i* are by _! nature compreh5sible we c easily expla91 z has be5 po9t$ out1 simply by means ( ! context4 ,!re=e1 ! me?od ( ,maimonides is cle>ly useless3 to :i* we may add1 t x does away ) all ! c]ta9ty :i* ! masses acquire by c&id read+1 or :i* is ga9$ by any o!r p]sons 9 any o!r way4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 we dismiss ,maimonides' !ory z h>mful1 useless1 & absurd4 ,z to ! tradition ( ! ,ph>isees1 we h already %[n#c t x is n consi/5t1 :ile ! au?ority ( ! popes ( ,rome /&s 9 ne$ ( m cr$ible evid5ce2 ! latt]1 inde$1 ,i reject simply on ?is gr\nd1 = if ! popes c\ld po9t out to u ! mean+ ( ,scripture z surely z did ! high prie/s ( ! ,jews1 ,i %\ld n be det]r$ by ! fact t !re h be5 h]etic & impi\s ,roman pontiffs2 = among ! ,hebrew high-prie/s ( old !re 7 also h]etics & impi\s m5 :o ga9$ ! high-prie/hood by improp] means1 b :o1 nev]!less1 _h ,scriptural sanction = _! supreme p[] ( int]pret+ ! law4 7,see ,deut4 xvii4 #aa1 #ab1 & xxxviii4 #aj1 also ,mala*i ii4 #h74 ,h[ev]1 z ! popes c %[ no su* sanction1 _! au?ority rema9s op5 to v grave d\bt1 nor %\ld any "o be deceiv$ by ! example ( ! ,jewi% high-prie/s & ?9k t ! ,ca?olic religion also /&s 9 ne$ ( a pontiff2 he %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! laws ( ,moses be+ also ! ord9>y laws ( ! c\ntry1 necess>ily requir$ "s public au?ority to insure _! obs]vance2 =1 if ev]yone 7 free to int]pret ! laws ( 8 c\ntry z he pleas$1 no /ate c\ld /&1 b w\ld = t v reason be dissolv$ at once1 & public rights w\ld become private rights4 ,) religion ! case is widely diff]5t4 ,inasmu* z x consi/s n s mu* 9 outw>d actions z 9 simplicity & tru? ( "*1 x /&s outside ! sph]e ( law & public au?ority4 ,simplicity & tru? ( "* are n produc$ by ! con/ra9t ( laws1 nor by ! au?ority ( ! /ate1 no "o ! :ole _w ov] c be =c$ or legislat$ into a /ate ( bless$ness2 ! means requir$ = su* a consummation are fai?ful & bro!rly admonition1 s\nd education1 & above all1 free use ( ! individual judgm5t4 ,!re=e1 z ! supreme "r ( free ?9k+1 ev5 on religion1 is 9 e man's p[]1 & z x is inconceivable t su* p[] c\ld be ali5at$1 x is also 9 e man's p[] to wield ! supreme "r & au?ority ( free judgm5t 9 ?is behalf1 & to expla9 & int]pret religion = himself4 ,! only reason = ve/+ ! supreme au?ority 9 ! int]pretation ( law1 & judgm5t on public affairs 9 ! h&s ( ! magi/rates1 is t x conc]ns que/ions ( public "r4 ,simil>ly ! supreme au?ority 9 expla9+ religion1 & 9 pass+ judgm5t !reon1 is lodg$ ) ! individual because x conc]ns que/ions ( individual "r4 ,s f>1 !n1 f ! au?ority ( ! ,hebrew high-prie/s tell+ 9 confirmation ( ! au?ority ( ! ,roman pontiffs to int]pret religion1 x w\ld r t5d to e/abli% individual fre$om ( judgm5t4 ,?us 9 ?is way1 also1 we h %[n t our me?od ( int]pret+ ,scripture is ! be/4 ,= z ! highe/ p[] ( ,scriptural int]pretation belongs to e man1 ! rule = su* int]pretation %\ld be no?+ b ! natural light ( reason :i* is common to all--n any sup]natural light nor any ext]nal au?ority2 moreov]1 su* a rule ought n to be s difficult t x c only be appli$ by v skillful philosoph]s1 b %\ld be adapt$ to ! natural & ord9>y faculties & capacity ( mank9d4 ,& su* ,i h %[n our me?od to be1 = su* difficulties z x has arise f m5's c>elessness1 & are no "p ( its nature4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,f ! ,tr4 ,?4-,p41 *4 vii1 same title4 #c ,! detail$ discussion ( ?is po9t has be5 omitt$4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,( ,,prophets ,,& ,,prophecy#d ,i ,prophecy1 or revelation1 is sure k reveal$ by ,god to man4 ,a prophet is "o :o int]prets ! revelations ( ,god to ^? :o are unable to atta9 to sure k ( ! matt]s reveal$1 & !re=e c only appreh5d !m by simple fai?4 ,! ,hebrew ^w = prophet is nabi1 i4e41 speak] or int]pret]1 b 9 ,scripture its mean+ is re/rict$ to int]pret] ( ,god1 z we may le>n f ,exodus vii4 #a1 :]e ,god says to ,moses1 ,see1 ,i h made !e a god to ,ph>aoh1 & ,a>on ?y bro!r %all be ?y prophet2 imply+ t1 s9ce 9 int]pret+ ,moses' words to ,ph>aoh1 ,a>on act$ ! "p ( a prophet1 ,moses w\ld be to ,ph>aoh z a god1 or 9 ! attitude ( a god4444 ,n[ x is evid5t1 f ! def9ition above giv51 t prophecy really includes ord9>y k2 = ! k :i* we acquire by our natural faculties dep5ds on our k ( ,god & ,8 et]nal laws2 b ord9>y k is common to all m5 z m51 & re/s on f\ndations :i* all %>e1 :]eas ! multitude always /ra9s aft] r>ities & exceptions1 & ?9ks little ( ! gifts ( nature2 s t1 :5 prophecy is talk$ (1 ord9>y k is n suppos$ to be includ$4 ,nev]!less x has z mu* "r z any o!r to be call$ ,div9e1 = ,god's nature1 9 s f> z we %>e !re91 & ,god's laws1 dictate x to u2 nor does x suff] f t to :i* we give ! prem95ce1 except 9 s f> z ! latt] transc5ds its limits & _c be acc\nt$ = by natural laws tak5 9 !mselves4 ,9 respect to ! c]ta9ty x involves1 & ! s\rce f :i* x is d]iv$1 i4e41 ,god1 ord9>y k is no :it inf]ior to prophetic1 unless inde$ we believe1 or r dream1 t ! prophets _h human bodies b sup]human m9ds1 & !re=e t _! s5sations & consci\sness 7 entirely diff]5t f our own4 ,b1 al?\gh ord9>y k is ,div9e1 its pr(essors _c be call$ prophets1 = !y tea* :at ! re/ ( mank9d c\ld p]ceive & appreh5d1 n m]ely by simple fai?1 b z surely & honorably z !mselves4 ,see+ !n t our m9d subjectively conta9s 9 itself & p>takes ( ! nature ( ,god1 & solely f ?is cause is enabl$ to =m notions expla9+ natural ph5om5a & inculcat+ morality1 x foll[s t we may rightly ass]t ! nature ( ! human m9d 79 s f> z x is ?us conceiv$7 to be a prim>y cause ( ,div9e revelation4 ,all t we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& is dictat$ to u1 z ,i h j po9t$ out1 by ! idea & nature ( ,god2 n inde$ ?r\gh words1 b 9 a way f> m excell5t & agree+ p]fectly ) ! nature ( ! m9d1 z all :o h enjoy$ intellectual c]ta9ty w d\btless atte/4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 my *ief purpose is to speak ( matt]s hav+ ref]5ce to ,scripture1 s ^! few words on ! light ( reason w suffice4 ,i w n[ pass on to1 & treat m fully1 ! o!r ways & means by :i* ,god makes revelations to mank9d1 bo? ( t :i* transc5ds ord9>y k & ( t )9 its scope2 = !re is no reason :y ,god %\ld n employ o!r means to communicate :at we "k already by ! p[] ( reason4 ,our conclusions on ! subject mu/ be drawn solely f ,scripture2 = :at c we affirm ab\t matt]s transc5d+ our k except :at is told u by ! words or writ+s ( prophets8 ,& s9ce !re are1 s f> z ,i "k1 no prophets n[ alive1 we h no alt]native b to read ! books ( prophets dep>t$1 tak+ c>e ! :ile n to reason f metaphor or to ascribe any?+ to our au?ors :i* !y d n !mselves di/9ctly /ate4 ,i mu/ fur!r premise t ! ,jews nev] make any m5tion or acc\nt ( second>y1 or p>ticul> causes1 b 9 a _s ( religion1 piety1 & :at is commonly call$ godl9ess1 ref] all ?+s directly to ! ,deity4 ,= in/ance1 if !y make money by a transaction1 !y say ,god gave x to !m2 if !y desire any?+1 !y say ,god has dispos$ _! he>ts t[>ds x2 if !y ?9k any?+1 !y say ,god told !m4 ,h5ce we mu/ n suppose t ev]y?+ is prophecy or revelation :i* is describ$ 9 ,scripture z told by ,god to any "o1 b only su* ?+s z are expressly ann\nc$ z prophecy or revelation1 or are pla9ly po9t$ to z su* by ! context4 ,a p]usal ( ! sacr$ books w %[ u t all ,god's revelations to ! prophets 7 made ?r\gh words or appe>ances1 or a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,^! words & appe>ances 7 ( two k9ds2 7#a7 real :5 ext]nal to ! m9d ( ! prophet :o he>d or saw !m1 7#b7 imag9>y :5 ! imag9ation ( ! prophet 0 9 a /ate :i* l$ him di/9ctly to suppose t he he>d or saw !m4 ,) a real voice ,god reveal$ to ,moses ! laws :i* ,he wi%$ to be transmitt$ to ! ,hebrews1 z we may see f ,exodus xxv4 #bb1 :]e ,god says1 ,& !re ,i w meet ) !e & ,i w commune ) !e f ! m]cy seat :i* is betwe5 ! ,*]ubim4 ,"s sort ( real voice mu/ necess>ily h be5 employ$1 = ,moses f\nd ,god ready to commune ) him at any "t4 ,?is is ! only in/ance ( a real voice4 444 ,"s ( ! ,jews believe t ! actual words ( ! ,decalogue 7 n spok5 by ,god1 b t ! ,israelites he>d a noise only1 )\t any di/9ct words1 & dur+ its cont9uance appreh5d ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts by pure intuition2 to ?is op9ion ,i myself once incl9$1 see+ t ! words ( ! ,decalogue 9 ,exodus are diff]5t f ! words ( ! ,decalogue 9 ,deut]onomy1 = ! discrepancy seem$ to imply 7s9ce ,god only spoke once7 t ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 7 n int5d$ to convey ! actual words ( ! ,"l1 b only ,8 mean+4 ,h[ev]1 unless we w\ld d viol5ce to ,scripture1 we mu/ c]ta9ly admit t ! ,israelites he>d a real voice1 = ,scripture expressly says 7,deut4 v4 #d71 ,god spake ) y face to face1 i4e41 z two m5 ord9>ily int]*ange ideas ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( _! two bodies2 & !re=e x seems m consonant ) ,holy ,writ to suppose t ,god really did create a voice ( "s k9d ) :i* ! ,decalogue 0 reveal$4444 ,yet n ev5 ?us is all difficulty remov$1 = x seems sc>cely reasonable to affirm t a creat$ ?+1 dep5d+ on ,god 9 ! same mann] z o!r creat$ ?+s1 w\ld be able to express or expla9 ! nature ( ,god ei!r v]bally or really by means ( its individual organism3 = in/ance1 by decl>+ 9 ! fir/ p]son1 ,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god4 ,c]ta9ly :5 any "o says 8 m\?1 ,i und]/&1 we d n attribute ! und]/&+ to ! m\?1 b to ! m9d ( ! speak]2 yet ?is is because ! m\? is ! natural organ ( a man speak+1 & ! he>]1 kn[+ :at und]/&+ is1 easily compreh5ds1 by a comp>ison ) himself1 t ! speak]'s m9d is meant2 b if we knew no?+ ( ,god beyond ! m]e "n & wi%$ to commune ) ,him1 & be assur$ ( ,8 exi/5ce1 ,i fail to see h[ our wi% w\ld be satisfi$ by ! decl>ation ( a creat$ ?+ 7dep5d+ on ,god nei!r m nor less ?an ourselves71 ,i am ! ,"l4 ,if ,god contort$ ! lips ( ,moses1 or1 ,i w n say ,moses1 b "s bea/1 till !y pron\nc$ ! words1 ,i am ! ,"l1 %\ld we appreh5d ! ,"l's exi/5ce !refrom8 ,scripture seems cle>ly to po9t to ! belief t ,god spoke ,himself1 hav+ desc5d$ f heav5 to ,m\nt ,s9ai = ! purpose--& n only t ! ,israelites he>d ,him speak+1 b t _! *ief m5 beheld ,him 7,ex4 xxiv474 ,fur!r1 ! laws ( ,moses :i* might nei!r be add$ to nor curtail$1 & :i* 0 set up z a national /&>d ( "r1 n[h]e prescrib$ ! belief t ,god is )\t body1 or ev5 )\t =m or figure1 b only orda9$ t ! ,jews %\ld believe 9 ,8 exi/5ce & wor%ip ,him alone3 x =bade !m to inv5t or fa%ion any lik5ess ( ! ,deity1 b ?is 0 to insure purity ( s]vice2 because1 nev] hav+ se5 ,god1 !y c\ld n by means ( images recall ! lik5ess ( ,god1 b only ! lik5ess ( "s creat$ ?+ :i* might ?us gradually take ! place ( ,god z ! object ( _! adoration4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,bible cle>ly implies t ,god has a =m1 & t ,moses :5 he he>d ,god speak+ 0 p]mitt$ to behold x1 or at lea/ its h9d] p>ts4 ,d\btless "s my/]y lurks 9 ?is "q :i* we w discuss m fully bel[4 ,= ! pres5t ,i w call att5tion to ! passages 9 ,scripture indicat+ ! means by :i* ,god has reveal$ ,8 laws to man4 ,revelation may be ?r\gh figures only 7z 9 #a ,*ron4 xxii471 :]e ,god displays 8 ang] to ,david by means ( an angel be>+ a sword1 & also 9 ! /ory ( ,balaam4 ,maimonides & o!rs d inde$ ma9ta9 t ^! & e o!r in/ance ( angelic app>itions 7e4g41 to ,manoah & to ,abraham (f]+ up ,isaac7 occurr$ dur+ sleep1 = t no "o ) 8 eyes op5 ev] c\ld see an angel1 b ?is is m]e nons5se4 ,! sole object ( su* comm5tators seem$ to be to extort f ,scripture confirmations ( ,ari/otelian quibbles & _! own inv5tions1 a proce$+ :i* ,i reg>d z ! acme ( absurdity4 ,9 figures1 n real b exi/+ only 9 ! prophet's imag9ation1 ,god reveal$ to ,joseph 8 future lord%ip1 & 9 words & figures ,he reveal$ to ,jo%ua t ,he w\ld fight = ! ,hebrews1 caus+ to appe> an angel1 z x 7 ! capta9 ( ! ,"l's ho/1 be>+ a sword1 & by ?is means communicat+ v]bally4 ,! =sak+ ( ,israel by ,provid5ce 0 portray$ to ,isaiah by a vision ( ! ,"l1 ! ?rice ,holy1 sitt+ on a v l(ty ?rone1 & ! ,hebrews1 /a9$ ) ! mire ( _! s9s1 sunk1 z x 71 9 uncleanness1 & ?us z f> z possible di/ant f ,god4 ,! wret*$ness ( ! p at ! "t 0 ?us reveal$1 :ile future calamities 7 =etold 9 words4 ,i c\ld cite f ,holy ,writ _m simil> examples1 b ,i ?9k !y are suffici5tly well kn[n already4444 ,we may be able q to compreh5d t ,god c communicate imm$iately ) man1 = )\t ! int]v5tion ( bodily means ,he communicates to our m9ds ,8 ess5ce2 /ill1 a man :o c by pure intuition compreh5d ideas :i* are nei!r conta9$ 9 nor d$ucible f ! f\ndations ( our natural k1 mu/ necess>ily possess a m9d f> sup]ior to ^? ( 8 fell[ m51 nor d ,i believe t any h be5 s end[$ save ,*ri/4 ,to ,him ! ord9ances ( ,god lead+ m5 to salvation 7 reveal$ directly )\t words or visions1 s t ,god manife/$ ,himself to ! ,apo/les ?r\gh ! m9d ( ,*ri/ z ,he =m]ly did to ,moses ?r\gh ! sup]natural voice4 ,9 ?is s5se ! voice ( ,*ri/1 l ! voice :i* ,moses he>d1 may be call$ ! voice ( ,god1 & x may be said t ! wisdom ( ,god 7i4e41 wisdom m ?an human7 took ^u itself 9 ,*ri/ human nature1 & t ,*ri/ 0 ! way ( salvation4 ,i mu/ at ?is juncture decl>e t ^? doctr9es :i* c]ta9 *ur*es put =w>d conc]n+ ,*ri/1 ,i nei!r affirm nor d5y1 = ,i freely confess t ,i d n und]/& !m4 ,:at ,i h j /at$ ,i ga!r f ,scripture1 :]e ,i nev] read t ,god appe>$ to ,*ri/1 or spoke to ,*ri/1 b t ,god 0 reveal$ to ! ,apo/les ?r\gh ,*ri/2 t ,*ri/ 0 ! ,way ( ,life1 & t ! old law 0 giv5 ?r\gh an angel1 & n imm$iately by ,god2 :5ce x foll[s t if ,moses spoke ) ,god face to face z a man speaks ) 8 fri5d 7i4e41 by means ( _! two bodies7 ,*ri/ commun$ ) ,god m9d to m9d4#e ,?us we may conclude t no "o except ,*ri/ receiv$ ! revelations ( ,god )\t ! aid ( imag9ation1 :e!r 9 words or vision4 ,!re=e ! p[] ( prophecy implies n a peculi>ly p]fect m9d1 b a peculi>ly vivid imag9ation4444 ,if ! ,jews 7 at a loss to und]/& any ph5om5on1 or 7 ignorant ( its cause1 !y ref]r$ x to ,god4 ,?us a /orm 0 t]m$ ! *id+ ( ,god1 ?und] & lightn+ ! arr[s ( ,god1 = x 0 ?\ght t ,god kept ! w9ds conf9$ 9 caves1 ,8 treasuries2 ?us diff]+ m]ely 9 "n f ! ,greek w9d-god ,eolus4 ,9 l mann] miracles 7 call$ works ( ,god1 z be+ especially m>vel\s2 ?\gh 9 reality1 ( c\rse1 all natural ev5ts are ! works ( ,god1 & take place solely by ,8 p[]4 ,! ,psalmi/ calls ! miracles 9 ,egypt ! works ( ,god1 because ! ,hebrews f\nd 9 !m a way ( safety :i* !y _h n look$ =1 & !re=e especially m>vel$ at4 ,z1 !n1 unusual natural ph5om5a are call$ works ( ,god1 & trees ( unusual size are call$ trees ( ,god1 we _c wond] t v /rong & tall m51 ?\gh impi\s robb]s & :oremong]s1 are 9 ,g5esis call$ sons ( ,god4 ,?is ref]5ce ( ?+s wond]ful to ,god 0 n peculi> to ! ,jews4 ,ph>aoh1 on he>+ ! int]pretation ( 8 dream1 exclaim$ t ! m9d ( ! gods 0 9 ,joseph4 ,nebu*adnezz> told ,daniel t he possess$ ! m9d ( ! holy gods2 s also 9 ,lat9 any?+ well made is (t5 said to be wr\ght ) ,div9e h&s1 :i* is equival5t to ! ,hebrew phrase1 wr\ght ) ! h& ( ,god4 444 ,we f9d t ! ,scriptural phrases1 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l 0 ^u a prophet1 ,! ,"l brea!d ,8 ,_s into m51 ,m5 7 fill$ ) ! ,_s ( ,god1 ) ! ,holy ,_s1 etc41 are q cle> to u1 & mean t ! prophets 7 end[$ ) a peculi> & extraord9>y p[]1 & devot$ !mselves to piety ) especial con/ancy2 t ?us !y p]ceiv$ ! m9d or ! ?\ght ( ,god1 = we h %[n else:]e t ,god's _s signifies 9 ,hebrew ,god's m9d or ?\ght1 & t ! law :i* %[s ,8 m9d & ?\ght is call$ ,8 ,_s2 h5ce t ! imag9ation ( ! prophets1 inasmu* z ?r\gh x 7 reveal$ ! decrees ( ,god1 may equally be call$ ! m9d ( ,god1 & ! prophets be said to h possess$ ! m9d ( ,god4 ,on our m9ds also ! m9d ( ,god & ,8 et]nal ?\ghts are impress$2 b ?is be+ ! same = all m5 is less tak5 into acc\nt1 especially by ! ,hebrews1 :o claim$ a prem95ce1 & despis$ o!r m5 & o!r m5's k4 ,also ! prophets 7 said to possess ! ,_s ( ,god because m5 knew n ! cause ( prophetic k1 & 9 _! wond] ref]r$ x ) o!r m>vels directly to ! ,deity1 /yl+ x ,div9e k4 ,we ne$ no long] scruple to affirm t ! prophets only p]ceiv$ ,god's revelation by ! aid ( imag9ation1 t is1 by words & figures ei!r real or imag9>y4 ,we f9d no o!r means m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 & !re=e mu/ n inv5t any4 ,z to ! p>ticul> law ( ,nature by :i* ! communications took place1 ,i confess my ignorance4 ,i might1 inde$1 say z o!rs d1 t !y took place by ! p[] ( ,god2 b ?is w\ld be m]e trifl+1 & no bett] ?an expla9+ "s unique specim5 by a transc5d5tal t]m4 ,ev]y?+ takes place by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,nature h]self is ! p[] ( ,god "u ano!r "n1 & our ignorance ( ! p[] ( ,god is co-ext5sive ) our ignorance ( ,nature4 ,x is absolutely folly1 !re=e1 to ascribe an ev5t to ! p[] ( ,god :5 we "k n its natural cause1 :i* is ! p[] ( ,god4 ,h[ev]1 we are n n[ inquir+ into ! causes ( prophetic k4 ,we are only attempt+1 z ,i h said1 to exam9e ! ,scriptural docum5ts1 & to draw our conclusions f !m z f ultimate natural facts2 ! causes ( ! docum5ts d n conc]n u4 ,z ! prophets p]ceiv$ ! revelations ( ,god by ! aid ( imag9ation1 !y c\ld indisputably p]ceive mu* t is beyond ! b\nd>y ( ! intellect1 = _m m ideas c be con/ruct$ f words & figures ?an f ! pr9ciples & notions on :i* ! :ole fabric ( reason$ k is re>$4 ,?us we h a clue to ! fact t ! prophets p]ceiv$ ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 p>ables & allegories1 & clo!d spiritual tru?s 9 bodily =ms1 = su* is ! usual me?od ( imag9ation4 ,we ne$ no long] wond] t ,scripture & ! prophets speak s /rangely & obscurely ( ,god's ,_s or ,m9d 7cf4 ,numb]s xi4 #ag1 #a ,k+s xxii1 #ba1 etc471 t ! ,"l 0 se5 by ,micah z sitt+1 by ,daniel z an old man clo!d 9 :ite1 by ,ezekiel z a fire1 t ! ,holy ,_s appe>$ to ^? ) ,*ri/ z a desc5d+ dove1 to ! apo/les z fi]y tongues1 to ,paul on 8 conv]sion z a great light4 ,all ^! expressions are pla9ly 9 h>mony ) ! curr5t ideas ( ,god & spirits4 ,inasmu* z imag9ation is fleet+ & incon/ant1 we f9d t ! p[] ( prophecy did n rema9 ) a prophet = long1 nor manife/ itself frequ5tly1 b 0 v r>e2 manife/+ itself only 9 a few m51 & 9 !m n (t54 ,we mu/ necess>ily inquire h[ ! prophets became assur$ ( ! tru? ( :at !y p]ceiv$ by imag9ation1 & n by sure m5tal laws2 b our inve/igation mu/ be conf9$ to ,scripture1 = ! subject is "o on :i* we _c acquire c]ta9 k1 & :i* we _c expla9 by ! imm$iate causes4 ,,ii 444 ,z ,i h said1 ! prophets 7 end[$ ) unusually vivid imag9ations1 & n ) unusually p]fect m9ds4 ,?is conclusion is amply su/a9$ by ,scripture1 = we are told t ,solomon 0 ! wise/ ( m51 b _h no special faculty ( prophecy4 ,heman1 ,calcol1 & ,d>a1 ?\gh m5 ( great tal5t1 7 n prophets1 :]eas un$ucat$ c\ntrym51 nay1 ev5 wom51 su* z ,hag>1 ,abraham's h&maid1 7 ?us gift$4 ,nor is ?is contr>y to ord9>y exp]i5ce & reason4 ,m5 ( great imag9ative p[] are less fitt$ = ab/ract reason+1 :]eas ^? :o excel 9 intellect & its use keep _! imag9ation m re/ra9$ & controll$1 hold+ x 9 subjection1 s to speak1 le/ x %\ld usurp ! place ( reason4 ,?us to suppose t k ( natural & spiritual ph5om5a c be ga9$ f ! prophetic books1 is an utt] mi/ake1 :i* ,i %all endeavor to expose1 z ,i ?9k philosophy1 ! age1 & ! "q itself dem&4 ,i c>e n = ! gird+s ( sup]/ition1 = sup]/ition is ! bitt] enemy ( all true k & true morality4 ,yes2 x has come to ?is6 ,m5 :o op5ly confess t !y c =m no idea ( ,god1 & only "k ,him ?r\gh creat$ ?+s1 ( :i* !y "k n ! causes1 c unblu%+ly accuse philosoph]s ( ,a!ism4 ,treat+ ! "q me?odically1 ,i w %[ t prophecies v>i$1 n only accord+ to ! imag9ation & physical temp]am5t ( ! prophet1 b also accord+ to 8 p>ticul> op9ions2 & fur!r t prophecy nev] r5d]$ ! prophet wis] ?an he 0 be=e4 ,b ,i w fir/ discuss ! assurance ( tru? :i* ! prophets receiv$1 = ?is is ak9 to ! subject-matt] ( ! *apt]1 & w s]ve to elucidate some:at our pres5t po9t4 ,imag9ation does n1 9 its own nature1 involve any c]ta9ty ( tru?1 su* z is impli$ 9 e cle> & di/9ct idea1 b requires "s extr9sic reason to assure u ( its objective reality3 h5ce prophecy _c af=d c]ta9ty1 & ! prophets 7 assur$ ( ,god's revelation by "s sign1 & n by ! fact ( revelation1 z we may see f ,abraham1 :o1 :5 he _h he>d ! promise ( ,god1 dem&$ a sign1 n because he did n believe 9 ,god b because he wi%$ to be sure t x 0 ,god ,:o made ! promise4 ,! fact is /ill m evid5t 9 ! case ( ,gideon3 ,%[ me1 he says to ,god1 %[ me a sign1 t ,i may "k t x is ,?\ t talke/ ) me4 ,god also says to ,moses3 ,& let ?is be a sign t ,i h s5t !e4 ,hezekiah1 ?\gh he _h long kn[n ,isaiah to be a prophet1 none ! less dem&$ a sign ( ! cure :i* he pr$ict$4 ,x is ?us q evid5t t ! prophets always receiv$ "s sign to c]tify !m ( _! prophetic imag9+s2 & = ?is reason ,moses bids ! ,jews 7,deut4 xviii47 ask ( ! prophets a sign1 namely1 ! pr$iction ( "s com+ ev5t4 ,9 ?is respect1 prophetic k is inf]ior to natural k1 :i* ne$s no sign1 & 9 itself implies c]titude4 ,moreov]1 ,scripture w>rants ! /atem5t t ! c]titude ( ! prophets 0 n ma!matical1 b moral4 ,moses lays d[n ! puni%m5t ( dea? = ! prophet :o prea*es new gods1 ev5 ?\gh he confirm 8 doctr9e by signs & wond]s 7,deut4 xiii472 ,=1 he says1 ! ,"l also worke? signs & wond]s to try ,8 p4 ,& ,jesus ,*ri/ w>ns ,8 disciples ( ! same ?+ 7,matt4 xxiv4 #bd74 ,fur!rmore1 ,ezekiel 7xiv4 #i7 pla9ly /ates t ,god sometimes deceives m5 ) false revelations2 & ,micaiah be>s l witness 9 ! case ( ! prophets ( ,ahab4 ,al?\gh ^! in/ances g to prove t revelation is op5 to d\bt1 x nev]!less conta9s1 z we h said1 a consid]able elem5t ( c]ta9ty1 = ,god nev] deceives ! good1 nor ,8 *os51 b 7accord+ to ! anci5t prov]b & z appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,abigail & h] spee*71 ,god uses ! good z in/rum5ts ( goodness1 & ! wick$ z means to execute ,8 wra?4 ,?is may be se5 f ! cases ( ,micaiah above quot$2 = al?\gh ,god _h det]m9$ to deceive ,ahab1 ?r\gh prophets1 ,he made use ( ly+ prophets2 to ! good prophet ,he reveal$ ! tru?1 & did n =bid 8 proclaim+ x4 ,/ill ! c]titude ( prophecy rema9s1 z ,i h said1 m]ely moral2 = no "o c ju/ify himself be=e ,god1 nor boa/ t he is an in/rum5t = ,god's goodness4 ,scripture itself tea*es & %[s t ,god l$ away ,david to numb] ! p1 ?\gh x be>s ample witness to ,david's piety4 ,! :ole "q ( ! c]titude ( prophecy 0 bas$ on ^! ?ree consid]ations3-- #a4 ,t ! ?+s reveal$ 7 imag9$ v vividly1 affect+ ! prophets 9 ! same way z ?+s se5 :5 awake2 #b4 ,! pres5ce ( a sign2 #c4 ,la/ly & *iefly1 t ! m9d ( ! prophet 0 giv5 :olly to :at 0 "r & good4 ,al?\gh ,scripture does n always make m5tion ( a sign1 we mu/ nev]!less suppose t a sign 0 always v\*saf$2 = ,scripture does n always relate e condition & circum/ance 7z _m h rem>k$71 b r takes !m = grant$4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 admit t no sign 0 ne$$ :5 ! prophecy decl>$ no?+ t 0 n already conta9$ 9 ! law ( ,moses1 because x 0 confirm$ by t law4 ,= in/ance1 ,j]emiah's prophecy ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0 confirm$ by ! prophecies ( o!r prophets1 & by ! ?reats 9 ! law1 & !re=e x ne$$ no sign2 :]eas ,hananiah1 :o1 contr>y to all ! prophets1 =etold ! spe$y re/oration ( ! /ate1 /ood 9 ne$ ( a sign1 or he w\ld h be5 9 d\bt z to ! tru? ( 8 prophecy1 until x 0 confirm$ by facts4 ,! prophet :i* prophesie? ( peace1 :5 ! ^w ( ! prophet %all come to pass1 !n %all ! prophet be kn[n t ! ,"l ha? truly s5t him4 ,z1 !n1 ! c]titude af=d$ to ! prophet by signs 0 n ma!matical 7i4e41 did n necess>ily foll[ f ! p]ception ( ! ?+ p]ceiv$ or se571 b only moral1 & z ! signs 7 only giv5 to conv9ce ! prophet1 x foll[s t su* signs 7 giv5 accord+ to ! op9ions & capacity ( ea* prophet1 s t a sign :i* w\ld conv9ce "o prophet w\ld fall f> %ort ( conv9c+ ano!r :o 0 imbu$ ) diff]5t op9ions4 ,!re=e ! signs v>i$ accord+ to ! individual prophet4 ,s also did ! revelation v>y1 z we h /at$1 accord+ to individual disposition & temp]am5t1 & accord+ to ! op9ions previ\sly held4 ,x v>i$ accord+ to disposition1 9 ?is way3 if a prophet 0 *e]ful1 victories1 peace1 & ev5ts :i* make m5 glad1 7 reveal$ to him2 9 t he 0 naturally m likely to imag9e su* ?+s4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he 0 melan*oly1 w>s1 massacres1 & calamities 7 reveal$2 & s1 accord+ z a prophet 0 m]ciful1 g5tle1 quick to ang]1 or sev]e1 he 0 m fitt$ = "o k9d ( revelation ?an ano!r4 ,x v>i$ accord+ to ! temp] ( imag9ation 9 ?is way3 if a prophet 0 cultivat$ he p]ceiv$ ! m9d ( ,god 9 a cultivat$ way1 if he 0 confus$ he p]ceiv$ x confus$ly4 ,& s ) revelations p]ceiv$ ?r\gh visions4 ,if a prophet 0 a c\ntryman he saw visions ( ox51 c[s1 & ! l2 if he 0 a soldi]1 he saw g5]als & armies2 if a c\rti]1 a royal ?rone1 & s on4 ,la/ly1 prophecy v>i$ accord+ to ! op9ions held by ! prophets2 = in/ance1 to ! ,magi1 :o believ$ 9 ! follies ( a/rology1 ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 0 reveal$ ?r\gh ! vision ( a /> 9 ! ,ea/4 ,to ! augurs ( ,nebu*adnezz> ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0 reveal$ ?r\gh entrails1 :]eas ! k+ himself inf]r$ x f oracles & ! direction ( arr[s :i* he %ot into ! air4 ,to prophets :o believ$ t man acts f free *oice & by 8 own p[]1 ,god 0 reveal$ z /&+ ap>t f & ignorant ( future human actions4 ,all ( :i* we w illu/rate f ,scripture4444 ,! /yle ( ! prophecy also v>i$ accord+ to ! eloqu5ce ( ! individual prophet4 ,! prophecies ( ,ezekiel & ,amos are n writt5 9 a cultivat$ /yle l ^? ( ,isaiah & ,nahum1 b m rudely4 ,any ,hebrew s*ol> :o wi%es to inquire into ?is po9t m closely1 & comp>es *apt]s ( ! diff]5t prophets treat+ ( ! same subject1 w f9d t ,god has no p>ticul> /yle 9 speak+1 b1 accord+ to ! le>n+ & capacity ( ! prophet1 is cultivat$1 compress$1 sev]e1 untutor$1 prolix$ or obscure4444 ,e "o has be5 /rangely ha/y 9 affirm+ t ! prophets knew ev]y?+ )9 ! scope ( human intellect2 &1 al?\gh c]ta9 passages ( ,scripture pla9ly affirm t ! prophets 7 9 c]ta9 respects ignorant1 su* p]sons w\ld r say t !y d n und]/& ! passages ?an admit t !re 0 any?+ :i* ! prophets did n "k2 or else !y try to wre/ ! ,scriptural words away f _! evid5t mean+4 ,if ei!r ( ^! proce$+s is all[able we may z well %ut our ,bibles1 = va9ly %all we attempt to prove any?+ f !m if _! pla9e/ passages may be class$ among obscure & imp5etrable my/]ies1 or if we may put any int]pretation on !m :i* we fancy4 ,= in/ance1 no?+ is m cle> 9 ! ,bible ?an t ,jo%ua1 & p]haps also ! au?or :o wrote 8 hi/ory1 ?\ght t ! sun revolves r\nd ! e>?1 & t ! e>? is fix$1 & fur!r t ! sun = a c]ta9 p]iod rema9$ /ill4 ,_m1 :o w n admit any movem5t 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 expla9 away ! passage till x seems to mean some?+ q diff]5t2 o!rs1 :o h le>n$ to philosophize m correctly1 & und]/& t ! e>? moves :ile ! sun is /ill1 or at any rate does n revolve r\nd ! e>?1 try ) all _! might to wre/ ?is mean+ f ,scripture1 ?\gh pla9ly no?+ ( ! sort is int5d$4 ,su* quibbl]s excite my wond]6 ,are we1 =soo?1 b\nd to believe t ,jo%ua ! soldi] 0 a le>n$ a/ronom]8 or t a miracle c\ld n be reveal$ to him1 or t ! light ( ! sun c\ld n rema9 long] ?an usual above ! horizon1 )\t 8 kn[+ ! cause8 ,to me bo? alt]natives appe> ridicul\s1 & !re=e ,i w\ld r say t ,jo%ua 0 ignorant ( ! true cause ( ! l5g!n$ day1 & t he & ! :ole ho/ ) him ?\ght t ! sun mov$ r\nd ! e>? e day1 & t on t p>ticul> occasion x /ood /ill = a "t1 ?us caus+ ! light to rema9 long]2 & ,i w\ld say t !y did n conjecture t1 f ! am\nt ( sn[ 9 ! air 7see ,jo%4 x4 #aa71 ! refraction may h be5 great] ?an usual1 or t !re may h be5 "s o!r cause :i* we w n n[ inquire into4 ,s also ! sign ( ! %ad[ go+ back 0 reveal$ to ,isaiah accord+ to 8 und]/&+2 t is1 z proce$+ f a go+ backw>ds ( ! sun2 = he1 too1 ?\ght t ! sun moves & t ! e>? is /ill2 ( p>helia he p]haps nev] ev5 dream$4 ,we may arrive at ?is conclusion )\t any scruple1 = ! sign c\ld really h come to pass1 & h be5 pr$ict$ by ,isaiah to ! k+1 )\t ! prophet be+ aw>e ( ! real cause4 ,) reg>d to ! build+ ( ! ,temple by ,solomon1 if x 0 really dictat$ by ,god we mu/ ma9ta9 ! same doctr9e3 namely1 t all ! measurem5ts 7 reveal$ accord+ to ! op9ions & und]/&+ ( ! k+2 = z we are n b\nd to believe t ,solomon 0 a ma!matician1 we may affirm t he 0 ignorant ( ! true ratio betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! diamet] ( a circle1 & t1 l ! g5]ality ( workm51 he ?\ght t x 0 z ?ree to "o4 ,b if x is all[able to decl>e t we d n und]/& ! passage1 9 good soo? ,i "k no?+ 9 ! ,bible t we c und]/&2 = ! process ( build+ is !re n>rat$ simply & z a m]e matt] ( hi/ory4 ,if1 aga91 x is p]mitt$ to pret5d t ! passage has ano!r mean+1 & 0 writt5 z x is f "s reason unkn[n to u1 ?is is no less ?an a complete subv]sal ( ! ,bible2 = e absurd & evil inv5tion ( human p]v]sity c\ld ?us1 )\t detrim5t to ,scriptural au?ority1 be def5d$ & fo/]$4 ,our conclusion is 9 no wise impi\s1 = ?\gh ,solomon1 ,isaiah1 ,jo%ua1 etc41 7 prophets1 !y 7 none ! less m51 & z su* n exempt f human %ortcom+s4 ,accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( ,noah x 0 reveal$ to him t ,god 0 ab\t to de/roy ! :ole human race1 = ,noah ?\ght t beyond ! limits ( ,pale/9e ! _w 0 n inhabit$4 ,n only 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 b 9 o!rs m important1 ! prophets c\ld be1 & 9 fact 71 ignorant2 = !y taught no?+ special ab\t ! ,div9e attributes1 b held q ord9>y notions ab\t ,god1 & to ^! notions _! revelations 7 adapt$1 z ,i w demon/rate by ample ,scriptural te/imony2 f all :i* "o may easily see t !y 7 prais$ & comm5d$1 n s mu* = ! sublimity & em95ce ( _! intellect z = _! piety & fai?fulness4 ,adam1 ! fir/ man to :om ,god 0 reveal$1 did n "k t ,he is omnipot5t & omnisci5t2 = he hid himself f ,him1 & attempt$ to make excuses = 8 fault be=e ,god1 z ?\gh he _h _h to d ) a man2 !re=e to him also 0 ,god reveal$ accord+ to 8 und]/&+--t is1 z be+ unaw>e ( 8 situation or 8 s91 = ,adam he>d1 or seem$ to he>1 ! ,"l walk+ 9 ! g>d51 call+ him & ask+ him :]e he 02 & !n1 on see+ 8 %amefac$ness1 ask+ him :e!r he _h eat5 ( ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,adam evid5tly only knew ! ,deity z ! ,creator ( all ?+s4 ,to ,ca9 also ,god 0 reveal$1 accord+ to 8 und]/&+1 z ignorant ( human affairs1 nor 0 a high] conception ( ! ,deity requir$ = rep5tance ( 8 s94 ,to ,laban ! ,"l reveal$ ,himself z ! ,god ( ,abraham1 because ,laban believ$ t ea* nation _h its own special div9ity 7see ,g54 xxxi4 #bi74 ,abraham also knew n t ,god is omnipres5t1 & has =ekn[l$ge ( all ?+s2 = :5 he he>d ! s5t5ce aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ,sodom1 he pray$ t ! ,"l %\ld n execute x till ,he _h asc]ta9$ :e!r !y all m]it$ su* puni%m5t2 = he said 7see ,g54 xviii4 #bd71 ,p]adv5ture !re be fifty righte\s )9 ! city1 & 9 accordance ) ?is belief ,god 0 reveal$ to him2 z ,abraham imag9$1 ,he spake ?us3 ,i w g d[n n[1 & see :e!r !y h done altoge!r accord+ to ! cry ( x :i* is come unto ,me2 & if n ,i w "k4 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e te/imony conc]n+ ,abraham ass]ts no?+ b t he 0 ob$i5t1 & t he comm&$ 8 h\sehold aft] him t !y %\ld keep ! way ( ! ,"l 7,g54 xviii4 #ai72 x does n /ate t he held sublime conceptions ( ! ,deity4 ,moses1 also1 0 n suffici5tly aw>e t ,god is omnisci5t1 & directs human actions by ,8 sole decree1 = al?\gh ,god himself says t ! ,israelites %\ld he>k5 to ,him1 ,moses /ill consid]$ ! matt] d\btful & repeat$1 ,b if !y w n believe me1 nor he>k5 unto my voice4 ,to him 9 l mann] ,god 0 reveal$ z tak+ no "p 91 & z be+ ignorant (1 future human actions3 ! ,"l gave him two signs & said1 ,& x %all come to pass t if !y w n believe !e1 nei!r he>k5 to ! voice ( ! fir/ sign1 t !y w believe ! voice ( ! latt] sign2 b if n1 ?\ %alt take ( ! wat] ( ! riv]1 etc4 ,inde$1 if any "o consid]s )\t prejudice ! record$ op9ions ( ,moses1 he w pla9ly see t ,moses conceiv$ ! ,deity z a ,be+ ,:o has always exi/$1 does exi/1 & always w exi/1 & = ?is cause he calls ,him by ! "n ,jehovah1 :i* 9 ,hebrew signifies ^! ?ree phases ( exi/5ce3 z to ,8 nature1 ,moses only taught t ,he is m]ciful1 graci\s1 & exce$+ jeal\s1 z appe>s f _m passages 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,la/ly1 he believ$ & taught t ?is ,be+ 0 s diff]5t f all o!r be+s1 t ,he c\ld n be express$ by ! image ( any visible ?+2 also1 t ,he c\ld n be look$ ^u1 & t n s mu* f inh]5t impossibility z f human infirmity2 fur!r1 t by reason ( ,8 p[] ,he 0 )\t equal & unique4 ,moses admitt$1 inde$1 t !re 7 be+s 7d\btless by ! plan & comm& ( ! ,"l7 :o act$ z ,god's viceg]5ts--t is1 be+s to :om ,god _h giv5 ! "r1 au?ority1 & p[] to direct nations1 & to provide & c>e = !m2 b he taught t ?is ,be+ ,:om !y 7 b\nd to obey 0 ! highe/ & ,supreme ,god1 7or to use ! ,hebrew phrase7 ,god ( gods1 & ?us 9 ! song 7,exod4 xv4 #aa7 he exclaims1 ,:o is l unto ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 among ! gods8 & ,je?ro says 7,exod4 xviii4 #aa71 ,n[ ,i "k t ! ,"l is great] ?an all gods4 ,t is to say1 ,i am at l5g? compell$ to admit to ,moses t ,jehovah is great] ?an all gods1 & t ,8 p[] is unrivall$4 ,we mu/ rema9 9 d\bt :e!r ,moses ?\ght t ^! be+s :o act$ z ,god's viceg]5ts 7 creat$ by ,him1 = he has /at$ no?+1 s f> z we "k1 ab\t _! creation & orig94 ,he fur!r taught t ?is ,be+ _h br\ght ! visible _w into ord] f ,*aos1 & _h giv5 ,nature h] g]ms1 & !re=e t ,he possesses supreme "r & p[] ov] all ?+s2 fur!r1 t by reason ( ?is supreme "r & p[] ,he _h *os5 = ,himself alone ! ,hebrew nation & a c]ta9 /rip ( t]ritory1 & _h h&$ ov] to ! c>e ( o!r gods sub/itut$ by ,himself ! re/ ( ! nations & t]ritories1 & t !re=e ,he 0 call$ ! ,god ( ,israel & ! ,god ( ,j]usalem1 :]eas ! o!r gods 7 call$ ! gods ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,= ?is reason ! ,jews believ$ t ! /rip ( t]ritory :i* ,god _h *os5 = ,himself1 dem&$ a ,div9e wor%ip q ap>t & diff]5t f ! wor%ip :i* obta9$ else:]e1 & t ! ,"l w\ld n suff] ! wor%ip ( o!r gods adapt$ to o!r c\ntries4 ,?us !y ?\ght t ! p :om ! k+ ( ,assyria _h br\ght into ,juda 7 torn 9 pieces by lions because !y knew n ! wor%ip ( ! ,national ,div9ity 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #be74444 ,if we n[ exam9e ! revelations to ,moses1 we %all f9d t !y 7 accommodat$ to ^! op9ions2 z he believ$ t ! ,div9e ,nature 0 subject to ! conditions ( m]cy1 graci\sness1 etc41 s ,god 0 reveal$ to him 9 accordance ) 8 idea & "u ^! attributes 7see ,exodus xxxiv4 #f1 #g1 & ! second comm&m5t74 ,fur!r x is relat$ 7,ex4 xxxiii4 #ah7 t ,moses ask$ ( ,god t he might behold ,him1 b z ,moses 7z we h said7 _h =m$ no m5tal image ( ,god1 & ,god 7z ,i h %[n7 only reveal$ ,himself to ! prophets 9 accordance ) ! disposition ( _! imag9ation1 ,he did n reveal ,himself 9 any =m4 ,?is1 ,i repeat1 0 because ! imag9ation ( ,moses 0 unsuitable1 = o!r prophets be> witness t !y saw ! ,"l2 = in/ance1 ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,daniel1 etc4 ,= ?is reason ,god answ]$ ,moses1 ,?\ can/ n see ,my face2 & inasmu* z ,moses believ$ t ,god c be look$ ^u--t is1 t no contradiction ( ! ,div9e nature is !re9 involv$ 7= o!rwise he w\ld nev] h pref]r$ 8 reque/7--x is add$1 ,= no "o %all look on ,me & live1 ?us giv+ a reason 9 accordance ) ,moses' idea1 = x is n /at$ t a contradiction ( ! ,div9e nature w\ld be involv$1 z 0 really ! case1 b t ! ?+ w\ld n come to pass because ( human infirmity4444 ,la/ly1 z ,moses believ$ t ,god dwelt 9 ! heav5s1 ,god 0 reveal$ to him z com+ d[n f heav5 on to a m\nta91 & 9 ord] to talk ) ! ,"l ,moses w5t up ! m\nta91 :i* he c]ta9ly ne$ n h done if he c\ld h conceiv$ ( ,god z omnipres5t4 ,! ,israelites knew sc>cely any?+ ( ,god1 al?\gh ,he 0 reveal$ to !m2 & ?is is abundantly evid5t f _! transf]r+1 a few days aft]w>ds1 ! honor & wor%ip due to ,him to a calf1 :i* !y believ$ to be ! god :o _h br\ght !m out ( ,egypt4 ,9 tru?1 x is h>dly likely t m5 accu/om$ to ! sup]/itions ( ,egypt1 uncultivat$ & sunk 9 mo/ abject slav]y1 %\ld h held any s\nd notions ab\t ! ,deity1 or t ,moses %\ld h taught !m any?+ beyond a rule ( "r liv+2 inculcat+ x n l a philosoph]1 z ! result ( fre$om1 b l a lawgiv] compell+ !m to be moral by legal au?ority4 ,?us ! rule ( "r liv+1 ! wor%ip & love ( ,god1 0 to !m r a bondage ?an ! true lib]ty1 ! gift & grace ( ! ,deity4 ,moses bid !m love ,god & keep ,8 law1 because !y _h 9 ! pa/ receiv$ b5efits f ,him 7su* z ! deliv]ance f slav]y 9 ,egypt71 & fur!r t]rifi$ !m ) ?reats if !y transgress$ ,8 comm&s1 hold+ out _m promises ( good if !y %\ld obs]ve !m2 ?us treat+ !m z p>5ts treat irrational *ildr54 ,x is1 !re=e1 c]ta9 t !y knew n ! excell5ce ( virtue & ! true happ9ess4 ,jonah ?\ght t he 0 flee+ f ! sight ( ,god1 :i* seems to %[ t he too held t ,god _h entru/$ ! c>e ( ! nations outside ,juda to o!r sub/itut$ p[]s4 ,no "o 9 ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t speaks m rationally ( ,god ?an ,solomon1 :o 9 fact surpass$ all ! m5 ( 8 "t 9 natural ability4 ,yet he consid]$ himself above ! law 7e/eem+ x only to h be5 giv5 = m5 )\t reasonable & intellectual gr\nds = _! actions71 & made small acc\nt ( ! laws conc]n+ k+s1 :i* are ma9ly ?ree3 nay1 he op5ly violat$ !m 79 ?is he did wrong1 & act$ 9 a mann] unwor?y ( a philosoph]1 by indulg+ 9 s5sual pleasure71 & taught t all ,=tune's favors to mank9d are vanity1 t humanity has no nobl] gift ?an wisdom1 & no great] puni%m5t ?an folly4 7,see ,prov]bs xvi4 #bb1 #bc47 444 ,god adapt$ revelations to ! und]/&+ & op9ions ( ! prophets1 & 444 9 matt]s ( !ory )\t be>+ on *>ity or morality1 ! prophets c\ld be1 &1 9 fact1 7 ignorant1 & held conflict+ op9ions4 ,x !re=e foll[s t we mu/ by no means g to ! prophets = k1 ei!r ( natural or ( spiritual ph5om5a4 ,we h det]m9$1 !n1 t we are only b\nd to believe 9 ! prophetic writ+s1 ! object & sub/ance ( ! revelation2 ) reg>d to ! details1 e "o may believe or n1 z he likes4 ,= in/ance1 ! revelation to ,ca9 only tea*es u t ,god admoni%$ him to lead ! true life1 = su* alone is ! object & sub/ance ( ! revelation1 n doctr9es conc]n+ free w & philosophy4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! fre$om ( ! w is cle>ly impli$ 9 ! words ( ! admonition1 we are at lib]ty to hold a contr>y op9ion1 s9ce ! words & reasons 7 adapt$ to ! und]/&+ ( ,ca94 ,s1 too1 ! revelation to ,micaiah w\ld only tea* t ,god reveal$ to him ! true issue ( ! battle betwe5 ,ahab & ,aram2 & ?is is all we are b\nd to believe4 ,:atev] else is conta9$ 9 ! revelation conc]n+ ! true & ! false ,_s ( ,god1 ! army ( heav5 /&+ on ! "r h& & on ! left1 & all ! o!r details1 does n affect u at all4 ,e "o may believe z mu* ( x z 8 reason all[s4 ,! reason+s by :i* ! ,"l display$ ,8 p[] to ,job 7if !y really 7 a revelation1 & ! au?or ( ! hi/ory is n>rat+1 & n m]ely1 z "s suppose1 rhetorically adorn+ 8 own conceptions71 w\ld come "u ! same category--t is1 !y 7 adapt$ to ,job's und]/&+1 = ! purpose ( conv9c+ him1 & are n univ]sal1 or = ! conv9c+ ( all m54 ,we c come to no diff]5t conclusion ) respect to ! reason+s ( ,*ri/1 by :i* ,he convict$ ! ,ph>isees ( pride & ignorance1 & exhort$ ,8 disciples to lead ! true life4 ,he adapt$ !m to ea* man's op9ions & pr9ciples4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,he said to ! ,ph>isees 7,matt4 xii4 #bf71 ,& if ,satan ca/ out devils1 8 h\se is divid$ aga9/ itself1 h[ !n %all 8 k+dom /&8 ,he only wi%$ to conv9ce ! ,ph>isees accord+ to _! own pr9ciples1 n to tea* t !re are devils1 or any k+dom ( devils4 ,s1 too1 :5 ,he said to ,8 disciples 7,matt4 viii4 #aj71 ,see t ye despise n "o ( ^! little ones1 = ,i say unto y t _! angels1 etc41 ,he m]ely desir$ to w>n !m aga9/ pride & despis+ any ( _! fell[s1 n to insi/ on ! actual reason giv51 :i* 0 simply adopt$ 9 ord] to p]suade !m m easily4 ,la/ly1 we %\ld say exactly ! same ( ! apo/olic signs & reason+s1 b !re is no ne$ to g fur!r into ! subject4 ,if ,i 7 to enum]ate all ! passages ( ,scripture address$ only to individuals1 or to a p>ticul> man's und]/&+1 & :i* _c1 )\t great dang] to philosophy1 be def5d$ z ,div9e doctr9es1 ,i %\ld g f> beyond ! brevity at :i* ,i aim4 ,let x suffice !n1 to h indicat$ a few in/ances ( g5]al application1 & let ! curi\s read] consid] o!rs by himself4 ,al?\gh ! po9ts we h j rais$ conc]n+ prophets & prophecy are ! only ones :i* h any direct be>+ on ! end 9 view1 namely1 ! sep>ation ( ,philosophy f ,!ology1 /ill1 z ,i h t\*$ on ! g5]al "q1 ,i may "h inquire :e!r ! gift ( prophecy 0 peculi> to ! ,hebrews1 or :e!r x 0 common to all nations4 ,i mu/ !n come to a conclusion ab\t ! vocation ( ! ,hebrews1 all ( :i* ,i %all d 9 ! ensu+ *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,f ! ,tr4 ,?4-,p4 *4 i ,( ,prophecy2 & *4 ii ( ,( ,prophets4 #e 444 ,i w tell y t ,i d n ?9k x necess>y = salvation to "k ,*ri/ accord+ to ! fle%2 b ) reg>d to ! ,et]nal ,son ( ,god1 t is ! ,et]nal ,wisdom ( ,god1 :i* has manife/$ itself 9 all ?+s & especially 9 ! human m9d1 & above all 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ! case is f> o!rwise4 ,= )\t ?is no "o c come to a /ate ( bless$ness1 inasmu* z x alone tea*es :at is true or false1 good or evil4 ,&1 inasmu* z ?is wisdom 0 made especially manife/ ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 z ,i h said1 ,8 disciples prea*$ x1 9 s f> z x 0 reveal$ to !m ?r\gh ,him1 & ?us %[$ t !y c\ld rejoice 9 t _s ( ,*ri/ m ?an ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! doctr9es add$ by c]ta9 *ur*es1 su* z t ,god took ^u ,himself human nature1 ,i h expressly said t ,i d n und]/&4 ,9 fact1 to speak ! tru?1 !y seem to me no less absurd ?an w\ld a /atem5t t a circle _h tak5 ^u itself ! nature ( a squ>e4 ,?is ,i ?9k w be suffici5t explanation ( my op9ion4444 ,:e!r x w be satisfactory to ,*ri/ians y w "k bett] ?an ,i4 ,f>ewell4 ,f a lett] to ,h5ry ,old5burg 7,nov4 #afge74 444 ,= ! re/1 ,i accept ,*ri/'s passion1 dea?1 & burial lit]ally1 z y d1 b ,8 resurrection ,i und]/& allegorically4 ,i admit1 t x is relat$ by ! ,evangeli/s 9 su* detail t we _c d5y t !y !mselves believ$ ,*ri/'s body to h ris5 f ! dead & asc5d$ to heav5 9 ord] to sit at ! "r h& ( ,god1 or t !y believ$ t ,*ri/ might h be5 se5 by unbeliev]s1 if !y _h happ5$ to be at h&1 9 ! places :]e ,he appe>$ to ,8 disciples2 b 9 ^! matt]s !y might1 )\t injury to ,gospel tea*+1 h be5 deceiv$1 z 0 ! case ) o!r prophets4444 ,b ,paul1 to :om ,*ri/ aft]w>ds appe>$1 rejoices t he knew ,*ri/1 n aft] ! fle%1 b aft] ! _s4 ,f a lett] to ,h5ry ,old5burg 7,jan4 #afgf74 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,vocation ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews#f ,e man's true happ9ess & bless$ness consi/ solely 9 ! enjoym5t ( :at is good1 n 9 ! pride t he alone is enjoy+ x1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,he :o ?9ks himself ! m bless$ because he is enjoy+ b5efits :i* o!rs are n1 or because he is m bless$ or m =tunate ?an 8 fell[s1 is ignorant ( true happ9ess & bless$ness1 & ! joy :i* he feels is ei!r *ildi% or envi\s & malici\s4 ,= in/ance1 a man's true happ9ess consi/s only 9 wisdom1 & ! k ( ! tru?1 n at all 9 ! fact t he is wis] ?an o!rs1 or t o!rs lack su* k3 su* consid]ations d n increase 8 wisdom or true happ9ess4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 rejoices = su* reasons1 rejoices 9 ano!r's mis=tune1 & is1 s f>1 malici\s & bad1 kn[+ nei!r true happ9ess nor ! peace ( ! true life4 ,:5 ,scripture1 !re=e1 9 exhort+ ! ,hebrews to obey ! law1 says t ! ,"l has *os5 !m = ,himself be=e o!r nations 7,deut4 x4 #ae72 t ,he is ne> !m1 b n ne> o!rs 7,deut4 iv4 #g72 t to !m alone ,he has giv5 j laws 7,deut4 iv4 #h72 &1 la/ly1 t ,he has m>k$ !m out be=e o!rs 7,deut4 iv4 #cb72 x speaks only accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( its he>]s1 :o1 z we h %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & z ,moses also te/ifi$ 7,deut4 ix4 #f1 #g71 knew n true bless$ness4 ,= 9 good soo? !y w\ld h be5 no less bless$ if ,god _h call$ all m5 equally to salvation1 nor w\ld ,god h be5 less pres5t to !m = be+ equally pres5t to o!rs2 _! laws w\ld h be5 no less j if !y _h be5 orda9$ = all1 & !y !mselves w\ld h be5 no less wise4 ,! miracles w\ld h %[n ,god's p[] no less by be+ wr\ght = o!r nations also2 la/ly1 ! ,hebrews w\ld h be5 j z mu* b\nd to wor%ip ,god if ,he _h be/[$ all ^! gifts equally on all m54 ,:5 ,god tells ,solomon 7#a ,k+s iii4 #ab7 t no "o %all be z wise z he 9 "t to come1 x seems to be only a mann] ( express+ surpass+ wisdom2 x is little to be believ$ t ,god w\ld h promis$ ,solomon1 = 8 great] happ9ess1 t ,he w\ld nev] end[ any "o ) s mu* wisdom 9 "t to come2 ?is w\ld 9 no wise h increas$ ,solomon's intellect1 & ! wise k+ w\ld h giv5 equal ?anks to ! ,"l if e "o _h be5 gift$ ) ! same faculties4 ,/ill1 ?\gh we ass]t t ,moses1 9 ! passages ( ! ,p5tateu* j cit$1 spoke only accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,hebrews1 we h no wi% to d5y t ,god orda9$ ! ,mosaic law = !m alone1 nor t ,he spoke to !m alone1 nor t !y witness$ m>vels beyond ^? :i* happ5$ to any o!r nation2 b we wi% to emphasize t ,moses desir$ to admoni% ! ,hebrews 9 su* a mann] & ) su* reason+s z w\ld appeal mo/ =cibly to _! *ildi% und]/&+ & con/ra9 !m to wor%ip ! ,deity4 ,fur!r1 we wi%$ to %[ t ! ,hebrews did n surpass o!r nations 9 k1 or 9 piety1 b evid5tly 9 "s attribute diff]5t f ^!2 or 7to speak l ! ,scriptures1 accord+ to _! und]/&+71 t ! ,hebrews 7 n *os5 by ,god be=e o!rs = ! sake ( ! true life & sublime ideas1 ?\gh !y 7 (t5 !reto admoni%$1 b ) "s o!r object4 ,:at t object 0 ,i w duly %[4 ,b be=e ,i beg91 ,i wi% 9 a few words to expla9 :at ,i mean by ! guidance ( ,god1 by ! help ( ,god1 ext]nal & inw>d1 & la/ly1 :at ,i und]/& by =tune4 ,by ! help ( ,god1 ,i mean ! fix$ & un*angeable ord] ( nature or ! *a9 ( natural ev5ts3 = ,i h said be=e & %[n else:]e t ! univ]sal laws ( nature1 accord+ to :i* all ?+s exi/ & are det]m9$1 are only ano!r "n = ! et]nal decrees ( ,god1 :i* always involve et]nal tru? & necessity4 ,s t to say t ev]y?+ happ5s accord+ to natural laws1 & to say t ev]y?+ is orda9$ by ! decree & ord9ance ( ,god1 is ! same ?+4 ,n[ s9ce ! p[] 9 ,nature is id5tical ) ! p[] ( ,god1 by :i* alone all ?+s happ5 & are det]m9$1 x foll[s t :atsoev] man1 z a "p ( ,nature1 provides himself ) to aid & pres]ve 8 exi/5ce1 or :atsoev] ,nature af=ds him )\t 8 help1 is giv5 to him solely by ! ,div9e p[]1 act+ ei!r ?r\gh human nature or ?r\gh ext]nal circum/ance4 ,s :atev] human nature c furni% itself ) by its own ef=ts to pres]ve its exi/5ce1 may be fitly call$ ! inw>d aid ( ,god1 :]eas :atev] else accrues to man's pr(it f outw>d causes may be call$ ! ext]nal aid ( ,god4 ,we c n[ easily und]/& :at is meant by ! election ( ,god4 ,= s9ce no "o c d any?+ save by ! pr$et]m9$ ord] ( ,nature1 t is by ,god's et]nal ord9ance & decree1 x foll[s t no "o c *oose a plan ( life = himself1 or accompli% any "w save by ,god's vocation *oos+ him = ! "w or ! plan ( life 9 "q1 r ?an any o!r4 ,la/ly1 by =tune1 ,i mean ! ord9ance ( ,god 9 s f> z x directs human life ?r\gh ext]nal & unexpect$ means4 ,) ^! prelim9>ies ,i return to my purpose ( discov]+ ! reason :y ! ,hebrews 7 said to be elect$ by ,god be=e o!r nations1 & ) ! demon/ration ,i ?us proce$4 ,all objects ( legitimate desire fall1 g5]ally speak+1 "u "o ( ^! ?ree categories3-- #a4 ,! k ( ?+s ?r\gh _! prim>y causes4 #b4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! passions1 or ! acquirem5t ( ! habit ( virtue4 #c4 ,secure & heal?y life4 ,! means :i* mo/ directly conduce t[>ds ! fir/ two ( ^! ends1 & :i* may be consid]$ _! proximate & effici5t causes are conta9$ 9 human nature itself1 s t _! acquisition h+es only on our own p[]1 & on ! laws ( human nature4 ,x may be conclud$ t ^! gifts are n peculi> to any nation1 b h always be5 %>$ by ! :ole human race1 unless1 inde$1 we w\ld indulge ! dream t ,nature =m]ly creat$ m5 ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,b ! means :i* conduce to security & heal? are *iefly 9 ext]nal circum/ance1 & are call$ ! gifts ( =tune because !y dep5d *iefly on objective causes ( :i* we are ignorant2 = a fool may be almo/ z liable to happ9ess or unhapp9ess z a wise man4 ,nev]!less1 human managem5t & wat*fulness c greatly assi/ t[>ds liv+ 9 security & w>d+ (f ! injuries ( our fell[ m51 & ev5 ( bea/s4 ,reason & exp]i5ce %[ no m c]ta9 means ( atta9+ ?is object ?an ! =mation ( a society ) fix$ laws1 ! occupation ( a /rip ( t]ritory1 & ! conc5tration ( all =ces1 z x 71 into "o body1 t is ! social body4 ,n[ = =m+ & pres]v+ a society1 no ord9>y ability & c>e is requir$3 t society w be mo/ secure1 mo/ /able1 & lea/ liable to rev]ses1 :i* is f\nd$ & direct$ by f>-see+ & c>eful m52 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a society con/itut$ by m5 )\t tra9$ skill1 dep5ds 9 a great measure on =tune1 & is less con/ant4 ,if1 9 spite ( all1 su* a society la/s a long "t1 x is ow+ to "s o!r direct+ influ5ce ?an its own2 if x ov]comes great p]ils & its affairs prosp]1 x w p]=ce m>vel at & adore ! guid+ ,_s ( ,god 79 s f>1 t is1 z ,god works ?r\gh hidd5 means1 & n ?r\gh ! nature & m9d ( man71 = ev]y?+ happ5s to x unexpect$ly & contr>y to anticipation1 x may ev5 be said & ?\ght to be by miracle4 ,nations1 !n1 are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 respect to ! social organization & ! laws "u :i* !y live & are gov]n$2 ! ,hebrew nation 0 n *os5 by ,god 9 respect to its wisdom nor its tranquillity ( m9d1 b 9 respect to its social organization & ! good =tune ) :i* x obta9$ supremacy & kept x s _m ye>s4 ,?is is abundantly cle> f ,scripture4 ,ev5 a cursory p]usal w %[ u t ! only respects 9 :i* ! ,hebrews surpass$ o!r nations1 are 9 _! successful conduct ( matt]s relat+ to gov]nm5t1 & 9 _! surm\nt+ great p]ils solely by ,god's ext]nal aid2 9 o!r ways !y 7 on a p> ) _! fell[s1 & ,god 0 equally graci\s to all4 ,= 9 respect to intellect 7z we h %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]7 !y held v ord9>y ideas ab\t ,god & ,nature1 s t !y _c h be5 ,god's *os5 9 ?is respect2 nor 7 !y s *os5 9 respect ( virtue & ! true life1 = "h aga9 !y1 ) ! exception ( a v few elect1 7 on an equality ) o!r nations3 !re=e _! *oice & vocation consi/$ only 9 ! temporal happ9ess & advantages ( indep5d5t rule4 ,9 fact1 we d n see t ,god promis$ any?+ beyond ?is to ! patri>*s or _! successors2 9 ! law no o!r rew>d is (f]$ = ob$i5ce ?an ! cont9ual happ9ess ( an indep5d5t commonweal? & o!r goods ( ?is life2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 aga9/ contumacy & ! break+ ( ! cov5ant is ?reat5$ ! d[nfall ( ! commonweal? & great h>d%ips4 ,nor is ?is to be wond]$ at2 = ! ends ( e social organization & commonweal? are 7z appe>s f :at we h said1 & z we w expla9 m at l5g? h]eaft]7 security & com=t2 a commonweal? c only exi/ by ! laws be+ b9d+ on all4 ,if all ! memb]s ( a /ate wi% to disreg>d ! law1 by t v fact !y dissolve ! /ate & de/roy ! commonweal?4 ,?us1 ! only rew>d :i* c\ld be promis$ to ! ,hebrews = cont9u$ ob$i5ce to ! law 0 security & its att5dant advantages1 :ile no sur] puni%m5t c\ld be ?reat5$ = disob$i5ce1 ?an ! ru9 ( ! /ate & ! evils :i* g5]ally foll[ !refrom1 9 addition to su* fur!r consequ5ces z might accrue to ! ,jews 9 p>ticul> f ! ru9 ( _! especial /ate4 ,b !re is no ne$ "h to g into ?is po9t at m l5g?4 ,i w only add t ! laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 reveal$ & orda9$ to ! ,jews only1 = z ,god *ose !m 9 respect to ! special con/itution ( _! society & gov]nm5t1 !y mu/1 ( c\rse1 h _h special laws4 ,:e!r ,god orda9$ special laws = o!r nations also1 & reveal$ ,himself to _! lawgiv]s prophetically1 t is1 "u ! attributes by :i* ! latt] 7 accu/om$ to imag9e ,him1 ,i _c suffici5tly det]m9e4 ,x is evid5t f ,scripture itself t o!r nations acquir$ supremacy & p>ticul> laws by ! ext]nal aid ( ,god4 ,if any "o wi%es to ma9ta9 t ! ,jews 444 h be5 *os5 by ,god = ev]1 ,i w n ga9say him if he w admit t ?is *oice1 :e!r tempor>y or et]nal1 has no reg>d1 9 s f> z x is peculi> to ! ,jews1 to aught b dom9ion & physical advantages 7= by su* alone c "o nation be di/+ui%$ f ano!r71 :]eas 9 reg>d to intellect & true virtue1 e nation is on a p> ) ! re/1 & ,god has n 9 ^! respects *os5 "o p r ?an ano!r4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,f ! ,tr4 ,?4-,p41 *4 iii1 same title4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,law#g ,! ^w law1 tak5 9 ! ab/ract means t by :i* an individual1 or all ?+s1 or z _m ?+s z belong to a p>ticul> species1 act 9 "o & ! same fix$ & def9ite mann]1 :i* mann] dep5ds ei!r on natural necessity or on human decree4 ,a law :i* dep5ds on natural necessity is "o :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! nature1 or f ! def9ition ( ! ?+ 9 "q2 a law :i* dep5ds on human decree1 & :i* is m correctly call$ an ord9ance1 is "o :i* m5 h laid d[n = !mselves & o!rs 9 ord] to live m safely or conv5i5tly1 or f "s simil> reason4 ,= example1 ! law t all bodies imp++ on less] bodies1 lose z mu* ( _! own motion z !y communicate to ! latt] is a univ]sal law ( all bodies1 & dep5ds on natural necessity4 ,s1 too1 ! law t a man 9 rememb]+ "o ?+1 /raightway rememb]s ano!r ei!r l x1 or :i* he _h p]ceiv$ simultane\sly ) x1 is a law :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! nature ( man4 ,b ! law t m5 mu/ yield1 or be compell$ to yield1 some:at ( _! natural "r1 & t !y b9d !mselves to live 9 a c]ta9 way1 dep5ds on human decree4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i freely admit t all ?+s are pr$et]m9$ by univ]sal natural laws to exi/ & op]ate 9 a giv51 fix$1 & def9ite mann]1 ,i /ill ass]t t ! laws ,i h j m5tion$ dep5d on human decree4 7#a47 ,because man1 9 s f> z he is a "p ( ,nature1 con/itutes a "p ( ! p[] ( ,nature4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 foll[s necess>ily f ! necessity ( human nature 7t is1 f ,nature h]self1 9 s f> z we conceive ( h] z act+ ?r\gh man7 foll[s1 ev5 ?\gh x be necess>ily1 f human p[]4 ,h5ce ! sanction ( su* laws may v well be said to dep5d on man's decree1 = x pr9cipally dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! human m9d2 s t ! human m9d 9 respect to its p]ception ( ?+s z true & false1 c readily be conceiv$ z )\t su* laws1 b n )\t necess>y law z we h j def9$ x4 7#b47 ,i h /at$ t ^! laws dep5d on human decree because x is well to def9e & expla9 ?+s by _! proximate causes4 ,! g5]al consid]ation ( fate & ! concat5ation ( causes w\ld aid u v little 9 =m+ & arrang+ our ideas conc]n+ p>ticul> que/ions4 ,let u add t z to ! actual cord9ation & concat5ation ( ?+s1 t is h[ ?+s are orda9$ & l9k$ toge!r1 we are obvi\sly ignorant2 !re=e1 x is m pr(itable = "r liv+1 nay1 x is necess>y = u to consid] ?+s z cont+5t4 ,s mu* ab\t law 9 ! ab/ract4 ,n[ ! ^w law seems to be only appli$ to natural ph5om5a by analogy1 & is commonly tak5 to signify a comm& :i* m5 c ei!r obey or neglect1 inasmu* z x re/ra9s human nature )9 c]ta9 orig9ally exce$$ limits1 & !re=e lays d[n no rule beyond human /r5g?4 ,?us x is exp$i5t to def9e law m p>ticul>ly z a plan ( life laid d[n by man = himself or o!rs ) a c]ta9 object4 ,h[ev]1 z ! true object ( legislation is only p]ceiv$ by a few1 & mo/ m5 are almo/ incapable ( grasp+ x1 ?\gh !y live "u its conditions1 legislators1 ) a view to exact+ g5]al ob$i5ce1 h wisely put =w>d ano!r object1 v diff]5t f t :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! nature ( law3 !y promise to ! obs]v]s ( ! law t :i* ! masses *iefly desire1 & ?reat5 its violators ) t :i* !y *iefly fe>3 ?us endeavor+ to re/ra9 ! masses1 z f> z may be1 l a horse ) a curb2 :5ce x foll[s t ! ^w law is *iefly appli$ to ! modes ( life enjo9$ on m5 by ! sway ( o!rs2 h5ce ^? :o obey ! law are said to live "u x & to be "u compulsion4 ,9 tru?1 a man :o r5d]s e "o _! due because he fe>s ! gall[s1 acts "u ! sway & compulsion ( o!rs1 & _c be call$ j4 ,b a man :o does ! same f a k ( ! true reason = laws & _! necessity1 acts f a firm purpose & ( 8 own accord1 & is !re=e prop]ly call$ j4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is ,paul's mean+ :5 he says1 t ^? :o live "u ! law _c be ju/ifi$ ?r\gh ! law1 = ju/ice1 z commonly def9$1 is ! con/ant & p]petual w to r5d] e man 8 due4 ,?us ,solomon says 7,prov4 xxi4 #ae71 ,x is a joy to ! j to d judgm5t1 b ! wick$ fe>4 ,law1 !n1 be+ a plan ( liv+ :i* m5 h = a c]ta9 object laid d[n = !mselves or o!rs1 may1 z x seems1 be divid$ into human law & ,div9e law4 ,by human law ,i mean a plan ( liv+ :i* s]ves only to r5d] life & ! /ate secure4 ,by ,div9e law ,i mean t :i* only reg>ds ! highe/ good1 9 o!r words1 ! true k ( ,god & love4 ,i call ?is law ,div9e because ( ! nature ( ! highe/ good1 :i* ,i w "h %ortly expla9 z cle>ly z ,i c4 ,inasmu* z ! intellect is ! be/ "p ( our be+1 x is evid5t t we %\ld make e ef=t to p]fect x z f> z possible if we desire to se>* = :at is really pr(itable to u4 ,= 9 intellectual p]fection ! highe/ good %\ld consi/4 ,n[1 s9ce all our k1 & ! c]ta9ty :i* removes e d\bt1 dep5d solely on ! k ( ,god2--fir/ly1 because )\t ,god no?+ c exi/ or be conceiv$2 secondly1 because s long z we h no cle> & di/9ct idea ( ,god we may rema9 9 univ]sal d\bt--x foll[s t our highe/ good & p]fection also dep5d solely on ! k ( ,god4 ,fur!r1 s9ce )\t ,god no?+ c exi/ or be conceiv$1 x is evid5t t all natural ph5om5a involve & express ! conception ( ,god z f> z _! ess5ce & p]fection ext5d1 s t we h great] & m p]fect k ( ,god 9 proportion to our k ( natural ph5om5a3 conv]sely 7s9ce ! k ( an effect ?r\gh its cause is ! same ?+ z ! k ( a p>ticul> prop]ty ( a cause7 ! great] our k ( natural ph5om5a1 ! m p]fect is our k ( ! ess5ce ( ,god 7:i* is ! cause ( all ?+s74 ,s1 !n1 our highe/ good n only dep5ds on ! k ( ,god1 b :olly consi/s !re92 & x fur!r foll[s t man is p]fect or ! rev]se 9 proportion to ! nature & p]fection ( ! object ( 8 special desire2 h5ce ! mo/ p]fect & ! *ief %>] 9 ! highe/ bless$ness is he :o prizes above all else1 & takes especial delight 9 ! intellectual k ( ,god1 ! mo/ p]fect ,be+4 ,hi!r1 !n1 our highe/ good & our highe/ bless$ness aim--namely1 to ! k & love ( ,god2 !re=e ! means dem&$ by ?is aim ( all human actions1 t is1 by ,god 9 s f> z ! idea ( him is 9 u1 may be call$ ! comm&s ( ,god1 because !y proce$1 z x 71 f ,god ,himself1 inasmu* z ,he exi/s 9 our m9ds1 & ! plan ( life :i* has reg>d to ?is aim may be fitly call$ ! law ( ,god4 ,! nature ( ! means1 & ! plan ( life :i* ?is aim dem&s1 h[ ! f\ndations ( ! be/ /ates foll[ its l9es1 & h[ m5's life is conduct$1 are que/ions p]ta9+ to g5]al e?ics4 ,"h ,i only proce$ to treat ( ! ,div9e law 9 a p>ticul> application4 ,z ! love ( ,god is man's highe/ happ9ess & bless$ness1 & ! ultimate end & aim ( all human actions1 x foll[s t he alone lives by ! ,div9e law :o loves ,god n f fe> ( puni%m5t1 or f love ( any o!r object1 su* z s5sual pleasure1 fame1 or ! l2 b solely because he has k ( ,god1 or is conv9c$ t ! k & love ( ,god is ! highe/ good4 ,! sum & *ief precept1 !n1 ( ! ,div9e law is to love ,god z ! highe/ good1 namely1 z we h said1 n f fe> ( any pa9s & p5alties or f ! love ( any o!r object 9 :i* we desire to take pleasure4 ,! idea ( ,god lays d[n ! rule t ,god is our highe/ good--9 o!r words1 t ! k & love ( ,god is ! ultimate aim to :i* all our actions %\ld be direct$4 ,! worldl+ _c und]/& ^! ?+s1 !y appe> fooli%ness to him1 because he has too meag] a k ( ,god1 & also because 9 ?is highe/ good he c discov] no?+ :i* he c h&le or eat1 or :i* affects ! fle%ly appetites :]e9 he *iefly delights1 = x consi/s solely 9 ?\ght & ! pure reason4 ,!y1 on ! o!r h&1 :o "k t !y possess no great] gift ?an intellect & s\nd reason1 w d\btless accept :at ,i h said )\t "q4 ,we h n[ expla9$ t :]e9 ! ,div9e law *iefly consi/s1 & :at are human laws1 namely1 all ^? :i* h a diff]5t aim unless !y h be5 ratifi$ by revelation1 = 9 ?is respect also ?+s are ref]r$ to ,god 7z we h %[n above7 & 9 ?is s5se ! law ( ,moses1 al?\gh x 0 n univ]sal1 b entirely adapt$ to ! disposition & p>ticul> pres]vation ( a s+le p1 may yet be call$ a law ( ,god or ,div9e law1 inasmu* z we believe t x 0 ratifi$ by prophetic insight4 ,if we consid] ! nature ( natural ,div9e law z we h j expla9$ x1 we %all see ,i4 ,t x is univ]sal or common to all m51 = we h d$uc$ x f univ]sal human nature4 ,,ii4 ,t x does n dep5d on ! tru? ( any hi/orical n>rative :atsoev]1 = inasmu* z ?is natural ,div9e law is compreh5d$ solely by ! consid]ation ( human nature1 x is pla9 t we c conceive x z exi/+ z well 9 ,adam z 9 any o!r man1 z well 9 a man liv+ among 8 fell[s z 9 a man :o lives by himself4 ,! tru? ( a hi/orical n>rative1 h[ev] assur$1 _c give u ! k nor consequ5tly ! love ( ,god1 = love ( ,god spr+s f k ( ,him1 & k ( ,him %\ld be d]iv$ f g5]al ideas1 9 !mselves c]ta9 & kn[n1 s t ! tru? ( a hi/orical n>rative is v f> f be+ a necess>y requisite = our atta9+ our highe/ good4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! tru? ( hi/ories _c give u ! k & love ( ,god1 ,i d n d5y t read+ !m is v useful ) a view to life 9 ! _w1 = ! m we h obs]v$ & kn[n ( m5's cu/oms & circum/ances1 :i* are be/ reveal$ by _! actions1 ! m w>ily we %all be able to ord] our lives among !m1 & s f> z reason dictates to adapt our actions to _! dispositions4 ,,iii4 ,we see t ?is natural ,div9e law does n dem& ! p]=mance ( c]emonies--t is1 actions 9 !mselves indiff]5t1 :i* are call$ good f ! fact ( _! in/itution1 or actions symboliz+ some?+ pr(itable = salvation1 or 7if "o pref]s ?is def9ition7 actions ( :i* ! mean+ surpasses human und]/&+4 ,! natural light ( reason does n dem& any?+ :i* x is itself unable to supply1 b only su* z x c v cle>ly %[ to be good1 or a means to our bless$ness4 ,su* ?+s z are good simply because !y h be5 comm&$ or in/itut$1 or z be+ symbols ( some?+ good1 are m]e %ad[s :i* _c be reckon$ among actions t are ! (fspr+1 z x 71 or fruit ( a s\nd m9d & ( intellect4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to g into ?is n[ 9 m detail4 ,,iv4 ,la/ly1 we see t ! highe/ rew>d ( ! ,div9e law is ! law itself1 namely1 to "k ,god & to love ,him ( our free *oice1 & ) an undivid$ & fruitful _s2 :ile its p5alty is ! abs5ce ( ^! ?+s1 & be+ 9 bondage to ! fle%--t is1 hav+ an incon/ant & wav]+ _s4 ,^! po9ts be+ not$1 ,i mu/ n[ inquire ,i4 ,:e!r by ! natural light ( reason we c conceive ( ,god z a lawgiv] or pot5tate orda9+ laws = m58 ,,ii4 ,:at is ! tea*+ ( ,holy ,writ conc]n+ ?is natural light ( reason & natural law8 ,,iii4 ,) :at objects 7 c]emonies =m]ly in/itut$8 ,,iv4 ,la/ly1 :at is ! good ga9$ by kn[+ ! sacr$ hi/ories & believ+ !m8 ,( ! fir/ two ,i w treat 9 ?is *apt]1 ( ! rema9+ two 9 ! foll[+ "o4 ,our conclusion ab\t ! fir/ is easily d$uc$ f ! nature ( ,god's w1 :i* is only di/+ui%$ f ,8 und]/&+ 9 relation to our intellect--t is1 ! w & ! und]/&+ ( ,god are 9 reality "o & ! same1 & are only di/+ui%$ 9 relation to our ?\ghts :i* we =m conc]n+ ,god's und]/&+4 ,= in/ance1 if we are only look+ to ! fact t ! nature ( a triangle is f et]nity conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e nature z an et]nal v]ity1 we say t ,god possesses ! idea ( a triangle1 or t ,he und]/&s ! nature ( a triangle2 b if aft]w>ds we look to ! fact t ! nature ( a triangle is ?us conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e nature1 solely by ! necessity ( ! ,div9e nature1 & n by ! necessity ( ! nature & ess5ce ( a triangle--9 fact1 t ! necessity ( a triangle's ess5ce & nature1 9 s f> z !y are conceiv$ ( z et]nal v]ities1 dep5ds solely on ! necessity ( ! ,div9e nature & intellect1 we !n /yle ,god's w or decree1 t :i* be=e we /yl$ ,8 intellect4 ,:]e=e we make "o & ! same affirmation conc]n+ ,god :5 we say t ,he has f et]nity decre$ t ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 z :5 we say t ,he has und]/ood x4 ,h5ce ! affirmations & ! negations ( ,god always involve necessity or tru?2 s t1 = example1 if ,god said to ,adam t ,he did n wi% him to eat ( ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 x w\ld h involv$ a contradiction t ,adam %\ld h be5 able to eat ( x1 & w\ld !re=e h be5 impossible t he %\ld h s eat51 = ! ,div9e comm& w\ld h involv$ an et]nal necessity & tru?4 ,b s9ce ,scripture nev]!less n>rates t ,god did give ?is comm& to ,adam1 & yet t none ! less ,adam ate ( ! tree1 we mu/ p]=ce say t ,god reveal$ to ,adam ! evil :i* w\ld surely foll[ if he %\ld eat ( ! tree1 b did n disclose t su* evil w\ld ( necessity come to pass4 ,?us x 0 t ,adam took ! revelation to be n an et]nal & necess>y tru?1 b a law--t is1 an ord9ance foll[$ by ga9 or loss1 n dep5d+ necess>ily on ! nature ( ! act p]=m$1 b solely on ! w & absolute p[] ( "s pot5tate1 s t ! revelation 9 "q 0 solely 9 relation to ,adam1 & solely ?r\gh 8 lack ( k a law1 & ,god 01 z x 71 a lawgiv] & pot5tate4 ,f ! same cause1 namely1 f lack ( k1 ! ,decalogue 9 relation to ! ,hebrews 0 a law1 = s9ce !y knew n ! exi/5ce ( ,god z an et]nal tru?1 !y mu/ h tak5 z a law t :i* 0 reveal$ to !m 9 ! ,decalogue1 namely1 t ,god exi/s1 & t ,god only %\ld be wor%ip$4 ,b if ,god _h spok5 to !m )\t ! int]v5tion ( any bodily means1 imm$iately !y w\ld h p]ceiv$ x n z a law b z an et]nal tru?4 ,:at we h said ab\t ! ,israelites & ,adam applies also to all ! prophets :o wrote laws 9 ,god's "n--!y did n adequately conceive ,god's decrees z et]nal tru?s4 ,= in/ance1 we mu/ say ( ,moses t f revelation1 f ! basis ( :at 0 reveal$ to him1 he p]ceiv$ ! me?od by :i* ! ,israeliti% nation c\ld be/ be unit$ 9 a p>ticul> t]ritory1 & c\ld =m a body politic or /ate1 & fur!r t he p]ceiv$ ! me?od by :i* t nation c\ld be/ be con/ra9$ to ob$i5ce2 b he did n p]ceive1 nor 0 x reveal$ to him1 t ?is me?od 0 absolutely ! be/1 nor t ! ob$i5ce ( ! p 9 a c]ta9 /rip ( t]ritory w\ld necess>ily imply ! end he _h 9 view4 ,:]e=e he p]ceiv$ ^! ?+s n z et]nal tru?s1 b z precepts & ord9ances1 & he orda9$ !m z laws ( ,god1 & ?us x came to be t he conceiv$ ,god z a rul]1 a legislator1 a k+1 z m]ciful1 j1 etc41 :]eas su* qualities are simply attributes ( human nature1 & utt]ly ali5 f ! nature ( ! ,deity4 ,?us mu* we may affirm ( ! prophets :o wrote laws 9 ! "n ( ,god2 b we mu/ n affirm x ( ,*ri/1 = ,*ri/1 al?\gh ,he too seems to h writt5 laws 9 ! "n ( ,god1 mu/ be tak5 to h _h a cle> & adequate p]ception1 = ,*ri/ 0 n s mu* a prophet z ! m\?piece ( ,god4 ,= ,god made revelations to mank9d ?r\gh ,*ri/ z ,he _h be=e done ?r\gh angels--t is1 a creat$ voice1 visions1 etc4 ,x w\ld be z unreasonable to say t ,god _h accommodat$ ,8 revelations to ! op9ions ( ,*ri/ z t ,he _h be=e accommodat$ !m to ! op9ions ( angels 7t is1 ( a creat$ voice or visions7 z matt]s to be reveal$ to ! prophets1 a :olly absurd hypo!sis4 ,moreov]1 ,*ri/ 0 s5t to tea* n only ! ,jews b ! :ole human race1 & !re=e x 0 n en\gh t ,8 m9d %\ld be accommodat$ to ! op9ions ( ! ,jews alone1 b also to ! op9ion & fundam5tal tea*+ common to ! :ole human race--9 o!r words1 to ideas univ]sal & true4 ,inasmu* z ,god reveal$ ,himself to ,*ri/1 or to ,*ri/'s m9d imm$iately1 & n z to ! prophets ?r\gh words & symbols1 we mu/ ne$s suppose t ,*ri/ p]ceiv$ truly :at 0 reveal$1 9 o!r words1 ,he und]/ood x1 = a matt] is und]/ood :5 x is p]ceiv$ simply by ! m9d )\t words or symbols4 ,*ri/1 !n1 p]ceiv$ 7truly & adequately7 :at 0 reveal$1 & if ,he ev] proclaim$ su* revelations z laws1 ,he did s because ( ! ignorance & ob/9acy ( ! p1 act+ 9 ?is respect ! "p ( ,god2 inasmu* z ,he accommodat$ ,himself to ! compreh5sion ( ! p1 & ?\gh ,he spoke some:at m cle>ly ?an ! o!r prophets1 yet ,he taught :at 0 reveal$ obscurely1 & g5]ally ?r\gh p>ables1 especially :5 ,he 0 speak+ to ^? to :om x 0 n yet giv5 to und]/& ! k+dom ( heav54 7,see ,matt4 xiii4 #aj1 etc47 ,to ^? to :om x 0 giv5 to und]/& ! my/]ies ( heav51 ,he d\btless taught ,8 doctr9es z et]nal tru?s & did n lay !m d[n z laws1 ?us free+ ! m9ds ( ,8 he>]s f ! bondage ( t law :i* ,he fur!r confirm$ & e/abli%$4 ,paul app>5tly po9ts to ?is m ?an once 7e4g41 ,rom4 vii4 #f1 & iii4 #bh71 ?\gh he nev] himself seems to wi% to speak op5ly1 b1 to quote 8 own words 7,rom4 iii4 #e1 & vi4 #ai71 m]ely humanly4 ,?is he expressly /ates :5 he calls ,god j1 & x 0 d\btless 9 concession to human weakness t he attributes m]cy1 grace1 ang]1 & simil> qualities to ,god1 adapt+ 8 language to ! popul> m9d1 or1 z he puts x 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #a1 #b71 to c>nal m54 ,9 ,rom4 ix4 #ah1 he tea*es undisguis$ly t ,god's ang] & m]cy dep5d n on ! actions ( m51 b on ,god's own nature or w2 fur!r1 t no "o is ju/ifi$ by ! works ( ! law1 b only by fai?1 :i* he seems to id5tify ) ! full ass5t ( ! s\l2 la/ly1 t no "o is bless$ unless he h 9 him ! m9d ( ,*ri/ 7,rom4 viii4 #i71 :]eby he p]ceives ! laws ( ,god z et]nal tru?s4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ,god is describ$ z a lawgiv] or pr9ce1 & /yl$ j1 m]ciful1 etc41 m]ely 9 concession to popul> und]/&+1 & ! imp]fection ( popul> k2 t 9 reality ,god acts & directs all ?+s simply by ! necessity ( ,8 nature & p]fection1 & t ,8 decrees & volitions are et]nal tru?s1 & always involve necessity4 ,s mu* = ! fir/ po9t :i* ,i wi%$ to expla9 & demon/rate4 ,pass+ on to ! second po9t1 let u se>* ! sacr$ pages = _! tea*+ conc]n+ ! light ( nature & ?is ,div9e law4 ,! fir/ doctr9e we f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ man1 :]e x is n>rat$ t ,god comm&$ ,adam n to eat ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil2 ?is seems to mean t ,god comm&$ ,adam to d & to seek aft] righte\sness because x 0 good1 n because ! contr>y 0 evil3 t is1 to seek ! good = its own sake1 n f fe> ( evil4 ,we h se5 t he :o acts rightly f ! true k & love ( "r1 acts ) fre$om & con/ancy1 :]eas he :o acts f fe> ( evil1 is "u ! con/ra9t ( evil1 & acts 9 bondage "u ext]nal control4 ,s t ?is comm&m5t ( ,god to ,adam compreh5ds ! :ole ,div9e natural law1 & absolutely agrees ) ! dictates ( ! light ( nature2 nay1 x w\ld be easy to expla9 on ?is basis ! :ole hi/ory or allegory ( ! fir/ man4 ,b ,i pref] to pass ov] ! subject 9 sil5ce1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c be absolutely c]ta9 t my explanation w\ld be 9 accordance ) ! int5tion ( ! sacr$ writ]2 &1 secondly1 because _m d n admit t ?is hi/ory is an allegory1 ma9ta9+ x to be a simple n>rative ( facts4 ,x w be bett]1 !re=e1 to adduce o!r passages ( ,scripture1 especially su* z 7 writt5 by him1 :o speaks ) all ! /r5g? ( 8 natural und]/&+1 9 :i* he surpass$ all 8 contempor>ies1 & ^: say+s are accept$ by ! p z ( equal "r ) ^? ( ! prophets4 ,i mean ,solomon1 ^: prud5ce & wisdom are comm5d$ 9 ,scripture r ?an 8 piety & gift ( prophecy4 ,he1 9 8 prov]bs1 calls ! human intellect ! well-spr+ ( true life1 & decl>es t mis=tune is made up ( folly4 ,und]/&+ is a well-spr+ ( life to him t ha? x2 b ! in/ruction ( fools is folly 7,prov4 xvi4 #bb74 ,life be+ tak5 to mean ! true life 7z is evid5t f ,deut4 xxx4 #ai71 ! fruit ( ! und]/&+ consi/s only 9 ! true life1 & its abs5ce con/itutes puni%m5t4 ,all ?is absolutely agrees ) :at 0 set out 9 our f\r? po9t conc]n+ natural law4 ,moreov]1 our position t x is ! well-spr+ ( life1 & t ! intellect alone lays d[n laws = ! wise1 is pla9ly taught by ! sage1 = he says 7,prov4 xiii4 #ad73 ,! law ( ! wise is a f\nta9 ( life--t is1 z we ga!r f ! prec$+ text1 ! und]/&+4 ,9 *ap4 iii4 #ac1 he expressly tea*es t ! und]/&+ r5d]s man bless$ & happy1 & gives him true peace ( m9d4 ,happy is ! man t f9de? wisdom1 & ! man t gette? und]/&+1 = ,wisdom gives l5g? ( days1 & ri*es & hon\r2 h] ways are ways ( pleasantness1 & all h] pa?s peace 7xiii4 #af1 #ag74 ,accord+ to ,solomon1 !re=e1 x is only ! wise :o live 9 peace & equanimity1 n l ! wick$ ^: m9ds drift hi!r & ?i!r1 & 7z ,isaiah says1 *ap4 lvii4 #bj7 are l ! tr\bl$ sea1 = !m !re is no peace4 ,la/ly1 we %\ld especially note ! passage 9 *ap4 ii4 ( ,solomon's prov]bs :i* mo/ cle>ly confirms our cont5tion3 ,if ?\ crie/ aft] k1 & lifte/ up ?y voice = und]/&+ 444 !n %alt ?\ und]/& ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 & f9d ! k ( ,god2 = ! ,"l give? wisdom2 out ( ,8 m\? come? k & und]/&+4 ,^! words cle>ly enunciate 7#a71 t wisdom or intellect alone tea*es u to fe> ,god wisely--t is1 to wor%ip ,him truly2 7#b71 t wisdom & k fl[ f ,god's m\?1 & t ,god be/[s on u ?is gift2 ?is we h already %[n 9 prov+ t our und]/&+ & our k dep5d on1 spr+ f1 & are p]fect$ by ! idea or k ( ,god1 & no?+ else4 ,solomon goes on to say 9 s _m words t ?is k conta9s & involves ! true pr9ciples ( e?ics & politics3 ,:5 wisdom ent]e? into ?y he>t1 & k is pleasant to ?y s\l1 discretion %all pres]ve !e1 und]/&+ %all keep !e1 !n %alt ?\ und]/& righte\sness1 & judgm5t1 & equity1 yea e good pa?4 ,all ( :i* is 9 obvi\s agreem5t ) natural k3 = aft] we h come to ! und]/&+ ( ?+s1 & h ta/$ ! excell5ce ( k1 %e tea*es u e?ics & true virtue4 ,?us ! happ9ess & ! peace ( him :o cultivates 8 natural und]/&+ lies1 accord+ to ,solomon also1 n s mu* "u ! dom9ion ( =tune 7or ,god's ext]nal aid7 z 9 inw>d p]sonal virtue 7or ,god's int]nal aid71 = ! latt] c to a great ext5t be pres]v$ by vigilance1 "r action1 & ?\ght4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ by no means pass ov] ! passage 9 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7i4 #bj71 9 :i* he says3 ,= ! invisible ?+s ( ,god f ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 ev5 ,8 et]nal p[] & ,godhead2 s t !y are )\t excuse1 because1 :5 !y knew ,god1 !y glorifi$ ,him n z ,god1 nei!r 7 !y ?ankful4 ,^! words cle>ly %[ t e "o c by ! light ( nature cle>ly und]/& ! goodness & ! et]nal div9ity ( ,god1 & c !nce "k & d$uce :at !y %\ld seek = & :at avoid2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says t !y are )\t excuse & _c plead ignorance1 z !y c]ta9ly might if x 7 a "q ( sup]natural light & ! inc>nation1 passion1 resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,:]e=e1 he goes on to say 7ib4 #bd71 ,god gave !m up to uncleanness ?r\gh ! lu/s ( _! own he>ts2 & s on1 ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! *apt]1 he describes ! vices ( ignorance1 & sets !m =? z ! puni%m5t ( ignorance4 ,?is obvi\sly agrees ) ! v]se ( ,solomon1 already quot$1 ,! in/ruction ( fools is folly1 s t x is easy to und]/& :y ,paul says t ! wick$ are )\t excuse4 ,z e man s[s s %all he reap3 out ( evil1 evils necess>ily spr+1 unless !y be wisely c\nt]act$4 ,?us we see t ,scripture lit]ally approves ( ! light ( natural reason & ! natural ,div9e law1 & ,i h fulfill$ ! promises made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,f ! ,tr4 ,?4-,p41 *4 iv1 same title4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,( ,,! ,,c]emonial ,,law#h ,9 ! =ego+ *apt] we h %[n t ! ,div9e law1 :i* r5d]s m5 truly bless$1 & tea*es !m ! true life1 is univ]sal to all m52 nay1 we h s intimately d$uc$ x f human nature t x mu/ be e/eem$ innate1 &1 z x 71 +ra9$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,b ) reg>d to ! c]emonial obs]vances :i* 7 orda9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = ! ,hebrews only1 & 7 s adapt$ to _! /ate t !y c\ld = ! mo/ "p only be obs]v$ by ! society z a :ole & n by ea* individual1 x is evid5t t !y =m$ no "p ( ! ,div9e law1 & _h no?+ to d ) bless$ness & virtue1 b _h ref]5ce only to ! election ( ! ,hebrews1 t is 7z ,i h %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iv71 to _! temporal bodily happ9ess & ! tranquillity ( _! k+dom1 & t !re=e !y 7 only valid :ile t k+dom la/$4 ,if 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !y are spok5 ( z ! law ( ,god1 x is only because !y 7 f\nd$ on revelation1 or a basis ( revelation4 ,/ill z reason1 h[ev] s\nd1 has little weight ) ord9>y !ologians1 ,i w adduce ! au?ority ( ,scripture = :at ,i "h ass]t1 & w fur!r %[1 = ! sake ( great] cle>ness1 :y & h[ ^! c]emonials s]v$ to e/abli% & pres]ve ! ,jewi% k+dom4 ,isaiah tea*es mo/ pla9ly t ! ,div9e law 9 its /rict s5se signifies t univ]sal law :i* consi/s 9 a true mann] ( life1 & does n signify c]emonial obs]vances4 ,9 *apt] i41 v]se #aj1 ! prophet calls on 8 c\ntrym5 to he>k5 to ! ,div9e law z he deliv]s x1 & fir/ exclud+ all k9ds ( sacrifices & all fea/s1 he at l5g? sums up ! law 9 ^! few words3 ,cease to d evil1 le>n to d well3 seek judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$4 ,n less /rik+ te/imony is giv5 9 ,psalm xl4 #g-i1 :]e ! ,psalmi/ addresses ,god3 ,sacrifice & (f]+ ,?\ did/ n desire2 m9e e>s ha/ ,?\ op5$2 burnt (f]+ & s9-(f]+ ha/ ,?\ n requir$2 ,i delight to d ,?y w1 ,o my ,god2 yea1 ,?y law is )9 my he>t4 ,"h ! ,psalmi/ reckons z ! law ( ,god only t :i* is inscrib$ 9 8 he>t1 & excludes c]emonies !refrom1 = ! latt] are good & inscrib$ on ! he>t only f ! fact ( _! in/itution1 & n because ( _! intr9sic value4 ,o!r passages ( ,scripture te/ify to ! same tru?1 b ^! two w suffice4 ,we may also le>n f ! ,bible t c]emonies are no aid to bless$ness1 b only h ref]5ce to ! temporal prosp]ity ( ! k+dom2 = ! rew>ds promis$ = _! obs]vance are m]ely temporal advantages & delights1 bless$ness be+ res]v$ = ! univ]sal ,div9e law4 ,9 all ! five books commonly attribut$ to ,moses no?+ is promis$1 z ,i h said1 beyond temporal b5efits1 su* z honors1 fame1 victories1 ri*es1 enjoym5ts1 & heal?4 ,?\gh _m moral precepts besides c]emonies are conta9$ 9 ^! five books1 !y appe> n z moral doctr9es univ]sal to all m51 b z comm&s especially adapt$ to ! und]/&+ & "* ( ! ,hebrew p1 & z hav+ ref]5ce only to ! welf>e ( ! k+dom4 ,= in/ance1 ,moses does n tea* ! ,jews z a prophet n to kill or to /eal1 b gives ^! comm&m5ts solely z a lawgiv] & judge2 he does n reason out ! doctr9e1 b affixes = its non-obs]vance a p5alty :i* may & v prop]ly does v>y 9 diff]5t nations4 ,s1 too1 ! comm& n to commit adult]y is giv5 m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! welf>e ( ! /ate2 = if ! moral doctr9e _h be5 int5d$1 ) ref]5ce n only to ! welf>e ( ! /ate1 b also to ! tranquillity & bless$ness ( ! individual1 ,moses w\ld h condemn$ n m]ely ! outw>d act1 b also ! m5tal acquiesc5ce1 z is done by ,*ri/1 ,:o taught only univ]sal moral precepts1 & = ?is cause promises a spiritual in/ead ( a temporal rew>d4 ,*ri/1 z ,i h said1 0 s5t into ! _w1 n to pres]ve ! /ate nor to lay d[n laws1 b solely to tea* ! univ]sal moral law1 s we c easily und]/& t ,he wi%$ 9 no wise to d away ) ! law ( ,moses1 inasmu* z ,he introduc$ no new laws ( ,8 own--,8 sole c>e 0 to tea* moral doctr9es1 & di/+ui% !m f ! laws ( ! /ate2 = ! ,ph>isees1 9 _! ignorance1 ?\ght t ! obs]vance ( ! /ate law & ! ,mosaic law 0 ! sum total ( morality2 :]eas su* laws m]ely _h ref]5ce to ! public welf>e1 & aim$ n s mu* at in/ruct+ ! ,jews z at keep+ !m "u con/ra9t4 ,b let u return to our subject1 & cite o!r passages ( ,scripture :i* set =? temporal b5efits z rew>ds = obs]v+ ! c]emonial law1 & bless$ness z rew>d = ! univ]sal law4 ,none ( ! prophets puts ! po9t m cle>ly ?an ,isaiah4 ,aft] condemn+ hypocrisy1 he comm5ds lib]ty & *>ity t[>ds oneself & "o's neighbors1 & promises z a rew>d3 ,!n %all ?y light break =? z ! morn+1 & ?y heal? %all spr+ =? spe$ily1 ?y righte\sness %all g be=e !e1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l %all be ?y rew>d 7*ap4 lviii4 #h74 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he comm5ds ! ,sabba?1 & = a due obs]vance ( x promises3 ,!n %alt ?\ delight ?yself 9 ! ,"l1 & ,i w cause !e to ride ^u ! high places ( ! e>?1 & fe$ !e ) ! h]itage ( ,jacob ?y fa!r3 = ! m\? ( ! ,"l has spok5 x4 ,?us ! prophet1 = lib]ty be/[$ & *>itable works1 promises a heal?y m9d 9 a heal?y body1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l ev5 aft] dea?2 :]eas1 = c]emonial exactitude1 he only promises security ( rule1 prosp]ity1 & temporal happ9ess4 444 ,x rema9s to %[ :y & h[ ! c]emonial obs]vances t5d$ to pres]ve & confirm ! ,hebrew k+dom2 & ?is ,i c v briefly d on gr\nds univ]sally accept$4 ,! =mation ( society s]ves n only = def5sive purposes1 b is also v useful1 &1 inde$1 absolutely necess>y1 z r5d]+ possible ! division ( labor4 ,if m5 did n r5d] mutual assi/ance to ea* o!r1 no "o w\ld h ei!r ! skill or ! "t to provide = 8 own su/5ance & pres]vation3 = all m5 are n equally apt = all "w1 & no "o w\ld be capable ( prep>+ all t he individually /ood 9 ne$ (4 ,/r5g? & "t1 ,i repeat1 w\ld fail1 if e "o _h 9 p]son to pl[1 to s[1 to reap1 to gr9d corn1 to cook1 to weave1 to /it* & p]=m ! o!r num]\s functions requir$ to keep life go+2 to say no?+ ( ! arts & sci5ces :i* are also entirely necess>y to ! p]fection & bless$ness ( human nature4 ,we see t peoples liv+ 9 unciviliz$ b>b>ism lead a wret*$ & almo/ animal life1 & ev5 !y w\ld n be able to acquire _! few rude necess>ies )\t assi/+ "o ano!r to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,n[ if m5 7 s con/itut$ by nature t !y desir$ no?+ b :at is designat$ by true reason1 society w\ld obvi\sly h no ne$ ( laws3 x w\ld be suffici5t to inculcate true moral doctr9es2 & m5 w\ld freely1 )\t hesitation1 act 9 accordance ) _! true int]e/s4 ,b human nature is fram$ 9 a diff]5t fa%ion3 e "o1 inde$1 seeks 8 own int]e/1 b does n d s 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( s\nd reason1 = mo/ m5's ideas ( desirability & usefulness are guid$ by _! fle%ly in/9cts & emotions1 :i* take no ?\ght beyond ! pres5t & ! imm$iate object4 ,!re=e1 no society c exi/ )\t gov]nm5t1 & =ce1 & laws to re/ra9 & repress m5's desires & immod]ate impulses4 ,/ill human nature w n submit to absolute repression4 ,viol5t gov]nm5ts1 z ,s5eca says1 nev] la/ long2 ! mod]ate gov]nm5ts endure4 ,s long z m5 act simply f fe> !y act contr>y to _! incl9ations1 tak+ no ?\ght = ! advantages or necessity ( _! actions1 b simply endeavor+ to escape puni%m5t or loss ( life4 ,!y mu/ ne$s rejoice 9 any evil :i* befalls _! rul]1 ev5 if x %\ld involve !mselves2 & mu/ long = & br+ ab\t su* evil by e means 9 _! p[]4 ,aga91 m5 are especially intol]ant ( s]v+ & be+ rul$ by _! equals4 ,la/ly1 x is exce$+ly difficult to revoke lib]ties once grant$4 ,f ^! consid]ations x foll[s1 fir/ly1 t au?ority %\ld ei!r be ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( ! :ole /ate 9 common1 s t e "o %\ld be b\nd to s]ve1 & yet n be 9 subjection to 8 equals2 or else1 if p[] be 9 ! h&s ( a few1 or "o man1 t "o man %\ld be some?+ above av]age humanity1 or %\ld /rive to get himself accept$ z su*4 ,secondly1 laws %\ld 9 e gov]nm5t be s arrang$ t p %\ld be kept 9 b\nds by ! hope ( "s greatly desir$ good1 r ?an by fe>1 = !n e "o w d 8 duty will+ly4 ,la/ly1 z ob$i5ce consi/s 9 act+ at ! bidd+ ( ext]nal au?ority1 x w\ld h no place 9 a /ate :]e ! gov]nm5t is ve/$ 9 ! :ole p1 & :]e laws are made by common cons5t4 ,9 su* a society ! p w\ld rema9 free1 :e!r ! laws 7 add$ to or dim9i%$1 inasmu* z x w\ld n be done on ext]nal au?ority1 b _! own free cons5t4 ,! rev]se happ5s :5 ! sov]eign p[] is ve/$ 9 "o man1 = all act at 8 bidd+2 &1 !re=e1 unless !y _h be5 tra9$ f ! fir/ to dep5d on ! words ( _! rul]1 ! latt] w\ld f9d x difficult1 9 case ( ne$1 to abrogate lib]ties once conc$$1 & impose new laws4 ,f ^! univ]sal consid]ations1 let u pass on to ! k+dom ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,jews :5 !y fir/ came out ( ,egypt 7 n b\nd by any national laws1 & 7 !re=e free to ratify any laws !y lik$1 or to make new ones1 & 7 at lib]ty to set up a gov]nm5t & occupy a t]ritory :]ev] !y *ose4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 entirely unfit to frame a wise code ( laws & to keep ! sov]eign p[] ve/$ 9 ! community2 !y 7 all uncultivat$ & sunk 9 a wret*$ slav]y1 !re=e ! sov]eignty 0 b\nd to rema9 ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( "o man :o w\ld rule ! re/ & keep !m "u con/ra9t1 make laws & int]pret !m4 ,?is sov]eignty 0 easily reta9$ by ,moses1 because he surpass$ ! re/ 9 virtue & p]suad$ ! p ( ! fact1 prov+ x by _m te/imonies 7see ,exod4 *ap4 xiv41 la/ v]se1 & *ap4 xix41 v]se #i74 ,he !n1 by ! ,div9e virtue he possess$1 made laws & orda9$ !m = ! p1 tak+ ! greate/ c>e t !y %\ld be obey$ will+ly & n ?r\gh fe>1 be+ specially induc$ to adopt ?is c\rse by ! ob/9ate nature ( ! ,jews1 :o w\ld n h submitt$ to be rul$ solely by con/ra9t2 & also by ! imm95ce ( w>1 = x is always bett] to inspire soldi]s ) a ?ir/ = glory ?an to t]rify !m ) ?reats2 ea* man w !n /rive to di/+ui% himself by valor & c\rage1 in/ead ( m]ely try+ to escape puni%m5t4 ,moses1 !re=e1 by 8 virtue & ! ,div9e comm&1 introduc$ a religion s t ! p might d _! duty f devotion r ?an fe>4 ,fur!r1 he b\nd !m ov] by b5efits1 & prophesi$ _m advantages 9 ! future2 nor 7 8 laws v sev]e1 z any "o may see = himself1 especially if he rem>ks ! numb] ( circum/ances necess>y 9 ord] to procure ! conviction ( an accus$ p]son4 ,la/ly1 9 ord] t ! p :i* c\ld n gov]n itself %\ld be entirely dep5d5t on its rul]1 he left no?+ to ! free *oice ( individuals 7:o _h hi!rto be5 slaves72 ! p c\ld d no?+ b rememb] ! law1 & foll[ ! ord9ances laid d[n at ! good pleasure ( _! rul]2 !y 7 n all[$ to pl[1 to s[1 to reap1 nor ev5 to eat2 to clo! !mselves1 to %ave1 to rejoice1 or1 9 fact1 to d any?+ :atev] z !y lik$1 b 7 b\nd to foll[ ! directions giv5 9 ! law2 & n only ?is1 b !y 7 oblig$ to h m>ks on _! doorpo/s1 on _! h&s1 & betwe5 _! eyes to admoni% !m to p]petual ob$i5ce4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! object ( ! c]emonial law1 t m5 %\ld d no?+ ( _! own free w1 b %\ld always act "u ext]nal au?ority1 & %\ld cont9ually confess by _! actions & ?\ghts t !y 7 n _! own ma/]s1 b 7 entirely "u ! control ( o!rs4 ,f all ^! consid]ations x is cle>] ?an day t c]emonies h no?+ to d ) a /ate ( bless$ness1 & t ^? m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 i4e41 ! :ole ,mosaic ,law1 _h ref]5ce m]ely to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,jews1 & m]ely temporal advantages4 ,z = ! ,*ri/ian rites1 su* z baptism1 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 fe/ivals1 public pray]s1 & any o!r obs]vances :i* are1 & always h be51 common to all ,*ri/5dom1 if !y 7 in/itut$ by ,*ri/ or ,8 ,apo/les 7:i* is op5 to d\bt71 !y 7 in/itut$ z ext]nal signs ( ! univ]sal *ur*1 & n z hav+ any?+ to d ) bless$ness1 or possess+ any sanctity 9 !mselves4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh su* c]emonies 7 n orda9$ = ! sake ( uphold+ a gov]nm5t1 !y 7 orda9$ = ! pres]vation ( a society1 & accord+ly he :o lives alone is n b\nd by !m3 nay1 ^? :o live 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ,*ri/ian religion is =bidd51 are b\nd to ab/a9 f su* rites1 & c none ! less live 9 a /ate ( bless$ness4 ,we h an example ( ?is 9 ,japan1 :]e ! ,*ri/ian religion is =bidd51 & ! ,dut* :o live !re are enjo9$ by _! ,ea/ ,india ,company n to practice any outw>d rites ( religion4 ,i ne$ n cite o!r examples1 ?\gh x w\ld be easy to prove my po9t f ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & to adduce _m confirmatory in/ances2 b ,i pass on ! m will+ly1 z ,i am anxi\s to proce$ to my next proposition4 ,i w n[1 !re=e1 pass on to :at ,i propos$ to treat ( 9 ! second "p ( ?is *apt]1 namely1 :at p]sons are b\nd to believe 9 ! n>ratives conta9$ 9 ,scripture1 & h[ f> !y are s b\nd4 ,exam9+ ?is "q by ! aid ( natural reason1 ,i w proce$ z foll[s3 ,if any "o wi%es to p]suade 8 fell[s = or aga9/ any?+ :i* is n self-evid5t1 he mu/ d$uce 8 cont5tion f _! admissions1 & conv9ce !m ei!r by exp]i5ce or by ratioc9ation2 ei!r by appeal+ to facts ( natural exp]i5ce1 or to self-evid5t intellectual axioms4 ,n[ unless ! exp]i5ce be ( su* a k9d z to be cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood1 ?\gh x may conv9ce a man1 x w n h ! same effect on 8 m9d & disp]se ! cl\ds ( 8 d\bt s completely z :5 ! doctr9e taught is d$uc$ entirely f intellectual axioms--t is1 by ! m]e p[] ( ! und]/&+ & logical ord]1 & ?is is especially ! case 9 spiritual matt]s :i* h no?+ to d ) ! s5ses4 ,b ! d$uction ( conclusions f g5]al tru?s priori1 usually requires a long *a9 ( argum5ts1 &1 moreov]1 v great caution1 acut5ess1 & self-re/ra9t--qualities :i* are n (t5 met )2 !re=e p pref] to be taught by exp]i5ce r ?an d$uce _! conclusion f a few axioms1 & set !m out 9 logical ord]4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t if any "o wi%es to tea* a doctr9e to a :ole nation 7n to speak ( ! :ole human race71 & to be und]/ood by all m5 9 e p>ticul>1 he w seek to support 8 tea*+ ) exp]i5ce1 & w endeavor to suit 8 reason+s & ! def9itions ( 8 doctr9es z f> z possible to ! und]/&+ ( ! common p1 :o =m ! majority ( mank9d1 & he w n set !m =? 9 logical sequ5ce nor adduce ! def9itions :i* s]ve to e/abli% !m4 ,o!rwise he writes only = ! le>n$--t is1 he w be und]/ood by only a small proportion ( ! human race4 ,all ,scripture 0 writt5 prim>ily = an entire p1 & second>ily = ! :ole human race2 !re=e its cont5ts mu/ necess>ily be adapt$ z f> z possible to ! und]/&+ ( ! masses1 & prov$ only by examples drawn f exp]i5ce4 ,we w expla9 ourselves m cle>ly4 ,! *ief speculative doctr9es taught 9 ,scripture are ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or a ,be+ ,:o made all ?+s1 & ,:o directs & su/a9s ! _w ) consummate wisdom2 fur!rmore1 t ,god takes ! greate/ ?\ght = m51 or su* ( !m z live pi\sly & honorably1 :ile ,he puni%es1 ) v>i\s p5alties1 ^? :o d evil1 sep>at+ !m f ! good4 ,all ?is is prov$ 9 ,scripture entirely ?r\gh exp]i5ce--t is1 ?r\gh ! n>ratives !re relat$4 ,no def9itions ( doctr9e are giv51 b all ! say+s & reason+s are adapt$ to ! und]/&+ ( ! masses4 ,al?\gh exp]i5ce c give no cle> k ( ^! ?+s1 nor expla9 ! nature ( ,god1 nor h[ ,he directs & su/a9s all ?+s1 x c nev]!less tea* & enlight5 m5 suffici5tly to impress ob$i5ce & devotion on _! m9ds4 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly cle> :at p]sons are b\nd to believe 9 ! ,scripture n>ratives1 & 9 :at degree !y are s b\nd1 = x evid5tly foll[s f :at has be5 said t ! k ( & belief 9 !m is p>ticul>ly necess>y to ! masses ^: intellect is n capable ( p]ceiv+ ?+s cle>ly & di/9ctly4 ,fur!r1 he :o d5ies !m because he does n believe t ,god exi/s or takes ?\ght = m5 & ! _w1 may be acc\nt$ impi\s2 b a man :o is ignorant ( !m1 & nev]!less %[s by natural reason t ,god exi/s1 z we h said1 & has a true plan ( life1 is altoge!r bless$--yes1 m bless$ ?an ! common h]d ( believ]s1 because besides true op9ions he possesses also a true & di/9ct conception4 ,la/ly1 he :o is ignorant ( ! ,scriptures & kn[s no?+ by ! light ( reason1 ?\gh he may n be impi\s or rebelli\s1 is yet less ?an human & almo/ brutal1 hav+ none ( ,god's gifts4 ,we mu/ "h rem>k t :5 we say t ! k ( ! sacr$ n>rative is p>ticul>ly necess>y to ! masses1 we d n mean ! k ( absolutely all ! n>ratives 9 ! ,bible1 b only ( ! pr9cipal ones1 ^? :i*1 tak5 by !mselves1 pla9ly display ! doctr9e we h j /at$1 & h mo/ effect ov] m5's m9ds4 ,if all ! n>ratives 9 ,scripture 7 necess>y = ! pro( ( ?is doctr9e1 & if no conclusion c\ld be drawn )\t ! g5]al consid]ation ( e "o ( ! hi/ories conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 truly ! conclusion & demon/ration ( su* doctr9e w\ld ov]task ! und]/&+ & /r5g? n only ( ! masses1 b ( humanity2 :o is !re :o c\ld give att5tion to all ! n>ratives at once1 & to all ! circum/ances1 & all ! scraps ( doctr9e to be elicit$ f su* a ho/ ( div]se hi/ories8 ,i _c believe t ! m5 :o h left u ! ,bible z we h x 7 s ab\nd+ 9 tal5t t !y attempt$ sett+ ab\t su* a me?od ( demon/ration1 /ill less c ,i suppose t we _c und]/& ,scriptural doctr9e till we h giv5 he$ to ! qu>rels ( ,isaac1 ! advice ( ,a*itophel to ,absalom1 ! civil w> betwe5 ,jews & ,israelites1 & o!r simil> *ronicles2 nor c ,i ?9k t x 0 m difficult to tea* su* doctr9e by means ( hi/ory to ! ,jews ( e>ly times1 ! contempor>ies ( ,moses1 ?an x 0 to ! contempor>ies ( ,esdras4 ,b m w be said on ?is po9t h]eaft]1 we may n[ only note t ! masses are only b\nd to "k ^? hi/ories :i* c mo/ p[]fully dispose _! m9d to ob$i5ce & devotion4 ,h[ev]1 ! masses are n suffici5tly skill$ to draw conclusions f :at !y read1 !y take m delight 9 ! actual /ories1 & 9 ! /range & unlook$-= issues ( ev5ts ?an 9 ! doctr9es impli$2 !re=e1 besides read+ ^! n>ratives1 !y are always 9 ne$ ( pa/ors or *ur* m9i/]s to expla9 !m to _! feeble intellig5ce4 ,b n to w&] f our po9t1 let u conclude ) :at has be5 our pr9cipal object--namely1 t ! tru? ( n>ratives1 be !y :at !y may1 has no?+ to d ) ! ,div9e law1 & s]ves = no?+ except 9 respect ( doctr9e1 ! sole elem5t :i* makes "o hi/ory bett] ?an ano!r4 ,! n>ratives 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts surpass pr(ane hi/ory1 & diff] among !mselves 9 m]it simply by reason ( ! salut>y doctr9es :i* !y inculcate4 ,!re=e1 if a man 7 to read ! ,scripture n>ratives believ+ ! :ole ( !m1 b 7 to give no he$ to ! doctr9es !y conta91 & make no am5dm5t 9 8 life1 he might employ himself j z pr(itably 9 read+ ! ,koran or ! poetic drama1 or ord9>y *ronicles1 ) ! att5tion usually giv5 to su* writ+s2 on ! o!r h&1 if a man is absolutely ignorant ( ! ,scriptures1 & none ! less has "r op9ions & a true plan ( life1 he is absolutely bless$ & truly possesses 9 himself ! _s ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,jews are ( a directly contr>y way ( ?9k+1 = !y hold t true op9ions & a true plan ( life are ( no s]vice 9 atta9+ bless$ness1 if _! possessors h arriv$ at !m by ! light ( reason only1 & n l ! docum5ts prophetically reveal$ to ,moses4 ,maimonides v5tures op5ly to make ?is ass]tion3 ,e man :o takes to he>t ! sev5 precepts & dilig5tly foll[s !m1 is c\nt$ ) ! pi\s among ! nations1 & an heir ( ! _w to come2 t is to say1 if he takes to he>t & foll[s !m because ,god orda9$ !m 9 ! law1 & reveal$ !m to u by ,moses1 because !y 7 ( a=etime precepts to ! sons ( ,noah3 b he :o foll[s !m z lead !reto by reason1 is n c\nt$ z a dwell] among ! pi\s1 nor among ! wise ( ! nations4 ,su* are ! words ( ,maimonides1 to :i* ,r4 ,joseph1 ! son ( ,%em ,job1 adds 9 8 book1 :i* he calls ,kebod ,elohim1 or ,god's ,glory1 t al?\gh ,ari/otle 7:om he consid]s to h writt5 ! be/ e?ics & to be above e "o else7 has n omitt$ any?+ t conc]ns true e?ics1 & :i* he has adopt$ 9 8 own book1 c>efully foll[+ ! l9es laid d[n1 yet ?is 0 n able to suffice = 8 salvation1 inasmu* z he embrac$ 8 doctr9es 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( reason & n z ,div9e docum5ts prophetically reveal$4#i ,h[ev]1 t ^! are m]e figm5ts & are n support$ by ,scriptural au?ority w1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5tly evid5t to ! att5tive read]1 s t an exam9ation ( ! !ory w be suffici5t = its refutation4 ,x is n my purpose "h to refute ! ass]tions ( ^? :o ass]t t ! natural light ( reason c tea* no?+ ( any value conc]n+ ! true way ( salvation4 ,p :o lay no claims to reason = !mselves are n able to prove by reason ?is _! ass]tion2 & if !y hawk ab\t some?+ sup]ior to reason1 x is a m]e figm5t1 & f> bel[ reason1 z _! g5]al me?od ( life suffici5tly %[s4 ,b !re is no ne$ to dwell ^u su* p]sons4 ,i w m]ely add t we c only judge ( a man by 8 works4 ,if a man ab\nds 9 ! fruits ( ! ,_s1 *>ity1 joy1 peace1 long-suff]+1 k9dness1 goodness1 fai?1 g5tl5ess1 *a/ity1 aga9/ :i*1 z ,paul says 7,gal4 v4 #bb71 !re is no law1 su* an "o1 :e!r he be taught by reason only or by ! ,scripture only1 has be5 9 v tru? taught by ,god1 & is altoge!r bless$4 ,?us h ,i said all t ,i und]took to say conc]n+ ,div9e law4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,f ! ,tr4 ,?4-,p41 *4 v1 same title4 #i ,! ,jews 7 n1 ( c\rse1 alone 9 hold+ ?is po9t ( view4 ,dante consign$ ! anci5t philosoph]s--includ+ ,ari/otle--& ev5 ,v]gil to ,limbo1 agree+ ?us 9 doctr9e ) ,maimonides & ,r4 ,joseph1 ! son ( ,%em ,job4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,( ,,miracles#aj ,z m5 are accu/om$ to call ,div9e ! k :i* transc5ds human und]/&+1 s also d !y /yle ,div9e1 or ! "w ( ,god1 any?+ ( :i* ! cause is n g5]ally kn[n3 = ! masses ?9k t ! p[] & provid5ce ( ,god are mo/ cle>ly display$ by ev5ts t are extraord9>y & contr>y to ! conception !y h =m$ ( ,nature1 especially if su* ev5ts br+ !m any pr(it or conv5i5ce3 !y ?9k t ! cle>e/ possible pro( ( ,god's exi/5ce is af=d$ :5 ,nature1 z !y suppose1 breaks h] accu/om$ ord]1 & consequ5tly !y believe t ^? :o expla9 or endeavor to und]/& ph5om5a or miracles ?r\gh _! natural causes are do+ away ) ,god & ,8 provid5ce4 ,!y suppose1 =soo?1 t ,god is inactive s long z ,nature works 9 h] accu/om$ ord]1 & vice v]sa1 t ! p[] ( ,nature & natural causes are idle s long z ,god is act+3 ?us !y imag9e two p[]s di/9ct "o f ! o!r1 ! p[] ( ,god & ! p[] ( ,nature1 ?\gh ! latt] is 9 a s5se det]m9$ by ,god1 or 7z mo/ p believe n[7 creat$ by ,him4 ,:at !y mean by ei!r1 & :at !y und]/& by ,god & ,nature !y d n "k1 except t !y imag9e ! p[] ( ,god to be l t ( "s royal pot5tate1 & ,nature's p[] to consi/ 9 =ce & en]gy4 ,! masses !n /yle unusual ph5om5a miracles1 & p>tly f piety1 p>tly = ! sake ( oppos+ ! /ud5ts ( sci5ce1 pref] to rema9 9 ignorance ( natural causes1 & only to he> ( ^? ?+s :i* !y "k lea/1 & consequ5tly admire mo/4 ,9 fact1 ! common p c only adore ,god1 & ref] all ?+s to ,8 p[] by remov+ natural causes1 & conceiv+ ?+s happ5+ out ( _! due c\rse1 & only admires ! p[] ( ,god :5 ! p[] ( ,nature is conceiv$ ( z 9 subjection to x4 ,?is idea seems to h tak5 its rise among ! e>ly ,jews :o saw ! ,g5tiles r\nd !m wor%ip+ visible gods1 su* z ! sun1 ! moon1 ! e>?1 wat]1 air1 etc41 & 9 ord] to inspire ! conviction t su* div9ities 7 weak & incon/ant1 or *angeable1 told h[ !y !mselves 7 "u ! sway ( an invisible ,god1 & n>rat$ _! miracles1 try+ fur!r to %[ t ! ,god :om !y wor%ip$ arrang$ ! :ole ( nature = _! sole b5efit4 ,?is idea 0 s pleas+ to humanity t m5 g on to ?is day imag9+ miracles1 s t !y may believe !mselves ,god's favorites & ! f9al cause = :i* ,god creat$ & directs all ?+s4 ,:at pret5sions w n p 9 _! folly advance6 ,!y h no s+le s\nd idea conc]n+ ei!r ,god or ,nature1 !y conf\nd ,god's decrees ) human decrees1 !y conceive ,nature z s limit$ t !y believe man to be its *ief "p6 ,i h sp5t en\gh space 9 sett+ =? ^! common ideas & prejudices conc]n+ ,nature & miracles1 b 9 ord] to af=d a regul> demon/ration ,i w %[3 #a4 ,t ,nature _c be contrav5$1 b t %e pres]ves a fix$ & immutable ord]1 & at ! same "t ,i w expla9 :at is meant by a miracle4 #b4 ,t ,god's nature & exi/5ce1 & consequ5tly ,8 provid5ce1 _c be kn[n f miracles1 b t !y c all be mu* bett] p]ceiv$ f ! fix$ & immutable ord] ( ,nature4 #c4 ,t by ! decrees & volitions1 & consequ5tly ! provid5ce ( ,god1 ,scripture 7z ,i w prove by ,scriptural examples7 means no?+ b ,nature's ord] foll[+ necess>ily f h] et]nal laws4 #d4 ,la/ly1 ,i w treat ( ! me?od ( int]pret+ ,scriptural miracles1 & ! *ief po9ts to be not$ conc]n+ ! n>ratives ( !m4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal subjects :i* w be discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & :i* w s]ve1 ,i ?9k1 n a little to fur!r ! object ( ?is treatise4 ,our fir/ po9t is easily prov$ f :at we %[$ 9 ,*apt] ,v ab\t ,div9e law--namely1 t all t ,god wi%es or det]m9es involves et]nal necessity & tru?1 = we demon/rat$ t ,god's und]/&+ is id5tical ) ,8 w1 & t x is ! same ?+ to say t ,god wills a ?+1 z to say t ,he und]/&s x2 h5ce1 z x foll[s necess>ily f ! ,div9e nature & p]fection t ,god und]/&s a ?+ z x is1 x foll[s no less necess>ily t ,he wills x z x is4 ,n[1 z no?+ is necess>ily true save only by ,div9e decree1 x is pla9 t ! univ]sal laws ( ,nature are decrees ( ,god foll[+ f ! necessity & p]fection ( ! ,div9e nature4 ,h5ce1 any ev5t happ5+ 9 nature :i* contrav5$ ,nature's univ]sal laws1 w\ld necess>ily also contrav5e ! ,div9e decree1 nature1 & und]/&+2 or if any "o ass]t$ t ,god acts 9 contrav5tion to ! laws ( ,nature1 he1 ipso facto1 w\ld be compell$ to ass]t t ,god act$ aga9/ ,8 own nature--an evid5t absurdity4 ,"o might easily %[ f ! same premises t ! p[] & effici5cy ( ,nature are 9 !mselves ! ,div9e p[] & effici5cy1 & t ! ,div9e p[] is ! v ess5ce ( ,god1 b ?is ,i gladly pass ov] = ! pres5t4 ,no?+1 !n1 comes to pass 9 ,nature#aa 9 contrav5tion to h] univ]sal laws1 nay1 ev]y?+ agrees ) !m & foll[s f !m1 = :atsoev] comes to pass1 comes to pass by ! w & et]nal decree ( ,god2 t is1 z we h j po9t$ out1 :atev] comes to pass1 comes to pass accord+ to laws & rules :i* involve et]nal necessity & tru?2 ,nature1 !re=e1 always obs]ves laws & rules :i* involve et]nal necessity & tru?1 al?\gh !y may n all be kn[n to u1 & !re=e %e keeps a fix$ & immutable ord]4 ,nor is !re any s\nd reason = limit+ ! p[] & efficacy ( ,nature1 & ass]t+ t h] laws are fit = c]ta9 purposes1 b n = all2 = z ! efficacy & p[] ( ,nature are ! v efficacy & p[] ( ,god1 & z ! laws & rules ( ,nature are ! decrees ( ,god1 x is 9 e way to be believ$ t ! p[] ( ,nature is inf9ite1 & t h] laws are broad en\gh to embrace ev]y?+ conceiv$ by ! ,div9e intellect4 ,! only alt]native is to ass]t t ,god has creat$ ,nature s weak1 & has orda9$ = h] laws s b>r51 t ,he is repeat$ly compell$ to come afre% to h] aid if ,he wi%es t %e %\ld be pres]v$1 & t ?+s %\ld happ5 z ,he desires3 a conclusion1 9 my op9ion1 v f> remov$ f reason4 ,fur!r1 z no?+ happ5s 9 ,nature :i* does n foll[ f h] laws1 & z h] laws embrace ev]y?+ conceiv$ by ! ,div9e intellect1 &1 la/ly1 z ,nature pres]ves a fix$ & immutable ord]1 x mo/ cle>ly foll[s t miracles are only intelligible z 9 relation to human op9ions1 & m]ely mean ev5ts ( :i* ! natural cause _c be expla9$ by a ref]5ce to any ord9>y occurr5ce1 ei!r by u1 or at any rate by ! writ] & n>rator ( ! miracle4 ,we may1 9 fact1 say t a miracle is an ev5t ( :i* ! causes _c be expla9$ by ! natural reason ?r\gh a ref]5ce to asc]ta9$ work+s ( ,nature2 b s9ce miracles 7 wr\ght accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( ! masses1 :o are :olly ignorant ( ! work+s ( ,nature1 x is c]ta9 t ! anci5ts took = a miracle :atev] !y c\ld n expla9 by ! me?od adopt$ by ! unle>n$ 9 su* cases1 namely1 an appeal to ! memory1 a recall+ ( some?+ simil>1 :i* is ord9>ily reg>d$ )\t wond]2 = mo/ p ?9k !y suffici5tly und]/& a ?+ :5 !y h ceas$ to wond] at x4 ,! anci5ts1 !n1 & inde$ mo/ m5 up to ! pres5t day1 _h no o!r crit]ion = a miracle2 h5ce we _c d\bt t _m ?+s are n>rat$ 9 ,scripture z miracles ( :i* ! causes c\ld easily be expla9$ by ref]5ce to asc]ta9$ work+s ( ,nature4 ,we h h9t$ z mu* 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 9 speak+ ( ! sun /&+ /ill 9 ! "t ( ,jo%ua1 & go+ backw>ds 9 ! "t ( ,ahaz2 b we %all soon h m to say on ! subject :5 we come to treat ( ! int]pretation ( miracles lat] on 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x is n[ "t to pass on to ! second po9t1 & %[ t we _c ga9 an und]/&+ ( ,god's ess5ce1 exi/5ce1 or provid5ce by means ( miracles1 b t ^! tru?s are mu* bett] p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! fix$ & immutable ord] ( ,nature4 ,i ?us proce$ ) ! demon/ration4 ,z ,god's exi/5ce is n self-evid5t1 x mu/ necess>ily be inf]r$ f ideas s firmly & incontrov]tibly true t no p[] c be po/ulat$ or conceiv$ suffici5t to impugn !m4 ,!y ought c]ta9ly s to appe> to u :5 we inf] f !m ,god's exi/5ce1 if we wi% to place our conclusion beyond ! rea* ( d\bt2 = if we c\ld conceive t su* ideas c\ld be impugn$ by any p[] :atsoev]1 we %\ld d\bt ( _! tru?1 we %\ld d\bt ( our conclusion1 namely1 ( ,god's exi/5ce1 & %\ld nev] be able to be c]ta9 ( any?+4 ,fur!r1 we "k t no?+ ei!r agrees ) or is contr>y to ,nature1 unless x agrees ) or is contr>y to ^! prim>y ideas2 :]e=e if we w\ld conceive t any?+ c\ld be done 9 ,nature by any p[] :atsoev] :i* w\ld be contr>y to ! laws ( ,nature1 x w\ld also be contr>y to our prim>y ideas1 & we %\ld h ei!r to reject x z absurd1 or else to ca/ d\bt 7z j %[n7 on our prim>y ideas1 & consequ5tly on ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & on ev]y?+ h[soev] p]ceiv$4 ,!re=e miracles1 9 ! s5se ( ev5ts contr>y to ! laws ( ,nature1 s f> f demon/rat+ to u ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 lead u to d\bt x1 :]e1 o!rwise1 we might h be5 absolutely c]ta9 ( x1 z kn[+ t ,nature foll[s a fix$ & immutable ord]4 ,let u take miracle z mean+ t :i* _c be expla9$ ?r\gh natural causes4 ,?is may be int]pret$ 9 two s5ses3 ei!r z t :i* has natural causes1 b _c be exam9$ by ! human intellect2 or z t :i* has no cause save ,god & ,god's w4 ,b z all ?+s :i* come to pass ?r\gh natural causes come to pass also solely ?r\gh ! w & p[] ( ,god1 x comes to ?is3 t a miracle1 :e!r x has natural causes or n1 is a result :i* _c be expla9$ by its cause1 t is a ph5om5on :i* surpasses human und]/&+2 b f su* a ph5om5on1 & c]ta9ly f a result surpass+ our und]/&+1 we c ga9 no k4 ,= :atsoev] we und]/& cle>ly & di/9ctly %\ld be pla9 to u ei!r 9 itself or by means ( some?+ else cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood2 :]e=e f a miracle or a ph5om5on :i* we _c und]/& we c ga9 no k ( ,god's ess5ce1 or exi/5ce1 or inde$ any?+ ab\t ,god or nature2 :]eas :5 we "k t all ?+s are orda9$ & ratifi$ by ,god1 t ! op]ations ( ,nature foll[ f ! ess5ce ( ,god1 & t ! laws ( ,nature are et]nal decrees & volitions ( ,god1 we mu/ p]=ce conclude t our k ( ,god & ( ,god's w increases 9 proportion to our k & cle> und]/&+ ( ,nature1 z we see h[ %e dep5ds on h] primal cause1 & h[ %e works accord+ to et]nal law4 ,:]e=e s f> z our und]/&+ goes1 ^? ph5om5a :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& h mu* bett] "r to be call$ works ( ,god1 & to be ref]r$ to ! w ( ,god ?an ^? ab\t :i* we are entirely ignorant1 al?\gh !y appeal p[]fully to ! imag9ation1 & compel m5's admiration4 ,x is only ph5om5a t we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& :i* height5 our k ( ,god & mo/ cle>ly indicate ,8 w & decrees4 ,pla9ly1 !y are b trifl]s :o1 :5 !y _c expla9 a ?+1 run back to ! w ( ,god2 ?is is1 truly1 a ridicul\s way ( express+ ignorance4 ,aga91 ev5 suppos+ t "s conclusion c\ld be drawn f miracles1 we c\ld n possibly inf] f !m ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 = a miracle be+ an ev5t "u limitations is ! expression ( a fix$ & limit$ p[]1 !re=e we c\ld n possibly inf] f an effect ( ?is k9d ! exi/5ce ( a cause ^: p[] is inf9ite1 b at ! utmo/ only ( a cause ^: p[] is great] ?an t ( ! said effect4 ,i say at ! utmo/1 = a ph5om5on may be ! result ( _m concurr5t causes1 & its p[] may be less ?an ! p[] ( ! sum ( su* causes1 b f> great] ?an t ( any "o ( !m tak5 individually4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! laws ( nature1 z we h %[n1 ext5d ov] inf9ity1 & are conceiv$ by u z1 aft] a fa%ion1 et]nal1 & ,nature works 9 accordance ) !m 9 a fix$ & immutable ord]2 !re=e1 su* laws indicate to u 9 a c]ta9 degree ! inf9ity1 ! et]nity & ! immutability ( ,god4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t we _c ga9 k ( ! exi/5ce & provid5ce ( ,god by means ( miracles1 b t we c f> bett] inf] !m f ! fix$ & immutable ord] ( ,nature4 ,by miracle ,i "h mean an ev5t :i* surpasses1 or is ?\ght to surpass1 human compreh5sion3 = 9 s f> z x is suppos$ to de/roy or int]rupt ! ord] ( ,nature or h] laws1 x n only c give u no k ( ,god1 b1 contr>iwise1 takes away t :i* we naturally h1 & makes u d\bt ( ,god & ev]y?+ else4 ,nei!r d ,i recognize any diff]5ce betwe5 an ev5t aga9/ ! laws ( ,nature & an ev5t beyond ! laws ( ,nature 7t is1 accord+ to "s1 an ev5t :i* does n contrav5e ,nature1 ?\gh %e is inadequate to produce or effect x71 = a miracle is wr\ght 91 & n beyond ,nature1 ?\gh x may be said 9 itself to be above ,nature1 &1 !re=e1 mu/ necess>ily int]rupt ! ord] ( ,nature1 :i* o!rwise we conceive ( z fix$ & un*angeable1 accord+ to ,god's decrees4 ,if !re=e any?+ %\ld come to pass 9 ,nature :i* does n foll[ f h] laws1 x w\ld also be 9 contrav5tion to ! ord] :i* ,god has e/abli%$ 9 ,nature =ev] ?r\gh univ]sal natural laws4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be 9 contrav5tion to ,god's nature & laws1 &1 consequ5tly belief 9 x w\ld ?r[ d\bt ^u ev]y?+1 & lead to ,a!ism4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ suffici5tly e/abli%$ my second po9t1 s t we c aga9 conclude t a miracle1 :e!r 9 contrav5tion to1 or beyond1 ,nature1 is a m]e absurdity2 & !re=e t :at is meant 9 ,scripture by a miracle c only be a "w ( ,nature1 :i* surpasses1 or is believ$ to surpass1 human compreh5sion4 ,be=e pass+ on to my ?ird po9t1 ,i w adduce ,scriptural au?ority = my ass]tion t ,god _c be kn[n f miracles4 ,scripture n[h]e /ates ! doctr9e op5ly1 b x c readily be inf]r$ f sev]al passages4 ,fir/ly1 t 9 :i* ,moses comm&s 7,deut4 xiii47 t a false prophet %\ld be put to dea?1 ev5 ?\gh he "w miracles3 ,if !re arise a prophet among y1 & give? !e a sign or wond]1 & ! sign or wond] come to pass1 say+1 ,let u g aft] o!r gods 444 ?\ %alt n he>k5 unto ! voice ( t prophet2 = ! ,"l y\r ,god prove? y1 & t prophet %all be put to dea?4 ,f ?is x cle>ly foll[s t miracles c\ld be wr\ght ev5 by false prophets2 & t1 unless m5 are hone/ly end[$ ) ! true k & love ( ,god1 !y may be z easily l$ by miracles to foll[ false gods z to foll[ ! true ,god2 = ^! words are add$3 ,= ! ,"l y\r ,god tempts y1 t ,he may "k :e!r y love ,him ) all y\r he>t & ) all y\r m9d4 ,fur!r1 ! ,israelites1 f all _! miracles1 7 unable to =m a s\nd conception ( ,god1 z _! exp]i5ce te/ifi$3 = :5 !y _h p]suad$ !mselves t ,moses _h dep>t$ f among !m !y petition$ ,a>on to give !m visible gods2 & ! idea ( ,god !y _h =m$ z ! result ( all _! miracles 0 a calf6444 ,i n[ g on to my ?ird po9t1 & %[ f ,scripture t ! decrees & m&ates ( ,god1 & consequ5tly ,8 provid5ce1 are m]ely ! ord] ( ,nature--t is1 :5 ,scripture describes an ev5t z accompli%$ by ,god or ,god's w1 we mu/ und]/& m]ely t x 0 9 accordance ) ! law & ord] ( ,nature1 n1 z mo/ p believe1 t ,nature _h = a season ceas$ to act1 or t h] ord] 0 tempor>ily int]rupt$4 ,b ,scripture does n directly tea* matt]s unconnect$ ) its doctr9e1 :]e=e x has no c>e to expla9 ?+s by _! natural causes1 nor to exp\nd matt]s m]ely speculative4 ,:]e=e our conclusion mu/ be ga!r$ by inf]5ce f ^? ,scriptural n>ratives :i* happ5 to be writt5 m at l5g? & circum/antially ?an usual4 ,( ^! ,i w cite a few4 ,9 ! fir/ book ( ,samuel 7ix4 #ae1 #af71 x is relat$ t ,god reveal$ to ,samuel t ,he w\ld s5d ,saul to him1 yet ,god did n s5d ,saul to ,samuel z p are wont to s5d "o man to ano!r4 ,8 s5d+ 0 m]ely ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature4 ,saul 0 look+ = ! asses he _h lo/1 & 0 m$itat+ a return home )\t !m1 :51 at ! sugge/ion ( 8 s]vant1 he w5t to ! ,prophet ,samuel1 to le>n f him :]e he might f9d !m4 ,f no "p ( ! n>rative does x appe> t ,saul _h any comm& f ,god to visit ,samuel beyond ?is natural motive4444 ,b p]haps "s "o w insi/ t we f9d _m ?+s 9 ,scripture :i* seem 9 n[ise explicable by natural causes1 z1 = in/ance1 t ! s9s ( m5 & _! pray]s c be ! cause ( ra9 & ( ! e>?'s f]tility1 or t fai? c heal ! bl9d1 & s on4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i h already made suffici5t answ]3 ,i h %[n t ,scripture does n expla9 ?+s by _! second>y causes1 b only n>rates !m 9 ! ord] & ! /yle :i* has mo/ p[] to move m51 & especially un$ucat$ m51 to devotion2 & !re=e x speaks inaccurately ( ,god & ( ev5ts1 see+ t its object is n to conv9ce ! reason1 b to attract & lay hold ( ! imag9ation4 ,if ! ,bible 7 to describe ! de/ruction ( an empire 9 ! /yle ( political hi/orians1 ! masses w\ld rema9 un/irr$1 :]eas ! contr>y is ! case :5 x adopts ! me?od ( poetic description1 & ref]s all ?+s imm$iately to ,god4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,bible says t ! e>? is b>r5 because ( m5's s9s1 or t ! bl9d 7 heal$ by fai?1 we ought to take no m notice ?an :5 x says t ,god is angry at m5's s9s1 t ,he is sad1 t ,he rep5ts ( ! good ,he has promis$ & done2 or t on see+ a sign ,he rememb]s some?+ ,he _h promis$1 & o!r simil> expressions1 :i* are ei!r ?r[n out poetically or relat$ accord+ to ! op9ion & prejudices ( ! writ]4 ,we may !n be absolutely c]ta9 t e ev5t :i* is truly describ$ 9 ,scripture necess>ily happ5$1 l ev]y?+ else1 accord+ to natural laws2 & if any?+ is !re set d[n :i* c be prov$ 9 set t]ms to contrav5e ! ord] ( ,nature1 or n to be d$ucible !refrom1 we mu/ believe x to h be5 foi/$ into ! sacr$ writ+s by irreligi\s h&s2 = :atsoev] is contr>y to ,nature is also contr>y to reason1 & :atsoev] is contr>y to reason is absurd1 &1 ipso facto1 to be reject$4 ,!re rema9 "s po9ts conc]n+ ! int]pretation ( miracles to be not$1 or r to be recapitulat$1 = mo/ ( !m h be5 already /at$4 ,^! ,i proce$ to discuss 9 ! f\r? division ( my subject1 & ,i am l$ to d s le/ any "o %\ld1 by wrongly int]pret+ a miracle1 ra%ly suspect t he has f\nd some?+ 9 ,scripture contr>y to human reason4 ,x is v r>e = m5 to relate an ev5t simply z x happ5$1 )\t add+ any elem5t ( _! own judgm5t4 ,:5 !y he> or see any?+ new1 !y are1 unless /rictly on _! gu>d1 s occupi$ ) _! own preconceiv$ op9ions t !y p]ceive some?+ q diff]5t f ! pla9 facts se5 or he>d1 especially if su* facts surpass ! compreh5sion ( ! behold] or he>]1 &1 mo/ ( all1 if he is int]e/$ 9 _! happ5+ 9 a giv5 way4 ,?us m5 relate 9 *ronicles & hi/ories _! own op9ions r ?an actual ev5ts1 s t "o & ! same ev5t is s diff]5tly relat$ by two m5 ( diff]5t op9ions1 t x seems l two sep>ate occurr5ces2 &1 fur!r1 x is v easy f hi/orical *ronicles to ga!r ! p]sonal op9ions ( ! hi/orian4 ,i c\ld cite _m in/ances 9 pro( ( ?is f ! writ+s bo? ( natural philosoph]s & hi/orians1 b ,i w cont5t myself ) "o only f ,scripture1 & leave ! read] to judge ( ! re/4 ,9 ! "t ( ,jo%ua ! ,hebrews held ! ord9>y op9ion t ! sun moves ) a daily motion1 & t ! e>? rema9s at re/2 to ?is preconceiv$ op9ion !y adapt$ ! miracle :i* occurr$ dur+ _! battle ) ! five k+s4 ,!y did n simply relate t t day 0 long] ?an usual1 b ass]t$ t ! sun & moon /ood /ill1 or ceas$ f _! motion--a /atem5t :i* w\ld be ( great s]vice to !m at t "t 9 conv9c+ & prov+ by exp]i5ce to ! ,g5tiles1 :o wor%ip$ ! sun1 t ! sun 0 "u ! control ( ano!r deity :o c\ld compel x to *ange its daily c\rse4 ,?us1 p>tly ?r\gh religi\s motives1 p>tly ?r\gh preconceiv$ op9ions1 !y conceiv$ ( & relat$ ! occurr5ce z some?+ q diff]5t f :at really happ5$4 ,?us 9 ord] to int]pret ! ,scriptural miracles & und]/& f ! n>ration ( !m h[ !y really happ5$1 x is necess>y to "k ! op9ions ( ^? :o fir/ relat$ !m1 & h record$ !m = u 9 writ+1 & to di/+ui% su* op9ions f ! actual impression made ^u _! s5ses1 o!rwise we %all conf\nd op9ions & judgm5ts ) ! actual miracle z x really occurr$2 nay1 fur!r1 we %all conf\nd actual ev5ts ) symbolical & imag9>y ones4 ,= _m ?+s are n>rat$ 9 ,scripture z real1 & 7 believ$ to be real1 :i* 7 9 fact only symbolical & imag9>y4 ,z1 = in/ance1 t ,god came d[n f heav5 7,exod4 xix4 #bh1 ,deut4 v4 #bh71 & t ,m\nt ,s9ai smok$ because ,god desc5d$ ^u x surr\nd$ ) fire2 or1 aga91 t ,elijah asc5d$ into heav5 9 a *>iot ( fire1 ) horses ( fire2 all ^! ?+s 7 assur$ly m]ely symbols adapt$ to ! op9ions ( ^? :o h h&$ !m d[n to u z !y 7 repres5t$ to !m1 namely1 z real4 ,all :o h any education "k t ,god has no "r h& nor left2 t ,he is n mov$ nor at re/1 nor 9 a p>ticul> place1 b t ,he is absolutely inf9ite & conta9s 9 ,himself all p]fections4 ,^! ?+s1 ,i repeat1 are kn[n to :oev] judges ( ?+s by ! p]ception ( pure reason1 & n accord+ z 8 imag9ation is affect$ by 8 outw>d s5ses1--foll[+ ! example ( ! masses :o imag9e a bodily ,deity1 hold+ a royal c\rt ) a ?rone on ! convexity ( heav51 above ! />s1 :i* are believ$ to be n v f> (f f ! e>?4 ,to ^! & simil> op9ions v _m n>rations 9 ,scripture are adapt$1 & %\ld n1 !re=e1 be mi/ak5 by philosoph]s = realities4 ,la/ly1 9 ord] to und]/&1 9 ! case ( miracles1 :at actually took place1 we ought to be famili> ) ,jewi% phrases & metaphors2 any "o :o did n make suffici5t all[ance = ^! w\ld be cont9ually see+ miracles 9 ,scripture :]e no?+ ( ! k9d is int5d$ by ! writ]2 he w\ld ?us miss ! k n only ( :at actually happ5$1 b also ( ! m9d ( ! writ]s ( ! sacr$ text4 ,= in/ance1 ,za*>iah1 speak+ ( "s future w>1 says 7*ap1 xiv41 v]se #g73 ,x %all be "o day :i* %all be kn[n to ! ,"l1 n day nor night2 b at ev5 "t x %all be light4 ,9 ^! words he seems to pr$ict a great miracle1 yet he only means t ! battle w be d\btful ! :ole day1 t ! issue w be kn[n only to ,god1 b t 9 ! ev5+ !y w ga9 ! victory4 ,! prophets frequ5tly us$ to pr$ict victories & defeats ( ! nations 9 simil> phrases4 ,?us ,isaiah1 describ+ ! de/ruction ( ,babylon1 says 7*ap4 xiii473 ,! />s ( heav51 & ! con/ellations !re(1 %all n give _! light2 ! sun %all be d>k5$ 9 8 go+ =?1 & ! moon %all n cause h] light to %9e4 ,n[ ,i suppose no "o imag9es t at ! de/ruction ( ,babylon ^! ph5om5a actually occurr$ any m ?an t :i* ! prophet adds1 ,= ,i w make ! heav5s to tremble1 & remove ! e>? out ( h] place4 ,s1 too1 ,isaiah 9 =etell+ to ! ,jews t !y w\ld return f ,babylon to ,j]usalem 9 safety1 & w\ld n suff] f ?ir/ on _! j\rney1 says3 ,& !y ?ir/$ n :5 ,he l$ !m ?r\gh ! des]ts2 ,he caus$ ! wat]s to fl[ out ( ! rocks = !m2 ,he clave ! rocks1 & ! wat]s gu%$ out4 ,^! words m]ely mean t ! ,jews1 l o!r p1 f\nd spr+s 9 ! des]t1 at :i* !y qu5*$ _! ?ir/2 = :5 ! ,jews return$ to ,j]usalem ) ! cons5t ( ,cyrus1 x is admitt$ t no simil> miracles befell !m4 ,9 ?is way _m occurr5ces 9 ! ,bible are to be reg>d$ m]ely z ,jewi% expressions4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to g ?r\gh !m 9 detail2 b ,i w call att5tion g5]ally to ! fact t ! ,jews employ$ su* phrases n only rhetorically1 b also1 & inde$ *iefly1 f devotional motives4 ,su* is ! reason = ! sub/itution ( bless ,god = curse ,god 79 #a ,k+s xxi4 #aj1 & ,job ii4 #i71 & = all ?+s be+ ref]r$ to ,god1 :5ce x appe>s t ! ,bible seems to relate no?+ b miracles1 ev5 :5 speak+ ( ! mo/ ord9>y occurr5ces1 z 9 ! examples giv5 above4 ,h5ce we mu/ believe t :5 ! ,bible says t ! ,"l h>d5$ ,ph>aoh's he>t1 x only means t ,ph>aoh 0 ob/9ate2 :5 x says t ,god op5$ ! w9d[s ( heav51 x only means t x ra9$ v h>d1 & s on4 ,:5 we reflect on ^! peculi>ities1 & also on ! fact t mo/ ?+s are relat$ v %ortly1 ) v little detail1 & almo/ 9 abridgm5ts1 we %all see t !re is h>dly any?+ 9 ,scripture :i* c be prov$ contr>y to natural reason1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 _m ?+s :i* be=e seem$ obscure1 w aft] a little consid]ation be und]/ood & easily expla9$4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ v cle>ly expla9$ all t ,i propos$ to expla91 b be=e ,i f9i% ?is *apt] ,i w\ld call att5tion to ! fact t ,i h adopt$ a diff]5t me?od 9 speak+ ( miracles to t :i* ,i employ$ 9 treat+ ( prophecy4 ,( prophecy ,i h ass]t$ no?+ :i* c\ld n be inf]r$ f premises reveal$ 9 ,scripture1 :]eas 9 ?is *apt] ,i h d$uc$ my conclusions solely f ! pr9ciples asc]ta9$ by ! natural light ( reason4 ,i h proce$$ 9 ?is way advis$ly1 = prophecy1 9 t x surpasses human k1 is a purely !ological "q2 !re=e1 ,i knew t ,i c\ld n make any ass]tions ab\t x1 nor le>n :]e9 x consi/s1 except ?r\gh d$uctions f premises t h be5 reveal$2 !re=e ,i 0 compell$ to collate ! hi/ory ( prophecy1 & to draw !refrom c]ta9 conclusions :i* w\ld tea* me1 9 s f> z su* tea*+ is possible1 ! nature & prop]ties ( ! gift4 ,b 9 ! case ( miracles1 z our inquiry is a "q purely philosophical 7namely1 :e!r any?+ c happ5 :i* contrav5es1 or does n foll[ f ! laws ( ,nature71 ,i 0 n "u any su* necessity3 ,i !re=e ?\ght x wis] to unravel ! difficulty ?r\gh premises asc]ta9$ & ?or\ghly kn[n by ! natural light ( reason4 ,i say ,i ?\ght x wis]1 = ,i c\ld also easily h solv$ ! problem m]ely f ! doctr9es & fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,scripture3 9 ord] t e "o may ackn[l$ge ?is1 ,i w briefly %[ h[ x c\ld be done4 ,scripture makes ! g5]al ass]tion 9 sev]al passages t nature's c\rse is fix$ & un*angeable4 7,9 ,ps4 cxlviii4 #f1 = in/ance1 & ,j]4 xxxi4 #ce47 ,! wise man also 79 ,eccles4 i4 #aj7 di/9ctly tea*es t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 & 79 v]ses #aa1 #ab71 illu/rat+ ! same idea1 he adds t al?\gh some?+ occasionally happ5s :i* seems new1 x is n really new1 b ha? be5 already ( old "t1 :i* 0 be=e u1 :]e( !re is no remembrance1 nei!r %all !re be any remembrance ( ?+s t are to come ) ^? t come aft]4 ,aga9 79 *ap4 iii4 #aa71 he says1 ,god ha? made ev]y?+ beautiful 9 8 "t1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds adds1 ,i "k t :atsoev] ,god doe?1 x %all be = ev]2 no?+ c be put to x1 nor any?+ tak5 f x4 ,n[ all ^! texts tea* mo/ di/9ctly t ,nature pres]ves a fix$ & un*angeable ord] & t ,god 9 all ages kn[n & unkn[n has be5 ! same2 fur!r1 t ! laws ( ,nature are s p]fect t no?+ c be add$ !reto nor tak5 !refrom2 &1 la/ly1 t miracles only appe> z some?+ new because ( man's ignorance4 ,su* is ! express tea*+ ( ,scripture4 ,n[h]e does ,scripture ass]t t any?+ happ5s :i* contradicts1 or _c foll[ f ! laws ( ,nature2 & !re=e we %\ld n attribute to x su* a doctr9e4444 ,! conclusion1 !n1 t is mo/ pla9ly put be=e u is1 t miracles 7 natural occurr5ces1 & mu/ !re=e be s expla9$ z to appe> nei!r new 79 ! words ( ,solomon7 nor contr>y to ,nature1 b1 z f> z possible1 9 complete agreem5t ) ord9>y ev5ts4 ,?is c easily be done by any "o1 n[ t ,i h set =? ! rules drawn f ,scripture4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ,i ma9ta9 t ,scripture tea*es ?is doctr9e1 ,i d n ass]t t x tea*es x z a tru? necess>y to salvation1 b only t ! prophets 7 9 agreem5t ) ourselves on ! po9t2 !re=e e "o is free to ?9k on ! subject z he likes1 accord+ z he ?9ks x be/ = himself1 & mo/ likely to conduce to ! wor%ip ( ,god & to s+le-he>t$ religion4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,f ! ,tr4 ,?4-,p41 *4 vi1 same title4 #aa ,n4,b4 ,i d n mean "h by ,nature1 m]ely matt] & its modifications1 b inf9ite o!r ?+s besides matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,nature ,def9itions ,i4 ,by cause ( itself1 ,i und]/& t1 ^: ess5ce involves exi/5ce2 or t1 ^: nature _c be conceiv$ unless exi/+4 ,,ii4 ,t ?+ is call$ f9ite 9 its own k9d 79 suo g5]e7 :i* c be limit$ by ano!r ?+ ( ! same nature4 ,= example1 a body is call$ f9ite1 because we always conceive ano!r :i* is great]4 ,s a ?\ght is limit$ by ano!r ?\ght2 b a body is n limit$ by a ?\ght1 nor a ?\ght by a body4 ,,iii4 ,by sub/ance1 ,i und]/& t :i* is 9 itself & is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself2 9 o!r words1 t1 ! conception ( :i* does n ne$ ! conception ( ano!r ?+ f :i* x mu/ be =m$4 ,,iv4 ,by attribute1 ,i und]/& t :i* ! intellect p]ceives ( sub/ance1 z con/itut+ its ess5ce4 ,v4 ,by mode1 ,i und]/& ! affections ( sub/ance1 or t :i* is 9 ano!r ?+ ?r\gh :i* also x is conceiv$4 ,,vi4 ,by ,god1 ,i und]/& ,be+ absolutely inf9ite1 t is to say1 sub/ance consi/+ ( inf9ite attributes1 ea* "o ( :i* expresses et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce4 ,explanation4--,i say absolutely inf9ite b n inf9ite 9 its own k9d 79 suo g5]e72 = ( :atev] is inf9ite only 9 its own k9d 79 suo g5]e71 we c d5y inf9ite attributes2 b to ! ess5ce ( t :i* is absolutely inf9ite p]ta9s :atev] expresses ess5ce & involves no negation4 ,,vii4 ,t ?+ is call$ free :i* exi/s f ! necessity ( its own nature alone1 & is det]m9$ to action by itself alone4 ,t ?+1 on ! o!r h&1 is call$ necess>y1 or r compell$1 :i* by ano!r is det]m9$ to exi/5ce & action 9 a fix$ & prescrib$ mann]4 ,,viii4 ,by et]nity1 ,i und]/& exi/5ce itself1 s f> z x is conceiv$ necess>ily to foll[ f ! def9ition alone ( ! et]nal ?+4 ,explanation4--,= su* exi/5ce1 l ! ess5ce ( ! ?+1 is conceiv$ z an et]nal tru?4 ,x _c !re=e be expla9$ by duration ( "t1 ev5 if ! duration be conceiv$ )\t beg9n+ or end4 ,axioms ,i4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is1 is ei!r 9 itself or 9 ano!r4 ,,ii4 ,t :i* _c be conceiv$ ?r\gh ano!r mu/ be conceiv$ ?r\gh itself4 ,,iii4 ,f a giv5 det]m9ate cause an effect necess>ily foll[s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if no det]m9ate cause be giv51 x is impossible t an effect c foll[4 ,,iv4 ,! k 7cognitio7 ( an effect dep5ds ^u & involves ! k ( ! cause4 ,v4 ,^? ?+s :i* h no?+ mutually 9 common ) "o ano!r _c ?r\gh "o ano!r be mutually und]/ood1 t is to say1 ! conception ( ! "o does n involve ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,,vi4 ,a true idea mu/ agree ) t ( :i* x is ! idea 7cum suo ideato74 ,,vii4 ,! ess5ce ( t ?+ :i* c be conceiv$ z n exi/+ does n involve exi/5ce4 ,! ,ess5ce ( ,god ,god1 or sub/ance consi/+ ( inf9ite attributes1 ea* "o ( :i* expresses et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce1 necess>ily exi/s4 ,?is c be prov$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,= ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ev]y?+ !re mu/ be a reason or cause4 ,= example1 if a triangle exi/s1 !re mu/ be a reason or cause :y x exi/s2 & if x does n exi/1 !re mu/ be a reason or cause :i* h9d]s its exi/5ce or :i* negates x4 ,b ?is reason or cause mu/ ei!r be conta9$ 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ or lie outside x4 ,= example1 ! nature ( ! ?+ itself %[s ! reason :y a squ>e circle does n exi/1 ! reason be+ t a squ>e circle involves a contradiction4 ,& ! reason1 on ! o!r h&1 :y sub/ance exi/s foll[s f its nature alone1 :i* involves exi/5ce4 ,b ! reason :y a circle or triangle exi/s or does n exi/ is n drawn f _! nature1 b f ! ord] ( corporeal nature g5]ally2 = f t x mu/ foll[ ei!r t a triangle necess>ily exi/s1 or t x is impossible = x to exi/4 ,b ?is is self-evid5t4 ,!re=e x foll[s t if !re be no cause nor reason :i* h9d]s a ?+ f exi/+1 x exi/s necess>ily4 ,if !re=e !re be no reason nor cause :i* h9d]s ,god f exi/+1 or :i* negates ,8 exi/5ce1 we mu/ conclude absolutely t ,he necess>ily exi/s4 ,b if !re be su* a reason or cause1 x mu/ be ei!r 9 ! nature itself ( ,god or mu/ lie outside x1 t is to say1 9 ano!r sub/ance ( ano!r nature4 ,= if ! reason lay 9 a sub/ance ( ! same nature1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god w\ld be by ?is v fact admitt$4 ,b sub/ance possess+ ano!r nature c\ld h no?+ 9 common ) ,god1 & !re=e c\ld n give ,him exi/5ce nor negate x4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! reason or cause :i* c\ld negate ! div9e exi/5ce _c be outside ! div9e nature1 x w necess>ily1 suppos+ t ! div9e nature does n exi/1 be 9 ,8 nature itself1 :i* w\ld !re=e involve a contradiction4 ,b to affirm ?is ( ! ,be+ absolutely inf9ite & consummately p]fect is absurd4 ,!re=e nei!r 9 ,god nor outside ,god is !re any cause or reason :i* c negate ,8 exi/5ce1 & !re=e ,god necess>ily exi/s4444 ,! ,corporeality ( ,god ,!re are ^? :o imag9e ,god to be l a man1 compos$ ( body & s\l & subject to passions2 b x is cle> en\gh f :at has already be5 demon/rat$ h[ f> (f m5 :o believe ?is are f ! true k ( ,god4 ,b ^! ,i dismiss1 = all m5 :o h 9 any way look$ into ! div9e nature d5y t ,god is corporeal4 ,t ,he _c be s !y conclusively prove by %[+ t by body we und]/& a c]ta9 quantity possess+ l5g?1 bread?1 & dep?1 limit$ by "s fix$ =m2 & t to attribute ^! to ,god1 a be+ absolutely inf9ite1 is ! greate/ absurdity4 ,b yet at ! same "t1 f o!r argum5ts by :i* !y endeavor to confirm _! pro(1 !y cle>ly %[ t !y remove altoge!r f ! div9e nature sub/ance itself corporeal or ext5d$1 affirm+ t x 0 creat$ by ,god4 ,by :at div9e p[]1 h[ev]1 x c\ld h be5 creat$ !y are altoge!r ignorant1 s t x is cle> !y d n und]/& :at !y !mselves say4444 ,b _/ _/ _/ ,a ,c ,b ,i w refute my adv]s>ies' argum5ts1 :i*1 tak5 altoge!r1 come to ?is4 ,fir/1 t corporeal sub/ance1 9 s f> z x is sub/ance1 consi/s1 z !y suppose1 ( p>ts1 & !re=e !y d5y t x c be inf9ite1 & consequ5tly t x c p]ta9 to ,god4 ,?is !y illu/rate by _m examples1 "o or two ( :i* ,i w adduce4 ,if corporeal sub/ance1 !y say1 be inf9ite1 let u conceive x to be divid$ into two p>ts2 ea* "p1 !re=e1 w be ei!r f9ite or inf9ite4 ,if ea* "p be f9ite1 !n ! inf9ite is compos$ ( two f9ite p>ts1 :i* is absurd4 ,if ea* "p be inf9ite1 !re is !n an inf9ite twice z great z ano!r inf9ite1 :i* is also absurd4 ,aga91 if inf9ite quantity be measur$ by equal p>ts ( a foot ea*1 x mu/ conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( su* p>ts1 & simil>ly if x be measur$ by equal p>ts ( an in* ea*2 & !re=e "o inf9ite numb] w be twelve times great] ?an ano!r inf9ite numb]4 ,la/ly1 if f "o po9t ( any inf9ite quantity x be imag9$ t two l9es1 ,,ab1 ,,ac1 :i* at fir/ are at a c]ta9 & det]m9ate di/ance f "o ano!r1 be inf9itely ext5d$1 x is pla9 t ! di/ance betwe5 ,b & ,c w be cont9ually increas$1 & at l5g? f be+ det]m9ate w be indet]m9able4 ,s9ce !re=e ^! absurdities foll[1 z !y ?9k1 f suppos+ quantity to be inf9ite1 !y conclude t corporeal sub/ance mu/ be f9ite1 & consequ5tly _c p]ta9 to ! ess5ce ( ,god4 ,a second argum5t is assum$ f ! absolute p]fection ( ,god4 ,= ,god1 !y say1 s9ce ,he is a be+ absolutely p]fect1 _c suff]2 b corporeal sub/ance1 s9ce x is divisible1 c suff]3 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t x does n p]ta9 to ,god's ess5ce4 ,^! are ! argum5ts :i* ,i f9d 9 au?ors1 by :i* !y endeavor to %[ t corporeal sub/ance is unwor?y ( ! div9e nature1 & _c p]ta9 to x4444 ,if any "o w rightly consid] ! matt]1 he w see t all ^! absurdities 7suppos+ t !y are all absurdities1 a po9t :i* ,i w n[ take = grant$71 f :i* ^! au?ors attempt to draw ! conclusion t sub/ance ext5d$ is f9ite1 d n by any means foll[ f ! supposition t quantity is inf9ite1 b f ! supposition t inf9ite quantity is measurable1 & t x is made up ( f9ite p>ts4 ,!re=e1 f ! absurdities to :i* ?is leads no?+ c be conclud$1 except+ t inf9ite quantity is n measurable1 & t x _c be compos$ ( f9ite p>ts4 ,b ?is is :at we ma9ta94 444 ,! %aft !re=e :i* is aim$ at u turns aga9/ ^? :o ca/ x4 ,if1 !re=e1 f ^! absurdities any "o %\ld attempt to conclude t sub/ance ext5d$ mu/ be f9ite1 he w\ld1 =soo?1 be 9 ! position ( ! man :o supposes a circle to h ! prop]ties ( a squ>e1 & !n concludes t x has no c5t]1 su* t all ! l9es drawn f x to ! circumf]5ce are equal4 ,= corporeal sub/ance1 :i* _c be conceiv$ except z inf9ite1 "o & indivisible1 is conceiv$ by ^? aga9/ :om ,i argue to be compos$ ( f9ite p>ts1 & to be multiplex & divisible1 9 ord] t !y may prove x f9ite4 ,j 9 ! same way o!rs1 aft] !y h imag9$ a l9e to consi/ ( po9ts1 "k h[ to discov] _m argum5ts1 by :i* !y %[ t a l9e _c be divid$ ad inf9itum2 & inde$ x is n less absurd to suppose t corporeal sub/ance is compos$ ( bodies or p>ts ?an to suppose t a body is compos$ ( surfaces1 surfaces ( l9es1 & t l9es1 f9ally1 are compos$ ( po9ts4 ,e "o :o kn[s t cle> reason is infallible ought to admit ?is1 & especially ^? :o d5y t a vacuum c exi/4 ,= if corporeal sub/ance c\ld be s divid$ t its p>ts c\ld be really di/9ct1 :y c\ld n "o "p be annihilat$1 ! re/ rema9+1 z be=e1 connect$ ) "o ano!r8 ,& :y mu/ all be s fitt$ toge!r t !re c be no vacuum8 ,= ( ?+s :i* are really di/9ct ! "o f ! o!r1 "o c be & rema9 9 its own position )\t ! o!r4 ,s9ce !re=e x is suppos$ t !re is no vacuum 9 ,nature 7ab\t :i* ,i w speak at ano!r "t71 b t all ! p>ts mu/ be unit$1 s t no vacuum c exi/1 x foll[s t !y _c be really sep>at$2 t is to say1 t corporeal sub/ance1 9 s f> z x is sub/ance1 _c be divid$4 ,if1 nev]!less1 any "o %\ld n[ ask :y !re is a natural t5d5cy to consid] quantity z capable ( division1 ,i reply t quantity is conceiv$ by u 9 two ways3 ei!r ab/ractly or sup]ficially2 t is to say1 z we imag9e x1 or else z sub/ance1 9 :i* way x is conceiv$ by ! intellect alone4 ,if1 !re=e1 we reg>d quantity 7z we d v (t5 & easily7 z x exi/s 9 ! imag9ation1 we f9d x to be f9ite1 divisible1 & compos$ ( p>ts2 b if we reg>d x z x exi/s 9 ! intellect1 & conceive x 9 s f> z x is sub/ance1 :i* is v difficult1 !n1 z we h already suffici5tly demon/rat$1 we f9d x to be inf9ite1 "o1 & indivisible4 ,?is w be pla9 en\gh to all :o "k h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! imag9ation & ! intellect1 & m especially if we rememb] t matt] is ev]y:]e ! same1 & t1 except 9 s f> z we reg>d x z affect$ 9 diff]5t ways1 p>ts are n di/+ui%$ 9 x2 t is to say1 !y are di/+ui%$ ) reg>d to mode1 b n ) reg>d to reality4 ,= example1 we conceive wat] z be+ divid$1 9 s f> z x is wat]1 & t its p>ts are sep>at$ f "o ano!r2 b 9 s f> z x is corporeal sub/ance we _c ?us conceive x1 = z su* x is nei!r sep>at$ nor divid$4 ,moreov]1 wat]1 9 s f> z x is wat]1 is orig9at$ & de/roy$2 b 9 s f> z x is sub/ance1 x is nei!r orig9at$ nor de/roy$4 ,by ?is reason+ ,i ?9k t ,i h also answ]$ ! second argum5t1 s9ce t too is bas$ ^u ! assumption t matt]1 consid]$ z sub/ance1 is divisible & compos$ ( p>ts4 ,& ev5 if :at ,i h urg$ 7 n true1 ,i d n "k :y matt] %\ld be unwor?y ( ! div9e nature1 s9ce outside ,god no sub/ance c exi/ f :i* ! div9e nature c\ld suff]4 ,all ?+s1 ,i say1 are 9 ,god1 & ev]y?+ :i* takes place by ! laws alone ( ! inf9ite nature ( ,god1 & foll[s 7z ,i %all pres5tly %[7 f ! necessity ( ,8 ess5ce4 ,!re=e 9 no way :atev] c x be ass]t$ t ,god suff]s f any?+1 or t sub/ance ext5d$1 ev5 if x be suppos$ divisible1 is unwor?y ( ! div9e nature1 provid$ only x be all[$ t x is et]nal & inf9ite4444 ,:atev] is1 is 9 ,god1 & no?+ c ei!r be or be conceiv$ )\t ,god4 ,! ,prop]ties ( ,god ,i ,f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature inf9ite numb]s ( ?+s 9 inf9ite ways 7t is to say1 all ?+s :i* c be conceiv$ by ! inf9ite intellect7 mu/ foll[4 ,?is proposition mu/ be pla9 to e "o :o consid]s t f ! giv5 def9ition ( any?+ a numb] ( prop]ties necess>ily foll[+ f x 7t is to say1 foll[+ f ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ itself7 are inf]r$ by ! intellect1 & j 9 proportion z ! def9ition ( ! ?+ expresses a great] reality1 t is to say1 j 9 proportion z ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ def9$ involves a great] reality1 w m prop]ties be inf]r$4 ,b ! div9e nature possesses absolutely inf9ite attributes 7,def4 #f71 ea* "o ( :i* expresses inf9ite ess5ce 9 its own k9d 79 suo g5]e71 & !re=e1 f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 inf9ite numb]s ( ?+s 9 inf9ite ways 7t is to say1 all ?+s :i* c be conceiv$ by ! inf9ite intellect7 mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ,god is ! effici5t cause ( all ?+s :i* c fall "u ! inf9ite intellect4 ,x foll[s1 secondly1 t ,god is cause ?r\gh ,himself1 & n ?r\gh t :i* is cont+5t 7p] accid5s74 ,x foll[s1 ?irdly1 t ,god is absolutely ! fir/ cause4 ,,ii ,we h j %[n t f ! necessity1 or 7:i* is ! same ?+7 f ! laws only ( ! div9e nature1 inf9ite numb]s ( ?+s absolutely foll[3 & we h demon/rat$ t no?+ c be1 nor c be conceiv$1 )\t ,god1 b t all ?+s are 9 ,god4 ,!re=e1 outside ,himself1 !re c be no?+ by :i* ,he may be det]m9$ or compell$ to act2 & !re=e ,he acts f ! laws ( ,8 own nature only1 & is compell$ by no "o4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 fir/ly1 t !re is no cause1 ei!r ext]nal to ,god or )9 ,him1 :i* c excite ,him to act except ! p]fection ( ,8 own nature4 ,x foll[s1 secondly1 t ,god alone is a free cause2 = ,god alone exi/s f ! necessity alone ( ,8 own nature & acts f ! necessity alone ( ,8 own nature4 ,!re=e ,he alone is a free cause4 ,!re are "s :o ?9k t ,god is a free cause because ,he c1 z !y ?9k1 br+ ab\t t ^? ?+s :i* we h said foll[ f ,8 nature--t is to say1 ^? ?+s :i* are 9 ,8 p[]--%\ld n be1 or %\ld n be produc$ by ,him4 ,b ?is is simply say+ t ,god c\ld br+ ab\t t x %\ld n foll[ f ! nature ( a triangle t its ?ree angles %\ld be equal to two "r angles1 or t f a giv5 cause an effect %\ld n foll[1 :i* is absurd4 ,b ,i %all %[ f>!r on1 )\t ! help ( ?is proposition1 t nei!r intellect nor w p]ta9 to ! nature ( ,god4 ,i "k inde$ t !re are _m :o ?9k !mselves able to demon/rate t intellect ( ! highe/ ord] & fre$om ( w bo? p]ta9 to ! nature ( ,god1 = !y say t !y "k no?+ m p]fect :i* !y c attribute to ,him ?an t :i* is ! *ief p]fection 9 ourselves4 ,b al?\gh !y conceive ,god z actually possess+ ! highe/ intellect1 !y nev]!less d n believe t ,he c br+ ab\t t all ^? ?+s %\ld exi/ :i* are actually 9 ,8 intellect1 = !y ?9k t by su* a supposition !y w\ld de/roy ,8 p[]4 ,if ,he _h creat$1 !y say1 all ?+s :i* are 9 ,8 intellect1 ,he c\ld h creat$ no?+ m1 & ?is1 !y believe1 does n accord ) ,god's omnipot5ce2 s !n !y pref] to consid] ,god z indiff]5t to all ?+s1 & creat+ no?+ except t :i* ,he has decre$ to create by a c]ta9 absolute w4 ,b ,i ?9k t ,i h %[n ) suffici5t cle>ness t f ! supreme p[] ( ,god1 or f ,8 inf9ite nature1 inf9ite ?+s 9 inf9ite ways1 t is to say1 all ?+s1 h necess>ily fl[$1 or cont9ually foll[ by ! same necessity1 9 ! same way z x foll[s f ! nature ( a triangle1 f et]nity & to et]nity1 t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,! omnipot5ce ( ,god has !re=e be5 actual f et]nity1 & 9 ! same actuality w rema9 to et]nity4 ,9 ?is way ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 9 my op9ion1 is f> m firmly e/abli%$4 ,my adv]s>ies1 inde$ 7if ,i may be p]mitt$ to speak pla9ly71 seem to d5y ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 inasmu* z !y are =c$ to admit t ,he has 9 ,8 m9d an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s :i* might be creat$1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 ,he w nev] be able to create1 = if ,he 7 to create all ?+s :i* ,he has 9 ,8 m9d1 ,he w\ld1 accord+ to !m1 exhau/ ,8 omnipot5ce & make ,himself imp]fect4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to make a p]fect ,god1 !y are compell$ to make ,him incapable ( do+ all ^? ?+s to :i* ,8 p[] ext5ds1 & any?+ m absurd ?an ?is1 or m oppos$ to ,god's omnipot5ce1 ,i d n ?9k c be imag9$4 ,moreov]--to say a ^w1 too1 "h ab\t ! intellect & w :i* we commonly attribute to ,god--if intellect & w p]ta9 to ,8 et]nal ess5ce1 ^! attributes _c be und]/ood 9 ! s5se 9 :i* m5 g5]ally use !m1 = ! intellect & w :i* c\ld con/itute ,8 ess5ce w\ld h to diff] entirely f our intellect & w1 & c\ld resemble ours 9 no?+ except 9 "n4 ,!re c\ld be no fur!r lik5ess ?an t betwe5 ! cele/ial con/ellation ( ! ,dog & ! animal :i* b>ks4 ,?is ,i w demon/rate z foll[s3 ,if intellect p]ta9s to ! div9e nature1 x _c1 l our intellect1 foll[ ! ?+s :i* are its object 7z _m suppose71 nor c x be simultane\s 9 its nature ) !m1 s9ce ,god is prior to all ?+s 9 causality2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! tru? & =mal ess5ce ( ?+s is :at x is1 because z su* x exi/s objectively 9 ,god's intellect4 ,!re=e ! intellect ( ,god1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ to con/itute ,8 ess5ce1 is 9 tru? ! cause ( ?+s1 bo? ( _! ess5ce & ( _! exi/5ce1--a tru? :i* seems to h be5 und]/ood by ^? :o h ma9ta9$ t ,god's intellect1 w1 & p[] are "o & ! same ?+4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ,god's intellect is ! sole cause ( ?+s1 bo? ( _! ess5ce & ( _! exi/5ce 7z we h already %[n71 x mu/ necess>ily diff] f !m ) reg>d bo? to its ess5ce & exi/5ce2 = an effect diff]s f its cause precisely 9 t :i* x has f its cause4 ,= example1 "o man is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce b n ( ! ess5ce ( ano!r1 = ! ess5ce is an et]nal tru?2 & !re=e ) reg>d to ess5ce ! two m5 may exactly resemble "o ano!r1 b ) reg>d to exi/5ce !y mu/ diff]4 ,consequ5tly if ! exi/5ce ( "o %\ld p]i%1 t ( ! o!r w n !re=e p]i%2 b if ! ess5ce ( "o c\ld be de/roy$ & become false1 ! ess5ce ( ! o!r w\ld be likewise de/roy$4 ,!re=e a ?+ :i* is ! cause bo? ( ! ess5ce & ( ! exi/5ce ( any effect mu/ diff] f t effect bo? ) reg>d to its ess5ce & ) reg>d to its exi/5ce4 ,b ! intellect ( ,god is ! cause bo? ( ! ess5ce & exi/5ce ( our intellect2 !re=e ! intellect ( ,god1 s f> z x is conceiv$ to con/itute ! div9e ess5ce1 diff]s f our intellect bo? ) reg>d to its ess5ce & its exi/5ce1 nor c x co9cide ) our intellect 9 any?+ except ! "n1 :i* is :at we essay$ to prove4 ,! same demon/ration may be appli$ to ! w1 z any "o may easily see = himself4 ,,iii ,all ?+s :i* are1 are 9 ,god & mu/ be conceiv$ ?r\gh ,him & !re=e ,he is ! cause ( ! ?+s :i* are 9 ,himself4 ,moreov]1 outside ,god !re c be no sub/ance1 t is to say 7,def4 #c71 outside ,him no?+ c exi/ :i* is 9 itself4 ,god1 !re=e1 is ! imman5t1 b n ! transitive cause ( all ?+s4 ,! ,necessity ( ,all ,?+s ,9 nature !re is no?+ cont+5t1 b all ?+s are det]m9$ f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature to exi/ & act 9 a c]ta9 mann]4444 ,t :i* has n be5 ?us det]m9$ by ,god _c det]m9e itself to action4 ,a ?+ :i* has be5 det]m9$ by ,god to any action _c r5d] itself indet]m9ate4 444 ,all ?+s h necess>ily foll[$ f ! giv5 nature ( ,god & f ! necessity ( ,8 nature h be5 det]m9$ to exi/5ce & action 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,if !re=e ?+s c\ld h be5 ( ano!r nature1 or c\ld h be5 det]m9$ 9 ano!r mann] to action1 s t ! ord] ( nature w\ld h be5 diff]5t1 ! nature ( ,god might !n be diff]5t to t :i* x n[ is1 & h5ce t diff]5t nature w\ld necess>ily exi/1 & !re might consequ5tly be two or m ,gods1 :i* is absurd4 ,!re=e ?+s c\ld be produc$ by ,god 9 no o!r mann] & 9 no o!r ord] ?an t 9 :i* !y h be5 produc$4 ,s9ce ,i h ?us %[n1 ) great] cle>ness1 ?an t ( noonday light1 t 9 ?+s !re is absolutely no?+ by virtue ( :i* !y c be call$ cont+5t1 ,i wi% n[ to expla9 9 a few words :at is to be und]/ood by cont+5t1 b1 fir/ly1 :at is to be und]/ood by necess>y & impossible4 ,a ?+ is call$ necess>y ei!r 9 ref]5ce to its ess5ce or its cause4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ necess>ily foll[s ei!r f ! ess5ce & def9ition ( ! ?+ itself1 or f a giv5 effici5t cause4 ,9 ! same way a ?+ is said to be impossible ei!r because ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ itself or its def9ition involves a contradiction1 or because no ext]nal cause exi/s det]m9ate to ! production ( su* a ?+4 ,b a ?+ _c be call$ cont+5t unless ) ref]5ce to a defici5cy 9 our k4 ,= if we d n "k t ! ess5ce ( a ?+ involves a contradiction1 or if we actually "k t x involves no contradiction1 & nev]!less we c affirm no?+ ) c]ta9ty ab\t its exi/5ce because ! ord] ( causes is conceal$ f u1 t ?+ c nev] appe> to u ei!r z necess>y or impossible1 & !re=e we call x ei!r cont+5t or possible4 ,f :at has gone be=e x cle>ly foll[s t ?+s h be5 produc$ by ,god 9 ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 s9ce !y h necess>ily foll[$ f ! exi/5ce ( a mo/ p]fect nature4 ,nor does ?is doctr9e accuse ,god ( any imp]fection1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ,8 p]fection has compell$ u to affirm x4 ,inde$1 f its contr>y w\ld cle>ly foll[1 z ,i h %[n above1 t ,god is n absolutely p]fect1 s9ce1 if ?+s _h be5 produc$ 9 any o!r fa%ion1 ano!r nature w\ld h _h to be assign$ to ,him1 diff]5t f t :i* ! consid]ation ( ! mo/ p]fect ,be+ compels u to assign to ,him4 ,i d n d\bt t _m w reject ?is op9ion z ridicul\s1 nor w !y c>e to apply !mselves to its consid]ation1 & ?is f no o!r reason ?an t !y h be5 9 ! habit ( assign+ to ,god ano!r lib]ty widely diff]5t f t absolute w :i* 7,def4 #g7 we h taught4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i d n d\bt1 if !y 7 will+ to /udy ! matt] & prop]ly to consid] ! s]ies ( our demon/rations1 t !y w\ld altoge!r reject ?is lib]ty :i* !y n[ assign to ,god1 n only z ( no value1 b z a great ob/acle to k4 ,nei!r is !re any ne$ t ,i %\ld "h repeat ^? ?+s :i* are said above#ab4 ,b = ! sake ( ^? :o diff] f me1 ,i w "h %[ t al?\gh x be grant$ t w p]ta9s to ,god's ess5ce1 x foll[s nev]!less f ,8 p]fection t ?+s c\ld be creat$ 9 no o!r mode or ord] by ,him4 ,?is x w be easy to %[ if we fir/ consid] t :i* my oppon5ts !mselves admit1 t x dep5ds ^u ! decree & w ( ,god alone t ea* ?+ %\ld be :at x is1 = o!rwise ,god w\ld n be ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,x is also admitt$ t all ,god's decrees 7 decre$ by ,god ,himself f all et]nity1 = o!rwise imp]fection & incon/ancy w\ld be prov$ aga9/ ,him4 ,b s9ce 9 et]nity !re is no :5 nor be=e nor aft]1 x foll[s f ! p]fection ( ,god alone t ,he nei!r c decree nor c\ld ev] h decre$ any?+ else ?an t :i* ,he has decre$2 t is to say1 ,god has n exi/$ be=e ,8 decrees1 & c nev] exi/ )\t !m4 ,b x is said t al?\gh x be suppos$ t ,god _h made ! nature ( ?+s diff]5t f t :i* x is1 or t f et]nity ,he _h decre$ some?+ else ab\t ,nature & h] ord]1 x w\ld n !nce foll[ t any imp]fection exi/s 9 ,god4 ,b if ?is be said1 x mu/ at ! same "t be all[$ t ,god c *ange ,8 decrees4 ,= if ,god _h decre$ some?+ ab\t ,nature & h] ord] o!r ?an t :i* ,he has decre$--t is to say1 if ,he _h will$ & conceiv$ some?+ else ab\t ,nature--,he w\ld necess>ily h _h an intellect & a w diff]5t f ^? :i* ,he n[ has4 ,& if x be all[$ to assign to ,god ano!r intellect & ano!r w )\t any *ange ( ,8 ess5ce & ( ,8 p]fection1 :at is ! reason :y ,he _c n[ *ange ,8 decrees ab\t creation & nev]!less rema9 equally p]fect8 ,= ,8 intellect & w reg>d+ creat$ ?+s & _! ord] rema9 ! same 9 relation%ip to ,8 ess5ce & p]fection 9 :atev] mann] ,8 intellect & w are conceiv$4 ,moreov]1 all ! philosoph]s :om ,i h se5 admit t !re is no su* ?+ z an intellect exi/+ pot5tially 9 ,god1 b only an intellect exi/+ actually4 ,b s9ce ,8 intellect & ,8 w are n di/+ui%able f ,8 ess5ce1 z all admit1 x foll[s f ?is also t if ,god _h _h ano!r intellect actually & ano!r w1 ,8 ess5ce w\ld h be5 necess>ily diff]5t1 & h5ce1 z ,i %[$ at ! beg9n+1 if ?+s _h be5 produc$ by ,god 9 a mann] diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y n[ exi/1 ,god's intellect & w1 t is to say1 ,8 ess5ce 7z has be5 grant$71 mu/ h be5 diff]5t1 :i* is absurd4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ?+s c\ld h be5 produc$ by ,god 9 no o!r mann] or ord]1 ?is be+ a tru? :i* foll[s f ,8 absolute p]fection1 !re is no s\nd reason+ :i* c p]suade u to believe t ,god 0 unwill+ to create all ?+s :i* are 9 ,8 intellect ) ! same p]fection z t 9 :i* !y exi/ 9 ,8 intellect4 ,b we %all be told t !re is no p]fection nor imp]fection 9 ?+s1 b t t :i* is 9 !m by reason ( :i* !y are p]fect or imp]fect & are said to be good or evil dep5ds ^u ! w ( ,god alone1 & !re=e if ,god _h will$ ,he c\ld h effect$ t t :i* is n[ p]fection %\ld h be5 ! extreme ( imp]fection1 & vice v]sa4 ,b :at else w\ld ?is be ?an op5ly to affirm t ,god1 :o necess>ily und]/&s :at ,he wills1 is able by ,8 w to und]/& ?+s 9 a mann] diff]5t f t 9 :i* ,he und]/&s !m1 :i*1 z ,i h j %[n1 is a great absurdity8 ,i c !re=e turn ! argum5t on my oppon5ts 9 ?is way4 ,all ?+s dep5d ^u ! p[] ( ,god4 ,9 ord] t ?+s may be diff]5tly con/itut$1 x w\ld be necess>y t ,god's w %\ld be diff]5tly con/itut$2 b ,god's w _c be o!r ?an x is z we h lately mo/ cle>ly d$uc$ f ,8 p]fection4 ,?+s !re=e _c be diff]5tly con/itut$4 ,i confess t ?is op9ion1 :i* subjects all ?+s to a c]ta9 indiff]5t ,god's w1 & affirms t all ?+s dep5d ^u ,god's good pleasure1 is at a less di/ance f ! tru? ?an ! op9ion ( ^? :o affirm t ,god does ev]y?+ = ! sake ( ! ,good4 ,= ^! seem to place some?+ outside ( ,god :i* is indep5d5t ( ,him1 to :i* ,he looks :ile ,he is at "w z to a model1 or at :i* ,he aims z if at a c]ta9 m>k4 ,?is is inde$ no?+ else ?an to subject ,god to fate1 ! mo/ absurd ?+ :i* c be affirm$ ( ,him :om we h %[n to be ! fir/ & only free cause ( ! ess5ce ( all ?+s z well z ( _! exi/5ce4 ,!re=e x is n wor? :ile t ,i %\ld wa/e "t 9 refut+ ?is absurdity4 ,be=e ,i g any f>!r1 ,i wi% "h to expla9 or r to recall to recollection1 :at we mean by natura naturans & :at by natura naturata4 ,=1 f :at has gone be=e1 ,i ?9k x is pla9 t by natura naturans we are to und]/& t :i* is 9 itself & is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself1 or ^? attributes ( sub/ance :i* express et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce1 t is to say1 ,god 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z a free cause4 ,b by natura naturata ,i und]/& ev]y?+ :i* foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( ,god1 or ( any "o ( ,god's attributes1 t is to say1 all ! modes ( ,god's attributes 9 s f> z !y are consid]$ z ?+s :i* are 9 ,god1 & :i* )\t ,god c nei!r be nor c be conceiv$4 444 ,individual ?+s are no?+ b affections or modes ( ,god's attributes1 express+ ^? attributes 9 a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mann]4 ,g5]al ,conclusions ,i h n[ expla9$ ! nature ( ,god & its prop]ties4 ,i h %[n t ,he necess>ily exi/s2 t ,he is "o ,god2 t f ! necessity alone ( ,8 own nature ,he is & acts2 t ,he is1 & 9 :at way ,he is1 ! free cause ( all ?+s2 t all ?+s are 9 ,him1 & s dep5d ^u ,him t )\t ,him !y c nei!r be nor c be conceiv$2 &1 f9ally1 t all ?+s h be5 pr$et]m9$ by ,him1 n inde$ f fre$om ( w or f absolute good pleasure1 b f ,8 absolute nature or inf9ite p[]4 ,moreov]1 :]ev] an opportunity 0 af=d$1 ,i h endeavor$ to remove prejudices :i* might h9d] ! p]ception ( ! tru? ( :at ,i h demon/rat$2 b because n a few /ill rema9 :i* h be5 & are n[ suffici5t to prove a v great h9drance to ! compreh5sion ( ! connection ( ?+s 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,i h expla9$ x1 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to call !m up to be exam9$ by reason4 ,b all ^! prejudices :i* ,i "h und]take to po9t out dep5d ^u ?is solely3 t x is commonly suppos$ t all ?+s 9 ,nature1 l m51 "w to "s end2 & inde$ x is ?\ght to be c]ta9 t ,god ,himself directs all ?+s to "s sure end1 = x is said t ,god has made all ?+s = man1 & man t he may wor%ip ,god4 ,?is1 !re=e1 ,i w fir/ inve/igate by inquir+1 fir/ly1 :y s _m re/ 9 ?is prejudice1 & :y all are s naturally incl9$ to embrace x8 ,i %all !n %[ its falsity1 &1 f9ally1 ! mann] 9 :i* !re h aris5 f x prejudices conc]n+ good & evil1 m]it & s91 praise & blame1 ord] & disord]1 beauty & de=mity1 & s =?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! place to d$uce ^! ?+s f ! nature ( ! human m9d4 ,x w be suffici5t if ,i "h take z an axiom t :i* no "o ought to dispute1 namely1 t man is born ignorant ( ! causes ( ?+s1 & t he has a desire1 ( :i* he is consci\s1 to seek t :i* is pr(itable to him4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 fir/ly1 t he ?9ks himself free because he is consci\s ( 8 wi%es & appetites1 :il/ at ! same "t he is ignorant ( ! causes by :i* he is l$ to wi% & desire1 n dream+ :at !y are2 &1 secondly1 x foll[s t man does ev]y?+ = an end1 namely1 = t :i* is pr(itable to him1 :i* is :at he seeks4 ,h5ce x happ5s t he attempts to discov] m]ely ! f9al causes ( t :i* has happ5$2 & :5 he has he>d !m he is satisfi$1 because !re is no long] any cause = fur!r unc]ta9ty4 ,b if he _c he> f ano!r :at ^! f9al causes are1 no?+ rema9s b to turn to himself & reflect ^u ! ends :i* usually det]m9e him to ! l actions1 & ?us by 8 own m9d he necess>ily judges t ( ano!r4 ,moreov]1 s9ce he discov]s1 bo? )9 & )\t himself a multitude ( means :i* contribute n a little to ! atta9m5t ( :at is pr(itable to himself--= example1 ! eyes1 :i* are useful = see+1 ! tee? = ma/ication1 plants & animals = n\ri%m5t1 ! sun = giv+ light1 ! sea = fe$+ fi%1 etc4--x comes to pass t all natural objects are consid]$ z means = obta9+ :at is pr(itable4 ,^! too be+ evid5tly discov]$ & n creat$ by man1 h5ce he has a cause = believ+ t "s o!r p]son exi/s1 :o has prep>$ !m = man's use4 ,= hav+ consid]$ !m z means x 0 impossible to believe t !y _h creat$ !mselves1 & s he 0 oblig$ to inf] f ! means :i* he 0 9 ! habit ( provid+ = himself t "s rul] or rul]s ( ,nature exi/1 end[$ ) human lib]ty1 :o h tak5 c>e ( all ?+s = him1 & h made all ?+s = 8 use4 ,s9ce he nev] he>d any?+ ab\t ! m9d ( ^! rul]s1 he 0 compell$ to judge ( x f 8 own1 & h5ce he affirm$ t ! gods direct ev]y?+ = 8 advantage1 9 ord] t he may be b\nd to !m & hold !m 9 ! highe/ honor4 ,?is is ! reason :y ea* man has devis$ = himself1 out ( 8 own bra91 a diff]5t mode ( wor%ip+ ,god1 s t ,god might love him above o!rs1 & direct all ,nature to ! s]vice ( 8 bl9d cupidity & insatiable av>ice4 ,?us has ?is prejudice be5 turn$ into a sup]/ition & has driv5 deep roots into ! m9d--a prejudice :i* 0 ! reason :y e "o has s eag]ly tri$ to discov] & expla9 ! f9al causes ( ?+s4 ,! attempt1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ,nature does no?+ 9 va9 7t is to say1 no?+ :i* is n pr(itable to man71 seems to end 9 %[+ t ,nature1 ! gods1 & man are alike mad4 ,d b see1 ,i pray1 to :at all ?is has l$4 ,amid/ s mu* 9 ,nature t is b5eficial1 n a few ?+s mu/ h be5 obs]v$ :i* are injuri\s1 su* z /orms1 e>?quakes1 diseases1 & x 0 affirm$ t ^! ?+s happ5$ ei!r because ! gods 7 angry because ( wrongs :i* _h be5 inflict$ on !m by man1 or because ( s9s committ$ 9 ! me?od ( wor%ip+ !m2 & al?\gh exp]i5ce daily contradict$ ?is1 & %[$ by an inf9ity ( examples t bo? ! b5eficial & ! injuri\s 7 indiscrim9ately be/[$ on ! pi\s & ! impi\s1 ! invet]ate prejudices on ?is po9t h n !re=e be5 ab&on$4 ,= x 0 mu* easi] = a man to place ^! ?+s aside ) o!rs ( ! use ( :i* he 0 ignorant1 & ?us reta9 8 pres5t & inborn /ate ( ignorance1 ?an to de/roy ! :ole sup]/ructure & ?9k out a new "o4 ,h5ce x 0 look$ ^u z indisputable t ! judgm5ts ( ! gods f> surpass our compreh5sion2 & ?is op9ion alone w\ld h be5 suffici5t to keep ! human race 9 d>kness to all et]nity1 if ma!matics1 :i* does n deal ) ends1 b ) ! ess5ces & prop]ties ( =ms1 _h n plac$ be=e u ano!r rule ( tru?4 ,9 addition to ma!matics1 o!r causes also might be assign$1 :i* x is sup]flu\s "h to enum]ate1 t5d+ to make m5 reflect ^u ^! univ]sal prejudices1 & lead+ !m to a true k ( ?+s4 ,i h ?us suffici5tly expla9$ :at ,i promis$ 9 ! fir/ place to expla94 ,!re w n[ be no ne$ ( _m words to %[ t ,nature has set no end be=e h]self1 & t all f9al causes are no?+ b human fictions4 ,= ,i believe t ?is is suffici5tly evid5t bo? f ! f\ndations & causes ( ?is prejudice1 z well z f all ^? propositions 9 :i* ,i h %[n t all ?+s are begott5 by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity ( ,nature & 9 absolute p]fection4 ,?us mu*1 nev]!less1 ,i w add1 t ?is doctr9e conc]n+ an end altoge!r ov]turns nature4 ,= t :i* is 9 tru? ! cause x consid]s z ! effect1 & vice v]sa4 ,aga91 t :i* is fir/ 9 ,nature x puts la/2 &1 f9ally1 t :i* is supreme & mo/ p]fect x makes ! mo/ imp]fect4 ,=1 pass+ by ! fir/ two ass]tions z self-evid5t1 x is pla9 t t effect is ! mo/ p]fect :i* is imm$iately produc$ by ,god1 & 9 proportion z int]m$iate causes are necess>y = ! production ( a ?+ is x imp]fect4 ,b if ?+s :i* are imm$iately produc$ by ,god 7 made 9 ord] t ,he might obta9 ! end ,he _h 9 view1 !n ! la/ ?+s = ! sake ( :i* ! fir/ exi/1 mu/ be ! mo/ p]fect ( all4 ,aga91 ?is doctr9e does away ) ,god's p]fection4 ,= if ,god works to obta9 an end1 ,he necess>ily seeks some?+ ( :i* he /&s 9 ne$4 ,& al?\gh !ologians & metaphysicians di/+ui% betwe5 ! end ( want & ! end ( assimilation 7f9em indig5ti et f9em assimilationis71 !y confess t ,god has done all ?+s = ,8 own sake1 & n = ! sake ( ! ?+s to be creat$1 because be=e ! creation !y c assign no?+ except+ ,god = ! sake ( :i* ,god c\ld d any?+2 & !re=e !y are necess>ily compell$ to admit t ,god /ood 9 ne$ ( & desir$ ^? ?+s = :i* ,he det]m9$ to prep>e means4 ,?is is self-evid5t4 ,nor is x "h to be ov]look$ t ! adh]5ts ( ?is doctr9e1 :o h f\nd a pleasure 9 display+ _! +5uity 9 assign+ ! ends ( ?+s1 h introduc$ a new species ( argum5t1 n ! r$uctio ad impossible1 b ! r$uctio ad ignorantiam1 to prove _! position1 :i* %[s t x _h no o!r me?od ( def5se left4 ,=1 by way ( example1 if a /one _h fall5 f "s ro( on somebody's head & kill$ him1 !y w demon/rate 9 ?is mann] t ! /one has fall5 9 ord] to kill ! man4 ,= if x did n fall = t purpose by ! w ( ,god1 h[ c\ld s _m circum/ances concur ?r\gh *ance 7& a numb] (t5 simultane\sly d concur78 ,y w answ]1 p]haps1 t ! ev5t happ5$ because ! w9d blew & ! man 0 pass+ t way4 ,b1 !y w urge1 :y did ! w9d bl[ at t "t1 & :y did ! man pass t way precisely at ! same mom5t8 ,if y aga9 reply t ! w9d rose !n because ! sea on ! prec$+ day began to be /ormy1 ! wea!r hi!rto hav+ be5 calm1 & t ! man _h be5 invit$ by a fri5d1 !y w urge aga9--because !re is no end ( que/ion+--,b :y 0 ! sea agitat$8 :y 0 ! man invit$ at t "t8 ,& s !y w n cease f ask+ ! causes ( causes1 until at la/ y fly to ! w ( ,god1 ! refuge = ignorance4 ,s1 also1 :5 !y behold ! /ructure ( ! human body1 !y are amaz$2 & because !y are ignorant ( ! causes ( su* art1 !y conclude t ! body 0 made n by me*anical b by a sup]natural or div9e art1 & has be5 =m$ 9 su* a way s t ! "o "p may n injure ! o!r4 ,h5ce x happ5s t ! man :o endeavors to f9d out ! true causes ( miracles1 & :o desires z a wise man to und]/& ,nature1 & n to gape at x l a fool1 is g5]ally consid]$ & proclaim$ to be a h]etic & impi\s by ^? :om ! vulg> wor%ip z ! int]pret]s bo? ( ,nature & ! gods4 ,= ^! "k t if ignorance be remov$1 amaz$ /upidity1 ! sole gr\nd on :i* !y rely 9 argu+ or 9 def5d+ _! au?ority1 is tak5 away also4 ,b ^! ?+s ,i leave & pass on to t :i* ,i det]m9$ to d 9 ! ?ird place4 ,aft] man has p]suad$ himself t all ?+s :i* exi/ are made = him1 he mu/ 9 ev]y?+ adjudge t to be ( ! greate/ importance :i* is mo/ useful to him1 & he mu/ e/eem t to be ( surpass+ wor? by :i* he is mo/ b5eficially affect$4 ,9 ?is way he is compell$ to =m ^? notions by :i* he expla9s ,nature2 su*1 = in/ance1 z good1 evil1 ord]1 confusion1 heat1 cold1 beauty1 & de=mity1 etc42 & because he supposes himself to be free1 notions l ^? ( praise & blame1 s9 & m]it1 h aris54 ,^! latt] ,i %all h]eaft] expla9 :5 ,i h treat$ ( human nature2 ! =m] ,i w "h briefly unfold4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t man has giv5 ! "n good to ev]y?+ :i* leads to heal? & ! wor%ip ( ,god2 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ :i* does n lead !reto he calls evil4 ,b because ^? :o d n und]/& ,nature affirm no?+ ab\t ?+s !mselves1 b only imag9e !m1 & take ! imag9ation to be und]/&+1 !y !re=e1 ignorant ( ?+s & _! nature1 firmly believe an ord] to be 9 ?+s2 = :5 ?+s are s plac$ t if !y are repres5t$ to u ?r\gh ! s5ses1 we c easily imag9e !m1 & consequ5tly easily rememb] !m1 we call !m well arrang$2 b if !y are n plac$ s t we c imag9e & rememb] !m1 we call !m badly arrang$ or confus$4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ^? ?+s are m especially pleas+ to u :i* we c easily imag9e1 m5 !re=e pref] ord] to confusion1 z if ord] 7 some?+ 9 ,nature ap>t f our own imag9ation2 & !y say t ,god has creat$ ev]y?+ 9 ord]1 & 9 ?is mann] !y ignorantly attribute imag9ation to ,god1 unless !y mean p]haps t ,god1 out ( consid]ation = ! human imag9ation1 has dispos$ ?+s 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y c mo/ easily be imag9$4 ,no hesitation ei!r seems to be caus$ by ! fact t an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s are discov]$ :i* f> surpass our imag9ation1 & v _m :i* conf\nd x ?r\gh its weakness4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,! o!r notions :i* ,i h m5tion$ are no?+ b modes 9 :i* ! imag9ation is affect$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & nev]!less !y are reg>d$ by ! ignorant z be+ specially attributes ( ?+s1 because1 z we h rem>k$1 m5 consid] all ?+s z made = !mselves1 & call ! nature ( a ?+ good1 evil1 s\nd1 putrid1 or corrupt1 j z !y are affect$ by x4 ,= example1 if ! motion by :i* ! n]ves are affect$ by means ( objects repres5t$ to ! eye conduces to well-be+1 ! objects by :i* x is caus$ are call$ beautiful2 :ile ^? excit+ a contr>y motion are call$ de=m$4 ,^? ?+s1 too1 :i* /imulate ! s5ses ?r\gh ! no/rils are call$ sweet-smell+ or /9k+2 ^? :i* act ?r\gh ! ta/e are call$ sweet or bitt]1 full-flavor$ or insipid2 ^? :i* act ?r\gh ! t\*1 h>d or s(t1 heavy or light2 ^?1 la/ly1 :i* act ?r\gh ! e>s are said to make a noise1 s\nd1 or h>mony1 ! la/ hav+ caus$ m5 to lose _! s5ses to su* a degree t !y h believ$ t ,god ev5 is delight$ ) x4 ,inde$1 philosoph]s may be f\nd :o h p]suad$ !mselves t ! cele/ial motions beget a h>mony4 ,all ^! ?+s suffici5tly %[ t e "o judges ?+s by ! con/itution ( 8 bra91 or r accepts ! affections ( 8 imag9ation 9 ! place ( ?+s4#ac ,x is n1 !re=e1 to be wond]$ at1 z we may obs]ve 9 pass+1 t all ^? controv]sies :i* we see h aris5 among/ m51 s t at la/ skepticism has be5 ! result4 ,= al?\gh human bodies agree 9 _m ?+s1 !y diff] 9 m1 & !re=e t :i* to "o p]son is good w appe> to ano!r evil1 t :i* to "o is well arrang$ to ano!r is confus$1 t :i* pleases "o w displease ano!r1 & s on 9 o!r cases :i* ,i pass by bo? because we _c notice !m at l5g? "h1 & because !y are )9 ! exp]i5ce ( e "o4 ,= e "o has he>d ! expressions3 ,s _m heads1 s _m ways ( ?9k+2 ,e "o is satisfi$ ) 8 own way ( ?9k+2 ,diff]5ces ( bra9s are n less common ?an diff]5ces ( ta/e2--all :i* maxims %[ t m5 decide ^u matt]s accord+ to ! con/itution ( _! bra9s1 & imag9e r ?an und]/& ?+s4 ,if m5 und]/ood ?+s1 !y w\ld1 z ma!matics prove1 at lea/ be all alike conv9c$ if !y 7 n all alike attract$4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t all ^? me?ods by :i* ! common p are 9 ! habit ( expla9+ ,nature are only diff]5t sorts ( imag9ations1 & d n reveal ! nature ( any?+ 9 itself1 b only ! con/itution ( ! imag9ation2 & because !y h names z if !y 7 entities exi/+ ap>t f ! imag9ation1 ,i call !m entities n ( ! reason b ( ! imag9ation4 ,all argum5t !re=e1 urg$ aga9/ u bas$ ^u su* notions c be easily refut$4 ,_m p1 = in/ance1 are accu/om$ to argue ?us3--,if all ?+s h foll[$ f ! necessity ( ! mo/ p]fect nature ( ,god1 h[ is x t s _m imp]fections h aris5 9 ,nature--corruption1 = in/ance1 ( ?+s till !y /9k2 de=mity1 excit+ disgu/2 confusion1 evil1 crime1 etc48 ,b1 z ,i h j obs]v$1 all ?is is easily answ]$4 ,= ! p]fection ( ?+s is to be judg$ by _! nature & p[] alone2 nor are !y m or less p]fect because !y delight or (f5d ! human s5ses1 or because !y are b5eficial or prejudicial to human nature4 ,b to ^? :o ask :y ,god has n creat$ all m5 9 su* a mann] t !y might be controll$ by ! dictates ( reason alone1 ,i give b ?is answ]3 ,because to ,him mat]ial 0 n want+ = ! creation ( ev]y?+1 f ! highe/ d[n to ! v l[e/ grade ( p]fection2 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 because ! laws ( ,8 nature 7 s ample t !y suffic$ = ! production ( ev]y?+ :i* c be conceiv$ by an inf9ite intellect1 z ,i h demon/rat$4 ,^! are ! prejudices :i* ,i und]took to notice "h4 ,if any o!rs ( a simil> "* rema91 !y c easily be rectifi$ ) a little ?\ght by any "o4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,pp4 #acb-ace4 #ac ,beauty1 my de> ,sir1 is n s mu* a quality ( ! object beheld1 z an effect 9 him :o beholds x4 ,if our sight 7 long] or %ort]1 or1 if our con/itution 7 diff]5t1 :at n[ appe>s beautiful to u w\ld seem mis%ap5 & :at we n[ ?9k mis%ap5 we %\ld reg>d z beautiful4 ,! mo/ beautiful h& se5 ?r\gh ! microscope w appe> horrible4 ,"s ?+s are beautiful at a di/ance1 b ugly ne>2 ?us ?+s reg>d$ 9 !mselves1 & 9 relation to ,god1 are nei!r ugly nor beautiful4 ,!re=e1 he :o says t ,god has creat$ ! _w s t x might be beautiful is b\nd to adopt "o ( ! two alt]natives3 ei!r t ,god creat$ ! _w = ! sake ( m5's pleasure & eyesight1 or else t ,he creat$ m5's pleasure & eyesight = ! sake ( ! _w4 ,f a lett] to ,hugo ,boxel 7#afgd74 ,,second ,,"p ,,on ,,man ,! m ?+s ! m9d kn[s1 ! bett] x und]/&s its own p[]s & ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,! bett] x und]/&s its own p[]s1 s mu* ! m easily c x direct itself & propose rules to itself4 ,! bett]1 also1 x und]/&s ! ord] ( ,nature1 ! m easily c x re/ra9 itself f :at is useless4 ,,sp9oza4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,introductory ,i pass on n[ to expla9 ^? ?+s :i* mu/ necess>ily foll[ f ! ess5ce ( ,god or ! ,be+ et]nal & inf9ite2 n inde$ to expla9 all ^! ?+s1 = we h demon/rat$ t an inf9itude ( ?+s mu/ foll[ 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways1--b to consid] ^? ?+s only :i* may conduct u1 z x 71 by ! h& to a k ( ! human m9d & its highe/ happ9ess4 ,def9itions ,i4 ,by body1 ,i und]/& a mode :i* expresses 9 a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mann] ! ess5ce ( ,god 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z ! ?+ ext5d$4 ,,ii4 ,i say t to ! ess5ce ( any?+ p]ta9s t1 :i* be+ giv51 ! ?+ itself is necess>ily posit$1 & be+ tak5 away1 ! ?+ is necess>ily tak52 or1 9 o!r words1 t1 )\t :i* ! ?+ c nei!r be nor be conceiv$1 & :i* 9 its turn _c be nor be conceiv$ )\t ! ?+4 ,,iii4 ,by idea1 ,i und]/& a conception ( ! m9d :i* ! m9d =ms because x is a ?9k+ ?+4 ,explanation4--,i use ! ^w conception r ?an p]ception because ! "n p]ception seems to indicate t ! m9d is passive 9 its relation to ! object4 ,b ! ^w conception seems to express ! action ( ! m9d4 ,,iv4 ,by adequate idea1 ,i und]/& an idea :i*1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ 9 itself1 )\t ref]5ce to ! object1 has all ! prop]ties or int]nal signs 7d5om9ationes intr9secas7 ( a true idea4 ,explanation4--,i say int]nal1 s z to exclude t :i* is ext]nal1 ! agreem5t1 namely1 ( ! idea ) its object4 ,v4 ,duration is ! indef9ite cont9uation ( exi/5ce4 ,explanation4--,i call x indef9ite because x _c be det]m9$ by ! nature itself ( ! exi/+ ?+ nor by ! effici5t cause1 :i* necess>ily posits ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ b does n take x away4 ,,vi4 ,by reality & p]fection ,i und]/& ! same ?+4 ,,vii4 ,by individual ?+s ,i und]/& ?+s :i* are f9ite & :i* h a det]m9ate exi/5ce2 & if a numb] ( individuals s unite 9 "o action t !y are all simultane\sly ! cause ( "o effect1 ,i consid] !m all1 s f>1 z "o individual ?+4 ,axioms ,i4 ,! ess5ce ( man does n involve necess>y exi/5ce2 t is to say1 ! exi/5ce z well z ! non-exi/5ce ( ?is or t man may or may n foll[ f ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,,ii4 ,man ?9ks4 ,,iii4 ,modes ( ?\ght1 su* z love1 desire1 or ! emotions ( ! m9d1 by :atev] "n !y may be call$1 d n exi/1 unless 9 ! same individual ! idea exi/ ( a ?+ lov$1 desir$1 etc4 ,b ! idea may exi/ al?\gh no o!r mode ( ?9k+ exi/4 ,,iv4 ,we p]ceive t a c]ta9 body is affect$ 9 _m ways4 ,v4 ,no individual ?+s are felt or p]ceiv$ by u except+ bodies & modes ( ?\ght4 ,! ,m9d ( ,god ,individual ?\ghts1 or ?is & t ?\ght1 are modes :i* express ! nature ( ,god 9 a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mann]4 ,god !re=e possesses an attribute1 ! conception ( :i* is involv$ 9 all individual ?\ghts1 & ?r\gh :i* !y are conceiv$4 ,?\ght1 !re=e1 is "o ( ! inf9ite attributes ( ,god :i* expresses ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god or1 9 o!r words1 ,god is a ?9k+ ?+4 ,?is proposition is pla9 f ! fact t we c conceive an inf9ite ?9k+ ,be+4 ,= ! m ?+s a ?9k+ be+ c ?9k1 ! m reality or p]fection we conceive x to possess1 & !re=e ! be+ :i* c ?9k an inf9itude ( ?+s 9 inf9ite ways is necess>ily inf9ite by 8 p[] ( ?9k+4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we c conceive an inf9ite ,be+ by att5d+ to ?\ght alone1 ?\ght is necess>ily "o ( ! inf9ite attributes ( ,god4#ad ,god c ?9k an inf9itude ( ?+s 9 inf9ite ways1 or 7:i* is ! same ?+7 c =m an idea ( ,8 ess5ce & ( all ! ?+s :i* necess>ily foll[ f x4 ,b ev]y?+ :i* is 9 ! p[] ( ,god is necess>y4 ,!re=e 9 ,god !re necess>ily exi/s ! idea ( ,8 ess5ce1 & ( all ?+s :i* necess>ily foll[ f ,8 ess5ce4 ,! inf9ite intellect compreh5ds no?+ b ! attributes ( ,god & ,8 modes4 ,b ,god is "o4 ,!re=e ! idea ( ,god1 f :i* inf9ite numb]s ( ?+s foll[ 9 inf9ite ways1 c be "o only4 ,! common p und]/& by ,god's p[] ,8 free w & "r ov] all exi/+ ?+s1 :i* are !re=e commonly look$ ^u z cont+5t2 = !y say t ,god has ! p[] ( de/roy+ ev]y?+ & r$uc+ x to no?+4 ,!y v frequ5tly1 too1 comp>e ,god's p[] ) ! p[] ( k+s4 ,t !re is any simil>ity betwe5 ! two we h disprov$4 ,we h %[n t ,god does ev]y?+ ) t necessity ) :i* ,he und]/&s ,himself2 t is to say1 z x foll[s f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature t ,god und]/&s ,himself 7a tru? admitt$ by all71 s by ! same necessity x foll[s t ,god does an inf9itude ( ?+s 9 inf9ite ways4 ,moreov]1 we h %[n t ! p[] ( ,god is no?+ b ! active ess5ce ( ,god1 & !re=e x is z impossible = u to conceive t ,god does n act z t ,he does n exi/4 ,if x pleas$ me to g f>!r1 ,i c\ld %[ besides t ! p[] :i* ! common p ascribe to ,god is n only a human p[] 7:i* %[s t !y look ^u ,god z a man1 or z be+ l a man71 b t x also involves weakness4 ,b ,i d n c>e to talk s mu* ^u ! same subject4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,i ask ! read] to consid] & reconsid] :at is said ^u ?is subject above4#ae ,= x is n possible = any "o prop]ly to und]/& ! ?+s :i* ,i wi% to prove unless he takes great c>e n to conf\nd ! p[] ( ,god ) ! human p[] & "r ( k+s4 ,! ,ord] & ,dep5d5ce ( ,ideas 9 ,god ,! =mal ,be+ ( ideas is a mode ( ?\ght 7z is self-evid5t72 t is to say1 a mode :i* expresses 9 a c]ta9 mann] ! nature ( ,god 9 s f> z ,he is a ?9k+ ?+4 ,x is a mode1 !re=e1 t involves ! conception ( no o!r attribute ( ,god1 & consequ5tly is ! effect ( no o!r attribute except t ( ?\ght2 !re=e ! =mal ,be+ ( ideas recognizes ,god = its cause 9 s f> only z ,he is consid]$ z a ?9k+ ?+1 & n 9 s f> z ,he is manife/$ by any o!r attribute2 t is to say1 ! ideas bo? ( ,god's attributes & ( individual ?+s d n recognize z _! effici5t cause ! objects ( ! ideas or ! ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$1 b ,god ,himself 9 s f> z ,he is a ?9k+ ?+4#af ,god's p[] ( ?9k+ is equal to ,8 actual p[] ( act+2 t is to say1 :atev] foll[s =mally f ! inf9ite nature ( ,god1 foll[s f ! idea ( ,god 7idea ,dei71 9 ! same ord] & 9 ! same connection objectively 9 ,god4 ,! ord] & connection ( ideas is ! same z ! ord] & connection ( ?+s4 ,be=e we g any f>!r1 we mu/ "h recall to our memory :at we h already demon/rat$1 t ev]y?+ :i* c be p]ceiv$ by ! inf9ite intellect z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( sub/ance p]ta9s entirely to ! "o sole sub/ance only1 & consequ5tly t sub/ance ?9k+ & sub/ance ext5d$ are "o & ! same sub/ance1 :i* is n[ compreh5d$ "u ?is attribute & n[ "u t4 ,?us1 also1 a mode ( ext5sion & ! idea ( t mode are "o & ! same ?+ express$ 9 two diff]5t ways--a tru? :i* "s ( ! ,hebrews appe> to h se5 z if ?r\gh a cl\d1 s9ce !y say t ,god1 ! intellect ( ,god1 & ! ?+s :i* are ! objects ( t intellect are "o & ! same ?+4 ,= example1 ! circle exi/+ 9 nature & ! idea t is 9 ,god ( an exi/+ circle are "o & ! same ?+1 :i* is manife/$ ?r\gh diff]5t attributes2 &1 !re=e1 :e!r we ?9k ( ,nature "u ! attribute ( ext5sion1 or "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 or "u any o!r attribute :atev]1 we %all discov] "o & ! same ord]1 or "o & ! same connection ( causes2 t is to say1 9 e case ! same sequ5ce ( ?+s4 ,nor h ,i _h any o!r reason = say+ t ,god is ! cause ( ! idea1 = example1 ( ! circle 9 s f> only z ,he is a ?9k+ ?+1 & ( ! circle itself 9 s f> z ,he is an ext5d$ ?+1 b ?is1 t ! =mal ,be+ ( ! idea ( a circle c only be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ano!r mode ( ?\ght1 z its proximate cause1 & ?is aga9 mu/ be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ano!r1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,s t :5 ?+s are consid]$ z modes ( ?\ght1 we mu/ expla9 ! ord] ( ! :ole ( ,nature or ! connection ( causes by ! attribute ( ?\ght alone1 & :5 ?+s are consid]$ z modes ( ext5sion1 ! ord] ( ! :ole ( ,nature mu/ be expla9$ ?r\gh ! attribute ( ext5sion alone1 & s ) o!r attributes4 ,!re=e ,god is 9 tru? ! cause ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves 9 s f> z ,he consi/s ( inf9ite attributes1 nor = ! pres5t c ,i expla9 ! matt] m cle>ly4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,human ,m9d ,! human m9d is a "p ( ! inf9ite intellect ( ,god1 & !re=e1 :5 we say t ! human m9d p]ceives ?is or t ?+1 we say no?+ else ?an t ,god has ?is or t idea2 n inde$ 9 s f> z ,he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z ,he is manife/$ ?r\gh ! nature ( ! human m9d1 or 9 s f> z ,he =ms ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d2 & :5 we say t ,god has ?is or t idea1 n m]ely 9 s f> z ,he =ms ! nature ( ! human m9d1 b 9 s f> z ,he has at ! same "t ) ! human m9d ! idea also ( ano!r ?+1 !n we say t ! human m9d p]ceives ! ?+ p>tially or inadequately4 444 ,:5 y ask me my op9ion on ! "q#ag rais$ conc]n+ our k ( ! means1 :]eby ea* "p ( ,nature agrees ) its :ole1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is associat$ ) ! rema9+ p>ts1 ,i presume y are ask+ = ! reasons :i* induce u to believe t ea* "p ( ,nature agrees ) its :ole1 & is associat$ ) ! rema9+ p>ts4 ,= z to ! means :]eby ! p>ts are really associat$1 & ea* "p agrees ) its :ole1 ,i told y 9 my =m] lett] t ,i am 9 ignorance4 ,to answ] su* a "q we %\ld h to "k ! :ole ( ,nature & its sev]al p>ts4 ,i w !re=e endeavor to %[ ! reason :i* l$ me to make ! /atem5t2 b ,i w promise t ,i d n attribute to ,nature ei!r beauty or de=mity1 ord] or confusion4 ,only 9 relation to our imag9ation c ?+s be call$ beautiful or de=m$1 ord]$ or confus$4 ,by ! association ( p>ts1 !n1 ,i m]ely mean t ! laws or nature ( "o "p adapt !mselves to ! laws or nature ( ano!r "p1 s z to cause ! lea/ possible inconsi/5cy4 ,z to ! :ole & ! p>ts1 ,i mean t a giv5 numb] ( ?+s are p>ts ( a :ole1 9 s f> z ! nature ( ea* ( !m is adapt$ to ! nature ( ! re/ s t !y all1 z f> z possible1 agree toge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z !y d n agree1 ea* ( !m =ms1 9 our m9ds1 a sep>ate idea1 & is to t ext5t consid]$ z a :ole1 n z a "p4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! p>ts ( lymph1 *yle1 etc41 comb9e1 accord+ to ! proportion ( ! figure & size ( ea*1 s z to evid5tly unite1 & =m "o fluid1 ! *yle1 lymph1 etc41 consid]$ "u ?is aspect1 are "p ( ! blood2 b1 9 s f> z we consid] ! p>ticles ( lymph z diff]+ 9 figure & size f ! p>ticles ( *yle1 we %all consid] ea* ( ! two z a :ole1 n z a "p4 ,let u imag9e1 ) y\r p]mission1 a little worm1 liv+ 9 ! blood1 able to di/+ui% by sight ! p>ticles ( blood1 lymph1 etc41 & to reflect on ! mann] 9 :i* ea* p>ticle1 on meet+ ) ano!r p>ticle1 ei!r is repuls$1 or communicates a portion ( its own motion4 ,?is little worm w\ld live 9 ! blood 9 ! same way z we live 9 a "p ( ! univ]se1 & w\ld consid] ea* p>ticle ( blood1 n z a "p1 b z a :ole4 ,he w\ld be unable to det]m9e h[ all ! p>ts are modifi$ by ! g5]al nature ( blood1 & are compell$ by x to adapt !mselves s z to /& 9 a fix$ relation to "o ano!r4 ,= if we imag9e t !re are no causes ext]nal to ! blood1 :i* c\ld communicate fre% movem5ts to x1 nor any space beyond ! blood1 nor any bodies :]eto ! p>ticles ( blood c\ld communicate _! motion1 x is c]ta9 t ! blood w\ld always rema9 9 ! same /ate1 & its p>ticles w\ld und]go no modifications1 save ^? :i* may be conceiv$ z aris+ f ! relations ( motion exi/+ betwe5 ! lymph1 ! *yle1 etc4 ,! blood w\ld !n always h to be consid]$ z a :ole1 n z a "p4 ,b z !re exi/1 z a matt] ( fact1 v _m causes :i* modify1 9 a giv5 mann]1 ! nature ( blood1 & are1 9 turn1 modifi$ !reby1 x foll[s t o!r motions & o!r relations arise 9 ! blood1 spr++ n f ! mutual relations ( its p>ts only1 b f ! mutual relations betwe5 ! blood z a :ole & ext]nal causes4 ,?us ! blood comes to be reg>d$ z a "p1 n z a :ole4 ,s mu* = ! :ole & ! "p4 ,all natural bodies c & ought to be consid]$ 9 ! same way z we h "h consid]$ ! blood1 = all bodies are surr\nd$ by o!rs1 & are mutually det]m9$ to exi/ & op]ate 9 a fix$ & def9ite proportion1 :ile ! relations betwe5 motion & re/ 9 ! sum total ( !m1 t is1 9 ! :ole univ]se1 rema9 un*ang$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ea* body1 9 s f> z x exi/s z modifi$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 mu/ be consid]$ z a "p ( ! :ole univ]se1 z agree+ ) ! :ole1 & associat$ ) ! rema9+ p>ts4 ,z ! nature ( ! univ]se is n limit$1 l ! nature ( blood1 b is absolutely inf9ite1 its p>ts are by ?is nature ( inf9ite p[] inf9itely modifi$1 & compell$ to und]go inf9ite v>iations4444 ,y see1 !re=e1 h[ & :y ,i ?9k t ! human body is a "p ( ,nature4 ,z reg>ds ! human m9d1 ,i believe t x also is a "p ( ,nature2 = ,i ma9ta9 t !re exi/s 9 ,nature an inf9ite p[] ( ?9k+1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is inf9ite1 conta9s subjectively ! :ole ( ,nature1 & its ?\ghts proce$ 9 ! same mann] z ,nature--t is1 9 ! sph]e ( ideas4 ,fur!r1 ,i take ! human m9d to be id5tical ) ?is said p[]1 n 9 s f> z x is inf9ite1 & p]ceives ! :ole ( ,nature1 b 9 s f> z x is f9ite1 & p]ceives only ! human body4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! human m9d is "p ( an inf9ite und]/&+4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,human ,m9d ,! ess5ce ( man is =m$ by c]ta9 modes ( ! attributes ( ,god1 t is to say1 modes ( ?\ght1 ! idea ( all ( !m be+ prior by nature to ! modes ( ?\ght !mselves2 & if ?is idea exi/s1 o!r modes 7:i* also h an idea 9 nature prior to !m7 mu/ exi/ 9 ! same individual likewise4 ,!re=e an idea is ! fir/ ?+ :i* =ms ! ,be+ ( ! human m9d4 ,b x is n ! idea ( a non-exi/5t ?+1 = !n ! idea itself c\ld n be said to exi/4 ,x w !re=e be ! idea ( some?+ actually exi/+4 ,nei!r w x be ! idea ( an inf9ite ?+1 = an inf9ite ?+ mu/ always necess>ily exi/1 & ?is is absurd4 ,!re=e ! fir/ ?+ :i* =ms ! actual ,be+ ( ! human m9d is ! idea ( an individual ?+ actually exi/+4 ,! k ( ev]y?+ :i* happ5s 9 ! object ( any idea necess>ily exi/s 9 ,god1 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z modifi$ by ! idea ( t object2 t is to say1 9 s f> z ,he =ms ! m9d ( any be+4 ,! k1 !re=e1 necess>ily exi/s 9 ,god ( ev]y?+ :i* happ5s 9 ! object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! human m9d2 t is to say1 x exi/s 9 ,him 9 s f> z ,he =ms ! nature ( ! human m9d2 or1 :atev] happ5s 9 ! object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! human m9d mu/ be p]ceiv$ by ! human m9d2 9 o!r words1 an idea ( t ?+ w necess>ily exi/ 9 ! human m9d4 ,t is to say1 if ! object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! human m9d be a body1 no?+ c happ5 9 t body :i* is n p]ceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,if ! body 7 n ! object ( ! human m9d1 ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body w\ld n be 9 ,god1 9 s f> z ,he has =m$ our m9d1 b w\ld be 9 ,him 9 s f> z ,he has =m$ ! m9d ( ano!r ?+2 t is to say1 ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body w\ld n be 9 our m9d4 ,b we h ideas ( ! modifications ( a body2 !re=e ! object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! human m9d is a body1 & t1 too1 actually exi/+4 ,aga91 if !re 7 also any o!r object ( ! m9d besides a body1 s9ce no?+ exi/s f :i* "s effect does n foll[1 ! idea ( "s ef=t produc$ by ?is object w\ld necess>ily exi/ 9 our m9d4 ,b !re is no su* idea4 ,!re=e ! object ( ! idea con/itut+ ! human m9d is a body1 or a c]ta9 mode ( ext5sion actually exi/+1 & no?+ else4 ,h5ce x foll[s t man is compos$ ( m9d & body1 & t ! human body exi/s z we p]ceive x4 ,h5ce we see n only t ! human m9d is unit$ to ! body1 b also :at is to be und]/ood by ! union ( ! m9d & body4 ,b no "o c und]/& x adequately or di/9ctly )\t kn[+ adequately be=eh& ! nature ( our body2 = ^? ?+s :i* we h prov$ hi!rto are altoge!r g5]al1 nor d !y ref] m to man ?an to o!r individuals1 all ( :i* are animate1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,= ( ev]y?+ !re necess>ily exi/s 9 ,god an idea ( :i* ,he is ! cause1 9 ! same way z ! idea ( ! human body exi/s 9 ,him2 & !re=e ev]y?+ t we h said ( ! idea ( ! human body is necess>ily true ( ! idea ( any o!r ?+4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 d5y t ideas1 l objects !mselves1 diff] f "o ano!r1 & t "o is m excell5t & conta9s m reality ?an ano!r1 j z ! object ( "o idea is m excell5t & conta9s m reality ?an ano!r4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! human m9d & o!r ?+s & its sup]iority ov] !m1 we mu/ fir/ "k1 z we h said1 ! nature ( its object1 t is to say1 ! nature ( ! human body4 ,i am n able to expla9 x "h1 nor is su* an explanation necess>y = :at ,i wi% to demon/rate4 ,?is mu*1 nev]!less1 ,i w say g5]ally1 t 9 proportion z "o body is bett] adapt$ ?an ano!r to d or suff] _m ?+s1 9 ! same proportion w ! m9d at ! same "t be bett] adapt$ to p]ceive _m ?+s1 & ! m ! actions ( a body dep5d ^u itself alone1 & ! less o!r bodies cop]ate ) x 9 action1 ! bett] adapt$ w ! m9d be = di/9ctly und]/&+4 ,we c ?us det]m9e ! sup]iority ( "o m9d to ano!r2 we c also see ! reason :y we h only a v confus$ k ( our body1 toge!r ) _m o!r ?+s :i* ,i %all d$uce 9 :at foll[s4 ,! ,complexity ( ! ,human ,m9d ,! idea :i* con/itutes ! =mal ,be+ ( ! human m9d is ! idea ( a body :i* is compos$ ( a numb] ( individuals composite to a high degree4 ,b an idea ( ea* individual compos+ ! body mu/ necess>ily exi/ 9 ,god2 !re=e ! idea ( ! human body is compos$ ( ^! sev]al ideas ( ! compon5t p>ts4 ,! idea :i* con/itutes ! =mal ,be+ ( ! human m9d is n simple1 b is compos$ ( a numb] ( ideas4 ,all ways 9 :i* any body is affect$ foll[ at ! same "t f ! nature ( ! affect$ body1 & f ! nature ( ! affect+ body2 !re=e ! idea ( ^! modifications necess>ily involves ! nature ( ea* body1 & !re=e ! idea ( ea* way 9 :i* ! human body is affect$ by an ext]nal body involves ! nature ( ! human body & ( ! ext]nal body4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! human m9d p]ceives ! nature ( _m bodies toge!r ) t ( its own body4 ,x foll[s1 secondly1 t ! ideas we h ( ext]nal bodies indicate ! con/itution ( our own body r ?an ! nature ( ext]nal bodies4 ,imag9ation ,if ! human body be affect$ 9 a way :i* involves ! nature ( any ext]nal body1 ! human m9d w contemplate t ext]nal body z actually exi/+ or z pres5t1 until ! human body be affect$ by a mode :i* excludes ! exi/5ce or pres5ce ( ! ext]nal body4 ,:5 ext]nal bodies s det]m9e ! fluid p>ts ( ! human body t !y (t5 /rike ^u ! s(t] p>ts1 ! fluid p>ts *ange ! plane ( ! s(t p>ts1 & !nce x happ5s t ! fluid p>ts are reflect$ f ! new planes 9 a direction diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y us$ to be reflect$1 & t also aft]w>ds :5 !y /rike aga9/ ^! new planes by _! own spontane\s motion1 !y are reflect$ 9 ! same way z :5 !y 7 impell$ t[>ds ^? planes by ext]nal bodies4 ,consequ5tly ^? fluid bodies produce a modification 9 ! human body :ile !y keep up ?is reflex motion simil> to t produc$ by ! pres5ce ( an ext]nal body4 ,! m9d1 !re=e1 w ?9k z be=e1 t is to say1 x w aga9 contemplate ! ext]nal body z pres5t4 ,?is w happ5 z (t5 z ! fluid p>ts ( ! human body /rike aga9/ ^? planes by _! own spontane\s motion4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! ext]nal bodies by :i* ! human body 0 once affect$ d n exi/ ! m9d w p]ceive !m z if !y 7 pres5t s (t5 z ?is action is repeat$ 9 ! body4 ,we see1 !re=e1 h[ x is possible = u to contemplate ?+s :i* d n exi/ z if !y 7 actually pres5t4 ,?is may inde$ be produc$ by o!r causes1 b ,i am satisfi$ ) hav+ "h %[n "o cause ?r\gh :i* ,i c\ld expla9 x1 j z if ,i _h expla9$ x ?r\gh ! true cause4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,i am f> f ! tru?1 s9ce no po/ulate :i* ,i h assum$ conta9s any?+ :i* is n confirm$ by an exp]i5ce t we _c mi/ru/1 aft] we h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ! human body z we p]ceive x4 ,we cle>ly see1 moreov]1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! idea1 = example1 ( ,pet]1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! m9d itself ( ,pet]1 & ! idea ( ,pet] himself :i* is 9 ano!r man2 = example1 9 ,paul4 ,= ! =m] directly manife/s ! ess5ce ( ! body ( ,pet] himself1 nor does x involve exi/5ce unless s long z ,pet] exi/s2 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 indicates r ! con/itution ( ! body ( ,paul ?an ! nature ( ,pet]2 & !re=e s long z ,paul's body exi/s ) t con/itution1 s long w ,paul's m9d contemplate ,pet] z pres5t1 al?\gh he does n exi/4 ,b 9 ord] t we may reta9 ! cu/om>y phraseology1 we w give to ^? modifications ( ! human body1 ! ideas ( :i* repres5t to u ext]nal bodies z if !y 7 pres5t1 ! "n ( images ( ?+s1 al?\gh !y d n actually reproduce ! =ms ( ! ?+s4 ,:5 ! m9d contemplates bodies 9 ?is way1 we w say t x imag9es4 ,"h ,i wi% x to be obs]v$1 9 ord] t ,i may beg9 to %[ :at error is1 t ^! imag9ations ( ! m9d1 reg>d$ by !mselves1 conta9 no error1 & t ! m9d is n 9 error because x imag9es1 b only 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z want+ 9 an idea :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ^? ?+s :i* x imag9es z pres5t4 ,= if ! m9d1 :5 x imag9es non-exi/5t ?+s to be pres5t1 c\ld at ! same "t "k t ^? ?+s did n really exi/1 x w\ld ?9k its p[] ( imag9ation to be a virtue ( its nature & n a defect1 especially if ?is faculty ( imag9+ dep5d$ ^u its own nature alone1 t is to say1 if ?is faculty ( ! m9d 7 free4 ,association ( ,ideas & ,memory ,if ! human body has at any "t be5 simultane\sly affect$ by two or m bodies1 :5ev] ! m9d aft]w>ds imag9es "o ( !m1 x w also rememb] ! o!rs4 ,we cle>ly und]/& by ?is :at memory is4 ,x is no?+ else ?an a c]ta9 concat5ation ( ideas1 involv+ ! nature ( ?+s :i* are outside ! human body1 a concat5ation :i* corresponds 9 ! m9d to ! ord] & concat5ation ( ! modifications ( ! human body4 ,i say1 fir/ly1 t x is a concat5ation ( ^? ideas only :i* involve ! nature ( ?+s :i* are outside ! human body1 & n ( ^? ideas :i* expla9 ! nature ( ^? ?+s1 = !re are 9 tru? ideas ( ! modifications ( ! human body1 :i* involve its nature z well z ! nature ( ext]nal bodies4 ,i say1 9 ! second place1 t ?is concat5ation takes place accord+ to ! ord] & concat5ation ( ! modifications ( ! human body1 t ,i may di/+ui% x f ! concat5ation ( ideas :i* takes place accord+ to ! ord] ( ! intellect1 & enables ! m9d to p]ceive ?+s ?r\gh _! fir/ causes1 & is ! same 9 all m54 ,h5ce we c cle>ly und]/& h[ x is t ! m9d f ! ?\ght ( "o ?+ at once turns to ! ?\ght ( ano!r ?+ :i* is n 9 any way l ! fir/4 ,= example1 f ! ?\ght ( ! ^w pomum a ,roman imm$iately turn$ to ! ?\ght ( ! fruit1 :i* has no resemblance to ! articulate s\nd pomum1 nor any?+ 9 common ) x1 except+ ?is1 t ! body ( t man 0 (t5 affect$ by ! ?+ & ! s\nd2 t is to say1 he (t5 he>d ! ^w pomum :5 he saw ! fruit4 ,9 ?is mann] ea* p]son w turn f "o ?\ght to ano!r accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! habit ( ea* has arrang$ ! images ( ?+s 9 ! body4 ,! soldi]1 = in/ance1 if he sees ! foot/eps ( a horse 9 ! s&1 w imm$iately turn f ! ?\ght ( a horse to ! ?\ght ( a horseman1 & s to ! ?\ght ( w>4 ,! c\ntryman1 on ! o!r h&1 f ! ?\ght ( a horse w turn to ! ?\ght ( 8 pl[1 8 field1 etc42 & ?us ea* p]son w turn f "o ?\ght to ?is or t ?\ght1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to connect & b9d toge!r ! images ( ?+s 9 8 m9d4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,simil>ly1 x c be demon/rat$ t ext5sion is an attribute ( ,god1 or ,god is an ext5d$ ?+4 #ae ,*apt] ,eight4 #af ,! =mal ,be+ ( ?+s :i* are n modes ( ?\ght does n foll[ f ! div9e nature because ( ,8 prior k ( ^! ?+s1 b1 j z ideas foll[ f ! attribute ( ?\ght1 9 ! same mann] & ) ! same necessity ! objects ( ideas foll[ & are conclud$ f _! attributes4 #ag ,f a lett] to ,h5ry ,old5burg 7#affe74 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,ext5t ,,( ,,human ,,k ,( ,tru? ,all ! ideas :i* are 9 ,god always agree ) ^? ?+s ( :i* !y are ! ideas4 ,!re=e1 all ideas1 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ,god1 are true4 ,a true idea#ah 7= we possess a true idea7 is some?+ diff]5t f its correlate 7ideatum72 ?us a circle is diff]5t f ! idea ( a circle4 ,! idea ( a circle is n some?+ hav+ a circumf]5ce & a c5t]1 z a circle has2 nor is ! idea ( a body t body itself4 ,n[1 z x is some?+ diff]5t f its correlate1 x is capable ( be+ und]/ood ?r\gh itself2 9 o!r words1 ! idea1 9 s f> z its actual ess5ce 7ess5tia =malis7 is conc]n$1 may be ! subject ( ano!r subjective ess5ce4 ,&1 aga91 ?is second subjective ess5ce w1 reg>d$ 9 itself1 be some?+ real & capable ( be+ und]/ood2 & s on indef9itely4 ,= in/ance1 ! man ,pet] is some?+ real2 ! true idea ( ,pet] is ! reality ( ,pet] repres5t$ subjectively1 & is 9 itself some?+ real1 & q di/9ct f ! actual ,pet]4 ,n[1 z ?is true idea ( ,pet] is 9 itself some?+ real1 & has its own individual exi/5ce1 x w also be capable ( be+ und]/ood--t is1 ( be+ ! subject ( ano!r idea :i* w conta9 by repres5tation all t ! idea ( ,pet] conta9s actually4 ,&1 aga91 ?is idea ( ! idea ( ,pet] has its own individuality1 :i* may become ! subject ( yet ano!r idea2 & s on indef9itely4 ,?is e "o may make trial ( = himself1 by reflect+ t he kn[s :at ,pet] is1 & also kn[s t he kn[s1 & fur!r kn[s t he kn[s t he kn[s1 etc4 ,h5ce1 x is pla9 t1 9 ord] to und]/& ! actual ,pet]1 x is n necess>y fir/ to und]/& ! idea ( ,pet]1 & /ill less ! idea ( ! idea ( ,pet]4 ,?is is ! same z say+ t 9 ord] to "k1 !re is no ne$ to "k t we "k1 mu* less to "k t we "k t we "k4 ,?is is no m necess>y ?an to "k ! nature ( a circle be=e kn[+ ! nature ( a triangle4 ,b ) ^! ideas ! contr>y is ! case2 = 9 ord] to "k t ,i "k1 ,i mu/ fir/ "k4 ,h5ce x is cle> t c]ta9ty is no?+ else ?an ! subjective ess5ce ( a ?+3 9 o!r words1 ! mode 9 :i* we p]ceive an actual reality is c]ta9ty4 ,fur!r1 x is also evid5t t = ! c]titude ( tru? no fur!r sign is necess>y beyond ! possession ( a true idea2 =1 z ,i h %[n1 x is n necess>y to "k t we "k t we "k4444 ,he :o has a true idea kn[s at ! same "t t he has a true idea1 nor c he d\bt ! tru? ( ! ?+4 ,= no "o :o has a true idea is ignorant t a true idea involves ! highe/ c]titude2 to h a true idea signify+ j ?is1 to "k a ?+ p]fectly or z well z possible4 ,no "o1 9 fact1 c d\bt ?is1 unless he supposes an idea to be some?+ dumb1 l a picture on a tablet1 in/ead ( be+ a mode ( ?\ght1 t is to say1 intellig5ce itself4 ,moreov]1 ,i ask :o c "k t he und]/&s a ?+ unless he fir/ ( all und]/&s t ?+8 t is to say1 :o c "k t he is c]ta9 ( any?+ unless he is fir/ ( all c]ta9 ( t ?+8 ,!n1 aga91 :at c be cle>] or m c]ta9 ?an a true idea z ! /&>d ( tru?8 ,j z light reveals bo? itself & ! d>kness1 s tru? is ! /&>d ( itself & ( ! false4 ,( ,falsity ,!re is no?+ positive 9 ideas :i* c con/itute a =m ( falsity4 ,b falsity _c consi/ 9 absolute privation 7= we say t m9ds & n bodies err & are mi/ak572 nor c x consi/ 9 absolute ignorance1 = to be ignorant & to be 9 error are diff]5t4 ,falsehood1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! privation ( k :i* is involv$ by inadequate k ( ?+s or by inadequate & confus$ ideas4 ,= in/ance1 m5 are deceiv$ because !y ?9k !mselves free1 & ! sole reason = ?9k+ s is t !y are consci\s ( _! own actions1 & ignorant ( ! causes by :i* ^? actions are det]m9$4 ,_! idea ( lib]ty !re=e is ?is--t !y "k no cause = _! own actions2 = z to say+ t _! actions dep5d ^u _! w1 ^! are words to :i* no idea is atta*$4 ,:at ! w is1 & 9 :at mann] x moves ! body1 e "o is ignorant1 = ^? :o pret5d o!rwise1 & devise seats & dwell+-places ( ! s\l1 usually excite our laught] or disgu/4 ,j 9 ! same mann]1 :5 we look at ! sun1 we imag9e its di/ance f u to be ab\t #bjj feet2 ! error n consi/+ solely 9 ! imag9ation1 b aris+ f our n kn[+ :at ! true di/ance is :5 we imag9e1 & :at are ! causes ( our imag9ation4 ,= al?\gh we may aft]w>ds "k t ! sun is m ?an #fjj diamet]s ( ! e>? di/ant f u1 we /ill imag9e x ne> u1 s9ce we imag9e x to be s ne>1 n because we are ignorant ( its true di/ance1 b because a modification ( our body involves ! ess5ce ( ! sun1 9 s f> z our body itself is affect$ by x4 ,! ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,confus$ ,ideas ,! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! human body involve ! nature bo? ( ext]nal bodies & ( ! human body itself & mu/ involve ! nature n only ( ! human body1 b ( its p>ts1 = ! modifications are ways 9 :i* ! p>ts ( ! human body1 & consequ5tly ! :ole body1 are affect$4 ,b an adequate k ( ext]nal bodies & ( ! p>ts compos+ ! human body does n exi/ 9 ,god 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z affect$ by ! human m9d1 b 9 s f> z ,he is affect$ by o!r ideas4 ,^! ideas ( modifications1 !re=e1 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ! human m9d alone1 are l conclusions )\t premises1 t is to say1 z is self-evid5t1 !y are confus$ ideas4 ,! idea :i* =ms ! nature ( ! m9d is demon/rat$ 9 ! same way n to be cle> & di/9ct :5 consid]$ 9 itself4 ,s also ) ! idea ( ! human m9d1 & ! ideas ( ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! human body1 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ! m9d alone1 z e "o may easily see4 ,all ideas are 9 ,god & 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ,god are true & adequate4 ,no ideas1 !re=e1 are inadequate or confus$ unless 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ! individual m9d ( "s p]son4 ,all ideas1 !re=e1 bo? adequate & inadequate1 foll[ by ! same necessity4 ,! ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,adequate ,ideas ,let !re be some?+1 ,a1 :i* is common to all bodies1 & :i* is equally 9 ! "p ( ea* body & 9 ! :ole4 ,i say t ,a c only be adequately conceiv$4 ,= ! idea ( ,a w necess>ily be adequate 9 ,god1 bo? 9 s f> z ,he has ! idea ( ! human body & 9 s f> z ,he has ! idea ( its modifications1 :i* involve ! nature ( ! human body1 & p>tly also ! nature ( ext]nal bodies2 t is to say1 ?is idea w necess>ily be adequate 9 ,god 9 s f> z ,he con/itutes ! human m9d1 or 9 s f> z ,he has ideas :i* are 9 ! human m9d4 ,! m9d1 !re=e1 necess>ily p]ceives ,a adequately1 bo? 9 s f> z x p]ceives itself or its own or any ext]nal body2 nor c ,a be conceiv$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,h5ce x foll[s t "s ideas or notions exi/ :i* are common to all m51 = all bodies agree 9 "s ?+s1 :i* mu/ be adequately1 t is to say1 cle>ly & di/9ctly1 p]ceiv$ by all4 ,h5ce x foll[s also t ! m ?+s ! body has 9 common ) o!r bodies1 ! m ?+s w ! m9d be adapt$ to p]ceive4 ,^? ideas are also adequate :i* foll[ 9 ! m9d f ideas :i* are adequate 9 x4 ,= :5 we say t an idea foll[s 9 ! human m9d f ideas :i* are adequate 9 x1 we d b say t 9 ! div9e intellect itself an idea exi/s ( :i* ,god is ! cause1 n 9 s f> z ,he is inf9ite1 nor 9 s f> z ,he is affect$ by ! ideas ( a multitude ( individual ?+s1 b 9 s f> only z ,he con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d4 ,i h ?us expla9$ ! orig9 ( ^? notions :i* are call$ common1 & :i* are ! f\ndations ( our reason+2 b ( "s axioms or notions o!r causes exi/ :i* x w\ld be advantage\s to expla9 by our me?od1 = we %\ld ?us be able to di/+ui% ^? notions :i* are m useful ?an o!rs1 & ^? :i* are sc>cely ( any use2 ^? :i* are common2 ^? :i* are cle> & di/9ct only to ^? p]sons :o d n suff] f prejudice2 &1 f9ally1 ^? :i* are ill-f\nd$4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld be manife/ :5ce ^! notions :i* are call$ second1 & consequ5tly ! axioms f\nd$ ^u !m1 h tak5 _! orig91 & o!r ?+s1 too1 w\ld be expla9$ :i* ,i h ?\ght ab\t at diff]5t times4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,i h set ap>t ?is subject = ano!r treatise1 & because ,i d n wi% to create disgu/ ) excessive prolixity1 ,i h det]m9$ to pass by ^! matt]s "h4 ,b n to omit any?+ :i* is necess>y = u to "k1 ,i w briefly give ! causes f :i* t]ms call$ ,transc5d5tal1 su* z ,be+1 ,?+1 ,some?+1 h tak5 _! orig94 ,^! t]ms h aris5 because ! human body1 inasmu* z x is limit$1 c =m di/9ctly 9 itself a c]ta9 numb] only ( images at once4 ,if ?is numb] be exce$$1 ! images w become confus$2 & if ! numb] ( images :i* ! body is able to =m di/9ctly be greatly exce$$1 !y w all run "o into ano!r4 ,s9ce ?is is s1 x is cle> t 9 proportion to ! numb] ( images :i* c be =m$ at ! same "t 9 ! body w be ! numb] ( bodies :i* ! human m9d c imag9e at ! same "t4 ,if ! images 9 ! body1 !re=e1 are all confus$1 ! m9d w confus$ly imag9e all ! bodies )\t di/+ui%+ ! "o f ! o!r1 & w include !m all1 z x 71 "u "o attribute1 t ( be+ or ?+4 ,! same confusion may also be caus$ by lack ( uni=m =ce 9 ! images & f o!r analog\s causes1 :i* !re is no ne$ to discuss "h1 ! consid]ation ( "o cause be+ suffici5t = ! purpose we h 9 view4 ,= x all comes to ?is1 t ^! t]ms signify ideas 9 ! highe/ degree confus$4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ^? notions h aris5 :i* are call$ ,univ]sal1 su* z1 ,man1 ,horse1 ,dog1 etc42 t is to say1 s _m images ( m51 = in/ance1 are =m$ 9 ! human body at once1 t !y exce$ ! p[] ( ! imag9ation1 n entirely1 b to su* a degree t ! m9d has no p[] to imag9e ! det]m9ate numb] ( m5 & ! small diff]5ces ( ea*1 su* z color & size1 etc4 ,x w !re=e di/9ctly imag9e t only 9 :i* all ( !m agree 9 s f> z ! body is affect$ by !m1 = by t ! body 0 *iefly affect$1 t is to say1 by ea* individual1 & ?is x w express by ! "n man1 cov]+ !reby an inf9ite numb] ( individuals2 to imag9e a det]m9ate numb] ( individuals be+ out ( its p[]4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve t ^! notions are n =m$ by all p]sons 9 ! same way1 b t !y v>y 9 ea* case accord+ to ! ?+ by :i* ! body is m frequ5tly affect$1 & :i* ! m9d m easily imag9es or recollects4 ,= example1 ^? :o h m frequ5tly look$ ) admiration ^u ! /ature ( m51 by ! "n man w und]/& an animal ( erect /ature1 :ile ^? :o h be5 9 ! habit ( fix+ _! ?\ghts on some?+ else1 w =m ano!r common image ( m51 describ+ man1 = in/ance1 z an animal capable ( laught]1 a bip$ )\t fea!rs1 a rational animal1 & s on2 ea* p]son =m+ univ]sal images ( ?+s accord+ to ! temp]am5t ( 8 own body4 ,x is n !re=e to be wond]$ at t s _m controv]sies h aris5 among/ ^? philosoph]s :o h endeavor$ to expla9 natural objects by ! images ( ?+s alone4 ,! ,?ree ,k9ds ( ,k ,f :at has be5 already said1 x cle>ly appe>s t we p]ceive _m ?+s & =m univ]sal ideas3 #a4 ,f individual ?+s1 repres5t$ by ! s5ses to u 9 a mutilat$ & confus$ mann]1 & )\t ord] to ! intellect4 ,^! p]ceptions ,i h !re=e be5 9 ! habit ( call+ k f vague exp]i5ce4 #b4 ,f signs2 z1 = example1 :5 we he> or read c]ta9 words1 we recollect ?+s & =m c]ta9 ideas ( !m simil> to !m1 ?r\gh :i* ideas we imag9e ?+s4 ,^! two ways ( look+ at ?+s ,i %all h]eaft] call k ( ! fir/ k9d1 op9ion or imag9ation4 #c4 ,f our possess+ common notions & adequate ideas ( ! prop]ties ( ?+s4 ,?is ,i %all call reason & k ( ! second k9d4 ,besides ^! two k9ds ( k1 !re is a ?ird1 z ,i %all h]eaft] %[1 :i* we %all call intuitive sci5ce4 ,?is k9d ( kn[+ advances f an adequate idea ( ! =mal ess5ce ( c]ta9 attributes ( ,god to ! adequate k ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,all ?is ,i w expla9 by "o example4 ,let !re be ?ree numb]s giv5 ?r\gh :i* x is requir$ to discov] a f\r? :i* %all be to ! ?ird z ! second is to ! fir/4 ,a m]*ant does n hesitate to multiply ! second & ?ird toge!r & divide ! product by ! fir/1 ei!r because he has n yet =gott5 ! ?+s :i* he he>d )\t any demon/ration f 8 s*ool-ma/]1 or because he has se5 ! tru? ( ! rule ) ! m simple numb]s1 or because f ! #ai? ,prop4 9 ! #g? book ( ,euclid he und]/&s ! common prop]ty ( all proportionals4 ,b ) ! simple/ numb]s !re is no ne$ ( all ?is4 ,if ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 = in/ance1 be giv51 e "o c see t ! f\r? proportional is #f mu* m cle>ly ?an by any demon/ration1 because f ! ratio 9 :i* we see by "o intuition t ! fir/ /&s to ! second we conclude ! f\r?4 ,to k ( ! fir/ k9d we h said t all ^? ideas belong :i* are inadequate & confus$1 &1 !re=e1 ?is k alone is ! cause ( falsity4 ,moreov]1 to k ( ! second & ?ird k9d we h said t ^? ideas belong :i* are adequate1 & !re=e ?is k is necess>ily true4 ,x is ! k ( ! second & ?ird1 & n t ( ! fir/ k9d1 :i* tea*es u to di/+ui% ! true f ! false4 ,= he :o kn[s h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! true & ! false mu/ h an adequate idea ( ! true & ! false1 t is to say1 he mu/ "k ! true & ! false by ! second or ?ird k9d ( k4 ,reason & ,imag9ation ,x is 9 ! nature ( reason to p]ceive ?+s truly1 t is to say1 z !y are 9 !mselves1 t is to say1 n z cont+5t b z necess>y4 ,h5ce x foll[s t x is ?r\gh ! imag9ation alone t we look ^u ?+s z cont+5t bo? ) ref]5ce to ! pa/ & ! future4 ,h[ ?is happ5s ,i w expla9 9 a few words4 ,we h %[n above t unless causes occur prev5t+ ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ?+s1 ! m9d always imag9es !m pres5t be=e x1 ev5 if !y d n exi/4 ,aga91 we h %[n t if ! human body has once be5 simultane\sly affect$ by two ext]nal bodies1 :5ev] ! m9d aft]w>ds imag9es "o x w imm$iately rememb] ! o!r2 t is to say1 x w look ^u bo? z pres5t be=e x1 unless causes occur :i* prev5t ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! ?+s4 ,no "o d\bts1 too1 t we imag9e "t because we imag9e "s bodies to move ) a velocity less1 or great] ?an1 or equal to t ( o!rs4 ,let u !re=e suppose a boy :o ye/]day1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! morn+ saw ,pet]1 at midday ,paul1 9 ! ev5+ ,simeon1 & to-day 9 ! morn+ aga9 sees ,pet]4 ,x is pla9 t z soon z he sees ! morn+ light he w imag9e ! sun pass+ ?r\gh ! same "p ( ! sky z on ! day prec$+2 t is to say1 he w imag9e ! :ole day1 & at ! same "t ,pet] w be connect$ 9 8 imag9ation ) ! morn+1 ,paul ) midday1 & ,simeon ) ! ev5+4 ,9 ! morn+1 !re=e1 ! exi/5ce ( ,paul & ,simeon w be imag9$ 9 relation to future "t1 :ile 9 ! ev5+1 if ! boy %\ld see ,simeon1 he w ref] ,pet] & ,paul to ! pa/1 s9ce !y w be connect$ ) ! pa/ 9 8 imag9ation4 ,?is process w be con/ant 9 proportion to ! regul>ity ) :i* he sees ,pet]1 ,paul1 & ,simeon 9 ?is ord]4 ,if x %\ld by "s means happ5 t on "s o!r ev5+1 9 ! place ( ,simeon1 he %\ld see ,james1 on ! foll[+ morn+ he w connect 9 8 imag9ation ) ! ev5+ at "o "t ,simeon & at ano!r ,james1 b n bo? toge!r4 ,= he is suppos$ to h se5 "o & !n ! o!r 9 ! ev5+1 b n bo? toge!r4 ,8 imag9ation w !re=e fluctuate1 & he w connect ) a future ev5+ fir/ "o & !n ! o!r2 t is to say1 he w consid] nei!r z c]ta91 b bo? z a cont+5cy 9 ! future4 ,?is fluctuation ( ! imag9ation w take place 9 ! same way if ! imag9ation is deal+ ) ?+s :i* we contemplate 9 ! same way ) ref]5ce to pa/ or pres5t "t1 & consequ5tly we imag9e ?+s relat$ to "t pa/1 pres5t1 or future z cont+5t4 ,sub ,specie t]nitatis ,x is ( ! nature ( reason to consid] ?+s z necess>y & n z cont+5t4 ,?is necessity ( ?+s x p]ceives truly1 t is to say1 z x is 9 itself4 ,b ?is necessity ( ?+s is ! necessity itself ( ! et]nal nature ( ,god4 ,!re=e x is ( ! nature ( reason to consid] ?+s "u ?is =m ( et]nity4 ,moreov]1 ! f\ndations ( reason are notions :i* expla9 ^? ?+s :i* are common to all1 & ^! ?+s expla9 ! ess5ce ( no individual ?+1 & mu/ !re=e be conceiv$ )\t any relation to "t1 b "u a c]ta9 =m ( et]nity4 ,! ,limits ( ,human ,k ,i ,! p>ts compos+ ! human body p]ta9 to ! ess5ce ( ! body itself only 9 s f> z !y communicate _! motions to "o ano!r by "s c]ta9 me?od1 & n 9 s f> z !y c be consid]$ z individuals )\t relation to ! human body4 ,= ! p>ts ( ! human body are individuals1 composite to a high degree1 p>ts ( :i* c be sep>at$ f ! human body & communicate _! motions to o!r bodies 9 ano!r way1 al?\gh ! nature & =m ( ! human body itself is closely pres]v$4 ,!re=e ! idea or k ( ea* "p w be 9 ,god 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z affect$ by ano!r idea ( an individual ?+1 :i* individual ?+ is prior to ! "p itself 9 ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ea* "p ( ! individual itself compos+ ! human body1 & !re=e ! k ( ea* "p compos+ ! human body exi/s 9 ,god 9 s f> z ,he is affect$ by a numb] ( ideas ( ?+s1 & n 9 s f> z ,he has ! idea ( ! human body only2 t is to say1 ! idea :i* con/itutes ! nature ( ! human m9d2 & !re=e ! human m9d does n involve an adequate k ( ! p>ts compos+ ! human body4 ,we h %[n t ! idea ( a modification ( ! human body involves ! nature ( an ext]nal body s f> z ! ext]nal body det]m9es ! human body 9 "s c]ta9 mann]4 ,b 9 s f> z ! ext]nal body is an individual :i* is n relat$ to ! human body1 its idea or k is 9 ,god1 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z affect$ by ! idea ( ano!r ?+1 :i* idea is prior by nature to ! ext]nal body itself4 ,!re=e ! adequate k ( an ext]nal body is n 9 ,god 9 s f> z ,he has ! idea ( ! modification ( ! human body1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! idea ( ! modification ( ! human body does n involve an adequate k ( an ext]nal body4 ,:5 ! human m9d ?r\gh ! ideas ( ! modifications ( its body contemplates ext]nal bodies1 we say t x !n imag9es1 nor c ! m9d 9 any o!r way imag9e ext]nal bodies z actually exi/+4 ,!re=e 9 s f> z ! m9d imag9es ext]nal bodies x does n possess an adequate k ( !m4 ,,ii ,! idea ( a modification ( ! human body does n involve an adequate k ( ! body itself1 or1 9 o!r words1 does n adequately express its nature1 t is to say1 x does n correspond adequately ) ! nature ( ! human m9d1 & !re=e ! idea ( ?is idea does n adequately express ! nature ( ! human m9d1 nor involve an adequate k ( x4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ! human m9d1 :5 x p]ceives ?+s 9 ! common ord] ( ,nature1 has no adequate k ( itself nor ( its own body1 nor ( ext]nal bodies1 b only a confus$ & mutilat$ k2 = ! m9d does n "k itself unless 9 s f> z x p]ceives ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body4 ,moreov]1 x does n p]ceive its body unless ?r\gh ^? same ideas ( ! modifications by means ( :i* alone x p]ceives ext]nal bodies4 ,!re=e 9 s f> z x possesses ^! ideas x possesses an adequate k nei!r ( itself1 nor ( its body1 nor ( ext]nal bodies1 b m]ely a mutilat$ & confus$ k4 ,i say expressly t ! m9d has no adequate k ( itself1 nor ( its body1 nor ( ext]nal bodies1 b only a confus$ k1 z (t5 z x p]ceives ?+s 9 ! common ord] ( ,nature1 t is to say1 z (t5 z x is det]m9$ to ! contemplation ( ?is or t ext]nally--namely1 by a *ance co9cid5ce1 & n z (t5 z x is det]m9$ int]nally--= ! reason t x contemplates sev]al ?+s at once1 & is det]m9$ to und]/& 9 :at !y diff]1 agree1 or oppose "o ano!r2 = :5ev] x is int]nally dispos$ 9 ?is or 9 any o!r way1 x !n contemplates ?+s cle>ly & di/9ctly4 ,,iii ,! duration ( our body does n dep5d ^u its ess5ce1 nor ^u ! absolute nature ( ,god1 b ! body is det]m9$ to exi/5ce & action by causes :i* also are det]m9$ by o!rs to exi/5ce & action 9 a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mann]1 :il/ ^!1 aga91 are det]m9$ by o!rs1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,! duration1 !re=e1 ( our body dep5ds ^u ! common ord] ( ,nature & ! con/itution ( ?+s4 ,b an adequate k ( ! way 9 :i* ?+s are con/itut$1 exi/s 9 ,god 9 s f> z ,he possesses ! ideas ( all ?+s1 & n 9 s f> z ,he possesses only ! idea ( ! human body4 ,!re=e ! k ( ! duration ( our body is altoge!r inadequate 9 ,god1 9 s f> z ,he is only consid]$ z con/itut+ ! nature ( ! human m9d1 t is to say1 ?is k 9 our m9d is altoge!r inadequate4 ,ea* individual ?+1 l ! human body1 mu/ be det]m9$ to exi/5ce & action by ano!r individual ?+ 9 a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mann]1 & ?is aga9 by ano!r1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,b we h demon/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ proposition1 f ?is common prop]ty ( individual ?+s1 t we h b a v inadequate k ( ! duration ( our own body2 !re=e ! same conclusion is to be drawn ab\t ! duration ( individual ?+s1 t is to say1 t we c h b a v inadequate k ( x4 ,h5ce x foll[s t all individual ?+s are cont+5t & corruptible1 = we c h no adequate k conc]n+ _! duration & ?is is :at is to be und]/ood by u z _! cont+5cy & capability ( corruption2 = !re is no o!r cont+5cy b ?is4 ,! ,m9d's ,k ( ,god ,! idea ( an individual ?+ actually exi/+ necess>ily involves bo? ! ess5ce & exi/5ce ( ! ?+ itself4 ,b individual ?+s _c be conceiv$ )\t ,god1 & s9ce ,god is _! cause 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ "u t attribute ( :i* !y are modes1 _! ideas mu/ necess>ily involve ! conception ( t attribute1 or1 9 o!r words1 mu/ involve ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,by exi/5ce is to be und]/ood "h n duration1 t is1 exi/5ce consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 z if x 7 a c]ta9 k9d ( quantity1 b ,i speak ( ! nature itself ( ! exi/5ce :i* is assign$ to individual ?+s1 because f ! et]nal necessity ( ! nature ( ,god inf9ite numb]s ( ?+s foll[ 9 inf9ite ways4 ,i repeat1 t ,i speak ( ! exi/5ce itself ( individual ?+s 9 s f> z !y are 9 ,god4 ,= al?\gh ea* individual ?+ is det]m9$ by ano!r individual ?+ to exi/5ce 9 a c]ta9 way1 ! =ce nev]!less by :i* ea* ?+ p]sev]es 9 its exi/5ce foll[s f ! et]nal necessity ( ! nature ( ,god4 ,! demon/ration ( ! prec$+ proposition is univ]sal1 & :e!r a ?+ be consid]$ z a "p or z a :ole1 its idea1 :e!r x be ( a "p or :ole1 w involve ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,!re=e t :i* gives a k ( ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god is common to all1 & is equally 9 ! "p & 9 ! :ole4 ,?is k !re=e w be adequate4 ,! human m9d possesses ideas by :i* x p]ceives itself & its own body1 toge!r ) ext]nal bodies1 z actually exi/+4 ,!re=e x possesses an adequate k ( ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,h5ce we see t ! inf9ite ess5ce & ! et]nity ( ,god are kn[n to all2 & s9ce all ?+s are 9 ,god & are conceiv$ ?r\gh ,him1 x foll[s t we c d$uce f ?is k _m ?+s :i* we c "k adequately1 & t we c ?us =m t ?ird sort ( k4 ,! reason :y we d n possess a k ( ,god z di/9ct z t :i* we h ( common notions is1 t we _c imag9e ,god z we c bodies2 & because we h atta*$ ! "n ,god to ! images ( ?+s :i* we are 9 ! habit ( see+1 an error we c h>dly avoid1 inasmu* z we are cont9ually affect$ by ext]nal bodies4 ,_m errors1 ( a tru?1 consi/ m]ely 9 ! application ( ! wrong names to ?+s4 ,= if a man says t ! l9es :i* are drawn f ! c5t] ( ! circle to ! circumf]5ce are n equal1 he und]/&s by ! circle1 at all ev5ts = ! "t1 some?+ else ?an ma!maticians und]/& by x4 ,s :5 m5 make errors 9 calculation1 ! numb]s :i* are 9 _! m9ds are n ^? :i* are ^u ! pap]4 ,z f> z _! m9d is conc]n$ !re is no error1 al?\gh x seems z if !re 71 because we ?9k t ! numb]s 9 _! m9ds are ^? :i* are ^u ! pap]4 ,if we did n ?9k s1 we %\ld n believe !m to be 9 error4 ,= example1 :5 ,i lately he>d a man compla9+ t 8 c\rt _h fl[n into "o ( 8 neighbor's f[ls1 ,i und]/ood :at he meant1 & !re=e did n imag9e him to be 9 error4 ,?is is ! s\rce f :i* s _m controv]sies arise--t m5 ei!r d n prop]ly expla9 _! own ?\ghts1 or d n prop]ly int]pret ^? ( o!r p2 =1 9 tru?1 :5 !y mo/ contradict "o ano!r1 !y ei!r ?9k ! same ?+s or some?+ diff]5t1 s t ^? ?+s :i* !y suppose to be errors & absurdities 9 ano!r p]son are n s4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,f ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+1 #cc-ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,det]m9ism ,,& ,,morals ,! ,m9d ,is ,necess>ily ,det]m9$ ,! m9d is a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mode ( ?\ght1 & !re=e x _c be ! free cause ( its own actions1 or h an absolute faculty ( will+ or n will+1 b mu/ be det]m9$ to ?is or t volition by a cause :i* is also det]m9$ by ano!r cause1 & ?is aga9 by ano!r1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,9 ! same mann] x is demon/rat$ t 9 ! m9d !re exi/s no absolute faculty ( und]/&+1 desir+1 lov+1 etc4 ,^! & ! l faculties1 !re=e1 are ei!r altoge!r fictiti\s1 or else are no?+ b metaphysical or univ]sal entities1 :i* we are 9 ! habit ( =m+ f individual cases4 ,! intellect & w1 !re=e1 are relat$ to ?is or t idea or volition z rock9ess is relat$ to ?is or t rock1 or z man is relat$ to ,pet] or ,paul4 ,! reason :y m5 imag9e !mselves to be free we h already expla9$4 ,faculty ,psy*ology ,fallaci\s ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ,i advance any fur!r1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t by ! w ,i und]/& a faculty ( affirm+ or d5y+1 b n a desire2 a faculty1 ,i say1 by :i* ! m9d affirms or d5ies t :i* is true or false1 & n a desire by :i* ! m9d seeks a ?+ or turns away f x4 ,b n[ t we h demon/rat$ t ^! faculties are univ]sal notions :i* are n di/+ui%able f ! individual notions f :i* !y are =m$1 we mu/ n[ inquire :e!r ! volitions !mselves are any?+ m ?an ! ideas ( ?+s4 ,we mu/ inquire1 ,i say1 :e!r 9 ! m9d !re exi/s any o!r affirmation or negation ?an t :i* ! idea involves 9 s f> z x is an idea4 ,= ?is purpose see ! foll[+1 s t ?\ght may n fall into pictures4 ,= by ideas ,i d n und]/& ! images :i* are =m$ at ! back ( ! eye1 or1 if y please1 9 ! middle ( ! bra91 b r ! conceptions ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! m9d !re exi/s no absolute faculty ( will+ or n will+4 ,only individual volitions exi/1 t is to say1 ?is & t affirmation & ?is & t negation4 ,let u conceive1 !re=e1 any individual volition1 t is1 any mode ( ?\ght1 by :i* ! m9d affirms t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,?is affirmation involves ! conception or idea ( ! triangle1 t is to say1 )\t x ! affirmation _c be conceiv$4 ,= to say t ,a mu/ involve ! conception ,b1 is ! same z say+ t ,a _c be conceiv$ )\t ,b4 ,moreov]1 )\t ! idea ( ! triangle ?is affirmation _c be1 & x c !re=e nei!r be nor be conceiv$ )\t t idea4 ,b ?is idea ( ! triangle mu/ involve ?is same affirmation t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,!re=e also1 vice v]sa1 ?is idea ( ! triangle )\t ?is affirmation c nei!r be nor be conceiv$4 ,!re=e ?is affirmation p]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( ! idea ( ! triangle1 nor is x any?+ else besides ?is4 ,:atev] too we h said ( ?is volition 7s9ce x has be5 tak5 arbitr>ily7 applies to all o!r volitions1 t is to say1 !y are no?+ b ideas4 ,! w & ! intellect are no?+ b ! individual volitions & ideas !mselves4 ,b ! individual volition & idea are "o & ! same4 ,!re=e ! w & ! intellect are "o & ! same4 ,false ,doctr9es ab\t ,error ,expos$ ,i h ?us remov$ :at is commonly ?\ght to be ! cause ( error4 ,x has be5 prov$ above t falsity consi/s solely 9 ! privation :i* mutilat$ & confus$ ideas involve4 ,a false idea1 !re=e1 9 s f> z x is false1 does n involve c]titude4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 we say t a man ass5ts to :at is false & does n d\bt x1 we d n say t he is c]ta91 b m]ely t he does n d\bt1 t is to say1 t he ass5ts to :at is false1 because !re are no causes suffici5t to make 8 imag9ation wav]4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 a man may be suppos$ to adh]e to :at is false1 we %all nev] on t acc\nt say t he is c]ta94 ,= by c]titude we und]/& some?+ positive1 & n ! privation ( d\bt2 b by ! privation ( c]titude we und]/& falsity4 ,if ! prec$+ proposition1 h[ev]1 is to be m cle>ly compreh5d$1 a ^w or two mu/ be add$2 x yet rema9s also t ,i %\ld answ] ! objections :i* may be br\ght aga9/ our doctr9e1 & f9ally1 9 ord] to remove all scruples1 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to indicate "s ( its advantages4 ,i say "s1 z ! pr9cipal advantages w be bett] und]/ood lat]4 ,i beg91 !re=e1 ) ! fir/1 & ,i w>n my read]s c>efully to di/+ui% betwe5 an idea or conception ( ! m9d & ! images ( ?+s =m$ by our imag9ation4 ,secondly1 x is necess>y t we %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 ideas & ! words by :i* ?+s are signifi$4 ,= x is because ^! ?ree ?+s1 images1 words1 & ideas1 are by _m p ei!r altoge!r conf\nd$ or n di/+ui%$ ) suffici5t accuracy & c>e t su* ignorance exi/s ab\t ?is doctr9e ( ! w1 s necess>y to be kn[n bo? = ! purposes ( speculation & = ! wise gov]nm5t ( life4 ,^? :o ?9k t ideas consi/ ( images1 :i* are =m$ 9 u by meet+ ) ext]nal bodies1 p]suade !mselves t ^? ideas ( ?+s ( :i* we c =m no simil> image are n ideas1 b m]e fancies con/ruct$ by ! free p[] ( ! w4 ,!y look ^u ideas1 !re=e1 z dumb pictures on a tablet1 & be+ prepossess$ ) ?is prejudice1 !y d n see t an idea1 9 s f> z x is an idea1 involves affirmation or negation4 ,aga91 ^? :o conf\nd words ) ! idea1 or ) ! affirmation itself :i* ! idea involves1 ?9k t !y c w contr>y to _! p]ception1 because !y affirm or d5y some?+ 9 words alone contr>y to _! p]ception4 ,x w be easy = u1 h[ev]1 to dive/ ourselves ( ^! prejudices if we att5d to ! nature ( ?\ght1 :i* 9 no way involves ! conception ( ext5sion1 & by do+ ?is we cle>ly see t an idea1 s9ce x is a mode ( ?\ght1 is n an image ( any?+1 nor does x consi/ ( words4 ,= ! ess5ce ( words & images is =m$ ( bodily motions alone1 :i* involve 9 no way :atev] ! conception ( ?\ght4 ,let ?us mu* suffice "u ?is head4 ,i pass on n[ to ! objections to :i* ,i h already allud$4 ,fre$om ( ! ,w ,! fir/ is1 t x is suppos$ to be c]ta9 t ! w ext5ds itself m widely ?an ! intellect1 & is !re=e diff]5t f x4 ,! reason :y m5 suppose t ! w ext5ds itself m widely ?an ! intellect is because !y say !y h discov]$ t !y d n ne$ a l>g] faculty ( ass5t--t is to say1 ( affirmation--& d5ial ?an t :i* !y n[ h = ! purpose ( ass5t+ to an inf9ite numb] ( o!r ?+s :i* we d n p]ceive1 b t !y d ne$ a great] faculty = und]/&+ !m4 ,! w1 !re=e1 is di/+ui%$ f ! intellect1 ! latt] be+ f9ite1 ! =m] inf9ite4 ,! second objection :i* c be made is t !re is no?+ :i* exp]i5ce seems to tea* m cle>ly ?an ! possibility ( susp5d+ our judgm5t1 s z n to ass5t to ! ?+s we p]ceive2 & we are /r5g!n$ 9 ?is op9ion because no "o is said to be deceiv$ 9 s f> z he p]ceives a ?+1 b only 9 s f> z he ass5ts to x or diss5ts f x4 ,= example1 a man :o imag9es a w+$ horse does n !re=e admit ! exi/5ce ( a w+$ horse2 t is to say1 he is n necess>ily deceiv$1 unless he grants at ! same "t t a w+$ horse exi/s4 ,exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 seems to %[ no?+ m pla9ly ?an t ! w or faculty ( ass5t is free1 & diff]5t f ! faculty ( ! intellect4 ,?irdly1 x may be object$ t "o affirmation does n seem to conta9 m reality ?an ano!r2 t is to say1 x does n appe> t we ne$ a great] p[] = affirm+ a ?+ to be true :i* is true ?an = affirm+ a ?+ to be true :i* is false4 ,nev]!less1 we obs]ve t "o idea conta9s m reality or p]fection ?an ano!r1 = z "s objects are nobl] ?an o!rs1 9 ! same proportion are _! ideas m p]fect4 ,x appe>s indisputable1 !re=e1 t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! w & ! intellect4 ,f\r?ly1 x may be object$ t if a man does n act f fre$om ( ! w1 :at w\ld he d if he 7 9 a /ate ( equilibrium1 l ! ass ( ,buridanus8 ,w\ld he n p]i% f hung] & ?ir/8 & if ?is be grant$1 d we n seem to conceive him z a /atue ( a man or z an ass8 ,if ,i d5y t he w\ld ?us p]i%1 he w consequ5tly det]m9e himself & possess ! p[] ( go+ :]e he likes & do+ :at he likes4 ,!re may be o!r objections besides ^!1 b z ,i am n b\nd to discuss :at e "o may dream1 ,i %all !re=e make x my bus9ess to answ] z briefly z possible ^? only :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,9 reply to ! fir/ objection1 ,i grant t ! w ext5ds itself m widely ?an ! intellect1 if by ! intellect we und]/& only cle> & di/9ct ideas2 b ,i d5y t ! w ext5ds itself m widely ?an ! p]ceptions or ! faculty ( conception2 nor1 inde$1 d ,i see :y ! faculty ( w %\ld be said to be inf9ite any m ?an ! faculty ( feel+2 = z by ! same faculty ( w we c affirm an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s 7"o aft] ! o!r1 = we _c affirm an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s at once71 s also by ! same faculty ( feel+ we c feel or p]ceive 7"o aft] ano!r7 an inf9ite numb] ( bodies4 ,if x be said t !re are an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s :i* we _c p]ceive1 ,i reply t su* ?+s z ^! we c rea* by no ?\ght1 & consequ5tly by no faculty ( w4 ,b x is said t if ,god wi%$ u to p]ceive ^? ?+s1 x w\ld be necess>y = ,him to give u a l>g] faculty ( p]ception1 b n a l>g] faculty ( w ?an ,he has already giv5 u1 :i* is ! same ?+ z say+ t if ,god wi%$ u to und]/& an inf9ite numb] ( o!r be+s1 x w\ld be necess>y = ,him to give u a great] intellect1 b n a m univ]sal idea ( be+ 79 ord] to embrace t inf9ite numb] ( be+s71 ?an ,he has giv5 u4 ,= we h %[n t ! w is a ,univ]sal1 or ! idea by :i* we expla9 all individual volitions1 t is to say1 t :i* is common to !m all4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t ^? :o believe ?is common or univ]sal idea ( all ! volitions to be a faculty %\ld say t x ext5ds itself inf9itely beyond ! limits ( ! intellect4 ,= ! univ]sal is pr$icat$ ( "o or ( _m1 or ( an inf9ite numb] ( individuals4 ,! second objection ,i answ] by d5y+ t we h free p[] ( susp5d+ judgm5t4 ,= :5 we say t a p]son susp5ds judgm5t1 we only say 9 o!r words t he sees t he does n p]ceive ! ?+ adequately4 ,! susp5sion ( ! judgm5t1 !re=e1 is 9 tru? a p]ception & n free w4 ,9 ord] t ?is may be cle>ly und]/ood1 let u take ! case ( a boy :o imag9es a horse & p]ceives no?+ else4 ,s9ce ?is imag9ation involves ! exi/5ce ( ! horse1 & ! boy does n p]ceive any?+ :i* negates its exi/5ce1 he w necess>ily contemplate x z pres5t1 nor w he be able to d\bt its exi/5ce al?\gh he may n be c]ta9 ( x4 ,?is is a ?+ :i* we daily exp]i5ce 9 dreams1 nor d ,i believe t !re is any "o :o ?9ks t he has ! free p[] dur+ dreams ( susp5d+ 8 judgm5t ^u ^? ?+s :i* he dreams1 & ( caus+ himself n to dream ^? ?+s :i* he dreams t he sees2 & yet 9 dreams x nev]!less happ5s t we susp5d our judgm5t1 = we dream t we dream4 ,i grant1 x is true1 t no man is deceiv$ 9 s f> z he p]ceives2 t is to say1 ,i grant t m5tal images consid]$ 9 !mselves involve no error2 b ,i d5y t a man 9 s f> z he p]ceives affirms no?+4 ,= :at else is x to p]ceive a w+$ horse ?an to affirm ( ! horse t x has w+s8 ,= if ! m9d p]ceiv$ no?+ else b ?is w+$ horse1 x w\ld reg>d x z pres5t1 nor w\ld x h any reason = d\bt+ its exi/5ce1 nor any p[] ( refus+ ass5t to x1 unless ! image ( ! w+$ horse be jo9$ to an idea :i* negates its exi/5ce1 or ! m9d p]ceives t ! idea ( ! w+$ horse :i* x has is inadequate4 ,9 ei!r ( ! two latt] cases x w necess>ily d5y or d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ! horse4 ,) reg>d to ! ?ird objection1 :at has be5 said w p]haps be a suffici5t answ]--namely1 t ! w is some?+ univ]sal1 :i* is pr$icat$ ( all ideas1 & t x signifies t only :i* is common to !m all1 t is to say1 affirmation4 ,its adequate ess5ce1 !re=e1 9 s f> z x is ?us consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 mu/ be 9 e idea1 & 9 ?is s5se only mu/ x be ! same 9 all2 b n 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( an idea1 = s f>1 ! individual affirmations diff] j z ! ideas diff]4 ,= example1 ! affirmation :i* ! idea ( a circle involves diff]s f t :i* ! idea ( a triangle involves1 j z ! idea ( a circle diff]s f ! idea ( a triangle4 ,aga91 ,i absolutely d5y t we ne$ a p[] ( ?9k+ 9 ord] to affirm t to be true :i* is true1 equal to t :i* we ne$ 9 ord] to affirm t to be true :i* is false4 ,= ^! two affirmations1 if we look to ! m9d1 are relat$ to "o ano!r z be+ & non-be+1 = !re is no?+ positive 9 ideas :i* con/itutes a =m ( falsity4 ,"h !re=e p>ticul>ly is x to be obs]v$ h[ easily we are deceiv$ :5 we confuse univ]sals ) individuals1 & ! entities ( reason & ab/ractions ) realities4 ,) reg>d to ! f\r? objection1 ,i say t ,i entirely grant t if a man 7 plac$ 9 su* a /ate ( equilibrium he w\ld p]i% ( hung] & ?ir/1 suppos+ he p]ceiv$ no?+ b hung] & ?ir/1 & ! food & dr9k :i* 7 equidi/ant f him4 ,if y ask me :e!r su* a man w\ld n be ?\ght an ass r ?an a man1 ,i reply t ,i d n "k2 nor d ,i "k :at ought to be ?\ght ( a man :o hangs himself1 or ( *ildr51 fools1 & madm54 ,! ,indep5d5ce ( ,m9d & ,body ,all modes ( ?\ght h ,god = a cause 9 s f> z ,he is a ?9k+ ?+1 & n 9 s f> z ,he is manife/$ by any o!r attribute4 ,t :i* det]m9es ! m9d to ?\ght1 !re=e1 is a mode ( ?\ght & n ( ext5sion1 t is to say1 x is n ! body4 ,aga91 ! motion & re/ ( ! body mu/ be d]iv$ f "s o!r body1 :i* has also be5 det]m9$ to motion or re/ by ano!r1 &1 absolutely1 :atev] arises 9 ! body mu/ arise f ,god1 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z affect$ by "s mode ( ext5sion1 & n 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z affect$ by any mode ( ?\ght1 t is to say1 :atev] arises 9 ! body _c arise f ! m9d1 :i* is a mode ( ?\ght4 ,!re=e1 ! body _c det]m9e ! m9d to ?\ght1 nei!r c ! m9d det]m9e ! body to motion nor re/1 nor to any?+ else1 if !re be any?+ else4 ,?is proposition w be bett] und]/ood f :at has be5 said1 t is to say1 t ! m9d & ! body are "o & ! same ?+1 conceiv$ at "o "t "u ! attribute ( ?\ght1 & at ano!r "u t ( ext5sion4 ,= ?is reason1 ! ord] or concat5ation ( ?+s is "o1 :e!r nature be conceiv$ "u ?is or "u t attribute1 & consequ5tly ! ord] ( ! actions & passions ( our body is co9cid5t 9 ,nature ) ! ord] ( ! actions & passions ( ! m9d4 ,al?\gh ^! ?+s are s1 & no gr\nd = d\bt+ rema9s1 ,i sc>cely believe1 nev]!less1 t1 )\t a pro( d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 m5 w be induc$ calmly to weigh :at has be5 said1 s firmly are !y p]suad$ t1 solely at ! bidd+ ( ! m9d1 ! body moves or re/s1 & does a numb] ( ?+s :i* dep5d ^u ! w ( ! m9d alone1 & ^u ! p[] ( ?\ght4 ,= :at ! body c d no "o has hi!rto det]m9$1 t is to say1 exp]i5ce has taught no "o hi!rto :at ! body1 )\t be+ det]m9$ by ! m9d1 c d & :at x _c d f ! laws ( ,nature alone1 9 s f> z ,nature is consid]$ m]ely z corporeal4 ,= no "o z yet has und]/ood ! /ructure ( ! body s accurately z to be able to expla9 all its functions1 n to m5tion ! fact t _m ?+s are obs]v$ 9 brutes :i* f> surpass human sagacity1 & t sleep-walk]s 9 _! sleep d v _m ?+s :i* !y d>e n d :5 awake2 all ?is %[+ t ! body itself c d _m ?+s f ! laws ( its own nature alone at :i* ! m9d belong+ to t body is amaz$4 ,aga91 nobody kn[s by :at means or by :at me?od ! m9d moves ! body1 nor h[ _m degrees ( motion x c communicate to ! body1 nor ) :at spe$ x c move ! body4 ,s t x foll[s t :5 m5 say t ?is or t action ( ! body spr+s f ! m9d :i* has comm&$ ov] ! body1 !y d n "k :at !y say1 & !y d no?+ b confess ) pret5ti\s words t !y "k no?+ ab\t ! cause ( ! action1 & see no?+ 9 x to wond] at4 ,b !y w say1 t :e!r !y "k or d n "k by :at means ! m9d moves ! body1 x is nev]!less 9 _! exp]i5ce t if ! m9d 7 n fit = ?9k+ ! body w\ld be in]t4 ,!y say1 aga91 x is 9 _! exp]i5ce t ! m9d alone has p[] bo? to speak & be sil5t1 & to d _m o!r ?+s :i* !y !re=e ?9k to be dep5d5t on a decree ( ! m9d4 ,b ) reg>d to ! fir/ ass]tion1 ,i ask !m if exp]i5ce does n also tea* t if ! body be sluggi% ! m9d at ! same "t is n fit = ?9k+8 ,:5 ! body is asleep1 ! m9d slumb]s ) x1 & has n ! p[] to ?9k1 z x has :5 ! body is awake4 ,aga91 ,i believe t all h discov]$ t ! m9d is n always equally fitt$ = ?9k+ ab\t ! same subject1 b 9 proportion to ! fitness ( ! body = ?is or t image to be excit$ 9 x w ! m9d be bett] fitt$ to contemplate ?is or t object4 ,b my oppon5ts w say1 t f ! laws ( ,nature alone1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ to be corporeal m]ely1 x _c be t ! causes ( ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 & ?+s ( ?is sort1 :i* are ! results ( human art alone1 c\ld be d$uc$1 & t ! human body1 unless x 7 det]m9$ & guid$ by ! m9d1 w\ld n be able to build a temple4 ,i h already %[n1 h[ev]1 t !y d n "k :at ! body c d1 nor :at c be d$uc$ f ! consid]ation ( its nature alone1 & t !y f9d t _m ?+s are done m]ely by ! laws ( ,nature :i* !y w\ld nev] h believ$ to be possible )\t ! direction ( ! m9d1 z1 = example1 ^? ?+s :i* sleep-walk]s d 9 _! sleep1 & at :i* !y !mselves are a/oni%$ :5 !y wake4 ,i adduce also "h ! /ructure itself ( ! human body1 :i* s greatly surpasses 9 workman%ip all ^? ?+s :i* are con/ruct$ by human art1 n to m5tion :at ,i h already prov$1 t an inf9itude ( ?+s foll[s f ,nature "u :atev] attribute x may be consid]$4 ,) reg>d to ! second po9t1 ,i %\ld say t human affairs w\ld be mu* m happily conduct$ if x 7 equally 9 ! p[] ( m5 to be sil5t & to speak4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s ov] & ov] aga9 t !re is no?+ :i* m5 h less p[] ov] ?an ! tongue1 & t !re is no?+ :i* !y are less able to d ?an to gov]n _! appetites1 s t _m p]sons believe t we d ^? ?+s only ) fre$om :i* we seek indiff]5tly2 z ! desire = su* ?+s c easily be less5$ by ! recollection ( ano!r ?+ :i* we frequ5tly call to m9d2 x be+ impossible1 on ! o!r h&1 to d ^? ?+s ) fre$om :i* we seek ) su* ardor t ! recollection ( ano!r ?+ is unable to mitigate x4 ,b if1 h[ev]1 we _h n f\nd out t we d _m ?+s :i* we aft]w>ds rep5t1 & t :5 agitat$ by conflict+ emotions we see t :i* is bett] & foll[ t :i* is worse1 no?+ w\ld h9d] u f believ+ t we d ev]y?+ ) fre$om4 ,?us ! infant believes t x is by free w t x seeks ! brea/2 ! angry boy believes t by free w he wi%es v5geance2 ! timid man ?9ks x is ) free w he seeks flight2 ! drunk>d believes t by a free comm& ( 8 m9d he speaks ! ?+s :i* :5 sob] he wi%es he _h left unsaid4 ,?us ! madman1 ! *att]]1 ! boy1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d1 all believe t !y speak by a free comm& ( ! m9d1 :il/1 9 tru?1 !y h no p[] to re/ra9 ! impulse :i* !y h to speak1 s t exp]i5ce itself1 no less ?an reason1 cle>ly tea*es t m5 believe !mselves to be free simply because !y are consci\s ( _! own actions1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! causes by :i* !y are det]m9$4 ,x#ai tea*es1 too1 t ! decrees ( ! m9d are no?+ b ! appetites !mselves1 :i* diff]1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! diff]5t temp] ( ! body4 ,= e man det]m9es all ?+s f 8 emotion2 ^? :o are agitat$ by contr>y emotions d n "k :at !y want1 :il/ ^? :o are agitat$ by no emotion are easily driv5 hi!r & ?i!r4 ,all ?is pla9ly %[s t ! decree ( ! m9d1 ! appetite1 & det]m9ation ( ! body are co9cid5t 9 ,nature1 or r t !y are "o & ! same ?+1 :i*1 :5 x is consid]$ "u ! attribute ( ?\ght & manife/$ by t1 is call$ a decree1 & :5 x is consid]$ "u ! attribute ( ext5sion & is d$uc$ f ! laws ( motion & re/1 is call$ a det]m9ation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be bett] und]/ood z we g on1 = !re is ano!r ?+ :i* ,i wi% to be obs]v$ "h--t we _c by a m5tal decree d a ?+ unless we recollect x4 ,we _c speak a ^w1 = in/ance1 unless we recollect x4 ,b x is n 9 ! free p[] ( ! m9d ei!r to recollect a ?+ or to =get x4 ,x is believ$1 !re=e1 t ! p[] ( ! m9d ext5ds only ?us f>--t f a m5tal decree we c speak or be sil5t ab\t a ?+ only :5 we recollect x4 ,b :5 we dream t we speak1 we believe t we d s f a free decree ( ! m9d2 & yet we d n speak1 or1 if we d1 x is ! result ( a spontane\s motion ( ! body4 ,we dream1 aga91 t we are conceal+ ?+s1 & t we d ?is by virtue ( a decree ( ! m9d l t by :i*1 :5 awake1 we are sil5t ab\t ?+s we "k4 ,we dream1 aga91 t f a decree ( ! m9d1 we d "s ?+s :i* we %\ld n d>e to d :5 awake4 ,& ,i %\ld l to "k1 !re=e1 :e!r !re are two k9ds ( decrees 9 ! m9d--"o belong+ to dreams & ! o!r free4 ,if ?is be too great nons5se1 we mu/ necess>ily grant t ?is decree ( ! m9d1 :i* is believ$ to be free1 is n di/+ui%able f ! imag9ation or memory1 & is no?+ b ! affirmation :i* ! idea necess>ily involves 9 s f> z x is an idea4 ,^! decrees ( ! m9d1 !re=e1 arise 9 ! m9d by ! same necessity z ! ideas ( ?+s actually exi/+4 ,consequ5tly1 ^? :o believe t !y speak1 or are sil5t1 or d any?+ else f a free decree ( ! m9d1 dream ) _! eyes op54 ,! ,moral ,values ( ,det]m9ism ,i ,x rema9s = me n[ to %[ :at s]vice to our own lives a k ( ?is doctr9e is4 ,?is we %all easily und]/& f ! rem>ks :i* foll[4 ,notice-- #a4 ,x is ( s]vice 9 s f> z x tea*es u t we d ev]y?+ by ! w ( ,god alone1 & t we are p>tak]s ( ! div9e nature 9 proportion z our actions become m & m p]fect & we m & m und]/& ,god4 ,?is doctr9e1 !re=e1 besides giv+ repose 9 e way to ! s\l1 has also ?is advantage1 t x tea*es u 9 :at our highe/ happ9ess or bless$ness consi/s1 namely1 9 ! k ( ,god alone1 by :i* we are drawn to d ^? ?+s only :i* love & piety p]suade4 ,h5ce we cle>ly see h[ greatly ^? /ray f ! true e/imation ( virtue :o expect to be di/+ui%$ by ,god ) ! highe/ rew>ds = virtue & ! noble/ actions z if = ! complete/ s]vitude1 j z if virtue itself & ! s]vice ( ,god 7 n happ9ess itself & ! highe/ lib]ty4 #b4 ,x is ( s]vice to u 9 s f> z x tea*es u h[ we ought to behave ) reg>d to ! ?+s ( =tune1 or ^? :i* are n 9 our p[]1 t is to say1 :i* d n foll[ f our own nature2 = x tea*es u ) equal m9d to wait = & be> ea* =m ( =tune1 because we "k t all ?+s foll[ f ! et]nal decree ( ,god1 accord+ to t same necessity by :i* x foll[s f ! ess5ce ( a triangle t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles4 #c4 ,?is doctr9e contributes to ! welf>e ( our social exi/5ce1 s9ce x tea*es u to hate no "o1 to despise no "o1 to mock no "o1 to be angry ) no "o1 & to envy no "o4 ,x tea*es e "o1 moreov]1 to be cont5t ) 8 own1 & to be helpful to 8 neighbor1 n f any womani% pity1 f p>tiality1 or sup]/ition1 b by ! guidance ( reason alone1 accord+ to ! dem& ( "t & circum/ance1 z ,i %all %[4 #d4 ,?is doctr9e contributes n a little to ! advantage ( common society1 9 s f> z x tea*es u by :at means citiz5s are to be gov]n$ & l$2 n 9 ord] t !y may be slaves1 b t !y may freely d ^? ?+s :i* are be/4 ,,ii ,at#ba la/ ,i see1 :at x 0 t y begg$ me n to publi%4 ,h[ev]1 z x =ms ! *ief f\ndation ( ev]y?+ 9 ! treatise#bb :i* ,i int5d to br+ out1 ,i %\ld l briefly to expla9 "h1 9 :at s5se ,i ass]t t a fatal necessity presides ov] all ?+s & actions4 ,god ,i 9 no wise subject to fate3 ,i conceive t all ?+s foll[ ) inevitable necessity f ! nature ( ,god1 9 ! same way z e "o conceives t x foll[s f ,god's nature t ,god und]/&s ,himself4 ,?is latt] consequ5ce all admit to foll[ necess>ily f ! div9e nature1 yet no "o conceives t ,god is "u ! compulsion ( any fate1 b t ,he und]/&s ,himself q freely1 ?\gh necess>ily4 ,fur!r1 ?is inevitable necessity 9 ?+s does away nei!r ) div9e nor human laws4 ,! pr9ciples ( morality1 :e!r !y receive f ,god ,himself ! =m ( laws or in/itutions1 or :e!r !y d n1 are /ill div9e & salut>y2 :e!r we receive ! good1 :i* fl[s f virtue & ! div9e love1 z f ,god 9 ! capacity ( a judge1 or z f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 x w 9 ei!r case be equally desirable2 on ! o!r h&1 ! evils foll[+ f wick$ actions & passions are n less to be fe>$ because !y are necess>y consequ5ces4#bc ,la/ly1 9 our actions1 :e!r !y be necess>y or cont+5t1 we are l$ by hope & fe>4 ,m5 are only )\t excuse be=e ,god1 because !y are 9 ,god's p[]1 z clay is 9 ! h&s ( ! pott]1 :o f ! same lump makes vessels1 "s to honor1 "s to di%onor4444 #bd ,:5 ,i said 9 my =m] lett] t we are inexcusable1 because we are 9 ! p[] ( ,god1 l clay 9 ! h&s ( ! pott]1 ,i meant to be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t no "o c br+ a compla9t aga9/ ,god = hav+ giv5 him a weak nature1 or infirm _s4 ,a circle might z well compla9 to ,god = n be+ end[$ ) ! prop]ties ( a sph]e1 or a *ild :o is tortur$1 say1 ) /one1 = n be+ giv5 a heal?y body1 z a man ( feeble _s1 because ,god has d5i$ to him =titude1 & ! true k & love ( ! ,deity1 or because he is end[$ ) s weak a nature t he _c *eck or mod]ate 8 desires4 ,= ! nature ( ea* ?+ is only compet5t to d t :i* foll[s necess>ily f its giv5 cause4 ,t e man _c be brave1 & t we c no m comm& = ourselves a heal?y body ?an a heal?y m9d1 nobody c d5y1 )\t giv+ ! lie to exp]i5ce1 z well z to reason4 ,b1 y urge1 if m5 s9 by nature1 !y are excusable2 b y d n /ate ! conclusion y draw1 :e!r t ,god _c be angry ) !m1 or t !y are wor?y ( bless$ness--t is1 ( ! k & love ( ,god4 ,if y say ! =m]1 ,i fully admit t ,god _c be angry1 & t all ?+s are done 9 accordance ) ,8 w2 b ,i d5y t all m5 ought1 !re=e1 to be bless$--m5 may be excusable1 & nev]!less1 be )\t bless$ness & afflict$ 9 _m ways4#be ,a horse is excusable = be+ a horse & n a man2 b1 nev]!less1 he mu/ ne$s be a horse & n a man4 ,he :o goes mad f ! bite ( a dog is excusable1 yet he is rightly suffocat$4 ,la/ly1 he :o _c gov]n 8 desires1 & keep !m 9 *eck ) ! fe> ( ! laws1 ?\gh 8 weakness may be excusable1 yet he _c enjoy ) cont5tm5t1 ! k & love ( ,god1 b necess>ily p]i%es4 ,,footnotes3 #ai 444 ,i say t a ?+ is free1 :i* exi/s & acts solely by ! necessity ( its own nature4 ,?us also ,god und]/&s ,himself & all ?+s freely1 because x foll[s solely f ! necessity ( ,8 nature t ,he %\ld und]/& all ?+s4 ,y see ,i d n place fre$om 9 free decision1 b 9 free necessity4 ,h[ev]1 let u desc5d to creat$ ?+s1 :i* are all det]m9$ by ext]nal causes to exi/ & op]ate 9 a giv5 det]m9ate mann]4 ,9 ord] t ?is may be cle>ly und]/ood1 let u conceive a v simple ?+4 ,= in/ance1 a /one receives f ! impulsion ( an ext]nal cause a c]ta9 quantity ( motion1 by virtue ( :i* x cont9ues to move aft] ! impulsion giv5 by ! ext]nal cause has ceas$4 ,! p]man5ce ( ! /one's motion is con/ra9$1 n necess>y because x mu/ be def9$ by ! impulsion ( an ext]nal cause4 ,:at is true ( ! /one is true ( an individual1 h[ev] complicat$ its nature1 or v>i$ its functions1 inasmu* z e individual ?+ is necess>ily det]m9$ by "s ext]nal cause to exi/ & op]ate 9 a fix$ & det]m9ate mann]4 ,fur!r conceive1 ,i beg1 t a /one1 :ile cont9u+ 9 motion1 %\ld be capable ( ?9k+ & kn[+1 t x is endeavor+1 z f> z x c1 to cont9ue to move4 ,su* a /one1 be+ consci\s m]ely ( its own endeavor & n at all indiff]5t1 w\ld believe itself to be completely free1 & w\ld ?9k t x cont9u$ 9 motion solely because ( its own wi%4 ,?is is t human fre$om1 :i* all boa/ t !y possess1 & :i* consi/s solely 9 ! fact1 t m5 are consci\s ( _! own desire1 b are ignorant ( ! causes :]eby t desire has be5 det]m9$4#bj 444 #bj ,f a lett] to ,g4 ,h4 ,s*all] 7#afgd74 #ba ,f a lett] to ,h5ry ,old5burg 7,dec41 #afge74 #bb ,! ,e?ics4--,,ed4 #bc ,i receiv$ on ,saturday la/ y\r v %ort lett] dat$ #ae? ,nov4 ,9 x y m]ely indicat$ ! po9ts 9 ! !ological treatise :i* h giv5 pa9 to read]s1 :]eas ,i _h hop$ to le>n f x :at 7 ! op9ions :i* militat$ aga9/ ! practice ( religi\s virtue4444 ,i make ?is *ief di/9ction betwe5 religion & sup]/ition2 ! latt] is f\nd$ on ignorance1 ! =m] on k4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is ! reason :y ,*ri/ians are di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! _w1 n by fai?1 nor by *>ity1 nor by ! o!r fruits ( ! ,holy ,_s1 b solely by _! op9ions1 inasmu* z !y def5d _! cause1 l e "o else1 by miracles1 t is1 by ignorance1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all malice4 ,?us !y turn a fai?1 :i* may be true1 into sup]/ition4 ,f a lett] to ,h5ry ,old5burg 7,dec41 #afge74 #bd ,f a lett] to ,h5ry ,old5burg 7,feb4 #g1 #afgf74 #be ,a m\se no less ?an an angel1 & sorr[ no less ?an joy dep5d on ,god2 yet a m\se is n a k9d ( angel1 nei!r is sorr[ a k9d ( joy4 ,f a lett] to ,wm4 ,bly5b]gh 7,m>* #ac1 #affe74 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,introductory ,mo/ p]sons :o h writt5 ab\t ! emotions & man's conduct ( life seem to discuss1 n ! natural ?+s :i* foll[ ! common laws ( ,nature1 b ?+s :i* are outside h]4 ,!y seem inde$ to consid] man 9 ,nature z a k+dom )9 a k+dom4 ,= !y believe t man di/urbs r ?an foll[s h] ord]2 t he has an absolute p[] ov] 8 own actions2 & t he is altoge!r self-det]m9$4 ,!y !n proce$ to attribute ! cause ( human weakness & *angeabl5ess1 n to ! common p[] ( ,nature1 b to "s vice ( human nature1 :i* !y !re=e bewail1 laugh at1 mock1 or1 z is m g5]ally ! case1 dete/2 :il/ he :o kn[s h[ to revile mo/ eloqu5tly or subtilely ! weakness ( ! m9d is look$ ^u z div9e4 ,x is true t v em95t m5 h n be5 want+1 to ^: labor & indu/ry we confess ourselves mu* indebt$1 :o h writt5 _m excell5t ?+s ab\t ! "r conduct ( life1 & :o h giv5 to mortals c\nsels full ( prud5ce4 ,b no "o s f> z ,i "k has det]m9$ ! nature & /r5g? ( ! emotions1 & :at ! m9d is able to d t[>ds controll+ !m4 ,i rememb]1 inde$1 t ! celebrat$ ,desc>tes1 al?\gh he believ$ t ! m9d is absolute ma/] ov] its own actions1 tri$ nev]!less to expla9 by _! fir/ causes human emotions1 & at ! same "t to %[ ! way by :i* ! m9d c\ld obta9 absolute p[] ov] !m4 ,b 9 my op9ion he has %[n no?+ b ! acut5ess ( 8 great intellect1 z ,i %all make evid5t 9 ! prop] place1 = ,i wi% to return to ^? :o pref] to dete/ & sc(f at human affects & actions ?an und]/& !m4 ,to su* z ^! x w d\btless seem a m>vel\s ?+ = me to endeavor to treat by a geometrical me?od ! vices & follies ( m51 & to desire by a sure me?od to demon/rate ^? ?+s :i* ^! p cry out aga9/ z be+ oppos$ to reason1 or z be+ vanities1 absurdities1 & mon/rosities4 ,! foll[+ is my reason = s do+4 ,no?+ happ5s 9 ,nature :i* c be attribut$ to any vice ( ,nature1 = %e is always ! same & ev]y:]e "o4 ,h] virtue is ! same1 & h] p[] ( act+2 t is to say1 h] laws & rules1 accord+ to :i* all ?+s are & are *ang$ f =m to =m1 are ev]y:]e & always ! same2 s t !re mu/ also be "o & ! same me?od ( und]/&+ ! nature ( all ?+s :atsoev]1 t is to say1 by ! univ]sal laws & rules ( ,nature4 ,! emotions1 !re=e1 ( hatr$1 ang]1 envy1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 foll[ f ! same necessity & virtue ( ,nature z o!r individual ?+s2 !y h !re=e c]ta9 causes ?r\gh :i* !y are to be und]/ood1 & c]ta9 prop]ties :i* are j z wor?y ( be+ kn[n z ! prop]ties ( any o!r ?+ 9 ! contemplation alone ( :i* we delight4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 pursue ! same me?od 9 consid]+ ! nature & /r5g? ( ! emotions & ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] !m :i* ,i pursu$ 9 our previ\s discussion ( ,god & ! m9d1 & ,i %all consid] human actions & appetites j z if ,i 7 consid]+ l9es1 planes or bodies4 ,def9itions ,i4--,i call t an adequate cause ^: effect c be cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceiv$ by means ( ! cause4 ,i call t an inadequate or p>tial cause ^: effect _c be und]/ood by means ( ! cause alone4 ,,ii4--,i say t we act :5 any?+ is done1 ei!r )9 u or )\t u1 ( :i* we are ! adequate cause1 t is to say 7by ! prec$+ ,def9ition71 :5 f our nature any?+ foll[s1 ei!r )9 u or )\t u1 :i* by t nature alone c be cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i say t we suff] :5 any?+ is done )9 u1 or :5 any?+ foll[s f our nature1 ( :i* we are n ! cause except+ p>tially4 ,,iii4--,by emotion ,i und]/& ! modifications ( ! body1 by :i* ! p[] ( act+ ( ! body itself is increas$1 dim9i%$1 help$1 or h9d]$1 toge!r ) ! ideas ( ^! modifications4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c be ! adequate cause ( any ( ^! modifications1 ,i und]/& ! emotion to be an action1 o!rwise x is a passion4 ,po/ulates #a4--,! human body c be affect$ 9 _m ways by :i* its p[] ( act+ is increas$ or dim9i%$1 & also 9 o!r ways :i* make its p[] ( act+ nei!r great] nor less4 #b4--,! human body is capable ( suff]+ _m *anges1 &1 nev]!less1 c reta9 ! impressions or traces ( objects1 & consequ5tly ! same images ( ?+s4 ,! ,two ,/ates ( ,m9d3 ,active & ,passive ,9 e human m9d "s ideas are adequate1 & o!rs mutilat$ & confus$4 ,b ! ideas :i* 9 any m9d are adequate are adequate 9 ,god 9 s f> z ,he =ms ! ess5ce ( t m9d1 :ile ^? aga9 :i* are inadequate 9 ! m9d are also adequate 9 ,god1 n 9 s f> z ,he conta9s ! ess5ce ( t m9d only1 b 9 s f> z ,he conta9s ! ideas ( o!r ?+s at ! same "t 9 ,himself4 ,aga91 f any giv5 idea "s effect mu/ necess>ily foll[1 ( :i* ,god is ! adequate cause1 n 9 s f> z ,he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z ,he is consid]$ z affect$ ) ! giv5 idea4 ,b ( t effect ( :i* ,god is ! cause1 9 s f> z ,he is affect$ by an idea :i* is adequate 9 any m9d1 t same m9d is ! adequate cause4 ,our m9d1 !re=e1 9 s f> z x has adequate ideas1 necess>ily at times acts4 ,aga91 if !re be any?+ :i* necess>ily foll[s f an idea :i* is adequate 9 ,god1 n 9 s f> z ,he conta9s )9 ,himself ! m9d ( "o man only1 b also1 toge!r ) ?is1 ! ideas#bf ( o!r ?+s1 !n ! m9d ( t man is n ! adequate cause ( t ?+1 b is only its p>tial cause1 & !re=e1 9 s f> z ! m9d has inadequate ideas1 x necess>ily at times suff]s4 ,! ,basic ,endeavor ( ,all ,?+s ,individual ?+s are modes by :i* ! attributes ( ,god are express$ 9 a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mann]2 t is to say1 !y are ?+s :i* express 9 a c]ta9 & det]m9ate mann] ! p[] ( ,god1 by :i* ,he is & acts4 ,a ?+1 too1 has no?+ 9 itself ?r\gh :i* x c be de/roy$1 or :i* c negate its exi/5ce1#bg b1 on ! contr>y1 x is oppos$ to ev]y?+ :i* c\ld negate its exi/5ce4 ,!re=e1 9 s f> z x c & is 9 itself1 x endeavors to p]sev]e 9 its own be+4 ,! ,?ree ,prim>y ,emotions ,i ,desire ,! ess5ce ( ! m9d is compos$ ( adequate & inadequate ideas 7z we h %[n71 & !re=e bo? 9 s f> z x has ! =m] & 9 s f> z x has ! latt]1 x endeavors to p]sev]e 9 its be+1 & endeavors to p]sev]e 9 x = an indef9ite "t4 ,b s9ce ! m9d1 ?r\gh ! ideas ( ! modifications ( ! body1 is necess>ily consci\s ( itself1 x is !re=e consci\s ( its ef=t4 ,?is ef=t1 :5 x is relat$ to ! m9d alone1 is call$ w1 b :5 x is relat$ at ! same "t bo? to ! m9d & ! body1 is call$ appetite1 :i* is !re=e no?+ b ! v ess5ce ( man1 f ! nature ( :i* necess>ily foll[ ^? ?+s :i* promote 8 pres]vation1 & ?us he is det]m9$ to d ^? ?+s4 ,h5ce !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 appetite & desire1 unless 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t desire is g5]ally relat$ to m5 9 s f> z !y are consci\s ( _! appetites1 & x may !re=e be def9$ z appetite ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,f :at has be5 said x is pla91 !re=e1 t we nei!r /rive =1 wi%1 seek1 nor desire any?+ because we ?9k x to be good1 b1 on ! contr>y1 we adjudge a ?+ to be good because we /rive =1 wi%1 seek1 or desire x4 ,,ii ,joy & ,sorr[ ,if any?+ increases1 dim9i%es1 helps1 or limits our body's p[] ( action1 ! idea ( t ?+ increases1 dim9i%es1 helps1 or limits our m9d's p[] ( ?\ght4 ,we ?us see t ! m9d c suff] great *anges1 & c pass n[ to a great] & n[ to a less] p]fection2 ^! passions expla9+ to u ! emotions ( joy & sorr[4 ,by joy1 !re=e1 9 :at foll[s1 ,i %all und]/& ! passion by :i* ! m9d passes to a great] p]fection2 by sorr[1 on ! o!r h&1 ! passion by :i* x passes to a less p]fection4 ,! emotion ( joy1 relat$ at ! same "t bo? to ! m9d & ! body1 ,i call pleasurable excitem5t 7titillatio7 or *e]fulness2 t ( sorr[ ,i call pa9 or melan*oly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$ t pleasurable excitem5t & pa9 are relat$ to a man :5 "o ( 8 p>ts is affect$ m ?an ! o!rs2 *e]fulness & melan*oly1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 all p>ts are equally affect$4 ,:at ! nature ( desire is ,i h expla9$2 & besides ^! ?ree--joy1 sorr[1 & desire--,i "k ( no o!r prim>y emotion1 ! o!rs spr++ f ^!4 ,def9itions ( ! ,pr9cipal ,emotions ,i4--,desire is ! ess5ce itself ( man 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z det]m9$ to any action by any "o ( 8 modifications4 ,explanation4--,we h said above1 t desire is appetite :i* is self-consci\s1 & t appetite is ! ess5ce itself ( man 9 s f> z x is det]m9$ to su* acts z contribute to 8 pres]vation4 ,b ,i h tak5 c>e to rem>k t 9 tru? ,i _c recognize any diff]5ce betwe5 human appetite & desire4 ,= :e!r a man be consci\s ( 8 appetite or n1 x rema9s "o & ! same appetite1 & s1 le/ ,i might appe> to be guilty ( tautology1 ,i h n expla9$ desire by appetite1 b h tri$ to give su* a def9ition ( desire z w\ld include all ! ef=ts ( human nature to :i* we give ! "n ( appetite1 desire1 w1 or impulse4 ,= ,i might h said t desire is ! ess5ce itself ( man 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z det]m9$ to any action2 b f ?is def9ition x w\ld n foll[ t ! m9d c\ld be consci\s ( its desire or appetite1 & !re=e1 9 ord] t ,i might include ! cause ( ?is consci\sness1 x 0 necess>y to add ! words1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z det]m9$ to any action by any "o ( 8 modifications4 ,= by a modification ( ! human ess5ce we und]/& any con/itution ( t ess5ce1 :e!r x be innate1 :e!r x be conceiv$ ?r\gh ! attribute ( ?\ght alone or ( ext5sion alone1 or :e!r x be relat$ to bo?4 ,by ! ^w desire1 !re=e1 ,i und]/& all ! ef=ts1 impulses1 appetites1 & volitions ( a man1 :i* v>y accord+ to 8 *ang+ disposition1 & n unfrequ5tly are s oppos$ to "o ano!r t he is drawn hi!r & ?i!r1 & kn[s n :i!r he ought to turn4 ,,ii4 ,joy is man's passage f a less to a great] p]fection4 ,,iii4 ,sorr[ is man's passage f a great] to a less p]fection4 ,explanation4--,i say passage1 = joy is n p]fection itself4 ,if a man 7 born ) ! p]fection to :i* he passes1 he w\ld possess x )\t ! emotion ( joy2 a tru? :i* w appe> ! m cle>ly f ! emotion ( sorr[1 :i* is ! opposite to joy4 ,= t sorr[ consi/s 9 ! passage to a less p]fection1 b n 9 ! less p]fection itself1 no "o c d5y1 s9ce 9 s f> z a man %>es any p]fection he _c be sad4 ,nor c we say t sorr[ consi/s 9 ! privation ( a great] p]fection = privation is no?+4 ,b ! emotion ( sorr[ is a reality1 & x !re=e mu/ be ! reality ( ! passage to a less] p]fection1 or ! reality by :i* man's p[] ( act+ is dim9i%$ or limit$4 ,z = ! def9itions ( *e]fulness1 pleasurable excitem5t1 melan*oly1 & grief1 ,i pass ^! by1 because !y are relat$ r to ! body ?an to ! m9d1 & are m]ely diff]5t k9ds ( joy or ( sorr[4 ,,iv4 ,a/oni%m5t is ! imag9ation ( an object 9 :i* ! m9d rema9s fix$ because ?is p>ticul> imag9ation has no connection ) o!rs4 ,explanation4--,t :i* causes ! m9d f ! contemplation ( "o ?+ imm$iately to pass to ! ?\ght ( ano!r is t ! images ( ^! ?+s are connect$ "o ) ! o!r1 & are s arrang$ t ! "o foll[s ! o!r2 a process :i* _c be conceiv$ :5 ! image ( ! ?+ is new1 = ! m9d w be held 9 ! contemplation ( ! same object until o!r causes det]m9e x to ?9k ( o!r ?+s4 ,! imag9ation1 !re=e1 consid]$ 9 itself1 ( a new object is ( ! same "* z o!r imag9ations2 & = ?is reason ,i d n class a/oni%m5t among ! emotions1 nor d ,i see any reason :y ,i %\ld d x1 s9ce ?is ab/raction ( ! m9d arises f no positive cause by :i* x is ab/ract$ f o!r ?+s1 b m]ely f ! abs5ce ( any cause by :i* f ! contemplation ( "o ?+ ! m9d is det]m9$ to ?9k o!r ?+s4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 !re=e1 only ?ree primitive or prim>y emotions1 ^? ( joy1 sorr[1 & desire2 & ! only reason :i* has induc$ me to speak ( a/oni%m5t is1 t x has be5 ! cu/om to give o!r names to c]ta9 emotions d]iv$ f ! ?ree primitives :5ev] ^! emotions are relat$ to objects at :i* we are a/oni%$4 ,?is same reason also induces me to add ! def9ition ( contempt4 ,v4 ,contempt is ! imag9ation ( an object :i* s little t\*es ! m9d t ! m9d is mov$ by ! pres5ce ( ! object to imag9e ^? qualities :i* are n 9 x r ?an ^? :i* are 9 x4 ,! def9itions ( v5]ation & scorn ,i pass by "h1 because !y give a "n1 s f> z ,i "k1 to none ( ! emotions4 ,,vi4 ,love is joy ) ! accompany+ idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,explanation4--,?is def9ition expla9s ) suffici5t cle>ness ! ess5ce ( love2 t :i* is giv5 by "s au?ors1 :o def9e love to be ! w ( ! lov] to unite himself to ! belov$ object1 expresses n ! ess5ce ( love b "o ( its prop]ties4 ,9 z mu* z ^! au?ors h n se5 ) suffici5t cle>ness :at is ! ess5ce ( love1 !y c\ld n h a di/9ct conception ( its prop]ties1 & consequ5tly _! def9ition has by ev]ybody be5 ?\ght v obscure4 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 :5 ,i say t x is a prop]ty 9 a lov] to w a union ) ! belov$ object1 t ,i d n und]/& by w a cons5t or delib]ation or a free decree ( ! m9d 7= t ?is is a fiction we h demon/rat$ above71 nor ev5 a desire ( ! lov] to unite himself ) ! belov$ object :5 x is abs5t1 nor a desire to cont9ue 9 its pres5ce :5 x is pres5t1 = love c be conceiv$ )\t ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ^! desires2 b by w ,i und]/& ! satisfaction t ! belov$ object produces 9 ! lov] by its pres5ce1 by virtue ( :i* ! joy ( ! lov] is /r5g!n$1 or at any rate support$4 ,,vii4 ,hatr$ is sorr[ ) ! accompany+ idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,explanation4--,:at is to be obs]v$ "h w easily be se5 f :at has be5 said 9 ! explanation ( ! prec$+ def9ition4 ,,viii4 ,incl9ation 7prop5sio7 is a joy ) ! accompany+ idea ( "s object z be+ accid5tally ! cause ( joy4 ,,ix4 ,av]sion is sorr[ ) ! accompany+ idea ( "s object :i* is accid5tally ! cause ( ! sorr[4 ,x4 ,devotion is love t[>ds an object :i* a/oni%es u4 ,explanation4--,a/oni%m5t arises f ! novelty ( ! object4 ,if1 !re=e1 x %\ld happ5 t we (t5 imag9e ! object at :i* we are a/oni%$1 we %all cease to be a/oni%$ at x1 & h5ce we see t ! emotion ( devotion easily deg5]ates into simple love4 ,,xi4 ,d]ision is joy aris+ f ! imag9ation t some?+ we despise is pres5t 9 an object we hate4 ,explanation4--,9 s f> z we despise a ?+ we hate d we d5y its exi/5ce1 & s f> d we rejoice4 ,b inasmu* z we suppose t a man hates :at he ridicules1 x foll[s t ?is joy is n solid4 ,,xii4 ,hope is a joy n con/ant1 aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ future or pa/1 ab\t ! issue ( :i* we sometimes d\bt4 ,,xiii4 ,fe> is a sorr[ n con/ant1 aris+ f ! idea ( some?+ future or pa/1 ab\t ! issue ( :i* we sometimes d\bt4 ,explanation4--,f ^! def9itions x foll[s t !re is no hope )\t fe> nor fe> )\t hope1 = ! p]son :o wav]s 9 hope & d\bts conc]n+ ! issue ( any?+ is suppos$ to imag9e some?+ :i* may exclude its exi/5ce1 & s f>1 !re=e1 to be sad1 & consequ5tly :ile he wav]s 9 hope1 to fe> le/ 8 wi%es %\ld n be accompli%$4 ,s also ! p]son :o fe>s1 t is to say1 :o d\bts :e!r :at he hates w n come to pass1 imag9es some?+ :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( :at he hates1 & !re=e is rejoic$1 & consequ5tly s f> hopes t x w n happ54 ,,xiv4 ,confid5ce is joy aris+ f ! idea ( a pa/ or future object f :i* cause = d\bt+ is remov$4 ,,xv4 ,despair is sorr[ aris+ f ! idea ( a pa/ or future object f :i* cause = d\bt+ is remov$4 ,explanation4--,confid5ce1 !re=e1 spr+s f hope & despair f fe>1 :5ev] ! reason = d\bt+ ! issue is tak5 away2 a case :i* occurs ei!r because we imag9e a ?+ pa/ or future to be pres5t & contemplate x z pres5t1 or because we imag9e o!r ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ^? :i* made u to d\bt4 ,= al?\gh we c nev] be sure ab\t ! issue ( individual objects1 x may nev]!less happ5 t we d n d\bt x4 ,= else:]e we h %[n t x is "o ?+ n to d\bt & ano!r to possess c]titude1 & s x may happ5 t f ! image ( an object ei!r pa/ or future we are affect$ ) ! same emotion ( joy or sorr[ z t by :i* we %\ld be affect$ f ! image ( an object pres5t4 ,,xvi4 ,gladness 7gaudium7 is a joy ) ! accompany+ idea ( some?+ pa/1 :i*1 unhop$ =1 has happ5$4 ,,xvii4 ,remorse is sorr[ ) ! accompany+ idea ( some?+ pa/1 :i*1 unhop$ =1 has happ5$4 ,,xviii4 ,commis]ation is sorr[ ) ! accompany+ idea ( evil :i* has happ5$ to "s "o :om we imag9e l ourselves4 ,explanation4--,betwe5 commis]ation & compassion !re seems to be no diff]5ce1 except+ p]haps t commis]ation ref]s r to an individual emotion & compassion to x z a habit4 ,,xix4 ,favor is love t[>ds ^? :o h b5efit$ o!rs4 ,,xx4 ,indignation is hatr$ t[>ds ^? :o h injur$ o!rs4 ,explanation4--,i am aw>e t ^! names 9 common be> a diff]5t mean+4 ,b my object is n to expla9 ! mean+ ( words b ! nature ( ?+s1 & to indicate !m by words ^: cu/om>y mean+ %all n be altoge!r oppos$ to ! mean+ :i* ,i desire to be/[ ^u !m4 ,i consid] x suffici5t to h said ?is once = all4 ,,xxi4 ,ov]-e/imation consi/s 9 ?9k+ too highly ( ano!r p]son 9 consequ5ce ( our love = him4 ,,xxii4 ,contempt consi/s 9 ?9k+ too little ( ano!r p]son 9 consequ5ce ( our hatr$ = him4 ,explanation4--,ov]-e/imation & contempt are !re=e respectively effects or prop]ties ( love or hatr$1 & s ov]-e/imation may be def9$ z love 9 s f> z x affects a man s t he ?9ks too mu* ( ! belov$ object2 &1 on ! contr>y1 contempt may be def9$ z hatr$ 9 s f> z x affects a man s t he ?9ks too little ( ! object he hates4 ,,xxiii4 ,envy is hatr$ 9 s f> z x affects a man s t he is sad at ! good =tune ( ano!r p]son & is glad :5 any evil happ5s to him4 ,explanation4--,to envy is g5]ally oppos$ compassion 7mis]icordia71 :i* may !re=e be def9$ z foll[s1 not)/&+ ! usual signification ( ! ^w3-- ,,xxiv4 ,compassion is love 9 s f> z x affects a man s t he is glad at ! prosp]ity ( ano!r p]son & is sad :5 any evil happ5s to him4 ,i pass n[ to consid] o!r emotions :i* are att5d$ by ! idea ( some?+ )9 u z ! cause4 ,,xxv4 ,self-satisfaction is ! joy :i* is produc$ by contemplat+ ourselves & our own p[] ( action4 ,,xxvi4 ,humility is ! sorr[ :i* is produc$ by contemplat+ our impot5ce or helplessness4 ,self-satisfaction is oppos$ to humility 9 s f> z we und]/& by ! =m] ! joy :i* arises f contemplat+ our p[] ( action1 b 9 s f> z we und]/& by x joy att5d$ ) ! idea ( some?+ done1 :i* we believe has be5 done by a free decree ( our m9d1 x is oppos$ to rep5tance1 :i* we may ?us def9e3-- ,,xxvii4 ,rep5tance is sorr[ accompani$ ) ! idea ( some?+ done :i* we believe has be5 done by a free decree ( our m9d4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t sorr[ %\ld always foll[ all ^? actions :i* are f cu/om call$ wick$1 & t joy %\ld foll[ ^? :i* are call$ good4 ,b t ?is is *iefly ! effect ( education w be evid5t f :at we h be=e said4 ,p>5ts1 by reprobat+ :at are call$ bad actions1 & frequ5tly blam+ _! *ildr5 :5ev] !y commit !m1 :ile !y p]suade !m to :at are call$ good actions1 & praise _! *ildr5 :5 !y p]=m !m1 h caus$ ! emotions ( sorr[ to connect !mselves ) ! =m]1 & ^? ( joy ) ! latt]4 ,exp]i5ce proves ?is1 = cu/om & religion are n ! same ev]y:]e2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ?+s :i* are sacr$ to "s are pr(ane to o!rs1 & :at are honorable ) "s are disgraceful ) o!rs4 ,education alone1 !re=e1 w det]m9e :e!r a man w rep5t ( any de$ or boa/ ( x4 ,,xxviii4 ,pride is ?9k+ too mu* ( ourselves1 ?r\gh self-love4 ,explanation4--,pride diff]s1 !re=e1 f ov]-e/imation1 inasmu* z ! latt] is relat$ to an ext]nal object1 b pride to ! man himself :o ?9ks ( himself too highly4 ,z ov]-e/imation1 !re=e1 is an effect or prop]ty ( love1 s pride is an effect or prop]ty ( self-love1 & x may !re=e be def9$ z love ( ourselves or self-satisfaction1 9 s f> z x affects u s t we ?9k too highly ( ourselves4 ,to ?is emotion a contr>y does n exi/1 = no "o1 ?r\gh hatr$ ( himself1 ?9ks too little ( himself2 inde$1 we may say t no "o ?9ks too little ( himself1 9 s f> z he imag9es himself unable to d ?is or t ?+4 ,= :atev] he imag9es t he _c d1 t ?+ he necess>ily imag9es1 & by 8 imag9ation is s dispos$ t he is actually incapable ( do+ :at he imag9es he _c d4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z he imag9es himself unable to d ?is or t ?+1 s long is he n det]m9$ to d x1 & consequ5tly s long x is impossible = him to d x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we pay att5tion to :at dep5ds ^u op9ion alone1 we %all be able to conceive x possible = a man to ?9k too little ( himself1 = x may happ5 t :ile he sorr[fully contemplates 8 own weakness he w imag9e himself despis$ by ev]ybody1 al?\gh no?+ c\ld be fur!r f _! ?\ghts ?an to despise him4 ,a man may also ?9k too little ( himself if 9 ! pres5t he d5ies some?+ ( himself 9 relation to a future "t ( :i* he is n sure2 = example1 :5 he d5ies t he c conceive ( no?+ ) c]titude1 & t he c desire & d no?+ :i* is n wick$ & base4 ,we may also say t a man ?9ks too little ( himself :5 we see t1 f an excess ( fe> or %ame1 he does n d>e to d :at o!rs :o are 8 equals d>e to d4 ,?is emotion1 to :i* ,i w give ! "n ( despond5cy1 may !re=e be oppos$ to pride2 = z self-satisfaction spr+s f pride1 s despond5cy spr+s f humility1 & x may !re=e be def9$ ?us3 ,,xxix4 ,despond5cy is ?9k+ too little ( ourselves ?r\gh sorr[4 ,explanation4--,we are1 nev]!less1 (t5 9 ! habit ( oppos+ humility to pride1 b only :5 we att5d to _! effects r ?an to _! nature4 ,= we are accu/om$ to call a man pr\d :o boa/s too mu*1 :o talks ab\t no?+ b 8 own virtues & o!r p's vices1 :o wi%es to be pref]r$ to ev]ybody else1 & :o m>*es along ) t /atel9ess & pomp :i* belong to o!rs ^: position is f> above 84 ,on ! o!r h&1 we call a man humble :o (t5 blu%es1 :o confesses 8 own faults & talks ab\t ! virtues ( o!rs1 :o yields to e "o1 :o walks ) b5d$ head1 & :o neglects to adorn himself4 ,^! emotions1 humility & despond5cy1 are v r>e1 = human nature1 consid]$ 9 itself1 /ruggles aga9/ !m z mu* z x c1 & h5ce ^? :o h ! mo/ cr$it = be+ abject & humble are g5]ally ! mo/ ambiti\s & envi\s4 ,,xxx4 ,self-exaltation is joy ) ! accompany+ idea ( "s action we h done1 :i* we imag9e p praise4 ,,xxxi4 ,%ame is sorr[1 ) ! accompany+ idea ( "s action :i* we imag9e p blame4 ,explanation4--,a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is "h to be obs]v$ betwe5 %ame & mode/y4 ,%ame is sorr[ :i* foll[s a de$ ( :i* we are a%am$4 ,mode/y is ! dread or fe> ( %ame1 :i* keeps a man f committ+ any disgraceful act4 ,to mode/y is usually oppos$ impud5ce1 :i* inde$ is n an emotion1 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! prop] place2 b ! names ( emotions1 z ,i h already said1 are matt]s r ( cu/om ?an indications ( ! nature ( ! emotions4 ,i h ?us dis*>g$ ! task :i* ,i set myself ( expla9+ ! emotions ( joy & sorr[4 ,i w advance n[ to ^? :i* ,i ascribe to desire4 ,,xxxii4 ,regret is ! desire or long+ to possess some?+1 ! emotion be+ /r5g!n$ by ! memory ( ! object itself1 & at ! same "t be+ re/ra9$ by ! memory ( o!r ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! desir$ object4 ,explanation4--,:5ev] we recollect a ?+1 z we h (t5 said1 we are !reby necess>ily dispos$ to contemplate x ) ! same emotion z if x 7 pres5t be=e u4 ,b ?is disposition or ef=t1 :ile we are awake1 is g5]ally re/ra9$ by ! images ( ?+s :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ :i* we recollect4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we recollect a ?+ :i* affects u ) any k9d ( joy1 we !reby endeavor to contemplate x ) ! same emotion ( joy z if x 7 pres5t1--an attempt :i* is1 h[ev]1 imm$iately re/ra9$ by ! memory ( t :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+4 ,regret1 !re=e1 is really a sorr[ :i* is oppos$ to ! joy :i* arises f ! abs5ce ( :at we hate4 ,b because ! "n regret seems to connect ?is emotion ) desire1 ,i !re=e ascribe x to desire4 ,,xxxiii4 ,emulation is ! desire :i* is begott5 9 u ( a ?+ because we imag9e t o!r p]sons h ! same desire4 ,explanation4--,he :o seeks flight because o!rs seek x1 he :o fe>s because he sees o!rs fe>1 or ev5 he :o )draws 8 h& & moves 8 body z if 8 h& 7 burn+ because he sees t ano!r p]son has burnt 8 h&1 su* z ^!1 ,i say1 al?\gh !y may inde$ imitate ! emotion ( ano!r1 are n said to emulate x2 n because we h recogniz$ "o cause = emulation & ano!r = imitation1 b because x has be5 ! cu/om to call t man only emul\s :o imitates :at we ?9k noble1 useful1 or pleasant4 ,,xxxiv4 ,?ankfulness or gratitude is ! desire or endeavor ( love ) :i* we /rive to d good to o!rs :o1 f a simil> emotion ( love1 h done good to u4 ,,xxxv4 ,b5evol5ce is ! desire to d good to ^? :om we pity4 ,,xxxvi4 ,ang] is ! desire by :i* we are impell$1 ?r\gh hatr$1 to injure ^? :om we hate4 ,,xxxvii4 ,v5geance is ! desire :i*1 spr++ f mutual hatr$1 urges u to injure ^? :o1 f a simil> emotion1 h injur$ u4 ,,xxxviii4 ,cruelty or f]ocity is ! desire by :i* a man is impell$ to injure any "o :om we love or pity4 ,explanation4--,to cruelty is oppos$ m]cy1 :i* is n a passion1 b a p[] ( ! m9d by :i* a man re/ra9s ang] & v5geance4 ,,xxxix4 ,fe> is ! desire ( avoid+ ! great] ( two dread$ evils by ! less4 ,,xl4 ,audacity is ! desire by :i* we are impell$ to d some?+ :i* is accompani$ ) a dang] :i* our equals fe> to meet4 ,,xli4 ,a p]son is said to be pusillanim\s ^: desire is re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( a dang] :i* 8 equals d>e to meet4 ,explanation4--,pusillanimity1 !re=e1 is no?+ b ! dread ( "s evil :i* mo/ p]sons d n usually fe>1 & !re=e ,i d n ascribe x to ! emotions ( desire4 ,i wi%$1 not)/&+1 to expla9 x "h1 because 9 s f> z we att5d to desire1 pusillanimity is ! true opposite ( ! emotion ( audacity4 ,,xlii4 ,con/]nation is affirm$ ( ! man ^: desire ( avoid+ evil is re/ra9$ by a/oni%m5t at ! evil :i* he fe>s4 ,explanation4--,con/]nation is !re=e a k9d ( pusillanimity4 ,b because con/]nation spr+s f a d\ble fe>1 x may be m aptly def9$ z t dread :i* holds a man /upefi$ or vacillat+1 s t he _c remove an evil4 ,i say /upefi$1 9 s f> z we und]/& 8 desire ( remov+ ! evil to be re/ra9$ by 8 a/oni%m5t4 ,i say also vacillat+1 9 s f> z we conceive ! same desire to be re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( ano!r evil :i* equally tortures him1 s t he does n "k :i* ( ! two evils to avoid4 ,,xliii4 ,c\rtesy or mod]ation is ! desire ( do+ ^? ?+s :i* please m5 & omitt+ ^? :i* displease !m4 ,,xliv4 ,ambition is ! immod]ate desire ( glory4 ,explanation4--,ambition is a desire :i* increases & /r5g!ns all ! emotions1 & t is ! reason :y x c h>dly be kept "u control4 ,= s long z a man is possess$ by any desire1 he is necess>ily at ! same "t possess$ by ?is4 ,e noble man1 says ,cic]o1 is l$ by glory1 & ev5 ! philosoph]s :o write books ab\t despis+ glory place _! names on ! title-page4 ,,xlv4 ,luxuri\sness is ! immod]ate desire or love ( good liv+4 ,,xlvi4 ,drunk5ness is ! immod]ate desire & love ( dr9k+4 ,,xlvii4 ,av>ice is ! immod]ate desire & love ( ri*es4 ,,xlviii4 ,lu/ is ! immod]ate desire & love ( sexual int]c\rse4 ,explanation4--,?is desire ( sexual int]c\rse is usually call$ lu/1 :e!r x be held )9 b\nds or n4 ,i may add t ! five la/-m5tion$ emotions h no contr>ies1 = mod]ation is a k9d ( ambition1 & ,i h already obs]v$ t temp]ance1 sobriety1 & *a/ity %[ a p[] & n a passion ( ! m9d4 ,ev5 suppos+ t an av>ici\s1 ambiti\s1 or timid man refra9s f an excess ( eat+1 dr9k+1 or sexual int]c\rse1 av>ice1 ambition1 & fe> are n !re=e ! opposites ( voluptu\sness1 drunk5ness1 or lu/4 ,= ! av>ici\s man g5]ally desires to swall[ z mu* meat & dr9k z he c1 provid$ only x belong to ano!r p]son4 ,! ambiti\s man1 too1 if he hopes he c keep x a secret1 w re/ra9 himself 9 no?+1 & if he lives among/ drunk>ds & lib]t9es1 w be m incl9$ to _! vices j because he is ambiti\s4 ,! timid man1 too1 does :at he does n w2 & al?\gh1 9 ord] to avoid dea?1 he may ?r[ 8 ri*es into ! sea1 he rema9s av>ici\s2 nor does ! lascivi\s man cease to be lascivi\s because he is sorry t he _c gratify 8 desire4 ,absolutely1 !re=e1 ^! emotions h ref]5ce n s mu* to ! acts !mselves ( eat+ & dr9k+ z to ! appetite & love itself4 ,consequ5tly no?+ c be oppos$ to ^! emotions b nobility ( s\l & /r5g? ( m9d1 z we %all see aft]w>ds4 ,! def9itions ( jeal\sy & ! o!r vacillations ( ! m9d ,i pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 bo? because !y are comp\nd$ ( ! emotions :i* we h already def9$1 & also because _m ( !m h no names1--a fact :i* %[s t1 = ! purposes ( life1 x is suffici5t to "k ^! comb9ations g5]ally4 ,moreov]1 x foll[s f ! def9itions ( ! emotions :i* we h expla9$ t1 !y all arise f desire1 joy1 or sorr[1 or r t !re are none b ^! ?ree1 :i* pass "u names v>y+ z _! relations & ext]nal signs v>y4 ,if1 !re=e1 we att5d to ^! primitive emotions & to :at has be5 said above ab\t ! nature ( ! m9d1 we %all be able "h to def9e ! emotions 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ! m9d alone4 ,g5]al def9ition ( ! emotions4--,emotion1 :i* is call$ animi pa!ma1 is a confus$ idea by :i* ! m9d affirms ( its body1 or any "p ( x1 a great] or less p[] ( exi/5ce ?an be=e2 & ?is increase ( p[] be+ giv51 ! m9d itself is det]m9$ to "o p>ticul> ?\ght r ?an to ano!r4 ,explanation4--,i say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t an emotion or passion ( ! m9d is a confus$ idea4 ,= we h %[n t ! m9d suff]s only 9 s f> z x has inadequate or confus$ ideas4 ,i say aga91 by :i* ! m9d affirms ( its body1 or any "p ( x1 a great] or less p[] ( exi/5ce ?an be=e4 ,= all ideas :i* we possess ( bodies indicate ! actual con/itution ( our body r ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal body2 b ?is idea1 :i* con/itutes ! =m ( an emotion1 mu/ indicate or express ! con/itution ( ! body1 or ( "s "p ( x2 :i* con/itution ! body or any "p ( x possesses f ! fact t its p[] ( action or =ce ( exi/5ce is increas$ or dim9i%$1 help$ or limit$4 ,b x is to be obs]v$1 t :5 ,i say a great] or less p[] ( exi/5ce ?an be=e1 ,i d n mean t ! m9d comp>es ! pres5t ) ! pa/ con/itution ( ! body1 b t ! idea :i* con/itutes ! =m ( emotion affirms some?+ ( ! body :i* actually involves m or less reality ?an be=e4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! ess5ce ( ! m9d consi/s 9 its affirmation ( ! actual exi/5ce ( its body1 & s9ce we und]/& by p]fection ! ess5ce itself ( ! ?+1 x foll[s t ! m9d passes to a great] or less p]fection :5 x is able to affirm ( its body1 or "s "p ( x1 some?+ :i* involves a great] or less reality ?an be=e4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i h said t ! m9d's p[] ( ?\ght is increas$ or dim9i%$1 ,i h wi%$ to be und]/ood z mean+ no?+ else ?an t ! m9d has =m$ an idea ( its body1 or "s "p ( its body1 :i* expresses m or less reality ?an x _h hi!rto affirm$ ( ! body4 ,= ! value ( ideas & ! actual p[] ( ?\ght are measur$ by ! value ( ! object4 ,f9ally1 ,i add$1 :i* be+ giv51 ! m9d itself is det]m9$ to "o p>ticul> ?\ght r ?an to ano!r1 t ,i might also express ! nature ( desire 9 addition to t ( joy & sorr[1 :i* is expla9$ by ! fir/ "p ( ! def9ition4 ,i h n[1 ,i ?9k1 expla9$ ! pr9cipal emotions & vacillations ( ! m9d :i* are comp\nd$ ( ! ?ree prim>y emotions1 desire1 joy1 & sorr[1 & h set !m =? ?r\gh _! fir/ causes4 ,f :at has be5 said x is pla9 t we are di/urb$ by ext]nal causes 9 a numb] ( ways1 & t1 l ! waves ( ! sea agitat$ by contr>y w9ds1 we fluctuate 9 our ignorance ( our future & de/9y4 ,i h said1 h[ev]1 t ,i h only expla9$ ! pr9cipal m5tal complications1 & n all :i* may exi/4 ,= by ! same me?od :i* we h pursu$ above x w\ld be easy to %[ t love unites itself to rep5tance1 scorn1 %ame1 etc42 b ,i ?9k x has already be5 made cle> to all t ! emotions c be comb9$ 9 s _m ways1 & t s _m v>iations c arise1 t no limits c be assign$ to _! numb]4 ,x is suffici5t = my purpose to h enum]at$ only ^? :i* are ( consequ5ce2 ! re/1 ( :i* ,i h tak5 no notice1 be+ m curi\s ?an important4 ,!re is "o con/antly recurr+ *>act]i/ic ( love :i* ,i h yet to notice1 & t is1 t :ile we are enjoy+ ! ?+ :i* we desir$1 ! body acquires f t fruition a new disposition by :i* x is o!rwise det]m9$1 & ! images ( o!r ?+s are excit$ 9 x1 & ! m9d beg9s to imag9e & to desire o!r ?+s4 ,= example1 :5 we imag9e any?+ :i* usually delights our ta/e1 we desire to enjoy x by eat+ x4 ,b :il/ we enjoy x ! /oma* becomes full1 & ! con/itution ( ! body becomes alt]$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! body be+ n[ o!rwise dispos$1 ! image ( ! food1 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ pres5t1 & !re=e also ! ef=t or desire to eat x1 become m int5se1 !n ?is new disposition ( ! body w oppose ?is ef=t or desire1 & consequ5tly ! pres5ce ( ! food :i* we desir$ w become hateful to u1 & ?is hatefulness is :at we call loa?+ or disgu/4 ,z = ! ext]nal modifications ( ! body :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! emotions1 su* z trembl+1 pal5ess1 sobb+1 laught]1 & ! l1 ,i h neglect$ to notice !m1 because !y belong to ! body alone )\t any relation%ip to ! m9d4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,h5ce x foll[s t ! m9d is subject to passions 9 proportion to ! numb] ( inadequate ideas :i* x has1 & t x acts 9 proportion to ! numb] ( adequate ideas :i* x has4 #bg ,?is proposition is self-evid5t1 = ! def9ition ( any giv5 ?+ affirms & does n d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+2 t is to say1 x posits ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ & does n negate x4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z we att5d only to ! ?+ itself1 & n to ext]nal causes1 we %all discov] no?+ 9 x :i* c de/roy x4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,! ,association ( ! ,emotions ,if ! human body has at any "t be5 simultane\sly affect$ by two bodies1 :5ev] ! m9d aft]w>ds imag9es "o ( !m1 x w imm$iately rememb] ! o!r4 ,b ! imag9ations ( ! m9d indicate r ! modifications ( our body ?an ! nature ( ext]nal bodies1 & !re=e if ! body1 & consequ5tly ! m9d1 has be5 at any "t1 simultane\sly affect$ by two emotions1 :5ev] x is aft]w>ds affect$ by "o ( !m1 x w also be affect$ by ! o!r4 ,let ! m9d be suppos$ to be affect$ at ! same "t by two emotions1 its p[] ( action n be+ increas$ or dim9i%$ by "o1 :ile x is increas$ or dim9i%$ by ! o!r4 ,f ! prec$+ proposition x is pla9 t :5 ! m9d is aft]w>ds affect$ by ! fir/ emotion ?r\gh its true cause1 :i* 7by hypo!sis7 ( itself nei!r increases nor dim9i%es ! m9d's p[] ( ?9k+1 x w at ! same "t be affect$ by ! o!r emotion1 :i* does increase or dim9i% t p[]1 t is to say1 x w be affect$ ) joy or sorr[2 & ?us ! ?+ itself w be ! cause ( joy or ( sorr[1 n ( itself1 b accid5tally4 ,9 ! same way x c easily be %[n t ! same ?+ may accid5tally be ! cause ( desire4 ,! fact t we h contemplat$ a ?+ ) an emotion ( joy or sorr[1 ( :i* x is n ! effici5t cause1 is a suffici5t reason = be+ able to love or hate x4 ,we n[ und]/& :y we love or hate c]ta9 ?+s f no cause :i* is kn[n to u1 b m]ely f sympa?y or antipa?y1 z !y say4 ,to ?is class1 too1 are to be ref]r$ ^? objects :i* affect u ) joy or sorr[ solely because !y are some:at l objects :i* usually affect u ) ^? emotions4 ,i "k inde$ t ! writ]s :o fir/ introduc$ ! words ,sympa?y & ,antipa?y desir$ !reby to signify c]ta9 hidd5 qualities ( ?+s1 b nev]!less ,i believe t we %all be p]mitt$ to und]/& by ^? names qualities :i* are pla9 & well kn[n4 ,any?+ may be accid5tally ! cause ei!r ( hope or fe>4 ,?+s :i* are accid5tally ! causes ei!r ( hope or fe> are call$ good or evil om5s4 ,9 s f> z ! om5s are ! cause ( hope & fe> are !y ! cause ( joy or ( sorr[1 & consequ5tly s f> d we love !m or hate !m1 & endeavor to use !m z means to obta9 ^? ?+s = :i* we hope1 or to remove !m z ob/acles or causes ( fe>4 ,our natural con/itution1 too1 is su* t we easily believe ! ?+s we hope =1 & believe ) difficulty ^? we fe>1 & we ?9k too mu* ( ! =m] & too little ( ! latt]4 ,?us h sup]/itions aris51 by :i* m5 are ev]y:]e disquiet$4 ,i d n consid] x wor? :ile to g any fur!r1 & to expla9 "h all ^? vacillations ( m9d :i* arise f hope & fe>1 s9ce x foll[s f ! def9ition alone ( ^! emotions t hope _c exi/ )\t fe>1 nor fe> )\t hope4 ,if we imag9e a c]ta9 ?+ to possess some?+ :i* resembles an object :i* usually affects ! m9d ) joy or sorr[1 al?\gh ! quality 9 :i* ! ?+ resembles ! object is n ! effici5t cause ( ^! emotions1 we %all nev]!less1 by virtue ( ! resemblance alone1 love or hate ! ?+4 ,if we h be5 affect$ ) joy or sorr[ by any "o :o belongs to a class or nation diff]5t f our own1 & if our joy or sorr[ is accompani$ ) ! idea ( ?is p]son z its cause1 "u ! common "n ( 8 class or nation1 we %all n love or hate him m]ely1 b ! :ole ( ! class or nation to :i* he belongs4 ,! ,imitation & ,reciprocation ( ! ,emotions ,i ,! images ( ?+s are modifications ( ! human body1 & ! ideas ( ^! modifications repres5t to u ext]nal bodies z if !y 7 pres5t1 t is to say1 ^! ideas involve bo? ! nature ( our own body & at ! same "t ! pres5t nature ( ! ext]nal body4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! nature ( ! ext]nal body be l t ( our body1 !n ! idea ( ! ext]nal body :i* we imag9e w involve a modification ( our body l t ( ! ext]nal body4 ,!re=e1 if we imag9e any "o :o is l ourselves to be affect$ by a modification1 ?is imag9ation w express a modification ( our body l t modification1 & !re=e we %all be modifi$ ) a simil> modification ourselves1 because we imag9e some?+ l u to be modifi$ ) ! same4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we hate a ?+ :i* is l ourselves1 we %all s f> be modifi$ by a modification contr>y & n simil> to t ) :i* x is modifi$4 ,if we imag9e t a p]son enjoys a ?+1 t w be a suffici5t reason = mak+ u love ! ?+ & desir+ to enjoy x4 ,if we imag9e t a p]son enjoys a ?+ :i* only "o c possess1 we d all we c to prev5t 8 possess+ x4 ,8 enjoym5t ( ! ?+ is an ob/acle to our joy1 & we endeavor to br+ into exi/5ce ev]y?+ :i* we imag9e conduces to joy1 & to remove or de/roy ev]y?+ oppos$ to x1 or :i* we imag9e conduces to sorr[4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! nature ( man is g5]ally con/itut$ s z to pity ^? :o are 9 adv]sity & envy ^? :o are 9 prosp]ity1 & he envies ) a hatr$ :i* is ! great] 9 proportion z he loves :at he imag9es ano!r possesses4 ,we see also t f ! same prop]ty ( human nature f :i* x foll[s t m5 pity "o ano!r x also foll[s t !y are envi\s & ambiti\s4 ,if we w consult exp]i5ce1 we %all f9d t %e tea*es ! same doctr9e1 especially if we consid] ! fir/ ye>s ( our life4 ,= we f9d t *ildr51 because _! body is1 z x 71 cont9ually 9 equilibrium1 laugh & cry m]ely because !y see o!rs d ! same2 :atev] else !y see o!rs d !y imm$iately wi% to imitate2 ev]y?+ :i* !y ?9k is pleas+ to o!r p !y want4 ,& ! reason is1 z we h said1 t ! images ( ?+s are ! modifications !mselves ( ! human body1 or ! ways 9 :i* x is modifi$ by ext]nal causes & dispos$ to ?is or t action4 ,,ii ,if we imag9e t we are hat$ by ano!r )\t hav+ giv5 him any cause = x1 we %all hate him 9 return4 ,if we imag9e t we h giv5 j cause = ! hatr$1 we %all !n be affect$ ) %ame4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 r>ely happ5s2 we endeavor to affirm ev]y?+1 bo? conc]n+ ourselves & conc]n+ ! belov$ object :i* we imag9e w affect u or ! object ) joy1 &1 on ! contr>y1 we endeavor to d5y ev]y?+ t w affect ei!r x or ourselves ) sorr[4 ,?is reciprocity ( hatr$ may also arise f ! fact t hatr$ is foll[$ by an attempt to br+ evil ^u him :o is hat$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we imag9e t we are hat$ by any "o else1 we %all imag9e him z ! cause ( "s evil or sorr[1 & ?us we %all be affect$ ) sorr[ or appreh5sion accompani$ ) ! idea ( ! p]son :o hates u z a cause2 t is to say1 we %all hate him 9 return1 z we h said above4 ,if we imag9e t ! p]son we love is affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds u1 we %all be agitat$ at ! same "t bo? ) love & hatr$4 ,= 9 s f> z we imag9e t we are hat$ are we det]m9$ to hate him 9 return4 ,b 7by hypo!sis7 we love him not)/&+1 & !re=e we %all be agitat$ bo? by love & hatr$4 ,if we imag9e t an evil has be5 br\ght ^u u ?r\gh ! hatr$ ( "s p]son t[>ds :om we h hi!rto be5 mov$ by no emotion1 we %all imm$iately endeavor to return t evil ^u him4 ,if we imag9e t any "o l ourselves is affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds an object l ourselves :i* we love1 we %all hate him4 ,if we imag9e t we are belov$ by a p]son )\t hav+ giv5 any cause = ! love we %all love him 9 return4 ,if we imag9e t we h giv5 j cause = love1 we %all pride ourselves ^u x4 ,?is frequ5tly occurs1 & we h said t ! contr>y takes place :5 we believe t we are hat$ by ano!r p]son4 ,?is reciprocal love1 & consequ5tly ?is attempt to d good to ! p]son :o loves u1 & :o endeavors to d good to u1 is call$ ?ankfulness or gratitude1 & f ?is we c see h[ mu* readi] m5 are to rev5ge !mselves ?an to return a b5efit4 ,if we imag9e t we are lov$ by a p]son we hate1 we %all at ! same "t be agitat$ bo? by love & hatr$4 ,if ! hatr$ prevail1 we %all endeavor to br+ evil ^u ! p]son by :om we are lov$4 ,?is emotion is call$ ,cruelty1 especially if x is believ$ t ! p]son :o loves has n giv5 any ord9>y reason = hatr$4 ,! ,h]d ,in/9ct ,if we imag9e m5 to love or hate a ?+1 we %all !re=e love or hate x2 t is to say1 we %all !re=e rejoice or be sad at ! pres5ce ( ! ?+1 & !re=e we %all endeavor to d ev]y?+ :i* we imag9e m5#bh w look ^u ) joy1 &1 on ! contr>y1 we %all be av]se to do+ any?+ to :i* we imag9e m5 are av]se4 ,he :o imag9es t he affects o!rs ) joy or sorr[ w necess>ily be affect$ ) joy or sorr[4 ,b s9ce man is consci\s ( himself by means ( ! emotions by :i* he is det]m9$ to act2 !re=e if a p]son has done any?+ :i* he imag9es w affect o!rs ) joy1 he also w be affect$ ) joy1 accompani$ ) an idea ( himself z its cause2 t is to say1 he w look ^u himself ) joy4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he has done any?+ :i* he imag9es w affect o!rs ) sorr[1 he w look ^u himself ) sorr[4 ,if we imag9e t a p]son loves1 desires1 or hates a ?+ :i* we ourselves love1 desire1 or hate1 we %all on t acc\nt love1 desire1 or hate ! ?+ m /eadily4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we imag9e t he is av]se to ! ?+ we love or loves ! ?+ to :i* we are av]se1 we %all !n suff] vacillation ( m9d4 ,x foll[s f ?is proposition t e "o endeavors z mu* z possible to make o!rs love :at he loves1 & to hate :at he hates4 ,h5ce ! poet says3 ,sp]emus p>it]1 p>it] metuamus amantes2 ,f]reus e/1 si quis1 quod s9it alt]1 amat4 ,?is ef=t to make e "o approve :at we love or hate is 9 tru? ambition1 & s we see t ea* p]son by nature desires t o!r p]sons %\ld live accord+ to 8 way ( ?9k+2 b if e "o does ?is1 !n all are a h9drance to "o ano!r1 & if e "o wi%es to be prais$ or belov$ by ! re/1 !n !y all hate "o ano!r4 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,emotion ,joy & sorr[1 & consequ5tly ! emotions :i* are comp\nd$ ( ^! or d]iv$ f !m1 are passions4 ,b we necess>ily suff] 9 s f> z we h inadequate ideas1 & only 9 s f> z we h !m2 t is to say1 we necess>ily suff] only 9 s f> z we imag9e1 or 9 s f> z we are affect$ by a modification :i* involves ! nature ( our body & t ( an ext]nal body4 ,! nature1 !re=e1 ( ea* passion mu/ necess>ily be expla9$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! nature ( ! object by :i* we are affect$ is express$4 ,! joy1 = example1 :i* spr+s f an object ,a involves ! nature ( t object ,a1 & ! joy :i* spr+s f ,b involves ! nature ( t object ,b1 & !re=e ^! two emotions ( joy are ( a diff]5t nature1 because !y arise f causes ( a diff]5t nature4 ,9 l mann] ! emotion ( sorr[ :i* arises f "o object is ( a diff]5t k9d f t :i* arises f ano!r cause1 & ! same ?+ is to be und]/ood ( love1 hatr$1 hope1 fe>1 vacillation ( m9d1 etc42 s t !re are necess>ily j z _m k9ds ( joy1 sorr[1 love1 hatr$1 etc41 z !re are k9ds ( objects by :i* we are affect$4 ,b desire is ! ess5ce itself or nature ( a p]son 9 s f> z ?is nature is conceiv$ f its giv5 con/itution z det]m9$ t[>ds any action1 & !re=e z a p]son is affect$ by ext]nal causes ) ?is or t k9d ( joy1 sorr[1 love1 hatr$1 etc41 t is to say1 z 8 nature is con/itut$ 9 ?is or t way1 s mu/ 8 desire v>y & ! nature ( "o desire diff] f t ( ano!r1 j z ! emotions f :i* ea* desire arises diff]4 ,!re are z _m k9ds ( desires1 !re=e1 z !re are k9ds ( joy1 sorr[1 love1 etc41 &1 consequ5tly 7z we h j %[n71 z !re are k9ds ( objects by :i* we are affect$4 ,all emotions are relat$ to desire1 joy1 or sorr[1 z ! def9itions %[ :i* we h giv5 ( ^? emotions4 ,b desire is ! v nature or ess5ce ( a p]son & !re=e ! desire ( "o p]son diff]s f ! desire ( ano!r z mu* z ! nature or ess5ce ( ! "o diff]s f t ( ! o!r4 ,aga91 joy & sorr[ are passions by :i* ! p[] ( a p]son or 8 ef=t to p]sev]e 9 8 own be+ is increas$ or dim9i%$1 help$1 or limit$4 ,b by ! ef=t to p]sev]e 9 8 own be+1 9 s f> z x is relat$ at ! same "t to ! m9d & ! body1 we und]/& appetite & desire1 & !re=e joy & sorr[ are desire or appetite 9 s f> z ! latt] is increas$1 dim9i%$1 help$1 or limit$ by ext]nal causes2 t is to say !y are ! nature itself ( ea* p]son4 ,! joy or sorr[ ( "o p]son !re=e diff]s f ! joy or sorr[ ( ano!r z mu* z ! nature or ess5ce ( "o p]son diff]s f t ( ! o!r1 & consequ5tly ! emotion ( "o p]son diff]s f ! correspond+ emotion ( ano!r4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! emotions ( animals :i* are call$ irrational 7= aft] we h le>n$ ! orig9 ( ! m9d we c 9 no way d\bt t brutes feel7 diff] f human emotions z mu* z ! nature ( a brute diff]s f t ( a man4 ,bo? ! man & ! horse1 = example1 are sway$ by ! lu/ to propagate1 b ! horse is sway$ by equ9e lu/ & ! man by t :i* is human4 ,! lu/s & appetites ( insects1 fi%es1 & birds mu/ v>y 9 ! same way2 & s1 al?\gh ea* individual lives cont5t$ ) its own nature & delights 9 x1 nev]!less ! life ) :i* x is cont5t$ & its joy are no?+ b ! idea or s\l ( t individual1 & s ! joy ( "o diff]s 9 "* f ! joy ( ! o!r z mu* z ! ess5ce ( ! "o diff]s f ! ess5ce ( ! o!r4 ,f9ally1 x foll[s f ! prec$+ proposition t ! joy by :i* ! drunk>d is enslav$ is altoge!r diff]5t f ! joy :i* is ! portion ( ! philosoph]1--a ?+ ,i wi%$ j to h9t 9 pass+4 ,! ,incon/ancy ( ! ,emotions ,! human body is affect$ by ext]nal bodies 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,two m51 !re=e1 may be affect$ 9 diff]5t ways at ! same "t1 & !re=e !y c be affect$ by "o & ! same object 9 diff]5t ways4 ,aga9 ! human body may be affect$ n[ 9 ?is & n[ 9 t way1 & consequ5tly x may be affect$ by "o & ! same object 9 diff]5t ways at diff]5t times4 ,we ?us see t x is possible = "o man to love a ?+ & = ano!r man to hate x2 = ?is man to fe> :at ?is man does n fe>1 & = ! same man to love :at be=e he hat$1 & to d>e to d :at be=e he fe>$4 ,aga91 s9ce ea* judges accord+ to 8 own emotion :at is good & :at is evil1 :at is bett] & :at is worse1 x foll[s t m5 may *ange 9 _! judgm5t z !y d 9 _! emotions1 & h5ce x comes to pass t :5 we comp>e m51 we di/+ui% !m solely by ! diff]5ce 9 _! emotions1 call+ "s brave1 o!rs timid1 & o!rs by o!r names4 ,= example1 ,i %all call a man brave :o despises an evil :i* ,i usually fe>1 & if1 besides ?is1 ,i consid] ! fact t 8 desire ( do+ evil to a p]son :om he hates or do+ good to "o :om he loves is n re/ra9$ by t fe> ( evil by :i* ,i am usually re/ra9$1 ,i call him audaci\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man :o fe>s an evil :i* ,i usually despise w appe> timid1 & if1 besides ?is1 ,i consid] t 8 desire is re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( an evil :i* has no p[] to re/ra9 me1 ,i call him pusillanim\s2 & 9 ?is way ev]ybody w pass judgm5t4 ,f9ally1 f ?is nature ( man & ! incon/ancy ( 8 judgm5t1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he (t5 judges ?+s f m]e emotion1 & ! ?+s :i* he believes contribute to 8 joy or 8 sorr[1 & :i*1 !re=e1 he endeavors to br+ to pass or remove1 are (t5 only imag9>y--to say no?+ ab\t ! unc]ta9ty ( ?+s--x is easy to see t a man may (t5 be himself ! cause ( 8 sorr[ or 8 joy1 or ( be+ affect$ ) sorr[ or joy accompani$ ) ! idea ( himself z its cause1 s t we c easily und]/& :at rep5tance & :at self-approval are4 ,love & hatr$ t[>ds any object1 = example1 t[>ds ,pet]1 are de/roy$ if ! joy & ! sorr[ :i* !y respectively involve be jo9$ to ! idea ( ano!r cause2 & !y are respectively dim9i%$ 9 proportion z we imag9e t ,pet] has n be5 _! sole cause4 ,= ! same reason1 love or hatr$ t[>ds an object we imag9e to be free mu/ be great] ?an t[>ds an object :i* is "u necessity4 ,an object :i* we imag9e to be free mu/ be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh itself & )\t o!rs4 ,if1 !re=e1 we imag9e x to be ! cause ( joy or sorr[1 we %all = t reason alone love or hate x1 & t too ) ! greate/ love or ! greate/ hatr$ :i* c spr+ f ! giv5 emotion4 ,b if we imag9e t ! object :i* is ! cause ( t emotion is necess>y1 !n we %all imag9e x z ! cause ( t emotion1 n alone1 b toge!r ) o!r causes1 & s our love or hatr$ t[>ds x w be less4 ,h5ce x foll[s t our hatr$ or love t[>ds "o ano!r is great] ?an t[>ds o!r ?+s1 because we ?9k we are free4 ,! ,p[] ( ,love ,ov] ,hate ,if we imag9e t ! p]son we hate is affect$ ) hatr$ t[>ds u1 a new hatr$ is !reby produc$1 ! old hatr$ /ill rema9+ 7by hypo!sis74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we imag9e him to be affect$ ) love t[>ds u1 9 s f> z we imag9e x %all we look ^u ourselves ) joy1 & endeavor to please him2 t is to say1 9 s f> %all we endeavor n to hate him nor to affect him ) sorr[4 ,?is ef=t w be great] or less z ! emotion f :i* x arises is great] or less1 &1 !re=e1 %\ld x be great] ?an t :i* spr+s f hatr$1 & by :i* we endeavor to affect ) sorr[ ! object we hate1 !n x w prevail & bani% hatr$ f ! m9d4 ,hatr$ is increas$ ?r\gh return ( hatr$1 b may be de/roy$ by love4 ,hatr$ :i* is altoge!r ov]come by love passes into love1 & ! love is !re=e great] ?an if hatr$ _h n prec$$ x4 ,= if we beg9 to love a ?+ :i* we hat$1 or ^u :i* we 7 9 ! habit ( look+ ) sorr[1 we %all rejoice = ! v reason t we love1 & to ?is joy :i* love involves a new joy is add$1 :i* spr+s f ! fact t ! ef=t to remove ! sorr[ :i* hatr$ involves1 is s mu* assi/$1 !re be+ also pres5t be=e u z ! cause ( our joy ! idea ( ! p]son :om we hat$4 ,not)/&+ ! tru? ( ?is proposition1 no "o w try to hate a ?+ or w wi% to be affect$ ) sorr[ 9 ord] t he may rejoice ! m2 t is to say1 no "o w desire to inflict loss on himself 9 ! hope ( recov]+ ! loss1 or to become ill 9 ! hope ( gett+ well1 inasmu* z e "o w always try to pres]ve 8 be+ & to remove sorr[ f himself z mu* z possible4 ,moreov]1 if x c be imag9$ t x is possible = u to desire to hate a p]son 9 ord] t we may love him aft]w>ds ! m1 we mu/ always desire to cont9ue ! hatr$4 ,= ! love w be ! great] z ! hatr$ has be5 great]1 & !re=e we %all always desire ! hatr$ to be m & m increas$4 ,^u ! same pr9ciple we %all desire t our sickness may cont9ue & increase 9 ord] t we may aft]w>ds enjoy ! great] pleasure :5 we get well1 & !re=e we %all always desire sickness1 :i* is absurd4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,bo? "h & 9 :at foll[s to :om we are mov$ by no emotion ,i und]/& by ! ^w m51 m5 7,sp474 ,,?ird ,,"p ,,on ,,man',s ,,well-,,be+ ,all happ9ess or unhapp9ess solely dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! object to :i* we are atta*$ by love4 ,love = an object et]nal & inf9ite fe$s ! m9d ) joy alone1 a joy t is free f all sorr[4 ,,sp9oza4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,( ,,human ,,bondage ,introductory ,! impot5ce ( man to gov]n or re/ra9 ! emotions ,i call bondage1 = a man :o is "u _! control is n 8 own ma/]1 b is ma/]$ by =tune1 9 ^: p[] he is1 s t he is (t5 =c$ to foll[ ! worse1 al?\gh he sees ! bett] be=e him4 ,i propose 9 ?is "p to demon/rate :y ?is is1 & also to %[ :at ( good & evil ! emotions possess4 ,b be=e ,i beg9 ,i %\ld l to say a few words ab\t p]fection & imp]fection1 & ab\t good & evil4 ,if a man has propos$ to d a ?+ & has accompli%$ x1 he calls x p]fect1 & n only he1 b e "o else :o has really kn[n or has believ$ t he has kn[n ! m9d & int5tion ( ! au?or ( t "w w call x p]fect too4 ,= example1 hav+ se5 "s "w 7:i* ,i suppose to be z yet n f9i%$71 if we "k t ! int5tion ( ! au?or ( t "w is to build a h\se1 we %all call ! h\se imp]fect2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we %all call x p]fect z soon z we see ! "w has be5 br\ght to ! end :i* ! au?or _h det]m9$ = x4 ,b if we see any "w su* z we h nev] se5 be=e1 & if we d n "k ! m9d ( ! workman1 we %all !n n be able to say :e!r ! "w is p]fect or imp]fect4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! fir/ signification ( ^! words2 b aft]w>ds m5 began to =m univ]sal ideas1 to ?9k out = !mselves types ( h\ses1 build+s1 ca/les1 & to pref] "s types ( ?+s to o!rs2 & s x happ5$ t ea* p]son call$ a ?+ p]fect :i* seem$ to agree ) ! univ]sal idea :i* he _h =m$ ( t ?+1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he call$ a ?+ imp]fect :i* seem$ to agree less ) 8 typal conception1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! workman1 x _h be5 entirely complet$4 ,?is appe>s to be ! only reason :y ! words p]fect & imp]fect are commonly appli$ to natural objects :i* are n made ) human h&s2 = m5 are 9 ! habit ( =m+1 bo? ( natural z well z ( artificial objects1 univ]sal ideas :i* !y reg>d z types ( ?+s1 & :i* !y ?9k ,nature has 9 view1 sett+ !m be=e h]self z types too2 x be+ ! common op9ion t %e does no?+ except = ! sake ( "s end4 ,:51 !re=e1 m5 see some?+ done by ,nature :i* does n altoge!r answ] to t typal conception :i* !y h ( ! ?+1 !y ?9k t ,nature h]self has fail$ or committ$ an error1 & t %e has left ! ?+ imp]fect4 ,?us we see t ! cu/om ( apply+ ! words p]fect & imp]fect to natural objects has aris5 r f prejudice ?an f true k ( !m4 ,= we h %[n t ,nature does no?+ = ! sake ( an end1 = t et]nal & inf9ite ,be+ :om we call ,god or ,nature acts by ! same necessity by :i* ,he exi/s2 = we h %[n t ,he acts by ! same necessity ( nature z t by :i* ,he exi/s4 ,! reason or cause1 !re=e1 :y ,god or ,nature acts & ! reason :y ,he exi/s are "o & ! same4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ,he exi/s = no end1 ,he acts = no end2 & s9ce ,he has no pr9ciple or end ( exi/5ce1 ,he has no pr9ciple or end ( action4 ,a f9al cause1 z x is call$1 is no?+1 !re=e1 b human desire1 9 s f> z ?is is consid]$ z ! pr9ciple or prim>y cause ( any?+4 ,= example1 :5 we say t ! hav+ a h\se to live 9 0 ! f9al cause ( ?is or t h\se1 we m]ely mean t a man1 because he imag9$ ! advantages ( a dome/ic life1 desir$ to build a h\se4 ,!re=e1 hav+ a h\se to live 91 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z a f9al cause1 is m]ely ?is p>ticul> desire1 :i* is really an effici5t cause1 & is consid]$ z prim>y1 because m5 are usually ignorant ( ! causes ( _! desires2 =1 z ,i h (t5 said1 we are consci\s ( our actions & desires1 b ignorant ( ! causes by :i* we are det]m9$ to desire any?+4 ,z = ! vulg> op9ion t ,nature sometimes fails or commits an error1 or produces imp]fect ?+s1 ,i class x among/ ^? fictions m5tion$ above4#bi ,p]fection1 !re=e1 & imp]fection are really only modes ( ?\ght2 t is to say1 notions :i* we are 9 ! habit ( =m+ f ! comp>ison ) "o ano!r ( individuals ( ! same species or g5us1 & ?is is ! reason :y ,i h said t by reality & p]fection ,i und]/& ! same ?+2 = we are 9 ! habit ( ref]r+ all individuals 9 ,nature to "o g5us1 :i* is call$ ! mo/ g5]al2 t is to say1 to ! notion ( be+1 :i* embraces absolutely all ! individual objects 9 ,nature4 ,9 s f>1 !re=e1 z we ref] ! individual objects 9 ,nature to ?is g5us1 & comp>e !m "o ) ano!r1 & discov] t "s possess m be+ or reality ?an o!rs1 9 s f> d we call "s m p]fect ?an o!rs2 & 9 s f> z we assign to ! latt] any?+ :i*1 l limitation1 t]m9ation1 impot5ce1 etc41 involves negation1 %all we call !m imp]fect1 because !y d n affect our m9ds s /rongly z ^? we call p]fect1 b n because any?+ :i* really belongs to !m is want+1 or because ,nature has committ$ an error4 ,= no?+ belongs to ! nature ( any?+ except+ t :i* foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( ! effici5t cause1 & :atev] foll[s f ! necessity ( ! nature ( ! effici5t cause necess>ily happ5s4 ,) reg>d to good & evil1 ^! t]ms indicate no?+ positive 9 ?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 nor are !y any?+ else ?an modes ( ?\ght1 or notions :i* we =m f ! comp>ison ( "o ?+ ) ano!r4 ,= "o & ! same ?+ may at ! same "t be bo? good & evil or indiff]5t4 ,music1 = example1 is good to a melan*oly p]son1 bad to "o m\rn+1 :ile to a deaf man x is nei!r good nor bad4 ,b al?\gh ?+s are s1 we mu/ reta9 ^! words4 ,= s9ce we desire to =m = ourselves an idea ( man ^u :i* we may look z a model ( human nature1 x w be ( s]vice to u to reta9 ^! expressions 9 ! s5se ,i h m5tion$4 ,by good1 !re=e1 ,i und]/& 9 ! foll[+ pages ev]y?+ :i* we are c]ta9 is a means by :i* we may approa* ne>] & ne>] to ! model ( human nature we set be=e u4 ,by evil1 on ! contr>y1 ,i und]/& ev]y?+ :i* we are c]ta9 h9d]s u f rea*+ t model4 ,aga91 ,i %all call m5 m or less p]fect or imp]fect 9 s f> z !y approa* m or less ne>ly to ?is same model4 ,= x is to be c>efully obs]v$1 t :5 ,i say t an individual passes f a less to a great] p]fection & vice v]sa1 ,i d n und]/& t f "o ess5ce or =m he is *ang$ into ano!r 7= a horse1 = in/ance1 w\ld be z mu* de/roy$ if x 7 *ang$ into a man z if x 7 *ang$ into an insect71 b r we conceive t 8 p[] ( action1 9 s f> z x is und]/ood by 8 own nature1 is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,f9ally1 by p]fection g5]ally1 ,i und]/&1 z ,i h said1 reality2 t is to say1 ! ess5ce ( any object 9 s f> z x exi/s & acts 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 no reg>d be+ paid to its duration4 ,= no individual ?+ c be said to be m p]fect because = a long] "t x has p]sev]$ 9 exi/5ce2 inasmu* z ! duration ( ?+s _c be det]m9$ by _! ess5ce1 ! ess5ce ( ?+s involv+ no fix$ or det]m9$ p]iod ( exi/5ce2 any object1 :e!r x be m or less p]fect1 always be+ able to p]sev]e 9 exi/5ce ) ! same =ce z t ) :i* x comm5c$ exi/5ce4 ,all ?+s1 !re=e1 are equal 9 ?is respect4 ,def9itions ,i4--,by good1 ,i und]/& t :i* we c]ta9ly "k is useful to u4 ,,ii4 ,by evil1 on ! contr>y1 ,i und]/& t :i* we c]ta9ly "k h9d]s u f possess+ any?+ t is good4 ,) reg>d to ^! two def9itions1 see ! close ( ! prec$+4 ,,iii4 ,i call individual ?+s cont+5t 9 s f> z we discov] no?+1 :il/ we att5d to _! ess5ce alone1 :i* necess>ily posits _! exi/5ce or :i* necess>ily excludes x4 ,,iv4 ,i call ^! individual ?+s possible1 9 s f> z we are ignorant1 :il/ we att5d to ! cause f :i* !y mu/ be produc$1 :e!r ^! causes are det]m9$ to ! production ( ^! ?+s4 ,v4 ,by contr>y emotions1 ,i und]/& 9 ! foll[+ pages ^? :i*1 al?\gh !y may be ( ! same k9d1 draw a man 9 diff]5t directions2 su* z voluptu\sness & av>ice1 :i* are bo? a species ( love1 & are n contr>y to "o ano!r by nature1 b only by accid5t4 ,,vi4 ,i "h call a ?+ pa/ or future 9 s f> z we h be5 or %all be affect$ by x2 = example1 9 s f> z we h se5 a ?+ or are ab\t to see x1 9 s f> z x has /r5g!n$ u or w /r5g!n u1 has injur$ or w injure u4 ,= 9 s f> z we ?us imag9e x d we affirm its exi/5ce2 t is to say1 ! body is affect$ by no mode :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 & !re=e ! body is affect$ by ! image ( ! ?+ 9 ! same way z if ! ?+ itself 7 pres5t4 ,b because x g5]ally happ5s t ^? :o possess mu* exp]i5ce hesitate :5 !y ?9k ( a ?+ z pa/ or future1 & d\bt greatly conc]n+ its issue1 !re=e ! emotions :i* spr+ f su* images ( ?+s are n s con/ant1 b are g5]ally di/urb$ by ! images ( o!r ?+s1 until m5 become m sure ( ! issue4 ,h[ev]1 x is to be obs]v$ t x is ! same ) "t z x is ) place2 = z beyond a c]ta9 limit we c =m no di/9ct imag9ation ( di/ance--t is to say1 z we usually imag9e all objects to be equally di/ant f u1 & z if !y 7 on ! same plane1 if _! di/ance f u exce$s #bjj feet1 or if _! di/ance f ! position we occupy is great] ?an we c di/9ctly imag9e--s we imag9e all objects to be equally di/ant f ! pres5t "t1 & ref] !m z if to "o mom5t1 if ! p]iod to :i* _! exi/5ce belongs is sep>at$ f ! pres5t by a long] int]val ?an we c usually imag9e di/9ctly4 ,,vii4 ,by end = ! sake ( :i* we d any?+1 ,i und]/& appetite4 ,,viii4 ,by virtue & p[]1 ,i und]/& ! same ?+2 t is to say1 virtue1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to man1 is ! ess5ce itself or nature ( ! man 9 s f> z x has ! p[] ( effect+ c]ta9 ?+s :i* c be und]/ood ?r\gh ! laws ( its nature alone4 ,axiom ,!re is no individual ?+ 9 ,nature :i* is n surpass$ 9 /r5g? & p[] by "s o!r ?+2 b any individual ?+ be+ giv51 ano!r & a /rong] is also giv51 by :i* ! =m] c be de/roy$4 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature ,! p[] by :i* individual ?+s &1 consequ5tly1 man pres]ve _! be+ is ! actual p[] ( ,god or ,nature1 n 9 s f> z x is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z x c be manife/$ by ! actual ess5ce ( man4 ,! p[] !re=e ( man1 9 s f> z x is manife/$ by 8 actual ess5ce is "p ( ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god or ,nature1 t is to say1 "p ( ,8 ess5ce4 ,aga91 if x 7 possible t man c\ld suff] no *anges b ^? :i* c be und]/ood ?r\gh 8 nature alone1 x w\ld foll[ t he c\ld n p]i%1 b t he w\ld exi/ =ev] necess>ily2 & ?is necess>y exi/5ce mu/ result f a cause ^: p[] is ei!r f9ite or inf9ite1 t is to say1 ei!r f ! p[] ( man alone1 :i* w\ld be able to place at a di/ance f himself all o!r *anges :i* c\ld take _! orig9 f ext]nal causes1 or x mu/ result f ! inf9ite p[] ( ,nature by :i* all individual ?+s w\ld be s direct$ t man c\ld suff] no *anges b ^? t5d+ to 8 pres]vation4 ,b ! fir/ case is absurd4 ,! =ce by :i* man p]sev]es 9 exi/5ce is limit$1 & inf9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes4 ,?is is evid5t f ! ,axiom4 ,!re=e if x 7 possible = a man to suff] no *anges b ^? :i* c\ld be und]/ood ?r\gh 8 own nature alone1 & consequ5tly 7z we h %[n7 t he %\ld always necess>ily exi/1 ?is mu/ foll[ f ! inf9ite p[] ( ,god2 & !re=e f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ z affect$ by ! idea ( any "o man1 ! :ole ord] ( ,nature1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ "u ! attributes ( ?\ght & ext5sion1 w\ld h to be d$uc$4 ,f ?is x w\ld foll[ t man w\ld be inf9ite1 :i* 7by ! fir/ "p ( ?is demon/ration7 is an absurdity4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t a man c suff] no *anges b ^? ( :i* he is ! adequate cause4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a man is necess>ily always subject to passions1 & t he foll[s & obeys ! common ord] ( ,nature1 accommodat+ himself to x z f> z ! nature ( ?+s requires4 ,! =ce & increase ( any passion & its p]sev]ance 9 exi/5ce are n limit$ by ! p[] by :i* we endeavor to p]sev]e 9 exi/5ce1 b by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own p[]4 ,! ,nature ( ,good & ,evil ,we call a ?+ good :i* contributes to ! pres]vation ( our be+1 & we call a ?+ evil if x is an ob/acle to ! pres]vation ( our be+2 t is to say1 a ?+ is call$ by u good or evil z x increases or dim9i%es1 helps or re/ra9s1 our p[] ( action4 ,9 s f>1 !re=e1 z we p]ceive t any object affects u ) joy or sorr[ d we call x good or evil1 & !re=e ! k ( good or evil is no?+ b an idea ( joy or sorr[ :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! emotion itself ( joy or sorr[4 ,b ?is idea is unit$ to ! emotion 9 ! same way z ! m9d is unit$ to ! body1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?is idea is n actually di/+ui%$ f ! emotion itself2 t is to say1 x is n actually di/+ui%$ f ! idea ( ! modification ( ! body1 unless 9 conception alone4 ,?is k1 !re=e1 ( good & evil is no?+ b ! emotion itself ( joy & sorr[ 9 s f> z we are consci\s ( x4 ,! ,control ( ! ,emotions ,an emotion1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! m9d1 is an idea by :i* ! m9d affirms a great] or less p[] ( exi/5ce = its body ?an ! body possess$ be=e4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ! m9d is agitat$ by any emotion1 ! body is at ! same "t affect$ ) a modification by :i* its p[] ( action is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,aga91 ?is modification ( ! body receives f its own cause a p[] to p]sev]e 9 its own be+1 a p[]1 !re=e1 :i* _c be re/ra9$ nor remov$ unless by a bodily cause affect+ ! body ) a modification contr>y to ! fir/1 & /rong] ?an x4 ,?us ! m9d is affect$ by ! idea ( a modification /rong] ?an ! =m] & contr>y to x2 t is to say1 x w be affect$ ) an emotion /rong] ?an ! =m] & contr>y to x1 & ?is /rong] emotion w exclude ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r or remove x4 ,?us an emotion _c be re/ra9$ nor remov$ unless by an oppos$ & /rong] emotion4 ,an emotion1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! m9d1 _c be re/ra9$ nor remov$ unless by ! idea ( a bodily modification oppos$ to t :i* we suff] & /rong] ?an x4 ,= ! emotion :i* we suff] _c be re/ra9$ nor remov$ unless by an oppos$ & /rong] emotion2 t is to say1 x _c be remov$ unless by ! idea ( a bodily modification /rong] ?an t :i* affects u1 & oppos$ to x4 ,! =ce & increase ( any passion & its p]sev]ance 9 exi/5ce are limit$ by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own p[] & !re=e ! o!r actions or p[] ( a man may be s f> surpass$ by =ce ( "s passion or emotion1 t ! emotion may ob/9ately cl+ to him4 ,an emotion is an idea by :i* ! m9d affirms a great] or less p[] ( exi/5ce = ! body ?an x possess$ be=e1 & !re=e ?is idea has no?+ positive :i* c be remov$ by ! pres5ce ( ! tru?1 & consequ5tly ! true k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z x is true1 c re/ra9 no emotion4 ,b 9 s f> z x is an emotion w x re/ra9 any o!r emotion1 provid$ t ! latt] be ! weak] ( ! two4 ,f ! true k ( good & evil1 9 s f> z ?is is an emotion1 necess>ily arises desire1 :i* is great] 9 proportion z ! emotion f :i* x spr+s is great]4 ,b ?is desire 7by hypo!sis71 because x spr+s f our und]/&+1 some?+ truly foll[s !re=e 9 u 9 s f> z we act1 & !re=e mu/ be und]/ood ?r\gh our ess5ce alone1 & consequ5tly its /r5g? & increase mu/ be limit$ by human p[] alone4 ,b ! desires :i* spr+ f ! emotions by :i* we are agitat$ are great] z ! emotions !mselves are great]1 & !re=e _! /r5g? & increase mu/ be limit$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes1 a p[] :i*1 if x be comp>$ ) our own1 indef9itely surpasses x4 ,! desires1 !re=e1 :i* take _! orig9 f su* emotions z ^! may be mu* /rong] ?an t :i* takes its orig9 f a true k ( good & evil1 & ! =m] may be able to re/ra9 & ext+ui% ! latt]4 ,desire is ! v ess5ce ( man1 t is to say1 ! ef=t by :i* a man /rives to p]sev]e 9 8 be+4 ,! desire1 !re=e1 :i* spr+s f joy1 by t v emotion ( joy is assi/$ or increas$1 :ile t :i* spr+s f sorr[1 by t v emotion ( sorr[ is less5$ or re/ra9$1 & s ! =ce ( ! desire :i* spr+s f joy mu/ be limit$ by human p[]1 toge!r ) ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause1 :ile t :i* spr+s f sorr[ mu/ be limit$ by human p[] alone4 ,! latt] is1 !re=e1 weak] ?an ! =m]4 ,h[ ! ,/r5g? ( ! ,emotions ,v>ies ,i ,! imag9ation is an idea by :i* ! m9d contemplates an object z pres5t1 an idea :i* nev]!less indicates ! con/itution ( ! human body r ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal object4 ,imag9ation1 !re=e1 is an emotion 9 s f> z x indicates ! con/itution ( ! body4 ,b ! imag9ation increases 9 int5sity 9 proportion z we imag9e no?+ :i* excludes ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal object4 ,if1 !re=e1 we imag9e ! cause ( an emotion to be actually pres5t ) u1 t emotion w be int5s] or /rong] ?an if we imag9$ ! cause n to be pres5t4 ,:5 ,i said t we are affect$ by ! image ( an object 9 ! future or ! pa/ ) ! same emotion ) :i* we %\ld be affect$ if ! object we imag9$ 7 actually pres5t1 ,i 0 c>eful to w>n ! read] t ?is 0 true 9 s f> only z we att5d to ! image alone ( ! object itself1 = ! image is ( ! same nature :e!r we h imag9$ ! object or n2 b ,i h n d5i$ t ! image becomes weak] :5 we contemplate z pres5t o!r objects :i* exclude ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! future object4 ,! image ( a pa/ or future object1 t is to say1 ( an object :i* we contemplate 9 relation to ! pa/ or future to ! exclusion ( ! pres5t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is weak] ?an ! image ( a pres5t object1 & consequ5tly ! emotion t[>ds a future or pa/ object1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is weak] !n ?an ! emotion t[>ds a pres5t object4 ,! desire :i* spr+s f a k ( good & evil c be easily ext+ui%$ or re/ra9$1 9 s f> z ?is k is connect$ ) ! future1 by ! desire ( ?+s :i* 9 ! pres5t are sweet4 ,,ii ,9 s f> z we imag9e any object to be necess>y d we affirm its exi/5ce1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we d5y its exi/5ce 9 s f> z we imag9e x to be n necess>y & !re=e ! emotion t[>ds an object :i* we imag9e z necess>y1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is /rong] ?an t t[>ds an object t is possible1 cont+5t1 or n necess>y4 ,9 s f> z we imag9e an object z cont+5t1 we are n affect$ by ! image ( any o!r object :i* posits ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/1 b1 on ! contr>y 7by hypo!sis71 we imag9e "s ?+s :i* exclude its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,b 9 s f> z we imag9e any object 9 ! future to be possible d we imag9e "s ?+s :i* posit its exi/5ce1 t is to say1 ?+s :i* fo/] hope or fe>1 & !re=e ! emotion t[>ds an object :i* we "k does n exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 & :i* we imag9e z possible1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is /rong] ?an ! emotion t[>ds a cont+5t object4 ,! emotion t[>ds an object :i* we imag9e to exi/ 9 ! pres5t is /rong] ?an if we imag9$ x z future1 & is mu* /rong] if we imag9e ! future to be at a great di/ance f ! pres5t "t4 ,! emotion1 !re=e1 t[>ds an object :i* we imag9e w n exi/ = a long "t is s mu* feebl] ?an if we imag9$ x z pres5t1 & nev]!less is /rong] ?an if we imag9$ x z cont+5t2 & !re=e ! emotion t[>ds a cont+5t object is mu* feebl] ?an if we imag9$ ! object to be pres5t to u4 ,9 s f> z we imag9e an object z cont+5t1 we are affect$ ) no image ( any o!r object :i* posits ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/4 ,on ! contr>y1 we imag9e 7by hypo!sis7 c]ta9 ?+s :i* exclude its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,b 9 s f> z we imag9e x 9 relation%ip to pa/ "t are we suppos$ to imag9e some?+ :i* br+s x back to ! memory or :i* excites its image & !re=e s f> causes u to contemplate x z pres5t4 ,!re=e1 ! emotion t[>ds a cont+5t object :i* we "k does n exi/ 9 ! pres5t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w be weak] ?an ! emotion t[>ds a pa/ object4 ,9 ^! propositions ,i consid] t ,i h expla9$ :y m5 are m /rongly influ5c$ by an op9ion ?an by true reason1 & :y ! true k ( good & evil causes di/urbance 9 ! m9d1 & (t5 gives way to e k9d ( lu/1 :5ce ! say+ ( ! poet1 ,video meliora proboque1 det]iora sequor4 ,! same ?\ght appe>s to h be5 9 ! m9d ( ! ,prea*] :5 he said1 ,he t increase? k increase? sorr[4 ,i say ^! ?+s n because ,i w\ld be und]/ood to conclude1 !re=e1 t x is bett] to be ignorant ?an to be wise1 or t ! wise man 9 gov]n+ 8 passions is no?+ bett] ?an ! fool1 b ,i say !m because x is necess>y = u to "k bo? ! /r5g? & weakness ( our nature1 s t we may det]m9e :at reason c d & :at x _c d 9 gov]n+ our emotions4 ,,footnotes3 #bi ,*apt] ,eight ad f94 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,introductory ,i h briefly expla9$ ! causes ( human impot5ce & want ( /ability1 & :y m5 d n obey ! dictates ( reason4 ,x rema9s = me n[ to %[ :at x is :i* reason prescribes to u1 :i* emotions agree ) ! rules ( human reason1 & :i*1 on ! contr>y1 are oppos$ to ^! rules4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ,i beg9 to demon/rate ^! ?+s by our full me?od1 ,i %\ld l briefly to set =? "h ^! dictates ( reason1 9 ord] t :at ,i h 9 my m9d ab\t !m may be easily compreh5d$ by all4 ,s9ce reason dem&s no?+ :i* is oppos$ to ,nature1 x dem&s1 !re=e1 t e p]son %\ld love himself1 %\ld seek 8 own pr(it--:at is truly pr(itable to him--%\ld desire ev]y?+ t really leads man to great] p]fection1 & absolutely t e "o %\ld endeavor1 z f> z 9 him lies1 to pres]ve 8 own be+4 ,?is is all true z necess>ily z t ! :ole is great] ?an its "p4 ,aga91 s9ce virtue means no?+ b act+ accord+ to ! laws ( our own nature1 & s9ce no "o endeavors to pres]ve 8 be+ except 9 accordance ) ! laws ( 8 own nature1 x foll[s3 ,fir/ly1 ,t ! f\ndation ( virtue is t endeavor itself to pres]ve our own be+1 & t happ9ess consi/s 9 ?is--t a man c pres]ve 8 own be+4 ,secondly1 ,x foll[s t virtue is to be desir$ = its own sake1 nor is !re any?+ m excell5t or m useful to u ?an virtue1 = ! sake ( :i* virtue ought to be desir$4 ,?irdly1 ,x foll[s t all p]sons :o kill !mselves are impot5t 9 m9d1 & h be5 ?or\ghly ov]come by ext]nal causes oppos$ to _! nature4 ,aga91 we c nev] free ourselves f ! ne$ ( some?+ outside u = ! pres]vation ( our be+1 & we c nev] live 9 su* a mann] z to h no int]c\rse ) objects :i* are outside u4 ,inde$1 s f> z ! m9d is conc]n$1 our intellect w\ld be less p]fect if ! m9d 7 alone1 & und]/ood no?+ b itself4 ,!re are _m ?+s1 !re=e1 outside u :i* are useful to u1 & :i*1 !re=e1 are to be s\ght4 ,( all ^!1 none m excell5t c be discov]$ ?an ^? :i* exactly agree ) our nature4 ,if1 = example1 two individuals ( exactly ! same nature are jo9$ toge!r1 !y make up a s+le individual1 d\bly /rong] ?an ea* alone4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 is m useful to man ?an man4 ,m5 c desire1 ,i say1 no?+ m excell5t = ! pres]vation ( _! be+ ?an t all %\ld s agree at e po9t t ! m9ds & bodies ( all %\ld =m1 z x 71 "o m9d & "o body2 t all %\ld toge!r endeavor z mu* z possible to pres]ve _! be+1 & t all %\ld toge!r seek ! common good ( all4 ,f ?is x foll[s t m5 :o are gov]n$ by reason--t is to say1 m5 :o1 "u ! guidance ( reason1 seek _! own pr(it--desire no?+ = !mselves :i* !y d n desire = o!r m51 & t1 !re=e1 !y are j1 fai?ful1 & honorable4 ,^! are ^? dictates ( reason :i* ,i purpos$ briefly to set =? be=e comm5c+ _! demon/ration by a full] me?od1 9 ord] t1 if possible1 ,i might w9 ! att5tion ( ^? :o believe t ?is pr9ciple--t e "o is b\nd to seek 8 own pr(it--is ! f\ndation ( impiety1 & n ( virtue & piety4 ,! ,ess5ce ( ,virtue ,i ,accord+ to ! laws ( 8 own nature ea* p]son necess>ily desires t :i* he consid]s to be good1 & avoids t :i* he consid]s to be evil4 ,! m ea* p]son /rives & is able to seek 8 own pr(it1 t is to say1 to pres]ve 8 be+1 ! m virtue does he possess2 on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z ea* p]son neglects 8 own pr(it1 t is to say1 neglects to pres]ve 8 own be+1 is he impot5t4 ,no "o1 !re=e1 unless defeat$ by ext]nal causes & ^? :i* are contr>y to 8 nature1 neglects to seek 8 own pr(it or pres]ve 8 be+4 ,no "o1 ,i say1 refuses food or kills himself f a necessity ( 8 nature1 b only :5 =c$ by ext]nal causes4 ,! compulsion may be ex]cis$ 9 _m ways4 ,a man kills himself "u compulsion by ano!r :5 t o!r turns ! "r h&1 ) :i* ! man _h by *ance laid hold ( a sword1 & compels him to direct ! sword aga9/ 8 own he>t2 or ! comm& ( a tyrant may compel a man1 z x did ,s5eca1 to op5 8 own ve9s1 t is to say1 he may desire to avoid a great] evil by a less4 ,ext]nal & hidd5 causes also may s dispose 8 imag9ation & may s affect 8 body z to cause x to put on ano!r nature contr>y to t :i* x _h at fir/1 & "o ^: idea _c exi/ 9 ! m9d2 b a v little reflection w %[ t x is z impossible t a man1 f ! necessity ( 8 nature1 %\ld endeavor n to exi/1 or to be *ang$ into "s o!r =m1 z x is t some?+ %\ld be begott5 f no?+4 ,! endeavor aft] self-pres]vation is ! ess5ce itself ( a ?+4 ,if1 !re=e1 any virtue c\ld be conceiv$ prior to ?is ( self-pres]vation1 ! ess5ce itself ( ! ?+ w\ld be conceiv$ z prior to itself1 :i* 7z is self-evid5t7 is absurd4 ,! endeavor aft] self-pres]vation is ! prim>y & only f\ndation ( virtue4 ,= prior to ?is pr9ciple no o!r c be conceiv$1 & )\t x no virtue c be conceiv$4 ,no "o endeavors to pres]ve 8 own be+ = ! sake ( ano!r object4 ,= if a man endeavor$ to pres]ve 8 be+ = ! sake ( any o!r object1 ?is object w\ld !n become ! prim>y f\ndation ( virtue 7z is self-evid5t71 :i* is an absurdity4 ,no "o c desire to be happy1 to act well & live well1 :o does n at ! same "t desire to be1 to act1 & to live1 t is to say1 actually to exi/4 ,,ii ,to act absolutely 9 con=mity ) virtue is no?+ b act+ accord+ to ! laws ( our own prop] nature4 ,b only 9 s f> z we und]/& d we act4 ,!re=e1 to act 9 con=mity ) virtue is no?+ b act+1 liv+1 & pres]v+ our be+ z reason directs1 & do+ s f ! gr\nd ( seek+ our own pr(it4#cj ,9 s f> z a man is det]m9$ to action because he has inadequate ideas he suff]s1 t is to say1 he does some?+ :i* ?r\gh 8 ess5ce alone _c be p]ceiv$1 t is to say1 :i* does n foll[ f 8 virtue4 ,b 9 s f> z he is det]m9$ to any action because he und]/&s1 he acts1 t is to say he does some?+ :i* is p]ceiv$ ?r\gh 8 ess5ce alone1 or :i* adequately foll[s f 8 virtue4 ,! ,highe/ ,virtue ( ,reason ,all ef=ts :i* we make ?r\gh reason are no?+ b ef=ts to und]/&1 & ! m9d1 9 s f> z x uses reason1 adjudges no?+ z pr(itable to itself except+ t :i* conduces to und]/&+4 ,! m9d1 9 s f> z x reasons1 desires no?+ b to und]/&1 nor does x adjudge any?+ to be pr(itable to itself except+ :at conduces to und]/&+4 ,b ! m9d possesses no c]titude1 unless 9 s f> z x possesses adequate ideas1 or 9 s f> z x reasons4 ,we d n "k1 !re=e1 t any?+ is c]ta9ly good1 except+ t :i* actually conduces to und]/&+1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we d n "k t any?+ is evil except+ t :i* c h9d] u f und]/&+4 ,! highe/ ?+ :i* ! m9d c und]/& is ,god1 t is to say1 ,be+ absolutely inf9ite1 & )\t :om no?+ c be nor c be conceiv$1 & !re=e t :i* is *iefly pr(itable to ! m9d1 or :i* is ! highe/ good ( ! m9d1 is ! k ( ,god4 ,aga91 ! m9d acts only 9 s f> z x und]/&s & only 9 s f> c x be absolutely said to act 9 con=mity ) virtue4 ,to und]/&1 !re=e1 is ! absolute virtue ( ! m9d4 ,b ! highe/ ?+ :i* ! m9d c und]/& is ,god 7z we h already demon/rat$71 & !re=e ! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d is to und]/& or "k ,god4 ,,! ,,moral ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,i ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ,t :i* s disposes ! human body t x c be affect$ 9 _m ways1 or :i* r5d]s x capable ( affect+ ext]nal bodies 9 _m ways1 is pr(itable to man1 & is m pr(itable 9 proportion z by its means ! body becomes bett] fitt$ to be affect$ 9 _m ways1 & to affect o!r bodies2 on ! o!r h&1 t ?+ is injuri\s :i* r5d]s ! body less fitt$ to affect or be affect$4 ,:atev] is effective to pres]ve ! proportion ( motion & re/ :i* ! p>ts ( ! human body be> to ea* o!r is good1 &1 on ! contr>y1 t is evil :i* causes ! p>ts ( ! human body to h a diff]5t proportion ( motion & re/ to ea* o!r4 ,9 :at degree ^! ?+s may injure or pr(it ! m9d w be expla9$ bel[4 ,"h ,i obs]ve m]ely t ,i und]/& ! body to die :5 its p>ts are s dispos$ z to acquire a diff]5t proportion ( motion & re/ to ea* o!r4 ,= ,i d>e n d5y t ! human body1 ?\gh ! circulation ( ! blood & ! o!r ?+s by means ( :i* x is ?\ght to live be pres]v$1 may1 nev]!less1 be *ang$ into ano!r nature altoge!r diff]5t f its own4 ,no reason compels me to affirm t ! body nev] dies unless x is *ang$ into a corpse4 ,exp]i5ce1 inde$1 seems to tea* ! contr>y4 ,x happ5s sometimes t a man und]goes su* *anges t he _c v well be said to be ! same man1 z 0 ! case ) a c]ta9 ,spani% poet ( :om ,i h he>d1 :o 0 seiz$ ) an illness1 & al?\gh he recov]$1 rema9$1 nev]!less1 s oblivi\s ( 8 pa/ life t he did n believe ! tales & trag$ies he _h compos$ 7 8 own1 & he might1 inde$1 h be5 tak5 = a gr[n-up *ild if he _h also =gott5 8 native tongue4 ,b if ?is seems incr$ible1 :at %all we say ( *ildr58 ,! man ( mature ye>s believes ! nature ( *ildr5 to be s diff]5t f 8 own1 t x w\ld be impossible to p]suade him he _h ev] be5 a *ild1 if he did n conjecture reg>d+ himself f :at he sees ( o!rs4 ,b 9 ord] to avoid giv+ to ! sup]/iti\s matt] = new que/ions1 ,i pref] to g no f>!r 9 ! discussion ( ^! matt]s4 ,,ii ,value ( ,joy & ,sorr[ ,joy is an emotion by :i* ! body's p[] ( action is increas$ or assi/$4 ,sorr[1 on ! o!r h&1 is an emotion by :i* ! body's p[] ( action is less5$ or re/ra9$1 & !re=e joy is n directly evil1 b good2 sorr[1 on ! o!r h&1 is directly evil4 ,,iii ,! ,good ,emotions ,*e]fulness is joy1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! body1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t all ! p>ts ( ! body are equally affect$1 t is to say1 ! body's p[] ( action is increas$ or assi/$1 s t all ! p>ts acquire ! same proportion ( motion & re/ to ea* o!r4 ,*e]fulness1 !re=e1 is always good1 & c nev] be excessive4 ,b melan*oly is sorr[1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! body consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! body's p[] ( action is absolutely less5$ or re/ra9$1 & melan*oly1 !re=e1 is always evil4 ,pleasurable excitem5t is joy1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! body1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t "o or "s ( ! p>ts ( ! body are affect$ m ?an o!rs4 ,! p[] ( ?is emotion may1 !re=e1 be s great z to ov]come ! o!r actions ( ! body4 ,x may cl+ ob/9ately to ! body2 x may imp$e ! body 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] x less capable ( be+ affect$ 9 _m ways1 & !re=e may be evil4 ,aga91 pa91 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is sorr[1 consid]$ 9 itself alone _c be good4 ,b because its p[] & increase is limit$ by ! p[] ( an ext]nal cause comp>$ ) our own p[]1 we c !re=e conceive inf9ite degrees ( /r5g? ( ?is emotion1 & inf9ite k9ds ( x1 & we c !re=e conceive x to be su* t x c re/ra9 an excess ( pleasurable excitem5t1 & s f> 7by ! fir/ "p ( ?is proposition7 prev5t+ ! body f becom+ less capable4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 w pa9 be good4 ,love is joy ) ! accompany+ idea ( an ext]nal cause4 ,pleasurable excitem5t1 !re=e ) ! accompany+ idea ( an ext]nal cause1 is love1 & !re=e love may be excessive4 ,aga91 desire is great] z ! emotion f :i* x spr+s is great]4 ,inasmu*1 !re=e1 z an emotion may ov]p[] ! o!r actions ( a man1 s also ! desire :i* spr+s f ?is emotion may also ov]p[] ! o!r desires1 & may !re=e exi/ 9 ! same excess :i* we h %[n 79 ! prec$+ proposition7 t pleasurable excitem5t possesses4 ,*e]fulness1 :i* ,i h affirm$ to be good1 is m easily imag9$ ?an obs]v$2 = ! emotions by :i* we are daily agitat$ are g5]ally relat$ to "s "p ( ! body :i* is affect$ m ?an ! o!rs1 & !re=e x is t ! emotions exi/ = ! mo/ "p 9 excess1 & s hold ! m9d d[n to ! contemplation ( "o object alone1 t x c ?9k ab\t no?+ else2 & al?\gh m5 are subject to a numb] ( emotions1 & !re=e few are f\nd :o are always "u ! control ( "o & ! same emotion1 !re are n want+ ^? to :om "o & ! same emotion ob/9ately cl+s4 ,we see m5 sometimes s affect$ by "o object1 t al?\gh x is n pres5t1 !y believe x to be be=e !m2 & if ?is happ5s to a man :o is n asleep1 we say t he is deliri\s or mad4 ,nor are ^? believ$ to be less mad :o are inflam$ by love1 dream+ ab\t no?+ b a mi/ress or h>lot day & night1 = !y excite our laught]4 ,b ! av>ici\s man :o ?9ks ( no?+ else b ga9 or money1 & ! ambiti\s man :o ?9ks ( no?+ b glory1 inasmu* z !y d h>m1 & are1 !re=e1 ?\ght wor?y ( hatr$1 are n believ$ to be mad4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 av>ice1 lu/1 etc41 are a k9d ( madness1 al?\gh !y are n reckon$ among/ diseases4 ,,iv ,! ,evil ,emotions ,! man :om we hate we endeavor to de/roy1 t is to say we endeavor to d some?+ :i* is evil4 ,!re=e hatr$ c nev] be good4#ca ,envy1 mock]y1 contempt1 ang]1 rev5ge1 & ! o!r affects :i* are relat$ to hatr$ or arise f x1 are evil4 ,ev]y?+ :i* we desire because we are affect$ by hatr$ is base & unju/ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,i make a great di/9ction betwe5 mock]y 7:i* ,i h said is bad7 & laught]2 = laught] & m]rim5t are no?+ b joy1 & !re=e1 provid$ !y are n excessive1 are 9 !mselves good4 ,no?+ b a gloomy & sad sup]/ition =bids enjoym5t4 ,= :y is x m seemly to ext+ui% hung] & ?ir/ ?an to drive away melan*oly8 ,my reasons & my conclusions are ^!3 ,no ,god & no human be+1 except an envi\s "o1 is delight$ by my impot5ce or my tr\ble1 or e/eems z any virtue 9 u te>s1 sighs1 fe>s1 & o!r ?+s ( ?is k9d1 :i* are signs ( m5tal impot5ce2 on ! contr>y1 ! great] ! joy ) :i* we are affect$1 ! great] ! p]fection to :i* we pass !reby1 t is to say1 ! m d we necess>ily p>take ( ! div9e nature4 ,to make use ( ?+s1 !re=e1 & to delight 9 !m z mu* z possible 7provid$ we d n disgu/ ourselves ) !m1 :i* is n delight+ 9 !m71 is ! "p ( a wise man4 ,x is ! "p ( a wise man1 ,i say1 to refre% & invigorate himself ) mod]ate & pleasant eat+ & dr9k+1 ) sweet sc5ts & ! beauty ( gre5 plants1 ) ornam5t1 ) music1 ) sports1 ) ! !at]1 & ) all ?+s ( ?is k9d :i* "o man c enjoy )\t hurt+ ano!r4 ,= ! human body is compos$ ( a great numb] ( p>ts ( div]se nature1 :i* con/antly ne$ new & v>i$ n\ri%m5t1 9 ord] t ! :ole ( ! body may be equally fit = ev]y?+ :i* c foll[ f its nature1 & consequ5tly t ! m9d may be equally fit to und]/& _m ?+s at once4 ,?is mode ( liv+ be/ ( all agrees bo? ) our pr9ciples & ) common practice2 !re=e ?is mode ( liv+ is ! be/ ( all1 & is to be univ]sally comm5d$4 ,!re is no ne$1 !re=e1 to ent] m at l5g? into ! subject4 ,all emotions ( hatr$ are evil & !re=e ! man :o lives accord+ to ! guidance ( reason w /rive z mu* z possible to keep himself f be+ agitat$ by ! emotions ( hatr$ &1 consequ5tly1 w /rive to keep o!rs f be+ subject to ! same emotions4 ,b hatr$ is increas$ by reciprocal hatr$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 c be ext+ui%$ by love1 s t hatr$ passes into love4 ,!re=e he :o lives accord+ to ! guidance ( reason w /rive to repay ! hatr$ ( ano!r1 etc41 ) love1 t is to say1 ) g5]osity4 ,he :o wi%es to av5ge injuries by hat+ 9 return does inde$ live mis]ably4 ,b he :o1 on ! contr>y1 /rives to drive out hatr$ by love1 fights joyfully & confid5tly1 ) equal ease resi/+ "o man or a numb] ( m51 & ne$+ sc>cely any assi/ance f =tune4 ,^? :om he conqu]s yield gladly1 n f defect ( /r5g?1 b f an increase ( x4 ,^! tru?s1 h[ev]1 all foll[ s pla9ly f ! def9itions alone ( love & ! intellect1 t !re is no ne$ to demon/rate !m s+ly4 ,v ,necess>y ,evils 7i7 ,! emotions ( hope & fe> _c exi/ )\t sorr[2 = fe> is sorr[1 & hope _c exi/ )\t fe>4 ,!re=e ^! emotions _c be good ( !mselves1 b only 9 s f> z !y are able to re/ra9 ! excesses ( joy4 ,we may "h add t ^! emotions indicate want ( k & impot5ce ( m9d1 &1 = ! same reason1 confid5ce1 despair1 gladness1 & remorse are signs ( weakness ( m9d4 ,= al?\gh confid5ce & gladness are emotions ( joy1 !y nev]!less suppose t sorr[ has prec$$ !m1 namely1 hope or fe>4 ,9 proportion1 !re=e1 z we endeavor to live accord+ to ! guidance ( reason1 %all we /rive z mu* z possible to dep5d less on hope1 to lib]ate ourselves f fe>1 to rule =tune1 & to direct our actions by ! sure c\nsels ( reason4 ,humility is sorr[1 :i* spr+s f ?is1 t a man contemplates 8 own weakness4 ,b 9 s f> z a man kn[s himself by true reason is he suppos$ to und]/& 8 ess5ce1 t is to say1 8 p[]4 ,if1 !re=e1 :ile contemplat+ himself1 he p]ceives any impot5ce ( 81 ?is is n due to 8 und]/&+ himself1 b1 z we h %[n1 to ! fact t 8 p[] ( actions is re/ra9$4 ,b if we suppose t he =ms a conception ( 8 own impot5ce because he und]/&s some?+ to be m p[]ful ?an himself1 by ! k ( :i* he limits 8 own p[] ( action1 9 ?is case we simply conceive t he und]/&s himself di/9ctly1 & 8 p[] ( action is increas$4 ,humility or sorr[1 !re=e1 :i* arises because a man contemplates 8 own impot5ce1 does n spr+ f true contemplation or reason1 & is n a virtue1 b a passion4 ,rep5tance is n a virtue1 t is to say1 x does n spr+ f reason2 on ! contr>y1 ! man :o rep5ts ( :at he has done is d\bly wret*$ or impot5t4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 we all[ ourselves to be ov]come by a deprav$ desire1 &1 9 ! second place1 by sorr[4 ,inasmu* z m5 seldom live z reason dictates1 !re=e ^! two emotions1 humility & rep5tance1 toge!r ) hope & fe>1 are productive ( m pr(it ?an disadvantage1 & !re=e1 s9ce m5 mu/ s91 x is bett] t !y %\ld s9 9 ?is way4 ,= if m5 impot5t 9 m9d 7 all equally pr\d1 7 a%am$ ( no?+1 & fe>$ no?+1 by :at bonds c\ld !y be unit$ or con/ra9$8 ,! multitude becomes a ?+ to be fe>$ if x has no?+ to fe>4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t ! prophets1 ?9k+ r ( ! good ( ! community ?an ( a few1 %\ld h comm5d$ s greatly humility1 rep5tance & rev]5ce4 ,inde$1 ^? :o are subject to ^! emotions c be l$ mu* m easily ?an o!rs1 s t1 at la/1 !y come to live accord+ to ! guidance ( reason1 t is to say1 become free m51 & enjoy ! life ( ! bless$4 7ii7 ,pity is sorr[1 & !re=e is 9 itself evil4 ,! good1 h[ev]1 :i* issues f pity1 namely1 t we endeavor to free f mis]y ! man we pity1 we desire to d f ! dictate ( reason alone2 nor c we d any?+ except by ! dictate ( reason alone1 :i* we are sure is good4 ,pity1 !re=e1 9 a man :o lives accord+ to ! guidance ( reason is 9 itself bad & unpr(itable4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a man :o lives accord+ to ! dictates ( reason endeavors z mu* z possible to prev5t himself f be+ t\*$ by pity4 ,! man :o has prop]ly und]/ood t ev]y?+ foll[s f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature1 & comes to pass accord+ to ! et]nal laws & rules ( ,nature1 w 9 tru? discov] no?+ :i* is wor?y ( hatr$1 laught]1 or contempt1 nor w he pity any "o1 b1 s f> z human virtue is able1 he w endeavor to d well1 z we say1 & to rejoice4 ,we mu/ add also1 t a man :o is easily t\*$ by ! emotion ( pity1 & is mov$ by ! mis]y or te>s ( ano!r1 (t5 does some?+ ( :i* he aft]w>d rep5ts1 bo? because f an emotion we d no?+ :i* we c]ta9ly "k to be good1 & also because we are s easily deceiv$ by false te>s4 ,b ?is ,i say expressly ( ! man :o lives accord+ to ! guidance ( reason4 ,= he :o is mov$ nei!r by reason nor pity to be ( any s]vice to o!rs is prop]ly call$ inhuman2 = he seems to be unlike a man4 ,,vi ,diseas$ ,emotions ,! prim>y f\ndation ( virtue is ! pres]vation ( our be+ accord+ to ! guidance ( reason4 ,! man1 !re=e1 :o is ignorant ( himself is ignorant ( ! f\ndation ( all ! virtues1 & consequ5tly is ignorant ( all ! virtues4 ,aga91 to act 9 con=mity ) virtue is no?+ b act+ accord+ to ! guidance ( reason1 & he :o acts accord+ to ! guidance ( reason mu/ necess>ily "k t he acts accord+ to ! guidance ( reason4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o is ignorant ( himself1 & consequ5tly 7z we h j %[n7 altoge!r ignorant ( all ! virtues1 _c 9 any way act 9 con=mity ) virtue1 t is to say1 is altoge!r impot5t 9 m9d4 ,!re=e ! greate/ pride or despond5cy indicates ! greate/ impot5ce ( m9d4 ,h5ce foll[s1 ) ! utmo/ cle>ness1 t ! pr\d & ! despond+ are above all o!rs subject to emotions4 ,despond5cy1 nev]!less1 c be correct$ m easily ?an pride1 s9ce ! =m] is an emotion ( sorr[1 :ile ! latt] is an emotion ( joy1 & is !re=e /rong] ?an ! =m]4 ,pride is joy aris+ f a man's hav+ too high an op9ion ( himself4 ,?is op9ion a pr\d man w endeavor1 z mu* z he c1 to *]i%1 & !re=e1 w love ! pres5ce ( p>asites or flatt]]s 7! def9itions ( ^! p are omitt$1 because !y are too well kn[n71 & w %un t ( ! noble-m9d$ :o ?9k ( him z is "r4 ,x w\ld take too mu* "t to enum]ate "h all ! evils ( pride1 = ! pr\d are subject to all emotions1 b to none are !y less subject ?an to ^? ( love & pity4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve "h t a man is also call$ pr\d if he ?9ks too little ( o!r p1 & s1 9 ?is s5se1 pride is to be def9$ z joy :i* arises f ! false op9ion t we are sup]ior to o!r p1 :ile despond5cy1 ! contr>y to ?is pride1 w\ld be def9$ z sorr[ aris+ f ! false op9ion t we are inf]ior to o!r p4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 x is easy to see t ! pr\d man is necess>ily envi\s1 & t he hates ^? above all o!rs :o are ! mo/ prais$ on acc\nt ( _! virtues4 ,x foll[s1 too1 t 8 hatr$ ( !m is n easily ov]come by love or k9dness & t he is delight$ by ! pres5ce ( ^? only :o humor 8 weakness1 & f a fool make him a madman4 ,al?\gh despond5cy is contr>y to pride1 ! despond5t man is closely ak9 to ! pr\d man4 ,= s9ce ! sorr[ ( ! despond5t man arises f 8 judg+ 8 own impot5ce by ! p[] ( virtue ( o!rs1 8 sorr[ w be mitigat$1 t is to say1 he w rejoice1 if 8 imag9ation be occupi$ 9 contemplat+ ! vices ( o!rs4 ,h5ce ! prov]b-- ,x is a consolation to ! wret*$ to h bad companions 9 _! mis=tunes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m ! despond5t man believes himself to be bel[ o!r p1 ! m w he sorr[2 & ?is is ! reason :y none are m prone to envy ?an ! despond5t2 & :y !y1 above all o!rs1 try to obs]ve m5's actions ) a view to f9d+ fault ) !m r ?an correct+ !m1 s t at la/ !y praise no?+ b despond5cy & glory 9 x2 b 9 su* a mann]1 h[ev]1 z always to seem despond5t4 ,^! ?+s foll[ f ?is emotion z necess>ily z x foll[s f ! nature ( a triangle t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ,i h said t ,i call ^! & ! l emotions evil1 9 s f> z ,i att5d to human pr(it alone2 b ! laws ( ,nature h reg>d to ! common ord] ( ,nature ( :i* man is a "p--a rem>k ,i desir$ to make 9 pass+1 le/ x %\ld be ?\ght t ,i talk ab\t ! vices & absurdities ( m5 r ?an attempt to demon/rate ! nature & prop]ties ( ?+s4 ,z ,i said1 ,i consid] human emotions & _! prop]ties precisely z ,i consid] o!r natural objects2 &1 inde$1 ! emotions ( man1 if !y d n %[ 8 p[]1 %[ at lea/ ! p[] & workman%ip ( ,nature1 no less ?an _m o!r ?+s :i* we admire & delight to contemplate4 ,,vii ,reasonable ,emotions ,if we live accord+ to ! guidance ( reason1 we %all desire = o!rs ! good :i* we seek = ourselves4 ,!re=e if we see "o p]son d good to ano!r1 our endeavor to d good is assi/$1 t is to say1 we %all rejoice1 & our joy 7by hypo!sis7 w be accompani$ ) ! idea ( ! p]son :o does good to ! o!r1 t is to say1 we %all favor him4 ,favor is n oppos$ to reason1 b agrees ) x1 & may arise f x4 ,indignation1 z x is def9$ by u1 is necess>ily evil2 b x is to be obs]v$ t :5 ! supreme au?ority1 con/ra9$ by ! desire ( pres]v+ peace1 puni%es a citiz5 :o injures ano!r1 ,i d n say t x is indignant ) ! citiz51 s9ce x is n excit$ by hatr$ to de/roy him1 b puni%es him f motives ( piety4 ,self-satisfaction is ! joy :i* arises f a man's contemplat+ himself & 8 p[] ( action4 ,b man's true p[] ( action or 8 virtue is reason itself1 :i* he contemplates cle>ly & di/9ctly4 ,self-satisfaction !re=e arises f reason4 ,aga91 man1 :5 he contemplates himself1 p]ceives no?+ cle>ly & di/9ctly or adequately1 except+ ^? ?+s :i* foll[ f 8 p[] ( action1 t is to say1 ^? ?+s :i* foll[ f 8 p[] ( und]/&+2 & !re=e f ?is contemplation alone ! highe/ satisfaction :i* c exi/ arises4 ,self-satisfaction is inde$ ! highe/ ?+ = :i* we c hope1 = 7z we h %[n71 no "o endeavors to pres]ve 8 be+ = ! sake ( any end4 ,aga91 because ?is self-satisfaction is m & m n\ri%$ & /r5g!n$ by praise1 &1 on ! contr>y m & m di/urb$ by blame1 !re=e we are pr9cipally l$ by glory1 & c sc>cely endure life ) disgrace4 ,self-exaltation is n oppos$ to reason1 b may spr+ f x4 ,:at is call$ va+lory is self-satisfaction1 n\ri%$ by no?+ b ! good op9ion ( ! multitude1 s t :5 t is )drawn1 ! satisfaction1 t is to say1 ! *ief good :i* e "o loves1 ceases4 ,= ?is reason ^? :o glory 9 ! good op9ion ( ! multitude anxi\sly & ) daily c>e /rive1 labor1 & /ruggle to pres]ve _! fame4 ,= ! multitude is *angeable & fickle1 s t fame1 if x be n pres]v$1 soon passes away4 ,z e "o1 moreov]1 is desir\s to cat* ! praises ( ! p1 "o p]son w readily de/roy ! fame ( ano!r2 & consequ5tly1 z ! object ( cont5tion is :at is commonly ?\ght to be ! highe/ good1 a great desire arises on ! "p ( e "o to keep d[n 8 fell[s by e possible means1 & he :o at la/ comes (f conqu]or boa/s m because he has injur$ ano!r p]son ?an because he has pr(it$ himself4 ,?is glory ( self-satisfaction1 !re=e1 is inde$ va91 = x is really no glory4 ,:at is wor?y ( notice ) reg>d to %ame may easily be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said ab\t compassion & rep5tance4 ,i w only add t pity1 l %ame1 al?\gh x is n a virtue1 is nev]!less good1 9 s f> z x %[s t a desire ( liv+ uprightly is pres5t 9 ! man :o is possess$ ) %ame1 j z pa9 is call$ good 9 s f> z x %[s t ! injur$ "p has n yet putrefi$4 ,a man1 !re=e1 :o is a%am$ ( :at he has done1 al?\gh he is sorr[ful1 is nev]!less m p]fect t ! %ameless man :o has no desire ( liv+ uprightly4 ,^! are ! ?+s :i* ,i und]took to e/abli% ) reg>d to ! emotions ( joy & sorr[4 ,) ref]5ce to ! desires1 ^! are good or evil z !y spr+ f good or evil emotions4 ,all ( !m1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z !y are begott5 9 u ( emotions :i* are passions1 are bl9d1 z may easily be inf]r$ f :at has be5 said1 nor w\ld !y be ( any use if m5 c\ld be easily p]suad$ to live accord+ to ! dictates ( reason alone4 ,! ,life ( ,virtue ,i ,all our ef=ts or desires foll[ f ! necessity ( our nature 9 su* a mann] t !y c be und]/ood ei!r ?r\gh x alone z _! proximate cause1 or 9 s f> z we are a "p ( ,nature1 :i* "p _c be adequately conceiv$ ?r\gh itself & )\t ! o!r individuals4 ,,ii ,! desires :i* foll[ f our nature 9 su* a mann] t !y c be und]/ood ?r\gh x alone1 are ^? :i* are relat$ to ! m9d1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ to consi/ ( adequate ideas4 ,! rema9+ desires are n relat$ to ! m9d1 unless 9 s f> z x conceives ?+s inadequately1 ^: p[] & increase _c be det]m9$ by human p[]1 b by ! p[] ( objects :i* are )\t u4 ,! fir/ k9d ( desires1 !re=e1 are prop]ly call$ actions1 b ! latt] passions2 = ! fir/ always indicate our p[]1 & ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 indicate our impot5ce & imp]fect k4 ,,iii ,our actions1 t is to say1 ^? desires :i* are det]m9$ by man's p[] or reason1 are always good2 ! o!rs may be good z well z evil4 ,,iv ,x is !re=e mo/ pr(itable to u 9 life to make p]fect ! intellect or reason z f> z possible1 & 9 ?is "o ?+ consi/s ! highe/ happ9ess or bless$ness ( man2 = bless$ness is no?+ b ! peace ( m9d :i* spr+s f ! intuitive k ( ,god1 & to p]fect ! intellect is no?+ b to und]/& ,god1 toge!r ) ! attributes & actions ( ,god1 :i* fl[ f ! necessity ( ,8 nature4 ,! f9al aim1 !re=e1 ( a man :o is guid$ by reason1 t is to say1 ! *ief desire by :i* he /rives to gov]n all 8 o!r desires1 is t by :i* he is l$ adequately to conceive himself & all ?+s :i* c be conceiv$ by 8 intellig5ce4 ,v ,!re is no rational life1 !re=e1 )\t intellig5ce & ?+s are good only 9 s f> z !y assi/ man to enjoy t life ( ! m9d :i* is det]m9$ by intellig5ce4 ,^? ?+s alone1 on ! o!r h&1 we call evil :i* h9d] man f p]fect+ 8 reason & enjoy+ a rational life4 ,,vi ,b because all ^? ?+s ( :i* man is ! effici5t cause are necess>ily good1 x foll[s t no evil c happ5 to man except f ext]nal causes1 t is to say1 except 9 s f> z he is a "p ( ! :ole ( ,nature1 ^: laws human nature is compell$ to obey--compell$ also to accommodate himself to ?is :ole ( ,nature 9 almo/ an inf9ite numb] ( ways4 ,,vii ,x is impossible t a man %\ld n be a "p ( ,nature & foll[ h] common ord]2 b if he be plac$ among/ individuals :o agree ) 8 nature1 8 p[] ( action w by t v fact be assi/$ & support$4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 he be plac$ among/ individuals :o d n 9 ! lea/ agree ) 8 nature1 he w sc>cely be able )\t great *ange on 8 "p to accommodate himself to !m4 ,,viii ,any?+ t exi/s 9 ,nature :i* we judge to be evil or able to h9d] u f exi/+ & enjoy+ a rational life1 we are all[$ to remove f u 9 t way :i* seems ! safe/2 & :atev]1 on ! o!r h&1 we judge to be good or to be pr(itable = ! pres]vation ( our be+ or ! enjoym5t ( a rational life1 we are p]mitt$ to take = our use & use 9 any way we may ?9k prop]2 & absolutely1 e "o is all[$ by ! highe/ "r ( ,nature to d t :i* he believes contributes to 8 own pr(it4 ,,ix ,no?+1 !re=e1 c agree bett] ) ! nature ( any object ?an o!r individuals ( ! same k9d1 & s 7see ,,vii7 !re is no?+ m pr(itable to man = ! pres]vation ( 8 be+ & ! enjoym5t ( a rational life ?an a man :o is guid$ by reason4 ,aga91 s9ce !re is no s+le ?+ we "k :i* is m excell5t ?an a man :o is guid$ by reason1 x foll[s t !re is no?+ by :i* a p]son c bett] %[ h[ mu* skill & tal5t he possesses ?an by s educat+ m5 t at la/ !y w live "u ! direct au?ority ( reason4 ,x ,9 s f> z m5 are c>ri$ away by envy or any emotion ( hatr$ t[>ds "o ano!r1 s f> are !y contr>y to "o ano!r1 & consequ5tly s mu* ! m are !y to be fe>$1 z !y h m p[] ?an o!r individuals ( nature4 ,,xi ,m9ds1 nev]!less1 are n conqu]$ by arms1 b by love & g5]osity4 ,,xii ,above all ?+s is x pr(itable to m5 to =m communities & to unite !mselves to "o ano!r by bonds :i* may make all ( !m z "o man2 & absolutely1 x is pr(itable = !m to d :atev] may t5d to /r5g!n _! fri5d%ips4 ,,xiii ,b to accompli% ?is skill & wat*fulness are requir$2 = m5 are *angeable 7^? be+ v few :o live accord+ to ! laws ( reason71 & nev]!less g5]ally envi\s & m incl9$ to v5geance ?an pity4 ,to be> ) ea*1 !re=e1 accord+ to 8 disposition & to refra9 f imitat+ 8 emotions requires a s+ul> p[] ( m9d4 ,b ^?1 on ! contr>y1 :o "k h[ to revile m51 to d5\nce vices r ?an tea* virtues1 & n to /r5g!n m5's m9ds b to weak5 !m1 are injuri\s bo? to !mselves & o!rs1 s t _m ( !m ?r\gh an excess ( impati5ce & a false zeal = religion pref] liv+ ) brutes r ?an among/ m52 j z boys or y\?s1 unable to endure ) equanimity ! rebukes ( _! p>5ts1 fly to ! army1 *oos+ ! discom=ts ( w> & ! rule ( a tyrant r ?an ! com=ts ( home & ! admonitions ( a fa!r1 suff]+ all k9ds ( burd5s to be impos$ ^u !m 9 ord] t !y may rev5ge !mselves ^u _! p>5ts4 ,,xiv ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 m5 g5]ally det]m9e ev]y?+ by _! pleasure1 _m m advantages ?an disadvantages arise f _! common union4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to endure ) equanimity ! injuries inflict$ by !m1 & to apply our m9ds to ^? ?+s :i* subs]ve concord & ! e/abli%m5t ( fri5d%ip4 ,,xv ,! ?+s :i* beget concord are ^? :i* are relat$ to ju/ice1 integrity1 & honor2 = besides t :i* is unju/ & injuri\s1 m5 take ill also any?+ :i* is e/eem$ base1 or t any "o %\ld despise ! receiv$ cu/oms ( ! ,/ate4 ,b 9 ord] to w9 love1 ^? ?+s are *iefly necess>y :i* h ref]5ce to religion & piety4 ,,xvi ,concord1 moreov]1 is (t5 produc$ by fe>1 b x is )\t good fai?4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 too1 t fe> arises f impot5ce ( m9d1 & !re=e is ( no s]vice to reason2 nor is pity1 al?\gh x seems to pres5t an appe>ance ( piety4 ,,xvii ,m5 also are conqu]$ by lib]ality1 especially ^? :o h n ! means :]e) to procure :at is necess>y = ! support ( life4 ,b to assi/ e "o :o is ne$y f> surpasses ! /r5g? or pr(it ( a private p]son1 = ! weal? ( a private p]son is altoge!r insuffici5t to supply su* wants4 ,besides1 ! p[] ( any "o man is too limit$ = him to be able to unite e "o ) himself 9 fri5d%ip4 ,! c>e1 !re=e1 ( ! poor is incumb5t on ! :ole ( society & conc]ns only ! g5]al pr(it4 ,,xviii ,9 ! receipt ( b5efits & 9 return+ ?anks1 c>e altoge!r diff]5t mu/ be tak54 ,,xix ,! love ( a h>lot1 t is to say1 ! lu/ ( sexual int]c\rse1 :i* arises f m]e ext]nal =m1 & absolutely all love :i* recognizes any o!r cause ?an ! fre$om ( ! m9d1 easily passes into hatr$1 unless1 :i* is worse1 x becomes a species ( delirium1 & !reby discord is *]i%$ r ?an concord4 ,,xx ,) reg>d to m>riage1 x is pla9 t x is 9 accordance ) reason1 if ! desire ( connection is eng5d]$ n m]ely by ext]nal =m1 b by a love ( begett+ *ildr5 & wisely educat+ !m2 & if1 9 addition1 ! love bo? ( ! husb& & wife has = its cause n ext]nal =m m]ely1 b *iefly lib]ty ( m9d4 ,,xxi ,flatt]y1 too1 produces concord1 b only by means ( ! disgraceful crime ( slav]y or p]fidy2 = !re are none :o are m tak5 by flatt]y ?an ! pr\d1 :o wi% to be fir/ & are n s4 ,,xxii ,!re is a false appe>ance ( piety & religion 9 dejection2 & al?\gh dejection is ! opposite ( pride1 ! humble deject$ man is v ne> ak9 to ! pr\d4 ,,xxiii ,%ame also contributes to concord1 b only ) reg>d to ^? matt]s :i* _c be conceal$4 ,%ame1 too1 inasmu* z x is a k9d ( sorr[1 does n belong to ! s]vice ( reason4 ,,xxiv ,! rema9+ emotions ( sorr[ :i* h man = _! object are directly oppos$ to ju/ice1 integrity1 honor1 piety1 & religion2 & al?\gh indignation may seem to pres5t an appe>ance ( equity1 yet !re is no law :]e x is all[$ to e "o to judge ! de$s ( ano!r1 & to v9dicate 8 own or ano!r's "r4 ,,xxv ,affability1 t is to say1 ! desire ( pleas+ m51 :i* is det]m9$ by reason1 is relat$ to piety4 ,b if affability arise f an emotion1 x is ambition or desire1 by :i* m51 g5]ally "u a false pret5se ( piety1 excite discords & s$itions4 ,= he :o desires to assi/ o!r p1 ei!r by advice or by de$1 9 ord] t !y may toge!r enjoy ! highe/ good1 w /rive1 above all ?+s1 to w9 _! love1 & n to draw !m into admiration1 s t a doctr9e may be nam$ aft] him1 nor absolutely to give any occasion = envy4 ,9 common conv]sation1 too1 he w avoid ref]r+ to ! vices ( m51 & w take c>e only sp>+ly to speak ( human impot5ce1 :ile he w talk l>gely ( human virtue or p[]1 & ( ! way by :i* x may be made p]fect1 s t m5 be+ mov$ n by fe> or av]sion1 b solely by ! emotion ( joy1 may endeavor z mu* z !y c to live "u ! rule ( reason4 ,,xxvi ,except+ man1 we "k no individual ?+ 9 ,nature 9 ^: m9d we c take pleasure1 nor any ?+ :i* we c unite ) ourselves by fri5d%ip or any k9d ( int]c\rse1 & !re=e reg>d to our own pr(it does n dem& t we %\ld pres]ve any?+ :i* exi/s 9 ,nature except+ m51 b tea*es u to pres]ve x or de/roy x 9 accordance ) its v>i$ uses1 or to adapt x to our own s]vice 9 any way :atev]4 ,,xxvii ,! pr(it :i* we d]ive f objects )\t u1 ov] & above ! exp]i5ce & k :i* we obta9 because we obs]ve !m & *ange !m f _! exi/+ =ms into o!rs1 is *iefly ! pres]vation ( ! body1 & = ?is reason ^? objects are ! mo/ pr(itable to u :i* c fe$ & n\ri% ! body1 s t all its p>ts are able prop]ly to p]=m _! functions4 ,= ! m capable ! body is ( be+ affect$ 9 _m ways1 & affect+ ext]nal bodies 9 _m ways1 ! m capable ( ?9k+ is ! m9d4 ,b !re seem to be v few ?+s 9 ,nature ( ?is k9d1 & x is consequ5tly necess>y = ! requisite n\ri%m5t ( ! body to use _m diff]5t k9ds ( food2 = ! human body is compos$ ( a great numb] ( p>ts ( diff]5t nature1 :i* ne$ con/ant & v>i$ food 9 ord] t ! :ole ( ! body may be equally adapt$ = all ^? ?+s :i* c foll[ f its nature1 & consequ5tly t ! m9d also may be equally adapt$ to conceive _m ?+s4 ,,xxviii ,! /r5g? ( "o man w\ld sc>cely suffice to obta9 ^! ?+s if m5 did n mutually assi/ "o ano!r4 ,z money has pres5t$ u ) an ab/ract ( ev]y?+1 x has come to pass t its image above e o!r usually occupies ! m9d ( ! multitude1 because !y c imag9e h>dly any k9d ( joy )\t ! accompany+ idea ( money z its cause4 ,,xxix ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a vice only 9 ^? :o seek money n f pov]ty or necessity1 b because !y h le>n$ ! arts ( ga91 by :i* !y keep up a gr& appe>ance4 ,z = ! body itself1 !y fe$ x 9 accordance ) cu/om1 b sp>+ly1 because !y believe t !y lose s mu* ( _! goods z !y sp5d ^u ! pres]vation ( _! body4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o "k ! true use ( money1 & regulate ! measure ( weal? accord+ to _! ne$s1 live cont5t$ ) few ?+s4 ,,xxx ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ^? ?+s are good :i* help ! p>ts ( ! body to p]=m _! functions1 & s9ce joy consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! p[] ( man1 9 s f> z he is made up ( m9d & body1 is help$ or increas$1 x foll[s t all ?+s :i* br+ joy are good4 ,b inasmu* z ?+s d n "w to ?is end--t !y may affect u ) joy--nor is _! p[] ( action guid$ 9 accordance ) our pr(it1 & f9ally1 s9ce joy is g5]ally relat$ *iefly to "s "o "p ( ! body1 x foll[s t g5]ally ! emotions ( joy 7unless reason & wat*fulness be pres5t71 & consequ5tly ! desires :i* are begott5 f !m1 are excessive4 ,x is to be add$1 t an emotion causes u to put t ?+ fir/ :i* is sweet to u 9 ! pres5t1 & t we are n able to judge ! future ) an equal emotion ( ! m9d4 ,,xxxi ,sup]/ition1 on ! contr>y1 seems to affirm t :at br+s sorr[ is good1 &1 on ! contr>y1 t :at br+s joy is evil4 ,b1 z we h already said1 no "o1 except+ an envi\s man1 is delight$ at my impot5ce or disadvantage1 = ! great] ! joy ) :i* we are affect$1 ! great] ! p]fection to :i* we pass1 & consequ5tly ! m d we p>ticipate 9 ! div9e nature2 nor c joy ev] be evil :i* is controll$ by a true consid]ation = our own pr(it4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man :o is l$ by fe>1 & does :at is good t he may avoid :at is evil1 is n guid$ by reason4 ,,xxxii ,b human p[] is v limit$1 & is inf9itely surpass$ by ! p[] ( ext]nal causes1 s t we d n possess an absolute p[] to adapt to our s]vice ! ?+s :i* are )\t u4 ,nev]!less we %all be> ) equanimity ^? ?+s :i* happ5 to u contr>y to :at a consid]ation ( our own pr(it dem&s1 if we are consci\s t we h p]=m$ our duty1 t ! p[] we h c\ld n rea* s f> z to enable u to avoid ^? ?+s1 & t we are a "p ( ! :ole ( ,nature1 ^: ord] we foll[4 ,if we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& ?is1 ! "p ( u :i* is det]m9$ by intellig5ce1 t is to say1 ! bett] "p ( u1 w be entirely satisfi$ !re)1 & 9 t satisfaction w endeavor to p]sev]e2 =1 9 s f> z we und]/&1 we _c desire any?+ except+ :at is necess>y1 nor1 absolutely1 c we be satisfi$ ) any?+ b ! tru?4 ,!re=e 9 s f> z we und]/& ^! ?+s prop]ly w ! ef=ts ( ! bett] "p ( u agree ) ! ord] ( ! :ole ( ,nature4 ,,footnotes3 #cj 444 ,if x agre$ bett] ) a man's nature t he %\ld hang himself1 c\ld any reasons be giv5 = 8 n hang+ himself8 ,c su* a nature possibly exi/8 ,if s1 ,i ma9ta9 7:e!r ,i d or d n grant free w71 t su* an "o1 if he sees t he c live m conv5i5tly on ! gall[s ?an sitt+ at 8 own table1 w\ld act mo/ fooli%ly1 if he did n hang himself4 ,s any "o :o cle>ly saw t1 by committ+ crimes1 he w\ld enjoy a really m p]fect & bett] life & exi/5ce1 ?an he c\ld atta9 by ! practice ( virtue1 w\ld be fooli% if he did n act on 8 convictions4 ,=1 ) su* a p]v]se human nature z 81 crime w\ld become virtue4 ,f a lett] to ,wm4 ,bly5b]gh 7,m>* #ac1 #affe74 #ca ,x is to be obs]v$ t "h & 9 ! foll[+ ,i und]/& by hatr$1 hatr$ t[>ds m5 only4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,( ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,a ,,/ate#cb ,by ! "r & ord9ance ( ,nature1 ,i m]ely mean ^? natural laws :]e) we conceive e individual to be condition$ by ,nature1 s z to live & act 9 a giv5 way4 ,= in/ance1 fi%es are naturally condition$ = swimm+1 & ! great] = dev\r+ ! less2 !re=e fi%es enjoy ! wat]1 & ! great] dev\r ! less by sov]eign natural "r4 ,= x is c]ta9 t ,nature1 tak5 9 ! ab/ract1 has sov]eign "r to d any?+ %e c2 9 o!r words1 h] "r is co-ext5sive ) h] p[]4 ,! p[] ( ,nature is ! p[] ( ,god1 :i* has sov]eign "r ov] all ?+s2 &1 inasmu* z ! p[] ( ,nature is simply ! aggregate ( ! p[]s ( all h] individual compon5ts1 x foll[s t e individual has sov]eign "r to d all t he c1 9 o!r words1 ! rights ( an individual ext5d to ! utmo/ limits ( 8 p[] z x has be5 condition$4 ,n[ x is ! sov]eign law & "r ( ,nature t ea* individual %\ld endeavor to pres]ve itself z x is1 )\t reg>d to any?+ b itself2 !re=e ?is sov]eign law & "r belongs to e individual1 namely1 to exi/ & act accord+ to its natural conditions4 ,we d n "h ackn[l$ge any diff]5ce betwe5 mank9d & o!r individual natural entities1 nor betwe5 m5 end[$ ) reason & ^? to :om reason is unkn[n2 nor betwe5 fools1 madm51 & sane m54 ,:atsoev] an individual does by ! laws ( its nature x has a sov]eign "r to d1 inasmu* z x acts z x 0 condition$ by ,nature1 & _c act o!rwise4 ,:]e=e among m51 s long z !y are consid]$ z liv+ "u ! sway ( ,nature1 he :o does n yet "k reason1 or :o has n yet acquir$ ! habit ( virtue1 acts solely accord+ to ! laws ( 8 desire ) z sov]eign a "r z he :o ord]s 8 life entirely by ! laws ( reason4 ,t is1 z ! wise man has sov]eign "r to d all t reason dictates1 or to live accord+ to ! laws ( reason1 s also ! ignorant & fooli% man has sov]eign "r to d all t desire dictates1 or to live accord+ to ! laws ( desire4 ,?is is id5tical ) ! tea*+ ( ,paul1 :o ackn[l$ges t previ\s to ! law--t is1 s long z m5 are consid]$ ( z liv+ "u ! sway ( ,nature1 !re is no s94 ,! natural "r ( ! individual man is ?us det]m9$1 n by s\nd reason1 b by desire & p[]4 ,all are n naturally condition$ s z to act accord+ to ! laws & rules ( reason2 nay1 on ! contr>y1 all m5 are born ignorant1 & be=e !y c le>n ! "r way ( life & acquire ! habit ( virtue1 ! great] "p ( _! life1 ev5 if !y h be5 well br\ght up1 has pass$ away4 ,nev]!less1 !y are 9 ! mean:ile b\nd to live & pres]ve !mselves z f> z !y c by ! unaid$ impulses ( desire4 ,nature has giv5 !m no o!r guide1 & has d5i$ !m ! pres5t p[] ( liv+ accord+ to s\nd reason2 s t !y are no m b\nd to live by ! dictates ( an enlight5$ m9d ?an a cat is b\nd to live by ! laws ( ! nature ( a lion4 ,:atsoev]1 !re=e1 an individual1 consid]$ z "u ! sway ( ,nature1 ?9ks useful = himself1 :e!r l$ by s\nd reason or impell$ by ! passions1 t he has a sov]eign "r to seek & to take = himself z he be/ c1 :e!r by =ce1 cunn+1 entreaty1 or any o!r means2 consequ5tly he may reg>d z an enemy any "o :o h9d]s ! accompli%m5t ( 8 purpose4 ,x foll[s f :at we h said t ! "r & ord9ance ( ,nature1 "u :i* all m5 are born1 & "u :i* !y mo/ly live1 only prohibits su* ?+s z no "o desires1 & no "o c atta93 x does n =bid /rife1 nor hatr$1 nor ang]1 nor deceit1 nor1 inde$1 any ( ! means sugge/$ by desire4 ,?is we ne$ n wond] at1 = ,nature is n b\nd$ by ! laws ( human reason1 :i* aims only at man's true b5efit & pres]vation4 ,h] limits are inf9itely wid]1 & h ref]5ce to ! et]nal ord] ( ,nature1 :]e9 man is b a speck4 ,x is by ! necessity ( ?is alone t all individuals are condition$ = liv+ & act+ 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,if any?+1 !re=e1 9 ,nature seems to u ridicul\s1 absurd1 or evil1 x is because we only "k 9 "p1 & are almo/ entirely ignorant ( ! ord] & int]dep5d5ce ( ,nature z a :ole1 & also because we want ev]y?+ to be arrang$ accord+ to ! dictates ( our human reason2 9 reality t :i* reason consid]s evil is n evil 9 respect to ! ord] & laws ( ,nature z a :ole1 b only 9 respect to ! laws ( our reason4 ,nev]!less1 no "o c d\bt t x is mu* bett] = u to live accord+ to ! laws & assur$ dictates ( reason1 =1 z we said1 !y h m5's true good = _! object4 ,moreov]1 e "o wi%es to live z f> z possible securely beyond ! rea* ( fe>1 & ?is w\ld be q impossible s long z e "o did ev]y?+ he lik$1 & reason's claim 0 l[]$ to a p> ) ^? ( hatr$ & ang]4 ,!re is no "o :o is n ill at ease 9 ! mid/ ( enmity1 hatr$1 ang] & deceit1 & :o does n seek to avoid !m z mu* z he c4 ,:5 we reflect t m5 )\t mutual help1 or ! aid ( reason1 mu/ ne$s live mo/ mis]ably1 444 we %all pla9ly see t m5 mu/ necess>ily come to an agreem5t to live toge!r z securely & well z possible if !y are to enjoy1 z a :ole1 ! rights :i* naturally belong to !m z individuals1 & _! life %\ld be no m condition$ by ! =ce & desire ( individuals1 b by ! p[] & w ( ! :ole body4 ,?is end !y w be unable to atta9 if desire be _! only guide1 = by ! laws ( desire ea* man is drawn 9 a diff]5t direction2 !y mu/1 !re=e1 mo/ firmly decree & e/abli% t !y w be guid$ 9 ev]y?+ by reason1 :i* nobody w d>e op5ly to repudiate le/ he %\ld be tak5 = a madman1 & w re/ra9 any desire :i* is injuri\s to a man's fell[s1 t !y w d to all z !y w\ld be done by1 & t !y w def5d _! neighbor's rights z _! own4 ,h[ su* a compact z ?is %\ld be ent]$ into1 h[ ratifi$ & e/abli%$1 we w n[ inquire4 ,n[ x is a univ]sal law ( human nature t no "o ev] neglects any?+ :i* he judges to be good1 except ) ! hope ( ga9+ a great] good1 or f ! fe> ( a great] evil2 nor does any "o endure an evil except = ! sake ( avoid+ a great] evil1 or ga9+ a great] good4 ,t is1 e "o w1 ( two goods1 *oose t :i* he ?9ks ! greate/2 &1 ( two evils t :i* he ?9ks ! lea/4 ,i say advis$ly t :i* he ?9ks ! greate/ or ! lea/1 = x does n necess>ily foll[ t he judges "r4 ,?is law is s deeply implant$ 9 ! human m9d t x ought to be c\nt$ among et]nal tru?s & axioms4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple j enunciat$1 no "o c hone/ly promise to =ego ! "r :i* he has ov] all ?+s1#cc & 9 g5]al no "o w abide by 8 promises1 unless "u ! fe> ( a great] evil1 or ! hope ( a great] good4 ,an example w make ! matt] cle>]4 ,suppose t a robb] =ces me to promise t ,i w give him my goods at 8 w & pleasure4 ,x is pla9 7inasmu* z my natural "r is1 z ,i h %[n1 co-ext5sive ) my p[]7 t if ,i c free myself f ?is robb] by /ratagem1 by ass5t+ to 8 dem&s1 ,i h ! natural "r to d s1 & to pret5d to accept 8 conditions4 ,or1 aga91 suppose ,i h g5u9ely promis$ "s "o t = ! space ( tw5ty days ,i w n ta/e food or any n\ri%m5t2 & suppose ,i aft]w>ds f9d t my promise 0 fooli%1 & _c be kept )\t v great injury to myself2 z ,i am b\nd by natural law & "r to *oose ! lea/ ( two evils1 ,i h complete "r to break any compact1 & act z if my promise _h nev] be5 utt]$4 ,i say t ,i %\ld h p]fect natural "r to d s1 :e!r ,i 0 actuat$ by true & evid5t reason1 or :e!r ,i 0 actuat$ by m]e op9ion 9 ?9k+ ,i _h promis$ ra%ly2 :e!r my reasons 7 true or false1 ,i %\ld be 9 fe> ( a great] evil1 :i*1 by ! ord9ance ( ,nature1 ,i %\ld /rive to avoid by e means 9 my p[]4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t a compact is only made valid by its utility1 )\t :i* x becomes null & void4 ,x is !re=e fooli% to ask a man to keep 8 fai? ) u =ev]1 unless we also endeavor t ! violation ( ! compact we ent] into %all involve = ! violator m h>m ?an good4 ,?is consid]ation %\ld h v great weight 9 =m+ a /ate4 ,h[ev]1 if all m5 c\ld be easily l$ by reason alone1 & c\ld recognize :at is be/ & mo/ useful = a /ate1 !re w\ld be no "o :o w\ld n =swe> deceit1 = e "o w\ld keep mo/ religi\sly to _! compact 9 _! desire = ! *ief good1 namely1 ! pres]vation ( ! /ate1 & w\ld *]i% good fai? above all ?+s z ! %ield & buckl] ( ! commonweal?4 ,h[ev]1 x is f> f be+ ! case t all m5 c always be easily l$ by reason alone2 e "o is drawn away by 8 pleasure1 :ile av>ice1 ambition1 envy1 hatr$1 & ! l s engross ! m9d t reason has no place !re94 ,h5ce1 ?\gh m5 make promises ) all ! appe>ances ( good fai?1 & agree t !y w keep to _! engagem5t1 no "o c absolutely rely on ano!r man's promise unless !re is some?+ beh9d x4 ,e "o has by ,nature a "r to act deceitfully1 & to break 8 compacts1 unless he be re/ra9$ by ! hope ( "s great] good1 or ! fe> ( "s great] evil4 ,h[ev]1 z we h %[n t ! natural "r ( ! individual is only limit$ by 8 p[]1 x is cle> t by transf]r+1 ei!r will+ly or "u compulsion1 ?is p[] into ! h&s ( ano!r1 he 9 s do+ necess>ily c$es also a "p ( 8 "r2 &1 fur!r1 t ! sov]eign "r ov] all m5 belongs to him :o has sov]eign p[]1 :]e) he c compel m5 by =ce1 or re/ra9 !m by ?reats ( ! univ]sally fe>$ puni%m5t ( dea?4 ,su* sov]eign "r he w reta9 only s long z he c ma9ta9 8 p[] ( en=c+ 8 w2 o!rwise he w tott] on 8 ?rone1 & no "o :o is /rong] ?an he w be b\nd unwill+ly to obey him4 ,9 ?is mann] a society c be =m$ )\t any violation ( natural "r1 & ! cov5ant c always be /rictly kept--t is1 if ea* individual h&s ov] ! :ole ( 8 p[] to ! body politic1 ! latt] w !n possess sov]eign natural "r ov] all ?+s2 t is1 x w h sole & unque/ion$ dom9ion1 & e "o w be b\nd to obey1 "u pa9 ( ! sev]e/ puni%m5t4 ,a body politic ( ?is k9d is call$ a ,democracy1 :i* may be def9$ z a society :i* wields all its p[] z a :ole4 ,! sov]eign p[] is n re/ra9$ by any laws1 b e "o is b\nd to obey x 9 all ?+s2 su* is ! /ate ( ?+s impli$ :5 m5 ei!r tacitly or expressly h&$ ov] to x all _! p[] ( self-def5se1 or 9 o!r words1 all _! "r4 ,= if !y _h wi%$ to reta9 any "r = !mselves1 !y ought to h tak5 precautions = its def5se & pres]vation4 ,z !y h n done s1 & inde$ c\ld n h done s )\t divid+ & consequ5tly ru9+ ! /ate1 !y plac$ !mselves absolutely at ! m]cy ( ! sov]eign p[]2 &1 !re=e1 hav+ act$ 7z we h %[n7 z reason & necessity dem&$1 !y are oblig$ to fulfill ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign p[]1 h[ev] absurd ^! may be1 else !y w be public enemies1 & w act aga9/ reason1 :i* urges ! pres]vation ( ! /ate z a prim>y duty4 ,= reason bids u *oose ! less] ( two evils4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is dang] ( submitt+ absolutely to ! dom9ion & w ( ano!r1 is "o :i* may be incurr$ ) a light he>t3 = we h %[n t sov]eigns only possess ?is "r ( impos+ _! w1 s long z !y h ! full p[] to en=ce x4 ,if su* p[] be lo/ _! "r to comm& is lo/ also1 or lapses to ^? :o h assum$ x & c keep x4 ,?us x is v r>e = sov]eigns to impose ?or\ghly irrational comm&s1 = !y are b\nd to consult _! own int]e/s1 & reta9 _! p[] by consult+ ! public good & act+ accord+ to ! dictates ( reason1 z ,s5eca says1 viol5ta imp]ia nemo cont9uit diu4 ,no "o c long reta9 a tyrant's sway4 ,9 a democracy1 irrational comm&s are /ill less to be fe>$3 = x is almo/ impossible t ! majority ( a p1 especially if x be a l>ge "o1 %\ld agree 9 an irrational design3 &1 moreov]1 ! basis & aim ( a democracy is to avoid ! desires z irrational1 & to br+ m5 z f> z possible "u ! control ( reason1 s t !y may live 9 peace & h>mony4 ,if ?is basis be remov$ ! :ole fabric falls to ru94 ,su* be+ ! ends 9 view = ! sov]eign p[]1 ! duty ( subjects is1 z ,i h said1 to obey its comm&s1 & to recognize no "r save t :i* x sanctions4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be ?\ght t we are turn+ subjects into slaves1 = slaves obey comm&s & free m5 live z !y l2 b ?is idea is bas$ on a misconception1 = ! true slave is he :o is l$ away by 8 pleasures & c nei!r see :at is good = him nor act accord+ly3 he alone is free :o lives ) free cons5t "u ! entire guidance ( reason4 ,action 9 ob$i5ce to ord]s does take away fre$om 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 b x does n1 !re=e1 make a man a slave2 all dep5ds on ! object ( ! action4 ,if ! object ( ! action be ! good ( ! /ate1 & n ! good ( ! ag5t1 ! latt] is a slave & does himself no good2 b 9 a /ate or k+dom :]e ! weal ( ! :ole p1 & n t ( ! rul]1 is ! supreme law1 ob$i5ce to ! sov]eign p[] does n make a man a slave1 ( no use to himself1 b a subject4 ,!re=e1 t /ate is ! free/ ^: laws are f\nd$ on s\nd reason1 s t e memb] ( x may1 if he w1 be free2#cd t is1 live ) full cons5t "u ! entire guidance ( reason4 ,*ildr51 ?\gh !y are b\nd to obey all ! comm&s ( _! p>5ts1 are yet n slaves2 = ! comm&s ( p>5ts look g5]ally to ! *ildr5's b5efit4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ackn[l$ge a great diff]5ce betwe5 a slave1 a son1 & a subject2 _! positions may be ?us def9$4 ,a slave is "o :o is b\nd to obey 8 ma/]'s ord]s1 ?\gh !y are giv5 solely 9 ! ma/]'s int]e/2 a son is "o :o obeys 8 fa!r's ord]s1 giv5 9 8 own int]e/2 a subject obeys ! ord]s ( ! sov]eign p[]1 giv5 = ! common int]e/1 :]e9 he is includ$4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ %[n suffici5tly cle>ly ! basis ( a democracy4 ,i h especially desir$ to d s1 = ,i believe x to be ( all =ms ( gov]nm5t ! mo/ natural1 & ! mo/ consonant ) individual lib]ty4 ,9 x no "o transf]s 8 natural "r s absolutely t he has no fur!r voice 9 affairs2 he only h&s x ov] to ! majority ( a society1 :]e( he is a unit4 ,?us all m5 rema91 z !y 7 9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 equals4 ,?is is ! only =m ( gov]nm5t :i* ,i h treat$ ( at l5g?1 = x is ! "o mo/ ak9 to my purpose ( %[+ ! b5efits ( fre$om 9 a /ate4 ,i may pass ov] ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 = we may ga!r f :at has be5 said :5ce _! "r arises )\t go+ into its orig94 ,! possessor ( sov]eign p[]1 :e!r he be "o1 or _m1 or ! :ole body politic1 has ! sov]eign "r ( impos+ any comm&s he pleases2 & he :o has ei!r volunt>ily1 or "u compulsion1 transf]r$ ! "r to def5d him to ano!r1 has1 9 s do+1 r5\nc$ 8 natural "r & is !re=e b\nd to obey1 9 all ?+s1 ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign p[]2 & w be b\nd s to d s long z ! k+1 or nobles1 or ! p pres]ve ! sov]eign p[] :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! orig9al transf]4 ,i ne$ add no m4 ,! bases & rights ( dom9ion be+ ?us display$1 we %all readily be able to def9e private civil "r1 wrong1 ju/ice1 & inju/ice1 ) _! relations to ! /ate2 & also to det]m9e :at con/itutes an ally1 or an enemy1 or ! crime ( treason4 ,by private civil "r we c only mean ! lib]ty e man possesses to pres]ve 8 exi/5ce1 a lib]ty limit$ by ! edicts ( ! sov]eign p[]1 & pres]v$ only by its au?ority4 ,= :5 a man has transf]r$ to ano!r 8 "r ( liv+ z he likes1 :i* 0 only limit$ by 8 p[]1 t is1 has transf]r$ 8 lib]ty & p[] ( self-def5se1 he is b\nd to live z t o!r dictates1 & to tru/ to him entirely = 8 def5se4 ,wrong takes place :5 a citiz51 or subject1 is =c$ by ano!r to und]go "s loss or pa9 9 contradiction to ! au?ority ( ! law1 or ! edict ( ! sov]eign p[]4 ,wrong is conceivable only 9 an organiz$ community2 nor c x ev] accrue to subjects f any act ( ! sov]eign1 :o has ! "r to d :at he likes4 ,x c only arise1 !re=e1 betwe5 private p]sons1 :o are b\nd by law & "r n to injure "o ano!r4 ,ju/ice consi/s 9 ! habitual r5d]+ to e man 8 lawful due2 inju/ice consi/s 9 depriv+ a man1 "u ! pret5se ( legality1 ( :at ! laws1 rightly int]pret$1 w\ld all[ him4 ,^! la/ are also call$ equity & inequity1 because ^? :o adm9i/] ! laws are b\nd to %[ no respect ( p]sons1 b to acc\nt all m5 equal1 & to def5d e man's "r equally1 nei!r envy+ ! ri* nor despis+ ! poor4 ,! m5 ( two /ates become allies1 :5 = ! sake ( avoid+ w>1 or = "s o!r advantage1 !y cov5ant to d ea* o!r no hurt1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to assi/ ea* o!r if necessity arises1 ea* reta9+ 8 indep5d5ce4 ,su* a cov5ant is valid s long z its basis ( dang] or advantage is 9 =ce3 no "o ent]s into an engagem5t1 or is b\nd to /& by 8 compacts unless !re be a hope ( "s accru+ good1 or ! fe> ( "s evil3 if ?is basis be remov$ ! compact !reby becomes void3 ?is has be5 abundantly %[n by exp]i5ce4 ,= al?\gh diff]5t /ates make treaties n to h>m "o ano!r1 !y always take e possible precaution aga9/ su* treaties be+ brok5 by ! /rong] p>ty1 & d n rely on ! compact1 unless !re is a suffici5tly obvi\s object & advantage to bo? p>ties 9 obs]v+ x4 ,o!rwise !y w\ld fe> a brea* ( fai?1 nor w\ld !re be any wrong done !reby2 = :o 9 8 prop] s5ses1 & aw>e ( ! "r ( ! sov]eign p[]1 w\ld tru/ 9 ! promises ( "o :o has ! w & ! p[] to d :at he likes1 & :o aims solely at ! safety & advantage ( 8 dom9ion8 ,moreov]1 if we consult loyalty & religion1 we %all see t no "o 9 possession ( p[] ought to abide by 8 promises to ! injury ( 8 dom9ion2 = he _c keep su* promises )\t break+ ! engagem5t he made ) 8 subjects1 by :i* bo? he & !y are mo/ solemnly b\nd4 ,an enemy is "o :o lives ap>t f ! /ate1 & does n recognize its au?ority ei!r z a subject or z an ally4 ,x is n hatr$ :i* makes a man an enemy1 b ! rights ( ! /ate4 ,! rights ( ! /ate are ! same 9 reg>d to him :o does n recognize by any compact ! /ate au?ority1 z !y are aga9/ him :o has done ! /ate an injury4 ,x has ! "r to =ce him1 z be/ x c1 ei!r to submit1 or to contract an alliance4 ,la/ly1 treason c only be committ$ by subjects1 :o by compact1 ei!r tacit or express$1 h transf]r$ all _! rights to ! /ate4 ,a subject is said to h committ$ ?is crime :5 he has attempt$1 = :atev] reason1 to seize ! sov]eign p[]1 or to place x 9 diff]5t h&s4 ,i say1 has attempt$1 = if puni%m5t 7 n to ov]take him till he _h succe$$1 x w\ld (t5 come too late1 ! sov]eign rights w\ld h be5 acquir$ or transf]r$ already4 ,i also say1 has attempt$1 = :atev] reasons1 to seize ! sov]eign p[]1 & ,i recognize no diff]5ce :e!r su* an attempt %\ld be foll[$ by public loss or public ga94 ,:atev] be 8 reason = act+1 ! crime is treason1 & he is rightly condemn$4 ,9 w>1 e "o w\ld admit ! ju/ice ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,if a man does n keep to 8 po/1 b approa*es ! enemy )\t ! k ( 8 comm&]1 :atev] may be 8 motive1 s long z he acts on 8 own motion1 ev5 if he advances ) ! design ( defeat+ ! enemy1 he is rightly put to dea?1 because he has violat$ 8 oa?1 & infr+$ ! rights ( 8 comm&]4 ,t all citiz5s are equally b\nd by ^! rights 9 "t ( peace1 is n s g5]ally recogniz$1 b ! reasons = ob$i5ce are 9 bo? cases id5tical4 ,! /ate mu/ be pres]v$ & direct$ by ! sole au?ority ( ! sov]eign1 & su* au?ority & "r h be5 accord$ by univ]sal cons5t to him alone4 ,if1 !re=e1 any "o else attempts1 )\t 8 cons5t1 to execute any public ent]prise1 ev5 ?\gh ! /ate might 7z we said7 reap b5efit !refrom1 su* p]son has none ! less infr+$ ! sov]eign's "r1 & w\ld be rightly puni%$ = treason4 ,9 ord] t e scruple may be remov$1 we may n[ answ] ! inquiry1 :e!r our =m] ass]tion t e "o :o has n ! practice ( reason1 may1 9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 live by sov]eign natural "r1 accord+ to ! laws ( 8 desires1 is n 9 direct opposition to ! law & "r ( ,god z reveal$4 ,= z all m5 absolutely 7:e!r !y be less end[$ ) reason or m7 are equally b\nd by ! ,div9e comm& to love _! neighbor z !mselves1 x may be said t !y _c1 )\t wrong1 d injury to any "o1 or live accord+ to _! desires4 ,?is objection1 s f> z ! /ate ( ,nature is conc]n$1 c be easily answ]$1 = ! /ate ( ,nature is1 bo? 9 nature & 9 "t1 prior to religion4 ,no "o kn[s by nature t he owes any ob$i5ce to ,god1#ce nor c he atta9 !reto by any ex]cise ( 8 reason1 b solely by revelation confirm$ by signs4 ,!re=e1 previ\s to revelation1 no "o is b\nd by a ,div9e law & "r ( :i* he is necess>ily 9 ignorance4 ,! /ate ( ,nature mu/ by no means be conf\nd$ ) a /ate ( religion1 b mu/ be conceiv$ z )\t ei!r religion or law1 & consequ5tly )\t s9 or wrong4 ,?is is h[ we h describ$ x1 & we are confirm$ by ! au?ority ( ,paul4 ,x is n only 9 respect ( ignorance t we conceive ! /ate ( ,nature z prior to1 & lack+ ! ,div9e reveal$ law & "r2 b 9 respect ( fre$om also1 :]e) all m5 are born end[$4444 ,x may be insi/$ t sov]eigns are z mu* b\nd by ! ,div9e law z subjects2 :]eas we h ass]t$ t !y reta9 _! natural rights1 & may d :atev] !y l4 ,9 ord] to cle> up ! :ole difficulty1 :i* arises r conc]n+ ! natural "r ?an ! natural /ate1 ,i ma9ta9 t e "o is b\nd1 9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 to live accord+ to ,div9e law1 9 ! same way z he is b\nd to live accord+ to ! dictates ( s\nd reason2 namely1 inasmu* z x is to 8 advantage1 & necess>y = 8 salvation2 b1 if he w n s live1 he may d o!rwise at 8 own risk4 ,he is ?us b\nd to live accord+ to 8 own laws1 n accord+ to any "o else's1 & to recognize no man z a judge1 or z a sup]ior 9 religion4 ,su*1 9 my op9ion1 is ! position ( a sov]eign1 = he may take advice f 8 fell[ m51 b he is n b\nd to recognize any z a judge1 nor any "o besides himself z an arbitrator on any "q ( "r1 unless x be a prophet s5t expressly by ,god & atte/+ 8 mission by indisputable signs4 ,ev5 !n he does n recognize a man1 b ,god ,himself z 8 judge4 ,if a sov]eign refuses to obey ,god z reveal$ 9 ,8 law1 he does s at 8 own risk & loss1 b )\t violat+ any civil or natural "r4 ,= ! civil "r is dep5d5t on 8 own decree2 & natural "r is dep5d5t on ! laws ( ,nature1 :i* latt] are n adapt$ to religion1 ^: sole aim is ! good ( humanity1 b to ! ord] ( ,nature--t is1 to ,god's et]nal decree unkn[n to u4 ,?is tru? seems to be adumbrat$ 9 a some:at obscur] =m by ^? :o ma9ta9 t m5 c s9 aga9/ ,god's revelation1 b n aga9/ ! et]nal decree by :i* ,he has orda9$ all ?+s4444 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,f ! ,tr4 ,?4-,p41 *4 xvi1 same title4 #cc ,9 ! /ate ( social life1 :]e g5]al "r det]m9es :at is good or evil1 /ratagem is rightly di/+ui%$ z ( two k9ds1 good & evil4 ,b 9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 :]e e man is 8 own judge1 possess+ ! absolute "r to lay d[n laws = himself1 to int]pret !m z he pleases1 or to abrogate !m if he ?9ks x conv5i5t1 x is n conceivable t /ratagem %\ld be evil4 #cd ,:atev] be ! social /ate a man f9ds himself 91 he may be free4 ,= c]ta9ly a man is free1 9 s f> z he is l$ by reason4 ,n[ reason 7?\gh ,hobbes ?9ks o!rwise7 is always on ! side ( peace1 :i* _c be atta9$ unless ! g5]al laws ( ! /ate be respect$4 ,!re=e ! m a man is l$ by reason--9 o!r words1 ! m he is free1 ! m con/antly w he respect ! laws ( 8 c\ntry1 & obey ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign p[] to :i* he is subject4 #ce ,:5 ,paul says t m5 h 9 !mselves no refuge1 he speaks z a man3 = 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! same ,epi/le he expressly tea*es t ,god has m]cy on :om ,he w1 & t m5 are )\t excuse1 only because !y are 9 ,god's p[] l clay 9 ! h&s ( a pott]1 :o out ( ! same lump makes vessels1 "s = honor & "s = di%onor1 n because !y h be5 =ew>n$4 ,z reg>ds ! ,div9e natural law :]e( ! *ief comm&m5t is1 z we h said1 to love ,god1 ,i h call$ x a law 9 ! same s5se1 z philosoph]s /yle laws ^? g5]al rules ( ,nature1 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ happ5s4 ,= ! love ( ,god is n a /ate ( ob$i5ce3 x is a virtue :i* necess>ily exi/s 9 a man :o kn[s ,god rightly4 ,ob$i5ce has reg>d to ! w ( a rul]1 n to necessity & tru?4 ,n[ z we are ignorant ( ! nature ( ,god's w1 & on ! o!r h& "k t ev]y?+ happ5s solely by ,god's p[]1 we _c1 except ?r\gh revelation1 "k :e!r ,god wi%es 9 any way to be honor$ z a sov]eign4 ,aga92 we h %[n t ! ,div9e rights appe> to u 9 ! light ( rights or comm&s1 only s long z we are ignorant ( _! cause3 z soon z _! cause is kn[n1 !y cease to be rights1 & we embrace !m no long] z rights b z et]nal tru?s2 9 o!r words1 ob$i5ce passes into love ( ,god1 :i* emanates f true k z necess>ily z light emanates f ! sun4 ,reason !n leads u to love ,god1 b _c lead u to obey ,him2 = we _c embrace ! comm&s ( ,god z ,div9e1 :ile we are 9 ignorance ( _! cause1 nei!r c we rationally conceive ,god z a sov]eign lay+ d[n laws z a sov]eign4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,( ,,supreme ,,au?orities ,i ,( ! ,"r ( ,supreme ,au?orities#cf ,"u e dom9ion ! /ate is said to be ,civil2 b ! entire body subject to a dom9ion is call$ a ,commonweal?1 & ! g5]al bus9ess ( ! dom9ion1 subject to ! direction ( him t holds x1 has ! "n ( ,affairs ( ,/ate4 ,next we call m5 ,citiz5s1 z f> z !y enjoy by ! civil law all ! advantages ( ! commonweal?1 & ,subjects1 z f> z !y are b\nd to obey its ord9ances or laws4 ,la/ly 444 ( ! civil /ate !re are ?ree k9ds--democracy1 ari/ocracy & mon>*y4 ,n[1 be=e ,i beg9 to treat ( ea* k9d sep>ately1 ,i w fir/ d$uce all ! prop]ties ( ! civil /ate 9 g5]al4 ,& ( ^!1 fir/ ( all comes to be consid]$ ! supreme "r ( ! commonweal?1 or ! "r ( ! supreme au?orities4 ,x is cle> t ! "r ( ! supreme au?orities is no?+ else ?an simple natural "r1 limit$1 inde$1 by ! p[]1 n ( e individual1 b ( ! multitude1 :i* is guid$1 z x 71 by "o m9d--t is1 z ea* individual 9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 s ! body & m9d ( a dom9ion h z mu* "r z !y h p[]4 ,& ?us ea* s+le citiz5 or subject has ! less "r1 ! m ! commonweal? exce$s him 9 p[]1 & ea* citiz5 consequ5tly does & has no?+ b :at he may by ! g5]al decree ( ! commonweal? def5d4 ,if ! commonweal? grant to any man ! "r1 & !re) ! au?ority 7= else x is b a gift ( words7 to live aft] 8 own m9d1 by t v act x ab&ons its own "r1 & transf]s ! same to him1 to :om x has giv5 su* au?ority4 ,b if x has giv5 ?is au?ority to two or m1 ,i mean au?ority to live ea* aft] 8 own m9d1 by t v act x has divid$ ! dom9ion1 & if1 la/ly1 x has giv5 ?is same au?ority to e citiz51 x has !reby de/roy$ itself1 & !re rema9s no m a commonweal?1 b ev]y?+ returns to ! /ate ( ,nature2 all ( :i* is v manife/ f :at goes be=e4 ,& ?us x foll[s1 t x c by no means be conceiv$1 t e citiz5 %\ld by ! ord9ance ( ! commonweal? live aft] 8 own m9d1 & accord+ly ?is natural "r ( be+ "o's own judge ceases 9 ! civil /ate4 ,i say expressly by ! ord9ance ( ! commonweal?1 = if we weigh ! matt] aright1 ! natural "r ( e man does n cease 9 ! civil /ate4 ,= man1 alike 9 ! natural & 9 ! civil /ate1 acts accord+ to ! laws ( 8 own nature1 & consults 8 own int]e/4 ,man1 ,i say1 9 ea* /ate is l$ by fe> or hope to d or leave undone ?is or t2 b ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! two /ates is ?is1 t 9 ! civil /ate all fe> ! same ?+s1 & all h ! same gr\nd ( security1 & mann] ( life2 & ?is c]ta9ly does n d away ) ! individual's faculty ( judgm5t4 ,= he t is m9d$ to obey all ! commonweal?'s ord]s1 :e!r ?r\gh fe> ( its p[] or ?r\gh love ( quiet1 c]ta9ly consults aft] 8 own he>t 8 own safety & int]e/4 ,moreov]1 we _c ev5 conceive1 t e citiz5 %\ld be all[$ to int]pret ! commonweal?'s decrees or laws4 ,= 7 e citiz5 all[$ ?is1 he w\ld !reby be 8 own judge1 because ea* w\ld easily be able to give a color ( "r to 8 own de$s1 :i* by ! la/ section is absurd4 ,we see1 !n1 t e citiz5 dep5ds n on himself1 b on ! commonweal?1 all ^: comm&s he is b\nd to execute1 & has no "r to decide1 :at is equitable or iniquit\s1 j or unju/4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 z ! body ( ! dom9ion %\ld1 s to speak1 be guid$ by "o m9d1 & consequ5tly ! w ( ! commonweal? mu/ be tak5 to be ! w ( all2 :at ! /ate decides to be j & good mu/ be held to be s decid$ by e individual4 ,& s1 h[ev] iniquit\s ! subject may ?9k ! commonweal?'s decisions1 he is none ! less b\nd to execute !m4 ,b1 x may be object$1 is x n contr>y to ! dictate ( reason to subject oneself :olly to ! judgm5t ( ano!r1 &1 consequ5tly1 is n ! civil /ate repugnant to reason8 ,:5ce x w\ld foll[ t ! civil /ate is irrational1 & c\ld only be creat$ by m5 de/itute ( reason1 n at all by su* z are l$ by x4 ,b s9ce reason tea*es no?+ contr>y to ,nature1 s\nd reason _c !re=e dictate t e "o %\ld rema9 indep5d5t1 s long z m5 are liable to passions1 t is1 reason pron\nces aga9/ su* indep5d5ce4 ,besides1 reason altoge!r tea*es to seek peace1 & peace _c be ma9ta9$1 unless ! commonweal?'s g5]al laws be kept unbrok54 ,& s1 ! m a man is guid$ by reason1 t is1 ! m he is free1 ! m con/antly he w keep ! laws ( ! commonweal?1 & execute ! comm&s ( ! supreme au?ority1 ^: subject he is4 ,fur!rmore1 ! civil /ate is naturally orda9$ to remove g5]al fe>1 & prev5t g5]al suff]+s1 & !re=e pursue above ev]y?+ ! v end1 aft] :i* e "o1 :o is l$ by reason1 /rives1 b 9 ! natural /ate /rives va9ly4 ,:]e=e1 if a man1 :o is l$ by reason1 has sometimes to d by ! commonweal?'s ord] :at he kn[s to be repugnant to reason1 t h>m is f> comp5sat$ by ! good1 :i* he d]ives f ! exi/5ce ( a civil /ate4 ,= x is reason's own law1 to *oose ! less ( two evils2 & accord+ly we may conclude t no "o is act+ aga9/ ! dictate ( 8 own reason1 s f> z he does :at by ! law ( ! commonweal? is to be done4 ,& ?is any "o w m easily grant u1 aft] we h expla9$ h[ f> ! p[] & consequ5tly ! "r ( ! commonweal? ext5ds4 ,=1 fir/ ( all1 x mu/ be consid]$ t1 z 9 ! /ate ( ,nature ! man :o is l$ by reason is mo/ p[]ful & mo/ indep5d5t1 s too t commonweal? w be mo/ p[]ful & mo/ indep5d5t :i* is f\nd$ & guid$ by reason4 ,= ! "r ( ! commonweal? is det]m9$ by ! p[] ( ! multitude1 :i* is l$1 z x 71 by "o m9d4 ,b ?is unity ( m9d c 9 no wise be conceiv$1 unless ! commonweal? pursues *iefly ! v end :i* s\nd reason tea*es is to ! int]e/ ( all m54 ,9 ! second place x comes to be consid]$ t subjects are s f> dep5d5t1 n on !mselves b on ! commonweal?1 z !y fe> its p[] or ?reats1 or z !y love ! civil /ate4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t su* ?+s1 z no "o c be induc$ to d by rew>ds or ?reats1 d n fall )9 ! rights ( ! commonweal?4 ,= in/ance1 by reason ( 8 faculty ( judgm5t1 x is 9 no man's p[] to believe4 ,= by :at rew>ds or ?reats c a man be br\ght to believe t ! :ole is n great] ?an its "p1 or t ,god does n exi/1 or t t is an inf9ite be+1 :i* he sees to be f9ite1 or1 g5]ally1 any?+ contr>y to 8 s5se or ?\ght8 ,s1 too1 by :at rew>ds or ?reats c a man be br\ght to love "o :om he hates1 or to hate "o :om he loves8 ,& to ?is head mu/ likewise be ref]r$ su* ?+s z are s abhorr5t to human nature1 t x reg>ds !m z actually worse ?an any evil1 z t a man %\ld be witness aga9/ himself1 or torture himself1 or kill 8 p>5ts1 or n /rive to avoid dea?1 & ! l1 to :i* no "o c be induc$ by rew>ds or ?reats4 ,b if we /ill *oose to say t ! commonweal? has ! "r or au?ority to ord] su* ?+s1 we c conceive ( x 9 no o!r s5se ?an t 9 :i* "o might say t a man has ! "r to be mad or deliri\s4 ,= :at b a deliri\s fancy w\ld su* a "r be1 z c\ld b9d no "o8 ,& "h ,i am speak+ expressly ( su* ?+s z _c be subject to ! "r ( a commonweal? & are abhorr5t to human nature 9 g5]al4 ,= ! fact t a fool or madman c by no rew>ds or ?reats be induc$ to execute ord]s1 or t ?is or t p]son1 because he is atta*$ to ?is or t religion1 judges ! laws ( a dom9ion worse ?an any possible evil1 9 no wise makes void ! laws ( ! commonweal?1 s9ce by !m mo/ ( ! citiz5s are re/ra9$4 ,& s1 z ^? :o are )\t fe> or hope are s f> indep5d5t1 !y are1 !re=e1 enemies ( ! dom9ion1 & may lawfully be co]c$ by =ce4 ,?irdly1 & la/ly1 x comes to be consid]$ t ^? ?+s are n s mu* )9 ! commonweal?'s "r1 :i* cause indignation 9 ! majority4 ,= x is c]ta91 t by ! guidance ( ,nature m5 conspire toge!r1 ei!r ?r\gh common fe>1 or ) ! desire to av5ge "s common hurt2 & z ! "r ( ! commonweal? is det]m9$ by ! common p[] ( ! multitude1 x is c]ta9 t ! p[] & "r ( ! commonweal? are s f> dim9i%$1 z x gives occasion = _m to conspire toge!r4 ,!re are c]ta9ly "s subjects ( fe> = a commonweal?1 & z e sep>ate citiz5 or 9 ! /ate ( ,nature e man1 s a commonweal? is ! less indep5d5t1 ! great] reason x has to fe>4 ,s mu* = ! "r ( supreme au?orities ov] subjects4 ,n[ be=e ,i treat ( ! "r ( ! said au?orities z aga9/ o!rs1 we _h bett] resolve a "q commonly moot$ ab\t religion4 ,= x may be object$ to u1 ,d n ! civil /ate1 & ! ob$i5ce ( subjects1 su* z we h %[n is requir$ 9 ! civil /ate1 d away ) religion1 :]eby we are b\nd to wor%ip ,god8 ,b if we consid] ! matt]1 z x really is1 we %all f9d no?+ t c sugge/ a scruple4 ,= ! m9d1 s f> z x makes use ( reason1 is dep5d5t1 n on ! supreme au?orities1 b on itself4 ,& s ! true k & ! love ( ,god _c be subject to ! dom9ion ( any1 nor yet c *>ity t[>ds "o's neighbor4 ,& if we fur!r reflect t ! highe/ ex]cise ( *>ity is t :i* aims at keep+ peace & jo9+ 9 unity1 we %all n d\bt t he does 8 duty1 :o helps e "o1 s f> z ! commonweal?'s laws1 t is1 s f> z unity & quiet all[4 ,z = ext]nal rites1 x is c]ta91 t !y c d no good or h>m at all 9 respect ( ! true k ( ,god1 & ! love :i* necess>ily results f x2 & s !y ought n to be held ( su* importance1 t x %\ld be ?\ght wor? :ile on _! acc\nt to di/urb public peace & quiet4 ,moreov]1 x is c]ta9 t ,i am n a *ampion ( religion by ! law ( ,nature1 t is1 by ! div9e decree4 ,= ,i h no au?ority1 z once ! disciples ( ,*ri/ _h1 to ca/ out unclean spirits & "w miracles2 :i* au?ority is yet s necess>y to ! propagat+ ( religion 9 places :]e x is =bidd51 t )\t x "o n only1 z !y say1 wa/es "o's "t#cg & tr\ble1 b causes besides v _m inconv5i5ces1 :]e( all ages h se5 mo/ m\rnful examples4 ,e "o !re=e1 :]ev] he may be1 c wor%ip ,god ) true religion1 & m9d 8 own bus9ess1 :i* is ! duty ( a private man4 ,b ! c>e ( propagat+ religion %\ld be left to ,god1 or ! supreme au?orities1 ^u :om alone falls ! *>ge ( affairs ( /ate4 ,b ,i return to my subject4 ,aft] expla9+ ! "r ( supreme au?orities ov] citiz5s & ! duty ( subjects1 x rema9s to consid] ! "r ( su* au?orities aga9/ ! _w at l>ge1 :i* is n[ easily intelligible f :at has be5 said4 ,= s9ce ! "r ( ! supreme au?orities is no?+ else b simple natural "r1 x foll[s t two dom9ions /& t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ! same relation z d two m5 9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 ) ?is exception1 t a commonweal? c provide aga9/ be+ oppress$ by ano!r2 :i* a man 9 ! /ate ( ,nature _c d1 see+ t he is ov]come daily by sleep1 (t5 by disease or m5tal infirmity1 & 9 ! end by old age1 & is besides liable to o!r inconv5i5ces1 f :i* a commonweal? c secure itself4 ,a commonweal?1 !n1 is s f> indep5d5t1 z x c plan & provide aga9/ oppression by ano!r1 & s f> dep5d5t on ano!r commonweal?1 z x fe>s t o!r's p[]1 or is h9d]$ by x f execut+ its own wi%es1 or1 la/ly1 z x ne$s its help = its own pres]vation or increase4 ,= we _c at all d\bt1 t if two commonweal?s are will+ to (f] ea* o!r mutual help1 bo? toge!r are m p[]ful1 & !re=e h m "r1 ?an ei!r alone4 ,b ?is w be m cle>ly intelligible if we reflect t two commonweal?s are naturally enemies4 ,= m5 9 ! /ate ( ,nature are enemies4 ,^?1 !n1 :o /& outside a commonweal?1 & reta9 _! natural rights1 cont9ue enemies4 ,accord+ly1 if "o commonweal? wi%es to make w> on ano!r & employ extreme measures to make t o!r dep5d5t on itself1 x may lawfully make ! attempt1 s9ce x ne$s b ! b>e w ( ! commonweal? = w> to be wag$4 ,b conc]n+ peace x c decide no?+1 save ) ! concurr5ce ( ano!r commonweal?'s w4 ,:5 x foll[s t laws ( w> reg>d e commonweal? by itself1 b laws ( peace reg>d n "o1 b at ! lea/ two commonweal?s1 :i* are !re=e call$ contract+ p>ties4 ,?is contract rema9s s long unmov$ z ! motive = ent]+ into x1 t is1 fe> ( hurt or hope ( ga91 subsi/s4 ,b take away f ei!r commonweal? ?is hope or fe>1 & x is left indep5d5t1 & ! l9k1 :]eby ! commonweal?s 7 mutually b\nd1 breaks ( itself4 ,& !re=e e commonweal? has ! "r to break its contract1 :5ev] x *ooses1 & _c be said to act trea*]\sly or p]fidi\sly 9 break+ its ^w1 z soon z ! motive ( hope or fe> is remov$4 ,= e contract+ p>ty 0 on equal t]ms 9 ?is respect1 t :i*ev] c\ld fir/ free itself ( fe> %\ld be indep5d5t1 & make use ( its indep5d5ce aft] its own m9d2 &1 besides1 no "o makes a contract respect+ ! future1 b on ! hypo!sis ( c]ta9 prec$5t circum/ances4 ,b :5 ^! circum/ances *ange1 ! reason ( policy applicable to ! :ole position *anges ) !m2 & !re=e e "o ( ! contract+ commonweal?s reta9s ! "r ( consult+ its own int]e/1 & consequ5tly endeavors1 z f> z possible1 to be free f fe> & !reby indep5d5t1 & to prev5t ano!r f com+ out ( ! contract ) great] p[]4 ,if !n a commonweal? compla9s t x has be5 deceiv$1 x _c prop]ly blame ! bad fai? ( ano!r contract+ commonweal?1 b only its own folly 9 hav+ entru/$ its own welf>e to ano!r p>ty1 t 0 indep5d5t1 & _h = its highe/ law ! welf>e ( its own dom9ion4 ,to commonweal?s1 :i* h contract$ a treaty ( peace1 x belongs to decide ! que/ions :i* may be moot$ ab\t ! t]ms or rules ( peace1 :]eby !y h mutually b\nd !mselves1 inasmu* z laws ( peace reg>d n "o commonweal?1 b ! commonweal?s :i* contract tak5 toge!r4 ,b if !y _c agree toge!r ab\t ! conditions1 !y by t v fact return to a /ate ( w>4 ,! m commonweal?s !re are1 t h contract$ a jo9t treaty ( peace1 ! less ea* ( !m by itself is an object ( fe> to ! rema9d]1 or ! less x has ! au?ority to make w>4 ,b x is s mu* ! m b\nd to obs]ve ! conditions ( peace2 t is1 ! less indep5d5t1 & ! m b\nd to accommodate itself to ! g5]al w ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,b ! good fai?1 inculcat$ by s\nd reason & religion1 is n h]eby made void2 = nei!r reason nor ,scripture tea*es "o to keep "o's ^w 9 e case4 ,= if ,i h promis$ a man1 = in/ance1 to keep safe a sum ( money he has secretly deposit$ ) me1 ,i am n b\nd to keep my ^w1 f ! "t t ,i "k or believe ! deposit to h be5 /ol51 b ,i %all act m rightly 9 endeavor+ to re/ore x to its own]s4 ,s likewise1 if ! supreme au?ority has promis$ ano!r to d some?+1 :i* subsequ5tly occasion or reason %[s or seems to %[ is contr>y to ! welf>e ( its subjects1 x is surely b\nd to break its ^w4 ,z !n ,scripture only tea*es u to keep our ^w 9 g5]al1 & leaves to e individual's judgm5t ! special cases ( exception1 x tea*es no?+ repugnant to :at we h j prov$4 ,b t ,i may n h s (t5 to break ! ?read ( my disc\rse1 & to resolve h]eaft] simil> objections1 ,i w\ld h x kn[n t all ?is demon/ration ( m9e proce$s f ! necessity ( human nature1 consid]$ 9 :at light y w--,i mean1 f ! univ]sal ef=t ( all m5 aft] self-pres]vation1 an ef=t inh]5t 9 all m51 :e!r le>n$ or unle>n$4 ,& !re=e1 h[ev] "o consid]s m5 are l$1 :e!r by passion or by reason1 x w be ! same ?+2 = ! demon/ration1 z we h said1 is ( univ]sal application4 ,,ii ,( ! ,functions ( ,supreme ,au?orities#ch ,! "r ( ! supreme au?orities is limit$ by _! p[]2 ! mo/ important "p ( t "r is1 t !y are1 z x 71 ! m9d ( ! dom9ion1 :]eby all ought to be guid$2 & accord+ly1 su* au?orities alone h ! "r ( decid+ :at is good1 evil1 equitable or iniquit\s1 t is1 :at mu/ be done or left undone by ! subjects sev]ally or collectively4 ,&1 accord+ly1 !y h ! sole "r ( lay+ d[n laws1 & ( int]pret+ ! same1 :5ev] _! mean+ is disput$1 & ( decid+ :e!r a giv5 case is 9 con=mity ) or violation ( ! laws2 &1 la/ly1 ( wag+ w>1 & ( draw+ up & (f]+ propositions = peace1 or ( accept+ su* :5 (f]$4 ,z all ^! functions1 & also ! means requir$ to execute !m1 are matt]s :i* reg>d ! :ole body ( ! dom9ion1 t is1 are affairs ( /ate1 x foll[s t affairs ( /ate dep5d on ! direction ( him only :o holds supreme dom9ion4 ,& h5ce x foll[s t x is ! "r ( ! supreme au?ority alone to judge ! de$s ( e individual1 & dem& ( him an acc\nt ( ! same2 to puni% crim9als1 & decide que/ions ( law betwe5 citiz5s1 or appo9t juri/s acqua9t$ ) ! exi/+ laws1 to adm9i/] ^! matt]s on its behalf2 &1 fur!r1 to use & ord] all means to w> & peace1 z to f\nd & =tify cities1 levy soldi]s1 assign milit>y po/s1 & ord] :at x w\ld h done1 &1 ) a view to peace1 to s5d & give audi5ce to ambassadors2 &1 f9ally1 to levy ! co/s ( all ?is4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x is ! "r ( ! supreme au?ority alone to h&le public matt]s1 or *oose (ficials to d s1 x foll[s t t subject is a pret5d] to ! dom9ion1 :o1 )\t ! supreme c\ncil's k1 ent]s ^u any public matt]1 al?\gh he believe t 8 design w be to ! be/ int]e/ ( ! commonweal?4 ,b x is (t5 ask$1 :e!r ! supreme au?ority is b\nd by laws1 &1 consequ5tly1 :e!r x c d wrong4 ,n[ z ! words law & wrong-do+ (t5 ref] n m]ely to ! laws ( a commonweal?1 b also to ! g5]al rules :i* conc]n all natural ?+s1 & especially to ! g5]al rules ( reason1 we _c1 )\t qualification1 say t ! commonweal? is b\nd by no laws1 or c d no wrong4 ,= 7 ! commonweal? b\nd by no laws or rules1 :i* remov$1 ! commonweal? 7 no commonweal?1 we %\ld h to reg>d x n z a natural ?+1 b z a *im]a4 ,a commonweal? !n does wrong1 :5 x does1 or suff]s to be done1 ?+s :i* may be ! cause ( its own ru92 & we c say t x !n does wrong1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* philosoph]s or doctors say t ,nature does wrong2 & 9 ?is s5se we c say1 t a commonweal? does wrong1 :5 x acts aga9/ ! dictate ( reason4 ,= a commonweal? is mo/ indep5d5t :5 x acts accord+ to ! dictate ( reason2 s f>1 !n1 z x acts aga9/ reason1 x fails itself1 or does wrong4 ,& we %all be able m easily to und]/& ?is if we reflect t :5 we say1 t a man c d :at he w ) 8 own1 ?is au?ority mu/ be limit$ n only by ! p[] ( ! ag5t1 b by ! capacity ( ! object4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,i say t ,i c rightfully d :at ,i w ) ?is table1 ,i d n c]ta9ly mean t ,i h ! "r to make x eat grass4 ,s1 too1 ?\gh we say1 t m5 dep5d n on !mselves1 b on ! commonweal?1 we d n mean1 t m5 lose _! human nature & put on ano!r2 nor yet t ! commonweal? has ! "r to make m5 wi% = ?is or t1 or 7:at is j z impossible7 reg>d ) honor ?+s :i* excite ridicule or disgu/4 ,b x is impli$ t !re are c]ta9 int]v5+ circum/ances :i* suppos$1 "o likewise supposes ! rev]5ce & fe> ( ! subjects t[>ds ! commonweal?1 & :i* ab/ract$1 "o makes ab/raction likewise ( t fe> & rev]5ce1 & !re) ( ! commonweal? itself4 ,! commonweal?1 !n1 to ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce1 is b\nd to pres]ve ! causes ( fe> & rev]5ce1 o!rwise x ceases to be a commonweal?4 ,= ! p]son or p]sons t hold dom9ion c no m comb9e ) ! keep+ up ( maje/y ! runn+ ) h>lots drunk or nak$ ab\t ! /reets1 or ! p]=mances ( a /age-play]1 or ! op5 violation or contempt ( laws pass$ by !mselves1 ?an !y c comb9e exi/5ce ) non-exi/5ce4 ,b to proce$ to slay & rob subjects1 ravi% maid5s1 & ! l1 turns fe> into indignation & ! civil /ate into a /ate ( enmity4 ,we see1 !n1 9 :at s5se we may say1 t a commonweal? is b\nd by laws & c d wrong4 ,b if by law we und]/& civil law1 & by wrong t :i*1 by civil law1 is =bidd5 to be done1 t is1 if ^! words be tak5 9 _! prop] s5se1 we _c at all say t a commonweal? is b\nd by laws or c d wrong4 ,= ! maxims & motives ( fe> & rev]5ce :i* a commonweal? is b\nd to obs]ve 9 its own int]e/1 p]ta9 n to civil jurisprud5ce1 b to ! law ( ,nature1 s9ce !y _c be v9dicat$ by ! civil law1 b by ! law ( w>4 ,& a commonweal? is b\nd by !m 9 no o!r s5se ?an t 9 :i* 9 ! /ate ( ,nature a man is b\nd to take he$ t he pres]ve 8 indep5d5ce & be n 8 own enemy1 le/ he %\ld de/roy himself2 & 9 ?is tak+ he$ lies n ! subjection1 b ! lib]ty ( human nature4 ,b civil jurisprud5ce dep5ds on ! m]e decree ( ! commonweal?1 :i* is n b\nd to please any b itself1 nor to hold any?+ to be good or bad1 b :at x judges to be su* = itself4 ,&1 accord+ly1 x has n m]ely ! "r to av5ge itself1 or to lay d[n & int]pret laws1 b also to aboli% ! same1 & to p>don any guilty p]son out ( ! fullness ( its p[]4 ,contracts or laws1 :]eby ! multitude transf]s its "r to "o c\ncil or man1 %\ld )\t d\bt be brok51 :5 x is exp$i5t = ! g5]al welf>e to d s4 ,b to decide ?is po9t1 :e!r1 t is1 x be exp$i5t = ! g5]al welf>e to break !m or n1 is )9 ! "r ( no private p]son1 b ( him only :o holds dom9ion2 !re=e ( ^! laws he :o holds dom9ion rema9s sole int]pret]4 ,moreov]1 no private p]son c by "r v9dicate ^! laws1 & s !y d n really b9d him :o holds dom9ion4 ,not)/&+1 if !y are ( su* a nature t !y _c be brok5 )\t at ! same "t weak5+ ! commonweal?'s /r5g?1 t is1 )\t at ! same "t *ang+ to indignation ! common fe> ( mo/ ( ! citiz5s1 by ?is v fact ! commonweal? is dissolv$1 & ! contract comes to an end2 & !re=e su* contract is v9dicat$ n by ! civil law1 b by ! law ( w>4 ,& s he :o holds dom9ion is n b\nd to obs]ve ! t]ms ( ! contract by any o!r cause ?an t1 :i* bids a man 9 ! /ate ( ,nature to bew>e ( be+ 8 own enemy1 le/ he %\ld de/roy himself4 ,,iii ,( ! ,be/ ,/ate ( a ,dom9ion#ci ,we h %[n t man is !n mo/ indep5d5t :5 he is mo/ l$ by reason1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 t t commonweal? is mo/ p[]ful & mo/ indep5d5t :i* is f\nd$ & guid$ by reason4 ,b1 z ! be/ plan ( liv+1 s z to assure to ! utmo/ self-pres]vation1 is t :i* is fram$ accord+ to ! dictate ( reason1 !re=e x foll[s t t 9 e k9d is be/ done1 :i* a man or commonweal? does1 s f> z he or x is 9 ! highe/ degree indep5d5t4 ,= x is "o ?+ to till a field by "r1 & ano!r to till x 9 ! be/ way4 ,"o ?+1 ,i say1 to def5d or pres]ve oneself1 & to pass judgm5t by "r1 & ano!r to def5d or pres]ve oneself 9 ! be/ way1 & to pass ! be/ judgm5t2 &1 consequ5tly1 x is "o ?+ to h dom9ion & c>e ( affairs ( /ate by "r1 & ano!r to ex]cise dom9ion & direct affairs ( /ate 9 ! be/ way4 ,& s1 z we h treat$ ( ! "r ( e commonweal? 9 g5]al1 x is "t to treat ( ! be/ /ate ( e dom9ion4 ,n[ ! quality ( ! /ate ( any dom9ion is easily p]ceiv$ f ! end ( ! civil /ate1 :i* end is no?+ else b peace & security ( life4 ,& !re=e t dom9ion is ! be/1 :]e m5 pass _! lives 9 unity1 & ! laws are kept unbrok54 ,= x is c]ta91 t s$itions1 w>s1 & contempt or brea* ( ! laws are n s mu* to be imput$ to ! wick$ness ( ! subjects1 z to ! bad /ate ( a dom9ion4 ,= m5 are n born fit = citiz5%ip1 b mu/ be made s4 ,besides1 m5's natural passions are ev]y:]e ! same2 & if wick$ness m prevails1 & m (f5ses are committ$ 9 "o commonweal? ?an 9 ano!r1 x is c]ta9 t ! =m] has n en\gh pursu$ ! end ( unity1 nor fram$ its laws ) suffici5t =e?\ght2 & t1 !re=e1 x has fail$ 9 mak+ q good its "r z a commonweal?4 ,= a civil /ate1 :i* has n done away ) ! causes ( s$itions1 :]e w> is a p]petual object ( fe>1 & :]e1 la/ly1 ! laws are (t5 brok51 diff]s b little f ! m]e /ate ( ,nature1 9 :i* e "o lives aft] 8 own m9d at ! great risk ( 8 life4 ,b z ! vices & inord9ate lic5se & contumacy ( subjects mu/ be imput$ to ! commonweal?1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 _! virtue & con/ant ob$i5ce to ! laws are to be ascrib$ 9 ! ma9 to ! virtue & p]fect "r ( ! commonweal?4 ,& s x is des]v$ly reckon$ to ,hannibal z an extraord9>y virtue1 t 9 8 army !re nev] arose a s$ition4 ,( a commonweal?1 ^: subjects are b h9d]$ by t]ror f tak+ arms1 x %\ld r be said1 t x is free f w>1 ?an t x has peace4 ,= peace is n m]e abs5ce ( w>1 b is a virtue t spr+s f =ce ( "*3 = ob$i5ce is ! con/ant w to execute :at1 by ! g5]al decree ( ! commonweal?1 ought to be done4 ,besides1 t commonweal? ^: peace dep5ds on ! sluggi%ness ( its subjects1 t are l$ ab\t l %eep to le>n b slav]y1 may m prop]ly be call$ a des]t ?an a commonweal?4 ,:51 !n1 we call t dom9ion be/1 :]e m5 pass _! lives 9 unity1 ,i und]/& a human life1 def9$ n by m]e circulation ( ! blood1 & o!r qualities common to all animals1 b above all by reason1 ! true excell5ce & life ( ! m9d4 ,b be x rem>k$ t1 by ! dom9ion :i* ,i h said is e/abli%$ = ?is end1 ,i int5d t :i* has be5 e/abli%$ by a free multitude1 n t :i* is acquir$ ov] a multitude by "r ( w>4 ,= a free multitude is guid$ m by hope ?an fe>2 a conqu]$ "o1 m by fe> ?an by hope3 inasmu* z ! =m] aims at mak+ use ( life1 ! latt] b at escap+ dea?4 ,! =m]1 ,i say1 aims at liv+ = its own ends1 ! latt] is =c$ to belong to ! conqu]or2 & s we say t ?is is enslav$1 b t free4 ,&1 !re=e1 ! end ( a dom9ion1 :i* "o gets by "r ( w>1 is to be ma/]1 & h r slaves ?an subjects4 ,& al?\gh betwe5 ! dom9ion creat$ by a free multitude1 & t ga9$ by "r ( w>1 if we reg>d g5]ally ! "r ( ea*1 we c make no ess5tial di/9ction2 yet _! ends1 z we h already %[n1 & fur!r ! means to ! pres]vation ( ea* are v diff]5t4 ,b :at means a pr9ce1 ^: sole motive is lu/ ( ma/]y1 %\ld use to e/abli% & ma9ta9 8 dom9ion1 ! mo/ +5i\s ,ma*iavelli has set =? at l>ge1#dj b ) :at design "o c h>dly be sure4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he _h "s good design1 z "o %\ld believe ( a le>n$ man1 x seems to h be5 to %[1 ) h[ little =esight _m attempt to remove a tyrant1 ?\gh !reby ! causes :i* make ! pr9ce a tyrant c 9 no wise be remov$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 are s mu* ! m e/abli%$1 z ! pr9ce is giv5 m cause to fe>1 :i* happ5s :5 ! multitude has made an example ( its pr9ce1 & glories 9 ! p>ricide z 9 a ?+ well done4 ,moreov]1 he p]haps wi%$ to %[ h[ cauti\s a free multitude %\ld be ( entru/+ its welf>e absolutely to "o man1 :o1 unless 9 8 vanity he ?9ks he c please ev]ybody1 mu/ be 9 daily fe> ( plots1 & s is =c$ to look *iefly aft] 8 own int]e/1 &1 z = ! multitude1 r to plot aga9/ x ?an consult its good4 ,& ,i am ! m l$ to ?is op9ion conc]n+ t mo/ f>-see+ man1 because x is kn[n t he 0 favorable to lib]ty1 = ! ma9t5ance ( :i* he has besides giv5 ! mo/ :olesome advice4 ,,footnotes3 #cf ,f ,a ,political ,treatise1 *4 iii1 same title4 #cg ,lit]ally1 oil & tr\ble--a common prov]bial expression 9 ,lat94 #ch ,f ,a ,political ,treatise1 *4 iv1 same title4 #ci ,f ,a ,political ,treatise1 *4 v1 same title4 #dj ,9 8 book call$ ,il ,pr9cipe1 or ,! ,pr9ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,fre$om ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,spee*#da ,if m5's m9ds 7 z easily controll$ z _! tongues1 e k+ w\ld sit safely on 8 ?rone1 & gov]nm5t by compulsion w\ld cease2 = e subject w\ld %ape 8 life accord+ to ! int5tions ( 8 rul]s1 & w\ld e/eem a ?+ true or false1 good or evil1 j or unju/1 9 ob$i5ce to _! dictates4 ,h[ev]1 444 no man's m9d c possibly lie :olly at ! disposition ( ano!r1 = no "o c will+ly transf] 8 natural "r ( free reason & judgm5t1 or be compell$ s to d4 ,= ?is reason gov]nm5t :i* attempts to control m9ds is acc\nt$ tyrannical1 & x is consid]$ an abuse ( sov]eignty & a usurpation ( ! rights ( subjects to seek to prescribe :at %all be accept$ z true1 or reject$ z false1 or :at op9ions %\ld actuate m5 9 _! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,all ^! que/ions fall )9 a man's natural "r1 :i* he _c abdicate ev5 ) 8 own cons5t4 ,i admit t ! judgm5t c be bias$ 9 _m ways1 & to an almo/ incr$ible degree1 s t :ile exempt f direct ext]nal control x may be s dep5d5t on ano!r man's words1 t x may fitly be said to be rul$ by him2 b al?\gh ?is influ5ce is c>ri$ to great l5g?s1 x has nev] gone s f> z to invalidate ! /atem5t t e man's und]/&+ is 8 own1 & t bra9s are z div]se z palates4 ,moses1 n by fraud1 b by ,div9e virtue1 ga9$ su* a hold ov] ! popul> judgm5t t he 0 acc\nt$ sup]human1 & believ$ to speak & act ?r\gh ! inspiration ( ! ,deity2 nev]!less1 ev5 he c\ld n escape murmurs & evil int]pretations4 ,h[ mu* less !n c o!r mon>*s avoid !m6 ,yet su* unlimit$ p[]1 if x exi/s at all1 mu/ belong to a mon>*1 & lea/ ( all to a democracy1 :]e ! :ole or a great "p ( ! p wield au?ority collectively4 ,?is is a fact :i* ,i ?9k e "o c expla9 = himself4 ,h[ev] unlimit$1 !re=e1 ! p[] ( a sov]eign may be1 h[ev] implicitly x is tru/$ z ! expon5t ( law & religion1 x c nev] prev5t m5 f =m+ judgm5ts accord+ to _! intellect1 or be+ influ5c$ by any giv5 emotion4 ,x is true t x has ! "r to treat z enemies all m5 ^: op9ions d n1 on all subjects1 entirely co9cide ) its own2 b we are n discuss+ its /rict rights1 b its prop] c\rse ( action4 ,i grant t x has ! "r to rule 9 ! mo/ viol5t mann]1 & to put citiz5s to dea? = v trivial causes1 b no "o supposes x c d ?is ) ! approval ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,nay1 inasmu* z su* ?+s _c be done )\t extreme p]il to itself1 we may ev5 d5y t x has ! absolute p[] to d !m1 or1 consequ5tly1 ! absolute "r2 = ! rights ( ! sov]eign are limit$ by 8 p[]4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 no "o c abdicate 8 fre$om ( judgm5t & feel+2 s9ce e man is by indefeasible natural "r ! ma/] ( 8 own ?\ghts1 x foll[s t m51 ?9k+ 9 div]se & contradictory fa%ions1 _c1 )\t disa/r\s results1 be compell$ to speak only accord+ to ! dictates ( ! supreme p[]4 ,n ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$1 to say no?+ ( ! multitude1 "k h[ to keep sil5ce4 ,m5's common fail+ is to confide _! plans to o!rs1 ?\gh !re be ne$ = secrecy1 s t a gov]nm5t w\ld be mo/ h>% :i* depriv$ ! individual ( 8 fre$om ( say+ & tea*+ :at he ?\ght2 & w\ld be mod]ate if su* fre$om 7 grant$4 ,/ill we _c d5y t au?ority may be z mu* injur$ by words z by actions4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! fre$om we are discuss+ _c be entirely d5i$ to subjects1 its unlimit$ concession w\ld be mo/ baneful2 we mu/1 !re=e1 n[ inquire1 h[ f> su* fre$om c & ought to be conc$$ )\t dang] to ! peace ( ! /ate1 or ! p[] ( ! rul]s4 ,x foll[s1 pla9ly1 f ! explanation giv5 above1 ( ! f\ndations ( a /ate1 t ! ultimate aim ( gov]nm5t is n to rule1 or re/ra9 by fe>1 nor to exact ob$i5ce1 b1 contr>iwise1 to free e man f fe> t he may live 9 all possible security2 9 o!r words1 to /r5g!n 8 natural "r to exi/ & "w )\t injury to himself or o!rs4 ,no1 ! object ( gov]nm5t is n to *ange m5 f rational be+s into bea/s or puppets1 b to enable !m to develop _! m9ds & bodies 9 security1 & to employ _! reason un%ackl$2 nei!r %[+ hatr$1 ang] or deceit1 nor wat*$ ) ! eyes ( jeal\sy & inju/ice4 ,9 fact1 ! true aim ( gov]nm5t is lib]ty4 ,n[ we h se5 t 9 =m+ a /ate ! p[] ( mak+ laws mu/ ei!r be ve/$ 9 ! body ( ! citiz5s1 or 9 a portion ( !m1 or 9 "o man4 ,=1 al?\gh m5's free judgm5ts are v div]se1 ea* "o ?9k+ t he alone kn[s ev]y?+1 & al?\gh complete unanimity ( feel+ & spee* is out ( ! "q1 x is impossible to pres]ve peace unless individuals abdicate _! "r ( act+ entirely on _! own judgm5t4 ,!re=e1 ! individual ju/ly c$es ! "r ( free action1 ?\gh n ( free reason & judgm5t2 no "o c act aga9/ ! au?orities )\t dang] to ! /ate1 ?\gh 8 feel+s & judgm5t may be at v>iance !re)2 he may ev5 speak aga9/ !m1 provid$ t he does s f rational conviction1 n f fraud1 ang] or hatr$1 & provid$ t he does n attempt to introduce any *ange on 8 private au?ority4 ,= in/ance1 suppos+ a man %[s t a law is repugnant to s\nd reason1 & %\ld !re=e be repeal$2 if he submits 8 op9ion to ! judgm5t ( ! au?orities 7:o alone h ! "r ( mak+ & repeal+ laws71 & mean:ile acts 9 n[ise contr>y to t law1 he has des]v$ well ( ! /ate1 & has behav$ z a good citiz5 %\ld2 b if he accuses ! au?orities ( inju/ice1 & /irs up ! p aga9/ !m1 or if he s$iti\sly /rives to abrogate ! law )\t _! cons5t1 he is a m]e agitator & rebel4 ,?us we see h[ an individual may decl>e & tea* :at he believes1 )\t injury to ! au?ority ( 8 rul]s1 or to ! public peace2 namely1 by leav+ 9 _! h&s ! entire p[] ( legislation z x affects action1 & by do+ no?+ aga9/ _! laws1 ?\gh he be compell$ (t5 to act 9 contradiction to :at he believes1 & op5ly feels1 to be be/4 ,su* a c\rse c be tak5 )\t detrim5t to ju/ice & dutifulness1 nay1 x is ! "o :i* a j & dutiful man w\ld adopt4 ,we h %[n t ju/ice is dep5d5t on ! laws ( ! au?orities1 s t no "o :o contrav5es _! accept$ decrees c be j1 :ile ! highe/ reg>d = duty1 z we h po9t$ out1 is ex]cis$ 9 ma9ta9+ public peace & tranquillity4 ,^! c\ld n be pres]v$ if e man 7 to live z he pleas$4 ,!re=e x is no less ?an undutiful = a man to act contr>y to 8 c\ntry's laws1 = if ! practice became univ]sal ! ru9 ( /ates w\ld necess>ily foll[4 ,h5ce1 s long z a man acts 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( 8 rul]s1 he 9 n[ise contrav5es 8 reason1 = 9 ob$i5ce to reason he transf]r$ ! "r ( controll+ 8 actions f 8 own h&s to !irs4 ,?is doctr9e we c confirm f actual cu/om1 = 9 a conf]5ce ( great & small p[]s1 s*emes are seldom c>ri$ unanim\sly1 yet all unite 9 c>ry+ out :at is decid$ on1 :e!r !y vot$ = or aga9/4 ,b ,i return to my proposition4 ,f ! fundam5tal notions ( a /ate1 we h discov]$ h[ a man may ex]cise free judgm5t )\t detrim5t to ! supreme p[]3 f ! same premises we c no less easily det]m9e :at op9ions w\ld be s$iti\s4 ,evid5tly ^? :i* by _! v nature nullify ! compact by :i* ! "r ( free action 0 c$$4 ,= in/ance1 a man :o holds t ! supreme p[] has no rights ov] him1 or t promises ought n to be kept1 or t e "o %\ld live z he pleases1 or o!r doctr9es ( ?is nature 9 direct opposition to ! above-m5tion$ contract1 is s$iti\s1 n s mu* f 8 actual op9ions & judgm5t1 z f ! de$s :i* !y involve2 = he :o ma9ta9s su* !ories abrogates ! contract :i* tacitly1 or op5ly1 he made ) 8 rul]s4 ,o!r op9ions :i* d n involve acts violat+ ! contract1 su* z rev5ge1 ang]1 & ! l1 are n s$iti\s1 unless x be 9 "s corrupt /ate1 :]e sup]/iti\s & ambiti\s p]sons1 unable to endure m5 ( le>n+1 are s popul> ) ! multitude t _! ^w is m valu$ ?an ! law4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n d5y t !re are "s doctr9es :i*1 :ile !y are app>5tly only conc]n$ ) ab/ract tru?s & falsehoods1 are yet prop\nd$ & publi%$ ) unwor?y motives4444 ,reason %\ld nev]!less rema9 un%ackl$4 ,if we hold to ! pr9ciple t a man's loyalty to ! /ate %\ld be judg$1 l 8 loyalty to ,god1 f 8 actions only--namely1 f 8 *>ity t[>ds 8 neighbors2 we _c d\bt t ! be/ gov]nm5t w all[ fre$om ( philosophical speculation no less ?an ( religi\s belief4 ,i confess t f su* fre$om inconv5i5ces may sometimes arise1 b :at "q 0 ev] settl$ s wisely ?an no abuses c\ld possibly spr+ !refrom8 ,he :o seeks to regulate ev]y?+ by law is m likely to ar\se vices ?an to re=m !m4 ,x is be/ to grant :at _c be aboli%$1 ev5 ?\gh x be 9 itself h>mful4 ,h[ _m evils spr+ f luxury1 envy1 av>ice1 drunk5ness & ! l1 yet ^! are tol]at$--vices z !y are--because !y _c be prev5t$ by legal enactm5ts4 ,h[ mu* m1 !n1 %\ld free ?\ght be grant$1 see+ t x is 9 itself a virtue & t x _c be cru%$6 ,besides1 ! evil results c easily be *eck$1 z ,i w %[1 by ! secul> au?orities1 n to m5tion t su* fre$om is absolutely necess>y = progress 9 sci5ce & ! lib]al arts3 = no man foll[s su* pursuits to advantage unless 8 judgm5t be entirely free & unhamp]$4 ,b let x be grant$ t fre$om may be cru%$1 & m5 be s b\nd d[n t !y d n d>e to utt] a :isp]1 save at ! bidd+ ( _! rul]s2 nev]!less ?is c nev] be c>ri$ to ! pit* ( mak+ !m ?9k accord+ to au?ority1 s t ! necess>y consequ5ces w\ld be t m5 w\ld daily be ?9k+ "o ?+ & say+ ano!r1 to ! corruption ( good fai?1 t ma9/ay ( gov]nm5t1 & to ! fo/]+ ( hateful flatt]y & p]fidy1 :5ce spr+ /ratagems1 & ! corruption ( e good art4 ,x is f> f possible to impose uni=mity ( spee*1 = ! m rul]s /rive to curtail fre$om ( spee* ! m ob/9ately are !y resi/$2 n inde$ by ! av>ici\s1 ! flatt]]s1 & o!r numskulls1 :o ?9k supreme salvation consi/s 9 fill+ _! /oma*s & gloat+ ov] _! money-bags1 b by ^? :om good education1 s\nd morality1 & virtue h r5d]$ m free4 ,m51 z g5]ally con/itut$1 are mo/ prone to res5t ! br&+ z crim9al ( op9ions :i* !y believe to be true1 & ! proscription z wick$ ( t :i* inspires !m ) piety t[>ds ,god & man2 h5ce !y are ready to =swe> ! laws & conspire aga9/ ! au?orities1 ?9k+ x n %ameful b honorable to /ir up s$itions & p]petuate any sort ( crime ) ?is end 9 view4 ,su* be+ ! con/itution ( human nature1 we see t laws direct$ aga9/ op9ions affect ! g5]\s m9d$ r ?an ! wick$1 & are adapt$ less = co]c+ crim9als ?an = irritat+ ! upright2 s t !y _c be ma9ta9$ )\t great p]il to ! /ate4 ,moreov]1 su* laws are almo/ always useless1 = ^? :o hold t ! op9ions proscrib$ are s\nd1 _c possibly obey ! law2 :]eas ^? :o already reject !m z false1 accept ! law z a k9d ( privilege1 & make su* boa/ ( x1 t au?ority is p[]less to repeal x1 ev5 if su* a c\rse be subsequ5tly desir$4 444 ,&1 la/ly1 h[ _m s*isms h aris5 9 ! ,*ur* f ! attempt ( ! au?orities to decide by law ! intricacies ( !ological controv]sy6 ,if m5 7 n allur$ by ! hope ( gett+ ! law & ! au?orities on _! side1 ( triumph+ ov] _! adv]s>ies 9 ! sight ( an applaud+ multitude1 & ( acquir+ honorable di/9ctions1 !y w\ld n /rive s malici\sly1 nor w\ld su* fury sway _! m9ds4 ,?is is taught n only by reason b by daily examples1 = laws ( ?is k9d prescrib+ :at e man %all believe & =bidd+ any "o to speak or write to ! contr>y1 h (t5 be5 pass$ z sops or concessions to ! ang] ( ^? :o _c tol]ate m5 ( enlight5m5t1 & :o1 by su* h>% & crook$ enactm5ts1 c easily turn ! devotion ( ! masses into fury & direct x aga9/ :om !y w4 ,h[ mu* bett] w\ld x be to re/ra9 popul> ang] & fury1 in/ead ( pass+ useless laws1 :i* c only be brok5 by ^? :o love virtue & ! lib]al arts1 ?us p>+ d[n ! /ate till x is too small to h>bor m5 ( tal5t4 ,:at great] mis=tune = a /ate c be conceiv$ ?an t honorable m5 %\ld be s5t l crim9als into exile1 because !y hold div]se op9ions :i* !y _c disguise8 ,:at1 ,i say1 c be m hurtful ?an t m5 :o h committ$ no crime or wick$ness %\ld1 simply because !y are enlight5$1 be treat$ z enemies & put to dea?1 & t ! scaffold1 ! t]ror ( evil-do]s1 %\ld become ! ar5a :]e ! highe/ examples ( tol]ance & virtue are display$ to ! p ) all ! m>ks ( ignom9y t au?ority c devise8 ,he t kn[s himself to be upright does n fe> ! dea? ( a crim9al1 & %r9ks f no puni%m5t4 ,8 m9d is n wrung ) remorse = any disgraceful de$4 ,he holds t dea? 9 a good cause is no puni%m5t1 b an honor1 & t dea? = fre$om is glory4 ,:at purpose1 !n1 is s]v$ by ! dea? ( su* m51 :at example is proclaim$8 ,! cause = :i* !y die is unkn[n to ! idle & ! fooli%1 hateful to ! turbul5t1 lov$ by ! upright4 ,! only lesson we c draw f su* sc5es is to flatt] ! p]secutor1 or else to imitate ! victim4 ,if =mal ass5t is n to be e/eem$ above conviction1 & if gov]nm5ts are to reta9 a firm hold ( au?ority & n be compell$ to yield to agitators1 x is imp]ative t fre$om ( judgm5t %\ld be grant$1 s t m5 may live toge!r 9 h>mony1 h[ev] div]se1 or ev5 op5ly contradictory _! op9ions may be4 ,we _c d\bt t su* is ! be/ sy/em ( gov]nm5t & op5 to ! fewe/ objections1 s9ce x is ! "o mo/ 9 h>mony ) human nature4 ,9 a democracy 7! mo/ natural =m ( gov]nm5t7 e "o submits to ! control ( au?ority ov] 8 actions1 b n ov] 8 judgm5t & reason2 t is1 see+ t all _c ?9k alike1 ! voice ( ! majority has ! =ce ( law1 subject to repeal if circum/ances br+ ab\t a *ange ( op9ion4 ,9 proportion z ! p[] ( free judgm5t is )held we dep>t f ! natural condition ( mank9d1 & consequ5tly ! gov]nm5t becomes m tyrannical4 ,9 ord] to prove t f su* fre$om no inconv5i5ce arises :i* _c easily be *eck$ by ! ex]cise ( ! sov]eign p[]1 & t m5's actions c easily be kept 9 b\nds1 ?\gh _! op9ions be at op5 v>iance1 x w be well to cite an example4 ,su* an "o is n v f> to seek4 ,! city ( ,am/]dam reaps ! fruit ( ?is fre$om 9 its own great prosp]ity & 9 ! admiration ( all o!r p4 ,= 9 ?is mo/ fl\ri%+ /ate1 & mo/ spl5did city1 m5 ( e nation & religion live toge!r 9 ! greate/ h>mony1 & ask no que/ions be=e tru/+ _! goods to a fell[-citiz51 save :e!r he be ri* or poor1 & :e!r he g5]ally acts hone/ly1 or ! rev]se4 ,8 religion & sect is consid]$ ( no importance3 = x has no effect be=e ! judges 9 ga9+ or los+ a cause1 & !re is no sect s despis$ t its foll[]s1 provid$ t !y h>m no "o1 pay e man 8 due1 & live uprightly1 are depriv$ ( ! protection ( ! magi/]ial au?ority4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! religi\s controv]sy betwe5 ,remon/rants & ,c\nt]-,remon/rants began to be tak5 up by politicians & ! ,/ates1 x grew into a s*ism1 & abundantly %[$ t laws deal+ ) religion & seek+ to settle its controv]sies are mu* m calculat$ to irritate ?an to re=m1 & t !y give rise to extreme lic5se4 ,fur!r1 x 0 se5 t s*isms d n orig9ate 9 a love ( tru?1 :i* is a s\rce ( c\rtesy & g5tl5ess1 b r 9 an inord9ate desire = supremacy4 ,f all ^! consid]ations x is cle>] ?an ! sun at noonday1 t ! true s*ismatics are ^? :o condemn o!r m5's writ+s1 & s$iti\sly /ir up ! qu>relsome masses aga9/ _! au?ors1 r ?an ^? au?ors !mselves1 :o g5]ally write only = ! le>n$1 & appeal solely to reason4 ,9 fact1 ! real di/urb]s ( ! peace are ^? :o1 9 a free /ate1 seek to curtail ! lib]ty ( judgm5t :i* !y are unable to tyrannize ov]4 ,i h ?us %[n3--,i4 ,t x is impossible to deprive m5 ( ! lib]ty ( say+ :at !y ?9k4 ,,ii4 ,t su* lib]ty c be conc$$ to e man )\t injury to ! rights & au?ority ( ! sov]eign p[]1 & t e man may reta9 x )\t injury to su* rights1 provid$ t he does n presume ^u x to ! ext5t ( introduc+ any new rights into ! /ate1 or act+ 9 any way contr>y to ! exi/+ laws4 ,,iii4 ,t e man may enjoy ?is lib]ty )\t detrim5t to ! public peace1 & t no inconv5i5ces arise !refrom :i* _c easily be *eck$4 ,,iv4 ,t e man may enjoy x )\t injury to 8 allegiance4 ,v4 ,t laws deal+ ) speculative problems are entirely useless4 ,,vi4 ,la/ly1 t n only may su* lib]ty be grant$ )\t prejudice to ! public peace1 to loyalty1 & to ! rights ( rul]s1 b t x is ev5 necess>y = _! pres]vation4 ,= :5 p try to take x away1 & br+ to trial1 n only ! acts :i* alone are capable ( (f5d+1 b also ! op9ions ( mank9d1 !y only succe$ 9 surr\nd+ _! victims ) an appe>ance ( m>tyrdom1 & raise feel+s ( pity & rev5ge r ?an ( t]ror4 ,uprightness & good fai? are ?us corrupt$1 flatt]]s & traitors are enc\rag$1 & sect>ians triumph1 inasmu* z concessions h be5 made to _! animosity1 & !y h ga9$ ! /ate sanction = ! doctr9es ( :i* !y are ! int]pret]s4 ,h5ce !y arrogate to !mselves ! /ate au?ority & rights1 & d n scruple to ass]t t !y h be5 directly *os5 by ,god1 & t _! laws are ,div9e1 :]eas ! laws ( ! /ate are human1 & %\ld !re=e yield ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god--9 o!r words1 to _! own laws4 ,e "o mu/ see t ?is is n a /ate ( affairs conducive to public welf>e4 ,:]e=e1 ! safe/ way = a /ate is to lay d[n ! rule t religion is compris$ solely 9 ! ex]cise ( *>ity & ju/ice1 & t ! rights ( rul]s 9 sacr$1 no less ?an 9 secul> matt]s1 %\ld m]ely h to d ) actions1 b t e man %\ld ?9k :at he likes & say :at he ?9ks4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,f ! ,tr4 ,?4-,p41 *4 xx1 same title4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,( ,,human ,,fre$om ,introductory ,i pass at l5g? to ! o!r "p ( e?ics :i* conc]ns ! me?od or way :i* leads to lib]ty4 ,9 ! foll[+1 !re=e1 ,i %all treat ( ! p[] ( reason1 %[+ h[ mu* reason itself c control ! emotions1 & !n :at is fre$om ( m9d or bless$ness4 ,!nce we %all see h[ mu* /rong] ! wise man is ?an ! ignorant4 ,9 :at mann] & :at way ! intellect %\ld be r5d]$ p]fect1 & ) :at art ! body is to be c>$ = 9 ord] t x may prop]ly p]=m its functions1 ,i h no?+ to d ) "h2 = ! =m] belongs to logic1 ! latt] to m$ic9e4 ,i %all occupy myself "h1 z ,i h said1 solely ) ! p[] ( ! m9d or ( reason1 fir/ ( all %[+ ! ext5t & nature ( ! au?ority :i* x has ov] ! emotions 9 re/ra9+ !m & gov]n+ !m2 = t we h n absolute au?ority ov] !m we h already demon/rat$4 ,! ,/oics inde$ ?\ght t ! emotions dep5d absolutely on our w1 & t we are absolutely ma/]s ov] !m2 b !y 7 driv51 by ! contradiction ( exp]i5ce1 ?\gh n by _! own pr9ciples1 to confess t n a little practice & /udy are requir$ 9 ord] to re/ra9 & gov]n ! emotions4 ,?is "o ( !m attempt$ to illu/rate1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 by ! example ( two dogs1 "o ( a dome/ic & ! o!r ( a hunt+ bre$2 = he 0 able by habit to make ! h\se dog hunt1 & ! hunt+ dog1 on ! contr>y1 to desi/ f runn+ aft] h>es4 ,to ! ,/oical op9ion ,desc>tes mu* incl9es4 ,he affirms t ! s\l or m9d is unit$ specially to a c]ta9 "p ( ! bra9 call$ ! p9eal gl&1 :i* ! m9d by ! m]e ex]cise ( ! w is able to move 9 diff]5t ways1 & by ^: help ! m9d p]ceives all ! movem5ts :i* are excit$ 9 ! body & ext]nal objects4 ,?is gl&1 he affirms1 is susp5d$ 9 ! middle ( ! bra9 9 su* a mann] t x c be mov$ by ! lea/ motion ( ! animal spirits4 ,aga91 he affirms t any v>iation 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! animal spirits imp+e ^u ?is gl& is foll[$ by a v>iation 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x is susp5d$ 9 ! middle ( ! bra91 & moreov] t ! numb] ( diff]5t impressions on ! gl& is ! same z t ( ! diff]5t ext]nal objects :i* propel ! animal spirits t[>d x4 ,h5ce x comes to pass t if ! gl&1 by ! w ( ! s\l mov+ x 9 diff]5t directions1 be aft]w>ds susp5d$ 9 ?is or t way 9 :i* x _h once be5 susp5d$ by ! spirits agitat$ 9 ?is or t way1 !n ! gl& itself w propel & det]m9e ! animal spirits !mselves 9 ! same way z t 9 :i* !y _h be=e be5 repell$ by a simil> susp5sion ( ! gl&4 ,moreov]1 he affirm$ t ea* volition ( ! m9d is unit$ 9 ,nature to a c]ta9 motion ( ! gl&4 ,= example1 if a p]son wi%es to behold a remote object1 ?is volition w cause ! pupil ( ! eye to dilate1 b if he ?9ks m]ely ( ! dilation ( ! pupil1 to h t volition w pr(it him no?+1 because ,nature has n connect$ a motion ( ! gl& :i* s]ves to impel ! animal spirits t[>ds ! optic n]ve 9 a way suitable = dilation or contraction ( ! pupil ) ! volition or dilation or contraction1 b only ) ! volition ( behold+ objects af> (f or close at h&4 ,f9ally1 he ma9ta9$ t al?\gh ea* motion ( ?is gl& appe>s to be connect$ by ,nature f ! comm5cem5t ( our life ) an individual ?\ght1 ^! motions c nev]!less be connect$ by habit ) o!r ?\ghts1 a proposition :i* he attempts to demon/rate 9 8 ,passions ( ! ,s\l 7art4 #ej1 pt4 #a74 ,f ?is he concludes t !re is no m9d s feeble t x _c1 :5 prop]ly direct$1 acquire absolute p[] ov] its passions2 = passions1 z def9$ by him1 are p]ceptions1 or s5sations1 or emotions ( ! s\l :i* are relat$ to x specially1 & :i* 7,n4,b47 are produc$1 pres]v$1 & /r5g!n$ by "s motion ( ! spirits4 7,see ! ,passions ( ,s\l1 art4 #bg1 pt4 #a47 ,b s9ce x is possible to jo9 to a c]ta9 volition any motion ( ! gl&1 & consequ5tly ( ! spirits1 & s9ce ! det]m9ation ( ! w dep5ds solely on our p[]1 we %all be able to acquire absolute ma/]y ov] our passions provid$ only we det]m9e our w by fix$ & firm decisions by :i* we desire to direct our actions & b9d ) ^! decisions ! movem5ts ( ! passions we wi% to h4 ,s f> z ,i c ga!r f 8 own words1 ?is is ! op9ion ( t di/+ui%$ man1 & ,i c\ld sc>cely h believ$ x possible = "o s great to h put x =w>d if x _h be5 less subtle4 ,i c h>dly wond] en\gh t a philosoph] :o firmly resolv$ to make no d$uction except f self-evid5t pr9ciples1 & to affirm no?+ b :at he cle>ly & di/9ctly p]ceiv$1 & :o blam$ all ! ,s*oolm5 because !y desir$ to expla9 obscure matt]s by occult qualities1 %\ld accept a hypo!sis m occult ?an any occult quality4 ,:at does he und]/&1 ,i ask1 by ! union ( ! m9d & body8 ,:at cle> & di/9ct conception has he ( ?\ght intimately connect$ ) a c]ta9 small portion ( matt]8 ,i wi% t he _h expla9$ ?is union by its proximate cause4 ,b he conceiv$ ! m9d to be s di/9ct f ! body t he 0 able to assign no s+le cause ( ?is union1 nor ( ! m9d itself1 b 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! cause ( ! :ole univ]se1 t is to say1 to ,god4 ,aga91 ,i %\ld l to "k h[ _m degrees ( motion ! m9d c give to t p9eal gl&1 & ) h[ great a p[] ! m9d c hold x susp5d$4 ,= ,i d n und]/& :e!r ?is gl& is act$ on by ! m9d m sl[ly or m quickly ?an by ! animal spirits1 & :e!r ! movem5ts ( ! passions1 :i* we h s closely b\nd ) firm decisions1 might n be sep>at$ f !m aga9 by bodily causes1 f :i* x w\ld foll[ t al?\gh ! m9d _h firmly det]m9$ to meet dang]1 & _h jo9$ to ?is decision ! motion ( boldness1 ! sight ( ! dang] might cause ! gl& to be susp5d$ 9 su* a mann] t ! m9d c\ld ?9k ( no?+ b flight4 ,inde$1 s9ce !re is no relation betwe5 ! w & motion1 s !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! p[] or /r5g? ( ! body & t ( ! m9d1 & consequ5tly ! /r5g? ( ! body c nev] be det]m9$ by ! /r5g? ( ! m9d4 ,x is to be rememb]$ also t ?is gl& is n f\nd to be s situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! bra9 t x c be driv5 ab\t s easily & 9 s _m ways1 & t all ! n]ves are n ext5d$ to ! cavities ( ! bra94 ,la/ly1 ,i omit all t ,desc>tes ass]ts conc]n+ ! w & ! fre$om ( ! w1 s9ce ,i h %[n ov] & ov] aga9 t x is false4 ,!re=e1 inasmu* z ! p[] ( ! m9d1 z ,i h %[n above1 is det]m9$ by intellig5ce alone1 we %all det]m9e by ! k ( ! m9d alone ! rem$ies aga9/ ! emotions--rem$ies :i* e "o1 ,i believe1 has exp]i5c$1 al?\gh !re may n h be5 any accurate obs]vation or di/9ct p]ception ( !m1 & f ?is k ( ! m9d alone %all we d$uce ev]y?+ :i* relates to its bless$ness4 ,axioms ,i4 ,if two contr>y actions be excit$ 9 ! same subject1 a *ange mu/ necess>ily take place 9 bo?1 or 9 "o alone1 until !y cease to be contr>y4 ,,ii4 ,! p[] ( an emotion is limit$ by ! p[] ( its cause1 9 s f> z ! ess5ce ( ! emotion is manife/$ or limit$ by ! ess5ce ( ! cause itself4 ,! ,/r5g? ( ! ,emotions ,! emotion t[>ds an object :i* we imag9e to be free is great] ?an t[>ds "o :i* is necess>y1 & consequ5tly /ill great] ?an t[>ds "o :i* we imag9e z possible or cont+5t4 ,b to imag9e an object z free c be no?+ else ?an to imag9e x simply1 :ile we "k n ! causes by :i* x 0 det]m9$ to action4 ,an emotion1 !re=e1 t[>ds an object :i* we simply imag9e is1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 great] ?an t[>ds "o :i* we imag9e z necess>y1 possible1 or cont+5t1 & consequ5tly greate/ ( all4 ,! m9d und]/&s all ?+s to be necess>y & det]m9$ by an inf9ite *a9 ( causes to exi/5ce & action1 & !re=e s f> enables itself to suff] less f ! emotions :i* arise f ^! ?+s1 & to be less affect$ t[>ds !m4 ,! m ?is k t ?+s are necess>y is appli$ to individual ?+s :i* we imag9e m di/9ctly & m vividly1 ! great] is ?is p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! emotions--a fact to :i* exp]i5ce also te/ifies4 ,= we see t sorr[ = ! loss ( any?+ good is dim9i%$ if ! p]son :o has lo/ x consid]s t x c\ld n by any possibility h be5 pres]v$4 ,s also we see t nobody pities an infant because x does n "k h[ to speak1 walk1 or reason1 & lives s _m ye>s n consci\s1 z x 71 ( itself4 ,b if a numb] ( human be+s 7 born adult1 & only a few "h & !re 7 born infants1 e "o w\ld pity ! infants1 because we %\ld !n consid] infancy n z a ?+ natural & necess>y1 b z a defect or fault ( ,nature4 ,_m o!r facts ( a simil> k9d we might obs]ve4 ,we d n contemplate an object z abs5t by reason ( ! emotion by :i* we imag9e x1 b by reason ( ! fact t ! body is affect$ ) ano!r modification1 :i* excludes ! exi/5ce ( t object4 ,! emotion1 !re=e1 :i* is relat$ to an object :i* we contemplate z abs5t1 is n ( su* a nature z to ov]come ! o!r actions & p[] ( man1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is ( su* a nature t x c 9 "s way be re/ra9$ by ^? modifications :i* exclude ! exi/5ce ( its ext]nal cause4 ,b ! emotion :i* arises f reason is necess>ily relat$ to ! common prop]ties ( ?+s1 :i* we always contemplate z pres5t = no?+ c exi/ :i* excludes _! pres5t exi/5ce1 & :i* we always imag9e 9 ! same way4 ,?is emotion1 !re=e1 always rema9s ! same1 & consequ5tly ! emotions :i* are contr>y to x1 & :i* are n ma9ta9$ by _! ext]nal cause1 mu/ m & m accommodate !mselves to x until !y are no long] contr>y to x4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! emotion :i* spr+s f reason is ! /rong]4 ,a numb] ( simultane\s causes c d m ?an if !y 7 few]1 & !re=e ! great] ! numb] ( ! simultane\s causes by :i* an emotion is excit$1 ! great] x is4 ,an emotion is bad or injuri\s only 9 s f> z x h9d]s ! m9d f ?9k+ & !re=e t emotion by :i* ! m9d is det]m9$ to ! contemplation ( a numb] ( objects at ! same "t is less injuri\s ?an ano!r emotion equally great :i* holds ! m9d 9 ! contemplation ( "o object alone or ( a few objects1 s t x _c ?9k ( o!rs4 ,aga91 s9ce ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 t is to say1 its p[]1 consi/s 9 ?\ght alone1 ! m9d suff]s less ?r\gh an emotion by :i* x is det]m9$ to ! contemplation ( a numb] ( objects at ! same "t ?an ?r\gh an emotion equally great :i* holds x occupi$ 9 ! contemplation ( "o object alone or ( a few objects4 ,f9ally1 ?is emotion1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to a numb] ( ext]nal causes1 is !re=e less t[>ds ea*4 ,! ,p[] ( ! ,intellect ,ov] ! ,emotions ,i ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ,! ord] & connection ( ideas is ! same z ! ord] & connection ( ?+s1 & vice v]sa1 ! ord] & connection ( ?+s is ! same z ! ord] & connection ( ideas4 ,!re=e1 z ! ord] & connection ( ideas 9 ! m9d is accord+ to ! ord] & connection ( ! modifications ( ! body x foll[s vice v]sa1 t ! ord] & connection ( ! modifications ( ! body is accord+ to ! ord] & connection 9 ! m9d ( ! ?\ghts & ideas ( ?+s4 ,if we deta* an emotion ( ! m9d f ! ?\ght ( an ext]nal cause & connect x ) o!r ?\ghts1 !n ! love or hatr$ t[>ds ! ext]nal cause & ! fluctuations ( ! m9d :i* arise f ^! emotions w be de/roy$4 ,an emotion :i* is a passion is a confus$ idea4 ,if1 !re=e1 we =m a cle> & di/9ct idea ( ?is emotion1 ! idea w n be di/+ui%$--except by reason--f ?is emotion1 9 s f> z ! emotion is relat$ to ! m9d alone1 & !re=e ! emotion w cease to be a passion4 ,9 proportion1 !n1 z we "k an emotion bett] is x m )9 our control1 & ! less does ! m9d suff] f x4 ,^? ?+s :i* are common to all _c be o!rwise ?an adequately conceiv$ & !re=e !re is no modification ( ! body ( :i* we _c =m "s cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,h5ce x foll[s t !re is no emotion ( :i* we _c =m "s cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,= an emotion is an idea ( a modification ( ! body1 & ?is idea !re=e mu/ involve "s cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,s9ce no?+ exi/s f :i* "s effect does n foll[1 & s9ce we und]/& cle>ly & di/9ctly ev]y?+ :i* foll[s f an idea :i* is adequate 9 u1 x is a necess>y consequ5ce t e "o has ! p[]1 p>tly at lea/1 if n absolutely1 ( und]/&+ cle>ly & di/9ctly himself & 8 emotions1 & consequ5tly ( br++ x to pass t he suff]s less f !m4 ,we h !re=e ma9ly to /rive to acquire a cle> & di/9ct k z f> z possible ( ea* emotion1 s t ! m9d may be l$ to pass f ! emotion to ?9k ^? ?+s :i* x p]ceives cle>ly & di/9ctly1 & ) :i* x is entirely satisfi$1 & to /rive also t ! emotion may be sep>at$ f ! ?\ght ( an ext]nal cause & connect$ ) true ?\ghts4 ,?us n only love1 hatr$1 etc41 w be de/roy$1 b also ! appetites or desires to :i* ! emotion gives rise _c be excessive4 ,= x is above ev]y?+ to be obs]v$ t ! appetite by :i* a man is said to act is "o & ! same appetite z t by :i* he is said to suff]4 ,= example1 we h %[n t human nature is s con/itut$ t e "o desires t o!r p %\ld live accord+ to 8 way ( ?9k+1 a desire :i* 9 a man :o is n guid$ by reason is a passion :i* is call$ ambition1 & is n v diff]5t f pride2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 a man :o lives accord+ to ! dictates ( reason x is an action or virtue :i* is call$ piety4 ,9 ! same mann]1 all ! appetites or desires are passions only 9 s f> z !y arise f inadequate ideas1 & are class$ among ! virtues :5ev] !y are excit$ or begott5 by adequate ideas2 = all ! desires by :i* we are det]m9$ to any action may arise ei!r f adequate or inadequate ideas4 ,to return1 !re=e1 to ! po9t f :i* we set out3 !re is no rem$y )9 our p[] :i* c be conceiv$ m excell5t = ! emotions ?an t :i* consi/s 9 true k ( !m1 s9ce ! m9d possesses no o!r p[] ?an t ( ?9k+ & =m+ adequate ideas1 z we h %[n above4 ,,ii ,! ,natural ,basis ( ,rational ,control ,! great] ! numb] ( objects to :i* an image or emotion is relat$1 ! great] is ! numb] ( causes by :i* x c be excit$ & *]i%$4 ,all ^! causes ! m9d contemplates simultane\sly by means ( ! emotion 7by hypo!sis71 & !re=e ! m con/ant is ! emotion1 or ! m frequ5tly does x pres5t itself1 & ! m does x occupy ! m9d4 ,?+s :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& are ei!r ! common prop]ties ( ?+s or :at are d$uc$ f !m1 & consequ5tly are m frequ5tly excit$ 9 u2 & !re=e x is easi] = u to contemplate o!r ?+s toge!r ) ^! :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& ?an ) any o!rs1 & consequ5tly x is easi] to connect ?+s ) ^! :i* we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& ?an ) any o!rs4 ,! great] ! numb] ( o!r ?+s ) :i* any image is connect$1 ! m frequ5tly does x pres5t itself4 ,= ! great] ! numb] ( o!r ?+s ) :i* an image is connect$1 ! great] is ! numb] ( causes by :i* x may be excit$4 ,!re is no modification ( ! body ( :i* ! m9d _c =m "s cle> & di/9ct conception & !re=e x c cause all ! modifications ( ! body to be relat$ to ! idea ( ,god4 ,,iii ,! ,function ( ! ,intellectual ,ord] ,! emotions :i* are contr>y to our nature1 t is to say1 :i* are evil1 are evil s f> z !y h9d] ! m9d f und]/&+4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z we are n agitat$ by emotions :i* are contr>y to our nature1 s long ! p[] ( ! m9d by :i* x endeavors to und]/& ?+s is n h9d]$1 & !re=e s long does x possess ! p[] ( =m+ cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & ( d$uc+ !m ! "o f ! o!r4 ,s long1 consequ5tly1 d we possess ! p[] ( arrang+ & connect+ ! modifications ( ! body accord+ to ! ord] ( ! intellect4 ,?r\gh ?is p[] ( prop]ly arrang+ & connect+ ! modifications ( ! body we c prev5t ourselves f be+ easily affect$ by evil emotions4 ,= a great] p[] is requir$ to re/ra9 emotions :i* are arrang$ & connect$ accord+ to ! ord] ( ! intellect ?an is requir$ to re/ra9 ^? :i* are unc]ta9 & unsettl$4 ,! be/ ?+1 !re=e1 we c d1 s long z we lack a p]fect k ( our emotions1 is to conceive a "r rule ( life1 or sure maxims 7dogmata7 ( life--to commit ^! latt] to memory1 & con/antly to apply !m to ! p>ticul> cases :i* frequ5tly meet u 9 life1 s t our imag9ation may be widely affect$ by !m1 & !y may always be ready to h&4 ,= example1 among/ ! maxims ( life we h plac$ ?is1 t hatr$ is to be conqu]$ by love or g5]osity1 & is n to be met ) hatr$ 9 return4 ,b 9 ord] t we may always h ?is prescript ( reason 9 read9ess :5ev] x w be ( s]vice1 we mu/ ?9k ov] & (t5 m$itate ^u ! common injuries inflict$ by m51 & consid] h[ & 9 :at way !y may be/ be repell$ by g5]osity2 = ?us we %all connect ! image ( injury ) ! imag9ation ( ?is maxim1 & x w be at h& :5ev] an injury is (f]$ to u4 ,if we also cont9ually h reg>d to our own true pr(it1 & ! good :i* foll[s f mutual fri5d%ip & common fell[%ip1 & rememb] t ! highe/ peace ( m9d arises f a "r rule ( life1 & also t man1 l o!r ?+s1 acts accord+ to ! necessity ( ,nature1 !n ! injury or ! hatr$ :i* usually arises f t necessity w occupy b ! lea/ "p ( ! imag9ation1 & w be easily ov]come3 or suppos+ t ! ang] :i* g5]ally arises f ! greate/ injuries is n s easily ov]come1 x w nev]!less be ov]come1 al?\gh n )\t fluctuation ( m9d1 9 a f> %ort] space ( "t ?an w\ld h be5 necess>y if we _h n possess$ ^? maxims on :i* we _h ?us m$itat$ be=eh&4 ,conc]n+ /r5g? ( m9d1 we mu/ reflect 9 ! same way = ! purpose ( gett+ rid ( fe>1 t is to say1 we mu/ (t5 enum]ate & imag9e ! common dang]s ( life1 & ?9k ^u ! mann] 9 :i* !y c be/ be avoid$ & ov]come by pres5ce ( m9d & c\rage4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! ord]+ ( our ?\ghts & images we mu/ always look to ^? qualities :i* 9 ea* ?+ are good1 s t we may be det]m9$ to action always by an emotion ( joy4 ,= example1 if a man sees t he pursues glory too eag]ly1 let him ?9k on its prop] use1 = :at end x is to be foll[$1 & by :at means x c be obta9$2 b let him n ?9k ^u its abuse & vanity1 & on ! incon/ancy ( m51 & ?+s ( ?is sort1 ab\t :i* no "o ?9ks unless ?r\gh disease ( m9d4 ,= ) su* ?\ghts d ^? :o are ambiti\s greatly torm5t !mselves :5 !y despair ( obta9+ ! honors = :i* !y are /riv+2 & :ile !y vomit =? rage1 wi% to be ?\ght wise4 ,inde$ x is c]ta9 t ^? covet glory ! mo/ :o are l\de/ 9 declaim+ aga9/ its abuse & ! vanity ( ! _w4 ,nor is ?is a peculi>ity ( ! ambiti\s1 b is common to all to :om =tune is adv]se & :o are impot5t 9 m9d2 = we see t a poor & av>ici\s man is nev] we>y ( speak+ ab\t ! abuse ( money & ! vices ( ! ri*1 !reby a*iev+ no?+ save to torm5t himself & %[ to o!rs t he is unable to be> ) equanimity n only 8 own pov]ty b also ! weal? ( o!rs4 ,s also a man :o has n be5 well deceiv$ by 8 mi/ress ?9ks ( no?+ b ! fickl5ess ( wom51 _! fai?lessness1 & _! o!r (t-proclaim$ fail+--all ( :i* he =gets z soon z he is tak5 into favor by 8 mi/ress aga94 ,he1 !re=e1 :o desires to gov]n 8 emotions & appetites f a love ( lib]ty alone w /rive z mu* z he c to "k virtues & _! causes1 & to fill 8 m9d ) t joy :i* spr+s f a true k ( !m4 ,lea/ ( all w he desire to contemplate ! vices ( m5 & disp>age m51 or to delight 9 a false %[ ( lib]ty4 ,he :o w dilig5tly obs]ve ^! ?+s 7& !y are n difficult71 & w cont9ue to practice !m1 w assur$ly 9 a %ort space ( "t be able = ! mo/ "p to direct 8 actions 9 accordance ) ! comm& ( reason4 ,,iv ,summ>y ,i h1 9 :at has prec$$1 includ$ all ! rem$ies = ! emotions1 t is to say1 ev]y?+ :i* ! m9d1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 c d aga9/ !m4 ,x appe>s !refrom t ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! emotions consi/s-- #a4 ,9 ! k itself ( ! emotions4 #b4 ,9 ! sep>ation by ! m9d ( ! emotions f ! ?\ght ( an ext]nal cause1 :i* we imag9e confus$ly4 #c4 ,9 duration1 9 :i* ! emotions :i* are relat$ to objects we und]/& surpass ^? relat$ to objects conceiv$ 9 a mutilat$ or confus$ mann]4 #d4 ,9 ! multitude ( causes by :i* ! emotions :i* are relat$ to ! common prop]ties ( ?+s or to ,god are n\ri%$4 #e4 ,9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! m9d c arrange its emotions & connect !m "o ) ! o!r4 ,b t ?is p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! emotions may be bett] und]/ood1 x is to be c>efully obs]v$ t we call ! emotions great :5 we comp>e ! emotion ( "o man ) t ( ano!r1 & see t "o man is agitat$ m ?an ano!r by ! same emotion1 or :5 we comp>e ! emotions ( "o & ! same man ) "o ano!r1 & discov] t he is affect$ or mov$ m by "o emotion ?an by ano!r4 ,= ! p[] ( any emotion is limit$ by ! p[] ( ! ext]nal cause z comp>$ ) our own p[]4 ,b ! p[] ( ! m9d is limit$ solely by k1 :il/ impot5ce or passion is e/imat$ solely by privation ( k1 or1 9 o!r words1 by t ?r\gh :i* ideas are call$ inadequate2 & x !re=e foll[s t t m9d suff]s ! mo/ ^: l>ge/ "p consi/s ( inadequate ideas1 s t x is di/+ui%$ r by :at x suff]s ?an by :at x does1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 t m9d acts ! mo/ ^: l>ge/ "p consi/s ( adequate ideas1 s t al?\gh x may possess z _m inadequate ideas z ! fir/1 x is nev]!less di/+ui%$ r by ^? :i* belong to human virtue ?an by ^? :i* are a sign ( human impot5ce4 ,aga91 x is to be obs]v$ t our sorr[s & mis=tunes ma9ly proce$ f too mu* love t[>ds an object :i* is subject to _m *anges1 & :i* we c nev] possess4 ,= no "o is tr\bl$ or anxi\s ab\t any object he does n love1 nei!r d wrongs1 suspicions1 hatr$s1 etc41 arise except f love t[>ds objects ( :i* no "o c be truly ! possessor4 ,f all ?is we easily conceive :at is ! p[] :i* cle> & di/9ct k1 & especially t ?ird k9d ( k ^: f\ndation is ! k itself ( ,god1 possesses ov] ! emotions2 ! p[]1 namely1 by :i* x is able1 9 s f> z !y are passions1 if n actually to de/roy !m1 at lea/ to make !m con/itute ! smalle/ "p ( ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 x begets a love t[>ds an immutable & et]nal object ( :i* we are really p>tak]s2 a love :i* !re=e _c be vitiat$ by ! defects :i* are 9 common love1 b :i* c always become great] & great]1 occupy ! l>ge/ "p ( ! m9d1 & ?or\ghly affect x4 ,i h n[ conclud$ all t ,i _h to say relat+ to ?is pres5t life4 ,= any "o :o w att5d to :at has be5 urg$ w easily be able to see ! tru? ( :at ,i said--t 9 ^! few words all ! rem$ies = ! emotions are compreh5d$4 ,x is "t1 !re=e1 t ,i %\ld n[ pass to ! consid]ation ( ^? matt]s :i* app]ta9 to ! duration ( ! m9d )\t relation to ! body4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,( ,,human ,,bless$ness ,,& ,,! ,,et]nity ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,human ,bless$ness3 ,! ,intellectual ,love ( ,god ,i ,! ?ird k9d ( k proce$s f an adequate idea ( c]ta9 attributes ( ,god to an adequate k ( ! ess5ce ( ?+s2 & ! m we und]/& ?+s 9 ?is mann]1 ! m we und]/& ,god2 & !re=e ! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d1 t is to say1 ! p[] or nature ( ! m9d1 or ! highe/ ef=t1 is to und]/& ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k4 ,! bett] ! m9d is adapt$ to und]/& ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k1 ! m x desires to und]/& !m by ?is k9d ( k4 ,! highe/ virtue ( ! m9d is to "k ,god1 or to und]/& ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k4 ,?is virtue is great] ! m ! m9d kn[s ?+s by ?is k9d ( k1 & !re=e he :o kn[s ?+s by ?is k9d ( k passes to ! highe/ human p]fection1 & consequ5tly is affect$ ) ! highe/ joy1 :i* is accompani$ ) ! idea ( himself & 8 own virtue2 & !re=e f ?is k9d ( k arises ! highe/ possible peace ( m9d4 ,! ef=t or ! desire to "k ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k _c arise f ! fir/ k9d1 b may arise f ! second k9d ( k4 ,?is proposition is self-evid5t4 ,= ev]y?+ t we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&1 we und]/& ei!r ?r\gh itself or ?r\gh some?+ :i* is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself2 or1 9 o!r words1 ideas :i* are cle> & di/9ct 9 u1 or :i* are relat$ to ! ?ird k9d ( k1 _c foll[ f mutilat$ & confus$ ideas1 :i* are relat$ to ! fir/ k9d ( k1 b f adequate ideas1 t is to say1 f ! second & ?ird k9ds ( k4 ,,ii ,et]nity is ! v ess5ce ( ,god1 9 s f> z t ess5ce involves necess>y exi/5ce4 ,to conceive ?+s !re=e "u ! =m ( et]nity1 is to conceive !m 9 s f> z !y are conceiv$ ?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ,god z actually exi/+ ?+s1 or 9 s f> z ?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ,god !y involve exi/5ce4 ,!re=e our m9d1 9 s f> z x conceives itself & its body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 necess>ily has a k ( ,god1 & kn[s t x is 9 ,god & is conceiv$ ?r\gh ,him4 ,we delight 9 :atev] we und]/& by ! ?ird k9d ( k1 & our delight is accompani$ ) ! idea ( ,god z its cause4 ,f ! ?ird k9d ( k necess>ily spr+s ! intellectual love ( ,god4 ,= f ?is k9d ( k arises joy att5d$ ) ! idea ( ,god z its cause1 t is to say1 ! love ( ,god1 n 9 s f> z we imag9e ,him z pres5t1 b 9 s f> z we und]/& t ,he is et]nal2 & t is :at ,i call ! intellectual love ( ,god4 ,he :o cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/&s himself & 8 emotions rejoices1 & 8 joy is att5d$ ) ! idea ( ,god1 !re=e he loves ,god1 & 7by ! same reason+7 loves ,him bett] ! bett] he und]/&s himself & 8 emotions4 ,?is intellectual love necess>ily foll[s f ! nature ( ! m9d1 9 s f> z x is consid]$1 ?r\gh ! nature ( ,god1 z an et]nal tru?4 ,if !re 7 any?+1 !re=e1 contr>y to ?is love1 x w\ld be contr>y to ! tru?1 & consequ5tly :atev] might be able to negate ?is love w\ld be able to make ! true false1 :i*1 z is self-evid5t1 is absurd4 ,!re exi/s1 !re=e1 no?+ 9 ,nature contr>y to ?is intellectual love1 or :i* c negate x4 ,,iii ,?is love to ,god above ev]y?+ else ought to occupy ! m9d1 = ?is love is connect$ ) all ! modifications ( ! body1 by all ( :i* x is *]i%$4 ,! idea ( ,god :i* is 9 u is adequate & p]fect1 & !re=e 9 s f> z we contemplate ,god d we act & consequ5tly no sorr[ c exi/ ) ! accompany+ idea ( ,god2 t is to say1 no "o c hate ,god4 ,love to ,god _c be turn$ into hatr$4 ,b "s may object1 t if we und]/& ,god to be ! cause ( all ?+s1 we d = t v reason consid] ,him to be ! cause ( sorr[4 ,b ,i reply1 t 9 s f> z we und]/& ! causes ( sorr[1 x ceases to be a passion1 t is to say1 x ceases to be sorr[2 & !re=e 9 s f> z we und]/& ,god to be ! cause ( sorr[ d we rejoice4 ,?is love to ,god is ! highe/ good :i* we c seek accord+ to ! dictate ( reason2 is common to all m52 & we desire t all may enjoy x4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be sulli$ by ! emotion ( envy1 nor by t ( jeal\sy1 b1 on ! contr>y1 x mu/ be ! m /r5g!n$ ! m p we imag9e to rejoice 9 x4 ,x is possible to %[ 9 ! same mann] t !re is no emotion directly contr>y to ?is love & able to de/roy x1 & s we may conclude t ?is love to ,god is ! mo/ con/ant ( all ! emotions1 & t1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! body1 x _c be de/roy$ unless ) ! body itself4 ,:at its nature is1 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ! m9d alone1 we %all see h]eaft]4 ,,iv ,all ideas1 9 s f> z !y are relat$ to ,god1 are true2 t is to say1 are adequate1 & !re=e1 7by ! g5]al def9ition ( ! ,emotions71 ,god is free f passions4 ,aga91 ,god c nei!r pass to a great] nor to a less p]fection1 & !re=e ,he _c be affect$ ) any emotion ( joy or sorr[4 ,he :o loves ,god _c /rive t ,god %\ld love him 9 return4 ,if a man 7 to /rive aft] ?is1 he w\ld desire t ,god1 :om he loves1 %\ld n be ,god1 & consequ5tly he w\ld desire to be sad1 :i* is absurd4 ,v ,god is absolutely inf9ite1 t is to say1 ! nature ( ,god delights 9 inf9ite p]fection accompani$ ) ! idea ( ,himself1 t is to say1 ) ! idea ( ,himself z cause1 & ?is is :at we h call$ intellectual love4 ,god loves ,himself ) an inf9ite intellectual love4 ,! intellectual love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god is ! v love ) :i* ,he loves ,himself1 n 9 s f> z ,he is inf9ite1 b 9 s f> z ,he c be manife/$ ?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d1 consid]$ "u ! =m ( et]nity2 t is to say1 ! intellectual love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god is "p ( ! inf9ite love ) :i* ,god loves ,himself4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ,god1 9 s f> z ,he loves ,himself1 loves m51 & consequ5tly t ! love ( ,god t[>ds m5 & ! intellectual love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god are "o & ! same ?+4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ,god1 9 s f> z ,he loves ,himself1 loves m51 & consequ5tly t ! love ( ! m9d t[>ds ,god are "o & ! same ?+4 ,h5ce we cle>ly und]/& t our salvation1 or bless$ness1 or lib]ty consi/s 9 a con/ant & et]nal love t[>ds ,god1 or 9 ! love ( ,god t[>ds m54 ,?is love or bless$ness is call$ ,glory 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 & n )\t reason4 ,= :e!r x be relat$ to ,god or to ! m9d1 x may prop]ly be call$ repose ( m9d1 :i* is1 9 tru?1 n di/+ui%$ f glory4 ,= 9 s f> z x is relat$ to ,god1 x is joy 7grant+ t x is all[able to use ?is ^w71 accompani$ ) ! idea ( ,himself1 & x is ! same ?+ :5 x is relat$ to ! m9d4 ,aga91 s9ce ! ess5ce ( our m9d consi/s 9 k alone1 ^: beg9n+ & f\ndation is ,god1 x is cle> to u 9 :at mann] & by :at me?od our m9d1 ) reg>d bo? to ess5ce & exi/5ce1 foll[s f ! div9e nature1 & cont9ually dep5ds ^u ,god4 ,i ?\ght x wor? :ile = me to notice ?is "h1 9 ord] t ,i might %[1 by ?is example1 :at t k ( individual objects :i* ,i h call$ intuitive or ( ! ?ird k9d is able to d1 & h[ mu* m pot5t x is ?an ! univ]sal k1 :i* ,i h call$ k ( ! second k9d4 ,= al?\gh ,i h %[n g5]ally t all ?+s1 & consequ5tly also ! human m9d1 dep5d ^u ,god bo? ) reg>d to exi/5ce & ess5ce1 yet t demon/ration1 al?\gh legitimate1 & plac$ beyond ! possibility ( a d\bt1 does n1 nev]!less1 s affect our m9d z a pro( f ! ess5ce itself ( any individual object :i* we say dep5ds ^u ,god4 ,! m we und]/& individual objects1 ! m we und]/& ,god4 ,! ,et]nity ( ! ,m9d ,i ,! m9d does n express ! actual exi/5ce ( its body1 nor does x conceive z actual ! modifications ( ! body1 except :ile ! body exi/s1 & consequ5tly x conceives no body z actually exi/+ except :ile its own body exi/s4 ,x c !re=e imag9e no?+1 nor c x recollect any?+ t is pa/1 except :ile ! body exi/s4 ,an imag9ation is an idea by :i* ! m9d contemplates any object z pres5t4 ,?is idea nev]!less indicates ! pres5t con/itution ( ! human body r ?an ! nature ( ! ext]nal object4 ,an emotion1 !re=e 7by ! g5]al def9ition ( ! ,emotions71 is an imag9ation 9 s f> z x indicates ! pres5t con/itution ( ! body1 & !re=e ! m9d1 only s long z ! body exi/s1 is subject to emotions :i* are relat$ to passions4 ,h5ce x foll[s t no love except intellectual love is et]nal4 ,if we look at ! common op9ion ( m51 we %all see t !y are inde$ consci\s ( ! et]nity ( _! m9ds1 b !y conf\nd x ) duration1 & attribute x to imag9ation or memory1 :i* !y believe rema9 aft] dea?4 ,god is n only ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is or t human body1 b also ( its ess5ce1 :i* !re=e mu/ necess>ily be conceiv$ ?r\gh ! ess5ce ( ,god itself & by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity4 ,?is conception1 moreov]1 mu/ necess>ily exi/ 9 ,god4 ,9 ,god !re necess>ily exi/s an idea :i* expresses ! ess5ce ( ?is or t human body "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,9 ,god !re necess>ily exi/s a conception or idea :i* expresses ! ess5ce ( ! human body4 ,?is conception or idea is !re=e necess>ily some?+ :i* p]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( ! human m9d4 ,b we ascribe to ! human m9d no duration :i* c be limit$ by "t1 unless 9 s f> z x expresses ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body1 :i* is manife/$ ?r\gh duration1 & :i* c be limit$ by "t1 t is to say1 we _c ascribe duration to ! m9d except :ile ! body exi/s4 ,b1 nev]!less1 s9ce ?is some?+ is t :i* is conceiv$ by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity ?r\gh ! ess5ce itself ( ,god1 ?is some?+ :i* p]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( ! m9d w necess>ily be et]nal4 ,?is idea :i* expresses ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity is1 z we h said1 a c]ta9 mode ( ?\ght :i* p]ta9s to ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 & is necess>ily et]nal4 ,x is impossible1 nev]!less1 t we %\ld recollect t we exi/$ be=e ! body1 because !re are no traces ( any su* exi/5ce 9 ! body1 & also because et]nity _c be def9$ by "t1 or h any relation%ip to x4 ,nev]!less we feel & "k by exp]i5ce t we are et]nal4 ,= ! m9d is no less s5sible ( ^? ?+s :i* x conceives ?r\gh intellig5ce ?an ( ^? :i* x rememb]s1 = demon/rations are ! eyes ( ! m9d by :i* x sees & obs]ves ?+s4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 we d n recollect t we exi/$ be=e ! body1 we feel t our m9d1 9 s f> z x involves ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 is et]nal1 & t ?is exi/5ce ( ! m9d _c be limit$ by "t nor manife/$ ?r\gh duration4 ,only 9 s f>1 !re=e1 z x involves ! actual exi/5ce ( ! body c ! m9d be said to possess duration1 & its exi/5ce be limit$ by a fix$ "t1 & s f> only has x ! p[] ( det]m9+ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 "t1 & ( conceiv+ !m "u ! =m ( duration4 ,,ii ,9 s f> z ! m9d conceives ! pres5t exi/5ce ( its body does x conceive duration :i* c be det]m9$ 9 "t1 & s f> only has x ! p[] ( conceiv+ ?+s 9 relation to "t4 ,b et]nity _c be manife/$ ?r\gh duration1 !re=e ! m9d s f> has n ! p[] ( conceiv+ ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity3 b because x is ! nature ( reason to conceive ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 & because x also p]ta9s to ! nature ( ! m9d to conceive ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 & except+ ^! two ?+s no?+ else p]ta9s to ! nature ( ! m9d1 !re=e ?is p[] ( conceiv+ ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity does n p]ta9 to ! m9d except 9 s f> z x conceives ! ess5ce ( ! body "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,?+s are conceiv$ by u z actual 9 two ways2 ei!r 9 s f> z we conceive !m to exi/ ) relation to a fix$ "t & place1 or 9 s f> z we conceive !m to be conta9$ 9 ,god1 & to foll[ f ! necessity ( ! div9e nature4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* are conceiv$ 9 ?is second way z true or real we conceive "u ! =m ( et]nity1 & _! ideas involve ! et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce ( ,god4 ,! m9d conceives no?+ "u ! =m ( et]nity1 unless 9 s f> z x conceives ! ess5ce ( its body "u ! =m ( et]nity1 t is to say1 unless 9 s f> z x is et]nal4 ,!re=e 9 s f> z ! m9d is et]nal x has a k ( ,god1 :i* is necess>ily adequate1 & !re=e 9 s f> z x is et]nal x is fitt$ to "k all ^? ?+s :i* c foll[ f ?is k ( ,god1 t is to say1 x is fitt$ to "k ?+s by ! ?ird k9d ( k ( :i*1 9 s f> z ! m9d is et]nal1 x is ! adequate or =mal cause4 ,z ea* p]son !re=e becomes /rong] 9 ?is k9d ( k1 ! m is he consci\s ( himself & ( ,god2 t is to say1 ! m p]fect & ! happi] he is1 a tru? :i* w /ill m cle>ly appe> f :at foll[s4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is to be obs]v$1 t al?\gh we are n[ c]ta9 t ! m9d is et]nal 9 s f> z x conceives ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity1 yet1 9 ord] t :at we wi% to prove may be m easily expla9$ & bett] und]/ood1 we %all consid] ! m9d1 z we h hi!rto done1 z if x _h j begun to be1 & _h j begun to und]/& ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity4 ,?is we c d )\t any risk ( error1 provid$ only we are c>eful to conclude no?+ except f cle> premises4 ,! ?ird k9d ( k is et]nal1 & !re=e ! love :i* spr+s f x is necess>ily et]nal4 ,al?\gh ?is love to ,god has no beg9n+1 x nev]!less has all ! p]fections ( love1 j z if x _h orig9at$4 ,nor is !re "h any diff]5ce1 except+ t ! m9d has et]nally possess$ ^! same p]fections :i* we imag9$ z n[ accru+ to x1 & has possess$ !m ) ! accompany+ idea ( ,god z ! et]nal cause4 ,& if joy consi/ 9 ! passage to a great] p]fection1 bless$ness mu/ inde$ consi/ 9 ?is1 t ! m9d is end[$ ) p]fection itself4 ,,iii ,! ess5ce ( ! m9d consi/s 9 k4 ,! m ?+s1 !re=e1 ! m9d kn[s by ! second & ?ird k9ds ( k1 ! great] is t "p :i* abides & consequ5tly ! great] is t "p :i* is n t\*$ by emotions :i* are contr>y to our nature1 t is to say1 :i* are evil4 ,! m ?+s1 !re=e1 ! m9d und]/&s by ! second & ?ird k9ds ( k1 ! great] is t "p :i* rema9s unh>m$1 & ! less consequ5tly does x suff] f ! emotions4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to und]/& t dea? is by s mu* ! less injuri\s to u z ! cle> & di/9ct k ( ! m9d is great]1 & consequ5tly z ! m9d loves ,god m4 ,aga91 s9ce f ! ?ird k9d ( k !re arises ! highe/ possible peace1 x foll[s t x is possible = ! human m9d to be ( su* a nature t t "p ( x :i* we h %[n p]i%es ) its body1 9 comp>ison ) ! "p ( x :i* rema9s1 is ( no consequ5ce4 ,b m fully ^u ?is subject pres5tly4 ,he :o possesses a body fitt$ = do+ _m ?+s is lea/ ( all agitat$ by ^? emotions :i* are evil1 t is to say1 by emotions :i* are contr>y to our nature1 & !re=e he possesses ! p[] ( arrang+ & connect+ ! modifications ( ! body accord+ to ! ord] ( ! intellect1 & consequ5tly ( caus+ all ! modifications ( ! body to be relat$ to ! idea ( ,god2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he is affect$ ) a love to ,god1 :i* mu/ occupy or =m ! greate/ "p ( 8 m9d1 & !re=e he possesses a m9d ( :i* ! greate/ "p is et]nal4 ,inasmu* z human bodies are fit = _m ?+s1 we _c d\bt ! possibility ( _! possess+ su* a nature t !y may be relat$ to m9ds :i* h a l>ge k ( !mselves & ( ,god1 & ^: greate/ or pr9cipal "p is et]nal1 s t !y sc>cely fe> dea?4 ,to und]/& ?is m cle>ly1 x is to be "h consid]$ t we live 9 con/ant *ange1 & t accord+ z we *ange = ! bett] or ! worse we are call$ happy or unhappy4 ,= he :o passes f infancy or *ildhood to dea? is call$ unhappy1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we consid] ourselves happy if we c pass ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( life ) a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body4 ,moreov]1 he :o1 l an infant or *ild1 possesses a body fit = v few ?+s1 &1 almo/ altoge!r dep5d5t on ext]nal causes1 has a m9d :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 is almo/ entirely unconsci\s ( itself1 ( ,god1 & ( objects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o possesses a body fit = _m ?+s possesses a m9d :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself alone1 is l>gely consci\s ( itself1 ( ,god1 & ( objects4 ,9 ?is life1 !re=e1 x is our *ief endeavor to *ange ! body ( infancy1 s f> z its nature p]mits & is conducive !reto1 into ano!r body :i* is fitt$ = _m ?+s1 & :i* is relat$ to a m9d consci\s z mu* z possible ( itself1 ( ,god1 & ( objects2 s t ev]y?+ :i* is relat$ to its memory or imag9ation1 9 comp>ison ) ! intellect is sc>cely ( any mom5t1 z ,i h already said4 ,! m p]fect a ?+ is1 ! m reality x possesses1 & consequ5tly ! m x acts & ! less x suff]s4 ,inv]sely also x may be demon/rat$ 9 ! same way t ! m a ?+ acts ! m p]fect x is4 ,h5ce x foll[s t t "p ( ! m9d :i* abides1 :e!r great or small1 is m p]fect ?an ! o!r "p4 ,= ! "p ( ! m9d :i* is et]nal is ! intellect1 ?r\gh :i* alone we are said to act1 b t "p :i*1 z we h %[n1 p]i%es1 is ! imag9ation itself1 ?r\gh :i* alone we are said to suff]4 ,!re=e t "p :i* abides1 :e!r great or small1 is m p]fect ?an ! latt]4 ,^! are ! ?+s ,i propos$ to prove conc]n+ ! m9d1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ )\t relation to ! exi/5ce ( ! body1 & f ^!1 & o!r propositions1 x is evid5t t our m9d1 9 s f> z x und]/&s1 is an et]nal mode ( ?\ght1 :i* is det]m9$ by ano!r et]nal mode ( ?\ght1 & ?is aga9 by ano!r1 & s on ad inf9itum1 s t all tak5 toge!r =m ! et]nal & inf9ite intellect ( ,god4 ,conclusion ,! prim>y & sole f\ndation ( virtue or ( ! prop] conduct ( life is to seek our own pr(it4 ,b 9 ord] to det]m9e :at reason prescribes z pr(itable1 we _h no reg>d to ! et]nity ( ! m9d4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh we 7 at t "t ignorant t ! m9d is et]nal1 we consid]$ z ( prim>y importance ^? ?+s :i* we h %[n are relat$ to /r5g? ( m9d & g5]osity2 & !re=e1 ev5 if we 7 n[ ignorant ( ! et]nity ( ! m9d1 we %\ld consid] ^? comm&s ( reason z ( prim>y importance4 ,! cre$ ( ! multitude seems to be diff]5t f ?is2 = mo/ p]sons seem to believe t !y are free 9 s f> z x is all[$ !m to obey _! lu/s1 & t !y give up a portion ( _! rights1 9 s f> z !y are b\nd to live accord+ to ! comm&s ( div9e law4 ,piety1 !re=e1 & religion1#db & absolutely all ^? ?+s t are relat$ to greatness ( s\l1 !y believe to be burd5s :i* !y hope to be able to lay aside aft] dea?2 hop+ also to receive "s rew>d = _! bondage1 t is to say1 = _! piety & religion4 ,x is n m]ely ?is hope1 h[ev]1 b also & *iefly fe> ( dreadful puni%m5ts aft] dea?1 by :i* !y are induc$ to live accord+ to ! comm&s ( div9e law1 t is to say1 z f> z _! feebl5ess & impot5t m9d w p]mit2 & if ?is hope & fe> 7 n pres5t to !m1 b if !y1 on ! contr>y1 believ$ t m9ds p]i% ) ! body1 & t !re is no prolongation ( life = mis]able creatures exhau/$ ) ! burd5 ( _! piety1 !y w\ld return to ways ( _! own lik+4 ,!y w\ld pref] to let ev]y?+ be controll$ by _! own passions1 & to obey =tune r ?an !mselves4 ,?is seems to me z absurd z if a man1 because he does n believe t he w be able to fe$ 8 body ) good food to all et]nity1 %\ld desire to satiate himself ) poison\s & deadly drugs2 or z if1 because he sees t ! m9d is n et]nal or immortal1 he %\ld !re=e pref] to be mad & to live )\t reason--absurdities s great t !y sc>cely des]ve to be repeat$4 ,bless$ness consi/s 9 love t[>ds ,god1 :i* arises f ! ?ird k9d ( k1 & ?is love1 !re=e1 mu/ be relat$ to ! m9d 9 s f> z x acts4 ,bless$ness1 !re=e1 is virtue itself4 ,aga91 ! m ! m9d delights 9 ?is div9e love or bless$ness1 ! m x und]/&s1 t is to say1 ! great] is ! p[] x has ov] its emotions & ! less x suff]s f emotions :i* are evil4 ,!re=e1 x is because ! m9d delights 9 ?is div9e love or bless$ness t x possesses ! p[] ( re/ra9+ ! lu/s2 & because ! p[] ( man to re/ra9 ! emotions is 9 ! intellect alone1 no "o1 !re=e1 delights 9 bless$ness because he has re/ra9$ 8 emotions1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! p[] ( re/ra9+ 8 lu/s spr+s f bless$ness itself4 ,i h f9i%$ ev]y?+ ,i wi%$ to expla9 conc]n+ ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! emotions & conc]n+ its lib]ty4 ,f :at has be5 said we see :at is ! /r5g? ( ! wise man1 & h[ mu* he surpasses ! ignorant :o is driv5 =w>d by lu/ alone4 ,= ! ignorant man is n only agitat$ by ext]nal causes 9 _m ways1 & nev] enjoys true peace ( s\l1 b lives also ignorant1 z x 71 bo? ( ,god & ( ?+s1 & z soon z he ceases to suff] ceases also to be4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wise man1 9 s f> z he is consid]$ z su*1 is sc>cely ev] mov$ 9 8 m9d1 b1 be+ consci\s by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity ( himself1 ( ,god1 & ( ?+s1 nev] ceases to be1 & always enjoys true peace ( s\l4 ,if ! way :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 leads hi!r seem v difficult1 x c nev]!less be f\nd4 ,x mu/ inde$ be difficult s9ce x is s seldom discov]$2 = if salvation lay ready to h& & c\ld be discov]$ )\t great labor1 h[ c\ld x be possible t x %\ld be neglect$ almo/ by ev]ybody8 ,b all noble ?+s are z difficult z !y are r>e4 ,,footnotes3 #db ,ev]y?+ :i* we desire & d1 ( :i* we are ! cause 9 s f> z we possess an idea ( ,god1 or 9 s f> z we "k ,god1 ,i ref] to ,religion4 ,! desire ( do+ well :i* is born 9 u1 because we live accord+ to ! guidance ( reason1 ,i call ,piety4 ,,app5dix ,sp9oza's ,e?ics1 demon/rat$ 9 geometrical ord]1 consi/s ( five p>ts2 f ^! p>ts ! foll[+ selections h be5 tak53 ,"p ,i4 ,( ,god ,def9itions1 ,axioms1 & ! ,app5dix4 ,propositions3 #aa2 #ae-ah2 #bf2 #bg2 #bi2 #cc4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,( ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ! ,m9d ,preface1 ,def9itions1 & ,axioms4 ,propositions3 #a2 #d-g2 #aa-ac2 #ae-ah2 #bd-bf2 #bh-cb2 #ce2 #cf2 #ch-di4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,( ! ,orig9 & ,nature ( ! ,emotions ,preface1 ,def9itions1 & ,po/ulates2 ,def9itions ( ! ,emotions4 ,propositions3 #a2 #b2 #d2 #f2 #i2 #aa2 #ad2 #af2 #ah2 #be2 #bg-cb2 #dj2 #da2 #dc-df2 #dh-ea2 #ef2 #eg4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,( ,human ,bondage or ,( ! ,/r5g? ( ! ,emotions ,preface1 ,def9itions1 ,axioms1 & ! ,app5dix4 ,propositions3 #c-i2 #aa-bg2 #ch2 #ci2 #da-dg2 #ej-ed2 #ef-eh4 ,"p ,v4 ,( ! ,p[] ( ! ,intellect or ,( ,human ,lib]ty ,preface & ,axioms4 ,propositions3 #a-bh2 #cj-db4 ,,! ,,end ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,page vii3 affectiones sic ,page xxvi3 villifi$ am5d$ to vilifi$ ,page xxvii3 *ose am5d$ to *oose 7twice72 =ego sic ,page xxxvi3 ant$eluvian am5d$ to ant$iluvian ,page lix3 gov]ance am5d$ to gov]nance ,page #a3 oursleves am5d$ to ourselves ,page #f3 sup]/itition am5d$ to sup]/ition ,page #i3 conpreh5sion am5d$ to compreh5sion ,page #bf3 *ose am5d$ to *oose ,page #bh3 int]pretat+ am5d$ to int]pret+ ,page #de3 phophet am5d$ to prophet ,page #ea3 came am5d$ to come ,page #fi3 patria*s am5d$ to patri>*s ,page #hd3 ref] am5d$ to pref] ,page #ace3 appetities am5d$ to appetites ,page #bjd3 ?y am5d$ to !y & ?ir am5d$ to _! ,page #bbi3 ,explanations am5d$ to ,explanation ,page #bgf3 o!rs am5d$ to o!r ,page #bhd3 mutitude am5d$ to multitude ,page #cfb3 propositon am5d$ to proposition ,abbreviations 9 footnotes & ref]5ces h be5 /&>diz$4 ,acc5ts & hyph5ation h g5]ally be5 /&>dis$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------